Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Ultrasurf

2011-08-02T07:07:30Z

Devper94: Cleanup

'''Ultrasurf''' is a free circumvention product of [[Ultrareach | Ultrareach Internet Corporation]] founded by [[Silicon Valley|Silicon Valley technologists]] in 2002. The software works by creating an encrypted HTTP tunnel between the user’s computer and a central pool of [[Open proxy|proxy servers]], enabling users to bypass firewalls and censorship.<ref name=Berkman/> The software’s developers make use of sophisticated, proprietary anti-blocking technology to overcome filtering and censorship online.<ref name=Berkman/> Ultrareach is funded in part through ongoing contracts with the U.S. government’s Broadcasting Board of Governors, which administers Voice of America and Radio Free Asia.<ref name=Applebaum>Anne Applebaum, [http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/why-has-the-state-department-run-into-a-firewall-on-internet-freedom/2011/04/03/AFYnn9eC_story.html “Why has the State Department run into a firewall on Internet freedom?”], Washington Post, 4 April 2011.</ref>

The software was originally designed to enable internet users in China to safely bypass China’s [[Golden shield]], but now has as many as eleven million users worldwide.<ref name=Applebaum/> Wired magazine calls Ultrasurf "one of the most important free-speech tools on the Internet" for enabling citizens of repressive countries to access and share information during times of humanitarian or human rights crises.<ref>Vince Beiser, [http://www.wired.com/magazine/2010/11/ff_firewallfighters/ Digital Weapons Help Dissidents Punch Holes in China's Great Firewall], 1 Nov 2010.</ref>

==Evaluation==

In a 2007 study, Harvard University's [[Berkman Center for Internet & Society]] found Ultrasurf to the the "best performing" of all tested circumvention tools during in-country tests, and recommended it for widespread use. The report noted, however, that Ultrareach is designed primarily as a circumvention product, rather than as an anonymity tool, and suggested that users concerned about anonymity should disable browser support for active content when using Ultrasurf.<ref name=Berkman>Hal Roberts, Ethan Zuckerman, John Palfrey, [http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/publications/2009/2007_Circumvention_Landscape_Report '2007 Circumvention Landscape Report'], Berkman Center of Law and Society, Harvard University. 5 March 2009.</ref>

In a separate study, [[Freedom House]] recommended Ultrasurf (among other tools) for users in China who seek a high level of privacy, and who are interested mainly in reading/downloading information online. The study gave Ultrasurf an average rating of four stars out of five for ease of use, performance, support and security.{{Citation needed}}

Some anti-virus products flag Ultrasurf as a possible trojan or potentially unwanted software.

==See also==

* [[Internet censorship in the People's Republic of China]]
* [[Internet censorship]]

==References==

{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Internet censorship]]

==External Links==

* [http://www.ultrasurf.us/ Official website]
* [http://en.flossmanuals.net/bypassing-censorship/ch024_ultrasurf/ Ultrasurf presentation] in [http://www.howtobypassinternetcensorship.org/ ''How to Bypass Internet Censorship''], a [[FLOSS]] Manual, 10 March 2011, 240 pp.

[[az:Ultrasurf]]

Ultrasurf

2011-07-29T09:18:28Z

Devper94: Added {{advert}} and {{disputed}} tags to article (TW)

{{advert|date=July 2011}}
{{disputed|date=July 2011}}
'''Ultrasurf''' is an anti-[[censorship]] product of [[Ultrareach | Ultrareach Internet Corporation]] founded by [[Silicon Valley|Silicon Valley technologists]] in 2002. The tool, which is available free to the public, works by creating an encrypted, secure connection to proxy servers in the United States, enabling users to bypass firewalls and protect their data.<ref name=Berkman/> The software was originally designed to enable internet users in China to safely bypass government surveillance and censorship, but the tool now has has millions of users worldwide. Wired magazine calls Ultrasurf "one of the most important free-speech tools on the Internet."<ref>Vince Beiser, [http://www.wired.com/magazine/2010/11/ff_firewallfighters/ Digital Weapons Help Dissidents Punch Holes in China's Great Firewall], 1 Nov 2010.</ref>

