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Journey to the Centre of the Earth

2018-10-22T18:24:07Z

DeprecatedFixerBot: Resolved deprecated parameter(s) from Template:Infobox album/Template:Extra chronology/Template:Extra album cover/Template:Extra track listing using DeprecatedFixerBot. Questions? msg TSD! (please mention that this is task #3! approved BRFA)

{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2013}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Journey to the Centre of the Earth
| type = live
| artist = [[Rick Wakeman]]
| cover = Rick Wakeman Journey to the Centre of the Earth.jpg
| border = yes
| alt =
| released = 3 May 1974
| recorded = 18 January 1974 at the [[Royal Festival Hall]], [[London]]
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Progressive rock]], [[symphonic rock]]
| length = 40:07
| label = [[A&M Records|A&M]]
| producer = Rick Wakeman
| prev_title = [[The Six Wives of Henry VIII (album)|The Six Wives of Henry VIII]]
| prev_year = 1973
| next_title = [[The Myths and Legends of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table]]
| next_year = 1975
}}
'''''Journey to the Centre of the Earth''''' is the third album by English keyboardist [[Rick Wakeman]] and his first live album, released on 3 May 1974 by [[A&M Records]]. The album is a live recording of his second of two concerts on 18 January 1974 at the [[Royal Festival Hall]] in London. With its [[concept album|concept]] based on [[Jules Verne]]'s [[Journey to the Center of the Earth|science fiction novel]] of the same name, the album tells the story of Professor Lidenbrok, his nephew Axel, and their guide Hans, who follow a passage to the Earth's centre originally discovered by Arne Saknussemm, an Icelandic [[alchemy|alchemist]]. Wakeman performs with the [[London Symphony Orchestra]], the [[English Chamber Choir]], and a group of hand-picked musicians for his rock band, which later became the [[English Rock Ensemble]]. Actor [[David Hemmings]] narrates the story.

''Journey to the Centre of the Earth'' was overall well received by music critics. It reached number one on the [[UK Albums Chart]], the first album from A&M to do so, and peaked at number 3 on the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] in the United States. It was certified [[RIAA certification|gold]] by the [[Recording Industry Association of America]] in October 1974 for 500,000 copies sold in the United States. The album earned Wakeman a nomination for an [[Ivor Novello Award]] and a [[Grammy Award]]. In 1999, Wakeman released a sequel, ''[[Return to the Centre of the Earth]]''. He re-recorded the album with additional parts previously removed from the original score due to time constraints, in 2012.

The 3CD+DVD Journey to the Centre of the Earth box was released on 6 May 2016.

==Background==
Keyboardist [[Rick Wakeman]] had wanted to make an album that told a story with its music after his father took him to see ''[[Peter and the Wolf]]'' by [[Sergei Prokofiev]].<ref name=reuters2012/> In November 1971, he started work on a record based on the 1864 science fiction novel ''[[A Journey to the Center of the Earth|Journey to the Centre of the Earth]]'' by [[Jules Verne]]. He put the project on hold until recording for his debut studio release, ''[[The Six Wives of Henry VIII (album)|The Six Wives of Henry VIII]]'', had finished in October 1972.<ref name=journeyprogramme>Concert programme for ''Rick Wakeman: Journey to the Centre of the Earth''. 18 January 1974.</ref> He performed at the rock opera [[Tommy (album)#1972 orchestral version|concerts]] of [[The Who]]'s ''[[Tommy (album)|Tommy]]'' that December which featured the [[London Symphony Orchestra]], the English Chamber Choir, conductor [[David Measham]] and arranger [[Will Malone]]. Producing the shows was [[Lou Reizner]], who learned about Wakeman's idea for ''Journey'' and put him in contact with Measham.<ref>Wooding, p. 11</ref><ref name=wood12>Wooding, p. 12</ref> Wakeman made a demo tape for Measham that contained a rough outline of the structure of the music using a [[Minimoog]] synthesiser, [[Mellotron]], [[Rhodes piano]] and [[Clavinet]] while indicating where the orchestral parts would come in.<ref name=wood12/> After Measham agreed to take part, Wakeman met with his manager Brian Lane to pitch the idea of performing ''Journey'' in concert with an orchestra, choir, and a rock band.<ref name=wood12/> As the cost of producing the album in a studio was too high, [[A&M Records]] agreed to record the album live. To help finance the project, Wakeman sold a few of his cars and "mortgaged himself up to the hilt to help finance the whole thing", which had cost around £40,000.<ref>Wooding, p. 15</ref>

Wakeman received help with the score from Malone and arranger Danny Beckerman.<ref name=wood13>Wooding, p. 13</ref> The original version had a running time of 55 minutes but it had to be reduced because of the time constraints of long-playing phonograph records.<ref name=reuters2012>{{Cite web|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2012/11/14/uk-journey-reissue-idUKBRE8AD0UV20121114=|title=Wakeman reworks rock epic Journey to Centre of Earth|first=Mike|last=Collett-White|date=14 November 2012|accessdate=2 December 2012|publisher=Reuters}}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In selecting the musicians for his band, Wakeman chose people he used to play with at a country pub in [[Buckinghamshire]] called the Valiant Trooper.<ref name=wood13/> Said Wakeman, "I'd played with them for fun quite a bit on Sunday evenings...I was playing keyboards with the lads when I thought, they could play ''Journey'' for me. I'm sure they could do the concert and do it well".<ref name=wood13/> He picked vocalists Ashley Holt from the british band [[Warhorse (British band)|Warhorse]] and [[Gary Pickford-Hopkins]] from [[Wild Turkey (band)|Wild Turkey]], drummer [[Barney James]], and bassist Roger Newell. Guitarist Mike Egan, who had played on ''Six Wives'', rounded out the band.<ref name=wood13/><ref name=wood14/> A&M Records had wanted Wakeman to pick more well-known musicians, but he intended to make the album known for its music rather than its performers.<ref>Wakeman 1995, p. 120.</ref> [[Richard Harris]] was the first choice to narrate the story, but he was unavailable. Actor [[David Hemmings]] was then chosen, and agreed to take part.<ref name=wood14>Wooding, p. 14</ref>

==Concerts and recording==
[[File:Royalfestivalhall.jpg|thumb|right|The Royal Festival Hall where ''Journey'' was recorded.]]
The concerts and album were announced in October 1973.<ref name=melody1973>{{cite web|url=http://zenponies.com/yitp/1973/oct/oct13_73.html|title=Rick Wakeman to Go Solo|date=13 October 1973|work=Melody Maker|accessdate=30 August 2018}}</ref> Two performances were held at 6 and 8 pm on 18 January 1974 at the [[Royal Festival Hall]] in London to sell out crowds of 3,000 people each.<ref name=wooding17>Wooding, p. 17.</ref><ref name=wooding18>Wooding, p. 18.</ref> Performing with Wakeman and his band was the [[London Symphony Orchestra]] and the [[English Chamber Choir]] conducted by Measham. The music was recorded with [[Ronnie Lane's Mobile Studio]] which featured a 16-track studio fitted inside an [[Airstream]] trailer.<ref name=mmapril1974>{{cite news | title= Wakeman: British groups have gone over the top |first= Chris |last=Welch |work= Melody Maker |date= 13 April 1974 |page= 34 }}</ref> Wakeman had hoped to have both performances recorded, with the better of the two being used for the album release. However, as the London Symphony Orchestra requested double pay if both shows were to be recorded, Wakeman took "the frightening decision of only recording the second performance and hoping there weren't too many mistakes".<ref>Wooding, pp. 16–17.</ref> The shows opened with "Catherine Parr", "Catherine Howard" and "Anne Boleyn" from ''The Six Wives of Henry VIII'', followed by a comical rendition of "[[Twelfth Street Rag]]".<ref name=missinghalf>Track listing from ''Treasure Chest Volume 3 – The Missing Half'', released by Voiceprint in 2002. Catalogue number VPTCCD3.</ref> ''Journey'' was performed in the second half.<ref name=journeyprogramme/><ref name=wooding17/> After permission was granted from [[20th Century Fox]], screens were installed to display excerpts from the [[Journey to the Center of the Earth (1959 film)|1959 adventure film]] of the same name to accompany some of the music, including footage of mountains and underground caves.<ref name=wooding18/><ref name=mm1974>{{cite news | title= Sentimental Journey |first= Chris |last=Welch |work= Melody Maker |date= 19 January 1974 |pages= 9–10 }}</ref> An initial plan was to film the concerts for release on video cassette, but it did not come into fruition.<ref name=melody1973/>

The recordings were taken to [[Morgan Studios]] in London, where they were mixed by Wakeman and engineer Paul Tregurtha between 21–29 January.<ref name=journeycover>''Journey to the Centre of the Earth'' album sleeve. A&M Records. 1974. Catalogue number AMLH 63621.</ref> The two encountered a number of problems. Wakeman explained, "Someone in the street had accidentally kicked out the vocal mike cable just before we started recording. So we boosted up the vocals that were picked up on the other mikes". A [[snare drum]] and its microphone also broke during the performance, and Hemmings recorded more narration in the studio after it was found that a tape change occurred in the middle of one of his passages.<ref name=mmapril1974/>

The original plan was for A&M to rush the album's release for February 1974. However, the additional time required to fix the recordings, in addition to the label's report of a shortage of vinyl, led to A&M having to push it back until early April. This sparked concern from the label and management for potential bootleg recordings of the concert to be sold to the public. A&M reported that a later release would "tie in more conveniently with Wakeman's plans", partly due to Wakeman having to resume touring with Yes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zenponies.com/yitp/1974/feb/feb02_74.html|title=Wakeman LP Delay Stirs Pirate Fears|date=2 February 1974|work=Billboard|accessdate=30 August 2018}}</ref>

==Release==
Upon its arrival at A&M Records, the finished album was poorly received among management; they refused to sell it.<ref>Wakeman 1995, p. 123.</ref> However, as Wakeman was under contract with A&M in the United States, a cassette was sent to co-founder [[Jerry Moss]] in California, who subsequently agreed to release the record.<ref>Wakeman 1995, p. 124.</ref>

Released on 3 May 1974, ''Journey to the Centre of the Earth'' [[List of number-one albums from the 1970s (UK)#1974|topped]] the [[UK Albums Chart]] for one week, the first album from A&M to do so. It peaked at No. 3 on the US [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] chart for two weeks in July during a stay of 27 weeks.<ref name=snider172/> The album became a multimillion-dollar seller in six weeks.<ref>{{cite web | title=Music: Rock Goes to College | date=23 September 1974 | work=Time Magazine | url =http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,908764,00.html | accessdate = 21 June 2010 }}</ref> Wakeman received an [[Ivor Novello Awards|Ivor Novello Award]] for the album,<ref>Wooding, p. 22</ref> and it earned him a [[Grammy Award]] nomination.<ref name=snider172>Snider, p. 172.</ref> The record was [[RIAA certification|certified]] gold by the [[Recording Industry Association of America]] in September 1974,<ref name=gold75/> and a year later in Brazil. It was subsequently released in the four-channel [[Quadraphonic#CD-4 (Compatible Discrete 4) / Quadradisc|Quadradisc CD-4]] format. The album has sold 14 million copies worldwide.<ref>{{cite web | title= Rick Wakeman, six wives and one hell of a party | date=1 May 2009 | work=The Times | url =http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article6200354.ece | accessdate = 28 October 2010}}</ref>

In 1999, marking the album's 25th anniversary, Wakeman released a sequel titled ''[[Return to the Centre of the Earth]]''. The story follows a group of adventurers who attempt to follow the previous expedition to the Earth's centre as discovered by Saknussemm.

===Reception===
The album received some negative reaction upon its release, with music critics having described the record as a "classical pastiche...genuinely appalling" and "brutal synthesiser overkill".<ref>Shuker, p. 210.</ref> ''Journey'' however, was well received by others. A journalist for ''[[The Sunday Times]]'' missed the Royal Festival Hall concert, but thought on record the music "comes over magnificently ... a striking work which only occasionally lapses into pretentiousness".<ref name=wooding21/> Music journalist [[Chris Welch]] of ''[[Melody Maker]]'' thought the album was "entertaining, fresh and disalarmingly unpretentious ... This could be a score for a [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] musical – tuneful, but with epic overtones". Welch noted Wakeman's "familiarity of the story" and his "close observance to detail engenders a warmth to the work, which made it a resounding success as a concert performance".<ref name=wooding21>Wooding, p. 21.</ref> In a retrospective review, Mike DeGange of [[Allmusic]] called the album "one of progressive rock's crowning achievements" and noted "interesting conglomerations of orchestral and synthesized music".<ref name=allmusic>{{cite web|url={{Allmusic|class=album|id=r65308|pure_url=yes}} |title=Journey to the Centre of the Earth |accessdate=10 April 2011 |first=Mike |last=DeGange |work=Allmusic }}</ref>

==2012 re-recording==
Wakeman presumed that the original conductor's score was lost when his management company [[MAM Records]] collapsed in the early 1980s. However, a "huge cardboard packing case" arrived at his house in 2008 which stayed in his garage for "about five months" before he found the score at the bottom which was damaged by water. A year was spent digitising and forming the complete score with conductor Guy Protheroe. Wakeman re-recorded the album with an orchestra, choir, and members of his English Rock Ensemble band as a studio album, incorporating 20 minutes that was previously cut. As Hemmings died in 2003, the narration is voiced by actor [[Peter Egan]].<ref name=reuters2012/> Released on 20 November 2012, the new album is packaged with a one-off magazine published by ''[[Classic Rock (magazine)|Classic Rock]]'' and a copy of the 1974 Royal Festival Hall concert program.

==Track listing==
All tracks written by Wakeman. "The Forest" includes an excerpt of ''[[In the Hall of the Mountain King]]'' by [[Edvard Grieg]], who is credited in the album's liner notes with 'I would like to give thanks to Grieg for "HALL OF THE MOUNTAIN KING". Because I stole a few bars.'
;Side one
#"The Journey"/"Recollection" – 21:20

;Side two
#"The Battle"/"The Forest" – 18:57

;2012 re-recording
{{Track listing
| collapsed = yes
| title1 = Preface to the Journey
| length1 = 1:11
| title2 = The Journey Overture
| length2 = 2:25
| title3 = Journey's Dawn
| length3 = 3:38
| title4 = Crystals
| length4 = 0:33
| title5 = The Gothic Cathedral
| length5 = 1:07
| title6 = A Quest for Water
| length6 = 1:18
| title7 = The Hansbach
| length7 = 2:54
| title8 = Fervent Prayer
| length8 = 0:41
| title9 = The Recollection
| length9 = 2:32
| title10 = Lost & Found
| length10 = 0:43
| title11 = Echoes
| length11 = 3:49
| title12 = 4 Miles
| length12 = 0:18
| title13 = The Reunion
| length13 = 2:40
| title14 = A New Vista
| length14 = 0:50
| title15 = A World Within a World
| length15 = 2:13
| title16 = The Raft
| length16 = 1:06
| title17 = The Battle
| length17 = 5:55
| title18 = Cumulus Clouds
| length18 = 0:38
| title19 = The Storm
| length19 = 2:01
| title20 = The Cemetery
| length20 = 1:28
| title21 = Quaternary Man
| length21 = 4:49
| title22 = Mastodons
| length22 = 0:55
| title23 = The Forest
| length23 = 2:30
| title24 = Ages of Man
| length24 = 1:55
| title25 = The Tunnel
| length25 = 1:53
| title26 = Hall of the Mountain King
| length26 = 0:52
| title27 = Mount Etna
| length27 = 3:12
| total_length = 54:17
}}

;2016 box set in 3CD+DVD format
{{Track listing
| collapsed = yes
| headline = Disc One (CD)
| title1 = The Journey
| note1 = Album Version
| length1 =
| title2 = Recollection
| note2 = Album Version
| length2 =
| title3 = The Battle
| note3 = Album Version
| length3 =
| title4 = The Forest
| note4 = Album Version
| length4 =
| title5 = the Pearl and Dean Piano Concerto
| note5 = Royal Festival Hall 18th /01/1974
| length5 =
}}
{{Track listing
| collapsed = yes
| headline = Disc Two (CD)
| title1 = The Journey
| note1 = Live In Boston 1974 Part 2
| length1 =
| title2 = Recollection
| note2 = Live In Boston 1974 Part 2
| length2 =
| title3 = The Battle
| note3 = Live In Boston 1974 Part 2
| length3 =
| title4 = The Forest
| note4 = Live In Boston 1974 Part 2
| length4 =
}}
{{Track listing
| collapsed = yes
| headline = Disc Three (CD)
| title1 = The Journey
| note1 = Live In Buenos Aires
| length1 =
| title2 = Recollection
| note2 = Live In Buenos Aires
| length2 =
| title3 = The Battle
| note3 = Live In Buenos Aires
| length3 =
| title4 = The Forest
| note4 = Live In Buenos Aires
| length4 =
}}
{{Track listing
| collapsed = yes
| headline = Disc Four (DVD)
| title1 = The Journey
| note1 = Quad Version
| length1 =
| title2 = Recollection
| note2 = Quad Version
| length2 =
| title3 = The Battle
| note3 = Quad Version
| length3 =
| title4 = The Forest
| note4 = Quad Version
| length4 =
| title5 = The Journey
| note5 = Hi Res Mix
| length5 =
| title6 = Recollection
| note6 = Hi Res Mix
| length6 =
| title7 = The Battle
| note7 = Hi Res Mix
| length7 =
| title8 = The Forest
| note8 = Hi Res Mix
| length8 =
}}

==Chart performance==
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}

===Charts===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Chart
! Peak position
|-
| [[UK Albums Chart]] (1974)
! align="center"| 1<ref> http://www.officialcharts.com/search/albums/journey%20to%20the%20centre%20of%20the%20earth/</ref>
|-
| [[Kent Music Report]] (1974)
! align="center"| 2<ref> http://tsort.info/music/3rbt8v.htm</ref>
|-
| [[Billboard 200|United States ''Billboard'' 200]] (1974)
! align="center"|3<ref name=snider172 />
|-
| [[Go-Set]] (1974)
! align="center"| 6<ref> http://www.poparchives.com.au/gosetcharts/1974/19740824.html#albums</ref>
|-
| [[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|New Zealand Albums Chart]] (1975)
! align="center"| 17<ref> http://charts.org.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Rick+Wakeman&titel=Journey+To+The+Centre+Of+The+Earth&cat=a</ref>
|-
| [[Italian Albums Chart]] (1973)
! align="center"| 18<ref>http://www.hitparadeitalia.it/hp_yenda/lpe1974.htm</ref>
|-
|}
{{Col-2}}

==Certifications==
{|class="wikitable"
! Date
! Country
! align="center"|Certification
! align="right"|Certified units/Sales
|-
| 1975
| United States ([[RIAA]])
|align="center"|Gold<ref name=gold75>{{cite web |url=https://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&action=&title=&artist=rick%20wakeman&format=&debutLP=&category=&sex=&releaseDate=&requestNo=&type=&level=&label=&company=&certificationDate=&awardDescription=&catalogNo=&aSex=&rec_id=&charField=&gold=&platinum=&multiPlat=&level2=&certDate=&album=&id=&after=&before=&startMonth=1&endMonth=1&startYear=1958&endYear=2010&sort=Artist&perPage=25 |title=RIAA – Gold and Platinum Search |accessdate=10 April 2011 |publisher=RIAA |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924152629/http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&action=&title=&artist=rick%20wakeman&format=&debutLP=&category=&sex=&releaseDate=&requestNo=&type=&level=&label=&company=&certificationDate=&awardDescription=&catalogNo=&aSex=&rec_id=&charField=&gold=&platinum=&multiPlat=&level2=&certDate=&album=&id=&after=&before=&startMonth=1&endMonth=1&startYear=1958&endYear=2010&sort=Artist&perPage=25 |archivedate=24 September 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|align="centre"|500,000
|-
| 1975
| Brazil
|align="center"|Gold<ref>Wooding, picture inserts.</ref>
|align="left"|40,000
|-
| 1975
| United Kingdom ([[British Phonographic Industry|BPI]])
|align="center"|Gold<ref>http://tsort.info/music/3rbt8v.htm</ref>
|align="left"|100,000
|-
|}
{{Col-end}}

==Accolades==
{|class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Publication
! Country
! Accolade
! Year
! Rank
|-
| ''[[Prog (magazine)|Prog]]''
| UK
| The 100 Greatest Prog Albums of All Time <ref>{{cite web |url=http://teamrock.com/feature/2014-08-06/the-100-greatest-prog-albums-of-all-time-60-41 |title=The 100 Greatest Prog Albums Of All Time: 60-41 |last=Kilroy |first=Hannah May |last2=Ewing |first2=Jerry |date=6 August 2014 |accessdate=9 April 2016 }}</ref>
| 2014
|align="center"|55
|-
|}

==Personnel==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
;Wakeman's equipment<ref name=wooding17/>
* 3 [[Mellotron]]s
* 2 [[Minimoog]] synthesisers
* [[Grand piano]]
* [[Hammond organ]]
* [[Rhodes piano|Rhodes electric piano]]
* [[Rocky Mount Instruments|RMI]] electric piano
* [[Hohner]] clavinet
* [[Honky-tonk]] piano
{{col-break}}
;Additional musicians
* [[Gary Pickford-Hopkins]] – vocals
* [[Ashley Holt]] – vocals
* Mike Egan – electric guitar
* Roger Newell – bass guitar
* [[Barney James]] – drums
* [[David Hemmings]] – [[narration]]
* [[David Measham]] – conductor
* [[London Symphony Orchestra]]
* [[English Chamber Choir]]
{{col-break}}
;Production
* Danny Beckerman – arrangements
* [[Will Malone]] – arrangements
* Pete Flanagan – engineer
* Keith Grant – production engineer
* [[Lou Reizner]] – production co-ordination
* Paul Tregurtha – engineer
* Michael Doud – original art direction
* Michael Wade – original design
* Chris Foster – photographer
* Paul Wakefield – photographer
* Peter Waldman – photographer
* Nigel Messett – photographer
* Ken Randall – photographer
{{col-end}}

==References==
;Citations
{{Reflist|30em}}

;Bibliography
*{{Cite book | last = Wakeman| first = Rick | title = Say Yes! An Autobiography | publisher=[[Hodder & Stoughton]] | isbn = 978-0-340-62151-6 | year = 1995}}
*{{cite book| ref=wooding78 | last = Wooding | first = Dan | title = Rick Wakeman: The Caped Crusader | publisher = [[Granada Publishing]] Limited | isbn = 0-586-04853-7 | year = 1978}}
*{{Cite book| ref=shuker2005 | last = Shuker | first = Roy | title = Popular Music The Key Concepts | publisher= [[Routledge]] | isbn = 0-415-34769-6 |edition = 2nd | year = 2005}}
*{{Cite book| ref=snider2008 | last = Snider | first = Charles | title = The Strawberry Bricks Guide to Progressive Rock | publisher= [[Lulu.com]] | isbn =061517566X |edition = 1st | year = 2008 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9nkarh6kA8oC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false}}

{{Journey to the Center of the Earth}}
{{Rick Wakeman}}
{{Strawbs}}
{{yesband}}

[[Category:Science fiction concept albums]]
[[Category:Rick Wakeman albums]]
[[Category:Adaptations of works by Jules Verne]]
[[Category:1974 live albums]]
[[Category:A&M Records live albums]]
[[Category:David Hemmings albums]]
[[Category:Music based on novels]]
[[Category:Music based on science fiction works]]
[[Category:Travel to the Earth's center]]
[[Category:Journey to the Center of the Earth]]

A Change Is Gonna Come

2018-08-27T03:52:03Z

DeprecatedFixerBot: Substituted Template:Infobox single or one of its redirects using DeprecatedFixerBot. Questions? msg TSD! (please mention that this is task #6! BRFA)

{{other uses}}
{{Infobox song
| name = A Change Is Gonna Come
| cover = ACIGCcover.jpg
| alt =
| type = single
| artist = [[Sam Cooke]]
| album = [[Ain't That Good News (album)|Ain't That Good News]]
| A-side = [[Shake (Sam Cooke song)|Shake]]
| released = {{Start date|1964|12|22}}
| format = [[7-inch single]]
| recorded = January 30, 1964
| studio = RCA, [[Hollywood]], California
| venue =
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Rhythm and blues]]
* [[Soul music|soul]]
}}
| length = {{Duration|m=3|s=11}}
| label = [[RCA Victor]]
| writer = Sam Cooke
| producer = [[Hugo & Luigi]]
| prev_title = [[Cousin of Mine]]
| prev_year = 1964
| next_title = It's Got The Whole World Shakin'
| next_year = 1965
}}
"'''A Change Is Gonna Come'''" is a song by American [[recording artist]] [[Sam Cooke]]. It initially appeared on Cooke's album ''[[Ain't That Good News (album)|Ain't That Good News]]'', released March 1, 1964 by [[RCA Victor]]; a slightly edited version of the recording was released as a single on December 22, 1964. Produced by [[Hugo & Luigi]] and arranged and conducted by [[René Hall]], the song was the [[A-side and B-side|B-side]] to "[[Shake (Sam Cooke song)|Shake]]".

The song was inspired by various personal events in Cooke's life, most prominently an event in which he and his entourage were turned away from a [[Whites only|whites-only]] motel in [[Louisiana]]. Cooke felt compelled to write a song that spoke to his struggle and of those around him, and that pertained to the [[Civil Rights Movement]] and [[African American]]s. The song contains the refrain, "It's been a long time coming, but I know a change is gonna come."

Though only a modest hit for Cooke in comparison with his previous singles, "A Change Is Gonna Come" is widely considered Cooke's best composition and has been voted among the best songs ever released by various publications. In 2007, the song was selected for preservation in the [[Library of Congress]], with the [[National Recording Registry]] deeming the song "culturally, historically, or aesthetically important."<ref>Cannady, S. 2007, [https://www.loc.gov/item/prn-07-039/2006-national-recording-registry/2007-03-06/ ''Recordings by Historical Figures and Musical Legends Added To the 2006 National Recording Registry: Library of Congress Accepting Nominations for the 2007 Registry''], viewed May 9, 2017</ref>

==Background==
On October 8, 1963, en route to [[Shreveport, Louisiana]], Cooke called ahead to the [[Holiday Inn]] North to make reservations for his wife, Barbara, and himself, but when he and his group arrived, the desk clerk glanced nervously and explained there were no vacancies.{{sfn|Guralnick|2005|p=526}} While his brother Charles protested, Sam was fuming, yelling to see the manager and refusing to leave until he received an answer. His wife nudged him, attempting to calm him down, telling him, "They'll kill you," to which he responded, "They ain't gonna kill me, because I'm Sam Cooke."{{sfn|Guralnick|2005|p=526}} When they eventually persuaded Cooke to leave, the group drove away calling out insults and blaring their horns. When they arrived at the Castle Motel on Sprague Street downtown, the police were waiting for them, arresting them for disturbing the peace.{{sfn|Guralnick|2005|p=526}} ''[[The New York Times]]'' ran an [[Associated Press|AP]] report the following day headlined "Negro Band Leader Held in Shreveport," but African-Americans were outraged, leading to the creation of a myth surrounding the incident, exaggerating parts of the story and fabricating others.{{sfn|Guralnick|2005|p=527}}

In addition, upon hearing [[Bob Dylan]]'s "[[Blowin' in the Wind]]" in 1963, Cooke was greatly moved that such a poignant song about [[racism]] in America could come from someone who was not black, and was also ashamed he had not yet written something like that himself.{{sfn|Guralnick|2005|p=512}} However, his image and fears of losing his largely white fan base prevented him from doing so.{{sfn|Guralnick|2005|p=513}} Cooke loved the song so much it was immediately incorporated into his repertoire.<ref name=NPR>{{cite news|author=| date =February 1, 2014| title =Sam Cooke And The Song That 'Almost Scared Him'| publisher =[[NPR]] (National Public Radio) | url = https://www.npr.org/2014/02/01/268995033/sam-cooke-and-the-song-that-almost-scared-him| accessdate =April 14, 2014}}</ref>

==Recording and production==
Following [[Christmas]] 1963, Cooke invited [[J. W. Alexander (musician)|J.W. Alexander]] to his home to preview a new song he had just written, one Cooke was very excited about. When he arrived, Cooke ran through the number on his [[guitar]] twice, the second time going over it line by line.{{sfn|Guralnick|2005|p=540}} Both were very excited to record the song, with Alexander viewing it more personal and political than anything he had yet attempted. He warned Cooke that he may not profit off the song as he had with lighter, poppier songs, but Cooke did not care.{{sfn|Guralnick|2005|p=541}} He explained to Alexander that he hoped the song would make his father proud.{{sfn|Guralnick|2005|p=541}} "It was less work than any song he'd ever written," biographer Peter Guralnick says.<ref name="NPR"/> "It almost scared him that the song — it was almost as if the song were intended for somebody else. He grabbed it out of the air and it came to him whole, despite the fact that in many ways it's probably the most complex song that he wrote. It was both singular — in the sense that you started out, 'I was born by the river' — but it also told the story both of a generation and of a people."<ref name="NPR"/>

Cooke handed the song to his arranger [[René Hall]], with no specific instructions as to what he personally wanted, but to give it “the kind of instrumentation and orchestration that it demanded.”{{sfn|Guralnick|2005|p=547}} Previously, the duo had collaborated on arrangement, but this was the first occasion in which Hall was granted complete control of the eventual arrangement, and he composed it as he would a [[movie score]], with lush, symphonic strings.{{sfn|Guralnick|2005|p=547}} "I wanted it to be the greatest thing in my [life]—I spent a lot of time, put out a lot of ideas, and then changed them and rearranged them," said Hall.{{sfn|Guralnick|2005|p=547}} Cooke was well known as a perfectionist and "control freak" in the recording studio, so giving Hall total latitude was unprecedented.<ref name="NPR"/>

AFO drummer John Boudreaux was intimidated by the orchestral arrangement and refused to leave the control room; session player and close collaborator [[Earl Palmer]] was working next door and filled in for the song. [[Luigi Creatore]] asked Cooke to provide one more take, and the eighth take was "nearly perfect."{{sfn|Guralnick|2005|p=548}} Luigi was very pleased with the song, considering it among his best, both very serious and still uniquely his own. Cooke had initially imagined that Luigi, first and foremost a pop hitmaker, would not respect the socially conscious song.{{sfn|Guralnick|2005|p=548}}

==Composition==
{{Listen
|filename = A Change Is Gonna Come sample.ogg
|title = "A Change Is Gonna Come"
|description = A sound sample of "A Change Is Gonna Come," emphasizing the song's lush, orchestral accompaniment.
}}
Each verse is a different movement, with the horns carrying the first, the strings the second, and the [[timpani]] carrying the bridge.<ref name="NPR"/> The [[French horn]] present in the recording was intended to convey a sense of melancholy.{{sfn|Guralnick|2005|p=547}}

Cooke incorporated his own personal experiences as well into the song, such as encounters in [[Memphis]], Shreveport and [[Birmingham, Alabama|Birmingham]], to reflect the lives and struggles of all African-Americans of the time.{{sfn|Guralnick|2005|p=541}} The lines "I don't know what's up there / Beyond the sky" could refer to Cooke's doubt for absolute true justice on earth.{{sfn|Guralnick|2005|p=541}} The final verse, in which Cooke pleads for his "brother" to help him, is a metaphor for what Alexander described as "the establishment" The verse continues, 'But he winds up knocking me / back down on my knees.'"{{sfn|Guralnick|2005|p=541}}

==Personnel==
"A Change Is Gonna Come" was recorded on January 30, 1964, at RCA Studios in [[Hollywood]], [[California]].<ref name="linernotes"/> The engineer present was Wally Heider, and the session was conducted and arranged by [[René Hall]]. The musicians also recorded "Falling in Love" the same day. Credits adapted from the [[liner notes]] to the 2003 compilation ''[[Portrait of a Legend: 1951–1964]]''.<ref name="linernotes">{{cite AV media notes | title=Portrait of a Legend: 1951–1964 | year=2003 | others=[[Sam Cooke]] | type=liner notes | publisher=[[ABKCO Records]] | location=[[United States|US]] | id= 92642}}</ref>
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
*Sam Cooke – [[lead vocals]]
*SR Crain – [[backing vocals]]
*Paul Foster – backing vocals
*Jimmie Outler – backing vocals
*Richard Gibbs – backing vocals
*JJ Farley – backing vocals
*René Hall – [[guitar]]
*Norman Bartold – guitar
*Arnold Belnick – guitar
*Clifton White – guitar
*Chuck Badie – [[bass guitar]]
*Earl Palmer – [[drum kit|drums]]
*Harold Battiste – [[piano]]
*William Hinshaw – [[French horn]]
*Emil Radocchia – [[marimba]], [[timpani]], percussion
{{col-2}}
*William Kurasch – [[trumpet]]
*Louis Blackburn – [[trombone]]
*John Ewing – trombone
*David Wells – trombone
*Harry Hyams – [[viola]]
*Alexander Neiman – viola
*Israel Baker – [[violin]]
*Irving Lipschultz – violin
*Leonard Malarsky – violin
*Jack Pepper – violin
*Ralph Schaeffer – violin
*Sidney Sharp – violin
*Darrel Terwilliger – violin
*Tibor Zelig – violin
*Emmet Sargeant – [[cello]]
{{col-end}}

==Release==
Cooke first performed "A Change Is Gonna Come" on ''[[The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson]]'' on February 7, 1964. Cooke’s new manager, [[Allen Klein]], was infatuated with the song and persuaded Cooke to do away with promoting his most recent single, "[[Ain't That Good News (song)|Ain't That Good News]]", and perform "Change" instead, feeling that that was the statement he needed to make before a national audience.{{sfn|Guralnick|2005|p=550}} Cooke objected, noting that the album’s release was a month away and that he had no time to pull together an arrangement within such a short time frame.{{sfn|Guralnick|2005|p=550}} Klein arranged for RCA to pay for a full string section and Cooke performed the song that Friday on ''The Tonight Show'' after performing "Basin Street".{{sfn|Guralnick|2005|p=552}} An [[NBC]] timekeeper logged down the number as "It's a Long Time Coming," but the network did not save the tape of the performance.{{sfn|Guralnick|2005|p=550}}{{sfn|Guralnick|2005|p=552}} Klein and Alexander both felt it would become a milestone moment in Cooke's career, but it was overshadowed by [[the Beatles]]' performance on ''[[The Ed Sullivan Show]]'' on [[CBS]] just two days later.{{sfn|Guralnick|2005|p=552}}

The song was issued on March 1 as a track on Cooke's album ''[[Ain't That Good News (album)|Ain't That Good News]]''. It would not be issued as a single for another nine months.

Cooke elected not to perform "A Change Is Gonna Come" again in his lifetime, both because of the complexity of the arrangement and because of the ominous nature of the song.<ref name="NPR"/> When shown to his protégé [[Bobby Womack]], his response was that it sounds "like death." Cooke responded, "Man, that's kind of how it sounds like to me. That's why I'm never going to play it in public." Womack clarified his thoughts, that it wasn’t deathly, but rather "spooky," but Cooke never performed the song again.<ref name="NPR"/>

In December, "A Change Is Gonna Come" was prepared for single release, with the verse and chorus preceding the bridge ("I go to the movies…") deleted for radio airplay.{{sfn|Guralnick|2005|p=607}} The civil rights movement picked up on "A Change Is Gonna Come" with near immediacy.<ref name="NPR"/> On December 11, 1964, two weeks before the song was released, Sam Cooke was fatally shot at a Los Angeles motel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/the-500-greatest-songs-of-all-time-20110407/sam-cooke-a-change-is-gonna-come-20110517|title=500 Greatest Songs of All Time|website=Rolling Stone|access-date=2016-08-13}}</ref>

"A Change Is Gonna Come" became an anthem for the Civil Rights Movement, and is widely considered Cooke's best composition. Over the years, the song has garnered significant praise and, in 2005, was voted number 12 by representatives of the music industry and press in ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' magazine's [[Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time|500 Greatest Songs of All Time]], and voted number 3 in the webzine [[Pitchfork Media]]'s The 200 Greatest Songs of the 60s. The song is also among three hundred songs deemed the most important ever recorded by [[National Public Radio]] (NPR) and was recently selected by the [[Library of Congress]] as one of twenty-five selected recordings to the [[National Recording Registry]] as of March 2007. The song is currently ranked as the 46th greatest song of all time, as well as the third best song of [[1964 in music|1964]], by Acclaimed Music.<ref name="Acclaimed Music">{{cite web|url=http://www.acclaimedmusic.net|title=Acclaimed Music Top 3000 songs|date=27 May 2009}}</ref> [[NPR]] called the song "one of the most important songs of the civil rights era."<ref name="NPR"/>

Despite its acclaim, legal troubles have haunted the single since its release. A dispute between Cooke's music publisher, [[ABKCO]], and record company, [[RCA Records]], made the recording unavailable for much of the four decades since its release. Although the song was featured prominently in the 1992 film ''[[Malcolm X (1992 film)|Malcolm X]]'', it could not be included in the film's soundtrack. By 2003, however, the disputes had been settled in time for the song to be included on the remastered version of ''Ain't That Good News'', as well as the Cooke anthology ''Portrait of a Legend''.{{Citation needed|date=February 2017}}

A live rendition was included in the soundtrack to the 2001 [[Michael Mann (film director)|Michael Mann]] film ''[[Ali (film)|Ali]]''. [[James Taylor]] recorded a version specially for an [[A Change Is Gonna Come (The West Wing)|episode of the same title]] of the television drama ''[[The West Wing (television)|The West Wing]]''. [[The Allman Brothers Band]] captured their performance of the song on their 2003 DVD ''Live at the [[Beacon Theatre (New York City)|Beacon Theatre]]''.{{Citation needed|date=February 2017}}

===Cover versions===
Other notable artists who have covered the song include:
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Gerald Alston]] 2008
* [[Baby Huey (singer)|Baby Huey]] on [[The Baby Huey Story: The Living Legend|The Baby Huey Story]] 1971
* [[The Band]] 1973
* [[George Benson]] 1979
* [[Wayne Brady]] 2008
* [[Billy Bragg]] 2006
* [[Brandy Norwood|Brandy]]
* [[Solomon Burke]] 1986
* [[John Boutte]] 2001
* [[Tony Carey]]
* the [[Cold War Kids]] 2007
* [[Sananda Maitreya|Terence Trent D'Arby]]
* [[Gavin DeGraw]] 2003
* [[Matt Doyle (actor)|Matt Doyle]]
* [[Bob Dylan]] 1979
* [[Everlast (musician)|Everlast]] 2011
* [[The 5th Dimension]] (in a 1970 medley with [[The Rascals]]' "[[People Got to Be Free]]")
* [[Aretha Franklin]] from "[[I Never Loved a Man the Way I Love You]]" 1967
* the [[Fugees]] 1996
* [[Jeffrey Gaines]]
* [[The Gits]]
* [[Al Green]] 1996
* [[Greta Van Fleet]] 2017
* [[Deitrick Haddon]]
* [[Morten Harket]]
* [[Beth Hart]]<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YDTei_wdm3U</ref>
* [[jacksoul]] 2006
* [[Leela James]] 2005
* [[R. Kelly]]
*[[Evelyn Champagne King]] 1985
* [[Patti LaBelle]] 1998
* [[The Manhattans]]
* [[Allison Moorer]]
* [[The Neville Brothers]] 1989
* [[Graham Parker]] 1989
* [[Billy Preston]] 1981
* [[James & Bobby Purify]] 1967
* [[Prince Buster]] 2016
* [[Otis Redding]] 1965
* [[Michael Thompson (guitarist)|Michael Thompson]] featuring [[Bobby Womack]] 1976
* [[The Righteous Brothers]] ([[Bobby Hatfield]] solo) 1966
* [[Seal (singer)|Seal]] and [[Arcade Fire]], who used the song in support of [[Barack Obama]]'s nomination for [[President of the United States]].
* [[Ben Sollee]]
* [[Solo (group)|Solo]] 1995
* [[The Supremes]] 1965
* [[Seal (singer)]] 2008
* [[Three Dog Night]] 1969
* [[Tina Turner]] 1988
* [[Luther Vandross]]
* [[Cory Wells]]
* [[Canned Heat]] performed live at Woodstock, 1969

{{div col end}}
In recent years, the song has served as a [[Sampling (music)|sample]] for [[Rapping|rappers]] [[Ghostface Killah]] (1996), [[Ja Rule]] (2003), [[Papoose (rapper)|Papoose]] (2006), [[Lil Wayne]] (2007) "Long Time Coming (remix)" [[Charles Hamilton (rapper)|Charles Hamilton]], [[Asher Roth]], and [[B.o.B]] (2009), and [[Nas]]'s [[It Was Written]] album also features a similar opening as the song. On their album [[The Reunion (album)|The Reunion]] hip-hop artists [[Capone-N-Noreaga]] used an excerpt from the song on the opening track which shares the same title as the Cooke original. British soul singer [[Beverley Knight]] says the song is her all-time favorite and has performed it live many a time; most notably on 'Later with [[Jools Holland]]'. On May 6, 2008, during the seventh season of ''[[American Idol]]'', the song was sung by contestant [[Syesha Mercado]] as the remaining top 4. It was also sung by [[Joshua Ledet]] during the Top 7 episode of [[American Idol (season 11)|season 11]] (2012), for which he received a standing ovation from the audience.<ref>[http://www.gossipcop.com/joshua-ledet-i-believe-a-change-is-gonna-come-american-idol-video-youtube-watch/ Joshua Ledet Earns TWO Standing Ovations on American Idol (VIDEO)]</ref> After winning the [[United States presidential election, 2008|2008 United States presidential election]], [[Barack Obama]] referred to the song, stating to his supporters in [[Chicago]], "It's been a long time coming, but tonight, change has come to America." A duet of the song by [[Bettye LaVette]] and [[Jon Bon Jovi]] was included in [[We Are One: The Obama Inaugural Celebration at the Lincoln Memorial]]. In Washington DC, in the days leading up to the Inauguration of Barack Obama, this song could be heard played constantly in the city centre.

In 2004, [[Patti LaBelle]] performed the song on the annual [[Nobel Peace Prize Concert]] to a standing ovation.

[[Julian Casablancas]], lead singer of popular rock band [[The Strokes]], has cited "A Change Is Gonna Come" as his favorite song of all time.

In 2009, [[Aaron Neville]], along with the Mt. Zion Mass Choir, released a version of the song “A Change Is Gonna Come” on the compilation album ''[[Oh Happy Day: An All-Star Music Celebration|Oh Happy Day]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/musicNews/idUSTRE52Q6WQ20090327|title=Jon Bon Jovi, Queen Latifah go gospel for "Day"|date=March 27, 2009|publisher=Reuters}}</ref>

''[[American Idol]]'' creator/producer [[Simon Fuller]] selected the song for contestant [[Adam Lambert]] to sing in the [[American Idol (season 8)|season 8]] finale in May, 2009. It was also covered by [[American Idol (season 9)|season 9]] semifinalist [[Lilly Scott]] in March 2010.

In 2010, one of the finalists of the British ''[[The X Factor (UK)|The X Factor]]'', [[Rebecca Ferguson (singer)|Rebecca Ferguson]], sang the song for her audition, impressing judges [[Simon Cowell]], [[Louis Walsh]] and guest judge [[Nicole Scherzinger]].

The song was performed in the 2011 Miss America Pageant by Miss Kentucky, Djuan Trent.

In 2011, jazz group [[Afro-Blue]] performed the song on ''[[The Sing-off]]'' by request of the judges.
The same year, [[Everlast (musician)|Everlast]] recorded a version of the song for his album [[Songs of the Ungrateful Living]]. [[Maverick Sabre]] covered the song on his 2012 album ''[[Lonely Are the Brave (Maverick Sabre album)|Lonely Are the Brave]]''

On January 1, 2012, the song was the last single to be played on the New Zealand radio station [[The Sound (radio)|Solid Gold FM]] before the station rebranded.

On June 1, 2013 [[Beyoncé Knowles]] sang the song during The Sound of Change Live concert in London, as part of Chime for Change, an organization which supports total equality between women and men in all areas of life. Mark Sutherland of ''Rolling Stone'' magazine noted that Knowles belted out the song,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/beyonce-leads-a-charge-of-powerful-women-at-sound-of-change-20130601|title=Beyonce Leads a Charge of Powerful Women at Sound of Change|work=Rolling Stone|publisher=Wenner Media|first=Mark|last=Sutherland|date=June 1, 2013|accessdate=August 1, 2013}}</ref> while Alice Vincent from ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' noted that the rendition of the song reflected the event's purpose.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/rockandpopmusic/10092165/Beyonce-Sound-of-Change-Live-Twickenham-Stadium-review.html|title=Beyoncé, Sound of Change Live, Twickenham Stadium, review|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|publisher=[[Telegraph Media Group]]|first=Alice|last=Vincent|date=June 2, 2013|accessdate=August 1, 2013}}</ref> Later, on July 20, 2013, Knowles performed the song during a stop in Detroit as part of her [[The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour|Mrs. Carter Show World Tour]]. The performance followed the city's recent file for [[bankruptcy]]. As Knowles performed, the screen behind her displayed photos of Detroit's landmarks and icons including Aretha Franklin, [[Aaliyah]], [[Eminem]], [[Anita Baker]], [[Bob Seger]], [[Kid Rock]], [[The White Stripes]], [[Berry Gordy, Jr]], [[Joe Louis]]. The montage ended with the declaration "Nothing Stops Detroit!" and Knowles closed the performance by saying "I love you, Detroit".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rap-up.com/2013/07/21/beyonce-dedicates-a-change-is-gonna-come-to-detroit/ |title=Beyoncé dedicates 'A Change is Gonna Come' to Detroit |work=[[Rap-Up]] |date=July 21, 2013 |accessdate=July 22, 2013}}</ref><ref name="billdetroit" /><ref name="detroit">{{cite web|url=http://www.detroitnews.com/article/20130801/ENT09/308010033/1032/ENT/Grapevine-Beyonce-s-Change-hits-online |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130802145408/http://www.detroitnews.com/article/20130801/ENT09/308010033/1032/ENT/Grapevine-Beyonce-s-Change-hits-online |dead-url=yes |archive-date=August 2, 2013 |title=Grapevine: Beyonce's 'Change' hits online |work=[[The Detroit News]] |publisher=[[MediaNews Group]] |first=Adam |last=Graham |date=August 1, 2013 |accessdate=August 2, 2013 }}</ref> A spokesperson for the singer described the performance as a "unique tribute to the history of an incredible city and a celebration of the strong spirit of its people".<ref name="billdetroit">{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/4012211/beyonce-pays-tribute-to-hobbled-motor-city-nothing-stops-detroit|title=Beyoncé Pays Tribute to Motor City: 'Nothing Stops Detroit!'|work=Billboard|publisher=Prometheus Global Media|first=Gary|last=Graff|date=July 21, 2013|accessdate=August 1, 2013}}</ref> A [[black-and-white]] video of the cover was uploaded on Knowles' official YouTube channel on July 30, 2013. It closes with a quote from Henry Ford: “Failure is simply the opportunity to start over, this time more intelligently."<ref name="detroit" /> A reporter for ''The Huffington Post'' reported that the singer's "heartfelt" cover of the song "touched" her fans and the people who loved Detroit.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/31/beyonce-detroit-sam-cooke-change-is-gonna-come_n_3683040.html|title=Beyonce Releases Powerful Detroit Dedication, Cover Of Sam Cooke's 'A Change Is Gonna Come' (VIDEO)|work=The Huffington Post|date=July 30, 2013|accessdate=July 31, 2013}}</ref> Latifah Muhammad of the [[Black Entertainment Television]] wrote that Knowles' "powerful" rendition of the song came right on time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bet.com/news/music/2013/07/22/beyonce-sings-a-change-is-gonna-come-in-detroit.html|title=Beyoncé Sings "A Change Is Gonna Come" in Detroit|publisher=[[Black Entertainment Television]]. [[BET Networks]]|first=Latifah|last=Muhammad|date=July 22, 2013|accessdate=August 1, 2013}}</ref> An editor for ''[[Essence (magazine)|Essence]]'' described Knowles' cover as a "moving tribute to Detroit".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.essence.com/2013/07/31/must-see-beyonc%C3%A9-dedicates-change-gonna-come-detroit|title=Must-See: Beyoncé Dedicates 'A Change Is Gonna Come' to Detroit|work=[[Essence (magazine)|Essence]]|publisher=Essence Communications|date=August 1, 2013|accessdate=August 1, 2013}}</ref> Jordan Sargent of ''[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]'' wrote, "It all might come off as a bit heavy-handed if it wasn't for the fact that, well, Beyonce absolutely slays the cover."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.spin.com/2013/07/beyonce-detroit-dedication-a-change-is-gonna-come-video/|title=Watch Beyonce Dedicate Moving Cover of 'A Change Is Gonna Come' to Detroit|work=Spin|publisher=Spin Media LLC|first=Jordan|last=Sargent|date=July 31, 2013|accessdate=August 1, 2013}}</ref> Lauren Moraski from [[CBS News]] described the tribute to the city as "touching".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-207_162-57596495/watch-beyonce-releases-touching-tribute-to-detroit/|title=Watch: Beyonce releases touching tribute to Detroit|publisher=[[CBS News]]. [[CBS]]|first=Lauren|last=Moraski|date=July 31, 2013|accessdate=August 1, 2013}}</ref>
In 2013 15-year-old Dwayne Cooke released a video of himself singing "A Change Gonna Come" on YouTube which has gone viral on Facebook and other social networking sites...<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d1tMyzw_7Ag|title=A Change Is Gonna Come, Sam Cooke Cover, 1963 - Done By Dwayne}}</ref>

==Media usage==
Many stations have played this song to signal the moment of format change (e.g. when [[KZMJ|KSOC]] 94.5 in [[Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex|Dallas/Fort Worth, TX]] changed from [[Urban adult contemporary|urban AC]] to [[urban oldies]] in July 2011).<ref>[http://formatchange.com/94-5-ksoul-revamps-as-old-school-94-5/ 94.5 KSoul Revamps As Old School 94.5] - [http://formatchange.com Format Change Archive] (accessed October 4, 2011)</ref>

==Chart history (Sam Cooke version)==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Chart (1965)
!Peak position
|-
|''Billboard'' [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|R&B Singles Chart]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 9
|-
| [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 31
|}

==Bibliography==
* ''Portrait of a Legend 1951-1964''. Abkco Records, 2003. Los Angeles, California.
* {{cite book | author=Werner, Craig | title=A Change Is Gonna Come: Music, Race, and the Soul of America | publisher=Plume | year=1999 | isbn=0-452-28065-6}}
* {{cite book | author=Wolff, Daniel J. | author2=S.R. Crain | author3=Clifton White | author4=G. David Tenenbaum | last-author-amp=yes | title=You Send Me: The Life and Times of Sam Cooke | publisher=William Morrow & Co | year=1995 | isbn=0-688-12403-8}}
* {{cite book | author=Guralnick, Peter | title=Dream Boogie: The Triumph of Sam Cooke| publisher=Back Bay Books | year=2005 | isbn=978-0316013291}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{MetroLyrics song|sam-cooke|a-change-is-gonna-come}}

{{Sam Cooke}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Change Is Gonna Come, A}}
[[Category:1963 songs]]
[[Category:1964 singles]]
[[Category:1970 singles]]
[[Category:1960s ballads]]
[[Category:Songs written by Sam Cooke]]
[[Category:Sam Cooke songs]]
[[Category:Otis Redding songs]]
[[Category:The 5th Dimension songs]]
[[Category:James & Bobby Purify songs]]
[[Category:James Taylor songs]]
[[Category:Three Dog Night songs]]
[[Category:Song recordings produced by Hugo & Luigi]]
[[Category:Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients]]
[[Category:United States National Recording Registry recordings]]
[[Category:RCA Victor singles]]
[[Category:Songs released posthumously]]
[[Category:Songs against racism and xenophobia]]
[[Category:Soul ballads]]

All Is Full of Love

2018-08-03T06:04:52Z

DeprecatedFixerBot: Substituted Template:Infobox single or one of its redirects using DeprecatedFixerBot. Questions? msg TSD! (please mention that this is task #6! BRFA)

{{good article}}
{{Infobox song
| name = All Is Full of Love
| cover = All_is_full_of_love.jpg
| alt = A white cyborg squints and faintly smiles
| caption = Cover artwork used to commercialize physical editions of the single.
| type = single
| artist = [[Björk]]
| album = [[Homogenic]]
| released = 7 June 1999
| format = {{flatlist|
* [[12-inch single|12"]]
* [[CD single|CD]]
* [[DVD single|DVD]]
* [[box set]]
* [[VHS single|VHS]]
}}
| recorded =
| studio =
| venue =
| genre = [[Ambient music|Ambient]] (album version) [[Trip hop]] (video version)
| length = 4:32 (album version) 4:50 (video version) 4:10 (video edit)
| label = {{flatlist|
* [[One Little Indian]]
* [[Elektra Records|Elektra]]
* [[Mother Records|Mother]]
}}
| writer = Björk
| producer = [[Howie B]] (album version) Björk (video version)
| prev_title = [[Alarm Call]]
| prev_year = 1998
| next_title = [[Hidden Place]]
| next_year = 2001
}}
"'''All Is Full of Love'''" is a song by Icelandic musician [[Björk]], taken from her third studio album ''[[Homogenic]]''. Written by herself, the lyrics are inspired by the presence of love in the advent of spring, and [[Norse mythology]]'s [[Ragnarök]]. The more popular version of the track, the original mix solely produced by Björk, was used in the accompanying music video, but did not appear on the album. The version used for the record is a remix by [[Howie B]] and has a minimalist approach, with it placing emphasis on the singer's vocals. The video version features a combination of electronic beats and [[string instrument]]s. A remix by the German [[Intelligent dance music|IDM]] duo [[Funkstörung]] was released as a single in the summer of 1998. "All Is Full of Love" subsequently received a full single release in 7 June 1999 to coincide with the premiere of its music video.

While some [[Music journalism|music critics]] declared that the song was one of the highlights on ''Homogenic'', the single performed moderately on the [[UK Singles Chart]], peaking at number 24. In the United States, it became a [[Dance/Electronic Singles Sales|dance hit]]. The song and its music video were released two years after the release of the album for artistic merit rather than promotional purposes. "All Is Full of Love" was included as the opening track on compilation album ''[[Greatest Hits (Björk album)|Greatest Hits]]'' (2002), whose tracks were selected by fans through a survey. Some regard "All Is Full of Love" as the first DVD single release.

The accompanying music video for the single was directed by [[Chris Cunningham]] and depicts the assembling of a robot with Björk's features, and her passionately kissing another robot in front of an ethereal and sterile backdrop. The song's visual garnered acclaim from critics and is commonly regarded as one of the best music videos of all time and a milestone in [[computer animation]]. The subject of much analysis and scrutiny, it was on permanent display at the [[Museum of Modern Art]] in [[New York City]] and has been included in various art exhibitions. The song is one of Björk's most idiosyncratic songs, and has been covered by various artists.

==Background and composition==
{{listen|pos=right|filename=All Is Full of Love album.ogg|title=Album version|description=The album version "[builds] quietly from a warm [[hexadecimal]] hum" and "accrues momentum as Björk simultaneously frees herself from the burden of expectation until cascades of shimmering, opal-hued [[harpsichord]] notes emerge from a curtain of glimmering [[white noise]]".<ref name="bestsingles">{{cite web |url=http://www.slantmagazine.com/features/article/best-singles-of-the-1990s/P5|title=The 100 Best Singles of the 1990s|date=10 January 2011|publisher=[[Slant Magazine]]|accessdate=30 December 2014}}</ref>| filename2=All Is Full of Love video.ogg| title2=Video version| description2=The same fragment, but of the video track version. It features an "austere trip hop production"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.magnetmagazine.com/2010/10/27/take-cover-death-cab-for-cutie-vs-bjork/|title=Take Cover! Death Cab For Cutie Vs. Björk|date=10 January 2011|publisher=''[[Magnet (magazine)|Magnet]]''. Magnet Magazine Inc.|last=Burleson|first=Ryan|accessdate=14 March 2015}}</ref> and richer instrumentation, differing from the ambience of Howie B's version.|format=[[Ogg]]}}

"All Is Full of Love", the closing track of ''[[Homogenic]]'', was the album's last song to be written and recorded. Produced by Björk, the original version of the song was replaced "at the last minute" by [[Howie B]]'s version.<ref name="Pytlik170">{{harvnb|Pytlik|2003|p=170}}</ref> It was inspired by the [[Spring (season)|spring]] while producing the album in [[Málaga]], Spain. After living in the mountains among other people for six months, Björk felt lonely, but a morning walk in April inspired her to write the track. She had a rough winter and then she realized it was spring after she could hear the birds singing. She wrote and recorded the song in half a day.<ref name="unitspecial" />

In keeping with ''Homogenic''<nowiki/>'s theme as a tribute to Björk's native Iceland, the track was inspired by Icelandic mythology, such as the [[Ragnarök]].<ref name="unitspecial" /> The previous track, "[[Pluto (song)|Pluto]]", stands for death and destruction, whereas "All Is Full of Love" stands for a new beginning.<ref name="unitspecial" /> Björk also called it a song about "believing in love" and expressed that "love isn't just about two persons. It's everywhere around you. Even if you're not getting love from Person A, it doesn't mean there's not love there."<ref name="Pytlik170" /> However, she also described it as "[[taking the piss]]", considering it the most "sugary song" ever.<ref name="Pytlik170" /> As the song opposes the rest of ''Homogenic'''s "macho" aesthethic, Björk has said it could have been included on ''[[Vespertine]]''.<ref name="unitspecial" />

The lyrics begin with a promise of protection and caretaking: "You'll be given love / You'll be taken care of / You'll have to trust it".<ref name="browuer">{{cite book |last=Brouwer|first=Joke|date=2004|title=Feelings are Always Local|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18uP2gfl-ScC&pg=PA181|location= |publisher=V2_ publishing|pages=180–183|isbn= 978-90-5662-423-1|access-date=18 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="time" /> The song moves towards a more reproachful tone as Björk sings, "You just ain't receiving / Your phone is off the hook / Your doors are shut",<ref name="browuer" /> tempered by the recognition that you have to "twist your head around you" because "love is all around you".<ref name="whiteley">{{cite book |last=Whiteley|first=Sheila|date=2005|title=Too Much Too Young: Popular Music Age and Gender|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eRGOAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA108|location= |publisher=Routledge|page=108|isbn=978-0-415-31029-1|access-date=18 February 2015}}</ref> This is musically effected by Björk's vocals as she sings the lyric "All is full of love" in [[counterpoint]] with herself.<ref name="whiteley" />

The album version of the track does not have drum accompaniment and portrays an [[Ambient music|ambient]] song.<ref name="dcfcpitchfork" /> It does not have ''Homogenic''<nowiki/>'s characteristic electronic beats,<ref name="PitchforkTopAlbums">{{cite web|date=17 November 2003|publisher=[[Pitchfork Media]] |accessdate=25 November 2014| url=http://pitchfork.com/features/staff-lists/5923-top-100-albums-of-the-1990s/8/|title=Top 100 Albums of the 1990s}}</ref> focusing instead on "[creating] an intimacy between the growing dynamics of the instrumentation and Bjork's impressive vocal abilities."<ref name="sputnik">{{cite web|url=https://www.sputnikmusic.com/review/60412/Bjork-Homogenic/|title=Review: Björk – Homogenic|publisher=[[Sputnikmusic]]|date=5 January 2014|accessdate=17 August 2014|last=Schroer|first=Brendan}}</ref> It uses a long [[reverb]], which results in a wash of sound that suggests a very large space suggestive of the "heavenly" environment envisaged by the singer for the track.<ref name="Dibben108">Dibben, 2009. p.108</ref> According to Sal Cinquemani of [[Slant Magazine]], the song has a soft pulse with intervals that build up to an electronic orchestration of industrial beats.<ref name="slant">{{cite web|url=http://www.slantmagazine.com/music/review/bjork-homogenic|title=Björk: Homogenic|publisher=[[Slant Magazine]]|date=6 May 2007|accessdate=17 August 2014|last=Cinquemani|first=Sal}}</ref> [[David Browne (journalist)|David Browne]] of ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' called it a "moony lullaby" and compared it to the music of [[Enya]].<ref name="ew">{{cite web|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,289560,00.html|title=Björk: Homogenic|publisher=''[[Entertainment Weekly]]''|date=September 26, 1997|accessdate=17 August 2014|last=Browne|first=David|authorlink=David Browne (journalist)}}</ref> In his review for ''[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]'', James Hunter wrote that the track is one of the times Björk "dips her toe into the warm lake of tradition" and noted its "[[Rock music|rockish]] minor-key verses traipse off into her [[gospel]]."<ref name="spin">{{cite journal |last=Hunter|first=James|date=October 1997|title=Björk: Homogenic (Elektra)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G-86CzNjg9cC&pg=PA135#v=onepage&q&f=false|journal=[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]|publisher= |volume= |issue= |page=135|doi= |accessdate=17 August 2014}}</ref>

The video version of the song is a [[midtempo]]<ref name="ignreview">{{cite web|date=28 January 2000|publisher=[[IGN]] |accessdate=1 December 2014| url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2000/01/28/bjork-all-is-full-of-love|title=Bjork – All is Full of Love|last=|first=}}</ref> [[trip hop]] ballad with [[Soul music|soul]] influences.<ref name="nme2005">{{cite web|url=http://www.nme.com/reviews/4363|title=Bjork : All is full of love|publisher=''[[NME]]''|date=12 September 2005|accessdate=1 December 2014|last=Oldham|first=James|authorlink=David Browne (journalist)}}</ref> In opposition to the sonically [[Minimalism|minimalist]] mix included on the album, this version has been described as "lushly produced"<ref name="ignreview" /> and includes "fluttering harps and shivering strings."<ref name="nme2005" /> Reportedly the best known and the most preferred version by Björk's fans and herself, it is further known under the names of "Mark Stent Mix" and "Video Mix".<ref name="Pytlik170" />

==Release==
In August 1998, a [[12-inch single]] of "All Is Full of Love", containing a remix by German [[Intelligent dance music|IDM]] duo [[Funkstörung]], was released through [[FatCat Records]] as a limited release.<ref>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010428063307/http://www.bjork.com/websense/grapefly/funkstorung/|url=http://www.bjork.com/websense/grapefly/funkstorung/|title=:funkstörung remix Björk|archivedate=28 April 2001|date=24 August 1998|publisher=bjork.com|accessdate=29 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="websense">{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20000815074801/http://www.bjork.com/websense/grapewire/grapewire99.htm|url=http://www.bjork.com/websense/grapewire/grapewire99.htm|title=The Grapewire of 1999|archivedate=15 August 2000|date=1999|publisher=bjork.com|accessdate=29 January 2015}}</ref> This remix had been previously distributed as a [[B-side]] for "[[Hunter (Björk song)|Hunter]]" (1998),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/hunter-mw0000576950|title=Hunter – Björk|publisher=[[AllMusic]]|accessdate=29 January 2015}}</ref> and another remix of the song had been released as a B-side of "[[Jóga]]" in 1998.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/j%C3%B3ga-mw0000738481|title=Jóga – Björk|publisher=AllMusic|accessdate=29 January 2015}}</ref> In January 1999, it was announced that the track would be released later that year as a single and that its music video would be shot soon.<ref name="websense" /> It was atypical to release a single for promoting an album released two years before, but Björk purposely decided to do this so that the music video was more of a short film than a marketing move.<ref name="makingof" /> The original release date for the single was 2 May 1999, but was later extended out two weeks to 17 May. To coincide with this announcement, Funkstörung's remix was made available again and an official logo for the release was unveiled.<ref name="websense" />

The music video was released that April, although the premiere of the single was pushed back to June.<ref name="websense" /> "All Is Full of Love" was released as two 12-inch singles, two [[CD single]]s, a [[DVD single]], and a [[box set]], which included the CD singles and the music video in [[VHS]] format.<ref name="websense" /> Some publications regard the single as the first DVD single release.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indian.co.uk/pages/about-us|title=About Us|date=December 2013|publisher=[[One Little Indian]]|accessdate=29 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/may04/articles/businessend.htm|title=Business End|work=[[Sound on Sound]]|publisher=SOS Publications Group|date=May 2004|accessdate=29 January 2015|quote=More recently he has produced both the first DVD single (Bjork's 'All Is Full Of Love') ...}}</ref> In the United Kingdom, it was also made available as two different [[Promotional recording|promotional singles]] in 1999, and as two [[VHS single]]s.<ref name="77island" /> B-sides include remixes by [[Mike Paradinas|μ-Ziq]], Funkstörung, [[Plaid (band)|Plaid]], [[Guy Sigsworth]], [[Mark Stent]] and [[Howie B]].<ref name="77island">{{cite web |url=http://77island.bjork.info/allisfulloflove.htm|title=All Is Full of Love releases|date=|publisher=77ísland. Official Björk discography|accessdate=29 January 2015}}</ref> The single's artwork consists of shots from the music video and features the official logo, which can be seen in the video as well. The song was also included as the opening track of the singer's 2002 [[compilation album]] ''[[Greatest Hits (Björk album)|Greatest Hits]]'', whose songs were selected by fans through a survey, in which the single was the second most voted song, coming after "[[Hyperballad]]" (1996).<ref>{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080321001923/http://bjork.com/news/?id=276%3Byear%3D2002 |url=http://bjork.com/news/?id=276;year=2002 |title=All Is Full of Webvoting |date=9 August 2000 |archivedate=21 March 2008 |publisher=bjork.com |accessdate=29 January 2015 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>

==Critical reception==
Both versions of "All Is Full of Love" received acclaim from [[Music journalism|music critics]]. In a review for ''Homogenic'', Phares from [[AllMusic]] described the track as a "reassuring finale".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/homogenic-mw0000026812|title=Homogenic – Björk: Awards|publisher=[[AllMusic]]|accessdate=29 January 2015}}</ref> Sal Cinquemani of ''[[Slant Magazine]]'' called it a "sublime rebirth",<ref name="slant" /> and [[Tiny Mix Tapes]] commented that "the album ends on an optimistic note" with the "exquisite" song.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tinymixtapes.com/music-review/bj-rk-homogenic|title=Björk – Homogenic|publisher=[[Tiny Mix Tapes]]|accessdate=29 January 2015}}</ref> In a retrospective review, ''Music Tech'' described the song as "hauntingly-beautiful."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.musictech.net/2014/12/landmark-productions-bjork-homogenic/|title=Landmark Productions: Bjork – Homogenic|last1=|first1=|date=3 December 2014|work=Music Tech|accessdate=24 January 2015}}</ref> ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]''{{'}}s [[David Browne (journalist)|David Browne]] was less enthusiastic, considering it "the weakest track" of the album.<ref name="ew" />

In a review for the DVD single, Alex Castle of [[IGN]] gave the music a score of 9 out of 10, writing "the thing sounds fantastic" and that the song is "pretty good". However, he admitted that he "would probably not have been particularly impressed" if he hadn't seen the music video.<ref name="ignreview" /> James Oldham of ''[[NME]]'' described it as "magnificent, sultry, pneumatic trip-soul ballad, which gently blooms into a magical garden of fluttering harps and shivering strings." He also added that the track "is no mere soundtrack" for the video.<ref name="nme2005" /> AllMusic's Heather Phares gave the DVD single four out of five stars, considering it "a necessary addition to the collections of dedicated Bjork fans".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/all-is-full-of-love-mw0000254007|title=All Is Full of Love – Björk|publisher=[[AllMusic]]'|accessdate=29 January 2015}}</ref> Douglas Wolk of ''[[CMJ New Music Monthly]]'' also gave the single a positive review, commending its B-sides and writing it "was hardly the most striking piece at the time—but the tune turns out to have been something of a sleeper."<ref name="cmj" />

===Recognition===
Norwegian magazine ''Panorama'' ranked "All Is Full of Love" at number four on its list of Singles of the Year.<ref name="acclaimedmusic">{{cite web |url=http://www.acclaimedmusic.net/Current/S4529.htm|title=All Is Full of Love|publisher=[[Acclaimed Music]]|accessdate=29 January 2015}}</ref> ''[[Blender (magazine)|Blender]]'' included the track on two lists: "Standout Tracks from the 500 CDs You Must Own" and "The 1001 Greatest Songs to Download Right Now!", both published in 2003.<ref name="acclaimedmusic" /> The staff members of Slant Magazine placed "All Is Full of Love" at number 59 on their list of "The 100 Best Singles of the 1990s", writing: "Though it has been as oft-remixed as any other Björk single from the landmark ''Homogenic'' set, no version quite achieves the ethereal effect that the album mix of the song does. Coming off the tail-end of "Pluto," a sonic threnody for a suicidal fan, Björk's open-source, beat-free echo chamber is both absolution and resurrection".<ref name="bestsingles" /> The track was also included on [[Quintessence Editions]]' "1001 Songs You Must Hear Before You Die: And 10,001 You Must Download".<ref>{{cite book |date=November 2010|title=1001 Songs You Must Hear Before You Die: And 10,001 You Must Download|location= |publisher=Universe Books|isbn=978-0-7893-2089-6}}</ref>

==Music video==

===Background and development===
The music video for "All Is Full of Love" was directed by [[Chris Cunningham]]. Björk was impressed by Cunningham's original music videos for [[Intelligent dance music|IDM]] musicians [[Autechre]], [[Squarepusher]], and [[Aphex Twin]], and by his clear lines, [[science fiction]] inclinations, and discordant imagery.<ref name="Pytlik140">{{harvnb|Pytlik|2003|p=140}}</ref> This resulted in the singer contacting him to meet at his London office; she brought a Chinese ''[[Kama Sutra]]'' as a guide to what she wanted.<ref name="unitspecial">{{cite web|url=http://unit.bjork.com/specials/gh/SUB-01/index.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060821183218/http://unit.bjork.com/specials/gh/SUB-01/index.htm|title=GH&FT special: All Is Full Of Love|publisher=bjork.com|archivedate=21 August 2006|accessdate=25 November 2014}}</ref> Cunningham had also associated the track with sex upon hearing it, but could not figure out how to make the video explicit yet broadcastable.<ref name="unitspecial" /> Regarding this, the singer confessed, "I think the only thing I said was that I thought it was very white [...] and I'm trying to describe some sort of a heaven. But I wanted also to have the other level there, there would be lust, it wouldn't be just clean". She complemented saying she mentioned that the video should be "white" and "frozen", and then it "melts because of love" and "making love".<ref name="makingof">{{cite web|url=http://www.digititles.com/music-videos/bjork/videos/all-is-full-of-love-chris-cunningham-and-bjork-talk-about-the-making-of-music-video |title=Björk - All Is Full Of Love |publisher=DigiTitles |date=3 April 2012 |accessdate=20 September 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130915221022/http://www.digititles.com/music-videos/bjork/videos/all-is-full-of-love-chris-cunningham-and-bjork-talk-about-the-making-of-music-video |archivedate=15 September 2013 |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref>
[[File:All Is Full of Love concept drawing.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A drawing of a cyborg smiling and of two robots kissing|[[Concept art]] by [[Chris Cunningham]]. Initially, the two protagonist robots would unfold like a flower as they mated, but the team could not manage to materialize this thought.]]
When Cunningham first heard the track, he wrote down the words "milk", "sexual", "surgery", and "white porcelain"; they outline what would become the music video. Concerning this, Cunningham added that it was like Kama Sutra meeting Industrial Robotics and that because of the [[surrealism|surreal]] nature of the images, they could be "sexually suggestive" as they liked.<ref name="treatment">{{cite web|url=http://www.director-file.com/cunningham/bjork.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050526002734/http://www.director-file.com/cunningham/bjork.html|title=Björk.. All is Full of Love|publisher=Director-File.com|archivedate=26 May 2005|accessdate=26 November 2014}}</ref> Initially, it was planned that during the visual's ending, the robots would unfold like a flower as they mated, revealing an abstract life form made from the two artificial forms.<ref name="treatment" /> However, the team could not manage to materialize this thought.<ref name="unitspecial" />

The robots were designed by Cunningham and were built in full-size by Paul Catling — who had also sculpted the masks for Aphex Twin's "[[Windowlicker]]" (1999) — in [[clay]] in two hours. He also worked with Julian Caldow in [[set design]], which was created by Chris Oddy.<ref name="unitspecial" /> The treatment described the set as an "elegant" and "white environment" with "a Japanese feel to it".<ref name="unitspecial" /> However, the music video's director was dissatisfied with the result and relied heavily on [[post-production]]. On the shoot there were two main robot arms, but during its post production, a third and fourth robot arm were created in [[computer-generated imagery]].<ref name="unitspecial" />

The video was shot at [[Bray Studios (UK)|Bray Studios]] and Greenford Studios, and post-production was handled by Glasswork using the software programs [[Softimage (company)|Softimage]] and [[Autodesk Media and Entertainment|Flame]]. Cunningham said that every shot in the clip had four layers. He reportedly first shot the set and the props doing nothing for about 21 seconds, and then removed the robot and replaced it with Björk, who had her face painted white and wore a blue suit. Using a mix of the [[master shot]] and a live feed of Björk in frame, the production team tried to match up her face and the robot body as much as possible.<ref name="treatment" /> Only the singer's eyes and mouth were used, with the rest of the robot representing 3D animation traced from her real head.<ref name="unitspecial" /> Cunningham has described the filming process as an unpleasant experience:

{{quote|I always think that my strength is [...] sculpting stuff up in [post-production] and then, a lot of the time things are pretty ramshackle while they're shot. And I think that with the video that was the most extreme example of that, I mean it really was a disaster [...] In the [[Avid Technology|Avid]], looking at this stuff, it just looked awful and I actually had a panic attack when I went to the [[telecine]] to look at the rushes. I just thought "this is a fucking disaster, [...] so cheap and nasty. At it was only when Glassworks started doing the computer graphics that [...] I started to realise how the video was gonna be made completely with the computer graphic addition.<ref name="makingof" />}}

Björk left Cunningham alone to work for the video, refusing to see the product until it was finished, explaining that "when you come across someone as special as Chris you just go humble", which Cunningham said made the work much easier.<ref name="treatment" />

===Synopsis===
[[File:All Is Full of Love capture.jpg|thumb|alt=A screenshot from the music video|In the music video's [[Climax (narrative)|climax]], the two robots passionately kiss, contrasting with the ethereal sterility of the room and the rendered movements of the machines.<ref name="scifi" />]]
The video begins with a journey through a dark environment wrought with cables and a faint pulsating light. The sequence has been described as "womb-like, voyeuristic, as if the black box of technology is about to open up".<ref name="unstablemedia">{{cite web|url=http://v2.nl/archive/works/all-is-full-of-love|title=All is Full of Love|publisher=V2_Institute for the Unstable Media|date=2004|accessdate=26 November 2014}}</ref> The camera follows these cables to an ethereal, white room where a robot with Björk's features lies in a fetal position. As the room lightens up, two mechanical arms begin to assemble the robot, which opens its eyes and begins to sing the song. Pistons pumping white fluids, as well as drilling and penetrative motions are seen, featuring a "clear" sexual subtext.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oJASfIMFws4C&dq=%22all+is+full+of+love%22|title=Dancefilm: Choreography and the Moving Image|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|date=2011|page=60|last=Brannigan|first=Erin|isbn=978-0-19-536724-9|accessdate=26 November 2014}}</ref>

Now sitting upright, the robot looks up to see another robotic Björk as the machines stop the assembly. It smiles and extends its hand to the sitting robot, joining in the song. In the [[Climax (narrative)|climax]] of the video,<ref name="scifi">{{cite web|url=http://www.scifi.com/exposure/frameup/allisfull.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060621060825/http://www.scifi.com/exposure/frameup/allisfull.html|title=EXPOSURE: All Is Full of Love|publisher=[[Syfy|SciFi.com]]|archivedate=21 June 2006|accessdate=26 November 2014}}</ref> the robots passionately kiss and embrace while the machines assemble their backs and light comes and goes. The images of the kissing robots are interposed with shots of white fluid washing over robotic parts and the mechanical arms assembling them. According to the Institute for the Unstable Media, "as the music fades and the pulsating beat becomes more dominant, we are once again drawn in the womb-like dark space, making it clear to us that we sampled a glimpse of a black-boxed kingdom".<ref name="unstablemedia" />

===Reception===
The music video was greeted with widespread critical acclaim. [[Music journalism|Music journalist]] Mark Pytlik wrote the visual "marked an unquestionable creative apex for Björk's visual work, a perfect synthesis of form and content".<ref name="Pytlik140" /> [[IGN]] gave the video a score of 9/10, writing it is an "utterly gorgeous sight to behold" and "just about perfect".<ref name="ignreview" /> ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''{{'}}s Craig Duff called it a milestone in computer animation and stated that "no robot had expressed the sensuality that director Chris Cunningham imbues in a Björk-bot in the video".<ref name="time">{{cite web|url=http://entertainment.time.com/2011/07/28/the-30-all-time-best-music-videos/slide/bjrk-all-is-full-of-love-1999/|title=Björk, 'All Is Full of Love' (1999) {{!}} The 30 All-TIME Best Music Videos|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=26 November 2011|accessdate=7 June 2014|last=Duff|first=Craig}}</ref> [[MusicRadar]] considered the music video to be "one of the most visually striking promos of Björk's career."<ref name="musicradar">{{cite web|url=http://www.musicradar.com/news/guitars/the-30-best-music-videos-of-all-time-520706/|title=The 30 best music videos of all time|publisher=[[MusicRadar]]|date=26 July 2011|accessdate=7 June 2014|last=|first=}}</ref> ''[[NME]]'' also praised the "All Is Full of Love" clip as one of Björk's best, and particularly commended the wide angle shot of the cyborgs kissing as the chorus kicks in.<ref name="NME">{{cite web|url=http://www.nme.com/list/100-greatest-music-videos/217342/page/10|title=100 Greatest Music Videos|publisher=''[[NME]]''|date=|accessdate=17 August 2014|last=|first=}}</ref> Eric Henderson of Slant Magazine dubbed it "the perfect pre-millennial precursor to our current gadget-assisted culture of self-love" and also wrote, "When it was released, I thought it looked cool and stressed the importance of loving yourself. Now I think it's a terrifying and sealed-off nightmare wherein you find out that you are the only person who will ever love you."<ref name="slantmag">{{cite web|url=http://www.slantmagazine.com/house/article/top-10-bjork-music-videos/P2|title=Top 10 Björk Music Videos|work=[[Slant Magazine]]|date=5 July 2013|accessdate=26 November 2014|last=Cinquemani|first=Sal}}</ref> Writing for [[Pitchfork Media]], Scott Plagenhoef considered that "the strongest single images from any video of the 1990s come from [the clip]", also calling it "strange and moving".<ref name="pitchfork">{{cite web|url=http://pitchfork.com/features/staff-lists/7849-the-top-50-music-videos-of-the-1990s/5/|title=Staff Lists:The Top 50 Music Videos of the 1990s|publisher=[[Pitchfork Media]]|date=23 August 2010|accessdate=26 November 2014|last=Plagenhoef|first=Scott}}</ref> ''[[CMJ New Music Monthly]]'''s Douglas Wolk called the video "magnificent" and praised it for "[bringing] out the beauty of the song".<ref name="cmj">{{cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tikEAAAAMBAJ&dq=%22all+is+full+of+love%22|issn=1074-6978|title=Singles|work=[[CMJ New Music Monthly]]|page=62|publisher=[[CMJ|CMJ Network, Inc]]|date=January 2000|accessdate=26 November 2014|last=Wolk|first=Douglas}}</ref>

===Recognition and legacy===
[[File:Björk AIFOL MoMA.jpg|thumb|left|Replicas of the music video's robots on the [[Björk (exhibition)|Björk retrospective]] at [[MoMA]], New York City.]]
The music video has won various awards and accolades. It won the Jury Prize at [[Artfutura|ArtFutura]] Festival of 1999,<ref>{{cite web|title=Award Winning Work|url=http://www.glassworks.co.uk/awards|work=Glassworks|accessdate=17 February 2013}}</ref> Best Video in the 2000 [[Fantasporto]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Music Video Awards and Nominations|url=http://visual.rajraj.net/musicoff.html#award|accessdate=17 February 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040214203225/http://visual.rajraj.net/musicoff.html#award|archivedate=14 February 2004|df=}}</ref> Best Video at the 2000 Australian Effects and Animation Festival and Best Art Direction in a Video and Best Special Effects in a Video at the Music Week Awards.<ref name="treatment" /> Other awards received at festivals include the second place of the Prix PIXEL-INA Best Script in the 2000 [[Imagina]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Animation World News – Awards|url=http://www.awn.com/mag/issue4.12/4.12pages/4.12awards.php3|accessdate=17 February 2013}}</ref> and the music video award at the London Effects and Animation Festival.<ref name="treatment" /> At the [[D&AD]] Awards, the video was awarded prizes in Video Direction, Cinematography, Animation, and Special Effects.<ref>{{cite web|title=2000 Winners|url=http://www.dandad.org/awards_frame.html|publisher=[[D&AD]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20001216040500/http://www.dandad.org/awards_frame.html|archivedate=16 December 2000|accessdate=26 November 2014}}</ref> Furthermore, at the MVPA Awards, Cunningham received the award for Best Direction of a Female Artist in a Music Video.<ref name="mvpa">{{cite web|title=MVPA Award Winners, 2000|url=http://www.mvpa.com/9thawards.htm|publisher=Music Video Production Association|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20001115042500/http://www.mvpa.com/9thawards.htm|archivedate=15 November 2000|accessdate=26 November 2014}}</ref> Björk won two awards at the [[2000 MTV Video Music Awards|MTV Video Music Awards]] in 2000: Breakthrough Video and Best Special Effects in a Video.<ref>{{cite web|title=2000 MTV Video Music Awards|url=http://www.mtv.com/ontv/vma/2000/|publisher=[[MTV]]|accessdate=26 November 2014}}</ref> The music video also received the Best Special Effects in a Music Video and Best 3D Animation Music Video during the 2000 International Monitor Awards.<ref name="treatment" /> Particularly, the visual won various nominations: Best Video at the 1999 Ericcson Muzik Awards,<ref name="treatment" /> [[Grammy Award for Best Music Video|Best Short Form Music Video]] at the [[42nd Annual Grammy Awards]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20000105&slug=A20000106010154|title=Santana Tops List With 10 Grammy Nominations|date=5 January 2000|accessdate=15 April 2011|work=The Seattle Times|publisher=The Seattle Times Company}}</ref> and Best Alternative Video, Best Cinematography, and Best Editing in a Video at the 2000 Music Week Awards.<ref name="treatment" />

In 2008, [[MTV2]] ranked the music video as number one on their list "Greatest Music Videos Ever".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtvblogs.co.uk/mtv-two/ta-da-greatest-video-ever-40-1/455|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007120947/http://www.mtvblogs.co.uk/mtv-two/ta-da-greatest-video-ever-40-1/455|title=Ta da – Greatest Video Ever|publisher=MTV Blogs|archivedate=7 October 2011|date=15 August 2008|accessdate=26 November 2014}}</ref> In 2011, "All Is Full of Love" was placed at number 14 in [[MusicRadar]]'s list of the 30 best music videos of all time,<ref name="musicradar" /> and was placed in ''Time''{{'}}s list of The 30 All-TIME Best Music Videos.<ref name="time"/> The video was also listed as the fifth-greatest of all time by ''[[NME]]'',<ref name="NME" /> and the ninth top music video of the decade by Pitchfork Media.<ref name="pitchfork" /> In addition, "All Is Full of Love" has been included in various [[art exhibitions]] and [[Art museum|museums]], including ''DEAF04 Exhibition'' in the V2_Institute for the Unstable Media in [[Rotterdam]],<ref name="unstablemedia" /> ''Chris Cunningham'' in [[MoMA PS1]] in New York City,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://momaps1.org/exhibitions/view/46|title=MoMA PS1: Exhibitions: Chris Cunningham|date=5 January 2000|accessdate=15 April 2011|work=The Seattle Times|publisher=The Seattle Times Company}}</ref> the 49th [[Venice Biennale]],<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CmpQAAAAMAAJ&q=%22all+is+full+of+love%22&dq=%22all+is+full+of+love%22|title=La Biennale di Venezia: 49. Esposizione internazionale d'arte : platea dell'umanità, Volumen 1|publisher=Electa|date=2001|page=|last=|first=|last2=|first2=|isbn=|accessdate=26 November 2014}}</ref> ''While Interwoven Echoes Drip into a Hybrid Body – an Exhibition about Sound, Performance and Sculpture'' in the Migros Museum für Gegenwartskunst in Zürich,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.migrosmuseum.ch/en/exhibitions/exhibition-details/?tx_museumplus%5Bexhib%5D=120|title=While Interwoven Echoes Drip into a Hybrid Body – an Exhibition about Sound, Performance and Sculpture|date=|accessdate=27 November 2014|work=|publisher=Migros Museum für Gegenwartskunst}}</ref> and ''This Is Not a Love Song'' in La Virreina Centre de la Imatge in Barcelona.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://screen-projects.com/dossier/ThisIsNotaLoveSong-eng.pdf|title=This Is Not a Love Song: Touring Exhibition Dossier|date=|accessdate=November 27, 2014|work=|publisher=Screen-Projects}}</ref> The music video was also on permanent exhibition at the [[Museum of Modern Art]] in New York City.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gigwise.com/photos/79857/7/robot-rock-the-best-droids-in-music-of-all-time|title=Robot rock: the best droids in music of all time|accessdate=27 November 2014|date=27 February 2013|publisher=[[Gigwise]]|last=Carroll|first=Grace}}</ref>

Chris Cunningham served as a model for a character in the novel ''[[Pattern Recognition (novel)|Pattern Recognition]]'' (2003) by [[William Gibson]], in which a fictitious music video director who puts "robot girls in his video" makes a clip characterized by the following words: "No sci-fi kitsch for Damien. Dreamlike things in the dawn half-light, their small breasts gleaming, white plastic shining faints as old marble", as a reference to "All Is Full of Love".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mKXMvInfbyEC&dq=%22all+is+full+of+love%22|title=Rewind, Play, Fast Forward: The Past, Present and Future of the Music Video|publisher=Transcript-Verlag|date=2010|page=8|last=Keazor|first=Henry|last2=Wübbena|first2=Thorsten |isbn=978-3-8376-1185-4|accessdate=26 November 2014}}</ref> In 2004, similarities were noted between the design of the robots in the music video and those in the film ''[[I, Robot (film)|I, Robot]]'', raising accusations of [[plagiarism]] by fans.<ref>{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040724060506/http://www.lowculture.com/archives/002088.html|url=http://www.lowculture.com/archives/002088.html|archivedate=24 July 2004|title=Twentieth Century Fox, meet award-winning director Chris Cunningham|accessdate=27 November 2014|date=10 June 2004|publisher=lowculture.com|last=|first=}}</ref><ref name="eonline">{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040815233100/http://www.eonline.com/News/Items/0%2C1%2C14531%2C00.html |url=http://www.eonline.com/News/Items/0,1,14531,00.html |archivedate=15 August 2004 |title=The Björk-"I, Robot" Connection? |accessdate=27 November 2014 |date=16 July 2004 |publisher=[[E! News]] |last=Joal |first=Ryan |deadurl=yes }}</ref> [[E! News]] contacted Cunningham and [[20th Century Fox]]—the studio behind the film—but neither of them returned calls for comment.<ref name="eonline" /> According to Tymon Smith of ''[[The Times (South Africa)|The Times]]'', 2015 American film ''[[Chappie (film)|Chappie]]'' "ends with a rip off" of the music video.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/thetimes/2015/03/13/chappie-a-mix-of-hodge-podge-messiness|title='Chappie' a mix of 'hodge-podge messiness'|accessdate=13 March 2015|date=13 March 2015|publisher=''[[The Times (South Africa)|The Times]]''|last=Smith|first=Tymon}}</ref> It also was an inspiration for the opening title sequence of the television series [[Westworld (TV series)|Westworld]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.artofthetitle.com/title/westworld/|title=Westworld|author=|date=|website=www.artofthetitle.com|accessdate=23 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://qz.com/811513/westworlds-uncanny-intricate-opening-credits-sequence-wants-to-disorient-you/|title=Westworld opening credits: The beautifully eerie title sequence is really a meticulously crafted short film — Quartz|first=Adam|last=Epstein|date=|website=qz.com|accessdate=23 April 2018}}</ref>

==Live performances==
[[File:Björk2001.jpg|thumb|Björk performing at [[Radio City Music Hall]] during her [[Vespertine World Tour]] in 2001.]]
Björk first performed "All Is Full of Love" live in July 1997, playing the whole album for a press conference and presentation concert concerning ''Homogenic'' at the Old Truman Building, an old beer factory in London, wearing a pink dress designed by [[Hussein Chalayan]], which she would later sport in the video for "[[Bachelorette (song)|Bachelorette]]" (1997) and photoshoots.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Maio|first=Luis|date=18 July 1998|title=The Women In Fire|url=http://nsd.dyndns.org/tempest/bjork-homogenic.html |journal= [[Público (Portugal)|Público]]|publisher=|volume= |issue= |pages=|doi= |accessdate=20 September 2016}}</ref> The song was part of the set list for her [[Homogenic Tour]], on which Björk embarked with [[Mark Bell (British musician)|Mark Bell]] and Icelandic String Octet from late 1997 to early 1999. "All Is Full of Love" was also performed during the [[Vespertine World Tour]] in 2001, which featured ''Vespertine'' collaborators [[Matmos]] and [[Zeena Parkins]], an Inuit choir, and an orchestra.<ref name="grapewire2001tour">{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051123042400/http://www.bjork.com/grapewire/?id=123%3Byear%3D2001 |url=http://www.bjork.com/grapewire/?id=123;year=2001 |archivedate=23 November 2005 |title=Grapewire 2001: Closeup of the tour at hand |date=4 August 2001 |accessdate=19 March 2015 |publisher=bjork.com |deadurl=yes }}</ref> During the tour, the singer performed in concert halls and opera houses in order to "have the best acoustics possible" and avoid the "appalling acoustics" of stadiums and rock venues.<ref name="grapewire2001tour" /> The track was the most performed of the tour, alongside "Frosti" and "[[Pagan Poetry]]".<ref>{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051129105307/http://www.bjork.com/grapewire/?id=201%3Byear%3D2001 |url=http://www.bjork.com/grapewire/?id=201;year=2001 |archivedate=29 November 2005 |title=Grapewire 2001: Fun figures on songs sung this year |date=30 December 2001 |accessdate=19 March 2015 |publisher=bjork.com |deadurl=yes }}</ref> Björk's concert at the [[Royal Opera House]] of 16 December 2001, which included a performance of the song, was broadcast on [[BBC Four]] and released as the DVD ''[[Live at Royal Opera House]]'' in 2002.<ref>{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051129155600/http://www.bjork.com/grapewire/?id=212%3Byear%3D2002 |url=http://www.bjork.com/grapewire/?id=212;year=2002 |archivedate=29 November 2005 |title=Grapewire 2002: Royal Opera House Concert Broadcast in March |date=19 January 2002 |accessdate=19 March 2015 |publisher=bjork.com |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051127234845/http://www.bjork.com/grapewire/?id=270%3Byear%3D2002 |url=http://www.bjork.com/grapewire/?id=270;year=2002 |archivedate=27 November 2005 |title=Grapewire 2002: The Royal Concert Release on DVD |date=6 June 2002 |accessdate=19 March 2015 |publisher=bjork.com |deadurl=yes }}</ref> A live version of the track can also be found on the tour documentary DVD ''[[Minuscule (DVD)|Minuscule]]'' of 2003.<ref>{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051123115712/http://www.bjork.com/grapewire/?id=447%3Byear%3D2003 |url=http://www.bjork.com/grapewire/?id=447;year=2003 |archivedate=23 November 2005 |title=Grapewire 2003: Tour peek and Minuscule |date=31 October 2003 |accessdate=19 March 2015 |publisher=bjork.com |deadurl=yes }}</ref> A Vespertine Tour live version of the song was released through ''Vespertine Live'', a live album of the tour included in the box set ''[[Live Box]]'' (2003).<ref>{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051129145240/http://www.bjork.com/grapewire/?id=394%3Byear%3D2003 |url=http://www.bjork.com/grapewire/?id=394;year=2003 |archivedate=29 November 2005 |title=Grapewire 2003: DVD's coming up & Live Box |date=22 May 2003 |accessdate=19 March 2015 |publisher=bjork.com |deadurl=yes }}</ref>

The [[Headliner (performances)|headliner]] of the 2002 [[Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival]], Björk opened the set with the track, wearing a white [[Comme des Garçons]] dress.<ref>{{Cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060426102620/http://www.bjork.com/facts/gigography/details/02-04-27/index.htm|url=http://www.bjork.com/facts/gigography/details/02-04-27/index.htm|archivedate=26 April 2006|title=gigOgraphy: 2002: Coachella Festival 2002|accessdate=20 March 2015|publisher=bjork.com}}</ref> This performance was included on the 2006 video documentary ''Coachella''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/mw0001026283|title=Coachella [DVD]|publisher=AllMusic|access-date=20 March 2015}}</ref> The song was also part of the set list of the [[Greatest Hits Tour (Björk)|Greatest Hits Tour]] (2003),<ref>{{Cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060618205054/http://bjork.com/facts/gigography/2003.htm|url=http://bjork.com/facts/gigography/2003.htm|archivedate=18 June 2006|title=gigOgraphy: 2003|accessdate= 4 December 2014|publisher=bjork.com}}</ref> which once again featured the Icelandic String Octet, but with the addition of Vespertine World Tour collaborators Matmos and Zeena Parkins.<ref>{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918131114/http://bjork.com/news/?id=379%3Byear%3D2003 |url=http://bjork.com/news/?id=379;year=2003 |archivedate=18 September 2010 |title=Grapewire 2003: Björk&Matmos&Zeena&Octet – Live in concert |date=20 May 2003 |accessdate=4 December 2014 |publisher=bjork.com |deadurl=yes }}</ref> It was one of the most played songs of the tour.<ref>{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051123115507/http://www.bjork.com/grapewire/?id=440%3Byear%3D2003 |url=http://www.bjork.com/grapewire/?id=440;year=2003 |archivedate=23 November 2005 |title=Grapewire 2003: Fun figures on songs sung this tour |date=10 October 2003 |accessdate=19 March 2015 |publisher=bjork.com |deadurl=yes }}</ref> Björk's performance of the song in New York City during the tour was included in the 2005 documentary film ''[[Screaming Masterpiece]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051220082116/http://www.bjork.com/grapewire/?id=548%3Byear%3D2005 |url=http://www.bjork.com/grapewire/?id=548;year=2005 |archivedate=20 December 2005 |title=Grapewire 2005: Inez & Vinoodh show off, Screaming Masterpiece awarded |date=5 October 2005 |accessdate=19 March 2015 |publisher=bjork.com |deadurl=yes }}</ref> "All Is Full of Love" was also performed during the [[Volta Tour]] (2007–08),<ref>{{Cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328064127/http://bjork.com/facts/gigography/volta-summary.htm|url=http://bjork.com/facts/gigography/volta-summary.htm|archivedate=28 March 2010|title=gigOgraphy: Volta Tour summary|accessdate= 4 December 2014|publisher=bjork.com}}</ref> a tour she undertook with Mark Bell, [[Jónas Sen]], [[Damian Taylor]], [[Chris Corsano]], and a 10-piece female [[Brass section|brass band]].<ref>{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100101034632/http://bjork.com/news/?id=624%3Byear%3D2007 |url=http://bjork.com/news/?id=624;year=2007 |archivedate=1 January 2010 |title=News: Volta Concerts Start in Reykjavik |date=11 April 2007 |accessdate=4 December 2014 |publisher=bjork.com |deadurl=yes }}</ref> Several of the concerts were part of festivals, including [[Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival|Coachella]], [[Glastonbury Festival|Glastonbury]], and [[Rock en Seine]], among others. A live performance of the track during the tour was included in the box set ''[[Voltaïc]]'' (2009), specifically the CD ''Songs from the Volta Tour Performed Live at the Olympic Studios''.<ref>{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106061856/http://www.bjork.com/special/voltaic/|url=http://www.bjork.com/special/voltaic/|archivedate=6 January 2010|title=Voltaïc|date=2009|accessdate= 4 December 2014|publisher=bjork.com}}</ref> The track was also performed a few times during Björk's [[Biophilia Tour]] (2011–13).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bjork.com/#/past/gigography/2013/387 |title=gigography |publisher=bjork.com |accessdate=20 September 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070305223747/http://bjork.com/ |archivedate=5 March 2007 }}</ref> The song was performed only once on the 2015 [[Vulnicura#Tour|Vulnicura Tour]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Bjork played 2 shows at King's Theatre (pics, setlists), showing virtual reality "Stonemilker" vid @ MoMA PS1 & Rough Trade|url=http://www.brooklynvegan.com/bjork-played-2/|date=23 March 2015|accessdate=20 September 2016|publisher=[[BrooklynVegan]]}}</ref>

==Usage in media and cover versions==
"All Is Full of Love" was used in the 1999 film ''[[Stigmata (film)|Stigmata]]'', directed by [[Rupert Wainwright]]. It was subsequently included on the official soundtrack, ''Stigmata: Music From The MGM Motion Picture Soundtrack''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/stigmata-mw0000668191|title=Stigmata – Original Soundtrack|last1=Erlewine|first1=Stephen Thomas|publisher=AllMusic. Rovi Corporation|access-date=17 February 2015}}</ref> The Funkstörung mix of the song was also included on the soundtrack for the 2000 [[Christopher Nolan]] film, ''[[Memento (film)|Memento]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/Memento-Music-inspired-David-Julyan/dp/B00005CENW|title=David Julyan, Various Artists: Memento, Music for and inspired by the film|last1=|first1=|publisher=[[Amazon.com]]|access-date=17 February 2015}}</ref> The track was further used for the 1998 French film ''[[Those Who Love Me Can Take the Train]]'', directed by [[Patrice Chéreau]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.microberecords.com/artists/artists_disco.php?language=gb&id=4&disco_id=12|language=French|title=Ceux qui m'aiment prendront le train|publisher=Microbe Records|accessdate=20 March 2015}}</ref>

In 2001, American [[indie rock]] band [[The Microphones]] covered the song and added it on their 2001 studio album, ''[[Blood (The Microphones album)|Blood]]''.<ref>{{cite web|date=11 November 2001|publisher=[[Pitchfork Media]] |accessdate=1 December 2014| url=http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/5271-blood/|title=The Microphones: Blood|last=Pecoraro|first=David M.}}</ref> "All Is Full of Love" was also covered by [[Death Cab for Cutie]] and was released on their 2002 ''[[The Stability EP]]''.<ref name="dcfcpitchfork">{{cite web|date=27 February 2002|publisher=[[Pitchfork Media]] |accessdate=1 December 2014| url=http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/2228-the-stability-ep/|title=Death Cab for Cutie: The Stability EP|last=Tangari|first=Joe}}</ref> The [[Vitamin String Quartet]], a musical group widely known for its series of tributes to popular music acts, covered the track as part of their 2005 tribute to the singer entitled, ''Violently: The String Quartet Tribute To Bjork''.<ref>{{cite web |date= |publisher=[[Vitamin Records]] |accessdate=1 December 2014 |url=http://www.vitaminrecords.com/web/page.asp?pgs=product&id=798 |title=Violently: The String Quartet Tribute To Bjork |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204193818/http://www.vitaminrecords.com/web/page.asp?pgs=product&id=798 |archivedate=4 December 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> The song was also sampled in [[Kerli]]'s "Love Is Dead" from [[Love Is Dead (Kerli album)|her 2008 album of the same name]].<ref>{{cite AV media notes|title=Love Is Dead|others=Kerli|year=2008|type=album liner notes|publisher=Island Records|id=460502670134}}</ref>

==Track listings==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
*'''EU CD'''<ref>{{cite AV media notes|title=All Is Full of Love|others=Björk|year=1999|type=EU CD single liner notes|publisher=Mother Records|id=561 140-2}}</ref>
#"All Is Full of Love" (Radio mix) – 4:50
#"All Is Full of Love" (Radio Strings Mix) – 4:46
#"All Is Full of Love" (Guy Sigsworth mix) – 4:22
#"All Is Full of Love" (Funkstörung Exclusive mix) – 4:36
#"All Is Full of Love" (Plaid mix) – 4:15

*'''US CD'''<ref>{{cite AV media notes|title=All Is Full of Love|others=Björk|year=1999|type=US CD single liner notes|publisher=Elektra Records|id=63723-2}}</ref>
#"All Is Full of Love" (video version) – 4:50
#"All Is Full of Love" (Funkstörung Exclusive mix) – 4:36
#"All Is Full of Love" (Strings) – 4:46
#"All Is Full of Love" (album version) – 4:32
#"All Is Full of Love" (Plaid mix) – 4:15
#"All Is Full of Love" (Guy Sigsworth mix) – 4:22

*'''UK CD1'''<ref>{{cite AV media notes|title=All Is Full of Love|others=Björk|year=1999|type=UK CD1 single liner notes|publisher=One Little Indian Records|id=242TP7CD}}</ref>
#"All Is Full of Love" – 4:50
#"All Is Full of Love" (Funkstörung Exclusive mix) – 4:36
#"All Is Full of Love" (Strings) – 4:46

{{col-2}}
*'''UK CD2'''<ref>{{cite AV media notes|title=All Is Full of Love|others=Björk|year=1999|type=UK CD2 single liner notes|publisher=One Little Indian Records|id=242TP7CDL}}</ref>
#"All Is Full of Love" (Album version) – 4:32
#"All Is Full of Love" (Plaid mix) – 4:15
#"All Is Full of Love" (Guy Sigsworth mix) – 4:22

*'''UK DVD'''<ref>{{cite AV media notes|title=All Is Full of Love|others=Björk|year=1999|type=UK DVD single liner notes|publisher=One Little Indian Records|id=242TP7DVD}}</ref>
#"All Is Full of Love" (Video) – 4:50
#"All Is Full of Love" (Funkstörung Exclusive mix) (audio) – 4:36
#"All Is Full of Love" (Strings) (audio) – 4:46

*'''12" vinyl 1'''<ref>{{cite AV media notes|title=All Is Full of Love|others=Björk|year=1999|type=12-inch vinyl 1 single liner notes|publisher=One Little Indian Records|id=242TP12}}</ref>
#"All Is Full of Love" (μ-ziq 7" mix) – 3:51
#"All Is Full of Love" (μ-ziq 1" mix) – 1:05
#"All Is Full of Love" (Funkstörung Exclusive mix) – 4:36

*'''12" vinyl 2'''<ref>{{cite AV media notes|title=All Is Full of Love|others=Björk|year=1999|type=12-inch vinyl 2 single liner notes|publisher=One Little Indian Records|id=242TP12L}}</ref>
#"All Is Full of Love" (Plaid remix) – 4:15
#"All Is Full of Love" (Guy Sigsworth mix) – 4:22
{{col-end}}

==Credits and personnel==
Credits adapted from the liner notes of ''Homogenic'' and the single's physical release.<ref name="AV">{{cite AV media notes|title=Homogenic|others=[[Björk]]|year=1997|publisher=[[One Little Indian Records]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media notes|title=All Is Full Of Love|others=[[Björk]]|year=1999|publisher=[[One Little Indian Records|One Little Indian]]}}</ref>

{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
*Written by [[Björk]]
*Production – [[Howie B]] (album version) – [[Björk]] (video version)
*[[Mixing engineer]] – Howie B (album version) – Björk, Mark Stent (video version)
*Assistants – Rebecca Storey, Russell Polden, Paul "P-Dub" Walton, Jason Westbrook, Danny Brown, Kirsten Cowie, Sie Midway-Smith, James Loughrey, Rob Murphy and Jason Groucott
*[[Keyboard instrument|Keyboards]] – Björk, [[Mark Bell (British musician)|Mark Bell]] and [[Guy Sigsworth]]
*[[Programming (music)|Programming]] – Mark Bell and [[Markus Dravs]]
*[[Electronic drum]]kit – Trevor Morais
*[[Clavichord]] and [[pipe organ]] – Guy Sigsworth
*[[Accordion]] – [[Yasuhiro Kobayashi|Yasuhiro "Coba" Kobayashi]]
*[[Glass harmonica]] – Alasdair Malloy
* Published by [[PolyGram|Polygram Music Publishing Ltd]]
{{div col end}}

==Charts==


The song performed moderately on the [[UK Singles Chart]], peaking at number 24.<ref name="uk"/> In the United States, it became a hit on the [[Dance/Electronic Singles Sales]] chart, reaching number eight.<ref name="songs"/>
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Chart (1999)
! Peak position
|-
! scope="row"|Europe ([[Eurochart Hot 100]])<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Music-and-Media/90s/1999/MM-1999-06-26.pdf|title=Music & Media: Eurochart Hot 100|accessdate=7 May 2018|work=[[Music & Media]]}}</ref>
|89
|-
{{singlechart|Scotland|36|date=1999-06-13|artist=Björk|song=All Is Full of Love|rowheader=true|accessdate=11 September 2017|refname="scotland"}}
|-
{{singlechart|UK|24|date=1999-06-19/|rowheader=true|accessdate=19 September 2016|refname="uk"}}
|-
! scope="row"|US [[Dance/Electronic Singles Sales]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref name="songs">{{cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/homogenic-mw0000026812/awards|title=Homogenic – Björk: Awards|publisher=AllMusic|accessdate=1 December 2014}}</ref>
|8
|}

==References==
;Notes
{{reflist|30em}}

;Bibliography
* {{cite book
| last = Pytlik
| first = Mark
| title = Björk: Wow and Flutter
| publisher = [[ECW Press]]
| year = 2003
| isbn = 1-55022-556-1
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bill263dqDAC|ref=harv
}}

==External links==
*{{YouTube|d2tBhaVEWGM|Official music video}}
* {{discogs master| master= 34369| name=All Is Full of Love}}
* {{url|http://www.last.fm/music/Bj%C3%B6rk/_/All+Is+Full+of+Love| "All Is Full of Love"}} statistics, tagging and previews at [[Last.fm]]
* "[https://rateyourmusic.com/release/single/bjork/all_is_full_of_love_f2/ All Is Full of Love]" at [[Rate Your Music]]
{{Björk songs}}
{{Portal bar|Björk|Electronic music|1990s}}

[[Category:1990s ballads]]
[[Category:1999 singles]]
[[Category:Björk songs]]
[[Category:Music videos directed by Chris Cunningham]]
[[Category:Songs written by Björk]]
[[Category:Song recordings produced by Björk]]
[[Category:Ambient songs]]
[[Category:1997 songs]]
[[Category:LGBT-related songs]]
[[Category:One Little Indian Records singles]]

Whole Lotta Rosie

2018-08-02T19:05:26Z

DeprecatedFixerBot: Substituted Template:Infobox single or one of its redirects using DeprecatedFixerBot. Questions? msg TSD! (please mention that this is task #6! BRFA in-progress)

{{EngvarB|date=July 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Whole Lotta Rosie
| cover = Acdc-whole lotta rosie s.jpg
| alt =
| type = single
| artist = [[AC/DC]]
| album = [[Let There Be Rock]]
| B-side = [[Dog Eat Dog (song)|Dog Eat Dog]]
| released = 1977
| format = [[Gramophone record|7"]]
| recorded = 1977
| studio =
| venue =
| genre = [[Hard rock]]<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.allmusic.com/song/whole-lotta-rosie-mt0000659796 |title= Whole Lotta Rosie review on Allmusic |author= Ed Rivadavia |work= Allmusic |publisher= Rovi Corporation |accessdate= 23 October 2017}} "One of hard rock's all-time greatest moments"</ref>, [[rock and roll]]
| length = 5:20
| label = [[Atco Records|ATCO]]
| writer = [[Angus Young]], [[Bon Scott]], [[Malcolm Young]]
| producer = [[Harry Vanda]], [[George Young (rock musician)|George Young]]
| prev_title = [[Let There Be Rock (song)|Let There Be Rock]]
| prev_year = 1977
| next_title = [[Rock 'n' Roll Damnation]]
| next_year = 1978
| misc = {{Extra album cover
| Upper caption = Alternative cover
| Type = single
| Cover = AC DC wholelottarosie.jpg
| Lower caption = Cover of AC/DC's 1978 single
}}
}}
{{Infobox song 
| Name = Whole Lotta Rosie
| Cover =
| Artist = [[AC/DC]]
| Album = [[Let There Be Rock]]
| Released = March 1977 (Australia) 23 June 1977 (worldwide)
| track_no = 8
| Recorded = January–February 1977
| Genre = [[Hard rock]], [[Blues rock]]
| Length = 5:33
| Label = [[Atco Records|ATCO]]
| Writer = [[Angus Young]], [[Bon Scott]], [[Malcolm Young]]
| Producer = [[Harry Vanda]], [[George Young (rock musician)|George Young]]
| Chart Position =
| prev = "[[Let There Be Rock|Hell Ain't a Bad Place to Be]]"
| prev_no = 7
| next = N/A
}}
"'''Whole Lotta Rosie'''" is a song by Australian [[hard rock]] band [[AC/DC]]. It is the eighth and final track on the band's fourth Australian album, ''[[Let There Be Rock]]'', released in Australia in March 1977, and was written by [[Angus Young]], [[Malcolm Young]], and [[Bon Scott]]. It is also the eighth and final track on the international version of the album, released in June the same year.

