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Destiny 2

2017-09-12T21:33:14Z

Deneb in Cygnus: /* External links */ Nessus

{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox video game
| title = Destiny 2
| image = Destiny 2 cover.webp
| caption = ''Destiny 2''{{'s}} cover art, depicting the game's three character classes, Hunter (left), Titan (center), and Warlock (right)
| developer = [[Bungie]]
| publisher = [[Activision]]
| platforms = {{Unbulleted list
| [[Microsoft Windows]]
| [[PlayStation 4]]
| [[Xbox One]]
}}
| released = '''PlayStation 4''', '''Xbox One'''{{Video game release|WW|September 6, 2017}}'''Microsoft Windows'''{{vgrelease|WW|October 24, 2017}}
| genre = [[Action role-playing game|Action role-playing]]
| modes = [[Single player]], [[Multiplayer online game|Multiplayer]]
| director = [[Luke Smith (writer)|Luke Smith]]
| producer =
| designer = {{Unbulleted list|Gavin Irby|Jacob Benton|Lars Bakken}}
| programmer = Chris Butcher
| artist = {{Unbulleted list|Shiek Wang|Michael Zak}}
| writer = {{Unbulleted list|Jason Harris|Christine Thompson}}
| composer = {{Unbulleted list|[[Michael Salvatori]]|Skye Lewin|C Paul Johnson|[[Pieter Schlosser|Pieter A. Schlosser]]}}
}}

'''''Destiny 2''''' is an [[Online game|online-only]] [[multiplayer]] [[first-person shooter]] [[video game]] developed by [[Bungie]] and published by [[Activision]]. It was released for [[PlayStation 4]] and [[Xbox One]] on September 6, 2017, with a [[Microsoft Windows]] version scheduled for release the following month on October 24.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.glixel.com/news/bungie-embraces-pc-with-destiny-2-w483017|title=Bungie Embraces PC With 'Destiny 2'|last=Weber|first=Rachel|date=2017-05-18|work=Glixel|access-date=2017-05-19|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Schreier|first1=Jason|title=Destiny 2 Officially Revealed, Confirmed For PC|date=March 30, 2017|url=http://kotaku.com/destiny-2-officially-revealed-confirmed-for-pc-1793838721|website=[[Kotaku]]|accessdate=March 30, 2017}}</ref> It is the sequel to 2014's ''[[Destiny (video game)|Destiny]]'' and its [[Destiny post-release content|subsequent expansions]]. Set in a "[[science fantasy|mythic science fiction]]" world, the game features a multiplayer "shared-world" environment with elements of [[Role-playing video game|role-playing]] games. Players take on the role of a Guardian, protectors of Earth's last safe city as they wield a power called Light to protect the Last City from different alien races. One of these races, the Cabal, lead by their emperor, Dominus Ghaul, infiltrate the Last City and strips all Guardians of their Light. The player sets out on a journey to regain their Light and find a way to defeat Ghaul and his Red Legion army.

Like the original, activities in ''Destiny 2'' are divided among [[player versus environment]] (PvE) and [[player versus player]] (PvP) game types. In addition to normal story missions, PvE features three-player "[[Dungeon crawl|strikes]]" and six-player [[Raid (gaming)|raids]]. A free roam patrol mode is also available for each planet and features public events as well as new activities not featured in the original. These new activities have an emphasis on exploration of the planets and interactions with [[non-player characters]] (NPCs) on the planets; the original ''Destiny'' only featured NPCs in social spaces. PvP features objective-based modes, as well as traditional [[deathmatch]] game modes. All PvP game modes are four-versus-four, a change from the previous installment, which featured six-versus-six, three-versus-three, and two-versus-two variants.

== Gameplay ==
{{also|Destiny (video game)#Gameplay}}
Similar to its predecessor, ''Destiny 2'' is a [[first-person shooter]] game that incorporates [[Role-playing video game|role-playing]] and [[massively multiplayer online game]] (MMO) elements.<ref name="Kotaku Destiny Reveal">{{cite web|last=Good|first=Owen|title=Bungie Reveals its Destiny in This Documentary|url=http://kotaku.com/5984863/bungie-reveals-its-destiny-in-this-documentary|work=[[Kotaku]]|publisher=Kotaku|accessdate=February 25, 2013}}</ref> The original ''Destiny'' included on-the-fly [[Matchmaking (video games)|matchmaking]] that allowed players to communicate only with other players with whom they were "matched" by the game. To communicate with other players in the game world, players had to use their respective console's messaging system.<ref name="Kotaku Destiny Reveal"/> ''Destiny 2'' features a more optimal way of matchmaking called "Guided Games", which allows players to search for [[Video gaming clan|clans]] who may need additional players for activities, such as [[Dungeon crawl|strikes]] or [[raid (gaming)|raids]]. Like the original, activities in ''Destiny 2'' are divided among [[player versus environment]] (PvE) and [[player versus player]] (PvP) game types.<ref name="GameSpot05172017">{{cite web|url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/destiny-2-everything-we-know-so-far/1100-6449086/|title=Destiny 2: Everything We Know So Far|date=May 17, 2017|last1=Espineli|first1=Matt|last2=Plagge|first2=Kallie|work=[[GameSpot]]|accessdate=June 7, 2017}}</ref>

=== Character progression and classes ===
{{see|Destiny (video game)#Character progression and classes}}
As in the original game, players are able to improve their characters, referred to as Guardians, by gaining [[experience point]]s (EXP) — when a set number of experience points are accumulated, the player's character will "level up" and gain improved [[statistic (role-playing games)|statistics]] which further enhance performance in battle. [[Quest (video gaming)|Quests]], including the "main scenario" quest line, are specific tasks given to the player by [[non-player characters]] (NPCs) which reward items and EXP. Completing main scenario quests progresses the overarching plot of the game.

''Destiny 2'' features the same three character classes of the original ''Destiny''; no new classes were added. Each class has their own specific upgrades, perks, special abilities, and two sub-classes that allow players to finely tune their individual characters to provide a different play style. After choosing a class, players select one of three species for their character: Human, Awoken (bluish-gray-skinned descendants of Humans), or Exo (humanoid machines). They can then customize their character, such as changing its gender or skin color. A character's species is only cosmetic and does not affect gameplay. Players can create two more characters to have a character of each class.<ref name="GameSpot05172017"/><ref name="EGnewsubclasses">{{cite web|url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2017-05-26-destiny-2-classes-subclasses-titan-hunter-warlock-4747|title=Destiny 2 classes and subclasses - all new Titan, Hunter, and Warlock skills and supers explained|date=May 26, 2017|last=Tapsell|first=Chris|work=[[Eurogamer]]|accessdate=June 8, 2017}}</ref>

* Hunters continue to have access to the Solar-based "Gunslinger" sub-class of the original, along with its "Golden Gun" super, and the Void-based "Nightstalker" sub-class from ''The Taken King'', along with its "Shadowshot" super, both with noticeable gameplay changes. The Hunter's new sub-class for ''Destiny 2'' is the Arc-based "Arcstrider", replacing the "Bladedancer" sub-class of the original. Arcstrider has a super that focuses on an electrified staff and a large amount of rapid mobility.<ref name="EGnewsubclasses"/>

* Warlocks continue to have access to the Void-based "Voidwalker" sub-class of the original, along with its "Nova Bomb" super, and the Arc-based "Stormcaller" sub-class from ''The Taken King'', along with its "Stormtrance" super, both with several changes. The Warlock's new sub-class for ''Destiny 2'' is the Solar-based "Dawnblade" with a super called "Daybreak", replacing the "Sunsinger" sub-class of the original. The Daybreak super allows the player to make Solar Light blades to strike enemies from mid-air, similar to the Titan's "Sunbreaker" sub-class with its super.<ref name="EGnewsubclasses"/>

* Titans continue to have access to the Arc-based "Striker" sub-class and its "Fists of Havoc" super of the original, and the Solar-based "Sunbreaker" from ''The Taken King'', along with its "Hammer of Sol" super, both with significant gameplay changes. The Titan's new sub-class for ''Destiny 2'' is the Void-based "Sentinel", replacing the "Defender" sub-class of the original. Sentinel's super allows the player to summon a shield that can block enemy fire and be used offensively, similar to [[Captain America's shield]].<ref name="EGnewsubclasses"/>

Upon reaching the character EXP level cap (level 20), character progression shifts to improving their "Power" level (formerly "Light" level) by acquiring new and better equipment. This equipment can be gained through a variety of sources, including "[[Dungeon crawl|strikes]]", [[raid (gaming)|raids]], and in-game events. The three weapon classes and five pieces of armor each have a Power level; a character's Power level is the average of that gear. A higher character level allows for better equipment with higher Power levels to be equipped. A higher Power level improves damage output and defense. The highest obtainable Power level at launch is 300. Weapons and armor were reorganized in ''Destiny 2''. In the original game, weapons were divided as Primary, Special, and Heavy weapons. In ''Destiny 2'', the weapons are categorized as Kinetic, Energy, and Power weapons. Primary weapons and some Special weapons in the original - such as hand cannons and sidearms - are classified as Kinetic and Energy weapons. Those without an elemental damage type go in the Kinetic weapons slot while those with an elemental damage type (Arc, Solar, or Void) go in the Energy weapons slot. Power weapons include the Heavy weapons and the more powerful Special weapons from the first game, such as shotguns and sniper rifles, as well as new weapon types, such as the grenade launcher. With armor, the name of the stats have been changed. Instead of Strength, Intellect, and Discipline, there are stats for Armor, Recovery, and Agility. Also for armor, the helmet, gauntlets, chest, legs, and class item slots have remained unchanged, but the artifacts slot has been replaced with one for a player's clan banners.<ref name="Eurogamer06092017">{{cite web|url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2017-06-09-destiny-2-gameplay-beta-features-4747|title=Destiny 2 gameplay changes, beta, release date and everything else we know so far|date=June 9, 2017|last=Reynolds|first=Matthew|work=[[Eurogamer]]|accessdate=June 9, 2017}}</ref>

