Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Vyond

2016-06-27T22:01:22Z

Discuss-Dubious: Most of these shows can never have aired prior to 2007, which most of these are. Most likely NN if existing.

{{Multiple issues|{{refimprove|date=March 2016}}
{{advert|date=April 2016}}}}{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox company
| name = GoAnimate
| logo = [[File:Goanimate logo 2013.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]
| type = [[Private company|Private]]
| founded = {{Start date|2007|08}}<ref name="Sciacca">{{cite web|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/print-edition/2013/08/16/alvin-hung-founder-ceo-goanimate.html?page=all|title=Alvin Hung: Founder & CEO, GoAnimate|last=Sciacca|first=Annie|date=August 16, 2013|work=Entrepreneur profile|publisher=San Francisco Business Times|accessdate=November 25, 2013}}</ref><ref name="About">{{cite web|url=http://goanimate.com/about|title=Who we are|year=2012|work=About GoAnimate|publisher=goanimate.com|accessdate=November 25, 2013}}</ref>
| founder = Alvin Hung 
| hq_location = [[San Mateo, California|San Mateo]], [[California|CA]], [[United States]]
| key_people = Gary Lipkowitz (COO)
| services = [[Video production]]
| website = {{URL|http://goanimate.com}}
| launched = November 1, 2007
}}

'''GoAnimate''' is a cloud-based, animated video creation platform. It is designed to allow business people with no background in animation to quickly and easily create animated videos. These videos can be created in multiple styles, including [[2D Animation|2D animation]], [[whiteboard animation]] <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blog.goanimate.com/features/whiteboard-animation-character-creator|title=New Features: Introducing Whiteboard Animation On GoAnimate! (VIDEO TUTORIAL)|website=blog.goanimate.com|access-date=2016-05-26}}</ref> (aka videoscribing or scribing) and video [[Infographic|infographics]].

==History==

=== Early history ===
GoAnimate was founded in 2007 by Alvin Hung, and the first version of GoAnimate went live in mid 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/print-edition/2013/08/16/alvin-hung-founder-ceo-goanimate.html?page=all|title=Alvin Hung: Founder & CEO, GoAnimate - San Francisco Business Times|website=San Francisco Business Times|access-date=2016-03-10}}</ref>

In early 2011, GoAnimate became a founding partner of YouTube Create – a suite of apps available to content creators within [[YouTube]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://techcrunch.com/2011/03/23/youtube-now-helps-you-make-movies-without-a-camera/|title=YouTube Now Helps You Make Movies Without a Camera|last=|first=|date=|website=TechCrunch|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mashable.com/2011/03/25/youtube-create/#SntYCBiil8qr|title=YouTube Adds Animation Tools for Easier Content Creation|last=|first=|date=|website=Mashable|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>

In late 2011, a custom set of “[[United States presidential election, 2012|Election 2012]]” characters became popular.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/comic-riffs/post/goanimate-goes-political-make-and-post-your-own-election-season-cartoons-here/2011/10/17/gIQAqptJrL_blog.html|title=GoAnimate goes political: You can make and post your own election-season cartoons|last=|first=|date=|website=Washington Post|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://searchenginewatch.com/sew/news/2118065/goanimate-unveils-political-characters-backgrounds|title=GoAnimate Unveils New Political Characters and Backgrounds|last=|first=|date=|website=Search Engine Watch|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.webpronews.com/look-out-politicians-animated-videos-just-got-easier-to-make-2011-10/|title=Look Out Politicians - Animated Videos Just Got Easier To Make|last=|first=|date=|website=WebPro News|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>

By July 2013, over ten million videos had been created using the GoAnimate platform.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://press.goanimate.com/2013/07/08/goanimate-corporate-fact-sheet/|title=GoAnimate Corporate Fact Sheet|last=goanimateairfoil|website=GoAnimate Press Page|access-date=2016-03-13}}</ref>

=== Growth ===
In May 2009, DomoAnimate was launched. This program allowed users to create GoAnimations based on the [[Domo (NHK)|Domo]] shorts. The site closed down in September 2014, and later redirected to the GoAnimate for Schools website.

A [[United States|U.S.]] office in [[San Francisco]] opened in June 2011.

In late August 2011, GoAnimate for Schools was publicly launched. GoAnimate for Schools is a school-safe version of GoAnimate featuring dedicated privacy, security, content moderation and group management features.

In April 2012, the first business-oriented subscription plans were publicly launched. These included 1080p download, logo removal & replacement, and new business-oriented visual themes. These plans led to increased popularity and exposure for GoAnimate.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.learningsolutionsmag.com/articles/1142/go-and-animate-with-goanimate|title=Go and Animate with GoAnimate|last=|first=|date=|website=Learning Solutions Magazine|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.zdnet.com/article/service-simplifies-creation-of-marketing-and-product-animations/|title=Service Simplifies Creation of Marketing and Product Animations|last=|first=|date=|website=ZDNet|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>

At the end of 2013, the “paper cutout” assets of explainer video pioneer Common Craft were integrated into GoAnimate as a new visual theme.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blog.goanimate.com/features/common-craft-partnership|title=GoAnimate Team Up With Common Craft For New Explainer Video Tool|website=blog.goanimate.com|access-date=2016-03-13}}</ref>

In April 2014, multi-seat business subscription plans were launched, including full-featured administrative tools along with group collaboration and review. Around the same time, GoAnimate also released the Whiteboard Animation theme and a publishing integration with elearning courseware authoring platform Lectora.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.learningsolutionsmag.com/articles/1409/goanimate-launches-whiteboard-theme-and-lectora-online-integration|title=GoAnimate Launches Whiteboard Theme and Lectora Online Integration by News Editor : Learning Solutions Magazine|website=Learning Solutions Magazine|access-date=2016-03-10}}</ref>

By the end of 2014, GoAnimate’s library contained over 10,000 assets, including a new set of Supreme Court justices and settings.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/courts_law/2014/10/22/f5604e88-58a3-11e4-8264-deed989ae9a2_story.html|title=The Supreme Court’s devotees go DIY|last=Barnes|first=Robert|date=2014-10-22|newspaper=The Washington Post|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286|access-date=2016-03-10}}</ref>

In 2015, the [[Taiwan]] office was opened,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.acnnewswire.com/press-release/english/24425/goanimate-expands-to-taiwan|title=GoAnimate Expands to Taiwan|website=en.acnnewswire.com|access-date=2016-03-13}}</ref> making it GoAnimate’s third location (after [[Hong Kong]] and San Francisco).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www1.investhk.gov.hk/success-stories/go-animate-go/|title=GoAnimate|last=MW|first=Chloe|website=www1.investhk.gov.hk|access-date=2016-03-10}}</ref>

As of May 2015, GoAnimate announced future expansion plans included going public, but there had been no decision on the listing venue. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ejinsight.com/20150508-goanimate-eyes-listing-amid-expansion-plans/|title=GoAnimate eyes listing amid expansion plans|date=2015-05-08|website=EJ Insight|language=en-US|access-date=2016-05-05}}</ref>

In October 2015, it was announced that GoAnimate was migrating off [[Adobe Flash|Flash]] and onto [[HTML5]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blog.goanimate.com/html5-animation|title=HTML5 Is Coming!|website=blog.goanimate.com|access-date=2016-03-10}}</ref>

By the end of 2015, the company had over 50 employees. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://press.goanimate.com/|title=GoAnimate Press Page|website=GoAnimate Press Page|language=en-US|access-date=2016-05-16}}</ref>

== Product ==
GoAnimate provides its users with a library containing tens of thousands of pre-animated assets, which can be controlled through a simple drag & drop interface. Asset types include characters, actions, templates, props, text boxes, music tracks and sound effects. Users can also upload their own assets, such as audio files, image files or video files.

There is also a drag & drop composition tool, which users can employ to create pans and zooms.

Spoken dialogue and narration can be recorded directly into the platform or imported as an audio file. Characters can automatically lip-sync dialogue that is assigned to them. Alternatively, audio can be set as voiceover narration. Users can download their finished videos as MP4 files, [[GIF]]s or video presentations. They can also export them directly to a variety of video hosting sites including [[YouTube]], [[Wistia]] and [[Vidyard]].

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* {{official website|http://goanimate.com/}}
* {{official website|https://goanimate4schools.com/public_index}} (for schools)
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.cnet.com/news/goanimate-puts-powerful-animation-tools-in-your-browser/|title=GoAnimate puts powerful animation tools
in your browser|website=CNET|access-date=2016-05-22}}
* {{Cite web|url=http://social.techcrunch.com/2009/10/15/goanimates-character-builder-lets-you-draw-yourself-into-cartoons-and-it-has-spock/|title=GoAnimate's Character Builder Lets You Draw Yourself Into Cartoons. And It Has Spock.|last=Kincaid|first=Jason|website=TechCrunch|access-date=2016-05-22}}
[[Category:Animation software]]
[[Category:Privately held companies based in California]]
[[Category:Companies based in San Mateo, California]]
[[Category:Websites about animation]]
[[Category:Software companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area]]

Regressive left

2016-02-19T18:42:06Z

Discuss-Dubious: /* Analysis */

{{Use British English|date=November 2015}}
{{use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
The '''regressive left''' is a political [[epithet]] used by certain commentators to negatively characterize a section of [[left-wing politics|leftists]] whom they accuse of being politically [[Political regressive|regressive]] (as opposed to [[Progressivism|progressive]]) by [[Toleration|tolerating]] [[Liberalism|illiberal]] principles and ideology for the sake of [[multiculturalism]].<ref name="Maher">{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LvvQJ_zsL1U |title=Real Time with Bill Maher: Richard Dawkins – Regressive Leftists (HBO) |work=[[Real Time with Bill Maher]] |publisher=HBO |date=2 October 2015 |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref><ref name=WT20151003>{{Cite news |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/oct/3/bill-maher-richard-dawkins-blast-regressive-libera/ |title=Bill Maher, Richard Dawkins blast 'regressive liberals' giving a 'free pass' to Islam |author=Kellan Howell |work=[[The Washington Times]] |date=3 October 2015 |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref>

Within the specific context of multiculturalism, [[British people|British]] liberal activist [[Maajid Nawaz]] used the term in 2012 in his memoir ''[[Radical: My Journey out of Islamist Extremism]]''{{#tag:ref|On p. 210 of ''[[Radical: My Journey out of Islamist Extremism|Radical]]'' (2012), Nawaz wrote: "Is not winning the war more important than truth? This maxim, I knew, was also subscribed to by some on the left, the regressive left. For them, winning against [[capitalism]] was far more important than it was to their allies. I watched as our ideology gained acceptance and we were granted airtime as [[Muslim]] political commentators. I watched as we were ignorantly pandered to by well-meaning liberals and ideologically driven leftists. How we [[Islamism|Islamists]] laughed at their naïveté".<ref name="Radical"<ref name="Radical">{{Cite book |last=Nawaz |first=Maajid |date=2012 |title=Radical: My Journey out of Islamist Extremism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIjms8hwoW8C |publisher=WH Allen |page=210 |isbn=9781448131617 |accessdate=1 January 2016}}</ref>|group="note"|name="first use"}} to describe "well-meaning liberals and ideologically driven leftists" in [[Great Britain]] who naively and "ignorantly pandered to" [[Islamism|Islamists]] and helped Islamist ideology to gain acceptance. In a 2015 video presentation on the Internet forum [[Big Think]], Nawaz elaborated on the meaning of the term, saying that it describes "a section of the [[Left-wing politics|left]]" that has, in his opinion, "an inherent hesitation to challenge some of the [[bigotry]] that can occur within minority communities [...] for the sake of [[political correctness]], for the sake of [[Toleration|tolerating]] what they believe is [[cultural relativism|other cultures]] and respecting different lifestyles".<ref name="Bigthink">{{Cite web |url=http://bigthink.com/videos/maajid-nawaz-on-islamic-reform |title=Je Suis Muslim: How Universal Secular Rights Protect Muslim Communities the Most |author=Maajid Nawaz |work=[[Big Think]] |date=18 November 2015 |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref>

==Concept==
[[File:Maajid Nawaz speaking at LibDem campaign event.jpg|thumb|[[Maajid Nawaz]]'s use of "regressive left" has been a part of his advocacy against [[Islamism]], the [[Qur'anic literalism|literalism]] pole of [[Islam]] that places more emphasis on [[Sharia]] (Islamic law), [[Pan-Islamism|pan-Islamic]] political unity, and an Islamic state.]]

[[Maajid Nawaz|Nawaz]], who in 2007 renounced his previous association with the radical [[Islamism|Islamist]] group [[Hizb ut-Tahrir]], in favor of [[Islam and secularism|secular Islam]], is the co-founder and chairman of [[Quilliam (think tank)|Quilliam]], a counter-extremism [[think tank]] based in [[London]] that seeks to challenge the narratives of [[Islamism|Islamists]].<ref name="Radical"/><ref>Maajid Nawaz (Quilliam) http://www.quilliamfoundation.org/about/staff/maajid-nawaz/</ref>

Nawaz has used "regressive left" to describe those left-leaning people who, in his opinion, pander to [[Islamism]], which he defines as a "global totalitarian theo-political project" with a "desire to impose any given interpretation of Islam over society as law"<ref name="rad">{{Cite book |last=Nawaz |first=Maajid |date=2012 |title=Radical: My Journey out of Islamist Extremism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIjms8hwoW8C |publisher=WH Allen |isbn=9781448131617}}</ref> and which he opposes on the ground that "any desire to impose any version of Islam over anyone anywhere, ever, is a fundamental violation of our basic civil liberties."<ref name="beast">{{Cite web |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/08/08/the-british-left-s-hypocritical-embrace-of-islamism.html |title=The British Left's Hypocritical Embrace of Islamism |author=Maajid Nawaz |work=[[The Daily Beast]] |date=8 August 2015 |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref> According to Nawaz, such sympathizers of Islamism include "[[atheism|atheists]] who are on the side of the Islamists, defending Islamism in the name of cultural tolerance."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hwQhu1A-Ats |title=Lateline: An atheist and a Muslim on the future of Islam |author=[[Tony Jones (news journalist)|Tony Jones]] |work=[[Lateline]] |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |date=28 October 2015 |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref>

In an October 2015 interview with political talk show host [[Dave Rubin]], Nawaz elucidated further the reasoning behind his choice of the word "regressive". He hypothesized that a section of the leftists "genuinely believe" that they are fighting an "ideological war" against neoconservative and neocolonialist foreign policies of Western governments which promote state-organized violence and chaos in the form of wars and military invasions. On the contrary, when it comes to denouncing the randomized acts of violence of theocratic extremists such as Islamists, the same leftists forego their duty to criticize such acts of violence and prioritize focusing on the bigger evil of state-sponsored violence and war. Sometimes, they even "make alliances" with some of the most regressive, theocratic and murdering regimes and organizations. Nawaz labels these people regressive leftists. He then cites the example of [[Jeremy Corbyn]], leader of the British [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]], who "has been historically very close" to supporters of Islamist organisations like Hamas and Hezbollah. In Nawaz's opinion, it is possible to denounce both neoconservative foreign policies (such as the Iraq war, which he had opposed) and theocratic extremism, but the regressive leftists fail to do so.<ref name=Nawaz>{{cite news|last1=Rubin|first1=Dave|title=Maajid Nawaz and Dave Rubin Discuss the Regressive Left and Political Correctness|url=http://www.ora.tv/rubinreport/2015/10/2/maajid-nawaz-and-dave-rubin-discuss-the-regressive-left-political-correctness-0_twq2e3jhwn8|accessdate=3 January 2016|work=Rubin Report|date=2 October 2015}}</ref>

According to Nawaz, the notion that Muslims cannot cope with criticism or mockery of Islam and only react violently, is "patronizing, self-pity inspiring mollycoddling" of the very Muslims it claims to serve and emancipate, because it does not expect them to be civil and control their anger.<ref name="beast" /> This "racism of low expectations" lowers the moral standards of people within minorities, seeking excuses if they happen to express, for example, [[misogyny]], [[chauvinism]], [[bigotry]], or [[antisemitism]], whilst holding members of the majority to [[human rights|universal liberal standards]].<ref name="Bigthink" />

Haras Rafiq, managing director of [[Quilliam (think tank)|Quilliam]], expressed the view that there is a tendency of some on the left to excuse Islamism. "We have not got to grips with the symbiotic relationship between Islamism and far-right hatred, and the regressive left that is prepared to excuse Islamism."<ref>ADAM LEBOR. Donald Trump: The AMERICAN STEREOTYPE EUROPEANS LOVE TO HATE. Newsweek Dec/14/15 [http://www.newsweek.com/2015/12/25/donald-trump-worse-voldemort-europeans-say-404653.html]</ref>

==Analysis==
In 2006, six years before Nawaz used the term "regressive left" to convey a viewpoint within the dialog on multiculturalism, [[New Atheist]] author [[Sam Harris]] used the phrase "Head-in-the-sand Liberals" in an LA Times article to describe liberals who are in denial and "despite abundant evidence to the contrary", "continue to imagine that Muslim terrorism springs from economic despair, lack of education and American militarism". He bemoaned that "being generally reasonable and tolerant of diversity, liberals should be especially sensitive to the dangers of religious literalism. But they aren't".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Harris |first=Sam |date=18 September 2006 |title=Head-in-the-Sand Liberals: Western civilization really is at risk from Muslim extremists |url=http://www.samharris.org/blog/item/the-end-of-liberalism |journal=[[LA Times]] |publisher= |accessdate=12 January 2016}}</ref>

