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Attakullakulla

2019-07-28T19:20:02Z

DferDaisy: /* Family and death */ fix typo

{{Infobox person
| name = Attakullakulla
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = c. 1708
| birth_place =
| death_date = c. 1777
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| residence = [[Chota (Cherokee town)|Chota]]
| nationality = [[Cherokee]]
| other_names =
| title = First Beloved Man
| predecessor = [[Conocotocko II|Standing Turkey]]
| successor = [[Oconostota]]
}}
'''Attakullakulla''' ([[Cherokee language|Cherokee]], ''Ata-gul' kalu''; often called '''Little Carpenter''' by the English) (c. 1708–1777) was an influential [[Cherokee]] leader and the tribe's [[Tribal chief|First Beloved Man]], serving from 1761 to around 1775. His son was [[Dragging Canoe]], a leader of the [[Chickamauga Cherokee]]. Attakullakulla was a man of remarkably small stature, he was noted for his maturity, wisdom, and graciousness.<ref>Henry Thompson Malone Cherokees of the Old South</ref> Attakullakulla knew some English but was not fluent. However, he was considered the most gifted Cherokee orator from the 1760s to 1770s.<ref>James C.kelly American nation biography</ref> He first shows up on historic records in 1730 when he accompanied [[Alexander Cuming]], a British treaty commissioner, and six other Cherokee to England, where he signed one of the first Cherokee treaties with Great Britain. By the early 1750s, Attakullakulla, renowned for his oratorical skills, had been appointed a principal speaker for the [[Cherokee Nation]].<ref> Paul Finkelman & Tim Alan Garrison Encyclopedia of United States Indian Policy and Law p. 2</ref>
In the 1750–1760s Attakullakulla dominated Cherokee diplomacy. Although he usually favored the British he was a consummate diplomat, always hoping for a peaceful resolution to problems but looking for the best interests of the Cherokees.<ref>Spencer C. Tucker, James R. Arnold, and Roberta Wiener The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars p. 41</ref>

==Names==
Early on in his life, he was first known as Onkanacleah.<ref>Henry Thompson Malone Cherokees of the Old South p.4</ref> According to the anthropologist [[James Mooney]], Attakullakulla's Cherokee name could be translated "leaning wood", from ''ada'' meaning "wood", and ''gulkalu'', a verb that implies something long, leaning against some other object. His name "Little Carpenter" derived from the English meaning of his Cherokee name along with a reference to his physical stature. As naturalist [[William Bartram]] described him, he was "a man of remarkable small stature, slender, and delicate frame."<ref>Bartram, ''Travels,'' p. 485.</ref> "His ears were cut and banded with silver, hanging nearly down to his shoulders." He was mild-mannered, brilliant, and witty.<ref>Walker, ''Narrative of a Kentucky Adventure'', pp. 150–51.</ref>
Felix Walker accurately characterized Attakullakulla in his speculation on the origin of the name Little Carpenter: just “as a white carpenter could make every notch and joint fit in wood, so he could bring all his views to fill and fit their places in the political machinery of his nation”.<ref>Izumi Ishii Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</ref> He also excelled at building houses which could be another reason for him getting his title.<ref>Kimber, Isaac London magazine, or, Gentleman's monthly intelligencer, 1747-1783; London Vol. 35, (Feb 1766): p. 87</ref>

==Early life==
Attakullakulla is believed to have been born in the territory of the [[Overhill Cherokee]], in what is now [[East Tennessee]] , sometime in the early 1700s.<ref name=tehc>Gerald Schroedl, "[http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entry.php?rec=45 Attakullakulla]," ''Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture''. Retrieved: 17 December 2013.</ref> His son, [[Turtle-at-Home]], said that he was born to a sub-tribe of the [[Algonquian languages|Algonquian-speaking]] [[Nipissing First Nation|Nipissing]] to the north near [[Lake Superior]]. He was captured as an infant during a raid in which his parents were killed, and brought back to Tennessee to be adopted by a Cherokee family, where he was raised as Cherokee.<ref>Klink and Talman, ''The Journal of Major John Norton,'' p. 42</ref> He married ''Nionne Ollie,'' a [[Natchez people|Natchez]] captive adopted as the daughter of his cousin, [[Oconostota]]. The marriage was permissible because they were of different clans; he was Wolf Clan and she was Paint Clan.{{Citation needed|date=January 2013}}

He was a member of the Cherokee delegation that traveled to [[Kingdom of Britain|England]] in 1730.<ref>Tortora, ''Carolina in Crisis'', pp. 17-22.</ref> In 1736, he rejected the advances of the French, who had sent emissaries to the [[Overhill Cherokee]]. Three or four years later, he was captured by the [[Ottawa (tribe)|Ottawa]], allies of the French, who held him captive in Quebec until 1748. Upon his return, he became one of the Cherokees' leading diplomats and an adviser to the Beloved Man of [[Chota (Cherokee town)|Chota]].