=== Player versus environment (PvE) ===
Like the original game, player versus environment game types make up the majority of the game. Areas to explore include [[Earth]]'s European Dead Zone (which was only a PvP map in the original), [[Saturn]]'s moon [[Titan (moon)|Titan]], [[Jupiter]]'s moon [[Io (moon)|Io]], and the planet [[7066 Nessus|Nessus]]. There is also a new social space in the European Dead Zone called "The Farm", as the main portion of the Tower of the original was destroyed at the start of ''Destiny 2''{{'}}s campaign. However, a lower, undamaged portion of the Tower becomes the main social space post-campaign. Like the original, there are Patrol missions and public events, but emphasis has been placed more on exploration of the worlds, including towns that players can visit and friendly NPCs who can be found in-game and will give side-quests. New missions were added called 'Adventures', which allow players to explore the area and go on a treasure hunt-like journey to dungeon-like areas. Some Adventures culminate in what is called a Lost Sector, which are somewhat hidden areas in worlds that lead players to a boss that yields rewards upon its defeat. Most Lost Sectors can be found and accessed without doing an Adventure. A map has also been added to the game, which shows the locations of the NPCs, Patrol beacons, Adventures, and Lost Sectors. The maps of these new areas are much larger than those in the original ''Destiny'', with one being described as twice as large as any area of the original. Players no longer have to leave a planet and go to orbit to travel to another location; they can now do so immediately from their current in-game location.<ref name="GameSpot05172017"/><ref name="Eurogamer06092017"/> Another new activity has been added called Flashpoints, which is a weekly event that takes place on one of the four planets and rotates each week. In the event, players go to a specific location on the map, complete the activity, and earn high level rewards.<ref name="D2Flashpoint">{{cite web|url=https://gamerant.com/destiny-2-flashpoints-weekly/|title=Destiny 2 Has A New Weekly Activity Called 'Flashpoints'|date=June 2017|last=Albert|first=Weston|work=Game Rant|accessdate=September 8, 2017}}</ref>

=== Player versus player (PvP) ===
Like the original, player versus player combat exists in what is called the Crucible. The original ''Destiny''{{'}}s Crucible featured six-versus-six and three-versus-three game modes, as well as a limited time two-versus-two mode. In ''Destiny 2'', all game modes are four-versus-four as Bungie shifted their focus to smaller teams for competitive multiplayer and better map design. The in-game [[HUD (video gaming)|HUD]] was also updated so that players can see if an enemy has their super charged or has heavy ammo. Three game modes returned from the original and were modified for the new player count, Clash, Control, and Supremacy, as well as the addition of two new modes. "Countdown", a best-of-seven rounds mode, is "an asymmetric objective mode where players have to plant a bomb in the enemy base and then defend it until it explodes." One team attempts to plant bombs at designated locations, while the other team defends those locations to prevent bombs from being planted. If the opposing team plants a bomb, they must defend it until it explodes, while the other team attempts to defuse it. If the original defending team kills all players on the offensive team, the round is over, similar to the 'Search and Destroy' game modes from other first-person shooters.<ref name="GameSpot05172017"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/destiny-2-limits-competitive-multiplayer-to-4v4/1100-6450153/|title=Destiny 2 Limits Competitive Multiplayer To 4v4|date=May 18, 2017|last=Newhouse|first=Alex|work=[[GameSpot]]|accessdate=June 8, 2017}}</ref> The other new mode is "Survival" where a team has a certain amount of lives that is shared across the team. If a player dies and their team's total lives is at zero, they cannot be revived for the remainder of the round. It is a best-of-ten rounds mode.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pvplive.net/c/destiny-2s-new-pvp-mode-countdown-is-basically-counterstrike-with-revives|title=Destiny 2's New PVP Mode Countdown is Basically Counter-Strike with Revives|date=May 19, 2017|last=Ibañez|first=Gregory|work=[[PVP Live]]|accessdate=June 8, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/gaming/destiny-2-crucible-guide/|title=Dominate Multiplayer With Our 'Destiny 2' Crucible Guide|date=September 7, 2017|last=Gurwin|first=Gabe|work=[[Digital Trends]]|accessdate=September 9, 2017}}</ref> Trials of Osiris from the original game has been replaced by Trials of the Nine. Like Trials of Osiris, Trials of the Nine begins on Fridays and ends with the weekly reset on Tuesdays. The game mode for this new Trials, however, has changed; instead of being an elimination-based game mode, Trials of the Nine will rotate each week between ''Destiny 2''{{'}}s two new game modes, Countdown and Survival. Other details of the new Trials have yet to be revealed by Bungie, but Trials will unlock on September 15.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gamerant.com/destiny-2-trials-of-the-nine-mode-date/|title=Destiny 2 Details Trials of the Nine Debut [UPDATED]|date=September 8, 2017|last=Albert|first=Weston|work=Game Rant|accessdate=September 9, 2017}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{see|Destiny (video game)#Setting}}
One year after the end of the [[Destiny:_Rise_of_Iron#Plot|SIVA Crisis]], Cabal forces of the Red Legion sever external communications throughout the Solar System and launch a full-scale aerial assault on the Last City, destroying the upper main portion of the Tower. The Guardian and Ghost respond and assist the Vanguard (Commander Zavala, Ikora Rey, Cayde-6, Lord Shaxx, etc.) in the evacuation of civilians, but while assaulting the Cabal command ship of Dominus Ghaul, the military emperor of the Cabal, he attaches a massive mining device to the Traveler and drains it of the Light, a special form of power used by the Guardians. The Guardian loses their powers and is nearly killed by Ghaul. Waking two days after the attack, the Guardian locates their Ghost and the two escape the Last City and find a safe haven known as The Farm in the European Dead Zone (EDZ) with the assistance of Suraya Hawthorne, a non-Guardian human who lives on the outskirts of the Last City and helps refugees.

The Guardian follows a vision they experienced and encounter a shard of the Traveler in a hidden forest within the EDZ. Ghost interfaces with the shard and its Light is restored. In doing so, Ghost is successful in restoring the Guardian's Light as well. After completing a series of missions to restore long range communications, Hawthorne intercepts a distress call from Commander Zavala, urging any surviving guardians to make their way to [[Saturn|Saturn']]<nowiki/>s moon [[Titan (moon)|Titan]] to assist in mounting a counter-offensive. It is shown that Ghaul has captured the Speaker, and wishes to carry favor with the Traveler, having taken an interest in harnessing and learning the power of the Light.

The Guardian travels to the former human colony on Titan, only to learn it has been overrun by the Hive. Tasked to complete a series of missions for Deputy-Commander Sloane, power is successfully restored to the facility and Zavala summons the Guardian to retrieve Cabal intelligence for analysis. After doing so, it is revealed that the Red Legion was dispatched to the Milky Way in response to the distress call sent by the Skyburners Regiment during the [[Destiny:_The_Taken_King#Plot|Taken War]] two years prior. It is also learned that Ghaul is undefeated and possesses a superweapon known as the Almighty, an orbital space station with a drilling platform capable of destroying stars. Anyone who has resisted Cabal rule in their system has subsequently had their star drained and their star system destroyed in the process. Ghaul implores the Speaker, under duress from torture, to tell him how to commune with the Traveler; the Speaker responds that Ghaul is not worthy of the Light and that the Traveler will never deem him worthy. Regardless, Ghaul refuses to kill the Speaker, stating his intention to torture him until he reveals how to commune with the Traveler. Zavala tasks the Guardian to find Ikora Rey and Cayde-6 to assist in facilitating a counterattack to retake the Last City.

The Guardian locates Cayde-6 on the centaur planet Nessus and Ikora on Jupiter's moon Io. After eliminating Vex and Taken threats at each location, the team reunites at The Farm and conclude that the only way to retake the Last City and save the Traveler will be to shut down the Almighty first, to eliminate the possibility of the Red Legion destroying the Solar System in the event of their failure. The Guardian proceeds to kill Thumos the Unbroken, the Cabal officer in possession of access codes to a ship that will allow them to access the Almighty. The Guardian is successful in hijacking the ship and subsequently boards the Almighty, eventually destroying the weapon, which also blows up the base in the process. During this time, the Consul, Ghaul's mentor, urges Ghaul to take the Light, but Ghaul is reluctant until the Consul kills the Speaker. Ghaul then proclaims that he will take the Light and strangles the Consul in a fit of rage.

The Guardian returns to Earth to assist in the counterattack and, after a short rendezvous with Cayde, Ikora, Zavala, and Hawthorne, infiltrates Ghaul's command ship alone to face him and save the Traveler. Ghaul forcibly takes the Light, corrupting it, and uses its power against the Guardian, but the Guardian is successful in killing Ghaul, who uses Radiance in order to resurrect as a massive ethereal figure who then speaks to the Traveler directly. In doing so, the Traveler wakes from its sleep, destroying the device that was harvesting its power before vaporizing Ghaul himself, sending a massive shockwave across the planet, restoring the Light and dwindling the Red Legion's forces. The game ends with a posthumous voiceover from the Speaker, reminding those who would oppose the Light may try, but that it can never be stopped.