In 2013, the [[One Law for All]] campaign issued a report, ''Siding with the Oppressor: The Pro-Islamist Left''.<ref name=I20130628>{{Cite news |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/comment/why-is-the-left-so-blinkered-to-islamic-extremism-8679265.html |title=Why is the left so blinkered to Islamic extremism? |author=James Bloodworth |work=[[The Independent]] |date=28 June 2013 |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref> According to ''The Independent'', the report expressed concern at "working enthusiastically with those advocating the murder of homosexuals" and also with "religious fascists".<ref name=I20130628/> ''The Independent'' expressed the opinion that "In a disastrous irony, the pro-Islamist left has ended up in the same place as the white far-right. The perception of Muslims as synonymous with Islamism - criticism of Islamism is characterised as criticism of Muslims - is precisely the view taken by groups such as the [[English Defence League|EDL]]." ''The Independent'' article concluded that political [[confirmation bias]] was responsible, driven by a "pathological anti-Americanism that is quite attractive to a certain type of degenerated progressive."<ref name=I20130628/> It also quoted [[Maryam Namazie]], a spokesperson for several organisations including Iran Solidarity, One Law for All and the [[Council of Ex-Muslims of Britain]] as identifying several organisations who are, "there as prefects to silence dissenters and defend Islamism as a defence of 'Muslims'."<ref name=I20130628/>

In September 2015, [[Sam Harris]] and Maajid Nawaz participated in an exchange at a public forum hosted by [[Harvard University]]'s Institute of Politics,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PI9QwEKqrso |title=Islam and the Future of Tolerance |author=Harvard’s Institute of Politics hosting Sam Harris and Maajid Nawaz |publisher=Harvard’s Institute of Politics |date= |accessdate=3 January 2016}}</ref> which was later published in a short book, titled ''[[Islam and the Future of Tolerance]]'' (2015). In a review of the book in the conservative magazine [[National Review Online]], political writer Brian Stewart notes that according to both Nawaz and Harris, the regressive leftists in the West are "willfully blind" to the fact that jihadists and Islamists make up a significant portion (20% in Harris's estimate) of the global Muslim community and the minority Muslim communities within the West, even though these factions are opposed to liberal values such as individual autonomy, freedom of expression, democracy, women's rights, gay rights, etc. Regressive leftists thus demonstrate a curiously illiberal, isolationist, and even censuring attitude towards any criticism of this phenomenon, and in doing so, they not only betray universal liberal values but also abandon defending the most vulnerable liberal members living inside the Muslim community such as women, homosexuals and apostates.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stewart |first=Brian |date=7 October 2015 |title=A Liberal Atheist and a Liberal Muslim Discuss the Problems of Contemporary Islam |url=http://www.nationalreview.com/article/425169/sam-harris-maajid-nawaz-islam-book |journal=[[National Review Online]] |publisher= |accessdate=11 January 2016}}</ref>

In October 2015, ''The Washington Post'' reported that American comedian and show host [[Bill Maher]] and British biologist and [[New Atheism|New Atheist]] author [[Richard Dawkins]] "lamented regressive leftists who fail to understand they are anything but liberal when it comes to Islam".<ref name=WT20151003/> Maher noted a willingness to criticise anything except [[Islam]], excusing it as "their culture", to which Dawkins responded: "Well, to hell with their culture."<ref name="Maher"/><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/611231/Richard-Dawkins-in-extraordinary-blast-at-Muslims-To-hell-with-their-culture |title='To hell with their culture' - Richard Dawkins in extraordinary blast at Muslims |author=John Worthing |work=The Independent |date=27 October 2015 |access-date=23 November 2015}}</ref> The ''Sunday Express'' characterized Dawkins as having "attacked western society's relaxed attitude to radical Islam in an extraordinary outburst". Making reference to student initiatives to disinvite ex-Muslim speakers on campus, Dawkins saw this as, "a betrayal of the Free Speech Movement of the 1960s".<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/richard-dawkins-free-speech_561038c4e4b0af3706e11397 |title=Richard Dawkins: College Students Are Betraying The Free Speech Movement |author=Tyler Kingkade |work=HuffPost on HPMG News |date=3 October 2015 |access-date=3 January 2016}}</ref>

In October and November 2015, Sam Harris frequently used the term in his exchanges with the media, saying the greatest danger is that regressive leftists are willing to give up [[free speech]] "out of fear of offending minorities", which will lead to [[censorship]] imposed by those minorities, citing American journalist [[Glenn Greenwald]]'s comments on the [[Charlie Hebdo shootings]] as an example.<ref name="Chris Beck">{{Cite web |url=http://www.splicetoday.com/politics-and-media/sam-harris-unloads-on-the-regressive-left |title=Sam Harris Unloads on the Regressive Left |author=Chris Beck |work=[[Splice Today]] |publisher=[[Russ Smith (publisher)|Russ Smith]] |date=21 October 2015 |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref><ref name=Salon20151125>Sean Illing. "Sam Harris talks Islam, ISIS, atheism, GOP madness": “We are confronting people, in dozens of countries, who despise more or less everything that we value” [http://www.salon.com/2015/11/25/harris_and_illing_correspondence/]</ref> Harris considers [[Reza Aslan]]<ref name="Chris Beck"/><ref name=Salon20151125/> and [[Noam Chomsky]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rawstory.com/2015/10/sam-harris-is-still-mad-about-liberals-who-followed-noam-chomsky-off-the-edge-of-the-world/|title=Sam Harris is still mad about ‘liberals who followed Noam Chomsky off the edge of the world’|publisher=}}</ref><ref>The Last Word With Lawrence O'Donnell' on Oct. 15, 2015. [MSNBC]</ref> to be of the regressive left.

In November 2015, in an appearance on the talk radio show [[American Humanist Association|''The Humanist Hour'']], author, philosopher and atheist activist [[Peter Boghossian]] defined the term as a pejorative used to describe those on the left that have made the "strangest bedfellows" with the [[Islamists]]. According to him, the word "[[Political regressive|regressive]]" is used to contrast with the word "[[Progressivism|progressive]]" - the latter being the group that is egalitarian and wants to create systems of justice and racial equality, while the former being a group that "[looks] for the worst in people... and [does] not extend hermeneutics of charity, or a charitable interpretation of anything anyone says, but uses it as a hammer to beat people down". In addition, he believes the regressive leftists have become "hyper-moralists" and champions of their perceived victims. He cites the historical wrongdoings, such as [[Slavery in the United States|slavery]] in the U.S. and [[colonialism]] as a legitimate concern that has caused mistrust of anything Western and capitalistic. He also added that "there are people who have suffered and still suffer legitimate instances of racism, homophobia etc. The problem is that every time the word racist is just thrown around like that, that word loses its meaning. And it should have quite a sting. That should be a horrible word".<ref>{{cite podcast |url= http://thehumanist.com/multimedia/podcast/the-humanist-hour-175-the-regressive-left-and-safe-spaces-with-dr-peter-boghossian |title= The Humanist Hour #175: The “Regressive Left” and Safe Spaces, with Dr. Peter Boghossian|website= http://thehumanist.com/ |publisher= The Humanist Hour |host= Bo Bennett, Kim Ellington|date= 4 November 2015 |time= 4:08, 9:48, 0:10 |access-date= 7 January 2016}}</ref>

In December 2015, [[international relations]] researcher Elliot McArdle wrote in the online British magazine ''[[Spiked (magazine)|Spiked]]'' that some "so-called liberals/leftists" treat liberal Muslims like Nawaz and ex-Muslims like Namazie as "native informants", "traitors" or "[[no true Scotsman|not real Muslims]]", because such critics of Islam(ism), who have a Muslim background themselves, don't fit the desired narrative of Muslims as a homogeneous and oppressed group.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McArdle |first=Elliot |date=4 December 2015 |title=The liberal racism faced by ex-Muslims |url=http://www.spiked-online.com/newsite/article/the-liberal-racism-faced-by-ex-muslims/17702 |journal=[[Spiked (magazine)|Spiked]] |publisher=[[Brendan O'Neill (journalist)|Brendan O'Neill]] |accessdate=11 December 2015}}</ref>

In late 2015, liberal talk show host [[Dave Rubin]] hosted discussions about the "regressive left" in many of ''[[The Rubin Report]]'' show segments.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ora.tv/rubinreport/2015/10/8/milo-yiannopoulos-and-dave-rubin-discuss-gay-rights-and-cultural-libertarians-0_40xbq9svp490|title=Milo Yiannopoulos and Dave Rubin Discuss Gay Rights and Cultural Libertarians|publisher=Ora TV|accessdate=2015-10-08}}</ref> He once said, "The reason I feel like naming them [the regressives] is so important, is because I now view these regressives as the left's version of the [[Tea Party movement|Tea Party]]. The Tea Party went unchecked by the right until it was too late, and now the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] is a fractured mess often only held together by its worst beliefs. I really believe these regressives are doing this to the left, and if we don't have the courage to stop them, then a year or two from now, we'll wonder why our system is screwed up even more than it is now."<ref name="Rubin7Oct">{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AzzLiJ6na1k |title=Dave Rubin: Regressives are the Left's Tea Party |work=[[The Rubin Report]] |publisher=The Rubin Report |date=7 October 2015 |accessdate=25 November 2015}}</ref> In a series of interviews, Rubin analyzed this concept and its implications with [[Peter Boghossian]], and with [[Ayaan Hirsi Ali]], [[Maajid Nawaz]],<ref name=Nawaz>{{cite news|last1=Rubin|first1=Dave|title=Maajid Nawaz and Dave Rubin Discuss the Regressive Left and Political Correctness|url=http://www.ora.tv/rubinreport/2015/10/2/maajid-nawaz-and-dave-rubin-discuss-the-regressive-left-political-correctness-0_twq2e3jhwn8|accessdate=3 January 2016|work=Rubin Report|date=2 October 2015}}</ref> [[Nick Cohen]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ora.tv/rubinreport/2015/12/11/nick-cohen-and-dave-rubin-discuss-the-regressive-left-free-speech-radical-islam-0_5a17hbvw846c|title=Nick Cohen and Dave Rubin Discuss the Regressive Left, Free Speech, Radical Islam|work=Ora TV}}</ref> and [[Douglas Murray (author)|Douglas Murray]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ora.tv/rubinreport/2015/11/6/douglas-murray-and-dave-rubin-talk-free-speech-isis-israel-full-interview-0_5i6uq59btmia|title=Douglas Murray and Dave Rubin Talk Free Speech, ISIS, Israel (Full Interview)|work=Ora TV}}</ref>

In November 2015, psychiatrist Khwaja Khusro Tariq from ''[[Huffington Post]]'' classified the term as an unsubstantiated [[ad hominem|''ad hominem'' attack]], stating that the harshest critics of Islam are courted by both liberal and conservative media in the U.S. He also stated the term has been directed towards [[Glenn Greenwald]] and [[Noam Chomsky]], both of whom he said have never condoned violence or opined on the doctrine of Islam. He argued that there was no genuine inhibition on speaking against the religion. <ref>{{cite news |last= Tariq|first= Khwaja|date= 11 November 2015|title= "Regressive Liberals": The New Mantra of Islamophobia
|url= http://www.huffingtonpost.com/khwaja-khusro-tariq/regressive-liberals-the-n_b_8597284.html|newspaper= Huffington Post|access-date= 9 January 2016}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|group="note"}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Human rights}}
{{Culture}}
{{Multiculturalism}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:21st-century neologisms]]
[[Category:Censorship]]
[[Category:Criticism of Islam]]
[[Category:Criticism of Islamism]]
[[Category:Criticism of political correctness]]
[[Category:Freedom of expression]]
[[Category:Islamism]]
[[Category:Left-wing politics]]
[[Category:Liberalism]]
[[Category:Political neologisms]]
[[Category:Relativism]]
[[Category:Words coined in the 2010s]]

Regressive left

2016-02-19T18:40:57Z

Discuss-Dubious: /* Analysis */

{{Use British English|date=November 2015}}
{{use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
The '''regressive left''' is a political [[epithet]] used by certain commentators to negatively characterize a section of [[left-wing politics|leftists]] whom they accuse of being politically [[Political regressive|regressive]] (as opposed to [[Progressivism|progressive]]) by [[Toleration|tolerating]] [[Liberalism|illiberal]] principles and ideology for the sake of [[multiculturalism]].<ref name="Maher">{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LvvQJ_zsL1U |title=Real Time with Bill Maher: Richard Dawkins – Regressive Leftists (HBO) |work=[[Real Time with Bill Maher]] |publisher=HBO |date=2 October 2015 |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref><ref name=WT20151003>{{Cite news |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/oct/3/bill-maher-richard-dawkins-blast-regressive-libera/ |title=Bill Maher, Richard Dawkins blast 'regressive liberals' giving a 'free pass' to Islam |author=Kellan Howell |work=[[The Washington Times]] |date=3 October 2015 |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref>

Within the specific context of multiculturalism, [[British people|British]] liberal activist [[Maajid Nawaz]] used the term in 2012 in his memoir ''[[Radical: My Journey out of Islamist Extremism]]''{{#tag:ref|On p. 210 of ''[[Radical: My Journey out of Islamist Extremism|Radical]]'' (2012), Nawaz wrote: "Is not winning the war more important than truth? This maxim, I knew, was also subscribed to by some on the left, the regressive left. For them, winning against [[capitalism]] was far more important than it was to their allies. I watched as our ideology gained acceptance and we were granted airtime as [[Muslim]] political commentators. I watched as we were ignorantly pandered to by well-meaning liberals and ideologically driven leftists. How we [[Islamism|Islamists]] laughed at their naïveté".<ref name="Radical"<ref name="Radical">{{Cite book |last=Nawaz |first=Maajid |date=2012 |title=Radical: My Journey out of Islamist Extremism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIjms8hwoW8C |publisher=WH Allen |page=210 |isbn=9781448131617 |accessdate=1 January 2016}}</ref>|group="note"|name="first use"}} to describe "well-meaning liberals and ideologically driven leftists" in [[Great Britain]] who naively and "ignorantly pandered to" [[Islamism|Islamists]] and helped Islamist ideology to gain acceptance. In a 2015 video presentation on the Internet forum [[Big Think]], Nawaz elaborated on the meaning of the term, saying that it describes "a section of the [[Left-wing politics|left]]" that has, in his opinion, "an inherent hesitation to challenge some of the [[bigotry]] that can occur within minority communities [...] for the sake of [[political correctness]], for the sake of [[Toleration|tolerating]] what they believe is [[cultural relativism|other cultures]] and respecting different lifestyles".<ref name="Bigthink">{{Cite web |url=http://bigthink.com/videos/maajid-nawaz-on-islamic-reform |title=Je Suis Muslim: How Universal Secular Rights Protect Muslim Communities the Most |author=Maajid Nawaz |work=[[Big Think]] |date=18 November 2015 |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref>

==Concept==
[[File:Maajid Nawaz speaking at LibDem campaign event.jpg|thumb|[[Maajid Nawaz]]'s use of "regressive left" has been a part of his advocacy against [[Islamism]], the [[Qur'anic literalism|literalism]] pole of [[Islam]] that places more emphasis on [[Sharia]] (Islamic law), [[Pan-Islamism|pan-Islamic]] political unity, and an Islamic state.]]