It was also released as a single in 1978, with a live version of the ''Let There Be Rock'' album track "[[Dog Eat Dog (song)|Dog Eat Dog]]" as the [[A-side and B-side|B-side]], which had been recorded in concert in [[Glasgow]] on 30 April 1978.

==Composition==
The song is about an obese [[Tasmania]]n woman, Rosie, with whom the singer (Bon Scott) had a one-night stand at the Freeway Gardens Motel in [[North Melbourne]].<ref>Bon Scott Interview, ''Bonfire'' Box Set, Disc 4</ref> In addition to pointing out the woman's size, the singer finds her to be one of the most talented lovers he's ever experienced.

The song's first verse reveals Rosie's substantial physical measurements (42"-39"-56"), and that she weighs nineteen [[stone (weight)|stone]] (266 pounds/approximately 120 kilograms). On the ''[[Live from the Atlantic Studios]]'' disc, however, Scott describes the titular woman as "... a Tasmanian devil ... weighs 305 pounds  (138kg)...," a measurement that differs from the "19 stone" lyric (305 lb being 21 st 11 lb).

In 1998, speaking to ''[[Vox (magazine)|Vox]]'' magazine, [[Angus Young]] remembered:<blockquote>We'd been in Tasmania and after the show [Bon Scott] said he was going to check out a few clubs. He said he'd got about 100 yards down the street when he heard this yell: 'Hey! Bon!' He looked around and saw this leg and thought: 'Oh well!' From what he said, there was this Rosie woman and a friend of hers. They were plying him with drinks and Rosie said to him: 'This month I've slept with 28 famous people,' and Bon went: 'Oh yeah?!' Anyway, in the morning he said he woke up pinned against the wall, he said he opened one eye and saw her lean over to her friend and whisper: '29!' There's very few people who'll go out and write a song about a big fat lady, but Bon said it was worthy.<ref>Ewing, Jerry. ''VOX'', February 1998. Albums. Re-issues. Blazer of Glory. AC/DC - Bonfire (EMI). P. 78</ref> </blockquote>

==Early version==
The song's main riff was also featured on an earlier recording with different lyrics, titled "Dirty Eyes", which saw official release on ''[[Volts (album)|Volts]]'', part of the ''[[Bonfire (album)|Bonfire]]'' box set. "Dirty Eyes" features a different chord progression in the chorus, as well as a slower tempo than "Rosie".

In late summer of 1976, "Dirty Eyes" was first recorded by AC/DC, along with "Carry Me Home" and "Love at First Feel" for a possible EP. This recording is possibly the version that was later issued on the ''Bonfire'' boxed set. The EP was scrapped, leaving "Love at First Feel" as a fill-in for the upcoming International ''[[Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap ]]'' album and "Carry Me Home" as a b-side. In the following months, "Dirty Eyes" was recrafted into "Whole Lotta Rosie," and recorded during the ''Let There Be Rock'' sessions of January–February 1977.<ref>Englehart, Murray (''AC/DC: Maximum Rock & Roll'', p. 162).</ref>

When the song was released as a single in 1978 it was heavily edited, making the song considerably shorter. A big part of the guitar solo was left out as well as the characteristic guitar-band duel.

==Live recordings and performances==
[[Image:RosieACDC.JPG|left|thumb|"Rosie" on the 2008 Black Ice Tour]]

One of AC/DC's most popular songs, "Whole Lotta Rosie" has been included on each of the band's official live albums: three with Scott ''[[If You Want Blood You've Got It]]'' (short version which misses the second guitar solo), ''[[Live from the Atlantic Studios]]'', ''[[Let There Be Rock: The Movie – Live in Paris]]'', the latter two released in 1997 as part of the ''[[Bonfire (album)|Bonfire]]'' box set, and also four with Brian Johnson (released on ''[[AC/DC Live|Live]]'', ''[[Live: 2 CD Collector's Edition]]'', the [[Stiff Upper Lip#Tour Edition|tour edition]] of ''[[Stiff Upper Lip]]'', and also on ''[[Live at River Plate (album)|Live at River Plate]]''). The only other song that appears on all these releases is "[[T.N.T. (album)|The Jack]]". A live video of "Whole Lotta Rosie" is also featured on the DVD ''[[Family Jewels (AC/DC album)|Family Jewels]]'', from a 1978 performance on the [[BBC]]'s TV concert series ''[[Rock Goes to College]]'', on which Scott refers to Rosie as the "biggest, fattest woman who ever [[fornication|fornicated]]."

When the song is performed live, the crowd will usually shout 'Angus!' in between each of the opening riffs. This has its origins in the version heard on ''If You Want Blood You've Got It'', but a careful listen reveals that this was a regular chant patched into the song's intro (the fourth chant of 'Angus' is noticeably early)

Current live performances of "Whole Lotta Rosie" are accompanied by a giant, inflatable "Rosie" as seen on the ''[[Live at Donington (AC/DC)|Live at Donington]]'' video. In March 2005, [[Q (magazine)|''Q'' magazine]] placed the live version from ''If You Want Blood ...'' at number 16 in its list of the 100 Greatest Guitar Tracks. {{citation needed|date=November 2011}}

Rosie was seen (at the same table as [[Brian Johnson]]) during the cartoon intro video that was played on the [[Black Ice World Tour]]. The song was also used in [[Brian Johnson]]'s audition as Scott's successor.<ref name="acdc.cc">{{Cite web| title=AC/DC History | work=AC/DC – Bedlam in Belgium | url=http://www.ac-dc.cc | accessdate = 23 September 2006}}</ref>

==Covers==
"Whole Lotta Rosie" was covered by [[Guns N' Roses]], it was on the 1987 UK vinyl singles of "Welcome to the Jungle" and the 1988 "Live from the Jungle" album. It has also been played as part of Guns N' Roses' concerts.<ref>{{cite web | title=Guns N' Roses singles | work=Here Today... Gone to Hell | url=http://www.heretodaygonetohell.com/releases/discog/welcome.htm | accessdate=17 January 2007}}</ref>

Australian psychedelic band [[Electric Hippies]] recorded a cover in 1995 for the "[[Fuse Box (album)|Fuse Box"]] alternative tribute album.

It was also covered by [[W.A.S.P. (band)|W.A.S.P.]] on the American version of the 1996 "[[Still Not Black Enough]]" album.

The Japanese power metal band [[Galneryus]] released a cover of it, on their 2007 "Voices from the Past" EP, which is an EP of 5 cover songs.

Another cover version, by [[Steel Panther]], was released in 2010 on "The Metal Forge Volume Two (A Tribute To AC/DC)" by Metal Hammer.

[[Bullet for My Valentine]] also released a cover of the song as a bonus track on their 2013 album [[Temper Temper (Bullet for My Valentine album)|Temper Temper]].

==In other media==
A live version of this song is included on ''[[List of Rock Band track packs#AC/DC Live: Rock Band Track Pack|AC/DC Live: Rock Band Track Pack]]''.

==Track listing==
[[File:Wolelottarosie-intro power chords.ogg|thumb|''Whole Lotta Rosie'' intro with [[power chord]]s]]
;1977 7-inch single (Netherlands: Atlantic ATL 109 92)
#"Whole Lotta Rosie" (Young, Young, Scott) – 5:20
#"Dog Eat Dog" (Young, Young, Scott) – 3:35

;1978 7-inch single (Belgium: Atlantic 109 92)
#"Whole Lotta Rosie" (Young, Young, Scott) – 5:20
#"Dog Eat Dog" (Young, Young, Scott) – 3:35

;1980 7-inch single (UK: Atlantic HM 4)
#"Whole Lotta Rosie" (Young, Young, Scott) – 5:20
#"Hell Ain't a Bad Place to Be" (Young, Young, Scott) – 4:21

==Personnel==
*[[Bon Scott]] – lead vocals
*[[Angus Young]] – lead guitar
*[[Malcolm Young]] – rhythm guitar
*[[Mark Evans (musician)|Mark Evans]] – bass<ref name="Music Legends">{{cite web|publisher=Music Legends|url=http://musiclegends.ca/interviews/mark-evans-acdc-interview/|title=Mark Evans Interview|accessdate=6 May 2013|date=30 September 2011|last=Saulnier|first=Jason|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107134707/http://musiclegends.ca/interviews/mark-evans-acdc-interview/|archivedate=7 November 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
*[[Phil Rudd]] – drums
*Producers: [[Harry Vanda]], [[George Young (rock musician)|George Young]]

==Chart positions==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Chart (1978)
!Position
|-
{{singlechart|Flanders|12|artist=AC/DC|song=Whole Lotta Rosie}}
|-
{{singlechart|Dutch40|3|artist=AC/DC|song=Whole Lotta Rosie}}
|-
{{singlechart|Dutch100|5|artist=AC/DC|song=Whole Lotta Rosie}}
|-
!Chart (1980)
!Position
|-
|UK ([[Official Charts Company]])<ref name="UK">{{cite web |url= http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/_/ac/dc/ |title= AC/DC |publisher= Official Charts Company |accessdate= 1 July 2013}}</ref>
|align="center"|36
|-
!Chart (2012)
!Position
|-
|UK ([[Official Charts Company]])<ref name="UK"/>
|align="center"|68
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[{{Allmusic|class=song|id=t2010079|pure_url=yes}} Review of "Whole Lotta Rosie" by Allmusic]

{{AC/DC singles}}

[[Category:AC/DC songs]]
[[Category:Songs written by Angus Young]]
[[Category:Songs written by Bon Scott]]
[[Category:Songs written by Malcolm Young]]
[[Category:1977 songs]]
[[Category:1978 singles]]
[[Category:Song recordings produced by Harry Vanda]]
[[Category:Song recordings produced by George Young (rock musician)]]
[[Category:Songs about Australia]]
[[Category:Atco Records singles]]

Yakima Fold Belt

2018-07-03T19:57:12Z

DeprecatedFixerBot: Removed deprecated parameter(s) from Template:Div col using DeprecatedFixerBot. Questions? See Template:Div col#Usage of "cols" parameter or msg TSD! (please mention that this is task #2!))

{{Infobox landform
| name = Yakima Fold Belt
| other_name = Yakima fold-and-thrust belt
| map = Washington | relief = yes
| map_caption =
| mark = City locator 17.svg
| location = South-western part of [[Columbia River Drainage Basin|Columbia Basin]] ([[Yakima County, Washington|Yakima]], [[Kittitas County, Washington|Kittitas]], [[Klickitat County, Washington|Klickitat]], [[Benton County, Washington|Benton]], and [[Grant County, Washington|Grant]] counties)
| coordinates = {{coord|46.4|N|120.5|W|type:landmark_region:US-WA|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| area = 
| type = [[Fold and thrust belt]]
}}
The '''Yakima Fold Belt''' of south-central [[Washington (state)|Washington]], also called the '''Yakima [[Fold and thrust belt|fold-and-thrust belt]]''', is an area of topographical folds (or wrinkles) raised by tectonic compression. It is a {{convert|14000|km2|adj=on|abbr=on}} structural-tectonic [[Province (geology)|sub province]] of the western [[Columbia Plateau]] Province{{sfn|Barnett|Sherrod|Norris|Gibbons|2013}}{{sfn|Lidke|2002}}{{sfn|Reidel|Martin|Petcovic|2003}} resulting from complex and poorly understood regional tectonics. The folds are associated with geological faults whose seismic risk is of particular concern to the nuclear facilities at the [[Hanford Nuclear Reservation]] (immediately northwest of the Tri-Cities) and [[List of dams in the Columbia River watershed|major dams on the Columbia and Snake Rivers]].{{sfn|Pratt|2012}}

==Location and extent==
<imagemap>
Image:Yakima Fold Belt map.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.34|Shaded-relief map showing ridges of the Yakima Fold Belt of south-central [[Washington (state)|Washington]], mostly between [[Interstate 90]] (red line) and the [[Columbia River]] (bottom). Red square in center is the city of [[Yakima, Washington|Yakima]], red rectangle at lower right is the [[Tri-Cities, Washington|Tri-Cities]], red circles are various cities, triangles are the [[Mount Rainier]], [[Mount Saint Helens]], and [[Mount Adams (Washington)|Mount Adams]] volcanoes of the Southern Washington Cascades. Purple dashed line marks the approximate location of the [[Olympic-Wallowa Lineament]] (OWL), crossing the Columbia River at the [[Wallula Gap]] (lower-right). Orange dashed line is approximate location of edge of the [[North American craton]]. The smoothness of the central and eastern areas is due to infilling by volcanic flows of the [[Columbia River Basalt Group|Columbia River Basalts]].
# Image size: 641x458 (642x459)
#
# In error messages: imagemap line numbers include comment lines.
# This should be line 5.
# Areas defined first overlap areas defined later. (??)
# Cities and towns:
# Localized regions and lakes:
circle 180 16 16 [[Lake Keechelus]]
circle 204 24 20 [[Lake Kachess]]
circle 224 34 16 [[Lake Cle Elum]]
circle 254 56 16 [[Cle Elum, Washington|Cle Elum]]
circle 314 100 16 [[Ellensburg, Washington|Ellensburg]]
circle 434 48 16 [[Quincy, Washington|Quincy]]
circle 480 24 16 [[Ephrata, Washington|Ephrata]]
circle 522 76 20 [[Moses Lake, Washington|Moses Lake]]
circle 506 92 20 [[Pot Holes Reservoir]]
circle 538 140 16 [[Othello, Washington|Othello]]
circle 320 200 16 [[Yakima, Washington|Yakima]]
circle 324 214 12 [[Union Gap, Washington|Union Gap]]
circle 570 326 16 [[Wallula Gap]]
circle 262 378 16 [[Goldendale, Washingon|Goldendale]]
circle 212 434 16 [[The Dalles, Oregon|The Dalles]]
circle 156 406 16 [[Hood River, Oregon|Hood River]]
poly 1 30 12 32 12 46 1 46 [[Tacoma, Washington|Tacoma]]
poly 510 264 558 264 558 292 510 292 [[Tri-Cities, Washington|Tri-Cities]]
#
circle 120 134 22 [[Mount Rainier]]
circle 56 294 22 [[Mount Saint Helens]]
circle 164 288 22 [[Mount Adams (washington)|Mount Adams]]
# Dams:
poly 374 14 386 6 394 16 382 24 [[Rock Island Dam]]
circle 408 134 16 [[Wanapum Dam]]
circle 418 184 16 [[Priest Rapids Dam]]
circle 582 278 16 [[Ice Harbor Dam]]
circle 502 354 16 [[McNary Dam]]
circle 290 402 16 [[John Day Dam]]
circle 224 422 16 [[The Dalles Dam]]
circle 102 408 16 [[Bonneville Dam]]
#
poly 72 48 140 52 160 90 152 122 142 126 146 108 132 64 88 66 [[White River (Washington)|White River]]
# The Folds:
poly 232 30 260 32 292 56 280 64 268 58 235 40 [[Cle Elum Ridge]]
poly 238 64 252 60 278 74 274 82 260 74 244 74 [[South Cle Elum Ridge]]
poly 224 80 242 82 286 104 306 106 378 144 380 160 298 118 272 118 232 100 [[Manastash Ridge]]
poly 282 122 300 124 382 172 422 188 442 190 436 198 420 196 404 192 380 190 314 142 296 140 280 128 [[Umtanum Ridge]]
poly 336 92 356 100 374 122 366 126 348 118 [[Boylston Mountains]]
poly 382 2 410 2 396 20 [[Badger Mountain (Cascades)|Badger Mountain]]
poly 404 22 422 2 478 2 470 30 406 32 [[Beezley Hills]]
poly 364 130 376 126 420 138 470 138 520 146 548 166 540 178 514 160 418 156 392 148 [[Saddle Mountains]]
poly 380 100 406 92 512 106 526 112 516 120 386 110 [[Frenchman Hills]]
poly 470 184 494 188 502 206 594 208 472 198 [[Gable Mountain]]
poly 250 124 266 126 284 148 290 158 278 158 254 142 [[Cleman Mountain]]
poly 322 182 344 178 380 192 404 194 452 212 446 222 416 210 382 216 336 200 [[Yakima Ridge]]
poly 210 166 352 150 268 162 246 176 226 174 [[Bethel Ridge]]
poly 252 194 272 182 310 190 306 198 276 196 360 204 [[Cowiche Mountain]]
poly 218 222 248 204 254 208 246 214 224 230 [[#Sedge Ridge]]
poly 226 232 258 208 320 208 298 228 260 224 230 240 [[Ahtanum Ridge]]
poly 232 210 248 208 380 220 412 216 446 230 464 230 480 256 436 274 334 218 [[Rattlesnake Hills]]
poly 198 290 310 260 368 258 366 268 296 294 198 300 [[Toppenish Ridge]]
poly 370 254 398 262 390 268 [[Snipes Mountain]]
poly 314 324 394 306 474 274 515 309 546 310 552 320 542 326 496 320 468 304 402 328 330 330 [[Horse Heaven Hills]]
circle 266 336 22 [[#Simcoe Mountain]]
poly 300 334 352 334 344 346 294 348 [[#Bickleton Ridge]]
poly 204 402 300 380 332 386 330 396 300 392 258 416 208 416 [[Columbia Hills (Washington)]]
poly 448 352 466 338 512 330 510 346 470 350 454 356 [[#Paterson Ridge]]
circle 492 266 16 [[#Red Mountain]]
# Broader regions:
poly 72 1 186 1 640 336 640 386 418 212 316 190 [[Olympic-Wallowa Lineament]]
poly 510 109 528 100 612 334 594 334 [[#craton edge]]
poly 296 2 322 2 380 52 392 188 376 182 366 98 356 60 304 24 [[#Naneum-Hog Ranch Anticline]]
###
</imagemap>

The topographical distinctness of the Yakima Folds (see the shaded-relief image) is due to their formation in a layer of [[Columbia River Basalt Group|lava flows]] and sedimentary deposits that have filled-in and generally smoothed the topographic surface of a large area of the [[Columbia River Drainage Basin|Columbia Basin]]. The extent of these lava flows were limited to the west and north by the rising [[Cascade Mountains]] and the [[Wenatchee Mountains]]. The lava flows extend east well beyond this image, but the Yakima Folds do not. The northern-most fold seen here<ref>Some researchers include structures north of this image.</ref> (Frenchman Hills) ends at the [[Potholes Reservoir]], another (Saddle Mountains) terminates just south of there, near the town of [[Othello, Washington|Othello]] (red circle). South of the Tri-Cities the rampart of the Horse Heaven Hills extends for a short distance past the Columbia River. The ends of these ridges mark the edge of a block of continental crust (part of the [[North American craton]], indicated by the dashed orange line) that has resisted the tectonic compression that formed the ridges.

The southernmost ridge of the Yakima Fold Belt is the Columbia Hills on the north side of the Columbia River. The pattern of folding continues with the Dalles-Umatilla Syncline just south of the Columbia River, and further into Oregon with the Blue Mountains anticline, which approximately parallels the Klamath-Blue Mountain Lineament that marks the southeastern edge of [[Siletzia]] (see geological map, below).

The Yakima Fold Belt is also located on, and the orientation and spacing of some of the Folds influenced by, the [[Olympic-Wallowa Lineament]] (OWL), a broad zone of linear topographical features (dashed yellow line) extending from the Olympic Peninsula in northwestern Washington to the Wallowa Mountains in northeastern Oregon.

==Geology==
[[Image:Geofeatures-PacificNW.png|right|frame|Yakima Fold Belt (thin purple lines with black diamonds) in context of major regional geological structures. Pale green is extent of the Columbia River Basalts. Thickest purple line is the OWL, thickest orange line corresponds to the craton edge in the shaded-relief map above. The Klamath-Blue Mountain Lineament (KBML, approximate location, extends to coast) is the southern edge of the marine basalts of [[Siletzia]]. BFZ, EDFZ, and MFZ are the Brothers, Eugene-Denio, and McLaughlin fault zones.]]
It is the central portion of the [[Olympic-Wallowa Lineament]], referred to as the Cle Elum-Wallula deformed zone (CLEW),{{sfn|Reidel|Fecht|Hagood|Tolan|1989|p=248|ps= "The central part of ... [the] [[Olympic-Wallowa Lineament]] (OWL) passes through the central Yakima fold belt. This segment of the OWL is referred to as the Cle Elum-Wallula deformed zone (CLEW)..."}} constising of a series of generally east-trending narrow asymmetrical [[anticline|anticlinal]] ridges and broad [[syncline|synclinal]] valleys formed by folding of [[Miocene]] [[Columbia River Basalt Group|Columbia River basalt]] flows and sediments.{{sfn|Reidel|Fecht|Hagood|Tolan|1989}}{{sfn|Lidke|2002}} In most parts of the belt the folds have a north [[Vergence (geology)|vergence]] (Columbia Hills' south vergence is an exception) with the steep limb typically faulted by imbricate [[thrust fault]]s.{{sfn|Lidke|2002}}{{sfn|Reidel|2004|p=9}} Fold lengths range from 1 km to 100 km with wavelengths from several kilometers to 20 km.{{sfn|Reidel|Martin|Petcovic|2003|p=91}}

A [[graben]] underlies nearly the entire Yakima Fold Belt and has been subsiding since [[Eocene]] time, and continues to sink at a slow rate.{{sfn|Reidel|Martin|Petcovic|2003|p=95}}

A 2011 report found [[Aeromagnetic survey|aeromagnetic]], [[Gravity anomaly|gravity]], and [[Paleoseismology|paleoseismic]] evidence that the Yakima Fold Belt is linked to active [[Puget Sound faults]].{{sfn|Blakely et al.|2011}}

==Geodesy==
[[Geodesy|Geodetic studies]] of the [[Olympic-Wallowa Lineament#Oregon Rotation|Oregon Rotation]] show that Oregon is rotating about a point somewhat south of [[Lewiston, Idaho]] compressing the Yakima fold an average of 3 millimeters per year, and the Washington Pacific coast about 7 millimeters per year.{{sfn|Wells|Blakely|Sherrod|Weaver|2009|ps= "...folding in the embayment is driven by the clockwise rotation of Oregon about a pole near the OR-WA-ID border, compressing Washington against slow-moving Canada. The folds fan westward from this pole of rotation, and shortening increases to the west to about 7.1 mm/yr between Astoria and Penticton, BC. Shortening across the YFB is about 3 mm/yr and decreases eastward to the Idaho border."}}

Studies of the motion of the Yakima Fold Belt have been undertaken to evaluate seismic hazards at the [[Hanford Site]].{{sfn|Last|Winsor||Unwin|2012}}

==See also==
* [[Columbia Plateau (ecoregion)#Yakima Folds]] bioregion

==Notes and sources==

===Notes===
{{reflist|24em}}

===Sources===
{{div col|colwidth=30em}} {{refbegin}}
*{{Citation
|year= 2013
|last1= Barnett |first1= Elizabeth A.
|last2= Sherrod |first2= Brian L.
|last3= Norris |first3= Robert
|last4= Gibbons |first4= Douglas
|title= Paleoseismology of a newly discovered scarp in the Yakima fold-and-thrust belt, Kittitas County, Washington
|journal= [[United States Geological Survey]]
|volume= Scientific Investigations Map 3212
|url= https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/sim3212
}}
*{{Citation
|first1= W. |last1= Barrash
|first2= J. |last2= Bond
|first3= R. |last3= Venkatakrishnan
|date= November 1983
|title= Structural evolution of the Columbia Plateau in Washington and Oregon
|journal= American Journal of Science
|volume= 283 |issue= 9 |pages= 897–935 |doi=10.2475/ajs.283.9.897
}}
*{{Citation
|date= July 28, 2011
|last1= Blakely |first1= Richard J.
|last2= Sherrod |first2= Brian L.
|last3= Weaver |first3= Craig S.
|last4= Wells |first4= Ray E.
|last5= Rohay |first5= Alan C.
|last6= Barnett |first6= Elizabeth A.
|last7= Knepprath |first7= Nichole E.
|title= Connecting the Yakima fold and thrust belt to active faults in the Puget Lowland, Washington
|journal= Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
|volume= 116 |issue= B7
|doi= 10.1029/2010JB008091
}}
*{{Citation
|date= August 1, 2012
|last1= Last |first1= George V.
|last2= Winsor |first2= Kelsey
|last3= Unwin |first3= Stephen D.
|title= A Summary of Information on the Behavior of the Yakima Fold Belt as a Structural Entity — Topical Report
|at= PNNL-17471 830403000
|publisher= United States Department of Energy [[Pacific Northwest National Laboratory]]
|osti= 1053763
}}
*{{Citation
|last1= Lidke |first1= D.J., compiler
|year= 2002
|title= Fault number 562b, Saddle Mountains structures, folds and other faults of the Saddle Mountains
|work= Quaternary fault and fold database of the United States: U.S. Geological Survey website
|publisher= [[United States Geological Survey]]
|url= http://earthquakes.usgs.gov/hazards/qfaults
|accessdate= 2014-08-19
}}
*{{Citation
|year= 2009
|first= Kevin R. |last= Pogue
|authorlink= Kevin Pogue
|contribution= Folds, floods and fine wine: Geologic influences on the terroir of the Columbia Basin
|title= Volcanoes to Vineyards: Geologic Field Trips Through the Dynamic Landscape of the Pacific Northwest (Volume 15 of Geological Society of America Field Guide)
|editor-first1= Jim E. |editor-last1= O'Connor
|editor-first2= Rebecca J. |editor-last2= Dorsey
|editor-first3= Ian |editor-last3= Madin
|publisher= Geological Society of America
|ISBN= 9780813700151
|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Cy9ErSxZFhQC&pg=PA1
}}
*{{Citation
|date= November 2012
|first1= Thomas L. |last1= Pratt
|title= Large-scale splay faults on a strike-slip fault system: The Yakima Folds, Washington State
|journal= Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems
|volume= 13 |issue= 11 |pages=
|doi= 10.1029/2012GC004405
}}
*{{Citation
|year= 1989
|last1= Reidel |first1= Stephen P.
|last2= Fecht |first2= Karl R.
|last3= Hagood |first3= Michael C.
|last4= Tolan |first4= Terry L.
|contribution= The Geologic Evolution of the Central Columbia Plateau
|title= Volcanism and Tectonism in the Columbia River Flood-Basalt Province
|editor1-last= Reidel |editor1-first= S. P.
|editor2-last= Hooper |editor2-first= P. R.
|publisher= Geological Society of America
|volume= Special Paper 239
|pages= 247–264
|doi= 10.1130/SPE239-p247
|ISBN= 9780813722399
|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ODVkniB3e7AC&pg=PA247
}}
*{{Citation
|year= 2003
|last1= Reidel |first1= Stephen P.
|last2= Martin |first2= Barton S.
|last3= Petcovic |first3= Heather L.
|contribution= The Columbia River flood basalts and the Yakima fold belt
|title= Western Cordillera and Adjacent Areas: Volume 4 of Geological Society of America Field Guide
|editor1-first= Terry W. |editor1-last= Swanson
|publisher= Geological Society of America
|ISBN= 9780813700045
|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=JpO0Gq0mdkQC&pg=PA91
|page=91
}}
*{{Citation
|year= 2004
|title= Northwest Geological Society Field Trips in Pacific Northwest Geology: The Geologic Development of the Pasco Basin, South-Central Washington
|first= Stephen P. |last= Reidel
|publisher= Northwest Geological Society
|url= http://www.nwgs.org/field_trip_guides/18.%20pasco%20basin.pdf
}}
*{{Citation
|first1= Thomas R. |last1= Watters
|date= 1989
|contribution= Periodically spaced anticlines of the Columbia Plateau
|title= Volcanism and Tectonism in the Columbia River Flood-Basalt Province
|editor1-last= Reidel |editor1-first= S. P.
|editor2-last= Hooper |editor2-first= P. R.
|publisher= Geological Society of America
|volume= Special Paper 239
|pages= 283–292
|doi= 10.1130/SPE239-p283
}}
*{{Citation
|year= 2009
|last1= Wells |first1= Ray E.
|last2= Blakely |first2= Richard J.
|last3= Sherrod |first3= Brian L.
|last4= Weaver |first4= Craig S.
|contribution= The Yakima Fold and Thrust Belt - a paradigm for active shortening in the Columbia embayment from Pasco to the Pacific Ocean
|publisher= American Geophysical Union
|title= American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting
|id= abstract S41F-01
|bibcode= 2009AGUFM.S41F..01W
}}
{{refend}} {{div col end}}

==Further reading==
*{{Citation
|date= August 1993
|first1= Robert D. |last1= Bentley
|first2= Newell P. |last2= Campbell
|first3= John E. |last3= Powell
|title= Geologic maps of part of the Yakima fold belt, northeastern Yakima County, Washington
|publisher= [[Washington State Department of Natural Resources]] Division of Geology and Earth Resources
|volume= Open File Report 93-3
|at= 13 pages text, 5 plates, scale 1:31,680
|url= http://www.dnr.wa.gov/Publications/ger_ofr93-3_yakima_fold_belt_text.pdf
}}
*{{Cite thesis
|date= May 1995
|type= M.S. Geology
|title= The Olympic-Wallowa Lineament, Hite Fault System, and Columbia River Basalt Group Stratigraphy in northeast Umatilla County, Oregon
|first= Stephen Christopher |last= Kuehn
|publisher= Washington State University Dept. of Geology
|section= Chapter 1—Introduction {{!
}} Geologic Setting and Previous Work
|url= http://academics.concord.edu/sckuehn/msthesis/chap1.html
}}
*{{Citation
|date= June 2004
|first1= David K. |last1= Norman
|first2= Alan J. |last2= Busacca
|first3= Ron |last3= Teissere
|title= Geology of the Yakima Valley wine country — a geologic field trip guide from Stevenson to Zillah, Washington
|publisher= [[Washington State Department of Natural Resources]] Division of Geology and Earth Resources
|url= http://www.dnr.wa.gov/publications/ger_ftg1_yakima_valley_wine_country.pdf
}}
*{{Citation
|date= c. April 2007
|first1= Kristen |last1= Straub
|first2= Paul |last2= Link
|work= Digital Atlas of Idaho: Digital Geology of Idaho
|title= Columbia River Basalt Province Unit
|publisher= Idaho State University, Dept. of Geosciences
|url= http://geology.isu.edu/Digital_Geology_Idaho/Module10/mod10.htm
}} — includes flythrough animations

{{Washington State hills and ridges}}

[[Category:Geology of Washington (state)]]
[[Category:Hills of Washington (state)]]

Straight-Creek-Verwerfung

2018-06-28T19:41:45Z

[[Image:Straight Creek Fault.gif|right|Location of SCF and related faults in the [[North Cascades]].]]
__NOTOC__
The '''Straight Creek Fault''' (SCF) is the principal north-south [[strike-slip]] fault in the state of Washington, with a minimum of 90 kilometers (54 miles) of right-lateral offset, and a major geological structure in the [[North Cascades|North Cascade mountains]], where it separates the pre-[[Cenozoic]] [[igneous]] and [[metamorphic]] rocks of the North Cascades on the east from the younger accreted [[terranes]] on the west. The SCF can be traced from its junction with the [[Olympic-Wallowa Lineament]] (OWL) near the town of [[Easton, Washington|Easton]] northward into [[British Columbia]], where it joins the Fraser River Fault system; the combined system (over 570 km [340 miles] long) is known as the Fraser—Straight Creek Fault system (FSCF).<ref>{{Harvnb|Tabor|others|1984}}; {{Harvnb|Tabor|1994}}; {{Harvnb|Tabor|others|2000}};{{Harvnb|Cheney|Hayman|2007}}; {{Harvnb|Figge|2009}} (chs. 3 and 4, "Fraser Fault").</ref>

No trace of the SCF has been found south of the OWL. Some geologists believe it does continue south, with all traces covered by more recent volcanic deposits. Others have speculated that it simply ends, or turns and aligns with the OWL,<ref>{{Harvnb|Tabor|others|1984}}; {{Harvnb|Heller|others|1987}}.</ref> or has been offset elsewhere.<ref>{{Harvnb|Cheney|1999}}, {{Harvnb|Cheney|Hayman|2007}}.</ref> (See discussion at [[Olympic-Wallowa Lineament#Straight Creek Fault]].)

The SCF offsets the older NNW striking Entiat, Ross Lake, and Chewack-Pasayten faults, but not certain younger features,<ref>The Snoqualmie batholith, and likely the Barlow Pass Volcanics. {{Harvnb|Tabor|1994}}.</ref> the period of its strike-slip activity thus being bracketed between 47 and 41 million years ago (in the [[Eocene]] epoch), just after the wedge of crust now carrying the [[Olympic Mountains]] pushed into the continental margin.<ref>{{Harvnb|Vance|Miller|1994}}; {{Harvnb|Tabor|1994}}.</ref> It has been suggested that initiation of the SCF may be due to events on the [[Kula Plate]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Figge|2009}}.</ref>

The SCF seems to be related to the Darrington—Devils Mountain Fault (DDMF), which runs due east from the southern end of [[Vancouver Island]] to the small town of Darrington, then turns nearly south to converge with the SCF near its intersection with the OWL. This bowing appears to be due to the approaching Olympic Mountains. An anomalous rock formation (the Helena—Haystack Melange) just north of Darrington has been correlated with similar rock south of Easton, suggesting considerable right-lateral strike-slip motion on the DDMF. Motion on both faults seems to have been contemporaneous; the relationship between the two is not understood.<ref>{{Harvnb|Tabor|1994}}.</ref>

==See also==
*[[Geology of the Pacific Northwest]]
*[[North Cascades]]
*[[Olympic-Wallowa Lineament]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|24em}}

==References==
{{bots|deny=Citation bot}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}} {{refbegin}}
* {{citation
| last1 = Cheney
| first1 = Eric S.
| date = December 1999
| title = Geological map of the Easton area, Kittitas County, Washington
| journal = Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources
| volume = Open File Report 99-4
| page = 11 p. scale 1:31,680
| url = http://www.dnr.wa.gov/RESEARCHSCIENCE/Pages/Publications.aspx
}}
* {{citation
| last1 = Cheney
| first1 = E. S.
| last2 = Hayman
| first2 = N. W.
| year = 2007
| contribution = Regional tertiary sequence stratigraphy and structure on the eastern flank of the central Cascade Range, Washington
| editor1-last = Stelling
| editor1-first = P. L.
| editor2-last = Tucker
| editor2-first = D. S.
| title = Floods, faults, and fire: Geological Field Trips in Washington State and Southwest British Columbia
| publisher = Geological Society of America
| pages = 179–208
| doi = 10.1130/2007.fld009(09)
}}
* {{citation
|last1 = Figge
|first1 = John
|year = 2009
|title = Evolution of the Pacific Northwest: An Introduction to the Historical Geology of the Washington State and Southern British Columbia
|publisher = Northwest Geological Institute
|url = http://www.northwestgeology.com
|deadurl = yes
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20091219063341/http://www.northwestgeology.com/
|archivedate = 2009-12-19
|df =
}}
* {{citation
| ref = CITEREFHellerothers1987
| year = 1987
| last1 = Heller
| first1 = P. L.
| last2 = Tabor
| first2 = R. W.
| last3 = Suczek
| first3 = C. A.
| date =
| title = Paleogeographic evolution of the U.S. Pacific Northwest during Paleogene time
| journal = Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
| volume = 24
| issue =
| pages = 1652–1667
| doi=10.1139/e87-159
}}
* {{citation
| last1 = Tabor
| first1 = J. W.
| date = February 1994
| title = Late Mesozoic and possible early Tertiary accretion in western Washington State: the Helena—Haystack mélange and the Darrington—Devils Mountain Fault Zone
| journal = GSA Bulletin
| volume = 106
| issue = 2
| pages = 217–232
| doi=10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<0217:lmapet>2.3.co;2
}}
* {{citation
| ref = CITEREFTaborothers1984
| last1 = Tabor
| first1 = R.W.
| last2 = Frizzell
| first2 = V.A., Jr.
| last3 = Vance
| first3 = J.A.
| last4 = Naeser
| first4 = C.W.
| date = January 1984
| title = Ages and stratigraphy of lower and middle Tertiary sedimentary and volcanic rocks of the central Cascades, Washington: Application to the tectonic history of the Straight Creek fault
| journal = GSA Bulletin
| volume = 95
| issue = 1
| pages = 26–44
| doi = 10.1130/0016-7606(1984)95<26:AASOLA>2.0.CO;2
| url =
}}
* {{citation
| ref = CITEREFTaborothers2000
| last1 = Tabor
| first1 = R.W.
| last2 = Frizzell
| first2 = V.A.
| last3 = Booth
| first3 = D.B.
| last4 = Waitt
| first4 = R.B.
| year = 2000
| title = Geologic map of the Snoqualmie Pass 60 minute by 30 minute quadrangle, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Map I-2538
| publisher = U.S. Geological Survey
| issue = scale 1:100,000
| url = http://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i2538/
}}
*{{citation
| year = 1994
| last1 = Vance
| first1 = Joseph A.
| last2 = Miller
| first2 = Robert B.
| title = Another look at the Fraser River-Straight Creek Fault (FRSCF)
| journal = GSA Abstracts with Programs
| volume = 24
| issue =
| pages = 88
| url =
}}
{{refend}} {{div col end}}

==External links==
*[http://www.washington.edu/burkemuseum/geo_history_wa Burke Museum web site] Geologic history of Washington.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20091219063341/http://www.northwestgeology.com/ Evolution of the Pacific Northwest] Good text on the geology of Cascadia.
*[http://geomaps.wr.usgs.gov/pacnw/nc/snp4.html Snoqualmie Pass quadrangle] USGS map showing the Straight Creek Fault.

[[Category:Geology of Washington (state)]]
[[Category:Strike-slip faults]]

Space Station 76

2018-06-28T16:30:56Z

{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2013}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Space Station 76
| image = Space Station 76 poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Teaser poster
| director = [[Jack Plotnick]]
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Dan Burks
* [[Joel Michaely]]
* Edward Parks
* Rachel Ward}}
| writer = {{Plainlist|
* Jack Plotnick
* [[Jennifer Elise Cox]]
* [[Sam Pancake]]
* [[Kali Rocha]]
* [[Michael Stoyanov|Mike Stoyanov]]}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Patrick Wilson (American actor)|Patrick Wilson]]
* [[Liv Tyler]]
* [[Matt Bomer]]
* [[Marisa Coughlan]]
* [[Kylie Rogers]]
* Kali Rocha
* [[Jerry O'Connell]]
* [[Keir Dullea]]}}
| music = {{Plainlist|
* Marc Fantini
* Steffan Fantini}}
| cinematography = Robert Brinkmann
| editing = Sharon Rutter
| studio = Rival Pictures
| distributor = [[Sony Pictures Worldwide Acquisitions]] (international rights)<ref name=iwst>[http://www.indiewire.com/article/sxsw-sci-fi-comedy-space-station-76-acquired-by-sony-pictures-worldwide SXSW Sci-Fi Film 'Space Station 76' Acquired by Sony Pictures Worldwide]</ref>
| released = {{Film date|2014|03|08|[[South by Southwest|SXSW]]|2014|09|19}}
| runtime = 95 minutes
| country = United States
| language = English
}}
'''''Space Station 76''''' is a 2014 American [[Science fiction film|science fiction]] [[dark comedy]] film, directed by [[Jack Plotnick]], and co-written by Plotnick, [[Jennifer Elise Cox]], [[Sam Pancake]], [[Kali Rocha]], and [[Michael Stoyanov]].<ref name=iwst/>

It is the first film directed by Plotnick.<ref name=sxpii>[http://www.broadwayworld.com/austin/article/BWW-Interviews-Patrick-Wilson-and-Jack-Plotnick-Talk-Quirkiness-of-Space-Station-76-20140310 BWW Interviews: Patrick Wilson and Jack Plotnick Talk Quirkiness of Space Station 76]</ref> He developed the script through improvisation sessions at his home with some of his favorite actors.<ref name=sxpii/> The film was released in select theaters on September 19, 2014 then through Video-On-Demand beginning September 30, 2014.<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/SpaceStation76 Space Station 76 on Facebook]</ref>

==Plot==
''Space Station 76'' is a dark comedy film that deconstructs seemingly idyllic relationships, set against the backdrop of Omega 76, a 1970s [[retro future|retro futuristic]] space station.

Jessica (Tyler) arrives to serve as the station's new co-pilot. While at first all seems normal and the crew friendly, she soon discovers that the people on board are struggling with issues such as infidelity, loneliness, depression, and drug abuse.

She becomes increasingly frustrated by Captain Glenn (Wilson), who harbors a secret of his own, namely his failed relationship with the previous co-pilot, Daniel. She is eventually drawn to Ted (Bomer), a lonely, married crewman, and his 7-year-old daughter, Sunshine (Rogers). Ted yearns to reconnect with his wife, Misty (Coughlan), but she's happier talking over her problems with Doctor Bot and having an affair with Steve (O'Connell). His daughter Sunshine contends with her unhappy, mentally ill mother and her pet gerbil eating its babies, one by one.

Events finally come to a head at a Christmas party, when Misty suggests they play the "Truth Game". Jessica then exposes Glenn's homosexuality, just before Misty almost exposes Jessica's inability to have children. Just when it seems like everything's falling apart, an asteroid collides with the station, destroying the shuttle and leaving them all stranded.

As the crew slowly return to their lives, Sunshine turns off the gravity, and floats whilst viewing a meteor shower through the window.

==Cast==
{{div col}}
* [[Patrick Wilson (American actor)|Patrick Wilson]] as Captain Glenn, whose struggle with his homosexuality caused his break up with Daniel, and then his alcoholism.
* [[Liv Tyler]] as Jessica, the new co-pilot and replacement for Daniel, putting her at odds with Glenn, but she develops a close relationship with Sunshine and Ted.
* [[Matt Bomer]] as Ted, the mechanic, unhappily married to Misty, with a robotic right hand and an ambition to leave the ship.
* [[Marisa Coughlan]] as Misty, the ship's nutritionist and a narcissist who is threatened by Jessica's presence on the ship.
* [[Kylie Rogers]] as Sunshine, Ted's and Misty's daughter, who is sensitive and loves animals.
* [[Kali Rocha]] as Donna, Steve's cheerful yet selfish and materialistic wife who often neglects her newborn baby.
* [[Jerry O'Connell]] as Steve, a sex-crazed member of the crew, who is not only sleeping with Donna and Misty, but is also turned on by Jessica.
* [[Keir Dullea]] as Mr. Marlowe, Jessica's father.
* Victor Togunde as James
* [[Sam Pancake]] as Saul
* [[Michael Stoyanov]] as the voice of Dr. Bot, the on board, robotic psychologist, whose main method of treatment is prescribing [[Valium]] and other drugs.
* Katherine Ann McGregor as Janice
* Julia E. L. Wood as Susan
* [[Ryan Gaul]] as Chuck
* [[Matthew Morrison]] as Daniel, Glenn's former co-pilot and boyfriend who broke up with him for his being closeted.
* [[Anna Sophia Berglund]] as the Space Angel
* Melodi Hallenbeck as herself (stand-in for [[Kali Rocha]], uncredited<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm5074367/|title=imdb - Melodi Hallenbeck, Filmography|accessdate=9 June 2016}}</ref>)
* [[Jack Plotnick]] (''uncredited'') as Voice of Space Station 76
{{div col end}}

==Production==
The film was a passion project for writer director Jack Plotnick who described making the film as "like climbing your own personal Mount Everest".<ref name="newnownext">{{cite web|last1=Halterman|first1=Jim|title=Jack Plotnick Talks "Space Station 76," Gay & Straight Actors and "Disaster!"|url=http://www.newnownext.com/jack-plotnick-interview-space-station-76-gay-straight-actors/12/2014/|website=Newnownext|publisher=Logo|accessdate=28 March 2016}}</ref> With the film Plotnick wanted to tell the story of his own upbringing but do "it in a sort of an artistic way by setting it in the future as we had imagined it would be in the 70s".<ref name="newnownext"/> Plotnick chose the setting of a remote space station as he felt it was a good metaphor for the [[suburbs]], while the [[retro future]] aesthetic represented the "perfect future we dreamed of but that never came to be".<ref name="newnownext"/>

Liv Tyler came aboard after participating in a [[Skype]] call with Plotnick which according to her "was half Skype session with a director and half therapy session for me".<ref name="Collider">{{cite web|last1=Radish|first1=Christina|title=Liv Tyler Talks SPACE STATION 76, Working With Director Jack Plotnick, Shooting THE LEFTOVERS, and Her Hopes for Season 2|url=http://collider.com/liv-tyler-space-station-76-leftovers-season-2/|website=Collider|accessdate=28 March 2016}}</ref> Tyler was also intrigued by Plotnick's work as an acting teacher and his personal philosophy regarding the craft.<ref name="Collider"/>

The interior design of the space station bears an astonishing similarity to Keith Wilson's iconic designs for the interiors of Moonbase Alpha from Gerry Anderson's 1970s' hit series ''[[Space 1999]]'', whilst there are many other visual references to classic 1970s films such as ''[[Silent Running]]'' and ''[[Star Wars (film)|Star Wars]]''.

===Music===
The film's soundtrack includes numerous 1960s and 1970s songs, including four by [[Todd Rundgren]], stepfather of Liv Tyler: "[[A Wizard, A True Star|International Feel]]", "[[I Saw The Light (Todd Rundgren song)|I Saw The Light]]", "[[Hello It's Me]]", and "[[Todd Rundgren's Utopia (album)|Utopia Theme]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2369317/soundtrack|title=imdb - Music for Space Station 76|accessdate=9 April 2015}}</ref>

==Release==
''Space Station 76'' premiered on March 8, 2014, at the [[South by Southwest|SXSW]] festival in Austin, Texas.<ref name=iwst/> before being given a [[limited release]] on September 19, 2014. The film was released via [[Video on demand|VOD]] and [[DVD]] on September 30, 2014.

===Marketing===
The first [[Trailer (promotion)|trailer]] was released on July 21, 2014.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Labrecque|first1=Jeff|title=Video: Patrick Wilson and Liv Tyler revisit the 1970s in 'Space Station 76'|url=http://insidemovies.ew.com/2014/07/21/space-station-76-trailer/|accessdate=July 23, 2014|publisher=ew.com|date=July 21, 2014}}</ref>

===Reception===
The film currently holds a 65% "fresh" rating on [[Rotten Tomatoes]] based on 23 reviews, with 43% of the Top Critics writing positive reviews.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/space_station_76|title=Space Station 76|publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref> [[Metacritic]] scores the film 49% based on 10 reviews.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metacritic.com/movie/space-station-76|title=Space Station 76 (2014): Reviews|publisher=[[Metacritic]]}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of films featuring space stations]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.spacestation76.com}}
* {{IMDb title|2369317|Space Station 76}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|space_station_76|Space Station 76}}
* {{metacritic film|space-station-76|Space Station 76}}

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:2010s comedy films]]
[[Category:2010s LGBT-related films]]
[[Category:2010s science fiction films]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:American black comedy films]]
[[Category:American comedy films]]
[[Category:American independent films]]
[[Category:American Christmas films]]
[[Category:American LGBT-related films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:Directorial debut films]]
[[Category:American films based on plays]]
[[Category:Films set in the future]]
[[Category:Robot films]]
[[Category:Retrofuturism]]
[[Category:LGBT-related science fiction films]]

N170

2018-06-28T14:46:28Z

The '''N170''' is a component of the [[event-related potential]] (ERP) that reflects the neural processing of [[Face perception|faces]].

When potentials evoked by images of faces are compared to those elicited by other visual stimuli, the former show increased negativity 130-200 ms after stimulus presentation. This response is maximal over occipito-temporal electrode sites, which is consistent with a source located at the [[Fusiform gyrus|fusiform]] and [[Inferior temporal gyrus|inferior-temporal]] gyri, confirmed by [[electrocorticography]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Ghuman|first=Avniel Singh|last2=Brunet|first2=Nicolas M.|last3=Li|first3=Yuanning|last4=Konecky|first4=Roma O.|last5=Pyles|first5=John A.|last6=Walls|first6=Shawn A.|last7=Destefino|first7=Vincent|last8=Wang|first8=Wei|last9=Richardson|first9=R. Mark|date=2014-01-01|title=Dynamic encoding of face information in the human fusiform gyrus|journal=Nature Communications|volume=5|pages=5672|doi=10.1038/ncomms6672|issn=2041-1723|pmc=4339092|pmid=25482825}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Allison|first=T.|last2=Puce|first2=A.|last3=Spencer|first3=D. D.|last4=McCarthy|first4=G.|date=1999-08-01|title=Electrophysiological studies of human face perception. I: Potentials generated in occipitotemporal cortex by face and non-face stimuli|journal=Cerebral Cortex (New York, N.Y.: 1991)|volume=9|issue=5|pages=415–430|issn=1047-3211|pmid=10450888|doi=10.1093/cercor/9.5.415}}</ref> The N170 generally displays [[Lateralization of brain function|right-hemisphere lateralization]] and has been linked with the structural encoding of faces.<ref name=rossionJacques2008 /> A study, employing [[transcranial magnetic stimulation]] combined with [[Electroencephalography|EEG]], found that N170 can be modulated by top-down influences from prefrontal cortex.<ref name=mattavelliEtAl2013 />

==History==
The N170 was first described by [[Shlomo Bentin]] and colleagues in 1996,<ref name=bentinEtAl1996 /> who measured ERPs from participants viewing faces and other objects. They found that human faces and face parts (such as eyes) elicited different responses than other stimuli, including animal faces, body parts, and cars.

Earlier work performed by Botzel and Grusser and first reported in 1989<ref name=botzelGrusser1989 /> also attempted to find a component of the ERP that corresponded to the processing of human faces. They showed observers line drawings (in one experiment) and black-and-white photographs (in two additional experiments) of faces, trees, and chairs. They found that, compared to the other stimulus classes, faces elicited a larger positive component approximately 150 ms after onset, which was maximal at central electrode sites (at the top of the head). The topography of this effect and lack of lateralization led to the conclusion that this face-specific potential did not arise in face-selective areas in the occipital-temporal region, but instead in the [[limbic system]]. Subsequent work referred to this component as the vertex positive potential (VPP).<ref name=jeffreys1996 />

In an attempt to rectify these two apparently conflicting results, Joyce and Rossion<ref name=joyceRossion2005 /> recorded ERPs from 53 scalp electrodes while participants viewed faces and other visual stimuli. After recording, they re-referenced the data to several commonly used reference electrode sites, including the nose and [[mastoid process]]. They found that the N170 and VPP can be accounted for by the same [[Electric dipole|dipole arrangement]] arising from the same neural generators, and therefore reflect the same process.

==Functional sensitivity==
Three of the most studied attributes of the N170 include manipulations of face inversion, facial race, and emotional expressions.

It has been established that inverted faces (i.e., those presented upside-down) are more difficult to perceive<ref name=yin1969 /> (the [[Thatcher effect]] is a good illustration of this). In their landmark study, Bentin et al. found that inverted faces increased the latency of the N170 component.<ref name=bentinEtAl1996 /> Jacques and colleagues further studied the timecourse of the [[face inversion effect]] (FIE) using an adaptation paradigm.<ref name=jacquesEtAl2007 /> When the same stimulus is presented multiple times, the neuronal response decreases over time; when a different stimulus is presented, the response recovers. The conditions under which a "release from adaptation" occurs therefore provides a way to measure stimulus similarity. In their experiment, Jacques et al. found that the release from adaptation is smaller and occurs 30 ms later for inverted faces, indicating that the neuronal population encoding face identity require additional processing time to detect the identity of inverted faces.

In an experiment examining the effects of race on the N170's amplitude, it was found that an "Other-Race Effect" was elicited in conjunction with face inversions. Vizioli and colleagues examined the effect of face recognition impairment while subjects process same race (SR) or other race (OR) pictures.<ref name=vizioliEtAl2010 /> The research team devised a N170 experiment based on the premise that visual expertise plays a critical role in inversion, hypothesizing that viewers' greater level of expertise with SR faces (holistic processing) should elicit a stronger FIE compared to OR face stimuli. The authors recorded EEGs from Western Caucasian and East Asian subjects (two separate groups) who were presented with pictures of Western Caucasian, East Asian and African America faces in upright and inverted orientations. All the facial stimuli were cropped to remove external features (i.e. hair, beards, hats, etc.). Both groups displayed a later N170 with larger amplitude (over the right hemisphere) for inverted than upright same-race (SR) faces, but showed no inversion effect for OR and AA photo stimuli. Moreover, no race effects were observed in regard to the peak amplitude of the N170 for upright faces in both groups of participants. The results also found no significant latency differences among the races of stimuli, but facial inversion did increase and delay the N170 amplitude and onset respectively. They conclude that the subjects' lack of experience with inverted faces makes processing such stimuli more difficult than pictures shown in their canonical orientation, regardless of what race the stimulus is.

Besides modulation by inversion and race, emotional expressions have also been a focus of N170 face research. In an experiment conducted by Righart and de Gelder, ERP results show that the early stages of face processing may be affected by emotional scenes when categorizations of fearful and happy facial expressions are made by subjects.<ref name=righardDeGelder2008 /> In this paradigm subjects had to view color pictures of happy or fearful faces that were centrally overlaid on pictures of natural scenes. And in order to control for low level features, such as color and other items that could care meaning, all the scene pictures were scrambled by randomizing the position of pixels across the image. The final results of the experiment show that emotion effects were associated with the N170 in which there was a larger (negative) amplitude for faces when they appeared in a fearful context then when placed in happy or neutral scenes. In fact, left occipito-temporal distributed N170 amplitudes were dramatically increased for intact fearful faces when they appeared in a fearful scene, though levels were not as high when a fearful face was presented in a happy or neutral scene. Similar results did occur in regard to intact happy faces, but the amplitudes were not as high as those related to fearful scenes or expressions.<ref name=blauEtAl2007 /> Righart and de Gelder conclude that information from task-irrelevant scenes is rapidly combined with the information from facial expressions, and that subjects use context information in the early stage of processing when they need to discriminate/categorize facial expressions.

Results from a study conducted by Ghuman and colleagues using direct neural recordings from the [[fusiform face area]] using [[electrocorticography]] showed that while the N170 displays a very strong response to faces when compared to other visual images, the N170 is not sensitive to the identity of the face.<ref name=":0" /> Instead, they showed that which face a person is viewing can be decoded from the activity between 250–500 ms, consistent with the hypothesis that identity processing begins with the N250.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tanaka|first=James W.|last2=Curran|first2=Tim|last3=Porterfield|first3=Albert L.|last4=Collins|first4=Daniel|date=2006-09-01|title=Activation of preexisting and acquired face representations: the N250 event-related potential as an index of face familiarity|journal=Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience|volume=18|issue=9|pages=1488–1497|doi=10.1162/jocn.2006.18.9.1488|issn=0898-929X|pmid=16989550}}</ref> These results suggest that the N170 is important for gist-level processing of faces and face detection, processes which may set the stage for later face individuation.

==Generators==
Given the ease and rapidity with which humans can recognize faces, a great deal of neuroscientific research has endeavored to understand how and where the brain processes them. Early research on [[prosopagnosia]], or "face blindness", found that damage to the occipito-temporal region led to an impaired or complete inability for people to recognize faces. Convergent evidence for the importance of this region in face processing came through the use of [[fMRI]], which found that a region of the [[fusiform gyrus]], the "[[fusiform face area]]", responded selectively to images of faces.

Intracranial recordings in humans using [[electrocorticography]] provide very strong evidence that the fusiform face area is one of the generators of the N170,<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> though other regions of the face processing network may also contribute to the N170.

An investigation of the N170 undertaken<ref name="itierTaylor2004" /> used ERP source-localization techniques to estimate the location of the neural generator of the N170. They concluded that the N170 arose from the posterior [[superior temporal sulcus]]. However, it should be noted that these techniques are fraught with potential sources of error, and there is disagreement on the validity of inferences drawn from such findings.<ref name="luck2005" />

==Faces or interstimulus variance==
In 2007, Guillaume Thierry and colleagues<ref name=thierryEtAl2007 /> presented evidence that called into question the face-specificity of the N170. Most earlier experiments found an N170 when the response to frontal views of faces was compared to those of other objects that could appear in more variable poses and configurations. In their study, they introduced a new factor: stimuli could be faces or non-faces, and either class could have high or low similarity. Similarity was measured by calculating the [[correlation]] between [[pixel]] values in pairs of same-category stimuli. When ERPs were compared for these conditions, they found a typical N170 effect in the low-similarity non-face vs. high-similarity face comparison. However, high-similarity non-faces showed a significant N170, while low-similarity faces did not. These results led the authors to conclude that the N170 is actually a measure of stimulus similarity, and not face processing per se.

In response to this, Rossion and Jacques<ref name=rossionJacques2008 /> measured similarity as above for several object categories used in a previous study of the N170. They found that faces elicited a larger N170 than other classes of objects that had similar or higher similarity values, such as houses, cars, and shoes. While it remains uncertain why Thierry et al. observed an effect of similarity on the N170, Rossion and Jacques speculate that lower similarity leads to more variance in the latency of the response. Since ERP components are measured by averaging the results from many individual trials, high latency variance effectively “smears” the response, reducing the amplitude of the average. Rossion and Jacques also offer criticism of the methodology used by Thierry and colleagues, arguing that their failure to find a difference between high-similarity faces and high-similarity non-faces was due to a poor choice of electrode sites.

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}

* [[Bereitschaftspotential]]
* [[C1 and P1 (neuroscience)|C1 and P1]]
* [[Contingent negative variation]]
* [[Difference due to memory]]
* [[Early left anterior negativity]]
* [[Error-related negativity]]
* [[Late positive component]]
* [[Lateralized readiness potential]]
* [[Mismatch negativity]]
* [[N2pc]]
* [[N100 (neuroscience)|N100]]
* [[N200 (neuroscience)|N200]]
* [[N400 (neuroscience)|N400]]
* [[P3a]]
* [[P3b]]
* [[P200]]
* [[P300 (neuroscience)]]
* [[P600 (neuroscience)|P600]]
* [[Somatosensory evoked potential]]
* [[Visual N1]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=mattavelliEtAl2013>{{cite journal|author1=Mattavelli, G.|author2=Rosanova, M.|author3=Casali, A. G.|author4=Papagno, C.|author5=Romero Lauro L. J.|year=2013|title=Top-down interference and cortical responsiveness in face processing: A TMS-EEG study|journal=NeuroImage|volume=76|issue=1|pages=24–32|pmid=23523809|doi=10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.03.020|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235995547_Top-down_interference_and_cortical_responsiveness_in_face_processing_A_TMS-EEG_study}}</ref>
<ref name=bentinEtAl1996>{{cite journal|author1=Bentin, S.|author2=McCarthy, G.|author3=Perez, E.|author4=Puce, A.|author5=Allison, T.|year=1996|title=Electrophysiological studies of face perception in humans|journal=Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience|volume=8|issue=6|pages=551–565|pmid=20740065|pmc=2927138|doi=10.1162/jocn.1996.8.6.551}}</ref>
<ref name=blauEtAl2007>{{cite journal|author1=Blau, V. C.|author2=Maurer, U.|author3=Tottenham, N.|author4=McCandliss, B. D.|year= 2007|title=The face-specific N170 component is modulated by emotional facial expression|journal=Behavioral and Brain Functions|volume=3|pages=7|doi=10.1186/1744-9081-3-7|pmid=17244356|pmc=1794418}}</ref>
<ref name=botzelGrusser1989>{{cite journal|author1=Botzel, K.|author2=Grusser, O. J.|year=1989|title=Electric brain potentials-evoked by pictures of faces and non-faces – a search for face-specific EEG-potentials|journal=Experimental Brain Research|volume=77|issue=2|pages=349–360|pmid=2792281|doi= 10.1007/BF00274992}}</ref>
<ref name=itierTaylor2004>{{cite journal|author1=Itier, R. J.|author2=Taylor, M. J.|year=2004|title=Source analysis of the N170 to faces and objects|journal=NeuroReport|volume=15|issue=8|pages=1261–1265|pmid=15167545|doi=10.1097/01.wnr.0000127827.3576.d8}}</ref>
<ref name=jacquesEtAl2007>{{cite journal|author1=Jacques, C.|author2=d'Arripe, O.|author3=Rossion, B.|year=2007|title=The time course of the face inversion effect during individual face discrimination|journal=Journal of Vision|volume=7|issue=3|pages=1–9|pmid=17685810|doi=10.1167/7.8.3|url=http://jov.arvojournals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2122076}}</ref>
<ref name=jeffreys1996>{{cite journal|author=Jeffreys, D. A.|year=1989|title=A face-responsive potential recorded from the human scalp|journal=Experimental Brain Research|volume=78|issue=1|pages=193–202|pmid=2591512|doi=10.1007/BF00230699}}</ref>
<ref name=joyceRossion2005>{{cite journal|author1=Joyce, C.A.|author2=Rossion, B.|lastauthoramp=y|year=2005|title=The face-sensitive N170 and VPP components manifest the same brain processes: The effect of reference electrode site|journal=Clinical Neurophysiology|volume=116|issue=11|pages=2613–2631|pmid=16214404|doi=10.1016/j.clinph.2005.07.005}}</ref>
<ref name=luck2005>{{cite book|author=Luck, S. J.|year=2005|chapter=ERP Localization|title=An Introduction to the Event-Related Potential Technique|pp=267–301|location=Boston|publisher=MIT Press}}</ref>
<ref name=righardDeGelder2008>{{cite journal|author1=Righart, R.|author2=de Gelder, B.|lastauthoramp=y|year=2008|title=Rapid influence of emotional scenes on encoding of facial expressions: an ERP study. Social Cognitive & Affective Neuroscience|volume=3|issue=3|pages=270–8|doi=10.1093/scan/nsn021|pmid=19015119|pmc=2566764}}</ref>
<ref name=rossionJacques2008>{{cite journal|author1=Rossion, B.|author2=Jacques, C.|lastauthoramp=y|year=2008|title=Does physical interstimulus variance account for early electrophysiological face sensitive responses in the human brain? Ten lessons on the N170|journal=NeuroImage|volume=39|issue=4|pages=1959–1979|pmid=18055223|doi=10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.10.011}}</ref>
<ref name=thierryEtAl2007>{{cite journal|author1=Thierry, G.|author2=Martin, C. D.|author3=Downing, P.|author4=Pegna, A. J. |year=2007|title=Controlling for interstimulus perceptual variance abolishes N170 face selectivity|journal=Nature Neuroscience|volume=10|issue=7|pages=505–511|doi=10.1038/nn1864}}</ref>
<ref name=yin1969>{{cite journal|author=Yin R. K.|year=1969|title=Looking at upside-down faces|journal=Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance|volume=81|issue=1|pages=141–145|doi=10.1037/h0027474}}</ref>
<ref name=vizioliEtAl2010>{{cite journal|author1=Vizioli, L.|author2=Foreman, K.|author3=Rousselet, G. A.|author4=Caldara, R. |year=2010|title=Inverting faces elicits sensitivity to race on the N170 component: a cross-cultural study|journal=Journal of Vision|volume=10|issue=1|pages=1–23|doi=10.1167/10.1.15|pmid=20143908}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
* Bruno Rossion's lab has an [http://www.nefy.ucl.ac.be/facecatlab/resProject/N170.htm overview] of their research on the N170.

{{EEG}}

[[Category:Perception]]
[[Category:Evoked potentials]]
[[Category:Electroencephalography]]

Benutzer:NeuroSopheR/N170

2018-06-28T14:46:28Z

San Pedro Bautista

2018-05-15T02:32:57Z

{{primary sources|date=June 2008}}

{{Infobox church
| name = ''Santuario de San Pedro Bautista''
| fullname = Saint Peter Baptist Archdiocesan Shrine
| other name = San Francisco del Monte Church
| native_name = ''Dambana ni San Pedro Bautista''
| native_name_lang =
| image = SantuariodeSanPedroBautistajf9741 05.JPG
| imagesize =
| imagelink =
| imagealt =

| caption = The Altar of Santuario de San Pedro Bautista

| pushpin map = Philippines
| pushpin label position = left
| pushpin map alt =
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| relief = 1
| map caption = Location in the Philippines
| coordinates = {{coord|14|38|16.4|N|121|0|45.4|E|display=inline,title}}
| location = 69 San Pedro Bautista St. San Francisco del Monte, [[Quezon City]]
| country = [[Philippines]]

| denomination = [[Roman Catholic]]
| churchmanship =
| membership =
| attendance =
| website = [http://sanpedrobautista.tripod.com/ Official Website]

| former name = San Pedro Bautista Parish Church
| bull date =
| founded date = 1590 (sub-parish)
| founder = Pedro Bautista ([[Peter Baptist]])
| dedication =
| dedicated date = 1590 (Our Lady of Monticelli) 1932 (San Pedro Bautista)
| consecrated date =
| cult =
| relics =
| events =
| past bishop =
| people = Don Tomas de Endaya

| status = [[Church (building)|Church]]; [[Shrine]]
| functional status = Active
| heritage designation = Marked Historical Landmark
| designated date = 1936
| architect = Fr. Francisco de Mondejar (1696-1699)
| architectural type = [[Church (building)|Church]]
| style = [[Baroque architecture|Baroque]] and [[Mission Revival architecture|Spanish Mission architecture]]
| years built =
| groundbreaking = 1696 (original section)
| completed date = 1699 (original section) 1970s (expanded section with new facade)
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| dome quantity = None
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| spire quantity = One bell tower
| spire height = 
| materials = Stone and reinforced concrete
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| parish = San Pedro Bautista
| deanery =
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| archdiocese = [[Archdiocese of Manila]]
| metropolis =
| diocese = [[Diocese of Cubao]]
| province =
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| archbishop = [[Luis Antonio Tagle|Luis Antonio Cardinal Tagle]]
| bishop = Honesto Ongtioco, DD
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| vicar = Fr. Cielito R. Almazan, OFM (Provincial)
| curate =
| priestincharge = Fr. Edwin Peter Dionisio, OFM
| priest = Fr. Robert John Abada, OFM
| asstpriest = Fr. Virgilio Mendoza, OFM
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}}
The '''Santuario de San Pedro Bautista''' ''(Saint Peter Baptist Shrine)'', also known as the '''San Francisco del Monte Church''' is a [[parish church]] in the San Francisco del Monte district of [[Quezon City]], in the [[Philippines]]. It is one of the oldest church in the country having founded in 1590. The church is dedicated to its founder Fr. Pedro Bautista ([[Peter Baptist]]), a Spanish missionary from [[Avila, Spain]], one of the [[Twenty-six Martyrs of Japan|26 Christians martyred]] in Japan in 1597.

The shrine belongs to the [[Diocese of Cubao]] under the Vicariate of Saint Pedro Bautista. It is also under the administration of the [[Franciscans]] or the [[Order of Friars Minor]] (OFM), from the Franciscan Province of Saint Pedro Bautista.

== History ==
When Pedro Bautista was elected ''[[Custos (Franciscans)|custos]]'', an official of the Franciscans, he saw the need for a secluded place where the [[missionary|missionaries]] could recharge physically, mentally and spiritually. He found a hilly area which he deemed conducive for meditation, and on February 17, 1590, then [[Governor-General of the Philippines|Governor-General]] [[Santiago de Vera]] granted the land to the Franciscan Order.<ref name="legacy">"Living the Legacy: San Pedro Bautista". Pedro Bautista Parish, 2008</ref>

The town of San Francisco del Monte back then was an elevated area of {{convert|250|ha}} with thick woods, surrounded by a creek and eight water springs. Father Pedro Bautista built a little [[convent]] and a [[chapel]] made of [[bamboo]] and [[nipa palm]]. He dedicated the chapel to ''Our Lady of Montecelli'' and the place was opened as a house of retreat for missionaries, as a [[novitiate]] house, and as a place for reclusion of government officials.<ref name="legacy"/>

The chapel was replaced by a wooden structure in 1591 and in 1593, clay and natural stones were used for fortification, which was also the time when the convent was constructed. The chapel was rebuilt using [[adobe]] in 1599 as designed by Architect Domingo Ortigas. The reconstruction was funded by Don Pedro Salazar, whereas the expansion of the convent was made possible by donations from Captain Domingo Ortiz de Chagoya.<ref name="legacy"/>

The chapel was destroyed during the [[Limahong]]-led uprising in 1639 when the Chinese rebels used the church as headquarters. The [[1645 Luzon earthquake|1645 earthquake]] completely destroyed the church and the convent, leaving both structures unattended for 39 years.<ref name=history>[http://sanpedrobautista.tripod.com/id4.html "Our History"]. Santuario de San Pedro Bautista. Retrieved on 2014-10-27.</ref>

===Construction of the present church===
[[File:San Francisco del Monte historical marker.jpg|thumb|left|180px|The historical marker of the shrine placed by the Philippine Historical Research and Markers Committee (now the [[National Historical Commission of the Philippines|NHCP]]) in 1936.]]
Reconstruction efforts were done but were halted in 1688 because the place was declared unfit for habitation. Construction resumed in 1696 under the supervision of Fr. Francisco de Mondejar and through the generosity of a pious person, Don Tomas de Endaya, and the stone church was completed in 1699. The convent was also reconstructed alongside the church. It was also during this time when the baroque altar was installed.<ref name="legacy"/> The new stone church was dedicated to then newly [[Beatification|Blessed]] Pedro Bautista and to his [[Twenty-six Martyrs of Japan|companion martyrs]] who were [[beatified]] by [[Pope Urban VIII]] on September 14, 1627. They were canonized after almost a century and half on June 8, 1862 by [[Pope Pius IX]].<ref>Knight, Kevin (2012). [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11755b.htm "Sts. Peter Baptist and Twenty-Five Companions"]. New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia. Retrieved on 2014-10-29.</ref>

Repairs were made in 1874 by a lay brother named Gabino Perez.<ref name="legacy"/>

In 1895, the friars abandoned the place, and the following year at the time of the [[Cry of Pugad Lawin|Cry of Balintawak]], the Filipino revolutionary forces occupied the church.<ref name="legacy"/>

In 1898, during the [[Philippine-American War]], the American soldiers occupied the church. Then, it was left idle until it was repaired in 1912. In 1914, the church was blessed and a town fiesta was held to honor Saint Pedro Bautista.<ref name=history/>

===Independent parish===
On November 11, 1932, the church was declared its own separate [[parish]] named in honor of its founder and patron saint, Saint Pedro Bautista. Before the decree, the [[parish church]] belonged to a parish in [[Caloocan]] (then a town northwest of San Francisco del Monte).

A historical marker was placed at the facade of the old church by the Philippine Historical Research and Markers Committee (now the [[National Historical Commission of the Philippines]] (NHCP)) in 1936 for its historical significance.

===Church expansion===
In the 1970s as the parish population grew, there was a need to build a bigger church. The original stone church was expanded by removing the northeastern wall and the new nave was constructed northeastward from the wall. With the renovation, the original church structure became the [[sanctuary]] space while the original [[facade]] and [[apse]] now appears like [[semitransept]]s of the present church. They are separated from the present sanctuary by a reinforce concrete wall with a tall archway separated from the sanctuary by a wooden partitions.<ref>[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Santuario_de_San_Pedro_Bautista_13.jpg "File:Santuario_de_San_Pedro_Bautista_13.jpg"]. Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved on 2014-10-28.</ref> The former baroque altars became side altars and [[sacristy]] of the church. There was a huge crucifix at the center of the sanctuary and the floor was changed to marble. The church was built in accordance to the [[Second Vatican Council]].

In 1989, the three-century old baroque altars were transferred to the main sanctuary in time for the celebration of the 400th anniversary of the founding of San Francisco del Monte on February 17, 1990. The dedication ceremony of the new sanctuary was headed by the Franciscan Superior of the order. The 400th anniversary feast day celebration on February 17 was headed by [[Jaime Cardinal Sin]], then the Archbishop of Manila.
<gallery class="center" mode=packed widths="270px">
File:Santuario de San Pedro Bautista 09.jpg|The original façade of the San Pedro Bautista Shrine built in 1699
File:San Francisco del Monte Church or the San Pedro Bautista Shrine in Quezon City.jpg|The present façade of the church added in the 1970s
File:Santuario de San Pedro Bautista 02.jpg|The original facade looking like a semitransept but separated by wooden partition
File:SantuariodeSanPedroBautistajf9731 06.JPG|Mural of St. Peter Baptist and the original church below him, the window of the original façade to the right of the mural
File:Santuario de San Pedro Bautista 12.jpg|The larger and wider nave of the present church
</gallery>
On February 5, 1997, the parish marked the 400th Anniversary of the martyrdom of Saint Pedro Bautista. Two murals were created to commemorate the life of the founder saint, on display on each side of the sanctuary. The mural on the left side is that of the life of Pedro Bautista from [[Avila, Spain]] to San Francisco del Monte, from teaching the natives the use of musical instruments to finding medicinal use for the natural springs of [[Los Baños, Laguna]], from his arrival to the shores of Japan, to his death in [[Nagasaki]]. The mural on the right is that of the martyrdom scene on the hill of Nagasaki.

On February 25, 2001, the parish church was declared an archdiocesan shrine and the name was changed to ''Sanctuario de San Pedro Bautista'' (Saint Peter Baptist Shrine) in view of its historical and religious significance to the [[Archdiocese of Manila]].

In 2003, the [[Diocese of Cubao]] was created from the [[Archdiocese of Manila]], and the church became part of the new diocese. The Diocesan Coat of Arms has a [[Tau cross]] on top of the hills as a reminder of the Franciscan missionary and martyr, Saint Pedro Bautista, who founded the mission and Church in San Francisco del Monte in the late 16th century before he was martyred in Japan.

===Current modernization===

The church initiated a currently-ongoing modernization in 2016, expanding the choirloft, upgrading the ventilation with giant overhead fans, and using modern LCD TV panels as digital signboards for church activities such as responsorial psalms. The stained glasses adorning the church was also redesigned, and the former crucifix now placed at the choirloft.

==Architectural features==
The church additions was built in the [[Mission Revival architecture|Spanish Mission architecture]]. In the facade are four [[Niche (architecture)|niches]] with statues of the four writers of the [[Gospel]] - [[Saint Mark]], [[Saint Luke]], [[Saint Matthew]] and [[Saint John the Evangelist|Saint John]]. Inside the sanctuary are the three Baroque altarpieces with statues of Christian saints. A life-size image of Saint Pedro Bautista that was added during the 400th anniversary of San Francisco del Monte,<ref name=history/> is enshrined at the center niche in the middle [[altarpiece]]. Above him is a [[Madonna and Child]] statue of ''Our Lady of Monticelli''. The left Baroque altarpiece is occupied with [[St. Clare of Assisi]] with [[Saint Dominic]], the founder of the [[Dominican order]], above her. In the right [[reredos]] is [[Saint Anthony of Padua]] with [[Saint Francis of Assisi]] occupying the top niche.

The church is also connected to the church convent. On the second floor are the residence rooms of the priests stationed at the parish. There are a few gardens located in the convent area. The church convent has a [[courtyard]] located at the back of the sanctuary that would remind people of the age of the church. Large stones were used to build the area with a garden in honor of [[St. Francis of Assisi]]. A statue of St. Francis with his arms crossed on his chest in prayer stands in the middle of the garden.
<gallery class="center" mode=packed widths="280px">
File:SantuariodeSanPedroBautistajf9731 08.JPG|A statue of St. Peter Baptist next to the original façade
File:SantuariodeSanPedroBautistajf9766 13.JPG|The courtyard and garden of the convent with a statue of St. Francis of Assisi in the middle
File:SantuariodeSanPedroBautistajf9749 10.JPG|Another statue of St. Francis of Assisi in the garden
File:Santuario de San Pedro Bautista 04.jpg|The Holy Cave of St. Pedro Bautista underneath the location of the original altar
File:SantuariodeSanPedroBautistajf9749 04.JPG|One of the dioramas in the convent museum showing scenes in the life of St. Peter Baptist
</gallery>
Underneath the location of the original altar is the ''Holy Cave of Saint Pedro Bautista'' where all missionaries contemplated and communicated with God prior to their missions. The holy cave also has a bronze statue of Saint Pedro Bautista in contemplative prayer. There are kneelers available for people to pray. Outside the holy cave are the remains of some of the former priests of the parish facing the creek.

Adjacent to the parish grounds is the Headquarters of the Franciscan Province of the Philippines or the Friary House.

== Parish profile ==
;Boundaries:
*The Parish of Saint Pedro Bautista covers six [[barangay]]s, namely: Damayan, Del Monte, Mariblo, Paraiso, Sta. Cruz, and Talayan. It is bounded by Pat Senador St. to the west, [[Quezon Avenue]] to the east, [[Araneta Avenue]] to the south, and Judge Juan Luna Street to the north.<ref>"Ecclesiastical Atlas Roman Catholic Diocese of Cubao (2010)"</ref>
;Parish Church:
* Santuario de San Pedro Bautista (Saint Peter Baptist Shrine)
;Feast Day:
* Nearest Sunday to February 5 ''(San Pedro Bautista)'' and First Saturday of August ''(Nuestra Señora de los Angeles de Portiuncula)''
;Titular saint:
* Saint Pedro Bautista (Saint Peter Baptist) and Our Lady of Monticelli
;Date parish was established:
* November 11, 1932
;Current Parish Priest:
* Rev. Fr. Edwin Peter R. Dionisio, OFM
;The Pastoral Team:
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* Fr. Rolie Pimentero, OFM (Guardian/Postulancy Director)
* Fr. Somerset Icalina, OFM (House Bursar/Parochial Vicar)
* Fr. Edwin Peter R. Dionisio, OFM (Parish Priest)
* Fr. Elias Manlangit, OFM (Postulant Formator)
* Bro. Jumil Jomoc Alcasoda, OFM (Resident Friar)
{{div col end}}

;Former Parish Priests:
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* Fr. Mariano Montero, OFM (1932–1933)
* Fr. Jose Agundez, OFM (1933–1935)
* Fr. Francisco Santos, OFM (1935–1938)
* Fr. Blas Garcia, OFM (1938–1939),
* Fr. Alejandro Carrasco, OFM (1939–1943)
* Fr. Angel Portalatin, OFM (1943–1945)
* Fr. Gerardo Chicano, OFM (1945–1954)
* Fr. Roberto Mangubat, OFM (1954–1960)
* Fr. Silvestre Murillo, OFM (1960–1964)
* Fr. Segundino Blanco, OFM (1964–1966)
* Fr. Jesus Martinez, OFM (1966–1967)
* Fr. Agapito Diez, OFM (1967)
* Fr. Jose Barullo, OFM (1967–1968)
* Fr. Leon Ramos, OFM (1968–1969)
* Fr. Agapito Diez, OFM (1969–1983)
* Fr. Alberto Baldo, OFM (1983–1989)
* Fr. Jimmy Giron, OFM (1989–1995)
* Fr. Romeo Gil Abesamis, OFM (April 1995-November 1995)
* Fr. Cielo Almazan, OFM (1995-April 1996)
* Fr. Roberto Manansala, OFM (1996–2002)
* Fr. Reu Jose Galoy, OFM (April 2002 – 2006)
* Fr. Carlos Santos, OFM (2006-December 2009)
* Fr. Romeo Floralde, OFM (December 2009-April 2010)
* Fr. Alberto Marfil, OFM (2010-2013)
* Fr. Edwin Peter Dionisio, OFM (2013–present)
{{div col end}}

== Facilities ==
'''Schools:'''
* Our Lady of Montecelli Learning Center ''San Pedro Bautista St., Q.C.''
* Cong. Reynaldo A. Calalay Memorial School ''F. Bautista St., Q.C.''
* San Francisco Elementary School ''San Pedro Bautista St., Q.C.''
* Dalupan Elementary School ''Marinduque St., Q.C.''
* PMI Colleges ''Roosevelt Ave., Q.C.''

;Function Halls:
* Parish Center (located across the Parish)
* Brother Sun Sister Moon Garden
* Monticelli Hall

;Mortuary:
* San Pedro Bautista Parish Mortuary

== Religious Congregations ==
;Religious Men:
* Order of Friars Minor a.k.a. Franciscans (OFM) at ''69 San Pedro Bautista St., SFDM, Q.C.''

;Religious Women:
* Franciscans Handmaids of the Good Shepherd (FHGS) at ''18 Besang Pass, Talayan Village, Q.C.''

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://sanpedrobautista.tripod.com/ San Pedro Bautista Shrine Official Website]
* [http://www.dioceseofcubao.org/ The Roman Catholic Diocese of Cubao]
{{Roman Catholic churches in Manila}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Santuario De San Pedro Bautista}}
[[Category:Roman Catholic churches in Quezon City]]
[[Category:Cultural Properties of the Philippines in Metro Manila]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic shrines in the Philippines]]

Wurzeltrüffeln

2018-05-15T01:57:41Z

{{Taxobox
| image = Rhizopogon rubescens.jpg
| image_caption = ''Rhizopogon rubescens''
| regnum = [[Fungi]]
| divisio = [[Basidiomycota]]
| classis = [[Agaricomycetes]]
| ordo = [[Boletales]]
| subordo = [[Suillineae]]
| familia = [[Rhizopogonaceae]]
| genus = '''''Rhizopogon'''''
| genus_authority = [[Elias Magnus Fries|Fr.]] (1817)
| type_species = ''Rhizopogon luteolus''
| type_species_authority = Fr. & Nordholm (1817)
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
}}

'''''Rhizopogon''''' is a [[genus]] of [[ectomycorrhizae|ectomycorrhizal]] [[Basidiomycetes]] in the family [[Rhizopogonaceae]]. Species form [[sporocarp (fungi)|hypogeous sporocarps]] commonly referred to as "[[false truffle]]s". The general [[morphology (biology)|morphological]] characters of ''Rhizopogon'' sporocarps are a [[wikt:simplex|simplex]] or [[wikt:duplex|duplex]] [[peridium]] surrounding a [[locule|loculate]] [[gleba]] that lacks a [[sporangium#Internal structures|columnella]]. [[Basidiospores]] are produced upon [[basidia]] that are borne within the fungal [[hymenium]] that coats the interior surface of gleba locules. The peridium is often adorned with thick mycelial cords, also known as [[rhizomorph]]s, that attach the sporocarp to the surrounding [[substrate (biology)|substrate]]. The scientific name ''Rhizopogon'' is Greek for 'root' (Rhiz-) 'beard' (-pogon) and this name was given in reference to the rhizomorphs found on sporocarps of many species.

''Rhizopogon'' species are primarily found in ectomycorrhizal association with trees in the family [[Pinaceae]] and are especially common [[wikt:symbiont|symbionts]] of [[pine]], [[fir]], and [[Douglas fir]] trees. Through their ectomycorrhizal relationships ''Rhizopogon'' are thought to play an important role in the ecology of [[coniferous forests]]. Recent [[wikt:micromorphological|micromorphological]] and [[molecular phylogenetics|molecular phylogenetic]] study has established that ''Rhizopogon'' is a member of the [[Boletales]], closely related to ''[[Suillus]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Manfred Binder |author2=David S. Hibbett |lastauthoramp=yes |year=2006 |title=Molecular systematics and biological diversification of Boletales |journal=[[Mycologia]] |volume=98 |issue=6 |pages=971–981 |doi=10.3852/mycologia.98.6.971 |pmid=17486973}}</ref>

==Taxonomy and diversity==
[[File:2009-09-17 Rhizopogon obtextus 76099.jpg|thumb|left|alt=An image of ''Rhizopogon luteolus'' (''=obtextus'') showing rhizomorphs with attached substrate.|A sporocarp of ''Rhizopogon luteolus'' (''=obtextus'') showing rhizomorphs with adhering substrate]]

===Historical classification===
The genus ''Rhizopogon'' occurs throughout the natural and introduced ranges of family Pinaceae trees. Though this range covers much of the [[temperate climate|northern temperate zones]], the diversity of ''Rhizopogon'' species is well characterized only in [[North America]] and [[Europe]]. There are currently over 150 recognized species of ''Rhizopogon''. The morphology of ''Rhizopogon'' species is highly cryptic and characters vary greatly throughout sporocarp maturity. This has led to the description of multiple species from various developmental stages of a single fungus.

The genus ''Rhizopogon'' was first described from Europe by [[Elias Magnus Fries]] in 1817.<ref>{{cite book |last=Fries |first=Elias Magnus |year=1817 |title=Symbolae Gasteromycorum |location=Lundae |publisher= Ex officina Berlingiana}}</ref> The North American [[monograph#Usage#Taxonomy (systematic biology)|monograph]] was produced by [[Alexander H. Smith]] in 1966<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Smith AH, Zeller SM | year=1966 |title=A Preliminary Account of the North American Species of ''Rhizopogon'' |journal=Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=1–178 | url= http://name.umdl.umich.edu/AJN6347.0001.001}}</ref> with second author credits given [[wikt:posthumous|posthumously]] to [[Sanford Myron Zeller]] due to his contributions to the study of the genus. A European monograph of ''Rhizopogon'' has also been published.<ref>{{cite book |last=Martín |first=MP |year=1996 |title=The Genus Rhizopogon in Europe |location=Barcelona, Spain |publisher= BCG | pages= 173 p. | isbn= 8992161700}}</ref> In the recent past, molecular phylogenetic methods have allowed the revision of the taxonomic concepts of the genus ''Rhizopogon''<ref name="grubisha">{{cite journal |vauthors=Grubisha LC, Trappe JM, Molina R, Spatafora JW |year=2002 |title=Biology of the ectomycorrhizal genus ''Rhizopogon''. VI. Re-examination of infrageneric relationships inferred from phylogenetic analyses of ITS sequences |journal=[[Mycologia]] |volume=94 |issue=4 |pages=607–619| pmid=21156534 |doi=10.2307/3761712}}</ref>

===Modern classification===

Modern taxonomic concepts of the genus ''Rhizopogon'' recognize five subgenera of ''Rhizopogon''.<ref name="grubisha" /> These are subgenus ''[[Rhizopogon subgenus Rhizopogon|Rhizopogon]]'', subgenus ''[[Rhizopogon subgenus Versicolores|Versicolores]]'', subgenus ''[[Rhizopogon subgenus Villosuli|Villosuli]]'', subgenus ''[[Rhizopogon subgenus Amylopogon|Amylopogon]]'', and subgenus ''[[Rhizopogon subgenus Roseoli|Roseoli]]''.

==Ecology==
[[File:2010-05-14 Rhizopogon roseolus 2.jpg|thumb|right|alt=An image of ''Rhizopogon roseolus'' showing a close up of gleba locules.|A sporocarp of ''Rhizopogon roseolus'' in cross section showing a close up of the gleba locules]]

===Mammalian diet and spore dispersal===
''Rhizopogon'' species have been established as a common component in the diet of many small mammals <ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Maser C, Maser Z |year=1988 |title=Interactions among squirrels, mycorrhizal fungi, and coniferous forests in Oregon |journal=Western North American Naturalist |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=358–369}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Izzo AD, Meyer M, Trappe JM, North M, Bruns TD |year=2005 |title=Hypogeous ectomycorrhizal fungal species on roots and in small mammal diet in a mixed conifer forest |journal=Forest Science |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=243–254}}</ref> as well as deer<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Ashkannehhad S, Horton TR|lastauthoramp=yes |year=2006 |title=Ectomycorrhizal ecology under primary succession on coastal sand dunes: interactions involving ''Pinus contorta'', suilloid fungi and deer |journal=[[New Phytologist]] |volume=169 |issue=2 |pages=345–354| doi=10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01593.x | pmid=16411937}}</ref> in Western North America. The viability of ''Rhizopogon'' spores is maintained <ref name="colgan">{{cite journal |vauthors=Colgan III W, Claridge AW |year=2002 |title=Mycorrhizal effectiveness of ''Rhizopogon'' spores recovered from faecal pellets of small forest-dwelling mammals |journal=[[Mycological Research]] |volume=106 |issue=3 |pages=314–320| doi=10.1017/S0953756202005634}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Kotter M, Farentinos RC |year=1984 |title=Formations of Ponderosa pine ectomycorrhizae after inoculation with feces of tassel-earred squirrels |journal=[[Mycologia]] |volume=76 |issue=2 |pages=758–760 |doi=10.2307/3793237 }}</ref> and may even be increased after mammalian gut passage,<ref name="colgan" /> making mammals an important [[dispersal vector]] for ''Rhizopogon''.

===Disturbance ecology===
''Rhizopogon'' species are common members of the fungal communities that colonize the roots of trees during seedling establishment and persist into old growth stands.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Twieg BD, Durall DM, Simard SW |year=2007 |title=Ectomycorrhizal fungal succession in mixed temperate forests|journal=[[New Phytologist]] |volume=176 |issue=2 |pages=437–447| doi=10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02173.x | pmid=17888121 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Molina |first1=R |last2=Trappe |first2=JM |last3=Grubisha |first3=LC |last4=Spatafora |first4=JW |editor1-last= Cairney |editor1-first=JWG |editor2-last= Chambers |editor2-first=SM |year=1999 |title=Ectomycorrhizal Fungi Key Genera in Profile | chapter=''Rhizopogon'' |location= Heidelberg |publisher= Springer Berlin | pages= 129–161 |doi=10.1007/978-3-662-06827-4_5 |isbn= 978-3-642-08490-4 }}</ref> ''Rhizopogon'' spores are long lived in soil and the spores of some species can persist for at least four years with an increase in viability over time.<ref>{{cite journal |author= Bruns, TD |author2= Peay KG |author3= Boynton PJ |author4= Grubisha LC |author5= Hynson NA |author6= Nguyen NH |author7= Rosenstock NP |year=2009 |title=Inoculum potential of ''Rhizopogon'' spores increases with time over the first 4 yr of a 99-yr spore burial experiment |journal=[[New Phytologist]] |volume=181 |issue=2 |pages=463–470 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02652.x | pmid= 9121040}}</ref> ''Rhizopogon'' seems to be especially common upon the roots of establishing tree seedlings following disturbance such as fire<ref name="baar">{{cite journal |author1=Baar J. |author2=Horton T.R. |author3=Kretzer A.M. |author4=Bruns T.D. |year=1999 |title=Mycorrhizal colonization of ''Pinus muricata'' from resistant propagules after a stand-replacing wildfire |journal=[[New Phytologist]] |volume=143 |pages=409–418 |issue=2 |doi=10.1046/j.1469-8137.1999.00452.x}}</ref> or logging.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Luoma DL, Stockdale CA, Molina R, Eberhart JL |year=2006 |title=The spatial influence of ''Pseudotsuga menziesii'' retention trees on ectomycorrhiza diversity |journal=[[Canadian Journal of Forest Research]] |volume=36 |issue=10 |pages=2561–2573| doi=10.1139/x06-143 |url=https://naldc.nal.usda.gov/naldc/download.xhtml?id=1217&content=PDF }}</ref> ''Rhizopogon'' are also abundant colonizers of pot cultivated<ref name="baar" /><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Taylor DL, Bruns TD |year=1999 |title=Community structure of ectomycorrhizal fungi in a ''Pinus muricata'' forest: minimal overlap between the mature forest and resistant propagule communities |journal=[[Molecular Ecology]] |volume=8 |issue=11 |pages=1837–1850| doi=10.1046/j.1365-294x.1999.00773.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Kjøller R, Bruns TD |year=2003 |title=''Rhizopogon'' spore bank communities within and among California pine forests |journal=[[Mycologia]] |volume=95 |issue=4 |pages=603–613| pmid=21148969 |doi=10.2307/3761936}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Murata M, Kinoshita A, Nara K |year=2013 |title=Revisiting the host effect on ectomycorrhizal fungal communities: implications from host–fungal associations in relict ''Pseudotsuga japonica'' forests |journal=Mycorrhiza |volume=23 |issue=8 |pages=641–653| doi=10.1007/s00572-013-0504-0 | pmid=23702643}}</ref> and field cultivated <ref name="baar" /> conifer seedlings growing in soil from conifer stands that lacked observations of ''Rhizopogon'' upon the roots of mature trees. These finding suggest that ''Rhizopogon'' species are an important factor in the recovery of conifer forests following disturbance.

==Species==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*''[[Rhizopogon albidus]]''
*''[[Rhizopogon ater]]''
*''[[Rhizopogon amylopogon]]''
*''[[Rhizopogon atroviolaceus]]''
*''[[Rhizopogon brunneniger]]''
*''[[Rhizopogon ellenae]]''
*''[[Rhizopogon evadens]]''
*''[[Rhizopogon fulvigleba]]''
*''[[Rhizopogon fuscorubens]]''
*''[[Rhizopogon hawkerae]]''
*''[[Rhizopogon luteolus]]''
*''[[Rhizopogon nigrescens]]''
*''[[Rhizopogon occidentalis]]''
*''[[Rhizopogon ochraceorubens]]''
*''[[Rhizopogon parksii]]''
*''[[Rhizopogon parvisporus ]]''
*''[[Rhizopogon pedicellus]]''
*''[[Rhizopogon roseolus]]''
*''[[Rhizopogon salebrosus]]''
*''[[Rhizopogon subareolatus]]''
*''[[Rhizopogon subaustralis]]''
*''[[Rhizopogon subcaerulescens]]''
*''[[Rhizopogon subpurpurascens]]''
*''[[Rhizopogon subsalmonius]]''
*''[[Rhizopogon succosus]]''
*''[[Rhizopogon togasawariana]]''
*''[[Rhizopogon truncatus]]''
*''[[Rhizopogon vesiculosus]]''
*''[[Rhizopogon villosulus]]''
*''[[Rhizopogon vinicolor]]''
*''[[Rhizopogon vulgaris]]''
{{div col end}}

==[[Ethnomycology]]==

===Forestry===
The first intentional use of ''Rhizopogon'' species in forestry occurred in the early part of the 20th century when ''[[Rhizopogon luteolus]]'' was deliberately introduced into ''[[Pinus radiata]]'' plantations in [[Western Australia]] after it was observed to improve tree growth.<ref>{{cite journal |author= Kessel SL |year=1927 |title=Soil organisms. The dependence of certain pine species on a biological soil factor. |journal=Empire Forestry Journal |volume=6 |pages=70–74}}</ref> Since that time, ''Rhizopogon'' species have been widely studied as a component of managed forests. ''Rhizopogon'' species have been noted as common members of the ectomycorrhizal community colonizing tree roots of pine and Douglas-fir timber plantations.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Molina R, Trappe JM |year=1994 |title=Biology of the ectomycorrhizal genus, ''Rhizopogon'' I. Host associations, host-specificity and pure culture syntheses |journal=[[New Phytologist]] |volume=126 |issue=4 |pages=653–675| doi=10.1111/j.1469-8137.1994.tb02961.x}}</ref> Naturally occurring ''Rhizopogon roseolus'' (''=rubescens'') spores have been shown to out-compete the spores of other ectomycorrhizal fungi in pine plantations even when competing spores were directly inoculated onto seedlings.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Karkouri KE, Martin F, Mousain D |year=2002 |title=Dominance of the mycorrhizal fungus ''Rhizopogon rubescens'' in a plantation of ''Pinus pinea'' seedlings inoculated with ''Suillus collinitus'' |journal=Annals of Forest Science |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=197–204| doi=10.1051/forest:2002006}}</ref> The survival rate and performance of pine<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Steinfield D, Amaranthus M, Cazares E |year=2003 |title=Survival of Ponderosa pine (''Pinus ponderosa'' Dougl. ex Laws) seedlings outplanted with ''Rhizopogon'' mycorrhizae inoculated with spores at the nursery |journal=Journal of Arborculture |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=4197–208}}</ref> and Douglas-fir<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Castellano MA, Trappe JM |year=1985 |title=Ectomycorrhizal formation and plantation performance of Douglas-fir nursery stock inoculated with ''Rhizopogon'' spores |journal=[[Canadian Journal of Forest Research]] |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=613–617 |doi=10.1139/x85-100}}</ref> plantation seedlings are increased after inoculation with ''Rhizopogon'' species.

===Gastronomy===

Though many species of ''Rhizopogon'' are considered edible, most are not held in high culinary esteem.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Trappe |first1=M |last2=Evans |first12=F |last3=Trappe |first3=J |year=2007 |title=Field guide to North American Truffles |location=Berkeley, CA |publisher= Ten Speed Press | pages= 136 p. |isbn= 1580088627 }}</ref> A notable exception is ''[[Rhizopogon roseolus]]'' (''=rubescens'') which is considered a delicacy in east Asia and especially in [[Japan]] where it is traditionally known as Shoro.<ref name="yun">{{cite journal |vauthors=Yun W, Hall IR |year=2004 |title=Edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms: challenges and achievements |journal=[[Canadian Journal of Botany]] |volume=82 |issue=8 |pages=1063–1073 |doi=10.1139/b04-051}}</ref> Techniques for the commercial cultivation of this fungus in pine plantations have been developed and applied with successful results in Japan and [[New Zealand]].<ref name="yun" />

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Rhizopogon}}
*[http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/genusrecord.asp?RecordID=19297 Index Fungorum]
*[http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=fung1tc;cc=fung1tc;view=toc;idno=AJN6347.0001.001 A preliminary account of the North American species of ''Rhizopogon''] by Alexander H. Smith and S. M. Zeller, 1966. (Full text of monograph.)

{{Taxonbar|from=Q874176}}

[[Category:Rhizopogonaceae]]
[[Category:Boletales genera]]

Reed Smith

2018-05-15T01:50:08Z

{{Infobox Law Firm
| firm_name = Reed Smith LLP
| firm_logo = [[File:Reed Smith logo.jpg|260px|Reed Smith]]
| num_offices = 27
| num_attorneys = 1,800+
| practice_areas = Finance, Life Sciences & Health, Energy & Natural Resources, Entertainment & Media, Shipping & Transportation
| revenue = {{profit}} $1.12 billion (2018)<ref name="Reed Smith boosts revenue and profits">{{cite web|title=Reed Smith boosts revenue and profits as London base closes in on $200m mark|url=http://www.legalweek.com/sites/legalweek/2018/02/28/reed-smith-grows-revenue-profits-as-head-count-stays-flat/|publisher=Legal Week|accessdate=1 March 2018|date=28 February 2018}}</ref>
| profit_per_equity_partner = {{gain}} $1.18 million (2018)<ref name="Reed Smith boosts revenue and profits"/>
| date_founded = 1877 ([[Pittsburgh]])
| founder = [[Philander Knox]] and [[James Hay Reed]]
| company_type = [[Limited liability partnership]]
| firm_slogan = Driving Progress Through Partnership.
| homepage = [http://www.reedsmith.com www.reedsmith.com]}}
'''Reed Smith LLP''' is a global law firm headquartered in [[Pittsburgh]], [[Pennsylvania]], with more than 1,800 [[lawyer]]s in 27 offices throughout the [[United States]], [[Europe]], the [[Middle East]] and [[Asia]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Organizational Profile of Reed Smith at the National Law Review|journal=The National Law Review|date=May 16, 2012|url=http://www.natlawreview.com/organization/reed-smith-llp}}</ref> In 2017, Reed Smith was listed by [[Law360]] as one of the top Global 20 Firms, which includes firms that have the biggest global presence and handle the largest, most groundbreaking international and cross-border matters.<ref name="law360_20_firms">https://www.law360.com/articles/961879/law360-reveals-the-global-20-firms-of-2017</ref> Its lawyers advise on all corporate and finance matters, litigation and other dispute resolution services, deliver regulatory counsel, and execute strategic domestic and cross-border transactions.<ref name="reedsmith1">[http://www.reedsmith.com/aboutus/ Reed Smith Profile]</ref>

Reed Smith is an advisor to industries including [[financial services]], [[life sciences]], [[health care]], [[advertising]], [[technology]] and [[Media (communication)|media]], [[shipping]], [[energy]] and [[natural resources]], [[real estate]], [[manufacturing]], and [[education]].<ref name="reedsmith1"/> The firm counsels 13 of the world's 15 largest commercial and savings banks; 25 of the world's 35 largest oil and gas companies; and the world's three largest pharmaceutical distribution and wholesale companies. Reed Smith's shipping practice has been designated among the most preeminent in the world, and its advertising law practice is regarded as among the legal industry's finest.

In 2018, revenues at Reed Smith reached a record-breaking $1.12 billion. Profits per partner grew 6% to $1,180,000.00, while revenue per lawyer increased by 3% to $722,000.00.<ref>{{cite web|title=Reed Smith boosts revenue and profits as London base closes in on $200m mark
|url=http://www.legalweek.com/sites/legalweek/2018/02/28/reed-smith-grows-revenue-profits-as-head-count-stays-flat/|work=Legal Week|accessdate=2 March 2018|date=28 February 2018}}</ref> The firm's [[London]] office is the firm's largest.

==History==
Reed Smith was founded in Pittsburgh in 1877 by [[Philander C. Knox]] and [[James H. Reed]].<ref name="History">{{cite web|title=History|url=http://www.reedsmith.com/aboutus/history/|publisher=Reed Smith|accessdate=6 March 2015|date=4 March 2015}}</ref> The two partners soon created a symbiotic relationship with the American industrial tycoon, [[Andrew Carnegie]], the creator of [[U.S. Steel]], the world's first billion-dollar corporation. Soon after, other large businesses such as, [[Heinz (company)]], Mellon and Frick joined the firm's client roster. In the 1880s, Edwin W. Smith and other partners joined the firm and in 1922 the firm adopted the name Reed Smith Shaw & McClay, a name that would stand until being shortened in 2000. During the New Deal era, Reed Smith established a securities practice and partner [[Ralph H. Demmler]] became chair of the [[Securities and Exchange Commission]].<ref name="History"/>

[[File: 599 Lexington Avenue.jpg|thumb|Reed Smith's New York offices at 599 Lexington Avenue|310px]]

Through 1970 to the present, the firm engaged in a series of strategic mergers & acquisitions, as well as new offices, to create one of the largest law firms in the world. In the 1970s, Reed Smith domestically grew with new offices beyond Pittsburgh. It set up an office in Washington, DC and in 1989, merged with Beltway firm Pierson, Ball & Dowd, thereby obtaining a well-regarded health care practice. Reed Smith opened new offices in New York and New Jersey in the 1990s and acquired a leading [[Northern Virginia]] firm, Hazel & Thomas.

During the 2000s Reed Smith experienced rapid international growth, both organically and through mergers. Acquiring the UK law firm Warner Cranston turned Reed Smith transatlantic in 2001 and opened offices in Paris and Munich four years later. Domestically, it opened an office in Delaware and combined with a California law firm, Crosby, Heafey, Roach & May, which moved the firm to a rank among the 20 largest law firms.<ref name="History"/> In 2007 Reed Smith merged with UK law firm, Richards Butler, which added offices in France, Greece, the Middle East and Hong Kong one year later.<ref>{{cite web|title=Reed Smith Richards Butler completes merger|url=http://www.thelawyer.com/reed-smith-richards-butler-completes-merger/123584.article|work=The Lawyer|accessdate=6 March 2015|date=2 January 2007}}</ref>

Since 2009 their office has been located in Reed Smith Centre, a LEED-certified workspace that helped jumpstart the modernization of the City's "Fifth Avenue ," on the perimeter of Pittsburgh's Cultural District. More than 275 lawyers comprise the Pittsburgh office, making it the largest law office in the city and the largest Reed Smith office in the United States. Pittsburgh also is home to the firm's Global Customer Center, which provides service to Reed Smith's lawyers and offices around the world.