After this, Zavala, Ikora, Cayde, Hawthorne, and the Guardian and Ghost convene at a lower, undamaged portion of the Tower (and once again a social space), with the Vanguard returning to their old duties and Hawthorne assuming a new post in the Tower. In a post-credits scene, the shockwave sent by the Traveler is revealed to have encapsulated the entire system, ushering in a new Golden Age. The wave of Light extends beyond the Solar System and spreads beyond the entire Milky Way, before panning across a fleet of dark unknown ships sitting some distance away in extragalactic space.

== Development ==
A sequel to ''[[Destiny (video game)|Destiny]]'' was first mentioned in November 2014, two months after the original released, by [[Activision]] [[chief executive officer]] Eric Hirshberg, where he said "Work has also begun on future expansion packs as well as on our next full game release".<ref>{{cite web| last = Thier| first = Dave | title = 'Destiny' Sequel Already In The Works| work = [[Forbes]]| date = November 4, 2014| url = https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidthier/2014/11/04/destiny-sequel-already-in-the-works/| accessdate = January 25, 2015}}</ref> Based on documents of the original release schedule for ''Destiny'', Bungie and Activision intended to release new, disc-based sequels every other year until 2019, with large downloadable expansions in between.<ref name="originalreleaseschedule"/> Originally planned for a September 2016 release (based on the original documents),<ref name="originalreleaseschedule">{{cite web|url=http://www.gamespot.com/articles/destiny-2-not-launching-september-2016-report-says/1100-6434074/|title=Destiny 2 Not Launching September 2016, Report Says|date=January 22, 2016|last=Hussain|first=Tamoor|publisher=[[Forbes]]|accessdate=January 24, 2016}}</ref> Bungie confirmed on February 11, 2016 that a full sequel would release in 2017.<ref name="glimpse">{{cite web|url=https://www.bungie.net/en/News/News?aid=44353|title=This Week At Bungie – 02/11/2016|date=February 11, 2016|author=DeeJ|publisher=[[Bungie]]|accessdate=February 11, 2016}}</ref><ref name="IGNY2">{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2016/02/11/destiny-2-in-2017-large-new-expansion-coming-2016|title=Destiny 2 in 2017, 'Large New Expansion' Coming to Destiny 2016|date=February 11, 2016|last=Dyer|first=Mitch|publisher=IGN|accessdate=February 11, 2016}}</ref> That same month, video game writer Christopher Schlerf, who was the lead writer for ''[[Halo 4]]'' and worked on ''[[Mass Effect: Andromeda]]'', joined Bungie.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gamesradar.com/destinys-new-writer-proves-bungie-finally-taking-its-story-seriously/ |title=Destiny's new writer proves Bungie is finally taking its story seriously|date=February 16, 2016|last=Skrebels|first=Joe|publisher=[[GamesRadar]]|accessdate=February 18, 2016}}</ref> In December 2016, Bungie announced that [[Vicarious Visions]] would be joining the development team along with Activision.<ref>{{cite web| last = McWertor| first =Michael| title = Destiny development team expands with Vicarious Visions| work = [[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]| publisher = [[Vox Media]]| date = December 8, 2016| url = http://www.polygon.com/2016/12/8/13888632/destiny-development-team-vicarious-visions | accessdate = December 11, 2016}}</ref> Unlike the original, it was rumored that ''Destiny 2'' would also release on [[Microsoft Windows]],<ref name="Destiny22017"/> which was confirmed on March 30, 2017.<ref name="release">{{cite web|url=http://www.polygon.com/2017/3/30/15125010/destiny-2-trailer-release-date-ps4-xbox-one-pc|title=Destiny 2 launching Sept. 8, watch the reveal trailer|date=March 30, 2017|last=Sarkar|first=Samit|work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]|accessdate=March 30, 2017}}</ref>

In Activision's earnings report for 2016, Hirshberg said that ''Destiny''{{'}}s sequel was still "on track for release this fall [2017]." Activision said the sequel will "broaden the franchise's global reach." Hirshberg elaborated that players who have spent hours in the original will "love" the sequel, and for those who have not played ''Destiny'', or have not played in a while,
{{quote|...we think we've made a sequel that's going to have a lot for them to love, too. The cornerstone of that is a great cinematic story that's been a real focus with a great cast of memorable, relatable characters, coupled with some very nice ways to make the game more accessible to a casual player. Without losing anything that our core players love, we've made it more accessible to someone who just wants to have a great, more casual first-person action experience.<ref name="Destiny22017">{{cite web|url=http://www.gamespot.com/articles/destiny-2-still-coming-in-2017-new-call-of-duty-go/1100-6447721/|title=Destiny 2 Still Coming In 2017; New Call Of Duty Goes "Back To Its Roots"; Infinite Warfare Underperforms|date=February 9, 2017|last=Makuch|first=Eddie|work=[[GameSpot]]|accessdate=February 9, 2017}}</ref>}}

Bungie had said that players' characters and progression would carry over into future releases.<ref>{{cite web| last = Kuchera| first = Ben| title = Destiny players: Keep grinding, your progress will carry into sequel| work = [[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]| publisher = [[Vox Media]]| date = December 9, 2014| url = http://www.polygon.com/2014/12/9/7359839/destiny-sequel-grinding-gear| accessdate = January 25, 2015}}</ref> However, this turned out to only be half true. Characters and progression did carry over into ''Destiny''{{'}}s expansions, but for the sequel, only players' characters physical appearance carried over if they had reached level 20 and completed the Black Garden quest in the original. In regards to why progression and items did not carry over, Bungie said "We believe this is the best path forward. It allows us to introduce the major advancements and improvements that all of us expect from a sequel, ensuring it will be the best game we can create, unencumbered by the past." Bungie did award veteran players in ''Destiny 2'' to acknowledge their accomplishments in the original ''Destiny''. Players' characters, progression, and items are still accessible in the original ''Destiny'', which will continue to remain online.<ref name="Finalevent">{{cite web|url=https://www.bungie.net/en/News/Article/45708/7_The-Road-Ahead|title=The Road Ahead|date=March 3, 2017|author=Destiny Dev Team|work=[[Bungie]]|accessdate=March 3, 2017}}</ref>
[[File:Презентация Destiny 2 в Хоторне, Калифорния (18 мая 2017).jpg|thumb|''Destiny 2'' presentation on May 18 at Jet Center in Hawthorne, California]]
On March 23, 2017, a promotional poster for the sequel was leaked by Lega Network, revealing the game's name as ''Destiny 2'' and a release date of September 8, 2017, with the mention of a public beta for the game. The poster showed that just like the original, ''Destiny 2'' would have PlayStation exclusive content.<ref name="Kotaku">{{cite web|url=http://kotaku.com/leaked-image-gives-a-first-look-destiny-2-out-this-sep-1793560899|title=Leaked Image Gives A First Look At Destiny 2, Out This September|date=March 23, 2017|author=Jason Schreier|work=[[Kotaku]]|accessdate=March 23, 2017}}</ref> On March 27, 2017, although not directly responding to the leaked information, Bungie tweeted an image of ''Destiny 2''. The image showed The Last City in smoke and flames with "Destiny" and a large "2" over the Traveler.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/DestinyTheGame/status/846406524347940871|title=Destiny 2|date=March 27, 2017|author=Destiny The Game|work=[[Twitter]]|accessdate=March 27, 2017}}</ref> This was followed up with a teaser trailer narrated by character Cayde-6. The teaser showed the Tower under attack by the Cabal, one of the enemy races from the original game. [[PlayStation]]'s [[YouTube]] channel showed a slightly extended teaser, officially confirming that there would be timed exclusive content for PlayStation 4, and it would last until at least fall 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/destiny-2-will-have-ps4-exclusive-content-for-a-li/1100-6449025/|title=Destiny 2 Will Have PS4-Exclusive Content For A Limited Time|date=March 28, 2017|last=Pereira|first=Chris|work=[[GameSpot]]|accessdate=March 28, 2017}}</ref> A full reveal trailer released on March 30, showing the three class Vanguards, Commander Zavala (Titan), Cayde-6 (Hunter), and Ikora Rey (Warlock), rallying Guardians in the war-torn Tower. The Cabal are being lead by Ghaul, the commander of the Red Legion. The trailers confirmed that [[Lance Reddick]], [[Nathan Fillion]], and [[Gina Torres]] would be reprising their roles as the class Vanguards, respectively.<ref name="release"/> [[Nolan North]] also confirmed that he would be reprising Ghost, the Guardian's [[Artificial intelligence|AI]] companion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.psu.com/news/32626/destiny-2-nolan-north-ghost-teaser-trailer|title=Destiny 2 confirms return of Nolan North as teaser trailer debuts|date=March 30, 2017|last=Harradence|first=Michael|work=[[PlayStation Universe]]|accessdate=March 31, 2017}}</ref> Bungie had a live stream of ''Destiny 2''{{'}}s gameplay on May 18.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.us.playstation.com/2017/03/30/destiny-2-coming-to-ps4-september-8-watch-the-reveal-trailer/|title=Destiny 2 Coming to PS4 September 8, Watch the Reveal Trailer|date=March 30, 2017|author=DeeJ|work=[[PlayStation.Blog]]|accessdate=March 30, 2017}}</ref> On May 19, 2017, ''Destiny 2'' project lead Mark Noseworthy told [[IGN]] that there were no plans for a [[Nintendo Switch]] version of the game. Noseworthy went on to say, "I think it's pretty unrealistic given we're an online-only game, right? The Switch, because it's a portable - and I love my Switch, I've got ''[[The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild|Breath of the Wild]]'' here, I've got it with me. It's incredible, I love the console, but in terms of where it's at, I don't want to leave anyone with the possibility of like, 'it's a thing we'll consider, maybe next year.' There's no plans right now for Switch."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2017/05/19/no-plans-for-destiny-2-on-nintendo-switch|title='No Plans' for Destiny 2 on Nintendo Switch|date=May 19, 2017|last=Skrebels|first=Joe|work=[[IGN]]|accessdate=July 3, 2017}}</ref>