[[Maajid Nawaz|Nawaz]], who in 2007 renounced his previous association with the radical [[Islamism|Islamist]] group [[Hizb ut-Tahrir]], in favor of [[Islam and secularism|secular Islam]], is the co-founder and chairman of [[Quilliam (think tank)|Quilliam]], a counter-extremism [[think tank]] based in [[London]] that seeks to challenge the narratives of [[Islamism|Islamists]].<ref name="Radical"/><ref>Maajid Nawaz (Quilliam) http://www.quilliamfoundation.org/about/staff/maajid-nawaz/</ref>

Nawaz has used "regressive left" to describe those left-leaning people who, in his opinion, pander to [[Islamism]], which he defines as a "global totalitarian theo-political project" with a "desire to impose any given interpretation of Islam over society as law"<ref name="rad">{{Cite book |last=Nawaz |first=Maajid |date=2012 |title=Radical: My Journey out of Islamist Extremism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIjms8hwoW8C |publisher=WH Allen |isbn=9781448131617}}</ref> and which he opposes on the ground that "any desire to impose any version of Islam over anyone anywhere, ever, is a fundamental violation of our basic civil liberties."<ref name="beast">{{Cite web |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/08/08/the-british-left-s-hypocritical-embrace-of-islamism.html |title=The British Left's Hypocritical Embrace of Islamism |author=Maajid Nawaz |work=[[The Daily Beast]] |date=8 August 2015 |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref> According to Nawaz, such sympathizers of Islamism include "[[atheism|atheists]] who are on the side of the Islamists, defending Islamism in the name of cultural tolerance."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hwQhu1A-Ats |title=Lateline: An atheist and a Muslim on the future of Islam |author=[[Tony Jones (news journalist)|Tony Jones]] |work=[[Lateline]] |publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |date=28 October 2015 |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref>

In an October 2015 interview with political talk show host [[Dave Rubin]], Nawaz elucidated further the reasoning behind his choice of the word "regressive". He hypothesized that a section of the leftists "genuinely believe" that they are fighting an "ideological war" against neoconservative and neocolonialist foreign policies of Western governments which promote state-organized violence and chaos in the form of wars and military invasions. On the contrary, when it comes to denouncing the randomized acts of violence of theocratic extremists such as Islamists, the same leftists forego their duty to criticize such acts of violence and prioritize focusing on the bigger evil of state-sponsored violence and war. Sometimes, they even "make alliances" with some of the most regressive, theocratic and murdering regimes and organizations. Nawaz labels these people regressive leftists. He then cites the example of [[Jeremy Corbyn]], leader of the British [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]], who "has been historically very close" to supporters of Islamist organisations like Hamas and Hezbollah. In Nawaz's opinion, it is possible to denounce both neoconservative foreign policies (such as the Iraq war, which he had opposed) and theocratic extremism, but the regressive leftists fail to do so.<ref name=Nawaz>{{cite news|last1=Rubin|first1=Dave|title=Maajid Nawaz and Dave Rubin Discuss the Regressive Left and Political Correctness|url=http://www.ora.tv/rubinreport/2015/10/2/maajid-nawaz-and-dave-rubin-discuss-the-regressive-left-political-correctness-0_twq2e3jhwn8|accessdate=3 January 2016|work=Rubin Report|date=2 October 2015}}</ref>

According to Nawaz, the notion that Muslims cannot cope with criticism or mockery of Islam and only react violently, is "patronizing, self-pity inspiring mollycoddling" of the very Muslims it claims to serve and emancipate, because it does not expect them to be civil and control their anger.<ref name="beast" /> This "racism of low expectations" lowers the moral standards of people within minorities, seeking excuses if they happen to express, for example, [[misogyny]], [[chauvinism]], [[bigotry]], or [[antisemitism]], whilst holding members of the majority to [[human rights|universal liberal standards]].<ref name="Bigthink" />

Haras Rafiq, managing director of [[Quilliam (think tank)|Quilliam]], expressed the view that there is a tendency of some on the left to excuse Islamism. "We have not got to grips with the symbiotic relationship between Islamism and far-right hatred, and the regressive left that is prepared to excuse Islamism."<ref>ADAM LEBOR. Donald Trump: The AMERICAN STEREOTYPE EUROPEANS LOVE TO HATE. Newsweek Dec/14/15 [http://www.newsweek.com/2015/12/25/donald-trump-worse-voldemort-europeans-say-404653.html]</ref>

==Analysis==
In 2006, six years before Nawaz used the term "regressive left" to convey a viewpoint within the dialog on multiculturalism, [[New Atheist]] author [[Sam Harris]] used the phrase "Head-in-the-sand Liberals" in an LA Times article to describe liberals who are in denial and "despite abundant evidence to the contrary", "continue to imagine that Muslim terrorism springs from economic despair, lack of education and American militarism". He bemoaned that "being generally reasonable and tolerant of diversity, liberals should be especially sensitive to the dangers of religious literalism. But they aren't".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Harris |first=Sam |date=18 September 2006 |title=Head-in-the-Sand Liberals: Western civilization really is at risk from Muslim extremists |url=http://www.samharris.org/blog/item/the-end-of-liberalism |journal=[[LA Times]] |publisher= |accessdate=12 January 2016}}</ref>

In 2013, the [[One Law for All]] campaign issued a report, ''Siding with the Oppressor: The Pro-Islamist Left''.<ref name=I20130628>{{Cite news |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/comment/why-is-the-left-so-blinkered-to-islamic-extremism-8679265.html |title=Why is the left so blinkered to Islamic extremism? |author=James Bloodworth |work=[[The Independent]] |date=28 June 2013 |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref> According to ''The Independent'', the report expressed concern at "working enthusiastically with those advocating the murder of homosexuals" and also with "religious fascists".<ref name=I20130628/> ''The Independent'' expressed the opinion that "In a disastrous irony, the pro-Islamist left has ended up in the same place as the white far-right. The perception of Muslims as synonymous with Islamism - criticism of Islamism is characterised as criticism of Muslims - is precisely the view taken by groups such as the [[English Defence League|EDL]]." ''The Independent'' article concluded that political [[confirmation bias]] was responsible, driven by a "pathological anti-Americanism that is quite attractive to a certain type of degenerated progressive."<ref name=I20130628/> It also quoted [[Maryam Namazie]], a spokesperson for several organisations including Iran Solidarity, One Law for All and the [[Council of Ex-Muslims of Britain]] as identifying several organisations who are, "there as prefects to silence dissenters and defend Islamism as a defence of 'Muslims'."<ref name=I20130628/>

In September 2015, [[Sam Harris]] and Maajid Nawaz participated in an exchange at a public forum hosted by [[Harvard University]]'s Institute of Politics,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PI9QwEKqrso |title=Islam and the Future of Tolerance |author=Harvard’s Institute of Politics hosting Sam Harris and Maajid Nawaz |publisher=Harvard’s Institute of Politics |date= |accessdate=3 January 2016}}</ref> which was later published in a short book, titled ''[[Islam and the Future of Tolerance]]'' (2015). In a review of the book in the conservative magazine [[National Review Online]], political writer Brian Stewart notes that according to both Nawaz and Harris, the regressive leftists in the West are "willfully blind" to the fact that jihadists and Islamists make up a significant portion (20% in Harris's estimate) of the global Muslim community and the minority Muslim communities within the West, even though these factions are opposed to liberal values such as individual autonomy, freedom of expression, democracy, women's rights, gay rights, etc. Regressive leftists thus demonstrate a curiously illiberal, isolationist, and even censuring attitude towards any criticism of this phenomenon, and in doing so, they not only betray universal liberal values but also abandon defending the most vulnerable liberal members living inside the Muslim community such as women, homosexuals and apostates.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stewart |first=Brian |date=7 October 2015 |title=A Liberal Atheist and a Liberal Muslim Discuss the Problems of Contemporary Islam |url=http://www.nationalreview.com/article/425169/sam-harris-maajid-nawaz-islam-book |journal=[[National Review Online]] |publisher= |accessdate=11 January 2016}}</ref>

In October 2015, ''The Washington Post'' reported that American comedian and show host [[Bill Maher]] and British biologist and [[New Atheism|New Atheist]] author [[Richard Dawkins]] "lamented regressive leftists who fail to understand they are anything but liberal when it comes to Islam".<ref name=WT20151003/> Maher noted a willingness to criticise anything except [[Islam]], excusing it as "their culture", to which Dawkins responded: "Well, to hell with their culture."<ref name="Maher"/><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/611231/Richard-Dawkins-in-extraordinary-blast-at-Muslims-To-hell-with-their-culture |title='To hell with their culture' - Richard Dawkins in extraordinary blast at Muslims |author=John Worthing |work=The Independent |date=27 October 2015 |access-date=23 November 2015}}</ref> The ''Sunday Express'' characterized Dawkins as having "attacked western society's relaxed attitude to radical Islam in an extraordinary outburst". Making reference to student initiatives to disinvite ex-Muslim speakers on campus, Dawkins saw this as, "a betrayal of the Free Speech Movement of the 1960s".<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/richard-dawkins-free-speech_561038c4e4b0af3706e11397 |title=Richard Dawkins: College Students Are Betraying The Free Speech Movement |author=Tyler Kingkade |work=HuffPost on HPMG News |date=3 October 2015 |access-date=3 January 2016}}</ref>

In October and November 2015, Sam Harris frequently used the term in his exchanges with the media, saying the greatest danger is that regressive leftists are willing to give up [[free speech]] "out of fear of offending minorities", which will lead to [[censorship]] imposed by those minorities, citing American journalist [[Glenn Greenwald]]'s comments on the [[Charlie Hebdo shootings]] as an example.<ref name="Chris Beck">{{Cite web |url=http://www.splicetoday.com/politics-and-media/sam-harris-unloads-on-the-regressive-left |title=Sam Harris Unloads on the Regressive Left |author=Chris Beck |work=[[Splice Today]] |publisher=[[Russ Smith (publisher)|Russ Smith]] |date=21 October 2015 |accessdate=23 November 2015}}</ref><ref name=Salon20151125>Sean Illing. "Sam Harris talks Islam, ISIS, atheism, GOP madness": “We are confronting people, in dozens of countries, who despise more or less everything that we value” [http://www.salon.com/2015/11/25/harris_and_illing_correspondence/]</ref> Harris considers [[Reza Aslan]]<ref name="Chris Beck"/><ref name=Salon20151125/> and [[Noam Chomsky]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rawstory.com/2015/10/sam-harris-is-still-mad-about-liberals-who-followed-noam-chomsky-off-the-edge-of-the-world/|title=Sam Harris is still mad about ‘liberals who followed Noam Chomsky off the edge of the world’|publisher=}}</ref><ref>The Last Word With Lawrence O'Donnell' on Oct. 15, 2015. [MSNBC]</ref> to be of the regressive left.

In November 2015, in an appearance on the talk radio show [[American Humanist Association|''The Humanist Hour'']], author, philosopher and atheist activist [[Peter Boghossian]] defined the term as a pejorative used to describe those on the left that have made the "strangest bedfellows" with the [[Islamists]]. According to him, the word "[[Political regressive|regressive]]" is used to contrast with the word "[[Progressivism|progressive]]" - the latter being the group that is egalitarian and wants to create systems of justice and racial equality, while the former being a group that "[looks] for the worst in people... and [does] not extend hermeneutics of charity, or a charitable interpretation of anything anyone says, but uses it as a hammer to beat people down". In addition, he believes the regressive leftists have become "hyper-moralists" and champions of their perceived victims. He cites the historical wrongdoings, such as [[Slavery in the United States|slavery]] in the U.S. and [[colonialism]] as a legitimate concern that has caused mistrust of anything Western and capitalistic. He also added that "there are people who have suffered and still suffer legitimate instances of racism, homophobia etc. The problem is that every time the word racist is just thrown around like that, that word loses its meaning. And it should have quite a sting. That should be a horrible word".<ref>{{cite podcast |url= http://thehumanist.com/multimedia/podcast/the-humanist-hour-175-the-regressive-left-and-safe-spaces-with-dr-peter-boghossian |title= The Humanist Hour #175: The “Regressive Left” and Safe Spaces, with Dr. Peter Boghossian|website= http://thehumanist.com/ |publisher= The Humanist Hour |host= Bo Bennett, Kim Ellington|date= 4 November 2015 |time= 4:08, 9:48, 0:10 |access-date= 7 January 2016}}</ref>

In December 2015, [[International Relations]] researcher Elliot McArdle wrote in the online British magazine ''[[Spiked (magazine)|Spiked]]'' that some "so-called liberals/leftists" treat liberal Muslims like Nawaz and ex-Muslims like Namazie as "native informants", "traitors" or "[[no true Scotsman|not real Muslims]]", because such critics of Islam(ism), who have a Muslim background themselves, don't fit the desired narrative of Muslims as a homogeneous and oppressed group.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McArdle |first=Elliot |date=4 December 2015 |title=The liberal racism faced by ex-Muslims |url=http://www.spiked-online.com/newsite/article/the-liberal-racism-faced-by-ex-muslims/17702 |journal=[[Spiked (magazine)|Spiked]] |publisher=[[Brendan O'Neill (journalist)|Brendan O'Neill]] |accessdate=11 December 2015}}</ref>

In late 2015, liberal talk show host [[Dave Rubin]] hosted discussions about the "regressive left" in many of ''[[The Rubin Report]]'' show segments.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ora.tv/rubinreport/2015/10/8/milo-yiannopoulos-and-dave-rubin-discuss-gay-rights-and-cultural-libertarians-0_40xbq9svp490|title=Milo Yiannopoulos and Dave Rubin Discuss Gay Rights and Cultural Libertarians|publisher=Ora TV|accessdate=2015-10-08}}</ref> He once said, "The reason I feel like naming them [the regressives] is so important, is because I now view these regressives as the left's version of the [[Tea Party movement|Tea Party]]. The Tea Party went unchecked by the right until it was too late, and now the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] is a fractured mess often only held together by its worst beliefs. I really believe these regressives are doing this to the left, and if we don't have the courage to stop them, then a year or two from now, we'll wonder why our system is screwed up even more than it is now."<ref name="Rubin7Oct">{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AzzLiJ6na1k |title=Dave Rubin: Regressives are the Left's Tea Party |work=[[The Rubin Report]] |publisher=The Rubin Report |date=7 October 2015 |accessdate=25 November 2015}}</ref> In a series of interviews, Rubin analyzed this concept and its implications with [[Peter Boghossian]], and with [[Ayaan Hirsi Ali]], [[Maajid Nawaz]],<ref name=Nawaz>{{cite news|last1=Rubin|first1=Dave|title=Maajid Nawaz and Dave Rubin Discuss the Regressive Left and Political Correctness|url=http://www.ora.tv/rubinreport/2015/10/2/maajid-nawaz-and-dave-rubin-discuss-the-regressive-left-political-correctness-0_twq2e3jhwn8|accessdate=3 January 2016|work=Rubin Report|date=2 October 2015}}</ref> [[Nick Cohen]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ora.tv/rubinreport/2015/12/11/nick-cohen-and-dave-rubin-discuss-the-regressive-left-free-speech-radical-islam-0_5a17hbvw846c|title=Nick Cohen and Dave Rubin Discuss the Regressive Left, Free Speech, Radical Islam|work=Ora TV}}</ref> and [[Douglas Murray (author)|Douglas Murray]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ora.tv/rubinreport/2015/11/6/douglas-murray-and-dave-rubin-talk-free-speech-isis-israel-full-interview-0_5i6uq59btmia|title=Douglas Murray and Dave Rubin Talk Free Speech, ISIS, Israel (Full Interview)|work=Ora TV}}</ref>

In November 2015, psychiatrist Khwaja Khusro Tariq from ''[[Huffington Post]]'' classified the term as an unsubstantiated [[ad hominem|''ad hominem'' attack]], stating that the harshest critics of Islam are courted by both liberal and conservative media in the U.S. He also stated the term has been directed towards [[Glenn Greenwald]] and [[Noam Chomsky]], both of whom he said have never condoned violence or opined on the doctrine of Islam. He argued that there was no genuine inhibition on speaking against the religion. <ref>{{cite news |last= Tariq|first= Khwaja|date= 11 November 2015|title= "Regressive Liberals": The New Mantra of Islamophobia
|url= http://www.huffingtonpost.com/khwaja-khusro-tariq/regressive-liberals-the-n_b_8597284.html|newspaper= Huffington Post|access-date= 9 January 2016}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|group="note"}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Human rights}}
{{Culture}}
{{Multiculturalism}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:21st-century neologisms]]
[[Category:Censorship]]
[[Category:Criticism of Islam]]
[[Category:Criticism of Islamism]]
[[Category:Criticism of political correctness]]
[[Category:Freedom of expression]]
[[Category:Islamism]]
[[Category:Left-wing politics]]
[[Category:Liberalism]]
[[Category:Political neologisms]]
[[Category:Relativism]]
[[Category:Words coined in the 2010s]]

Park Yeon-mi

2015-03-18T00:06:49Z

Discuss-Dubious: Redo edit by other user.

{{multiple issues|
{{POV|date=November 2014}}
{{tone|date=November 2014}}
{{cleanup-rewrite|date=December 2014}}
}}
{{Koreanname|Park}}
{{Infobox person
| name=Park Yeonmi
| image= File:Yeonmi_Park_-_Atlas_Network_Liberty_Forum.jpg
|caption=Park at the Atlas Network Liberty Forum Conference in New York in 2014
| birth_date={{birth date and age|1993|10|4|df=y}}
| birth_place=[[Hyesan]], [[North Korea]]
| occupation=Human rights activist Talk show host Reporter Speaker
| death date
| death place
| citizenship = [[South Korea]]
}}
{{Infobox Korean name
|title= Park Yeon-mi
|context=south
|hangul=박연미
|hanja=
|rr=Bak Yeon-mi
|mr=Pak Yŏnmi
|birth_date={{birth date and age|1993|10|4|df=y}}
}}
'''Park Yeon-mi''' (stylized as Yeonmi Park; born October 4, 1993) is a [[North Korean defectors|North Korean defector]] and [[human rights activist]] who escaped [[North Korea]] in 2007 and currently lives in [[South Korea]]. She was once part of a ruling elite in North Korea. She now works as an activist, reporter, and speaker, appearing as a celebrity on talk shows and TV programs advocating for the cause of North Korean refugees.<ref name=businessinsider>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/yeonmi-park-talks-about-growing-up-in-north-korea-2014-4|title = North Korean Defector Explains What It Was Like To Grow Up Thinking Kim Jong-il Was 'A God'|last = Jacobs|first = Harrison|date = April 10, 2014|accessdate = November 1, 2014}}</ref>

Yeon-mi rose to global prominence after she delivered a speech at the [[One Young World]] 2014 Summit in [[Dublin]], [[Ireland]] - an annual Summit that gathers young people from around the world to develop solutions to world issues<ref>http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia-pacific/2014/10/escaping-north-korea-one-refugee-story-20141015154253291240.html</ref>. She gave a speech about her experience escaping from [[North Korea]] at the [[One Young World]] Summit in Dublin that received over 2 million views on YouTube. The video's popularity prompted a [http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/15/park-yeon-mi-north-korea-defector high level of media interest] and a [http://www.amazon.co.uk/Order-Live-Korean-Journey-Freedom/dp/1594206791/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1426524395&sr=1-1 book deal].
==Early life==
{{Expand section|date=December 2014}}

Park was born on October 4, 1993 in [[Hyesan]], [[Ryanggang]], North Korea. Her father was a civil servant who worked at the Hyesan town hall as part of the ruling Workers Party, and her mother was a nurse for the North Korean Army. Her family lived in Hyesan until 2002, when she moved to [[Pyongyang]] to join her father who was then a businessman. Her family was wealthy during most of her childhood, although the family later struggled after her father was imprisoned for allegedly engaging in an illegal business.<ref name=LiNK>http://www.libertyinnorthkorea.org/summit-speaker-yeonmi-park/</ref> Park has an older sister, Eunmi.