In a 2007 study, Harvard University's Berkman Center of Internet and Society found Ultrasurf to the the "best performing" of all tested tools for the circumvention of government censorship and surveillance.<ref name=Berkman>Hal Roberts, Ethan Zuckerman, John Palfrey, [http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/publications/2009/2007_Circumvention_Landscape_Report '2007 Circumvention Landscape Report'], 5 March 2009.</ref>

==See also==
* [[Internet censorship in the People's Republic of China]]
* [[Great Firewall of China]]
* [[Internet Censorship]]
* [http://en.flossmanuals.net/bypassing-censorship/ch024_ultrasurf/ Ultrasurf presentation] in [http://www.howtobypassinternetcensorship.org/ ''How to Bypass Internet Censorship''], a [[FLOSS]] Manual, 10 March 2011, 240 pp.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Internet censorship]]

==External Links==
[http://www.ultrasurf.us/]

[[az:Ultrasurf]]

Judge Rotenberg Educational Center

2010-02-19T08:01:37Z

Devper94:

{{Autism rights movement}}
The '''Judge Rotenberg Educational Center''' ('''JRC''', formerly known as the '''Behavior Research Institute''') is a school for [[special needs]] students that operates in [[Canton, Massachusetts]], providing educational services to children and adults with developmental disabilities and emotional or behavior disorders, and respite to their primary caregivers. The Center uses [[aversives]] in its treatment and behavioral interventions, a rarity in [[applied behavior analysis]].

==History==
The center was founded as the Behavior Research Institute in 1971 by Matthew L. Israel, a [[psychologist]] who trained with [[B. F. Skinner]].<ref name=history>{{cite web | url = http://www.judgerc.org/history.html | title = History and Basic Principles of JRC | last = Israel | first = Matthew | accessdate = 2007-12-22 }}</ref> In 1994 the center changed its name to the Judge Rotenberg Educational Center "to honor the memory of the judge [who] helped to preserve [the] program from extinction at the hands of state licensing officials in the 1980’s."<ref name = history/> It has 900 employees and annual revenues exceeding $56 million, charging $220,000 a year for each student.<ref name="MJ2007">{{cite news | url =http://www.motherjones.com/news/feature/2007/09/school_of_shock.html | title = School of Shock|first =Jennifer | last = Gonnerman|publisher=[[Mother Jones Magazine]]|date=20 August 2007|accessdate=2007-12-22}}</ref>

The Judge Rotenberg Center treatment goals include a near-zero rejection/expulsion policy, active treatment with a [[Behaviorism|behavioral]] approach directed exclusively towards normalization, frequent use of behavioral [[Reinforcement|rewards]] and [[Punishment (psychology)|punishment]], video monitoring of staff and the option to use [[aversives]], the most controversial of which is the use of [[electric shock]]s.<ref name = history/> The final item has provoked [[#Controversies|considerable controversy]] and has led to calls from several [[disability rights]] groups to call for human protection from [[behavior modification]], [[behavior therapy]], and [[applied behavior analysis]] approaches.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2008/01/17/showdown_over_shock_therapy/ | title = Showdown over shock therapy | accessdate = 2008-01-26 | date = 2008-01-17 | publisher = [[The Boston Globe]] | last = Wen | first = P }}</ref>

==Controversies==
The Center makes use of [[aversives]] as part of their intensive, [[24/7]] [[behavior modification]] program. Until the late 1980s, aversion therapy was administered in the form of spanking with a spatula, pinching the feet, and forced inhaling of ammonia.<ref name="MJ2007"/>