Reed Smith opened their second German office in 2015 in Frankfurt, Germany's financial center, to meet growing client demand in the German market.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reedsmith.com/en/about-us/history |title=Reed Smith opens second Germany office |publisher=Reed Smith}}</ref>

In 2016, Reed Smith entered into a formal alliance with Singapore firm Resource Law.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thelawyer.com/reed-smith-seals-alliance-with-singapore-firm-resource-law/|title=Reed Smith seals alliance with Singapore firm Resource Law |work=The Lawyer|date=2016-07-18|language=en-GB|access-date=2016-07-21}}</ref>

A year later in 2017 the firm opened a new office in Miami, strengthening their connections to clients in Central and South America.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.reedsmith.com/en/about-us/history |title=Reed Smith opens new office in Miami}}</ref>

On April 30th, 2018 Reed Smith hired Lewis Zirogiannis (GE’s former [[Chief compliance officer|Chief Compliance Officer]]) as a partner for its global regulatory enforcement practice in [[San Francisco]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.law.com/therecorder/2018/04/26/reed-smith-hires-ge-digitals-chief-compliance-officer/|title=Reed Smith Hires GE Digital’s Chief Compliance Officer |work=The Recorder|access-date=2018-05-01}}</ref>
[[File:3 pnc plaza.jpg|thumb|Reed Smith's Pittsburgh offices in the Three PNC Plaza building|350px]]

==Recognition==
*Reed Smith has been ranked a Top-tier Firm in Legal 500 German 2018 Rankings in seven categories, and 12 of the German partners received recommendations in their areas of specialty, in the Legal 500 Germany 2018 handbook.<ref>http://www.legal500.com/firms/3469-reed-smith-llp/23338-frankfurt-germany</ref>
*Reed Smith received 18 practice rankings and 42 individual lawyer recommendations in the 2018 edition of The Legal 500 Asia Pacific.<ref>https://www.reedsmith.com/en/news/2017/12/reed-smith-recognized-by-the-legal-500-asia-pacific-2018</ref>
*The firm has been named Best Law Firm for Global Weather Risk Management in Environmental Finance’s Annual Market Rankings in 2018. The firm has retained the title since 2014, and was also named runner-up for Best Law Firm in the EU Emissions Trading System category this year.
*In 2017, Reed Smith was listed by [[Law360]] as one of the top Global 20 Firms, which includes firms that have the biggest global presence and handle the largest, most groundbreaking international and cross-border matters.<ref name="law360_20_firms"/>
*Reed Smith named Private Equity Team of the Year at British Legal Awards 2017.<ref>https://www.reedsmith.com/en/news/2017/11/reed-smith-private-equity-team-of-the-year-at-british-legal-awards-2017</ref>
*Ranked 17th on Law360’s Global 20 Ranking in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.law360.com/articles/807403/law360-reveals-the-global-20-firms-of-2016|title=Law360 Reveals The Global 20 Firms Of 2016|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>
*Legal Week's 2013 annual Client Satisfaction Report ranks Reed Smith #5 in the U.S. International firms category. The firm was especially recognized for the quality of its legal and commercial advice as well as personal/partner relationships.<ref>http://www.legalweek.com</ref>
* Reed Smith ranked 8th on the 2013 inaugural "Social Index" of Am Law 50 Firms in survey ranking use of social media technologies.<ref>http://abovethelaw.com/2014/01/the-social-law-firm-index-biglaws-new-media-mavens-2/#more-296346</ref>
*Reed Smith advances eight spots on Acritas’ Sharplegal US Law Firm Brand Index 2014, earning recognition as a lTop 20 U.S. brand.<ref>http://www.acritas.com/SharplegalUSLawFirmBrandIndex2014</ref>
* Ranked 19th among American law firms with the most gross revenue by [[AmLaw 100]] in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Am Law 100 2010|url=http://www.law.com/jsp/tal/PubArticleTAL.jsp?id=1202489360193|publisher=ALM Legal Intelligence|accessdate=10 April 2012|year=2010}}</ref>
* Ranked 1st out of 411 law firms by The BTI Client Relationship Scorecard for building and maintaining client relationships, June 2009.<ref>{{cite web|title=The BTI Client Relationship Scorecard: Ranking Law Firm-Client Relationships 2009, Executive summary|url=http://www.bticonsulting.com/PDFs/CRS/TheBTIClientRelationshipScorecard_ExecSumm.pdf|publisher=BTI Consulting Group|accessdate=10 April 2012|year=2009}}</ref>

==Notable cases and transactions==
* Reed Smith successfully defended artist Curtis Jackson better known as [[50 Cent]] in a number of disputes including a suit accusing him of stealing content from a third party protected under copyright law.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.law360.com/articles/406796/3rd-circ-clears-50-cent-of-copying-gangster-book|title=3rd Circ. Clears 50 Cent Of Copying Gangster Book|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>
* Represented French luxury perfumes and cosmetics house [[Lancôme]], part of the [[L'Oréal]] Luxury Products division, against actress [[Uma Thurman]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/no-making-lancome-takes-uma-thurman-court-article-1.328715|title=No making up? Lancome takes Uma Thurman to court|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>
* Advised [[Wells Fargo]] Bank and other mortgage lenders, servicers and trustees in "robo-signing" and other foreclosure-related matters.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.law360.com/articles/1007512/wells-fargo-beats-nj-fraud-suit-over-foreclosure-action|title=Wells Fargo Beats NJ Fraud Suit Over Foreclosure Action|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>
* Reed Smith represented [[BNY Mellon]] to fend off a $539 million bondholder attack against the bank in the Argentina bond default litigation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.law360.com/articles/590925/bny-doesn-t-have-to-turn-over-539m-to-argentina-creditors|title=BNY Doesn't Have To Turn Over $539M To Argentina Creditors|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>
* Represented [[Toyota]] Motor Credit Corp. in securing $15 billion in financing through a syndicated credit facility.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reedsmith.com/Reed-Smith-Advises-Toyota-Motor-Credit-Corporation-in-15-Billion-Financing-11-24-2015/|title=Reed Smith Advises Toyota Motor Credit Corporation in $15 Billion Financing|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>
* Advised the [[Civil Aviation Authority (United Kingdom)]] pension scheme on a buy-in worth over £1.6 billion with specialist insurer Rothesay Life.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pensionsworld.co.uk/article/rothesay-life-completes-%C2%A316bn-buy-caaps|title=Rothesay Life completes £1.6bn buy-in with CAAPS|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>
* Represented [[BMW]] Financial Services in a number of suits and obtained dismissal on the basis of the voluntary payment rule of putative nationwide class action alleging a violation of the [[Uniform Commercial Code]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mondaq.com/unitedstates/x/29233/Corporate+Tax/The+Voluntary+Payment+Rule+A+Powerful+Defense+Tool+In+An+Appropriate+Case|title=The Voluntary Payment Rule: A Powerful Defense Tool In An Appropriate Case|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>
* Reed Smith successfully defended [[Nintendo]] against a number of patent disputes by Motion Games.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.law360.com/articles/794489/fed-circ-backs-nintendo-s-ptab-win-on-game-patent|title=Fed. Circ. Backs Nintendo's PTAB Win On Game Patent|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>
* Reed Smith successfully defended the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club members, whose alleged lack of maintenance to the South Fork Dam caused the [[Johnstown Flood#Investigation of the cause of the 1889 dam breach and flood|Johnstown Flood]], resulting in the death of 2,209 people
* Represented [[Concord Management and Consulting]] in the indictment on crimes related to interference in the 2016 presidential election.<ref>https://abovethelaw.com/2018/05/the-biglaw-firm-behind-the-russian-trolls-indicted-in-the-mueller-probe/</ref>

==Notable alumni==
Individuals who have worked at Reed Smith include:
*[[Rip Sullivan]], Northern Virginia community activist and a member of the Virginia House of Delegates from Virginia's 48th district
*[[Philander C. Knox]], American lawyer, bank director and politician who served as United States Attorney General, a Senator from Pennsylvania and Secretary of State
*[[Jack McGregor]], former Pennsylvania State Senator from Pittsburgh and the founder of the National Hockey League's [[Pittsburgh Penguins]]
*[[James Hay Reed]], founding member of the law firm Reed, Smith, Shaw & Beal and a [[United States federal judge]]
*[[Cathy Bissoon]], American lawyer and judge who serves on the [[United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania]]
*[[David W. Marston]], lawyer, author and [[United States Attorney]] for the [[United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania]]
*[[Paul Martha]], former American football safety who played seven seasons in the National Football League and was CEO of [[Pittsburgh Penguins]]
*[[Sheryl H. Lipman]], [[United States District Judge]] of the [[United States District Court for the Western District of Tennessee]] and former Counsel to the [[University of Memphis]]
*[[Thomas Hardiman]], a federal judge on the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit]] and former [[United States District Court]] judge
*[[Ralph H. Demmler]], an American lawyer specializing in corporate banking law and an appointed [[United States government]] official
*[[Ronald D. Castille]], served on the [[Supreme Court of Pennsylvania]] from 1994 to 2014, and was [[Chief Justice]] from 2008 to 2014

==Popular culture==
The firm is depicted in [[Laurence Leamer]]'s book ''The Price of Justice''.<ref>http://www.post-gazette.com/stories/business/news/leamer-book-recounts-how-attorneys-tackled-wva-coal-campaigns-and-cash-687857/</ref>

==Offices==
As of January 2018, Reed Smith has 27 offices across three continents. London is the largest office with over 350 attorneys, while Pittsburgh is the founding office.<ref>{{cite web|title=London|url=http://www.reedsmith.com/London-England/|publisher=Reed Smith|accessdate=10 March 2015|date=4 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Pittsburgh|url=http://www.reedsmith.com/Pittsburgh-United-States-of-America/|publisher=Reed Smith|accessdate=10 March 2015|date=4 March 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|title=Top 10: Largest Pittsburgh-area law firms|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/pittsburgh/slideshow/2013/01/18/top-10-largest-pittsburgh-area-law-firms.html|publisher=Pittsburgh Business Times|accessdate=10 March 2015|date=18 January 2013}}</ref>

As well as numerous offices, Reed Smith has the Global Customer Centre, also located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It houses Reed Smith's 24/7/365 firm-wide administrative operations, including the Network Operating Center, IT Help Desk and the Business Centre.<ref>{{cite web|title=Global Customer Centre|url=http://www.reedsmith.com/Global-Customer-Centre-United-States-of-America/|publisher=Reed Smith|accessdate=10 March 2015|date=4 March 2014}}</ref>

==Compensation==
In June 2016, Reed Smith announced that it would raise attorney salaries to match market rates set earlier that month by the New York based law firm [[Cravath, Swaine & Moore]].<ref>{{cite web|title= Higher Associate Salaries|url=https://abovethelaw.com/2016/06/biglaw-firm-does-right-by-junior-associates-mid-levels-and-senior-associates-not-so-much/|publisher=Reed Smith|accessdate=10 March 2018}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Salary
|-
|1st year associate
|$180,000
|-
|2nd year associate
|$190,000
|-
|3rd year associate
|merit-based
|-
|4th year associate
|merit-based
|-
|5th year associate
|merit-based
|-
|6th year associate
|merit-based
|-
|7th year associate
|merit-based
|-
|8th year associate
|merit-based
|}

==Main practice areas==
Reed Smith has five industry-focused groups: Energy & Natural Resources, Entertainment & Media, Financial Industry, Life Sciences Health Industry Group, and Shipping & Transportation. The main practice areas include:<ref>{{cite web|title=Learn About Our Practices & Industries|url=http://www.reedsmith.com/practices_and_industries/|publisher=Reed Smith|accessdate=10 March 2015|date=4 March 2014}}</ref>

{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*Advertising, Technology & Media
*Antitrust & Competition
*Bankruptcy & Commercial Restructuring
*Construction and Engineering
*Corporate & Securities
*Education
*Energy & Natural Resources
*Environmental Law
*Executive Compensation & Employee Benefits
*Financial Services
*Government Contracts & Grants
*Government Investigations & White Collar Criminal Defense
*Health Care
*Hedge Funds
*Information Technology, Privacy & Data Security
*Insurance
*Intellectual Property
*International Arbitration
*International Trade & National Security
*Labor & Employment
*Litigation & Dispute Resolution
*Pensions
*Public Policy & Infrastructure
*State and Local Taxation
*Product Liability
*Real estate
*Securities Litigation & Enforcement
*Sovereign Wealth Funds
*Sports Law
*Shipping
*Wealth Planning
{{div col end}}

==See also==
* [[Johnstown Flood]]
* [[List of 100 largest law firms globally]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.reedsmith.com/ Official website]
*[http://www.americanlawyer.com/search-results-layout-page?query=reed+smith+&publication=TAL+2008 The American Lawyer]
*[http://www.martindale.com/Results.aspx?ft=2&frm=freesearch&lfd=Y&afs=reed%20smith Martindale]
*[http://www.natlawreview.com/organization/reed-smith-llp Organizational Profile at the ''National Law Review'']

[[Category:Law firms established in 1877]]
[[Category:Law firms based in Pittsburgh]]
[[Category:Foreign law firms with offices in Hong Kong]]
[[Category:1877 establishments in Pennsylvania]]

Toby Ord

2018-05-15T00:17:56Z

{{Use Australian English|date=January 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
'''Toby David Godfrey Ord''' (born 18 July 1979) is an Australian philosopher. He is the founder of [[Giving What We Can]], an international society dedicated to the elimination of poverty in the developing world.

{{Infobox academic
| honorific_prefix = 
| name = Toby Ord
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
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| caption =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| birth_name =  Toby David Godfrey Ord
| birth_date =  18 July 1979 (age 38)
| birth_place = [[Melbourne, Australia]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| region =
| nationality = [[Australian]]
| other_names =
| occupation = [[Academic]], [[philosopher]]
| period =
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| spouse =
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| education =
| alma_mater =  [[University of Melbourne]] [[Balliol College, Oxford]] [[Christ Church, Oxford]]
| thesis_title = Beyond Action: applying consequentialism to decision making and motivation
| thesis_url =
| thesis_year = 2009
| school_tradition =
| doctoral_advisor = [[John Broome (philosopher)|John Broome]] [[Derek Parfit]]
| academic_advisors =
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| discipline = 
| sub_discipline = 
| workplaces =  [[Balliol College, Oxford]] [[Giving What We Can]] [[Future of Humanity Institute]]
| doctoral_students = 
| notable_students = 
| main_interests = [[Normative ethics]], [[practical ethics]]
| notable_works =
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| signature =
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}}

== Career ==
Ord attended the [[University of Melbourne]], where he initially studied computer science. On completing his first degree, he switched to studying philosophy to pursue his interest in ethics: "At this stage I knew that I wanted to make a large positive difference in the world and it seemed that studying ethics would help."<ref>{{ cite web | url=http://www.givingwhatwecan.org/about-us/member-profiles.php | title=Giving What We Can, Our Members| author= | date= | work= | publisher=Giving What We Can | accessdate=9 December 2012}}</ref>

For his graduate studies, Ord moved to the [[University of Oxford]], where he obtained both a [[B.Phil.]], and a [[Doctor of Philosophy|D.Phil.]] in philosophy. Having submitted his doctoral thesis, 'Beyond Action: applying consequentialism to decision making and motivation’, Ord was retained as a junior research fellow by Balliol College, Oxford.<ref>{{ cite web | url=http://www.amirrorclear.net/academic/toby-ord-cv.pdf| title=Toby Ord CV | author= | date= | work= | publisher= | accessdate=9 December 2012}}</ref> Ord holds the position of a Research Fellow at Oxford's [[Future of Humanity Institute]].<ref>https://www.philosophy.ox.ac.uk/people/toby-ord | Oxford University page for Toby Ord</ref> He has published articles on ethics and the philosophy of computation. He promotes consequentialist ethics and his research interests include questions around global poverty, moral uncertainty and catastrophic risks.<ref>{{ cite web | url=http://aeon.co/magazine/world-views/ross-andersen-human-extinction/ | title=When we peer into the fog of the deep future what do we see – human extinction or a future among the stars? | author=Ross Andersen | date= 25 February 2013 | work= Aeon | accessdate=22 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amirrorclear.net/academic/index.html|title=Toby Ord's Website|last=Ord|first=Toby|work=A Mirror Clear|accessdate=2 March 2013}}</ref>

== Giving What We Can ==
At Oxford, Ord resolved to give a significant proportion of his income to the most cost-effective charities he could find. Following a number of enquiries from people interested in making a similar commitment, Ord decided to set up an organisation geared towards supporting like-minded donors.

In 2009, Ord launched [[Giving What We Can]], an international society whose members have each pledged to donate at least 10% of their income to anti-poverty charities. The organisation is aligned with and part of the [[effective altruism]] movement. Giving What We Can seeks not only to encourage people to give more of their money to charity, but also stresses the importance of giving to cost-effective charities,<ref>{{ cite web | url=http://www.givingwhatwecan.org/resources/recommended-charities.php | title=Putting Charities to the Test | author= Tina Rosenberg | date= 5 December 2012 | work= | publisher=The New York Times | accessdate=22 June 2014}}</ref> arguing that "research shows that some are up to 1,000 times as effective as others."<ref>{{ cite web | url=http://www.givingwhatwecan.org/resources/recommended-charities.php | title=Giving What We Can, Recommended Charities | author= | date= | work= | publisher=Giving What We Can | accessdate=9 December 2012}}</ref> While it does not collect money or undertake charity work directly, Giving What We Can carries out original research and recommends charities it believes to be particularly efficient. Ord remains director of Giving What We Can, and is closely involved in its day-to-day running.

Ord himself decided initially to cap his income at £20,000 per year, and to give away everything he earned above that to well-researched charities, in line with the commitment Giving What We Can members make, of donating at least ten per cent of their incomes to the charities they believe to be the most effective.<ref>{{ cite web | url=https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052970204528204577010061347756838?mg=reno64-wsj&url=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticle%2FSB10001424052970204528204577010061347756838.html | title=Small sacrifice, big return | author= Javier Espinoza| date=28 November 2011 | work= | publisher=The Wall Street Journal | accessdate=22 June 2014}}</ref> A year later, he revised this figure down to £18 000.<ref>{{ cite web | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-11950843 | title=Toby Ord: Why I'm giving £1m to charity | author= | date=13 December 2010 | work= | publisher=BBC | accessdate=9 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{ cite web | url=http://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/uk_news/People/article1173041.ece | title=Oxford don sparks flood of charity cash | author= Nicholas Hellen | date=9 December 2012 | work= | publisher=The Sunday Times | accessdate=22 June 2014}}</ref> Over the course of his career, he expects his donations to total around £1 million.<ref>{{ cite web | url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1228043/I-1m-charity-says-Oxford-don-33-000-salary.html | title=I will give £1m to charity, says Oxford don on £33,000 salary | author= | date=16 November 2009 | work= | publisher=The Daily Mail | accessdate=9 December 2012}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Ord lives in Oxford with his wife, Bernadette Young, a doctor.<ref>{{ cite web | url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2011/dec/24/toby-ord-bernadette-young-joy-of-giving/print | title=The Saturday interview: Toby Ord and Bernadette Young on the joy of giving | author= Susanna Rustin | date=24 December 2011 | work= | publisher=The Guardian | accessdate=22 June 2014}}</ref> She is also a member of Giving What We Can.<ref>{{ cite web | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-11950843 | title=Toby Ord: Why I'm giving £1m to charity | author= | date=13 December 2010 | work= | publisher=BBC | accessdate=9 December 2012}}</ref>

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*[[Applied ethics]]
*[[Reversal test]]
*[[Effective altruism]]
*[[GiveWell]]
*[[80,000 Hours]]
*[[Nick Bostrom]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.tobyord.com/ Toby Ord's Website]
* [http://www.givingwhatwecan.org/ Giving What We Can Official Website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ord, Toby}}

{{Future of Humanity Institute}}
{{Effective altruism}}

[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Academics of the University of Oxford]]
[[Category:Australian philosophers]]
[[Category:Analytic philosophers]]
[[Category:Consequentialists]]
[[Category:Utilitarians]]
[[Category:Articles created via the Article Wizard]]
[[Category:University of Melbourne alumni]]

Olympic-Wallowa-Lineament

2018-05-15T00:11:09Z

[[File:OWL-location.png|right|frame|Location of the Olympic-Wallowa Lineament]]
[[File:OWL-shadedrelief.png|right|frame|Is the OWL an optical illusion?]]
The '''Olympic-Wallowa lineament''' (OWL) – first reported by cartographer [[Erwin Raisz]] in 1945<ref>{{Harvnb|Raisz|1945}}. Now available on-line; see citation.</ref> on a relief map of the continental United States – is a physiographic feature of unknown origin in the state of Washington (northwestern U.S.) running approximately from the town of [[Port Angeles, Washington|Port Angeles]], on the Olympic Peninsula to the [[Wallowa Mountains]] of eastern Oregon.


==Location==
Raisz located the OWL particularly from [[Cape Flattery (Washington)|Cape Flattery]] (the northwest corner of the Olympic Peninsula) and along the north shore of Lake Crescent, thence the Little River (south of [[Port Angeles, Washington|Port Angeles]]), Liberty Bay (Poulsbo), Elliott Bay (setting the orientation of the streets in downtown Seattle), the north shore of Mercer Island, the Cedar River (Chester Morse Reservoir), Stampede Pass (Cascade crest), the south side of the Kittitas Valley (I-90), [[Manastash Ridge]], the [[Wallula Gap]] (on the Columbia River where it approaches the Oregon state line), and then the South Fork of the Walla Walla River into the northeastern corner of Oregon. After crossing the [[Blue Mountains (Oregon)|Blue Mountains]] Riasz associated the OWL with a dramatic scarp on the north side of the [[Wallowa Mountains]]. Riasz observed that the OWL tends to have basins on the north side (Seattle Basin, Kittitas Valley, Pasco Basin, Walla Walla Basin) and mountains on the southern side (the Olympics, Manastash and Umtanum ridges, Rattlesnake Mountain, the Horseheaven Hills, the Wallowa Mountains), and noted parallel alignments at various points, generally about four miles north or south of the main line. The alignment of these particular features is somewhat irregular; modern maps with much more detail show a broad zone of more regular alignments. Subsequent geological investigations have suggested various refinements and adjustments.

==Introduction to a puzzle==
[[File:Kanizsa triangle.svg|thumb|What triangle?]]
Most geological features are initially identified or characterized from a local expression of that feature. The OWL was first identified as a perceptual effect, a pattern perceived by the human visual system in a broad field of many seemingly random elements. But is it real? Or just an [[optical illusion]], such as the [[Kanizsa triangle]] (see image), where we "see" a triangle that does not really exist?

Raisz considered whether the OWL might be just a chance alignment of random elements, and geologists since have not been able to find any common unitary feature, nor identify any connection between the various local elements. {{Harvtxt|Davis|1977}} called it a "fictional structural element". Yet it has been found to be coincide with many faults and fault zones, and to delineate significant differences of geology.<ref>
Such as the older "crystalline" plutonic rock of the North Cascades from the younger basaltic rocks of the South Cascades.{{Harv|McKee|1972|p=83}} There are also more subtle differences, such as in the [[Columbia Plateau]] where the OWL marks a difference in structural expression, with strike-slip faulting and
rotation predominate to the southwest but subordinate to the northeast {{Harv|Hooper|Camp|1981}}. See also {{Harvnb|Hooper|Conrey|1989}}, pp. 297–300.</ref> These are much too correlated to be dismissed as random alignments. But for all of its prominence, there is as yet no understanding of what the OWL is or how it came to be.

The OWL piques the interest of geologically minded persons in part because its characteristic NW-SE angle of orientation – approximately 50 to 60 degrees west of north (a little short of northwest)<ref>Estimating the northing and westing from a map and applying the usual trigonometric methods gives an angle of 59 degrees west of north (N59W, azimuth 301°) from Wallula Gap to Cape Flattery. There is a bit of a bend east of Port Angeles – the shore line between Pillar Point to Slip Point has a more westerly angle of 65 degrees – but that section is so short that the angle from Wallula Gap to Port Angeles is still 57 degrees. A line run from the strong relief at Gold Creek to the mouth of Liberty Bay and beyond – a line that runs along several seeming OWL features – has an angle of 52 deg. In Seattle the angle of the Ship Canal (which is a reasonably close proxy for the natural feature it lies in) has an angle of 55 degrees...

It is possible that whatever causes the OWL is straight, but at depth, and its expression towards the surface is deflected by other structures. E.g., the Olympic Mountain batholith might be pushing Gold Creek out of alignment. And perhaps the Blue Mountains cause a similar bend. But this is entirely speculative.</ref> – is shared by many other seeming local features across a broad swath of geography. Around Seattle these include strikingly parallel alignments at the south end of Lake Washington, the north side of Elliott Bay, the valley of the Ship Canal, the bluff along Interlaken Blvd. (aligned with the Ship Canal, but offset slightly to the north), the alignment of Ravenna Creek (draining Green Lake southeast into Union Bay) and Carkeek Creek (northwest into Puget Sound), various stream drainages around Lake Forest Park (north end of Lake Washington), and (on the Eastside) the Northrup Valley (Hwy. 520 from Yarrow Bay to the Overlake area), and various smaller details too numerous to mention. All of these are carved into "recent" (less than 18,000 years old) glacial deposits, and it is difficult to conceive of how these could be controlled by anything other than a recent glacial process.

Yet the same orientation shows up in the Brothers, Eugene-Denio, and McLoughlin fault zones in Oregon (see [[#regional-map|map]], below), which are geological features tens of millions of years old, and the [[Walker Lane]] lineament in Nevada.

Likewise to the east, where both the OWL and the Brothers Fault Zone become less distinct in Idaho where they hit the old North American continental craton and the track of [[Yellowstone hotspot]]. But some 50 miles to the north is the parallel Trans-Idaho Discontinuity, and further north, the Osburn fault (Lewis and Clark line) running roughly from Missoula to Spokane. And [[aeromagnetic survey|aeromagnetic]]<ref>{{Harvnb|Zietz|others|1971}}; {{Harvnb|Sims|Lund|Anderson|2005}}.</ref> and [[Bouguer anomaly|gravitational anomaly]] <ref>{{Harvnb|Simpson|others|1986}}, see figure 9.</ref> surveys suggest extension into the interior of the continent.

==Structural relationships with other features==
{{anchor|regional-map}}

A problem in evaluating any hypothesis regarding the OWL is a dearth of evidence.
Raisz suggested that the OWL might be a "transcurrent fault" (long strike-slip faults at what are now known to be plate boundaries), but lacked both data and competence to assess it. One of the first speculations that the OWL might be a major geological structure {{Harv|Wise|1963}} – written when the theory of [[plate tectonics]] was still new and not entirely accepted<ref>As late as 1976 {{Harvtxt|Thomas|1976}} referred to the "presently
popular plate tectonics theory".</ref> – was called by the author "an outrageous hypothesis". Modern investigation is still largely balked by the immense span of geography involved and lack of continuous structures, the lack of clearly cross-cutting features, and a confusing expression in both rock millions of years old and glacial sediments only 16,000 years old.

[[Image:Geofeatures-PacificNW.png|right|frame|'''Major geological structures in Washington and Oregon:''' 
SCF – Straight Creek fault;
SB – Snoqualmie batholith (dotted area to the left);
OWL – Olympic-Wallowa lineament;
L&C – Lewis and Clark line (gravity anomaly);
HF – Hite fault;
KBML – Klamath-Blue Mountains lineament (slightly misplaced);
NC – Newberry caldera;
BFZ – Brothers Fault zone;
EDFZ –Eugene-Denio fault zone;
MFZ – McLoughlin fault zone; 
WSRP – western Snake River Plain;
NR –  Nevada Rift zone;
OIG – Oregon-Idaho graben;
CE – Clearwater Embayment;
(From {{Harvnb|Martin|others|2005}}, Fig. 1, courtesy of [http://www.pnl.gov/notices.asp PNNL])]]
Geological investigation of a feature begins with determining its structure, composition, age, and relationship with other features. The OWL does not cooperate. It is expressed as an orientation in many elements of diverse structure and compositions, and even as a boundary between areas of differing structure and composition; there is yet no understanding of what kind of feature or process – the "ur-OWL" – could control this. Nor are there particular "OWL" rocks which can be examined and radiometrically dated. We are left with determining its age by looking at its relationship with other features, such as which features overlap or cross-cut other (presumably older) features. In the following sections we will look at several features which might be expected to have some kind of structural relationship with the OWL, and consider what they might tell us about the OWL.

===Cascade Range===
The most notable geological feature crossing the OWL is the [[Cascade Range]], raised up in the [[Pliocene]] (two to five million years ago) as a result of the [[Cascadia subduction zone]]. These mountains are distinctly different on either side of the OWL, the material of the South Cascades being [[Cenozoic]] (<66 [[annum|Ma]]) volcanic and sedimentary rock, and the North Cascades being much older [[Paleozoic]] (hundreds of millions of years) metamorphic and plutonic rocks.<ref>{{Harvnb|McKee|1972}}, p.83. See also {{Harvnb|Mitchell|Montgomery|2006}}.</ref> It is unknown whether this difference is in any way linked with the OWL, or is simply a coincidental regional difference.

Raisz judged the Cascades on the north side of the OWL to be offset about six miles to the west, and similarly for the Blue Mountains, but this is questionable, and similar offsets are not apparent in the older – up to 17 Ma ([[annum|millions of years]]) old – [[Columbia River Basalt Group|Columbia River basalt flows]]. In general, there are no clear indications of structures offset by the OWL, but neither are there any distinct features crossing the OWL (and older than 17 Ma) that positively demonstrate a lack of offsetting.

===Straight Creek Fault===
[[File:SCF-terminus.png|frame|Geological topography where the SCF meets the OWL, showing general curvature to the southeast around Lakes Keechelus, Kachess, and Cle Elum. Red line is Interstate 90, Snoqualmie Pass is at upper left corner, [[Easton, Washington|Easton]] is near center. The White River—Naches Fault Zone, at the bottom of the red area, appears to be the southern edge of the OWL. Excerpted from {{Harvnb|Haugerud|Tabor|2009}}.]]

The [[Straight Creek Fault]] (SCF) – just east of Snoqualmie Pass and running nearly due north into Canada – is a major fault notable for considerable identified dextral strike-slip offset (opposite side moving laterally to the right) of at least {{convert|90|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Harvnb|Vance|Miller|1994}}; {{Harvnb|Umhoefer|Miller|1996}}. Estimates of offset vary; this is the minimum.</ref> Its intersection with the OWL (near [[Kachess Lake]]) is the geological equivalent of an atom smasher, and the results should be informative. For example, that the OWL is not offset suggests that it must be younger than the last strike-slip motion on the SCF,<ref>Alternately, could the OWL be a reflection of some kind of structure – perhaps in the [[lithosphere]] – that is not affected by the SCF?</ref> anywhere from around 44 to about 41 million years ago<ref>{{Harvnb|Tabor|others|1984}}; {{Harvnb|Vance|Miller|1994}}; {{Harvnb|Tabor|1994}}, pp 224, 230.</ref> (i.e., during the middle-[[Eocene]] epoch). And if the OWL is a strike-slip fault or megashear, as many have speculated,<ref>{{Harvnb|Raisz|1945}}; {{Harvnb|Wise|1963}}; {{Harvnb|Hooper|Conrey|1989}}.</ref> then it should offset the SCF, and whether the OWL offsets the SCF, or not, becomes an important test of just what the OWL is.

So does the OWL offset the SCF, or not? It is hard to say, as no trace whatsoever has been found of the SCF anywhere south of the OWL. While some geologists have speculated that it does continue directly south, albeit hidden under younger deposits,<ref>{{Harvnb|Davis|1977}}; {{Harvnb|Wyld|others|2006}}, p. 282.</ref> not a trace has been found.

If the SCF fault does not continue directly southward<ref>{{Harvnb|Tabor|others|1984}}, p.30; {{Harvnb|Campbell|1989}}, p.216.</ref> – and the utter lack of evidence that it does makes a case for evidence of lack – then where else might it be? {{Harvtxt|Heller|others|1987}} suggest some possibilities: it may curve to the east, it may curve to the west, or it may just end.

Tabor mapped the SCF turning and merging with the Taneum fault (coincident with the OWL) south of Kachess Lake.<ref>{{Harvnb|Tabor|others|1984}}, p. 27; {{Harvnb|Tabor|others|2000}}, p. 1.</ref> This conforms with the general pattern seen in Lakes Keechelus, Kachess, and Cle Elum, and associated geological units and faults (see image, right): each is aligned north—south at the north end, but turns to the southeast where it approaches the OWL.<ref>Downloadable maps available; see {{Harvnb|Haugerud|Tabor|2009}}, {{Harvnb|Tabor|others|1984}}, and {{Harvnb|Tabor|others|2000}}.</ref> This is suggestive of the OWL being a ''left'' lateral (sinistral) strike-slip fault that has distorted and offset the SCF. But that is inconsistent with the SCF itself and most other strike-slip faults associated with the OWL being ''right'' lateral (dextral), and incompatible with the geology to the southeast. Particularly, studies of the region to the southeast (in connection with Department of Energy activities at the [[Hanford Reservation]]) show no indication of any fault or other structure comparable to the SCF.<ref>E.g., {{Harvnb|Caggiano|Duncan|1983}}, generally, and {{Harvnb|Reidel|Campbell|1989}}.</ref>

[[File:Straight Creek Fault.gif|Figure 1 from USGS Map I-2538 {{Harv|Tabor|others|2000}}.|left]]
On the other hand, {{Harvtxt|Cheney|1999}} maps the SCF as proceeding southerly (without addressing the situation south of the OWL). (He has subsequently speculated<ref>{{Harvnb|Cheney|2003}}, {{Harvnb|Cheney|Hayman|2007}}.</ref> that the missing part of the SCF may have been dextrally offset to become a southerly trending fault in the Puget Lowland. But same problem: later deposits cover any traces.) The seeming southeasterly curvature is possibly explained as a geometrical effect of foreshortening: it occurs in a belt of intense folding (much resembling a rug which has slid against a wall) which, if unfolded, could restore some of the "curves" to a linear position along the southerly extension of the SCF.<ref>See the maps of {{Harvnb|Cheney|1999}} (DGER OFR 99-4) and {{Harvnb|Tabor|others|2000}} (USGS Map I-2538); see also {{Harvnb|Haugerud|Tabor|2009}} (USGS Map I-2940).</ref>

There seem to be no indications that the SCF ''turns'' to the west. Although such indications would mostly be buried, the general sense of the topography suggests no such turn. Displacement, to either the west or the east, seems unlikely in that certain effects that would be expected are not found.<ref>E.g., displacement of the Olympic Mountains is not observed, so the block moving away from the Olympics should leave a gap, and likely [[graben]]s. There is a basin – the Seattle Basin – just immediately north of the [[Seattle Fault]], but it appears no one has attributed it to movement on the OWL.
</ref>

Could the SCF just end? This is difficult to comprehend. If there is displacement along this fault, where did it come from? To quote Wyld et al.<ref>{{Harvnb|Wyld|others|2006}}, p. 282.</ref> (albeit in the context of a different fault): "it cannot just end". Although the SCF has had substantial strike-slip displacement, {{Harvtxt|Vance|Miller|1994}} claim that final major movement on the SCF (about 40 Ma ago) was dominantly dip-slip (vertical displacement). So perhaps the displacement came from the depths, and, as it was extruded, was eroded and redistributed as sediments. But this has not been established.

Another possibility is that the missing southern segment of the SCF is on a [[crustal block]] that rotated away from the OWL. There is evidence that around 45 million years ago much of Oregon and southwestern
Washington rotated some 60° or more about a pivot somewhere in the Olympic Peninsula (see [[#Oregon rotation|Oregon rotation]], below). This would have left a large gap south of the OWL, which could explain why Cenozoic rocks are not found immediately south of the OWL. This suggests that a continuation of the SCF, if any, and the missing Cenozoic, might be somewhere southwest of [[Mount Saint Helens]], but this has not been observed.

===Darrington–Devils Mountain Fault Zone===
The interaction of the Straight Creek Fault with the OWL has yielded practically no intelligible information, and remains as enigmatic as the OWL itself. More informative is the closely related Darrington—Devils Mountain Fault Zone (DDMFZ). It runs east from a complex of faults on the southern end of [[Vancouver Island]] to the town of Darrington, where it turns south to converge with the SCF (see map, above).<ref>{{Harvnb|Dragovich|Stanton|2007}}.</ref>

North of the DDMFZ (and west of the SCF) is the [[Chuckanut Formation]] (part of the "Northwest Cascade System" of rocks shown in green on the map), an [[Eocene]] sedimentary formation which formed adjacent to the Swauk, Roslyn and other formations (also in green) south of [[Mount Stuart]]; their wide separation is attributed to right-lateral strike-slip movement along the SCF.<ref>{{Harvnb|Johnson|1984}}, p. 102.</ref> That the northern part of the DDMFZ shows ''left''-lateral strike-slip movement<ref>{{Harvnb|Dragovich|others|2003}}.</ref> is not the inconsistency it may initially seem – think of the motion on either side of an arrowhead.

It appears that what is now the DDMFZ was originally aligned on the OWL. Then about 50 Ma ago North America crashed into what is now the Olympic Peninsula along an axis nearly perpendicular to the OWL, pushing the rock of the Mesozoic (pre-Cenozoic) Western and Eastern Melange Belts (WEMB, blue on the map) across the OWL, bowing the DDMFZ, and initiating the SCF and thereby splitting the Chuckanut Formation. On the north side of the DDMFZ, and wrapping around a bit to the east side, is a suite of distinctive rocks – the Helena—Haystack mélange ("HH Melange" on the map) – which was collapsed into vertical folds. Similarly distinctive rock is found in [[Manastash Ridge]] (shown on the map, but almost too small to see) still lying on the OWL, just ''east'' of the SCF.<ref>{{Harvnb|Tabor|1994}}.</ref>

This can explain an early puzzle<ref>See {{Harvnb|Davis|1977}}, p. C-33 and Figure C-10.</ref> as to why the Mesozoic rocks just south of the DDMFZ – the Western and Eastern Melange Belts – have no counterpart on the east side of the OWL and offset to the south: they were not faulted by the SCF, but were pushed against it from the southwest.

Then it gets curiouser. Rock very similar to the WEMB (including a type called [[blueschist]]) is also found in the San Juan Islands, and along the West Coast fault on the west side of Vancouver Island. This suggests that the OWL was once a strike-slip fault, possibly a continental margin, along which terranes moved from the southeast. But similar rock also occurs in the Rimrock Lake Inlier, about 75 km south of the OWL and just west of the projected trace of the SCF, and also in the Klamath Mountains of southwestern Oregon.<ref>{{Harvnb|Tabor|1994}}; {{Harvnb|Brandon|1985}}; {{Harvnb|Miller|1989}}.</ref> To account for the wide dispersal of this rock is difficult; many geologists see no alternative to transport along an extended SCF. But that upsets some of the "solutions" described above, and there is yet no consensus on this.

===CLEW and Columbia Plateau===
Further east is the "CLEW", the segment of the OWL from approximately the town of Cle Elum (marking the western limit of the Columbia River basalts) to the [[Wallula Gap]] (a narrow gap on the Columbia River just north of the Oregon border). This segment, and the associated [[Yakima Fold Belt|Yakima fold belts]], do include many northeast-trending faults crossing the
OWL. However, these are largely [[Dip-slip faults#Dip-slip faults|dip-slip]] (vertical) faults, associated with compressional folding of the overlying basalt. As there is typically 3 km of sedimentary deposits separating the basalts
(also about 3 km thick) from the [[basement rock]],<ref>{{Harvnb|Rohay|Davis|1983}}.
</ref> these faults are somewhat isolated from the deeper structure. The geological consensus is that any strike-slip activity on the OWL predates the 17 Ma old [[Columbia River Basalt Group]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Caggiano|Duncan|1983}}.</ref>

There is some evidence that some of the northwest-trending ridges may have some continuity with the basement structure, but the nature and details of the deeper structure is not known.<ref>{{Harvnb|Caggiano|Duncan|1983}}.</ref>
A 260 km long [[seismic refraction]] profile<ref>
{{Harvnb|Catchings|Mooney|1988}}.
</ref>
showed a rise in the crustal basement beneath the OWL, but was unable to determine if that rise was aligned with the OWL, or just coincidentally crossed the OWL at the same location as the profile; gravity data suggested the latter. The seismic data showed a uniformity of rock type and thickness across the OWL that discounts the possibility of it being a boundary between continental and oceanic crust. The results were interpreted as suggesting [[continental rifting]] during the Eocene, perhaps a failed [[rift basin]],<ref>
But questioned by others. See {{Harvnb|Reidel|others|1993}}, p. 9, and also {{Harvnb|Saltus|1993}}.</ref> possibly connected with the rotation of the Klamath Mountain block away from the [[Idaho Batholith]] (see [[#Oregon rotation|Oregon rotation]], below).

There is a curious change of character of the OWL in the center of the CLEW where it crosses the roughly north-trending Hog Ranch—Naneum Anticline. West of there the OWL seems to follow a ridge in the basement structure, to the east it follows a gravity gradient, much like the Klamath–Blue Mountain LIneament (see [[#Columbia Embayment and KBML|below]]) does.<ref>{{Harvnb|Saltus|1993}}, p. 1258.</ref>
The significance of all this is not known.

===Hite Fault System===
Past the Wallula Gap the OWL is identified with the Wallula Fault Zone, which heads towards the [[Blue Mountains (Oregon)|Blue Mountains]]. The Wallula Fault Zone is active, but whether that can be attributed to the OWL is unknown: it may be that, like the Yakima Fold Belt, it is a result of regional stresses, and is expressed only in the superficial basalt, quite independently of what ever is happening in the basement rock.

At the western edge of the Blue Mountains the Wallula Fault zone intersects the northeast-striking Hite Fault System (HFS). This system is complex and has been variously interpreted.<ref>
{{Harvnb|Kuehn|1995}}, p. 9.</ref>
Although seismically active it appears to be offset by, and thus should be older than, the Wallula fault.<ref>
{{Harvnb|Caggiano|Duncan|1983}}; {{Harvnb|Kuehn|1995}}, p. 97. But see also {{Harvnb|Kuehn|1995}}, p. 90.
</ref>
On the other hand, a later study found "no obvious displacement" of either the OWL or HFS–related faults.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Hooper|Conrey|1989}}, p. 297.</ref> Reidel et al.<ref>{{Harvnb|Reidel|others|1993}}, see figure 3 (p. 5), and p. 9.</ref> suggested that the HFS reflects the ''eastern'' margin of a piece of old continental craton (centered around the "HF" – Hite Fault – on the [[#Cascade Range|map]]) that has slipped south; Kuehn<ref>{{Harvnb|Kuehn|1995}}, p. 95.</ref> attributed 80 to 100 kilometers of left-lateral displacement along the HFS (and significant vertical displacements).

The interaction of the Wallula and Hite Fault systems is not yet understood. Past the Hite Fault System the OWL enters a region of geological complexity and confusion, where even the trace of the OWL is less clear, even to the point where it has been suggested that both the topographic feature and the Wallula fault are terminated by the Hite fault.<ref>{{Harvnb|Caggiano|Duncan|1983}}, p. 2-17.</ref>
The original topographic lineament as described by Raisz is along the scarp on the northeast side of the Wallowa Mountains. However, there is a sense that the trend of the faulting in that area turns more to the south; it has been suggested the faulting associated with the OWL takes a large step south to the Vale Fault Zone,<ref>
{{Harvnb|Kuehn|1995}}.</ref> which connects with the Snake River Fault Zone in Idaho.<ref>
{{Harvnb|Sims|Lund|Anderson|2005}}.
</ref>
Both of these lines introduce a bend into the OWL. The Imnaha Fault (striking towards [[Riggins, Idaho]]) is more nearly in line with the rest of the OWL, and in line with the previously mentioned gravitational anomalies that run into the continent.<ref>{{Harvnb|Simpson|others|1986}}.</ref>
Which ever way is deemed correct, it is notable that the OWL seems to change character after it crosses the Hite Fault System. What this says about the nature of the OWL is unclear, although Kuehn concluded that, in northeastern Oregon or western Idaho, it is not a tectonically significant structure.

===Wallowa terrane===
{{anchor|Kuehn-map}}
As described above, the trace of the OWL becomes faint and somewhat confused between the Blue Mountains and the margin of the North American [[craton]] (the thick orange line on the [[#regional-map|map]], just beyond the Oregon—Idaho border; the dashed line on the diagram below). This is the Wallowa terrane, a piece of crust that drifted in from somewhere else and got jammed between the Columbia Embayment to the west and the North American continent to the east and north. A notable feature is the anomalously elevated [[Wallowa Mountains]], to the east is [[Hells Canyon]] (Snake River) on the Oregon—Idaho border. Northeast of the OWL (Wallowa Mountains) is the Clearwater Embayment ("CE" on the [[#regional-map|map]]), delineated by ancient rock of the craton. Southwest of this section of the OWL is a region of [[graben]]s (where large blocks of crust have dropped) extending about {{convert|60|mi|km}} south to the nearly parallel Vale Fault Zone (see diagram, below).

[[File:Kuehn95-fig46a.png|right|frame|Wallula-Vale Transfer Zone and environs.
WFZ – Wallula Fault Zone;
IF – Imnaha Fault;
WF – Wallowa Fault;
LG – La Grande Graben;
BG – Baker Graben
PG – Pine Valley Graben.

Map courtesy of [https://www.ualberta.ca/~skuehn/msthesis/Kuehn_1995_MS.pdf S. C. Kuehn.] ]]
[[Graben]]s form where the crust is being stretched or extended. Several explanations have been offered as to why this is happening here. {{Harvtxt|Kuehn|1995}} theorized that right-lateral slip on the Wallula Fault is being transferred to more southerly faults such as the Vale Fault, wherefore he labelled this region the Wallula–Vale Transfer Zone. {{Harvtxt|Essman|2003}} suggested that crustal deformation in this region is a continuation of the [[Basin and Range Province|Basin and Range]] region immediately to the south, with any connection to the OWL deemed circumstantial. Another explanation is that clock-wise rotation of part of Oregon (discussed below) about a point near the Wallula Gap has pulled the Blue Mountains away from the OWL;<ref>
{{Harvnb|McCaffrey|others|2000}}; {{Harvnb|Pezzopane|Weldon|1993}}; {{Harvnb|Dickinson|2004}}.
</ref> this might also explain why the OWL seems to be bending here.

These theories may all have some truth to them, but what they might imply regarding the genesis and structure of the OWL has not been worked out.

[[Hells Canyon]] – North America's deepest river gorge – is so deep because the terrain it cuts through is so high. This is generally attributed to thinning of the crust, which allows the hotter, and therefore lighter and more buoyant, [[mantle (geology)|mantle]] material to rise higher. This is believed by many to be involved with the [[Yellowstone hotspot]] and [[Columbia River Basalt Group|Columbia River Basalts]]; the nature of such involvement, if any, is hotly debated.<ref>
See {{Harvtxt|Christiansen|others|2002}},
[http://www.mantleplumes.org/Coffin.html "The plume coffin?"], [http://www.semp.us/publications/biot_reader.php?BiotID=218 "The Great Mantle Plume Debate"], and [ftp://rock.geosociety.org/pub/GSAToday/gt0012.pdf "Beneath Yellowstone"] ({{Harvnb|Humphreys|others|2000}}). See {{Harvtxt|Xue|Allen|2006|p=316}} for additional references.
</ref>
While the Yellowstone hotspot and Columbia River Basalts do not seem to directly interact with the OWL, clarification of their origin and context might explain some of the OWL's context, and even constrain possible models. Likewise, clarification of the nature and history of the Wallowa terrane, and particularly of the nature and causes of the apparent bending and multiple alignments of the OWL in this region, would be a major step in understanding the OWL.

===Columbia Embayment and KBML===
The bedrock of Washington and Oregon, like most of the continent, is nearly all pre-Cenozoic rock, older than 66 million years. The exception is southwestern Washington and Oregon, which has virtually no pre-Cenozoic strata. This is the Columbia Embayment, a large indentation into the North American continent characterized by oceanic crust covered by thick sedimentary deposits.<ref>{{Harvnb|McKee|1972}}, p. 154; {{Harvnb|Riddihough|others|1986}}.</ref> ("Embayment" is perhaps a misleading term, in that it suggests a bowing of a coast line, which only seems so in the context of the modern coast. In the geological past, the coast of North America was in Idaho and Nevada, as will be described later.)

The Columbia Embayment is of interest here because its northern margin is approximately delineated by the OWL. The variations are mainly in the region of the [[#CLEW and Columbia Plateau|CLEW]], where sediments are buried under the basalts of the [[Columbia River Drainage Basin|Columbia Basin]], and in Puget Sound, where the Cenozoic geology extends as far north as Vancouver Island.<ref>The contact between oceanic and continental crust seems to be the [[#Southern Whidbey Island Fault and RMFZ|Southern Whidbey Island Fault]], discussed below. Whether this contact extends south of the OWL is not yet known.</ref> Whether the OWL might reflect a deeper crustal boundary has been
questioned by geophysical studies which may – or may not – see the characteristics expected of such a boundary.<ref>
E.g., {{Harvtxt|Cantwell|others|1965}} sees some kind of boundary, {{Harvtxt|Catchings|Mooney|1988}} do not.</ref>

The southern edge of the Columbia Embayment is along a line from the Klamath Mountains on the Oregon coast to a point in the Blue Mountains just east of the Wallula Gap. Unlike the OWL, this line has little topographical expression,<ref>The lack of topographical relief may be due to in-filling by the Grande Ronde and Picture Gorge basalt flows (related to the Columbia River Basalts).
{{Harvnb|Hooper|Conrey|1989}}, p. 297.</ref> and aside from the Hite Fault System is not associated with any major fault systems. But mapping of gravitational anomalies shows a definite lineament, some 700 km (about 400 miles) long, called the [[Klamath-Blue Mountain Lineament]] (KBML).<ref>{{Harvnb|Riddihough|others|1986}}.</ref> This lineament is of interest here because of the possibility it was formerly conjugate with OWL, discussed in the next section.

===Oregon rotation===
Then the situation gets very interesting. Measurements of [[paleomagnetism]] (the record of the direction the rock was pointed when it cooled) from a variety of sites in the Coast Range – from the Klamath Mountains to the Olympic Peninsula – consistently measure clockwise rotations of 50 to 70 degrees.<ref>
{{Harvnb|Simpson|Cox|1977 }};
{{Harvnb|Hammond|1979 }};
{{Harvnb|Magill|Cox|1981 }};
{{Harvnb|Wells|others|1998 }};
{{Harvnb|McCaffrey|others|2000 }};
{{Harvnb|Wells|Simpson|2001 }}.
Geologists are often disturbed by the results from [[geophysical]] methods, which they attribute to various kinds of errors. Geophysicists claim their results have a consistency that precludes such errors.</ref> (See map, below.)

One interpretation of this is that western Oregon and southwestern Washington have swung as a rigid block about a pivot point at the northern end, near the Olympic Peninsula.<ref>
{{Harvnb|Simpson|Cox|1977 }};
{{Harvnb|Hammond|1979 }};
</ref>

[[File:Oregon rotation.png|right|frame|Rotation of Coast Range (light green) and Blue Mountains shown by red lines. (Authorities differ on amount and location of poles; see text.) Dashed red line is OWL; dashed blue line is KBML; intersection is approximate location of Wallula Gap.

Original map courtesy of William R. Dickinson.<ref>See {{Harvnb|Dickinson|2004}}, Fig. 8, p. 30, for an earliar version.</ref>
]]
The interesting thing is: backing out this rotation restores the Coast Range to an earlier position nearly juxtaposed against the OWL. {{Harvtxt|Hammond|1979}} argues that the Coast Range (believed to be seamounts that had previously accreted to the continent) were rifted away from the continent starting about 50 Ma ago (mid-[[Eocene]]). This interpretation implies a "[[back arc]]" of magmatism, probably fed by a subduction zone, and possibly implicated with the intrusion of various plutons in the North Cascades around 50 Ma. Curiously, this is just when the Kula–Farallon [[spreading ridge]] passed under the OWL (discussed [[#Kula|below]]). {{Harvtxt|Magill|Cox|1981}} found a spurt of rapid rotation around 45 Ma ago. This may be when this block was impinged by the Sierra Nevada block of California; {{Harvtxt|Simpson|Cox|1977}} note that around 40 Ma ago there was a change in the direction of the Pacific Plate (possibly due to collision with another plate). (The cause and nature of the rifting does not seem to have been worked out yet. Certain complications in the subduction of the Kula and Farallon plates may have been involved.)

During this rotation of the Coast Range the block of continental crust that is now the Blue Mountains (on the eastern side of the KBML) was also rifted away from the Idaho batholith, and also rotated about 50 degrees, but about a point near the Wallula Gap (or perhaps further east).<ref>{{Harvnb|Simpson|Cox|1977 }}; {{Harvnb|Dickinson|2004}}. In a later work {{Harvtxt|Dickinson|2009}} [?] leans towards a more eastern location of the hinge point, as indicated on the map.
</ref>
In the resulting gap the crust was stretched and thinned; the buoyancy of the hotter mantle have contributed to the subsequent rise of the Wallowa and Seven Devils Mountains, and perhaps also with the irruption of the [[Columbia River Basalt Group|Columbia River basalts]] and other basalt flows.

While the rigid-block rotation model has much appeal, many geologists prefer another interpretation that minimizes whole–block rotation, and instead of rifting invokes "dextral shear" (resulting from the relative motion of the Pacific plate past the North American plate, or possibly from the extension of the [[Basin and Range province]]) as the primary driving force. The large values of paleomagnetic rotation are explained by a "ball bearing" model:<ref>
{{Harvnb|Beck|1976}}.
</ref> the entire Oregon block (western Oregon including the Cascades and southwestern Washington) are deemed to be composed of many smaller blocks (on the scale of tens of kilometers), each of which rotates independently on its own axis.
Evidence of such small blocks (at least in southwestern Washington) has been claimed.<ref>
{{Harvnb|Wells|Coe|1985}}.
</ref>
Later work has attempted to work out how much of the paleomagnetic rotation reflects actual block rotation;<ref>
{{Harvnb|Wells|Heller|1988}}.
</ref>
although the amount of rotation has been reduced (to perhaps only 28°), it seems it will not entirely go away. How this affects the postulated rifting does not seem to have been addressed. A more recent work based on analysis of GPS measurements concluded that "most of the Pacific Northwest can be described by a few large, rotating, elastic crustal blocks",<ref>{{Harvnb|McCaffrey|others|2007}}, p.1338.</ref> but noted that in a zone about 50 km wide on the Oregon coast the apparent rotation rate seems to double; this suggests that multiple models may be applicable.

Modern measurements show that the central Oregon is still rotating, with the calculated rotation poles bracketing the Wallula Gap.,<ref>{{Harvnb|Wells|others|1998}}; {{Harvnb|McCaffrey|others|2000}}; {{Harvnb|Wells|Simpson|2001}}.</ref> which is approximately the intersection of the OWL and KBML. It is intriguing to consider whether the KBML has participated in this rotation, but this is unclear; that it is unbent where it crosses the OWL suggests it is not. The OWL seems to be the northern edge of the rotating block,<ref>{{Harvnb|McCaffrey|others|2000}}, p.3120, Conclusions.</ref> and the paucity of paleomagnetic data to the southeast of the KBML suggests it might be the southern edge. But the details of all this remain murky.

===Puget Sound===
[[File:Puget Sound offset.png|thumb|The west side of central Puget Sound, Holmes Harbor, and Saratoga Passage forms a lineament (between blue bars) that is offset at Port Madison (red bar).]]
Another notable feature that crosses the OWL is [[Puget Sound]], and it is curious to consider the possible implications of a Puget Sound Fault. (Such a fault was once proposed<ref>{{Harvnb|Johnson|others|1999}}.</ref> on the basis of certain marine seismic data, but the proposal was stiffly rejected, and now seems to have been abandoned.) Combined terrestrial and bathymetric topography shows a distinct lineament along the west side of Puget Sound from Vashon Island (just north of Tacoma) north to the west side of Holmes Harbor and Saratoga Passage on [[Whidbey Island]] (see image). But at [[Port Madison]] (at the red bar in the image) it is split by a distinct offset of several miles.

Curiously, the southern section lies in the approximate zone of the OWL. (Note OWL–associated lineaments running parallel to the red line.) This suggests dextral offset along a strike-slip fault. But if that is the case then there should be a major fault in the vicinity of Port Madison and crossing to Seattle (perhaps at the Ship Canal, aligned with the red line) – but for this there is even less evidence than there was for the Puget Sound fault.<ref>The southern segment of this lineament is where {{Harvtxt|Brandon|1989}} located the boundary of the Cascade orogen (the "Cenozoic Truncation Scar" in his Fig. 1). But this boundary is now known to be the South Whidbey Island Fault, which crosses Whidbey Island near Holmes Harbor and strikes southeast.
</ref>
The significance of this lineament and its offset is entirely unknown. That it seems to be expressed in Ice Age (16 Ka) deposits implies a very recent but entirely unknown event; but perhaps these recent deposits are only draped over a much older topography. A recent offset might explain the apparent offsetting of north–south glacial [[drumlins]] bisected by the Ship Canal, but is not evident in more eastern segments.

Alternately – and this would seem very pertinent in regard of the OWL – perhaps some mechanism other than strike-slip faulting creates these lineaments.

===Seattle Fault===
{{Main|Seattle Fault}}
A locally notable feature that crosses the zone of the OWL is the west-east [[Seattle Fault]]. This is not a strike-slip fault, but a [[thrust fault]], where a relatively shallow slab of rock from the south is being pushed against and over the northern part. (And over the OWL.) One model has the slab of rock being forced up by some structure about 8 km deep. Another model has the base of the slab (again, about 8 km deep) catching on something, which causes the leading edge to roll.<ref>{{Harvnb|Kelsey|others|2008}}. See {{Harvnb|Johnson|others|2004}} Fig. 17 for cross-sections of several models.</ref> The nature of the underlying structure is not known; geophysical data does not indicate a major fault nor any kind of crustal boundary along the front of the Seattle Fault, nor along the OWL, but this could be due to the limited reach of geophysical methods. Recent geological mapping at the eastern side of the Seattle Fault<ref>DGER Geological Map {{Harvnb|GM73|p. 24+}}.</ref> suggests a [[decollement]] (horizontal plane) about 18 km deep.

These models were developed in study of the western segment of the Seattle Fault. In the center segment, where it crosses surface exposures of Eocene rock associated with the OWL, the various strands of the fault – elsewhere fairly orderly – meander. The significance of this and the nature of the interaction with the Eocene rock are also not known.<ref>{{Harvnb|Blakely|others|2002}}.</ref>

Examination of the various strands of the Seattle Fault, particularly in the central section, is similarly suggestive of ripples in a flow that is obliquely crossing some deeper sill. This is an intriguing idea that could explain how local and seemingly independent features could be organized from depth, and even across a large scale, but it does not seem to have been considered. This is likely due, in part, to a paucity of information on the nature and structure of the lower crust where such a sill would exist.

===Southern Whidbey Island Fault and RMFZ ===
The Southern Whidbey Island Fault (SWIF), running nearly parallel to the OWL from Victoria, B.C., southeast to the Cascade foothills to a point northeast of Seattle, is notable as the contact between the Coast Range block of oceanic crust to the west and the Cascades block of pre-Cenozoic continental crust to the east.<ref>{{Harvnb|Johnson|others|1996}}.</ref>
It appears to connect with the more southerly oriented right-lateral Rattlesnake Mountain Fault Zone (RMFZ) straddling Rattlesnake Mountain (near North Bend), which shows a similar deep-seated contact between different kinds of basement rock.<ref>DGER Geological Map {{Harvnb|GM67}}.</ref> At the southern end of Rattlesnake Mountain – exactly where the first lineament of the OWL is encountered – at least one strand of the RMFZ (the others are hidden) turns to run by Cedar Falls and up the Cedar River. Other faults to the south also show a similar turn,<ref>DGER Geological Map {{Harvnb|GM50}}. Recent mapping (DGER Geological Map {{Harvnb|GM73}}) shows a multiplicity of fault strands; it is possible that these seemingly arcuate faults may be artefacts of slightly confused mapping.</ref> suggesting a general turning or bending across the OWL, yet such a bend is not apparent in the pattern of physiographic features that express the OWL. With awareness that the Seattle Fault and the RMFZ are the edges of a large sheet of material which is moving north, there is a distinct impression that these faults, and even some of the topographical features, are flowing around the corner of the Snoqualmie Valley. If it seems odd that a mountain should "float" around a valley: bear in mind that while the surface relief is about three-quarters of a kilometer (half a mile) in height, the material flowing could be as much as eighteen kilometers deep.<ref>DGER Geological Map {{Harvnb|GM73|p=13}}.</ref> (The analogy of icebergs moving around a submerged sandbar is quite apt.) It is worth noting that [http://www.scn.org/cedar_butte Cedar Butte] – a minor prominence just east of Cedar Falls – is the southwestern-most exposure in the region of some very old Cretaceaous (pre-Cenozoic) metamorphic rock.<ref>DGER Geological Map {{Harvnb|GM50}}.</ref> It seems quite plausible that there is some well-founded and obdurate obstruction at depth, around which the shallower and younger sedimentary formations are flowing. In such a context the observed arcuate fault bends would be very natural.

==Broader context==
It is generally assumed{{by whom|date=August 2014}} that the pattern of the OWL is a manifestation of some deeper physical structure or process (the "ur-OWL"), which might be elucidated by studying the effects it has on other structures. As has been shown, study of features that should interact with OWL has yielded very little: a tentative age range (between 45 and 17 million years), suggestions that the ur-OWL arises from deep in the crust, and evidence that the OWL is not (contrary to expectations) itself a boundary between oceanic and continental crust.

The lack of results so far suggests that the broader context of the OWL should be considered. Following are some elements of that broader context, which may – or may not – relate in some way to the OWL.


===Plate tectonics===
{{Main|Plate tectonics}}
The broadest and fullest context of the OWL is the global system of [[plate tectonics]], driven by convective flows in the Earth's mantle. The primary story on the western margin of North America is the accretion, subduction, obduction, and translation of plates,
micro-plates, terranes, and crustal blocks between the converging Pacific and North American plates. (For an excellent geological history of Washington, including plate tectonics, see the [http://www.washington.edu/burkemuseum/geo_history_wa Burke Museum web site].)

The principal tectonic plate in this region (Washington, Oregon, Idaho) is the [[North American plate]], consisting of a [[craton]] of ancient, relatively stable [[continental crust]] and various additional parts that have been accreted; this is essentially the whole of the North American continent. The interaction of the North American plate with various other plates, terranes, etc., along its western margin is the primary engine of geology in this region.

Since the breakup of the [[Pangaea]] supercontinent in the [[Jurassic]] (about 250 million years ago) the main tectonic story here has been the North American Plate's subduction of the [[Farallon Plate]] (see below) and its remaining fragments (such as the [[Kula Plate|Kula]], [[Juan de Fuca Plate|Juan de Fuca]], [[Gorda Plate|Gorda]], and [[Explorer Plate|Explorer]] plates). As the North American plate overrides the last of each remnant it comes into contact with the Pacific Plate, generally forming a [[transform fault]], such as the [[Queen Charlotte Fault]] running north of [[Vancouver Island]], and the [[San Andreas Fault]] on the coast of California. Between these is the [[Cascadia subduction zone]], the last portion of a subduction zone that once stretched from Central America to Alaska.

This has not been a steady process. 50 Ma (million years) ago<ref>{{Harvnb|Sharp|Clague|2006}}.</ref> there was a change in the direction of motion of the Pacific plate (as recorded in the bend in the [[Hawaiian-Emperor seamount chain]]). This had repercussions on all the adjoining plates, and may have had something to do with initiation of the Straight Creek Fault,<ref>{{Harvnb|Vance|Miller|1994}}.</ref> and the end of the [[Laramide orogeny]] (the uplift of the [[Geology of the Rocky Mountains|Rocky Mountains]]). This event may have set the stage for the OWL, as much of the crust in which it is expressed was formed around that epoch (the early [[Eocene]]); this may be when the story of the OWL starts. Other evidence suggests a similar plate reorganization around 80 Ma,<ref>{{Harvnb|Umhoefer|Miller|1996}}, p.561.</ref> possibly connected with the start of the Laramide orogeny. {{Harvtxt|Ward|1995}} claimed at least five "major chaotic tectonic events since the Triassic". Each of these events is a possible candidate for creating some condition or structure that affected the OWL or ur-OWL, but knowledge of what these events were or their effects is itself still chaotic.

Complicating the geology is a stream of [[terranes]] – crustal blocks – that have been streaming north along the continental margin<ref>{{Harvnb|Jones|others|1977}};{{Harvnb|Jones|others|1982}}; {{Harvnb|Cowan|1982}}.</ref> for over 120 Ma<ref>{{Harvnb|McClelland|Oldow|2007}} [?].</ref> (and probably much, much earlier), what has recently been called the ''North Pacific Rim orgenic Stream'' (NPRS).<ref>{{Harvnb|Redfield|others|2007}}.</ref> However, these terranes may be incidental to the OWL, as there are suggestions that local tectonic structures may be substantially affected by deeper and much older (e.g., [[Precambrian]]) basement rock, and even lithospheric mantle structures.<ref>{{Harvnb|Sims|Lund|Anderson|2005}}; {{Harvnb|Karlstrom|Humphreys|1998}}.</ref>

===Subduction of the Farallon and Kula Plates===

{{anchor|Kula}}
Roughly 205 million years ago (during the [[Jurassic]] period) the [[Pangaea]] supercontinent began to break up as a [[rift]] separated the [[North American Plate]] from what is now Europe, and pushed it west against the [[Farallon Plate]]. During the subsequent [[Cretaceous Period]] (144 to 66 Ma ago) the entire Pacific coast of North America, from Alaska to Central America, was a [[subduction zone]]. The Farallon plate is notable for having been very large, and for subducting nearly horizontally under much of the United States and Mexico; it is likely connected with the [[Laramide Orogeny]].<ref>
{{Harvnb|Riddihough|1982}};
[http://www.washington.edu/burkemuseum/geo_history_wa/ Burke Museum].
</ref> About 85 Ma ago the part of the Farallon plate from approximately California to the Gulf of Alaska separated to form the [[Kula Plate]].<ref>
{{Harvnb|Stock|Molnar|1988}};
{{Harvnb|Woods|Davies|1982}};
{{Harvnb|Haeussler|others|2003}};
{{Harvnb|Norton|2006}};
{{Harvnb|Wyld|others|2006}}.
</ref>

The period 48–50 Ma (mid-Eocene) is especially interesting as this is when the subducted Kula—Farallon [[spreading ridge]] passed below what is now the OWL.<ref>{{Harvnb|Breitsprecher|others|2003}}. A slightly variant view is that this piece of the Kula plate had broken off to form the Resurrection Plate {{Harv|Haeussler|others|2003}}, so this was actually the ''Resurrection''—Farallon spreading ridge.</ref> (The Burke Museum has some [http://www.washington.edu/burkemuseum/geo_history_wa/The%20Challis%20Episode.htm nice diagrams] of this.) This also marks the onset of the [[#Oregon rotation|Oregon rotation]], possibly with rifting along the OWL,<ref>{{Harvnb|Simpson||Cox|1977}}; {{Harvnb|Hammond|1979}}.</ref> and the initiation of the Queen Charlotte and Straight Creek Faults.<ref>{{Harvnb|Vance|Miller|1994}}.</ref> The timing seems significant, but how all of these might be connected is unknown.

Around 30 Ma ago part of the spreading center between the Farallon Plate and [[Pacific Plate]] was subducted under California, putting the Pacific plate into direct contact with the North American plate and creating the [[San Andreas Fault]]. The remainder of the Farallon Plate split, with the part to the north becoming the [[Juan de Fuca Plate]]; parts of this subsequently broke off to form the [[Gorda Plate]] and [[Explorer Plate]]. By this time the last of the [[Kula Plate]] had been subducted, initiating the [[Queen Charlotte Fault|Queen Charlotte]] transform fault on the coast of British Columbia; coastal subduction has been reduced to just the [[Cascadia Subduction Zone]] under Oregon and Washington.<ref>{{Harvnb|Riddihough|1982}}; {{Harvnb|Wyld|others|2006}};
[http://www.washington.edu/burkemuseum/geo_history_wa/ Burke Museum].</ref>

===Newberry Hotspot Track – Brothers Fault Zone===
[[File:Newberry-Yellowstone tracks.png|thumbnail|350px|Age progressive rhyolitic lavas (light blue) from the McDermitt Caldera (MC) to the Yellowstone Caldera (YC) track the movement of the North American plate over the Yellowstone Hotspot. Similar age progressive lavas across the High Lava Plains (HLP) towards the Newberry Caldera (NC) have been termed the Newberry Hotspot Track, but this goes the wrong direction to be attributed to movement of the plate over a hotspot. Numbers are ages in millions of years. VF = Vale Fault, SMF = Steens Mountain Fault, NNR = North Nevada Rift.]]
The Newberry Hotspot Track – a series of volcanic domes and lava flows closely coincident with the [[Brothers Fault Zone]] (BFZ) – is of interest because it is parallel to the OWL. Unlike anything on the OWL, these lava flows can be dated, and they show a westward age progression from an origin at the McDermitt Caldera on the Oregon-Nevada border to the [[Newberry Volcano]]. Curiously, the [[Yellowstone hotspot]] also appears to have originated in the vicinity of the McDermitt Caldera, and is generally considered to be closely associated with the Newberry magmatism.<ref>{{Harvnb|Xue|Allen|2006}}; {{Harvnb|Christiansen|others|2002}}; {{Harvnb|Shervais|Hanan|2008}}.</ref>
But while the track of the Yellowstone hotspot across the Snake River Plain conforms to what is expected from the motion of the [[North American Plate]] across some sort of "hotspot" fixed in the underlying mantle, the Newberry "hotspot" track is oblique to the motion of the North American Plate; this is inconsistent with the [[hotspot (geology)|hotspot model]].

Alternative models include:<ref>{{Harvnb|Xue|Allen|2006}}</ref> 1) flow of material from the top layer of the mantle (asthenosphere) around the edge of the Juan de Fuca Plate (a.k.a. "Vancouver slab"), 2) flows reflecting lithospheric topography (such as the edge of the craton), 3) faulting in the [[lithosphere]], or 4) extension of the [[Basin and Range province]] (which in turn may be due to interactions between the North American, Pacific, and Farallon Plates, and possibly with the subduction of the [[triple point]] where the three plates came together), but none is yet fully accepted.<ref>E.g., {{Harvtxt|Xue|Allen|2006}} concluded that the Newberry track is the product of a lithosphere-controlled process (such as lithospheric faulting or Basin and Range extension); {{Harvtxt|Zandt|Humphreys|2008}} disagree, arguing for mantle flow around the sinking Gorda—Juan de Fuca slab.</ref>
These models generally attempt to account only for the source of the Newberry magmatism, attributing the "track" to pre-existing weakness in the crust. No model yet accounts for the particular orientation of the BFZ, or the parallel Eugene-Denio or Mendocino Fault Zones (see [[#regional-map|map]]).

===Bermuda Hotspot Track?===
It was noted as early as 1963<ref>{{Harvnb|Wise|1963}}, see figure 2.</ref> that the OWL seems to align with the [[Kodiak-Bowie Seamount chain]]. A 1983 paper by Morgan<ref>{{Harvnb|Morgan|1983}}, recapitulated by {{Harvtxt|Vink|Morgan|Vogt|1985}} in a popular article in ''Scientific American''.</ref> suggested that this seamount—OWL alignment marks the passage some 150 Ma ago of the [[Bermuda hotspot]]. (This same passage has also been invoked to explain the [[Mississippi Embayment]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Cox|Van Arsdale|2002}}.</ref>) However, substantial doubt has been raised as to whether Bermuda is truly a "hotspot",<ref>{{Harvnb|Vogt|Jung|2007a}}.</ref> and lacking any supporting evidence this putative hotspot track is entirely speculative.

The 1983 paper also suggested that passage of a hot spot weakens the continental crust, leaving it vulnerable to rifting. But might the relation actually run the other way: do some of these "hotspots" accumulate in zones where the crust is already weakened (by means as yet unknown)? The supposed Newberry hotspot track may exemplify this (see Megashears, below), but application of this concept more generally is not yet accepted. Application to the OWL would require resolving some other questions, such as how traces of a ca. 150 Ma event resisted being swept north into Alaska to influence a structure believed to be no older than 41 Ma (see [[#Straight Creek Fault|Straight Creek Fault]]). Possibly there is some explanation, but geology has not yet found it.

===Orofino Shear Zone===
The OWL gets faint, perhaps even terminates, just east of the Oregon—Idaho border where it hits the north-trending ''Western Idaho Shear Zone'' (WISZ),<ref>Also known as the western Idaho ''suture'' zone, or the Salmon River suture zone, depending on what portion of its long history is being addressed. {{Harvnb|Fleck|Criss|2004}}, pp. 2—3; {{Harvnb|Giorgis|others|2008}}, pp. 1119—1120.</ref> a nearly vertical tectonic boundary between the accreted oceanic terranes to the west and the plutonic and metamorphic rock of the North American [[craton]] (the ancient continental core) to the east. From the [[Mesozoic]] till about 90 Ma (mid-[[Cretaceous]]) this was the western margin of the North American continent, into which various off-shore terranes were crashing into and then sliding to the north.

Near the town of Orofino (just east of Lewiston, Idaho) something curious happens: the craton margin makes a sharp right-angle bend to the west. What actually happens is the truncation of the WISZ by the WNW-trending ''Orofino Shear Zone'' (OSZ), which can be traced west roughly parallel with the OWL until it disappears below the Columbia River Basalts, and southeast across Idaho and possibly beyond. The truncation occurred between 90 and 70 Ma ago, possibly due to the docking of the [[Insular Belt|Insular super-terrane]] (now the coast of British Columbia).<ref>{{Harvnb|McClelland|Oldow|2007}}; {{Harvnb|Giorgis|others|2008}}, pp. 1119, 1129, 1131.</ref> This was a major left-lateral transform fault, with the northern continuation of the WISZ believed to be one of the faults in the North Cascades. A similar offset is seen between the Canadian Rocky Mountains in British Columbia and the American Rocky Mountains in southern Idaho and western Wyoming.<ref>{{Harvnb|Wise|1963}}, p. 357, and figure 1. See also figure 1 of {{Harvnb|O'Neil|others|2007}} and figure 1 of {{Harvnb|Hildebrand|2009}}.</ref>

Then another curious thing happens: before the west-trending craton margin turns north, it seems to loop south towards Walla Walla (near the Oregon border) and the Wallula Gap (see [[#regional-map|orange-line here]], or [[#Kuehn-map|dashed-line here]]). (Although southeastern Washington is pretty thoroughly covered by the Columbia River Basalts, a borehole in this loop recovered rock characteristic of the craton.<ref>{{Harvnb|Reidel|others|1993}}, p.9, and see figure 3 (p. 5).</ref>) It seems that the OSZ may have been offset, perhaps by the [[#Hite Fault System|Hite Fault]], but, contrary to the regional trend, headed south. If this is a cross-cutting offset it would have to be younger than the OFZ (less than 70 Ma), and older than the OWL, which it does not offset. That the OWL and the OFZ are parallel (along with many other structures) suggests something in common, perhaps a connection at a deeper level. But this offsetting relationship indicates that they were created separately.

===Megashears===
The OFZ (also called the Trans-Idaho Discontinuity) is a local segment of a larger structure that has only recently been recognized, the ''Great Divide Megashear''.<ref>{{Harvnb|O'Neil|others|2007}}.</ref> East of the WISZ this turns to the southeast (much as the OWL may be doing past the Wallula Gap) to follow the Clearwater fault zone down the continental divide near the Idaho—Montana border to the northwestern corner of Wyoming. From there it seems to connect with the Snake River—Wichita fault zone, which passes through Colorado, and Oklahoma.,<ref>{{Harvnb|Sims|others|2001}}; {{Harvnb|Sims|Lund|Anderson|2005}}. A few sources have described this general trend the Olympic—''Wichita'' Lineament (e.g., see {{Harvnb|Vanden Berg|2005}}, or the
[http://www.colorado.edu/GeolSci/Resources/WUSTectonics/AncestralRockies/transtension.html Transtension in the West] article). This is inaccurate. The Great Divide Megashear, even if it existed past the Cascades, would be well north of the Olympic Peninsula, while the OWL, if it is presumed to connect with the Snake Fault zone (via the Vale zone) misses the Great Divide Megashear, and likely Wichita as well. This lineament is said to dextrally offset the ''Colorado Lineament'', said to run from the Grand Canyon to Lake Superior.{{Harv|Vanden Berg|2005}}.</ref> and possibly further.<ref>A "Montana—Florida Lineament" and even a "Mackenzie—Missouri Lineament" (from the Mackenzie River valley in the Yukon to Florida) have been claimed by Carey (see [https://web.archive.org/web/20091026204116/http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Launchpad/8098/2.htm excerpts from his book]), but are not generally recognized. For an interesting trip outside of mainstream science read about the [[Expanding Earth]] theory.
</ref>
There is a significant age discrepancy here. Whereas the OFZ is a mere 90 to 70 Ma old, this megashear is ancient, having been dated to the [[Mesoproterozoic]] – about a billion years ago. The Snake River—Wichita fault zone is of a similar age. What appears to be happening is exploitation of ancient weaknesses in the crust. This could explain the Newberry "hotspot track": parallel weaknesses in the crust open as the Brothers, Eugene—Denio, and Mendocino Fault Zones in response to development of the [[Basin and Range Province]]; magma from the event that initiated the Yellowstone hotspot (and possibly the Columbia River and other basalt flows) simply exploits the faults of the Brothers Fault Zone. The other faults do not develop as "hotspot tracks" simply because there is no magma source nearby. Similarly, it may be that the OWL reflects a similar zone of weakness, but does not develop as a major fault zone because it is too far from the stresses of the Basin and Range Province.

This could also explain why the OWL seems possibly aligned with the [[Kodiak-Bowie Seamount chain]] in the Gulf of Alaska, especially as the apparent motion is the wrong direction for the OWL to be a mark of their past passage. They are also on the other side of the spreading centers, though that does suggest a pure speculation that these postulated zones of weakness could be related to transform faults from the spreading center.

===Precambrian basement===
Following the Great Divide Megashear into the mid-continent reveals something interesting: a widespread pattern of similarly trending (roughly NW-SE) fault zones, rifts, and aeromagnetic and gravitational anomalies.<ref>Especially dramatic is the 2005 "Precambrian Crystalline Basement Map of Idaho" {{Harv|Sims|Lund|Anderson|2005}}. See also {{Harvnb|Marshak|Paulsen|1996}}, {{Harvnb|Sims|others|2001}}, {{Harvnb|Vanden Berg|2005}}, and numerous others.
</ref> Although some of the faults are recent, the NW trending zones themselves have been attributed to continental-scale transcurrent shearing at about 1.5 [[annum|Ga]] – that's ''billions'' of years ago – during the assembly of [[Laurentia]] (the North American continent).<ref>{{Harvnb|Sims|Lund|Anderson|2005}}; {{Harvnb|Sims|Saltus|Anderson|2005}}.</ref>

Curiously, there is another widespread pattern of parallel fault zones, etc., of various ages trending roughly NE-SW, including the [[Midcontinent Rift System]], the [[Reelfoot Rift]] (in the [[New Madrid Seismic Zone]]), and others.<ref>The [[#Columbia Embayment and KBML|KBML]] and other less well known trends in Oregon and Washington have a similar orientation, but
the context is so different that they are generally excluded from studies of midcontinental geology.</ref> These fault zones and rifts occur on tectonic boundaries that date to the [[Proterozoic]] – that is, 1.8 to 1.6 billions of years old.<ref>{{Harvnb|Karlstrom|Humphreys|1998}}, p. 161.</ref> They are also roughly parallel to the [[Ouachita orogeny|Ouachita]]— [[Alleghenian orogeny|Appalachian mountains]], raised when [[Laurentia]] merged with the other continents to form the [[Pangaea]] supercontinent some 350 million years ago. It is now believed that these two predominant patterns reflect ancient weaknesses in the underlying [[Precambrian]] [[basement (geology)|basement]] rock,<ref>{{Harvnb|Sims|Saltus|Anderson|2005}}.</ref> which can be reactivated to control the orientation of features formed much later.<ref>{{Harvnb|Holdsworth|others|1997}}.</ref>

Such linkage of older and younger features seems very relevant to the OWL's troubling age relationships. The possible involvement of the deep Precambrian basement does suggest that what we see as the OWL might be just the expression in shallower and transitory terranes and surface processes of a deeper and persistent ur-OWL, just as ripples in a stream may reflect a submerged rock, and suggests that surficial expression of the OWL may need to be distinguished from a deepr ur-OWL. But neither the applicability of this to the OWL nor any details have been worked out.

==Summary: What we know about the OWL==
* First reported by Erwin Raisz in 1945.
* Seems to have more depressions and basins on the north side.
* Associated with many right-lateral strike-slip fault zones.
* Seems to be expressed in Quaternary (recent) glacial deposits.
* Does not offset Columbia River Basalts, so older than 17 million years.
* Not offset by the Straight Creek Fault, so probably younger than 41 million years. (Maybe.)
* Approximately separates oceanic-continental provinces.
* Not an oceanic-continental crustal boundary. (Maybe.)
* Not a hotspot track. (Maybe.)
* Seems to be aligned with lithospheric flow from the Juan de Fuca Ridge.
* Seems to be faint and confused in Oregon.

==See also==
*[[Geology of the Pacific Northwest]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|24em}}

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==External links==
*[http://www.washington.edu/burkemuseum/geo_history_wa Burke Museum web site] Geologic history of Washington.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20091219063341/http://www.northwestgeology.com/ Evolution of the Pacific Northwest] Good text on the geology of Cascadia.

{{North American faults}}

[[Category:Geology of Oregon]]
[[Category:Geology of Washington (state)]]

Mr. Church

2018-05-14T23:08:14Z

{{Infobox film
| name = Mr. Church
| image = Mr. Church poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| film name =
| director = [[Bruce Beresford]]
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Lee Nelson
* David Buelow
* [[Courtney Solomon]]
* [[Mark Canton]]
}}
| writer = Susan McMartin
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Eddie Murphy]]
* [[Britt Robertson]]
* [[Xavier Samuel]]
* [[Lucy Fry]]
* [[Christian Madsen]]
* [[Natascha McElhone]]
}}
| music = [[Mark Isham]]
| cinematography = Sharone Meir
| editing = David Beatty
| studio = {{Plainlist|
* [[Cinelou Films]]
* Envision Media Arts
* Shenghua Entertainment
* [[Voltage Pictures]]
}}
| distributor = {{Plainlist|
* Cinelou Releasing
* [[Freestyle Releasing]]
}}
| released = {{Film date|2016|4|22|[[Tribeca Film Festival]]|2016|9|16|United States}}
| runtime = 104 minutes<ref name=BOM/>
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget = $8 million<ref name="budget">{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/lukethompson/2016/09/15/eddie-murphys-mr-church-is-not-a-comeback-to-worship-review/#a399a5e71236 |title=Review: Eddie Murphy's 'Mr. Church' Is Not A Comeback To Worship |work= [[Forbes]]}}</ref>
| gross = $685,780<ref name="BOM">{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=mrchurch.htm |title=Mr. Church (2016) |website=Box Office Mojo |accessdate=October 11, 2016}}</ref>
}}

'''''Mr. Church''''' is a 2016 American [[dramedy]] film directed by [[Bruce Beresford]] and written by Susan McMartin. The film stars [[Eddie Murphy]] as the title character with [[Britt Robertson]], [[Xavier Samuel]], [[Lucy Fry]], [[Christian Madsen]] and [[Natascha McElhone]] also starring. The movie is based on the short story "The Cook Who Came To Live With Us" written by McMartin. The film centers around a cook who becomes a caretaker and father figure to three generations of women over the years. The film debuted on April 22, 2016, at the [[Tribeca Film Festival]]<ref name="TRIBECA">{{cite web|url=https://tribecafilm.com/filmguide/mr-church-2016|title=Mr. Church|website=[[Tribeca Film Festival]]|accessdate=April 21, 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514012635/https://tribecafilm.com/filmguide/mr-church-2016|archivedate=May 14, 2016|df=}}</ref> and was released on September 16, 2016, by [[Cinelou Films|Cinelou Releasing]] and [[Freestyle Releasing]].

== Plot ==
Charlotte "Charlie" Brooks ([[Britt Robertson]]) lives with her single mother Marie Brooks ([[Natascha McElhone]]) in a small apartment in California. She is awakened to the sounds and smells of cooking in the kitchen, to find an African-American stranger preparing breakfast. When she tells her mother about this, she informs Charlotte that the man is Mr. Church ([[Eddie Murphy]]) and he will be their new cook. Charlie is initially distrustful of Mr. Church and urges her mother Marie to fire him. It is revealed that Mr. Church was hired by Richard Cannon, a wealthy entrepreneur who had an adulterous affair with Marie. When he died, he left provisions in his will that provided financial support for Marie while she suffered from terminal breast cancer. The provisions were slated to last for six months to match her diagnosed life expectancy. When Mr. Church informs her that he was guaranteed a lifetime salary to care for the family, Marie reneges and decides to keep Mr. Church as their cook. Charlie spends time with her best friend Poppy ([[Madison Wolfe]]) and her school boy crush Owen Baxter. She rides the bus to school with Eddie Larson ([[Christian Madsen]]), a man whose driver's license has been permanently revoked due to serving four years in prison for vehicular manslaughter.

Six years later, Marie is still living and Mr. Church has become a fixture in the household and is a renaissance man of sorts, being an avid reader, sketch artist, gardener, cook, jazz aficionado and pianist. Charlie is a senior in high school and now aware of her mother's cancer. Charlie grows distant from her mother and closer to Mr. Church because of her inability to come to terms with Marie's impending death. Owen ([[Xavier Samuel]]), who was always attracted to Charlie, invites her to their senior prom. Charlie is reluctant to go but Marie promises her that if she decides to attend prom, she will stay alive to see it. Mr. Church and Marie help Charlie pick out a dress. On the big night, the three of them take photos as a family and Charlie goes to prom with Owen. Several days later, Mr. Church meets Charlie at the bus stop to deliver the news that her mother has passed.

Mr. Church stays with Charlie after Marie dies. Charlie gets accepted to [[Boston University]] but cannot afford to attend. Mr. Church gives her an envelope containing five thousand dollars for tuition–the money he saved from coupons Marie gave him. He also provides her with a used car and she asks Larson to teach her how to drive. Charlie runs into Owen sometime later and he tells her he is going away to college.

Two years later a pregnant Charlie shows up on Mr. Church's doorstep, stating that she returned home just to take a break from studies. She eventually ask Mr. Church is she could live with him. He agrees as long she abides by one rule and that is to respect his privacy. Charlie notices that twice a week Mr. Church comes home drunk and violently arguing with no one and has matches from a place called Jelly's. She routinely hides the matches that he brings home out of embarrassment but these events pique her curiosity. One night, a drunk Mr. Church finds her snooping, they argue and he throws her out of his home for breaking his rules. She leaves and the next day runs into her old friend Larson at a store parking lot. A kid on a skate board hits Charlie and knocks her down knocking her unconscious. Larson, who has not driven in over a decade due to his incarceration, nevertheless drives her to the hospital just in time. Mr. Church comes to the hospital and takes Charlie back with him. Charlie gives birth to a baby girl named Izzy ([[Mckenna Grace]]), and she and Izzy live with Mr. Church. Charlie gets a job as a waitress.

Five years later, Charlie and Mr. Church are raising Izzy as a blended family. The three of them attend Larson's wedding and he reveals to Charlie that he intended to commit suicide the day he saw her in the parking lot. He tells her that rescuing her saved his life. Charlie later reunites with Poppy ([[Lucy Fry]])who has achieved an upper class wealthy lifestyle by marrying rich men. Poppy belittles Charlie for not wanting to find independence and leave her cook's home. Charlie reveals that it was Mr. Church who supported them when her mother exceeded her life expectancy. When Mr. Church becomes sick, Charlie takes him to the doctor and discovers the doctor is Owen. They begin to date and rekindle their relationship. When he becomes too ill to cook, Charlie begins to cook and learns that she has inherited Mr. Church's talent for cooking, based on years of watching and helping him prepare food. Mr. Church grows sicker and eventually dies of an [[Cardiomegaly|enlarged heart]]. During the wake, Charlie meets the owner of Jelly's, Frankie Twiggs ([[Thom Barry]]), and finds out that Mr. Church played the piano there for nearly 30 years. She feeds Jelly one of Mr. Church's dishes and Frankie states he never knew that Mr. Church could cook. Charlie learns that Mr. Church was even more mysterious than she thought and that he had separate lives that he lived apart from one another. The film ends with Charlie writing the story of her life with Mr. Church.

== Cast ==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Eddie Murphy]] as Henry Joseph Church
* [[Britt Robertson]] as Charlotte "Charlie" Brooks
** Natalie Coughlin as Young Charlotte
* [[Natascha McElhone]] as Marie Brooks
* [[Xavier Samuel]] as Owen
** Lincoln Melcher as Young Owen
* [[Lucy Fry]] as Poppy
** [[Madison Wolfe]] as Young Poppy
* [[Christian Madsen]] as Eddie Larson
* [[Mckenna Grace]] as Izzy
* [[Thom Barry]] as Frankie Twiggs
{{div col end}}

== Production ==
In October 2013, it was revealed that [[David Anspaugh]] would direct the film from a screenplay by Susan McMartin, with Lee Nelson, David Buelow and David Tish producing under their Envision Media Arts arts banner, while Brad Kaplan would produce under Evolution Entertainment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tracking-board.com/david-anspaugh-is-training-to-be-a-cook/|title=David Anspaugh Is Training To Be a Cook|website=Tracking-board.com|first=Sid|last=Perriwinkle|date=October 15, 2013|accessdate=April 21, 2016}}</ref> In 2011, McMartin had written "The Cook Who Came to Live With Us," which was the story on which the screenplay is based.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://patch.com/california/northhollywood/the-cook-that-came-to-live-with-us-47e97fec| title= The Cook Who Came to Live With Us| author = Susan McMartin|date= October 3, 2011 | newspaper = The Patch | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20170117170104/http://patch.com/california/northhollywood/the-cook-that-came-to-live-with-us-47e97fec| archivedate = January 17, 2017| accessdate= January 17, 2017|publisher= Patch Media}}</ref> In April 2014, it was revealed that [[Samuel L. Jackson]], [[Uma Thurman]] and [[Juno Temple]] had been cast in the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tracking-board.com/tb-exclusive-uma-thurman-and-juno-temple-looking-to-join-samuel-l-jackson-in-cook/|title=TB EXCLUSIVE:UMA THURMAN AND JUNO TEMPLE LOOKING TO JOIN SAMUEL L. JACKSON IN "COOK"|website=Tracking-board.com|first=Madison|last=Barnes|date=April 17, 2014|accessdate=April 21, 2016}}</ref> In October 2014, [[Eddie Murphy]] joined the cast of the film, replacing Jackson, who had to drop out due to a scheduling conflict, with [[Bruce Beresford]] directing the film. [[Mark Canton]] and [[Courtney Solomon]] joined the project as producers under their [[Cinelou Films]] banner.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/eddie-murphy-teams-up-with-driving-miss-daisy-director-for-new-orleans-set-drama-cook-20141022|title=Eddie Murphy Teams Up With 'Driving Miss Daisy' Director for New Orleans-Set Drama 'Cook'|work=Shadow and Act|publisher=[[Indiewire]]|last=Obenson|first=Tambay A.|date=October 22, 2014|accessdate=November 26, 2014}}</ref> In November 2014, [[Britt Robertson]] joined the cast of the film, replacing Temple.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://deadline.com/2014/11/britt-robertson-eddie-murphy-cook-1201281669/|title=Britt Robertson Joins Eddie Murphy In ‘Cook’|website=[[Deadline.com]]|first=Jen|last=Yamato|date=November 11, 2014|accessdate=April 21, 2016}}</ref> Its working title was ''Cook'' but was retitled to ''Henry Joseph Church'', the full name of Murphy's character,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://if.com.au/2015/05/10/article/Beresford-wraps-Eddie-Murphy-drama/FMDRSTGCIU.html|title=Beresford wraps Eddie Murphy drama|work=Inside Film|last=Groves|first=Don|date=May 11, 2015|accessdate=May 27, 2015}}</ref> before being retitled to ''Mr. Church''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cinelou.com/mr-church.html|title=Mr. Church|work=Cinelou|accessdate=January 21, 2016}}</ref>

===Filming===
[[Principal photography]] began on November 24, 2014, in [[Los Angeles, California]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://susanmcmartin.com/eddie-murphy/|title=Eddie Murphy|website=Susan McMartin|first=Susan|last=McMartin|date=November 23, 2014|accessdate=April 21, 2016}}</ref> Production concluded on January 12, 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://susanmcmartin.com/10-years-23-days-its-a-wrap/|title=10 YEARS & 23 DAYS… IT's A WRAP!|website=Susan|last=McMartin|date=January 12, 2015|accessdate=April 21, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-2848339/Eddie-Murphy-relives-glorious-70s-retro-hat-jacket-set-new-movie.html|title=Eddie Murphy relives the glorious '70s in retro hat and jacket on set of his movie|work=[[Daily Mail]]|last=Pearson|first=Jennifer|location=London|date=November 25, 2014|accessdate=November 26, 2014}}</ref>

With a production budget of $8 million, it is the least expensive film of Murphy's career.<ref name=budget/>

==Release==
In December 2014, the first image of Murphy and Robertson was released.<ref name="DEADLINE">{{cite web|url=http://deadline.com/2014/12/eddie-murphy-britt-robertson-cook-movie-photo-1201309107/|title=Eddie Murphy Shows His Dramatic Side In ‘Cook’ – First Look Photo|website=[[Deadline.com]]|first=Denise|last=Petski|date=December 4, 2014|accessdate=April 21, 2016}}</ref> The film had its world premiere at the [[Tribeca Film Festival]] on April 22, 2016.<ref name="TRIBECA"/> [[Warner Bros. Pictures]] will distribute the film internationally, part of [[Cinelou Films]]' six-film deal with the company. It will be distributed domestically by Cinelou Releasing.<ref name="DEADLINE"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/first-clip-poster-for-eddie-murphys-first-film-in-five-years-mr-church-20160423|title=
First Clip + Poster for Eddie Murphy's First Film in Five Years - 'Mr. Church'|website=[[Indiewire.com]]|first=Tambay|last=A. Obenson|date=April 23, 2016|accessdate=April 23, 2016}}</ref> The film was released in the United States on September 16, 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2016/film/news/eddie-murphy-britt-robertson-drama-mr-church-release-1201825912/|title=Eddie Murphy Drama ‘Mr. Church’ Gets September Release|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|first=Dave|last=McNary|date=July 28, 2016|accessdate=July 28, 2016}}</ref>

=== Critical response ===
''Mr. Church'' received negative reviews from critics, though Eddie Murphy's performance was praised. On the [[review aggregator]] [[Rotten Tomatoes]], the film has an approval rating of 19% based on 31 reviews, with an average rating of 4.3/10.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/mr_church/|title=Mr. Church (2016)|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|accessdate=November 7, 2017}}</ref> On [[Metacritic]], the film holds a weighted average score of 37 out of 100, based on 12 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metacritic.com/movie/mr-church|title=Mr. Church reviews|website=[[Metacritic]]|accessdate=September 22, 2016}}</ref>

In his negative review for ''[[Forbes]]'', Luke Thompson praised Murphy's performance but wrote, "It’s certainly possible the real-life Mr. Church was exactly as depicted, and loved his white 'family' more than anything else. Yet something tells me it would be more interesting to hear him narrate his own story, rather than have it expressed through the eyes of the privileged girl he served, whose life challenges were so easily solved all the time."<ref name=budget/>

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|4196848}}
* {{Mojo title|mrchurch}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|id=mr_church}}

{{Bruce Beresford}}

[[Category:2010s drama films]]
[[Category:American drama films]]
[[Category:Cooking films]]
[[Category:Films about food and drink]]
[[Category:Films about chefs]]
[[Category:Films directed by Bruce Beresford]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:Cinelou Films films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mark Isham]]

Mission (Verwaltungseinheit der Kirche Jesu Christi der Heiligen der letzten Tage)

2018-05-14T22:49:10Z

{{About|a geographical administrative area within the LDS Church|a discussion of the proselytizing or service assignment fulfilled by Latter-day Saints|Missionary (LDS Church)}}

A '''mission''' of [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (LDS Church) is a geographical administrative area to which church [[Missionary (LDS Church)|missionaries]] are assigned. Almost all areas of the world are within the boundaries of an LDS Church mission, whether or not Mormon missionaries live or proselytize in the area. As of April 2018, there are [[List of missions of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|421 missions]] of the LDS Church.{{cn|date=April 2018}}<ref name="New Missions for 2015">{{citation |first= R. Scott |last= Lloyd |date= January 9, 2015 |title= LDS Church announces 11 new missions, 2015 mission president assignments |url= https://www.mormonnewsroom.org/facts-and-statistics |newspaper= [[Church News]] }}</ref><ref name="Central Eurasian">{{citation |date= April 24, 2015 |title= LDS Church to create Central Eurasian Mission in July |url= http://www.deseretnews.com/article/865627110/Central-Eurasian-Mission-to-be-created-in-July.html |newspaper= [[Church News]] }}</ref> On February 1, 2018, the LDS Church announced boundary changes that will close 19 missions and open up 5 new missions, effective July 1, 2018.<ref name="2018 mission adjustments">{{citation |url= https://www.mormonnewsroom.org/article/mission-adjustments-2018|title= Church Announces Mission Adjustments: Five new missions will open in 2018; 19 others will merge with other missions |work= Newsroom |publisher= [[LDS Church]] |date= February 1, 2018 }}</ref> This will make 407 missions of the church.

== Administrative structure ==
[[Image:ATMlogo.png|150px|right|thumb|Many LDS missions have logos or seals. This was the seal of the Arizona Tucson Mission from 2002–05.]]
Geographically, a mission may be a city, a city and surrounding areas, a state or province, or perhaps an entire country or even multiple countries. Typically, the name of the mission is the name of the country (or state in the United States), and then the name of the city where the mission headquarters office is located.<ref>The main exceptions to this rule are the ''Singapore Mission'' and ''Baltic States Mission'' of the church. Also in the cases of such missions as the Washington, D.C. South Mission the designated city is not in the mission at all, but it is identified with that city because none in the mission boundaries are large enough. Also there are missions such as the Michigan Detroit Mission, where the mission office is in [[Farmington, Michigan]] but the name of the largest city in the mission is used. A consultation of the ''2007 Deseret News Church Almanac'' will show this and other exceptions to the generalized rule.</ref>
New missionaries receive a formal ''mission call'', assigning them to a particular mission for the duration of their two years or eighteen months of service. Each mission has, on average, about 150 missionaries serving there.

===Mission president===
[[File:Mormon-mission-in-Sofia-Bulgaria.jpg|thumb|The mission home for the Bulgaria Sofia Mission. A mission home is the official residence of a Mission president.]]
:''See main article: [[Mission president]]''

All missionaries serve in a ''mission'' under the direction of a [[mission president]], who, like individual missionaries, is assigned by the [[President of the Church (LDS Church)|LDS Church president]]. The mission president must be a married [[High priest (Latter Day Saints)|high priest]] in the [[Melchizedek priesthood (Latter Day Saints)|Melchizedek Priesthood]]; his wife is asked to serve alongside him. In 2013 the mission president's wife was given additional leadership roles in the mission.<ref name=Walker2013>{{citation |url= http://www.deseretnews.com/article/865577611/Sister-LDS-missionaries-will-have-key-role-in-new-Mission-Leadership-Council.html?pg=all |first= Joseph |last= Walker |title= Sister LDS missionaries will have key role in new Mission Leadership Council |newspaper= [[Deseret News]] |date= April 5, 2013 }}</ref> Mission presidents are typically in their forties or older, and usually have the financial means to devote themselves full-time to the responsibility for three consecutive years. The church provides mission presidents with a minimal living allowance but it normally requires them to supplement it with their own funds. Often, the mission president must learn the local language spoken in the mission, as the missionaries do (although many mission presidents today have either previously served a mission in the mission language or speak the mission language as their native language).

The mission president has at least two counselors, who are [[Latter-day Saints]] usually from the local area who keep their regular employment. The role of the counselors varies by mission, but they typically serve as liaisons between the mission and the local membership of the church. In some areas where the church is newer senior men who are serving full-time missions along with their wives may be called as counselors in the mission presidency.

===Mission councils===
Like other units of the church, a leadership council is used to assist in governance of the mission. Prior to April 2013, this was often called a zone leader council, consisting of the mission president, assistants to the mission president and zone leaders. In April 2013 the zone leader council was replaced by the mission leadership council, which adds the mission president's wife and sister training leaders, a new position consisting of sister missionaries called to give leadership to other sister missionaries.<ref name=Walker2013 />

===Mission organization===

====Organization of missionaries====
Missions are organized in two parallel structures. The first is the organization of the missionaries. There are two or more missionaries who serve as ''assistants to the president'' (not to be confused with the counselors in the mission presidency). The assistants carry out the direction of the [[mission president]] in the organization of the mission, the assigning of companionships and proselyting areas, and oversee the welfare and training of the missionaries. The missionaries are divided into ''zones'', each led by one or more missionaries assigned as ''zone leaders''.<ref>In many missions a companionship of elders constitutes the zone leaders. However there are also missions where only one elder is designated the zone leader and his companion holds no special designation.</ref> The zones may be geographically large or small depending on the mission. The number of missionaries in a zone also varies widely. The zones are divided into ''districts'', each being led by a missionary assigned as a ''district leader''. A district usually has two to four missionary companionships. The zone leaders and district leaders train the missionaries, see after their welfare, conduct interviews, proselyte together, and share successes. In general, only single male missionaries serve as assistants, zone leaders, and district leaders, except in non-proselyting missions which only contain single female missionaries or missionary couples.

Each missionary companionship has a geographical area which may include part of a [[Ward (LDS Church)|ward]] or [[Ward (LDS Church)#Branch|branch]], one ward or branch, or several wards or branches. The missionaries are responsible for preaching to the people in their own area. In a mission, the ecclesiastical line of authority is from the mission president down to the missionaries. The missionaries answer to the mission president directly, as opposed to the local branch president, [[Bishop (Latter Day Saints)|bishop]], or [[stake president]].

====Organization in areas without stakes====
The other type of mission structure exists where there are no organized [[Stake (Mormonism)|stakes]] of the church in an area due to a relatively small number of [[Latter-day Saints]] living in the area. This may be the result of the church being relatively new in an area or the church being established in a sparsely populated area of the world. In these stake-less areas, the [[mission president]] is the presiding local church authority and he is responsible for the welfare of all the members, not just the missionaries. The mission is divided into [[District (LDS Church)|districts]] (not to be confused with the other type of district mentioned above) which serve much the same role as stakes do. Each district is assigned a [[district president]] who is usually a local resident; the district president reports directly to the mission presidency. The [[district presidency]] perform most of the day-to-day functions that a stake presidency would perform in a stake. Certain duties, such as the issuance of recommends to attend the [[Temple (LDS Church)|temple]], remain the sole prerogative of the [[mission president]].

Districts within a mission are composed exclusively of branches. After the membership has grown sufficiently, the branches may be converted into wards and the district may be converted into a stake. Typically, this will not occur until there are least five ward-sized congregations in the district. Once a district becomes a stake, the mission president is only responsible for the proselytizing missionaries in the area, not the local members of the church.

===Variations in size===
The LDS Church mission with the smallest geographic area (approximately 10 acres) is the Utah Salt Lake Temple Square Mission, in which missionaries from around the world serve on [[Temple Square]], often to visitors from their own homelands. These missionaries serve at Temple Square, and occasionally serve in another mission in another part of the United States for a few months, then return to Temple Square for the final months of their 18-month mission call. Only female missionaries and older, retired couples are called to the Temple Square Mission.

The mission with the largest geographical area is currently the [[Micronesia]] [[Guam]] Mission, which covers an area that is roughly the size of the continental United States. However, the vast majority of this mission is composed of empty ocean. The largest mission in terms of geographical land mass and population is currently the China [[Hong Kong]] Mission, which encompasses nearly all of the [[China|Chinese landmass]] and population. Outside of [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]], there are no [[LDS missionaries]] in China. Prior to its split in November 2007 the India Bangalore Mission has the largest population amongst which proselytizing is allowed. This mission covers all of India, thus it has more than one billion inhabitants in its borders. It is unclear whether the New Delhi or Bangalore mission should now be considered to cover more inhabitants partly because the New Delhi mission covers Nepal, Bangladesh and Pakistan as well as northern India, and outside of Northern India does little formal proselyting.

Russia contains missions with very large areas. In the Russia Novosibirsk Mission it is possible to take a 42-hour train ride to get to the city of [[Novosibirsk]] from some places within the mission boundaries.

===Special language assignments within missions===
Missionaries are sometimes called to serve in a particular mission, but with a non-standard language assignment.<ref>[http://www.ldsviet.com/missionaries.htm Listing of Vietnamese speaking missions in the US] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713192406/http://www.ldsviet.com/missionaries.htm |date=2011-07-13 }}</ref> To cite some examples: Kentucky Louisville, Spanish speaking; California Anaheim, [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] speaking; Canada Vancouver, [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] speaking; Illinois Chicago, [[Polish language|Polish]] speaking.

=== Central church structure ===
The work of the missions is overseen by the Missionary Committee, which consists of the First Presidency and Quorum of the Twelve. Much of the actual work of overseeing the missions is delegated to the Missionary Executive Council (MEC). This committee has roots in the Radio, Publicity and Missionary Literature Committee formed in the 1930s, with [[Stephen L. Richards]] as chair and [[Gordon B. Hinckley]] as executive secretary. In the late 1940s, Richards and Hinckley held the same positions, with Hinckley essentially fulfilling the duties later undertaken by the missionary department.

By the early 1970s, the MEC consisted of [[Spencer W. Kimball]], Hinckley, [[Thomas S. Monson]] and [[Bruce R. McConkie]], all members of the Quorum of the Twelve.<ref>[https://www.lds.org/new-era/1973/06/a-mission-call?lang=eng Loren C. Dunn, "A Mission Call", in ''New Era'', July 1973]</ref> [[L. Tom Perry]] was chairman of the executive committee for several years in the late 2000s. He was then succeeded by [[Russell M. Nelson]]. As of August 2015, most of the current members are not known. However, membership has historically included at least two members of the [[Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church)|Quorum of the Twelve Apostles]], one member of the Presiding Bishopric and the executive director of the church's Missionary Department, who is usually a member of the [[First Quorum of the Seventy]]. As of 1 August 2015, the executive director's identity is not known. Prior to August 2015, [[David F. Evans]] had been serving in this capacity.<ref>[https://rsc.byu.edu/archived/firm-foundation/27-missions-and-missionary-administration-and-organization R. Lanie Britsch, "Missions and Missionary Organization" in ''A Firm Foundation: Church Organization and Administration'', ed. David J. Whittaker and Arnold K. Garr (Provo: BYU Religious Studies Center, 2011)]</ref> On 19 August 2015, it was announced that [[Bonnie L. Oscarson]], the church's General Young Women President, had been invited to become the first female member of the MEC.<ref name=MEC>{{cite news |url= http://www.deseretnews.com/article/865634860/In-a-significant-move-women-to-join-key-leading-LDS-Church-councils.html |title= In a significant move, women to join key, leading LDS Church councils |last= Walch |first= Tad |date= 18 August 2015 |newspaper= [[Deseret News]] }}.</ref>

The church's Missionary Department works under the direction of the MEC. The Missionary Department does not develop policy, but oversees its implementation. It directs the missions of the church, along with the 15 [[Missionary Training Center]]s and the 20+ visitors' centers and historical sites the church operates.<ref>British, "Missionas and Missionary Organization"</ref>

==History of missions==
[[File:Rudger Clawson and Joseph Standing 1879.jpg|thumb|left|250px|[[Rudger Clawson]] and [[Joseph Standing]], missionaries of the LDS Church serving in the Southern States Mission in the United States, pose for a portrait in 1879. While still companions, Standing was killed by a mob of anti-Mormons on 21 July 1879 in [[Varnell|Varnell Station]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]].]]
The title of "First Mission" is normally given to the British Mission, today considered the lineal ancestor of the England London Mission. This was begun under the direction of [[Heber C. Kimball]] in 1837. Missionary work had previously occurred in the United States and Canada, but missionaries were not organized into specific missions. The work of this mission began in [[Preston, Lancashire|Preston, England]], largely because one of the missionaries [[Joseph Fielding]] had a brother there who initially opened his chapel to the missionaries preaching. Later they often preached at the location also used by the [[Temperance Society]]. The first convert in the British Mission was [[George D. Watt]], who would later be important in the compilation of the ''[[Journal of Discourses]]''. Within the first year of missionary work the headquarters of this mission were moved to [[Manchester]]. In 1840 they were moved again to [[Liverpool]], largely so the mission leaders could play a role in organizing the emigration of Latter-day Saints to America. In 1929 when the British Mission was separated from the European Mission, its headquarters were moved to [[Birmingham]].<ref>{{harvnb|Jenson|1941|pages=237–238}}</ref> The headquarters were moved to London in about 1930 since by this time the church was no longer encouraging Latter-day Saints to emigrate from Britain.

===United States and Canada===

====Early missions====
Although [[Mormon missionaries]] served in many parts of the Eastern [[United States of America]] from 1830 on, no mission was organized until 1839. In this year a mission was organized in New York City presided over by [[John P. Greene]]. However at this time missionaries continued to serve outside of regular mission areas.

With the removal of the main body of the Saints to [[Utah Territory]] and other western states, the number of church members in the Eastern United States was very small. As mission president of the Eastern States Mission, [[Wilford Woodruff]] tried to bring all the saints in [[New England]] and other eastern areas to move to Utah Territory.

In 1854, after having been defunct for about three years, the Eastern States Mission was organized again. [[John Taylor (Mormon)|John Taylor]] presided over this mission. His main function was to publish a paper to disseminate the teachings of the church. The other thing he did was supervise immigration from Europe to Utah, being the first to meet the saints when they came out of [[Castle Garden]]. He did preside over the few Saints in New York City, but did not functionally administer the church in any larger region.

On the eve of the [[American Civil War]] missionary work made much progress in New York City as well as other eastern metropolises. However the call of the gathering to Utah, given more power by the preaching and leadership of [[Orson Pratt]] and [[Erastus Snow]], caused many of the saints to "flee Babylon and gather to Zion".