==Escape from North Korea==
Park’s father was arrested for illegal trading and subjected to hard labor. Her views of the Kim Dynasty changed when she watched a pirated DVD of the 1997 movie, ''[[Titanic (1997 film)|Titanic]]," which caused her to realize the oppressive nature of the North Korean government. The movie taught her the true meaning of love and gave her “a taste of freedom.”<ref>Hakim, Danny. "The World Dissidents Have Their Say." The New York Times. The New York Times, 25 Oct. 2014. Web. 2 Nov. 2014. <http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/26/sunday-review/the-worlds-dissidents-have-their-say.html?_r=0>.</ref> This realization of the government’s cruelty was further revealed when, at nine years old, she witnessed the execution of one of her mother’s friends for selling DVDs and watching a [[James Bond]] movie.<ref name=Nordlinger>Nordlinger, Jay. "Witness from Hell." National Review Online. N.p., 10 Oct. 2014. Web. 1 Nov. 2014. <https://www.nationalreview.com/nrd/articles/391469/witness-hell></ref>

Park's father was diagnosed with colon cancer while interned in a labor camp. In 2005, he used a bribe to secure his release from the camp in order to receive medical treatment.<ref name="Journey Man Pictures">Journey Man Pictures. "The N. Korean TV Star Standing Up To Kim Jong-Un." YouTube. YouTube, 15 Sept. 2014. Web. 14 Nov. 2014. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ZEmDpkz0g4>.</ref> When reunited with his family, he urged them to plan their escape to China. Unfortunately, her older sister Eunmi left for China early without notifying them.<ref name=Phillips>Phillips, Tom. "Escape from North Korea: 'How I Escaped Horrors of Life under Kim Jong-il'" The Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group, 10 Oct. 2014. Web. 2 Nov. 2014. <http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/northkorea/11138496/Escape-from-North-Korea-How-I-escaped-horrors-of-life-under-Kim-Jong-il.html>.</ref> Park and her family escaped North Korea by traveling through China with the help of brokers who smuggle North Koreans into China. Chinese and Korean Christian missionaries helped them relocate to Mongolia, and South Korean diplomats facilitated the family's transition into Seoul. After this harrowing journey, which concluded in 2007, Park became a full-time activist for human rights in North Korea.<ref name=Phillips/>

===China===

Park and her family escaped North Korea by crossing the border into China. On the night of March 30, 2007, with the help of a broker, Park and her mother crossed a frozen river and three mountains to get into the Chinese border. Park’s father stayed behind in North Korea, thinking his illness would slow them down.<ref name=Phillips/> After crossing the Chinese border, they headed for the Chinese province of Jilin. The family tried to find Eunmi by asking the smugglers her whereabouts, but they were unsuccessful and Yeonmi and her mother assumed Eunmi had died.<ref name=Phillips/>

One of their smugglers threatened to report them to the authorities if Park didn’t have sex with him. Her mother intervened for her safety by offering herself to the smuggler, who then raped her in front of Park.<ref name=Phillips/>

A few days later, Park’s father joined them. They sought shelter at a great-aunt’s home outside of Shenyang, China, a hiding place unable to pay for running water. Park then realized that China’s living conditions were as poor as North Korea's.<ref name=Phillips/>

In January 2008, Park's father died at 45 while the family was living in secret. They were unable to formally mourn him, in fear that their profiles would be discovered by Chinese authorities, and buried his remains in a nearby mountain. Park said, “there was no funeral. Nothing. I couldn’t even do that for my father. I couldn’t call anyone to say my father had passed away. We couldn’t even give him painkillers.”

After the burial, they rode a bus for two days to a Christian shelter headed by Chinese and South Korean missionaries in the port city of Qingdao, China. Due to the large Korean population in the city, they were able to avert the attention of authorities. With the help of the missionaries, they took a chance and fled to South Korea through Mongolia.<ref name=Phillips/>

===Mongolia===

In February 2009, after receiving aid from human rights activists and Christian missionaries, Park and her mother journeyed to [[Mongolia]] to seek asylum from South Korean diplomats, traveling through the [[Gobi Desert]].<ref name=Phillips/>

When they reached the Mongolian border, guards stopped them and threatened to deport the pair back to China. Park recalls that at this point she and her mother pledged to kill themselves with their own knives. “I thought it was the end of my life. We were saying goodbye to one another.” Their actions persuaded the guards to let them through, but under custody at a detention center at Ulan Bator, the capital of Mongolia. On April 1, 2009, Park and her mother were sent to Ulan Bator’s Chinggis Khaan airport to fly them to Seoul. Park felt relieved to be free at last; the Daily Telegraph reported, "Oh my God," she thought when Mongolian customs officials waved her through. 'They didn’t stop me.'”.<ref name=Phillips/>

===South Korea===
[[File:Yeonmi Park.JPG|thumb|Park Yeonmi, in [[South Korea]].]]
Park and her mother had difficulty adjusting to their new lives in South Korea, but they managed to find jobs as shop assistants and waitresses. Park also continued her education in [[Dongguk University]] in Seoul.<ref name=Nordlinger/><ref name=Phillips/> In April 2014, South Korean intelligence discovered her sister, Eunmi, who is now living in Seoul; Eunmi had escaped to South Korea via China and Thailand. Park and her mother eventually reunited with Eunmi.<ref name="Journey Man Pictures"/><ref name=Phillips/>

==Activism==

Since escaping, Park has written and spoken publicly about her life in North Korea, having written for the ''[[Washington Post]]'', and has been interviewed by ''[[The Guardian]]''.<ref name=thedailybeast>{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/10/31/how-titantic-helped-this-brave-young-woman-escape-north-korea-s-totalitarian-state.html|title = How ‘Titanic ’Helped This Brave Young Woman Escape North Korea’s Totalitarian State|last = Crocker|first = Lizzie|date = October 31, 2014|accessdate = November 1, 2014|publisher = ''[[The Daily Beast]]''}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2014/oct/29/north-korean-defector-defy-regime-live-q-and-a|title = The North Korean defector who continues to defy regime – live Q&A as it happened|date = October 29, 2014|accessdate = November 1, 2014|publisher = ''[[The Guardian]]''|last = Park|first = Yeon-mi|last2 = Shearlaw|first2 = Maeve}}</ref> Park volunteers to become involved in activist programs such as being a media fellow for the Freedom Factory Corporation,<ref name=thedailybeast/> a free market think tank in South Korea. She also became a member of LiNK ([[Liberty in North Korea]]), a nonprofit organization that rescues North Korean refugees hiding in China and resettling them to South Korea and the United States. On June 12–15, 2014, Park attended [[Liberty in North Korea#Summit|LiNK’s summit]] at [[Pepperdine University]] in [[Malibu, California]]. She and the other North Korean activists, Joo Yang and Seongmin Lee, worked in sessions and labs, educating participants in the conditions of North Korea and how LiNK can support the refugees. Park took part in LiNK’s campaign, the Jangmadang (장마당). The Jangmadang is a term for North Korea's black market where people exchange goods that where smuggled into North Korea. She recorded her story on video to assist with the campaign, which ran during the fall of 2014.<ref>"Liberty in North Korea." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 11 Nov. 2014. Web. 8 Nov. 2014. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_in_North_Korea></ref><ref name="link-jangmadang">{{cite web|url = http://www.libertyinnorthkorea.org/tours/|title = Tours|publisher = [[Liberty in North Korea]]|accessdate = November 1, 2014}}</ref> Park has also been outspoken about tourism in North Korea, as they are encouraged to bow to statues of [[Kim Jong Il]] and [[Kim Il Sung]], which she sees as "[aiding] the regime’s propaganda by allowing themselves to be portrayed as if they too love and obey the leader.”<ref>{{cite web|last1=Thompson|first1=Nathan A.|title=The Ethics of Taking a Trip to North Korea as a Tourist|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/ethics-taking-trip-north-korea-tourist-n193736|publisher=NBC News|accessdate=3 November 2014}}</ref>

Park told the story of escape at several well-known events like [[TEDx]] in [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]],<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sg3kC4uKDJU</ref> TEDxHangang in [[Seoul]],<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1RZuk6AqA0U</ref> the [[One Young World]] summit in [[Dublin]],<ref>One Young World. "Escaping from North Korea in Search of Freedom." YouTube. YouTube, 18 Oct. 2014. Web. 14 Nov. 2014. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UyWsJ6NFMpE></ref> and the [[Oslo Freedom Forum]].<ref>Oslo Freedom Forum. "Yeonmi Park-박연미 - North Korea's Black Market Generation." YouTube. YouTube, 29 Oct. 2014. Web. 14 Nov. 2014. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UyWsJ6NFMpE></ref>

===Education===
Park works as a human rights activist and a celebrity while continuing her education in South Korea in 2014. Park is enrolled in [[Dongguk University]] in Seoul as a third-year student and majors in criminal justice. In her spare time, she has taught herself fluent English by watching a [[Friends]] series DVD box set and watching [[YouTube]] videos. She also took interests in [[Frédéric Bastiat|Bastiat]], the [[Classical liberalism|classical-liberal]] economics, and the [[Communist Manifesto]]. Furthermore, she is interested in her freedom to think and do whatever she pleases because being away from North Korea gave her the opportunity to experience freedom.<ref name=Nordlinger/>

===Celebrity===

====''On My Way To Meet You''====
Park appears along with other North Korean defectors in a South Korean TV program called ''On My Way To Meet You'' (이제 만나러 갑니다), a chat show mixed with talent quest and musical broadcast. The show is about telling the truth about North Korea and mocks the North Korean regime. The defectors are giving the South Koreans insight about their life of abuse in the North.<ref name="Journey Man Pictures"/>

====''North Korea Today''====
Park works as a co-host for Casey Lartigue, a talk show host of the podcast-show ''North Korea Today''. The podcast discusses North Korean topics and the life of the refugees after their escape. Park volunteered for this opportunity to make the world become aware of the repression of the North Korean refugees and how people can take action for their need of freedom. They hosted five episodes of the podcast.<ref>"North Korea Today: Featuring Casey and Yeonmi." North Korea Today Featuring Casey and Yeonmi. N.p., n.d. Web. 5 Nov. 2014. <http://caseyandyeonmi.com/></ref>

===Reporter===
Park worked as a news reporter to write about the occurring events happening in North Korea. Park became a reporter for New Focus International, a newspaper company run by former North Korean Propagandist [[Jang Jin-sung]]. She and the other North Korean defectors use connections from the defectors to receive credible information from North Korea to write and publish articles on North Korean related issues.<ref name="Journey Man Pictures"/>

==Beliefs==

===Unification===
Park believes that there are positive and negative possibilities for North Korea to be reunified with South Korea. Park doubts that there would be any chance of reunifying the Korean Peninsula because they don’t desire it; the South Koreans discriminate against the defectors for being illegal immigrants to South Korea.<ref name=Nordlinger/> She believes that there are neither northerners nor southerners in Korea, just Koreans themselves.<ref name="Gupta, Priyanka 2014">Gupta, Priyanka. "Escaping North Korea: One Refugee's Story." Al Jazeera (Qatar). N.p., 17 Oct. 2014. Web. 2 Nov. 2014. <http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia-pacific/2014/10/escaping-north-korea-one-refugee-story-20141015154253291240.html ></ref> She also presumes that there is a possibility that there might be a chance for reunification if North Korea dissolves in the same manner as the [[Soviet Union]].<ref name=Nordlinger/>

===North Korea===
Park believes that change might occur in North Korea as long as she and the other North Korean defectors continue to advocate for human rights in North Korea. According to the National Review, Park presumes that, “the regime adjusts, as the Chinese Communists and the Vietnamese Communists have done. That would allow the North Korean Communists to hang on for untold years longer,”<ref name=Nordlinger/> therefore the Kim’s would be able to focus on their people, and then they would be able to become more opened to the world. As long as the Jangmadang remains active, more North Koreans would be able to expose themselves to the outside world, and question their meaning of life.<ref name="Gupta, Priyanka 2014"/>

====Kim Jong-Un====
Park considers [[Kim Jong-Un]] to be a cruel leader to the North Korean people for continuing the abuse of his own people. Park likens Kim Jong-Un to a description from [[Al Jazeera]] (Qatar), berating him as “a criminal for killing 80 people in one day for watching a movie or reading the Bible. This young man is so cruel. He ordered that people who attempt escape should be shot.”<ref name="Gupta, Priyanka 2014"/> According to the ''Telegraph'', Park believes that he must be punished for not just oppressing them, but toying his own people.<ref name=Phillips/>

==See also==
* [[List of North Korean defectors in South Korea]]
* [[North Korean defectors]]
* [[Human rights in North Korea]]
* [[Liberty in North Korea]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Yeonmi Park}}
* [http://www.yeonmi.net/ Official website]
* [https://www.facebook.com/OfficialYeonmiPark Official Facebook site]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ufhKWfPSQOw Yeon-mi's speech at the One Young World Conference
{{Persondata
| NAME = Park, Yeon-mi
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = North Korean defector
| DATE OF BIRTH = October 4, 1993
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Hyesan City]], [[North Korea]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Park, Yeon-mi}}
[[Category:North Korean defectors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:North Korean escapees]]
[[Category:North Korean human rights activists]]
[[Category:Political repression in North Korea]]

The Transfer Agreement

2015-03-18T00:01:40Z

Discuss-Dubious: Add related article.

{{Infobox book
| name = The Transfer Agreement
| orig title =
| translator =
| image = [[File:transfer-agreement.jpg|200px]]
| author = [[Edwin Black]]
| cover_artist =
| country = United States
| language = English
| series =
| subject = History, Politics
| genre =
| publisher = Dialog Press
| release_date = 1984
| media_type =
| pages = 194
| size_weight =
| isbn = 0-914153-13-7
| oclc=
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
}}

'''''The Transfer Agreement: The Dramatic Story of the Pact Between the Third Reich and Jewish Palestine''''' is a historic book written by author [[Edwin Black]], documenting the transfer agreement ("[[Haavara Agreement]]" in [[Hebrew]]) between [[Zionist]] organizations and [[Nazi Germany]] to transfer a number of Jews and their assets to [[Palestine]]. This agreement was partly inspired by a global boycott of Germany that had appeared to threaten the [[Reich]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Weiss|first=Yf’aat|coauthors=The International School for Holocaust Studies|title=The Transfer Agreement and the Boycott Movement: A Jewish Dilemma on the Eve of the Holocaust|journal=Yad Va'shem Shoa Journal|series=Shoah Resource Center|pages=33|url=http://www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%203231.pdf|accessdate=27 March 2014}}</ref> Controversial as it may be seen in hindsight, it marked one of the few rescue of Jews and their assets during the Holocaust.<ref name="Zionsim in Nazi Jewish Policy">{{cite book|last=Nicosia|first=Francis R.|title=Zionism and anti-Semitism in Nazi Germany|year=2010|publisher=New York|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0521172981|page=109|pages=|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=JTtGXWzfD10C&lpg=PA109&ots=VDw8vcz3be&dq=boycott%20of%20nazi%20germany%20Haavara&pg=PA109#v=onepage&q=boycott%20of%20nazi%20germany%20Haavara&f=false|edition=1}}</ref>

==Main Thesis==

This book documents the agreement between Nazi Germany and an organization of [[:de:Zionistische Vereinigung für Deutschland|German Zionists]] in 1933 to salvage the smallest amounts of [[World Jewish Congress#Restitution of Jewish assets|German Jewish assets]] and the voluntary [[Fifth Aliyah|emigration of German Jews to Palestine]] before the [[Third Reich]] implemented confiscation, expulsion and then extermination. The Transfer Agreement rescued some 60,000 German Jews. A sweeping, worldwide [[Jewish boycott of German goods|economic boycott of Germany by Jews]] helped spur a deal between the Nazis and Zionists.<ref>[http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/289751-1 Edwin Black discusses The Transfer Agreement Book TV on C-SPAN] George Mason University, History News Network</ref> At that time, there were few Jews in Palestine, but from 1933 through 1936, 60,000 German Jews immigrated into the region,<ref>{{cite web|title=U.S. Holocaust Museum Article on Refugees|url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005139|work=Holocaust Encyclopedia: Refugees|publisher=USHMM}}</ref> bringing with them a portion of the assets they once held in Germany.<ref name=Edelheit_History>{{cite book|last=Edelheit|first=Abraham J.|title=History of the Holocaust : a handbook and dictionary.|year=1994|publisher=Westview|location=Boulder|isbn=978-0813322407|page=44|pages=|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=0DkMHTRtQIYC&q=assets#v=onepage&q=Transfer&f=false|edition=New ed.|author2=Edelheit, Hershel }}</ref>

==Controversy==
There was no effort to deny the history documented in this book,<ref name=Levy_Devil group=>{{cite news|last=Levy|first=Richard|title=Dealing with the Devil|url=http://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/the-transfer-agreement-by-edwin-black/|accessdate=28 March 2014|newspaper=[https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B_dOI5puxRA9M1JxUWxoZVFDd28/edit?usp=sharing Commentary Magazine]|date=September 1984}}</ref> but critics from ''[[Commentary (magazine)|Commentary]]'' claimed it to be "conspiracy-mongering, innuendo, and sensationalism".<ref name=Levy_Devil group=></ref>

==Awards==
* 1985 [[Carl Sandburg]] Award<ref name="Sandberg Award">{{cite web|title=Chicago Public Library Foundation|url=http://www.cplfoundation.org/site/PageServer?pagename=events_sandburgawards_co|accessdate=27 March 2014}}</ref> of the Friends of the [[Chicago Public Library]] for best non-fiction book of 1984 for the book ''The Transfer Agreement.''<ref>Martin Barillas, [http://www.thecuttingedgenews.com/index.php?article=11660&pageid=23&pagename=Arts "Author Holds Historic Event on The Transfer Agreement,"] The Cutting Edge.com, October 12, 2009. Retrieved May 9, 2010.</ref>

==See also==
* ''[[IBM and the Holocaust]]''

==External links==
[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/Black.html "Could We Have Stopped Hitler?"] - Article by Edwin Black at the [[Jewish Virtual Library]] that touches upon related themes and is based on the book.
==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Transfer Agreement, The}}
[[Category:History books about the Holocaust]]
[[Category:1984 books]]

{{Jewish-hist-book-stub}}

The Transfer Agreement

2015-03-17T23:56:10Z

Discuss-Dubious: /* Controversy */ Does not seem relevant.