The Microsoft Windows version of ''Destiny 2'' will support native [[4K resolution]] and uncapped [[frame rate]] (fps), full mouse and keyboard support, text chat, adjustable field of view, and 21:9 monitor support, as well as being exclusive to [[Blizzard Entertainment]]'s [[Battle.net]] service.<ref name="Eurogamer06092017"/> Although not native 4K, ''Destiny 2'' does support 4K enhancements for the [[PlayStation 4 Pro]], an updated version of the standard PlayStation 4 that supports 4K rendering. Similarly, the Xbox One has an updated version called the [[Xbox One X]] which will release in November 2017. Bungie has not confirmed if the One X will support 4K enhancements. However, Bungie does plan to add [[High dynamic range|HDR]] support to ''Destiny 2'' sometime after launch.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2017/07/22/ask-bungie-anything-about-destiny-2-ign-first|title=Ask Bungie Anything About Destiny 2 - IGN First|date=July 21, 2017|last=McCaffrey|first=Ryan|work=[[IGN]]|accessdate=September 6, 2017}}</ref> Unlike the Windows version, the console versions are locked at 30fps.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidthier/2017/06/13/destiny-2-will-run-at-30-fps-on-xbox-one-x/#34aaffb92f27|title='Destiny 2' Will Run At 30 FPS On Xbox One X|date=June 13, 2017|last=Thier|first=Dave|work=[[Forbes]]|accessdate=September 6, 2017}}</ref> ''Destiny 2'' also has an improvement with its servers, which are a combination of dedicated servers and peer-to-peer networking. Lead engineer Matt Segur explained, "Every activity in ''Destiny 2'' is hosted by one of our servers. ... That means [players] will never again suffer a host migration during [a] Raid attempt or Trials match. This differs from ''Destiny 1'', where these hosting duties were performed by player consoles and only script and mission logic ran in the data center."<ref name="Eurogamer06092017"/>

Grimoire cards that were found in the original game, which detailed the lore of the ''Destiny'' universe and could only be accessed from Bungie's website and the ''Destiny'' app, did not return for the sequel. For ''Destiny 2'', Bungie shifted their focus to in-game storytelling, which was something the original was criticized for lacking.<ref name="Eurogamer06092017"/> At the [[E3 2017|2017 Electronic Entertainment Expo]] (E3), a new cinematic trailer was shown, narrated by the main antagonist, Dominus Ghaul. It showed that Bungie did focus more on the story for the sequel than the original, as Bungie was "attempting to go in-depth into the universe and the motivations of the characters."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/e3-2017-new-destiny-2-cinematic-trailer-shows-stro/1100-6450847/|title=E3 2017: New Destiny 2 Cinematic Trailer Shows Strong Story Focus|date=June 12, 2017|last1=Newhouse|first1=Alex|last2=Fillari|first2=Alessandro|work=[[GameSpot]]|accessdate=June 13, 2017}}</ref> E3 2017 also revealed that ''Destiny 2''{{'}}s release date was moved up to September 6, 2017, and the Windows version was confirmed for an October 24 release.<ref name="Sept6Oct24">{{cite web|url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/e3-2017-destiny-2s-release-date-moved-forward-a-bi/1100-6450873/|title=E3 2017: Destiny 2's Release Date Moved Forward (A Bit)|date=June 12, 2017|last=Dayus|first=Oscar|work=[[GameSpot]]|accessdate=June 13, 2017}}</ref> The dates for the beta on the console versions were also confirmed at E3 2017. Early access for pre-order customers began on PS4 on July 18 followed by Xbox One on July 19; non-pre-order customers received access beginning July 21. The console beta concluded on July 25, after a 2-day extension. The beta for the PC began on August 29 and concluded on August 31.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/e3-2017-destiny-2-beta-date-confirmed-pc-version-c/1100-6450880/|title=E3 2017: Destiny 2 Beta Date Confirmed, PC Version Coming Later|date=June 14, 2017|last=Dayus|first=Oscar|work=[[GameSpot]]|accessdate=June 14, 2017}}</ref>

== Release ==
''Destiny 2'' was released worldwide for the PlayStation 4 and the Xbox One on September 6, 2017, while the Microsoft Windows version is scheduled to be released worldwide on October 24.<ref name="Sept6Oct24"/> There were several editions of the game, including a Collector's Edition, a Limited Edition, a Digital Deluxe Edition, and the standard base game. Like the original, there is an [[Season pass|Expansion Pass]], which grants access to the first two [[Expansion pack|expansions]] of ''Destiny 2''.<ref name="GameSpot03302017">{{cite web|url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/destiny-2-cayde-6-figure-available-at-gamestop-wit/1100-6449091/|title=Destiny 2 Cayde-6 Figure Available At GameStop With Preorders|date=March 30, 2017|last=Makuch|first=Eddie|work=[[GameSpot]]|accessdate=March 31, 2017}}</ref> Also like the original ''Destiny'', pre-orders for the game received early access to the game's beta,<ref name="release"/> as well as other in-game pre-order bonuses, such as the exotic rifle "Coldheart".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/destiny-2-how-to-get-coldheart-and-other-limited-e/1100-6453138/|title=Destiny 2: How To Get Coldheart And Other Limited Edition And Pre-order Bonus Items|date=September 6, 2017|last=Pereira|first=Chris|work=[[GameSpot]]|accessdate=September 6, 2017}}</ref> Pre-orders from [[GameStop]] received a Cayde-6 collectible figure.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/destiny-2-cayde-6-figure-available-at-gamestop-wit/1100-6449091/|title=Destiny 2 Cayde-6 Figure Available At GameStop With Preorders|date=March 30, 2017|last=Makuch|first=Eddie|work=[[GameSpot]]|accessdate=March 31, 2017}}</ref> Other figures and toys, such as Lord Saladin, will be available for purchase after ''Destiny 2''{{'}}s console release.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/destiny-2-lord-saladin-and-his-wolves-figure-revea/1100-6449094/|title=Destiny 2 Lord Saladin And His Wolves Figure Revealed
|date=March 30, 2017|last=Makuch|first=Eddie|work=[[GameSpot]]|accessdate=March 31, 2017}}</ref> The Windows version will be distributed exclusively through the [[Blizzard App]], marking the first non-Blizzard Entertainment title to be distributed via the platform.<ref name="polygon-battlenet">{{cite web|title=Destiny 2 is coming to Blizzard’s Battle.net|url=https://www.polygon.com/2017/5/18/15657886/destiny-2-blizzard-battle-net-pc-exclusive|website=Polygon|publisher=Vox Medi|accessdate=May 18, 2017}}</ref> Per an exclusivity agreement with [[Sony Interactive Entertainment]] that began with the original ''Destiny'', the PlayStation 4 version of ''Destiny 2'' features timed-exclusive content until at least late 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2017/06/13/e3-2017-destiny-2-ps4-exclusive-content-detailed|title=E3 2017: Destiny 2 PS4-Exclusive Content Detailed|date=June 12, 2017|last=Krupa|first=Daniel|work=[[IGN]]|accessdate=June 14, 2017}}</ref>

The Collector's Edition of ''Destiny 2'' included the base game in a SteelBook case, the Expansion Pass, a themed [[backpack]], a "Frontier Kit", which featured a solar panel USB charger with built-in light, a paracord, and a solar blanket, a 15" laptop/tablet sleeve with protective pocket slip, a Cabal-themed collector's box with various items, and premium digital content. The Limited Edition, distributed exclusively from GameStop, included the same physical and digital items as the Collector's Edition, minus the backpack, "Frontier Kit", and laptop/tablet sleeve.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/destiny-2-release-date-pc-version-and-collectors-e/1100-6449082/|title=Destiny 2 Release Date, PC Version, And Collector's Edition Announced|date=March 30, 2017|last=Pereira|first=Chris|work=[[GameSpot]]|accessdate=March 30, 2017}}</ref> There was also a limited-time PlayStation 4 bundle that included a glacier white PlayStation 4 Pro, ''Destiny 2'', the Expansion Pass, and premium digital content.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/white-ps4-pro-will-launch-with-destiny-2-bundle/1100-6451553/|title=White PS4 Pro Will Launch With Destiny 2 Bundle|date=July 10, 2017|last=Hussain|first=Tamoor|work=[[GameSpot]]|accessdate=September 2, 2017}}</ref>