The advent of the U.S. Civil War and its connection in the minds of the Saints with Joseph Smith's prophecies on war caused the vast majority of the Saints to leave the eastern United States and gather to Utah Territory.

During the 1850s the church also had an organization in [[St. Louis]] with first Erastus Snow and latter [[Orson Spencer]] having a regional leadership position somewhat equivalent to that of a mission president, although neither was referred to by this title while they presided from St. Louis.

In the western United States families would be called on settlement missions, but these were not primarily proselytizing missions. Some started as missions to the [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]]. One such was headed by [[Orson Hyde]] and tried to convert the [[Shoshone]] in [[Wyoming]]. The Southern Indian Mission, with [[Jacob Hamblin]] as its most famous missionary, made much progress. These missions were often directed by church leaders in regular wards and stakes, and did not become an organized mission at this time.

There were three more missions organized at this time in the United States as we define it today. The [[California]] Mission thrived for a short time with the presence of such men as [[Parley P. Pratt]] and [[George Q. Cannon]]. However, there were nearly as many men on gold-mining missions as regular proselytizing missions. By the time of the [[Utah War]], the California Mission had largely stopped functioning.

The [[Hawaiian Islands|Sandwich Islands]] Mission was begun in 1850. Among the first missionaries sent to what are now called the [[Hawaiian Islands]] was [[George Q. Cannon]] who converted [[Jonatana Napela]]. The two of them translated the ''[[Book of Mormon]]'' into [[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]], and the church was able to gain many native Hawaiian converts.

The last [[Antebellum era|antebellum]] mission was the [[Indian Territory]] Mission. Organized in 1855 with Henry W. Miller as president, this mission mainly focused on teaching the [[Cherokee]] in what is today [[Oklahoma]]. There were some converts made in the following five years, however, the mission was soon afterwards disbanded.

In 1865, John Taylor again organized the Eastern States Mission. However this mission stopped functioning in 1869.

====Establishment of permanent missions====
The true advent of fully functioning missions, with missionaries functioning under a mission president, in the United States on a large and permanent scale can be dated to the organization of the Southern States Mission. This mission was started in 1876 with Henry G. Boyle as president. A short time later [[John Hamilton Morgan]] was made the president of this mission.

The next mission to be organized was the Northern States Mission (initially called the Northwestern States Mission) with headquarters in [[Council Bluffs, Iowa]]. The first president of this mission was [[Cyrus H. Wheelock]]. Wheelock had served as a missionary in both Iowa and Michigan about this time. The mission was organized in 1878. It was renamed the Northern States Mission in 1889. The mission headquarters were moved to [[Chicago]] in 1896.

In 1883, the [[Indian Territory]] Mission was reestablished with Matthew W. Dalton as president. In 1898 it was renamed the Southwestern States Mission, signifying it was not only teaching the [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] but everyone else in its jurisdiction who would listen. 1892 saw a mission organized in [[California]]. This marked the beginning of proselytizing there. John Dalton worked initially in Oakland and San Francisco. In 1893 [[Karl G. Maeser]] arrived as head of the Utah exhibit at the mid-winter fair in San Francisco. He also presided over the mission, focusing his effrorts on gaining friends in the [[San Francisco Bay Area]]. Henry S. Tanner arrived the next August, with missionaries, thus he was able to preside over missionaries. The headquarters of the mission remained in San Francisco, but by August 1895 a branch had been organized in Los Angeles. That year also marked the division of the California mission into [[Districts (LDS Church)|Conferences]].<ref>{{harvnb|Jenson|1941|page=110}}</ref>

In 1893, the Eastern States Mission was organized again. This is the first time the mission was a truly regional one, supervising missionary work throughout much of the eastern United States.

By the 1890s, the leaders of the church were beginning to encourage converts to no longer gather to Utah. With more church members from Utah moving east for employment and education, a nucleus was building around which the church could grow. Still, most people were baptized by missionaries traveling without purse or scrip.

====Missions in the Western United States====
Unlike missions in the Eastern United States, in this period missions in the Western States were generally set up in areas into which church members had already begun to move.

The origins of the Northwestern States Mission go back to the [[Oregon Lumber Company]] which was run by [[David Eccles (businessman)|David Eccles]] and [[Charles W. Nibley]]. Many Latter-day Saints worked in the company's offices in [[Baker City, Oregon]], and a branch was organized there in 1893. At that point this branch was part of the Oneida Stake headquartered in [[Preston, Idaho]].

In 1896 [[Edward Stevenson]] was appointed to go open a mission in [[Oregon]], [[Montana]] and [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]]. As a missionary Stevenson preached in [[Walla Walla, Washington]], [[Spokane, Washington]], [[Lewiston, Idaho]] and [[Baker City, Oregon]]. The [[Colorado]] and [[Montana]] Missions were created in 1896. When the Northwestern States Mission was formally organized in 1897 [[George C. Parkinson]] served as president.<ref>{{harvnb|Jenson|1941|pages=594–595}}</ref>

The Northwestern States and Montana Missions were merged in 1898, at which time [[Franklin Bramwell]], who had been president of the Montana Mission, was made president of the new mission, the entire region now being called the Northwestern States Mission.

The Northwestern States Mission was headquartered in Baker City, Oregon. However, when a stake was organized in Oregon in 1901 with Bramwell as president, the mission headquarters were moved to [[Portland, Oregon]]. The next year [[Nephi Pratt]] replaced Bramwell as mission president, and the mission moved toward a system of preaching the gospel in areas where Latter-day Saints were a minority.

====Missions in the early 20th century====
In 1900, the United States was divided into eight missions, with three whole states and parts of two others outside of all missions. The newly acquired [[Hawaiian Islands]] made a ninth mission in the United States. However, missionary work was not going on in the [[Philippines]], [[Puerto Rico]] or any of the smaller areas the U.S. had acquired in the [[Spanish–American War]].

*The Eastern States Mission encompassed [[New England]], [[New York (state)|New York]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[New Jersey]], [[Delaware]], [[West Virginia]], [[Maryland]], and the [[District of Columbia]]. This mission had its headquarters in [[Brooklyn, New York]]. It also included all of [[Ontario]] and the parts of [[Canada]] further east, though missionaries were only active in Ontario at this time.
*The Southern States Mission covered [[Florida]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[North Carolina|North]] and [[South Carolina]], [[Virginia]], [[Alabama]], [[Mississippi]], [[Tennessee]], [[Kentucky]] and [[Ohio]]. Ohio had been placed in this mission so there was a northern climate where missionaries could recover from illness. The Southern States Mission was headquartered in [[Chattanooga, Tennessee]].
*The Northern States Mission included [[Michigan]], [[Indiana]], [[Iowa]], [[Minnesota]], [[Wisconsin]], and [[Manitoba]]. It was headquartered in [[Chicago]].
*The Southwestern States Mission covered [[Missouri]], [[Kansas]], [[Oklahoma]], [[Arkansas]], [[Louisiana]] and [[Texas]]. It was headquartered in [[St. John, Kansas]].
*The [[Colorado]] Mission covered [[North Dakota|North]] and [[South Dakota]], [[Nebraska]], the eastern two-thirds of [[Wyoming]], Colorado and [[New Mexico]]. It was headquartered in [[Denver]].
*The Northwestern States Mission included Montana, Northern Idaho, [[Oregon]] and [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]]. It also included Western Canada; however, it would not be until 1902 that Nephi Pratt, president of the Northwestern States Mission and a son of [[Parley P. Pratt]], would lead missionaries into [[British Columbia]]. Edward G. Cannon was going about the [[Nome, Alaska]] region with a tabernacle on wheels in which to hold church meetings, but he had no actual connection with a mission and had gone to [[Alaska]] on his own initiative to share the gospel. The Northwestern States mission was headquartered in [[Portland, Oregon]]
*The last mission was the [[California]] Mission, which in 1900 had boundaries co-terminus with California. It was headquartered in [[Los Angeles]].<ref>{{harvnb|Cowan|1985|page=2}}</ref>

[[Arizona]], [[Nevada]], [[Utah]], Southern [[Idaho]] and Western Wyoming, all areas which by that time had large Mormon populations, were not in any mission. Missionary work, to the extent that it occurred in these areas, was administered through the Home Missionary Program at the stake level.

In 1902, the Middle States Mission was created with Ben E. Rich as president. However, in 1903, Ephraim H. Nye, president of the Southern States mission, died. He was replaced by Ben E. Rich and the boundaries of the missions were realigned. In 1904, the Southwestern States Mission was renamed the Central States Mission. After the [[1906 San Francisco earthquake|San Francisco earthquake and fire]] in 1906, the mission headquarters was relocated to Los Angeles from San Francisco. In the next few years the headquarters of the Central States Mission were moved to [[Independence, Missouri]], and the headquarters of the Northwestern States Mission were moved to [[Portland, Oregon]]. By 1907, the Colorado Mission was renamed the Western States Mission.<ref>{{citation |newspaper= [[Church News]] |url= http://www.ldschurchnewsarchive.com/articles/58691/United-States-information-Colorado.html |contribution= United States information: Colorado |title= Online Almanac |date= February 2, 2010 }}</ref> Also in these years, the headquarters of the Southern States Mission moved from Chattanooga to [[Atlanta, Georgia]].

In 1919, the first major change to missions in more than 15 years occurred. [[Ontario]], [[Manitoba]] and [[Québec]] were split from the Eastern States Mission and the Northern States Mission and organized as the Canadian Mission. In 1925, the North Central States Mission was organized with parts of the Western States, Northern States, and Canadian Missions included. In 1926, Ohio was transferred to the Northern States Mission.<ref>Deseret News Church Almanac, 2006 ed., p. 243</ref>

To get a sense of how large these missions were, in 1922 part of southwest New Mexico was added to the jurisdiction of the California mission.<ref>{{harvnb|Jenson|1941|page=309}}</ref>

====Central States Mission history====
The Missouri Independence Mission is one of the oldest missions. Its history goes back to 1855.

In the 1855 [[General Conference (LDS Church)|General Conference]] the church called missionaries to the Indian Territory. They worked primarily with the [[Cherokee]] and the [[Creek (people)|Creeks]]. There were also several converts made among the followers of [[Lyman Wight]] some of whom by that time were residing in Oklahoma. At the end of the year a company of 65 left for Utah.<ref name="Jenson 1941 p. 129"/> Early church apostle [[Parley P. Pratt]] was killed in the mission near [[Alma, Arkansas]] in 1857.

An early leader of the mission here was Henry Eyring, who presided 1858 to 1860.<ref>{{harvnb|Jenson|1936|page=345}}</ref> Eyring was an ancestor of the scientist [[Henry Eyring (chemist)|Henry Eyring]] and apostle [[Henry B. Eyring]].

In 1859 all except Eyring were expelled by Indian Agents as an outgrowth of the [[Utah War]].<ref name="Jenson 1941 p. 129">{{harvnb|Jenson|1941|page=129}}</ref> With Eyring's departure the following year little missionary work occurred until 1877 when Matthew Dalton and John Hubbard served in the Indian Territory. The mission was non-existent again for six years until [[George Teasdale]] and Matthew Dalton reopened the work in 1883.<ref name="Jenson 1941 p. 129"/> Teasdale wrote several tracks at this time.

In 1885 Andrew Kimball, the father of church president [[Spencer W. Kimball]], became the president of the mission. Under his leadership the mission expanded to include Kansas, Arkansas and Texas in its domain. The headquarters were by the time he was released from this position in 1897 at [[St. John, Kansas]].<ref name="Jenson 1941 p. 129"/> In 1900 the headquarters were still at St. John.<ref>{{harvnb|Cowan|1985|page={{Page needed|date=March 2012}} }}</ref>

In October 1900 Louisiana and Missouri were added to the mission.<ref name="Jenson 1941 p. 129"/> Earlier that year James G. Duffin became president of the mission. He presided over the organization of a colony of Latter-day Saints at [[Kelsey, Texas|Kelsey]], [[Upshur County, Texas]]. There were also church colonies established in the vicinity of [[Poynor, Texas|Poynor]], [[Henderson County, Texas]] and [[Spurger, Texas|Spurger]], [[Tyler County, Texas]].<ref name="Jenson 1941 p. 129"/>

In 1904 the name of the mission was changed to the Central States Mission. In 1906 [[Samuel O. Bennion]] became president of the mission. In that same year the mission headquarters were moved to [[Independence, Missouri]].<ref>{{harvnb|Jenson|1941|pages=129–130}}</ref>

Independence soon developed into the publication headquarters for the missions of the church in the United States. the mission operated [[Zion's Printing and Publishing Company]] which published ''[[Liahona the Elders Journal]]'' as well as many books and tracts.<ref>{{harvnb|Jenson|1941|page=130}}</ref>

In the 1910s Spencer W. Kimball served as a missionary in the Central States Mission.<ref>{{citation |authorlink= Edward L. Kimball |last= Kimball |first= Edward L. |last2= Kimball |first2= Andrew E. Jr. |title= Spencer W. Kimball: 12th President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints |location= Salt Lake City |publisher= [[Bookcraft]] |year= 1977 |isbn= |oclc= }}</ref>

In 1930 there were twelve districts in the Central States mission, the Arkansas, East Kansas, East Texas, Independence, Louisiana, Missouri, North Texas, Oklahoma, South Texas, Southwest Missouri, West Kansas and West Texas.<ref name="Jenson 1941 p. 129"/>

President Bennion was called to the [[First Council of the Seventy]] in 1933, but he continued to serve as president of the Central States Mission until 1935.<ref>{{harvnb|Cowan|1985|page=162}}</ref>

The modern mission generally corresponds to the Independence and East Kansas Districts of 1930.

In 1931 the Texas Mission was split off from the Southern area of the Central States Mission.<ref>2006 Church Almanac. (Salt Lake City: [[Deseret Morning News]]) p. 488</ref>

In 1974 the mission was renamed the Missouri Independence Mission. All missions were renamed in 1974 going from a system that tried to identify missions by a generalized notation of the location to naming them after the city in which they were headquartered. Later, some missions such as the Baltic State Mission and the Alpine German Speaking Mission were created that moved away from this format, but as of 2010 over 99% of missions worldwide had names in the country/city or state/city format.

====Early 20th century growth of the Northwestern States Mission====
From 1902-1909 Nephi Pratt served as the president of the mission. He was succeeded by [[Melvin J. Ballard]]. Among Ballard's successors in the 1920s was [[Brigham S. Young]], a son of [[Brigham Young Jr.]] and a grandson not only of [[Brigham Young]] but also of [[Orson Spencer]]. During the ten years Ballard was president the mission began teaching groups of Native Americans within its boundaries. By 1930 there were nine church-owned chapels as well as 23 organized branches in the mission. The mission did not include any organized stake. Missionary efforts had been extended into British Columbia and Alaska, although there was only one branch in British Columbia and no branches in Alaska.<ref>{{harvnb|Jenson|1941|pages=595–596}}</ref>

====Mission field versus stakes====
Early on in church history, a general dichotomy grew up where the "mission field" was viewed as a separate area from the stakes of the church.

This line began to blur in the 1920s. With the organization of stakes in California, the mission still sent missionaries into those areas although it no longer had jurisdiction over the local units.<ref>{{harvnb|Jenson|1941|pages=109}}</ref>

====East Central States Mission history====
The ancestor of the current Kentucky Louisville Mission was the East Central States Mission. It was organized in November 1928. It took in Kentucky, Tennessee, North Carolina, Virginia from the Southern States Mission and West Virginia and part of Maryland from the Eastern States Mission. Miles L. Jones, the new mission president, set up headquarters at Louisville.

By 1930 the Mission had eight districts, the Kentucky, East Kentucky, North Carolina, East Tennessee, Middle Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia North and West Virginia South Districts.<ref>{{harvnb|Jenson|1941|page=204}}</ref>

====Post–Second World War expansion====
[[File:MISSIONNAIRES MORMONS.JPG|thumb|right|[[Missionary (LDS Church)#Companionships|Two missionaries]] of The Church of Jesus-Christ of Latter-day Saints in 2008.]]
In 1945 there were the following missions in the United States:<ref>2006 Church Almanac. (Salt Lake City: Deseret Morning News) p. 484-489</ref>

{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*Northern California (organized 1942)
*Navajo-Zuni (organized 1943)
*New England (organized 1937)
*Spanish-American (organized 1936)
*Texas (organized 1931)
*East Central States
*North Central States
*Northwestern States
*Western States
*Central States
*Southern States
*Eastern States
*Northern States
{{div col end}}

In May 1945 the Texas Mission was renamed the Texas Louisiana Mission. In October 1947 the Central Atlantic States Mission was formed from the East Central States Mission. This mission was headquartered at Roanoke, Virginia.<ref>2006 Church Almanac. p. 274</ref> In 1970 this mission was renamed the North Carolina-Virginia Mission. In 1974 it became the Virginia Roanoke Mission. It was renamed the Virginia Richmond Mission in February 1992 and currently has its headquarters in Richmond.<ref>Church Almanac. p. 275, 489</ref>

In 1949 the Great Lakes Mission was organized, consisting of Michigan, Indiana and Ohio. The West Central States mission was organized in 1950, consisting primarily of Montana and Wyoming. There was then a break until a new mission was organized in the United States. There was no new mission organized in the United States for almost eight years after this. The general plan of having "states" in the various mission names was expanded when in 1955 the Texas-Louisiana Mission was renamed the Gulf States Mission.<ref>2006 Church Almanac. p. 488</ref>

In March 1958 the West Spanish-American Mission was organized. In October 1960 the Eastern Atlantic States Mission was organized with [[George B. Hill]] as president. This mission included the District of Columbia, Maryland, Delaware and southern New Jersey. This was the last new mission formed with "states" in its name. The next month the Florida Mission was organized with [[Karl R. Lyman]] as president. In February 1961 a new Texas Mission was split off from the Gulf States Mission.

In 1964 the Cumorah Mission was organized from the Eastern States Mission. Headquartered in Rochester, New York this showed that the "states" naming of missions was doomed. This mission would be renamed New York Rochester in 1974. This year also saw the organization of the Northern Indian Mission, organized from the Southwest Indian Mission, formerly the Navajo-Zuni Mission. This was the heyday of separate missions organized to proselyte with specific linguistic and ethnic groups. The California South Mission was formed in June 1966. 1967 saw two new missions that showed that "states" no longer made sense with missions since it was becoming true that missions often covered no more than one state. The Ohio Mission was organized from the Great Lakes Mission and the Texas South Mission was organized from the Texas and the Spanish-American missions. 1967 also saw the rest of the Spanish American Mission put in the Western States and Texas Missions. A decision had been made to have missionaries assigned to missions by area and not language. The full effects of this decision would not been seen for a few more years. On the 1st day of 1968 the Pacific Northwest Mission was organized. This made it so the Northwestern States mission was essential Oregon and adjacent parts of Idaho and the Pacific Northwest Mission was Washington with neighboring portions of Idaho.

Salt Lake City was first included in a regular mission in 1975. This was with the organization of the Utah Salt Lake City Mission.<ref>{{cite journal |url= http://www.lds.org/ensign/1975/05/news-of-the-church/mission-presidents-called |contribution= Mission Presidents Called |date=May 1975 |journal= [[Ensign (LDS magazine)|Ensign]] }}</ref>

===Latin America===
The first mission in [[Latin America]] was an attempt in the 1850s by [[Parley P. Pratt]] to preach in [[Chile]]. He made no progress and did not make a permanent impact.<ref>2010 Church Almanac: Chile</ref>

It was not until the 1870s, after Meliton Trejo and [[Daniel Webster Jones (Mormon)|Daniel Jones]] had translated the [[Book of Mormon]] into Spanish that missionary work began on a permanent footing in Mexico. The first mission president there was [[Moses Thatcher]]. Another early mission president in that land was [[Helaman Pratt]], son of Parley and father of [[Rey Pratt]].

The first permanent mission in South America was formed in 1925 under the direction of [[Melvin J. Ballard]].

Missionary work in Central America began in the late 1940s under the supervision of the Mexican Mission. A separate Central American Mission was organized in November 1952. In 1956 Mexican Mission was again divided with the Northern Mexican Mission being formed. A third mission was organized in 1960, this time by splitting the Northern Mexican mission and forming the West Mexican Mission, which would latter become the Mexico Hermosillo Mission.<ref>2006 Church Almanac. p. 491</ref>

===Europe===
After the initial opening of the British Mission it would be over ten years before missions would open in continental Europe. Although a missionary was sent to Germany in 1840 and [[Orson Hyde]] traveled across Europe in the early 1840s, it would not be until after the Latter-day Saints had gone to the [[Salt Lake Valley]] that missions would be established in Europe.

In October [[General Conference (LDS Church)|General Conference]] of 1849 three [[Apostle (Latter Day Saints)|apostles]] were called to open missionary work in Europe. [[Erastus Snow]] was assigned to open missionary work in [[Scandinavia]].<ref>Deseret News Church Almanac, 2007 ed. p. 345</ref> The other two assignments were for [[Lorenzo Snow]] to go to Italy and [[John Taylor (Mormon)|John Taylor]] to go to France. There were other elders assigned to accompany each of these apostles, so a mission organization was in place even before any missionaries had reached their destinations.

In the case of France, Howells{{Who|date=March 2009}} from [[Wales]] actually was in France preaching long before Taylor and his companions arrived. The French mission came to include the [[Channel Islands]] under John Taylor's direction, and this was where the mission saw the most converts in the early days.

A few years later one of Taylor's converts, [[Louis A. Bertrand|Louis Bertrand]], returned to the mission and organized a Mormon newspaper out of Paris. He had little success in winning converts.

The Scandinavian mission came to encompass Sweden, Denmark, Norway and [[Iceland]].

The Italian mission, despite the presence of [[Joseph Toronto]], was largely confined to northern Italy among the [[Waldensians]]. Lorenzo Snow also supervised the opening of the Swiss Mission. This mission eventually became the Swiss-Italian-German mission a few years later, and then "Italian" was dropped from the name since no missionary work was going on in Italy.

Missionary work in Portugal began after the [[Portuguese Revolution of 1974]]. [[David M. Kennedy]] was a special representative of the church who visited with Portuguese officials in Lisbon during August 1974. These officials granted Kennedy's request to establish the church in Portugal and to allow missionaries to enter the country. The Portuguese Parliament passed a law in November 1974 granting freedom of religion. Soon after, the church organized the Portugal Lisbon Mission, with [[William Grant Bangerter]] as the mission president.<ref>Information comes from a recorded interview with Kennedy, conducted in 1977 by Spencer J. Palmer of [[Brigham Young University]]. Copies of a nine-page written version of the recording are in the possession of several former church leaders in Portugal, including Allen K. Coryell, who was president of the Portugal Lisbon Mission from 1978 to 1981. ~~~~{{unreliable source?|date=January 2014}}</ref>

===Oceania===
The first missionaries to the [[Pacific Islands]] went to [[French Polynesia]] in 1844. These missionaries had much success in baptizing converts, but there were only three missionaries so no fully functioning order was needed. Addison Pratt was designated the mission president, but they made decisions on where to labor jointly.

In 1850 a mission was organized in [[Hawaiian Islands|Hawaii]]. Here there was also a designated mission president and there were enough missionaries to make it a clear process of assigning missionaries to specific areas. However each area was an island, and the number of missionaries in each area varied. Beyond this the decision to go from teaching in English to American and English sailors temporarily on the islands and other expatriates to teaching the natives in the [[Hawaiian Language]] was made by [[George Q. Cannon]], who was not the mission president.

Although some British Latter-day Saints on their way to Australia were [[Setting apart|set apart]] as missionaries in the early 1840s, missionary work on an organized basis did not begin there until the arrival of [[John Murdock (Mormon)|John Murdock]] and Charles Wandell in 1851.<ref>Deseret News Church Alamanc, 2007 ed., p. 297</ref>

===International Mission===
In 1973, the church created the International Mission and gave it responsibility for all areas of the world not otherwise assigned to organized missions.<ref>[//www.lds.org/ensign/1973/02/news-of-the-church/international-mission-established-to-serve-remote-areas-of-globe "International Mission Established to Serve Remote Areas of Globe"], ''[[Ensign (LDS magazine)|Ensign]]'', February 1973.</ref><ref>[//www.lds.org/ensign/1974/04/the-ends-of-the-earth-a-conversation-about-the-new-international-mission "The Ends of the Earth: A Conversation about the New International Mission"], ''[[Ensign (LDS magazine)|Ensign]]'', April 1974.</ref> Its purpose was the dissemination of church materials to correspondents who did not reside in organized missions. As the missionary work has expanded, the role of the International Mission has been superseded, and it was closed in about 1989.

===Africa===
The first mission in Africa was the [[South Africa]]n Mission, originally organized in 1851. This became the South Africa Cape Town and South Africa Johannesburg missions in 1985. Later, the South Africa Durban Mission was created from portions of these missions as well as other regions in southern Africa.

====West Africa====
There were attempts to open a mission in [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Nigeria|Nigeria]] in the 1960s. However the church decided against proceeding with these plans.

After the [[1978 Revelation on Priesthood|1978 revelation]] extending the priesthood to all worthy males was received, the church proceeded to open missions in [[West Africa]]. Initially the focus was on [[Ghana]] and [[Nigeria]], where there were groups that with unofficial church members who had been for years begging the church to send missionaries. Initially the missionaries sent to these nations were organized in the International Mission. As missionary work in these areas progressed they were organized as the West African Mission in 1981.

[[French language|French-speaking]] areas of Africa were originally organized into a separate [[Cameroon]] [[Yaounde]] Mission in 1991. The original plan was to have the mission cover a broad range of French speaking areas. However, after a short time it was decided to initially focus on building up the church in [[Côte d'Ivoire]], and so the mission headquarters was moved to [[Abidjan]].

===Asia===
The Japanese mission was split in 1968, with the mission headquartered in Tokyo retaining that name while a new mission was organized based in southern Japan that was designated the Japan-Okinawa Mission. The new mission was headed by Edward Y. Okazaki, a Japanese-American, along with his Japanese-American wife [[Chieko N. Okazaki]]. This mission was split again two years later. The Japan Central Mission was organized with headquarters in [[Kobe]] and with Okazaki continuing as president of that mission. The Japan West Mission was also organized at this time with headquarters in Fukuoka.<ref>[http://www.mission.net/japan/fukuoka/archives/okazakiera.html history of Japan Fukuoka Mission]</ref>

==Reunions==
Many missionaries working together build strong bonds of friendship, and for a few years after their missions are over, a former [[mission president]] will host reunions of missionaries who served during his tenure. As the missionaries come from many different parts of the world, it is common that the reunions are held in [[Utah]], especially during [[General Conference (LDS Church)|church general conference]] weekends, as it provides for the probability of the largest number of attendees. Several web sites have been created by church members with the express purpose of allowing mission alumni to keep in contact.

==Missions of the church==
{{main|List of missions of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Latter-day Saints|Book of Mormon}}
* [[Area (LDS Church)]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
* ''2001–2002 Deseret News Church Almanac'' (2000). Salt Lake City: [[Deseret News]].{{full|date=November 2012}}
* ''2006 Deseret News Church Almanac''{{full|date=November 2012}}
* ''2007 Deseret News Church Almanac''{{full|date=November 2012}}
* ''2010 Deseret News Church Almanac''{{full|date=November 2012}}
*{{citation
| last = Cowan
| first = Richard O.
| authorlink = Richard O. Cowan
| year = 1985
| title = The Church in the 20th Century
| location = Salt Lake City
| publisher = [[Bookcraft]]
| isbn = 0884945413
}}.
*{{citation
| last = Jenson
| first = Andrew
| authorlink = Andrew Jenson
| title = Latter-day Saint Biographical Encyclopedia
| volume = 4
| year = 1936
| location = Salt Lake City, Utah
| publisher = Andrew Jenson Memorial Association
| url = http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/BYUIBooks/id/6025
}}.
*{{citation
| last = Jenson
| first = Andrew
| authorlink = Andrew Jenson
| year = 1941
| title = Encyclopedic History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
| location = Salt Lake City, Utah
| publisher = [[Deseret News|Deseret News Publishing Company]]
| url = http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/BYUIBooks/id/2694
}}.

==Further reading==
* Van Orden, Bruce A. ''Building Zion: the Latter-day Saints in Europe''. Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret Book Co., 1996. {{ISBN|0-87579-939-6}}

==External links==
* [http://www.mission.net/ LDS Mission Network] - index of LDS missionary alumni websites
* [http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/BYUIBooks&CISOPTR=2694&CISOSHOW=2693 Encyclopedic History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints] - BYU Library Online
{{LDSgeounits}}

[[Category:Mormon missionaries]]
[[Category:Organizational subdivisions of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]]
[[Category:Religious organizations established in 1837]]
[[Category:Types of Latter Day Saint organization]]

Magnitsky Act

2018-05-14T21:48:58Z

{{Infobox U.S. legislation
| name = Magnitsky Act
| fullname = Russia and Moldova Jackson–Vanik Repeal and Sergei Magnitsky Rule of Law Accountability Act of 2012
| acronym =
| nickname = Magnitsky Act
| enacted by = 112th
| effective date =
| public law url =
| cite public law = {{USPL|112|208}}
| cite statutes at large = {{USStat|126|1496}}
| acts amended =
| acts repealed =
| title amended = 
| sections created = 
| sections amended =
| leghisturl =
| introducedin = House
| introducedbill = "Russia and Moldova Jackson–Vanik Repeal Act of 2012" ({{USBill|112|HR|6156}})
| introducedby = [[Dave Camp]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]-[[Michigan|MI]])
| introduceddate = July 19, 2012
| committees = [[United States House Committee on Ways and Means|House Ways and Means]]
| passedbody1 = House
| passeddate1 = November 16, 2012
| passedvote1 = [http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2012/roll608.xml 365–43]
| passedbody2 = Senate
| passedas2 = 
| passeddate2 = December 6, 2012
| passedvote2 = [https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=112&session=2&vote=00223 92–4]
| signedpresident = [[Barack Obama]]
| signeddate = December 14, 2012
| amendments =
| SCOTUS cases =
}}

The '''Magnitsky Act''', formally known as the '''Russia and Moldova Jackson–Vanik Repeal and Sergei Magnitsky Rule of Law Accountability Act of 2012''', is a bipartisan bill passed by the [[U.S. Congress]] and signed by President [[Barack Obama|Obama]] in December 2012, intending to punish Russian officials responsible for the death of Russian [[tax accountant]] [[Sergei Magnitsky]] in a [[Moscow]] prison in 2009. Since 2016 the bill is applied on a global scale by the US government.

==Background==

In 2009, Russian tax accountant [[Sergei Magnitsky]] died in a Moscow prison after investigating a $230 million fraud involving Russian tax officials.<ref name="Eckel 2017"/> Magnitsky was accused of committing the fraud himself and detained.<ref name="Eckel 2017">{{cite news | last=Eckel | first=Mike | title=U.S. Settles Magnitsky-Linked Money Laundering Case On Eve Of Trial | work=[[RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty]] | date=May 13, 2017 | url=https://www.rferl.org/a/magnitsky-prevezon-u-s-settlement-6-million/28483793.html | access-date=March 10, 2018}}</ref> While in prison, Magnitsky developed [[gall stones]], [[pancreatitis]] and [[Cholecystitis|calculous cholecystitis]] and was refused medical treatment for months. After almost a year of imprisonment, he [[Sergei Magnitsky#Death in custody|was beaten to death]] while in custody.<ref name=Bbc2012-12-07>
{{cite news| url= http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-20626960| title= Q&A: The Magnitsky affair| work= [[BBC News]]
| date = July 11, 2013| accessdate = March 10, 2018}}</ref><ref name=PerthNow2012-12-27>
{{cite news|url= http://www.perthnow.com.au/news/world/russia-puts-dead-lawyer-magnitsky-on-trial/story-fnd14032-1226544326077|title = Russia puts dead lawyer Sergei Magnitsky on trial|work=[[Perth Now]]
| agency= [[Agence France-Presse|AFP]]| date= December 27, 2012|archivedate = January 1, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130101123649/http://www.perthnow.com.au/news/world/russia-puts-dead-lawyer-magnitsky-on-trial/story-fnd14032-1226544326077}}</ref><ref name=TheAtlantic2017-07-05>
{{cite news| url= https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/07/bill-browders-testimony-to-the-senate-judiciary-committee/534864/| title= Bill Browder's Testimony to the Senate Judiciary Committee|work=[[The Atlantic]]| first= Rosie|last= Gray| date= July 25, 2017| accessdate =July 31, 2017|quote = "... they put him in an isolation cell, chained him to a bed, and eight riot guards came in and beat him with rubber batons. That night he was found dead on the cell floor."}}</ref> [[Bill Browder]], a prominent American businessman and friend of Magnitsky, publicized the case and lobbied American officials to pass legislation sanctioning Russian individuals involved in corruption. Browder brought the case to Senators [[Benjamin Cardin]] and [[John McCain]] who proceeded to propose legislation.<ref name="Trindle 2014">{{cite news|last=Trindle|first=Jamila|title=The Magnitsky Flip-Flop|work=[[Foreign Policy]] | date=May 15, 2014|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2014/05/15/the-magnitsky-flip-flop/|access-date=March 10, 2018}}</ref>

==Law==
In June 2012, the [[United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs]] reported to the House a bill called the Sergei Magnitsky Rule of Law Accountability Act of 2012 (H.R. 4405).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archives.republicans.foreignaffairs.house.gov/news/story/?2401|title=Russia Human Rights Legislation Passes Foreign Affairs Committee|work=[[United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs]]|date= June 7, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130110194137/http://archives.republicans.foreignaffairs.house.gov/news/story/?2401|archivedate=January 10, 2013}}</ref> The main intention of the law was to punish Russian officials who were thought to be responsible for the death of Sergei Magnitsky by prohibiting their entrance to the United States and their use of its banking system.<ref name=WP2012/> The legislation was taken up by a [[United States Senate|Senate]] panel the next week, sponsored by Senator [[Ben Cardin]], and cited in a broader review of the mounting tensions in the international relationship.<ref>{{cite news|author1=Baker, Peter|authorlink1=Peter Baker (author)|title=Syria Crisis and Putin’s Return Chill U.S. Ties With Russia|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/14/world/europe/putins-return-brings-rapid-chill-to-us-russia-ties.html|accessdate=March 10, 2018|work=[[New York Times]]|date=June 13, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Belton |first1=Catherine |last2=Dyer|first2=Geoff|url=https://www.ft.com/content/e2bcc8b6-bfac-11e1-8bf2-00144feabdc0 |title=‘Magnitsky law’ makes progress in Senate |work=[[Financial Times]] |date=June 26, 2012 |accessdate=December 18, 2012}}</ref>

In November 2012, provisions of the Magnitsky bill were attached to a House bill (H.R. 6156) normalizing trade with Russia (i.e., repealing the [[Jackson–Vanik amendment]]) and [[Moldova]].<ref name=NYT111612>{{cite news|title=House Passes Russia Trade Bill With Eye on Rights Abuses|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/17/world/americas/house-votes-to-increase-trade-with-russia.html|accessdate=November 17, 2012|work=[[New York Times]]|date=November 16, 2012|author=Peters, Jeremy W.}}</ref> On December 6, 2012, the U.S. Senate passed the House version of the law, 92-4.<ref name=WP2012>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/us-passes-magnitsky-bill-aimed-at-russia/2012/12/06/262a5bba-3fd5-11e2-bca3-aadc9b7e29c5_story.html|title=Russia fumes as U.S. Senate passes Magnitsky law aimed at human rights|date=December 6, 2012|accessdate=December 11, 2012|work=[[Washington Post]]|first1=Kathy|last1=Lally|first2=Will|last2=Englund}}</ref> The law was signed by President [[Barack Obama]] on December 14, 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2012/12/14/statement-press-secretary-hr-6156 |title=Statement by the Press Secretary on H.R. 6156 |website=ObamaWhiteHouse.archives.gov|publisher=[[The White House]] |date=December 14, 2012 |accessdate=March 10, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.ruvr.ru/2012_12_15/Russia-US-Normalization-fraught-with-conflict/|title=Russia-US: Normalization fraught with conflict|work=[[Voice of Russia]]|author=Fedyashin, Andrey|date=December 15, 2012 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028180733/http://voiceofrussia.com//2012_12_15/Russia-US-Normalization-fraught-with-conflict/|archivedate=October 28, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Obama signs Magnitsky Act linked with Jackson–Vanik Amendment termination|url=http://www.interfax.com/newsinf.asp?id=383015|work=[[Interfax]]|date=December 14, 2012|accessdate=December 26, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Obama Signs Magnitsky Bill|url=https://themoscowtimes.com/news/obama-signs-magnitsky-bill-20207|work=[[The Moscow Times]]|accessdate=March 10, 2018|date=December 17, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ifTJR_NiuSC0kkGDgBkKJjDDYSqQ?docId=CNG.1a7e217111e4906ef1b6b3e54e79e1b0.141 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121218222752/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ifTJR_NiuSC0kkGDgBkKJjDDYSqQ?docId=CNG.1a7e217111e4906ef1b6b3e54e79e1b0.141|title=Obama signs Russia rights law despite Putin fury |first=Stephen |last=Collinson|work=[[Agence France-Presse|AFP]] |date=December 14, 2012 |archivedate=December 18, 2012}}</ref>

In 2016, Congress enacted the Global Magnitsky Act which allows the US Government to sanction foreign government officials implicated in human rights abuses anywhere in the world.<ref name=HRW>{{cite web|title=The US Global Magnitsky Act: Questions and Answers|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/09/13/us-global-magnitsky-act|website=[[Human Rights Watch]]|accessdate=November 27, 2017|date=September 13, 2017}}</ref>

==Individuals affected==
The Obama administration made public a list of 18 individuals affected by the Act in April 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=Magnitsky Sanctions Listings|url=https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/OFAC-Enforcement/Pages/20130412.aspx|website=[[United States Department of the Treasury]]|date=April 12, 2013|accessdate=March 10, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Factbox: Who's who on the U.S. Magnitsky list|url=https://news.yahoo.com/factbox-whos-u-magnitsky-list-220046497.html|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130416061627/https://news.yahoo.com/factbox-whos-u-magnitsky-list-220046497.html|work=[[Yahoo! News]]|date=April 12, 2013|archivedate=April 16, 2013|agency=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Magnitsky List release: severe blow on Moscow-US ties|date=April 12, 2013|work=[[Voice of Russia]]|url=http://english.ruvr.ru/2013_04_12/Magnitsky-List-release-severe-blow-on-Moscow-US-ties/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617090515/http://english.ruvr.ru/2013_04_12/Magnitsky-List-release-severe-blow-on-Moscow-US-ties/|archivedate=June 17, 2013}}</ref> The people included on the list are:
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*Artem (aka Artyom) Kuznetsov, a tax investigator for the Moscow division of the [[Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russia)|Ministry of Internal Affairs]]
*Pavel Karpov, a senior investigator for the Moscow division of the Ministry of Internal Affairs
*Oleg F. Silchenko, a senior investigator for the Ministry of Internal Affairs
*Olga Stepanova, head of Moscow Tax Office No. 28
*{{ill|Yelena Stashina|ru|Сташина, Елена Владимировна}}, [[Tverskoy District|Tverskoy]] [[Judiciary of Russia#District courts|District Court]] judge who prolonged Magnitsky's detention
*Andrey Pechegin, deputy head of the investigation supervision division of the general prosecutor's office
*Aleksey Droganov
*Yelena Khimina, Moscow tax official
*Dmitriy Komnov, head of Butyrka Detention Center
*Aleksey Krivoruchko, Tverskoy District Court judge
*{{ill|Oleg Logunov|ru|Логунов, Олег Владимирович}}
*Sergei G. Podoprigorov, Tverskoy District Court judge
*Ivan Pavlovitch Prokopenko
*Dmitri M. Tolchinskiy
*Svetlana Ukhnalyova
*Natalya V. Vinogradova
*Kazbek Dukuzov, Chechen acquitted of the murder of [[Paul Klebnikov]]
*Lecha Bogatyrov, implicated by Austrian authorities as the murderer of [[Umar Israilov]]
*[[Ramzan Kadyrov]], Head of the Chechen Republic<ref>{{cite news|title=Chechnya moves to silence Oyub Titiev, a courageous critic|url=https://www.economist.com/news/europe/21734932-after-chechen-human-rights-defender-predicted-state-would-plant-drugs-him-police-claim|work=[[The Economist]]|date=January 17, 2018|accessdate=January 18, 2018}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

==Russian government reaction==

In response to the adoption of the Magnitsky Act, the Russian government [[Dima Yakovlev Law|denied Americans adoption of Russian children]], issued a list of US officials prohibited from entering Russia, and posthumously convicted Magnitsky as guilty.<ref>{{cite news|title=Dead Russian lawyer Magnitsky found guilty|url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/dead-russian-lawyer-magnitsky-found-guilty|agency=[[Associated Press]]|first=Jim|last=Heintz|date=July 11, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130714160622/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/dead-russian-lawyer-magnitsky-found-guilty|archivedate=July 14, 2013}}</ref> In addition, the Russian government reportedly lobbied against the legislation acting through a public relations company led by [[Kenneth Duberstein]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Kredo, Adam |url=http://freebeacon.com/politics/bank-of-putin/ |title=Bank of Putin: Goldman Sachs lobbying against human rights legislation |work=[[The Washington Free Beacon]] |date=July 19, 2012 |accessdate=December 18, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Абаринов|first1=Владимир|title=Противозаконное задержание|url=https://graniru.org/opinion/abarinov/m.199413.html|website=Graniru.org|accessdate=March 11, 2018|language=Russian|date=August 3, 2012}}</ref>

===Ban on U.S. adoption of Russian children===
{{main|Dima Yakovlev Law}}
On December 19, 2012, the [[State Duma]] voted 400 to 4 to ban the [[international adoption]] of Russian children into the United States. The bill was unofficially named after Dmitri Yakovlev (Chase Harrison), a Russian toddler who accidentally died of [[heat stroke]] in 2008 when his adoptive American father forgot he was in the back seat of his SUV.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/20/world/europe/russia-votes-to-ban-all-adoptions-by-americans.html|title=Russia Vote Favors Ban on Adoptions by Americans|first=David M.|last=Herszenhorn|date=December 19, 2012|accessdate=December 20, 2012|work=[[New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Jackman, Tom|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-state-of-nova/post/toddlers-tragic-death-in-herndon-in-overheated-car-continues-as-political-issue-in-russia-four-years-later/2012/12/12/c6a6c9c6-43e4-11e2-9648-a2c323a991d6_blog.html|title=Toddler’s tragic death in Herndon, in overheated car, continues as political issue in Russia four years later|work=[[Washington Post]]|date=December 12, 2012|accessdate=December 20, 2012}}</ref> Other recent developments include the proposition of a law to prevent US citizens from working with political [[Non-governmental organization|NGOs]] in Russia and a proposition of a law, recently abandoned, preventing any foreigner from speaking on state television if they discredited the state.<ref>{{cite news|author=J.Y. |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/easternapproaches/2013/01/russian-politics?fsrc=scn/tw/te/bl/thekremlinsnewantiamericanism |title=Russian politics: The Kremlin's new Anti-Americanism |work=[[The Economist]] |date=January 30, 2013 |accessdate=April 14, 2013}}</ref>

===Banning some U.S. officials from Russia===
{{main|Guantanamo list}}
On April 13, 2013, Russia released a list naming 18 Americans banned from entering the Russian Federation over their alleged human rights violations, as a direct response to the Magnitsky list.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite news|work=[[RT (TV network)|RT]] |url=https://www.rt.com/news/anti-magnitsky-list-russia-799/ |title=Russia strikes back with Magnitsky list response|date=April 13, 2013|accessdate=April 14, 2013}}</ref> The people banned from Russia are listed below:

US officials involved in legalizing [[enhanced interrogation techniques|torture]] and indefinite detention of prisoners:
*[[David Addington]], Chief of Staff to Vice President [[Dick Cheney]] (2005–2009)
*[[John Yoo]], Assistant US Attorney General in the Office of Legal Counsel, Department of Justice (2001–2003)
*[[Geoffrey D. Miller]], retired US Army Major General, commandant of [[Joint Task Force Guantanamo]] (JTF-GTMO), the organization that runs the [[Guantanamo Bay detention camp]]s (2002–2003)
*[[Jeffrey Harbeson]], US Navy officer, commandant of JTF-GTMO (2010–2012)

The Russian lawmakers also banned several U.S. officials involved in the prosecution and trial of Russian arms smuggler [[Viktor Bout]] and drug smuggler Konstantin Yaroshenko, both serving prison time in the United States:<ref>{{cite news|author=Englund, Will |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/russia-bans-american-officials-in-retaliatory-move/2013/04/13/9de797ae-a429-11e2-9c03-6952ff305f35_story.html |title=Russia retaliates against U.S., bans American officials |work=[[Washington Post]] |date=April 13, 2013 |accessdate=April 14, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Loiko |first=Sergei L. |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2013/apr/13/world/la-fg-wn-18-americans-barred-from-russia-in-titfortat-sanctions-20130413 |title=18 Americans barred from Russia in tit-for-tat sanctions |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=April 13, 2013 |accessdate=April 14, 2013}}</ref>
*[[Jed Rakoff]], Senior US District Judge for the [[United States District Court for the Southern District of New York|Southern District of New York]]
*[[Preet Bharara]], former US Attorney for the Southern District of New York
*[[Michael J. Garcia]], former US Attorney for the Southern District of New York
*Brendan R. McGuire, Assistant US Attorney
*Anjan S. Sahni, Assistant US Attorney
*Christian R. Everdell, Assistant US Attorney
*Jenna Minicucci Dabbs, Assistant US Attorney
*Christopher L. Lavigne, Assistant US Attorney
*Michael Max Rosensaft, Assistant US Attorney
*Louis J. Milione, Special Agent, US [[Drug Enforcement Administration]] (DEA)
*Sam Gaye, Senior Special Agent, US DEA
*Robert F. Zachariasiewicz, Special Agent, US DEA
*Derek S. Odney, Special Agent, US DEA
*Gregory A. Coleman, Special Agent, US [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]<ref name="autogenerated1"/>

==Trump campaign–Russian meeting==
{{main article|Trump campaign–Russian meetings}}
In June 2016, a Russian lawyer, [[Natalia Veselnitskaya]], who was hired to lobby against the Magnitsky Act in the US, set up a Trump campaign–Russia meeting with Donald Trump, Jr., purportedly to discuss altering the Russian Duma's sanctions against American adoption of Russian children along with other alleged illegal activities. On July 11, 2017, Reuters US reported that at the meeting "[Russia] offered to provide the Trump campaign with some official documents and information that would incriminate Hillary [Clinton] and her dealings with Russia and would be very useful to [Trump Jr.'s] father".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sullivan|first1=Andy|last2=Mohammed|first2=Arshad|title=Trump Jr. emails suggest he welcomed Russian help against Clinton|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-russia-emails/trump-jr-emails-suggest-he-welcomed-russian-help-against-clinton-idUSKBN19W1VW|accessdate=March 11, 2018|work=[[Reuters]]|date=July 11, 2017}}</ref> Donald Trump Jr. insisted that Veselnitskaya did not reveal any damaging information about Secretary Clinton, contrary to what his correspondence had suggested. Trump Jr. subsequently released to the public via Twitter his personal records and correspondence between the Trump campaign team and [[Rob Goldstone]], a longtime business partner and friend of Trump Sr. who actively represents several Russian interests and who had first pitched the meeting to Trump Jr.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Watkins|first1=Ali|title=U.S. officials probing Russian lobbyist who met Trump team|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2017/07/14/russia-lobbyist-rinat-akhmetshin-us-investigation-240562|accessdate=March 11, 2018|work=[[Politico]]|date=July 14, 2017}}</ref>

==Reception==
{{incomplete|section|date=January 2013}}
Australian expatriate jurist [[Geoffrey Robertson]], who is representing some of the Magnitsky campaigners, has described the Act as "one of the most important new developments in human rights". He says it provides "a way of getting at the Auschwitz train drivers, the [[apparatchik]]s, the people who make a little bit of money from human rights abuses and generally keep under the radar".<ref>{{cite web|title=International human rights lawyer Geoffrey Robertson speaks on fate of Assange|url=https://www.humanrights.gov.au/news/stories/international-human-rights-lawyer-geoffrey-robertson-speaks-fate-assange|website=[[Australian Human Rights Commission]]|accessdate=March 11, 2018|date=December 18, 2012}}</ref>

[[State Duma]] deputy Yevgeny Fedorov argued that the real purpose of the Magnitsky bill was to manipulate key figures in big business and government, with the aim of pro-American policy in the [[Russian Federation]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Фёдоров|first1=Евгений|title=Список Магнитского – манипуляция|url=http://tv.russia.ru/video/diskurs_13815/|accessdate=March 11, 2018|work=Russia.ru|date=November 29, 2012|language=Russian}}</ref>

The Ministry of Internal Affairs Directorate for Special Affairs in the U.K. stated that it is aware of those on the list. The U.K. bans travel of those on the list under existing legislation which prohibits entry for those implicated in cases of human rights violations.<ref name=PRU7913>{{cite news|first=Anton|last= Kulikov|title=Will Britain sing America's anti-Russian tunes?|url=http://www.pravdareport.com/russia/politics/09-07-2013/125073-britain_russia-0/|work=[[Pravda.ru]]|accessdate=March 11, 2013|date=July 9, 2013}}</ref>

The ''[[World Socialist Web Site]]'' condemned the United States for only invoking human rights as a cover for [[realpolitik]], stating that Washington had supported "far greater crimes, [such] as when Boris Yeltsin in 1993 ordered [[1993 Russian constitutional crisis|bombardment]] of the [[White House (Moscow)|Russian White House]], the seat of the country’s parliament, killing 62 people".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Van Auken|first1=Bill|title=Moscow calls Obama’s human rights bluff|url=https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2013/04/16/pers-a16.html|website=[[World Socialist Web Site]]|accessdate=March 11, 2018|date=April 16, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/1993/oct/05/russia.davidhearst|title=Yeltsin crushes revolt|last1=Hearst|first1=David|last2=Steele|first2=Jonathan|date=October 5, 1993|work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=February 14, 2018}}</ref>

In March 2015, the parliament of Canada passed an initial motion towards passing such a law.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Clark|first1=Campbell|title=All parties signal support for Magnitsky law to sanction Russian officials|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/all-parties-signal-support-for-magnitsky-law-to-sanction-russian-officials/article23617841/|accessdate=March 11, 2018|work=[[The Globe and Mail]]|date=March 25, 2015}}</ref>

In July 2017 on ''[[Fareed Zakaria GPS]]'' by CNN, [[Fareed Zakaria]] interviewed [[Bill Browder]], who discussed the Magnitsky Act, and topics such as why Putin is directly threatened by it, the money given by Russia government to more than 10,000 Russian human-rights abusers, the June 2016 Trump campaign–Russian meeting, and the power and influence of Russian money in Washington DC at present.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Zakaria|first1=Fareed|last2=Browder|first2=Bill|title=The Magnitsky Act and the Russia investigation|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TEStb5DedNA|accessdate=March 11, 2018|work=[[CNN]]|date=July 16, 2017|format=video}}</ref>

==January 2017 blacklisting==
On January 9, 2017, under the Magnitsky Act, the [[United States Department of the Treasury|United States Treasury]]'s [[Office of Foreign Assets Control]] updated its Specially Designated Nationals List and blacklisted [[Alexander Bastrykin|Aleksandr I. Bastrykin]], [[Andrey Lugovoy|Andrei K. Lugovoi]], [[Dmitry Kovtun|Dmitri V. Kovtun]], Stanislav Gordievsky, and Gennady Plaksin, which froze any of their assets held by American financial institutions or transactions with those institutions and banned their travelling to the United States.<ref>{{cite news|last=Landler|first = Mark|author-link=Mark Landler|title =U.S. to Blacklist 5 Russians, a Close Putin Aide Among Them|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/09/us/politics/russian-sanctions-obama-administration.html|work=[[New York Times]]|date=January 9, 2017|accessdate=January 9, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title = Magnitsky-related Designations; Counter Terrorism Designations; Office of Foreign Assests Control: Specially Designated Nationals List Update|url = https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/OFAC-Enforcement/Pages/20170109.aspx|website=[[United States Department of the Treasury]]|date=January 9, 2017|accessdate=January 9, 2017}}</ref>

==Implementation oversight in 2017==
[[United States President|President]] [[Donald Trump]] gave a memorandum to Congress on the implementation of the act on April 21, 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.politico.eu/article/donald-trump-crackdown-on-rights-abusers-in-russia/|title=Trump pledges crackdown on rights abusers in Russia and beyond|first=David M.|last=Herszenhorn|work=[[Politico]]|date=April 21, 2017|accessdate=April 22, 2017}}</ref>

In May 2017 US authorities settled a case against Prevezon, one of the companies used for laundering the money exfiltrated from Russia as result of the fraud discovered by Sergey Magnitsky. The settlement dismissed the case, and the real-estate company agreed to pay a $5.8 million fine.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Scannell|first1=Kara|title=US strikes $5.8m deal on Russia money-laundering case|url=https://www.ft.com/content/31fd3496-3669-11e7-99bd-13beb0903fa3|accessdate=March 11, 2018|work=[[Financial Times]]|date=May 14, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lawandorderinrussia.org/2017/son-of-senior-russian-government-official-to-pay-us-5-9-million-to-the-us-treasury-in-the-first-money-laundering-action-linked-to-magnitsky-case/|title=Son of Senior Russian Government Official to Pay US$5.9 Million to the US Treasury in the First Money Laundering Action Linked to Magnitsky Case|website=LawAndOrderInRussia.org|date=May 13, 2017|accessdate=May 13, 2017|format=press release}}</ref>

Also in May 2017 an investigation was started on £6.6m that was allegedly transferred from the fraud scheme into a banking firm in the UK.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-39964545|title=Police probe UK links to Magnitsky money|last=Vardy|first=Emma|date=May 20, 2017|work=[[BBC News]]|accessdate=May 20, 2017}}</ref>

On September 8, 2017 President Trump in a memorandum delegated authority to alter the financial sanctions in this act to [[United States Secretary of the Treasury|Secretary of the Treasury]] and the issue of visas to the [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Presidential Memorandum for the Secretary of State and the Secretary of the Treasury|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/presidential-memorandum-secretary-state-secretary-treasury/|website=[[The White House]]|accessdate=March 11, 2018|date=September 8, 2017}}</ref>

==Internationalization of the Magnitsky Act==

In December 2016, Congress enlarged the scope of the Magnitsky Act to address human rights abuses on a global scale. The current Global Magnitsky Act (GMA) allows the US Government to sanction corrupt government officials implicated in abuses anywhere in the world.<ref name=HRW/>

In September 2017, a group of NGOs and anti-corruption organizations identified fifteen international cases where alleged crimes were committed. Individuals from countries, including Azerbaijan, Bahrain, China, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, Liberia, Mexico, Panama, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Tajikistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, and Vietnam, were nominated for sanctions.<ref>{{cite web|title=NGOs Identify Human Rights Abusers, Corrupt Actors for Sanctions Under U.S. Bill|url=
https://www.humanrightsfirst.org/press-release/ngos-identify-human-rights-abusers-corrupt-actors-sanctions-under-us-bill|website=[[Human Rights First]]|accessdate=November 27, 2017|date=September 13, 2017|format=press release}}</ref>

On December 21, 2017, 13 additional names were added to the list of sanctioned individuals. This included [[Yahya Jammeh]], former president of The Gambia and [[Roberto Jose Rivas Reyes]], the president of Nicaragua’s Supreme Electoral Council.<ref>{{cite web|title=United States Sanctions Human Rights Abusers and Corrupt Actors Across the Globe|url=https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sm0243 |website=[[United States Department of the Treasury]]|accessdate=January 12, 2018 | date=December 21, 2017|format=press release}}</ref>

==Magnitsky Acts in other countries==

Legislation similar to, and inspired by, the December 2016 US Global Magnitsky Act has subsequently been enacted in other countries.

===Estonia===

On December 8, 2016, [[Estonia]] introduced a new law, inspired by the Sergei Magnitsky case, to ban foreigners deemed guilty of human rights abuses from entering the country. The law, which was passed unanimously in the [[Riigikogu|Estonian Parliament]], states that it entitles Estonia to forbid entry to people if, among other things, "there is information or good reason to believe" that they took part in activities which resulted in the "death or serious damage to health of a person".<ref>{{cite news|first=Andrew|last=Rettman|url=https://euobserver.com/foreign/136217|title=Estonia joins US in passing Magnitsky law|work=[[EUobserver]]|date=December 9, 2016|accessdate=October 30, 2017}}</ref>

===United Kingdom===

On February 21, 2017 the UK House of Commons unanimously passed an amendment to the country's Criminal Finances Bill inspired by the Magnitsky Act that would allow the government to freeze the assets of international human rights violators in the UK.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.occrp.org/en/daily/6104-uk-house-of-commons-passes-the-magnitsky-asset-freezing-sanctions|title=UK House of Commons Passes the Magnitsky Asset Freezing Sanctions|date=February 21, 2017|accessdate=November 16, 2017|website=[[Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project]]}}</ref> On May 1, 2018, the UK House of Commons, without opposition, added the “Magnitsky amendment” to the Sanctions and Anti-Money Laundering Bill that would allow the British government to impose sanctions on people who commit gross human rights violations.<ref>https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-russia-magnitsky/uk-lawmakers-back-magnitsky-amendment-on-sanctions-for-human-rights-abuses-idUSKBN1I24BI</ref>

===Canada===

In May 2017, the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia)|Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] warned [[Canada]] that its anticipated new law, known as ''The Justice for Victims of Corrupt Foreign Officials Bill (Sergei Magnitsky Law)'', was a "blatantly unfriendly step", and that "If the [[Parliament of Canada|Canadian Parliament]] approves this sanctions legislation, the relations between our countries, which are already experiencing difficult times, will suffer significant damage". [[CBC News]] in Canada also reported that Russia has placed Canada's Foreign Minister, [[Chrystia Freeland]], and twelve other Canadian politicians and activists on a [[Moscow Kremlin|Kremlin]] 'blacklist' and has barred them from entering Russia because of their criticism of Russian actions in [[Ukraine]] and its annexation of [[Crimea]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Levon|last=Sevunts|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/russia-warns-canada-magnitsky-1.4122758|title=Russia warns Canada over 'blatantly unfriendly' Magnitsky Act|work=[[CBC News]]|date=May 18, 2017|accessdate=October 29, 2017}}</ref>

On October 19, 2017, the Canadian Parliament passed the Bill into law,<ref>{{cite news|title=Canada Passes Version Of Magnitsky Act, Raising Moscow’s Ire|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/canada-passes-magnistky-act-russia-sanctions/28804814.html|accessdate=October 23, 2017|work=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]|date=October 19, 2017}}</ref> after a unanimous vote in Canada's [[House of Commons of Canada|House of Commons]], with 277 for, and none against.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canada-russia-magnitsky-bill-1.4321562|title=As Canada's Magnitsky bill nears final vote, Russia threatens retaliation|work=[[CBC News]]|agency=[[Thomson Reuters]]|date=October 4, 2017|accessdate=October 30, 2017}}</ref> Russia's President, [[Vladimir Putin]], accused Canada of "political games" over its new Magnitsky law.<ref>{{cite news|first= Mike |last=Blanchfield|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/3816237/vladimir-putin-canada-magnitsky-law/|title=Vladimir Putin accuses Canada of ‘political games’ over Magnitsky law|work=[[Global News]]|agency=[[The Canadian Press]]|date=October 20, 2017|accessdate=October 31, 2017}}</ref>

Canada's Magnitsky Act also targeted 19 Venezuelan and 3 South Sudanese officials, along with the original 30 Russian individuals under sanctions.<ref>{{cite news|title=Russia, South Sudan and Venezuela are Canada's 1st targets using sanctions under Magnitsky Act|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/russia-south-sudan-venezuela-magnitsky-sanctions-1.4386477|accessdate=March 11, 2018|work=[[CBC News]]|date=November 3, 2017}}</ref>

===Lithuania===

On November 9, 2017 the [[Seimas|Parliament of Lithuania]] approved for discussion relevant amendments to the law, with 78 votes in support, one against and five abstentions. Finally, on November 16, 2017 (the 8th anniversary of Sergei Magnitsky’s death) the [[Seimas|Parliament of Lithuania]] passed the law unanimously.
===Latvia===
On February 8, 2018, [[Parliament of Latvia]] (Saeima) accepted attachment of law of sanctions, inspired by the Sergei Magnitsky case, to ban foreigners deemed guilty of human rights abuses from entering the country.

==See also==
*[[Dima Yakovlev Law]]
*[[International sanctions during the Ukrainian crisis]]
*[[Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |first=Bill |last=Browder |year=2015 |title=Red Notice: A True Story of High Finance, Murder, and One Man’s Fight for Justice |location= |publisher=Simon & Schuster |edition=Reprint |isbn=978-1-4767-5574-8 }}
* {{cite journal |first=Emma |last=Gilligan |title=Smart Sanctions against Russia: Human Rights, Magnitsky and the Ukrainian Crisis |journal=[[Demokratizatsiya (journal)|Demokratizatsiya]] |volume=24 |issue=2 |year=2016 |pages=257–277 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/619863/summary }}
* {{cite journal |first=Anton |last=Moiseienko |year=2015 |title=‘No Safe Haven’: Denying Entry to the Corrupt as a New Anti-Corruption Policy |journal=Journal of Money Laundering Control |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=400–410 |doi=10.1108/JMLC-01-2014-0004 }}
* {{cite journal |first=Jordan |last=Tama |year=2015 |title=Bipartisanship in a Polarized Age: The U.S. Congress and Foreign Policy Sanctions |work=School of International Service Research Paper |volume=No. 2015-2 |ssrn=2553401 }}

==External links==
*[http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/112/hr6156 H.R. 6156: Russia and Moldova Jackson–Vanik Repeal and Sergei Magnitsky Rule of Law Accountability Act of 2012]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140916114524/http://www.the-american-interest.com/articles/2012/12/18/what-the-magnitsky-act-means/ What the Magnitsky Act Means] opinion piece. (If over 3 article free limit, use this instead.)

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Magnitsky Act| ]]

Liberty (Verwaltungseinheit)

2018-05-14T20:28:57Z

A '''liberty''' was an [[Kingdom of England|English]] unit originating in the [[Middle Ages]], traditionally defined as an area in which [[regalian right]] was revoked and where the land was held by a [[mesne lord]] (i.e., an area in which rights reserved to the king had been [[devolution|devolved]] into private hands). It later became a unit of local government administration.<ref>{{cite web| date=1814 |title= The statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland: Volume 5 - Page 427 |author= Sir Thomas Edlyne Tomlins, John Raithby | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lptaAAAAYAAJ&dq=land%20division%20liberty%20borough%20township&pg=PA427#v=onepage&q=land%20division%20liberty%20borough%20township&f=false}}</ref>

Liberties were areas of widely variable extent which were independent of the usual system of [[Hundred (country subdivision)|hundreds]] and [[borough]]s for a number of different reasons, usually to do with peculiarities of [[land tenure|tenure]]. Because of their tenurial rather than geographical origin, the areas covered by liberties could either be widely scattered across a [[county]] or limited to an area smaller than a single [[parish]]: an example of the former is [[Fordington (liberty)|Fordington Liberty]], and of the latter, the [[Waybayouse Liberty|Liberty of Waybayouse]], both in [[Dorset]].

In northern England, the liberty of [[Forest of Bowland|Bowland]] was one of the larger tenurial configurations covering some ten manors, eight townships and four parishes under the sway of a single feudal lord, the [[Lord of Bowland]], whose customary title is [[Lord of the Fells]].<ref>{{cite news| work= Longridge & Ribble Valley News| date= 8 December 2010 | url= http://www.swindlehursts-united.co.uk/lob.html |title=Our Lord of the Fells}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=Forest of Bowland official website |date=20 January 2011 |url=http://www.forestofbowland.com/node/2633 |title=That Wicker Man Moment |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711020152/http://www.forestofbowland.com/node/2633 |archivedate=11 July 2011 |df= }}</ref> Up until 1660, such lords would have been [[Lord Paramount|lords paramount]].

Legislation passed in 1836 ended the temporal jurisdiction of the [[Archbishop of York]] and the [[Bishop of Ely]] in several liberties, and the [[Liberties Act 1850]] permitted the merging of liberties in their counties. By 1867, only a handful remained: [[Isle of Ely|Ely]], [[Havering-atte-Bower]], [[St Albans]], [[Peterborough]], [[Ripon]] and [[Haverfordwest]]. St Albans was subsequently joined to the county of [[Hertfordshire]] in 1875.

The [[Local Government Act 1888]] led to the ending of the special jurisdictions in April 1889: the [[Isle of Ely]] and [[Soke of Peterborough]] became [[administrative county|administrative counties]], while the three remaining liberties were united to their surrounding counties.

==Inner and Middle Temples==
[[Inner Temple]] and [[Middle Temple]], which occupy an area in [[London]] known as [[Temple, London|The Temple]], describe themselves as liberties based on [[letters patent]] from 1608 and retain a large degree of independence to the present day.<ref name="Middle LA">{{cite web|url=http://www.middletemple.org.uk/the_inn/middle-temple-as-a-local-authority.html |title=Middle Temple as a Local Authority |accessdate=7 October 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930021928/http://www.middletemple.org.uk/the_inn/middle-temple-as-a-local-authority.html|archivedate=September 30, 2012 }}</ref> They are [[extra-parochial area]]s, historically not governed by the [[City of London Corporation]], and are today regarded as local authorities for most purposes.<ref name="Laker2009">{{cite web|last1=Laker |first1=Martin |title=What place is that then? |url=http://www.agi.org.uk/storage/events/AGI2009Papers/MartinLaker.pdf |publisher=The Association of Geographic Information |accessdate=11 August 2016 |date=2009 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718023443/http://www.agi.org.uk/storage/events/AGI2009Papers/MartinLaker.pdf |archivedate=18 July 2011 |df= }}</ref>

They are also outside the [[ecclesiastical jurisdiction]] of the [[Bishop of London]]. They geographically fall within the boundaries of the [[City of London]], but can be thought of as independent [[enclave]]s.

The local government functions of the Inner and Middle Temples are allocated by the [[Temples Order 1971]]<ref>S.I. 1971 No.1732</ref> which provides that the Sub-Treasurer of the Inner Temple and the Under-Treasurer of the Middle Temple may exercise any function of an [[London boroughs|Inner London borough]] defined in either of ss.1(4) or 6 [[London Government Act 1963]] which is not expressly excepted by an Act or Order. Exceptions in the 1971 Order include various matters associated with housing, planning, public welfare and health; the effect is usually to direct such excepted powers or responsibilities to the Common Council of the City of London. The [[City of London Police]] have policed the Temples since 1857 by consent rather than by imposition.<ref name="Middle LA"/>

==List of liberties==
{{div col|small=yes|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Allertonshire]]
* [[Alverstoke]] Liberty
* [[Beaulieu, Hampshire|Beaulieu]] Liberty
* [[Bentley Liberty]]
* Liberty of [[Berrick Salome|Berrick Prior]]
* [[Bircholt Franchise and Barony]]
* [[Bolingbroke Soke]]
* Bowland, [[Forest of Bowland]], Forest and Liberty of Bowland
* [[Breamore Liberty]]
* Liberty of [[Brickendon]]
* [[Precinct of Bridewell]]
* [[Bridgnorth]] Liberty
* [[Liberty of the Clink]]
* [[Coldharbour, City of London]]
* [[Dibden]] Liberty
* [[Doncaster]] Soke
* [[List of liberties in Dorset]]
* [[The Liberties, Dublin]]
* [[Liberty of Durham]]
* [[East Medina Liberty]]
* [[East Smithfield Liberty]]
* [[Ely Place Liberty]]
* [[Ely Rents Liberty]]
* Liberty of [[Glasshouse Yard]]
* [[Grantham]] Soke
* Liberty of [[Hallamshire]]
* [[Havant]] Liberty
* [[Hatton Garden Liberty]]
* [[Haverfordwest]]
* [[Royal Liberty of Havering]]
* [[Horncastle, Lincolnshire|Horncastle]] Soke
* Liberty of [[Howdenshire]]
* [[Ipswich]]
* [[Isle of Ely]]
* [[Kingswood, Surrey|Kingswood Liberty, Surrey]]
* Liberty of [[Langbaurgh (wapentake)|Langbaurgh]]
* [[Langport Liberty]]
* [[Lodsworth]]
* [[Liberty of Norton Folgate]]
* [[Old Artillery Ground|Old Artillery Ground Liberty]] (part of the [[Liberties of the Tower of London]])
* [[Orton, Staffordshire]], a liberty in [[Wombourne]] Parish<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/descriptions/entry_page.jsp?text_id=971750&word=NULL|title=Descriptive Gazetteer Entry for Orton|publisher=www.ParishRegister.co.uk|accessdate=22 October 2012}}</ref>
* [[Soke of Peterborough]]
* [[Pevensey#The Liberty of Pevensey|Pevensey Lowey]]
* [[Portsmouth and Portsea Island Liberty]]
* [[Liberty of Rufford]]<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Rufford - Runwick |year=1848 |url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=51249 |work=A Topographical Dictionary of England |pages=711–716 |access-date=29 December 2010}}</ref>
* [[Richmondshire]]
* [[Liberty of Ripon]]
* [[Romney Marsh]] Liberty
* [[Liberty of the Rolls]]
* [[Liberty of St Albans]]
* [[St Martin's le Grand]]
* [[Liberty of the Savoy]] (Liberty of the Duchy of Lancaster)
* [[Liberty of Saint Edmund]]
* [[Precinct of St Katharine]]
* [[Liberty of Saffron Hill]]
* [[Isle of Sheppey]] Liberty
* [[Shrewsbury]] Liberty
* [[Slaidburn]], Manor and Liberty of Slaidburn
* Liberty of the Soke, [[Winchester]]
* [[Southwark|Borough of Southwark]]
* [[Southwell and Scrooby]]
* [[Lowey of Tonbridge]]
* [[Tower division]], [[Liberties of the Tower of London]]
* Liberty of [[Trysull]]<ref>National Archive England Census 1881 Staffordshire, Wolverhampton, Trysull. Description of Enumeration District 10</ref>
* Liberty of [[Tynedale]]
* [[Wenlock Franchise]]
* [[West Medina Liberty]]
* [[Liberty of Westminster]]
* [[Westover, Hampshire|Westover Liberty]]
* [[Precinct of Whitefriars]]
* [[Whitby Strand]] Liberty
* [[Wells St Andrew]]
{{div col end}}

==Ireland==

The term "liberty" was used in Ireland after the Norman conquest.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wesleyjohnston.com/users/ireland/past/history/norman_invasion.html|title=The Anglo-French (Norman) Invasion of Ireland: Irish History|author=|date=|website=www.wesleyjohnston.com|accessdate=16 April 2018}}</ref>
*Liberty of [[Leinster]]; later divided into the liberties of [[Wexford]], [[Kilkenny]], [[Carlow]] and [[Kildare]]
*Liberty of [[Kingdom of Meath|Meath]]; later divided into the liberties of [[County Meath|Meath]] and [[Trim, County Meath|Trim]]
*Liberty of [[Ulster]]

==See also==
* [[Northern Liberties Township, Pennsylvania]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Liberty (Division)}}
[[Category:Former subdivisions of England]]
[[Category:Liberties of England| ]]

Junk Food News

2018-05-14T19:29:03Z

{{Refimprove|date=March 2009}}
{{Journalism sidebar}}
'''Junk food news''' (also known as '''junk news''' or '''junk journalism'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/right-turn/post/politicos-junk-journalism/2012/05/03/gIQAXZ2yyT_blog.html|title=Politico’s junk journalism|last=Rubin|first=Jennifer|date=2012-05-03|website=Washington Post|language=en-US|access-date=2018-01-30}}</ref>) is a [[sardonic]] term for news stories that deliver "sensationalized, personalized, and homogenized inconsequential [[trivia]]",<ref name=c2001>{{cite book
|title=Censored 2001
|chapter=Junk Food News 1877-2000
|last=Jensen |first=Carl
|editor-last=Phillips |editor-first=Peter
|pages=251–264 |year=2001 |publisher=Seven Stories Press
|isbn=978-1-58322-064-1}}</ref>
especially when such stories appear at the expense of serious [[investigative journalism]]. It implies a [[media criticism|criticism]] of the [[mass media]] for disseminating news that, while not very nourishing, is "cheap to produce and profitable for media proprietors."<ref name=c2001/>

==Meaning of the term==
The term ''junk food news'' was first used in print by Carl Jensen in the March 1983 edition of ''[[Penthouse (magazine)|Penthouse]].'' As the leader of Project Censored, he had frequently faulted the media for ignoring important stories. In response, says Jensen, editors claimed that other stories were more important, and bolstered this claim with [[ad hominem]] comments directed against him.
<blockquote>...news editors and directors...argued that the real issue isn't [[censorship]]—but rather a difference of opinion as to what information is important to publish or broadcast. Editors often point out that there is a finite amount of time and space for news delivery—about 23 minutes for a half-hour network television evening news program—and that it's their responsibility to determine which stories are most critical for the public to hear. The critics said I wasn't exploring media censorship but rather I was just another frustrated academic criticizing editorial news judgment.<ref name=c2001/></blockquote>

To give this argument a fair hearing, Jensen decided to conduct a review to determine which stories the media had considered more important. But instead of hard-hitting investigative journalism, what he discovered was the phenomenon that he termed junk food news fell into predictable categories:<ref name=c2001/>

* Brand name news ([[celebrity]] gossip)
* Sex news (exposés and [[sexual titillation]])
* Yo-yo news ([[statistic]]s that change daily, such as [[stock market]] numbers and [[box office]] totals)
* [[Show business]] news (movie openings)
* Latest craze news (brief [[fad]]s)
* [[Anniversary]] news (anniversaries of major events or celebrity deaths)
* [[Sports]] news (sports rumours)
* [[Political]] news (bi-annual coverage of congressional campaign promises)

As the flip side to its annual list of the Top 25 Censored Stories, Project Censored publishes an annual list of the Top 10 Junk Food News stories, compiled by members of the National Organization of News Ombudsmen.

== Other uses ==
As a serious term, it can also refer to local two-page news and ad [[pamphlet]]s, commonly displayed in [[cafe]]s and [[fast food restaurant]]s, available with charge. {{Citation needed|date=January 2018}}

==See also==
{{portal|Journalism}}
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Conspiracy of silence (expression)|Conspiracy of silence]]
*[[Corporate media]]
*[[Culture of fear]]
*[[Fake news]]
*[[Mean world syndrome]]
*[[Media hype]]
*[[Media culture]]
*[[Missing white woman syndrome]]
*[[Moral panic]]
*[[Prolefeed]]
*[[Sensationalism]]
*[[Soft news]]
*[[Supermarket tabloid]], [[tabloid television]]
*[[Yellow journalism]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.projectcensored.org ''Project Censored'']
*{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.projectcensored.org/newsabuse.htm |date=* }}

{{Media manipulation}}

[[Category:Criticism of journalism]]
[[Category:Media issues]]
[[Category:Tabloid journalism]]

{{Journalism-stub}}

Jeroen Tel

2018-05-14T19:09:59Z

DeprecatedFixerBot: Removed deprecated parameter(s) from Template:Columns-list using DeprecatedFixerBot. Questions? See Template:Div col#Usage of "cols" parameter or msg TSD! (please mention that this is task #2!))

{{unreliable sources|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Jeroen Tel
| image = JeroenTel.jpg
| caption = Jeroen Tel performing at "Back in Time Live" in 2008
| background = non_vocal_instrumentalist
| birth_name = Jeroen Godfried Tel
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1972|5|19}}
| birth_place = [[Eindhoven]], [[Netherlands]]
| associated_acts = {{hlist|[[Rob Hubbard]]|[[Martin Galway]]|[[Ben Daglish]]|[[Chris Huelsbeck]]}}
| genre = [[Videogame music]] [[Commodore 64 music]] [[8-bit]] [[Electronic music]] [[Chiptunes]] [[Pixel Pop]]
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Composer]]|[[Sound designer]]|[[Audio director]]|[[Audio programmer]]}}
}}

'''Jeroen Godfried Tel''' (born 19 May 1972), also known as '''WAVE''',<ref>[http://rateyourmusic.com/artist/jeroen_tel Info about Jeroen Tel's name]</ref> is a Dutch composer.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AdTANxS-LHg Polderpioniers: Jeroen Tel and the rise of game music (Dutch)]</ref><ref>[http://www.vintageisthenewold.com/hints-tips-for-videogame-pioneers/ http://www.vintageisthenewold.com announcing "Hints & Tips For Videogame Pioneers"], featuring Jeroen Tel remakes.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=SdEkDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA145&lpg=PA145&dq=jeroen+tel+videogame+pioneer&source=bl&ots=i_xiVi9S6B&sig=so0sv_RJDx6q718TodinK9NCUGs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjl2uOPoLvTAhXFEywKHb5xC7MQ6AEIWTAI#v=onepage&q=jeroen%20tel%20videogame%20pioneer&f=false Hints & Tips For Videogame Pioneers] > Pioneer's Perspective: Jeroen Tel</ref> He is best known for numerous computer game tunes he wrote in the 1980s and early 1990s for the [[Commodore 64]].<ref>[http://noname.c64.org/csdb/scener/?id=8050 Jeroen Tel], [http://noname.c64.org/csdb/ The C-64 Scene Database], retrieved 2005-04-01</ref> His most popular<ref>{{cite web|last=Droege|first=Joerg|title=Video Interview with Jeroen Tel|url=http://sceneworld.org/blog/2012/08/13/video-interview-with-jeroen-tel/|website=Scene World Magazine|accessdate=2015-04-25}}</ref> compositions appear in the following Commodore 64 games: ''[[Combat Crazy]]'', ''[[Cybernoid]]'', ''[[Cybernoid II]]'', ''Dan Dare 3'', ''Eliminator'', ''Hawkeye'', ''[[Myth: History in the Making]]'', ''Nighthunter'', ''[[RoboCop 3 (video game)|Robocop 3]]'', ''Rubicon'' (title music), and ''[[Supremacy (computer game)|Supremacy]]''.<ref>[http://www.gamesart.de/gamesart-interview-jeroen-tel/ Jeroen Tel - interview by Games Art]</ref>

==Maniacs of Noise==
Alongside [[Charles Deenen]], who Tel met at computer meetings in [[Venlo]], [[Netherlands]], Tel is a founding member of the computer music group [[Maniacs of Noise]],<ref>[https://www.maniacsofnoise.com/ Maniacs of Noise (official website)]</ref><ref>[http://www.sidmusic.org/sid/jtel.html Jeroen Tel (Maniacs of Noise) - 1997 interview by Commodore Zone]</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last= |first= |title=Charles Deenan, Interplay |magazine=[[Next Generation (magazine)|Next Generation]]|issue=3|publisher=[[Imagine Media]]|date=March 1995|page=52}}</ref> a company devoted to composing music and designing sound effects for videogames since 1987.<ref>[http://csdb.dk/group/?id=448 About Maniacs of Noise]</ref> He worked for several years at [[Funcom]] in [[Norway]].<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ezncxhDnUQo&feature=share Jeroen Tel - interview at Assembly 2012 (English version)]</ref> In addition to being a game musician, he has composed lots of [[Module file|modules]] in the context of [[demo scene]].

==Tess & Tel==
In late 2014 Jeroen Tel joined forces with Swedish singer and songwriter [[Tess Fries]] and formed the Pixel Pop music group [[Tess & Tel]].
<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VSUYAa3wrGY&t=11s Tess & Tel - interview by Scene World Podcast (2015)]</ref>
<ref>[https://soundcloud.com/tess-and-tel Tess & Tel on Soundcloud]</ref>
They first met at a Space Invaders concert in Odense, Denmark in October 4, 2013.

===Tess & Tel discography===
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
*Buy the Sky (2015)<ref>Link to music video: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xVxEJjtH_10 Buy the Sky]</ref>
*Battle Valley (2015)<ref>Link to song: [https://soundcloud.com/tess-and-tel/tess-tel-battle-valley?in=tess-and-tel/sets/tess-tel-pixel-pop-music Battle Valley]</ref>
*Spank Me Hard & Call Me Susan (2016)<ref> Link to music video: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cDycv4QCst0 Spank Me Hard & Call Me Susan]</ref>
*Anywhere (2016)<ref> Link to song: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ghsDPKZoD1E Anywhere]</ref>
*Dream Just Dream (2016)<ref> Link to music video: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=puhUuc11TUM Dream Just Dream]</ref>
*Complex (2016)<ref>Link to song: [https://soundcloud.com/tess-and-tel/complex Complex]</ref>
}}

==Discography==
===Soundtracks by Jeroen Tel===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Publisher
! scope="col" | Released
! scope="col" | Platform
! scope="col" | Credit
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| A-TEAM, THE || Fox Digital Entertainment || 2010 || ([[Mobile Game]]) || Composer / Sound Designer
|-
| Honey Switch Deluxe (video game)|Honey Switch Deluxe || [[Zylom]] || 2005 || ([[Personal computer|PC]]) || Composer / Sound Designer
|-
| Fortuna Mahjongg Deluxe || [[Zylom]] || 2004 || ([[Personal computer|PC]]) || Composer / Sound Designer
|-
| Geweldenaren van Ver (Short) || (No publisher) || 2004 || [[Micro movie]] || Composer / Sound Designer
|-
| Alien Scum || Synergenix || 2002 || ([[Mobile Game]]) || Composer / Sound Designer
|-
| Abyss, The || Synergenix || 2002 || ([[Mobile Game]]) || Composer / Sound Designer
|-
| Hive, The || Synergenix || 2002 || ([[Mobile Game]]) || Composer / Sound Designer
|-
| Minerman || Synergenix || 2002 || ([[Mobile Game]]) || Composer / Sound Designer
|-
| Slot Machine || Synergenix || 2002 || ([[Mobile Game]]) || Composer / Sound Designer
|-
| ASML ESD Clean Training|| || 2001 || ([[Website]]) ||
|-
| Big Brother: The Game || SoftMACHINE Publishing International BV || 2000 || ([[Personal computer|PC]]) || Composer / Sound Designer
|-
| Casino || || 1999 || ([[Personal computer|PC]]) || Composer / Sound Designer
|-
| Crimson's Mystery (video game)|Crimson's Mystery || (No publisher) || 1999 || ([[Game Boy Color]]) || Composer || Unreleased.
|-
| FACT || || 1999 || ([[Personal computer|PC]]) ||
|-
| Football Manager || || 1999 || ([[Personal computer|PC]]) || Composer / Sound Designer
|-
| Christmas Crisis || || 1995 || ([[CD-i]]) ||
|-
| Family Games II: Junkfood Jive || || 1995 || ([[CD-i]]) ||
|-
| Flippo House || || 1995 || (CDS) || Composer / Artist
|-
| Disney's [[Beauty and the Beast (video game)|Beauty and the Beast]] || [[Hudson Soft]] || 1994 || ([[Nintendo Entertainment System|NES]]) || Composer / Sound Designer
|-
| Alien III (video game)|Alien III || LJN, Ltd. || 1993 || ([[Nintendo Entertainment System|NES]]) || Composer / Sound Designer
|-
| [[Bram Stoker's Dracula (handheld video game)|Bram Stoker Dracula]] || [[Sony Imagesoft]] || 1993 || ([[Game Boy]]) || Composer / Sound Designer
|-
| [[Bram Stoker's Dracula (video game)|Bram Stoker Dracula]] || [[Sony Imagesoft]] || 1993 || ([[Master System]]) ([[Nintendo Entertainment System|NES]]) || Composer / Sound Designer
|-
| California Games II (video game)|California Games II || [[SEGA]] || 1993 || ([[Master System]]) ([[Game Gear]]) || Composer / Sound Designer
|-
| [[The Flash (video game)|Flash, The]] || || 1993 || ([[Master System]]) ([[Game Gear]]) || Composer / Sound Designer
|-
| [[Lemmings (video game)|Lemmings]] || [[Psygnosis]] || 1993 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) || Composer / Sound Designer
|-
| [[Overlord (1991 video game)|Overlord]] || [[Virgin Interactive]] || 1993 || ([[Nintendo Entertainment System|NES]]) || Composer / Sound Designer
|-
| The A-Team (video game) || || 1992 || ([[Game Gear]]) ([[Sega Master System]]) || Composer / Sound Designer || Unreleased.
|-
| [[Agony (video game)|Agony]] || [[Psygnosis]] || 1992 || ([[Amiga]]) || Composer
|-
| Fruit Fantasies || || 1992 || ([[Amiga]]) || Composer
|-
| Facts of Life || Witan || 1992 || ([[Personal computer|PC]]) Demo || Composer
|-
| [[RoboCop 3 (video game)|Robocop 3]] || Ocean Software Ltd. (C64) and SEGA of America, Inc. (NES) || 1992 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ([[Nintendo Entertainment System|NES]]) || Composer / Sound Designer
|-
| Outrun Europe (video game)|Outrun Europe || SEGA Corporation, U.S. Gold Ltd. || 1991 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) || Composer / Sound Designer
|-
| Rubicon (video game)|Rubicon || 21st Century Entertainment Ltd. || 1991 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) || Composer
|-
| Smash TV (video game)|Smash TV || Acclaim Entertainment, Inc. || 1991 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) || Composer / Sound Designer
|-
| [[Supremacy: Your Will Be Done|Supremacy]] || [[Virgin Interactive]] || 1991 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) || Composer / Sound Designer
|-
| [[Viz (game)|VIZ the Game]] || [[Virgin Interactive]] || 1991 || ([[Amiga]]) ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| Back to the Future III (video game)|Back to the Future III || [[Image Works]] || 1991 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) || Co-composer with [[Charles Deenen]]
|-
| [[Bad Blood (video game)|Bad Blood]] || ORIGIN Systems, Inc. || 1991 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| Dan Dare III: The Escape || [[Virgin Interactive]] || 1990 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| [[Golden Axe]] || [[Virgin Mastertronic]] || 1990 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| [[Hot Rod (video game)|Hot Rod]] || [[Activision, Inc.]] || 1990 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| Inve$t (video game)|Inve$t || Starbyte Software || 1990 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| [[Turbo Outrun|Turbo Outrun (Best Music ECTS Award)]] || [[SEGA]] || 1990 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) || || Best Music ECTS Award
|-
| [[Supremacy: Your Will Be Done|Supremacy]] || [[Virgin Interactive]] || 1990 || ([[Amiga]]) || Composer / Sound Designer
|-
| Deliverance: [[Stormlord (video game)|Stormlord II]] || [[Hewson Consultants]] || 1990 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| Poseidon: Planet Eleven (video game)|Poseidon: Planet Eleven || Hi-Tec Software Ltd. || 1990 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| [[Iron Lord]] || Ubi Soft Entertainment Software || 1990 for C64 and 1989 for Amiga || ([[Amiga]]) ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| [[Afterburner (video game)|Afterburner (USA version)]] || [[SEGA]] || 1989 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| Drag race 2000 || || 1989 || ([[Arcade cabinet]]) ||
|-
| Dynamix || [[Virgin Mastertronic]] || 1989 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| F14 Tomcat || [[Dynamix]] || 1989 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| [[Myth: History in the Making]] || System 3 Software Ltd. || 1989 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| [[Stormlord (video game)|Stormlord]] || [[Hewson Consultants]] || 1989 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ([[Amiga]]) ||
|-
| [[Tintin on the Moon (video game)|Tintin on the Moon]] || Infogrames Europe SA || 1989 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| [[2400 A.D.]] || ORIGIN Systems, Inc. || 1988 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) || || Unreleased.
|-
| Alloyrun (video game)|Alloyrun || Starlight Software || 1988 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| Aspar GP Master || [[Dinamic Software]] || 1988 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| Battle Valley (video game)|Battle Valley || Rack-It || 1988 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| Combat Crazy (video game)|Combat Crazy A.K.A. War Bringer || [[Silverbird (software label)]] || 1988 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| [[Cybernoid]]: The Fighting Machine || [[Hewson Consultants]] || 1988 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| [[Cybernoid#Cybernoid II|Cybernoid II]]: The Revenge || [[Hewson Consultants]] || 1988 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| Eliminator || [[Hewson Consultants]] || 1988 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| Gaplus (video game)|Gaplus || [[Mastertronic]] || 1988 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| G.I. Hero || || 1988 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) || || Unreleased.
|-
| Ice Age (C64 video game)|Ice Age || [[Firebird Software]] || 1988 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| Navy Moves (video game)|Navy Moves || [[Dinamic Software]] || 1988 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| [[Savage (video game)|Savage]] || [[Firebird Software]] || 1988 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| Scout (video game)|Scout || [[Mastertronic]] || 1988 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| Hawkeye (video game)|Hawkeye || Thalamus Ltd. || 1987 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| BeachKing Stunt Racer (video game)|BeachKing Stunt Racer || || || ([[PlayStation 2|PS2]]) ([[Personal computer|PC]]) ||
|-
| Brabant Stad (Promo)|| || ||
|-
| David Bravo (Cartoon)|| || ||
|-
| Deadly Skies || || || ([[PlayStation (console)|PlayStation]]) ||
|-
| DLO Research || || || ([[Television program]]) ||
|-
| Don Horn || || || ([[Personal computer|PC]]) ||
|-
| EA Sports || || || (JAKKS TV Game)
|-
| Empire || || || (FM)
|-
| ETV Leader || || || (RL)
|-
| Gold Rush Deluxe || || || ([[Personal computer|PC]]) ||
|-
| Gordon's Cinderella || || || ([[Personal computer|PC]]) ||
|-
| House of Cards 2 Deluxe || || ||
|-
| Hypnosis 1995 || || || ([[Personal computer|PC]]) Demo ||
|-
| Janssen en Janssen || || || (CDS) ||
|-
| Johny Walker Moorhuhn Jagd || || || ([[Personal computer|PC]]) ||
|-
| Jule Shuffle (Online Game) || || ||
|-
| Just Kidding || || || ([[CD]]) ||
|-
| Knoop in je Zakdoek 1994, 95, 96, 97 || || || ([[Television program]]) ||
|-
| Lethal Weapon III || || || ([[Master System]]) ||
|-
| Logitech Puzzle Game || || || ([[Personal computer|PC]]) Demo ||
|-
| Mercury || || || ([[Slot machine]]) ||
|-
| Moorhuhn || || || (PC) ||
|-
| Moorhuhn 2 || || || (PC) ||
|-
| Mortal Kombat || || || (JAKKS TV Game)
|-
| Motors || || || (PC) ||
|-
| Nanuk || || || (PC) ||
|-
| NBA Hangtime || || || ([[Sega Genesis]]) ([[Super NES]]) ||
|-
| Nicktoons Basketball || || || (PC) ||
|-
| Nighthunter || || || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| Nintendo Starwing || || || ([[Television commercial]]) ||
|-
| NNCDROM || || || [[CD-ROM]] || || Business Presentation
|-
| [[North & South (computer game)|North and South]] || || 1991 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| No-TV Visual Music No.2 || || || ([[DVD]]) ||
|-
| No Nonsense Consultancy || || || ([[Website]]) ||
|-
| Original Video Game Sound Effects || || || ([[CD]]) ||
|-
| Outrun 2 || || || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| [[Pocahontas (video game)|Pocahontas]] || || || ([[Super NES]]) ||
|-
| Poodle-e-razor || || || ([[Personal computer|PC]]) ||
|-
| Power Play || || || ([[Television program]]) ||
|-
| Raffzahn || || || ([[Personal computer|PC]]) ||
|-
| Rhino Rumble || || || ([[Personal computer|PC]]) ([[Game Boy Color]]) ||
|-
| RTL France || || || Television ([[Station identification]]) ||
|-
| R-Xerox || || || ([[Television commercial]]) ||
|-
| Ruflo Easyfloor || || || ([[Animation]]) ||
|-
| Space Ranger || || || ([[Personal computer|PC]]) || Sound FX only
|-
| Spark Media Arts Festival || || || ([[Animation]]) ||
|-
| Starwing || || || ([[Television commercial]]) (RC) ||
|-
| Stork Aerospace F35 JSF || || || ([[3d animation]]) ||
|-
| [[Super Monaco GP]] || || 1991 || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| Supercash || || || ([[Amiga]]) ||
|-
| Suske en Wiske - De Roekeloze Ruimtereis || || ||
|-
| Suske en Wiske - Het Geheim van de Farao || || ||
|-
| Synthetic || || || (AD) ||
|-
| [[Techno Cop]] || || 1992 || ([[Nintendo Entertainment System|NES]]) ||
|-
| [[Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (video game)|Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles]] || || || ([[Amiga]]) ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| TELEAC || || || (TV) Television ([[Station identification]]) (TVT) (RP) ||
|-
| Tetris 94 || || || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| The Video Game Soundmakers || || || ([[CD]]) ||
|-
| TMax || || || ([[Pocket PC]]) ||
|-
| Trivia Ultimate Challenge || || || ([[Commodore 64|C64]]) ||
|-
| Video Game Soundmakers, The || || || ([[CD]]) ||
|-
| Vivid Video || || || ([[CD]]) ||
|-
| [[Warlocked]] || || || ([[Game Boy Color]]) ||
|-
| W.A.R. || || || ([[Personal computer|PC]]) ||
|-
| [[Winter Gold]] || || || ([[Super NES]]) ||
|-
| Z-Mess-House || || || (CDS) ||
|-
| ZYLOM Music Logo || || ||
|-
| ZZPLANET || || || ([[Animation]]) ||
|}

<ref>Maniacs of Noise - Projects > [https://www.maniacsofnoise.com/ A list of Jeroen Tel's compositions and projects]</ref>
<ref>The GameBase64 Collection [http://www.gb64.com/search.php C64 game release info collection]</ref>
<ref>(Lemon64.com) C64 Game Archive [http://www.lemon64.com/?mainurl=http%3A//www.lemon64.com/games/]</ref>

==Tel Me More==
In the summer of 2015, Tel launched a [[crowdfunding]] campaign on [[Indiegogo]]<ref>[https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/jeroen-tel-tel-me-more-c64-game-music-remakes#/ Jeroen Tel's Indiegogo campaign]</ref>
in order to produce a remix album (called 'Tel Me More') of his best C64 music.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GQqorSNkJ8A Jeroen Tel --- Tel Me More --- IndieGogo Pitch ]</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=C64-Soundtrack-Pionier Jeroen Tel arbeitet an einem Remake-Album|url=https://www.wired.de/collection/life/tel-me-more-ist-der-neue-c64-soundtrack-von-jeroen-tel|website=Wired (Germany)|accessdate=24 April 2017|date=24 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=C64-Soundtrack-Pionier Jeroen Tel arbeitet an neuem Remake-Album|url=http://www.gamesbusiness.de/2015/07/24/2015-07-24-c64-soundtrack-pionier-jeroen-tel-arbeitet-an-neuem-remake-album/|website=gamesbusiness.de|accessdate=24 April 2017}}</ref> Of the $38.911,- (a nod to the amount of free memory bytes when starting up a Commodore 64) goal, $27.420,- was reached by a total of 699 backers. On August 8th 2015, Tel gave an update on his Indiegogo page stating that this was sufficient to create the album and deliver all the promised perks. To this day the album and the promised perks still need to be delivered.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJZqyoT-Idhj_7PaEdFrR0g Tess & Tel on Youtube]
* {{SoundCloud|tess-and-tel}}
* [http://www.maniacsofnoise.com/ Maniacs of Noise] Website.
* [http://www.gamesart.de/gamesart-interview-jeroen-tel/ GamesArt.de] Interview.
* [http://www.ocremix.org/artist/53/jeroen-tel Artist profile] at [[OverClocked ReMix]]
* [https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/jeroen-tel-tel-me-more-c64-game-music-remakes Indiegogo 'Tel Me More' campaign by Jeroen Tel]
* [https://www.discogs.com/artist/22626-Jeroen-Tel Jeroen Tel - Artist profile] at [[Discogs]]
* [http://vgmdb.net/artist/1955 Jeroen Tel - Artist profile at VGMdb]
* [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1662965/bio?ref_=nm_ov_bio_sm Jeroen Tel - Biography] at [[IMDb]]
* [https://www.spasimo.nl/09042018/muzieklegende-jeroen-tel-released-album-samen-met-de-nieuw-gevormde-rockband-stagma/ Jeroen Tel] at [[Released album, samen met de nieuw gevormde rockband STAGMA.]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tel, Jeroen}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Dutch composers]]
[[Category:Video game composers]]
[[Category:Video game musicians]]
[[Category:Commodore 64 music]]
[[Category:Demosceners]]
[[Category:Tracker musicians]]
[[Category:People from Helmond]]
[[Category:Dutch electronic musicians]]
[[Category:Chiptune musicians]]
[[Category:8bitpeoples artists]]
[[Category:Renoise users]]

Alles Glück dieser Erde (1978)

2018-05-14T18:59:59Z

{{Infobox film
| name = International Velvet
| image = International Velvet - Poster.jpg
| image_size = 250
| caption = Theatrical poster
| director = [[Bryan Forbes]]
| producer = Bryan Forbes
| writer = Bryan Forbes
| based on = {{based on|''[[National Velvet]]'' 1935 novel|[[Enid Bagnold]]}}
| starring = [[Tatum O'Neal]] [[Nanette Newman]] [[Anthony Hopkins]] [[Christopher Plummer]] [[Jeffrey Byron]] Sarah Bullen [[Richard Warwick]]
| music = [[Francis Lai]]
| cinematography = [[Tony Imi]]
| editing = [[Timothy Gee]]
| studio = [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]]
| distributor = [[United Artists]]
| released = {{Film date|1978|7|19|Los Angeles & New York}}
| runtime = 127 minutes
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget =
| gross = $7,009,238
}}

'''''International Velvet''''' is a 1978 American [[drama (film and television)|drama film]] and a sequel to the 1944 classic ''[[National Velvet (film)|National Velvet]]'' starring [[Tatum O'Neal]], [[Christopher Plummer]], [[Anthony Hopkins]] and [[Nanette Newman]], and directed by [[Bryan Forbes]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://explore.bfi.org.uk/4ce2b6be0e8bd |title=International Velvet (1978) | BFI |publisher=Explore.bfi.org.uk |date= |accessdate=2014-06-07}}</ref> The film received mixed reviews. International Velvet was partly filmed at [[Birmingham University]], England.

==Plot==
After her parents are killed in a car crash, teenage Sarah Velvet Brown ([[Tatum O'Neal]]) is forced to leave her home in [[Cave Creek, Arizona]], to go to England to live with her aunt Velvet Brown ([[Nanette Newman]]) and Velvet's boyfriend John ([[Christopher Plummer]]). After the events of "National Velvet" Donald got married, had Sarah, and moved from England to Arizona.

When Velvet was a similar age to Sarah, she and her horse, The Pie, entered the legendary [[Grand National]] horse race and crossed the finish line first; however, Velvet and The Pie were instantly disqualified because Velvet fainted and fell off her mount prior to reaching the paddock. The Pie is ultimately put out to stud upon his retirement. He sires his last foal after Sarah's arrival in England. Sarah and Velvet are present for the birth of this foal and Sarah eventually decides that she'd like to purchase him. She later finds out that Velvet has bought him for her. Sarah aptly names him Arizona Pie (combining the name of his sire and Sarah's home state).

She shows enough talent to be selected for the British Olympic team, where she is the junior, but she does well under the stern guidance of Captain Johnson ([[Anthony Hopkins]]). Sarah lives up to her dream and enters the [[Olympic Games|Olympic]] [[Three Day Event]] helping Great Britain win the team competition. She falls in love with an American competitor named Scott Saunders and moves back to America with him. At the conclusion of the film Sarah is engaged to Scott and she gives her Olympic gold medal to Velvet. Sarah eventually returns to England and introduces Scott to Velvet and John.

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Tatum O'Neal]] as Sarah Velvet Brown
* [[Christopher Plummer]] as John Seaton
* [[Anthony Hopkins]] as Captain Johnson
* [[Nanette Newman]] as Velvet Brown
* [[Peter Barkworth]] as Pilot
* [[Dinsdale Landen]] as Mr. Curtis
* Sarah Bullen as Beth
* [[Jeffrey Byron]] as Scott Saunders
* [[Richard Warwick]] as Tim
* [[Daniel Abineri]] as Wilson
* Jason White as Roger
* Martin Neil as Mike
* Douglas Reith as Howard
* Dennis Blanch as Policeman
* [[Norman Wooland]] as Team Doctor
* [[Susan Jameson]] as T.V. Interviewer
* [[Brenda Cowling]] as Alice
{{div col end}}

==Release==
''International Velvet'' was released in New York and Los Angeles on July 19, 1978.<ref name="afi">{{cite web|url=http://afi.com/members/catalog/DetailView.aspx?s=&Movie=56554|publisher=[[American Film Institute]]|title=International Velvet|accessdate=September 2, 2016}}</ref>

Bryan Forbes's novelization of "International Velvet" was published to coincide with the film's release. <ref>[https://www.amazon.com/International-Velvet-Bryan-Forbes/dp/0749710322 International Velvet ]</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0077743|International Velvet}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|international_velvet}}
* {{amg movie|25092}}
* {{tcmdb title|id=1352}}
* {{AFI film|id=56554|title=International Velvet}}
* {{mojo title|internationalvelvet|International Velvet}}

{{Bryan Forbes}}

[[Category:1978 films]]
[[Category:1970s drama films]]
[[Category:1970s sequel films]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:American drama films]]
[[Category:American sequel films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:Films about horses]]
[[Category:Films based on British novels]]
[[Category:Films directed by Bryan Forbes]]
[[Category:Horse racing films]]
[[Category:Films about the Summer Olympic Games]]
[[Category:Films about Olympic equestrian sports]]
[[Category:Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films]]
[[Category:Films shot at Pinewood Studios]]
[[Category:Films scored by Francis Lai]]

Hypomyces

2018-05-14T18:38:44Z

{{expand Japanese|date=November 2011|ヒポミケス属}}
{{Taxobox
| image = Lobster mushrooms.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Hypomyces lactifluorum|H. lactifluorum]]''
| regnum = [[Fungi]]
| divisio = [[Ascomycota]]
| classis = [[Sordariomycetes]]
| ordo = [[Hypocreales]]
| familia = [[Hypocreaceae]]
| genus = '''''Hypomyces'''''
| genus_authority = ([[Elias Magnus Fries|Fr.]]) [[Louis René Tulasne|Tul.]] & [[Charles Tulasne|C. Tul.]] (1860)
| type_species = ''Hypomyces lactifluorum''
| type_species_authority = ([[Lewis David de Schweinitz|Schwein.]]) Tul. & C. Tul.
}}

'''''Hypomyces''''' is a [[genus]] of parasitic [[ascomycete]] fungi found in Europe, North America, Australia, and parts of China. The genus contains 53 species.<ref name=Kirk2008>{{cite book |vauthors=Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA |title=Dictionary of the Fungi. |edition=10th |publisher=CAB International |location=Wallingford, UK |year=2008|page=373|isbn=978-0-85199-826-8}}</ref> Better known species include the [[lobster mushroom]] (''Hypomyces lactifluorum'') and the [[bolete eater]] (''Hypomyces chrysospermus'').