{{Infobox book
| name = The Transfer Agreement
| orig title =
| translator =
| image = [[File:transfer-agreement.jpg|200px]]
| author = [[Edwin Black]]
| cover_artist =
| country = United States
| language = English
| series =
| subject = History, Politics
| genre =
| publisher = Dialog Press
| release_date = 1984
| media_type =
| pages = 194
| size_weight =
| isbn = 0-914153-13-7
| oclc=
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
}}

'''''The Transfer Agreement: The Dramatic Story of the Pact Between the Third Reich and Jewish Palestine''''' is a historic book written by author [[Edwin Black]], documenting the transfer agreement ("[[Haavara Agreement]]" in [[Hebrew]]) between [[Zionist]] organizations and [[Nazi Germany]] to transfer a number of Jews and their assets to [[Palestine]]. This agreement was partly inspired by a global boycott of Germany that had appeared to threaten the [[Reich]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Weiss|first=Yf’aat|coauthors=The International School for Holocaust Studies|title=The Transfer Agreement and the Boycott Movement: A Jewish Dilemma on the Eve of the Holocaust|journal=Yad Va'shem Shoa Journal|series=Shoah Resource Center|pages=33|url=http://www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%203231.pdf|accessdate=27 March 2014}}</ref> Controversial as it may be seen in hindsight, it marked one of the few rescue of Jews and their assets during the Holocaust.<ref name="Zionsim in Nazi Jewish Policy">{{cite book|last=Nicosia|first=Francis R.|title=Zionism and anti-Semitism in Nazi Germany|year=2010|publisher=New York|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0521172981|page=109|pages=|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=JTtGXWzfD10C&lpg=PA109&ots=VDw8vcz3be&dq=boycott%20of%20nazi%20germany%20Haavara&pg=PA109#v=onepage&q=boycott%20of%20nazi%20germany%20Haavara&f=false|edition=1}}</ref>

==Main Thesis==

This book documents the agreement between Nazi Germany and an organization of [[:de:Zionistische Vereinigung für Deutschland|German Zionists]] in 1933 to salvage the smallest amounts of [[World Jewish Congress#Restitution of Jewish assets|German Jewish assets]] and the voluntary [[Fifth Aliyah|emigration of German Jews to Palestine]] before the [[Third Reich]] implemented confiscation, expulsion and then extermination. The Transfer Agreement rescued some 60,000 German Jews. A sweeping, worldwide [[Jewish boycott of German goods|economic boycott of Germany by Jews]] helped spur a deal between the Nazis and Zionists.<ref>[http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/289751-1 Edwin Black discusses The Transfer Agreement Book TV on C-SPAN] George Mason University, History News Network</ref> At that time, there were few Jews in Palestine, but from 1933 through 1936, 60,000 German Jews immigrated into the region,<ref>{{cite web|title=U.S. Holocaust Museum Article on Refugees|url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005139|work=Holocaust Encyclopedia: Refugees|publisher=USHMM}}</ref> bringing with them a portion of the assets they once held in Germany.<ref name=Edelheit_History>{{cite book|last=Edelheit|first=Abraham J.|title=History of the Holocaust : a handbook and dictionary.|year=1994|publisher=Westview|location=Boulder|isbn=978-0813322407|page=44|pages=|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=0DkMHTRtQIYC&q=assets#v=onepage&q=Transfer&f=false|edition=New ed.|author2=Edelheit, Hershel }}</ref>

==Controversy==
There was no effort to deny the history documented in this book,<ref name=Levy_Devil group=>{{cite news|last=Levy|first=Richard|title=Dealing with the Devil|url=http://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/the-transfer-agreement-by-edwin-black/|accessdate=28 March 2014|newspaper=[https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B_dOI5puxRA9M1JxUWxoZVFDd28/edit?usp=sharing Commentary Magazine]|date=September 1984}}</ref> but critics from ''[[Commentary (magazine)|Commentary]]'' claimed it to be "conspiracy-mongering, innuendo, and sensationalism".<ref name=Levy_Devil group=></ref>

==Awards==
* 1985 [[Carl Sandburg]] Award<ref name="Sandberg Award">{{cite web|title=Chicago Public Library Foundation|url=http://www.cplfoundation.org/site/PageServer?pagename=events_sandburgawards_co|accessdate=27 March 2014}}</ref> of the Friends of the [[Chicago Public Library]] for best non-fiction book of 1984 for the book ''The Transfer Agreement.''<ref>Martin Barillas, [http://www.thecuttingedgenews.com/index.php?article=11660&pageid=23&pagename=Arts "Author Holds Historic Event on The Transfer Agreement,"] The Cutting Edge.com, October 12, 2009. Retrieved May 9, 2010.</ref>

==See also==
* ''[[IBM and the Holocaust]]''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Transfer Agreement, The}}
[[Category:History books about the Holocaust]]
[[Category:1984 books]]

{{Jewish-hist-book-stub}}

The Transfer Agreement

2015-03-17T02:31:06Z

Discuss-Dubious: /* Controversy */

{{Infobox book
| name = The Transfer Agreement
| orig title =
| translator =
| image = [[File:transfer-agreement.jpg|200px]]
| author = [[Edwin Black]]
| cover_artist =
| country = United States
| language = English
| series =
| subject = History, Politics
| genre =
| publisher = Dialog Press
| release_date = 1984
| media_type =
| pages = 194
| size_weight =
| isbn = 0-914153-13-7
| oclc=
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
}}

'''''The Transfer Agreement: The Dramatic Story of the Pact Between the Third Reich and Jewish Palestine''''' is a historic book written by author [[Edwin Black]], documenting the transfer agreement ("[[Haavara Agreement]]" in [[Hebrew]]) between [[Zionist]] organizations and [[Nazi Germany]] to transfer a number of Jews and their assets to [[Palestine]]. This agreement was partly inspired by a global boycott of Germany that had appeared to threaten the [[Reich]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Weiss|first=Yf’aat|coauthors=The International School for Holocaust Studies|title=The Transfer Agreement and the Boycott Movement: A Jewish Dilemma on the Eve of the Holocaust|journal=Yad Va'shem Shoa Journal|series=Shoah Resource Center|pages=33|url=http://www.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%203231.pdf|accessdate=27 March 2014}}</ref> Controversial as it may be seen in hindsight, it marked one of the few rescue of Jews and their assets during the Holocaust.<ref name="Zionsim in Nazi Jewish Policy">{{cite book|last=Nicosia|first=Francis R.|title=Zionism and anti-Semitism in Nazi Germany|year=2010|publisher=New York|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0521172981|page=109|pages=|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=JTtGXWzfD10C&lpg=PA109&ots=VDw8vcz3be&dq=boycott%20of%20nazi%20germany%20Haavara&pg=PA109#v=onepage&q=boycott%20of%20nazi%20germany%20Haavara&f=false|edition=1}}</ref>

==Main Thesis==

This book documents the agreement between Nazi Germany and an organization of [[:de:Zionistische Vereinigung für Deutschland|German Zionists]] in 1933 to salvage the smallest amounts of [[World Jewish Congress#Restitution of Jewish assets|German Jewish assets]] and the voluntary [[Fifth Aliyah|emigration of German Jews to Palestine]] before the [[Third Reich]] implemented confiscation, expulsion and then extermination. The Transfer Agreement rescued some 60,000 German Jews. A sweeping, worldwide [[Jewish boycott of German goods|economic boycott of Germany by Jews]] helped spur a deal between the Nazis and Zionists.<ref>[http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/289751-1 Edwin Black discusses The Transfer Agreement Book TV on C-SPAN] George Mason University, History News Network</ref> At that time, there were few Jews in Palestine, but from 1933 through 1936, 60,000 German Jews immigrated into the region,<ref>{{cite web|title=U.S. Holocaust Museum Article on Refugees|url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005139|work=Holocaust Encyclopedia: Refugees|publisher=USHMM}}</ref> bringing with them a portion of the assets they once held in Germany.<ref name=Edelheit_History>{{cite book|last=Edelheit|first=Abraham J.|title=History of the Holocaust : a handbook and dictionary.|year=1994|publisher=Westview|location=Boulder|isbn=978-0813322407|page=44|pages=|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=0DkMHTRtQIYC&q=assets#v=onepage&q=Transfer&f=false|edition=New ed.|author2=Edelheit, Hershel }}</ref>

==Controversy==
There was no effort to deny the history documented in this book,<ref name=Levy_Devil group=>{{cite news|last=Levy|first=Richard|title=Dealing with the Devil|url=http://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/the-transfer-agreement-by-edwin-black/|accessdate=28 March 2014|newspaper=[https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B_dOI5puxRA9M1JxUWxoZVFDd28/edit?usp=sharing Commentary Magazine]|date=September 1984}}</ref> but critics from ''[[Commentary (magazine)|Commentary]]'' claimed it to be "conspiracy-mongering, innuendo, and sensationalism".<ref name=Levy_Devil group=></ref>
There was no worldwide boycott of German goods, it was an American rabbi that motivated Jews all over the world to boycott German goods and services.The headlines in the Daily Express, one of many newspapers, read "Judea declares war on Germany". This was the root cause for the destruction of jewish businesses on 'Crystal Night'.<ref>Daily Express 24 March 1933</ref>

==Awards==
* 1985 [[Carl Sandburg]] Award<ref name="Sandberg Award">{{cite web|title=Chicago Public Library Foundation|url=http://www.cplfoundation.org/site/PageServer?pagename=events_sandburgawards_co|accessdate=27 March 2014}}</ref> of the Friends of the [[Chicago Public Library]] for best non-fiction book of 1984 for the book ''The Transfer Agreement.''<ref>Martin Barillas, [http://www.thecuttingedgenews.com/index.php?article=11660&pageid=23&pagename=Arts "Author Holds Historic Event on The Transfer Agreement,"] The Cutting Edge.com, October 12, 2009. Retrieved May 9, 2010.</ref>

==See also==
* ''[[IBM and the Holocaust]]''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Transfer Agreement, The}}
[[Category:History books about the Holocaust]]
[[Category:1984 books]]

{{Jewish-hist-book-stub}}

Park Yeon-mi

2015-03-16T00:22:43Z

Discuss-Dubious: /* Kim Jong-Un */ capitalized as per MOS & source.

{{multiple issues|
{{POV|date=November 2014}}
{{tone|date=November 2014}}
{{cleanup-rewrite|date=December 2014}}
}}
{{Koreanname|Park}}
{{Infobox person
| name=Park Yeonmi
| image= File:Yeonmi_Park_-_Atlas_Network_Liberty_Forum.jpg
|caption=Park at the Atlas Network Liberty Forum Conference in New York in 2014
| birth_date={{birth date and age|1993|10|4|df=y}}
| birth_place=[[Hyesan]], [[North Korea]]
| occupation=Human rights activist Talk show host Reporter Speaker
| death date
| death place
| citizenship = [[South Korea]]
}}
{{Infobox Korean name
|title= Park Yeon-mi
|context=south
|hangul=박연미
|hanja=
|rr=Bak Yeon-mi
|mr=Pak Yŏnmi
|birth_date={{birth date and age|1993|10|4|df=y}}
}}
'''Park Yeon-mi''' (stylized as Yeonmi Park; born October 4, 1993) is a [[North Korean defectors|North Korean defector]] and [[human rights activist]] who escaped [[North Korea]] in 2007 and currently lives in [[South Korea]]. She was once part of a ruling elite in North Korea. She now works as an activist, reporter, and speaker, appearing as a celebrity on talk shows and TV programs advocating for the cause of North Korean refugees.<ref name=businessinsider>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/yeonmi-park-talks-about-growing-up-in-north-korea-2014-4|title = North Korean Defector Explains What It Was Like To Grow Up Thinking Kim Jong-il Was 'A God'|last = Jacobs|first = Harrison|date = April 10, 2014|accessdate = November 1, 2014}}</ref>

==Early life==
{{Expand section|date=December 2014}}

Park was born on October 4, 1993 in [[Hyesan]], [[Ryanggang]], North Korea. Her father was a civil servant who worked at the Hyesan town hall as part of the ruling Workers Party, and her mother was a nurse for the North Korean Army. Her family lived in Hyesan until 2002, when she moved to [[Pyongyang]] to join her father who was then a businessman. Her family was wealthy during most of her childhood, although the family later struggled after her father was imprisoned for allegedly engaging in an illegal business.<ref name=LiNK>http://www.libertyinnorthkorea.org/summit-speaker-yeonmi-park/</ref> Park has an older sister, Eunmi.

==Escape from North Korea==
Park’s father was arrested for illegal trading and subjected to hard labor. Her views of the Kim Dynasty changed when she watched a pirated DVD of the 1997 movie, ''[[Titanic (1997 film)|Titanic]]," which caused her to realize the oppressive nature of the North Korean government. The movie taught her the true meaning of love and gave her “a taste of freedom.”<ref>Hakim, Danny. "The World Dissidents Have Their Say." The New York Times. The New York Times, 25 Oct. 2014. Web. 2 Nov. 2014. <http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/26/sunday-review/the-worlds-dissidents-have-their-say.html?_r=0>.</ref> This realization of the government’s cruelty was further revealed when, at nine years old, she witnessed the execution of one of her mother’s friends for selling DVDs and watching a [[James Bond]] movie.<ref name=Nordlinger>Nordlinger, Jay. "Witness from Hell." National Review Online. N.p., 10 Oct. 2014. Web. 1 Nov. 2014. <https://www.nationalreview.com/nrd/articles/391469/witness-hell></ref>

Park's father was diagnosed with colon cancer while interned in a labor camp. In 2005, he used a bribe to secure his release from the camp in order to receive medical treatment.<ref name="Journey Man Pictures">Journey Man Pictures. "The N. Korean TV Star Standing Up To Kim Jong-Un." YouTube. YouTube, 15 Sept. 2014. Web. 14 Nov. 2014. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ZEmDpkz0g4>.</ref> When reunited with his family, he urged them to plan their escape to China. Unfortunately, her older sister Eunmi left for China early without notifying them.<ref name=Phillips>Phillips, Tom. "Escape from North Korea: 'How I Escaped Horrors of Life under Kim Jong-il'" The Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group, 10 Oct. 2014. Web. 2 Nov. 2014. <http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/northkorea/11138496/Escape-from-North-Korea-How-I-escaped-horrors-of-life-under-Kim-Jong-il.html>.</ref> Park and her family escaped North Korea by traveling through China with the help of brokers who smuggle North Koreans into China. Chinese and Korean Christian missionaries helped them relocate to Mongolia, and South Korean diplomats facilitated the family's transition into Seoul. After this harrowing journey, which concluded in 2007, Park became a full-time activist for human rights in North Korea.<ref name=Phillips/>

===China===

Park and her family escaped North Korea by crossing the border into China. On the night of March 30, 2007, with the help of a broker, Park and her mother crossed a frozen river and three mountains to get into the Chinese border. Park’s father stayed behind in North Korea, thinking his illness would slow them down.<ref name=Phillips/> After crossing the Chinese border, they headed for the Chinese province of Jilin. The family tried to find Eunmi by asking the smugglers her whereabouts, but they were unsuccessful and Yeonmi and her mother assumed Eunmi had died.<ref name=Phillips/>

One of their smugglers threatened to report them to the authorities if Park didn’t have sex with him. Her mother intervened for her safety by offering herself to the smuggler, who then raped her in front of Park.<ref name=Phillips/>

A few days later, Park’s father joined them. They sought shelter at a great-aunt’s home outside of Shenyang, China, a hiding place unable to pay for running water. Park then realized that China’s living conditions were as poor as North Korea's.<ref name=Phillips/>

In January 2008, Park's father died at 45 while the family was living in secret. They were unable to formally mourn him, in fear that their profiles would be discovered by Chinese authorities, and buried his remains in a nearby mountain. Park said, “there was no funeral. Nothing. I couldn’t even do that for my father. I couldn’t call anyone to say my father had passed away. We couldn’t even give him painkillers.”