=== Post-release content ===
Prior to the console release, Bungie said that they had already began working on post-release content. Bungie plans on providing post-release content at a quicker rate than that of the original ''Destiny'', which was criticized for not having enough content post-launch and between each of its expansions releases. One of the team's remedies for this are the Adventures and Lost Sectors activities that were added to the free roam Patrol mode.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gamerant.com/destiny-2-post-launch-plans/|title=Destiny 2 Devs Talk Post-Release Content Plans|date=June 2017|last=Henry|first=Jasmine|work=Game Rant|accessdate=September 7, 2017}}</ref> Bungie also announced the ''Destiny 2'' Expansion Pass prior to launch, which will grant access to the first two expansions of the game. "Expansion I" will be released in late 2017 and will focus on Osiris, a character from the lore of the original ''Destiny'' and for whom the Trials of Osiris PvP mode in the original was named. "Expansion II" will be released in early 2018 and will focus on the Warmind Rasputin from the original game.<ref name="Eurogamer06092017"/> The Guided Games feature became available on September 12, the game's first raid, "Leviathan", will unlock on September 13, and Trials of the Nine will become available on September 15.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/destiny-2-release-date-on-ps4-and-xbox-one-raid-an/1100-6453052/|title=Destiny 2 Release Date On PS4 And Xbox One, Raid And Nightfall Debuts Confirmed|date=September 6, 2017|last=Makuch|first=Eddie|work=[[GameSpot]]|accessdate=September 7, 2017}}</ref> The in-game clan features became available a few days after the game's launch.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/destiny-2s-clan-features-wont-work-in-game-for-sev/1100-6453128/|title=Destiny 2's Clan Features Won't Work In-Game For "Several Days" After Launch|date=September 7, 2017|last=Makuch|first=Eddie|work=[[GameSpot]]|accessdate=September 7, 2017}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Notelist}}
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{officialwebsite|http://www.destinythegame.com}}

{{Bungie Studios}}

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Psyche (Raumsonde)

2016-09-11T22:26:33Z

Deneb in Cygnus: removed Category:Missions to asteroids; added Category:Missions to main-belt asteroids using HotCat

{{Infobox spaceflight
| name = ''Psyche''
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| image =
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| mission_type = Reconnaissance
| operator = [[NASA]]
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|interplanetary = 
{{Infobox spaceflight/IP
|type = orbiter
|object = [[16 Psyche]] asteroid
|orbits = 
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|arrival_date = 2026 (proposed)<ref name="Hand 2015"/>
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}}
'''''Psyche''''' is a proposed orbiter mission concept by [[NASA]] to explore the origin of planetary cores by studying the metallic asteroid [[16 Psyche]]. This asteroid may be the exposed iron [[Planetary core|core]] of a [[protoplanet]], likely the remnant of a violent collision with another object that stripped off the outer [[Crust (geology)|crust]].

16 Psyche is the heaviest known [[M-type asteroid]], and heaviest known [[Themis family|Themistian asteroid]]. Radar observations of the asteroid from Earth indicate an iron–nickel composition.<ref name="psy">[http://beginner-astronomy.blogspot.com/2012/04/33th-largest-asteroid-16-psyche.html 33th Largest Asteroid, 16 Psyche]</ref>

==Overview==
[[File:16Psyche (Lightcurve Inversion).png|thumb|A 3D model of 16 Psyche based on lightcurve data]]
''Psyche'' was selected on 30 September 2015 as one of five semifinalists for the Mission #13 of the [[Discovery Program]].<ref name="selection 1st round">{{cite news |last= Brown |first=Dwayne C. |last2=Cantillo |first2=Laurie |url=http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-selects-investigations-for-future-key-planetary-mission |title=NASA Selects Investigations for Future Key Planetary Mission |work=NASA News |location=Washington, D.C. |date=30 September 2015 |accessdate=2015-10-01 }}</ref> The winner will be chosen around September 2016,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://spacenews.com/small-bodies-dominate-nasas-latest-discovery-competition/ |title=Small Bodies Dominate NASA's Latest Discovery Competition |work=SpaceNews.com |date=July 7, 2015 |accessdate=2015-08-09 }}</ref> and must be ready to launch by the end of 2021.<ref name="laser2015">{{cite news |last=Clark |first=Stephen |url=http://spaceflightnow.com/2015/02/24/nasa-receives-proposals-for-new-planetary-science-mission/ |title=NASA receives proposals for new planetary science mission |work=Space Flight Now |date=24 February 2014 |accessdate=2015-02-25 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Kane |first=Van |url=http://www.planetary.org/blogs/guest-blogs/van-kane/20141201-selecting-the-next-creative-discovery-mission.html |title=Selecting the Next Creative Idea for Exploring the Solar System |work=Planetary Society |date=December 2, 2014 |accessdate=2015-02-10 }}</ref> The ''Psyche'' spacecraft would use [[solar electric propulsion]],<ref name='Van 2015'>{{cite news |last=Kane |first=Van |url=http://www.planetary.org/blogs/guest-blogs/van-kane/20140219-mission-to-a-metallic-world.html |title=Mission to a Metallic World: A Discovery Proposal to Fly to the Asteroid Psyche |work=The Planetary Society |date=19 February 2014 |accessdate=2015-10-01 }}</ref> and the notional payload would be an imager, a [[magnetometer]], and a [[gamma-ray spectrometer]].<ref name='Van 2015'/> <ref>{{cite news |last=Wampler |first=Stephen |url=https://www.llnl.gov/news/lab-johns-hopkins-team-tapped-work-possible-nasa-effort-explore-asteroid-0 |title=Lab-Johns Hopkins team tapped to work on possible NASA effort to explore asteroid |work=LLNL Newsline |date=November 4, 2015 |accessdate=2015-12-21 }}</ref>

The mission would launch in 2020 and arrive in 2026 for a year of science.<ref name="Hand 2015">{{cite news |last=Hand |first=Eric |url=http://news.sciencemag.org/space/2015/09/mission-bizarre-metal-asteroid-among-winners-nasa-discovery-competition |title=Venus and a bizarre metal asteroid are leading destinations for low-cost NASA missions |work=Science Insider |date=20 September 2015 |accessdate=2015-10-01 }}</ref> Data shows 16 Psyche asteroid to have a diameter of about {{convert|252|km|abbr=on}}.<ref name='jpldata'>{{cite web |
| title=JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 16 Psyche | url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=16 | accessdate=2015-10-01}}</ref> Linda Elkins-Tanton of [[Arizona State University]] in Tempe, Arizona is the Principal Investigator. NASA's [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] would manage the project.

==Objectives==
[[File:Motif de "Widmanstätten" ©dada 677.jpg|thumb|The Widmanstätten pattern that can be found inside iron–nickel meteorites. Some iron–nickel meteorites found on [[Earth]] may have come from Psyche.<ref name=psy/> ]]
[[Planetary differentiation|Differentiation]] was a fundamental process in shaping many [[asteroid]]s and all [[terrestrial planet]]s, and direct exploration of a [[Planetary core|core]] could greatly enhance understanding of this process. The ''Psyche'' mission would characterize [[16 Psyche]]'s geology, shape, elemental
composition, [[magnetic field]], and mass distribution. It is expected that this mission will increase the understanding of [[Nebular hypothesis|planetary formation]] and interiors. The science questions this mission will address are: <ref name="usra_1253">{{cite web |url = http://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2014/pdf/1253.pdf|format = PDF|title = Journey to a Metal World: Concept for a Discovery Mission to Psyche|first1 = L.T.|last1 = Elkins-Tanton|first2 = E.|last2 = Asphaug|first3 = J.|last3 = Bell|first4 = D.|last4 = Bercovici|first5 = B.G.|last5 = Bills|first6 = R.P.|last6 = Binzel|first7 = W.F.|last7 = Bottke|first8 = I.|last8 = Jun|first9 = S.|last9 = Marchi|first10 = D.|last10 = Oh|first11 = C.A.|last11 = Polanskey|first12 = B.P.|last12 = Weiss|first13 = D.|last13 = Wenkert|first14 = M.T.|last14 = Zuber|work = 45th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2014)|publisher = Universities Space Research Association|date = 2014|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140227025757/http://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2014/pdf/1253.pdf|archivedate = 2014-02-27|deadurl = no}}</ref>
#Is asteroid [[16 Psyche]] the stripped core of a differentiated [[planetesimal]], or was it formed as an iron-rich body? What were the building blocks of planets? Did planetesimals that formed close to the Sun have very different bulk compositions?
#If 16 Psyche was stripped of its [[Mantle (geology)|mantle]], when and how did that occur?
#If 16 Psyche was once molten, did it solidify from the inside out, or the outside in?
#Did 16 Psyche produce a [[Dynamo theory|magnetic dynamo]] as it cooled?
#What are the major [[alloy]] elements that coexist in the iron metal of the core?
#What are the key characteristics of the geologic surface and global topography? Does 16 Psyche look radically different from known stony and icy bodies?
#How do craters on a metal body differ from those in rock or ice?