==List of noteworthy species==
* ''[[Hypomyces cervinigenus|H. cervinigenus]]'' - on ''[[Helvella lacunosa]]''.<ref name="arora86">{{cite book |last=Arora |first=David|authorlink=David Arora |year=1986 |title=Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi |edition=2nd |location=Berkeley |publisher=Ten Speed Press |isbn=0-89815-169-4| pages=815–16}}</ref>
* ''[[Hypomyces chrysospermus|H. chrysospermus]]'' - Bolete Eater, Cask fungus (Eurasia, Western Australia, North America)
* ''[[Hypomyces hyalinus|H. hyalinus]]'' - Amanita "mold" (North America)
* ''[[Hypomyces lactifluorum|H. lactifluorum]]'' - Lobster mushroom (North America)
* ''[[Hypomyces luteovirens|H. luteovirens]]'' - Yellow-green Russula "mold" (North America)
* ''[[Hypomyces transformans|H. transformans]]'' - Ramaria Eater (North America)

==Other Species==
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
*''[[Hypomyces agaricola]]''
*''[[Hypomyces albidus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces albus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces amaurodermatis]]''
*''[[Hypomyces apiculatus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces apiosporus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces arachnoideus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces arecae]]''
*''[[Hypomyces arenaceus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces armeniacus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces asclepiadis]]''
*''[[Hypomyces ater]]''
*''[[Hypomyces aurantiicolor]]''
*''[[Hypomyces aurantius]]''
*''[[Hypomyces auriculariicola]]''
*''[[Hypomyces australbidus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces australiensis]]''
*''[[Hypomyces australis]]''
*''[[Hypomyces badius]]''
*''[[Hypomyces banningiae]]''
*''[[Hypomyces batavus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces biasolettianus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces boleticola]]''
*''[[Hypomyces boletinus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces boletiphagus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces bombacinus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces bresadolae]]''
*''[[Hypomyces bresadolanus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces camphorati]]''
*''[[Hypomyces caulicola]]''
*''[[Hypomyces cervinigenus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces cervinus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces cesatii]]''
*''[[Hypomyces chlorinigenus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces chlorinus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces chromaticus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces chrysospermus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces completus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces conviva]]''
*''[[Hypomyces corticiicola]]''
*''[[Hypomyces dactylarioides]]''
*''[[Hypomyces deformans]]''
*''[[Hypomyces destruens-equi]]''
*''[[Hypomyces ekmanii]]''
*''[[Hypomyces epimyces]]''
*''[[Hypomyces favoli]]''
*''[[Hypomyces flavescens]]''
*''[[Hypomyces flavolanatus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces floccosus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces fulgens]]''
*''[[Hypomyces fusisporus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces galericola]]''
*''[[Hypomyces goroshankianus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces hrubyanus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces hyacinthi]]''
*''[[Hypomyces hyalinus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces inaequalis]]''
*''[[Hypomyces insignis]]''
*''[[Hypomyces javanicus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces khaoyaiensis]]''
*''[[Hypomyces lactifluorum]]''
*''[[Hypomyces laeticolor]]''
*''[[Hypomyces lateritius]]''
*''[[Hypomyces leotiarum]]''
*''[[Hypomyces leotiicola]]''
*''[[Hypomyces linearis]]''
*''[[Hypomyces linkii]]''
*''[[Hypomyces lithuanicus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces macrosporus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces melanocarpus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces melanochlorus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces melanostigma]]''
*''[[Hypomyces microspermus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces miliarius]]''
*''[[Hypomyces mycogones]]''
*''[[Hypomyces mycophilus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces niveus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces novae-zelandiae]]''
*''[[Hypomyces ochraceus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces odoratus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces orthosporus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces paeonius]]''
*''[[Hypomyces pallidus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces pannosus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces papulasporae]]''
*''[[Hypomyces papyraceus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces parvisporus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces parvus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces penicillatus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces pergamenus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces perniciosus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces petchii]]''
*''[[Hypomyces pezizae]]''
*''[[Hypomyces polyporinus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces porphyreus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces pseudocorticiicola]]''
*''[[Hypomyces pseudopolyporinus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces psiloti]]''
*''[[Hypomyces puertoricensis]]''
*''[[Hypomyces purpureus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces robledoi]]''
*''[[Hypomyces rosellus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces rostratus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces rubi]]''
*''[[Hypomyces semitranslucens]]''
*''[[Hypomyces sepulchralis]]''
*''[[Hypomyces sepultariae]]''
*''[[Hypomyces siamensis]]''
*''[[Hypomyces sibirinae]]''
*''[[Hypomyces spadiceus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces stephanomatis]]''
*''[[Hypomyces stereicola]]''
*''[[Hypomyces stuhlmannii]]''
*''[[Hypomyces subaurantius]]''
*''[[Hypomyces subiculosus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces succineus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces sulphureus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces sympodiophorus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces tegillum]]''
*''[[Hypomyces terrestris]]''
*''[[Hypomyces thailandicus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces thiryanus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces tomentosus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces torminosus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces transformans]]''
*''[[Hypomyces trichoderma]]''
*''[[Hypomyces triseptatus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces tubericola]]''
*''[[Hypomyces tuberosus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces tulasneanus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces vanbruntianus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces vandae]]''
*''[[Hypomyces villosus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces viridigriseus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces viridis]]''
*''[[Hypomyces volemi]]''
*''[[Hypomyces vuilleminianus]]''
*''[[Hypomyces xyloboli]]''
*''[[Hypomyces xylophilus]]''
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*{{IndexFungorum|2446}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q5951106}}

[[Category:Sordariomycetes genera]]
[[Category:Parasitic fungi]]
[[Category:Hypocreaceae]]
[[Category:Science articles needing translation from Japanese Wikipedia]]

{{Hypocreales-stub}}
{{parasite-stub}}

Hypocrea

2018-05-14T18:38:38Z

{{Taxobox
| image = Hypocrea sulphurea 87922.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Hypocrea sulphurea]]''
| image_width = 240px
| regnum = [[Fungi]]
| divisio = [[Ascomycota]]
| subdivisio = [[Pezizomycotina]]
| classis = [[Sordariomycetes]]
| ordo = [[Hypocreales]]
| familia = [[Hypocreaceae]]
| genus = '''''Hypocrea'''''
| genus_authority = [[Elias Magnus Fries|Fr.]] (1825)
| type_species = ''Hypocrea rufa''
| type_species_authority = ([[Pers.]]) Fr. (1849)
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = 171, see text
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="urlMycoBank: Hypocrea"/>
| synonyms = *''Creopus'' Link (1833)
*''Debarya'' [[Stephan Schulzer von Müggenburg|Schulzer]] (1866)
}}

'''''Hypocrea''''' is a [[genus]] of [[fungi]] in the family [[Hypocreaceae]]. The widespread genus is estimated to contain 171 species that grow on rotten wood, and are often associated with other fungi.<ref name=Kirk2008/> [[Teleomorph, anamorph and holomorph|Anamorphic]] genera associated with ''Hypocrea'' include ''[[Acremonium]]'', ''[[Gliocladium]]'', ''[[Trichoderma]]'', and ''[[Verticillium]]''.<ref name=Hanlin1990/> ''Hypocrea'' was circumscribed by mycologist [[Elias Fries]] in 1825.<ref name=Fries1825/> Due to changes with in the code of nomenclature, the genus ''[[Trichoderma]]'' has been proposed for conservation over its [[teleomorph]] ''Hypocrea''. This means that all species with both a ''Hypocrea'' and ''Trichoderma'' name will be officially known by their ''Trichoderma'' name, and any species only described as ''Hypocrea'' will be transferred to ''Trichoderma''.<ref name=Rossman2013/>

==Species==
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
*''[[Hypocrea americana]]''
*''[[Hypocrea andinensis]]''
*''[[Hypocrea argillacea]]''
*''[[Hypocrea atrogelatinosa]]''
*''[[Hypocrea atroviridis]]''
*''[[Hypocrea aurantia]]''
*''[[Hypocrea aurantiaca]]''
*''[[Hypocrea aureoviridis]]''
*''[[Hypocrea austrokoningii]]''
*''[[Hypocrea carnea]]''
*''[[Hypocrea ceramica]]''
*''[[Hypocrea cerebriformis]]''
*''[[Hypocrea citrina]]''
*''[[Hypocrea colensoi]]''
*''[[Hypocrea coprosmae]]''
*''[[Hypocrea cornea]]''
*''[[Hypocrea corticioides]]''
*''[[Hypocrea crassa]]''
*''[[Hypocrea cremea]]''
*''[[Hypocrea cupularis]]''
*''[[Hypocrea dichromospora]]''
*''[[Hypocrea dorotheae]]''
*''[[Hypocrea egmontensis]]''
*''[[Hypocrea eucorticioides]]''
*''[[Hypocrea gelatinosa]]''
*''[[Hypocrea hunua]]''
*''[[Hypocrea jecorina]]''
*''[[Hypocrea koningii]]''
*''[[Hypocrea lactea]]''
*''[[Hypocrea lacuwombatensis]]''
*''[[Hypocrea lenta]]''
*''[[Hypocrea lixii]]''
*''[[Hypocrea lutea]]''
*''[[Hypocrea macrospora]]''
*''[[Hypocrea manuka]]''
*''[[Hypocrea minutispora]]''
*''[[Hypocrea muroiana]]''
*''[[Hypocrea nebulosa]]''
*''[[Hypocrea neorufa]]''
*''[[Hypocrea nigricans]]''
*''[[Hypocrea novae-zelandiae]]''
*''[[Hypocrea orientalis]]''
*''[[Hypocrea pachybasioides]]''
*''[[Hypocrea pallida]]''
*''[[Hypocrea parapilulifera]]''
*''[[Hypocrea patella]]''
*''[[Hypocrea pezizoides]]''
*''[[Hypocrea phyllostachydis]]''
*''[[Hypocrea pilulifera]]''
*''[[Hypocrea placentula]]''
*''[[Hypocrea poronioidea]]''
*''[[Hypocrea protopulvinata]]''
*''[[Hypocrea pseudokoningii]]''
*''[[Hypocrea psychrophila]]''
*''[[Hypocrea pulvinata]]''
*''[[Hypocrea saccharina]]''
*''[[Hypocrea schweinitzii]]''
*''[[Hypocrea semiorbis]]''
*''[[Hypocrea spinulosa]]''
*''[[Hypocrea splendens]]''
*''[[Hypocrea stellata]]''
*''[[Hypocrea stilbohypoxyli]]''
*''[[Hypocrea strictipilosa]]''
*''[[Hypocrea strobilina]]''
*''[[Hypocrea subalpina]]''
*''[[Hypocrea sublibera]]''
*''[[Hypocrea subsplendens]]''
*''[[Hypocrea sulfurella]]''
*''[[Hypocrea sulphurea]]''
*''[[Hypocrea tawa]]''
*''[[Hypocrea toro]]''
*''[[Hypocrea tremelloides]]''
*''[[Hypocrea vinosa]]''
*''[[Hypocrea virens]]''
*''[[Hypocrea viridescens]]''
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name=Fries1825>{{cite book |author=Fries EM |title=Systema Orbis Vegetabilis |year=1825 |publisher=e Typographia academica |location=Lundin, Sweden |page=104 |language=Latin |url=https://archive.org/stream/systemaorbisveg00friegoog#page/n116/mode/2up}}</ref>

<ref name=Hanlin1990>{{cite book |author=Hanlin RT |title=Illustrated Genera of Ascomycetes |publisher=American Phytopathological Society |location=St. Paul, MN |year=1990 |page=142 |isbn=0-89054-107-8}}</ref>

<ref name=Kirk2008>{{cite book |vauthors=Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA |title=Dictionary of the Fungi |edition=10th |publisher=CAB International |location=Wallingford, UK |year=2008 |page=332 |isbn=978-0-85199-826-8}}</ref>

<ref name="urlMycoBank: Hypocrea">{{cite web |title=''Hypocrea'' Fr. 1825 |url=http://www.mycobank.org/MycoTaxo.aspx?Link=T&Rec=2432 |work=[[MycoBank]]. International Mycological Association |accessdate=2011-10-12}}</ref>

<ref name=Rossman2013>{{cite journal |vauthors=Rossman AY, Seifert KA, Samuels GJ |year=2013 |title=Genera in ''Bionectriaceae'', ''Hypocreaceae'', and ''Nectriaceae'' (''Hypocreales'') proposed for acceptance or rejection |journal=IMA Fungus |pmid=23898411 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=41–51 |doi=10.5598/imafungus.2013.04.01.05 |pmc=3719205}}</ref>

}}

==External links==
*{{IndexFungorum|2432}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3014219}}

[[Category:Sordariomycetes genera]]
[[Category:Hypocreaceae]]

{{Hypocreales-stub}}

Gujranwala (Distrikt)

2018-05-14T17:41:25Z

{{Multiple issues|
{{refimprove|date=January 2015}}
{{original research|date=March 2016}}
}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gujranwala
| official_name = Gujranwala
| native_name = {{Nastaliq|گُوجرانوالا}}
| native_name_lang = Punjabi
| settlement_type = [[Districts of Pakistan|District]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Punjab Dist Gujranwala.svg
| mapsize = 200px
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Map of Punjab with Gujranwala District highlighted
| coordinates = {{coord|32|10|N|73|50|E|region:PK_type:adm3rd_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[Pakistan]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Pakistan|Province]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_name2 =
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Gujranwala]]
| government_footnotes =
| leader_party =
| leader_title = Commissioner Gujranwala Division
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 = Deputy Commisioner
| leader_name1 = Tariq Qureshi
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.punjab.gov.pk/gujranwala| title = Gujranwala {{pipe}} Punjab Portal| access-date = 15 December 2016}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 3,622
| area_rank =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="DISTRICT WISE CENSUS RESULTS CENSUS 2017">{{cite web|url=http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/DISTRICT_WISE_CENSUS_RESULTS_CENSUS_2017.pdf|title=DISTRICT WISE CENSUS RESULTS CENSUS 2017|publisher=www.pbscensus.gov.pk}}</ref>
| population_total = 5,014,196
| population_as_of = 2017
| population_density_km2 = auto
| timezone1 = [[Time in Pakistan|PKT]]
| utc_offset1 = +5
| blank_name_sec1 = District Council
| blank_info_sec1 =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Number of [[Tehsil]]s
| blank1_info_sec1 = 5
| blank2_name_sec1 = Languages (1981)
| blank2_info_sec1 = 97.6% [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]<ref name="Languages">{{cite book|author=Stephen P. Cohen|title=The Idea of Pakistan|date=2004|publisher=[[Brookings Institution Press]]|isbn=0815797613|page=202}}</ref>
| website =
}}

'''Gujranwala District''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and {{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|ضِلع گُوجرانوالا}}}}), is a [[Districts of Pakistan|district]] in [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]].

== History ==
Gujranwala belonged to the [[Majha]] region of ancient Punjab. The village of Asarur has been identified as the location of Taki, an ancient town, visited by the Chinese pilgrim [[Hiuen Tsiang]] contains immense ruins of Buddhist origin. After the time of Tsiang little is known about Gujranwala til the Islamic conquests, by this time, however, Taki had fallen into oblivion while Lahore had become the capital of Punjab. The contemporary village of Asarur has been identified as the site of the ancient city. From the beginning of the 7th century Rajput kingdoms dominated Eastern portions of Pakistan and northern India.The district flourished during Mughal rule, from the days of [[Akbar]] to those of [[Aurangzeb]], wells were scattered over the whole country, and villages lay thickly dotted about the southern plateau, now a barren waste of grass land and scrub jungle. Their remains may still be found in the wildest and most solitary reaches of the Bar.<ref name="IGI355">[http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V12_361.gif Gujrānwāla District Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 12, p. 355]</ref> The Punjab region became predominantly [[Muslim]] due to [[missionary]] [[Sufi]] saints whose [[dargah]]s dot the landscape of [[Punjab region]].

[[Eminabad]] and [[Hafizabad]] were the chief towns (the latter now part of a separate district), while the country was divided into six well-tilled [[pargana]]s. But before the end of the Islamic period the tract was mysteriously depopulated. The tribes at present occupying the District are all immigrants of recent date, and before their advent the whole region seems for a time to have been almost entirely abandoned. The only plausible conjecture to account for this sudden and disastrous change is that it resulted from the constant wars by which the Punjab was convulsed during the last years of Mughal Imperial rule.<ref name="IGI355"/>

After the decline of the [[Mughal Empire]], the [[Sikh Empire|Sikhs]] invaded and occupied Gujranwala District. [[Bhangi Misl]] was the first of many Sikh bands to invade and [[Looting|plunder]] the Mughal Lahore and other cities in Punjab. Many visitors to Lahore during this era noted that much of the city was in disrepair and many of its [[Muslim]] monuments and [[Mosques]] were [[Looting|pillaged]] and [[Vandalism|desecrated]] by the Sikhs. The land, palaces and houses of Muslim nobility were confiscated by the Sikhs Sardars. Marbles and precious stones were pillaged from Muslim buildings, including [[Shalimar Gardens, Lahore|Shalimar Gardens]], and homes by the Sikhs to build Golden Temple in Amritsar and the other Sikh holy places. [[Syed Ahmad Barelvi]] a [[Muslim]] nationalist received desperate pleas of help from the [[Persecution of Muslims|persecuted Muslims]] of the [[Punjab region]]. {{citation needed|date=March 2016}}

The Muslims were prohibited to call [[Adhan|Azan]] and lands belonging to the [[waqf]] endowments which provided financial support to Muslim institutions were confiscated by the Sikhs. Syed Ahmad Barelvi in 1821 with many supporters and spent two years organizing popular and material support for his Punjab campaign. He carefully developed a network of people through the length and breadth of India to collect funds and encourage volunteers, traveling widely throughout India attracting a following among pious Muslims. In December 1826 Sayyid Ahmad and his followers clashed with Sikh troops at [[Okara, Pakistan|Okara]] but with no decisive result. In a major battle near the town of [[Balakot]] in 1831, Sayyid Ahmad and [[Shah Ismail Shaheed]] with volunteer Muslims were defeated and martyred by the professional Sikh Army.{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}

During the rise of Sikhs, the agricultural lands of Gujranwala were seized from Muslims by the military Sikh adventurers who then sprang up. [[Charat Singh]], the grandfather of Maharaja [[Ranjit Singh]], occupied the village of Gujranwala, then an inconsiderable hamlet, and made it the headquarters of himself and of his son and grandson. Minor Sikh chieftains occupied and settled at [[Wazirabad]], [[Sheikhupura]], and other towns; while in the western portion of the district the [[Muslim]] [[Chatha]] Jats and [[Bhatti]] Rajputs maintained a sturdy independence. In the end, however, he succeeded in bringing all the scattered portions of the District under his own power.<ref name="IGI355"/>

In 1847 the District came under [[British Raj|British]] occupation and two years later, in 1849, it was included in the territory annexed after the second Sikh War. A cantonment was established at Wazirabad, which was abolished in 1855. The District formed a part originally of the extensive District of Wazirabad, which comprised the whole upper portion of the Rechna Doab.<ref name="IGI356">[http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V12_362.gif Gujrānwāla District Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 12, p. 356]</ref>

In 1856 the District came under [[British Raj|British]] occupation and two years later, in 1849, it was included in the territory annexed after the second Sikh War. A cantonment was established at Wazirabad, which was abolished in 1855. The District formed a part originally of the extensive District of Wazirabad, which comprised the whole upper portion of the Rechna Doab.<ref name="IGI356"/>
Nobles
[[CHAUDRI WARIS ALI TABASSUM]]
In 1852 this unwieldy territory was divided between Gujranwala and [[Sialkot District]]. The District, as then constituted, stretched across the entire plateau, from the Chenab to the Ravi; but in 1853 the south-eastern fringe, consisting of 303 villages, was transferred to [[Lahore District]], and three years later a second batch of 324 villages was handed over to the same District. There was no outbreak during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] and the Hindus and Sikh rallied to the side of Government with the greatest enthusiasm while [[Muslim]]s rallied for the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]].<ref name="IGI356"/> According to the 1901 census the District had a population of 890,577 and contained 8 towns and 1,331 villages. Its population according to the 1881 census was 616,892 rising to 690,169 in 1891. The population increased by 29 per cent between 1891 and 1901 - the increase being greatest in the Hafizabad and Khangah Dogran tahsils, owing to the extension of canal-irrigation and the colonisation of the Bar.<ref name="IGI356"/> At the time the district was divided into four tehsils, namely: Gujranwala, Wazirabad, Hafizabad and Khangah Dogran (the headquarters of each being at the place from which it is named).<ref name="IGI356"/> The chief towns during British rule were the municipalities of Gujranwala, the headquarters of the District, Wazirabad, Rasulnagar, Ali Pur Chattha, Eminabad, Qila Didar Singh, and the [[notified area]] of Sodhra.<ref name="IGI356"/> During the [[British Raj|British era]], the district of Gujranwala was part of [[Lahore Division]].<ref>[http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V12_359.gif Gujrānwāla District - Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 12, p. 353]</ref>

== Demography ==
According to the 1998 census, the population of the district was 3,400,940, of which {{sigfig|50.5|2}}% were urban.<ref name="1998census"/>{{rp|23}} The population now stands at 4,308,905.<ref>[http://www.gujranwalapolice.gov.pk/statistics/?id=13 Statistics - Official website of Gujranwala Police]</ref>

The most commonly used language of the district is [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], which according to the 1998 census is the [[first language]]<ref>"Mother tongue": defined as the language of communication between parents and children and recorded of each individual.</ref> of {{sigfig|97.3|2}}% of the population, while [[Urdu]] accounts for 1.9%.<ref name="1998census">{{Cite book| title = 1998 District Census report of Gujranwala| location = Islamabad| publisher = Population Census Organization, Statistics Division, Government of Pakistan| series = Census publication | volume = 37| date = 1999}}</ref>{{rp|27}}

===Religion and ethnic groups===
{{Empty section|date=December 2017}}

== Administration ==
Gujranwala is in fact a City district. The district is divided into following tehsils:

* [[Gujranwala|Gujranwala City]]
* Gujranwala Saddar
* [[Wazirabad Tehsil]]
* Kamonki
* Naushehra Virkan

Furthermore, there are following towns under these tehsils:

* Khiali Shahpure Town
* Aroop Town
* [[Nandipur]] Town
* Qila Didar Singh Town
* Wazirabad Town
* Kamonki Town
* Naushehra Virkan Town

First four towns lie in Gujranwala City and Saddar tehsils while the last three towns are under their respective tehsils, i.e. Tehsil Wazirabad, Kamonki and Naushehra Virkan respectively.

Gujranwala is the district headquarters while Gujranwala, Wazirabad, Kamonki and Naushehra Virkan are tehsil headquarters.

== Transport links ==
===Road===

{{Empty section|date=December 2017}}

===Rail===
{{Main|Gujranwala railway station}}
The main Peshawar-Karachi railway line passes through Gujranwala district. The district is linked with Sialkot, Hafizabad and Gujrat districts through railway network.<ref>http://pportal.punjab.gov.pk/portal/portal/media-type/html/group/309/page/default.psml/js_pane/P-10480f054b8-10002?nav=left</ref>

==Economy==
{{Empty section|date=December 2017}}

==Gallery==
{{Empty section|date=December 2017}}

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Gujranwala]]
* [[Gujranwala Division]]
* [[Gujranwala Medical College]]
* [[Gujranwala railway station]]
* [[Districts of Pakistan]]
* [[Punjab, Pakistan]]
* [[Karachi–Peshawar Line]]
* [[Gujranwala Electric Power Company]]
* [[Jinnah Stadium, Gujranwala]]
* [[Gurjar]]
{{div col end}}
{{Clear}}
{{Portal bar|Punjab (Pakistan)|Geography}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{Wikivoyage|Gujranwala}}
* [http://www.punjab.gov.pk/ Punjab Government website]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Gujranwala District
|North = [[Gujrat District]]
|Northeast =
|East = [[Sialkot District]]
|Southeast =
|South = [[Sheikhupura District]]
|Southwest =
|West = [[Hafizabad District]]
|Northwest = [[Mandi Bahauddin District]]
}}

{{Neighbourhoods of Gujranwala}}
{{Districts of Punjab (Pakistan)}}

[[Category:Gujranwala District|*]]
[[Category:Districts of Punjab, Pakistan]]

Benutzer:RyziX/Gott ist nicht tot 2

2018-05-14T17:17:08Z

{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = God's Not Dead 2
| image = God's Not Dead 2 poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Harold Cronk]]
| producer = {{plainlist|
* Elizabeth Hatcher-Travis
* Brittany Lefebvre
* Michael Scott
* [[David A. R. White]]
* [[Russell Wolfe]]
* Nathan Wenban
}}
| writer = {{plainlist|
* Chuck Konzelman
* Cary Solomon
}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Melissa Joan Hart]]
* [[Jesse Metcalfe]]
* David A. R. White
* [[Ernie Hudson]]
* [[Hayley Orrantia]]
* [[Robin Givens]]
* [[Fred Dalton Thompson]]
* [[Maria Canals-Barrera]]
* [[Sadie Robertson]]
* [[Pat Boone]]
* [[Ray Wise]]
}}
| music = Will Musser
| cinematography = Brian Shanley
| editing = Vance Null
| studio = [[Pure Flix (studio)|Pure Flix]]
| distributor = Pure Flix Entertainment
| released = {{Film date|2016|04|01}}
| runtime = 120 minutes<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/gods-not-dead-2-film | title=''GOD'S NOT DEAD 2'' (PG) | work=[[British Board of Film Classification]] | date=April 12, 2016 | accessdate=April 12, 2016}}</ref>
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget = $5 million<ref name="budget">{{cite web|last1=Schwartzel|first1=Erich|title=Hollywood finds faith: Miracles from Heaven, God’s Not Dead 2|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/wall-street-journal/hollywood-finds-faith-miracles-from-heaven-gods-not-dead2/news-story/e718dc435a8a8d94f7fea1a36e5d1ea6|website=The Australian Business Review|publisher=The Wall Street Journal|accessdate=March 30, 2016}}{{subscription required}}</ref>
| gross = $24.5 million<ref name="BOM">{{Cite web |url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=godsnotdead2.htm |title=God's Not Dead 2 (2016) |work = [[Box Office Mojo]] |accessdate=December 8, 2017}}</ref>
}}
'''''God's Not Dead 2''''' is a 2016 American [[Christian film industry|Christian]] [[drama film]], directed by [[Harold Cronk]], and starring [[Melissa Joan Hart]], [[Jesse Metcalfe]], [[David A. R. White]], [[Hayley Orrantia]] and [[Sadie Robertson]]. It is a [[sequel]] to the 2014 film ''[[God's Not Dead (film)|God's Not Dead]]'', and focuses on a high school teacher facing a court case that could end her career, after having answered a student's question about [[Jesus]].

''God's Not Dead 2'' was released on April 1, 2016. It was the final film role for [[Fred Dalton Thompson]], who died in November 2015. The film was moderately successful at the box office, earning $24 million on a $5 million budget, though making for a total gross of almost a third of its predecessor.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vox.com/culture/2016/12/14/13899722/religion-tv-movies-2016-sausage-party-silence-innocents-americans-rectify|title=How 2016's movies and TV reflected Americans’ changing relationship with religion|first=Alissa|last=Wilkinson| work = [[Vox (website)|Vox]] |date=December 28, 2016}}</ref> A sequel, entitled ''[[God's Not Dead: A Light in Darkness|A Light in Darkness]]'', was released in March 2018.

==Plot==
[[Advanced Placement|AP History]] teacher Grace Wesley ([[Melissa Joan Hart]]), a devout evangelical Christian, notices that one of her students, Brooke Thawley ([[Hayley Orrantia]]), is withdrawn following the recent accidental death of her brother. Involved in little more than her studies, Brooke notices Grace's hope-filled attitude, and asks where Grace finds her optimism. Grace replies "Jesus", and Brooke begins to read the [[Bible]] for herself. As Grace lectures on [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and [[Martin Luther King, Jr.]], Brooke asks whether their peaceful teachings relate to the biblical account of the [[Sermon on the Mount]]. Grace responds in the affirmative, and relates parts of scripture to his teachings. One student immediately texts his parents about the class, and the ensuing backlash draws the ire of Principal Kinney ([[Robin Givens]]). She reprimands Grace, saying that the teacher's faith clouded her judgment. Grace is subsequently brought before the School Board, who inform her that legal action will be taken against her as she has violated the [[separation of church and state]]. Grace's case draws the attention of Tom Endler ([[Jesse Metcalfe]]), a young defense attorney who is willing to aid her despite being an unbeliever himself.

After speaking to his friend Josh, Martin Yip, a college student, visits Pastor David Hill (David A. R. White) to ask him several questions about God. Former left-wing blogger Amy Ryan goes to the hospital to check in on her cancer, only to find that it has miraculously vanished. She talks to Michael Tait of the [[Newsboys]], who encourages her, stating that with faith, prayers can be answered. Amy ponders this, and later makes her blog a diary about her adventures with God.

The School Board brings Grace's case before a judge in [[Little Rock, Arkansas]], hoping to secure her termination and strip her of her teaching license unless she issues an apology, which Grace refuses to do. To Brooke's horror, prosecutor Pete Kane ([[Ray Wise]]) declares that the lawsuit will "prove once and for all that [[God is dead]]". His opening argument suggests that the society of the United States will crumble should Grace fail to be found guilty. Endler responds by stating that Grace was simply doing her job, and that the law separating church and state was written by [[Thomas Jefferson]] in an effort to protect the church, not persecute it. Kane builds a strong case against Grace by bringing forward witnesses such as Kinney and Brooke's parents, prompting Endler to rethink their defense. Meanwhile Brooke stands in solidarity with her friends against Kinney. The defense is dealt another blow when their key juror, David, becomes ill. [[Christian apologist]] [[J. Warner Wallace]] is called as an expert witness, arguing that it is illogical to think that [[the gospel]] was a conspiracy because despite facing persecution and death, none of the [[Apostle (Christian)|Apostles]] ever retracted the accounts of seeing the risen [[Jesus]]. Kane is floored to learn that Wallace was formerly an atheist who was converted to Christianity.

Amy encourages Brooke to follow her heart, despite what others are making her do. Martin is surprised to find his father in his college dorm. Mr. Yip angrily rebukes Martin for following God despite the family's sacrifices. Martin refuses to deny God, and Mr. Yip disowns him, then leaves. A heartbroken Martin goes to the church, where he finds Brooke. They talk about God, and Martin eventually brings Brooke to God. Later, Brooke sets up a protest to support Grace.

Brooke is allowed as a witness. Kane is able to trick her into admitting that it was Grace and not Brooke who initiated their first conversation about Jesus. As Grace becomes more and more discouraged, Brooke and her friends sing her a song in an attempt to build up her spirits. Martin visits David in the hospital with his friend Paul, and announces that he feels his call is as a pastor in China. Using a tactic to position Grace as a hostile witness, Endler gets the judge to inform the jury not to let their bias or prejudices interfere with their verdict. The jury ultimately finds in favor of Grace, who rejoices along with Brooke and Endler as Kane stands humiliated.

In a post-credits scene, a fully recovered David, hungry after having ice chips for 2 days, returns to church with Paul who offers, "I'm hungry as well, David. How 'bout I take you for a nice, tuna melt?" Suddenly, David is then arrested for refusing to turn in his sermons to the government, (shown earlier in the film). Paul and Martin watch as David is taken away. Then, Martin wonders what to do next, and Paul replies "Same as always, Martin. We pray in faith." as David is driven off to jail, setting up the events for the sequel: ''[[God's Not Dead: A Light in Darkness]]''.

==Cast==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Melissa Joan Hart]] as Grace Wesley
* [[Jesse Metcalfe]] as Tom Endler
* [[David A. R. White]] as Reverend Dave
* [[Hayley Orrantia]] as Brooke Thawley
* [[Sadie Robertson]] as Marlene
* [[Ernie Hudson]] as Judge Robert Stennis
* [[Pat Boone]] as Walter Wesley
* [[Fred Dalton Thompson]] as Senior Pastor
* [[Robin Givens]] as Miss Kinney
* Carey Scott as Richard Thawley<ref name="Cast&Crew">{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt4824308/fullcredits?ref_=tt_cl_sm#cast|title=God's Not Dead 2 (2016) - Full Cast & Crew|website=[[IMDb]]|accessdate=April 5, 2016}}</ref>
* [[Maria Canals-Barrera]] as Catherine Thawley
* Benjamin Onyango as Reverend Jude
* [[Ray Wise]] as Pete Kane
* Paul Kwo as Martin Yip
* [[Jon Lindstrom]] as Superintendent Jim Powell
* [[Eamonn McCrystal]] as Simon Boyle
* [[Abigail Duhon]] as Jessica
* Trisha LaFache as Amy Ryan
{{div col end}}

==Production==
Filming took place in [[Little Rock, Arkansas]], including the [[Pulaski County, Arkansas|Pulaski County]] courthouse, near [[Hillcrest, Little Rock, Arkansas|Hillcrest, Arkansas]], and in [[Saline County, Arkansas|Saline County]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=God's Not Dead 2 Films in Little Rock|url=http://www.nwahomepage.com/news/gods-not-dead-2-films-in-little-rock/229831726|publisher=NWAHomePage}}</ref>

Both the [[Christian Contemporary Music|Christian rock]] band The [[Newsboys]]<ref name="Cast&Crew"/><ref>{{cite web|first=Benge|last=Nsenduluka|url=http://www.christianpost.com/news/duck-dynasty-sadie-robertson-teases-acting-debut-in-gods-not-dead-2-video-146910/ |title='Duck Dynasty' Sadie Robertson Teases Acting Debut in 'God's Not Dead 2' (Video) |website=[[The Christian Post]] |date=June 23, 2015 |accessdate=October 7, 2015}}</ref> and former Arkansas Governor [[Mike Huckabee]] have cameos. Christian apologists and authors [[Lee Strobel]] and [[J. Warner Wallace]] appear as trial witnesses.<ref name="Cast&Crew"/> Local NBC affiliate [[KARK-TV]] personalities Mallory Brooks and Victoria Price both appear as reporters.

==Release==

===Promotion===
The day before the [[Iowa caucuses]], presidential candidate [[Mike Huckabee]] (who appears in one scene) offered a free screening of the film.<ref>{{cite web|first=Christine|last=Thomasos|url=http://www.christianpost.com/news/mike-huckabee-gods-not-dead-2-iowa-caucuses-156161/|title=Mike Huckabee Screening 'God's Not Dead 2' for Iowa Caucuses|work=The Christian Post|date=January 29, 2016}}</ref> A billboard for the film was prevented from being displayed at the [[2016 Republican National Convention|Republican National Convention]] in [[Cleveland]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/2016/07/13/gods-not-dead-2-billboard-reportedly-banned-at-rnc.html|title='God's Not Dead 2' billboard reportedly banned at RNC|first=Blanche|last=Johnson|date=July 13, 2016|work=[[Fox News]]}}</ref>

===Box office===
In its opening weekend, the film grossed $7.6 million (less than the original's opening of $8.6 million), finishing fourth at the box office, behind ''[[Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice]]'' ($51.3 million), ''[[Zootopia]]'' ($19.3 million) and ''[[My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2]]'' ($11.2 million).<ref name=CinemaScore/> As of December 2017, the film has grossed over $20.8 million domestically<ref name="BOM"/> and over $1.4 million in Brazil.<ref name="ForeignBox">{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=intl&id=godsnotdead2.htm |title=God's Not Dead 2 (2016) Foreign Grosses |work = [[Box Office Mojo]] |accessdate=August 24, 2016}}</ref>

===Critical response===
[[Rotten Tomatoes]] gives the film a rating of 9%, based on 35 reviews, with an average rating of 3.5/10. The site's consensus states: "Every bit the proselytizing lecture promised by its title, ''God's Not Dead 2'' preaches ham-fistedly to its paranoid conservative choir."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/gods_not_dead_2/ |title=''God's Not Dead 2'' (2016) |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |accessdate=August 26, 2016}}</ref> On [[Metacritic]], the film has a score of 22 out of 100, based on 8 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metacritic.com/movie/gods-not-dead-2 |title=''God's Not Dead 2'' reviews |publisher=Metacritic |date= |accessdate=April 6, 2016}}</ref> Audiences polled by [[CinemaScore]] gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale. [[Deadline.com|Deadline]] noted that "faith-based films have an easy time gaining an A on CinemaScore."<ref name="CinemaScore">{{cite web|url=http://deadline.com/2016/04/batman-v-superman-box-office-second-weekend-gods-not-dead-2-1201729796/ |title=''Batman V Superman''{{'s}} Knock-Down, Drag-Out Fight with the Box Office: 2nd Weekend At $52M+, -68% |website=[[Deadline.com]]|first1=Anthony|last1=D'Alessandro|date=April 4, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301031720/http://deadline.com/2016/04/batman-v-superman-box-office-second-weekend-gods-not-dead-2-1201729796/|archivedate=March 1, 2017}}</ref>

Bill Zwecker of the ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'' felt that the underlying issues presented in the film are relevant in today's world, but criticized the lack of subtlety, saying, "the entire film simply comes off as a two-hour, jazzed-up movie version of a sermon."<ref>{{cite news|title=''God's Not Dead 2'': Too much Bible thumping bruises the story|url=http://chicago.suntimes.com/entertainment/review-gods-not-dead-2/|first=Bill|last=Zwecker|work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]|date=March 31, 2016|accessdate=April 1, 2016}}</ref> Frank Scheck of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' criticized the film's "[[straw man]]" argument and its perceived victimizing of Christians, writing, "Pounding its agenda with all the subtlety of a sledgehammer, ''God's Not Dead 2'' will no doubt please its target audience. Everyone else will be left wondering why its fans seem to be suffering from such a [[persecution complex]]."<ref>{{cite news|title=''God's Not Dead 2'': Film Review|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/gods-not-dead-2-film-879849|first=Frank|last=Scheck|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=April 1, 2016|accessdate=April 1, 2016}}</ref> Jordan Hoffman at ''[[The Guardian]]'' deemed it "a much better movie than ''God's Not Dead'', but that's a bit like saying a glass of milk left on the table hasn't curdled and is merely sour," and stated that "it is unfortunately just professional enough that there are only brief instances of transcendent badness, rather than drawn-out sequences."<ref>{{cite news|title=''God's Not Dead 2'' review – only brief instances of transcendent badness|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/apr/01/gods-not-dead-2-review-pure-flix|first=Jordan|last=Hoffman|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=April 1, 2016|accessdate=April 1, 2016}}</ref> Nick Olszyk of ''[[Catholic World Report]]'' said that the film "doesn't have the knockout punch of its predecessor but still a decent left hook."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.catholicworldreport.com/Blog/4721/from_the_classroom_to_the_courtroom_igods_not_dead_2i.aspx |title=From the Classroom to the Courtroom: ''God's Not Dead 2'' |work=Catholic World Report |date= |accessdate=April 14, 2016}}</ref> Shelia O'Malley of ''rogerebert.com'' gave the film 1 1/2 out of 4 stars, and acknowledged that "there are serious movies about the Christian faith, about the persecution of the faithful, and about the intolerance that goes both ways," but that "''God's Not Dead 2'' is not one of them."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/gods-not-dead-2-2016 |title=God's Not Dead 2 Movie Review |last=O'Malley |first=Shelia |date=April 1, 2016 |website=rogerebert.com |accessdate=January 19, 2018}}</ref>

In reviewing the film, Roger Patterson of the [[Christian apologetics]] organization [[Answers in Genesis]] stated that it was "much better than the first," due to the absence of the evolutionary ideas in the first film, as well as other aspects. He also criticized the film for presenting an "empirical, evidentialist apologetic that pointed to Jesus as a simple historical figure," as well as for having many Christian [[cliché]]s.<ref>{{cite web | last1=Patterson | first1=Roger | title=Movie Review: ''God’s Not Dead 2'' | url=https://answersingenesis.org/reviews/movies/gods-not-dead-2/ | date=April 25, 2016 | website=[[Answers in Genesis]] | accessdate=April 26, 2016}}</ref>

Michael Foust's review in ''[[The Christian Post]]'' said the film is "a much-improved sequel," with better acting and a more believable plot.<ref>{{cite web|first=Michael|last=Foust|url=http://www.christianpost.com/news/gods-not-dead-2-sequel-warning-christians-film-review-160679/|title='God's Not Dead 2' a Much-Improved Sequel With Warning to Christians (Film Review)|work=The Christian Post|accessdate=May 11, 2016|date=April 1, 2016}}</ref>

==Sequel==
On October 27, 2016, a third ''God's Not Dead'' film, ''[[God's Not Dead: A Light in Darkness]]'', was announced by producer and actor David A. R. White. It was confirmed that White's character from the first two films would return, and that the post-credits scene in ''God's Not Dead 2'' would hint at the plot of the next film.<ref name="GND3">{{cite web|url=http://www.cnsnews.com/news/article/mark-judge/confirmed-gods-not-dead-3|title=Confirmed: There Will be a ‘God’s Not Dead 3’|website=[[CNSNews.com]]|first=Mark|last=Judge|accessdate=January 13, 2017|date=October 27, 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://godsnotdeadthemovie.com/}}
* {{IMDb title|4824308|God's Not Dead 2}}
* {{Mojo title|godsnotdead2|God's Not Dead 2}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|gods_not_dead_2|God's Not Dead 2}}
* {{Metacritic film|gods-not-dead-2|God's Not Dead 2}}

{{God's Not Dead}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:God's Not Dead Two}}
[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:2010s drama films]]
[[Category:American drama films]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:American legal films]]
[[Category:American sequel films]]
[[Category:Courtroom films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:Films about Christianity]]
[[Category:Films about Evangelicalism]]
[[Category:Films about education]]
[[Category:Films about educators]]
[[Category:Films directed by Harold Cronk]]
[[Category:Films set in Arkansas]]
[[Category:Films shot in Arkansas]]
[[Category:Pure Flix Entertainment films]]
[[Category:Separation of church and state in the United States]]

Manifest der faschistischen Intellektuellen

2018-05-14T17:06:27Z

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2013}}
[[File:Giovanni Gentile.png|thumb|right|175px|'''Giovanni Gentile:''' [[Actual idealism|Philosophic]] father of [[Italian Fascism]]. ]]

The '''Manifesto of Fascist Intellectuals''' (''Manifesto degli Intellettuali del Fascismo'', {{IPA-it|maniˈfɛsto deʎʎi intelletˈtwaːli del faʃˈʃizmo}}), by the [[Actual idealism|actualist]] philosopher [[Giovanni Gentile]], formally establishes the political and ideologic foundations of [[Italian Fascism]].<ref>Jeffrey T. Schnapp (1996). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/261164 Fascinating Fascism]. ''Journal of Contemporary History'', Vol. 31, No. 2, Special Issue: The Aesthetics of Fascism (Apr., 1996), pp. 235–244, accessed 4 February 2009.</ref> It justifies the political violence of the [[Blackshirts|Blackshirt]] paramilitaries of the [[National Fascist Party]] (PNF — ''Partito Nazionale Fascista''), in the [[revolution]]ary realisation of Italian Fascism as the [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]] and [[Totalitarianism|totalitarian]] rėgime of Prime Minister [[Benito Mussolini]], who ruled Italy as ''[[Il Duce]]'' ("The Leader"), from 1922 to 1943.<ref>Giovanni Gentile (1929). ''Origini e dottrina del fascismo''. Rome, 1929, 69 pp., revised 1934, 105 pp.</ref><ref>Giovanni Gentile (1928). "Philosophic Basis of Fascism", ''Foreign Affairs'', vol. 6 (January/February) 1928, pp 290-304.</ref>

==Overview==
The ''Manifesto'' is the ideological [[Critical précis|précis]] of the 29 March 1925 '''Conference of Fascist Culture''', at Bologna. In support of the government of Benito Mussolini, prominent Italian academic and public [[intellectual]]s effected the first, formal effort at defining the cultural aspirations of [[Italian Fascism]]. As conference Chairman, the Neo-idealist philosopher Gentile publicly proclaimed the alliance between [[Culture]] and [[Fascism]], thereby challenging [[Intellectualism|intellectualist]] critics who questioned the Fascist régime's cultural respectability.

[[File:Flag of the National Fascist Party (PNF).svg|thumb|175px|upright|[[National Fascist Party]] flag (1930s–1940s).]]

The thesis of the ''Manifesto of Fascist Intellectuals'' bases Fascist [[revolution]] upon co-operation between [[Culture]] and [[Politics]].<ref>Philip V. Cannistraro (1972). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/259908 Mussolini's Cultural Revolution: Fascist or Nationalist?] ''Journal of Contemporary History'', Vol. 7, No. 3/4 (Jul. - Oct., 1972), pp. 115-39, accessed 4 February 2009.</ref> As a statement of politico-philosophic principles, the ''Manifesto'' derived from the "Fascism and Culture" (''Fascismo e cultura'') lecture Gentile delivered in the "Freedom and Liberalism" (''Libertà e liberalismo'') session of the cultural conference; although officially attended by more than 400 Italian [[intellectual]]s, the document bears only 250 signatures.<ref>Giovanni Gentile (1928). ''Fascismo e cultura''. Milan, 1928.</ref>

[[File:Benito Mussolini Roman Salute.jpg|thumb|175px|right| '''''Il Duce:''''' Italian Prime Minister Benito Mussolini rendering the [[Roman salute]] to his audience.]]

The ''Manifesto'' was first published in ''Il Mondo'' (''The World''), the PNF newspaper, then by most Italian newspapers on 21 April 1925 — the national, anniversary-day celebration of the [[Founding of Rome]] (ca. 21 April 753 BC). The publication date's symbolism was deepened with the contemporary, legal establishment of the celebration of the 21 April ''Natale di Roma'' (''Birth of Rome''), established by Royal decree in early 1925 as a replacement for [[International Workers' Day]].<ref>Emiliana P. Noether (1971). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1881234 Italian Intellectuals under Fascism]. ''The Journal of Modern History'', Vol. 43, No. 4 (Dec., 1971), pp. 630-648, accessed 4 February 2009.</ref>

Many culturally influential Italian [[Intellectual|public intellectuals]] signed the ''Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals'', among them:

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
*[[Luigi Barzini, Sr.]]
*[[Salvatore Di Giacomo]]
*[[Luigi Federzoni]]
*[[Giovanni Gentile]]
*[[Curzio Malaparte]]
*[[Filippo Tommaso Marinetti]]
*[[Alfredo Panzini]]
*[[Salvatore Pincherle]]
*[[Luigi Pirandello]]
*[[Ildebrando Pizzetti]]
*[[Vittorio G. Rossi]]
*[[Margherita Sarfatti]]
*[[Ardengo Soffici]]
*[[Giuseppe Ungaretti]]
}}

Although not at the Conference of Fascist Culture, the [[drama]]turge and [[novelist]] Luigi Pirandello publicly supported the ''Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals'' with a letter. Meanwhile, the support of Neapolitan poet Di Giacomo provoked Gentile's falling out with [[Benedetto Croce]], his intellectual mentor,<ref>Alessandra Tarquini (2005). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/30036352 The Anti-Gentilians during the Fascist Regime]. ''Journal of Contemporary History'', Vol. 40, No. 4 (Oct., 2005), pp. 637–662, accessed 04 February 2009.</ref> who afterwards responded to the Fascist Government's proclamation with his ''[[Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals]]''.<ref>Jared M. Becker (1983). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/478854 "What We Are Not": Montale's Anti-Fascism Revisited]. ''Italica'', Vol. 60, No. 4 (Winter, 1983), pp. 331-339, accessed 04 February 2009.</ref>

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="min-width:60em"
! {{Link language|it}} '''Manifesto degli Intellettuali del Fascismo'''<ref>''The text'' ([[public domain]]) ''can also be found in'' Stanislao G. Pugliese. ''Italian fascism and antifascism: a critical anthology'', Manchester University Press, 2001, {{ISBN|0-7190-5639-X}}, {{ISBN|978-0-7190-5639-0}}, pages 117 -22 (of 250).</ref>
|-
| '''Le origini'''
<blockquote><poem>
Il Fascismo è un movimento recente ed antico dello spirito italiano, intimamente connesso alla storia della Nazione italiana, ma non privo di significato e interesse per tutte le altre.
Le sue origini prossime risalgono al 1919, quando intorno a Benito Mussolini si raccolse un manipolo di uomini reduci dalle trincee e risoluti a combattere energicamente la politica demosocialista allora imperante. La quale della grande guerra, da cui il popolo italiano era uscito vittorioso ma spossato, vedeva soltanto le immediate conseguenze materiali e lasciava disperdere se non lo negava apertamente il valore morale rappresentandola agli italiani da un punto di vista grettamente individualistico e utilitaristico come somma di sacrifici, di cui ognuno per parte sua doveva essere compensato in proporzione del danno sofferto, donde una presuntuosa e minacciosa contrapposizione dei privati allo Stato, un disconoscimento della sua autorità, un abbassamento del prestigio del Re e dell'Esercito, simboli della Nazione soprastanti agli individui e alle categorie particolari dei cittadini e un disfrenarsi delle passioni e degl'istinti inferiori, fomento di disgregazione sociale, di degenerazione morale, di egoistico e incosciente spirito di rivolta a ogni legge e disciplina.
L'individuo contro lo Stato; espressione tipica dell'aspetto politico della corruttela degli anni insofferenti di ogni superiore norma di vita umana che vigorosamente regga e contenga i sentimenti e i pensieri dei singoli.
Il Fascismo pertanto alle sue origini fu un movimento politico e morale. La politica sentì e propugnò come palestra di abnegazione e sacrificio dell'individuo a un'idea in cui l'individuo possa trovare la sua ragione di vita, la sua libertà e ogni suo diritto; idea che è Patria, come ideale che si viene realizzando storicamente senza mai esaurirsi, tradizione storica determinata e individuata di civiltà ma tradizione che nella coscienza del cittadino, lungi dal restare morta memoria del passato, si fa personalità consapevole di un fine da attuare, tradizione perciò e missione.
</poem></blockquote>
'''Il Fascismo e lo Stato'''
<blockquote><poem>
Di qui il carattere religioso del Fascismo.
Questo carattere religioso e perciò intransigente, spiega il metodo di lotta seguito dal Fascismo nei quattro anni dal '19 al '22.
I fascisti erano minoranza, nel Paese e in Parlamento, dove entrarono, piccolo nucleo, con le elezioni del 1921.
Lo Stato costituzionale era perciò, e doveva essere, antifascista, poiché era lo Stato della maggioranza, e il fascismo aveva contro di sé appunto questo Stato che si diceva liberale; ed era liberale, ma del liberalismo agnostico e abdicatorio, che non conosce se non la libertà esteriore.
Lo Stato che è liberale perché si ritiene estraneo alla coscienza del libero cittadino, quasi meccanico sistema di fronte all'attività dei singoli.
Non era perciò, evidentemente, lo Stato vagheggiato dai socialisti, quantunque i rappresentanti dell'ibrido socialismo democratizzante e parlamentaristico, si fossero, anche in Italia, venuti adattando a codesta concezione individualistica della concezione politica.
Ma non era neanche lo Stato, la cui idea aveva potentemente operato nel periodo eroico italiano del nostro Risorgimento, quando lo Stato era sorto dall'opera di ristrette minoranze, forti della forza di una idea alla quale gl'individui si erano in diversi modi piegati e si era fondato col grande programma di fare gli italiani, dopo aver dato loro l'indipendenza e l'unità.
Contro tale Stato il Fascismo si accampò anch'esso con la forza della sua idea la quale, grazie al fascino che esercita sempre ogni idea religiosa che inviti al sacrificio, attrasse intorno a sé un numero rapidamente crescente di giovani e fu il partito dei giovani (come dopo i moti del '31 da analogo bisogno politico e morale era sorta la "Giovane Italia" di Giuseppe Mazzini).
Questo partito ebbe anche il suo inno della giovinezza che venne cantato dai fascisti con gioia di cuore esultante!
E cominciò a essere, come la "Giovane Italia" mazziniana, la fede di tutti gli Italiani sdegnosi del passato e bramosi del rinnovamento.
Fede, come ogni fede che urti contro una realtà costituita da infrangere e fondere nel crogiolo delle nuove energie e riplasmare in conformità del nuovo ideale ardente e intransigente.
Era la fede stessa maturatasi nelle trincee e nel ripensamento intenso del sacrificio consumatosi nei campi di battaglia pel solo fine che potesse giustificarlo: la vita e la grandezza della Patria.
Fede energica, violenta, non disposta a nulla rispettare che opponesse alla vita, alla grandezza della Patria.
Sorse così lo squadrismo. Giovani risoluti, armati, indossanti la camicia nera, ordinati militarmente, si misero contro la legge per instaurare una nuova legge, forza armata contro lo Stato per fondare il nuovo Stato.
Lo squadrismo agì contro le forze disgregatrici antinazionali, la cui attività culminò nello sciopero generale del luglio 1922 e finalmente osò l'insurrezione del 28 ottobre 1922, quando colonne armate di fascisti, dopo avere occupato gli edifici pubblici delle province, marciarono su Roma.
La Marcia su Roma, nei giorni in cui fu compiuta e prima, ebbe i suoi morti, soprattutto nella Valle Padana. Essa, come in tutti i fatti audaci di alto contenuto morale, si compì dapprima fra la meraviglia e poi l'ammirazione e infine il plauso universale.
Onde parve che a un tratto il popolo italiano avesse ritrovato la sua unanimità entusiastica della vigilia della guerra, ma più vibrante per la coscienza della vittoria già riportata e della nuova onda di fede ristoratrice venuta a rianimare la Nazione vittoriosa sulla nuova via faticosa della urgente restaurazione della sue forze finanziarie e morali.
Codesta Patria è pure riconsacrazione delle tradizioni e degli istituti che sono la costanza della civiltà, nel flusso e nella perennità delle tradizioni.
Ed è scintilla di subordinazione di ciò che è particolare ed inferiore a ciò che è universale ed immortale, è rispetto della legge e disciplina, è libertà ma libertà da conquistare attraverso la legge, che si instaura con la rinuncia a tutto ciò che è piccolo arbitrio e velleità irragionevole e dissipatrice.
È concezione austera della vita, è serietà religiosa, che non distingue la teoria dalla pratica, il dire dal fare, e non dipinge ideali magnifici per relegarli fuori di questo mondo, dove intanto si possa continuare a vivere vilmente e miseramente, ma è duro sforzo di idealizzare la vita ed esprimere i propri convincimenti nella stessa azione o con parole che siano esse stesse azioni.
</poem></blockquote>
|}

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="min-width:60em"
! {{Link language|en}} '''Manifest of the Fascist Intellectuals to the Intellectuals of Other Nations'''<ref>''Also see'' J. T. Schnapp, O. E. Sears, & M. G. Stampino (transl.). ''A Primer of Italian Fascism'', U of Nebraska Press, 2000, {{ISBN|0-8032-9268-6}}, {{ISBN|978-0-8032-9268-0}}, pages 297-307 (of 325)</ref>
|-
|'''The origins'''
<blockquote><poem>
Fascism is a recent yet ancient movement of the Italian spirit. It is intimately connected to the history of the Italian nation, yet it is not devoid of interest or meaning for other nations.
Its immediate origins must be traced back to 1919, when a handful of veterans from the trenches [of War World I] gathered around Benito Mussolini, determined to fight energetically the then-dominant demosocialist ({{sic|''demosocialista''}}) politics. Democratic socialism was blind to all but one side (that of immediate material consequences) of the Great War from which the Italian people had emerged at the same time weary and victorious. It diminished the moral value of the war, when it did not resort to outright denial, by presenting it to Italians in a crudely individualistic and utilitarian light. It claimed that the conflict had been little more than the combination of individual sacrifices, for which each and every party was to be repaid according to a precise evaluation of its suffering. This claim resulted in an arrogant and threatening juxtaposition of individuals to the State; the neglect of the State's authority; a lowering of the prestige due to the king and the Army—symbols of a nation that transcends individuals and individual social categories—; the unleashing of basic passions and instincts, which bring about social disintegration, moral degeneration, and a self-centered and mindless spirit of rebellion against all forms of discipline and law.
The opposition of individual and State is the typical political expression of a corruption so deep that it cannot accept any higher life principle, because doing so would vigorously inform and contain the individual's feelings and thoughts.
Fascism was, therefore, a political and moral movement at its origins. It understood and championed politics as a training ground for self-denial and self-sacrifice in the name of an idea, one which would provide the individuals with his reason for being, his freedom, and all his rights. The idea in question is that of the fatherland. It is an ideal that is a continuous and inexhaustible process of historical actualization. It represents a distinct and singular embodiment of a civilization's traditions which, far from withering as a dead memory of the past, assumes the form of a personality focussed on the end towards which it strives. The fatherland is, thus, a mission.
</poem></blockquote>
'''Fascism and the State'''
<blockquote><poem>
Hence Fascism's religious character.
This uncompromising religiosity explains the fighting tactics adopted by Fascism from 1919 to 1922.
Fascists were a minority, in the country and in Parliament, where a small nucleus of deputies were seated after the 1921 elections.
The constitutional State was, therefore, antifascist and necessarily so, because it reflected its majority. Fascism was opposed precisely by this State that called itself "liberal", yet whose liberalism was of the agnostic and renunciatory kind that only pays heed to outward freedoms.
This state considers itself "liberal" because it is extraneous to the conscience of its free citizens and mechanically reacts to the actions of individuals.
It goes without saying that this was hardly the state that socialists had envisioned. The representatives of such hybrid socialism, smeared in democratic values and parliamentarianism, were coming to terms with this individualistic conception of politics.
Nor was it the State that had fueled the ideals of the small minority operating during the heroic time of our Risorgimento, because those who fought for it were animated by the power of an idea to which individuals had variously submitted. That heroic time founded a State with the grand plan of making Italians, after granting them independence and unity.
This was the State against which Fascism took on, armed with the power of its own vision which, thanks to the appeal that any religious idea inviting to sacrifice exerts, attracted a growing group of young supporters. It became, thus, the party of the young (much as Mazzini's ''Giovane Italia'' movement had risen out of the riots of 1831 to fill a similar political and moral void).
The party even had its hymn to youth that the fascists sang with joyful, exuberant hearts!
Fascism became, like Mazzini's ''Giovane Italia'', the faith of all Italians who disdained the past and longed for renewal.
Like other faiths, it confronted a fully actualized reality that must be destroyed and melted into a crucible of new energies, and forged according to a new ardent and uncompromising ideal.
It was the very faith that had ripened in the trenches and in the reflection on the sacrifices that took place on the battlefields for the only worthy goal: the vigour and greatness of the fatherland.
It was an energetic, violent faith, unwilling to respect anything that would stand in the way of the fatherland's vigour and greatness.
This is how squadrism arose.
Determined youths, armed, dressed in black shirts and organized in military fashion, placed themselves against the law in order to institute a new law—fighting the State in order to found the new State.
Squadrism's targeted the apologists for national disintegration, whose actions culminated in the general strike of July 1922, and finally dared to mount an insurrection on 28 October 1922, when armed columns of fascists first occupied public buildings in the provinces, and then marched on Rome.
The march on Rome caused some casualties during its preparation and execution phases, particularly in the Po valley. Like all courageous events inspired by the highest moral goals, it was greeted first by marvel, then by admiration, followed by universal acclaim.
It seemed, for a while, that the Italian people had recovered the enthusiastic unanimity it had felt on the verge of war, but redoubled by the awareness of the nation's recent victory and invigorated by the belief that the victorious Nation was now on the path to recovering its financial and moral integrity.
This fatherland is the rechristening of those traditions and institutions that, amidst the perennial renewal of traditions, remain constant features of civilization.
It is also prompts the subordination of all that is particular and inferior to that which is universal and superior. It is the respect of law and discipline; it is freedom to be conquered through the law by renouncing all that comes from individual choice and irrational, wasteful desires.
This fatherland represents an austere philosophy of life, marked by religious depth; it does not separate theory from practice, saying from doing; and it does not propose magnificent, but utterly unrealistic, ideals that change nothing in the misery of everyday life.
Rather, it is a daunting effort to idealize life and express one's beliefs through action or words that are, themselves, actions.
</poem></blockquote>
|}

==See also==
*[[Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals]]
*[[Giovanni Gentile]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manifesto Of The Fascist Intellectuals}}
[[Category:Italian fascist works]]
[[Category:Political history of Italy]]
[[Category:Italian political writers]]
[[Category:Modern history of Italy]]
[[Category:1925 in politics]]
[[Category:1925 documents]]
[[Category:1925 in Italy]]

Gaza Strip Premier League

2018-05-14T17:00:35Z

{{Infobox football league
| name = Gaza Strip Premier League
| logo =
| founded = 1984
| pixels = 140
| country = {{flagicon|PLE}} [[State of Palestine|Palestine]]
| confed = [[Palestinian Football Federation|PFA]]
| teams = 12
| relegation = [[Gaza Strip First League]]
| level = 1
| domest_cup = [[Palestine Cup]], [[Yasser Arafat Cup]]
| confed_cup = [[AFC Cup]] [[Arab Champions League]]
| champions = [[Shabab Khan Yunis]]
| most successful club = [[Khadamat Rafah]] (3)
| website = http://www.pfa.ps
| current = [[2017–18 Gaza Strip Premier League|2017–18 season]]
|}}

'''Gaza Strip Premier League''' is one of the two top divisions of the [[Palestinian Football Association]] that founded in 1984.<ref>{{cite news
|url=https://www.thenational.ae/sport/football-in-times-of-crisis-palestine-s-game-endures-in-the-face-of-tragedy-1.1743#3
|title=Football in times of crisis: Palestine’s game endures in the face of tragedy
|publisher=The National
|website=www.thenational.ae
|date=27 July 2015}}</ref> The other is the [[West Bank Premier League]].<ref name="Palestine Champions">{{cite news
|url=http://www.rsssf.com/tablesp/paleschamp.html
|title=Palestina - List of Champions and Cup Winners
|publisher=RSSSF
|website=www.rsssf.com
|accessdate=14 September 2017
}}</ref>

==Clubs (2015-16)==
*[[Al-Hilal Gaza]]
*[[Al-Ittihad Khan Yunis]]
*[[Al-Ittihad Shuja'iyya]]
*[[Al-Sadaqah]]
*[[Gaza Sports Club]]
*[[Khidmat Al-Maghazi]] ''(Relegated)''
*[[Khidmat Al-Shatia]]
*[[Khidmat Khan Yunis]]
*[[Khidmat Rafah]]
*[[Shabab Jabalia]] ''(Relegated)''
*[[Shabab Khan Yunis]]
*[[Shabab Rafah]]

==Champions==
Champions so far are:<ref name="Palestine Champions"></ref>
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
*1984–85: [[Al-Ahli Gaza]]
*1985–86: [[Khadamat Al-Shatea]]
*1986–87: [[Khadamat Al-Shatea]]
*1987–95: ''Not known''
*1995–96: [[Khadamat Rafah]]
*1997: [[Rafah SC]]
*1997–98: [[Khadamat Rafah]]
*1998–00: ''Not known''
*2000: [[Shabab Khan Yunis]]
*2001–05: ''Not known''
*2005–06: [[Khadamat Rafah]]
*2007–08: ''Not known''
*2008–09: [[Shabab Rafah]]
*2009–10: ''Not known''
*2010–11: [[Shabab Khan Yunis]]
*2011–12: ''Not known''
*2012–13: [[Jamiyat Al-Salah]]
*2013–14: [[Shabab Rafah]]
*2014–15: [[Al-Ittihad Shuja'iyya]]
*2015–16: [[Khadamat Rafah]]
*[[2016–17 Gaza Strip Premier League|2016–17]]: [[Al-Sadaqah]]
*[[2017–18 Gaza Strip Premier League|2017–18]]: [[Shabab Khan Yunis]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.goalzz.com/main.aspx?c=6371 League] on goalzz.com

{{Football in Palestine}}
{{AFC Leagues}}

[[Category:Gaza Strip Premier League| ]]
[[Category:Football leagues in the State of Palestine|1]]
[[Category:Top level football leagues in Asia]]
[[Category:Sport in the Gaza Strip]]

{{Palestine-org-stub}}

Benutzer:Woodcut-like/Herbert Haviland Field

2018-05-14T16:20:14Z

{{more footnotes|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Herbert Haviland Field
|birth_date = {{birth date|1868|04|25|mf=y}}
|birth_place = [[Brooklyn]], [[New York (state)|New York]], United States
|death_date = {{death date and age|1921|04|05|1868|04|25|mf=y}}
|death_place = [[Zurich]], Switzerland
|death_cause =
|spouse = Nina Eschwege
|children = {{plainlist |
* Elsie Field Doob
* [[Noel Field]]
* Hermann Haviland Field
* Letticia (Lette) Field
}}
|parents = {{plainlist |
* Aaron M. Field (father)
* Lydia Seaman Haviland Field (mother)
}}
|relations = {{plainlist |
* Hamilton Easter Field (brother)
* Anna H. Field (sister, died age 7)
* Fannie (Fanny) E. Field Griffen (step-sister)
* Edward S. Field (step-brother)
* Henry C. Field (step-brother)
}}
}}

'''Herbert Haviland Field''' (April 25, 1868 – April 5, 1921) was an American zoologist who founded the [[Concilium Bibliographicum]], a leading science information service in the early twentieth century and was the father of [[Noel Field]] and Hermann Field.

==Early life==
Herbert Haviland Field was born to a rich and culturally and politically liberal [[Brooklyn]] Quaker family on April 25, 1868. A product of his merchant father’s second marriage, Herbert had two step-brothers and a step-sister, as well as a brother, the famed artist Hamilton Easter Field, and a sister who died when she was just seven, devastating her parents, Aaron and Lydia. Although Herbert was a sickly child he showed signs of brilliance early-on and seems to have had a photographic memory. He showed his intellectual gifts at Brooklyn’s Friends School, the city’s advanced Polytechnic Institute and, then, at [[Harvard University]] where he majored in zoology, one of the new fields of study that were defining modern science methods. He earned his Ph.D. in 1893 then traveled to Europe for further studies,<ref name="sciObit">{{cite journal|last1=Ward|first1=Henry B|title=Herbert Haviland field|journal=Science|date=November 4, 1921|volume=54|issue=1401|pages=424–428|jstor=1644418|doi=10.1126/science.54.1401.424|pmid=17812860}}</ref> travels financed by his parents and aided by his extended Quaker family that included the famous and influential Haviland chinaware-makers of France. While in Europe, Herbert became a significant figure in the emerging infrastructure of science and attended professional meetings throughout Europe and America where the deepening problems of science information were receiving attention because of lack of universal coverage of the literature and because of competition between France, England and Germany over which nation would control bibliographies for the sciences.

==The Concilium Bibliographicum==
Herbert decided not to continue his zoological research but to focus on the information problem, which was the difficulty at the time of locating relevant articles on a topic published in the growing number of scientific journals. It was initially his intention to reorganize the bibliography of zoological materials using the method of classification developed by [[Melvil Dewey]].<ref name=sciObit /> His mother and, later, a legacy from his father allowed him to form and initially self-finance the [[Concilium Bibliographicum]] in [[Zurich]], Switzerland in 1895 to provide a service that would survey all the literature in zoology and related fields and send his subscribers indexed and abstracted notices every two weeks. The system would be organized on cards and could be subscribed by individuals or libraries.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Card Bibliographies|journal=The American Naturalist|volume=32|number=379 |date=July 1898|pages=518–519|jstor=2453353|doi=10.1086/276938}}</ref> Working in cooperation with [[Paul Otlet]] and [[Henri La Fontaine]] of Belgium, who were building a similar index-card based system using the [[Universal Decimal Classification]] (UDC) system for a much broader range of subjects. Herbert developed the UDC schedules for Zoology and is credited with persuading Otlet and La Fontaine to adopt standard 75 x 125 mm card size.

Herbert envisioned his subscribers building cumulative files covering all the years from 1895 to the present. Although unable to make his service financially self-sustaining, by the 1903 he had sent some 13,000,000 cards to over 600 subscribers. Through his information efforts, Herbert became known to scientific and political leaders throughout Europe and America.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Buckland|first1=Michael K.|title=Precise zoological information: The Concilium Bibliographicum, 1895-1940|journal=Bulletin of the Association for Information Science and Technology|date=2016|volume=42|issue=6|pages=15–19|url=https://www.asist.org/files/bulletin/aug-16/Buckland_Burke.pdf|accessdate=30 January 2017|doi=10.1002/bul2.2016.1720420606}}</ref>

Meanwhile, at age thirty-five, Herbert had married Nina Eschwege, a British woman of German descent. They soon had four children, two of whom, [[Noel Field]] and Hermann, became famous because of their connections to Communist espionage activity and for being kidnapped by Soviet intelligence in 1949 and held captive for some five years as they were used as sources for the bloody purges in the Soviet bloc.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Burke|first1=Colin B.|title=Information and Intrigue: From Index cards to Dewey Decimals to Alger Hiss|date=2014|publisher=The MIT Press|location=Cambridge, MA|isbn=978-0-262-02702-1}}</ref>

==World War I ==
The outbreak of the war cut the Concilium Bibliographicum off from sources and customers and Herbert decided to spend the war working for the Quaker’s relief agency in Europe. He also worked as an intelligence asset for the United States under Allen Dulles who later headed the Central Intelligence Agency. After the war, Herbert did more intelligence work and aided the new League of Nations’ efforts to rebuild the world’s science information systems.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Burke|first1=Colin B.|title=Information and Intrigue: From Index Cards to Dewey Decimals to Alger Hiss|date=2014|publisher=The MIT Press|location=Cambridge, MA|isbn=978-0-262-02702-1|pages=117–126}}</ref>

==Post War Efforts and death==
After the war, Herbert tried to revive the Concilium Bibliographicum but found himself in a battle against scientists, represented by the [[National Research Council (United States)]], who wanted quick and inexpensive information systems based on abstracts done by volunteers rather than classifications by professionals. Then, just as the Concilium Bibliographicum was about to be funded by the [[Rockefeller Foundation]], Herbert died, on April 4, 1921.<ref name=sciObit /> His family returned to America and the Concilium Bibliographicum was turned over to Johannes Strohl who battled with the Rockefeller Foundation and his diminishing number of subscribers until the impact of World War II led to the termination of the Concilium Bibliographicum in 1940.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Buckland|first1=Michael K.|title=Precise zoological information: The Concilium Bibliographicum, 1895-1940|journal=Bulletin of the Association for Information Science and Technology|date=2016|volume=42|issue=6|pages=15–19|url=https://www.asist.org/files/bulletin/aug-16/Buckland_Burke.pdf|accessdate=30 January 2017|doi=10.1002/bul2.2016.1720420606}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Noel Field]]
*[[Concilium Bibliographicum]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

;General references
*{{Cite book |last1=Burke |first1=Colin B. |year=2014 |title=Information and Intrigue: From Index Cards to Dewey Cards to Alger Hiss |publisher=MIT Press (Biography of Herbert Haviland Field and history of the Concilium Bibliographicum) }}
*{{cite journal|last1=Burke|first1=Colin B.|last2=Buckland|first2=Michael K.|title=Herbert Haviland Field (1868-1921): Bibliographer of Zoology|journal=Bulletin of the Association for Information Science and Technology|date=2016|volume=42|issue=6|pages=10–14|url=https://www.asist.org/files/bulletin/aug-16/Burke_Buckland.pdf|accessdate=30 January 2017|doi=10.1002/bul2.2016.1720420605}}
*<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hescheler|first1=Karl|title=Dr. phil. Herbert Haviland Field, 1868-1921|journal=Nekrologe und Biographien der verstorbener Mitglieder der Schweizerischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft|date=1921|volume=1921|pages=20–31|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000064811|accessdate=30 January 2017}}</ref>
*{{cite book|author1=Kupper, Patrick|authorlink1="Verschwollen in den Alpen: Herberty Havilands bibliographische Reform|editor1-last=Kupper|editor1-first=Patrick|editor2-last=Schär|editor2-first=Bernhard C.|title=Die Naturforschenden: Auf der Suche nach Wissen über die Schweiz und die Welt 1800–2015|date=2015|publisher=Hier und Jetzt|location=Baden, Switzerland|pages=103–119|chapter=. “Verschollen in den Alpen”: Herbert Haviland Fields bibliografische Reform}}
*{{cite book|last1=Rayward|first1=W. Boyd|title=The Universe of Information: The Work of Paul Otlet for Documentation and International Organisationis|date=1975|publisher=VINITI|location=Moscow, Russia|url=http://hdl.handle.net/2142/651}}
*{{cite web|last1=Buckland|first1=Michael|title=Herbert Haviland Field, 1868-1921: Concilium Bibliographum founder|url=http://people.ischool.berkeley.edu/~buckland/field.html}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Field, Herbert Haviland}}
[[Category:1868 births]]
[[Category:1921 deaths]]
[[Category:American zoologists]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
[[Category:American Quakers]]

Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest

2018-05-14T15:59:31Z

{{Infobox protected area
| name = Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest
| iucn_category = VI
| photo = HbTyNationalForest2.JPG
| photo_caption = The Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest in the [[Spring Mountains]]
| map = USA
| relief = 1
| map_caption =
| location = [[California]] and [[Nevada]], [[United States]]
| nearest_city = [[Reno, NV]]
| coordinates = {{coords|39.254041|-117.127767|region:US|format=dms|display=inline, title}}
| area_acre = 6289821
| area_ref = <ref>{{cite web |title=Humboldt - Toiyabe National Forest webpage |publisher=U.S. Department of Agriculture |date=June 2014 |url=http://www.fs.usda.gov/htnf |accessdate=June 10, 2014}}</ref>
| established = Humboldt July 1, 1908; Toiyabe March 2, 1907<ref>{{cite document |title=Land Areas of the National Forest System |publisher=U.S. Forest Service |date=November 2014 |url=http://www.fs.fed.us/land/staff/lar/LAR2014/LAR_Book_FY2014.pdf |accessdate=August 9, 2015}}</ref>
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| governing_body = [[United States Forest Service|U.S. Forest Service]]
| website = [http://www.fs.usda.gov/htnf/ Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest]
}}

The '''Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest''' ('''HTNF''') is the principal [[U.S. National Forest]] in the [[U.S. state]] of [[Nevada]], and has a smaller portion in [[Eastern California]]. With an area of {{convert|6289821|acre|km2}}, it is the largest National Forest of the [[United States]] outside [[Alaska]].

==Geography==
[[File:A340, Lamoille Canyon Road, Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest, Nevada, USA, 2011.JPG|thumb|left|[[Lamoille Canyon Road|Lamoille Canyon Scenic Byway]]]]
HTNF does not resemble most other National Forests in that it has numerous fairly large but non-contiguous sections scattered about most of the state of Nevada and a portion of eastern California. Its 10 [[Park ranger|ranger]] [[district]]s are scattered across the many [[mountain range]]s in Nevada, from the [[Santa Rosa Range]] in the north to the [[Spring Mountains]] near [[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]] in the south. A part of the forest (about 11%) is in [[eastern California]], in the areas around [[Bridgeport, California|Bridgeport]] and [[Markleeville, California|Markleeville]], and other areas east of the [[Sierra Nevada (U.S.)|Sierra Nevada]].

The forest lies in 13 counties in Nevada and 6 in California. The counties with the largest amount of forest land are [[Nye County, Nevada|Nye]], [[Elko County, Nevada|Elko]], and [[White Pine County, Nevada|White Pine]] in Nevada, and [[Mono County, California|Mono County]] in California, but there are 15 other counties with land in this widely dispersed forest. Forest headquarters are located in [[Sparks, Nevada]].

;Humboldt National Forest section
The smaller and more northeasterly '''Humboldt National Forest''' is located generally in eastern and northern Nevada, in parts of Elko, White Pine, Humboldt, Nye, and Lincoln counties. It has about 43.5% of the total area. There are local [[National Park Ranger|ranger]] district offices located in [[Ely, Nevada|Ely]], [[Elko, Nevada|Elko]], [[Wells, Nevada|Wells]], and [[Winnemucca, Nevada|Winnemucca]].

;Toiyabe National Forest section
The larger and more southwesterly '''Toiyabe National Forest''' is located generally in central, western, and southern Nevada and eastern California, in parts of Nye, Lander, Mineral, Lyon, Eureka, Washoe, Douglas, and Clark counties and Carson City in Nevada, and Mono, Alpine, Sierra, Nevada, Lassen, and El Dorado counties in California. It has about 56.5% of the total area. There are local ranger district offices located in [[Austin, Nevada|Austin]], Bridgeport, [[Carson City, Nevada|Carson City]], Las Vegas, and [[Tonopah, Nevada|Tonopah]]. (Bridgeport is the only station that is in California.)

===Ranger Districts===
[[File:2014-06-24 12 17 46 Wildflowers east of Elko County Route 748 (Charleston-Jarbidge Road) along the border of the Mountain City and Jarbidge ranger districts in Copper Basin, Nevada.JPG|thumb|right|Summer wildflowers in [[Copper Basin (Nevada)|Copper Basin]] ([[Jarbidge Ranger District|Jarbidge]] and [[Mountain City Ranger District|Mountain City]] ranger districts)]]
* [[Austin Ranger District]] - around Austin, including [[Shoshone Mountains]]
* Bridgeport Ranger District - around Bridgeport
* [[Carson Ranger District]] - near Carson City
* Ely Ranger District - around Ely, Nevada
* [[Jarbidge Ranger District]] - near [[Jarbidge, Nevada|Jarbidge]]
* [[Mountain City Ranger District]] - near [[Mountain City, Nevada|Mountain City]]
* Ruby Mountains Ranger District - [[Ruby Mountains]] and [[East Humboldt Range]]
:(formerly [[Ruby Mountains National Forest]])
* Spring Mountains National Recreation Area - Spring Mountains
* Santa Rosa Ranger District - Santa Rosa Range
* Tonopah Ranger District - near Tonopah, Nevada, including [[Toiyabe Range]], [[Toquima Range]], [[Monitor Range]], and [[Hot Creek Range]]

===Wilderness areas===
[[File:2013-06-28 10 51 47 Wildflowers in the upper portion of Copper Basin in Nevada.jpg|thumb|Copper Basin in the Jarbidge Wilderness]]

====Humboldt National Forest====
[[File:A341, Lamoille Lake, Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest, Nevada, USA, 2011.JPG|thumb|[[Lamoille Lake (Nevada)|Lamoille Lake]] in the [[Ruby Mountains Wilderness|Ruby Mountains]]]]
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Bald Mountain Wilderness]]
* [[Currant Mountain Wilderness]]
* [[East Humboldt Wilderness]]
* [[Grant Range Wilderness]]
* [[High Schells Wilderness]]
* [[Jarbidge Wilderness]]
* [[Mount Moriah Wilderness]] (partly [[Bureau of Land Management|BLM]])
* [[Quinn Canyon Wilderness]]
* [[Red Mountain Wilderness]]
* [[Ruby Mountains Wilderness]]
* [[Santa Rosa-Paradise Peak Wilderness]]
* [[Shellback Wilderness]]
* [[White Pine Range Wilderness]]
}}

====Toiyabe National Forest====
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Alta Toquima Wilderness]]
* [[Arc Dome Wilderness]]
* [[Carson-Iceberg Wilderness]] (partly in [[Stanislaus National Forest|Stanislaus NF]])
* [[Hoover Wilderness]] (partly in [[Inyo National Forest|Inyo NF]])
* [[La Madre Mountain Wilderness]] (mostly BLM)
* [[Mokelumne Wilderness]] (mostly in [[Eldorado National Forest|Eldorado NF]] and partly in [[Stanislaus National Forest|Stanislaus NF]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wilderness.net/index.cfm?fuse=NWPS&sec=acreage&WID=363 |title=Acreage breakdown |publisher=Wilderness.net |date= |accessdate=2013-12-28}}</ref>
* [[Mount Charleston Wilderness]] (partly BLM)
* [[Mount Rose Wilderness]]
* [[Rainbow Mountain Wilderness]] (mostly BLM)
* [[Table Mountain Wilderness]]
}}
{{wide image|SantaRosaMtnsNV.jpg|750px|align-cap=center|The Santa Rosa Range of the [[Santa Rosa-Paradise Peak Wilderness]]}}

===Counties===
[[File:A138, Lake Tahoe, Nevada, USA, Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest, Secret Cove, 2004.jpg|thumb|[[Lake Tahoe]]'s eastern shoreline is within the Carson ranger district]]
In descending order of forest land area within the counties:<ref>http://www.fs.fed.us/land/staff/lar/2007/TABLE_6.htm</ref>

====Nevada counties====
* [[Nye County, Nevada|Nye]], [[Elko County|Elko]], [[White Pine County, Nevada|White Pine]], [[Lander County, Nevada|Lander]], [[Humboldt County, Nevada|Humboldt]], [[Mineral County, Nevada|Mineral]], [[Lyon County, Nevada|Lyon]], [[Eureka County, Nevada|Eureka]], [[Washoe County, Nevada|Washoe]], [[Douglas County, Nevada|Douglas]], [[Clark County, Nevada|Clark]], [[Lincoln County, Nevada|Lincoln]], [[Carson City, Nevada|Carson City]]

====California counties====
* [[Mono County]], [[Alpine County, California|Alpine]], [[Sierra County, California|Sierra]], [[Nevada County, California|Nevada]], [[Lassen County, California|Lassen]], [[El Dorado County, California|El Dorado]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest}}
* {{Official website|http://www.fs.usda.gov/htnf/}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111017091355/http://nationalatlas.gov/printable/images/pdf/fedlands/NV.pdf National Atlas: Map of Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest]

{{Protected areas of Nevada}}
{{National Forests of the United States}}

[[Category:Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest| 01]]
[[Category:National Forests of California]]
[[Category:National Forests of Nevada]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Alpine County, California]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Carson City, Nevada]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Clark County, Nevada]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Douglas County, Nevada]]
[[Category:Protected areas of El Dorado County, California]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Elko County, Nevada]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Eureka County, Nevada]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Humboldt County, Nevada]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Lander County, Nevada]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Lassen County, California]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Lincoln County, Nevada]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Lyon County, Nevada]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Mineral County, Nevada]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Mono County, California]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Nevada County, California]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Nye County, Nevada]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Sierra County, California]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Washoe County, Nevada]]
[[Category:Protected areas of White Pine County, Nevada]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1907|Toiyabe, Humboldt]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1908|Humboldt, Toiyabe]]
[[Category:1907 establishments in California|Toiyabe, Humboldt]]
[[Category:1907 establishments in Nevada|Toiyabe, Humboldt]]
[[Category:1908 establishments in Nevada|Humboldt, Toiyabe]]

Monica Hughes

2018-05-14T15:58:55Z

{{Infobox writer 
| name = Monica Hughes
| image =
| caption =
| birth_place = [[Liverpool]], England
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1925|11|03}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2003|03|07|1925|11|03}}
| death_place = [[Edmonton|Edmonton, Alberta]], Canada
| occupation = Writer
| nationality =
| period = 1974–2002
| genre = [[Children's literature|Children's]] science fiction, adventure, and historical fiction
| notableworks = {{plainlist|
* ''[[The Keeper of the Isis Light]]''
* and its sequels
}}
| awards = 
| spouse = Glen Hughes
| children = Elizabeth, Adrienne, Russell, Thomas
}}
'''Monica Hughes''', [[Order of Canada|OC]] (November 3, 1925 – March 7, 2003) was an [[English-Canadian]] author of books for children and young adults, especially [[science fiction]].<ref name=encyc/> She also wrote [[adventure novel|adventure]] and [[historical novel]]s set in Canada, and the text for some children's picture books. She may be known best for the Isis trilogy of [[young-adult literature|young-adult]] science fiction novels (1980–1982).<ref name=isfdb/>

== Life ==

Monica Hughes lived in many different countries, including [[Egypt]], Scotland, England and [[Zimbabwe]].<ref name=who/> She was the daughter of Phylis Fry and E.L Ince. Both her parents worked at the [[University of Liverpool]], where her father was a mathematician and her mother a biologist.<ref name=sfcanada/>

In her school years, her teachers always encouraged her to write and join essay writing [[competitions]].<ref name=enotes/> Hughes attended [[Edinburgh University]] from 1942 to 1943. While in school, Hughes' academic studies were interrupted as a result of [[World War II]].<ref name=encyc/> She joined the [[Military]] service, the [[Women's Royal Naval Service]], from the years 1943–1946,<ref name=jrank/> cracking German codes.<ref name="liverpoolecho">{{cite web|url=http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/whats-on/arts-culture-news/clive-barker-returns-heres-eight-9289121|publisher=liverpoolecho.co.uk|title=As Clive Barker returns here's eight other Merseyside sci fi, fantasy and horror writers who have thrilled readers worldwide - Liverpool Echo|accessdate=2016-11-24}}</ref> After returning from the [[war]], Hughes went back to school to study [[Meteorology]]. She married Glen Hughes on April 22, 1957 and together they had 4 children.<ref name=lang/>

Before becoming a writer, Hughes had many other careers. She was a dress designer in [[London]] England,<ref name=enotes/> and [[Bulawayo]], [[Zimbabwe]] between the years 1948–1949.<ref name=lang/> She was also a bank clerk in 1951, and a laboratory technician from 1952 to 1957.<ref name=lang/>

Having written over 35 books for young people, Monica Hughes is known as one of Canada's best writers for children and young adults. Many of her books are [[science fiction]].<ref name=encyc/> Monica Hughes has repeatedly been called "Canada's finest writer of science fiction for children", by critic Sarah Ellis in ''The [[Horn Book Magazine]]''.<ref name=sfcanada/>

When not writing or not in school, Hughes was said to enjoy swimming, walking, gardening and [[beachcombing]].

== Writer ==
Hughes wrote about 40 books including more than 20 that [[ISFDB]] covers as [[speculative fiction]] novels. Although she spent a large part of her life writing, she was almost fifty when her first book was published.<ref name=encyc/> That was ''Gold-Fever Trail: A Klondike Adventure'', a Canadian [[historical novel]]<ref name=lang/> (see [[Klondike Gold Rush]]).

The Isis trilogy comprises ''The Keeper of the Isis Light'' and two sequels, originally published by Hamish Hamilton of London, 1980 to 1982.<ref name=isfdb/> Accepting the Phoenix Award for ''Keeper'' twenty years later, Hughes discussed her writing process in general and specifically for that work.<ref name=speech/>

[[WorldCat]] reports that ''Invitation to the Game'' (Toronto: HarperCollins, 1990) is her work most widely held in participating libraries, by a wide margin.<ref name=worldcat/> It is a [[dystopia]]n novel set on Earth in year 2154.

Her last book was ''The Maze'' (2002). It features a female protagonist and two bullies magically placed in a maze, where they all depend on her for rescue.<ref name=encyc/>

== Awards ==

''The Keeper of the Isis Light'' won the 2000 [[Phoenix Award]] from the [[Children's Literature Association]] as the best English-language children's book that did not win a major award when it was originally published twenty years earlier. That is named for the [[Phoenix (mythology)|mythical bird phoenix]], which is reborn from its ashes, to suggest the book's rise from obscurity.<ref name=phoenix/>

''Invitation to the Game'' (Toronto: HarperCollins, 1990) won the Hal Clement Award as the year's best science fiction novel for young adults.<ref>[http://www.locusmag.com/SFAwards/Db/GoldenDuck1992.html#hal "1992 Golden Duck Awards"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016215346/http://locusmag.com/SFAwards/Db/GoldenDuck1992.html |date=2012-10-16 }}. The Locus Index to SF Awards. [[Locus Publications]]. Retrieved 2012-12-13.</ref>

Hughes also won the [[Vicky Metcalf Award]], Alberta Culture Juvenile Novel Award, Bay's Beaver Award, and Alberta R. Ross Annett Award.

== Works ==
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|

*''Gold Fever Trail: A Klondike Adventure'', 1974, a Canadian historical novel
* ''[[Crisis on Conshelf Ten]]'', 1975 (Crisis on Conshelf Ten 1)<ref name=isfdb/>
*''The Ghost Dance Caper, 1978
* ''Earthdark'', 1977 (Crisis on Conshelf Ten 2)
* ''The Tomorrow City'', 1978
* ''Beyond the Dark River'', 1979
* ''[[The Keeper of the Isis Light]]'', 1980 (Isis 1)<ref name=isfdb/>
* ''[[The Guardian of Isis]]'', 1981 (Isis 2)
* ''[[The Isis Pedlar]]'', 1982 (Isis 3)
* ''Ring-Rise Ring-Set'', 1982
* ''The Beckoning Lights'', 1982
*''The Treasure of the Long Sault'', 1982, illustrated by Richard A. Conroy<ref name=worldcat/> 
* ''[[Hunter in the Dark]]'', 1982 
*''My Name Is Paula Popowich!'', 1983, illus. Leoung O'Young<ref name=worldcat/> 
* ''Space Trap'', 1983
* ''[[Devil on My Back]]'', 1984 (Arc One 1)<ref name=isfdb/>
* ''Sandwriter'', 1985 (Sandwriter 1)<ref name=isfdb/>
* ''[[The Dream Catcher (novel)|The Dream Catcher]]'', 1986 (Arc One 2)
*''Blaine's Way'', 1986, a Canadian historical novel<ref name=worldcat/>
* ''Log Jam'', 1987 
*''Spirit River'', 1988 
* ''The Promise'', 1989 (Sandwriter 2)
*''The Refuge'', 1989
* ''[[Invitation to the Game]]'', 1990
*"The Iron-Barred Door", short story in ''In Context Anthology Two'', 1990<ref>[https://openlibrary.org/works/OL17001755W/In_context ''In Context Anthology Two''] at [[Open Library]]</ref>
* ''The Crystal Drop'', 1992
*''Little Fingerling: a Japanese folktale'', 1992, retold by Hughes, illus. Brenda Clark —30-page picture book<ref name=worldcat/>
*''A Handful of Seeds'', 1993, illus. Luis Garay —32-page [[picture book]]<ref name=worldcat/>
* ''The Golden Aquarians'', 1995
* ''Castle Tourmandyne'', 1995
*''Where Have You Been, Billy Boy?'', 1995 
*''The Dirty Car'', 1996, illus. Julie Park —16-page picture book<ref name=worldcat/>
* ''Lost at the School Fair'', 1996
* ''The Seven Magpies'', 1996
* ''The Faces of Fear'', 1997
*''Skyways: Copymasters'', 1998, by Betty Root and Hughes —resource pack of ten books
* ''The Story Box'', 1998
*''What If...?: Amazing Stories selected by Monica Hughes'', 1998
* ''[[The Other Place (novel)|The Other Place]]'', 1999
*''Storm Warning'', 2000
*''The Maze'', 2002}}

==See also==
{{Portal bar |Children's literature |Speculative fiction |Canada}} 

== References ==
{{reflist |refs=
<ref name=isfdb>
{{isfdb name|id=Monica_Hughes|name=Monica Hughes}} ('''ISFDB'''). Retrieved 2012-12-13. Select a title to see its linked publication history and general information. Select a particular edition (title) for more data at that level, such as a front cover image or linked contents.</ref>
<ref name=worldcat>
[http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n50-029426 "Hughes, Monica"]. WorldCat. Retrieved 2012-12-13.</ref>
<ref name=phoenix>
[http://www.childlitassn.org/images/resources/resources-Children-squo-s_Lit_-_Phoenix_Award_Brochure_2012.pdf "Phoenix Award Brochure 2012"]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. [[Children's Literature Association]]. Retrieved 2012-12-13. See also the current homepage, [http://www.childlitassn.org/index.php?page=about&family=awards&category=06--Phoenix_Award&display=27 "Phoenix Award"].</ref>
<ref name=speech>
[http://www.childlitassn.org/images/resources/resources-2000AwardHughes1.pdf "Acceptance Speech"]{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (2000 Phoenix Award). Monica Hughes. Children's Literature Association. Retrieved 2012-12-15.</ref>


<ref name=encyc>
[http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0003890 "Hughes, Monica"]. ''[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]]''. Retrieved 2010-03-07.</ref>
<ref name=enotes>
[http://www.enotes.com/authors/monica-hughes "Monica Hughes"]. Literature. eNotes (''enotes.com'').</ref>
<ref name=lang>
{{cite book |editor-first=Robert| editor-last=Lang|title=Contemporary Canadian Authors |publisher=Gale Canada |year=1996|pages=215–16}}</ref>
<ref name=jrank>
[http://biography.jrank.org/pages/1726/Hughes-Monica-Ince-1925-2003.html "Monica (Ince) Hughes (1925–2003) Biography - Personal, Career, Member, Honors Awards, Writings, Sidelights"]. ''Brief Biographies''. ''jrank.org''.</ref>

<ref name=sfcanada>
[http://www.sfcanada.ca/winter2003/hughes.htm "SF Canada Obituary Monica Hughes"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110102161619/http://www.sfcanada.ca/winter2003/hughes.htm |date=2011-01-02 }} (Obituary). Paula Johanson. ''SF Canada''. Winter 2003.</ref>
<ref name=who>
{{cite book |title=Who's Who in Canadian Literature |publisher=Reference Press |year=1997 |page=365}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
*[http://www.fantasticfiction.co.uk/h/monica-hughes/ Monica Hughes] at Fantastic Fiction
* {{isfdb name|1290}}
* {{LCAuth|n50029426|Monica Hughes|39|ue}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hughes, Monica}}
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:Canadian science fiction writers]]
[[Category:English science fiction writers]]
[[Category:Canadian children's writers]]
[[Category:English children's writers]]
[[Category:Officers of the Order of Canada]]
[[Category:English emigrants to Canada]]
[[Category:Writers from Edmonton]]
[[Category:Novelists from Liverpool]]
[[Category:Canadian people of English descent]]
[[Category:Women science fiction and fantasy writers]]
[[Category:British women children's writers]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:20th-century British novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century women writers]]

Holy Trinity Brompton

2018-05-14T15:56:31Z

{{Infobox church
| name = Holy Trinity, Brompton
| fullname =

| image = Holy Trinity Brompton-2.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Holy Trinity Brompton, Brompton Road

| denomination = [[Church of England]]
| churchmanship = [[Charismatic Movement|Charismatic]] [[Evangelical Anglican]]<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/nov/10/justin-welby-archbishop-canterbury-holy-trinity-brompton Holy Trinity Brompton, the evangelical HQ that claims the new primate as one of its own</ref>
| diocese = [[Diocese of London|London]]
| episcopalarea = Kensington ([[Bishop of Kensington]])
| archdeaconry = Middlesex
| deanery = Chelsea
| parish =
| division =
| subdivision =
| founded date =
| founder =
| architect = [[Thomas Leverton Donaldson]]
| style = [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]]
| years built = 1826–1829
| dedicated date = 1829
| closed date =
| demolished date =
| bishop =
| priest =
| archdeacon =
| dean =
| provost =
| rector =
| canon =
| prebendary =
| curate = [[Nicky Lee (priest)|Nicky Lee]] and [[Martyn Layzell]]
| chaplain =
| vicar = [[Nicky Gumbel]]
| deacon =
| abbot =
| minister =
| seniorpastor =
| pastor =
| location = [[Knightsbridge, London]]
| country = England
| website = {{official URL}}
}}

'''Holy Trinity Brompton with St Paul's, Onslow Square and St Augustine's, South Kensington''', often referred to simply as '''HTB''', is an [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] [[church (building)|church]] in [[London]], England. The church consists of four sites: HTB Brompton Road, HTB Onslow Square (formerly St Paul's, Onslow Square), HTB Queen's Gate (formerly St Augustine's, South Kensington) and HTB Courtfield Gardens (formally [[St Jude's Church, Kensington]] – officially in the parish of St Mary of the Boltons but part of HTB), as well as being the home of the [[St Paul's Theological Centre]] and the [[Alpha Course]]. It is where the Alpha Course was first developed and is one of the most influential churches in the [[Church of England]].

The church buildings accommodate Alpha, other courses, conferences and meetings during the week and ten services each Sunday. With total Sunday service attendance at around 4,500 people and the Alpha course attracting several hundred guests during the week, HTB oversees a diverse range of activities. HTB's vision statement is to "play our part in the evangelisation of the nations, the revitalisation of the church and the transformation of society.".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.htb.org/vision-2015#accordion-1|title=Vision {{!}} 2015|website=www.htb.org|access-date=2016-07-14}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}

HTB's aim is for an Alpha Course to be accessible to anyone who would like to attend the course. In this way HTB seeks to spread the teachings of Christianity.

[[Nicky Gumbel]], the pioneer of the Alpha course, took over as vicar of HTB from [[Sandy Millar]] in July 2005. The associate vicars are [[Nicky Lee (priest)|Nicky Lee]] (since July 2007) and [[Martyn Layzell]].

==History==
[[Image:Holy Trinity, Brompton.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Entrance driveway]]

===Holy Trinity===
Prior to the construction of Holy Trinity Brompton, the present site was a part of the large [[parish]] of [[Kensington]] which was served only by the nearby [[St Mary Abbots]] church. In the early 1820s the area was in the midst of a substantial population increase so a decision was taken to purchase land and construct a new church.

The church was a [[Commissioners' church]], receiving a grant from the Church Building Commission towards its cost. The full cost of the church was £10,407 ({{Inflation|UK|10407|1827|r=-4|fmt=eq|cursign=£}}),{{Inflation-fn|UK}} towards which the Commission paid £7,407. The architect was [[Thomas Leverton Donaldson]].<ref>{{Citation | last = Port| first = M. H.| author-link = | publication-date = | date = | year = 2006| title = 600 New Churches: The Church Building Commission 1818–1856 | edition = 2nd| volume = | series = | publication-place = Reading| place = | publisher = Spire Books| pages = | page = 327| id = | isbn = 978-1-904965-08-4| doi = | oclc = | url = | accessdate =}}</ref> Holy Trinity is a Grade II [[listed building]].
<ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=203548 |title=Images of England: Church of the Holy Trinity, Brompton Road|publisher=[[English Heritage]] | accessdate= 9 May 2010}}</ref>

After three years of construction the church was consecrated on 6 June 1829 by the Bishop of London.<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Brompton New Church |url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18290608/028/0003 |newspaper=Morning Post |location=London |date=8 June 1829 |access-date=9 September 2015 }}</ref>

The same building stands today, although having been considerably modified. At some point a portion of HTB's land was sold to the [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic Church]] in order for them to build the [[Church of the Immaculate Heart of Mary|London Oratory]]. This created a long driveway from Brompton Road at the end of which HTB manages to gain relative tranquillity.

The most recent major modification was during the 1980s when the crypt was rebuilt to provide meeting rooms and the space for the bookshop. Also during this time the pews were removed and replaced with chairs to allow greater flexibility in seating arrangements, which became imperative as Alpha grew.

The substantial growth of the Alpha Course in the last 18 years has seen this course become the main focus of HTB, with its recent history reflecting this.

====List of vicars====
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Joseph Pott|Joseph Holden Pott]] 1829–1840
*Percival Frye 1829–1835
*[[Robert Battiscombe|Robert Samuel Battiscombe]] 1835–1840
*William Joseph Irons 1840–1870
*Thomas Fraser Stooks 1870–1872
*Arthur Brook 1872–1877
*William Covington 1877–1899
*Alfred William Gough 1899–1931
*[[William Selwyn (bishop)|William Marshall Selwyn]] 1931–1938
*[[Bryan Green (priest)|Bryan Stuart Westmacott Green]] 1938–1948
*Patrick Nevile Gilliat 1949–1969
*Raymond John Walton Morris 1969–1975
*Raymond Hilton Turvey 1975–1980
*John Theodore Cameron Buckle Collins 1980–1985
*[[Sandy Millar|John Alexander Kirkpatrick Millar]] 1985–2005
*[[Nicky Gumbel]] 2005 –
}}

===St Paul's Onslow Square===
[[St Paul's, Onslow Square|St Paul's Church]] in [[Onslow Square]] was opened in 1860.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.htb.org.uk/history |publisher=Holy Trinity Brompton |title=Holy Trinity Brompton History |date=2009-12-24}}</ref> In the late 1970s, the parish of Holy Trinity Brompton merged with the neighbouring parish of St Paul's [[Onslow Square]]. St Paul's was declared [[Redundant church|redundant]]. An attempt by the diocese to sell the building for private redevelopment was thwarted in the early 1980s when local residents joined with churchgoers to save the church. In the late 1980s, the Parochial Church Council requested that the redundancy be overturned which allowed curate Nicky Lee and his wife Sila to "plant" a congregation there as well as undertake some building structural maintenance work.{{citation needed|date=July 2010}} At its peak in the 1990s, this congregation had grown to several hundred.{{citation needed|date=July 2010}}

In 1997, the congregation at St Paul's divided into three, with some going with curate Stuart Lees to plant a church in Fulham; others returning to Holy Trinity with Nicky and Sila Lee; and others forming the St Paul's Anglican Fellowship and remaining based at St Paul's with John Peters. This last group left in 2002 to plant into [[St Mary's, Bryanston Square]].

During 2007, after plans by HTB to rebuild the 1960s offices were withdrawn following difficulty in getting support from local residents, HTB decided to undertake some renovations and to resume services in the church. St Paul's launched 9:00 am and 6:00 pm services in September 2007<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.htb.org.uk/news/sunday-worship-resumes-st-pauls |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820160311/http://www.htb.org.uk/news/sunday-worship-resumes-st-pauls |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2008-08-20 |publisher=Holy Trinity Brompton |title=Sunday worship resumes at St. Paul's |date=2007-07-12 }}</ref> and followed with an 11AM service on 20 January 2008<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.htb.org.uk/news/st-pauls-gets-ready-11am-service |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820160530/http://www.htb.org.uk/news/st-pauls-gets-ready-11am-service |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2008-08-20 |publisher=Holy Trinity Brompton |title=St Paul's gets ready for 11am service |date=2008-01-18 }}</ref> and a 4 pm service on 28 September 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.htb.org.uk/media/htb-news/2009-09|publisher=Holy Trinity Brompton |title=4pm service launched at St Pauls |date=2009-12-24}}</ref> In December 2009 the upstairs balcony was recommissioned for worship, having previously been used for administrative offices (the office occupants having moved to HTB's nearby office building purchased in 2008<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.htb.org.uk/news/article/alpha-charity-buys-london-office-building |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109214632/http://www.htb.org.uk/news/article/alpha-charity-buys-london-office-building |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2013-11-09 |publisher=Holy Trinity Brompton |title=Alpha Charity Buys London Office Building |date=2012-02-29 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alphafriends.org/news/builders-move-new-offices-cromwell-road|publisher=Alphafriends|title=Builders move in to new offices on Cromwell Road|date=2012-02-29}}</ref>).

=== St Augustine's Church ===
Services at [[St Augustine's, Queen's Gate]] began to be administered from Holy Trinity Brompton following an invitation by the Bishop of Kensington in 2010, where Nicky Gumbel was made priest-in-charge. In March 2011, St Augustine's was formally merged into the parish of HTB.

===Church plants===
{{main|HTB network}}
Since the 1980s, HTB has been involved in [[planting churches]]. This has resulted in a large number of churches that can be linked back to HTB either as a result of being directly planted by the church (so called daughter churches) or by being the plants of churches planted by HTB (so called granddaughter churches). These churches form the [[HTB network]].

==Alpha and HTB==

The Alpha course was founded by [[clergy]] at HTB who over a period of twenty years kept adapting the programme in accordance with feedback until in the early 1990s the Alpha course started gaining worldwide attention. As Alpha grew it became the main focus for HTB as it sought to support Alpha's spread and growth.

Today this involves the production of advertising material and course material such as videos, books and tapes for each Alpha session and leader training material. Alpha is now run as a separate enterprise with separate fundraising and accounting but it remains closely tied to HTB, with most of Alpha's staff being accommodated in HTB's offices. The clergy of HTB also share Alpha duties such as overseeing Alpha conferences and training events in the UK and overseas.

Since the mid-1990s the Alpha course programme has remained largely unchanged allowing the energy of the church to develop other initiatives which fit with the Alpha course such as creating courses on marriage preparation, parenting teenagers, bereavement and recovering from divorce as well as publishing new books.

HTB itself runs Alpha courses three times a year and with these attracting 300–400 guests during each course they require all of the available space in the church buildings.

==Pastoral care==

In order to address the problem of how to give pastoral care to such a large congregation as well as provide a means for new people to become a part of the church, HTB uses the ''Pastorate'' model.

Pastorates consist of 20–50 people who, through meeting at least once a fortnight, can form strong friendships and support each other in care as well as developing individual gifts and ministries.

HTB has quite a transient congregation caused in part by its location in London, a city which itself has a transient population, that HTB attracts a large student population often only resident in London during their studies, and that the Alpha course brings in a number of people who are either visiting the home of Alpha or have completed the course and then quickly move on to other churches or [[Christian ministry|ministries]]. In order to reach out to this substantial number of visitors, HTB is somewhat extroverted{{elucidate|date=December 2013}} in welcoming newcomers and providing various means for them to get involved.

==Services==

HTB conducts ten services each Sunday across the four sites. The family services include items aimed at children. The formal services feature traditional Church of England [[liturgy]] and a professional choir. The informal services centre on a longer period of [[contemporary worship]] with a longer talk and close in a reflective prayer mood which extends beyond the end of the service.

The 4:30pm and 6:30pm services at HTB Onslow Square church extend this informal nature further as most of the congregation sit on carpet, whilst some couches, cushions and bean bags are also provided. These services are sometimes conducted [[Theatre in the round|in the round]].

Some services reuse the same talk and song list from a service earlier in the day.

==Other activities==

Another important activity of HTB is its yearly church camp, named "Focus". This takes place over a week in Somerley Estate where typically 7,000 people attend and involve themselves in the many seminars, workshops and recreational activities. The size also attracts some prominent speakers to speak on issues affecting the church and society.

Since 1985, HTB has been actively involved in a process called [[church planting]] whereby struggling churches in London are boosted by scores – sometimes hundreds – of people committing to move from HTB to the identified church for at least a year. This also involves at least one member of HTB's clergy similarly moving to the new church to help lead worship, form pastorates and run local Alpha courses. Over the years nine churches have been planted in this way, including [[St Gabriels, Cricklewood]], with some of these churches going on to make church plants of their own.

HTB also has thriving children's, youth and student ministries. Other notable activities HTB undertakes are services twice a year involving the large HTB choir – at [[Easter]] and [[Christmas]] – and several free classical concerts that utilise the church's pipe organ that was refurbished in 2004 as well as drawing on the talent of the nearby music colleges.

In September 2005 HTB started providing the talks given at the Sunday services as free downloads from its website and through their [[iTunes]], YouTube and Soundcloud account. These downloads, which HTB has termed ''HTB Podcasts'', have proved popular and more recently other talks specifically provided for the HTB Podcast community have also been offered, including answers to questions sent in by listeners. Each month the total download count from this catalogue of talks is over 40,000, with some talks making it into the top ten in the "Religion and Spirituality" section for iTunes.

In 2011 HTB formed the William Wilberforce Trust<ref>{{citation|url=http://new.thebiggive.org.uk/charity/view/8452/aims|title=About the William Wilberforce Trust|publisher=theBigGive.org.uk| accessdate= 29 Feb 2012}}</ref> to bring together various social action projects that were linked with HTB. These projects include work in deprived neighbourhoods, addressing homelessness and providing practical support for people with addictions.

HTB is also home to:
* [[St Paul's Theological Centre]]
* The [[Alpha course|Alpha Course]]

==See also==
{{Portal|Anglicanism|London}}
{{commons category|Holy Trinity Brompton Church}}
*[[List of Commissioners' churches in London]]
* The Reverend [[Nicky Gumbel]], Vicar
* The Reverend Prebendary [[Nicky Lee (priest)|Nicky Lee]], Associate Vicar
* The Reverend [[Martyn Layzell]], Associate Vicar

==References==
{{Reflist|33em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.htb.org.uk HTB website]
* [http://www.shipoffools.com/mystery/specials/london_05/reports/1045.html Mystery Worshipper Report] at the [[Ship of Fools (website)|Ship of Fools website]]
* [http://www.sflgroup.co.uk/news-item.aspx?id=86 HTB Sound Design – A Story of Excellent Sound]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120123164143/http://www.williamwilberforcetrust.org.uk/ William Wilberforce Trust]
{{Coord|51.4978|-0.1700|type:landmark_region:GB-KEC|display=title}}

{{Churches in Kensington and Chelsea}}

[[Category:Churches completed in 1829]]
[[Category:19th-century Church of England church buildings]]
[[Category:Anglican congregations established in the 19th century]]
[[Category:Religious organizations established in 1829]]
[[Category:Evangelicalism in the Church of England]]
[[Category:Church of England church buildings in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea|Brompton]]
[[Category:Commissioners' church buildings|London, Holy Trinity Brompton]]
[[Category:Diocese of London]]
[[Category:1829 establishments in England]]
[[Category:Holy Trinity Brompton| ]]

Fünfundachtzig Märtyrer von England und Wales

2018-05-14T15:49:11Z

{{Infobox martyrs
|name=Eighty-five Martyrs of England and Wales
|death_date=Between 1584 and 1679
|feast_day=
|venerated_in=[[Roman Catholic Church]]
|birth_place=
|death_place=[[England]] and [[Wales]]
|beatified_date=22 November 1987
|beatified_place=
|beatified_by=[[Pope John Paul II]]
}}

The '''Eighty-five Martyrs of England and Wales''' are a group of men who were executed on charges of treason<ref>Burton, Many were convicted under extremely biased political trials, if they had a trial at all. All were subjected to the religiously oppressive regimes of the Tudor and Stuart periods. A part of the Protestant purge that lasted for several hundred years. E., "Accusations of Treason", ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' (1912). "The martyrs themselves constantly protested against this accusation of treason, and prayed for the queen on the scaffold. In very many instances they were offered a free pardon if they would attend the Protestant church, and some priests unfortunately yielded to the temptation. But the fact of the offer being made sufficiently shows that religion, not treason, was the ground of their offence."</ref> and related offences in the [[Kingdom of England]] between 1584 and 1679. Of the eighty-five, seventy-five (sixty-one priests and fourteen laymen) were executed under [[Jesuits, etc. Act 1584]].<ref>[http://www.ewtn.com/library/CHISTORY/PENALAWS.HTM Patrick Barry.THE PENAL LAWS]</ref>

They are considered [[Christian martyrs|martyrs]] in the [[Roman Catholic Church]] and were [[beatification|beatified]] on 22 November 1987 by [[Pope John Paul II]].