After the burial, they rode a bus for two days to a Christian shelter headed by Chinese and South Korean missionaries in the port city of Qingdao, China. Due to the large Korean population in the city, they were able to avert the attention of authorities. With the help of the missionaries, they took a chance and fled to South Korea through Mongolia.<ref name=Phillips/>

===Mongolia===

In February 2009, after receiving aid from human rights activists and Christian missionaries, Park and her mother journeyed to [[Mongolia]] to seek asylum from South Korean diplomats, traveling through the [[Gobi Desert]].<ref name=Phillips/>

When they reached the Mongolian border, guards stopped them and threatened to deport the pair back to China. Park recalls that at this point she and her mother pledged to kill themselves with their own knives. “I thought it was the end of my life. We were saying goodbye to one another.” Their actions persuaded the guards to let them through, but under custody at a detention center at Ulan Bator, the capital of Mongolia. On April 1, 2009, Park and her mother were sent to Ulan Bator’s Chinggis Khaan airport to fly them to Seoul. Park felt relieved to be free at last; the Daily Telegraph reported, "Oh my God," she thought when Mongolian customs officials waved her through. 'They didn’t stop me.'”.<ref name=Phillips/>

===South Korea===
[[File:Yeonmi Park.JPG|thumb|Park Yeonmi, in [[South Korea]].]]
Park and her mother had difficulty adjusting to their new lives in South Korea, but they managed to find jobs as shop assistants and waitresses. Park also continued her education in [[Dongguk University]] in Seoul.<ref name=Nordlinger/><ref name=Phillips/> In April 2014, South Korean intelligence discovered her sister, Eunmi, who is now living in Seoul; Eunmi had escaped to South Korea via China and Thailand. Park and her mother eventually reunited with Eunmi.<ref name="Journey Man Pictures"/><ref name=Phillips/>

==Activism==

Since escaping, Park has written and spoken publicly about her life in North Korea, having written for the ''[[Washington Post]]'', and has been interviewed by ''[[The Guardian]]''.<ref name=thedailybeast>{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/10/31/how-titantic-helped-this-brave-young-woman-escape-north-korea-s-totalitarian-state.html|title = How ‘Titanic ’Helped This Brave Young Woman Escape North Korea’s Totalitarian State|last = Crocker|first = Lizzie|date = October 31, 2014|accessdate = November 1, 2014|publisher = ''[[The Daily Beast]]''}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2014/oct/29/north-korean-defector-defy-regime-live-q-and-a|title = The North Korean defector who continues to defy regime – live Q&A as it happened|date = October 29, 2014|accessdate = November 1, 2014|publisher = ''[[The Guardian]]''|last = Park|first = Yeon-mi|last2 = Shearlaw|first2 = Maeve}}</ref> Park volunteers to become involved in activist programs such as being a media fellow for the Freedom Factory Corporation,<ref name=thedailybeast/> a free market think tank in South Korea. She also became a member of LiNK ([[Liberty in North Korea]]), a nonprofit organization that rescues North Korean refugees hiding in China and resettling them to South Korea and the United States. On June 12–15, 2014, Park attended [[Liberty in North Korea#Summit|LiNK’s summit]] at [[Pepperdine University]] in [[Malibu, California]]. She and the other North Korean activists, Joo Yang and Seongmin Lee, worked in sessions and labs, educating participants in the conditions of North Korea and how LiNK can support the refugees. Park took part in LiNK’s campaign, the Jangmadang (장마당). The Jangmadang is a term for North Korea's black market where people exchange goods that where smuggled into North Korea. She recorded her story on video to assist with the campaign, which ran during the fall of 2014.<ref>"Liberty in North Korea." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 11 Nov. 2014. Web. 8 Nov. 2014. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_in_North_Korea></ref><ref name="link-jangmadang">{{cite web|url = http://www.libertyinnorthkorea.org/tours/|title = Tours|publisher = [[Liberty in North Korea]]|accessdate = November 1, 2014}}</ref> Park has also been outspoken about tourism in North Korea, as they are encouraged to bow to statues of [[Kim Jong Il]] and [[Kim Il Sung]], which she sees as "[aiding] the regime’s propaganda by allowing themselves to be portrayed as if they too love and obey the leader.”<ref>{{cite web|last1=Thompson|first1=Nathan A.|title=The Ethics of Taking a Trip to North Korea as a Tourist|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/ethics-taking-trip-north-korea-tourist-n193736|publisher=NBC News|accessdate=3 November 2014}}</ref>

Park told the story of escape at several well-known events like [[TEDx]] in [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]],<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sg3kC4uKDJU</ref> TEDxHangang in [[Seoul]],<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1RZuk6AqA0U</ref> the [[One Young World]] summit in [[Dublin]],<ref>One Young World. "Escaping from North Korea in Search of Freedom." YouTube. YouTube, 18 Oct. 2014. Web. 14 Nov. 2014. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UyWsJ6NFMpE></ref> and the [[Oslo Freedom Forum]].<ref>Oslo Freedom Forum. "Yeonmi Park-박연미 - North Korea's Black Market Generation." YouTube. YouTube, 29 Oct. 2014. Web. 14 Nov. 2014. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UyWsJ6NFMpE></ref>

===Education===
Park works as a human rights activist and a celebrity while continuing her education in South Korea in 2014. Park is enrolled in [[Dongguk University]] in Seoul as a third-year student and majors in criminal justice. In her spare time, she has taught herself fluent English by watching a [[Friends]] series DVD box set and watching [[YouTube]] videos. She also took interests in [[Frédéric Bastiat|Bastiat]], the [[Classical liberalism|classical-liberal]] economics, and the [[Communist Manifesto]]. Furthermore, she is interested in her freedom to think and do whatever she pleases because being away from North Korea gave her the opportunity to experience freedom.<ref name=Nordlinger/>

===Celebrity===

====''On My Way To Meet You''====
Park appears along with other North Korean defectors in a South Korean TV program called ''On My Way To Meet You'' (이제 만나러 갑니다), a chat show mixed with talent quest and musical broadcast. The show is about telling the truth about North Korea and mocks the North Korean regime. The defectors are giving the South Koreans insight about their life of abuse in the North.<ref name="Journey Man Pictures"/>

====''North Korea Today''====
Park works as a co-host for Casey Lartigue, a talk show host of the podcast-show ''North Korea Today''. The podcast discusses North Korean topics and the life of the refugees after their escape. Park volunteered for this opportunity to make the world become aware of the repression of the North Korean refugees and how people can take action for their need of freedom. They hosted five episodes of the podcast.<ref>"North Korea Today: Featuring Casey and Yeonmi." North Korea Today Featuring Casey and Yeonmi. N.p., n.d. Web. 5 Nov. 2014. <http://caseyandyeonmi.com/></ref>

===Reporter===
Park worked as a news reporter to write about the occurring events happening in North Korea. Park became a reporter for New Focus International, a newspaper company run by former North Korean Propagandist [[Jang Jin-sung]]. She and the other North Korean defectors use connections from the defectors to receive credible information from North Korea to write and publish articles on North Korean related issues.<ref name="Journey Man Pictures"/>

==Beliefs==

===Unification===
Park believes that there are positive and negative possibilities for North Korea to be reunified with South Korea. Park doubts that there would be any chance of reunifying the Korean Peninsula because they don’t desire it; the South Koreans discriminate against the defectors for being illegal immigrants to South Korea.<ref name=Nordlinger/> She believes that there are neither northerners nor southerners in Korea, just Koreans themselves.<ref name="Gupta, Priyanka 2014">Gupta, Priyanka. "Escaping North Korea: One Refugee's Story." Al Jazeera (Qatar). N.p., 17 Oct. 2014. Web. 2 Nov. 2014. <http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia-pacific/2014/10/escaping-north-korea-one-refugee-story-20141015154253291240.html ></ref> She also presumes that there is a possibility that there might be a chance for reunification if North Korea dissolves in the same manner as the [[Soviet Union]].<ref name=Nordlinger/>

===North Korea===
Park believes that change might occur in North Korea as long as she and the other North Korean defectors continue to advocate for human rights in North Korea. According to the National Review, Park presumes that, “the regime adjusts, as the Chinese Communists and the Vietnamese Communists have done. That would allow the North Korean Communists to hang on for untold years longer,”<ref name=Nordlinger/> therefore the Kim’s would be able to focus on their people, and then they would be able to become more opened to the world. As long as the Jangmadang remains active, more North Koreans would be able to expose themselves to the outside world, and question their meaning of life.<ref name="Gupta, Priyanka 2014"/>

====Kim Jong-Un====
Park considers [[Kim Jong-Un]] to be a cruel leader to the North Korean people for continuing the abuse of his own people. Park likens Kim Jong-Un to a description from [[Al Jazeera]] (Qatar), berating him as “a criminal for killing 80 people in one day for watching a movie or reading the Bible. This young man is so cruel. He ordered that people who attempt escape should be shot.”<ref name="Gupta, Priyanka 2014"/> According to the ''Telegraph'', Park believes that he must be punished for not just oppressing them, but toying his own people.<ref name=Phillips/>

==See also==
* [[List of North Korean defectors in South Korea]]
* [[North Korean defectors]]
* [[Human rights in North Korea]]
* [[Liberty in North Korea]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Yeonmi Park}}
* [http://www.yeonmi.net/ Official website]
* [https://www.facebook.com/OfficialYeonmiPark Official Facebook site]

{{Persondata
| NAME = Park, Yeon-mi
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = North Korean defector
| DATE OF BIRTH = October 4, 1993
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Hyesan City]], [[North Korea]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Park, Yeon-mi}}
[[Category:North Korean defectors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:North Korean escapees]]
[[Category:North Korean human rights activists]]
[[Category:Political repression in North Korea]]

Inorganic Syntheses

2013-01-21T00:40:41Z

Discuss-Dubious: /* Volumes */

'''Inorganic Syntheses''' is a book series which aims to publish "detailed and foolproof" procedures for the synthesis of inorganic compounds.<ref>{{cite web | title = About Inorganic Syntheses | url = http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/bookseries/10.1002/SERIES2146 | publisher = Inorganic Syntheses | accessdate = 2007-10-22}}</ref> Although this series of books are edited, they usually are referenced like a journal, without mentioning the names of the checkers (referees) or the editor. A similar format is usually followed for the series ''[[Organic Syntheses]]''.

==Volumes==
{|align="center" class="wikitable"
! Volume (Year)
! ISBN
! Editor(s), affiliation(s)
|-
|v. 34 (2004) || 0-471-64750-0 || John R. Shapley, [[University of Illinois]] at Urbana-Champaign
|-
|v. 33 (2002) || 0-471-20825-6 || Dimitri Coucouvanis, [[University of Michigan]]
|-
|v. 32 (1998) || 0-471-24921-1 || [[Marcetta Y. Darensbourg]], Texas A&M University
|-
|v. 31 (1997)||0-471-15288-9||Alan H. Cowley, [[University of Texas at Austin]]
|-
|v. 30 (1995)||0-471-30508-1||Donald W. Murphy, AT&T Bell Laboratories
Leonard V. Interrante, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
|-
|v. 29 (1992)||0-471-54470-1||Russell N. Grimes, [[University of Virginia]]
|-
|v. 28 (1990)||0-471-52619-3||Robert J. Angelici, [[Iowa State University]]
|-
|v. 27 (1990)||0-471-50976-0||Alvin P. Ginsburg, AT&T Bell Laboratories
|-
|v. 26 (1989)||0-471-50485-8||Herbert D. Kaesz, [[University of California, Los Angeles]]
|-
|v. 25 (1989)||0-471-61874-8||Harry R. Allcock, [[Pennsylvania State University]]
|-
|v. 24 (1986)||0-471-83441-6||Jean’ne M. Shreeve, [[University of Idaho]]
|-
|v. 23 (1985)||0-471-81873-9||Stanley Kirschner, Wayne State University
|-
|v. 22 (1983)||0-471-88887-7||Smith L. Holt, Jr., Oklahoma State University
|-
|v. 21 (1982)||0-471-86520-6||John P. Fackler, Jr., Case Western Reserve University
|-
|v. 20 (1980)||0-471-07715-1||Daryle H. Bush, Ohio State University
|-
|v. 19 (1979)||0-471-04542-X||Duward F. Shriver, Northwestern University
|-
|v. 18 (1978)||0-471—03393-6||Bodie E. Douglas, University of Pittsburgh
|-
|v. 17 (1977)||0-07-044327-0||[[Alan G. MacDiarmid]], University of Pennsylvania
|-
|v. 16 (1976)||0-07-004015-x||[[Fred Basolo]], Northwestern University
|-
|v. 15 (1974)||0-07-048521-6||George W. Parshall, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company
|-
|v. 14 (1973)||07-071320-0||Aaron Wold, Brown University
John K. Ruff, University of Georgia
|-
|v. 13 (1972)||07-013208-9||[[F. A. Cotton]], Massachusetts Institute of Technology
|-
|v. 12 (1970)||07-048517-8||[[Robert W. Parry]], University of Utah
|-
|v. 11 (1968)||NA||William L. Jolly, University of California, Berkeley
|-
|v. 10 (1967)||NA||[[Earl L. Muetterties]], E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company
|-
|v. 9 (1967)||NA||S. Young Tyree, Jr., College of William & Mary
|-
|v. 8 (1966)||NA||Henry F. Holtzclaw, Jr., University of Nebraska
|-
|v. 7 (1963)||NA||Jacob Kleinberg, University of Kansas
|-
|v. 6 (1960)||NA||[[Eugene G. Rochow]], Harvard University
|-
|v. 5 (1957)||NA||Therald Moeller, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
|-
|v. 4 (1953)||NA||[[John C. Bailar, Jr.]], University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
|-
|v. 3 (1950)||NA||Ludwig F. Audrieth, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
|-
|v. 2 (1946)||NA||W. Conard Fernelius, Syracuse University
|-
|v. 1 (1939)||NA||Harold Simmons Booth, Western Reserve University
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Organic Syntheses]]

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* Inorganic Syntheses Organization[http://www.inorgsynth.org]

[[Category:Chemistry books]]

{{chemistry-stub}}

[[fr:Inorganic Syntheses]]
[[it:Inorganic Syntheses]]
[[pt:Inorganic Syntheses]]

J. Gordon Melton

2012-11-25T16:07:17Z

Discuss-Dubious: /* Criticism */

{{Infobox scientist
| image = JGordonMelton.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| name = John Gordon Melton
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1942|9|19|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Birmingham, Alabama]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| residence = [[Santa Barbara, California]]
| nationality = [[United States|American]]
| field = [[religion]], [[new religious movements]]
| work_institution = [[University of California, Santa Barbara]]
| alma_mater = {{[[Birmingham Southern College]]|[[Garrett Theological Seminary]]|[[Northwestern University]]}}
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = {{ubl|''Religious Leaders of America''|''Prime-Time Religion''|''[[The Encyclopedia of American Religions]]''}}
| prizes =
| religion = [[United Methodist]]
}}
'''John Gordon Melton''' (born September 19, 1942) is an [[United States|American]] religious scholar who was the founding director of the [[Institute for the Study of American Religion]] and is currently a research specialist in [[religion]] and [[New Religious Movement]]s with the Department of [[Religious Studies]] at the [[University of California, Santa Barbara]]. He is a Distinguished Senior Fellow at [[Baylor University]]'s Institute for Studies of Religion.<ref>[http://www.isreligion.org Isreligion.org]</ref>

He is the author of more than twenty-five books, including several encyclopedias, handbooks, and almanacs on American religion and new religious movements. He lives in [[Santa Barbara, California]].

His areas of research include major [[religion|religious]] traditions, [[New religious movement|new religions and alternative religions]], [[Occultism]] and [[Parapsychology]], [[New Age]], and [[vampire|vampirology]].

Some religious skeptics and orthodox believers have criticized Melton as an advocate for religious groups they strongly disapprove of.<ref name=skeptic>{{cite journal |last1=Kent |first1=Stephen A. |last2=Krebs |first2=Theresa |title=When Scholars Know Sin |journal=Skeptic Magazine |volume=6 |issue=3 |year=1998 |url=http://www.skeptictank.org/wsns.htm}}</ref>{{Who|date=August 2011}}

==Early life==
Melton was born in [[Birmingham, Alabama]], the son of Burnum Edgar Melton and Inez Parker. In 1964 he graduated from [[Birmingham Southern College]] with the B.A. degree and then proceeded to theological studies at [[Garrett-Evangelical Theological Seminary|Garrett Theological Seminary]] (M.Div., 1968). He married Dorothea Dudley in 1966, with one daughter born. The marriage ended in divorce in 1979.

In 1968, Melton was ordained as an elder in the [[United Methodist]] church and remains under bishop's appointment to this day. He was the pastor of the United Methodist church in [[Wyanet, Illinois|Wyanet]], [[Illinois]] (1974–75), and then at [[Evanston, Illinois|Evanston]], Illinois (1975–80). He was also a member of the [[Spiritual Frontiers Fellowship]].

==Graduate studies==
Melton pursued graduate studies at [[Northwestern University]] where he received his Ph.D. in the History and Literature of Religions in 1975. His doctoral dissertation surveyed some 800 religious groups known to exist in the United States at the time and led to the development of a classification system that has come to be widely used.