==Cherokee warrior==
{{Main|Anglo–Cherokee War}}
In the 1750s, Attakullakulla worked to provide a steady supply of trade goods for his people. When the French and Indian War began, Cherokees journeyed to the Pennsylvania frontier to serve in British military campaigns against French and Indian strongholds. Cherokees were murdered on their way home by Virginia frontiersmen. Attakullakulla journeyed to Pennsylvania, to Williamsburg, and then to Charles Town, securing the promise of trade goods as compensation. But this was not enough to satisfy young Cherokee who wished to honor their cultural obligation of "blood revenge" and sought social status. Throughout 1758 and 1759, Cherokee warriors launched retributive raids on the southern colonial frontier. Hoping that matters might be forgiven, Attakullakulla even led a Cherokee war party against French Fort Massiac, and tried to negotiate peace with the British.<ref>Tortora, ''Carolina in Crisis'', pp. 57–58, 60, 63–64, 68.</ref>

These efforts proved unsuccessful. In late 1759, Cherokees went to [[Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston]] to try to negotiate with [[Colony of South Carolina|South Carolina]] authorities for peace. The colonial governor, [[William Lyttelton, 1st Baron Lyttelton|William Henry Lyttetton]], seized the delegates as hostages until the Cherokee responsible for killing white settlers were surrendered. Having raised an expeditionary force of 1700 men, Lyttleton set out for [[Fort Prince George (South Carolina)|Fort Prince George]], with the hostages in tow, and arrived on December 9, 1759. Attakullakulla was forced to sign a treaty agreeing that the Cherokees would deliver up "murderers" in exchange for nearly two dozen hostages confined at Fort Prince George.<ref>Tortora, ''Carolina in Crisis'', pp. 77–80.</ref>

Attakullakulla returned to Fort Prince George in early 1760 to negotiate for the release of the hostages, but to no avail. As peaceful negotiations failed, Oconostota subsequently lured a Lt. Richard Coytmore out of the fort by waving a bridle over his head. He then incited Cherokee warriors hiding in the woods to shoot and kill Coytmore. The garrison in the fort retaliated with the execution of all the remaining Cherokee hostages. Cherokee Indians launched an offensive against settlements on the southern frontier. Many Cherokees blamed Attakullakulla for the death of the hostages. While he worked to try to bring about peace, later in 1760, British and South Carolina troops invaded the Cherokee Lower Towns and Middle Towns. They were forced to retreat and Fort Loudoun fell to the Cherokees. Attakullakulla again attempted to negotiate a peace, but this did not come until after a punitive British and South Carolina military expedition against the Middle and Lower Towns in 1761. Attakullakulla signed peace terms in Charles Town on December 18, 1761, but was robbed and harassed by angry frontiersmen on his journey home. Throughout the 1760s, he would work in vain to stall white settlement and was a frequent guest in Charles Town and Williamsburg.<ref>Oliphant, ''Peace and War on the Anglo-Cherokee Frontier'', pp. 72–78</ref><ref>Tortora, ''Carolina in Crisis'', pp. 166–67.</ref> In the early 1740s the French-allied Ottawa warriors captured Attakullakulla and took him to Canada. He returned to the Cherokee country precisely when the imperial rivalry between the British and the French intensified.<ref>Izumi Ishii Oxford Dictionary of National Biography,</ref>When he returned he became the top lieutenant in his maternal uncle's Connecorte, [[Conocotocko I|Old Hop]] the head chief of the Chota.<ref>Spencer C. Tucker, James R. Arnold, and Roberta Wiener The Encyclopedia of North</ref>

==Diplomatic contributions==
In the 1750–1760s Attakullakulla dominated Cherokee diplomacy. Although he usually favored the British he was a skilled diplomat, always looking for a peaceful resolution to problems but looking for in best interests of the Cherokees<ref>Spencer C. Tucker, James R. Arnold, and Roberta Wiener The Encyclopedia of North</ref> When Connecorte died, it left Attakullakulla, the diplomat, and Oconostota, the war leader, with shared power and they led the Cherokees for a generation.<ref>James c. kelly American nation biography</ref>

On June 2, 1760, he left the fort and was expelled from the Cherokee Council. He moved into the woods to live, finding it impolitic to be among either the ones who lost or the victors of the 1760 Cherokee War. In June 1761 a punitive British expedition dispatched by General Jeffery Amherst and commanded by Colonel James Grant ravaged the Cherokee towns in the Carolinas. Having failed to secure French support, the Cherokees recalled Attakullakulla to the council to negotiate peace with the British. Attakulla also influenced the selection of John Stuart as superintendent of Southern Indian affairs.<ref>James c. kelly American nation biography</ref>

In 1772 Attakullakulla leased lands to the Watauga Association, a government formed by settlers, in what is now the upper eastern corner of Tennessee. In 1775 he favored the so-called [[Transylvania Colony|Transylvania Purchase]] which North Carolina colonel Richard Henderson bought twenty million acres in Kentucky and Middle Tennessee.<ref>James c. kelly American nation biography</ref>
In the Treaty of Broad River (1756), he agreed to a Cherokee land succession in exchange for the English promise to build forts in Cherokee territory to protect their women and children while the men were away at war. He honored treaty promises to the English but was opposed by fellow Cherokees for doing so. However, he played the colonies of South Carolina and Virginia against each other to secure fair trading practices for his people.<ref>Paul Finkelman & Tim Alan Garrison Encyclopedia of United States Indian Policy and Law p. 2</ref>

In the Treaty of Peace and Friendship concluded by his Excellency William-Henry Lyttjelton with Attakullakulla, it stated that there would “be firm peace and friendship between all His Majesty's subjects of this province and the nation of Indians called the Cherokees, and then said Cherokees shall preserve peace with all his majesty's subjects whatsoever”.<ref>Kimber, Isaac (ed.); Kimber, Edward (ed.).London magazine, or, Gentleman's monthly intelligencer, 1747-1783; London Vol. 29, (Mar 1760): 144–145.</ref>