==See also==
*[[DAVINCI (spacecraft)]]
*[[Iron meteorite]]
*[[Lucy (spacecraft)]]
*[[Near-Earth Object Camera]] (NEOcam)
*[[VERITAS (spacecraft)]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://www.space.com/24284-asteroid-psyche-magnetic-metal-space-rock-infographic.html Metal Asteroid Psyche] — Infographic at Space.com

{{Discovery}}
{{Asteroid spacecraft}}

{{Use American English|date=August 2015}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Psyche (spacecraft)}}
[[Category:Discovery program proposals]]
[[Category:Proposed space probes]]
[[Category:Missions to main-belt asteroids]]

Lucy (Raumsonde)

2016-09-11T22:17:22Z

Deneb in Cygnus: /* References */

[[File:InnerSolarSystem-en.png|250px|thumb|The [[asteroid]]s of the [[inner Solar System]] and [[Jupiter]].]]
'''''Lucy''''' is a proposed mission concept by NASA to tour five [[Jupiter trojan]]s, which orbit along the planet's path either ahead of or behind Jupiter. Starting in late 2015, the team has one year and 3 million USD to produce more in-depth concept design studies and analyses.<Ref>[http://www.swri.org/9what/releases/2015/swri-nasa-contract-mission-jupiter-trojan-asteroid.htm#.VhUiX_Bdgnc SwRI awarded $3 million NASA contract to develop mission to Jupiter’s Trojan asteroids]</ref>

The mission is named after the iconic [[Lucy (Australopithecus)|'Lucy' hominin skeleton]], because studying the trojans could reveal the "fossils of planet formation" or materials that clumped together in the early history of the [[Solar System]] to form planets and other bodies.<ref name="Nature2015">{{cite news |last=Witze |first=Alexandra |url=http://www.nature.com/news/five-solar-system-sights-nasa-should-visit-1.17119 |title=Five Solar System sights NASA should visit |work=Nature News |date=16 March 2015 |accessdate=2015-10-02 }}</ref>

==Overview==
''Lucy'' was selected on 30 September 2015 as one of five semifinalists for the Mission #13 of the [[Discovery Program]].<ref name="selection 1st round">{{cite news |last= Brown |first=Dwayne C. |last2=Cantillo |first2=Laurie |url=http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-selects-investigations-for-future-key-planetary-mission |title=NASA Selects Investigations for Future Key Planetary Mission |work=NASA News |location=Washington, D.C. |date=30 September 2015 |accessdate=2015-10-01 }}</ref> Each of the five semifinalist missions received $3 million for a one-year study. The winner will be chosen in September 2016,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://spacenews.com/small-bodies-dominate-nasas-latest-discovery-competition/ |title=Small Bodies Dominate NASA's Latest Discovery Competition |work=SpaceNews.com |date=July 7, 2015 |accessdate=2015-08-09 }}</ref> and must be ready to launch by the end of 2021.<ref name="laser2015">{{cite news |last=Clark |first=Stephen |url=http://spaceflightnow.com/2015/02/24/nasa-receives-proposals-for-new-planetary-science-mission/ |title=NASA receives proposals for new planetary science mission |work=Space Flight Now |date=24 February 2014 |accessdate=2015-02-25 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Kane |first=Van |url=http://www.planetary.org/blogs/guest-blogs/van-kane/20141201-selecting-the-next-creative-discovery-mission.html |title=Selecting the Next Creative Idea for Exploring the Solar System |work=Planetary Society |date=December 2, 2014 |accessdate=2015-02-10 }}</ref>

''Lucy'' would launch in 2021 and arrive in 2027 to visit three asteroids with a final encounter in 2032. After those flybys, ''Lucy'' would return to the vicinity of Jupiter's orbit to visit the last two asteroids, which orbit each other as a binary. Some possible reported targets would be [[3548 Eurybates]], [[21900 Orus]], [[11351 Leucus]], the binary [[617 Patroclus|(617) Patroclus-Menoetius]], and the [[asteroid belt|belt asteroid]] [[52246 Donaldjohanson]], which is named for the discoverer of the ''Lucy'' hominin fossil.<ref name="round 1">{{cite news |last=Dreier |first=Casey |last2=Lakdawalla |first2=Emily |url=http://www.planetary.org/blogs/casey-dreier/2015/09301336-discovery-downselect.html |title=NASA announces five Discovery proposals selected for further study |work=The Planetary Society |date=30 September 2015 |accessdate=2015-10-01 }}</ref>

Three instruments comprise the proposed payload: a high-resolution visible imager, an optical and near-infrared imaging spectrometer and a thermal infrared spectrometer.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) 2015 News Release - SwRI awarded $3 million NASA contract to develop mission to Jupiter’s Trojan asteroids|url = http://www.swri.org/9what/releases/2015/swri-nasa-contract-mission-jupiter-trojan-asteroid.htm#.VhKcOaTgweU|website = www.swri.org|accessdate = 2015-10-05}}</ref>

[[Harold F. Levison]] of the [[Southwest Research Institute]] in Boulder, Colorado is the Principal Investigator with Catherine Olkin of [[Southwest Research Institute]] as the mission's Deputy Principal Investigator. NASA's [[Goddard Space Flight Center]] would manage the project.

Exploration of Jupiter trojans was one of the goals outlined in the [[Planetary Science Decadal Survey]] of this era, and considerable attention has been paid to this goal such as mission study by Mike Brown (discoverer of [[Eris (dwarf planet)|Eris]]) and studies on hardware architecture.<ref name=sep>[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2012/pdf/2632.pdf TROJAN TOUR ENABLED BY SOLAR ELECTRIC BASED MISSION ARCHITECTURE]</ref> Of particular interest is the use of [[solar electric propulsion]] (solar panels and ion drive) for a probe at the distance of Jupiter to accomplish this task.<ref name=sep/> Previous mission to Jupiter have been heavily dependent on radioisotopes for power (e.g. ''Pioneer'', ''Voyager'', and ''[[Galileo (spacecraft)|Galileo]]'') or in the case of ''[[Juno (spacecraft)|Juno]]'', which uses solar panels, still used chemical rockets for maneuvers including Jupiter orbit injection (see also [[Dawn (spacecraft)]]).

Jupiter trojans have been identified by the [[Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer]] (WISE infrared space telescope) as being "uniformly dark with a hint of burgundy color, and have matte surfaces that reflect little sunlight"<ref>[http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA16211 PIA16211: Trojan Colors Revealed (Artist's Concept)]</ref> Jupiter is 5.2 AU, about five times the Earth-Sun distance from the Sun (1 AU = 149 million kilometers = 93 million miles).<ref>[http://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/5-8/features/nasa-knows/what-is-jupiter-58.html]</ref> The Jupiter Trojans are at a similar distance but can be somewhat farther are closer to the Sun depending. There may be as many Jupiter Trojans as there are asteroids in the asteroid belt.<ref>[http://www.planetary.org/blogs/casey-dreier/2015/09301336-discovery-downselect.html]</ref>

==Science payload==
Possible instrumentation could include:<reF>[http://www.swri.org/9what/releases/2015/swri-nasa-contract-mission-jupiter-trojan-asteroid.htm#.ViEGTvBdgnc]</ref>
*color imaging and infrared mapping spectrometer
*high-resolution visible imager
*thermal infrared spectrometer.
*Radio science experiment (uses radio telecommunications hardware)

== Targets ==

Potential targets with their flyby dates may include:<ref name="round 1"/><ReF>[https://planetary.s3.amazonaws.com/assets/resources/NASA/Lucy_Flyer.pdf Lucy flyer .pdf]</ref>
* April 2025: [[52246 Donaldjohanson]], an asteroid in the inner [[main-belt]]
* August 2027: [[3548 Eurybates]], a [[Jupiter trojan]] in the [[Greek camp]] at {{L4}}
* April 2028: [[11351 Leucus]], a [[slow rotator (asteroid)|slowly rotating]] Jupiter trojan in the Greek camp
* October 2028: [[21900 Orus]] rare-type Jupiter trojan in the Greek camp
* March 2032: [[617 Patroclus]], rare-type [[binary asteroid|binary]] Jupiter trojan with companion [[(617) Patroclus I Menoetius|Menoetius]] in the [[Trojan camp]] at {{L5}}

==See also==
;[[Discovery Program]] 2015 semifinalists
*[[DAVINCI (spacecraft)]]
*[[Near Earth Object Camera]] (NEOCam)
*[[Psyche (spacecraft)]]
*[[VERITAS (spacecraft)]]
;Related topics
*{{mpl|2010 TK|7}} (an Earth trojan)
*[[Jupiter Icy Moon Explorer]] (JUICE, a planned ESA mission to Jupiter system)

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Discovery}}
{{Asteroid spacecraft}}

{{Use American English|date=August 2015}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lucy (spacecraft)}}
[[Category:Discovery program proposals]]
[[Category:Jupiter trojans]]
[[Category:Missions to asteroids]]
[[Category:Proposed space probes]]

Journey to the Centre of the Earth

2016-09-05T23:58:53Z

Deneb in Cygnus: added Category:Travel to the Earth's center using HotCat

{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2013}}
{{Infobox album | 
| Name = Journey to the Centre of the Earth
| Type = live
| Artist = [[Rick Wakeman]]
| Border = yes
| Cover = Rick Wakeman Journey to the Centre of the Earth.jpg
| Released = May 1974
| Recorded = 18 January 1974 at the [[Royal Festival Hall]], [[London]]
| Genre = [[Progressive rock]], [[symphonic rock]]
| Length = 40:07
| Label = [[A&M Records|A&M]]
| Producer = Rick Wakeman
| Last album = ''[[The Six Wives of Henry VIII (album)|The Six Wives of Henry VIII]]'' (1973)
| This album = '''''Journey to the Centre of the Earth''''' (1974)
| Next album = ''[[The Myths and Legends of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table]]'' (1975)
}}
'''''Journey to the Centre of the Earth''''' is the second album from the English keyboardist [[Rick Wakeman]], released in May 1974 on [[A&M Records]]. The album is a live recording of his second of two concerts on 18 January 1974 at the [[Royal Festival Hall]] in London. With its [[concept album|concept]] based on [[Jules Verne]]'s same-titled [[Journey to the Center of the Earth|science fiction novel]], the album tells the story of Professor Lidenbrok, his nephew Axel, and their guide Hans, who follow a passage to the [[Earth]]'s centre originally discovered by Arne Saknussemm, an [[Iceland]]ic [[alchemy|alchemist]]. Wakeman performs with the [[London Symphony Orchestra]], the [[English Chamber Choir]], and a group of hand-picked musicians for his rock band which later became The English Rock Ensemble. Actor [[David Hemmings]] narrates the story.