Melton recounts that "vocationally, the most influential force in my life was the writings of a man I never met but who became my hero, [[Elmer Talmage Clark]] ... while my contemporaries became enthused with [[UFO]]'s, [[Elvis Presley]], or [[University of Alabama football|Alabama football]], during my last year in high school one of Clarke's books, ''The Small Sects in America'', captured my imagination. After reading it I wanted to consume everything written on American alternative religions."<ref>''Finding Enlightenment'', p. 163</ref>

; Professional organizations
*[[American Academy of Religion]]
*[[American Society of Church History]]
*[[Society for the Scientific Study of Religion]]

==Methodology and writing==
;Reference works
Much of Melton's professional career has involved literary and field-research into alternative and minority religious bodies. In taking his cue from the writings of Elmer Clark, Melton has spent almost four decades in identifying, counting and classifying the many different churches, major religious traditions, new religions and alternative religions found in North America. His ''Encyclopedia of American Religions'', which was originally published in 1978, has become a standard work of reference that outstrips the number of groups that Clark was able to identify and classify in the 1940s.

Other noteworthy reference works include his ''Biographical Dictionary of American Cult and Sect Leaders'', ''Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology'', ''New Age Almanac'', and ''Prime-time Religion'' (co-authored with [[Phillip Charles Lucas]] and [[Jon R. Stone]]). He has also acted as the series editor for four different multi-volume series of reference books: ''The Churches Speak'' (published by Garland), ''Cults and New Religions'' (published by Garland), ''Sects and Cults in America Bibliographical Guides'' (published by Garland), and ''Religious Information Systems Series'' (published by Garland). Several of these reference works provide significant information for the study of American religious history and church history.

He is a contributor to academic journals such as ''Syzygy'', and ''Nova Religio''. He has also contributed chapters to various multi-authored books on new religions, and articles in many other reference works, handbooks and encyclopedias of religion.

;Research emphasis
Melton's major emphasis has been on collating primary source data on religious groups and movements. His approach to research is shaped, in part, by his training in church history, but also in the [[Phenomenology (philosophy)|phenomenology]] of religion. His methodology has followed that of a historian seeking primary source literature, and so he has generally made direct, personal contact with the leaders or official representatives of a church or religious group. The purpose of such contact has been to obtain the group's main religious literature to ascertain their principal teachings and practices. His inquiries also comprise, gathering membership statistics, details of the group's history and so forth. These details then take shape in the profiles Melton drafts up in reference texts like the ''Encyclopedia of American Religions''.

Melton uses a group's religious texts as the essential mainstay for reporting about a group before then proceeding to scholarly questions and analysis about the wider social, religious and historical contexts.

== Main areas of research ==
===Christian countercult and secular anti-cult===
Melton is one of the more prominent critics of the [[anti-cult movement]] and some [[Christian countercult movement|Christian countercult]] organizations, pointing out that since colonial times many US Christian theologians, pastors, missionaries and apologists have questioned the legitimacy of other religious groups and teachings. (see his ''Encyclopedic Handbook of Cults in America'', pp. 221–227; and his essay "The Counter-cult Monitoring Movement in Historical Perspective").

Some of Melton's criticisms concerning the secular anti-cult movement revolve around his rejection of the concept of [[brainwashing]] as an explanation of religious conversion and indoctrination. During the 1970s and 1980s he was a prominent opponent of the controversial methods of [[deprogramming]]. He based his criticisms on the grounds that (a) deprogramming violated civil liberties and [[religious freedom]] principles guaranteed in the [[US Constitution]] and (b) the efficacy of deprogramming or counter-brainwashing stratagems were doubtful.

In his ''Encyclopedic Handbook of Cults in America'' he drew an academic distinction between the Christian countercult movement and the secular anti-cult movement. He made the distinction on the grounds that the two movements operate with very different [[epistemological|epistemologies]], motives and methods. He was also urged to make this distinction in the course of a formal dialogue with evangelical sociologist Ronald Enroth, and also after conversations with Eric Pement of [[Cornerstone (magazine)|Cornerstone]] magazine (Chicago). This distinction has been subsequently acknowledged by sociologists such as [[Douglas E. Cowan]] and [[Eileen Barker]].

;Questions critical former members' testimony validity
Melton challenges the validity of anti-NRM sources, and the testimonies of former members (which he refers to as [[apostate]]s) critical of their previous groups. While testifying as an expert witness in a lawsuit, Melton asserted that when investigating groups, one should not rely solely upon the unverified testimony of ex-members, and that hostile ex-members would invariably shade the truth and blow out of proportion minor incidents turning them into major incidents.<ref>[http://www.hightruth.com/experts/melton.html Hightruth.com]</ref>{{dead link|date=January 2011}} Melton also follows the argumentation of [[Lewis Carter]] and [[David Bromley]] and claims that as a result of their study, the treatment (coerced or voluntary) of former members as people in need of psychological assistance largely ceased and that an (alleged) lack of widespread need for psychological help by former members of new religions would in itself be the strongest evidence refuting early sweeping condemnations of new religions as causes of psychological trauma.<ref>"Melton 1999" Melton, Gordon J., ''Brainwashing and the Cults: The Rise and Fall of a Theory'', 1999. [http://www.cesnur.org/testi/melton.htm]</ref> This view is shared by several religious scholars,<ref>'[[David G. Bromley|Bromley David G.]], [[Eileen Barker]], [[Stuart A. Wright]], [[Susan J. Palmer]], [[Anson Shupe]]. [[Stuart A. Wright]] 'The Role of Anecdotal Atrocities in the Social Construction of Evil'' ISBN 0-88946-868-0</ref> and contested by others.<ref>''[[Misunderstanding Cults (book)|Misunderstanding Cults]]'', p 62f, [[Robert Balch]], ''[[Review of Sex, Slander and Salvation]]'', and [[Janja Lalich]]</ref>

=== New Age ===
In a paper presented at the conference on "New Age in the Old World" held at the Institut Oecumenique de Bossey, [[Céligny]], Switzerland, Melton presented his views on the New Age movement, stating that it led to a dramatic growth of the older occult/metaphysical community, and created a much more positive image for [[occultism]] in Western culture. He believes that the community of people it brought together has grown to be "one of the most important minority faith communities in the West."<ref>Melton, J Gordon ''New Age Transformed'', presented at the conference on "New Age in the Old World" held at the Institut Oecumenique de Bossey, Celigny, Switzerland, July 17–21, 2000 [http://religiousmovements.lib.virginia.edu/nrms/newage.html Available online]</ref>

===Vampirism research===
Melton has researched the history of [[vampire]]s, as well as the study of contemporary vampiric groups and rites. In 1983 he served as editor for ''Vampires Unearthed'' by [[Martin Riccardo]], the first comprehensive bibliography of English-language vampire literature. In 1994 he completed ''The Vampire Book: An Encyclopedia of the Undead''.<ref>"John Gordon Melton", ''[[Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology]]'', 5th ed. [[Gale Group]], 2001.</ref> He has also written ''The Vampire Gallery: A Who's Who of the Undead''.<ref>"John Gordon Melton", ''[[Contemporary Authors Online]]'', [[Thomson Gale]], 2006.</ref>

In a 2000 ''[[Speak Magazine]]'' interview, Melton comments on how he first became interested in the subject of vampires, stating that his interest in the subject started during college days. He stated that: ''"During the 1990s, vampires began to consume my leisure time."''<ref>[http://www.cesnur.org/testi/melton_speak.htm Interview], ''[[Speak Magazine]]'', J. Gordon Melton, by John Mardas - No. 2, Summer 2000. "I found out during my college days that I liked vampire books more than any other kind. So when I saw vampire books, I just started buying them, reading them and clipping magazine articles and saving them. During the 1990s, vampires began to consume my leisure time. And by this time, the university had taken over my religious collection and I was very happy with that, so I began to collect vampire literature. I now have what is undoubtedly the largest collection in the United States."</ref>

In 1997, Melton, [[Massimo Introvigne]] and [[Elizabeth Miller (academic)|Elizabeth Miller]] organized an event at the Westin Hotel in Los Angeles where 1,500 attendees (some dressed as vampires) came for a ''"creative writing contest, Gothic rock music and theatrical performances".''<ref name="Coffin">"Coffin Break To Vampires Everywhere, Fangs For The Memories", ''[[The Los Angeles Daily News]]'' - July 23, 1997. Carol Bidwell.</ref>

In the TSD annual colloquium, “Therapy and Magic in Bram Stoker’s ‘Dracula’ and beyond” held in Romania in 2004, it was announced that Melton and Introvigne would be participating in the TSD conference "Buffy, the vampire slayer", in [[Nashville, TN]] in 2004. Melton was titled as the "Count Dracula Ambassador to the U.S".<ref>[http://www.cesnur.org/2004/vamp_04.htm Buffy, the vampire slayer], (May 28–30, Nashville, TN)., [[CESNUR]] website. Dr. Massimo Introvigne, president of the TSD chapter in Italy, Count Dracula Ambassador to Italy - Dr. J. Gordon Melton, Count Dracula Ambassador to the U.S.</ref>

Melton is the president of the American chapter ''The [[Transylvanian Society of Dracula]]'' (TSD). This chapter appears to be inactive, as most English speaking members join the Canadian chapter.

==Amicus curiae==
{{details|APA taskforce on Deceptive and Indirect Techniques of Persuasion and Control}}
Melton, together with a group of scholars and the [[American Psychological Association]], submitted on February 10, 1987 an ''[[amicus curiæ]]'' brief in a pending case before the [[California Supreme Court]] related to the [[Unification Church]]. The brief stated that hypotheses of [[brainwashing]] and [[coercive persuasion]] were uninformed speculations based on skewed data.<ref>[http://www.cesnur.org/testi/molko_brief.htm APA Brief in the Molko Case], from CESNUR website, [APA later withdrew the organization from the brief], 1987 ''[t]he methodology of Drs. Singer and Benson has been repudiated by the scientific community'', that the hypotheses advanced by Singer were ''little more than uninformed speculation, based on skewed data'' and that "''[t]he coercive persuasion theory ... is not a meaningful scientific concept.''</ref> The brief characterized the theory of brainwashing as not scientifically proven and advanced the position that "this commitment to advancing the appropriate use of psychological testimony in the courts carries with it the concomitant duty to be vigilant against those who would use purportedly expert testimony lacking scientific and methodological rigor."

==Encyclopædia Britannica contributor==

Dr. Melton is the second most prolific contributor to the [[Encyclopædia Britannica]], after Dr. [[Christine Sutton]]. He has contributed 15 ''[[Micropædia]]'' articles, generally on religious organizations or movements: [[Aum Shinrikyo]], [[Branch Davidian]], [[Christian Science]], [[Church Universal]], [[Eckankar]], [[Evangelical Church]]{{Disambiguation needed|date=September 2011}}, [[Children of God|The Family]], [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|Hare Krishna]], [[Heaven's Gate (religious group)|Heaven's Gate]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], [[New Age Movement]], [[Pentecostalism]], [[People's Temple]], [[Scientology]] and [[Wicca]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia| year = 2007 | title = Encyclopædia Britannica | volume = [[Propædia]], volume 30 | publisher = [[Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.]] | location = [[New York City|New York]] | page = 589}}</ref>

== Aum Shinrikyo investigation ==
{{details|Sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway}}
In May 1995, in the early stages of investigations into the [[sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway]], Melton, fellow scholar [[James R. Lewis (scholar)|James R. Lewis]] and religious freedom lawyer Barry Fisher flew to Japan to voice concern that police behaviour, including mass detentions without charge and the removal of practitioners' children from the group, might be infringing the civil rights of [[Aum Shinrikyo]] members.<ref name=washingtonpost /><ref name=Reader /> They had travelled to Japan at the invitation and expense of Aum Shinrikyo after they had contacted the group to express concern over developments, and met with officials over a period of three days.<ref name=washingtonpost /> While not having been given access to the group's chemical laboratories, they held press conferences in Japan stating their belief, based on the documentation they had been given by the group <ref>[http://www.apologeticsindex.org/a06ae.html Apologetics Index], ''Aum Shinrikyo'', Aum Supreme Truth; Aum Shinri Kyo; Aleph, 2005</ref>, that the group did not have the ability to produce sarin and was being scapegoated.<ref name=washingtonpost>"Tokyo Cult Finds an Unlikely Supporter", ''[[The Washington Post]]'', T.R. Reid, May 1995.</ref><ref name=Reader>Ian Reader, [http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/14563/1/nr.2000.3.2.pdf "Scholarship, Aum Shinrikyo, and Academic Integrity"], ''[[Nova Religio]]'' 3, no. 2 (April 2000): 368-82.</ref> Melton revised his judgment shortly after, concluding that the group had in fact been responsible for the attack and other crimes.<ref name=Reader /> The scholars' defence of Aum Shinrikyo led to a crisis of confidence in religious scholarship when the group's culpability was proven.<ref name=Reader />

==Criticism==
As a scholar who reports on New Religious Movements without condemning those groups, Melton has received criticism from scholars and organizations, especially from the [[anti-cult movement]], that feel that New Religious Movements are dangerous, and that scholars should actively work against them. [[Stephen A. Kent]] and [[Theresa Krebs]] published a critical article ''When Scholars Know Sin'', in which they characterize Gordon Melton, [[James R. Lewis (scholar)|James R. Lewis]], and [[Anson Shupe]] as biased towards the groups they study.<ref name=skeptic /> Melton was also characterized as an "apologist" in an article in the ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'',<ref>[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2000/05/01/MN88385.DTL Combatants in Cult War Attempt Reconciliation: Peacemaking conference is held near Seattle], ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'', Don Lattin, May 1, 2000.</ref> and by a Singaporean lawyer as a ''"cult apologist who has a long association of defending the practices of destructive cults"'' in the ''[[Straits Times]]'',<ref name="Jim Jones">{{cite web|title=Evidence of expert witness attacked: 'Jim Jones, Peoples Temple not a cult' |publisher=The Straits Times |date=1997-07-17}}</ref> and in an article: "Apologist versus Alarmist", in ''[[Time Magazine]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/1997/int/970127/religion.apologist.html |title='Apologist' vs. 'Alarmist' |publisher=Time Magazine |date=1997-01-27 |volume=149 |number=4}}</ref> The term "cult apologist" was also used in [[Esquire Magazine]] in describing Melton's actions in the Aum Shinrikyo incident.<ref>Giving Cults A Good Name, [[Esquire Magazine]], June 1997, Jeannette Walls One of them, J. Gordon Melton, is considered by many cult foes to be an apologist for the groups. Melton, who has written extensively on cults and religions, has come out in defense of Aum, the Japanese cult linked to the gassing of a Tokyo subway in March that killed twelve people, and the Church of Scientology has asked him to testify in court on its behalf. What's more, Melton, whom [the New] CAN identified as "executive director, Institute for the Study of American Religions, University of California, Santa Barbara," is not a professor at the school; he works in the library.</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of cult and new religious movement researchers]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
===Books===
"Log Cabins to Steeples: The United Methodist Way in Illinois" (Nashville: Parthenon Press, 1974).
*''A Directory of Religious Bodies in the United States'' (New York: Garland, 1977).
*''An Old Catholic Sourcebook'' (co-authored with [[Karl Pruter]]), (New York/London: Garland, 1982).
*''Magic, witchcraft, and paganism in America: A bibliography'', compiled from the files of the Institute for the Study of American Religion, (New York: Garland Publishing,1982), ISBN 0-8240-9377-1. Revised edition co-authored with Isotta Poggi, Garland, 1992.
*''The Cult Experience: Responding to the New Religious Pluralism'' (co-authored with Robert L. Moore), (New York: Pilgrim Press, 1982).
*''Why Cults Succeed Where The Church Fails'' (co-authored with Ronald M. Enroth), (Elgin: Brethren Press, 1985).
*''Encyclopedic Handbook of Cults in America'' (New York/London: Garland, 1986; revised edition, Garland, 1992).
*''Biographical Dictionary of American Cult and Sect Leaders'' (New York/London: Garland, 1986).
*''American Religious Creeds'' (Detroit: Gale, 1988; republished in three volumes, New York: Triumph Books, 1991).
*''New Age Almanac'', (co-edited with Jerome Clark and Aidan Kelly) (Detroit: Visible Ink, 1991).
*''Perspectives on the New Age'' (co-edited with James R. Lewis), (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1992).
*''Islam in North America: A Sourcebook'' (co-edited with Michael A. Koszegi), (New York/London: Garland, 1992).
*''Sex, Slander, and Salvation: Investigating The Family/Children of God'' (co-edited with James R. Lewis), (Stanford: Center for Academic Publication, 1994).
*''Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology'' editor, 4th ed (Gale, 1996) ISBN 978-0-8103-5487-6; 5th ed (Gale 2001) ISBN 978-0-8103-9489-6
*''Finding Enlightenment: Ramtha's School of Ancient Wisdom'', [[Beyond Words Publishing]], Inc. Hillsboro Oregon, ISBN 1-885223-61-7 (1998).
*''American Religions: An Illustrated History'' (Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2000).
*''[[The Church of Scientology (Melton)|The Church of Scientology]] (Studies in Contemporary Religions, 1)'', Signature Books (August 1, 2000), ISBN 1-56085-139-2, 80pp.
*''The Vampire Book: The Encyclopedia of the Undead'', ISBN 0-8103-2295-1
*''Prime-Time Religion: An Encyclopedia of Religious Broadcasting'' (co-authored with [[Phillip Charles Lucas]] & [[Jon R. Stone]]). Oryx, 1997.
* ''[[Melton's Encyclopedia of American Religions]]'', Thomson Gale; 8th edition (February 13, 2009), 1416pp, ISBN 0-7876-9696-X
*''Cults, Religion, and Violence'', [[David Bromley]] and Gordon Melton, Eds., Cambridge University Press (May 13, 2002), 272pp, ISBN 0-521-66898-0
*''Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices'', ABC-Clio (September, 2002), 1200pp, ISBN 1-57607-223-1
*J. Gordon Melton, ‘The counter-cult monitoring movement in historical perspective’ in ''Challenging Religion: Essays in Honour of Eileen Barker'', James A. Beckford and James T. Richardson, eds. (London: Routledge, 2003), 102-113.
*''Encyclopedia Of Protestantism'', Facts on File Publishing (May 30, 2005), 628pp, ISBN 0-8160-5456-8

===Scholarly assessments===
*Derek Davis, Review of ''The Church of Scientology'', ''Journal of Church and State'', 42/4 (Autumn 2000): 851-852.
*P. G. Davis, Review of ''Biographical Dictionary of American Cult and Sect Leaders'', ''Religious Studies and Theology'', 9 (1989): 101-103.
*James L. Garrett, Review of ''Encyclopedic Handbook of Cults in America'', ''[[Southwestern Journal of Theology]]'', 33 (1990): 69.
*Jeffrey Hadden, Review of ''Prime-time Religion'', ''Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion'', 36 (1997): 634.
*Stephen A. Kent and Theresa Krebs, "When Scholars Know Sin: Alternative Religions and Their Academic Supporters," ''Skeptic'', 6/3 (1988): 36-44. Also see J. Gordon Melton, Anson D. Shupe and James R. Lewis, "When Scholars Know Sin" Forum Reply to Kent and Krebs, ''Skeptic'', 7/1 (1999): 14-21. [http://www.apologeticsindex.org/c34.html Article, rebuttals and rejoinder available online]
*Philip Jenkins, ''Mystics and Messiahs: Cults and New Religions in American History'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000).