==Family and death==
Although little is known of his parentage, his family did produce other leaders. Connecotre (Old Hop), the headman of the Cherokee during the 1750s, was his maternal uncle. Attakullakulla's son Dragging Canoe led a resistance to the United States in the 1780s. His niece, [[Nancy Ward]], was a ‘beloved woman’, who had the power to free war captives.<ref>Izumi Ishii Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</ref>During the Revolutionary War, Attakullakulla was one of a party of elder Cherokee leaders who ceded lands to Virginia, contrary to the wishes of younger warriors. Attakullakulla's son, [[Dragging Canoe]], the Chickamauga Cherokee leader during the [[Cherokee-American wars]], split with his father during this time.<ref>Kelly, "Attakullakulla", pp. 25–27.</ref><ref>Calloway, ''The American Revolution in Indian Country'', pp. 182–212.</ref>

After the Cherokees massacred [[Fort Loudoun (Tennessee)|Fort Loudon]], Attakullkulla realized that Capt. Stuart, an agent of Indian Affairs under the colonial government, had escaped death. Attakullakulla had purchased Stuart from the Indian who had taken him. Attakullakulla gave his rifle, clothes and all he could command to purchase Stuart. After so doing, this by Cherokee custom made Stuart his eldest brother. The lifelong friendship proved to be profitable to the English.<ref>American Indian Wars p. 41</ref>The life of Capt. Stewart being again menaced, for refusing to aid in the mediated reduction of [[Fort Prince George (South Carolina)|Fort George]], Attakullkulla resolved to rescue his friend or perish in the attempt. He accordingly signified to his countrymen that he intended to go hunting and take his prisoner with him to eat venison. The distance to the frontier settlements was great. The expedition was necessary to prevent being overtaken by those in pursuit of the Cherokee. Nine days and nights they traveled through the wilderness until they fell in with a party of rangers sent out for protection of the frontier, who conducted them in safety to the settlements.<ref>The American Monthly Magazine and Critical Review (1817-1819); New York Vol. 4, Iss. 2, (Dec 1818):</ref> Attakullakulla is believed to have died in 1777.<ref>Kelly, "Attakullakulla", p. 27.</ref> He was succeeded as First Beloved Man by Oconostota.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*[[James Adair (historian)|Adair, James]]. ''History of the American Indians'' pg 148, publ 1775.
*Bartram, William. ''Travels through North Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida, The Cherokee Country...'' Philadelphia: James & Johnson, 1791.
*Calloway, Colin G. ''The American Revolution in Indian Country: Crisis and Diversity in Native American Communities. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
*[http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entry.php?rec=45 Entry from the Tennessee Encyclopedia]
*Kelly, James C. "Notable Persons in Cherokee History: Attakullakulla." ''Journal of Cherokee Studies'' 3:1 (Winter 1978), 2–34.
*Klink, Karl, and James Talman, ed. ''The Journal of Major John Norton''. Toronto: Champlain Society, 1970.
*Litton, Gaston L. [http://digital.library.okstate.edu/Chronicles/v015/v015p253.html "The Principal Chiefs of the Cherokee Nation"], ''Chronicles of Oklahoma'' 15:3 (September 1937), 253–270 (retrieved August 18, 2006).
*Mooney, James. ''Myths of the Cherokee'' (1900, reprint 1992).
*Tortora, Daniel J. ''Carolina in Crisis: Cherokees, Colonists, and Slaves in the American Southeast, 1756–1763''. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2015. {{ISBN|1-469-62122-3}}.
*Walker, Felix. "Narrative of a Kentucky Adventure in 1775." Edited by Samuel R. Walker. ''DeBow's Review'' 16 (February 1854), 150–55.
*Paul Finkelman & Tim Alan Garrison “Encyclopedia of United States Indian Policy and Law”, 2009.
*Spencer C. Tucker, James R. Arnold, and Roberta Wiener “The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607-1890 : A Political, Social, and Military History”, 2011
*James c kelly “American National biography”, 1999
*Izumi Ishii “Oxford Dictionary of National Biography”, 2004
*Kimber, Isaac (ed.); Kimber, Edward (ed.).”London magazine, or, Gentleman's monthly intelligencer, 1747-1783; London Vol. 35”, (Feb 1766): p. 87.
*The American Monthly Magazine and Critical Review (1817-1819); New York Vol. 4, Iss. 2, (Dec 1818): 157
*Kimber, Isaac (ed.); Kimber, Edward (ed.).”London magazine, or, Gentleman's monthly intelligencer, 1747-1783; London Vol. 29”, (Mar 1760): 144–145.
*Henry Thompson Malone “Cherokees of the Old South: A People in Transition”, 1956

==External links==
*{{Cite Appletons'|wstitle=Atta-Culla-Culla|year=1900 |short=x |notaref=x}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box| before=[[Standing Turkey]]| title=[[Principal Chiefs of the Cherokee|First Beloved Man]]|after=[[Oconostota]]| years=1761–1775}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Attakullakulla}}
[[Category:1700s births]]
[[Category:1770s deaths]]
[[Category:Cherokee leaders]]
[[Category:Native American leaders]]
[[Category:People from Chota (Cherokee town)]]