Upon its release, ''Journey to the Centre of the Earth'' was overall well received by music critics. It topped the UK chart, the first album from A&M Records to do so, and reached No. 3 on the US [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]]. It was certified [[RIAA certification|Gold]] by the [[Recording Industry Association of America]] in October 1974 for 500,000 copies sold, and earned Wakeman an [[Ivor Novello Award]] and a [[Grammy Award]] nomination. In 1999, Wakeman released a sequel, ''[[Return to the Centre of the Earth]]''. He re-recorded the album with additional parts previously removed from the original score due to time constraints, in 2012.

==Conception==
Keyboardist [[Rick Wakeman]] had wanted to make an album that told a story with its music after his father took him to see ''[[Peter and the Wolf]]'' by [[Sergei Prokofiev]].<ref name=reuters2012/> In November 1971, he started work on a record based on the 1864 science fiction novel ''[[A Journey to the Center of the Earth|Journey to the Centre of the Earth]]'' by [[Jules Verne]]. He put the project on hold until recording for his debut studio release, ''[[The Six Wives of Henry VIII (album)|The Six Wives of Henry VIII]]'', had finished in October 1972.<ref name=journeyprogramme>Concert programme for ''Rick Wakeman: Journey to the Centre of the Earth''. 18 January 1974.</ref> He performed at the rock opera [[Tommy (album)#1972 orchestral version|concerts]] of [[The Who]]'s ''[[Tommy (album)|Tommy]]'' that December which featured the [[London Symphony Orchestra]], the English Chamber Choir, conductor [[David Measham]] and arranger [[Will Malone]]. Producing the shows was [[Lou Reizner]], who learned about Wakeman's idea for ''Journey'' and put him in contact with Measham.<ref>Wooding, p. 11</ref><ref name=wood12>Wooding, p. 12</ref> Wakeman made a demo tape for Measham that contained a rough outline of the structure of the music using a [[Minimoog]] synthesiser, [[Mellotron]], [[Rhodes piano]] and [[Clavinet]] while indicating where the orchestral parts would come in.<ref name=wood12/> After Measham agreed to take part, Wakeman met with his manager Brian Lane to pitch the idea of performing ''Journey'' in concert with an orchestra, choir, and a rock band.<ref name=wood12/> As the cost of producing the album in a studio was too high, [[A&M Records]] agreed to record the album live. To help finance the project, Wakeman sold a few of his cars and "mortgage[d himself] up to the hilt to help finance the whole thing", which had cost around £40,000.<ref>Wooding, p. 15</ref>

Wakeman received help with the score from Malone and arranger Danny Beckerman.<ref name=wood13>Wooding, p. 13</ref> The original version had a running time of 55 minutes, but it had to be reduced due to the time constraints on vinyl records.<ref name=reuters2012>{{Cite web |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2012/11/14/uk-journey-reissue-idUKBRE8AD0UV20121114=|title=Wakeman reworks rock epic Journey to Centre of Earth|first=Mike|last=Collett-White|date=14 November 2012|accessdate=2 December 2012|publisher=Reuters}}</ref> In selecting the musicians for his band, Wakeman chose people he used to play with at a country pub in [[Buckinghamshire]] called the Valiant Trooper.<ref name=wood13/> Said Wakeman, "I'd played with them for fun quite a bit on Sunday evenings...I was playing keyboards with the lads when I thought, they could play ''Journey'' for me. I'm sure they could do the concert and do it well".<ref name=wood13/> He picked vocalists Ashley Holt and Gary Pickford-Hopkins, drummer [[Barney James]], and bassist Roger Newell. Guitarist Mike Egan, who had played on ''Six Wives'', rounded out the band.<ref name=wood13/><ref name=wood14/> A&M Records had wanted Wakeman to pick more well-known musicians, but he intended to make the album known for its music rather than its performers.<ref>Wakeman 1995, p. 120.</ref> [[Richard Harris]] was the first choice to narrate the story, but he was unavailable. Actor [[David Hemmings]] was then chosen, and agreed to take part.<ref name=wood14>Wooding, p. 14</ref>

==Production==

===Recording===
[[File:Royalfestivalhall.jpg|thumb|right|The Royal Festival Hall where ''Journey'' was recorded.]]
Two sold-out concerts were held at 6 and 8 pm on 18 January 1974 at the [[Royal Festival Hall]] in London to 3,000 people each.<ref name=wooding17>Wooding, p. 17.</ref><ref name=wooding18>Wooding, p. 18.</ref> Performing with Wakeman and his band was the [[London Symphony Orchestra]] and the [[English Chamber Choir]] conducted by Measham. The music was recorded with [[Ronnie Lane's Mobile Studio]] which featured a 16-track studio fitted inside an [[Airstream]] trailer.<ref name=mmapril1974>{{cite news | title= Wakeman: British groups have gone over the top |first= Chris |last=Welch |work= Melody Maker |date= 13 April 1974 |page= 34 |accessdate=25 April 2011}}</ref> Wakeman had hoped to have both performances recorded, with the better of the two being used for the album release. However, as the London Symphony Orchestra requested double pay if both shows were to be recorded, Wakeman took "the frightening decision of only recording the second performance and hoping there weren't too many mistakes".<ref>Wooding, pp. 16–17.</ref> The shows opened with "Catherine Parr", "Catherine Howard" and "Anne Boleyn" from ''The Six Wives of Henry VIII'', followed by a comical rendition of "[[Twelfth Street Rag]]".<ref name=missinghalf>Track listing from ''Treasure Chest Volume 3 – The Missing Half'', released by Voiceprint in 2002. Catalogue number VPTCCD3.</ref> ''Journey'' was performed in the second half.<ref name=journeyprogramme/><ref name=wooding17/> After permission was granted from [[20th Century Fox]], screens were installed to display excerpts from the [[Journey to the Center of the Earth (1959 film)|1959 adventure film]] of the same name to accompany some of the music, including footage of mountains and underground caves.<ref name=wooding18/><ref name=mm1974>{{cite news | title= Sentimental Journey |first= Chris |last=Welch |work= Melody Maker |date= 19 January 1974 |pages= 9–10 |accessdate=24 April 2011}}</ref>

===Mixing===
The recordings were taken to [[Morgan Studios]] in London, where they were mixed by Wakeman and engineer Paul Tregurtha between 21–29 January.<ref name=journeycover>''Journey to the Centre of the Earth'' album sleeve. A&M Records. 1974. Catalogue number AMLH 63621.</ref> The two encountered a number of problems. Wakeman explained, "Someone in the street had accidentally kicked out the vocal mike cable just before we started recording. So we boosted up the vocals that were picked up on the other mikes". A [[snare drum]] and its microphone also broke during the performance, and Hemmings recorded more narration in the studio after it was found that a tape change occurred in the middle of one of his passages.<ref name=mmapril1974/>

==Release==
Upon its arrival at A&M Records, the finished album was poorly received among management; they refused to sell it.<ref>Wakeman 1995, p. 123.</ref> However, as Wakeman was under contract with A&M in the United States, a cassette was sent to co-founder [[Jerry Moss]] in California, who subsequently agreed to release the record.<ref>Wakeman 1995, p. 124.</ref>

Released on 18 May 1974, ''Journey to the Centre of the Earth'' [[List of number-one albums from the 1970s (UK)#1974|topped]] the [[UK Albums Chart]] for one week, the first album from A&M to do so. It peaked at No. 3 on the US [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] chart for two weeks in July during a stay of 27 weeks.<ref name=snider172/> The album became a multimillion-dollar seller in six weeks.<ref>{{cite web | title=Music: Rock Goes to College | date=23 September 1974 | work=Time Magazine | url =http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,908764,00.html | accessdate = 21 June 2010 }}</ref> Wakeman received an [[Ivor Novello Awards|Ivor Novello Award]] for the album,<ref>Wooding, p. 22</ref> and it earned him a [[Grammy Award]] nomination.<ref name=snider172>Snider, p. 172.</ref> The record was [[RIAA certification|certified]] gold by the [[Recording Industry Association of America]] in September 1974,<ref name=gold75/> and a year later in Brazil. It was subsequently released in the four-channel [[Quadraphonic#CD-4 (Compatible Discrete 4) / Quadradisc|Quadradisc CD-4]] format. The album has sold 14 million copies worldwide.<ref>{{cite web | title= Rick Wakeman, six wives and one hell of a party | date=1 May 2009 | work=The Times | url =http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/music/article6200354.ece | accessdate = 28 October 2010}}</ref>

In 1999, marking the album's 25th anniversary, Wakeman released a sequel titled ''[[Return to the Centre of the Earth]]''. The story follows a group of adventurers who attempt to follow the previous expedition to the Earth's centre as discovered by Saknussemm.