==List of individual names==
They were chosen from a number of [[Priesthood (Catholic Church)|priests]] and laymen executed between 1584 and 1679. Their names were:

{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
*[[John Adams (Catholic martyr)|John Adams]]
*[[Thomas Atkinson (martyr)|Thomas Atkinson]]
*[[Edward Bamber]]
*[[George Beesley]]
*[[Arthur Bell (saint)|Arthur Bell]]
*[[Thomas Belson]]
*[[Robert Bickerdike (martyr)|Robert Bickerdike]]
*[[Alexander Blake (martyr)|Alexander Blake]]
*[[Marmaduke Bowes]]
*[[John Britton (martyr)|John Britton]]
*[[Thomas Bullaker]]
*[[Edward Burden (priest)|Edward Burden]]
*[[Roger Cadwallador]]
*[[William Carter (martyr)|William Carter]]
*[[Alexander Crow (martyr)|Alexander Crow]]
*[[William Davies (martyr)|William Davies]]
*[[Robert Dibdale]]
*[[George Douglas (martyr)|George Douglas]]
*[[Robert Drury (martyr)|Robert Drury]]
*[[Edmund Duke (martyr)|Edmund Duke]]
*[[George Errington (martyr)|George Errington]]
*[[Roger Filcock (Blessed)|Roger Filcock]]
*[[John Fingley]]
*[[Matthew Flathers]]
*[[Richard Flower (martyr)|Richard Flower]]
*[[Nicholas Garlick]]
*[[William Gibson (martyr)|William Gibson]]
*[[Ralph Grimston]]
*[[Robert Grissold]]
*[[John Hambley (martyr)|John Hambley]]
*[[Robert Hardesty]]
*[[George Haydock]]
*[[Henry Heath (martyr)|Henry Heath]]
*[[Richard Hill (martyr)|Richard Hill]]
*[[John Hogg (martyr)|John Hogg]]
*[[Richard Holiday]]
*[[Nicholas Horner]]
*[[Thomas Sprott|Thomas Hunt]]
*[[Thurstan Hunt]]
*[[Francis Ingleby]]
*[[William Knight (martyr)|William Knight]]
*[[Joseph Lambton]]
*[[William Lampley (martyr)|William Lampley]]
*[[John Lowe (martyr)|John Lowe]]
*[[Robert Ludlam]]
*[[Charles Mahoney]]
*[[Robert Middleton (priest)|Robert Middleton]]
*[[George Nichols (martyr)|George Nichols]]
*[[John Norton (martyr)|John Norton]]
*[[Robert Nutter]]
*[[Edward Osbaldeston]]
*[[Anthony Page (priest)|Anthony Page]]
*[[Thomas Palasor]]
*[[William Pike]]
*[[Thomas Pilchard]]
*[[Thomas Pormort]]
*[[Nicholas Postgate]]
*[[Humphrey Pritchard]]
*[[Christopher Robinson (priest)|Christopher Robinson]]
*[[Stephen Rowsham]]
*[[John Sandys]]
*[[Montford Scott]]
*[[Richard Sergeant]]
*[[Richard Simpson (martyr)|Richard Simpson]]
*[[Peter Snow (priest)|Peter Snow]]
*[[William Southerne]]
*[[William Spenser]]
*[[Thomas Sprott]]
*[[John Sugar]]
*[[Robert Sutton (martyr)|Robert Sutton]]
*[[Edmund Sykes]]
*[[Blessed John Talbot|John Talbot]]
*[[Hugh Taylor (martyr)|Hugh Taylor]]
*[[William Thomson (martyr)|William Thomson]]
*[[Robert Thorpe (martyr)|Robert Thorpe]]
*[[John Thules]]
*[[Edward Thwing]]
*[[Thomas Watkinson]]
*[[Henry Webley]]
*[[Christopher Wharton]]
*[[Thomas Whittaker (martyr)|Thomas Whittaker]]
*[[John Woodcock (Venerable)|John Woodcock]]
*[[Nicholas Woodfen]]
*[[Roger Wrenno]]
*[[Richard Yaxley]]
{{div col end}}

==Liturgical Feast Day==
In England, these martyrs, together with those [[List of Catholic martyrs of the English Reformation|beatified between 1886 and 1929]], are commemorated by a [[feast day]] on 4 May. This day also honours the [[Forty Martyrs of England and Wales]] who hold the rank of [[saint#Roman Catholicism|saint]]; the Forty Martyrs were honoured separately on 25 October until the liturgical calendar for England was revised in the year 2000.<ref name="Ecal">[http://www.liturgyoffice.org.uk/Calendar/National/England2.shtml#May4 National Calendar for England], Liturgy Office for England and Wales. Accessed 2011-11-21.</ref>

In Wales, 4 May specifically commemorates the beatified martyrs of England and Wales. At least two of the martyrs named in this group of 85 - [[William Davies (martyr)|William Davies]] and [[Charles Mahoney]] - have Welsh connections. In the Welsh calendar, 25 October is still kept as a distinct feast of the 'Six Welsh Martyrs and their companions', as the [[Forty Martyrs of England and Wales|Forty canonised Martyrs]] are known in Wales.<ref name="Wcal">[http://www.liturgyoffice.org.uk/Calendar/National/Wales1.shtml National Calendar for Wales], Liturgy Office for England and Wales. Accessed 2011-11-21.</ref><ref name="ordoW">[http://www.dioceseofmenevia.org/sacremental_life/Ordo_2011.pdf ''Ordo for Wales 2010''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930073741/http://www.dioceseofmenevia.org/sacremental_life/Ordo_2011.pdf |date=2011-09-30 }}, Diocese of Menevia, pp.277, 294. Accessed 2011-11-21.</ref>

==Historical context and treason accusations==

[[Elizabeth I of England|Queen Elizabeth I]] was excommunicated by [[Pope Pius V]], on 25 February 1570, creating a situation full of perplexity for English Roman Catholics. Once this declaration was made, a number of Catholics acted on it, and a number, under the influence of Spanish ambassador [[Bernardino de Mendoza (Diplomat)|Bernardino de Mendoza]] and others, were implicated in plots against Elizabeth which were undoubtedly treasonable from the English Government's point of view. That a certain party of English Catholics was in rebellion against Elizabeth is not disputed. Thus [[William Allen (cardinal)|William Allen]], with many of the exiles of [[Douai]] and [[Leuven|Louvain]], and [[Robert Persons]], with many of the [[Society of Jesus|Jesuits]], saw in the rule of Elizabeth a greater danger to the highest interests of England than had previously been threatened in cases where history had justified the deposition of kings. And the supreme authority had sanctioned this view.

In the eyes of Elizabeth and her ministers, such opposition was nothing less than [[high treason]]. But a large number of English Catholics refused to go so far as rebellion. As [[John Lingard]] writes:

{{quote|...among the English Catholics (the bull) served only to breed doubts, dissensions, and dismay. Many contended that it had been issued by an incompetent authority; others that it could not bind the natives till it should be carried into actual execution by some foreign power; all agreed that it was in their regard an imprudent and cruel expedient, which rendered them liable to the suspicion of disloyalty, and afforded their enemies a presence to brand them with the name of traitors.}}

The next pope, [[Gregory XIII]], on 14 April 1580 issued a declaration that although Elizabeth and her abettors remained subject to the excommunication, it was not to be binding on Catholics to their detriment. The majority of English Roman Catholics then did not give the royal government grounds for suspecting their loyalty, but they persisted in the practice of their religion, which was made possible only by the coming of the seminary priests. After the [[Northern Rising]], Parliament had passed a statute (13 Eliz. c. 2) declaring it to be high treason to put into effect any papal Bull of absolution to absolve or reconcile any person to the Church of Rome, to be absolved or reconciled, or to procure or publish any papal Bull or writing whatsoever. Purely religious acts were declared by Parliament to be treasonable.

Elizabeth's government, for its own purposes, refused to make any distinction between Catholics who had been engaged in open opposition to the Queen and those who were forced by conscience to ignore the provisions of this statute of 1571. All were purposely identified by the government and treated as one for controversial purposes.

This view was put forward officially in a pamphlet by [[William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley|William Cecil, Lord Burghley]]:

{{quote|"The Execution of Justice in England for maintenance of public and Christian peace, against certain stirrers of sedition and adherents to the traitors and enemies of the realm without any persecution of them for questions of religion, as is falsely reported, and published by the fautors and fosterers of their treasons." In it, Catholic priests risking their lives are not given credit for any religious purpose, but "the seminary fugitives come secretly into the realm to induce the people to obey the Pope's bull."}}

Under the Act of 1585, it became high treason for any [[seminary priest]], or any [[Jesuit]], simply to come to England; and [[felony]] for any person to harbour or relieve them. Burghley insists that before the excommunication no one had been charged with capital crimes on the ground of religion, and brings everything back to the question of the Bull. The pamphlet ends by proposing six questions or tests by which traitors might be distinguished from simple scholars (the so-called "bloody questions").<ref name="burtonce">Burton, Edwin. [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15026b.htm "Accusations of Treason"], ''The Catholic Encyclopedia''. Vol. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company (1912). Retrieved 2011-11-21.</ref>

==Contemporary controversy==

[[William Allen (cardinal)|William Allen]], in his ''Answer to the Libel of English Justice'' published in 1584, joined issue on all points, stating "that many priests and other Catholics in England have been persecuted, condemned and executed for mere matter of religion and for transgression only of new statutes which make cases of conscience to be treason without all pretence or surmise of any old treasons or statutes for the same". He defended [[Edmund Campion]] and the other martyrs from the imputation of treason.<ref name="burtonce"/>

==See also==
*[[Forty Martyrs of England and Wales]]
*[[List of Catholic martyrs of the English Reformation]]
*[[Catholic Church in England and Wales]]
*[[Marian Persecutions]]
*[[Oxford Martyrs]]

==Notes==
<references/>

==Further reading==
*Bowden, Henry Sebastian. ''Mementoes of the Martyrs and Confessors of England & Wales'' [1910]. New edition revised by Donald Attwater. London. [[Burns & Oates]], 1962.
*[[Richard Challoner|Challoner, Richard]]. ''Memoirs of Missionary Priests'', [1741]. New edition revised by J.H. Pollen. London. Burns Oates and Washbourne, 1924.
*Connelly, Roland. ''The Eighty-five Martyrs''. Essex. McCrimmons Publishing Company, 1987.
*Foley, B.C. ''The Eighty-five Blessed Martyrs''. London. [[Catholic Truth Society|Incorporated Catholic Truth Society]]. 1987.
*Usherwood, Stephen and Elizabeth. ''We die for the Old Religion''. London. Sheed & Ward. 1987.

==External links==
*[http://newsaints.faithweb.com/martyrs/England04.htm George Haydock and Eighty Four companions] at Hagiography Circle
*[http://www.ewtn.com/library/CHISTORY/PENALAWS.HTM Patrick Barry.THE PENAL LAWS]
{{Catholic}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:England And Wales, Eighty-Five Martyrs Of}}
[[Category:Eighty-five martyrs of England and Wales| ]]
[[Category:Catholic martyrs of the Early Modern era| Eighty-five]]
[[Category:English Reformation]]
[[Category:History of Catholicism in England]]
[[Category:Lists of Christian martyrs]]
[[Category:1584 deaths]]
[[Category:Beatifications by Pope John Paul II]]

Gaylussacia

2018-05-14T15:28:38Z

{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Gaylussacia pulchra Pohl127.png
| image_caption = ''[[Gaylussacia pulchra]]''<ref>1827 illustration from Plantarum Brasiliae icones et descriptiones hactenus ineditae. Vol. 1. Author: Johann Baptist Emanuel Pohl</ref>
| display_parents = 2
| taxon = Gaylussacia
| authority = [[Carl Sigismund Kunth|Kunth]]
}}

'''''Gaylussacia''''' is a genus of about fifty species of [[angiosperms|flowering plant]]s in the family [[Ericaceae]], native to the [[Americas]], where they occur in eastern [[North America]] and in [[South America]] in the [[Andes]] and the mountains of southeastern [[Brazil]] (the majority of the known species). Common English names include '''[[huckleberry]]''' (shared with plants in several other genera) and "'''dangleberry'''".

==Ecology==
''Gaylussacia'' species are used as food plants by the [[larva]]e of some [[Lepidoptera]] species including ''[[Coleophora gaylussaciella]]'' (which feeds exclusively on ''Gaylussacia'') and ''[[Coleophora multicristatella]]''.

''Gaylussacia'' plants are often a component of an [[oak-heath forest]].<ref>[http://www.dcr.virginia.gov/natural_heritage/ncTIIIe.shtml ''The Natural Communities of Virginia Classification of Ecological Community Groups'' (Version 2.3), Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, 2010] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115181617/http://www.dcr.virginia.gov/natural_heritage/ncTIIIe.shtml |date=January 15, 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Schafale, M. P. & A. S. Weakley |year=1990 |title=Classification of the natural communities of North Carolina |edition=third approximation |publisher=North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, [[North Carolina Division of Parks and Recreation]] |url=http://www.ncnhp.org/Images/Other%20Publications/class.pdf |format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]] |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425022556/http://www.ncnhp.org/Images/Other%20Publications/class.pdf |archivedate=2012-04-25 |df= }}</ref> They are [[deciduous]] or [[evergreen]] [[shrub]]s growing to a height of {{convert|0.4|-|1.8|m}}.

== Classification ==
''Gaylussacia'' is named in honor of the French chemist [[Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]] (1778–1850). It is closely related to ''[[Vaccinium]]'',<ref name="floyd"/> and it is still unclear whether the commonly understood line between ''Vaccinium'' and ''Gaylussacia'' is justified.<ref name="kron">{{cite journal | url = http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/89/2/327 | title = Phylogenetic relationships within the blueberry tribe (Vaccinieae, Ericaceae) based on sequence data from ''matK'' and nuclear ribosomal ITS regions, with comments on the placement of ''Satyria'' | author = Kathleen A. Kron, E. Ann Powell and J. L. Luteyn | journal = [[American Journal of Botany]] | year = 2002 | volume = 89 | pages = 327–336 | doi = 10.3732/ajb.89.2.327 | issue=2 | pmid = 21669741}}</ref> A 2002 paper found that molecular data did not support past divisions of ''Gaylussacia'' into [[section (botany)|sections]].<ref name="floyd">{{cite journal | title=Phylogenetic and biogeographic patterns in ''Gaylussacia'' (Ericaceae) based on morphological, nuclear DNA, and chloroplast DNA variation | first=Jennifer Whitehead | last=Floyd | journal=[[Systematic Botany]] | volume=27 | issue=1 | year=2002 | pages=99–115 | jstor=3093898 | doi = 10.1043/0363-6445-27.1.99}}</ref>

== Species ==
[[File:Gaylussacia brasiliensis.jpg|thumb|''Gaylussacia brasiliensis'']]
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
*''[[Gaylussacia amazonica]]'' – [[Brazil]]
*''[[Gaylussacia amoena]]'' – [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro]]
*''[[Gaylussacia angulata]]'' – Brazil
*''[[Gaylussacia angustifolia]]'' – Southern Brazil
*''[[Gaylussacia baccata]]'' – Black huckleberry, Southeastern [[Canada]], eastern [[United States]]
*''[[Gaylussacia bigeloviana]]'' - East Coast of USA + Canada
*''[[Gaylussacia brachycera]]'' – Box huckleberry, [[Eastern United States]]
*''[[Gaylussacia brasiliensis]]'' – Southeastern Brazil, Paraguay
*''[[Gaylussacia buxifolia]]'' – Uva de páramo, [[Colombia]], [[Venezuela]]
*''[[Gaylussacia caparoensis]]'' – [[Espirito Santo]]
*''[[Gaylussacia caratuvensis]]'' - [[Paraná (state)|Paraná]]
*''[[Gaylussacia cardenasii]]'' – [[Bolivia]], Argentina
*''[[Gaylussacia centunculifolia]]'' – [[Minas Gerais]]
*''[[Gaylussacia chamissonis]]'' – Southeastern Brazil
*''[[Gaylussacia ciliosa]]'' – Brazil
*''[[Gaylussacia cinerea]]'' – [[Minas Gerais]]
*''[[Gaylussacia corvensis]]'' - [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]]
*''[[Gaylussacia decipiens]]'' – [[Minas Gerais]]
*''[[Gaylussacia densa]]'' – [[Minas Gerais]], [[Bahia]]
*''[[Gaylussacia duartei]]– [[Minas Gerais]]
*''[[Gaylussacia dumosa]]'' – Dwarf huckleberry, Eastern USA + Canada
*''[[Gaylussacia fasciculata]]'' – Brazil
*''[[Gaylussacia frondosa]]'' – Blue huckleberry, Eastern United States
*''[[Gaylussacia gardneri]]'' – [[Minas Gerais]]
*''[[Gaylussacia goyazensis]]'' – [[Goiás]]
*''[[Gaylussacia harleyi]]'' – [[Bahia]]
*''[[Gaylussacia incana]]'' – [[Minas Gerais]], [[Bahia]]
*''[[Gaylussacia jordanensis]]'' – Brazil
*''[[Gaylussacia loxensis]]'' – [[Ecuador]], northern [[Peru]]
*''[[Gaylussacia martii]]'' – [[Minas Gerais]]
*''[[Gaylussacia montana]]'' – [[Minas Gerais]]
*''[[Gaylussacia mosieri]]'' – Woolly huckleberry, [[Southeastern United States]]
*''[[Gaylussacia nana]]'' – Dwarf dangleberry, Southeastern United States
*''[[Gaylussacia oleifolia]]'' – [[Minas Gerais]]
*''[[Gaylussacia orocola]]'' - [[North Carolina]]
*''[[Gaylussacia pallida]]'' – [[Minas Gerais]]
*''[[Gaylussacia peruviana]]'' - Peru, Ecuador
*''[[Gaylussacia pinifolia]]'' – [[Minas Gerais]]
*''[[Gaylussacia pruinosa]]'' – Brazil
*''[[Gaylussacia pseudociliosa]]'' – [[Minas Gerais]]
*''[[Gaylussacia pseudogaultheria]]'' – Bolivia, Brazil
*''[[Gaylussacia pulchra]]'' – [[Minas Gerais]], [[Bahia]]
*''[[Gaylussacia reticulata]]'' – [[Brazil]]
*''[[Gaylussacia retivenia]]'' – [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro]]
*''[[Gaylussacia retusa]]'' – [[Minas Gerais]]
*''[[Gaylussacia rhododendron]]'' – [[Paraná (state)|Paraná]]
*''[[Gaylussacia riedelii]]'' – [[Minas Gerais]]
*''[[Gaylussacia rigida]]'' – [[Brazil]]
*''[[Gaylussacia rugosa]]'' – [[Minas Gerais]]
*''[[Gaylussacia salicifolia]]'' – [[Brazil]]
*''[[Gaylussacia setosa]]'' – [[Minas Gerais]]
*''[[Gaylussacia tomentosa]]'' – Hairy-twig huckleberry, Southeastern United States
*''[[Gaylussacia ursina]]'' – Bear huckleberry, Southeastern United States
*''[[Gaylussacia virgata]]'' – [[Minas Gerais]], [[Bahia]]
*''[[Gaylussacia vitis-idaea]]'' – [[Minas Gerais]]
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|32em}}

== External links ==
*[https://archive.is/20050216161035/http://www.nybg.org/bsci/res/lut2/gay.htm New York Botanic Gardens: ''Gaylussacia'']

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2704451}}

[[Category:Gaylussacia| ]]
[[Category:Ericaceae genera]]
[[Category:Flora of North America]]
[[Category:Flora of South America]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Sigismund Kunth]]

Benutzer:Shi Annan/Doubting Antiquity School

2018-05-14T15:26:35Z

The '''Doubting Antiquity School''' or '''Yigupai''' ({{zh|c=疑古派|p=Yígǔpài|w=I-ku-p'ai}}<ref name="wilkinson">[[Endymion Wilkinson|Wilkinson, Endymion]] (2000). ''Chinese History: A Manual''. Harvard Univ Asia Center. {{ISBN|0-674-00249-0}}. Page 345, see: [https://books.google.com/books?id=ERnrQq0bsPYC&pg=PA345&vq=doubting+antiquity+school&source=gbs_search_s&cad=0]</ref><ref name="loewe">Loewe, Michael and Edward L. Shaughnessy (1999). ''The Cambridge History of Ancient China'' Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-47030-7}}. Page 72, see: [https://books.google.com/books?id=cHA7Ey0-pbEC&pg=PA72&vq=doubting+antiquity+school&dq=Doubting+of+Antiquity&source=gbs_search_s&cad=0]</ref>) refers to a group of scholars and writers who show doubts and uncertainty of antiquity in the [[Chinese language|Chinese]] [[academia]] starting during the [[New Culture Movement]], (mid 1910s and 1920s).

Most of their criticism concerns the authenticity of pre-Qin texts and deals with questions put forward by the past dynastic writers, as well as other subjects. [[Hu Shi]] initiated the critical movement,<ref name="wilkinson"/> with his pupil [[Gu Jiegang]] and his friend [[Qian Xuantong]] continuing this school of thought.<ref name="debary">De Bary, William Theodore (2001). ''Sources of Chinese Tradition: From 1600 Through the Twentieth Century''. Published by Columbia University Press. {{ISBN|0-231-11271-8}}. p. 364.[https://books.google.com/books?id=YJnmgmsZ3OUC&pg=PA364]</ref> Their writings also had influence on many western [[sinologist]]s, including [[Bernhard Karlgren]] and [[Samuel B. Griffith|Samuel Griffith]].

In a more specific way, the Doubting Antiquity School was represented by ''Gushibian'' 古史辨 (''Debates on Ancient History''), the scholarly movement led by Gu Jiegang, centered on the magazine of the same name. Seven issues of the magazine, 1926-1941, contain about 350 essays.

Major critics of the Doubting Antiquity School were historians associated with the ''[[Critical Review (Xueheng)|Critical Review]]'' (''Xueheng'' 學衡), a journal founded in 1922. The historians included [[Liu Yizheng]], [[Liang Qichao]] (梁启超), [[Wang Guowei]], [[Chen Yinque]], and [[Miao Fenglin]] (繆鳳林).

==Criticism==

[[Joseph Needham]] wrote in 1954 that many scholars doubted that classic texts such as [[Sima Qian]]'s ''[[Records of the Grand Historian]]'' contained accurate information about such distant history, including the thirty kings of the [[Shang dynasty]] (c. 1600–c. 1046 BC) listed by Sima. Many scholars argued that Sima could not have had access to written materials, which detailed history a millennium before his time. However, the discovery of [[oracle bones]] at an excavation of the Shang capital at [[Anyang]] ([[Yinxu]]) matched 23 names of the 30 Shang kings listed by Sima. Needham writes that this remarkable archaeological find proves that Sima Qian "did have fairly reliable materials at his disposal—a fact which underlines once more the deep historical-mindedness of the Chinese."<ref name="needham">Needham, Joseph. (1972). ''Science and Civilization in China: Volume 1, Introductory Orientations''. Richmond: Kingprint Ltd., reprinted by permission of the Cambridge University Press with first publication in 1954. {{ISBN|0-521-05799-X}}. Page 88, see: [https://books.google.com/books?id=lNXZGQVdz_gC&printsec=frontcover&dq=science+civilisation+needham&hl=nl&sig=ACfU3U1Qiy2tvp8BVn_pZlCp2iqcoWzSWQ#PPA88,M1 here].</ref>

In 1993, scholar [[Li Xueqin]] made an influential speech in which he called for historians to "leave the 'Doubting Antiquity' period", which became the manifesto of the "Believing Antiquity" movement. Scholars of this viewpoint argue that archaeological discoveries of recent decades have generally substantiated Chinese traditional accounts rather than contradicted them, rendering the doubts of the Doubting Antiquity School largely obsolete. For instance, manuscripts discovered in tombs have proved the authenticity of several texts long thought to be later forgeries, including the ''[[Wenzi]]'', the ''[[Kongzi Jiayu]]'', the ''[[Heguanzi]]'', parts of the ''[[Yi Zhou Shu]]'', and many others.<ref>{{cite book |last=Shaughnessy |first=Edward L. |authorlink=Edward L. Shaughnessy |title=Rewriting Early Chinese Texts |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jWCMTyYjIicC&pg=PA257 |year=2006 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=9780791482353 |pages=257–258}}</ref>

==List of early modern scholars==

===Prominent figures===
* [[Hu Shih]]
* [[Gu Jiegang]]
* [[Qian Xuantong]]
* [[Guo Moruo]]
* [[Kang Youwei]]
* [[Liang Qichao]]

===Others===
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Chen Lisan]] (陈立三)
* [[Chen Wenbo]] (陈文波)
* [[Chen Zhu]] (陈柱)
* [[Cui Shi (historian)|Cui Shi]] (崔适)
* [[Deng Sishan]] (邓思善)
* [[Du Guoxiang]] (杜国庠)
* [[Fan Wenlan]] (范文澜)
* [[Feng Youlan]]
* [[Feng Zhen]] (冯振)
* [[Gao Heng (writer)|Gao Heng]] (高亨)
* [[Gu Shi (scholar)|Gu Shi]] (顾实)
* [[Huang Yunmei]] (黄云眉)
* [[Jin Dejian]] (金德建)
* [[Li Jingchi]] (李镜池)
* [[Liao Ping]] (廖平)
* [[Liu Jie]] (刘节)
* [[Liu Rulin]] (刘汝霖)
* [[Liu Xianxin]] (刘咸炘)
* [[Lü Simian]]
* [[Luo Genze]] (罗根泽)
* [[Ma Xulun]] (马叙论)
* [[Qian Daxin]] (钱大昕)
* [[Qian Jibo]] (钱基博)
* [[Ren Jiyu]] (任继愈)
* [[Rong Zhaozu]] (容肇祖)
* [[Sun Cidan]] (孙次丹)
* [[Tao Fangqi]] (陶方琦)
* [[Tang Lan]] (唐兰)
* [[Wang Zhengyi]] (王正已)
* [[Wei Juxian]] (卫聚贤)
* [[Wu Qichang]] (吴其昌)
* [[Xu Renfu]] (徐仁甫)
* [[Yang Bojun]]
* [[Yang Kuan]]
* [[Yang Rongguo]]
* [[Yang Yunru]] (杨筠如)
* [[Ye Guoqing]] (叶国庆)
* [[Yin Tongyang]] (尹桐阳)
* [[Yu Yongliang]] (余永梁)
* [[Zhang Binglin]]
* [[Zhang Jitong]] (张季同)
* [[Zhang Qihuang]] (张其锽)
* [[Zhang Shoulin]] (张寿林)
* [[Zhang Xincheng]] (张心澂)
* [[Zhang Xitang]] (张西堂)
* [[Zhao Shouzheng]] (赵守正)
* [[Zhu Xizhu]] (朱希祖)
{{div col end}}

==See also==
*[[New Culture Movement]]
*[[Old Texts]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Liu, Jianguo (2004). ''Distinguishing and Correcting the pre-Qin Forged Classics''. Xi'an: Shaanxi People's Press. {{ISBN|7-224-05725-8}}.

[[Category:New Confucianism]]
[[Category:Historiography of China]]

Flueggea

2018-05-14T15:20:56Z

{{Italic title}}
{{taxobox
|name = Bushweeds
|image = Flueggea leucopyrus Bra54.png
|image_caption = ''[[Flueggea leucopyrus]]''<ref>1874 illustration from tab. 54 of D. Brandis, Illustrations of the Forest Flora of North-West and Central India, 1874</ref>
|regnum = [[Plant]]ae
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
|unranked_ordo = [[Rosids]]
|ordo = [[Malpighiales]]
|familia = [[Phyllanthaceae]]
|tribus = [[Phyllantheae]]
|subtribus = [[Flueggeinae]]
|genus = '''''Flueggea'''''
|genus_authority = [[Carl Ludwig Willdenow|Willd.]] 1806 not Rich. 1807 (Asparagaceae)
|synonyms_ref=<ref name=w/>
|synonyms=*''Bessera'' [[Spreng.]], illegitimate homonym, not Schult. 1809 nor Schult. f. 1829 nor Vell. 1825
*''Colmeiroa'' [[Reut.]]
*''Coilmeroa'' Endl.
*''Geblera'' [[Friedrich Ernst Ludwig von Fischer|Fisch.]] & [[C.A.Mey.]]
*''Neowawraea'' [[Joseph Rock|Rock]]
*''Pleiostemon'' [[Otto Wilhelm Sonder|Sond.]]
*''Villanova '' [[Pourr.]] ex [[Cutanda]] 1861, illegitimate homonym, not Ortega 1797 nor Lag. 1816 (both of the latter Asteraceae)
*''Acidoton'' P.Browne 1856, rejected name, now Sw. 1788
*''Fluggea'' Willd. spelling variant
|}}

'''''Flueggea''''', the '''bushweeds''', is a genus of shrubs and trees in the [[family]] [[Phyllanthaceae]] first described as a genus in 1806.<ref>[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/566364#page/6/mode/1up Willdenow, Carl Ludwig von. 1806. Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 4(2): 637]</ref><ref>[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/566364#page/126/mode/1up Willdenow, Carl Ludwig von. 1806. Species Plantarum. Editio quarta 4(2): 757–758]</ref><ref>[http://www.tropicos.org/Name/40009982 Tropicos, genus ''Flueggea'' Willd.]</ref> It is widespread across much of [[Asia]], [[Africa]], and various oceanic islands, with a few species in [[South America]] in on the [[Iberian Peninsula]].<ref name=w>[http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=84577 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]</ref><ref>Govaerts, R., Frodin, D.G. & Radcliffe-Smith, A. (2000). World Checklist and Bibliography of Euphorbiaceae (and Pandaceae) 1-4: 1-1622. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.</ref><ref>Barker, C. & van Welzen, P.C. (2010). ''Flueggea'' (Euphorbiaceae s. l. or Phyllanthaceae) in Malesia. Systematic Botany 35: 541-551.</ref><ref name=s>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=112889 Flora of China Vol. 11 Page 177 <big>白饭树属</big> bai fan shu shu ''Flueggea'' Willdenow, Sp. Pl. 4: 637, 757. 1805. ]</ref><ref>Schatz, G. E., S. Andriambololonera, Andrianarivelo, M. W. Callmander, Faranirina, P. P. Lowry, P. B. Phillipson, Rabarimanarivo, J. I. Raharilala, Rajaonary, Rakotonirina, R. H. Ramananjanahary, B. Ramandimbisoa, A. Randrianasolo, N. Ravololomanana, Z.S. Rogers, C.M. Taylor & G. A. Wahlert. 2011. Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Madagascar. Monographs in systematic botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden</ref><ref>Nasir, E. & S. I. Ali (eds). 1980-2005. Flora of Pakistan University. of Karachi, Karachi.</ref>

The genus is named after [[Johannes Flüggé|John Fluegge]], a [[Germany|German]] cryptogamic [[botanist]].

Members of this genus all have entire ovate leaves and minute green [[flower]]s that form at the [[Leaf|leaf axils]] in the form of [[fascicle (botany)|fascicle]]s or [[inflorescence|cyme]]s. The fruits are [[Berry (botany)|berries]], of the size of [[pea]]s.<ref name=s/>

Many members of the genus were formerly classified under the genus ''[[Securinega]]''.

;Species<ref name=w/>
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
# ''[[Flueggea acicularis]]'' - S China
# ''[[Flueggea acidoton]]'' - West Indies
# ''[[Flueggea anatolica]]'' - S Turkey
# ''[[Flueggea elliptica]]'' - Ecuador
# ''[[Flueggea flexuosa]]'' - Philippines, [[Maluku (province)|Maluku]], New Guinea, SW Pacific
# ''[[Flueggea gracilis]]'' - [[Hainan]], [[Palawan]], Borneo, Malaysia, S Thailand
# ''[[Flueggea jullienii]]'' - Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam
# ''[[Flueggea leucopyrus]]'' - [[Socotra]], [[Sajid Island]], S [[India]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Sichuan]], [[Yunnan]]
# ''[[Flueggea monticola]]'' - [[Sichuan]], [[Yunnan]]
# ''[[Flueggea neowawraea]]'' - [[Hawaii]]
# ''[[Flueggea schuechiana]]'' - [[Pernambuco]]
# ''[[Flueggea spirei]]'' - [[Laos]]
# ''[[Flueggea suffruticosa]]'' - Siberia, Mongolia, China, Korea, Japan
# ''[[Flueggea tinctoria]]'' - Spain, Portugal
# ''[[Flueggea verrucosa]]'' - [[Cape Province]], [[KwaZulu-Natal]]
# ''[[Flueggea virosa]]'' - Africa, Madagascar, SW + S + SE Asia, [[Mascarenes]], N Australia }}

;formerly included<ref name=w/>
moved to other genera ''([[Leptopus]] [[Margaritaria]] [[Meineckia]] [[Ophiopogon]] )''
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
# ''F. anceps'' - ''[[Ophiopogon japonicus]]''
# ''F. angulata'' Raf. 1838 not (Schumach. & Thonn.) Schrank 1828 - ''[[Ophiopogon japonicus]]''
# ''F. bailloniana - [[Margaritaria discoidea]] var. triplosphaera''
# ''F. capillipes - [[Leptopus chinensis]]''
# ''F. dracaenoides - [[Ophiopogon dracaenoides]]''
# ''F. dubia - [[Ophiopogon intermedius]]''
# ''F. eglandulosa - [[Margaritaria anomala]]''
# ''F. fagifolia - [[Margaritaria discoidea]] var. fagifolia''
# ''F. griffithii - Ophiopogon intermedius''
# ''F. hilariana - [[Meineckia neogranatensis]] ''subsp''. hilariana''
# ''F. intermedia - [[Ophiopogon intermedius]]''
# ''F. jaburan - [[Ophiopogon jaburan]]''
# ''F. jacquemontiana - [[Ophiopogon intermedius]]''
# ''F. japonica'' (Thunb.) Rich. not 1807 (Miq.) Pax 1890 - ''[[Ophiopogon japonicus]]''
# ''F. major - [[Margaritaria anomala]]''
# ''F. meineckia - [[Meineckia phyllanthoides]]''
# ''F. nitida - [[Margaritaria discoidea]]'' var. ''nitida''
# ''F. obovata'' Baill. 1861 not (Willd.) Wall. ex Fern.-Vill. 1880 - ''[[Margaritaria discoidea]]'' var. ''triplosphaera''
# ''F. prolifera'' - ''[[Ophiopogon caulescens]]''
# ''F. trichogynis - [[Meineckia trichogynis]]''
# ''F. wallichiana'' Kunth 1825 not Baill. 1858 - ''[[Ophiopogon intermedius]]''
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q41427}}

[[Category:Flueggea| ]]
[[Category:Phyllanthaceae]]
[[Category:Malpighiales genera]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Ludwig Willdenow]]

Matt Dillahunty

2018-05-14T14:53:55Z

{{Infobox person
|name = Matt Dillahunty
|image = Matt Dillahunty SashaCon.jpg
|caption = Matt Dillahunty, speaking at the University of Missouri in 2014
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1969|03|31}} 
|birth_place = [[Kansas City, Missouri|Kansas City]], [[Missouri]], U.S.
|other_names =
|known_for = [[Atheism]] and [[secularism]]
|occupation =
|spouse = Beth Presswood
|website = {{URL|mattdillahunty.com}}
|nationality = [[Americans|American]]
|module =
{{infobox military person|embed=yes|
|branch = [[United States Navy]]<ref name="NavySite">{{cite web | title = USS Theodore Roosevelt (CVN 71)| work = Unofficial U.S. Navy Site | url = http://navysite.de/cruisebooks/cvn71-90/181.htm | first = Thoralf | last = Doehring | accessdate =27 March 2016}}</ref>
|serviceyears = 1987–1995<ref name=flynn/>
}}
}}

'''Matt Dillahunty''' (born March 31, 1969) is an American atheist activist. He was the president of the Atheist Community of [[Austin, Texas|Austin]] from 2006 to 2013.<ref>{{citation|title=ACA Lecture Series: Matt Dillahunty — Reflections on a "lifetime" as ACA President |date=May 12, 2013 |quote=Matt has been the President of ACA for many years and is stepping down. |publisher=Atheist Community of Austin |url=http://www.atheist-community.org/lectures/speakers.php?id=118 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117014432/http://www.atheist-community.org/lectures/speakers.php?id=118 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=January 17, 2013 |accessdate=2013-05-17 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.twitch.tv/mattdillahunty | title=MattDillahunty - Twitch | accessdate=11 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Matt Dillahunty |url=http://www.texassecularconvention.org/80-matt-dillahunty |publisher=Texas Secular Convention |accessdate=6 January 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106234220/http://www.texassecularconvention.org/80-matt-dillahunty |archivedate=6 January 2015 |df= }}</ref> He has hosted the Austin-based webcast and cable-access television show ''[[The Atheist Experience]]'' since 2005,<ref name=TWCN>{{citation|title=Public-Access TV Fights for Relevance in the YouTube Age | author=Mike Rosen-Molina | date=December 17, 2008 | publisher=[[PBS]]|url=https://www.pbs.org/mediashift/2008/12/public-access-tv-fights-for-relevance-in-the-youtube-age352}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title="You Piece of S**t!": Atheist TV Hosts Hang Up on "Christian" Caller After Fiery Exchange Over God & Child Rape|work=[[TheBlaze]]|date=January 9, 2013|author=Billy Hallowell|url=http://www.theblaze.com/stories/2013/01/09/you-piece-of-st-atheist-tv-hosts-hang-up-on-christian-caller-after-fiery-exchange-over-god-child-rape/}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Research Shows Christian Population in Decline | first=John |last=Salazar |type=television newscast|date=May 18, 2015|work=[[Time Warner Cable News]]|location=San Antonio, Texas|url=http://www.twcnews.com/tx/san-antonio/news/2015/05/18/research-shows-christian-population-in-decline.html}}</ref> and formerly hosted the live Internet radio show ''Non-Prophets Radio''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.secularstudents.org/mattdillahunty |title=Matt Dillahunty |author=Lyz |date=February 22, 2010 |work= |publisher=[[Secular Student Alliance]] |accessdate=February 3, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Miller|first1=Lloyd|title=On Atheism|journal=The Society for Anthropology in Community Colleges|date=2012|volume=18|issue=1|page=23|url=http://www.aaanet.org/sections/sacc/content/uploads/2012/04/TASN-1814.1-final-final.pdf#page=23|accessdate=6 January 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705050155/http://www.aaanet.org/sections/sacc/content/uploads/2012/04/TASN-1814.1-final-final.pdf#page=23|archivedate=5 July 2013|df=}}</ref> He is also the founder and contributor of the [[counter-apologetics]] encyclopedia ''Iron Chariots'' and its subsidiary sites.<ref>{{citation|title=User:Sans Deity|publisher=Iron Chariots - the counter-apologetics wiki.|author=Matt Dillahunty (username Sans Deity)|url=http://wiki.ironchariots.org/index.php?title=Matt_Dillahunty}}</ref>

He is regularly engaged in formal debates and travels the United States speaking to local secular organizations and university groups as part of the [[Secular Student Alliance]]'s Speakers Bureau.<ref>[http://secularstudents.org/2012con/speakers#Matt 2012 Conference Speakers!, [[Secular Student Alliance]], Retrieved 2012-07-12]</ref> Alongside fellow activists Seth Andrews and [[Aron Ra]], he traveled to Australia in March 2015 as a member of the Unholy Trinity Tour.<ref>{{citation|title=Pub talk with an atheist and an Anglican|author=Sophie Timothy|work=Eternity News|date=22 March 2015|publisher=[[Bible Society Australia]]|url=http://www.biblesociety.org.au/news/pub-talk-with-an-atheist-and-an-anglican}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=The Unholy Trinity Down Under Tour|publisher=Atheist Foundation of Australia|date=September 10, 2014|url=http://atheistfoundation.org.au/2014/09/10/the-unholy-trinity-down-under-tour/}}</ref> In April 2015 he was an invited speaker at the [[Merseyside Skeptics Society]] QEDCon in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{citation|title=The Mancunian Way|work=Butterflies and Wheels|editor=[[Ophelia Benson]]|author=Al Lee|date=April 27, 2015|url=http://freethoughtblogs.com/butterfliesandwheels/2015/04/guest-post-the-mancunian-way/}}</ref><ref>{{citation|work=[[Lanyrd]]|title=Panel: Daring to Disagree, A session at QED 2015|url=http://lanyrd.com/2015/qedcon/sdktdm/}}</ref> Beginning in the summer of 2017, Dillahunty joined a speaking tour sponsored by the foundation ''Pangburn Philosophy'' where he shares the stage with fellow atheists [[Sam Harris]], [[Richard Dawkins]], and [[Lawrence Krauss]].<ref>https://www.pangburnphilosophy.com/</ref>

==Biography==
Raised [[Southern Baptist]], Dillahunty considered becoming a [[Minister (Christianity)|minister]].<ref name=flynn>{{cite news |title=Preaching his own gospel of atheism |author=Eileen E. Flynn |url=https://www.pressreader.com/usa/austin-american-statesman-sunday/20070318/281874408951717 |newspaper=[[Austin American-Statesman]] |date=March 18, 2007 |accessdate=February 3, 2012}}</ref> His religious studies, instead of bolstering his faith as he intended, led him to no longer believe in Christianity and, eventually, all religions.<ref name=bio>[http://www.atheist-experience.com/people/matt_dillahunty/ Atheist Experience: Matt Dillahunty]</ref> Dillahunty spent eight years in the US Navy,<ref name="NavySite">{{cite web | title = USS Theodore Roosevelt (CVN 71)| work = Unofficial U.S. Navy Site | url = http://navysite.de/cruisebooks/cvn71-90/181.htm | first = Thoralf | last = Doehring | accessdate =27 March 2016}}</ref><ref name=flynn/><ref name=TWCN/> before leaving to work in the field of computer software design. In 2011, he married ''The Atheist Experience'' colleague and co-host of the ''Godless Bitches'' podcast Beth Presswood.<ref>{{cite web|title=Beth Presswood |url=http://reasonnc.com/beth-presswood/ |website=Reason Con 2015 |accessdate=6 January 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106222601/http://reasonnc.com/beth-presswood/ |archivedate=6 January 2015 |df= }}</ref> Dillahunty describes himself as a feminist.<ref>[https://twitter.com/matt_dillahunty/status/254299096595197953?lang=en Matt Dillahunty]; [[Twitter]]</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/youtube-f9T7bn6_3Dk Matt Dillahunty - The Feminist Atheist]; ''The Skeptic Feminist''; August 11, 2015</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Speaking Out Against Hate Directed at Women: Matt Dillahunty|author=Amy Roth |date=August 1, 2012 |type=blog|publisher=[[Skepchick International]]|url=http://skepchick.org/2012/08/speaking-out-against-hate-directed-at-women-matt-dillahunty/}}</ref>

{{anchor|My Week in Atheism}}
Dillahunty is one of the subjects of the 2014 [[documentary film]] ''My Week in Atheism'' by director John Christy.<ref name=Charisma>{{citation|first=Melanie|last=Korb|title=Christian, Atheist Display Complicated Friendship in New Documentary|journal=[[Charisma (magazine)|Charisma]]|date=February 20, 2014|url=http://www.charismanews.com/culture/42871-christian-atheist-display-complicated-friendship-in-new-documentary}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Christian Filmmaker, Atheist Activist Release Their New Film 'My Week in Atheism'|author= Anugrah Kumar|date=February 18, 2014 |newspaper=[[The Christian Post]]|url=http://www.christianpost.com/news/christian-filmmaker-atheist-activist-release-their-new-film-my-week-in-atheism---114739/}}</ref>

==Speaking and debates==
[[File:Matt Dillahunty2.jpg|thumb|Matt Dillahunty, speaking at the [[American Atheists]] Convention 2011]]
Dillahunty has spoken at atheist and freethought conferences around the country and debated numerous Christian apologists, including [[Ray Comfort]] (on ''The Atheist Experience'') and with [[David Robertson (Free Church Minister)|David Robertson]] on [[Premier Christian Radio]]'s ''Unbelievable''.<ref name=Robertson/> At the 2014 [[American Atheists]] Convention in Salt Lake City, he gave a workshop that outlined some key ideas in effective debating: "Take the opponent seriously: 'The audience has to sense that I can perfectly understand their views, and have rejected them.' Use logic: 'I tell them that I can write a better book than the Bible. Simple: I copy it word for word, except the parts about slavery.' And don't forget emotion: 'It is theater. That is my advantage with a Baptist background over someone like [[Richard Dawkins]], although he knows more about science.'"<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.trouw.nl/tr/nl/5009/Archief/archief/article/detail/3683060/2014/07/03/Onder-ongelovigen.dhtml |title=Onder ongelovigen |author=Bas den Hond |work=[[Trouw]] |publisher=[[De Persgroep]] |date=3 June 2014 |accessdate=3 June 2014|language=nl}}</ref> He has also stated that he is willing to say "I don't know" in a debate, a "scary concept" to some of his audience.<ref>{{citation|first=Heather|last=Adams|date=March 17, 2014|publisher=[[KBIA|KBIA mid-Missouri public radio]]|url=http://kbia.org/post/mu-skeptics-group-brings-big-name-atheists-campus|title=MU skeptics group brings big-name atheists to campus}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CyBSKZ3BpQI |title=Matt Dillahunty - The Value of Debates |date=June 28, 2014}}</ref>

==Views on morality==
One of Dillahunty's recurring themes has been the superiority of [[secular morality]] over [[religious morality]]. His key contentions on the issue are that secular moral systems are inclusive, dynamic, encourage change, and serve the interests of the participants, whereas religious moral systems serve only the interests of an external authority.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blip.tv/the-atheist-experience-tv-show/matt-dillahunty-the-superiority-of-secular-morality-4192742 |title=Matt Dillahunty: The Superiority of Secular Morality |date=September 26, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717155131/http://blip.tv/the-atheist-experience-tv-show/matt-dillahunty-the-superiority-of-secular-morality-4192742 |archivedate=July 17, 2011 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{citation|author=Collin Boots | title=The superiority of secular morality: Why do we think religion is required for morality when godless morality may well serve us better?|newspaper=[[The Daily Pennsylvanian]]|date=April 30, 2014 | url=http://www.thedp.com/article/2014/04/secular-morality}}</ref> He touched on the subject again at a lecture at the 2013 American Atheists Convention in Austin: "They say we're immoral, when we're the only ones who understand that morality is derived from empathy, fairness, cooperation, and the physical facts about interacting in this universe. They've broken their moral compass and sacrificed their humanity on the altar of religion. They say we're lost and broken and in need of salvation, when we're the ones who are free."<ref name="youtube.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0EDoEzOymkk |title=AACON 2013 Matt Dillahunty speaks on Skepticism and Atheism |date=March 31, 2013}}</ref> Dillahunty holds the view that advocating infinite reward or punishment for finite deeds is "morally inferior".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dyken|first1=J. J.|title=The Divine Default: Why Faith is Not the Answer|date=2013|publisher=Algora Publishing|isbn=9781628940084|page=94|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h1FP8NZezPgC&pg=PA94}}</ref>

==Advocacy of abortion rights==
[[File:Matt Dillahunty – Rethinking Debates (2014 National Convention).webm|thumb|Matt Dillahunty speaking about debating at the American Atheist National Convention 2014.]]
Dillahunty has advocated for [[reproductive rights|abortion rights]]. After hearing that [[Secular Pro-Life]] set up a table at the 2012 [[American Atheists]] convention, Dillahunty challenged a representative of the organization to a public debate on the issue. The debate took place at the 2012 Texas Freethought Convention, with Dillahunty debating Kristine Kruszelnicki. Dillahunty used [[Bodily integrity|bodily autonomy]] as his primary argument for abortion rights, which is based on [[Judith Jarvis Thompson]]'s essay on the subject, "[[A Defense of Abortion]]."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P78_V1Z9CO4 |title=Abortion Debate at Texas Freethought Convention, Matt Dillahunty vs. Kristine Kruszelnicki |date=October 22, 2012}}</ref> In March 2014, Dillahunty debated Clinton Wilcox, who is not a member of Secular Pro-Life, though the debate was advertised on their blog. The aftermath led to a falling out with the organization, and he announced in a Facebook post that he would not debate them in public again.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/notes/matt-dillahunty/debates-delusions-and-dishonesty-why-i-have-no-respect-for-kelsey-hazzard-and-sp/10152770027383902 |title=Debates, Delusions and Dishonesty - Why I have no respect for Kelsey Hazzard and SPL |date=April 3, 2014}}</ref> He and Beth Presswood later appeared on [[Amanda Marcotte]]'s podcast ''RH Reality Check'' to explain the events of the preceding years, and said that "the optics of a [[cisgender|cis male]] without a womb" debating women's rights is not what he wanted to advocate, and would let others take the lead in public on the issue.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rhrealitycheck.org/reality-cast/2014/04/14/secular-anti-choicers-and-vance-mcallister/ |title=Is Secular Anti-Choice a Thing? And How Big a Hypocrite Is Rep. Vance McAllister? |date=April 14, 2014}}</ref>

==Skepticism==
[[File:QEDCon Day One-39 (16682468904).jpg|thumb|Dillahunty at QED 2015, a [[list of skeptical conferences|skeptical conference]] in [[Manchester]].]]
Advocacy of the primacy of [[skepticism]] is another of Dillahunty's recurring themes. He said at the American Atheists convention in Austin in 2013 that the closest thing he has to a motto is "to believe as many true things and as few false things as possible," taking his inspiration from [[David Hume]]. In the same lecture, he said that being a skeptic is the most important identifier of who he is. In addition, Dillahunty said that skepticism has something to say about untested religious claims, and that philosophical skepticism will lead to atheism.<ref name="youtube.com"/>
He sees atheism as a subset of skepticism, and he does not see why skepticism should not address religious claims, something that has become a point of controversy in the skeptic community. Dillahunty rhetorically asked, "how popular would psychics be, how popular would ghosts be, if there wasn't this monolithic idea that 70-80% of the population believe, that within each of us is an eternal soul that leaves the body when we're dead and either goes on to some afterlife or lingers around here on the earth?...If you teach people about what we know, about what most likely happens when we die, they will strive to treat people better while they're alive, and their grief will be lessened because they understand reality." He admonished "don't just do skepticism with the goal of getting it right, do it with the goal of not being able to get it wrong." In an interview published by the [[Norwegian Humanist Association]], he said he doesn't see why religious claims about reality should be treated any differently by skeptics than conspiracy theories and allegations about [[alien visitation]].<ref>{{citation|title=Tåpelig av skeptikere å frede religion—Matt Dillahunty har omvendt mange amerikanere til ateisme. Men han er først og fremst skeptiker, og ser på ateisme er en nødvendig konsekvens.|work=Fritanke.no|trans-title="It is foolish for skeptics to spare religion": Matt Dillahunty has converted many Americans to atheism. But he is first and foremost a skeptic, and sees atheism is a necessary consequence.|publisher=[[Norwegian Humanist Association]]|date=October 9, 2014|language=Norwegian|url=http://fritanke.no/index.php?page=vis_nyhet&NyhetID=9552|accessdate=2015-01-05}}</ref>

===Gumball analogy===
Dillahunty's explanation of the [[philosophical burden of proof]] is presented in his gumball analogy. For a hypothetical jar filled with a large number of gumballs, any positive claim about whether there were an odd or even number of gumballs would be dubious without further supporting evidence.<ref name=Burden>{{cite book|author1=Armin Navabi|editor1-last=Hise|editor1-first=Nicki|title=Why There Is No God|date=6 October 2014|publisher=Atheist Republic|page=9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qW2-BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA9&dq=%22matt+dillahunty%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=5F88VezpCsqggwT49ICQAg&ved=0CFEQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=%22matt%20dillahunty%22&f=false|accessdate=26 April 2015}}</ref>

==Awards==
In 2011, Dillahunty was awarded the Atheist of the Year award, nicknamed the "Hitchie" for [[Christopher Hitchens]], by Staks Rosch writing for [[Examiner.com]].<ref>{{citation|title=Ex-evangelista recebe o prêmio de "ateu do ano"|trans-title=Ex-evangelist receives the Atheist of the Year award|work=Gospel Prime|language=Portuguese|url=http://noticias.gospelprime.com.br/ex-evangelista-recebe-o-premio-de-ateu-do-ano/}}</ref><ref>{{citation|first=Staks|last=Rosch|title=The 2011 Hitchie Award winner is… | publisher=[[Examiner.com]] | work= Atheism Examiner| date=January 5, 2012}}</ref> The award process involved Rosch's readers voting for nominees he selected.<ref>{{citation|title=What Makes a Great Atheist?|date=January 5, 2012 |first=Leah |last=Libresco | work=[[Patheos]] Catholic channel | url=http://www.patheos.com/blogs/unequallyyoked/2012/01/what-makes-a-great-atheist.html}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Tokenism Is Not Inclusivity|first=Greta |last=Christina|authorlink=Greta Christina|work=Greta Christina's blog|publisher=freethoughtblogs.com|date=January 5, 2012|url=http://freethoughtblogs.com/greta/2012/01/05/tokenism-is-not-inclusivity/}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Token women|work=Butterflies and Wheels (blog)|first=Ophelia |last=Benson|authorlink=Ophelia Benson|date=January 5, 2012|publisher=freethoughtblogs.com|url=http://freethoughtblogs.com/butterfliesandwheels/2012/01/token-women/}}</ref>

He received the 2012 Catherine Fahringer Freethinker of the Year Award from the Freethinkers Association of Central Texas.<ref>{{citation|title=Freethinkers of Central Texas honors Matt Dillahunty |date=November 14, 2012 |publisher=Atheist Community of Austin |url=http://www.atheist-community.org/news/news.php?id=139 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114230121/http://www.atheist-community.org/news/news.php?id=139 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=January 14, 2013 }}</ref>

==Reception==
He has been mentioned by the pro-[[intelligent design]] [[Discovery Institute]], for his activism.<ref name=Robertson>{{citation|journal=[[Christian Today]]|title=Should Christians be nice in dealing with nasty atheists?|first=David |last=Robertson |date=11 March 2014|url=http://www.christiantoday.com/article/should.christians.be.nice.in.dealing.with.nasty.atheists/36162.htm}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Is Intelligent Design a Circular Argument? A Conversation with Atheist Activist Matt Dillahunty|author=Jonathan M. |work=Evolution News and Views|publisher=[[Discovery Institute]]'s [[Center for Science and Culture]]|location=[[Seattle|Seattle, Washington]]|date=September 11, 2014|url=http://www.evolutionnews.org/2014/09/is_intelligent_2089731.html}}</ref> He was described by [[David Robertson (Free Church Minister)|David Robertson]] in ''[[Christian Today]]'' as one of the representatives of "[[New Atheism|New Atheist]] Fundamentalism".<ref name=Robertson/>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Matt Dillahunty}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{collist|colwidth=30em|
* {{Official website|https://www.mattdillahunty.com/}}
* {{IMDb name|5844231}}
* [http://www.atheist-experience.com/ ''The Atheist Experience'']
* {{YouTube|u=TheAtheistExperience|title= ''The Atheist Experience'' |link=no}}
* [http://ironchariots.org ''Iron Chariots'']
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dillahunty, Matt}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American atheists]]
[[Category:American skeptics]]
[[Category:American atheism activists]]
[[Category:Atheist feminists]]
[[Category:Male feminists]]
[[Category:American feminists]]
[[Category:American former Protestants]]
[[Category:Critics of religions]]
[[Category:Atheist Community of Austin people]]
[[Category:American pro-choice activists]]
[[Category:Secular humanists]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:United States Navy sailors]]
[[Category:Former Baptists]]
[[Category:People from Austin, Texas]]
[[Category:Activists from Texas]]
[[Category:20th-century atheists]]
[[Category:21st-century atheists]]

Crystal Mountain (Washington)

2018-05-14T14:48:55Z

{{about|the ski area in Washington||Crystal Mountain (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox ski area
| name = Crystal Mountain
| logo = CrystalMtnLogo.png
| picture = Crystal Mountain WA.JPG
| caption = Crystal in March 2015
| location = [[Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest]] 
[[Pierce County, Washington|Pierce County]], [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]], [[United States|U.S.]]
| nearest_city = [[Enumclaw, Washington|Enumclaw]] 40 mi. (65 km) north
| pushpin_map = United States
| pushpin_relief = 1
| coordinates = {{coord|46.93|N|121.48|W|type:landmark_scale:50000|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_label_position = right
| map_caption = Location in the [[United States]]
| vertical = {{convert|3100|ft|0|abbr=on}} {{convert|2602|ft|abbr=on}} - ''lifts''
| top_elevation = {{convert|7012|ft|abbr=on}} {{convert|7002|ft|abbr=on}} - ''lifts''
| base_elevation = {{convert|3912|ft|abbr=on}} {{convert|4400|ft|0|abbr=on}} - ''lifts''
| skiable_area = {{convert|2600|acre|km2|1}} lift serviced: {{convert|2300|acre|km2|1}} inbounds backcountry {{convert|300|acre|km2|1}}
| number_trails = 57 [[File:Ski trail rating symbol-green circle.svg|13px]] - 11% easiest [[File:Ski trail rating symbol-blue square.svg|13px]] - 54% more difficult [[File:Ski trail rating symbol-black diamond.svg|13px]] - 35% most difficult
| longest_run = {{convert|2.5|mi|0|abbr=on}} ''"Northway"''
| liftsystem = 1 [[Gondola lift|gondola]] 10 [[chairlift|chairs]] 1 [[Magic carpet (ski lift)|magic carpet]]
| lift_capacity = 20,760 / hr
| terrainparks = 1
| snowfall = {{convert|350|in|ft m|1|abbr=on}}
| snowmaking = yes (added in 2015)
| nightskiing = Night skiing available until 6PM/8PM (depending on the day, time of year) on the Discovery, Gold Hills and Quicksilver chairlifts.
| external_link = [http://www.crystalmountainresort.com/ crystalmountainresort.com]
|}}
{{Location map
|USA Washington
|relief = 1
|label = Crystal Mountain
|lat = 46.93
|long = -121.48
|caption = Location in [[Washington (state)|Washington]]
|marksize = 5
|float =
|background =
|width = 240
}}
'''Crystal Mountain''' is a mountain and [[Alpine skiing|alpine]] [[ski area]] in the [[Western United States|western]] [[United States]], in the [[Cascade Range]] of [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]], southeast of [[Seattle]].

Located in the [[Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest]], Crystal is the largest ski resort in the state and is readily accessible from the [[Seattle]]-[[Tacoma, Washington|Tacoma]] metropolitan area through [[Enumclaw, Washington|Enumclaw]] via [[Washington State Route 410|Highway 410]]. It is primarily a day-use area, with nine [[chairlift]]s, various dining locations, and multiple hotels. Crystal is home to the Mt. Rainier Gondola; installed in 2010, it provides year-round access to the resort's summit and is the state's only high-speed [[Gondola lift|gondola]].<ref name=usfscmt>{{cite web |url=http://www.fs.usda.gov/wps/portal/fsinternet/!ut/p/c4/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os3gjAwhwtDDw9_AI8zPyhQoY6BdkOyoCAGixyPg!/?ss=110605&navtype=BROWSEBYSUBJECT&cid=STELPRDB5229142&navid=091000000000000&position=Feature*&ttype=detail&pname=Mt.%20Baker-Snoqualmie%20National%20Forest-%20Home |publisher=United States Forest Service |agency=Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest|title=Ski news |accessdate=February 22, 2016}}</ref>

==Location==
From [[Enumclaw, Washington|Enumclaw,]] you drive just to Sunrise entrance of [[Mount Rainier National Park]], passing through the small town of [[Greenwater, Washington|Greenwater]].

The ski resort is located in the valley of the Silver Creek, a tributary of the [[White River (Washington)|White River]], and on the east and north east slopes of Crystal Mountain. The main summit of Crystal Mountain, also called ''Silver King'', is {{convert|7002|ft|abbr=on}} ([[NAVD88]] elevation) and is the highest land in a {{convert|5|mi|0|sing=on}} radius.<ref>[http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=2245 Crystal Mountain] at peak bagger.com. The mountain has a [[topographic prominence|prominence]] of {{convert|2304|ft|abbr=on}}</ref> Subsidiary peaks on the north ridge of Silver King are ''The Throne'' ({{convert|6861|ft|abbr=on}}), ''Silver Queen'' (ca. {{convert|6990|ft|abbr=on|round=5}}), ''Grubstake Point'' (ca. {{convert|6875|ft|abbr=on|round=5}}) and ''North Way Peak'' ({{convert|6780|ft|abbr=on|round=5}}). The latter three can be reached by ski lifts, and the resort has a Summit House on a shoulder just south of Grubstake. The summits offer an unobstructed view of [[Mount Rainier]], which is less than {{convert|13|mi|round=5}} west-south-west.

==History==
===1960s===
Crystal Mountain Resort opened {{Years or months ago|1962|5}} in December 1962 with two double chairlifts. The first of these lifts, Miner's Basin, was decommissioned in the summer of 2011. Its route was close to that of the new gondola and ended by the top of the Exterminator and Deerfly runs. The other original lift (Iceberg Ridge) was removed when the current Rainier Express chair was built.<ref>http://www.skimap.org/data/429/7/1209189096.jpg</ref> The site, just northeast of [[Mount Rainier National Park]], was chosen after some [[Tacoma, Washington|Tacoma]] skiers were unable to start a resort within the boundaries of the park.<ref>http://www.crystalmountainresort.com/About-Us/423/History</ref>

The following summer the Green Valley double chairlift was built,<ref>http://www.skilifts.org/old/install_na1963.htm#pacific</ref> and the Quicksilver lift followed in 1964.

In 1965, Crystal hosted the collegiate ski championships in late March<ref name=cgshbnst>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=OzlWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=tOgDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3713,4201822 |newspaper=Spokesman-Review |location=Spokane, Washington|title=Collegians get short rest before next ski tourney |agency=Associated Press |date=March 29, 1965 |page=11}}</ref> and the following week the U.S. Alpine Ski Championships, which included famous racers such as [[Karl Schranz]] of [[Austria]], Olympic medalists [[Jimmie Heuga]] and [[Billy Kidd]] of the U.S., future triple gold medalist [[Jean-Claude Killy]] of [[France]], and future gold medalist [[Nancy Greene]] of [[Canada]].<ref name=sialmt65>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=oTdWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=s-gDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6906,195955 |newspaper=Spokemsan-Review|location=Spokane, Washington|title=Swiss in alpine meet|date=March 1, 1965}}</ref><ref name=mgassc>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=BzhWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=segDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6112%2C1000373 |newspaper=Spokesman-Review|location=Spokane, Washington |title=Miss Greene adds slalom ski crown |agency=Associated Press |date=April 4, 1965 |page=3-sports}}</ref><ref name=cwtis>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=uNxUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=WjwNAAAAIBAJ&pg=6034,944504 |newspaper=Leader-Post |location=Regina, Saskatchewan |title=Canadians win titles in skiing |agency=CP-AP |date=April 5, 1965 |page=5}}</ref> Crystal hosted the national championships again in 1968, a few weeks after the [[Alpine skiing at the 1968 Winter Olympics|Winter Olympics]].<ref name=nghf68>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=pztWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=dOkDAAAAIBAJ&pg=7416,2613483 |newspaper=Spokesman-Review |location=Spokane, Washington|title=Nagels, Greene, head field |date=March 8, 1968 |page=23}}</ref><ref name=abwdh68>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=qDtWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=dOkDAAAAIBAJ&pg=1869%2C2866985 |newspaper=Spokesman-Review |location=Spokane, Washington|agency=Associated Press |title=Ann Black wins downhill |date=March 9, 1968 |page=11}}</ref> Kidd, Heuga, and Greene were again in the field, as well as [[Spider Sabich]].<ref name=vgws68>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=qTtWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=dOkDAAAAIBAJ&pg=7030%2C3684963 |newspaper=Spokesman-Review |location=Spokane, Washington|title=Vermont girl wins slalom |date=March 10, 1968 |page=7}}</ref> Back from the Olympics and the World Cup tour, local [[Judy Nagel]] won the women's slalom and combined titles at age 16.<ref name=jnwusst>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1314&dat=19680311&id=qjtWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=dOkDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5073,3962383 |newspaper=Spokesman-Review |title=Judy Nagel wins U.S. slalom title |date=March 11, 1968 |page=12}}</ref> Five years earlier, her father Jack Nagel (1926–2004)<ref name=jnspbwe>{{cite news|url=http://www.seattlepi.com/local/article/Jack-Nagel-1926-2004-Ski-pioneer-bubbled-with-1140311.php|newspaper=Seattle Post-Intelligencer|last=Holt|first=Gordy|title=Jack Nagel, 1926-2004: Ski pioneer 'bubbled' with energy|date=March 23, 2004}}</ref> and the racing school at Crystal were featured in ''[[Sports Illustrated]]'', with her older sister Cathy, then 14, on the cover.<ref name=amthtss>{{cite journal|url=https://www.si.com/vault/issue/42745/1/1?cover_view=1|magazine=Sports Illustrated |title=A maestro tunes his teen ski stars |date=February 11, 1963 |page=24}}</ref>

===1970s===
The Campbell Basin chairlift opened in 1970,<ref>http://www.skilifts.org/old/install_na1970.htm#pacific</ref> which opened Campbell Basin to skiing for the first time and traveled from the base area all the way to the site of the current Campbell Basin Lodge.<ref>http://www.skimap.org/data/193/7/1209953075.jpg</ref>

Two weeks after the [[Alpine skiing at the 1972 Winter Olympics|1972 Olympics]], Crystal hosted the [[FIS Alpine Ski World Cup|World Cup]] tour in late February [[1972 Alpine Skiing World Cup|1972]] with two [[Downhill (ski competition)|downhill]]s for both men and women, with the start above Campbell Basin.<ref name=bggfidh>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=z8kpAAAAIBAJ&sjid=6OwDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6946,3537933 |newspaper=Spokesman-Review |location=Spokane, Washington |title=British gal goes first in downhill |agency=Associated Press |date=February 25, 1972 |page=23}}</ref> Weather forced a low start; the winning men's times were under 90 seconds. Newly-crowned [[Alpine skiing at the 1972 Winter Olympics|Olympic downhill champion]] [[Bernhard Russi]] of [[Switzerland]] won the Saturday race<ref name=skiaar>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=nadYAAAAIBAJ&sjid=pvgDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5300%2C3306065|newspaper=Spokane Daily Chronicle |location=Washington|title=Skiers aim at repeats |date=February 26, 1972 |page=12}}</ref> and took second on Sunday. American [[Mike Lafferty (alpine skier)|Mike Lafferty]] of [[Eugene, Oregon]], took second<ref name=eugtsar>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=xdtVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JuEDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2035%2C6593263 |newspaper=Eugene Register-Guard |location=Oregon |title=Eugenean takes second as Russi takes World Cup event |date=February 26, 1972 |page=1B}}</ref> and fourth in the two downhills.<ref name=fiscm>{{cite web|url=http://www.fis-ski.com/uk/604/1228.html?event_id=2735&cal_suchsector=AL|publisher=FIS|title=Crystal Mountain - World Cup|accessdate=December 17, 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214083805/http://www.fis-ski.com/uk/604/1228.html?event_id=2735&cal_suchsector=AL|archivedate=February 14, 2012|df=}}</ref><ref name=ssiwisc>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=1MkpAAAAIBAJ&sjid=6OwDAAAAIBAJ&pg=7117%2C4559009 |newspaper=Spokesman-Review |location=Spokane, Washington|title=Swiss star is winner in ski cup |agency=Associated Press |date=February 27, 1972 |page=3-sports}}</ref> A women's slalom scheduled for Sunday was cancelled due to weather.<ref name=slno>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=1ckpAAAAIBAJ&sjid=6OwDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6483%2C4630524|newspaper=Spokesman-Review |location=Spokane, Washington|title=Slalom? No|agency=Associated Press|date=February 28, 1972|page=12}}</ref>

In 1974, Crystal added its first triple chairlift, Bullion Basin. High Campbell, the highest lift at Crystal, was added in 1976. It was pre-owned, purchased from the defunct Yodelin Ski Area near [[Stevens Pass]]. High Campbell serves the summit of Silver Queen and provides access to The Throne, Silver King, Campbell Basin, Avalanche Basin, and Silver Basin.

===1980s===
In 1984, Bullion Basin was moved to its current location as the Gold Hills lift. That same year, the Rendezvous and Discovery triple chairlifts were installed.<ref>http://www.skilifts.org/old/install_na1984.htm#pacific</ref>

[[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]]’s first [[Detachable chairlift|high-speed detachable quad chairlift]], the Rainier Express was installed in the summer of 1988, replacing the original chair 2.<ref>http://www.skilifts.org/old/install_na1988.htm</ref> A fixed grip quad, Midway Shuttle, was added to connect the base area with Rainier Express. The Campbell Basin double was shortened because the lower half was no longer necessary.<ref>http://www.skimap.org/data/193/7/1213161511.jpg</ref> These upgrades were funded with money from investors, who in return would get future discounts on lift tickets and season passes. Today this group of investors is the Crystal Mountain Founder's Club.<ref>http://www.crystalfoundersclub.com/index.html</ref>

===1990s===
In the mid-1990s, Crystal Mountain became deeply in debt and was unable to pay for further important improvements such as new lifts and lodges. The original investors sold the area to [[Boyne Resorts]] in March 1997.<ref name="CFC history">http://www.crystalfoundersclub.com/about-us.html</ref> The deal directed Boyne to spend at least $15 million in capital improvements during the first ten years.<ref name="CFC history"/> In the first two years, Boyne purchased two high speed six passenger chairlifts, the Chinook<ref>http://www.skilifts.org/old/install_na1998.htm</ref> and Forest Queen Express<ref>http://www.skilifts.org/old/install_na1997.htm</ref> lifts to replace Midway Shuttle and Rendezvous, respectively. Boyne also made other improvements such as a new rental facility, paved parking lots, and five new Bombardier [[snowcat]] grooming machines.{{Citation needed|date=December 2010}}

===2000s===
The Green Valley double chairlift was replaced with a high-speed quad in the summer of 2000.<ref>http://www.skilifts.org/old/install_na2000.htm</ref> In the summer of 2007, Crystal underwent a major expansion, building the Northway chairlift in the former North Backcountry.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.seattlepi.com/getaways/336494_crystalift25.html }} {{Dead link|date=April 2014|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref> This increased developed terrain by 70% to {{convert|2300|acre|km2|1}}.{{Citation needed|date=April 2011}} In addition, the Summit House restaurant was remodeled.

===2010s===
[[Image:Crystal Mountain Near Summit House.JPG|320px|thumb|Crystal Mountain Near Summit House]]
During the summer of 2010, a terrain park was constructed and the Mt. Rainier [[Gondola lift|Gondola]] was installed, which travels directly from the base area to the summit house,<ref name="SC">{{cite web |url=http://www.crystalmountainresort.com/The-Mountain/Whats-New |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2011-12-05 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213040508/http://www.crystalmountainresort.com/The-Mountain/Whats-New |archivedate=2012-02-13 |df= }}</ref> and its first day of operation was New Year's Day 2011.<ref name=ngoacm>{{cite news|url=http://seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2013824566_apwacrystalgondola.html|newspaper=Seattle Times|agency=Associated Press|title=New gondola opens at Crystal Mountain|date=January 1, 2011}}</ref> during an extremely severe avalanche period on March 10, 2014, the ski patrol triggered an avalanche. as part of normal control work, which destroyed the High Campbell chairlift.<ref>http://www.oregonlive.com/travel/index.ssf/2014/03/crystal_mountain_chairlift_des.html</ref> During the summer of 2014 work to replace the High Campbell and Quicksilver chairs was initiated. The High Campbell Chair, now renamed Chair 6 opened for the 2014–15 season. The Quicksilver chair was upgraded from a double to a fixed-grip quad chair. The top station was lowered {{convert|250|ft|round=5}} to cut off the steep top part of the Quicksilver Run, now rated a green circle, over a blue square. The ribbon-cutting ceremony for both chairs was held on January 8, 2015, at 9AM for Quicksilver and 10AM for Chair 6.

Crystal Mountain was acquired by John Kircher on March 31, 2017.<ref name="Anderson">{{cite web|last1=Anderson|first1=Tiana|title=John Kircher Acquires Crystal Mountain|url=https://crystalmountainresort.com/blog-winter/john-kircher-acquires-crystal-mountain/|website=Blog Winter|publisher=Crystal Mountain|accessdate=13 May 2017}}</ref>

==World Cup alpine racers==
{{unreferenced section|date=May 2016}}
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*Alan Lauba (b.1961)
*[[Libby Ludlow]] (b.1981)
*[[Scott Macartney]] (b.1978)
*Paul McDonald (b.1984)
*Cathy Nagel (b.1949)
*[[Judy Nagel]] (b.1951)
*Tatum Skoglund (b.1978)
{{div col end}}

== Master Development Plan ==
Following the acquisition by [[Boyne Resorts]], Crystal Mountain submitted a Master Development Plan (MDP) to the [[United States Forest Service|USFS]], which included six alternatives for redevelopment of the mountain. A draft [[Environmental impact assessment|environmental impact study]] was issued in 2001 and finalized in August 2004. John Phipps, [[Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest]] Supervisor, selected Alternative Six with modifications from the Final Environmental Impact Statement. It approves new facilities including an aerial tram to the summit, a new chairlift in Northback, a surface lift, existing chairlift upgrades, base facility renovations, employee housing and wastewater facilities. The plan is the largest in Washington’s history, costing Boyne an estimated $40 million.{{Citation needed|date=December 2010}}

=== Completed Projects ===
* ''Northway'' (C-12) provided direct lift access to the area north of the original ski area. Previously, this area was known as North Backcountry and required a long traverse or shuttle ride back to the base area. The new lift is a fixed-grip double chairlift from [[Doppelmayr CTEC]], installed in the summer of 2007 with a top terminal on Northway Peak.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.skicrystal.com/News/341/Northway-Lift-Grand-Opening |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2010-12-25 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527185808/http://www.skicrystal.com/News/341/Northway-Lift-Grand-Opening |archivedate=2010-05-27 |df= }}</ref>
* ''Mt. Rainier Gondola'' provides direct access from the base area plaza to the summit, allowing for year-round access. Sightseers, skiers, hikers, and diners can all ride the gondola. This Doppelmayr CTEC 8-passenger lift was completed in 2010 and opened on January 1, 2010.<ref name="SC"/>
* ''High Campbell "Chair 6" Replacement'' (C-2) provided direct lift access to the area around Silver Queen and the Southback area. Previously, this area was served by a fixed-grip double known as High Campbell. The old chair was destroyed by an avalanche in March 2014 and was inoperable. The new lift is a fixed-grip double chairlift from [[HTM Skytrac]], installed in the summer of 2014 with a top terminal on Silver Queen at 7002', still providing access to Powder Bowl, Southback and Campbell Basin. The new chair can withstand higher winds than the original.
* ''Quicksilver Replacement'' (C-4) provides access to the green circle Quicksilver and black diamond Boonndoggle runs and is accessed by the Discovery triple. Previously, this chair was served by a fixed-grip double installed and left untouched since 1964. Crystal Mountain wanted to make the terrain more beginner-friendly and lowered the top station by 250 feet to avoid the steep slope at the top. The Quicksilver run was previously a blue square but was changed to a green circle. The base station is equipped with a loading carpet to ease the loading process. The new lift is a fixed-grip quad chairlift from [[HTM Skytrac]], installed in the summer of 2014 with a top terminal altitude of around 5200'. The new chair has double the uphill capacity, and the Quicksilver trail was regraded over the summer to make it more beginner-friendly.

=== Proposed and Approved ===
* ''Kelly's Gap Express'' (C-13) will rise westwards from the new Bullion Base and terminating above and to the north of Green Valley Express.<ref name="fs.fes.us">http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/mbs/projects/crystal_eis/.../crystal_mtn_mdp_app_a.pdf</ref>
* ''Bullion Basin'' (C15) would rise eastwards on the other side of valley from the Bullion Base to an area that previously had a lift abandoned in 1983 (the footprint of a lift and trails can be viewed from the top of Rainier Express). This lift will also allow access to East Peak backcountry area for expert skiers. Rumors suggest that although this lift was included in the Record of Decision, the lift may not actually be built. As of July 2007, Crystal has received the former Millicent double chair from [[Brighton Ski Resort]] ([[Utah]]) to possibly be installed as the Bullion Basin chair in the future.<ref name="fs.fes.us"/>
* ''Park N' Ride'' (C12) will provide access between the new Bullion Base and the current base area.
* Two new surface tows at the old base area (''Ptarmagin'', S1) and new Bullion Base (''Pika'', S2)<ref name="fs.fes.us"/>
* High speed replacements for the Quicksilver and Discovery chairs with no additional trail development.<ref name="fs.fes.us"/>

=== Rejected by Forest Service ===
*Silver King lift, this lift would have started on Queen's Run and serviced the summit of Silver King.

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://crystalmountainresort.com}}
* [http://www.skilifts.org/old/wa-crystal.htm Ski Lifts.org] - photos of lifts at Crystal Mountain

{{Washington Ski areas navbox}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Pierce County, Washington]]
[[Category:Ski areas and resorts in Washington (state)]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Pierce County, Washington]]

Continental O-190

2018-05-14T14:40:02Z

{|{{Infobox Aircraft Begin
|name= O-190 / C75 / C85
|image= FunkB-85-C-Engine.jpg
|caption= 0-190 mounted in a [[Funk B]]
}}{{Infobox Aircraft Engine
|type=[[Piston]] [[aircraft engine]]
|manufacturer=[[Teledyne Continental Motors]]
|first run=
|major applications= [[Cessna 140]]
|number built =
|program cost =
|unit cost =
|developed from =
|developed into =
|variants with their own articles =
}}
|}

The '''Continental O-190''' (Company designations '''C75''' and '''C85''') is a series of engines made by [[Teledyne Continental Motors|Continental Motors]] beginning in the 1940s. Of [[flat-four]] configuration, the engines produced 75 hp (56 kW) or 85 hp (63 kW) respectively.<ref name="TCM1980">Teledyne Continental Motors: ''Continental Aircraft Engine Operator's Manual'', pages 4-5. Teledyne Continental Motors, FAA Approved December 1980. Continental Form No. X30012</ref>

The two variants shared the same bore, stroke and compression ratio. The C85 produced ten extra horsepower by virtue of having a maximum permissible rpm of 2575 versus the 2275 of the C75.<ref name="TCM1980" />

The C75 was in production from 1943 to 1952 and the C85 from 1944 to 1970.

==Variants==
;C75:
;C85:
;C85-12F:
;O-190:Military designation for the C75, C85 family of engines.

==Applications==

===C75===
*[[Auster Arrow]]
*[[Commonwealth Trimmer]]
*[[IPT Bichinho]]
*[[ERCO Ercoupe|ERCO Ercoupe 415]]
*[[Thorp T-11]]

===C85===
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Aerauto PL.5C]]
*[[Aero-Flight Streak]]
*[[Aeronca 7BC]] [[Aeronca 7DC|7DC]], [[Aeronca 11BC|11BC]], [[Aeronca 11CC|11CC]], and [[Aeronca 12AC|12AC]]
*[[All-American Ensign]]
*[[Ambrosini Rondone]]
*[[Carlson Sparrow]]
*[[Cessna 120]] and [[Cessna 140|140]]
*[[Commonwealth Skyranger]] and Trimmer
*[[Culver V]]
*[[Druine Turbi]]
*[[Emigh Trojan]]
*[[Ercoupe 415]]
*[[Eaves Cougar 1]]
*[[Fleet 80]] and [[Fleet 81|81]]
*[[Fisher Celebrity]]
*[[Fisher Dakota Hawk]]
*[[Funk B-85]]
*[[Globe Swift]]
*[[Iberavia Peque]]
*[[Jurca Tempête]]
*[[Heinonen HK-1]]
*[[IPT 13]]
*[[LeVier Cosmic Wind]]
*[[Limbach Gusty]]
*[[AVIA FL.3|Lombardi FL.3]]
*[[Luscombe Silvaire]]
*[[Macchi MB-308]]
*[[Paul Baumgartl PB-63]]
*[[Phoenix Major]]
*[[Piel Emeraude]]
*[[Taylor Titch]]
*[[Taylorcraft 19]]
*[[Smith Miniplane]]
*[[Starr Bumble Bee]]
*[[Stits Playboy]]
}}

==Specifications (C85)==
{{pistonspecs
|

|type=four-cylinder air-cooled [[flat-4|horizontally opposed]] aircraft piston engine
|ref=''Continental Aircraft Engine Operator's Manual''<ref name="TCM1980" />
|bore=4.0625 in (103 mm)
|stroke=3.625 in (92 mm)
|displacement=188 in³ (3.1 L)
|length=
|diameter=
|width=
|height=
|weight=180 lb (81 kg)
|valvetrain=
|supercharger=
|turbocharger=
|fuelsystem=
|fueltype= [[Avgas|80/87 octane avgas]]
|oilsystem=
|coolingsystem=Air-cooled
|power=85 hp (63 kW) at 2,575 rpm
|specpower=
|compression=6.3:1
|fuelcon=5.4 US gal/hr
|specfuelcon=
|oilcon=Maximum desirable 0.4 US quarts/hr
|power/weight=
}}

==See also==
{{aircontent

|see also=


|related=


|similar aircraft=


|lists=
*[[List of aircraft engines]]

|similar engines=


}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
* Gunston, Bill. (1986) ''World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines''. Patrick Stephens: Wellingborough.
* Erickson, Jack. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20081202141950/http://home.comcast.net/~aeroengine/Continental1.html Horizontally-Opposed Piston Aero Engines]''

{{Continental aeroengines}}

[[Category:Boxer engines]]
[[Category:Aircraft piston engines 1940–1949]]
[[Category:Continental aircraft engines|O-190]]

A Change Is Gonna Come

2018-05-14T06:33:26Z

{{other uses}}
{{Infobox single
| Name = A Change Is Gonna Come
| Cover = ACIGCcover.jpg
| Artist = [[Sam Cooke]]
| Album = [[Ain't That Good News (album)|Ain't That Good News]]
| A-side = "[[Shake (Sam Cooke song)|Shake]]"
| Released = {{Start date|1964|12|22}}
| Format = [[7-inch single]]
| Recorded = January 30, 1964
| Studio = RCA, [[Hollywood]], California
| Genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Rhythm and blues]]
* [[Soul music|soul]]
}}
| Length = {{Duration|m=3|s=11}}
| Label = [[RCA Victor]]
| Writer = Sam Cooke
| Producer = [[Hugo & Luigi]]
| Last single = "[[Cousin of Mine]]" (1964)
| This single = "'''A Change Is Gonna Come'''" (1964)
| Next single = "It's Got The Whole World Shakin'" (1965)
}}
"'''A Change Is Gonna Come'''" is a song by American [[recording artist]] [[Sam Cooke]], released on December 22, 1964, by [[RCA Victor]]. Produced by [[Hugo & Luigi]] and arranged and conducted by [[René Hall]], the song was the [[A-side and B-side|B-side]] to "[[Shake (Sam Cooke song)|Shake]]".

The song was inspired by various personal events in Cooke's life, most prominently an event in which he and his entourage were turned away from a [[Whites only|whites-only]] motel in [[Louisiana]]. Cooke felt compelled to write a song that spoke to his struggle and of those around him, and he recorded the song for its first release on his final album, ''[[Ain't That Good News (album)|Ain't That Good News]]''.{{Citation needed|date=February 2017}} The song, released in 1964, pertains to the [[Civil Rights Movement]] and [[African American]]s, and contains the refrain, "It's been a long time coming, but I know a change is gonna come."

Though only a modest hit for Cooke in comparison with his previous singles, "A Change Is Gonna Come" is widely considered Cooke's best composition and has been voted among the best songs ever released by various publications. In 2007, the song was selected for preservation in the [[Library of Congress]], with the [[National Recording Registry]] deeming the song "culturally, historically, or aesthetically important."<ref>Cannady, S. 2007, [https://www.loc.gov/item/prn-07-039/2006-national-recording-registry/2007-03-06/ ''Recordings by Historical Figures and Musical Legends Added To the 2006 National Recording Registry: Library of Congress Accepting Nominations for the 2007 Registry''], viewed May 9, 2017</ref>

==Background==
On October 8, 1963, en route to [[Shreveport, Louisiana]], Cooke called ahead to the [[Holiday Inn]] North to make reservations for his wife, Barbara, and himself, but when he and his group arrived, the desk clerk glanced nervously and explained there were no vacancies.{{sfn|Guralnick|2005|p=526}} While his brother Charles protested, Sam was fuming, yelling to see the manager and refusing to leave until he received an answer. His wife nudged him, attempting to calm him down, telling him, "They'll kill you," to which he responded, "They ain't gonna kill me, because I'm Sam Cooke."{{sfn|Guralnick|2005|p=526}} When they eventually persuaded Cooke to leave, the group drove away calling out insults and blaring their horns. When they arrived at the Castle Motel on Sprague Street downtown, the police were waiting for them, arresting them for disturbing the peace.{{sfn|Guralnick|2005|p=526}} ''[[The New York Times]]'' ran an [[Associated Press|AP]] report the following day headlined "Negro Band Leader Held in Shreveport," but African-Americans were outraged, leading to the creation of a myth surrounding the incident, exaggerating parts of the story and fabricating others.{{sfn|Guralnick|2005|p=527}}

In addition, upon hearing [[Bob Dylan]]'s "[[Blowin' in the Wind]]" in 1963, Cooke was greatly moved that such a poignant song about [[racism]] in America could come from someone who was not black, and was also ashamed he had not yet written something like that himself.{{sfn|Guralnick|2005|p=512}} However, his image and fears of losing his largely white fan base prevented him from doing so.{{sfn|Guralnick|2005|p=513}} Cooke loved the song so much it was immediately incorporated into his repertoire.<ref name=NPR>{{cite news|author=| date =February 1, 2014| title =Sam Cooke And The Song That 'Almost Scared Him'| publisher =[[NPR]] (National Public Radio) | url = https://www.npr.org/2014/02/01/268995033/sam-cooke-and-the-song-that-almost-scared-him| accessdate =April 14, 2014}}</ref>

==Recording and production==
Following [[Christmas]] 1963, Cooke invited [[J. W. Alexander (musician)|J.W. Alexander]] to his home to preview a new song he had just written, one Cooke was very excited about. When he arrived, Cooke ran through the number on his [[guitar]] twice, the second time going over it line by line.{{sfn|Guralnick|2005|p=540}} Both were very excited to record the song, with Alexander viewing it more personal and political than anything he had yet attempted. He warned Cooke that he may not profit off the song as he had with lighter, poppier songs, but Cooke did not care.{{sfn|Guralnick|2005|p=541}} He explained to Alexander that he hoped the song would make his father proud.{{sfn|Guralnick|2005|p=541}} "It was less work than any song he'd ever written," biographer Peter Guralnick says.<ref name="NPR"/> "It almost scared him that the song — it was almost as if the song were intended for somebody else. He grabbed it out of the air and it came to him whole, despite the fact that in many ways it's probably the most complex song that he wrote. It was both singular — in the sense that you started out, 'I was born by the river' — but it also told the story both of a generation and of a people."<ref name="NPR"/>

Cooke handed the song to his arranger [[René Hall]], with no specific instructions as to what he personally wanted, but to give it “the kind of instrumentation and orchestration that it demanded.”{{sfn|Guralnick|2005|p=547}} Previously, the duo had collaborated on arrangement, but this was the first occasion in which Hall was granted complete control of the eventual arrangement, and he composed it as he would a [[movie score]], with lush, symphonic strings.{{sfn|Guralnick|2005|p=547}} "I wanted it to be the greatest thing in my [life]—I spent a lot of time, put out a lot of ideas, and then changed them and rearranged them," said Hall.{{sfn|Guralnick|2005|p=547}} Cooke was well known as a perfectionist and "control freak" in the recording studio, so giving Hall total latitude was unprecedented.<ref name="NPR"/>

AFO drummer John Boudreaux was intimidated by the orchestral arrangement and refused to leave the control room; session player and close collaborator [[Earl Palmer]] was working next door and filled in for the song. [[Luigi Creatore]] asked Cooke to provide one more take, and the eighth take was "nearly perfect."{{sfn|Guralnick|2005|p=548}} Luigi was very pleased with the song, considering it among his best, both very serious and still uniquely his own. Cooke had initially imagined that Luigi, first and foremost a pop hitmaker, would not respect the socially conscious song.{{sfn|Guralnick|2005|p=548}}

==Composition==
{{Listen
|filename = A Change Is Gonna Come sample.ogg
|title = "A Change Is Gonna Come"
|description = A sound sample of "A Change Is Gonna Come," emphasizing the song's lush, orchestral accompaniment.
}}
Each verse is a different movement, with the horns carrying the first, the strings the second, and the [[timpani]] carrying the bridge.<ref name="NPR"/> The [[French horn]] present in the recording was intended to convey a sense of melancholy.{{sfn|Guralnick|2005|p=547}}

Cooke incorporated his own personal experiences as well into the song, such as encounters in [[Memphis]], Shreveport and [[Birmingham, Alabama|Birmingham]], to reflect the lives and struggles of all African-Americans of the time.{{sfn|Guralnick|2005|p=541}} The lines "I don't know what's up there / Beyond the sky" could refer to Cooke's doubt for absolute true justice on earth.{{sfn|Guralnick|2005|p=541}} The final verse, in which Cooke pleads for his "brother" to help him, is a metaphor for what Alexander described as "the establishment" The verse continues, 'But he winds up knocking me / back down on my knees.'"{{sfn|Guralnick|2005|p=541}}

==Personnel==
"A Change Is Gonna Come" was recorded on January 30, 1964, at RCA Studios in [[Hollywood]], [[California]].<ref name="linernotes"/> The engineer present was Wally Heider, and the session was conducted and arranged by [[René Hall]]. The musicians also recorded "Falling in Love" the same day. Credits adapted from the [[liner notes]] to the 2003 compilation ''[[Portrait of a Legend: 1951–1964]]''.<ref name="linernotes">{{cite AV media notes | title=Portrait of a Legend: 1951–1964 | year=2003 | others=[[Sam Cooke]] | type=liner notes | publisher=[[ABKCO Records]] | location=[[United States|US]] | id= 92642}}</ref>
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
*Sam Cooke – [[lead vocals]]
*SR Crain – [[backing vocals]]
*Paul Foster – backing vocals
*Jimmie Outler – backing vocals
*Richard Gibbs – backing vocals
*JJ Farley – backing vocals
*René Hall – [[guitar]]
*Norman Bartold – guitar
*Arnold Belnick – guitar
*Clifton White – guitar
*Chuck Badie – [[bass guitar]]
*Earl Palmer – [[drum kit|drums]]
*Harold Battiste – [[piano]]
*William Hinshaw – [[French horn]]
*Emil Radocchia – [[marimba]], [[timpani]], percussion
{{col-2}}
*William Kurasch – [[trumpet]]
*Louis Blackburn – [[trombone]]
*John Ewing – trombone
*David Wells – trombone
*Harry Hyams – [[viola]]
*Alexander Neiman – viola
*Israel Baker – [[violin]]
*Irving Lipschultz – violin
*Leonard Malarsky – violin
*Jack Pepper – violin
*Ralph Schaeffer – violin
*Sidney Sharp – violin
*Darrel Terwilliger – violin
*Tibor Zelig – violin
*Emmet Sargeant – [[cello]]
{{col-end}}

==Release==
Cooke first performed "A Change Is Gonna Come" on ''[[The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson]]'' on February 7, 1964. Cooke’s new manager, [[Allen Klein]], was infatuated with the song and persuaded Cooke to do away with promoting his most recent single, "[[Ain't That Good News (song)|Ain't That Good News]]", and perform "Change" instead, feeling that that was the statement he needed to make before a national audience.{{sfn|Guralnick|2005|p=550}} Cooke objected, noting that the album’s release was a month away and that he had no time to pull together an arrangement within such a short time frame.{{sfn|Guralnick|2005|p=550}} Klein arranged for RCA to pay for a full string section and Cooke performed the song that Friday on ''The Tonight Show'' after performing "Basin Street".{{sfn|Guralnick|2005|p=552}} An [[NBC]] timekeeper logged down the number as "It's a Long Time Coming," but the network did not save the tape of the performance.{{sfn|Guralnick|2005|p=550}}{{sfn|Guralnick|2005|p=552}} Klein and Alexander both felt it would become a milestone moment in Cooke's career, but it was overshadowed by [[the Beatles]]' performance on ''[[The Ed Sullivan Show]]'' on [[CBS]] just two days later.{{sfn|Guralnick|2005|p=552}}

Cooke elected not to perform "A Change Is Gonna Come" again in his lifetime, both because of the complexity of the arrangement and because of the ominous nature of the song.<ref name="NPR"/> When shown to his protégé [[Bobby Womack]], his response was that it sounds "like death." Cooke responded, "Man, that's kind of how it sounds like to me. That's why I'm never going to play it in public." Womack clarified his thoughts, that it wasn’t deathly, but rather "spooky," but Cooke never performed the song again.<ref name="NPR"/>

Ten months later, "A Change Is Gonna Come" was prepared for single release, with the verse and chorus preceding the bridge ("I go to the movies…") deleted for radio airplay.{{sfn|Guralnick|2005|p=607}} The civil rights movement picked up on "A Change Is Gonna Come" with near immediacy.<ref name="NPR"/> On December 11, 1964, two weeks before the song was released, Sam Cooke was fatally shot at a Los Angeles motel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/the-500-greatest-songs-of-all-time-20110407/sam-cooke-a-change-is-gonna-come-20110517|title=500 Greatest Songs of All Time|website=Rolling Stone|access-date=2016-08-13}}</ref>

"A Change Is Gonna Come" became an anthem for the Civil Rights Movement, and is widely considered Cooke's best composition. Over the years, the song has garnered significant praise and, in 2005, was voted number 12 by representatives of the music industry and press in ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' magazine's [[Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time|500 Greatest Songs of All Time]], and voted number 3 in the webzine [[Pitchfork Media]]'s The 200 Greatest Songs of the 60s. The song is also among three hundred songs deemed the most important ever recorded by [[National Public Radio]] (NPR) and was recently selected by the [[Library of Congress]] as one of twenty-five selected recordings to the [[National Recording Registry]] as of March 2007. The song is currently ranked as the 46th greatest song of all time, as well as the third best song of [[1964 in music|1964]], by Acclaimed Music.<ref name="Acclaimed Music">{{cite web|url=http://www.acclaimedmusic.net|title=Acclaimed Music Top 3000 songs|date=27 May 2009}}</ref> [[NPR]] called the song "one of the most important songs of the civil rights era."<ref name="NPR"/>

Despite its acclaim, legal troubles have haunted the single since its release. A dispute between Cooke's music publisher, [[ABKCO]], and record company, [[RCA Records]], made the recording unavailable for much of the four decades since its release. Although the song was featured prominently in the 1992 film ''[[Malcolm X (1992 film)|Malcolm X]]'', it could not be included in the film's soundtrack. By 2003, however, the disputes had been settled in time for the song to be included on the remastered version of ''Ain't That Good News'', as well as the Cooke anthology ''Portrait of a Legend''.{{Citation needed|date=February 2017}}

A live rendition was included in the soundtrack to the 2001 [[Michael Mann (film director)|Michael Mann]] film ''[[Ali (film)|Ali]]''. [[James Taylor]] recorded a version specially for an [[A Change Is Gonna Come (The West Wing)|episode of the same title]] of the television drama ''[[The West Wing (television)|The West Wing]]''. [[The Allman Brothers Band]] captured their performance of the song on their 2003 DVD ''Live at the [[Beacon Theatre (New York City)|Beacon Theatre]]''.{{Citation needed|date=February 2017}}

===Cover versions===
Other notable artists who have covered the song include:
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Gerald Alston]]
* [[Baby Huey (singer)|Baby Huey]] on [[The Baby Huey Story: The Living Legend|The Baby Huey Story]]
* [[The Band]]
* [[George Benson]]
* [[Wayne Brady]]
* [[Billy Bragg]]
* [[Brandy Norwood|Brandy]]
* [[Solomon Burke]]
* [[John Boutte]]
* [[Tony Carey]]
* the [[Cold War Kids]]
* [[Sananda Maitreya|Terence Trent D'Arby]]
* [[Gavin DeGraw]]
* [[Matt Doyle (actor)|Matt Doyle]]
* [[Bob Dylan]]
* [[Everlast (musician)|Everlast]]
* [[The 5th Dimension]] (in a 1970 medley with [[The Rascals]]' "[[People Got to Be Free]]")
* [[Aretha Franklin]] from "[[I Never Loved a Man the Way I Love You]]" (1967)
* the [[Fugees]]
* [[Jeffrey Gaines]]
* [[The Gits]]
* [[Al Green]]
* [[Greta Van Fleet]]
* [[Deitrick Haddon]]
* [[Morten Harket]]
* [[Beth Hart]]<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YDTei_wdm3U</ref>
* [[jacksoul]]
* [[Leela James]]
* [[R. Kelly]]
*[[Evelyn Champagne King]]
* [[Patti LaBelle]]
* [[The Manhattans]]
* [[Allison Moorer]]
* [[The Neville Brothers]]
* [[Graham Parker]]
* [[Billy Preston]]
* [[James & Bobby Purify]]<ref>{{cite web|title=James & Bobby Purify, ''James & Bobby Purify''|url=https://www.discogs.com/James-Bobby-Purify-James-Bobby-Purify/release/2654279|accessdate=January 24, 2017}}</ref>
* [[Prince Buster]]
* [[Otis Redding]]
* [[Michael Thompson (guitarist)|Michael Thompson]] featuring [[Bobby Womack]]
* [[The Righteous Brothers]] ([[Bobby Hatfield]] solo)
* [[Seal (singer)|Seal]] and [[Arcade Fire]], who used the song in support of [[Barack Obama]]'s nomination for [[President of the United States]].
* [[Ben Sollee]]
* [[Solo (group)|Solo]]
* [[The Supremes]]
* [[Seal (singer)]]
* [[Three Dog Night]]
* [[Tina Turner]]
* [[Luther Vandross]]
* [[Cory Wells]]
* [[Canned Heat]] performed live at Woodstock, 1969

{{div col end}}
In recent years, the song has served as a [[Sampling (music)|sample]] for [[Rapping|rappers]] [[Ghostface Killah]] (1996), [[Ja Rule]] (2003), [[Papoose (rapper)|Papoose]] (2006), [[Lil Wayne]] (2007) "Long Time Coming (remix)" [[Charles Hamilton (rapper)|Charles Hamilton]], [[Asher Roth]], and [[B.o.B]] (2009), and [[Nas]]'s [[It Was Written]] album also features a similar opening as the song. On their album [[The Reunion (album)|The Reunion]] hip-hop artists [[Capone-N-Noreaga]] used an excerpt from the song on the opening track which shares the same title as the Cooke original. British soul singer [[Beverley Knight]] says the song is her all-time favorite and has performed it live many a time; most notably on 'Later with [[Jools Holland]]'. On May 6, 2008, during the seventh season of ''[[American Idol]]'', the song was sung by contestant [[Syesha Mercado]] as the remaining top 4. It was also sung by [[Joshua Ledet]] during the Top 7 episode of [[American Idol (season 11)|season 11]] (2012), for which he received a standing ovation from the audience.<ref>[http://www.gossipcop.com/joshua-ledet-i-believe-a-change-is-gonna-come-american-idol-video-youtube-watch/ Joshua Ledet Earns TWO Standing Ovations on American Idol (VIDEO)]</ref> After winning the [[United States presidential election, 2008|2008 United States presidential election]], [[Barack Obama]] referred to the song, stating to his supporters in [[Chicago]], "It's been a long time coming, but tonight, change has come to America." A duet of the song by [[Bettye LaVette]] and [[Jon Bon Jovi]] was included in [[We Are One: The Obama Inaugural Celebration at the Lincoln Memorial]]. In Washington DC, in the days leading up to the Inauguration of Barack Obama, this song could be heard played constantly in the city centre.

In 2004, [[Patti LaBelle]] performed the song on the annual [[Nobel Peace Prize Concert]] to a standing ovation.

[[Julian Casablancas]], lead singer of popular rock band [[The Strokes]], has cited "A Change Is Gonna Come" as his favorite song of all time.

In 2009, [[Aaron Neville]], along with the Mt. Zion Mass Choir, released a version of the song “A Change Is Gonna Come” on the compilation album ''[[Oh Happy Day: An All-Star Music Celebration|Oh Happy Day]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/musicNews/idUSTRE52Q6WQ20090327|title=Jon Bon Jovi, Queen Latifah go gospel for "Day"|date=March 27, 2009|publisher=Reuters}}</ref>

''[[American Idol]]'' creator/producer [[Simon Fuller]] selected the song for contestant [[Adam Lambert]] to sing in the [[American Idol (season 8)|season 8]] finale in May, 2009. It was also covered by [[American Idol (season 9)|season 9]] semifinalist [[Lilly Scott]] in March 2010.

In 2010, one of the finalists of the British ''[[The X Factor (UK)|The X Factor]]'', [[Rebecca Ferguson (singer)|Rebecca Ferguson]], sang the song for her audition, impressing judges [[Simon Cowell]], [[Louis Walsh]] and guest judge [[Nicole Scherzinger]].

The song was performed in the 2011 Miss America Pageant by Miss Kentucky, Djuan Trent.

In 2011, jazz group [[Afro-Blue]] performed the song on ''[[The Sing-off]]'' by request of the judges.
The same year, [[Everlast (musician)|Everlast]] recorded a version of the song for his album [[Songs of the Ungrateful Living]]. [[Maverick Sabre]] covered the song on his 2012 album ''[[Lonely Are the Brave (Maverick Sabre album)|Lonely Are the Brave]]''

On January 1, 2012, the song was the last single to be played on the New Zealand radio station [[The Sound (radio)|Solid Gold FM]] before the station rebranded.