Archive Team

2018-11-30T01:51:35Z

DferDaisy: fixed citation parameters

[[File:Archive Team logo.jpg|thumb|right|Archive Team logo]]
'''Archive Team''' is a group dedicated to [[digital preservation|preserving]] [[digital history]] that was founded by [[Jason Scott]] in 2009.<ref>{{Cite web
|title = Team Archive is GO
|last = Scott
|first = Jason
|publisher = ASCII by Jason Scott
|url = http://ascii.textfiles.com/archives/1664
|date = January 6, 2009
|access-date = December 30, 2016
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|archive-date = 2016-11-02
|dead-url = no
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}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
|title = Revision history of "Main Page"
|publisher = Archive Team
|url = http://www.archiveteam.org/index.php?title=Main_Page&dir=prev&action=history
|access-date = December 30, 2016
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|archive-date = 2016-12-31
|dead-url = no
|df =
}}</ref>
Its primary focus is the copying and preservation of content housed by at-risk services. Some of its projects include the partial preservation of [[GeoCities]],<ref>{{Cite magazine
|title=Geocities Lives On as Massive Torrent Download
|last=Gilbertson
|first=Scott
|magazine=Wired
|url=https://www.wired.com/epicenter/2010/11/geocities-lives-on-as-massive-torrent-download/
|dead-url=no
|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6744WKAy2?url=http://www.wired.com/epicenter/2010/11/geocities-lives-on-as-massive-torrent-download/
|date=2010-11-01
|archive-date=2012-04-20
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
|title=Web 0.2 archivists save Geocities from deletion
|last=Modine
|first=Austin
|website=The Register
|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/04/28/geocities_preservation/
|dead-url=no
|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6744REJO8?url=http://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/04/28/geocities_preservation/
|date=2009-04-28
|archive-date=2012-04-20
}}</ref>
[[Yahoo! Video]], [[Google Video]], [[Splinder]], [[Friendster]], [[FortuneCity]],<ref>{{Cite web
|title=The 'Archive Team' Rescues User Content From Doomed Sites
|last=Sullivan
|first=Mark
|magazine=PC World
|url=https://www.pcworld.com/article/253672/the_archive_team_rescues_user_content_from_doomed_sites.html
|dead-url=no
|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/67440lW4b?url=https://www.pcworld.com/article/253672/the_archive_team_rescues_user_content_from_doomed_sites.html
|date=2012-04-13
|archive-date=2012-04-20
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
|title=Fire in the Library
|last=Schwartz
|first=Matt
|magazine=Technology Review
|url=http://www.technologyreview.com/web/39317/
|dead-url=no
|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/67448ktjF?url=http://www.technologyreview.com/web/39317/
|date=January 2012
|archive-date=2012-04-20
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
|title=The Archive Team
|last1=Garfield
|first1=Bob
|last2=Scott
|first2=Jason
|work=OnTheMedia
|url=http://www.onthemedia.org/2012/mar/23/archive-team/
|dead-url=no
|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6744EGM0q?url=http://www.onthemedia.org/2012/mar/23/archive-team/
|date=2012-03-23
|archive-date=2012-04-20
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
|title=Historic Archive Of Websites From The January 18th SOPA Blackout
|last=Masnick
|first=Mike
|website=Techdirt
|url=http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20120410/23092818446/historic-archive-websites-january-18th-sopa-blackout.shtml
|dead-url=no
|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6744H24m0?url=http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20120410/23092818446/historic-archive-websites-january-18th-sopa-blackout.shtml
|date=2012-04-12
|archive-date=2012-04-20
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
|title=Click: The Archive Team - Jason Scott talks about his mission to salvage our digital heritage
|last=Scott
|first=Jason
|publisher=BBC
|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00przc2
|dead-url=no
|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6744M5iYY?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00przc2
|date=2012-03-06
|archive-date=2012-04-20
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
|title=The Archive Team
|last1=Morton
|first1=Simon
|last2=Scott
|first2=Jason
|work=RadioNZ
|url=http://www.radionz.co.nz/national/programmes/thiswayup/audio/2511595/the-archive-team
|dead-url=no
|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6744OwRU6?url=http://www.radionz.co.nz/national/programmes/thiswayup/audio/2511595/the-archive-team
|date=2012-03-03
|archive-date=2012-04-20
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
|title=Full Interview: Jason Scott on online video and digital heritage
|last=Misener
|first=Dan
|publisher=CBC
|url=http://www.cbc.ca/spark/2011/04/full-interview-jason-scott-on-online-video-and-digital-heritage/
|dead-url=no
|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6744TasTv?url=http://www.cbc.ca/spark/2011/04/full-interview-jason-scott-on-online-video-and-digital-heritage/
|date=2011-04-29
|archive-date=2012-04-20
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
|title=Amateur heroes of online heritage
|last=Paul-Choudhury
|first=Sumit
|magazine=New Scientist
|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn20396-digital-legacy-amateur-heroes-of-online-heritage.html
|dead-url=no
|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6WtiEhK9B?url=http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn20396-digital-legacy-amateur-heroes-of-online-heritage.html
|date=May 6, 2011
|access-date=March 9, 2015
|archive-date=March 9, 2015
}}</ref>
[[TwitPic]],<ref>{{Cite web
|title = TwitPic - Archiveteam
|url = http://www.archiveteam.org/index.php?title=TwitPic
|access-date = 2014-09-17
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140909075441/http://archiveteam.org/index.php?title=TwitPic
|archive-date = 2014-09-09
|dead-url = no
|df =
}}</ref> [[SoundCloud]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/7/17/15986952/archive-team-back-up-soundcloud-warrior-project|title=Archive Team promises to back up SoundCloud amid worries of a shutdown|publisher=|date=2017-07-18|access-date=2018-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021192516/https://www.theverge.com/2017/7/17/15986952/archive-team-back-up-soundcloud-warrior-project|archive-date=2018-10-21|dead-url=no|df=}}</ref>
and the "[[Aaron Swartz]] Memorial JSTOR Liberator".<ref>{{Cite web
|title = Aaron Swartz Memorial JSTOR Liberator sets public domain academic articles free
|url = https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2013/01/aaron-swartz-memorial-jstor-liberator-sets-public-domain-academic-articles-free/
|date = 2013-01-15
|access-date = 2018-11-28
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180323224110/https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2013/01/aaron-swartz-memorial-jstor-liberator-sets-public-domain-academic-articles-free/
|archive-date = 2018-03-23
|dead-url = no
|df =
}}</ref>
Archive Team also archives [[URL shortener]] services<ref>{{Cite web
| title = url shortening was a fucking awful idea
| work = URLTE.AM
| url = http://urlte.am/ | dead-url = no
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110611023208/http://urlte.am/
| archive-date = 2011-06-11
}}</ref>
and [[wikis]]<ref>[https://github.com/WikiTeam/wikiteam WikiTeam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160210004433/https://github.com/WikiTeam/wikiteam |date=2016-02-10 }} - We archive wikis, from Wikipedia to tiniest wikis</ref>
on a regular basis.