==External links==
===Related sites===
*[http://www.americanreligion.org/index.html Institute for the Study of American Religion] Homepage [Note: as of 07/22/08 this site is down!]
*[http://www.library.ucsb.edu/speccoll/arc.html American Religions Collection] at the [[University of California, Santa Barbara]] Library.
*[http://religiousmovements.lib.virginia.edu/cultsect/mdtaskforce/melton_testimony.htm Testimony of J. Gordon Melton Before the Maryland Task Force to Study the Effects of Cult Activities on Public Senior Higher Education Institutions], July 14, 1999
*[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/1997/int/970127/religion.apologist.html 'Apologist' vs. 'Alarmist'], [[Time Magazine]], January 27, 1997 vol. 149 no. 4
*[http://www.cesnur.org/testi/melton_speak.htm J. Gordon Melton's Interview on New Religions] with "Speak Magazine", by John Lardas - No. 2, Summer 2000
*[http://www.americanreligion.org/books/scientology.html The Organization of Scientology] extract from the book "The Church of Scientology" by Melton
*"The Rise of the Study of New Religions" paper delivered by Melton at CESNUR 1999 conference, [http://www.cesnur.org/testi/bryn/br_melton.htm Cesnur.org]
*"Brainwashing and the Cults: The Rise and Fall of a Theory", essay by Melton published in Germany, [http://www.cesnur.org/testi/melton.htm Cesnur.org]
*"Author's Information on Religious Sects Provides Invaluable Guide" article by evangelical journalist [[Richard N. Ostling]], Associated Press, January 31, 2003, [http://www.cesnur.org/2003/melton.htm Cesnur.org]

{{Authority control|VIAF=49246461}}

{{Persondata 
|NAME = Melton, J. Gordon
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Melton, John Gordon (full name)
|SHORT DESCRIPTION = American scholar new religious movements
|DATE OF BIRTH = September 19, 1942
|PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Birmingham, Alabama]], USA
|DATE OF DEATH =
|PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Melton, J. Gordon}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American academics]]
[[Category:American clergy]]
[[Category:American historians]]
[[Category:American religion academics]]
[[Category:American religious writers]]
[[Category:Birmingham–Southern College alumni]]
[[Category:Garrett–Evangelical Theological Seminary alumni]]
[[Category:Encyclopædia Britannica]]
[[Category:People from Santa Barbara, California]]
[[Category:Researchers of cults and new religious movements]]
[[Category:University of California, Santa Barbara faculty]]
[[Category:Vampirism]]
[[Category:Writers from Alabama]]
[[Category:Writers from California]]

[[cs:J. Gordon Melton]]
[[fr:John Gordon Melton]]
[[pt:J. Gordon Melton]]
[[ru:Мелтон, Джон Гордон]]
[[zh:约翰·高登·梅尔敦]]

Alexander Campbell (Theologe)

2012-08-30T21:13:28Z

Discuss-Dubious: /* Public life */

{{Other people2|Alexander Campbell (disambiguation)}}
[[File:Campbell Alexander.gif|thumb|right|Alexander Campbell around 1855]]
'''Alexander Campbell''' (12 September 1788 – 4 March 1866) was an early leader in the [[Second Great Awakening]] of the religious movement that has been referred to as the [[Restoration Movement]], or Stone-Campbell Movement. The Campbell wing of the movement was said to begin with his father [[Thomas Campbell (Restoration movement)|Thomas Campbell]]'s publication in 1809 in Washington County, Pennsylvania, of ''[[Declaration and address|The Declaration and Address of the Christian Association of Washington]]''.<ref name="McAllister & Tucker 1975">McAllister, Lester and Tucker, William E. ''Journey in Faith'' St. Louis, Missouri: The Bethany Press, 1975.</ref>{{rp|111}} In 1832 the group of reformers led by the Campbells (known as the [[Disciples of Christ (Campbell Movement)|"Disciples of Christ"]]) merged with a similar group that began in Kentucky under the leadership of [[Barton W. Stone]].<ref name="Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Alexander Campbell">Douglas Allen Foster and Anthony L. Dunnavant, ''The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Christian Churches/Churches of Christ, Churches of Christ'', Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2004, ISBN 0-8028-3898-7, ISBN 978-0-8028-3898-8, 854 pages, entry on ''Campbell, Alexander''</ref>{{rp|112}} Several American church groups trace their history to the Campbells' leadership, including the [[Churches of Christ]], the [[Christian churches and churches of Christ]], [[Evangelical Christian Church in Canada]],<ref>Sydney E. Ahlstrom, ''A Religious History of the American People'' (2004)</ref><ref>Melton's Encyclopedia of American Religions (2009)</ref>and the [[Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)]]. Alexander Campbell is also the founder of [[Bethany College (West Virginia)|Bethany College]] in [[Bethany, West Virginia]].

==Early life and education==
[[File:Alexander Campbell Mansion.jpg|thumb|right|Front of the Campbell Mansion]]
[[File:Alexander Campbell young.jpg|thumb|upright|Young Alexander Campbell]]
Alexander Campbell was born 12 September 1788 near [[Ballymena]], in the parish of [[Broughshane]], [[County Antrim]], [[Ireland]].<ref name="McAllister & Tucker 1975"/>{{rp|98}}<ref name="Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Alexander Campbell"/>{{rp|116}} His parents were [[Thomas Campbell (clergyman)|Thomas Campbell]] and Jane Corneigle Campbell.<ref name="DNB Alexander Campbell"/><ref name="Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Alexander Campbell"/>{{rp|116}} Of Scots-Irish descent, he was educated at the [[University of Glasgow]], where he was greatly influenced by [[Scottish Enlightenment]] philosophy.<ref name="Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Alexander Campbell"/>{{rp|117}} He was also influenced by the English philosopher [[John Locke]].<ref name="Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Alexander Campbell"/>{{rp|116}} At age 21, Alexander emigrated to the United States with his mother and siblings from Scotland, to join his father Thomas, who had emigrated there in 1807.<ref name="Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Alexander Campbell"/>{{rp|117-118}} They sailed from [[Scotland]] on the ''Latonia'' on August 3, 1809 and landed in [[New York]] on September 29th, then traveled overland to Philadelphia.<ref name="Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Alexander Campbell"/>{{rp|118}} Alexander was [[Ordination|ordained]] by the [[Brush Run Church]] on January 1, 1812.<ref name="Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Alexander Campbell"/>{{rp|119}}

==Marriage and personal life==

Campbell married Margaret Brown on March 12, 1811.<ref name="Doran 1997">Adron Doran, ''Restoring New Testament Christianity'', 21st Century Christian, 1997, ISBN 0-89098-161-2</ref>{{rp|83}}<ref name="Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Alexander Campbell"/>{{rp|119}} Margaret's father, John Brown, owned a significant amount of land in the Bethany, Virginia area (now [[Bethany, West Virginia]]).<ref name="Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Alexander Campbell"/>{{rp|119}} The couple resided in what is now known as the [[Alexander Campbell Mansion]] near Bethany, WV. Their first child, a daughter, was born on March 13, 1812.<ref name="Doran 1997"/>{{rp|83}} His daughter's birth spurred Campbell to study the subject of baptism. He ultimately concluded that Scripture did not support the [[infant baptism|baptism of infants]]. He came to believe that individuals had to choose baptism and conversion for themselves.<ref name="Doran 1997"/>{{rp|83}}

Alexander married Selina Huntington Bakewell on July 31, 1828, after the death of Margaret in 1827.<ref name="Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Selina Campbell">Douglas Allen Foster and Anthony L. Dunnavant, ''The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Christian Churches/Churches of Christ, Churches of Christ'', Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2004, ISBN 0-8028-3898-7, ISBN 978-0-8028-3898-8, 854 pages, entry on ''Campbell, Selina Huntington Bakewell''</ref>{{rp|135}} Alexander died on March 4, 1866 at [[Bethany, West Virginia]].<ref name="DNB Alexander Campbell">{{cite DNB|wstitle=Campbell, Alexander (1788-1866)|last=Boase|first=George Clement|authorlink=George Clement Boase|volume=08}}</ref> Selina outlived Alexander, dying on June 28, 1897.<ref name="Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Selina Campbell"/>{{rp|136,138}}

==Public life==
[[File:Alexander Campbell 1788.GIF|thumb|Alexander Campbell]]
Campbell's only formal political service was as a delegate to the [[Constitution of Virginia|Virginia Constitutional Convention]] of 1829, which brought him into contact with some of the leading politicians of the day and gave him the opportunity to preach in several [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]] churches.<ref name="Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Alexander Campbell"/>{{rp|123}}

In 1840, Campbell founded [[Bethany College (West Virginia)|Bethany College]] in Bethany, Virginia (now [[Bethany, West Virginia]]), which educated many leaders of the Christian Churches and Churches of Christ.<ref name="Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Alexander Campbell"/>{{rp|129}}<ref name="Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Bethany College">Douglas Allen Foster and Anthony L. Dunnavant, ''The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Christian Churches/Churches of Christ, Churches of Christ'', Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2004, ISBN 0-8028-3898-7, ISBN 978-0-8028-3898-8, 854 pages, entry on ''Bethany College''</ref>{{rp|74-75}}

He visited the [[United Kingdom]] in 1847. During the trip he gave public lectures in [[England]] and [[Scotland]], and also delivered funds that U.S. churches associated with the Restoration Movement had raised for famine relief in [[Ireland]]. While at [[Glasgow]] he was challenged by James Robertson to a debate on the subject of [[anti-slavery|slavery]]. The rhetoric surrounded the challenge resulted in James Robertson suing Campbell for [[libel]]; Campbell denied the charge. He was arrested and imprisoned for ten days. Campbell was released when the warrant for his arrest was declared to be illegal, and ultimately a verdict was given in his favor.<ref name="Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Alexander Campbell"/>{{rp|128-129}}<ref name="DNB Alexander Campbell"/>

==Writings==
[[File:Alexander Campbell Age 65.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Alexander Campbell, age 65]]
Alexander's first exposure to journalism was in his early twenties, when he wrote several moral essays under the pseudonym "Clarinda."<ref name="Holloway 1995">Gary Holloway, [http://www.acu.edu/sponsored/restoration_quarterly/archives/1990s/vol_37_no_1_contents/holloway.html "Alexander Campbell as a Publisher",] ''[[Restoration Quarterly]]'', Vol. 37 No. 1 (1995)</ref> The publication of his debate with the Presbyterian John Walker in 1820 convinced him of the effectiveness of writing.<ref name="Holloway 1995"/> He bought a press and built a small print shop in 1823, establishing what proved to be a successful publishing operation.<ref name="Holloway 1995"/><ref name="Taylor">Greg Taylor, [http://www.discipleshistory.org/online/topics/campbell-blogger.htm "Alexander Campbell: Millennial Blogger"], Disciples of Christ Historical Society, Accessed June 13, 2011</ref>

Campbell edited and published two journals. The first was the ''The Christian Baptist,'' which he edited from 1823 through 1830.<ref name="Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Christian Baptist">Douglas Allen Foster and Anthony L. Dunnavant, ''The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Christian Churches/Churches of Christ, Churches of Christ'', Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2004, ISBN 0-8028-3898-7, ISBN 978-0-8028-3898-8, 854 pages, entry on ''Christian Baptist, The''</ref>{{rp|174}} The second was ''The Millennial Harbinger,'' which he began in 1830 and continued to edit until his death in 1866, though his active involvement in the journal began declining during the 1850s.<ref name="Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Millennial Harbinger">Douglas Allen Foster and Anthony L. Dunnavant, ''The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Christian Churches/Churches of Christ, Churches of Christ'', Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2004, ISBN 0-8028-3898-7, ISBN 978-0-8028-3898-8, 854 pages, entry on ''Millennial Harbinger, The''</ref>{{rp|517-518}} In both, he advocated the reform of Christianity along the lines as it was practiced on the American frontier.

Campbell expanded his printing operation in 1830 for the ''Millennial Harbinger''.<ref name="Holloway 1995"/> The change from the ''Christian Baptist'' to the ''Harbinger'' was prompted by several concerns. Differences of opinion were arising between Campbell and the Baptists, and in many cases Baptist associations were expelling those who were associated with the Campbell movement. He was concerned that "Christian Baptist" - which he considered to be less appropriate than the biblical term "Disciples" - was becoming the de facto name of the group. He also wanted the new journal to have a more positive tone, promoting reform and preparing the world for the second coming of Christ.<ref name="Holloway 1995"/>

He wrote several books, including ''The Christian System''. He also wrote hymns, including ''Upon the Banks of Jordan Stood''.<ref>Richardson, Robert. Memoirs of Alexander Campbell. In two volumes. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1871. [http://www.mun.ca/rels/restmov/texts/rrichardson/mac/MAC221.HTM Vol 2, Chapter XXI, Footnote 1] Accessed 1-Nov-2008</ref>

Campbell compiled and published a translation of the New Testament under the title ''The Living Oracles''.<ref name="Holloway 1995"/><ref name="Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Bible Versions">Douglas Allen Foster and Anthony L. Dunnavant, ''The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), Christian Churches/Churches of Christ, Churches of Christ'', Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2004, ISBN 0-8028-3898-7, ISBN 978-0-8028-3898-8, 854 pages, entry on ''Bible, Versions and Translations of''</ref>{{rp|87-88}} Published in 1826, it was based on an 1818 translation by George Campbell, James MacKnight and Philip Doddridge, and included edits and extensive notes by Campbell.<ref name="Holloway 1995"/><ref name="Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Bible Versions"/>{{rp|87-88}}<ref name="Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement: Alexander Campbell"/>{{rp|122}}

==See also==
*[[José María Jesús Carbajal]] Spiritually mentored by Campbell
*[[Old Bethany Church]]

==Notes==
{{refs|30em}}

==Sources==
*Challen, James (editor), "Biographical Sketch of Alexander Campbell", ''Ladies' Christian Annual'', March, 1857 (Volume VI, No. 3), Philadelphia: James Challen, Publisher. Pages 81–90. [http://www.mun.ca/rels/restmov/texts/jchallen/lcab/CAMPBLA9.HTM Online Edition]
*Foster, Douglas, et al., ''The Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement''. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2005.
*Holloway, Gary, [http://www.acu.edu/sponsored/restoration_quarterly/archives/1990s/vol_37_no_1_contents/holloway.html "Alexander Campbell as a Publisher"], ''[[Restoration Quarterly]]'', Vol. 37/No. 1 (1995) Accessed 1 - Nov 2008.
*McAllister, Lester and Tucker, William E. ''Journey in Faith'' St. Louis, Missouri: The Bethany Press, 1975.
*Richardson, Robert. ''Memoirs of Alexander Campbell''. In two volumes. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1871.

==External links==
{{Commons cat|Alexander Campbell (clergyman)}}
*Campbell [http://www.mun.ca/rels/restmov/people/acampbell.html texts] at the [http://www.mun.ca/rels/restmov/ Restoration Movement Pages] at the [[Memorial University of Newfoundland]]
*[http://lookhigher.org/download/englishbibles/index.html?wik Look Higher ! - Download the 1835 Living Oracles New Testament edited by Campbell in PDF format]
{{Restoration Movement}}
{{Persondata 
| NAME = Campbell, Alexander
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 12 September 1788
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 4 March 1866
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Campbell, Alexander}}
[[Category:1788 births]]
[[Category:1866 deaths]]
[[Category:American members of the Churches of Christ]]
[[Category:Bethany College (West Virginia)]]
[[Category:British members of the Churches of Christ]]
[[Category:Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)]]
[[Category:Christian theologians]]
[[Category:Churches of Christ]]
[[Category:Irish emigrants to the United States (before 1923)]]
[[Category:Ministers of the Churches of Christ]]
[[Category:Non-denominational Christianity]]
[[Category:People from Ballymena]]
[[Category:People from Brooke County, West Virginia]]
[[Category:People of the Scottish Enlightenment]]
[[Category:Restoration Movement]]
[[Category:Scottish members of the Churches of Christ]]
[[Category:Translators of the Bible into English]]

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