On June 1, 2013 [[Beyoncé Knowles]] sang the song during The Sound of Change Live concert in London, as part of Chime for Change, an organization which supports total equality between women and men in all areas of life. Mark Sutherland of ''Rolling Stone'' magazine noted that Knowles belted out the song,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/beyonce-leads-a-charge-of-powerful-women-at-sound-of-change-20130601|title=Beyonce Leads a Charge of Powerful Women at Sound of Change|work=Rolling Stone|publisher=Wenner Media|first=Mark|last=Sutherland|date=June 1, 2013|accessdate=August 1, 2013}}</ref> while Alice Vincent from ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' noted that the rendition of the song reflected the event's purpose.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/rockandpopmusic/10092165/Beyonce-Sound-of-Change-Live-Twickenham-Stadium-review.html|title=Beyoncé, Sound of Change Live, Twickenham Stadium, review|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|publisher=[[Telegraph Media Group]]|first=Alice|last=Vincent|date=June 2, 2013|accessdate=August 1, 2013}}</ref> Later, on July 20, 2013, Knowles performed the song during a stop in Detroit as part of her [[The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour|Mrs. Carter Show World Tour]]. The performance followed the city's recent file for [[bankruptcy]]. As Knowles performed, the screen behind her displayed photos of Detroit's landmarks and icons including Aretha Franklin, [[Aaliyah]], [[Eminem]], [[Anita Baker]], [[Bob Seger]], [[Kid Rock]], [[The White Stripes]], [[Berry Gordy, Jr]], [[Joe Louis]]. The montage ended with the declaration "Nothing Stops Detroit!" and Knowles closed the performance by saying "I love you, Detroit".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rap-up.com/2013/07/21/beyonce-dedicates-a-change-is-gonna-come-to-detroit/ |title=Beyoncé dedicates 'A Change is Gonna Come' to Detroit |work=[[Rap-Up]] |date=July 21, 2013 |accessdate=July 22, 2013}}</ref><ref name="billdetroit" /><ref name="detroit">{{cite web|url=http://www.detroitnews.com/article/20130801/ENT09/308010033/1032/ENT/Grapevine-Beyonce-s-Change-hits-online |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130802145408/http://www.detroitnews.com/article/20130801/ENT09/308010033/1032/ENT/Grapevine-Beyonce-s-Change-hits-online |dead-url=yes |archive-date=August 2, 2013 |title=Grapevine: Beyonce's 'Change' hits online |work=[[The Detroit News]] |publisher=[[MediaNews Group]] |first=Adam |last=Graham |date=August 1, 2013 |accessdate=August 2, 2013 }}</ref> A spokesperson for the singer described the performance as a "unique tribute to the history of an incredible city and a celebration of the strong spirit of its people".<ref name="billdetroit">{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/4012211/beyonce-pays-tribute-to-hobbled-motor-city-nothing-stops-detroit|title=Beyoncé Pays Tribute to Motor City: 'Nothing Stops Detroit!'|work=Billboard|publisher=Prometheus Global Media|first=Gary|last=Graff|date=July 21, 2013|accessdate=August 1, 2013}}</ref> A [[black-and-white]] video of the cover was uploaded on Knowles' official YouTube channel on July 30, 2013. It closes with a quote from Henry Ford: “Failure is simply the opportunity to start over, this time more intelligently."<ref name="detroit" /> A reporter for ''The Huffington Post'' reported that the singer's "heartfelt" cover of the song "touched" her fans and the people who loved Detroit.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/31/beyonce-detroit-sam-cooke-change-is-gonna-come_n_3683040.html|title=Beyonce Releases Powerful Detroit Dedication, Cover Of Sam Cooke's 'A Change Is Gonna Come' (VIDEO)|work=The Huffington Post|date=July 30, 2013|accessdate=July 31, 2013}}</ref> Latifah Muhammad of the [[Black Entertainment Television]] wrote that Knowles' "powerful" rendition of the song came right on time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bet.com/news/music/2013/07/22/beyonce-sings-a-change-is-gonna-come-in-detroit.html|title=Beyoncé Sings "A Change Is Gonna Come" in Detroit|publisher=[[Black Entertainment Television]]. [[BET Networks]]|first=Latifah|last=Muhammad|date=July 22, 2013|accessdate=August 1, 2013}}</ref> An editor for ''[[Essence (magazine)|Essence]]'' described Knowles' cover as a "moving tribute to Detroit".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.essence.com/2013/07/31/must-see-beyonc%C3%A9-dedicates-change-gonna-come-detroit|title=Must-See: Beyoncé Dedicates 'A Change Is Gonna Come' to Detroit|work=[[Essence (magazine)|Essence]]|publisher=Essence Communications|date=August 1, 2013|accessdate=August 1, 2013}}</ref> Jordan Sargent of ''[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]'' wrote, "It all might come off as a bit heavy-handed if it wasn't for the fact that, well, Beyonce absolutely slays the cover."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.spin.com/2013/07/beyonce-detroit-dedication-a-change-is-gonna-come-video/|title=Watch Beyonce Dedicate Moving Cover of 'A Change Is Gonna Come' to Detroit|work=Spin|publisher=Spin Media LLC|first=Jordan|last=Sargent|date=July 31, 2013|accessdate=August 1, 2013}}</ref> Lauren Moraski from [[CBS News]] described the tribute to the city as "touching".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-207_162-57596495/watch-beyonce-releases-touching-tribute-to-detroit/|title=Watch: Beyonce releases touching tribute to Detroit|publisher=[[CBS News]]. [[CBS]]|first=Lauren|last=Moraski|date=July 31, 2013|accessdate=August 1, 2013}}</ref>
In 2013 15-year-old Dwayne Cooke released a video of himself singing "A Change Gonna Come" on YouTube which has gone viral on Facebook and other social networking sites...<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d1tMyzw_7Ag|title=A Change Is Gonna Come, Sam Cooke Cover, 1963 - Done By Dwayne}}</ref>

==Media usage==
Many stations have played this song to signal the moment of format change (e.g. when [[KZMJ|KSOC]] 94.5 in [[Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex|Dallas/Fort Worth, TX]] changed from [[Urban adult contemporary|urban AC]] to [[urban oldies]] in July 2011).<ref>[http://formatchange.com/94-5-ksoul-revamps-as-old-school-94-5/ 94.5 KSoul Revamps As Old School 94.5] - [http://formatchange.com Format Change Archive] (accessed October 4, 2011)</ref>

==Chart history (Sam Cooke version)==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Chart (1965)
!Peak position
|-
|''Billboard'' [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|R&B Singles Chart]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 9
|-
| [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 31
|}

==Bibliography==
* ''Portrait of a Legend 1951-1964''. Abkco Records, 2003. Los Angeles, California.
* {{cite book | author=Werner, Craig | title=A Change Is Gonna Come: Music, Race, and the Soul of America | publisher=Plume | year=1999 | isbn=0-452-28065-6}}
* {{cite book | author=Wolff, Daniel J. | author2=S.R. Crain | author3=Clifton White | author4=G. David Tenenbaum | last-author-amp=yes | title=You Send Me: The Life and Times of Sam Cooke | publisher=William Morrow & Co | year=1995 | isbn=0-688-12403-8}}
* {{cite book | author=Guralnick, Peter | title=Dream Boogie: The Triumph of Sam Cooke| publisher=Back Bay Books | year=2005 | isbn=978-0316013291}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{MetroLyrics song|sam-cooke|a-change-is-gonna-come}}

{{Sam Cooke}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Change Is Gonna Come, A}}
[[Category:1963 songs]]
[[Category:1964 singles]]
[[Category:1970 singles]]
[[Category:1960s ballads]]
[[Category:Songs written by Sam Cooke]]
[[Category:Sam Cooke songs]]
[[Category:Otis Redding songs]]
[[Category:The 5th Dimension songs]]
[[Category:James & Bobby Purify songs]]
[[Category:James Taylor songs]]
[[Category:Three Dog Night songs]]
[[Category:Song recordings produced by Hugo & Luigi]]
[[Category:Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients]]
[[Category:United States National Recording Registry recordings]]
[[Category:RCA Victor singles]]
[[Category:Songs released posthumously]]
[[Category:Songs against racism and xenophobia]]
[[Category:Soul ballads]]

Bahawalnagar

2018-05-14T06:33:20Z

{{About||the district|Bahawalnagar district|other uses}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bahawalnagar
| native_name = {{Nastaliq|بہاولنگر}}
| native_name_lang = ur
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[List of cities in Punjab (Pakistan)|City]]

| image_skyline = Bahawalnagar.jpg
| image_caption =
| image_flag =
| image_seal =
| image_shield =
| image_blank_emblem = Municipal Committee Bahawalnagar.jpg
| blank_emblem_type = Municipal Committee logo
| blank_emblem_alt = Municipal Committee Bahawalnagar
| blank_emblem_size = 100px
| image_map =
| mapsize =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = Punjab Pakistan#Pakistan 
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Bahawalnagar
| pushpin_mapsize =
Near pakistan India Border line
| coordinates = {{Coord|29|59|34|N|73|15|13|E|type:city_region:PK|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flagu|Pakistan}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Pakistan|Province]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon|Punjab, Pakistan}} [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of Pakistan#Punjab|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bahawalnagar District|Bahawalnagar]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bahawalnagar Tehsil|Bahawalnagar]]
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| parts_type = [[Union councils of Pakistan|Union councils]]
| parts = 118

| government_footnotes = <ref name="mc-web">{{cite web|url=http://mcbahawalnagar.lgpunjab.org.pk/Administrative-Setup.html|title= Municipal Committee Bahawalnagar: Administrative Setup|publisher=Local Government Punjab|access-date=2018-04-24}}</ref>
| government_type = Municipal Committee
| leader_title = Chairman
| leader_name = Rana Atif Rauf
| leader_title1 = Vice Chairman
| leader_name1 = Haji Abdul Majeed Qureshi
| leader_title2 = Chief Officer
| leader_name2 = Rashid Aziz Ghaznawi
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| established_title2 = 
| established_date2 =

| area_total_km2 =
| area_footnotes =

| population_total = 161,033
| population_as_of = [[2017 Census of Pakistan|2017]]
| population_est =
| pop_est_as_of =
| pop_est_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_footnotes = <ref name="census2017">{{cite web|url=http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/bwpsr/punjab/BAHAWALNAGAR_BLOCKWISE.pdf|title=POPULATION AND HOUSEHOLD DETAIL FROM BLOCK TO DISTRICT LEVEL: PUNJAB (BAHAWALNAGAR DISTRICT)|date=2018-01-03|access-date=2018-04-24|publisher=[[Pakistan Bureau of Statistics]]}}</ref>
| elevation_m = 163
| elevation_footnotes =

| timezone = [[Pakistan Standard Time|PKT]]
| timezone1 = [[Pakistan Standard Time|PST]]
| utc_offset = +5
| timezone_DST = +6
| utc_offset_DST =

| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = [[List of dialling codes of Pakistan|Calling code]]
| area_code =
| website = [http://mcbahawalnagar.lgpunjab.org.pk/ Municipal Committee Bahawalnagar]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Bahawalnagar''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], {{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq|'''بہاولنگر'''}}}}), is the capital city of [[Bahawalnagar District]] situated in the south east region in the [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]] province of [[Pakistan]]. The town of Bahawalnagar is the headquarter of the district and [[Bahawalnagar Tehsil|tehsil]] as well.<ref name="NRB">[http://www.nrb.gov.pk/lg_election/union.asp?district=5&dn=Bahawalnagar Tehsils & Unions in the District of Bahawalnagar – Government of Pakistan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209041140/http://www.nrb.gov.pk/lg_election/union.asp?district=5&dn=Bahawalnagar |date=2012-02-09 }}</ref> Old name of Bahawalnagar was Rojanwali/Ubbha. It was named Bahawalnagar in 1904 after [[Bahawal Khan V]], the ruler of the [[Bahawalpur (princely state)|Bahawalpur state]] comprising the present districts of [[Bahawalpur District|Bahawalpur]], [[Bahawalnagar District|Bahawalnagar]] and [[Rahim Yar Khan District|Rahim Yar Khan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tmabahawalnagar.lgpunjab.org.pk/History.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2017-04-20 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421000436/http://tmabahawalnagar.lgpunjab.org.pk/History.html |archivedate=2017-04-21 }}</ref> It is 192 miles south of Lahore and about 120 miles east of Bahwalpur. River [[Sutlej]] passes on the northern side at a distance of about 6 miles.<ref name="irispunjab.gov.pk">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160307135126/http://202.166.162.26:8929/Items/ODPs/Bahawalnagar%20(1976-1996).pdf Bahawalnagar – Outline Development Plan, Govt of Punjab, 1978]. Accessed 2017-02-24.</ref>

==History==
Bahawalnagar originally known as Rojhanwali<ref>{{cite book|last1=Nadīm |first1=Fārūq |title=Chaos: Research Articles on History and Socio Economic Situation of Pakistani Punjab |publisher=World Institute of Literature & Culture |url=https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=CuptAAAAMAAJ&q=Rojhanwali&dq=Rojhanwali |accessdate=21 April 2017 |language=en |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422033706/https://books.google.com.pk/books?id=CuptAAAAMAAJ&q=Rojhanwali&dq=Rojhanwali |archivedate=22 April 2017 |year=2005 }}</ref> was a small settlement consisting of few huts and shacks. This village Rojhanwali is still in existence at a distance of about 1.5 miles north of the Railway Station. In the year 1895, a [[Bahawalnagar Junction railway station|railway station]] was established and was named as Rojhanwali Railway Station. It was a junction between Bahawalnagar and Bhatinda at distance of 113 miles, now linking branch lines [[Amruka railway station|Amrooka]] and [[Fort Abbas railway station|Fort Abbas]]. Before partition it was very busy junction. Trains used to run from Karachi to Delhi and vice versa via Bahawalnagar. Passenger trains also used to run from Bahawalnagar to Fazilka, Ferozpur. There was a loco shed and two institutes meant for recreation.<ref name="irispunjab.gov.pk"/>

In 1904 when Nawab Mohammad Bahawal Khan Abbasi IV,<ref>[[Bahawalpur (princely state)]]</ref> who originally ruled over Bahawalpur State visited Rojhanwali the people asked that with His permission they want to rename the city on the name of Nawab, The Nawab allowed them with pleasure and since then the city is named as Bahawalnagar. With the advent of railways, 40–50 shops with a population of 100 dwelling units developed at existing railway bazar. Though this site was not fit for flourishing as the topographical features were not favorable and drinking water was unfit for health. With the introduction of canal system, it has become fertile area. The real achievement was Fordwah Canal which brought almost the entire district under the command of irrigation system. The town developed as colony town south of railway station.<ref name="irispunjab.gov.pk"/>

In the year 1900–1901, first police station post was established and in 1902–1903 the first primary school was established. In the year 1906 a panchayat committee consisting of nominated members was composed. 1914 Bahawalnagar was recommended as Tehsil and the police post Jweka was shifted to Bahawalnagar. A regular municipal committee was constituted in year 1922 along with many members. The Assistant Commissioner and Tehsildar were then appointed as Mir Majlis and Naib Mir Majlis.<ref name="irispunjab.gov.pk"/>

==Railways station==
[[File:BahawalNagr Railway Station.jpg|thumb|Train ready to go [[Samasata Junction railway station|Samasata Junction]] from [[Bahawalnagar Junction railway station|Bahawalnagar Junction]]]]

The [[Bahawalnagar Junction railway station|Bahawalnagar railway station]] played a key role in development of former [[Bahawalpur state]], especially of [[Bahawalnagar district]] which was established in 1952–53, while the rail section set up in 1894 was named as Rojhanwali Railway Station. Later, the station was renamed by Nawab Muhammad Bahawal Khan as Bahawalnagar Railway Junction in 1901. But now, it wears a deserted look as no train is running now-a-days. The only train which had been running through these tracks for years from [[Samasata Junction railway station|Samasata]] to [[Amruka railway station|Amrooka]] was suspended on July 26, 2011. Moreover, railway assets are being stolen and land being grabbed. Beside, most of the Railways quarters and officers accommodation have been occupied by influential persons. The rail service was originally introduced by the Southern Punjab Railway Company among [[Delhi]] on 257 kilometres track. The west part of the rail track was laid between Samasata and Amrooka section at the [[Pakistan-India border]]. It linked [[Bhalwal railway station|Baghdad-ul-Jadeed]], [[Khairpur Tamiwali|Khairpur]], Tamewali, Qaimpur, Hasilpur, [[Chishtian]], Bahawalnagar and [[Mandi Sadiq Ganj Junction railway station|Mandi Sadiq Ganj]] railway stations to [[Ferozpur]] and Amrooka stations through various lines. Likewise, the second railway track was laid down between [[Bhatinda]] and [[Hindumalkote railway station]] of [[Indian state]]. Before partition of the [[subcontinent]], the rail line was of great importance for connecting [[Dehli]] and [[Karachi]]. It was utilized for transportation of staff and their belongings in 1947 from [[India]] to [[Karachi]]. State railway lines were named as Darbar Lines and all their expenditures were borne by the respective states. It was running under the control of the [[History of rail transport in Pakistan|Northern Western Railways]]. The 112 km Darbar line of the then [[Bahawalpur state]] was laid down between Bahawalnagar and [[Fort Abbas]] in 1928. On the track, new grain markets of Khichiwala, [[Faqirwali]], [[Haroonabad, Bahawalnagar|Haroonabad]] and [[Donga Bonga]] were established. But unfortunately, the rail service on the track had been suspended since long, while a renowned Mandi Dhab Sanateka railway station has been submerged with filthy water. The Bahawalnagar Railways Junction was at its climax in 1935. Then, dozens of rails among [[Karachi]], [[Delhi]] and [[Lahore]] by [[Ferozepur]], Amrooka, Bahawalnagar to [[Samma Satta]], particularly freight trains from [[Quetta]] to [[Delhi]] used to run regularly. Hustle and bustle of passengers on the station round-the-clock was a permanent feature and it was considered one of the important railways junctions of the [[subcontinent]] at that time. In 1938, a power substation was set up which generated DC power with the help of diesel engine, while today, the railway section has been deprived of electricity supply due to non-payment. After the [[Partition of India|partition]], the well-equipped junction continued its reputation as business centre till 1980. It was more important than the town. It was given final shape in 1935 and 1938, when five hundred quarters for staff were constructed including the railway officers accommodations, railway hospital, DC electricity power station, [[dak bungalow]], playgrounds, [[graveyard]], dance club, workshop, [[Railway police]]. With the completion of the all railway requirements, it turned into a beautiful location. At its climax, hundreds of workers discharge their duties. A beautiful overhead bridge of the junction was unique for its visitors. Unfortunately, such a glorious railway junction had fallen prey to corruption.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nation.com.pk/national/14-Nov-2011/Bahawalnagar-rail-junction-a-relic-from-1901 |title=Bahawalnagar rail junction a relic from 1901 |date=14 November 2011 |work=The Nation |accessdate=23 March 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001075922/http://nation.com.pk/national/14-Nov-2011/Bahawalnagar-rail-junction-a-relic-from-1901 |archivedate=1 October 2016 |df= }}</ref>

==Education sector==
[[File:Govt post graduate college Bahawalnagar.jpg|thumb|Govt post graduate college Bahawalnagar is the biggest college of Bahawalnagar District]]
The literacy rate of Bahawalnagar is less than 25% and unemployment rate is much higher than 25%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.findpk.com/cities/Explorer-pakistan-Bahawalnagar.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2015-06-07 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208061414/http://www.findpk.com/cities/Explorer-pakistan-Bahawalnagar.html |archivedate=2016-02-08 }}</ref>
As the literacy rate of this city is not quite enough but the government owned institutions are offering their services to increase the literacy rate. The sub-Campus of Islamia University<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iub.edu.pk/department.php?id=33 |title=The Islamia University of Bahawalpur Pakistan – Department |work=iub.edu.pk |accessdate=23 March 2016 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728061920/http://www.iub.edu.pk/department.php?id=33 |archivedate=28 July 2016 }}</ref> is also located in Bahawalnagar from which the students are getting the higher education with up to date syllabus.Bahawalnagar is not very popular but the quality of education in the city is up to the mark. There is an Army public school which is on the main bahawalnagar to Minchinabad road in bahawalnagar cantt.
<references group="Educational Institutes In Bahawalnagar" />

==Sports ground==
<references group="Education Sector" />Haider Stadium is the biggest stadium of Bahawalnagar City as well as Bahawalnagar District.
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pcboard.com.pk/Grounds/1937_misc.html |title=Pakistan Cricket – 'our cricket' website |work=pcboard.com.pk |accessdate=23 March 2016 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405020333/http://www.pcboard.com.pk/Grounds/1937_misc.html |archivedate=5 April 2016 }}</ref>

==Demographics==
The population of the Bahawalnagar MC, according to the 1998 Census of Pakistan, was {{sigfig|111313|4}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.gov.pk/content/area-population-aadministrative-units |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2017-01-14 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161204005136/http://www.pbs.gov.pk/content/area-population-aadministrative-units |archivedate=2016-12-04 }}</ref>

==Administration==
Bahawalnagar is the administrative center of Bahawalnagar District, one of the five tehsils or subdivisions of the district, the tehsil is subdivided into 31 [[Union Councils of Pakistan|Union Councils]].

==Climate==

Bahawalnagar has a [[hot desert climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''BWh'') with hot summers and mild winters. Precipitation mostly falls in the monsoon season from June to August, although some rain also falls from February to April. Over the years, global climate change has affected Bahawalnagar as well as any other place on Earth and below comparison charts from Weatherbase and NOAA show the difference in rainfall and low temperatures between 1990 and 2015:

{{Weather box
|location = Bahawalnagar, Pakistan
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan high C = 20
|Feb high C = 23
|Mar high C = 29
|Apr high C = 36
|May high C = 40
|Jun high C = 41
|Jul high C = 38
|Aug high C = 37
|Sep high C = 36
|Oct high C = 34
|Nov high C = 28
|Dec high C = 22
|Jan high F = 68
|Feb high F = 73
|Mar high F = 84
|Apr high F = 96
|May high F = 104
|Jun high F = 105
|Jul high F = 100
|Aug high F = 98
|Sep high F = 96
|Oct high F = 93
|Nov high F = 82
|Dec high F = 71
|year high C = 32
|year high F = 89
|Jan low C = 4
|Feb low C = 7
|Mar low C = 13
|Apr low C = 19
|May low C = 23
|Jun low C = 28
|Jul low C = 27
|Aug low C = 27
|Sep low C = 24
|Oct low C = 17
|Nov low C = 11
|Dec low C = 6
|Jan low F = 39
|Feb low F = 44
|Mar low F = 55
|Apr low F = 66
|May low F = 73
|Jun low F = 82
|Jul low F = 80
|Aug low F = 80
|Sep low F = 75
|Oct low F = 62
|Nov low F = 51
|Dec low F = 42
|year low C = 17
|year low F = 62
|Jan precipitation mm = 18
|Feb precipitation mm = 8
|Mar precipitation mm = 21
|Apr precipitation mm = 3
|May precipitation mm = 8
|Jun precipitation mm = 19
|Jul precipitation mm = 92
|Aug precipitation mm = 75
|Sep precipitation mm = 35
|Oct precipitation mm = ---
|Nov precipitation mm = 5
|Dec precipitation mm = 1
|Jan precipitation inch = 0.7
|Feb precipitation inch = 0.3
|Mar precipitation inch = 0.8
|Apr precipitation inch = 0.1
|May precipitation inch = 0.3
|Jun precipitation inch = 0.8
|Jul precipitation inch = 3.6
|Aug precipitation inch = 2.9
|Sep precipitation inch = 1.4
|Oct precipitation inch = ---
|Nov precipitation inch = 0.2
|Dec precipitation inch = ---
|year precipitation cm = 28.5
|year precipitation mm =
|year precipitation inch = 11.1
|source 1 = Weatherbase 2015<ref name=Weatherbase>{{cite web
|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=416780&cityname=Bahawalnagar-Punjab-Pakistan&units=metric
|title=Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Bahawalnagar, Pakistan
|publisher=Weatherbase
|year=2015
|accessdate=
|deadurl=no
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150922011806/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=416780&cityname=Bahawalnagar-Punjab-Pakistan&units=metric
|archivedate=2015-09-22
}}</ref>
|date=September 2015
}}

{{Weather box
|location = Bahawalnagar
|metric first = Y
|single line = Y
|Jan record high C = 29.3
|Feb record high C = 35.6
|Mar record high C = 39.4
|Apr record high C = 45.6
|May record high C = 48.0
|Jun record high C = 50.1
|Jul record high C = 46.0
|Aug record high C = 42.4
|Sep record high C = 42.0
|Oct record high C = 40.0
|Nov record high C = 37.0
|Dec record high C = 29.6
|Jan high C = 20.6
|Feb high C = 22.76
|Mar high C = 28.3
|Apr high C = 35.9
|May high C = 40.8
|Jun high C = 42.0
|Jul high C = 38.3
|Aug high C = 37.4
|Sep high C = 36.5
|Oct high C = 34.2
|Nov high C = 28.6
|Dec high C = 22.5
|Jan mean C = 13.3
|Feb mean C = 15.7
|Mar mean C = 21.0
|Apr mean C = 28.0
|May mean C = 32.8
|Jun mean C = 35.1
|Jul mean C = 33.1
|Aug mean C = 32.4
|Sep mean C = 30.6
|Oct mean C = 26.4
|Nov mean C = 20.6
|Dec mean C = 15.0
|Jan low C = 5.8
|Feb low C = 8.4
|Mar low C = 13.8
|Apr low C = 20.0
|May low C = 24.7
|Jun low C = 28.2
|Jul low C = 27.8
|Aug low C = 27.4
|Sep low C = 24.7
|Oct low C = 18.6
|Nov low C = 12.6
|Dec low C = 7.6
|Jan record low C = 0.0
|Feb record low C = -1.0
|Mar record low C = 3.9
|Apr record low C = 12.6
|May record low C = 14.4
|Jun record low C = 18.3
|Jul record low C = 16.1
|Aug record low C = 21.4
|Sep record low C = 13.1
|Oct record low C = 11.0
|Nov record low C = 4.0
|Dec record low C = 1.7
|Jan precipitation mm = 4.5
|Feb precipitation mm = 16.5
|Mar precipitation mm = 15.2
|Apr precipitation mm = 10.2
|May precipitation mm = 4.8
|Jun precipitation mm = 15.3
|Jul precipitation mm = 77.2
|Aug precipitation mm = 39.9
|Sep precipitation mm = 9.5
|Oct precipitation mm = 1.0
|Nov precipitation mm = 4.3
|Dec precipitation mm = 5.0
|Jan sun = 222.4
|Feb sun = 218.9
|Mar sun = 250.8
|Apr sun = 274.3
|May sun = 269.1
|Jun sun = 213.9
|Jul sun = 218.3
|Aug sun = 256.6
|Sep sun = 279.3
|Oct sun = 284.0
|Nov sun = 260.8
|Dec sun = 223.5
|source 1 =NOAA (1971–1990)<ref name= NOAA>{{cite web
|url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-II/PK/41678.TXT
|title = Bahawalnagar Climate Normals 1971–1990
|publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
|accessdate = January 16, 2013}}</ref>
|date=March 2013}}

==Transportation==
{{Empty section|date=November 2017}}

==Economy==
{{Empty section|date=November 2017}}

==Gallery==
{{Empty section|date=November 2017}} bahawarnagar pm haji gulmast khan Afridi was brave and best friend of nawab of bahawal pur

==See also==
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* [[Bahawalnagar District]]
* [[Bahawalnagar Junction railway station]]
* [[Islamia University]]
* [[Punjab, Pakistan]]
* [[India–Pakistan relations]]
}}
{{Clear}}
{{Portal bar|Punjab (Pakistan)|Geography}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin|33em}}
* {{citation |author=Economic & Industrial Publications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=osfsAAAAMAAJ&q|title=Economic Review, Volume 21|date=1990|publisher=[[The University of Michigan]]|ref={{sfnref|Economic & Industrial Publications|1990}}}}
* {{citation |author=Pattan Development Organization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wlGNAAAAMAAJ&q|title=Working paper understanding the role of political dynasties: Local Government Election 2005|date=2006|publisher=[[The University of Michigan]]|ref={{sfnref|Pattan Development Organization|2006}}}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
*{{Facebook|@municipalcommitteebwn|Municipal Committee Bahawalnagar}}
{{Wikivoyage|Punjab (Pakistan)}}

[[Category:Populated places in Bahawalnagar District]]
[[Category:Cities of Pakistan]]

Benutzer:Rowohlt/Christian Cameron

2018-05-14T06:10:33Z

{{BLP sources|date=July 2010}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Christian G. Cameron
| image =Author_Photo_of_Christian_Cameron.png
| imagesize =198x249px
| caption = June 2009
| pseudonym = Gordon Kent, Miles Cameron
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1962|08|16|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Pittsburgh]], [[Pennsylvania|PA]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = [[Author]]
| nationality = {{flagcountry|Canada|name = Canadian}}
| period = 1996–present
| genre = [[Historical Fiction]]
| subject =
| movement =
| influences = [[Patrick O'Brian]], [[Glen Cook]], [[Alexandre Dumas, père]], [[J.R.R. Tolkien]], [[Homer]], [[Dorothy Dunnett]], [[Roger Zelazny]], [[Xenophon]], [[Heraclitus]], [[Eric Rücker Eddison]]
| signature =
| website = {{URL|http://www.hippeis.com/}}
}}
'''Christian Gordon Cameron''' (born August 16, 1962), who writes under the pen names '''Gorden Kent''' and '''Miles Cameron''', is a Canadian [[author|novelist]], who was educated and trained as both an [[historian]] and a former career officer in the [[US Navy]].
His best-known work is the ongoing [[historical fiction]] series ''Tyrant'',<ref>{{cite news |title=A brainy Hellenistic bromance |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/arts/books/article1496033.ece |work=[[The Globe and Mail]] |date=March 10, 2010 |accessdate=March 12, 2011 }}</ref> which by 2009 had sold over 100,000 copies.

==Biography==
Cameron was born in the US, in [[Pittsburgh]], [[Pennsylvania]], in 1962 and grew up in [[Rochester, New York|Rochester]], NY, and [[Iowa City]], Iowa, as well as [[Rockport, Massachusetts]]. He attended high school at McQuaid Jesuit High School in Rochester, NY, and got an honors BA in Medieval History at the [[University of Rochester]]. After University, Cameron joined the [[United States Navy]] as an ensign, serving in [[VS-31]] as an air intelligence officer and gaining his air observer wings before going to spend the rest of his military career as a humint officer, first with [[Naval Criminal Investigative Service|NCIS]] and later with the [[United States Department of Homeland Security|DHS]] in Washington, DC. Cameron left the US military in 2000 as a lieutenant commander.

While still serving in the Navy, Cameron proposed his first novel with his father (Kenneth Cameron, American novelist and playwright) to HarperCollins UK, which was published in 1996 as ''Night Trap'' in the UK and ''Rules of Engagement'' in the United States. In 2002, Cameron wrote his first solo novel, ''Washington and Caesar'', published by HarperCollins in the UK and Random House in the US. Also in 2002, Cameron moved to Canada and married his wife, Sarah. They have one child, Beatrice.

==Fictional works==
===''Alan Craik'' series===
The ''Alan Craik'' series of espionage thrillers was conceived on a camping trip in the [[Adirondacks]] in 1994-5 and the events of the first book are very loosely based on the activities of [[John Anthony Walker]] and his son, father and son spies working for the [[Soviet Union]] against the [[United States Navy]]. Christian Cameron envisioned the books as a modern-day [[Horatio Hornblower|Hornblower]] series, depicting the life of a modern naval officer from his earliest career until his retirement. Over the course of eight novels, Alan Craik changes from a patriotic, enthusiastic and driven young man to a cynical and ambitious middle-aged man who resigns as a Captain to protest the use of intelligence to justify bad political decisions.

===''Tyrant'' series===
The ''Tyrant'' series was born in the classrooms of the Classics Department of the University of Toronto, where Cameron decided to write a series of historical novels in 2003. From 2003 to the present, Cameron has written six Tyrant novels: ''Tyrant'' (2008),<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Foex | first1 = B. A | title = Back to the future: emergency departments and ancient Greek warfare | doi = 10.1136/bmj.a2761 | journal = BMJ | volume = 337 | issue = dec15 1 | pages = a2761-a2761 | year = 2008 | pmid = | pmc = }}</ref> ''Storm of Arrows'' (2009), ''Funeral Games'' (2010), ''King of the Bosporus'' (2011), ''Destroyer of Cities'' (2013) and ''Force of Kings'' (2014). The Tyrant series is set in the time of [[Alexander the Great]] and concerns the history of the [[Euxine]] area and the inter-relations between the [[Greeks]] and [[Scythians]]. Cameron also produced a single volume fictional biography of Alexander entitled ''God of War'' which ties into the Tyrant series. ''God of War'' was published in 2012.

===''Long War'' series===
The ''Long War'' series is Cameron's second historical series, also published by Orion in the UK. Cameron's series covers the [[Persian Wars]] from the first-person point of view of a historical figure, [[Arimnestos]] of [[Plataea]]. The first book, ''Killer of Men'' (published in 2010), is named after Achilles, the man-killer of the [[Iliad]], and covers in first person the early life of Arimnestos and his participation in the [[Ionian Revolt]]. The next installment of the series is ''Marathon'' (published 2011), which culminates in the titular [[Battle of Marathon|battle]]. ''Poseidon's Spear'' (2013) covers the five years after Marathon and is a more personal tale of adventure, exploration and revenge across the western Mediterranean and [[Atlantic Europe]]. ''The Great King'' (2014) has Arimnestos partake in [[Sparta|Sparta's]] diplomatic mission to Persia and ends with the [[Battle of Artemisium]]. ''Salamis'' (2015) covers the titular [[Battle of Salamis|battle]] and ''The Rage of Ares'' (2016) ends the series with the battles of [[Battle of Plataea|Plataea]] and [[Battle of Mycale|Mycale]]. In addition to the battles, the series also features aspects of life in ancient Greece, such as [[Metalsmith|smithery]], [[Agriculture in ancient Greece|farming]] and [[Ancient maritime history|sailing]], and historical figures such as [[Heraclitus]], [[Aristides]], [[Gorgo, Queen of Sparta|Gorgo]] and [[Xerxes I|Xerxes]].

===''Chivalry'' series===

[[File:Torneo Del Cigno Bianco Verona 2013.jpg|thumb|Christian Cameron at a reenactment in Verona Italy]]

The ''Chivalry'' series is Cameron's third historical series, also published by Orion (May 2013). Based loosely around the exploits of Sir William Gold, one of [[Sir John Hawkwood]]'s lieutenant's in Italy, this series begins with Gold's life as a goldsmith's apprentice in London just after the great plague of 1347 and will continue through the [[Battle of Poitiers]] and the [[Savoyard Crusade]], as well as the [[Peasants' Revolt]] of 1381, right through to the [[Battle of Agincourt]] in 1415, covering the history of the period—military, chivalric, and literary—in England, France, Italy, and Greece and roughly in parallel with the career of Chaucer's knight. [[Geoffrey Chaucer]] is a major character, along with [[John Hawkwood]] and [[Jean Le Maingre]].

===''Traitor Son Cycle''===
Originally planned as a trilogy, and extended to a five book<ref name=hippeis-2015-04-17/> fantasy series with an alternative medieval setting. The major story arc takes the Red Knight from the relative obscurity of command of a little-known mercenary company to fame, international renown, worldly power, and confrontation with the real powers of his world and perhaps with his own belief system.

==Reenactment==
Cameron is a passionate [[Historical reenactment|reenactor]], and uses the experiences of reenacting, including knowledge of the material culture and the skill sets required to recreate any portion of life in the past as essential tools in writing his novels.<ref>Christian Cameron: Representing the past, {{cite web|url=http://arts.nationalpost.com/2012/03/01/christian-cameron-representing-the-past/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-09-24 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302073542/http://arts.nationalpost.com/2012/03/01/christian-cameron-representing-the-past/ |archivedate=2012-03-02 |df= }}</ref> Cameron helps organize and direct military and non-military reenactments in the United States, Canada, and [[Europe]]. In 2011, Cameron, with the help of [[Greeks|Greek]] reenactor Giannis Kadaglou, put on the 2500th anniversary of the [[Battle of Marathon]] in [[Marathon, Greece|Marathon]], [[Greece]]<ref>History brought to life as Battle of Marathon re-enacted, https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gXARXuUc4gFuTJbWh-RY5zRXX50Q</ref> with over 100 reenactors from all over the world and thousands of Greek spectators. In addition to recreating the life of an early 5th-century [[Plataea]]n [[Hoplite]], Cameron also runs a group dedicated to the role of rangers and [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] in the [[American Revolution]], and participates in [[tournament]]s as a [[knight]] of the late 14th century.

==Bibliography==
[[File:Marathon's Best.jpg|thumb|right|400px|alt=text|Reenactors in phalanx at Marathon, September, 2011]]

===As Gordon Kent===

;Alan Craik series{{!:}} Novels
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* ''Night Trap''
* ''Peacemaker''
* ''Top Hook''
* ''Hostile Contact''
* ''Force Protection''
* ''Damage Control''
* ''The Spoils of War''
* ''The Falconer's Tale'' (2007)
{{div col end}}

===As Christian Cameron===

* ''Washington and Caesar'', (2003)
* ''God of War'', (2012)

;Tyrant Series{{!:}} Novels
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* ''Tyrant'', (2008)
* ''Storm of Arrows'', (2009)
* ''Funeral Games'', (2010)
* ''King of the Bosporus'', (2011)
* ''Destroyer of Cities'', (2013)
* ''Force of Kings'', (2014)
{{div col end}}
;Long War Series{{!:}} Novels
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* ''Killer of Men'' (2010)
* ''Marathon'' (2011)
* ''Poseidon's Spear'' (2012)
* ''The Great King'' (2014)
* ''Salamis'' (13 August 2015)
* ''The Rage of Ares'' (2016)
{{div col end}}
;Chivalry series{{!:}} Novels
* ''The Ill-Made Knight'' (2013)
* ''The Long Sword'' (2014)
* "The Green Count" (2017)

;Tom Swan Serial{{!:}} e-books, 6 or 7 to a complete novel
Novel One
* ''Tom Swan and the Head of Saint George 1: Castillon''
* ''Tom Swan and the Head of Saint George 2: Venice''
* ''Tom Swan and the Head of Saint George 3: Constantinople''
* ''Tom Swan and the Head of Saint George 4: Rome''
* ''Tom Swan and the Head of Saint George 5: Rhodes''
* ''Tom Swan and the Head of Saint George 6: Chios''

Novel Two
* ''Tom Swan and the Siege of Belgrade 1''
* ''Tom Swan and the Siege of Belgrade 2''
* ''Tom Swan and the Siege of Belgrade 3''
* ''Tom Swan and the Siege of Belgrade 4'' (April 2015)
* ''Tom Swan and the Siege of Belgrade 5'' (May 2015)
* ''Tom Swan and the Siege of Belgrade 6'' (June 2015)
* ''Tom Swan and the Siege of Belgrade 7'' (July 2015)

Novel 3
* ''Tom Swan and Last Spartans 1: Florence'' (October 2015)
* ''Tom Swan and Last Spartans 2: Milan'' (January 2016)
* ''Tom Swan and Last Spartans 3'' (TBA)

===As Miles Cameron===
;Traitor Son Cycle{{!:}} Novels
* ''The Red Knight'' (2013)
* ''The Fell Sword'' (2014)
* ''The Dread Wyrm'' (October 2015) <ref name=hippeis-2015-04-17>{{cite web |url= http://www.hippeis.com/forum/index.php?topic=1316.msg16289#msg16289 |title= Traitor Son Cycle book 3 question |author= Shelley Power |publisher= Hippeis (Christian Cameron) }}</ref> — formerly "Tournament of Fools" was the third book <ref name=hippeis-2014-03-24>{{Cite web |url= http://www.hippeis.com/forum/index.php?topic=1109.msg13146#msg13146 |title= Fell Sword (Agora) |date= 24 March 2014 |author= Phokion (Christian Cameron) |publisher= Hippeis (Christian Cameron) }}</ref>
* ''The Plague of Swords'' (October 2016) — formerly "The Giants' Dance" was the fourth book <ref name=hippeis-2014-03-24/>
* ''The Fall of Dragons'' (October 2017) {{citation needed|date=May 2015}} — formerly "The Dread Wyrm" was the title of the fifth book <ref name=hippeis-2014-03-24/>
;Short stories
* ''The Messenger’s Tale I'' (2013) — prequel to ''The Red Knight'' <ref>Miles Cameron, [http://www.hippeis.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/The-Messengers-Tale-Part-I.pdf "The Messenger’s Tale I"], Hippeis (Christian Cameron)</ref>
* ''The Messenger’s Tale II'' (2014) — set between ''The Fell Sword'' and ''Tournament of Fools'' <ref>Miles Cameron, [http://www.hippeis.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/The-Messengers-Tale-Part-II.pdf "The Messenger’s Tale II"], Hippeis (Christian Cameron)</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.hippeis.com/}}
* [http://www.csmid.com/ Author's American Revolution period reenacting group]
* [http://www.hoplologia.org/ NFP Historical organization]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cameron, Christian}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Canadian male novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Canadian novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Canadian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Canadian male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Canadian male writers]]

Tom Butler (Schauspieler)

2018-05-14T06:03:56Z

{{no footnotes|date=March 2013}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Tom Butler
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1951}}
| birth_place = [[Ottawa]], [[Ontario]], [[Canada]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| othername =
| yearsactive = 1978–present
| spouse =
| website =
}}

'''Tom Butler''' (born 1951) is a [[Canadians|Canadian]] [[actor]] who has starred in movies and on television series and in many [[television film]]s.

He best known for his television role on the [[science fiction]] series ''[[Sliders]]'' as Michael Mallory, the father of Quinn Mallory in the [[Sliders pilot|pilot episode]], and reprised his role in the season 2 episode "[[Gillian of the Spirits]]". Butler starred in the 1990s TV series [[HRT (TV series)|''HRT'']] as Special Agent David Nelson.

Butler has starred in a number of films, including ''[[Renegades (1989 film)|Renegades]]'' (1989), ''[[Ernest Rides Again]]'' (1993), ''[[Freddy vs. Jason]]'' (2003) and his most recent film ''[[Everything's Gone Green (film)|Everything Gone Green]]'' (2006).

Butler appeared on such shows as ''[[Highlander: The Series]]'', ''[[Sliders]]'', ''[[The Commish]]'', ''[[The Outer Limits (1995 TV series)|The Outer Limits]]'', ''[[Stargate SG-1]]'', ''[[Smallville (TV series)|Smallville]]'', ''[[Check It Out! (Canadian TV series)|Check It Out!]]'', ''[[The Secret Circle (TV series)|The Secret Circle]]'', ''[[The Killing (U.S. TV series)|The Killing]]'', and as a recurring character on ''[[Gracepoint]]''. He most recently guest starred in "[[Autumn in the Vineyard]]" for the Hallmark channel.

==Filmography==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
*''[[Drying Up the Streets]]'' (1978) as Younger Cop
*''[[Murder by Phone]]'' (1982) as Detective Tamblyn
*''Murder in Space'' (1985) (TV) as Maj. Kurt Steiner
*''[[Head Office]]'' (1985) as Security Monitor
*''The Climb'' (1986) as Willy Merkel
*''[[Confidential (film)|Confidential]]'' (1986) as Edmund Eislin
*''[[Milk and Honey (film)|Milk and Honey]]'' (1988) as Steven Wineberg
*''[[Martha, Ruth & Edie]]'' (1988)
*''[[Renegades (1989 film)|Renegades]]'' (1989) as Detective Geddles
*''[[Scanners II: The New Order]]'' (1991) as Doctor Morse
*''[[The Diamond Fleece]]'' (1992) as Gordon Pritchard
*''[[Guilty as Sin]]'' (1993) as D.A. Heath
*''[[Ernest Rides Again]]'' (1993) as Dr. Glencliff
*''[[Red Sun Rising]]'' (1994) as Mercenary
*''[[Death Match (film)|Death Match]]'' (1994) as Fighter
*''The Outer Limits'' (Guest role, episode "[[Valerie 23]]", 1995)
*''[[Maternal Instincts]]'' (1996) as Dr. Milton Shaw
*''Question of Privilege'' (1999) as Tate Aldridge
*''[[Life-Size]]'' (2000) as Phil
*''[[Less Apart]]'' (2000) as Lawyer
*''[[Josie and the Pussycats (film)|Josie and the Pussycats]]'' (2001) as Agent Kelly
*''[[Freddy vs. Jason]]'' (2003) as Dr. Campbell
*''[[I Accuse]]'' (2003) as Warren Hart
*''[[Miracle (2004 film)|Miracle]]'' (2004) as Bob Allen
*''[[The Score (2005 film)|The Score]]'' (2005) as JP Martineau
*''[[Snakes on a Plane]]'' (2006) as Captain Sam McKeon
*''[[Everything's Gone Green (film)|Everything Gone Green]]'' (2006) as Ryan's Dad
*''[[Code Name: The Cleaner]]'' (2007) as Crane
*''[[Shooter (2007 film)|Shooter (President)]]'' (2007) as President
*''[[That One Night]]'' (2008) as Mr. Wilcox
*''Crime'' (2008) as Coach
*''[[The A-Team (film)|The A-Team]]'' (2010) as Judge Advocate #1
*''[[The Killing (U.S. TV series)|The Killing]]'' (2011–2012) (TV) as Mayor Lesley Adams
*''[[Primeval: New World]]'' (Guest role, 2012, TV) as Drake
*''[[Fringe (TV series)|Fringe]]'' (Guest role, episode "[[Black Blotter]]", 2012, TV) as Richard
*''[[The Dick Knost Show]]'' (2013) as Matt
*''[[Supernatural (U.S. TV series)|Supernatural]]'' (2014, TV) as Jim Meyers
*''Primary'' (2014) as Karl Jaspar
*''[[Gracepoint]]'' (2014, TV) as Chief Morgan
*''[[Fifty Shades of Grey (film)|Fifty Shades of Grey]]'' (2015) as WSU University President
*''[[Tomorrowland (film)|Tomorrowland]]'' (2015) as Police Captain
*''[[Autumn in the Vineyard]]'' (2016, TV) as Charles Baldwin
*''[[Rogue (TV series)|Rogue]]'' (recurring role, 2017, TV) as Monty Annou
{{div col end}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0125148|Tom Butler}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Butler, Tom}}
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Male actors from Ottawa]]
[[Category:Canadian male film actors]]
[[Category:Canadian male television actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{Canada-screen-actor-stub}}

Board foot

2018-05-14T05:39:07Z

{{Infobox Unit
| bgcolour = [[#0000FF]]
| name = Board-Foot Measure
| image =
| caption =
| standard =
| quantity = [[Volume]]
| symbol = FBM
| namedafter =
| units1 = [[SI base units]]
| inunits1 = ≈0.002359737 [[meter|m]]3
| units2 =US Customary
| inunits2 ={{frac|12}} ft3
}}
The '''board-foot''' is a [[Units of measurement|unit of measure]] for the [[volume]] of [[lumber]] in the [[United States]] and [[Canada]]. It is the volume of a one-foot length of a board one foot wide and one [[inch]] thick.

Board-foot can be abbreviated FBM (for "foot, board measure"), BDFT, or BF. Thousand board-feet can be abbreviated as MFBM, MBFT, or MBF. Similarly, million board-feet can be abbreviated as MMFBM, MMBFT, or MMBF.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! FBM multiples
|-
| fbm= board-foot
|-
| mfbm=[[mfbm|thousand board-feet]]
|-
| mmfbm=[[mmfbm|million board-feet]]
|}

In Australia and New Zealand the term '''super foot''' or '''superficial foot''' was used to mean the same.<ref>{{cite web
| last = Rowlett
| first = Russ
| title = How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement
| url=http://www.unc.edu/~rowlett/units/dictS.html
| accessdate = 2007-01-30 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Burger |first=Les |title=Cutting Timber on Springbrook in 1935 |url=http://www.goldcoast.qld.gov.au/t_standard.aspx?PID=3398 |accessdate=2007-11-06 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070917200345/https://www.goldcoast.qld.gov.au/t_standard.aspx?PID=3398 |archivedate=September 17, 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| last = Holgate
| first = Alan
| title = The Bendigo Monier Arch Bridges.
| url = http://home.vicnet.net.au/~aholgate/jm/texts/bgobrshist.html
| accessdate = 2007-11-06
| deadurl = yes
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070702205423/http://home.vicnet.net.au/~aholgate/jm/texts/bgobrshist.html
| archivedate = 2007-07-02
| df =
}}</ref>

One board-foot equals:
* 1 ft × 1 ft × 1 in
* 12 in × 12 in × 1 in
* 30.48 cm × 30.48 cm × 2.54 cm
* 144 in3
* 1⁄12 ft3
* 2360 [[Cubic centimetre|cm3]]
* 2.360 [[liter]]s
* 0.002360 [[cubic meter]]s or [[stere]]s
* 1/1980 [[Petrograd Standard]] of board

Board foot is the unit of measure for rough lumber (before drying and planing with no adjustments) or planed/surfaced lumber. An example of [[Plane (tool)|planed]] lumber is [[softwood]] 2 × 4 lumber one would buy at a large [[lumber retailer]]. The 2 × 4 is actually only {{convert|1+1/2| × |3+1/2|in|mm|abbr=on}} but the dimensions for the lumber when purchased wholesale could still be represented as full 2 × 4 lumber, although the "standard" can vary between vendors. This means that [[Real versus nominal value#Engineering|nominal]] lumber includes air space around the physical board when calculating board feet in some situations, while the true measurement of "board feet" should be limited to the actual dimensions of the board.

For [[Plane (tool)|planed]] lumber, board-feet refer to the [[Real versus nominal value#Engineering|nominal]] thickness and width of [[lumber]], calculated in principle on its size before drying and planing. Actual length is used.

See [[dimensional lumber]] for a full discussion of the relationship of actual and nominal dimensions. Briefly, for softwoods, to convert [[Real versus nominal value#Engineering|nominal]] to actual, subtract {{frac|4}} inch for dimensions under {{convert|2|in|mm}}; subtract {{frac|2}} inch for dimensions under {{convert|8|in|mm|0}}; and subtract {{frac|3|4}} inch for larger measurements. The system is more complicated for [[hardwood]]s.

An [[Essex table]] is a tabulation of the number of board feet in lumber of varying dimensions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Essex+table |title=Essex table | Define Essex table at Dictionary.com |publisher=Dictionary.reference.com |date= |accessdate=2010-09-26}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Canadian units]]
* [[Cord (unit)|Cord]]
* [[Cubic ton]]
* [[Forest product]]
* [[Hoppus foot]]
* [[List of unusual units of measurement]]
* [[Measurement Canada]]
** [[Measurement Information Division]] of Industry Canada
* [[Petrograd Standard]]
* [[Stere]]
* [[Units of measurement]]
* [[Weights and Measures Act (R.S. 1985)|Weights and Measures Act]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{systems of measurement}}

[[Category:Units of volume]]
[[Category:Customary units of measurement in the United States]]
[[Category:Logging]]
[[Category:Wood]]

Unsichtbarkeit von Bisexualität

2018-05-14T05:34:15Z

[[File:Bi flag.svg|thumb|[[Bisexual pride flag]], created by Michael Page]]
{{Bisexuality topics sidebar}}

'''Bisexual erasure''' or '''bisexual invisibility''' is the tendency to ignore, remove, falsify, or reexplain evidence of [[bisexuality]] in [[history]], [[academia]], the [[news media]], and other [[primary source]]s.<ref name="Stange">{{cite book |title = Encyclopedia of Women in Today's World|isbn = 1-4129-7685-5|id={{ISBN|9781412976855}}|publisher=Sage Pubns|year=2011|pages=158–161|accessdate=23 June 2012|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bOkPjFQoBj8C&pg=PA158&dq=Kinsey+and+asexuality+Encyclopedia+of+Women+in+Today%27s+World#v=onepage&q&f=falsee|author1=Mary Zeiss Stange |author2=Carol K. Oyster |author3=Jane E. Sloan }}</ref><ref name="Dworkin">{{cite journal |author=Dworkin, SH|title=Treating the bisexual client|journal=Journal of Clinical Psychology|volume=57|issue=5|year=2001|pages=671–80 | pmid=11304706 |doi=10.1002/jclp.1036}}</ref><ref name="Hutchins">{{cite web | url = http://nsrc.sfsu.edu/MagArticle.cfm?Article=475&PageID=0 | title = Sexual Prejudice – The erasure of bisexuals in academia and the media | accessdate = 2007-07-19 | last = Hutchins | first = Loraine | authorlink = Loraine Hutchins | work = American Sexuality Magazine | publisher = National Sexuality Resource Center, San Francisco State University | location = San Francisco, CA 94103, United States | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071216065035/http://nsrc.sfsu.edu/MagArticle.cfm?Article=475&PageID=0 | archivedate = 2007-12-16}}</ref> In its most extreme form, bisexual erasure can include the denial that bisexuality exists.<ref name="Stange" /><ref name="Hutchins" /> Bisexual erasure also includes the assertion that all bisexual individuals are in a phase and will soon choose a side, either heterosexual or homosexual. This comes from the belief that bisexual individuals are distinctively indecisive<ref name=":03">{{Cite journal|last=Klesse|first=Christian|date=2011|title=Shady Characters, Untrustworthy Partners, and Promiscuous Sluts: Creating Bisexual Intimacies in the Face of Heteronormativity and Biphobia|url=|journal=Journal of Bisexuality|volume=11|pages=227-244|via=EBSCOhost}}</ref>. Gross misrepresentations of bisexual individuals as hypersexual erases the sexual agency of bisexual, effectively erasing their true identities as well.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Rodriguez|first=JM|date=2016-01-01|title=Queer Politics, Bisexual Erasure: Sexuality at the Nexus of Race, Gender, and Statistics|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8hv987pn|journal=Lambda Nordica|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref> It is often a manifestation of [[biphobia]],<ref name="Stange" /><ref name="Dworkin" /><ref name="Hutchins" /> although it does not necessarily involve overt antagonism.

There is increasing inclusion and visibility of bisexuals, particularly in the [[LGBT community]].<ref name="Queers United">{{cite web |url=http://www.hrc.org/issues/pages/bisexual/|title=Queers United }}</ref><ref name="the task force">{{cite web |url=http://www.thetaskforce.org/issues/bisexuality |title=Task Force Report On Bisexuality |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140216071740/http://www.thetaskforce.org/issues/bisexuality |archivedate=2014-02-16 |df= }}</ref>

== Motivations ==

According to scholar [[Kenji Yoshino]], there are three main investments that motivate both self-identified [[homosexuals]] and [[heterosexuals]] to seek to culturally erase bisexuality. These motivations are firstly, [[sexual orientation]] stabilization. This relieves people of the anxiety of having sexual orientation questioned, an untenable position since it is in fact unprovable. There is a belief that bisexuals are simply undecided, and that they are fundamentally homosexual or heterosexual. This isolates, marginalises and makes bisexuals invisible within the community.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Roffee|first1=James A.|last2=Waling|first2=Andrea|title=Rethinking microaggressions and anti-social behaviour against LGBTIQ+ youth|journal=Safer Communities|date=October 2016|volume=15|issue=4|pages=190–201|doi=10.1108/SC-02-2016-0004}}</ref> Secondly, the maintenance of the importance of [[gender]], which is seen as erotically essential to [[monosexual]]s while this notion is challenged by the existence of bisexuality. Thirdly, the maintenance of [[monogamy]] since for mainstream Americans, a pair bond is preferred. However, bisexuals are generally assumed by monosexuals to be "intrinsically" non-monogamous.<ref name="Yoshino">{{cite journal |last=Yoshino |first=Kenji |authorlink=Kenji Yoshino |title=The Epistemic Contract of Bisexual Erasure |journal=[[Stanford Law Review]] |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=353–461 |publisher=[[Stanford Law School]] |date=January 2000 |url=http://www.kenjiyoshino.com/articles/epistemiccontract.pdf |doi=10.2307/1229482 |jstor=1229482 }}</ref> Juana Maria Rodriguez adds to Yoshino's argument and posits that bisexuality breaks down traditional understandings of sexuality and the gender binary.<ref name=":2" /> Thus, individuals both in the dominant culture and in the queer community resist bisexuality.<ref name=":2" />

In an article written for the 10th anniversary of Yoshino's piece, Heron Greenesmith argues that bisexuality is in fact inherently invisible in the law, beyond the reach of deliberate erasure. Firstly, she says it is because bisexuality is legally irrelevant with plaintiffs presumed to be monosexual unless [[outing|outed]] and secondly, that when bisexuality is legally relevant it is erased within the legal culture since it complicates legal arguments that depend on a [[gender binary]] nature of sexuality.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Greenesmith|first=Heron|title=Drawing Bisexuality Back into the Picture: How Bisexuality Fits Into the LGBT Strategy Ten Years After Bisexual Erasure|journal=Cardozo Journal of Law and Gender|year=2010|volume=17|pages=65–80|url=http://www.cardozolawandgender.com/uploads/2/7/7/6/2776881/greenesmith_formatted_final_upload.pdf|accessdate=February 1, 2013}}</ref>

American psychologist Beth Firestone writes that since she wrote her first book on bisexuality, in 1996, "bisexuality has gained visibility, although progress is uneven and awareness of bisexuality is still minimal or absent in many of the more remote regions of our country and internationally".<ref>{{cite book|last=Firestein|first=Beth A.|title=Becoming Visible: Counselling Bisexuals Across the Lifespan|year=2007|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=0-231-13724-9|pages=xvii|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1pCKkZmBU1EC&pg=PR17&dq=visibility+bisexuality&hl=en&sa=X&ei=KqEbUfC-IMnK0QXDkoCICA&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=visibility%20bisexuality&f=false}}</ref>

=== Male motivations ===

[[Richard C. Friedman]], an academic psychiatrist who specializes in the psychodynamics of homosexuality, writes in his essay "Denial in the Development of Homosexual Men" that many gay men have experienced sexual fantasies about women or engaged in heterosexual sex and that many straight men have experienced sexual fantasies about men or engaged in homosexual sex. Despite being bisexual in fantasy and activity, these men identify as "gay" or "straight" rather than as bisexual. This erasure of bisexuality is sometimes caused by denying the significance of an erotic encounter in order to maintain a person's sexual identity and sense of community; a man might downplay having had sexual fantasies or encounters with a woman in order to maintain his identity as a "gay man" and his membership in the gay community, or a man might downplay having had sexual fantasies or encounters with a man in order to maintain his status as a heterosexual man in heteronormative society.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4613-0737-2_14 |title=Denial in the Development of Homosexual Men |publisher=[[SpringerLink]] |accessdate=2017-07-30}}</ref>

Writing for [[Bisexual.org]], author and columnist Zachary Zane cites a study showing that 20.7% of straight-identified men watched gay pornography and 7.5% reported having sex with a man in the past 6 months, while 55% of gay-identified men had watched heterosexual pornography and 0.7% reported having sex with a woman in the past 6 months. He argues that some of the straight-identified men are actually gay or bisexual but are erasing their bisexuality due to internalized biphobia and denial in order to claim a straight identity label. Pointing out that the majority of gay-identified men watched heterosexual pornography but few had recent heterosexual sex, he suggests that many self-identified gay men have sexual fantasies about women and in an ideal world would be openly bisexual and freely explore sex with women, but society pressures gay men to "pick a side" so those men "subsequently have picked being gay".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bisexual.org/1-in-5-straight-identifying-men-watch-same-sex-porn-are-they-all-closeted/ |title=1 IN 5 STRAIGHT-IDENTIFYING MEN WATCH SAME-SEX PORN: ARE THEY ALL CLOSETED? |publisher=Bisexual.org |accessdate=2017-09-26}}</ref>

Bisexual author and activist [[Robyn Ochs]] has argued that gay men are less possessive of their "gay" label than lesbians are of their label. She argues that there is less hostility to bisexual men who identify as gay than bisexual women who identify as lesbian, that there is a great deal of sexuality fluidity between "gay" men and "bisexual" men, and that consequently more gay-identified men openly admit to being attracted to and having sex with women. However, Ochs claims that many bisexual men identify as gay in order to politically align themselves with the gay community. She claims that since coming out is so difficult for gay men, many don't want to come out a second time as bisexual; the existence of male bisexuality can be threatening to some gay men because it raises the possibility that they themselves might be bisexual.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://robynochs.com/biphobia-it-goes-more-than-two-ways/ |title=BIPHOBIA: IT GOES MORE THAN TWO WAYS |publisher=[[Robyn Ochs|robynochs.com]] |accessdate=2017-10-22}}</ref>

The gay male activist [[Carl Wittman]], writing in his "Refugees from Amerika: A Gay Manifesto", argues that gay men should identify as "gay" rather than as "bisexual", even if they sleep with women. Stating that gay men should only become bisexual once society accepts homosexuality, he writes that:<blockquote>"Bisexuality is good; it is the capacity to love people of either sex. The reason so few of us are bisexual is because society made such a big stink about homosexuality that we got forced into seeing ourselves as either straight or non-straight. Also, many gays go turned off to the ways men are supposed to act with women and vice-versa, which is pretty f---ed-up. Gays will begin to turn on to women when 1) it's something that we do because we want to, and not because we should, and 2) when women's liberation changes the nature of heterosexual relationships. We continue to call ourselves homosexual, not bisexual, even if we do make it with the opposite sex also, because saying "Oh, I'm Bi" is a copout for a gay. We get told it's OK to sleep with guys as long as we sleep with women, too, and that's still putting homosexuality down. We'll be gay until everyone has forgotten that it's an issue. Then we'll begin to be complete." </blockquote><blockquote>- Refugees from Amerika: A Gay Manifesto I.3<ref>{{Cite book|title=Refugees from Amerika: A Gay Manifeso|last=Wittman|first=Carl|publisher=San Francisco Free Press|year=1969|location=San Francisco}}</ref></blockquote>

== Common examples ==
{{Expand section|date=December 2016}}

[[Heterosexual|Straight]] and [[gay]] people who engage in bisexual erasure may claim that bisexuals are either exclusively homosexual (gay/[[lesbian]]) or exclusively heterosexual (straight),<ref name="Stange" /> [[closeted]] gay or lesbian people who wish to appear heterosexual,<ref>Michael Musto, April 7, 2009. [http://blogs.villagevoice.com/dailymusto/archives/2009/04/ever_meet_a_rea.php Ever Meet a Real Bisexual?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100413152614/http://blogs.villagevoice.com/dailymusto/archives/2009/04/ever_meet_a_rea.php |date=2010-04-13 }}, ''The Village Voice''</ref> or are heterosexuals who are experimenting with their sexuality.<ref name="Stange" /><ref name="Yoshino" /><ref name="gold star">{{cite web |url= http://www.lesbilicious.co.uk/community/why-do-lesbians-hate-bisexuals/|title=Why Do Lesbians Hate Bisexuals? }}</ref><ref name="bisexual workers">{{cite web |url= http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2009/10/28/bisexual-workers-excluded-by-lesbian-and-gay-colleagues|title=Bisexual workers 'excluded by lesbian and gay colleagues'}}</ref> A common manifestation of bisexual erasure is a tendency for bisexuals to be referred to as heterosexual when they are intimately involved with people of the opposite sex, and to be labeled as homosexual when they are involved with people of the same sex.<ref>{{cite web | author = GLAAD | date = 22 July 2015 | title = Erasure of Bisexuality | work = GLAAD.org | url = http://www.glaad.org/bisexual/bierasure}}</ref>

== In the LGBT community ==
Bisexual erasure may stem from a belief that the [[bisexual community]] does not deserve equal status or inclusion within gay and lesbian communities.<ref name="BT archaeology">{{cite journal |last=Weiss |first=Jillian Todd |title=GL vs. BT: The Archaeology of Biphobia and Transphobia Within the U.S. Gay and Lesbian Community |journal=[[Journal of Bisexuality]] |volume=3 |issue=3–4 |pages=25–55 |publisher=[[Haworth Press]] |year=2004 |url=http://phobos.ramapo.edu/~jweiss/glvsbt.htm |doi=10.1300/J159v03n03_02 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329150447/http://phobos.ramapo.edu/~jweiss/glvsbt.htm |archivedate=2016-03-29 |df= }}</ref> This can take the form of omitting the word ''bisexual'' in the name of an organization or event that serves the whole [[LGBT community]], including it as "bi-sexual", implying that there are only two authentic sexual orientations,<ref name="Bisexuals are not Bi-Sexuals">http://www.bisexualindex.org.uk/index.php/Main/Bisexuality#hyphen</ref> or treating the subject of bisexuality in a derogatory way.<ref name="Savage Biphobia">{{cite web |url=http://andeatit2.wordpress.com/2008/07/04/dan-savage-stop-with-the-biphobia-already |title=Dan Savage-Stop with the Biphobia Already! }}</ref>

Historically, bisexual women have had their sexuality labeled by lesbian feminist circles as an "apolitical cop-out".<ref name=":2" /> Bisexual women have been seen as "not radical enough" because of their attraction to cisgender men<ref name=":2" />. Rodriguez asserts that bisexuality was regarded as anti-feminist by many lesbians because of the implied "desires for penetration, sexual dominance, and submission," and gender roles<ref name=":2" />. Bisexual vilification and erasure by the community may not be as open and prevalent today, however, identifying as bisexual can still lead to exclusion and erasure in many lesbian spaces.<ref name=":2" />

In 2013, a study published in the ''[[Journal of Bisexuality]]'' surveyed thirty people who identified as part of the lesbian, gay, queer or bisexual communities and their individual experiences with coming out. Ten of these people reported that they claimed the label of bisexuality first, and later came out again as lesbian, gay, or queer. The theory that emerged in this study introduced the concept of the "queer apologetic", in which one attempts to reconcile their same-gender attraction with the social norm of heterosexuality.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Guittar|first1=Nicholas A.|title=The Queer Apologetic: Explaining the Use of Bisexuality as a Transitional Identity|journal=Journal of Bisexuality|date=2013|volume=13|issue=2|page=166|doi=10.1080/15299716.2013.781975}}</ref>

Bisexuals have been overlooked in the [[same-sex marriage]] debate: Where same-sex marriage is illegal, those campaigning for it have failed to highlight the inconsistencies of marriage laws in relation to bisexuals, whose right to marry depends solely on the gender of their partner. Secondly, when same-sex marriage is available, a bisexual partner will generally be referred to as lesbian or gay. For example, one of the first people to take part in a same-sex marriage in America, [[Robyn Ochs]], was widely referred to in the media as a lesbian, despite identifying herself in interviews as bisexual.<ref name="bisexual marriage">{{cite web |url= http://www.thetaskforce.org/press/releases/pr736_092104 |title=Bisexuals Overlooked in the Debate on Equal Marriage Rights }}</ref>

1991 saw the publication of one of the seminal books in the history of the modern bisexual rights movement, ''[[Bi Any Other Name: Bisexual People Speak Out]]'', an anthology edited by [[Lani Ka'ahumanu]] and [[Loraine Hutchins]], but this anthology was forced to compete (and lost) in the [[Lambda Literary Awards]] under the category Lesbian Anthology. In 2005, ''Directed by Desire: Collected Poems'', a posthumous collection of the bisexual Jamaican American writer [[June Jordan]]'s work, had to compete (and won) in the category "Lesbian Poetry". However, [[BiNet USA]] led the bisexual community in a multi-year campaign eventually resulting in the addition of a Bisexual category, starting with the 2006 Awards.

== Theoretical analyses and literature ==

=== Theoretical frameworks ===
Alternate approaches to the concept of bisexuality have been developed that expand the definition of sexual identity outward from a "this ''or'' that" mentality to a "this ''and'' that" mentality. Jenée Wilde presents the idea of what she calls "dimensional sexuality" in an article for ''[[Sexual and Relationship Therapy]]'', a theoretical framework in which gender is not the primary factor in sexual attraction, rather it is one of many axes. These other axes of attraction can include the desire for either monogamy or polyamory, and the fluidity of desire for the various gender(s) in a partner over time.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wilde|first=Jenée|year=2014|title=Dimensional sexuality: exploring new frameworks for bisexual desires|journal=Sexual & Relationship Therapy|volume=29|issue=3|pages=320–338|issn=1468-1994|doi=10.1080/14681994.2014.919377}}</ref> Wilde uses her framework to broaden the scale of sexual identity from a simple binary spectrum from "mono-sexual" to "bisexual", and to establish relationships between these identities; these relationships would not alienate individuals without a single "fixed object" of attraction.

Viewpoints like Wilde's have been applied by scholars such as Laura Erickson-Schroth and Jennifer Mitchell<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Erickson-Schroth|first=Laura|last2=Mitchell|first2=Jennifer|year=2009|title=Queering Queer Theory, or Why Bisexuality matters|journal=Journal of Bisexuality|volume=9|issue=3|pages=297–315|doi=10.1080/15299710903316596}}</ref> to pieces of pop-culture and literature; Steven Angelides also produced a book on the place of bisexuality in research and societal awareness throughout history, using a similar framework.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=A History of Bisexuality|last=Angelides|first=Steven|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=2001|isbn=0-226-02089-4|location=Chicago|pages=|quote=|via=WorldCat}}</ref> Both pieces aim to achieve more inclusive readings of sexuality and allow for the re-designation of literary figures and real people as bisexual, rather than continuing with the assumption that any same-gender activity, explicit or implied, is homosexual, and any opposite-gender activity heterosexual.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

==== Examples ====
An example of a viewpoint similar to Wilde's is D.S. Neff's reading of Lord Byron's [[Childe Harold's Pilgrimage|''Childe'' ''Harold's Pilgrimage'']], which finds that the poem is ambiguous in its mentioning of "concubines and carnal companie" as well as later parts of the work; Neff finds these ambiguities to be implications that both male and female lovers were had by the protagonist. This bisexual portrayal is supported through Byron's real-world interactions with lovers of multiple genders, and the culture of his literary affiliates at Cambridge condoning those interactions in the midst of the 19th century's moral panic around same-gender desires.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Neff|first=D.S.|year=2002|title=Bitches, mollies, and tommies: Byron, masculinity, and the history of sexualities|journal=Journal of the History of Sexuality|volume=11|issue=3|pages=395–438|issn=1043-4070|doi=10.1353/sex.2003.0019}}</ref>

Erickson-Schroth and Mitchell's 2009 article in the ''[[Journal of Bisexuality]]'' performs a similar analysis of ''[[Written on the Body]]'' by [[Jeanette Winterson]] and ''[[Well of Loneliness]]'' by [[Radclyffe Hall]]; the assertion behind these scholars' work is that bisexual experience has existed all throughout the history of humanity, and while it has only recently been acknowledged even in queer and LGBT circles, it is in no way an exclusively modern phenomenon.<ref name=":0" />

There are also interpretations of literature that focus on the symbolic expressions of bisexuality rather than its explicit mention. Linda K. Hughes' analysis of [[Alexander Smith (poet)|Alexander Smith]]'s ''A Life-Drama'' contends the atypical nature of the heterosexual courtship in the poem stands in place of the romance between the main character's "intimate friendship" with another man.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hughes|first=Linda K.|year=2004|title=Alexander Smith and the Bisexual Poetics of A Life-Drama|journal=Victorian Poetry|volume=42|issue=4|pages=491–508|doi=10.1353/vp.2005.0005}}</ref> Other analyses use the subtextual practices and common allusions of the Victorian period/19th century that referenced bisexuality or homosexuality<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Löftström|first=Jan|year=1997|title=The birth of the queen/the modern homosexual: historical explanations revisited|journal=The Sociological Review|volume=45|issue=1|pages=24–41|doi=10.1111/1467-954X.ep9710072419}}</ref> to show the presence of bisexual themes in Bram Stoker's ''[[Dracula]]''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Howes|first=Marjorie|year=1988|title=The Mediation of the Feminine: Bisexuality, Homoerotic Desire, and Self-Expression in Bram Stoker's Dracula|journal=Texas Studies in Literature and Language|volume=30|issue=1|pages=104–119|issn=0040-4691|jstor=40754849}}</ref> and Henry James' ''[[The Turn of the Screw]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Killoran|first=Helen|year=1993|title=The Governess, Mrs. Grose, and 'the Poison of an Influence' in The Turn of the Screw|journal=Modern Language Studies|volume=23|issue=2|pages=13–24|doi=10.2307/3195031}}</ref>

=== Erasure in academic literature ===
Bisexual individuals have largely been overlooked in academic literature. Hemmings posits that bisexual erasure is essential in queer studies to keep lesbians and gay men as the main subjects of study.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hemmings|first=Clare|date=2007|title=What’s in a Name?: Bisexuality, Transnational Sexuality Studies and Western Colonial Legacies|url=|journal=The International Journal of Human Rights|volume=11.1-2|pages=13-32|via=Taylor & Francis Online}}</ref> Bisexuals are often included under the umbrella of LGBT+ in academic studies. However, data specific to bisexuals is lacking.<ref name=":03" /><ref name=":2" /> Historically, academics began to study bisexuals in relation to HIV and AIDS.<ref name=":03" /><ref name=":2" /> These studies contributed to the mythology that bisexuals have a higher chance of transmitting HIV and AIDS.<ref name=":03" /><ref name=":2" />

== Media depictions ==
Some media outlets have portrayed bisexual behaviors in ancient and non-Western cultures, such as ancient Greek [[pederasty]] or Native American [[Two-Spirit]]s, as proof that homosexuality has been widely accepted in other times and cultures,<ref name="Alexander the Great">{{cite web |url=http://www.gayheroes.com/alex.htm |title=Alexander the Great }}</ref><ref>Hall, Donald E. [http://www.glbtq.com/literature/bisex_lit.html Bisexual Literature] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106225852/http://www.glbtq.com/literature/bisex_lit.html |date=2012-11-06 }} [[glbtq.com|glbtq: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, & Queer Culture]]</ref> even though it can also be seen as proof of the existence and acceptance of bisexuality.

In both the gay and straight media, individuals who have kept their [[sexual identity]] unknown have been portrayed as either gay or straight even when they engage in romantic or sexual relationships with both men and women.<ref name="glbtq">{{cite web |last=Summers |first=Claude J. |title=BiNet USA |work=glbtq: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture |publisher=glbtq, Inc. |date=2009-10-20 |url=http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/binet_usa.html |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220100127/http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/binet_usa.html |archivedate=2014-02-20 |df= }}</ref> The same has occurred even with people who identify themselves as bisexual. Examples include [[Robyn Ochs]], a bisexual [[Activism|activist]], who was publicly misidentified as a lesbian on the day of her wedding;<ref name="bisexual marriage" /> [[Ani DiFranco]], whose 1998 marriage to Andrew Gilchrist was portrayed in both gay and mainstream media as renouncing lesbianism even though she had been out as bisexual since the very beginning of her career;<ref>[[Jennifer Baumgardner]], ''Look Both Ways: Bisexual Politics''. [[Farrar, Straus & Giroux]], 2008. {{ISBN|0-374-53108-0}}.</ref> [[Cynthia Nixon]], who faced public criticism in 2012 when an awkwardly-worded interview quote about her bisexuality led many to believe she was saying she had chosen to become a lesbian;<ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-2094099/Cynthia-Nixon-gay-choice-Actress-seeks-clarify-comments-causing-outrage.html "'Bisexuality is a fact': Cynthia Nixon seeks to clarify her comments after causing outrage by saying she is 'gay by choice'"]. ''[[The Daily Mail]]'', January 31, 2012.</ref> [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]], who has called herself bisexual in interviews and has frequently engaged in public acts of same-sex intimacy with other female celebrities, but is typically portrayed by media as a heterosexual woman who dabbles in lesbian imagery for pure [[shock value]], with any possibility that she might be genuinely bisexual being discounted entirely;<ref>J. Randy Taraborrelli, ''[[Madonna: An Intimate Biography]]''. [[Sidgwick & Jackson]], 2001. {{ISBN|978-1-4165-8346-2}}.</ref> and [[Lady Gaga]], who is sometimes labelled as either "gay" or "straight" in the media even though she has publicly identified as bisexual.<ref name="The Rise of Lady GaGa">{{cite web |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/rockdaily/index.php/2009/05/27/the-new-issue-of-rolling-stone-the-rise-of-lady-gaga |title=The Rise of Lady Gaga}}</ref><ref name="Admitting bisexuality">{{cite web |url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/entertainment/lady-gaga-admits-shes-bisexual_100197849.html|title=Lady Gaga admits she’s bisexual}}</ref>

The media in both communities also often refers to the "gay and lesbian" community, ignoring bisexual and/or [[transgender]] people.<ref name="Gay and Lesbian CNN">{{cite news |url=http://ac360.blogs.cnn.com/category/gay-lesbian-issues |title=Anderson Cooper's Blog about "Gay and Lesbian" Issues | work=CNN}}</ref>

Bisexual women specifically are subject to both hypervisibility and erasure<ref name=":2" />. Bisexual women are over-represented in pornography, reality television, and music videos as part of the [[male gaze]]<ref name=":2" />. However, representations of bisexual women as agents in their own sexuality are lacking<ref name=":2" />. Erasure of sexual agency for bisexual women of color is prevalent within the media as well<ref name=":2" />. Bisexuality stereotypically implies a sense of uncontrolled sexual desire, this is then intensified for women of color who are already hypersexualized.<ref name=":2" />

=== Television ===
On December 30, 2009, [[MTV]] premiered their 23rd season of the show ''[[The Real World]]'',<ref name="Real World DC">{{cite web |url=http://www.mtv.com/shows/real_world/Washingtondc/series.jhtml |title=Real World DC}}</ref> featuring two bisexual participants,<ref name="Real World Bisexuals">{{cite web |url=http://www.queerty.com/forget-the-token-gay-tonights-real-world-dc-premiere-has-2-bisexuals-20091230/ |title=Real World Bisexuals}}</ref><ref name="Show me your bisexuals">{{cite web |url=http://www.autostraddle.com/real-world-washington-dc-recap-26581 |title=Show me your bisexuals}}</ref> Emily Schromm,<ref name="Emily Schromm talks">{{cite web |url=http://www.starpulse.com/news/index.php/2009/12/28/real_world_d_c_star_emily_schromm_talks_ |title=Emily Schromm talks}}</ref> and Mike Manning.<ref name="Mike Manning Metro Weekly">{{cite web |url=http://www.metroweekly.com/feature/?ak=4765 |title=Mike Manning Metro Weekly}}</ref> Although Manning himself identifies as bisexual,<ref name="Mike Manning Metro Weekly" /> many bloggers and commenters on blogs claimed that he was in fact gay.<ref name="Mike Manning Bi history and controversy">{{cite web |url=http://www.queerty.com/the-entire-bi-sexual-history-of-real-world-d-c-s-mike-manning-20091231/ |title=Mike Manning Bi history and controversy}}</ref><ref name="Bi Now, Gay Later">{{cite web |url=http://artwingny.wordpress.com/2010/01/05/bi-now-gay-later-real-world-d-c-s-mike-manning/ |title=Bi Now, Gay Later}}</ref> Furthermore, while a behind-the-scenes MTV Aftershow and subsequent interview revealed that both Manning and Schromm had had encounters with both men and women while on the show, the show was edited to make it seem as though they had only been with men.<ref name="Emily Schromm AfterEllen interview">{{cite web |url=http://www.afterellen.com/people/2010/3/emily-schromm-interview/ |title=Emily Schromm AfterEllen interview |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401073231/http://www.afterellen.com/people/2010/3/emily-schromm-interview |archivedate=2010-04-01 |df= }}</ref><ref name="Aftershow Real World Episode 8">{{cite web |url=http://www.mtv.com/videos/real-world-washington-dc-ep-8-aftershow/1632075/playlist.jhtml|title=Aftershow Real World Episode 8}}</ref>

== LGBT-rights ==
Individuals identifying as bisexual have been absent from dialogue during discourse about LGBT-rights and litigations. Examples include the early use of the term "gay marriage" as opposed to "same-sex marriage" or "marriage equality" as well as the lack of mention of bisexual individuals during briefings or in opinions handed down by the courts despite having several bisexual litigants.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Marcus|first=Nancy|date=2015|title=Bridging Bisexual Erasure in LGBT-Rights Discourse and Litigation|url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?public=false&handle=hein.journals/mjgl22&page=291&collection=journals#|journal=Michigan Journal of Gender & Law|volume=22|pages=291-344|via=}}</ref> Arguably individuals identifying as bisexual face even more erasure in civil rights discourse than individuals identifying as transgender (another group under the umbrella term "LGBT" that become invisible when the focus is placed on gay and lesbian populations) because of a growing recognition of gender identity as a protection of gender discrimination law. This growth is in spite of little progress being made to protect sexual orientation (including bisexuality) under federal employment discrimination law.<ref name=":3" /> This is particularly important in the U.S. legal system where case law is established and not mentioning bisexual identities in decisions does not just result in erasure, but in remaining unprotected by law.<ref name=":3" /> Nancy Marcus uses the monumental Obergefell v. Hodges case that granted same-sex marriage rights as an example of nearly complete erasure of bisexuality despite efforts by legal organizations such as BiLaw and outreach to the plaintiff's legal team.<ref name=":3" />

== See also ==
{{Portal|LGBT}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Bialogue]]
* [[Bisexual politics]]
* [[Denialism]]
* [[False dichotomy]]
* [[Heteronormativity]]
* [[Heterosexism]]
* [[Homonegativity]]
* [[Homophobia]]
*[[Pansexuality]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|3}}

== Further reading ==


* {{cite web|last1=Aaron|first1=Michael|title=Beyond Binary: How Bisexuality Shifts Orientation Science|url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/standard-deviations/201705/beyond-binary-how-bisexuality-shifts-orientation-science|work=[[Psychology Today]]|date=May 8, 2017}}
* {{cite web|last1=Barkved|first1=Kayti|title=Bisexuality and pansexuality are two different identities|url=http://www.thephoenixnews.com/2014/11/bisexuality-and-pansexuality-are-two-different-identities/|work=The Phoenix|publisher=[[University of British Columbia Okanagan]]|date=November 3, 2014}}
* {{cite web|last1=Carey|first1=Benedict|title=Straight, Gay or Lying? Bisexuality Revisited|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/05/health/05sex.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=July 5, 2005}} (article primarily about bisexuality in males)
* {{cite web|last1=Currie|first1=Amy|title=What even IS bisexuality?|url=http://www.mcgilldaily.com/2016/09/what-even-is-bisexuality/|work=[[The McGill Daily]]|publisher=[[McGill University]]|date=September 26, 2016}}
* {{cite web|last1=Davis|first1=Amy|title=Bi Erasure in Film and TV: The Difficulty of Representing Bisexual People On-Screen|url=http://www.btchflcks.com/2016/09/bi-erasure-in-film-and-tv-the-difficulty-of-representing-bisexual-people-on-screen.html#.WYfuwkczrWc|website=Bitch Flicks|date=September 30, 2016}}
* {{cite web|last1=Denizet-Lewis|first1=Benoit|title=The Scientific Quest to Prove Bisexuality Exists|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/23/magazine/the-scientific-quest-to-prove-bisexuality-exists.html|work=[[The New York Times Magazine]]|date=March 20, 2014}}
* {{cite web|last1=Gender and Sexuality Center|title=Bisexuality, Pansexuality, Fluid Sexuality: Non-Monosexual Terms & Concepts|url=http://diversity.utexas.edu/genderandsexuality/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/NonMonosexual-Identity-Definitions-2016.pdf|publisher=[[The University of Texas at Austin]]|date=March 2016}}
* {{cite web|last1=Gerdes|first1=Stefanie|title=Grey's Anatomy star calls out Dustin Lance Black over bi erasure in When We Rise|url=https://www.gaystarnews.com/article/sara-ramirez-dustin-lance-black-bi-erasure/|website=[[Gay Star News]]|date=17 March 2017}}
* {{cite web|last1=O'Riordan|first1=Aoife|title=Boundaries, thresholds and love: why it’s time to take back ‘bi’|url=https://the-orbit.net/teacosy/2014/09/26/boundaries-thresholds-love-why-its-time-to-take-back-the-bi/|website=The Orbit|date=September 26, 2014}}
* {{cite web|last1=Parker|first1=Kim|title=Among LGBT Americans, bisexuals stand out when it comes to identity, acceptance|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/02/20/among-lgbt-americans-bisexuals-stand-out-when-it-comes-to-identity-acceptance/|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]|date=February 20, 2015}}
* {{cite web|last1=Rankin|first1=Sam|last2=Morton|first2=James|last3=Bell|first3=Matthew|title=Complicated? Bisexual people’s experiences of and ideas for improving services|url=http://www.equality-network.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Complicated-Bisexual-Report.pdf|website=[[Equality Network]]|date=May 2015}}
* {{cite web|last1=Simpson|first1=Mark|title=Curiouser and Curiouser: the Strange 'Disappearance' of Male Bisexuality|url=http://www.marksimpson.com/blog/2006/04/26/curiouser-and-curiouser-the-strange-disappearance-of-male-bisexuality/|website=[[Mark Simpson (journalist)|marksimpson.com]]|date=April 26, 2006}}

;Book
* {{cite book|last=Fraser|first=Mariam|title=Identity Without Selfhood: Simone de Beauvoir and Bisexuality|date=1999|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|edition=1st|pages=124–140|location=Cambridge and New York|isbn=052162357X}}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Ka’ahumanu|editor1-first=Lani|editor2-last=Hutchins|editor2-first=Loraine|title=Bi Any Other Name: Bisexual People Speak Out|date=2015|publisher=[[Riverdale Avenue Books]]|edition=2nd|location=New York|isbn=978-1626011991}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121106225852/http://www.glbtq.com/literature/bisex_lit.html Bisexual Literature] at [[glbtq.com]] (2002)
* [http://www.hrc.org/explore/topic/bisexual Bisexuality] at [[Human Rights Campaign]]

{{Bisexuality topics}}
{{Discrimination}}
{{LGBT|history=yes|culture=yes|rights=yes}}

[[Category:Bisexuality]]
[[Category:Denialism]]
[[Category:Sexual orientation and society]]
[[Category:LGBT terminology]]
[[Category:LGBT history]]
[[Category:Biphobia]]

Biosignatur

2018-05-14T05:33:27Z

{{other uses2|Biomarker}}
A '''biosignature''' (sometimes called '''chemical fossil''' or '''molecular fossil''') is any substance – such as an element, [[isotope]], [[molecule]], or [[phenomenon]] – that provides [[scientific evidence]] of past or present [[life]].<ref name=SSG >{{Cite book| last2=Beaty | last=Steele| contribution=Final report of the MEPAG Astrobiology Field Laboratory Science Steering Group (AFL-SSG)| title=The Astrobiology Field Laboratory | publisher=the Mars Exploration Program Analysis Group (MEPAG) - NASA| place=U.S.A.| pages=72| date=September 26, 2006| id= | contribution-url=http://mepag.jpl.nasa.gov/reports/AFL_SSG_WHITE_PAPER_v3.doc| chapter-format=.doc| postscript=. |display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.science-dictionary.com/definition/biosignature.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100316062919/http://www.science-dictionary.com/definition/biosignature.html | dead-url = yes | archive-date = 2010-03-16 | title = Biosignature - definition | accessdate = 2011-01-12 | year = 2011 | work = Science Dictionary }}</ref><ref name='Biosignatures 2011'>{{cite journal | title = Preservation of Martian Organic and Environmental Records: Final Report of the Mars Biosignature Working Group | journal = Astrobiology | date = 23 February 2011 | first = Roger E. | last = Summons |author2=Jan P. Amend |author3=David Bish |author4=Roger Buick |author5=George D. Cody |author6=David J. Des Marais | volume = 11 | issue = 2 | pages = 157–81 | doi = 10.1089/ast.2010.0506 | url = http://eaps.mit.edu/geobiology/recent%20pubs/AST-2010-0506-Summons_Mars%20Taphonomy.pdf | accessdate = 2013-06-22|bibcode = 2011AsBio..11..157S | pmid=21417945| last7 = Dromart | first7 = G | last8 = Eigenbrode | first8 = J. L. | last9 = Knoll | first9 = A. H. | last10 = Sumner | first10 = D. Y. }}</ref> Measurable attributes of life include its complex physical and chemical structures and also its utilization of [[Thermodynamic free energy|free energy]] and the production of [[biomass]] and [[Cellular waste product|wastes]]. Due to its unique characteristics, a biosignature can be interpreted as having been produced by living [[organisms]]; however, it is important that they not be considered definitive because there is no way of knowing in advance which ones are universal to life and which ones are unique to the peculiar circumstances of life on Earth.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://astrobiology.nasa.gov/nai/library-of-resources/annual-reports/2003/cub/projects/philosophical-issues-in-astrobiology/ | title = Philosophical Issues in Astrobiology | accessdate = 2011-04-15 | author = Carol Cleland | author2 = Gamelyn Dykstra | author3 = Ben Pageler | year = 2003 | publisher = NASA Astrobiology Institute | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110721213308/http://astrobiology.nasa.gov/nai/library-of-resources/annual-reports/2003/cub/projects/philosophical-issues-in-astrobiology/ | archivedate = 2011-07-21 | df = }}</ref> Nonetheless, [[life forms]] are known to shed unique chemicals, including [[DNA]], into the [[Natural environment|environment]] as evidence of their presence in a particular location.<ref name="NYT-20150122">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |authorlink=Carl Zimmer |title=Even Elusive Animals Leave DNA, and Clues, Behind |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/27/science/even-elusive-animals-leave-dna-and-clues-behind.html |date=January 22, 2015 |work=[[New York Times]] |accessdate=January 23, 2015 }}</ref>

==In geomicrobiology==
{{Life timeline}}
[[File:Calcidiscus leptoporus 05.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Electron micrograph of microfossils from a sediment core obtained by the [[Deep Sea Drilling Program]] ]]
The ancient record on Earth provides an opportunity to see what geochemical signatures are produced by microbial life and how these signatures are preserved over geologic time. Some related disciplines such as [[geochemistry]], [[geobiology]], and [[geomicrobiology]] often use biosignatures to determine if living [[organism]]s are or were present in a sample. These possible biosignatures include: (a) [[microfossils]] and [[stromatolites]]; (b) molecular structures ([[biomarkers]]) and [[Isotope|isotopic compositions]] of carbon, nitrogen and hydrogen in [[organic matter]]; (c) multiple sulfur and oxygen isotope ratios of minerals; and (d) abundance relationships and isotopic compositions of redox sensitive metals (e.g., Fe, Mo, Cr, and rare earth elements).<ref name='PSARC'>{{cite web | url = http://php.scripts.psu.edu/dept/psarc/index.php?page=executive-summary | title = SIGNATURES OF LIFE FROM EARTH AND BEYOND | accessdate = 2011-01-14 | year = 2009 | work = Penn State Astrobiology Research Center (PSARC) | publisher = Penn State}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://astrobiology.nasa.gov/articles/2008/7/30/reading-archaean-biosignatures/ | title = Reading Archaean Biosignatures | accessdate = 2014-11-23 | first1 = David | last1 = Tenenbaum | date = July 30, 2008 | publisher = NASA | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20141129094552/http://astrobiology.nasa.gov/articles/2008/7/30/reading-archaean-biosignatures/ | archivedate = November 29, 2014 | df = }}</ref>

For example, the particular [[fatty acids]] measured in a sample can indicate which types of [[bacterium|bacteria]] and [[archaea]] live in that environment. Another example are the long-chain [[fatty alcohol]]s with more than 23 atoms that are produced by [[plankton]]ic [[bacteria]].<ref>[http://www.cyberlipid.org/simple/simp0003.htm Fatty alcohols]</ref> When used in this sense, geochemists often prefer the term [[biomarker]]. Another example is the presence of straight-chain [[lipids]] in the form of [[alkanes]], [[alcohols]] an [[fatty acids]] with 20-36 [[carbon]] atoms in soils or sediments. [[Peat]] deposits are an indication of originating from the [[epicuticular wax]] of higher [[plant]]s.

Life processes may produce a range of biosignatures such as [[nucleic acids]], [[lipid]]s, [[protein]]s, [[amino acid]]s, [[kerogen]]-like material and various morphological features that are detectable in rocks and sediments.<ref name=Beegle >{{cite journal|title=A Concept for NASA's Mars 2016 Astrobiology Field Laboratory |journal=Astrobiology|date=August 2007|first=Luther W.|last=Beegle|volume=7 |issue=4|pages=545–577|id= |url=http://www.liebertonline.com/doi/pdfplus/10.1089/ast.2007.0153?cookieSet=1|accessdate=2009-07-20|doi=10.1089/ast.2007.0153|postscript=. |pmid=17723090 |bibcode=2007AsBio...7..545B|first2=Michael G.|last2=Wilson |last3=Abilleira|first3=Fernando|last4=Jordan|first4=James F.|last5=Wilson|first5=Gregory R.|display-authors=etal}}</ref>
[[Microbes]] often interact with geochemical processes, leaving features in the rock record indicative of biosignatures. For example, bacterial micrometer-sized pores in [[carbonate rock]]s resemble inclusions under transmitted light, but have distinct size, shapes and patterns (swirling or dendritic) and are distributed differently from common fluid inclusions.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Micrometer-scale porosity as a biosignature in carbonate crusts | last1 = Bosak | journal = Geology | date = May 18, 2004 | first = Tanja Bosak | author2 = Virginia Souza-Egipsy | author3 = Frank A. Corsetti | author4 = Dianne K. Newman | last-author-amp = yes | volume = 32 | issue = 9 | pages = 781–784 | doi = 10.1130/G20681.1 | url = http://geology.gsapubs.org/content/32/9/781.abstract | accessdate = 2011-01-14 | bibcode=2004Geo....32..781B}}</ref> A potential biosignature is a phenomenon that ''may'' have been produced by life, but for which alternate [[Abiotic component|abiotic]] origins may also be possible.

==In astrobiology==

[[Astrobiology|Astrobiological exploration]] is founded upon the premise that biosignatures encountered in space will be recognizable as [[extraterrestrial life]]. The usefulness of a biosignature is determined, not only by the probability of life creating it, but also by the improbability of nonbiological (abiotic) processes producing it.<ref name=astrobiology>{{cite web|url=http://astrobiology.arc.nasa.gov/roadmap/g5.html |title=Understand the evolutionary mechanisms and environmental limits of life |accessdate=2009-07-13 |last=Rothschild |first=Lynn |date=September 2003 |publisher=NASA |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110126083203/http://astrobiology.arc.nasa.gov/roadmap/g5.html |archivedate=2011-01-26 |df= }}</ref> Concluding that evidence of an extraterrestrial life form (past or present) has been discovered, requires proving that a possible biosignature was produced by the activities or remains of life.<ref name=SSG /> As with most scientific discoveries, discovery of a biosignature will require of evidence building up until no other explanation exists.

Possible examples of a biosignature might be complex [[Organic compound|organic molecules]] and/or structures whose formation is virtually unachievable in the absence of life. For example, cellular and extracellular morphologies, [[biomolecule]]s in rocks, bio-organic molecular structures, [[chirality]], [[Biogenic silica|biogenic minerals]], biogenic stable isotope patterns in minerals and organic compounds, atmospheric gases, and remotely detectable features on planetary surfaces, such as [[photosynthetic pigment]]s, etc.<ref name=astrobiology />

;Categories
In general, biosignatures and habitable environment signatures can be grouped into ten broad categories: <ref name='NASA strategy 2015'/>
#Stable [[isotope]] patterns: Isotopic evidence or patterns that require biological processes.
#Chemistry: Chemical features that require biological activity.
#[[Organic matter]]: Organics formed by biological processes.
#Minerals: Minerals or biomineral-phases whose composition and/or morphology indicate biological activity (e.g., [[Magnetite|biomagnetite]]).
#Microscopic structures and textures: Biologically formed cements, microtextures, microfossils, and films.
#Macroscopic physical structures and textures: Structures that indicate microbial ecosystems, biofilms (e.g., [[stromatolite]]s), or [[fossil]]s of larger organisms.
#Temporal variability: Variations in time of atmospheric gases, reflectivity, or macroscopic appearance that indicate the presence of life.
#Surface reflectance features: Large-scale reflectance features due to biological pigments, which could be detected remotely.
#Atmospheric gases: Gases formed by metabolic and/or aqueous processes, which may be present on a planet-wide scale.
#[[Technosignature|Technosignatures]]: Signatures that indicate a technologically advanced civilization.

===Chemical===

No single compound will prove life once existed. Rather, it will be distinctive patterns present in any organic compounds showing a process of selection.<ref name='PhysOrg Cousins 2018'>[https://phys.org/news/2018-01-rover-life-mars-proveit.html Rover could discover life on Mars – here's what it would take to prove it]. Claire Cousins, ''PhysOrg''. 5 January 2018.</ref> For example, [[membrane lipid]]s left behind by degraded cells will be concentrated, have a limited size range, and comprise an even number of carbons. Similarly, life only uses left-handed amino acids.<ref name='PhysOrg Cousins 2018'/> Biosignatures need not be chemical, however, and can also be suggested by a distinctive [[magnetic]] biosignature.<ref name="Wall-20111213">{{cite web |last=Wall |first=Mike |title=Mars Life Hunt Could Look for Magnetic Clues |url=http://www.space.com/13911-mars-life-search-magnetic-signatures.html |date=13 December 2011 |publisher=[[Space.com]] |accessdate=2011-12-15 }}</ref>

On [[Mars]], surface oxidants and UV radiation will have altered or destroyed organic molecules at or near the surface.<ref name='Biosignatures 2011'/> One issue that may add ambiguity in such a search is the fact that, throughout Martian history, abiogenic organic-rich [[Chondrite|chondritic meteorite]]s have undoubtedly rained upon the Martian surface. At the same time, strong [[Oxidizing agent|oxidants]] in [[Martian soil]] along with exposure to [[ionizing radiation]] might alter or destroy molecular signatures from meteorites or organisms.<ref name='Biosignatures 2011'/> An alternative approach would be to seek concentrations of buried crystalline minerals, such as [[clay]]s and [[evaporite]]s, which may protect organic matter from the destructive effects of [[ionizing radiation]] and strong oxidants.<ref name='Biosignatures 2011'/> The search for Martian biosignatures has become
more promising due to the discovery that surface and near-surface aqueous environments existed on Mars at the same time when biological organic matter was being preserved in ancient aqueous sediments on Earth.<ref name='Biosignatures 2011'/>

===Morphology===

[[File:ALH84001 structures.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Some researchers suggested that these microscopic structures on the Martian [[ALH84001]] meteorite could be fossilized bacteria.<ref name=disbelief>{{cite web | title=After 10 years, few believe life on Mars | url=https://www.usatoday.com/tech/science/space/2006-08-06-mars-life_x.htm | last=Crenson | first=Matt | publisher=[[Associated Press]] (on usatoday.com) | date=2006-08-06 | accessdate=2009-12-06}}</ref><ref name="life">{{cite journal |last=McKay |first=David S. |year=1996 |title=Search for Past Life on Mars: Possible Relic Biogenic Activity in Martian Meteorite ALH84001 |journal=Science |pmid=8688069 |volume=273 |issue=5277 |pages=924–930 |doi=10.1126/science.273.5277.924 |url= |accessdate= |bibcode=1996Sci...273..924M|first2=Everett K.|last2= Gibson Jr|last3=Thomas-Keprta |first3=Kathie L. |last4=Vali |first4=Hojatollah |last5=Romanek |first5=Christopher S. |last6=Clemett |first6=Simon J. |last7=Chillier |first7=Xavier D. F. |last8=Maechling |first8=Claude R. |last9=Zare |first9=Richard N. |display-authors=etal}}</ref>]]

Another possible biosignature might be [[Morphology (biology)|morphology]] since the shape and size of certain objects may potentially indicate the presence of past or present life. For example, microscopic [[magnetite]] crystals in the Martian [[meteorite]] [[ALH84001]] were the longest-debated of several potential biosignatures in that specimen because it was believed until recently that only bacteria could create crystals of their specific shape. For example, the possible [[Biomineralisation|biomineral]] studied in the Martian [[ALH84001|ALH84001 meteorite]] includes putative microbial [[fossils]], tiny rock-like structures whose shape was a potential biosignature because it resembled known bacteria. Most scientists ultimately concluded that these were far too small to be fossilized [[cell (biology)|cell]]s. A consensus that has emerged from these discussions, and is now seen as a critical requirement, is the demand for further lines of evidence in addition to any morphological data that supports such extraordinary claims.<ref name=SSG /> Currently, the scientific consensus is that "morphology alone cannot be used unambiguously as a tool for primitive life detection."<ref name=morphology>{{cite journal | title = Morphological behavior of inorganic precipitation systems – Instruments, Methods, and Missions for Astrobiology II | journal = SPIE Proceedings | date = December 30, 1999 | first = Juan-Manuel Garcia-Ruiz | volume = Proc. SPIE 3755 | pages = 74 | doi = 10.1117/12.375088 | url = http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/proceeding.aspx?articleid=995013 | accessdate = 2013-01-15 | quote = It is concluded that "morphology cannot be used unambiguously as a tool for primitive life detection."| series = Instruments, Methods, and Missions for Astrobiology II | last1 = Garcia-Ruiz }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Agresti|author2=House|author3=Jögi|author4=Kudryavstev|author5=McKeegan|author6=Runnegar|author7=Schopf|author8=Wdowiak|title=Detection and geochemical characterization of Earth's earliest life|date=3 December 2008|publisher=NASA|url=http://astrobiology.ucla.edu/pages/res3e.html|work=NASA Astrobiology Institute|accessdate=2013-01-15|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123132429/http://astrobiology.ucla.edu/pages/res3e.html|archivedate=23 January 2013|df=}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = Evidence of Archean life: Stromatolites and microfossils | journal = Precambrian Research | date = 28 April 2007 | first = J. William|last= Schopf |first2=Anatoliy B.|last2=Kudryavtsev|first3=Andrew D.|last3=Czaja|first4=Abhishek B.|last4=Tripathi| volume = 158 | issue = 3–4 | pages = 141–155 | url = http://www.cornellcollege.edu/geology/courses/greenstein/paleo/schopf_07.pdf | format = PDF | accessdate = 2013-01-15 | doi=10.1016/j.precamres.2007.04.009|bibcode = 2007PreR..158..141S }}</ref> Interpretation of morphology is notoriously subjective, and its use alone has led to numerous errors of interpretation.<ref name=morphology/>

===Atmospheric properties and composition===

[[File:PIA19088-MarsCuriosityRover-MethaneSource-20141216.png|thumb|250px|[[Atmosphere of Mars#Methane|Methane]] (CH4) on Mars - potential sources and sinks.]]
The atmospheric properties of exoplanets are of particular importance, as atmospheres provide the most likely observables for the near future, including habitability indicators and biosignatures. Over billions of years, the processes of life on a planet would result in a mixture of chemicals unlike anything that could form in an ordinary chemical equilibrium.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.technologyreview.com/blog/arxiv/26247/ | title = Artificial Life Shares Biosignature With Terrestrial Cousins | accessdate = 2011-01-14 | date = 10 January 2011 | work = The Physics arXiv Blog | publisher = MIT}}</ref><ref name="Seager 2017">{{cite journal |title=Toward a List of Molecules as Potential Biosignature Gases for the Search for Life on Exoplanets and Applications to Terrestrial Biochemistry |journal=Astrobiology |volume=16 |issue=6 |pages=465–85 |date=20 April 2016 |last=Seager |first=Sara |last2=Bains |first2=William |last3=Petkowski |first3=Janusz |doi=10.1089/ast.2015.1404 |pmid=27096351 |url=http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/ast.2015.1404 |accessdate=2016-05-07 |bibcode=2016AsBio..16..465S }}</ref> For example, large amounts of [[oxygen]] and small amounts of [[methane]] are generated by life on Earth.

Also, an exoplanet's color —or reflectance spectrum— might give away the presence of vast colonies of life forms at its surface.<ref name="Berdyugina 2016">{{cite journal |title=Remote sensing of life: polarimetric signatures of photosynthetic pigments as sensitive biomarkers |journal=International Journal of Astrobiology |date=January 2016 |last=Berdyugina |first=Svetlana V. |last2=Kuhn |first2=Jeff |last3=Harrington |first3=David |last4=Santl-Temkiv |first4= Tina |last5=Messersmith |first5=E. John |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=45–56 |doi=10.1017/S1473550415000129 |bibcode=2016IJAsB..15...45B }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Surface biosignatures of exo-Earths: Remote detection of extraterrestrial life |journal=PNAS|date=31 March 2015 |last=Hegde |first=Siddharth |last2=Paulino-Lima |first2=Ivan G. |last3=Kent |first3=Ryan |last4=Kaltenegger |first4=Lisa |last5= Rothschild |first5=Lynn |volume=112 |issue=13 |pages=3886–3891 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1421237112 |pmid=25775594|url=http://www.pnas.org/content/112/13/3886.short |accessdate=2015-05-11 |bibcode = 2015PNAS..112.3886H |pmc=4386386}}</ref><ref name="ColorCatalog">{{cite news |last=Cofield |first=Calla |url=http://www.space.com/28906-alien-life-earth-microbe-catalog.html |title=Catalog of Earth Microbes Could Help Find Alien Life |work=Space.com |date=30 March 2015 |accessdate=2015-05-11 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Marco_Sergio_Erculiani/publication/277174176_SIMULATING_SUPER_EARTH_ATMOSPHERES_IN_THE_LABORATORY/links/5564386708ae8c0cab3706e9.pdf |format=PDF |title=SIMULATING SUPER EARTH ATMOSPHERES IN THE LABORATORY |last=Claudi |first=R. |last2=Erculiani |first2=M.S. |date=January 2015 |accessdate=2016-05-07 }}</ref>

The presence of [[Atmospheric methane|methane in the atmosphere]] of [[Mars]] indicates that there must be an active source on the planet, as it is an unstable [[gas]]. Furthermore, current photochemical models cannot explain the presence of methane in the atmosphere of Mars and its reported rapid variations in space and time. Neither its fast appearance nor disappearance can be explained yet.<ref>[http://mepag.jpl.nasa.gov/decadal/TGM_Mars_Panel-cleared-9-4-09.ppt Mars Trace Gas Mission] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721052957/http://mepag.jpl.nasa.gov/decadal/TGM_Mars_Panel-cleared-9-4-09.ppt |date=2011-07-21 }} (September 10, 2009)</ref> To rule out a biogenic origin for the methane, a future probe or lander hosting a [[mass spectrometer]] will be needed, as the isotopic proportions of [[carbon-12]] to [[carbon-14]] in methane could distinguish between a biogenic and non-biogenic origin, similarly to the use of the [[δ13C]] standard for recognizing biogenic methane on Earth.<ref name="nasa">[http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect19/Sect19_13a.html Remote Sensing Tutorial, Section 19-13a] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021072805/http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect19/Sect19_13a.html |date=2011-10-21 }} - Missions to Mars during the Third Millennium, Nicholas M. Short, Sr., et al., NASA</ref> In June, 2012, scientists reported that measuring the ratio of [[hydrogen]] and [[methane]] levels on Mars may help determine the likelihood of [[life on Mars (planet)|life on Mars]].<ref name="PNAS-20120607">{{cite journal |last1=Oze |first1=Christopher |last2=Jones |first2=Camille |last3=Goldsmith |first3=Jonas I. |last4=Rosenbauer |first4=Robert J. |title=Differentiating biotic from abiotic methane genesis in hydrothermally active planetary surfaces |url=http://www.pnas.org/content/109/25/9750.abstract |date=June 7, 2012 |journal=[[PNAS]] |volume=109| issue = 25 |pages=9750–9754 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1205223109 |accessdate=June 27, 2012 |bibcode = 2012PNAS..109.9750O |pmid=22679287 |pmc=3382529}}</ref><ref name="Space-20120625">{{cite web|author=Staff |title=Mars Life Could Leave Traces in Red Planet's Air: Study |url=http://www.space.com/16284-mars-life-atmosphere-hydrogen-methane.html |date=June 25, 2012 |publisher=[[Space.com]] |accessdate=June 27, 2012 }}</ref> According to the scientists, "...low H2/CH4 ratios (less than approximately 40) indicate that life is likely present and active."<ref name="PNAS-20120607" /> The planned [[ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter]], launched in March 2016 to Mars, will study [[Atmosphere of Mars|atmospheric trace gases]] and will attempt to characterize potential biochemical and geochemical processes at work.<ref name='June 2011'>{{citation |author1= Mark Allen |author2= = Olivier Witasse | contribution = 2016 ESA/NASA ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter | title = MEPAG June 2011 | publisher = Jet Propulsion Laboratory | date = June 16, 2011| id = | contribution-url = http://mepag.jpl.nasa.gov/meeting/jun-11/13-EMTGO_MEPAG_June2011_presentation-rev2.pdf }} (PDF)</ref>

Other scientists have recently reported methods of detecting hydrogen and methane in [[extraterrestrial atmospheres]].<ref name="Nature-20120627">{{cite journal |last1=Brogi |first1=Matteo |last2=Snellen |first2=Ignas A. G. |last3=de Krok |first3=Remco J. |last4=Albrecht |first4=Simon |last5=Birkby |first5=Jayne |last6=de Mooij |first6=Ernest J. W. |title=The signature of orbital motion from the dayside of the planet t Boötis b |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v486/n7404/full/nature11161.html?WT.ec_id=NATURE-20120628 |date=June 28, 2012 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=486 |pages=502–504 |doi=10.1038/nature11161 |accessdate=June 28, 2012 |arxiv = 1206.6109 |bibcode = 2012Natur.486..502B |issue=7404 |pmid=22739313}}</ref><ref name="Wired-20120627">{{cite web |last=Mann |first=Adam |title=New View of Exoplanets Will Aid Search for E.T. |url=https://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2012/06/tau-bootis-b/ |date=June 27, 2012 |publisher=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |accessdate=June 28, 2012 }}</ref> Habitability indicators and biosignatures must be interpreted within a planetary and environmental context.<ref name='NASA strategy 2015'>[https://nai.nasa.gov/media/medialibrary/2015/10/NASA_Astrobiology_Strategy_2015_151008.pdf NASA Astrobiology Strategy 2015].(PDF), NASA </ref> For example, the presence of oxygen and methane together could indicate the kind of extreme thermochemical disequilibrium generated by life.<ref>[http://www.physics.umd.edu/courses/Phys371/AnlageSpring17/Where%20are%20they.pdf Where are they?] (PDF) Mario Livio and Joseph Silk. ''Physics Today'', March 2017.</ref> Two of the top 14,000 proposed atmospheric biosignatures are [[dimethyl sulfide]] and chloromethane ({{chem|CH|3|Cl}}).<ref name="Seager 2017"/> An alternative biosignature is the combination of methane and carbon dioxide.<ref name="SPC-20180124">{{cite web |last=Wall |first=Mike |title=Alien Life Hunt: Oxygen Isn't the Only Possible Sign of Life |url=https://www.space.com/39476-alien-life-biosignature-gases-oxygen.html |date=24 January 2018 |work=[[Space.com]] |accessdate=24 January 2018 }}</ref><ref name="SA-20180124">{{cite journal |last1=Krissansen-Totton |first1=Joshua |last2=Olson |first2=Stephanie |last3=Catlig |first3=David C. |title=Disequilibrium biosignatures over Earth history and implications for detecting exoplanet life |url=http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/1/eaao5747 |date=24 January 2018 |volume=4 |number=1, eaao5747 |doi=10.1126/scidv.aao5747 |accessdate=24 January 2018 }}</ref>

===Indirect evidence===

Scientific observations include the possible identification of biosignatures through indirect observation. For example, [[Electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic]] information through infrared radiation telescopes, radio-telescopes, space telescopes, etc.<ref name='Gardner'>{{cite web | url = http://www.kurzweilai.net/the-physical-constants-as-biosignature-an-anthropic-retrodiction-of-the-selfish-biocosm-hypothesis | title = The Physical Constants as Biosignature: An anthropic retrodiction of the Selfish Biocosm Hypothesis | accessdate = 2011-01-14 | last = Gardner | first = James N. | date = February 28, 2006 | publisher = Kurzweil}}</ref><ref name=BC>{{cite web | url = http://biocab.org/Astrobiology.html | title = Astrobiology | accessdate = 2011-01-17 | date = September 26, 2006 | publisher = Biology Cabinet}}</ref> From this discipline, the hypothetical electromagnetic radio signatures that [[SETI]] scans for would be a biosignature, since a message from intelligent aliens would certainly demonstrate the existence of extraterrestrial life.

===Robotic surface missions===
;The ''Viking'' missions to Mars
{{Main article|Viking biological experiments}}
[[File:Sagan Viking.jpg|thumb|[[Carl Sagan]] with a model of the ''Viking'' lander]]
The [[Viking Lander|''Viking'' missions]] to Mars in the 1970s conducted the first experiments which were explicitly designed to look for biosignatures on another planet. Each of the two [[Viking program|''Viking'' landers]] carried three [[Viking Biological Experiments|life-detection experiments]] which looked for signs of [[metabolism]]; however, the results were declared inconclusive.<ref name=Beegle /><ref>Levin, G and P. Straaf. 1976. Viking Labeled Release Biology Experiment: Interim Results. Science: vol: 194. pp: 1322-1329.</ref><ref name="Chambers">{{Cite book| first = Paul | last = Chambers| title = Life on Mars; The Complete Story|place = London| publisher = Blandford| year = 1999 |isbn = 0-7137-2747-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = The Viking Biological Investigation: Preliminary Results |journal = Science|date = 1976-10-01 |first = Harold P. | last = Klein|author2=Levin, Gilbert V. | volume = 194 | issue = 4260 | pages = 99–105 | doi = 10.1126/science.194.4260.99 | url = http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/194/4260/99 | accessdate = 2008-08-15
| pmid = 17793090 | bibcode=1976Sci...194...99K|last3 = Levin|first3 = Gilbert V.|last4 = Oyama|first4 = Vance I.|last5 = Lederberg|first5 = Joshua|last6 = Rich|first6 = Alexander|last7 = Hubbard|first7 = Jerry S.|last8 = Hobby|first8 = George L.|last9 = Straat|first9 = Patricia A.|last10 = Berdahl|first10 = Bonnie J.|last11 = Carle|first11 = Glenn C.|last12 = Brown|first12 = Frederick S.|last13 = Johnson|first13 = Richard D.}}</ref><ref name=ExoMars>[http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/ExoMars/SEMK39JJX7F_0.html ExoMars rover]</ref>

;Mars Science Laboratory
{{Main article|Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory}}
The ''Curiosity'' rover from the [[Mars Science Laboratory]] mission, with its [[Curiosity rover|''Curiosity'' rover]] is currently assessing the potential past and present [[planetary habitability|habitability]] of the Martian environment and is attempting to detect biosignatures on the surface of Mars.<ref name='Biosignatures 2011'/> Considering the MSL instrument payload package, the following classes of biosignatures are within the MSL detection window: organism morphologies (cells, body fossils, casts), biofabrics (including microbial mats), diagnostic organic molecules, isotopic signatures, evidence of biomineralization and bioalteration, spatial patterns in chemistry, and biogenic gases.<ref name='Biosignatures 2011'/> The ''Curiosity'' rover targets [[outcrop]]s to maximize the probability of detecting 'fossilized' [[organic matter]] preserved in sedimentary deposits.