According to [[Jason Scott Sadofsky|Jason Scott]], "Archive Team was started out of anger and a feeling of powerlessness, this feeling that we were letting companies decide for us what was going to survive and what was going to die."<ref>{{Cite web
|title = Open Source Bridge 2012 Keynote - Jason Scott
|url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tJqZGRIwtxk#t=1242s
|access-date = 2018-11-28
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170914044651/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tJqZGRIwtxk#t=1242s#t=1242s
|archive-date = 2017-09-14
|dead-url = no
|df =
}}</ref>
Scott continues, "it's not our job to figure out what's valuable, to figure out what's meaningful. We work by three virtues: [[Rage (emotion)|rage]], [[paranoia]] and [[kleptomania]]."<ref>{{Cite web
|title = Open Source Bridge 2012 Keynote - Jason Scott
|url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tJqZGRIwtxk#t=703s
|access-date = 2018-11-28
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170914044651/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tJqZGRIwtxk#t=703s#t=703s
|archive-date = 2017-09-14
|dead-url = no
|df =
}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Digital Dark Age]]
* [[Internet Archive]]
* [[Wayback Machine]]
* [[Web archiving]]
* [[List of digital preservation initiatives]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{official|http://www.archiveteam.org}}
* [https://archive.org/details/archiveteam Archive Team collection] at Internet Archive
* {{Twitter}}
* {{YouTube|id=-2ZTmuX3cog|title=ARCHIVE TEAM: A Distributed Preservation of Service Attack}}
* [https://www.reddit.com/r/ArchiveTeam ArchiveTeam subreddit]

{{Jason Scott}}

[[Category:Conservation and restoration]]
[[Category:Jason Scott]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 2009]]
[[Category:Web archiving]]
[[Category:Web archiving initiatives]]

{{web-stub}}

Zugelassen – Gib der Liebe eine Chance

2018-08-28T23:43:34Z

DferDaisy: removed redundant cite param

{{distinguish|Admissions (film)}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Admission
| image = Admission movie poster.jpg
| image_size = 220px
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Paul Weitz (filmmaker)|Paul Weitz]]
| producer = Paul Weitz<br />Kerry Kohansky-Roberts<br />Andrew Miano
| screenplay = Karen Croner
| based on = {{Based on|''Admission''|[[Jean Hanff Korelitz]]}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Tina Fey]]
* [[Paul Rudd]]
}}
| music = [[Stephen Trask]]
| cinematography = [[Declan Quinn]]
| editing = Joan Sobel
| studio = Depth of Field
| distributor = [[Focus Features]]
| released = {{Film date|2013|03|22}}
| runtime = 108 minutes<ref>{{cite web|title=''ADMISSION'' (12A)|url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/admission-2013-1|work=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|date=2013-05-20|accessdate=2013-05-20}}</ref>
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget = $13 million<ref name="The Numbers">{{cite web|url=http://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Admission|title= Admission (2013)|work=The Numbers|accessdate=June 15, 2013}}</ref>
| gross = $18,637,201<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=admission.htm|title=Admission (2013)| work = [[Box Office Mojo]] |date=2013-06-15 |accessdate=2013-06-15}}</ref>
}}
'''''Admission''''' is a 2013 American [[romantic comedy|romantic]] [[comedy-drama]] film directed by [[Paul Weitz (filmmaker)|Paul Weitz]] and starring [[Tina Fey]] and [[Paul Rudd]]. The film was released in the [[United States]] and [[Canada]] on March 22, 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nme.com/filmandtv/news/tina-fey-paul-rudd-admission-trailer-released-/291116 |title=Tina Fey, Paul Rudd 'Admission' trailer released – watch | Film & TV News |work=NME.Com |date=2012-11-16 |accessdate=2013-02-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/11/16/admission-trailer-tina-fey-paul-rudd_n_2143501.html |title='Admission' Trailer: Tina Fey & Paul Rudd Go Back To School (VIDEO) |website=Huffington Post|date=2012-11-16 |accessdate=2013-02-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.moviefone.com/2012/11/16/admission-trailer-tina-fey-paul-rudd_n_2144147.html |title='Admission' Trailer: Tina Fey And Paul Rudd, Together At Last |website=News.moviefone.com |date=2012-11-16 |accessdate=2013-02-02 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130211080012/http://news.moviefone.com/2012/11/16/admission-trailer-tina-fey-paul-rudd_n_2144147.html |archivedate=2013-02-11 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Plait |first=Phil |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/browbeat/2012/11/16/admission_trailer_tina_fey_and_paul_rudd_are_going_to_princeton_video.html |title=Admission trailer: Tina Fey and Paul Rudd are going to Princeton. (VIDEO) |website=Slate.com |date=2012-11-16 |accessdate=2013-02-02}}</ref> It is an adaptation of a novel by [[Jean Hanff Korelitz]], also called ''Admission''.