Currently the Center administers 2-second electric skin shocks to residents using a Graduated Electronic Decelerator (GED), which was invented to administer the skin-shocks by remote control through electrodes worn against the skin.<ref name="NYC2006">{{cite web|url=http://nospank.net/jrc.pdf|date=9 June 2006|title=Observations and Findings of Out of State Program Visitation Judge Rotenberg Educational Center|publisher=New York State Education Department|last=Kindlon |first=Rusty |coauthors=Bandini, Susan; ''et al.''|accessdate=2007-10-30}}</ref> Most often, the shocks are initiated manually by the staff. Automatic punishment is also used by forcing the patient to sit down on a pillow; if they leave pillow, they are automatically shocked. Punishment goes as far as commanding the patient to do something not allowed by the rules: if they do not obey, they are shocked; if they do obey they are shocked even more. This punishment is known under the euphemism "Behavior Rehearsal Lesson". Reduction of food is also used as punishment: up to three quarters of the daily required calories can be withheld from the patients if staff judges they are misbehaving.

Concerns into the treatment regime prompted investigation by New York City Council<ref>{{cite web | url = http://webdocs.nyccouncil.info/attachments/75169.htm?CFID=1607578&CFTOKEN=40510954 | title = NYCC proceedings | accessdate = 2007-12-22}}</ref> and an independent report was commissioned which was highly critical of both processes and oversight at the facility.<ref name="NYC2006" /> The report mentioned a dependence on punishment, almost to the total exclusion of positive reinforcement, medication or psychological therapy. This dependence is also evident in the lack of effort to switch gradually to other treatment as the condition of the patients improves. Social interaction, academic instruction and respect for the patients dignity were all found insufficient. The report also found substantial risks of malnourishment and side effects of the repeated punishments — both physical (burns) and psychological (fear, PTSD, aggression). The qualifications of the personnel were judged insufficient; indeed, most of the staff have only completed high school. Some of the electrical shocking devices used are not cleared by the FDA.

In December, 2007, the Center was found by the Massachusetts Department of Early Education and Care to have been abusive towards residents, failing to protect their health, after two residents were shocked using a GED on the behest of a former student, posing as a staff member via telephone. Video surveillance revealed that one resident was restrained on a 4-point board despite the fact the individual was not approved for this type of physical restraint. In response, the Center has claimed to have instituted several reforms, including re-training current staff, appointing new supervisors, regularly reviewing video recordings of staff and supposedly instituting random spot checks of staff behavior, new call screening procedures and the suspension or cancellation of certain punishments (including the GED for certain residential units). The Center also supposedly had its operations reviewed until December, 2008, with specific attention being paid to the use of GED to ensure they were only used for extremely dangerous and self-destructive behavior, and also supposedly had to show the treatments reduce those behaviors.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.thebostonchannel.com/news/14914756/detail.html | accessdate = 2007-12-25 | date = 2007-12-23 | title = School To Continue Electric Shock; Officials Give School One Year Extension | publisher = TheBostonChannel.com }}</ref> A video tape documenting a compilation of the footage related to abuse investigations was destroyed by the school after being reviewed by several investigators, despite being requested to keep the tape by an investigator with the Disabled Persons Protection Commission.<ref name = WP>{{cite news | url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/01/18/AR2008011801368.html | title = Official: Video Destroyed in Shock Case | accessdate = 2008-01-18 | date = 2008-01-18 | publisher = [[The Washington Post]] }}</ref>

Parents of difficult children have been both highly supportive and critical of the center's practices.<ref name="MJ2007"/><ref name = WP/> Said one mother, "[All I have to do is show it (shock device) to my son and...] he'll automatically comply to whatever my signal command may be, whether it is 'Put on your seat belt,' or 'Hand me that apple,' or 'Sit appropriately and eat your food,'... It's made him a human being, a civilized human being."<ref name="MJ2007"/> However, in 2006 Evelyn Nicholson sued the school after her son was shocked 79 times in 18 months.<ref name="MJ2007"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.judgerc.org/ Judge Rotenberg Educational Center homepage]

{{coord missing|United States}}

[[Category:Disability rights]]
[[Category:Special schools in the United States]]
[[Category:Behavior modification]]