;ExoMars rover
The 2016 ExoMars [[Trace Gas Orbiter]] (TGO) is a Mars telecommunications orbiter and atmospheric gas analyzer mission. It delivered the [[Schiaparelli EDM lander|''Schiaparelli'' EDM lander]] and then began to settle into its science orbit to map the sources of [[Atmosphere of Mars#Methane|methane on Mars]] and other gases, and in doing so, will help select the landing site for the [[ExoMars (rover)|ExoMars rover]] to be launched in 2020.<ref>{{cite news | first = Boris | last = Pavlishchev | title = ExoMars program gathers strength | date = Jul 15, 2012 | url = http://english.ruvr.ru/2012_07_15/ExoMars-program-gathers-strength/ | work = The Voice of Russia | accessdate = 2012-07-15}}</ref> The primary objective of the ExoMars rover mission is the search for biosignatures on the surface and subsurface by using a drill able to collect samples down to a depth of {{convert|2|m|ft}}, away from the destructive radiation that bathes the surface.<ref name=ExoMars/><ref name="MSL-main_page">{{cite web|title=Mars Science Laboratory: Mission |url= http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/mission/ |publisher=NASA/JPL |accessdate=2010-03-12 }}</ref>

;Mars 2020 Rover

The [[Mars 2020]] rover, planned to launch in 2020, is intended to investigate an [[astrobiology|astrobiologically]] relevant ancient environment on Mars, investigate its surface [[Geology of Mars|geological processes]] and history, including the assessment of its past [[Planetary habitability|habitability]], the possibility of past [[life on Mars]], and potential for preservation of biosignatures within accessible geological materials.<ref name="AP-20130709">{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Alicia |title=Panel: Next Mars rover should gather rocks, soil |url=http://apnews.excite.com/article/20130709/DA7EA0K83.html |date=July 9, 2013 |agency=[[Associated Press]] |accessdate=July 12, 2013}}</ref><ref name="nasa-letapp20121220">{{cite web |url=https://mepag.jpl.nasa.gov/announcements/Call_for_2020_Mars_Science_Rover-G.pdf |title=Call for ''Letters of Application'' for Membership on the Science Definition Team for the 2020 Mars Science Rover |publisher=NASA |first=Mitch |last=Schulte |date=December 20, 2012 |id=NNH13ZDA003L}}</ref> In addition, it will cache the most interesting samples for possible future transport to Earth.

;Titan Dragonfly
The planned [[Dragonfly (spacecraft)|Dragonfly]] lander/aircraft to launch in 2025, would seek evidence of biosignatures on the organic-rich surface and atmosphere of [[Titan (moon)|Titan]], as well as study its possible prebiotic [[primordial soup]].<ref>[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017DPS....4921902B Dragonfly: Exploring Titan's Surface with a New Frontiers Relocatable Lander]. American Astronomical Society, DPS meeting #49, id.219.02. October 2017.</ref><ref name='LPSC 2017'>[https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2017/eposter/1958.pdf Dragonfly: Exploring Titan's Prebiotic Organic Chemistry and Habitability] (PDF). E. P. Turtle, J. W. Barnes, M. G. Trainer, R. D. Lorenz, S. M. MacKenzie, K. E. Hibbard, D. Adams, P. Bedini, J. W. Langelaan, K. Zacny, and the Dragonfly Team. ''Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 2017''.</ref>

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Bioindicator]]
* [[Biomarker]]
* [[Biomolecule]]
* [[Template:Life timeline|Life timeline]]
* [[Template:Nature timeline|Nature timeline]]
* [[Planetary habitability]]
* [[Taphonomy]]
* [[Technosignature]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{Astrobiology}}
{{Extraterrestrial life}}
{{Portal bar|Astrobiology}}

[[Category:Astrobiology]]
[[Category:Astrochemistry]]
[[Category:Bioindicators]]
[[Category:Biology terminology]]

Atole

2018-05-14T04:47:37Z

{{distinguish|Atoll}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2010}}
{{Infobox prepared food
| name = ''Atole''
| image = Atole.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption =
| alternate_name = ''Atol''
| country = Mesoamerica
| region =
| creator =
| course =
| type = [[Beverage]]
| served = Hot
| main_ingredient = [[Masa]], water, [[piloncillo]], [[cinnamon]], [[vanilla]]
| variations = ''[[Champurrado]]''
| calories =
| other =
}}

'''''Atole''''' or [[Spanish language|Spanish]] {{Audio-IPA|Atole1.ogg|a'tole}}, from [[Nahuatl]] ''[[Aztec cuisine|ātōlli]]'' {{IPA-nah|aːˈtoːlːi|}}), also known as '''atol''' and '''atol de elote''', is a traditional hot corn- and [[masa]]-based beverage of [[Mesoamerica]]n origin. [[Chocolate]] ''atole'' is known as ''[[champurrado]]'' or ''atole''. It is typically accompanied with [[tamale]]s, and very popular during the [[Christmas]] holiday season ([[Las Posadas]]).

==In Mexico==
In Mexico the drink typically includes [[masa]] (corn [[hominy]] flour), water, [[piloncillo]] (unrefined cane sugar), cinnamon, vanilla and optional chocolate or fruit. The mixture is blended and heated before serving. ''Atole'' is made by toasting masa on a ''[[Comal (cookware)|comal]]'' (griddle), then adding water that was boiled with cinnamon sticks. The resulting blends vary in texture, ranging from a porridge to a very thin liquid consistency. ''Atole'' can also be prepared with [[rice]], [[flour]], or [[oatmeal]] in place of masa. In northern Mexico, there is also a variation using [[pinole]] (sweetened toasted corn meal). Although ''atole'' is one of the traditional drinks of the Mexican holiday [[Day of the Dead]], it is very common during breakfast and dinnertime at any time of year. It is usually sold as street food.

[[File:Feria del Atole.JPG|thumb|Atole served at the Atole Fair in [[Coacalco de Berriozábal]], [[State of Mexico]]]]
In Northern Mexico and South Texas, ''atole'' is a traditional [[comfort food]]. It is often eaten as a breakfast or an after dinner snack on cold days. In [[New Mexico]], [[blue corn]] ''atole'' is finely ground cornmeal toasted for cooking, consumed as a grainy [[porridge]]-style drink served warm, usually sweetened with sugar and/or thinned with milk. It is usually served at breakfast like cream of wheat or oatmeal. It is said that elders would drink ''atole'' because it gave them energy and if a mother is nursing it gives her more milk.<ref name="Mushulá & Atole de Maiz">[http://ambergriscaye.com/25years/mushala.html Mushulá & Atole de Maiz], 25 YEARS AGO ON AMBERGRIS CAYE BY ANGEL NUÑEZ Retrieved 2009-11-23.</ref> [[El Salvador|Salvadoran]] varieties include ''atol shuco'' ("dirty" ''atol'', a reference to its darker color), particularly popular in the [[Cabañas Department, El Salvador|Cabañas]] region.<ref name="guanaquin-1">[http://www.guanaquin.com/mipais/cabanas/fiestas.shtml Fiestas Cabañas] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080321014732/http://www.guanaquin.com/mipais/cabanas/fiestas.shtml |date=March 21, 2008 }}, ''Guanaquín'' (in Spanish; includes recipe). Retrieved 2008-03-30.</ref> The [[Nicaragua]]n homologue is [[pinolillo]]. In some parts of Honduras, fresh corn is ground and the expressed liquid is used as the base (instead of masa flour).

==In Central America==
[[File:100320 atol de elote guatemala.JPG|thumb|Atol de Elote in [[Guatemala]]]]
In Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador '''Atol de Elote''' is a popular beverage. Pineapple atol (Atol de Piña) is also drunk in El Salvador.

==See also==
{{portal|Food}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Avena]]
* [[Brose]]
* [[Chicha morada]]
* [[Horchata]]
* [[Gruel]]
* [[List of hot beverages]]
* [[List of maize dishes]]
* [[List of porridges]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Commons category|Atole}}
{{Reflist}}
{{corn}}

[[Category:Non-alcoholic drinks]]
[[Category:Porridges]]
[[Category:Mexican drinks]]
[[Category:Maize-based drinks]]
[[Category:New Mexican cuisine]]
[[Category:Cuisine of the Southwestern United States]]
[[Category:Cuisine of the Western United States]]
[[Category:Hot drinks]]
[[Category:Mesoamerican cuisine]]
[[Category:Salvadoran cuisine]]
[[Category:Day of the Dead food]]

All Is Full of Love

2018-05-14T04:05:57Z

{{good article}}
{{Infobox single
| Name = All Is Full of Love
| Cover = All_is_full_of_love.jpg
| Caption = Cover artwork used to commercialize physical editions of the single.
| Alt = A white cyborg squints and faintly smiles
| Artist = [[Björk]]
| from Album = [[Homogenic]]
| Released = 7 June 1999
| Format = {{flatlist|
* [[12-inch single|12"]]
* [[CD single|CD]]
* [[DVD single|DVD]]
* [[box set]]
* [[VHS single|VHS]]
}}
| Recorded =
| Genre = [[Ambient music|Ambient]] (album version) [[Trip hop]] (video version)
| Length = 4:32 (album version) 4:50 (video version) 4:10 (video edit)
| Label = {{flatlist|
* [[One Little Indian]]
* [[Elektra Records|Elektra]]
* [[Mother Records|Mother]]
}}
| Writer = Björk
| Producer = [[Howie B]] (album version) Björk (video version)
| Last single = "[[Alarm Call]]" (1998)
| This single = "'''All Is Full of Love'''" (1999)
| Next single = "[[Hidden Place]]" (2001)
}}
"'''All Is Full of Love'''" is a song by Icelandic musician [[Björk]], taken from her third studio album ''[[Homogenic]]''. Written by herself, the lyrics are inspired by the presence of love in the advent of spring, and [[Norse mythology]]'s [[Ragnarök]]. The more popular version of the track, the original mix solely produced by Björk, was used in the accompanying music video, but did not appear on the album. The version used for the record is a remix by [[Howie B]] and has a minimalist approach, with it placing emphasis on the singer's vocals. The video version features a combination of electronic beats and [[string instrument]]s. A remix by the German [[Intelligent dance music|IDM]] duo [[Funkstörung]] was released as a single in the summer of 1998. "All Is Full of Love" subsequently received a full single release in 7 June 1999 to coincide with the premiere of its music video.

While some [[Music journalism|music critics]] declared that the song was one of the highlights on ''Homogenic'', the single performed moderately on the [[UK Singles Chart]], peaking at number 24. In the United States, it became a [[Dance/Electronic Singles Sales|dance hit]]. The song and its music video were released two years after the release of the album for artistic merit rather than promotional purposes. "All Is Full of Love" was included as the opening track on compilation album ''[[Greatest Hits (Björk album)|Greatest Hits]]'' (2002), whose tracks were selected by fans through a survey. Some regard "All Is Full of Love" as the first DVD single release.

The accompanying music video for the single was directed by [[Chris Cunningham]] and depicts the assembling of a robot with Björk's features, and her passionately kissing another robot in front of an ethereal and sterile backdrop. The song's visual garnered acclaim from critics and is commonly regarded as one of the best music videos of all time and a milestone in [[computer animation]]. The subject of much analysis and scrutiny, it was on permanent display at the [[Museum of Modern Art]] in [[New York City]] and has been included in various art exhibitions. The song is one of Björk's most idiosyncratic songs, and has been covered by various artists.

==Background and composition==
{{listen|pos=right|filename=All Is Full of Love album.ogg|title=Album version|description=The album version "[builds] quietly from a warm [[hexadecimal]] hum" and "accrues momentum as Björk simultaneously frees herself from the burden of expectation until cascades of shimmering, opal-hued [[harpsichord]] notes emerge from a curtain of glimmering [[white noise]]".<ref name="bestsingles">{{cite web |url=http://www.slantmagazine.com/features/article/best-singles-of-the-1990s/P5|title=The 100 Best Singles of the 1990s|date=10 January 2011|publisher=[[Slant Magazine]]|accessdate=30 December 2014}}</ref>| filename2=All Is Full of Love video.ogg| title2=Video version| description2=The same fragment, but of the video track version. It features an "austere trip hop production"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.magnetmagazine.com/2010/10/27/take-cover-death-cab-for-cutie-vs-bjork/|title=Take Cover! Death Cab For Cutie Vs. Björk|date=10 January 2011|publisher=''[[Magnet (magazine)|Magnet]]''. Magnet Magazine Inc.|last=Burleson|first=Ryan|accessdate=14 March 2015}}</ref> and richer instrumentation, differing from the ambience of Howie B's version.|format=[[Ogg]]}}

"All Is Full of Love", the closing track of ''[[Homogenic]]'', was the album's last song to be written and recorded. Produced by Björk, the original version of the song was replaced "at the last minute" by [[Howie B]]'s version.<ref name="Pytlik170">{{harvnb|Pytlik|2003|p=170}}</ref> It was inspired by the [[Spring (season)|spring]] while producing the album in [[Málaga]], Spain. After living in the mountains among other people for six months, Björk felt lonely, but a morning walk in April inspired her to write the track. She had a rough winter and then she realized it was spring after she could hear the birds singing. She wrote and recorded the song in half a day.<ref name="unitspecial" />

In keeping with ''Homogenic''<nowiki/>'s theme as a tribute to Björk's native Iceland, the track was inspired by Icelandic mythology, such as the [[Ragnarök]].<ref name="unitspecial" /> The previous track, "[[Pluto (song)|Pluto]]", stands for death and destruction, whereas "All Is Full of Love" stands for a new beginning.<ref name="unitspecial" /> Björk also called it a song about "believing in love" and expressed that "love isn't just about two persons. It's everywhere around you. Even if you're not getting love from Person A, it doesn't mean there's not love there."<ref name="Pytlik170" /> However, she also described it as "[[taking the piss]]", considering it the most "sugary song" ever.<ref name="Pytlik170" /> As the song opposes the rest of ''Homogenic'''s "macho" aesthethic, Björk has said it could have been included on ''[[Vespertine]]''.<ref name="unitspecial" />

The lyrics begin with a promise of protection and caretaking: "You'll be given love / You'll be taken care of / You'll have to trust it".<ref name="browuer">{{cite book |last=Brouwer|first=Joke|date=2004|title=Feelings are Always Local|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18uP2gfl-ScC&pg=PA181|location= |publisher=V2_ publishing|pages=180–183|isbn= 978-90-5662-423-1|access-date=18 February 2015}}</ref><ref name="time" /> The song moves towards a more reproachful tone as Björk sings, "You just ain't receiving / Your phone is off the hook / Your doors are shut",<ref name="browuer" /> tempered by the recognition that you have to "twist your head around you" because "love is all around you".<ref name="whiteley">{{cite book |last=Whiteley|first=Sheila|date=2005|title=Too Much Too Young: Popular Music Age and Gender|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eRGOAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA108|location= |publisher=Routledge|page=108|isbn=978-0-415-31029-1|access-date=18 February 2015}}</ref> This is musically effected by Björk's vocals as she sings the lyric "All is full of love" in [[counterpoint]] with herself.<ref name="whiteley" />

The album version of the track does not have drum accompaniment and portrays an [[Ambient music|ambient]] song.<ref name="dcfcpitchfork" /> It does not have ''Homogenic''<nowiki/>'s characteristic electronic beats,<ref name="PitchforkTopAlbums">{{cite web|date=17 November 2003|publisher=[[Pitchfork Media]] |accessdate=25 November 2014| url=http://pitchfork.com/features/staff-lists/5923-top-100-albums-of-the-1990s/8/|title=Top 100 Albums of the 1990s}}</ref> focusing instead on "[creating] an intimacy between the growing dynamics of the instrumentation and Bjork's impressive vocal abilities."<ref name="sputnik">{{cite web|url=https://www.sputnikmusic.com/review/60412/Bjork-Homogenic/|title=Review: Björk – Homogenic|publisher=[[Sputnikmusic]]|date=5 January 2014|accessdate=17 August 2014|last=Schroer|first=Brendan}}</ref> It uses a long [[reverb]], which results in a wash of sound that suggests a very large space suggestive of the "heavenly" environment envisaged by the singer for the track.<ref name="Dibben108">Dibben, 2009. p.108</ref> According to Sal Cinquemani of [[Slant Magazine]], the song has a soft pulse with intervals that build up to an electronic orchestration of industrial beats.<ref name="slant">{{cite web|url=http://www.slantmagazine.com/music/review/bjork-homogenic|title=Björk: Homogenic|publisher=[[Slant Magazine]]|date=6 May 2007|accessdate=17 August 2014|last=Cinquemani|first=Sal}}</ref> [[David Browne (journalist)|David Browne]] of ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' called it a "moony lullaby" and compared it to the music of [[Enya]].<ref name="ew">{{cite web|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,289560,00.html|title=Björk: Homogenic|publisher=''[[Entertainment Weekly]]''|date=September 26, 1997|accessdate=17 August 2014|last=Browne|first=David|authorlink=David Browne (journalist)}}</ref> In his review for ''[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]'', James Hunter wrote that the track is one of the times Björk "dips her toe into the warm lake of tradition" and noted its "[[Rock music|rockish]] minor-key verses traipse off into her [[gospel]]."<ref name="spin">{{cite journal |last=Hunter|first=James|date=October 1997|title=Björk: Homogenic (Elektra)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G-86CzNjg9cC&pg=PA135#v=onepage&q&f=false|journal=[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]|publisher= |volume= |issue= |page=135|doi= |accessdate=17 August 2014}}</ref>

The video version of the song is a [[midtempo]]<ref name="ignreview">{{cite web|date=28 January 2000|publisher=[[IGN]] |accessdate=1 December 2014| url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2000/01/28/bjork-all-is-full-of-love|title=Bjork – All is Full of Love|last=|first=}}</ref> [[trip hop]] ballad with [[Soul music|soul]] influences.<ref name="nme2005">{{cite web|url=http://www.nme.com/reviews/4363|title=Bjork : All is full of love|publisher=''[[NME]]''|date=12 September 2005|accessdate=1 December 2014|last=Oldham|first=James|authorlink=David Browne (journalist)}}</ref> In opposition to the sonically [[Minimalism|minimalist]] mix included on the album, this version has been described as "lushly produced"<ref name="ignreview" /> and includes "fluttering harps and shivering strings."<ref name="nme2005" /> Reportedly the best known and the most preferred version by Björk's fans and herself, it is further known under the names of "Mark Stent Mix" and "Video Mix".<ref name="Pytlik170" />

==Release==
In August 1998, a [[12-inch single]] of "All Is Full of Love", containing a remix by German [[Intelligent dance music|IDM]] duo [[Funkstörung]], was released through [[FatCat Records]] as a limited release.<ref>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010428063307/http://www.bjork.com/websense/grapefly/funkstorung/|url=http://www.bjork.com/websense/grapefly/funkstorung/|title=:funkstörung remix Björk|archivedate=28 April 2001|date=24 August 1998|publisher=bjork.com|accessdate=29 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="websense">{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20000815074801/http://www.bjork.com/websense/grapewire/grapewire99.htm|url=http://www.bjork.com/websense/grapewire/grapewire99.htm|title=The Grapewire of 1999|archivedate=15 August 2000|date=1999|publisher=bjork.com|accessdate=29 January 2015}}</ref> This remix had been previously distributed as a [[B-side]] for "[[Hunter (Björk song)|Hunter]]" (1998),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/hunter-mw0000576950|title=Hunter – Björk|publisher=[[AllMusic]]|accessdate=29 January 2015}}</ref> and another remix of the song had been released as a B-side of "[[Jóga]]" in 1998.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/j%C3%B3ga-mw0000738481|title=Jóga – Björk|publisher=AllMusic|accessdate=29 January 2015}}</ref> In January 1999, it was announced that the track would be released later that year as a single and that its music video would be shot soon.<ref name="websense" /> It was atypical to release a single for promoting an album released two years before, but Björk purposely decided to do this so that the music video was more of a short film than a marketing move.<ref name="makingof" /> The original release date for the single was 2 May 1999, but was later extended out two weeks to 17 May. To coincide with this announcement, Funkstörung's remix was made available again and an official logo for the release was unveiled.<ref name="websense" />

The music video was released that April, although the premiere of the single was pushed back to June.<ref name="websense" /> "All Is Full of Love" was released as two 12-inch singles, two [[CD single]]s, a [[DVD single]], and a [[box set]], which included the CD singles and the music video in [[VHS]] format.<ref name="websense" /> Some publications regard the single as the first DVD single release.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indian.co.uk/pages/about-us|title=About Us|date=December 2013|publisher=[[One Little Indian]]|accessdate=29 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/may04/articles/businessend.htm|title=Business End|work=[[Sound on Sound]]|publisher=SOS Publications Group|date=May 2004|accessdate=29 January 2015|quote=More recently he has produced both the first DVD single (Bjork's 'All Is Full Of Love') ...}}</ref> In the United Kingdom, it was also made available as two different [[Promotional recording|promotional singles]] in 1999, and as two [[VHS single]]s.<ref name="77island" /> B-sides include remixes by [[Mike Paradinas|μ-Ziq]], Funkstörung, [[Plaid (band)|Plaid]], [[Guy Sigsworth]], [[Mark Stent]] and [[Howie B]].<ref name="77island">{{cite web |url=http://77island.bjork.info/allisfulloflove.htm|title=All Is Full of Love releases|date=|publisher=77ísland. Official Björk discography|accessdate=29 January 2015}}</ref> The single's artwork consists of shots from the music video and features the official logo, which can be seen in the video as well. The song was also included as the opening track of the singer's 2002 [[compilation album]] ''[[Greatest Hits (Björk album)|Greatest Hits]]'', whose songs were selected by fans through a survey, in which the single was the second most voted song, coming after "[[Hyperballad]]" (1996).<ref>{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080321001923/http://bjork.com/news/?id=276%3Byear%3D2002 |url=http://bjork.com/news/?id=276;year=2002 |title=All Is Full of Webvoting |date=9 August 2000 |archivedate=21 March 2008 |publisher=bjork.com |accessdate=29 January 2015 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>

==Critical reception==
Both versions of "All Is Full of Love" received acclaim from [[Music journalism|music critics]]. In a review for ''Homogenic'', Phares from [[AllMusic]] described the track as a "reassuring finale".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/homogenic-mw0000026812|title=Homogenic – Björk: Awards|publisher=[[AllMusic]]|accessdate=29 January 2015}}</ref> Sal Cinquemani of ''[[Slant Magazine]]'' called it a "sublime rebirth",<ref name="slant" /> and [[Tiny Mix Tapes]] commented that "the album ends on an optimistic note" with the "exquisite" song.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tinymixtapes.com/music-review/bj-rk-homogenic|title=Björk – Homogenic|publisher=[[Tiny Mix Tapes]]|accessdate=29 January 2015}}</ref> In a retrospective review, ''Music Tech'' described the song as "hauntingly-beautiful."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.musictech.net/2014/12/landmark-productions-bjork-homogenic/|title=Landmark Productions: Bjork – Homogenic|last1=|first1=|date=3 December 2014|work=Music Tech|accessdate=24 January 2015}}</ref> ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]''{{'}}s [[David Browne (journalist)|David Browne]] was less enthusiastic, considering it "the weakest track" of the album.<ref name="ew" />

In a review for the DVD single, Alex Castle of [[IGN]] gave the music a score of 9 out of 10, writing "the thing sounds fantastic" and that the song is "pretty good". However, he admitted that he "would probably not have been particularly impressed" if he hadn't seen the music video.<ref name="ignreview" /> James Oldham of ''[[NME]]'' described it as "magnificent, sultry, pneumatic trip-soul ballad, which gently blooms into a magical garden of fluttering harps and shivering strings." He also added that the track "is no mere soundtrack" for the video.<ref name="nme2005" /> AllMusic's Heather Phares gave the DVD single four out of five stars, considering it "a necessary addition to the collections of dedicated Bjork fans".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/all-is-full-of-love-mw0000254007|title=All Is Full of Love – Björk|publisher=[[AllMusic]]'|accessdate=29 January 2015}}</ref> Douglas Wolk of ''[[CMJ New Music Monthly]]'' also gave the single a positive review, commending its B-sides and writing it "was hardly the most striking piece at the time—but the tune turns out to have been something of a sleeper."<ref name="cmj" />

===Recognition===
Norwegian magazine ''Panorama'' ranked "All Is Full of Love" at number four on its list of Singles of the Year.<ref name="acclaimedmusic">{{cite web |url=http://www.acclaimedmusic.net/Current/S4529.htm|title=All Is Full of Love|publisher=[[Acclaimed Music]]|accessdate=29 January 2015}}</ref> ''[[Blender (magazine)|Blender]]'' included the track on two lists: "Standout Tracks from the 500 CDs You Must Own" and "The 1001 Greatest Songs to Download Right Now!", both published in 2003.<ref name="acclaimedmusic" /> The staff members of Slant Magazine placed "All Is Full of Love" at number 59 on their list of "The 100 Best Singles of the 1990s", writing: "Though it has been as oft-remixed as any other Björk single from the landmark ''Homogenic'' set, no version quite achieves the ethereal effect that the album mix of the song does. Coming off the tail-end of "Pluto," a sonic threnody for a suicidal fan, Björk's open-source, beat-free echo chamber is both absolution and resurrection".<ref name="bestsingles" /> The track was also included on [[Quintessence Editions]]' "1001 Songs You Must Hear Before You Die: And 10,001 You Must Download".<ref>{{cite book |date=November 2010|title=1001 Songs You Must Hear Before You Die: And 10,001 You Must Download|location= |publisher=Universe Books|isbn=978-0-7893-2089-6}}</ref>

==Music video==

===Background and development===
The music video for "All Is Full of Love" was directed by [[Chris Cunningham]]. Björk was impressed by Cunningham's original music videos for [[Intelligent dance music|IDM]] musicians [[Autechre]], [[Squarepusher]], and [[Aphex Twin]], and by his clear lines, [[science fiction]] inclinations, and discordant imagery.<ref name="Pytlik140">{{harvnb|Pytlik|2003|p=140}}</ref> This resulted in the singer contacting him to meet at his London office; she brought Chinese ''[[Kama Sutra]]'' as a guide to what she wanted.<ref name="unitspecial">{{cite web|url=http://unit.bjork.com/specials/gh/SUB-01/index.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060821183218/http://unit.bjork.com/specials/gh/SUB-01/index.htm|title=GH&FT special: All Is Full Of Love|publisher=bjork.com|archivedate=21 August 2006|accessdate=25 November 2014}}</ref> Cunningham had also associated the track with sex upon hearing it, but could not figure out how to make the video explicit yet broadcastable.<ref name="unitspecial" /> Regarding this, the singer confessed, "I think the only thing I said was that I thought it was very white [...] and I'm trying to describe some sort of a heaven. But I wanted also to have the other level there, there would be lust, it wouldn't be just clean". She complemented saying she mentioned that the video should be "white" and "frozen", and then it "melts because of love" and "making love".<ref name="makingof">{{cite web|url=http://www.digititles.com/music-videos/bjork/videos/all-is-full-of-love-chris-cunningham-and-bjork-talk-about-the-making-of-music-video |title=Björk - All Is Full Of Love |publisher=DigiTitles |date=3 April 2012 |accessdate=20 September 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130915221022/http://www.digititles.com/music-videos/bjork/videos/all-is-full-of-love-chris-cunningham-and-bjork-talk-about-the-making-of-music-video |archivedate=15 September 2013 |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref>
[[File:All Is Full of Love concept drawing.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A drawing of a cyborg smiling and of two robots kissing|[[Concept art]] by [[Chris Cunningham]]. Initially, the two protagonist robots would unfold like a flower as they mated, but the team could not manage to materialize this thought.]]
When Cunningham first heard the track, he wrote down the words "milk", "sexual", "surgery", and "white porcelain"; they outline what would become the music video. Concerning this, Cunningham added that it was like Karma Sutra meeting Industrial Robotics and that because of the [[surrealism|surreal]] nature of the images, they could be "sexually suggestive" as they liked.<ref name="treatment">{{cite web|url=http://www.director-file.com/cunningham/bjork.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050526002734/http://www.director-file.com/cunningham/bjork.html|title=Björk.. All is Full of Love|publisher=Director-File.com|archivedate=26 May 2005|accessdate=26 November 2014}}</ref> Initially, it was planned that during the visual's ending, the robots would unfold like a flower as they mated, revealing an abstract life form made from the two artificial forms.<ref name="treatment" /> However, the team could not manage to materialize this thought.<ref name="unitspecial" />

The robots were designed by Cunningham and were built in full-size by Paul Catling — who had also sculpted the masks for Aphex Twin's "[[Windowlicker]]" (1999) — in [[clay]] in two hours. He also worked with Julian Caldow in [[set design]], which was created by Chris Oddy.<ref name="unitspecial" /> The treatment described the set as an "elegant" and "white environment" with "a Japanese feel to it".<ref name="unitspecial" /> However, the music video's director was dissatisfied with the result and relied heavily on [[post-production]]. On the shoot there were two main robot arms, but during its post production, a third and fourth robot arm were created in [[computer-generated imagery]].<ref name="unitspecial" />

The video was shot at [[Bray Studios (UK)|Bray Studios]] and Greenford Studios, and post-production was handled by Glasswork using the software programs [[Softimage (company)|Softimage]] and [[Autodesk Media and Entertainment|Flame]]. Cunningham said that every shot in the clip had four layers. He reportedly first shot the set and the props doing nothing for about 21 seconds, and then removed the robot and replaced it with Björk, who had her face painted white and wore a blue suit. Using a mix of the [[master shot]] and a live feed of Björk in frame, the production team tried to match up her face and the robot body as much as possible.<ref name="treatment" /> Only the singer's eyes and mouth were used, with the rest of the robot representing 3D animation traced from her real head.<ref name="unitspecial" /> Cunningham has described the filming process as an unpleasant experience:

{{quote|I always think that my strength is [...] sculpting stuff up in [post-production] and then, a lot of the time things are pretty ramshackle while they're shot. And I think that with the video that was the most extreme example of that, I mean it really was a disaster [...] In the [[Avid Technology|Avid]], looking at this stuff, it just looked awful and I actually had a panic attack when I went to the [[telecine]] to look at the rushes. I just thought "this is a fucking disaster, [...] so cheap and nasty. At it was only when Glassworks started doing the computer graphics that [...] I started to realise how the video was gonna be made completely with the computer graphic addition.<ref name="makingof" />}}

Björk left Cunningham alone to work for the video, refusing to see the product until it was finished, explaining that "when you come across someone as special as Chris you just go humble", which Cunningham said made the work much easier.<ref name="treatment" />

===Synopsis===
[[File:All Is Full of Love capture.jpg|thumb|alt=A screenshot from the music video|In the music video's [[Climax (narrative)|climax]], the two robots passionately kiss, contrasting with the ethereal sterility of the room and the rendered movements of the machines.<ref name="scifi" />]]
The video begins with a journey through a dark environment wrought with cables and a faint pulsating light. The sequence has been described as "womb-like, voyeuristic, as if the black box of technology is about to open up".<ref name="unstablemedia">{{cite web|url=http://v2.nl/archive/works/all-is-full-of-love|title=All is Full of Love|publisher=V2_Institute for the Unstable Media|date=2004|accessdate=26 November 2014}}</ref> The camera follows these cables to an ethereal, white room where a robot with Björk's features lies in a fetal position. As the room lightens up, two mechanical arms begin to assemble the robot, which opens its eyes and begins to sing the song. Pistons pumping white fluids, as well as drilling and penetrative motions are seen, featuring a "clear" sexual subtext.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oJASfIMFws4C&dq=%22all+is+full+of+love%22|title=Dancefilm: Choreography and the Moving Image|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|date=2011|page=60|last=Brannigan|first=Erin|isbn=978-0-19-536724-9|accessdate=26 November 2014}}</ref>

Now sitting upright, the robot looks up to see another robotic Björk as the machines stop the assembly. It smiles and extends its hand to the sitting robot, joining in the song. In the [[Climax (narrative)|climax]] of the video,<ref name="scifi">{{cite web|url=http://www.scifi.com/exposure/frameup/allisfull.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060621060825/http://www.scifi.com/exposure/frameup/allisfull.html|title=EXPOSURE: All Is Full of Love|publisher=[[Syfy|SciFi.com]]|archivedate=21 June 2006|accessdate=26 November 2014}}</ref> the robots passionately kiss and embrace while the machines assemble their backs and light comes and goes. The images of the kissing robots are interposed with shots of white fluid washing over robotic parts and the mechanical arms assembling them. According to the Institute for the Unstable Media, "as the music fades and the pulsating beat becomes more dominant, we are once again drawn in the womb-like dark space, making it clear to us that we sampled a glimpse of a black-boxed kingdom".<ref name="unstablemedia" />

===Reception===
The music video was greeted with widespread critical acclaim. [[Music journalism|Music journalist]] Mark Pytlik wrote the visual "marked an unquestionable creative apex for Björk's visual work, a perfect synthesis of form and content".<ref name="Pytlik140" /> [[IGN]] gave the video a score of 9/10, writing it is an "utterly gorgeous sight to behold" and "just about perfect".<ref name="ignreview" /> ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''{{'}}s Craig Duff called it a milestone in computer animation and stated that "no robot had expressed the sensuality that director Chris Cunningham imbues in a Björk-bot in the video".<ref name="time">{{cite web|url=http://entertainment.time.com/2011/07/28/the-30-all-time-best-music-videos/slide/bjrk-all-is-full-of-love-1999/|title=Björk, 'All Is Full of Love' (1999) {{!}} The 30 All-TIME Best Music Videos|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=26 November 2011|accessdate=7 June 2014|last=Duff|first=Craig}}</ref> [[MusicRadar]] considered the music video to be "one of the most visually striking promos of Björk's career."<ref name="musicradar">{{cite web|url=http://www.musicradar.com/news/guitars/the-30-best-music-videos-of-all-time-520706/|title=The 30 best music videos of all time|publisher=[[MusicRadar]]|date=26 July 2011|accessdate=7 June 2014|last=|first=}}</ref> ''[[NME]]'' also praised the "All Is Full of Love" clip as one of Björk's best, and particularly commended the wide angle shot of the cyborgs kissing as the chorus kicks in.<ref name="NME">{{cite web|url=http://www.nme.com/list/100-greatest-music-videos/217342/page/10|title=100 Greatest Music Videos|publisher=''[[NME]]''|date=|accessdate=17 August 2014|last=|first=}}</ref> Eric Henderson of Slant Magazine dubbed it "the perfect pre-millennial precursor to our current gadget-assisted culture of self-love" and also wrote, "When it was released, I thought it looked cool and stressed the importance of loving yourself. Now I think it's a terrifying and sealed-off nightmare wherein you find out that you are the only person who will ever love you."<ref name="slantmag">{{cite web|url=http://www.slantmagazine.com/house/article/top-10-bjork-music-videos/P2|title=Top 10 Björk Music Videos|work=[[Slant Magazine]]|date=5 July 2013|accessdate=26 November 2014|last=Cinquemani|first=Sal}}</ref> Writing for [[Pitchfork Media]], Scott Plagenhoef considered that "the strongest single images from any video of the 1990s come from [the clip]", also calling it "strange and moving".<ref name="pitchfork">{{cite web|url=http://pitchfork.com/features/staff-lists/7849-the-top-50-music-videos-of-the-1990s/5/|title=Staff Lists:The Top 50 Music Videos of the 1990s|publisher=[[Pitchfork Media]]|date=23 August 2010|accessdate=26 November 2014|last=Plagenhoef|first=Scott}}</ref> ''[[CMJ New Music Monthly]]'''s Douglas Wolk called the video "magnificent" and praised it for "[bringing] out the beauty of the song".<ref name="cmj">{{cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tikEAAAAMBAJ&dq=%22all+is+full+of+love%22|issn=1074-6978|title=Singles|work=[[CMJ New Music Monthly]]|page=62|publisher=[[CMJ|CMJ Network, Inc]]|date=January 2000|accessdate=26 November 2014|last=Wolk|first=Douglas}}</ref>

===Recognition and legacy===
[[File:Björk AIFOL MoMA.jpg|thumb|left|Replicas of the music video's robots on the [[Björk (exhibition)|Björk retrospective]] at [[MoMA]], New York City.]]
The music video has won various awards and accolades. It won the Jury Prize at [[Artfutura|ArtFutura]] Festival of 1999,<ref>{{cite web|title=Award Winning Work|url=http://www.glassworks.co.uk/awards|work=Glassworks|accessdate=17 February 2013}}</ref> Best Video in the 2000 [[Fantasporto]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Music Video Awards and Nominations|url=http://visual.rajraj.net/musicoff.html#award|accessdate=17 February 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040214203225/http://visual.rajraj.net/musicoff.html#award|archivedate=14 February 2004|df=}}</ref> Best Video at the 2000 Australian Effects and Animation Festival and Best Art Direction in a Video and Best Special Effects in a Video at the Music Week Awards.<ref name="treatment" /> Other awards received at festivals include the second place of the Prix PIXEL-INA Best Script in the 2000 [[Imagina]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Animation World News – Awards|url=http://www.awn.com/mag/issue4.12/4.12pages/4.12awards.php3|accessdate=17 February 2013}}</ref> and the music video award at the London Effects and Animation Festival.<ref name="treatment" /> At the [[D&AD]] Awards, the video was awarded prizes in Video Direction, Cinematography, Animation, and Special Effects.<ref>{{cite web|title=2000 Winners|url=http://www.dandad.org/awards_frame.html|publisher=[[D&AD]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20001216040500/http://www.dandad.org/awards_frame.html|archivedate=16 December 2000|accessdate=26 November 2014}}</ref> Furthermore, at the MVPA Awards, Cunningham received the award for Best Direction of a Female Artist in a Music Video.<ref name="mvpa">{{cite web|title=MVPA Award Winners, 2000|url=http://www.mvpa.com/9thawards.htm|publisher=Music Video Production Association|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20001115042500/http://www.mvpa.com/9thawards.htm|archivedate=15 November 2000|accessdate=26 November 2014}}</ref> Björk won two awards at the [[2000 MTV Video Music Awards|MTV Video Music Awards]] in 2000: Breakthrough Video and Best Special Effects in a Video.<ref>{{cite web|title=2000 MTV Video Music Awards|url=http://www.mtv.com/ontv/vma/2000/|publisher=[[MTV]]|accessdate=26 November 2014}}</ref> The music video also received the Best Special Effects in a Music Video and Best 3D Animation Music Video during the 2000 International Monitor Awards.<ref name="treatment" /> Particularly, the visual won various nominations: Best Video at the 1999 Ericcson Muzik Awards,<ref name="treatment" /> [[Grammy Award for Best Music Video|Best Short Form Music Video]] at the [[42nd Annual Grammy Awards]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20000105&slug=A20000106010154|title=Santana Tops List With 10 Grammy Nominations|date=5 January 2000|accessdate=15 April 2011|work=The Seattle Times|publisher=The Seattle Times Company}}</ref> and Best Alternative Video, Best Cinematography, and Best Editing in a Video at the 2000 Music Week Awards.<ref name="treatment" />

In 2008, [[MTV2]] ranked the music video as number one on their list "Greatest Music Videos Ever".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtvblogs.co.uk/mtv-two/ta-da-greatest-video-ever-40-1/455|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007120947/http://www.mtvblogs.co.uk/mtv-two/ta-da-greatest-video-ever-40-1/455|title=Ta da – Greatest Video Ever|publisher=MTV Blogs|archivedate=7 October 2011|date=15 August 2008|accessdate=26 November 2014}}</ref> In 2011, "All Is Full of Love" was placed at number 14 in [[MusicRadar]]'s list of the 30 best music videos of all time,<ref name="musicradar" /> and was placed in ''Time''{{'}}s list of The 30 All-TIME Best Music Videos.<ref name="time"/> The video was also listed as the fifth-greatest of all time by ''[[NME]]'',<ref name="NME" /> and the ninth top music video of the decade by Pitchfork Media.<ref name="pitchfork" /> In addition, "All Is Full of Love" has been included in various [[art exhibitions]] and [[Art museum|museums]], including ''DEAF04 Exhibition'' in the V2_Institute for the Unstable Media in [[Rotterdam]],<ref name="unstablemedia" /> ''Chris Cunningham'' in [[MoMA PS1]] in New York City,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://momaps1.org/exhibitions/view/46|title=MoMA PS1: Exhibitions: Chris Cunningham|date=5 January 2000|accessdate=15 April 2011|work=The Seattle Times|publisher=The Seattle Times Company}}</ref> the 49th [[Venice Biennale]],<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CmpQAAAAMAAJ&q=%22all+is+full+of+love%22&dq=%22all+is+full+of+love%22|title=La Biennale di Venezia: 49. Esposizione internazionale d'arte : platea dell'umanità, Volumen 1|publisher=Electa|date=2001|page=|last=|first=|last2=|first2=|isbn=|accessdate=26 November 2014}}</ref> ''While Interwoven Echoes Drip into a Hybrid Body – an Exhibition about Sound, Performance and Sculpture'' in the Migros Museum für Gegenwartskunst in Zürich,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.migrosmuseum.ch/en/exhibitions/exhibition-details/?tx_museumplus%5Bexhib%5D=120|title=While Interwoven Echoes Drip into a Hybrid Body – an Exhibition about Sound, Performance and Sculpture|date=|accessdate=27 November 2014|work=|publisher=Migros Museum für Gegenwartskunst}}</ref> and ''This Is Not a Love Song'' in La Virreina Centre de la Imatge in Barcelona.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://screen-projects.com/dossier/ThisIsNotaLoveSong-eng.pdf|title=This Is Not a Love Song: Touring Exhibition Dossier|date=|accessdate=November 27, 2014|work=|publisher=Screen-Projects}}</ref> The music video was also on permanent exhibition at the [[Museum of Modern Art]] in New York City.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gigwise.com/photos/79857/7/robot-rock-the-best-droids-in-music-of-all-time|title=Robot rock: the best droids in music of all time|accessdate=27 November 2014|date=27 February 2013|publisher=[[Gigwise]]|last=Carroll|first=Grace}}</ref>

Chris Cunningham served as a model for a character in the novel ''[[Pattern Recognition (novel)|Pattern Recognition]]'' (2003) by [[William Gibson]], in which a fictitious music video director who puts "robot girls in his video" makes a clip characterized by the following words: "No sci-fi kitsch for Damien. Dreamlike things in the dawn half-light, their small breasts gleaming, white plastic shining faints as old marble", as a reference to "All Is Full of Love".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mKXMvInfbyEC&dq=%22all+is+full+of+love%22|title=Rewind, Play, Fast Forward: The Past, Present and Future of the Music Video|publisher=Transcript-Verlag|date=2010|page=8|last=Keazor|first=Henry|last2=Wübbena|first2=Thorsten |isbn=978-3-8376-1185-4|accessdate=26 November 2014}}</ref> In 2004, similarities were noted between the design of the robots in the music video and those in the film ''[[I, Robot (film)|I, Robot]]'', raising accusations of [[plagiarism]] by fans.<ref>{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040724060506/http://www.lowculture.com/archives/002088.html|url=http://www.lowculture.com/archives/002088.html|archivedate=24 July 2004|title=Twentieth Century Fox, meet award-winning director Chris Cunningham|accessdate=27 November 2014|date=10 June 2004|publisher=lowculture.com|last=|first=}}</ref><ref name="eonline">{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040815233100/http://www.eonline.com/News/Items/0%2C1%2C14531%2C00.html |url=http://www.eonline.com/News/Items/0,1,14531,00.html |archivedate=15 August 2004 |title=The Björk-"I, Robot" Connection? |accessdate=27 November 2014 |date=16 July 2004 |publisher=[[E! News]] |last=Joal |first=Ryan |deadurl=yes }}</ref> [[E! News]] contacted Cunningham and [[20th Century Fox]]—the studio behind the film—but neither of them returned calls for comment.<ref name="eonline" /> According to Tymon Smith of ''[[The Times (South Africa)|The Times]]'', 2015 American film ''[[Chappie (film)|Chappie]]'' "ends with a rip off" of the music video.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/thetimes/2015/03/13/chappie-a-mix-of-hodge-podge-messiness|title='Chappie' a mix of 'hodge-podge messiness'|accessdate=13 March 2015|date=13 March 2015|publisher=''[[The Times (South Africa)|The Times]]''|last=Smith|first=Tymon}}</ref> It also was an inspiration for the opening title sequence of the television series [[Westworld (TV series)|Westworld]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.artofthetitle.com/title/westworld/|title=Westworld|author=|date=|website=www.artofthetitle.com|accessdate=23 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://qz.com/811513/westworlds-uncanny-intricate-opening-credits-sequence-wants-to-disorient-you/|title=Westworld opening credits: The beautifully eerie title sequence is really a meticulously crafted short film — Quartz|first=Adam|last=Epstein|date=|website=qz.com|accessdate=23 April 2018}}</ref>

==Live performances==
[[File:Björk2001.jpg|thumb|Björk performing at [[Radio City Music Hall]] during her [[Vespertine World Tour]] in 2001.]]
Björk first performed "All Is Full of Love" live in July 1997, playing the whole album for a press conference and presentation concert concerning ''Homogenic'' at the Old Truman Building, an old beer factory in London, wearing a pink dress designed by [[Hussein Chalayan]], which she would later sport in the video for "[[Bachelorette (song)|Bachelorette]]" (1997) and photoshoots.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Maio|first=Luis|date=18 July 1998|title=The Women In Fire|url=http://nsd.dyndns.org/tempest/bjork-homogenic.html |journal= [[Público (Portugal)|Público]]|publisher=|volume= |issue= |pages=|doi= |accessdate=20 September 2016}}</ref> The song was part of the set list for her [[Homogenic Tour]], on which Björk embarked with [[Mark Bell (British musician)|Mark Bell]] and Icelandic String Octet from late 1997 to early 1999. "All Is Full of Love" was also performed during the [[Vespertine World Tour]] in 2001, which featured ''Vespertine'' collaborators [[Matmos]] and [[Zeena Parkins]], an Inuit choir, and an orchestra.<ref name="grapewire2001tour">{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051123042400/http://www.bjork.com/grapewire/?id=123%3Byear%3D2001 |url=http://www.bjork.com/grapewire/?id=123;year=2001 |archivedate=23 November 2005 |title=Grapewire 2001: Closeup of the tour at hand |date=4 August 2001 |accessdate=19 March 2015 |publisher=bjork.com |deadurl=yes }}</ref> During the tour, the singer performed in concert halls and opera houses in order to "have the best acoustics possible" and avoid the "appalling acoustics" of stadiums and rock venues.<ref name="grapewire2001tour" /> The track was the most performed of the tour, alongside "Frosti" and "[[Pagan Poetry]]".<ref>{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051129105307/http://www.bjork.com/grapewire/?id=201%3Byear%3D2001 |url=http://www.bjork.com/grapewire/?id=201;year=2001 |archivedate=29 November 2005 |title=Grapewire 2001: Fun figures on songs sung this year |date=30 December 2001 |accessdate=19 March 2015 |publisher=bjork.com |deadurl=yes }}</ref> Björk's concert at the [[Royal Opera House]] of 16 December 2001, which included a performance of the song, was broadcast on [[BBC Four]] and released as the DVD ''[[Live at Royal Opera House]]'' in 2002.<ref>{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051129155600/http://www.bjork.com/grapewire/?id=212%3Byear%3D2002 |url=http://www.bjork.com/grapewire/?id=212;year=2002 |archivedate=29 November 2005 |title=Grapewire 2002: Royal Opera House Concert Broadcast in March |date=19 January 2002 |accessdate=19 March 2015 |publisher=bjork.com |deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051127234845/http://www.bjork.com/grapewire/?id=270%3Byear%3D2002 |url=http://www.bjork.com/grapewire/?id=270;year=2002 |archivedate=27 November 2005 |title=Grapewire 2002: The Royal Concert Release on DVD |date=6 June 2002 |accessdate=19 March 2015 |publisher=bjork.com |deadurl=yes }}</ref> A live version of the track can also be found on the tour documentary DVD ''[[Minuscule (DVD)|Minuscule]]'' of 2003.<ref>{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051123115712/http://www.bjork.com/grapewire/?id=447%3Byear%3D2003 |url=http://www.bjork.com/grapewire/?id=447;year=2003 |archivedate=23 November 2005 |title=Grapewire 2003: Tour peek and Minuscule |date=31 October 2003 |accessdate=19 March 2015 |publisher=bjork.com |deadurl=yes }}</ref> A Vespertine Tour live version of the song was released through ''Vespertine Live'', a live album of the tour included in the box set ''[[Live Box]]'' (2003).<ref>{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051129145240/http://www.bjork.com/grapewire/?id=394%3Byear%3D2003 |url=http://www.bjork.com/grapewire/?id=394;year=2003 |archivedate=29 November 2005 |title=Grapewire 2003: DVD's coming up & Live Box |date=22 May 2003 |accessdate=19 March 2015 |publisher=bjork.com |deadurl=yes }}</ref>

The [[Headliner (performances)|headliner]] of the 2002 [[Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival]], Björk opened the set with the track, wearing a white [[Comme des Garçons]] dress.<ref>{{Cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060426102620/http://www.bjork.com/facts/gigography/details/02-04-27/index.htm|url=http://www.bjork.com/facts/gigography/details/02-04-27/index.htm|archivedate=26 April 2006|title=gigOgraphy: 2002: Coachella Festival 2002|accessdate=20 March 2015|publisher=bjork.com}}</ref> This performance was included on the 2006 video documentary ''Coachella''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/mw0001026283|title=Coachella [DVD]|publisher=AllMusic|access-date=20 March 2015}}</ref> The song was also part of the set list of the [[Greatest Hits Tour (Björk)|Greatest Hits Tour]] (2003),<ref>{{Cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060618205054/http://bjork.com/facts/gigography/2003.htm|url=http://bjork.com/facts/gigography/2003.htm|archivedate=18 June 2006|title=gigOgraphy: 2003|accessdate= 4 December 2014|publisher=bjork.com}}</ref> which once again featured the Icelandic String Octet, but with the addition of Vespertine World Tour collaborators Matmos and Zeena Parkins.<ref>{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918131114/http://bjork.com/news/?id=379%3Byear%3D2003 |url=http://bjork.com/news/?id=379;year=2003 |archivedate=18 September 2010 |title=Grapewire 2003: Björk&Matmos&Zeena&Octet – Live in concert |date=20 May 2003 |accessdate=4 December 2014 |publisher=bjork.com |deadurl=yes }}</ref> It was one of the most played songs of the tour.<ref>{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051123115507/http://www.bjork.com/grapewire/?id=440%3Byear%3D2003 |url=http://www.bjork.com/grapewire/?id=440;year=2003 |archivedate=23 November 2005 |title=Grapewire 2003: Fun figures on songs sung this tour |date=10 October 2003 |accessdate=19 March 2015 |publisher=bjork.com |deadurl=yes }}</ref> Björk's performance of the song in New York City during the tour was included in the 2005 documentary film ''[[Screaming Masterpiece]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051220082116/http://www.bjork.com/grapewire/?id=548%3Byear%3D2005 |url=http://www.bjork.com/grapewire/?id=548;year=2005 |archivedate=20 December 2005 |title=Grapewire 2005: Inez & Vinoodh show off, Screaming Masterpiece awarded |date=5 October 2005 |accessdate=19 March 2015 |publisher=bjork.com |deadurl=yes }}</ref> "All Is Full of Love" was also performed during the [[Volta Tour]] (2007–08),<ref>{{Cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328064127/http://bjork.com/facts/gigography/volta-summary.htm|url=http://bjork.com/facts/gigography/volta-summary.htm|archivedate=28 March 2010|title=gigOgraphy: Volta Tour summary|accessdate= 4 December 2014|publisher=bjork.com}}</ref> a tour she undertook with Mark Bell, [[Jónas Sen]], [[Damian Taylor]], [[Chris Corsano]], and a 10-piece female [[Brass section|brass band]].<ref>{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100101034632/http://bjork.com/news/?id=624%3Byear%3D2007 |url=http://bjork.com/news/?id=624;year=2007 |archivedate=1 January 2010 |title=News: Volta Concerts Start in Reykjavik |date=11 April 2007 |accessdate=4 December 2014 |publisher=bjork.com |deadurl=yes }}</ref> Several of the concerts were part of festivals, including [[Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival|Coachella]], [[Glastonbury Festival|Glastonbury]], and [[Rock en Seine]], among others. A live performance of the track during the tour was included in the box set ''[[Voltaïc]]'' (2009), specifically the CD ''Songs from the Volta Tour Performed Live at the Olympic Studios''.<ref>{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106061856/http://www.bjork.com/special/voltaic/|url=http://www.bjork.com/special/voltaic/|archivedate=6 January 2010|title=Voltaïc|date=2009|accessdate= 4 December 2014|publisher=bjork.com}}</ref> The track was also performed a few times during Björk's [[Biophilia Tour]] (2011–13).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bjork.com/#/past/gigography/2013/387 |title=gigography |publisher=bjork.com |accessdate=20 September 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070305223747/http://bjork.com/ |archivedate=5 March 2007 }}</ref> The song was performed only once on the 2015 [[Vulnicura#Tour|Vulnicura Tour]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Bjork played 2 shows at King's Theatre (pics, setlists), showing virtual reality "Stonemilker" vid @ MoMA PS1 & Rough Trade|url=http://www.brooklynvegan.com/bjork-played-2/|date=23 March 2015|accessdate=20 September 2016|publisher=[[BrooklynVegan]]}}</ref>

==Usage in media and cover versions==
"All Is Full of Love" was used in the 1999 film ''[[Stigmata (film)|Stigmata]]'', directed by [[Rupert Wainwright]]. It was subsequently included on the official soundtrack, ''Stigmata: Music From The MGM Motion Picture Soundtrack''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/stigmata-mw0000668191|title=Stigmata – Original Soundtrack|last1=Erlewine|first1=Stephen Thomas|publisher=AllMusic. Rovi Corporation|access-date=17 February 2015}}</ref> The Funkstörung mix of the song was also included on the soundtrack for the 2000 [[Christopher Nolan]] film, ''[[Memento (film)|Memento]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/Memento-Music-inspired-David-Julyan/dp/B00005CENW|title=David Julyan, Various Artists: Memento, Music for and inspired by the film|last1=|first1=|publisher=[[Amazon.com]]|access-date=17 February 2015}}</ref> The track was further used for the 1998 French film ''[[Those Who Love Me Can Take the Train]]'', directed by [[Patrice Chéreau]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.microberecords.com/artists/artists_disco.php?language=gb&id=4&disco_id=12|language=French|title=Ceux qui m'aiment prendront le train|publisher=Microbe Records|accessdate=20 March 2015}}</ref>

In 2001, American [[indie rock]] band [[The Microphones]] covered the song and added it on their 2001 studio album, ''[[Blood (The Microphones album)|Blood]]''.<ref>{{cite web|date=11 November 2001|publisher=[[Pitchfork Media]] |accessdate=1 December 2014| url=http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/5271-blood/|title=The Microphones: Blood|last=Pecoraro|first=David M.}}</ref> "All Is Full of Love" was also covered by [[Death Cab for Cutie]] and was released on their 2002 ''[[The Stability EP]]''.<ref name="dcfcpitchfork">{{cite web|date=27 February 2002|publisher=[[Pitchfork Media]] |accessdate=1 December 2014| url=http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/2228-the-stability-ep/|title=Death Cab for Cutie: The Stability EP|last=Tangari|first=Joe}}</ref> The [[Vitamin String Quartet]], a musical group widely known for its series of tributes to popular music acts, covered the track as part of their 2005 tribute to the singer entitled, ''Violently: The String Quartet Tribute To Bjork''.<ref>{{cite web |date= |publisher=[[Vitamin Records]] |accessdate=1 December 2014 |url=http://www.vitaminrecords.com/web/page.asp?pgs=product&id=798 |title=Violently: The String Quartet Tribute To Bjork |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204193818/http://www.vitaminrecords.com/web/page.asp?pgs=product&id=798 |archivedate=4 December 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> The song was also sampled in [[Kerli]]'s "Love Is Dead" from [[Love Is Dead (Kerli album)|her 2008 album of the same name]].<ref>{{cite AV media notes|title=Love Is Dead|others=Kerli|year=2008|type=album liner notes|publisher=Island Records|id=460502670134}}</ref>

==Track listings==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
*'''EU CD'''<ref>{{cite AV media notes|title=All Is Full of Love|others=Björk|year=1999|type=EU CD single liner notes|publisher=Mother Records|id=561 140-2}}</ref>
#"All Is Full of Love" (Radio mix) – 4:50
#"All Is Full of Love" (Radio Strings Mix) – 4:46
#"All Is Full of Love" (Guy Sigsworth mix) – 4:22
#"All Is Full of Love" (Funkstörung Exclusive mix) – 4:36
#"All Is Full of Love" (Plaid mix) – 4:15

*'''US CD'''<ref>{{cite AV media notes|title=All Is Full of Love|others=Björk|year=1999|type=US CD single liner notes|publisher=Elektra Records|id=63723-2}}</ref>
#"All Is Full of Love" (video version) – 4:50
#"All Is Full of Love" (Funkstörung Exclusive mix) – 4:36
#"All Is Full of Love" (Strings) – 4:46
#"All Is Full of Love" (album version) – 4:32
#"All Is Full of Love" (Plaid mix) – 4:15
#"All Is Full of Love" (Guy Sigsworth mix) – 4:22

*'''UK CD1'''<ref>{{cite AV media notes|title=All Is Full of Love|others=Björk|year=1999|type=UK CD1 single liner notes|publisher=One Little Indian Records|id=242TP7CD}}</ref>
#"All Is Full of Love" – 4:50
#"All Is Full of Love" (Funkstörung Exclusive mix) – 4:36
#"All Is Full of Love" (Strings) – 4:46

{{col-2}}
*'''UK CD2'''<ref>{{cite AV media notes|title=All Is Full of Love|others=Björk|year=1999|type=UK CD2 single liner notes|publisher=One Little Indian Records|id=242TP7CDL}}</ref>
#"All Is Full of Love" (Album version) – 4:32
#"All Is Full of Love" (Plaid mix) – 4:15
#"All Is Full of Love" (Guy Sigsworth mix) – 4:22

*'''UK DVD'''<ref>{{cite AV media notes|title=All Is Full of Love|others=Björk|year=1999|type=UK DVD single liner notes|publisher=One Little Indian Records|id=242TP7DVD}}</ref>
#"All Is Full of Love" (Video) – 4:50
#"All Is Full of Love" (Funkstörung Exclusive mix) (audio) – 4:36
#"All Is Full of Love" (Strings) (audio) – 4:46

*'''12" vinyl 1'''<ref>{{cite AV media notes|title=All Is Full of Love|others=Björk|year=1999|type=12-inch vinyl 1 single liner notes|publisher=One Little Indian Records|id=242TP12}}</ref>
#"All Is Full of Love" (μ-ziq 7" mix) – 3:51
#"All Is Full of Love" (μ-ziq 1" mix) – 1:05
#"All Is Full of Love" (Funkstörung Exclusive mix) – 4:36

*'''12" vinyl 2'''<ref>{{cite AV media notes|title=All Is Full of Love|others=Björk|year=1999|type=12-inch vinyl 2 single liner notes|publisher=One Little Indian Records|id=242TP12L}}</ref>
#"All Is Full of Love" (Plaid remix) – 4:15
#"All Is Full of Love" (Guy Sigsworth mix) – 4:22
{{col-end}}

==Credits and personnel==
Credits adapted from the liner notes of ''Homogenic'' and the single's physical release.<ref name="AV">{{cite AV media notes|title=Homogenic|others=[[Björk]]|year=1997|publisher=[[One Little Indian Records]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media notes|title=All Is Full Of Love|others=[[Björk]]|year=1999|publisher=[[One Little Indian Records|One Little Indian]]}}</ref>

{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
*Written by [[Björk]]
*Production – [[Howie B]] (album version) – [[Björk]] (video version)
*[[Mixing engineer]] – Howie B (album version) – Björk, Mark Stent (video version)
*Assistants – Rebecca Storey, Russell Polden, Paul "P-Dub" Walton, Jason Westbrook, Danny Brown, Kirsten Cowie, Sie Midway-Smith, James Loughrey, Rob Murphy and Jason Groucott
*[[Keyboard instrument|Keyboards]] – Björk, [[Mark Bell (British musician)|Mark Bell]] and [[Guy Sigsworth]]
*[[Programming (music)|Programming]] – Mark Bell and [[Markus Dravs]]
*[[Electronic drum]]kit – Trevor Morais
*[[Clavichord]] and [[pipe organ]] – Guy Sigsworth
*[[Accordion]] – [[Yasuhiro Kobayashi|Yasuhiro "Coba" Kobayashi]]
*[[Glass harmonica]] – Alasdair Malloy
* Published by [[PolyGram|Polygram Music Publishing Ltd]]
{{div col end}}

==Charts==


The song performed moderately on the [[UK Singles Chart]], peaking at number 24.<ref name="uk"/> In the United States, it became a hit on the [[Dance/Electronic Singles Sales]] chart, reaching number eight.<ref name="songs"/>
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Chart (1999)
! Peak position
|-
! scope="row"|Europe ([[Eurochart Hot 100]])<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://americanradiohistory.com/Archive-Music-and-Media/90s/1999/MM-1999-06-26.pdf|title=Music & Media: Eurochart Hot 100|accessdate=7 May 2018|work=[[Music & Media]]}}</ref>
|89
|-
{{singlechart|Scotland|36|date=1999-06-13|artist=Björk|song=All Is Full of Love|rowheader=true|accessdate=11 September 2017|refname="scotland"}}
|-
{{singlechart|UK|24|date=1999-06-19/|rowheader=true|accessdate=19 September 2016|refname="uk"}}
|-
! scope="row"|US [[Dance/Electronic Singles Sales]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref name="songs">{{cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/homogenic-mw0000026812/awards|title=Homogenic – Björk: Awards|publisher=AllMusic|accessdate=1 December 2014}}</ref>
|8
|}

==References==
;Notes
{{reflist|30em}}

;Bibliography
* {{cite book
| last = Pytlik
| first = Mark
| title = Björk: Wow and Flutter
| publisher = [[ECW Press]]
| year = 2003
| isbn = 1-55022-556-1
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bill263dqDAC|ref=harv
}}

==External links==
*{{YouTube|d2tBhaVEWGM|Official music video}}
* {{discogs master| master= 34369| name=All Is Full of Love}}
* {{url|http://www.last.fm/music/Bj%C3%B6rk/_/All+Is+Full+of+Love| "All Is Full of Love"}} statistics, tagging and previews at [[Last.fm]]
* "[https://rateyourmusic.com/release/single/bjork/all_is_full_of_love_f2/ All Is Full of Love]" at [[Rate Your Music]]
{{Björk}}
{{Portal bar|Björk|Electronic music|1990s}}

[[Category:1990s ballads]]
[[Category:1999 singles]]
[[Category:Björk songs]]
[[Category:Music videos directed by Chris Cunningham]]
[[Category:Songs written by Björk]]
[[Category:Song recordings produced by Björk]]
[[Category:Ambient songs]]
[[Category:1997 songs]]
[[Category:LGBT-related songs]]
[[Category:One Little Indian Records singles]]

Benutzer:Mario Di-Moser/Empresses in the Palace

2018-05-12T18:34:25Z

DeprecatedFixerBot: Removed deprecated parameter(s) from Template:Track listing using DeprecatedFixerBot. Mistake? msg TSD! (please mention that this is task #1!)

{{Infobox television
|show_name = Empresses in the Palace
|image = Empresses in the Palace, Hong Kong version (後宮·甄嬛傳香港版).jpg
|caption =
|show_name_2 = ''The Legend of Zhen Huan''
|genre = [[Historical fiction]]
|based_on = ''Hougong Zhen Huan Zhuan'' by Liu Lianzi
|creator =
|developer =
|writer = Liu Lianzi Wang Xiaoping
|director = [[Zheng Xiaolong]]
|creative_director =
|presenter =
|starring = [[Sun Li (actress)|Sun Li]] [[Ada Choi]] [[Chen Jianbin]] [[Jiang Xin]] Li Dongxue Lan Xi Tao Xinran
|theme_music_composer =
|opentheme =
|endtheme =
|composer =
|country = China
|language = Mandarin
|num_seasons =
|num_episodes = 76
|list_episodes =
|executive_producer =
|producer =
|editor =
|location = China
|cinematography =
|camera =
|runtime = 45 minutes per episode
|company = Beijing TV Art Center
|distributor =
|channel = [[Dragon Television]]
|picture_format =
|audio_format =
|first_run =
|first_aired = {{Start date|2011|11|17|df=y}}
|last_aired =
|status =
|preceded_by =
|followed_by = ''[[Ruyi's Royal Love in the Palace]]'' (2017)
|related = ''[[The Legend of Mi Yue]]'' (2015)
|website =
|production_website =
}}
'''''Empresses in the Palace''''' ({{zh|t=後宮·甄嬛傳 |s=后宫·甄嬛传}}, ''lit.'' '''''The Legend of Zhen Huan'''''), is a 2011 Chinese television series based on the [[:zh:后宫甄嬛传|Internet novel of the same name]] by Liu Lianzi. Directed by [[Zheng Xiaolong]], it stars [[Sun Li (actress)|Sun Li]] in the title role of Zhen Huan. The series was first aired in China on 17 November 2011.

==Synopsis==
The series centres on the schemes between [[Yongzheng Emperor|Emperor Yongzheng]]’s concubines in the Imperial Palace during the [[Qing dynasty|Qing Dynasty]]. The innocent 17-year-old Zhen Huan (Huan Huan) is chosen for the Emperor’s harem, and after entering the palace finds herself caught in the fierce infighting between the Empress and the concubines. Realising that the palace is a cruel and harsh place, she has to learn to survive on her own, sometimes by unorthodox methods. With her wits and talents, Huan Huan fights her way through and wins the Emperor’s affection, ultimately becoming the most influential concubine in the imperial palace, and she ascends to unparalleled glory and wealth. However, she also becomes a woman with few real friends at her side, even after she is rid of all her enemies.

Along the way, she experiences a miscarriage due to mistreatment by Consort Hua, who is the second most powerful woman in the harem, second only to the Empress in rank. However, even though Consort Hua's mistreatment of Huan Huan contributed to her miscarriage, the primary reason for it was because of an ointment that she used regularly to heal a wound. The ointment had ingredients that could induce a miscarriage, given to her by another concubine who Huan Huan thought of as a sister, An Lingrong, the same girl she had once saved. Eventually, Consort Hua is imprisoned in the Cold Palace, a place for discarded concubines, for her many misdeeds, and is eventually given a death sentence and told to commit suicide. Although Consort Hua refuses at first, Zhen Huan makes a visit and tells her that the Emperor has never loved her and only favoured her to please her brother, the general [[Nian Gengyao]]. She also tells her the reason for her infertility was a special incense granted to her by the Emperor. In the end, Consort Hua commits suicide but refuses to do so in a way that was decreed.

The Empress plots against Huan Huan, arranging things so that she ends up unknowingly wearing the Emperor’s most beloved late Chunyuan Empress's clothes. The Emperor is enraged by this and grounds her to her palace, where she becomes disillusioned with him. At this time, she is pregnant, and only days after she gives birth to a daughter she is transferred over to a nunnery where she becomes a nun. While there she falls in love with the Emperor's brother, Yunli. However, she eventually comes back to the Forbidden Palace when she mistakenly believes that the Emperor's brother is dead. In the palace, she gives birth to twins, fathered by Yunli (Prince Guo), but she convinces all that they are the Emperor's. She also adopts the fourth prince, who was looked down upon, as his mother was a lowly palace maid. Gradually she regains the love of the Emperor. She also erodes the power of the Empress and kills An Lingrong who caused the death of Shen Meizhuang.

Finally, the Empress confesses her crime and admits that she was the one who killed the late Chunyuan Empress and caused several miscarriages. However, the Empress, who has been granted amnesty by the late Empress Dowager, is not killed but discarded. Towards the end, the Emperor suspects that Zhen Huan and Yunli, the seventeenth prince, of having an affair. He orders her to kill him to prove that she has no feelings towards him. Yunli sacrifices himself for her, and although she does not intentionally kill him, he dies. Following this incident, the Emperor makes Zhen Huan the leader of the Imperial Harem, a post that carries supreme authority in the inner palace. However, increasingly the Emperor grows suspicious regarding the paternity of his children with Huan Huan. In order to save her children, she and a concubine named Ye Lanyi plot against the Emperor, and eventually manage to kill him. As the senior most widow, she plays a crucial role in the succession and installs her adopted son, the fourth prince, upon the Dragon Throne. In the end, Huan Huan becomes the sad and lonely Empress Dowager.

==Cast==
===Main===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:13%"|Actor !! Character !! Title !! Description
|-
| [[Sun Li (actress)|Sun Li]] || Zhen Huan, Niohuru Zhenhuan || First Class Female Attendant Wan, Noble Lady Wan, Concubine Wan, Consort Xi, Noble Consort Xi, [[Empress Xiaoshengxian]]
|| The daughter of Zhen Yuandao and Yun Xinluo The mother of Princess Longyue, Hongyan and Princess Lingxi The adoptive mother of Hongli and Princess Jinghe 
A naive and virtuous girl, whom had to become calculating because of other people backstabbing her. Her greatest love was Yunli, she had stopped loving the Yonzheng Emperor when he had failed to punish Nian Shilan for her crime of killing Zhen Huan's child.
|-
| [[Chen Jianbin]] || Aisin Gioro Yinzhen || The [[Yongzheng Emperor]] || The father of Prince Hongshi, Prince Hongli, Prince Hong Yan, Princess Wenyi, Princess Longyue, and Princess Lingxi.
|-
| [[Ada Choi]] || Ulanara Yixiu ||a fictional character, the Empress Ulanara|| The niece of Chengbi The younger half-sister of Rouze The mother of the first prince The adoptive mother of Hongshi The aunt of Qingying
|-
| [[Jiang Xin]] || Nian Shilan || Consort Hua, Noble Consort Hua, Consort, Consort Hua, Choice Lady, Noble Consort Dunsu, Imperial Noble Consort Dunsu || The younger sister of Nian Gengyao
|-
| [[Leanne Liu]] || Uya Chengbi ||[[Empress Xiaogongren]] || The aunt of Rouze and Yixiu The mother of Yinzhen and Yunti
|-
| Li Dongxue || Aisin Gioro [[Yunli]]|| Second Rank Prince Guo, [[Yunli|First Rank Prince Guo]] || The son of Consort Dowager Shu The seventeenth younger brother of Yinzhen The father of Hongyan, Princess Lingxi and Yuanche
|-
| Lan Xi || Shen Meizhuang || Noble Lady, Noble Lady Hui, First Class Female Attendant, Concubine Hui, Consort Hui, Noble Consort Huiyi || The mother of Princess Jinghe
She turned cold towards the emperor after he believed that she faked her pregnancy to gain his favor and ignored her. Only Wen Shichu and Zhen Huan truly treated her well and she develops feelings for Wen Shichu despite knowing his feelings for Zhen Huan. When the empress dowager grants her wine in hope that she will reconcile with the emperor, she calls for Wen Shichu instead. The pair drink and get drunk. Subsequently she realizes that she is pregnant with Wen Shichu’s child and pleads with him not to take it as a nightmare and to ensure that she can safely deliver the child. When An Lingrong lures her to Sui Yuxuan, she hears the news of Wen Shichu’s castration and goes into premature labour. She later dies in Wen Shichu’s arms.
|-
| Tao Xinran || An Lingrong || Choice Lady, First Class Female Attendant, Noble Lady, Concubine, Consort Li || The daughter of An Bihuai and Lin Xiu
|}

===Supporting===
====Yongzheng’s Harem====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:13%"|Actor !! Character !! Title !! Family
|-
| || Ulanara Rouze || The Empress Chunyuan, [[Empress Xiaojingxian]] || The niece of Chengbi The older half-sister of Yixiu The mother of the second prince
|-
| Li Yijuan || Qi Yuebin || Consort Duan, Imperial Noble Consort Duan, Imperial Noble Consort Dowager Duan || The adoptive mother of Princess Wenyi
|-
| Yang Fanghan || Feng Ruozhao || Concubine Jing, Consort Jing, Noble Consort Jing, Noble Consort Dowager Jing || The adoptive mother of Princess Longyue
|-
| Zhang Yameng || Lady Li || [[Consort Qi (Qing dynasty)|Consort Qi]] || The daughter of Li Zhifu The mother of Hongshi
|-
| Chen Sisi || Cao Qinmo || Noble Lady, Concubine Xiang || The mother of Princess Wenyi
|-
| [[Tang Yixin]] || Guwalgiya Wenyuan || Noble Lady Qi, Concubine Qi, Noble Lady Qi || The daughter of Guwalgiya Emin
|-
| Re Yizha || Ye Lanyi || Baijun Garden horse trainer, Choice Lady, Noble Lady Ning, Concubine Ning ||
|-
| Wan Meixi || Lv Yingfeng || First Class Female Attendant Xin, Noble Lady Xin, Concubine Xin, Concubine Dowager Xin || The mother of a princess
|-
| Li Jiaxuan || || Concubine Li ||
|-
| Guo Xuan || || Concubine Zhen ||
|-
| [[Tan Songyun]] || Fang Chunyi || First Class Female Attendant Chun, Noble Lady Chun ||
|-
| Zhao Qin || Fuca Yixin || Noble Lady ||
|-
| [[Mao Xiaotong]] || Caiping || Yunli’s servant, Choice Lady Ying, First Class Female Attendant Ying, Noble Lady Ying ||
|-
| [[Ying Er]] || Xia Dongchun || First Class Female Attendant ||
|-
| He Yanan || || First Class Female Attendant Kang ||
|-
| Cui Manli || Yu Yinger || Yimei Garden maid, Female Attendant, Choice Lady, Female Attendant ||
|-
| Liu Yitong || Qiao Songzhi || Shilan’s maid, Choice Lady Zhi, Shilan’s maid ||
|-
| || Li Jingui || Rehe Palace maid || The mother of Hongli
|}

====Imperial Family====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:13%"|Actor !! Character !!Title!!Family
|-
| Liu Yan || || Consort Dowager Shu || The mother of Yunli
|-
| Wang Min || Aisin Gioro Yunqi || [[Prince Heng|First Rank Prince Heng]] || The son of Consort Dowager Yi The fifth younger brother of Yinzhen
|-
| Tan Limin || Lady Tatara || Yunqi’s Primary Consort ||
|-
| Tian Xiping || Aisin Gioro [[Yun'e]] || [[Yun'e|First Rank Prince Dun]] || The tenth younger brother of Yinzhen The father of a third rank prince and a princess
|-
| Tian Pujun || Lady Borjigit || Yune’s Primary Consort || The mother of a third rank prince and a princess
|-
| [[Lan Yingying]] || Huanbi, Niohuru Yuyin || Zhen Huan’s maid, Yunli’s Secondary Consort, Yunli’s Primary Consort || The daughter of Zhen Yuandao
|-
| Yang Qi || Meng Jingxian || Yunli’s Secondary Consort || The daughter of the Duke of Pei The mother of Yuanche
|-
| Kang Fuzhen || Aisin Gioro Yunxi || Third Rank Prince Shen, [[Prince Shen|Second Rank Prince Shen]] || The son of Concubine Dowager Xi The twenty-first younger brother of Yinzhen The adoptive father of Yuanche
|-
| [[Xu Lu]] || Zhen Yurao, Niohuru Yurao || Yunxi’s Primary Consort || The daughter of Zhen Yuandao and Yun Xinluo The adoptive mother of Yuanche
|-
| Wu Lipeng || Aisin Gioro [[Hongshi]] || The third prince ||
|-
| Wang Wenjie || Aisin Gioro Hongli || The fourth prince, First Rank Prince Bao, the [[Qianlong Emperor]] ||
|-
| Yuan Yi || Fuca Langhua || Hongli’s Primary Consort, the [[Empress Xiaoxianchun]] ||
|-
| Zhang Yan || Ulanara Qingying || Hongli’s Secondary Consort, Consort Xian, [[ Ulanara, the Step Empress]] || The niece of Yixiu
|-
| Yao Waner || Princess Wenyi || ||
|-
| Yang Xinyi || Princess Longyue || ||
|-
| Duan Shaonan || Aisin Gioro [[Prince Guo|Hongyan]] || The sixth prince ||
|-
| Ding Xiaomei || Princess Lingxi || ||
|-
| Zhang Zhixiang || Princess Jinghe || ||
|-
| Duan Shaonan || Yuanche || ||
|}

===Court officials===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:13%"|Actor !! style="width:13%"|Character !! Description
|-
| Shen Baoping || Zhen Yuandao|| Father of Zhen Huan, Huanbi and Yurao. A key player in helping to impeach Nian Gengyao. He was later framed by Guwalgiya Emin, and banished to Ningguta.
|-
| Zhang Yi || [[Longkeduo]]|| Yongzheng's uncle. Empress Dowager's close confidante.
|-
| Ma Weifu || Guwalgiya Emin || Father of Guwalgiya Wenyuan. Worked together with Zhen Yuandao to impeach Nian Gengyao, but later turned against him due to jealousy.
|-
| Sun Ning || [[Nian Gengyao]]|| The older brother of Consort Hua. Was impeached after he was exposed of planning a rebellion.
|-
| Li Hongrui || Moge|| Khan of the Dzungar Khanate. He falls in love with Zhen Huan after she saved his life, but later turns against her due to political reason.
|-
| Wang Biao || [[Zhang Tingyu]] ||
|}

===Others===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:13%"|Actor !! style="width:13%"|Character !! Description
|-
| [[Xiaolong Zhang]]|| Wen Shichu|| A physician who was in love with Zhen Huan, but later falls in love with Shen Meizhuang and has a daughter with her (Princess Jinghe). He was falsely accused of having an affair with Zhen Huan.
When An Lingrong attempts to agitate him in front of the emperor, for the sake of staying beside Shen Meizhuang and to prove that there are no romantic feelings between him and Zhen Huan, he castrates himself.
|-
| Sun Qian || Cui Jinxi || Zhen Huan's personal maid. She is the only person to be loyal toward Zhen Huan throughout her life. She was betrothed to Su Peisheng as a partner.
|-
| Li Tianzhu || Su Peisheng || The emperor's personal eunuch. He develops feelings for Cui Jinxi, and because of this, secretly assists Zhen Huan.
|-
| Zhan Jingyi || Liuzhu || Zhen Huan's personal maid.
|-
| Li Dan || Yun Xinluo|| Mother of Zhen Huan and Yurao.
|-
| Luo Kang || Xiao Yunzi || Zhen Huan's personal eunuch. He is loyal toward Zhen Huan.
|-
|Beibei Zhai
|Pei'er
|Zhen Huan's personal maid, helped her to cause the downfall of Guwalgiya Wenyuan
|-
| He Mengting || Huasui|| Yu Yinger's personal maid. After her mistress was demoted, she was sent to Sui Yuxuan to serve Zhen Huan. Was ordered by Yu Yinger to poison Zhen Huan but failed.
|-
| Cheng Nan || Feiwen|| A palace maid at Yongshou palace. Developed hatred after getting punished by the Emperor due to Zhen Huan, and took part in framing her.
|-
| Li Qun || Bin'er || A maid at Zhen Family's manor. Later becomes a personal maid of Yuyin after her marriage.
|-
| Du Xiang || Huang Guiquan || First Head of Internal Affairs. Consort Hua's distant relative. Removed from post after getting set up by Zhen Huan.
|-
| Zhang Zhiwei || Jiang Zhongmin || Second Head of Internal Affairs. Removed from post after accidentally giving Chunyuan Empress's clothes to Zhen Huan.
|-
| Quan Baojun || Head Gou || Third Head of Internal Affairs. Was named Head of Suiyu Xuan during Zhen Huan's house arrest.
|-
| Zhang Zhiwei || Liang Duorui || Fourth Head of Internal Affairs.
|-
| Liang Yixin || Baojuan || An Lingrong's personal maid.
|-
| Hu Xinhui || Baoque || An Lingrong's personal maid. Was instigated to tell Shen Meizhuang about Zhen Huan and Wen Shichu's affair, thus causing her miscarriage.
|-
| Li Mengyang || Juqing|| A maid at Sui Yuxuan. Was later sent serve An Lingrong and killed by her.
|-
| Xu Lei || Xiao Guizi||An Lingrong's personal eunuch. Was instigated to tell Zhen Huan about her father's arrest, and went to the prison to infect him with disease.
|-
| Liu Yin || Jixiang ||Qi Yuebin's personal maid.
|-
| Tian Shumei || Sun Zhuxi || The Empress Dowager's personal maid.
|-
| Yang Jingfang || Fang Ruo || Zhen Huan's ethical teacher. After Zhen Huan's marriage, she was sent to serve the Empress Dowager.
|-
| Yang Kaichun || Jianqiu || The Empress's personal maid. Committed many heinous acts.
|-
| Liu Yang || Jiang Fuhai|| The Empress's personal eunuch. Committed many heinous acts.
|-
| Sun Fei || Fuzi || Consort Hua's personal maid, who was sent to her by the Empress.
|-
| Wang Yiming || Zhou Ninghai ||Consort Hua's personal eunuch. Was sent to the torture room and revealed Consort Hua's evil deeds.
|-
| Wang Xiaoming || Suxi || Consort Hua's personal eunuch. Sent by Consort Hua to set fire on Sui Yuxuan.
|-
| Zhao Hailong || Kang Luhai||Head eunuch of Sui Yuxuan. Sides with Concubine Li after Zhen Huan initially failed to gain the Emperor's attention.
|-
| Guo Zihao || Xiao Yinzi || Eunuch at Sui Yuxuan, Kang Luhai's disciple. Betrayed Zhen Huan to side with Concubine Li.
|-
| Di Beibei || Peier || Zhen Huan's personal maid. Later sent to serve Lv Yingfeng.
|-
| Liu Boting || Ah Jin || Yunli's right-hand-man. Falls in love with Huanbi.
|-
| Sun Boyang || Xiayi || Leader of Blood Guillotines, Yongzheng's secret organization.
|-
| Qin Yiming || Wei Lin || A royal physician. Wen Shichun's disciple. Zhen Huan's close friend.
|-
| Xing Hanqing || Ji Weisheng|| Head astrologist. He aligns with Zhen Huan to counter An Lingrong's schemes.
|-
| Du Xiaotao || Jiang Cheng || A royal physician, Consort Hua's henchman. Jiang Shen's brother.
|-
|Yang Xiaobo || Jiang Shen || A royal physician, Consort Hua's henchman. Jiang Cheng's brother.
|-
| Guo Chen || Liu Ben|| A royal physician who was used by Consort Hua to frame Shen Meizhuang.
|-
| Hai Yan || Jingan || Rites presenter of Gan Lu Temple. Weak and easily manipulated.
|-
| Zhao Qianzi || Jingbai || Nun at Gan Lu Temple. Bullies Zhen Huan and accused her of having an affair with Wen Shichu.
|-
| Wang Lihan || Moyan|| Nun at Gan Lu Temple. Helps Zhen Huan clear up misunderstandings and was later promoted to Head Nun of the temple.
|-
| Li Lubing|| Xiao Xiazi ||Su Peisheng's disciple. The Emperor's personal eunuch. Holds a grudge against Yu Yinger who looked down on him, and later takes revenge.
|-
| Li Yingya|| Huichun || A palace maid who was involved in framing Zhen Huan of having an affair with Wen Shichu.
|-
| Li Yang || Xu Jinliang|| An eunuch at House of Respectful Affairs.
|-
| Han Yuting || Cuiguo ||Lady Li's personal maid.
|}

==Soundtrack==
{{Track listing
| collapsed = no
| headline = '' Empresses in the Palace'' - Original Television Soundtrack (''后宫·甄嬛传''电视剧原声音乐大碟)
| title1 = ''Mishap of a Pretty Face'' (红颜劫)
| note1 =
| length1 =
| music1 = [[Yao Beina]]
| title2 = ''Bodhisattva'' (菩萨蛮)
| note2 = Male version sung by Liu Huan
| length2 =
| music2 = Yao Beina
| title3 = ''Flying Phoenix'' (凤凰于飞)
| note3 =
| length3 =
| music3 = Liu Huan
| total_length =
| title4 = ''Picking Lotus'' (采莲)
| note4 =
| length4 =
| music4 = Yao Beina
| title5 = ''Golden Silk Blouse'' (金缕衣)
| music5 = Yao Beina
| title6 = ''Jing Hong Dance'' (惊鸿舞)
| music6 = Yao Beina
}}

==Reception==
The series had sweeping popularity in mainland China, that ''Sina'' termed it as "a whole town tunes in to watch when it airs on TV".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bjreview.com.cn/movies/txt/2012-05/09/content_451539.htm|title=Legend of Zhen Huan Sweeps Chinese Mainland|work=Beijing Review}}</ref> It has been praised for being one of the best historical dramas broadcast in mainland China in recent years.<ref name=people>{{cite web|title=Top 10 Chinese entertainment events in 2012|url=http://en.people.cn/102774/8067124.html|work=People's Daily|date=21 December 2012}}</ref> Critics attribute the success of the series to its delicately designed plot, fancy costumes reflecting a certain period of old China, and an addictive storyline.<ref name=global>{{cite web|url=http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/758446.shtml|title=Desperate concubines|work=Global Times}}</ref> Director Zheng also said that the series is not a "simple ancient or idol love story", but a righteous historic values that reflects the cruelty of feudal society.<ref name=global />

In Japan, after just one week, the series amassed more than 39 million Japanese viewers. A Fuji TV employee revealed that after the first episode aired, the number of hits for their website multiplied five-fold, and that they also received many phone calls inquiring about the drama. Since the series airs at 5 p.m. on weekday evenings, it is particularly popular among housewives and students. Taka Tsukazaki, the CEO of Asia Republic Entertainment, perhaps said it best when he called the series an “an immortal masterpiece that will still give rise to discussion even after five or ten years.”<ref name="jaynestars"/>

Through the series, the audience can learn much about ancient Chinese poetry, fashions, court etiquette, and herbal medicine. The show also features intensely sophisticated dialogue that has sparked trending quotes among its followers on the internet.<ref name="people"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Zhenhuan-speak|url=http://www.thechinastory.org/yearbooks/yearbook-2013/forum-borderlands-and-cutting-edges/hot-topics-in-2012/|work=China Story|date=27 January 2013}}</ref> One particular popular phrase is "Jian ren jiu shi jiao qing," spoken by the Consort Hua, which literally means "bitches are hypocrites".<ref name=global />

==Cultural influence==
===The Style of Zhen Huan===
After the series become popular, audiences began to imitate the way people spoke and behaved during the Qing Dynasty. Many individuals discuss problems or issues by using the language of this drama in forums. The drama helped promote interest in classic Chinese philosophy.

===Controversial values===
The drama elicits a controversial debate that divided two sides. ''[[People's Daily]]'' pointed out that in the series, it appears good characters cannot win against evil characters unless they stoop to their level of cunning. Furthermore, when evaluating the production of historical themes, the most significant critique standard should focus on the values standard instead of authenticity standard. Social media is able to shape people’s mind in visible and invisible ways,and incorrect values would lead the audience to the survival of the incorrect ideas into real life. Conversely, the article of ''Seeking Truth'' holds an opposite viewpoint; and they assert this drama reveals the decadent essence of ancient Chinese feudal society and traditional and outdated lifestyle obstructs the development of society. It also praises and appreciates the brave women constantly pursue their happiness and fight against with the forces of evil.

==Accolades==
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! colspan=4 style="background:#B0C4DE;" | List of Accolades
|- style="text-align:center;"
! style="background:#ccc;" width="40%"| Award / Festival
! style="background:#ccc;" width="30%"| Category
! style="background:#ccc;" width="25%"| Recipient(s)
! style="background:#ccc;" width="15%"| Result
|- style="border-top:2px solid gray;"
|-
||[[China TV Golden Eagle Award]]
| [[Golden Eagle Award for Best Television Series (China)|Outstanding Television Series]]
|
| {{won}}
|-
| [[International Emmy Award]]<ref>{{cite web |title=International Emmy Awards Nominees |url=http://www.iemmys.tv/awards_nominees.aspx |website=iemmys.tv |accessdate=12 December 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111225002120/http://www.iemmys.tv/awards_nominees.aspx |archivedate=25 December 2011 |df= }}</ref>
| [[International Emmy Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| [[Sun Li (actress)|Sun Li]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan=2|[[Shanghai Television Festival]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Winners of 18th STVF Magnolia Award|url=http://www.stvf.com/InformationEn/ViewNews.aspx?CategoryID=8967b450-f09d-4eef-b427-47d92fd2b508&SubCategoryID=00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000&ParentCategoryID=ea108460-8315-4d80-b68e-1c30317061ae|website=stvf.com|accessdate=1 February 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427224250/http://www.stvf.com/InformationEn/ViewNews.aspx?CategoryID=8967b450-f09d-4eef-b427-47d92fd2b508&SubCategoryID=00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000&ParentCategoryID=ea108460-8315-4d80-b68e-1c30317061ae|archivedate=27 April 2014|df=}}</ref>
| Best Director
| [[Zheng Xiaolong]]
| {{won}}
|-
|Best Actress
|Sun Li
|{{nom}}
|-
| rowspan=6|[[China TV Drama Awards]]
|Best Television Series || ||{{won}}
|-
| Best Director
| Zheng Xiaolong
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Actress
|Sun Li
|{{won}}
|-
| Best Supporting Actress<ref>{{cite web|title=Actress Jiang Xin Covers Fashion Magazine|url=http://www.womenofchina.cn/womenofchina/html1/news/celebrity/17/1828-1.htm|website=Women of China|accessdate=1 September 2015}}</ref>
| [[Jiang Xin]]
| {{won}}
|-
|Best New Actor
|Li Dongxue
|{{won}}
|-
|Most Popular Actress (Hong Kong / Taiwan)
|[[Ada Choi]]
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan=3|[[Macau International Television Festival]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ent.cntv.cn/star/20121213/100001.shtml|title=葛优闲来无事亲自领奖孙俪大S齐封后|work=ent.cntv}}</ref>
|Best Drama
|
|{{won}}
|-
| Best Director
|Zheng Xiaolong
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Actress
|Sun Li
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Huading Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ent.sina.com.cn/v/2012-07-04/17173676217.shtml|title=2012华鼎奖名人满意度调查获奖名单|work=Sina}}</ref>
|Best TV Actor
|Chen Jianbin
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan=1|[[Chunyan Awards]]
|Best Director
|Zheng Xiaolong
|{{won}}
|-
| rowspan=2|China Hengdian Film and Television Festival
| Best Television Series<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.china.org.cn/arts/2012-09/19/content_26566978.htm|title=1st Hengdian film,TV festival gives out awards|date=September 19, 2012|work=China.org.cn}}</ref>
|
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Director
|Zheng Xiaolong
|{{won}}
|-
|}

==International broadcast==
The drama was first aired in China in 2011 on [[Dragon TV]].

The drama was split into three parts for its Japanese broadcast and was aired under the title ''Women Vying for Power in the Palace'' <宮廷の諍い女>. The name change was due to the hanzi and kanji characters for “Zhen huan” (甄嬛), which are not frequently used in the Japanese language and are therefore unrecognizable to most Japanese viewers. However, some netizens complained that the new title was “too bare” and lacked the implicit appeal of the original.<ref name=jaynestars>{{cite news|title="Legend of Zhen Huan" Becomes Smash Hit in Japan|url=http://www.jaynestars.com/tv-dramas/legend-of-zhen-huan-becomes-smash-hit-in-japan/|work=jaynestars.com|date=16 July 2013}}</ref>

In April 2015, the series was added to US region of Netflix. It was edited down to six episodes, each with a ninety-minute duration. The original audio was kept intact with the addition of closed captions in English.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://netflixlife.com/2015/03/21/empresses-in-the-palace-coming-to-netflix/|title=Empresses in the Palace coming to Netflix|work=Netflix Life}}</ref>

In Thailand, the series was aired in 2016 and broadcast on [[BBTV Channel 7|Channel 7]].<ref>{{cite news|title="ภ.จีน ชุด "เจินหวน จอมนางคู่แผ่นดิน" (THE LEGEND OF ZHEN HUAN)"|url=http://drama.ch7.com/movie_detail/175477/%E0%B8%A0.%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99_the_legend_of_zhen_huan.html|work=Channel 7|date=|accessdate=26 May 2016|language=Thai}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}{{Shanghai Media Group}}
{{Dragon Television Dream Drama}}
{{Anhui Television Dramas}}

[[Category:2011 Chinese television series debuts]]
[[Category:Chinese historical television series]]
[[Category:Television programs based on Chinese novels]]
[[Category:Dragon Television shows]]

Elements Garden

2018-05-12T18:31:00Z

DeprecatedFixerBot: Removed deprecated parameter(s) from Template:Track listing using DeprecatedFixerBot. Mistake? msg TSD! (please mention that this is task #1!)

'''Elements Garden''' is a [[Japan]]ese group of music [[composer]]s, or a "music production brand"<ref>http://www.ariamusic.co.jp/elements-garden/</ref> as they call themselves. They generally produce music for [[video games]], [[anime]] and recording artists. They are attached to Aria Entertainment.

The group was formed in 2004 by [[Noriyasu Agematsu]], [[Junpei Fujita]], Hitoshi Fujima and Daisuke Kikuta, former members of ''Feel'', a band of composers that similarly composed music for games and anime that disbanded shortly after Elements Garden's formation. Agematsu acts as the lead representative for the group.

Elements Garden released their eponymous first album in August 2008, a compilation of various game theme songs produced over the past years. A second album, ''Tone Cluster'', was released the following year in September. Both albums were released under [[King Records (Japan)|King Records]].

==Members==
* [[Noriyasu Agematsu]] (上松範康) - ''founding member - leader''
* [[Junpei Fujita]] (藤田淳平) - ''founding member''
* [[Hitoshi Fujima]] (藤間仁) - ''founding member''
* [[Daisuke Kikuta (composer)|Daisuke Kikuta]] (菊田大介) - ''founding member''
* [[Masato Nakayama (composer)|Masato Nakayama]] (中山真斗) - ''joined in 2006''
* [[Haruki Mori (composer)|Haruki Mori]] (母里治樹) - ''joined in 2009''

==Discography==
* '''''Elements Garden''''' (Released August 6, 2008)
{{Track listing
| collapsed = yes
| extra_column = Vocal
| total_length =
| title1 = Introduction
| writer1 = written by Elements Garden
| length1 = 1:44

| title2 = SALVAGE REQUIEM
| writer2 = written by Elements Garden
| extra2 = [[Yui Sakakibara]]
| length2 = 4:48

| title3 = Wing of Destiny
| note3 = ''[[Galaxy Angel II#Galaxy Angel II Zettai Ryōiki no Tobira|Galaxy Angel II: Zettai Ryōiki no Tobira]]'' OP ~M side~
| writer3 = written by Noriyasu Agematsu
| extra3 = Maho Tomita
| length3 = 4:45

| title4 = KAMUY
| note4 = ''Yatohime Zankikou'' OP
| writer4 = written by Noriyasu Agematsu arranged by [[Junpei Fujita]]
| extra4 = Mokuren
| length4 = 4:32

| title5 = dissonant chord
| note5 = ''[[Princess Waltz]]'' OP
| writer5 = lyrics by kanoko composed by Noriyasu Agematsu
| extra5 = NANA
| length5 = 4:03

| title6 = Happy Leap
| note6 = ''[[Time Leap]]'' OP
| writer6 = lyrics by Bee' composed by Noriyasu Agematsu
| extra6 = Yui Sakakibara
| length6 = 3:25

| title7 = Tsunagaru☆Love Mix (ツナガル☆らぶみくす)
| note7 = ''Tsunaban♥Love Mix'' OP
| writer7 = lyrics by Hiromi Sato composed by　Hitoshi Fujima
| extra7 = Mico Yada
| length7 = 3:45

| title8 = 120-en no Haru (120円の春)
| note8 = ''120-en no Haru: ¥120 Stories'' theme song
| writer8 = lyrics by Tomo Kataoka composed by Hitoshi Fujima
| extra8 = [[YURIA]]
| length8 = 5:24

| title9 = ZERO
| note9 = ''[[Happiness! (visual novel)|Happiness!]]'' OP
| writer9 = lyrics by kanoko composed by Daisuke Kikuta
| extra9 = [[Hiromi Sato]]
| length9 = 3:57

| title10 = Never Slash!!
| note10 = ''Gakuto!'' OP
| writer10 = lyrics by kanoko composed by [[Junpei Fujita]]
| extra10 = [[Faylan]]
| length10 = 3:45

| title11 = Growth of mind
| note11 = ''[[Twinkle Crusaders]]'' 2nd theme song
| writer11 = lyrics by Rie Miyauchi composed by Daisuke Kikuta
| extra11 = Yui Sakakibara & NANA
| length11 = 4:56

| title12 = Answer
| note12 = ''[[G Senjō no Maō]]'' OP
| writer12 = lyrics by kanoko composed by [[Junpei Fujita]]
| extra12 = [[Rekka Katakiri]]
| length12 = 3:43

| title13 = CRISIS BEAT
| note13 = ''Otome Crisis'' OP
| writer13 = lyrics by ayachi composed by Daisuke Kikuta
| extra13 = [[Rita (Japanese singer)|Rita]]
| length13 = 3:59

| title14 = Reconquista
| note14 = ''Reconquista'' OP
| writer14 = lyrics by Hajime Unatomi composed by Noriyasu Agematsu arranged by Daisuke Kikuta
| extra14 = Faylan
| length14 = 4:26

| title15 = Tamayura (魂響)
| note15 = ''Tamayura'' (PC) OP
| writer15 = written by Noriyasu Agematsu arranged by [[Junpei Fujita]]
| extra15 = Rekka Katakiri
| length15 = 4:35

| title16 = Yume no Tsuki (夢の月)
| note16 = ''Quilt ~Anata to Tsumugu Yume to Koi no Dress~'' OP
| writer16 = lyrics by kanoko composed by Hitoshi Fujima
| extra16 = KAKO
| length16 = 3:45
}}

* '''''Elements Garden II -TONE CLUSTER-''''' (Released September 2, 2009)
{{Track listing
| collapsed = yes
| extra_column = Vocal
| total_length =
| title1 = Introduction
| writer1 = written by Elements Garden
| length1 = 0:49

| title2 = Deus Ex Machina
| writer2 = written by Elements Garden
| extra2 = [[Hironobu Kageyama]]
| length2 = 3:51

| title3 = Tazunebito (尋ねビト)
| note3 = ''[[Hoshiuta]]'' OP
| writer3 = lyrics by Bee' composed by Hitoshi Fujima
| extra3 = Veil ∞ [[Lia (singer)|Lia]]
| length3 = 4:43

| title4 = Hoshi☆ni Negai wo (星☆に願いを)
| note4 = ''Onegai Ohoshisama'' OP
| writer4 = written by Noriyasu Agematsu
| extra4 = NANA
| length4 = 3:49

| title5 = ENGAGE LINKS
| note5 = ''Engage Links'' OP
| writer5 = lyrics by ayachi composed by [[Junpei Fujita]] arranged by Masato Nakayama
| extra5 = Marie
| length5 = 4:21

| title6 = Arcadia Parade (アルカディア・パレード)
| note6 = ''Himesama, Oteyawaraka ni!'' opening theme
| writer6 = lyrics by Rekka Katakiri composed by [[Junpei Fujita]]
| extra6 = [[Rekka Katakiri]]
| length6 = 3:35

| title7 = Try on!
| note7 = ''Te to Te Try On!'' OP
| writer7 = lyrics by Toyama Ken & kanoko composed by　Noriyasu Agematsu arranged by Daisuke Kikuta
| extra7 = NANA
| length7 = 4:43

| title8 = Tears in snow
| note8 = ''True Tears'' OP
| writer8 = lyrics by tororo composed by Noriyasu Agematsu
| extra8 = [[Hiromi Sato]]
| length8 = 5:10

| title9 = Chou Shinsei -Supernova- (超新生-スーパーノヴァ-)
| note9 = [[Dengeki Daioh]] image song
| writer9 = lyrics by Daioh SP composed by　Noriyasu Agematsu arranged by Daisuke Kikuta
| extra9 = [[Chiaki Takahashi (actress)|Chiaki Takahashi]]
| length9 = 3:57

| title10 = Flare☆Complex (ふれあ☆こんぷれっくす)
| note10 = ''Fuwari Complex'' OP
| writer10 = lyrics by ayachi composed by Masato Nakayama
| extra10 = NANA
| length10 = 3:34

| title11 = Garnet Cradle (ガーネット・クレイドル)
| note11 = ''Garnet Cradle'' OP
| writer11 = lyrics by Yuma Katagiri composed by [[Junpei Fujita]]
| extra11 = Hiroki Nagase
| length11 = 3:33

| title12 = Border -Kyoukai- (Border -境界-)
| note12 = ''Scarlett ~Nichijou no Kyoukaisen~'' theme song
| writer12 = lyrics by Hajime Unatomi composed by Hitoshi Fujima
| extra12 = Mico Yada
| length12 = 4:24

| title13 = Silent Snow
| note13 = ''Sentinel'' OP
| writer13 = lyrics by kanoko composed by [[Junpei Fujita]]
| extra13 = [[Rita (Japanese singer)|Rita]]
| length13 = 4:18

| title14 = Amber World (アンバーワールド)
| note14 = ''Amber Quartz'' OP
| writer14 = lyrics by Hiromi Sato composed by Hitoshi Fujima
| extra14 = Hiromi Sato
| length14 = 3:35

| title15 = STAR LEGEND
| note15 = ''77 ~And, two stars meet again~'' OP
| writer15 = lyrics by Bee' composed by Noriyasu Agematsu arranged by Masato Nakayama
| extra15 = [[Yui Sakakibara]]
| length15 = 4:52

| title16 = Shukufuku no Campanella (祝福のカンパネラ)
| note16 = ''[[Shukufuku no Campanella]]'' OP
| writer16 = lyrics by Hiromi Sato composed Noriyasu Agematsu arranged by Daisuke Kikuta
| extra16 = Hiromi Sato & NANA
| length16 = 5:13
}}

* '''''Elements Garden III -phenomena-''''' (Released September 22, 2010)
{{Track listing
| collapsed = yes
| extra_column = Vocal
| total_length =
| title1 = introduction
| writer1 = written by Elements Garden
| length1 = 1:03

| title2 = PLEASE KILL OUR MUSIC
| writer2 = written by Elements Garden
| extra2 = [[Kisho Taniyama]]
| length2 = 3:58

| title3 = Crimson Star
| note3 = ''[[Growlancer]]'' (PSP) OP
| writer3 = lyrics by Bee' composed by Noriyasu Agematsu
| extra3 = Maho Tomita
| length3 = 3:59

| title4 = 1/6000000000
| note4 = ''[[Rosario + Vampire]]: Koi to Yume no Rhapsodia'' OP
| writer4 = lyrics by RUCCA composed by Daisuke Kikuta
| extra4 = Ran, Rin & Ren Otonashi (CV: [[Megumi Takamoto]])
| length4 = 5:02

| title5 = Believe forever
| note5 = ''Suzukaze no Melt -Where wishes are drawn to each other-'' OP
| writer5 = lyrics by Bee' composed by Noriyasu Agematsu arranged by Masato Nakayama
| extra5 = [[Hiromi Sato]]
| length5 = 4:24

| title6 = pile up HURRICANE!
| note6 = ''Sakaagari Hurricane'' OP
| writer6 = lyrics by ayachi composed by [[Junpei Fujita]]
| extra6 = Haruna Nakagawa
| length6 = 4:13

| title7 = Iro ni Idenikeri Waga Koi wa (色に出でにけりわが恋は)
| note7 = ''[[Iro ni Ide ni Keri Waga Koi wa]]'' OP
| writer7 = lyrics by ayachi composed by　Daisuke Kikuta
| extra7 = [[Rekka Katakiri]]
| length7 = 4:57

| title8 = Tasogarezora (たそがれ空)
| note8 = ''[[Hoshiuta|Hoshiuta Starlight Serenade]]'' ED
| writer8 = lyrics by Bee' composed by Hitoshi Fujima
| extra8 = [[Chata]]
| length8 = 5:15

| title9 = Rocket Love Panic! (ロケットラブパニック！)
| note9 = ''Osananajimi wa Daitouryou'' OP
| writer9 = written by Masato Nakayama
| extra9 = Marie
| length9 = 3:46

| title10 = Sakura Philosophy (さくらフィロソフィー)
| note10 = ''Sakura Tale'' OP
| writer10 = lyrics by Masato Nakayama composed by [[Junpei Fujita]]
| extra10 = [[Yui Sakakibara]]
| length10 = 4:23

| title11 = Hatsukoi carnival (初恋carnival)
| note11 = ''Sugar Coat Freaks'' OP
| writer11 = lyrics by RUCCA composed by [[Junpei Fujita]]
| extra11 = Megu Sakuragawa
| length11 = 3:49

| title12 = Harukaze (春風)
| note12 = ''Sanarara'' ED
| writer12 = lyrics by Hajime Unatomi composed by Hitoshi Fujima
| extra12 = KAKO
| length12 = 4:37

| title13 = Mercuria (メルクリア)
| note13 = ''Mercuria ~Mizu no Miyako ni Koi no Hanataba o~'' OP2
| writer13 = lyrics by RUCCA composed by Masato Nakayama
| extra13 = [[Haruka Shimotsuki]]
| length13 = 4:48

| title14 = Hakuou Kouro -Sono Yukusaki- (白鷗行路-その行く先-)
| note14 = ''Oujou Ibun Daiichimon -Kare ga Shinanakereba Ikenakatta Riyuu-'' OP
| writer14 = lyrics by ayachi composed by Hitoshi Fujima
| extra14 = NANA
| length14 = 4:24

| title15 = Live in Despair
| note15 = ''Coμ -Kuroi Ryuu to Yasashii Oukoku'' IN
| writer15 = lyrics by Bee' composed by Noriyasu Agematsu arranged by Daisuke Kikuta
| extra15 = [[Faylan]]
| length15 = 6:00

| title16 = Takaramono (たからもの)
| note16 = ''[[Shukufuku no Campanella]]'' ED
| writer16 = lyrics by Hiromi Sato composed by Daisuke Kikuta
| extra16 = Mico Yada
| length16 = 4:11
}}

==Artists Elements Garden has composed for==
<div style="float:left; width:48%;">
*[[Aoi Yūki]]
*[[Ayahi Takagaki]]
*[[Choucho]]
*[[Elisa (Japanese singer)|ELISA]]
*[[Faylan]]
*[[Haruka Shimotsuki]]
*[[HIMEKA]]
*[[Hiromi Satō]]
*[[Hironobu Kageyama]]
*KAKO
*[[Kaori Oda]]
*[[Kazco Hamano|Kazco]]
*[[Kinki Kids]]
*KIRIKO
*kozue
*[[Lia (singer)|Lia]]
*[[JAM Project]]
*[[Maho Tomita]]
*[[MAKO]]
*Marie
*[[Masaaki Endoh]]
*[[Maon Kurosaki]]

</div>
<div style="float:right; width:48%;">
*Megu Sakuragawa
*Mico Yada
*Mika Agematsu
*miko
*[[Minami Kuribayashi]]
*[[Minori Chihara]]
*[[Miyuki Hashimoto]]
*Mokuren
*μ (Myu)
*NANA
*[[Nana Mizuki]]
*[[Rekka Katakiri]]
*[[Riryka]]
*[[Rita (Japanese singer)|Rita]]
*[[savage genius]]
*[[Shouta Aoi]]
*[[Sphere (Japanese band)|Sphere]]
*[[Suara]]
* Triad Primus
*[[Yui Sakakibara]]
*[[YuiKaori]]
*[[YURIA]]
</div>
{{clear}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.ariamusic.co.jp/ Aria Entertainment] {{jp icon}}
* [http://www.kingrecords.co.jp/elementsgarden/ Elements Garden] at King Records' site {{jp icon}}

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Anime composers]]
[[Category:Video game composers]]
[[Category:Japanese composers]]
[[Category:Japanese rock music groups]]