==Plot==
Straight-laced [[Princeton University]] [[University and college admission|Admissions Officer]] Portia Nathan ([[Tina Fey]]) is caught off guard when she makes a recruiting visit to an [[alternative high school]] overseen by a former college classmate, the free-wheeling John Pressman ([[Paul Rudd]]). With vast experience in the coaching, consoling, and criticism involving Princeton's admission, she pays a visit to the Quest School, where John teaches while raising an adopted son. After exposing Portia to outspoken Quest students' impressions of college, he takes her to meet the rather unconventional Jeremiah Balakian, a [[child prodigy]].

Back on campus, Portia's longtime boyfriend Mark breaks up with her after impregnating a "[[Virginia Woolf]] scholar" named Helen. After an awkward romantic attraction to Pressman, she arranges for Jeremiah to visit Princeton, where she and a colleague, Corinne, are rivals to succeed the soon-to-retire Dean of Admissions.

Portia long ago had a secret pregnancy, putting the baby up for adoption, and is shown apparent proof by Pressman that Jeremiah is her son. Although he is brilliant, Jeremiah's miserable [[Transcript (education)|transcript]] results in his being deemed unfit to attend the University. Portia, in an act that greatly endangers her position, schemes to gain Jeremiah entrance into the school, knowing that Princeton cannot reveal such a scandal.

Her resignation is demanded. Later, when revealing to Jeremiah that she is his biological mother, she finds out that there was a photocopy mistake on his birth certificate and that the boy has already located his actual [[Parent#Biological parents and parental testing|biological mother]]. Portia appears at the Adoption Agency, trying to locate her son, where she describes her life with a different perspective. When asked how would she feel to meet her actual child, she replies that she would feel "nervous, but lucky."

In the end, now dating Pressman, she receives a letter about her son, which says he is not ready to meet her yet. Pressman points out to her that she is on the waitlist "... and that's not so bad."

==Cast==
* [[Tina Fey]] as Portia Nathan
* [[Paul Rudd]] as John Pressman
* [[Michael Sheen]] as Mark
* [[Lily Tomlin]] as Susannah
* [[Wallace Shawn]] as Clarence
* [[Nat Wolff]] as Jeremiah Balakian
* [[Gloria Reuben]] as Corinne
* Travaris Spears as Nelson
* [[Christopher Evan Welch]] as Brandt
* [[Sonya Walger]] as Helen
* [[Leigha Hancock]] as Yulia Karasov
* [[Dan Levy (TV personality)|Dan Levy]] as James

==Production==
The film was directed by [[Paul Weitz (filmmaker)|Paul Weitz]], known for his work on ''[[About a Boy (film)|About a Boy]]'', and was based on the novel of the same name by [[Jean Hanff Korelitz]]. The film was shot both at the [[Princeton University]] campus and at [[Manhattanville College]] in Purchase, New York.<ref name="Griff">{{cite web|author=Martin Griff/The Times |url=http://www.nj.com/mercer/index.ssf/2012/06/new_movie_staring_tina_fey_pau.html |title=Tina Fey, Paul Rudd movie 'Admission' to film scenes at Princeton University |website=NJ.com |date= |accessdate=2013-02-02}}</ref> A trailer for the film was released on November 20, 2012.<ref name="YT">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=psLHQS0P6ko |title=Admission - Official Trailer |website=YouTube |date=2012-11-20 |accessdate=2013-02-02}}</ref> The film was released on March 22, 2013. Admission was the first major motion picture to use [[RushTera]] for [[post production]] collaboration.

==Reception==
''Admission'' received mixed reviews from critics. [[Rotten Tomatoes]] gave the film a 38% rating based on 143 reviews, with the site's consensus: "''Admission'' has a pair of immensely likable leads in Tina Fey and Paul Rudd, but it wastes them on a contrived (and clumsily directed) screenplay".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/admission/ |title=Admission (2013) |website=Rotten Tomatoes |date= |accessdate=2015-05-04}}</ref> [[Metacritic]] gives an average score of 48% based on 39 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews."<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.metacritic.com/movie/admission| title = ''Admission''| accessdate = 2013-04-04 | publisher = CBS Interactive | work = Metacritic}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.admissionmovie.com}}{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{IMDb title|1814621|Admission}}
* {{mojo title|admission|Admission}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|admission|Admission}}
* {{metacritic film|admission|Admission}}

{{Paul Weitz}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Admission}}
[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2010s comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2010s romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2010s romantic drama films]]
[[Category:American comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:American romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:American romantic drama films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:Films about adoption]]
[[Category:Films about dysfunctional families]]
[[Category:Films about infidelity]]
[[Category:Films directed by Paul Weitz]]
[[Category:Films set in New Jersey]]
[[Category:Films shot in New York (state)]]
[[Category:Films shot in New Jersey]]
[[Category:Imagine Entertainment films]]
[[Category:Relativity Media films]]
[[Category:Focus Features films]]
[[Category:Films produced by Scott Stuber]]
[[Category:Films scored by Stephen Trask]]

Chronisches Bienenlähmungsvirus

2018-01-27T01:39:17Z

DferDaisy: First line per MOS:BOLDSYN. Added author name first & late parameters. Replaced journal url with doi. Fixed redlinks, reduced wordiness

{{taxobox
| virus_group = iv
| familia = ''[[incertae sedis]]''
| species = '''Chronic bee paralysis virus'''
}}
'''Chronic bee paralysis virus''' ('''CBPV''') affects adult [[honey bees]] and causes a contagious case of chronic paralysis which can easily spread to other members of a colony. Symptoms include trembling of wings and body, loss of flight, loss of hair, and rejection by healthy members of the colony. Bees infected with CBPV die within a few days and is a factor in the loss of honeybee colonies.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Olivier|first1=Violaine|last2=Blanchard|first2=Philippe|last3=Chaouch|first3=Soraya|last4=Lallemand|first4=Perrine|last5=Schurr|first5=Frank|last6=Celle|first6=Olivier|last7=Dubois|first7=Eric|last8=Tordo|first8=Noël|last9=Thiéry|first9=Richard|last10=Houlgatte|first10=Rémi|last11=Ribière|first11=Magali|title=Molecular characterisation and phylogenetic analysis of chronic bee paralysis virus, a honey bee virus|journal=Virus Research|date=March 2008|volume=132|issue=1-2|pages=59–68|doi=10.1016/j.virusres.2007.10.014|pmid=18079012}}</ref>

Although CBPV infects mainly adult bees, the virus may also deal damage to bees in all developmental stages, though developing bees contained significantly lower amounts of the virus compared to their adult counterparts. Death with regards to infected developing bees and brood losses are either low or nonexistent as well.<ref name="ribiere magali" />

Bees that have been infected with CBPV may house millions of viral particles, with half of them concentrated in the head region, allowing it to cause symptoms similar to diseases relating to nervous system damage. In fact, viral particles have been found to concentrate in two centers; mushroom bodies involved in sensory processing, memory, learning, and motor control as well as the center dealing with locomotive control, behavior and orientation, and arousal.<ref name="ribiere magali" /><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bailey|first1=L.|last2=Milne|first2=R. G.|title=The multiplication regions and interaction of acute and chronic bee-paralysis viruses in adult honey bees|journal=[[Journal of General Virology]]|date=1 January 1969|volume=4|issue=1|pages=9–14|doi=10.1099/0022-1317-4-1-9}}</ref>

== Susceptibility ==
Worker bees are the most susceptible to infection. Laboratory tests show the most efficient mode for spread of infection is close contact between healthy and infected bees in crowded areas. Contact between healthy bees and the feces of infected bees can also cause infection. The infection may spread between hives as a result of this indirect contact.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ribiere|first1=M.|last2=Lallemand|first2=P.|last3=Iscache|first3=A.-L.|last4=Schurr|first4=F.|last5=Celle|first5=O.|last6=Blanchard|first6=P.|last7=Olivier|first7=V.|last8=Faucon|first8=J.-P.|title=Spread of infections chronic bee paralysis virus by honeybee (''Apis mellifera'' L.) feces|journal=[[Applied and Environmental Microbiology]]|date=12 October 2007|volume=73|issue=23|pages=7711–7716|doi=10.1128/AEM.01053-07|pmid=17933946|pmc=2168079}}</ref> Laboratory experiments show adult bees may become infected with CBPV by a viral injection, topical application, or by ingestion.<ref name="ribiere magali">{{cite journal|last1=Ribière|first1=Magali|last2=Olivier|first2=Violaine|last3=Blanchard|first3=Philippe|title=Chronic bee paralysis: A disease and a virus like no other?|journal=[[Journal of Invertebrate Pathology]]|date=January 2010|volume=103|pages=S120–S131|doi=10.1016/j.jip.2009.06.013|pmid=19909978}}</ref>

== Testing ==
Chronic bee paralysis virus is crudely classified as an [[Subclinical infection|inapparent infection]] because there are few tell-tale symptoms and the amount of virus cannot be easily determined. Despite the use of [[infectivity]] and [[Serology|serological tests]], these testing methods are inaccurate and are unable to be reproduced with constant results.<ref name="ribiere magali" />

== Symbiotic relationships ==
Despite CBPV mainly infecting honeybees, the virus has also been found in two species of [[carnivore|carnivorous]] [[ant]], ''[[Camponotus vagus]]'' and ''[[Formica rufa]]''. These ants may serve as a reservoir to increase virus numbers to more easily infect bees in a nest or apiary environment. These viral reservoirs can also be seen in other biological relationships, such as [[mosquito]]es carrying viruses to infect vertebrates and [[aphids]]s carrying viruses to infect plants. Regardless, these carnivorous ants may become infected with CBPV by either eating dead infected bees or by independently collecting honeydew.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Celle|first1=Olivier|last2=Blanchard|first2=Philippe|last3=Olivier|first3=Violaine|last4=Schurr|first4=Frank|last5=Cougoule|first5=Nicolas|last6=Faucon|first6=Jean-Paul|last7=Ribière|first7=Magali|title=Detection of chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV) genome and its replicative RNA form in various hosts and possible ways of spread|journal=Virus Research|date=May 2008|volume=133|issue=2|pages=280–284|pmid=18243390|doi=10.1016/j.virusres.2007.12.011}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|32em}}

[[Category:Bee diseases]]
[[Category:Insect viral diseases]]
[[Category:Positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses]]

Chronisches Bienenlähmungsvirus

2017-07-28T23:36:47Z

DferDaisy: /* References */ Changed from category of beekeeping to more specific subcategory of bee diseases

{{taxobox
| virus_group = iv
| familia = ''[[incertae sedis]]''
| species = '''Chronic bee paralysis virus'''
}}

'''Chronic bee paralysis virus''', abbreviated as CBPV, affects adult [[honey bees]] and causes a contagious case of chronic paralysis which can easily spread to other members of a colony. Symptoms include trembling of wings and body, loss of flight, loss of hair, and rejection by healthy members of the colony. Bees infected with CBPV die within a few days and is a factor in the loss of honeybee colonies.<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Violaine Olivier, Philippe Blanchard, Soraya Chaouch, Perrine Lallemand, Frank Schurr, Olivier Celle, Eric Dubois, Noël Tordo, Richard Thiéry, Rémi Houlgatte & Magali Ribièrea |year=2008 |title=Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of Chronic bee paralysis virus, a honey bee virus |journal=[[Virus Research]] |volume=132 |issue=1-2 |pages=59–68 |doi=10.1016/j.virusres.2007.10.014 |pmid=18079012}}</ref>

Although CBPV infects mainly adult bees, the virus may also deal damage to bees in all developmental stages, though developing bees contained significantly lower amounts of the virus compared to their adult counterparts. Death with regards to infected developing bees and brood losses are either low or nonexistent as well.<ref name="ribiere magali" />

Bees that have been infected with CBPV may house millions of viral particles, with half of them concentrated in the head region, allowing it to cause symptoms similar to diseases relating to nervous system damage. In fact, viral particles have been found to concentrate in two centers; mushroom bodies involved in sensory processing, memory, learning, and motor control as well as the center dealing with locomotive control, behavior and orientation, and arousal.,<ref name="ribiere magali" /><ref>{{cite journal |authors=L. Baily & R. G. Milne |year=1969 |title=The multiplication regions and interaction of acute and chronic bee-paralysis viruses in adult honey bees |journal=[[Journal of General Virology]] |volume=4 |pages=9–14 |url=http://jgv.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/jgv/10.1099/0022-1317-4-1-9?crawler=true&mimetype=application/pdf}}</ref>

== Susceptibility ==
Worker bees are the most susceptible to infection due to injection, as a result of laboratory tests and the most efficient mode for spread of infection is close contact between healthy and infected bees in crowded areas. Although CBPV can easily spread due to close contact, contact between healthy bees and the feces of infected bees can also cause infection. Therefore, this viral infection may spread between hives as a result of this indirect contact.<ref>{{cite journal |authors=M. Ribière, P. Lallemand, A.-L. Iscache, F. Schurr, O. Celle, P. Blanchard, V. Olivier & J.-P. Faucon |year=2007 |title=Spread of infections chronic bee paralysis virus by honeybee (''Apis mellifera'' L.) feces |journal=[[Applied and Environmental Microbiology]] |volume=73 |issue=23 |pages=7711–7716 |doi=10.1128/AEM.01053-07 }}</ref> As a result of laboratory experiments, adult bees may become infected with CBPV by a viral injection, topical application, or by ingestion.<ref name="ribiere magali">{{cite journal |authors=Magali Ribière, Violaine Olivier & Philippe Blanchard |year=2010 |title=Chronic bee paralysis: a disease and a virus like no other? |journal=[[Journal of Invertebrate Pathology]] |volume=103 |pages=S120–S131 |doi=10.1016/j.jip.2009.06.013 |pmid=19909978}}</ref>

== Testing ==
Chronic bee paralysis virus is crudely classified as an [[inapparent infection]] because there are few tell-tale symptoms and the amount of virus cannot be easily determined. Despite the use of [[infectivity]] and [[serological tests]], these testing methods are inaccurate and are unable to be reproduced with constant results.<ref name="ribiere magali" />

== Symbiotic relationships ==
Despite CBPV mainly infecting honeybees as they are its main host, the virus has also been found present in [[carnivore ants]] as well. This suggests that the ants serve as a “reservoir” to increase virus numbers to more easily infect bees in a nest or apiary environment. These viral reservoirs can also be seen in other biological relationships, such as [[mosquitoes]] carrying viruses to infect vertebrates and [[aphids]] carrying viruses to infect plants. Regardless, these carnivorous ants may become infected with CBPV by either eating dead infected bees or by independently collecting honeydew.<ref>{{cite journal |authors=Olivier Celle, Philippe Blanchard, Violaine Olivier, Frank Schurr, Nicolas Cougoule, Jean-Paul Faucon & Magali Ribière |year=2008 |title=Detection of Chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV) genome and its replicative RNA form in various hosts and possible ways of spread |journal=[[Virus Research]] |volume=133 |issue=2 |pages=280–284 |pmid=18243390 |doi=10.1016/j.virusres.2007.12.011}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|32em}}

[[Category:Bee diseases]]
[[Category:Positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses]]