===Reception===
The album received some negative reaction upon its release, with music critics having described the record as a "classical pastiche...genuinely appalling" and "brutal synthesiser overkill".<ref>Shuker, p. 210.</ref> ''Journey'' however, was well received by others. A journalist for ''[[The Sunday Times]]'' missed the Royal Festival Hall concert, but thought on record the music "comes over magnificently ... a striking work which only occasionally lapses into pretentiousness".<ref name=wooding21/> Music journalist [[Chris Welch]] of ''[[Melody Maker]]'' thought the album was "entertaining, fresh and disalarmingly unpretentious ... This could be a score for a [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] musical – tuneful, but with epic overtones". Welch noted Wakeman's "familiarity of the story" and his "close observance to detail engenders a warmth to the work, which made it a resounding success as a concert performance".<ref name=wooding21>Wooding, p. 21.</ref> In a retrospective review, Mike DeGange of [[Allmusic]] called the album "one of progressive rock's crowning achievements" and noted "interesting conglomerations of orchestral and synthesized music".<ref name=allmusic>{{cite web|url={{Allmusic|class=album|id=r65308|pure_url=yes}} |title=Journey to the Centre of the Earth |accessdate=10 April 2011 |first=Mike |last=DeGange |work=Allmusic }}</ref>

==2012 re-recording==
Wakeman presumed that the original conductor's score was lost when his record company MAM collapsed in the early 1980s. However, a "huge cardboard packing case" arrived at his house in 2008 which stayed in his garage for "about five months" before he found the score at the bottom which was damaged by water. A year was spent digitising and forming the complete score with conductor Guy Protheroe. Wakeman re-recorded the album with an orchestra, choir, and members of his English Rock Ensemble band as a studio album, incorporating 20 minutes that was previously cut. As Hemmings died in 2003, the narration is voiced by actor [[Peter Egan]].<ref name=reuters2012/> Released on 20 November 2012, the new album is packaged with a one-off magazine published by ''[[Classic Rock (magazine)|Classic Rock]]'' and a copy of the 1974 Royal Festival Hall concert program.

==Track listing==
All tracks written by Wakeman. "The Forest" includes an excerpt of ''[[In the Hall of the Mountain King]]'' by [[Edvard Grieg]], who is credited in the album's liner notes.

;Side one
#"The Journey"/"Recollection" – 21:20

;Side two
#"The Battle"/"The Forest" – 18:57

===2012 re-recording===
{{Track listing
| title1 = Preface to the Journey
| length1 = 1:11
| title2 = The Journey Overture
| length2 = 2:25
| title3 = Journey's Dawn
| length3 = 3:38
| title4 = Crystals
| length4 = 0:33
| title5 = The Gothic Cathedral
| length5 = 1:07
| title6 = A Quest for Water
| length6 = 1:18
| title7 = The Hansbach
| length7 = 2:54
| title8 = Fervent Prayer
| length8 = 0:41
| title9 = The Recollection
| length9 = 2:32
| title10 = Lost & Found
| length10 = 0:43
| title11 = Echoes
| length11 = 3:49
| title12 = 4 Miles
| length12 = 0:18
| title13 = The Reunion
| length13 = 2:40
| title14 = A New Vista
| length14 = 0:50
| title15 = A World Within a World
| length15 = 2:13
| title16 = The Raft
| length16 = 1:06
| title17 = The Battle
| length17 = 5:55
| title18 = Cumulus Clouds
| length18 = 0:38
| title19 = The Storm
| length19 = 2:01
| title20 = The Cemetery
| length20 = 1:28
| title21 = Quaternary Man
| length21 = 4:49
| title22 = Mastodons
| length22 = 0:55
| title23 = The Forest
| length23 = 2:30
| title24 = Ages of Man
| length24 = 1:55
| title25 = The Tunnel
| length25 = 1:53
| title26 = Hall of the Mountain King
| length26 = 0:52
| title27 = Mount Etna
| length27 = 3:12
| total_length = 54:17
}}

==Certifications==
{|class="wikitable"
! Date
! Country
! align="center"|Certification
|-
| 1974-09-04
| United States ([[RIAA]])
|align="center"|Gold<ref name=gold75>{{cite web|url=http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=1&table=SEARCH_RESULTS&action=&title=&artist=rick%20wakeman&format=&debutLP=&category=&sex=&releaseDate=&requestNo=&type=&level=&label=&company=&certificationDate=&awardDescription=&catalogNo=&aSex=&rec_id=&charField=&gold=&platinum=&multiPlat=&level2=&certDate=&album=&id=&after=&before=&startMonth=1&endMonth=1&startYear=1958&endYear=2010&sort=Artist&perPage=25 |title=RIAA – Gold and Platinum Search |accessdate=10 April 2011 |publisher=RIAA }}</ref>
|-
| 1975
| Brazil
|align="center"|Gold<ref>Wooding, picture inserts.</ref>
|-
|}

==Personnel==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
;Wakeman's equipment<ref name=wooding17/>
* 3 [[Mellotron]]s
* 2 [[Minimoog]] synthesisers
* [[Grand piano]]
* [[Hammond organ]]
* [[Rhodes piano|Rhodes electric piano]]
* [[Rocky Mount Instruments|RMI]] electric piano
* [[Hohner]] clavinet
* [[Honky-tonk]] piano
{{col-break}}
;Additional musicians
* Gary Pickford-Hopkins – vocals
* Ashley Holt – vocals
* Mike Egan – electric guitar
* Roger Newell – bass guitar
* [[Barney James]] – drums
* [[David Hemmings]] – [[narration]]
* [[David Measham]] – conductor
* [[London Symphony Orchestra]]
* [[English Chamber Choir]]
{{col-break}}
;Production
* Danny Beckerman – arrangements
* [[Will Malone]] – arrangements
* Pete Flanagan – engineer
* Keith Grant – production engineer
* [[Lou Reizner]] – production co-ordination
* Paul Tregurtha – engineer
* Michael Doud – original art direction
* Michael Wade – original design
* Chris Foster – photographer
* Paul Wakefield – photographer
* Peter Waldman – photographer
* Nigel Messett – photographer
* Ken Randall – photographer
{{col-end}}

==References==
;Citations
{{Reflist|30em}}

;Bibliography
*{{Cite book | last = Wakeman| first = Rick | title = Say Yes! An Autobiography | publisher=[[Hodder & Stoughton]] | isbn = 978-0-340-62151-6 | year = 1995}}
*{{cite book| ref=wooding78 | last = Wooding | first = Dan | title = Rick Wakeman: The Caped Crusader | publisher = [[Granada Publishing]] Limited | isbn = 0-586-04853-7 | year = 1978}}
*{{Cite book| ref=shuker2005 | last = Shuker | first = Roy | title = Popular Music The Key Concepts | publisher= [[Routledge]] | isbn = 0-415-34769-6 |edition = 2nd | year = 2005}}
*{{Cite book| ref=snider2008 | last = Snider | first = Charles | title = The Strawberry Bricks Guide to Progressive Rock | publisher= [[Lulu.com]] | isbn =061517566X |edition = 1st | year = 2008 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=9nkarh6kA8oC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = ''[[The Singles: 1969-1973]]'' by [[The Carpenters]]
| title = [[UK album chart|UK]] [[List of number-one albums from the 1970s (UK)|number-one album]]
| years = 19–25 May 1974
| after = ''The Singles: 1969–1973'' by The Carpenters
}}
{{end}}
{{Journey to the Center of the Earth}}
{{Rick Wakeman}}
{{Strawbs}}
{{yesband}}

[[Category:Science fiction concept albums]]
[[Category:Rick Wakeman albums]]
[[Category:Adaptations of works by Jules Verne]]
[[Category:1974 live albums]]
[[Category:A&M Records live albums]]
[[Category:David Hemmings albums]]
[[Category:Music based on novels]]
[[Category:Music based on science fiction works]]
[[Category:Travel to the Earth's center]]

Saturnalia Fossa

2015-10-16T02:55:13Z

Deneb in Cygnus: removed Category:Geological features on asteroids; added Category:Geological features on main-belt asteroids using HotCat

[[File:Vesta full mosaic.jpg|thumb|Saturnalia Fossa runs obliquely near the terminator at upper right of this full view of Vesta, with nearby grooves parallel to it.]]
'''Saturnalia Fossa''' {{IPAc-en|s|æ|t|ər|ˈ|n|eɪ|l|i|ə|_|ˈ|f|ɒ|s|ə}} is the largest of the series of parallel [[Veneneia]]n troughs in the northern hemisphere of the giant asteroid [[4 Vesta]]. It is estimated to be approx. 39 km wide and is at least 365 km long; as of early 2012, one end disappeared in shadow and its total length was thus unknown. It is thought to be a shock fractures resulting from the impact that created Veneneia crater, which it is concentric with.<ref>[https://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2012AM/finalprogram/abstract_209151.htm Exploration of Saturnalia Fossa and associated structures in Vesta's northern hemisphere], Paper No. 152-12, 2012 GSA Annual Meeting in Charlotte (4–7 November 2012)</ref> It is one of the [[List of largest rifts and valleys in the Solar System|longer chasms in the Solar System]], and is named after the Roman festival of [[Saturnalia]].<ref>[http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/14912;jsessionid=1701b0012ee300e385522e34ff0b IAU/USGS] (NASA coordinates)</ref>

==See also==
*[[Divalia Fossa]], the largest of the Rheasilvian troughs.

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2012}}

[[Category:Extraterrestrial valleys]]
[[Category:Geological features on main-belt asteroids]]
[[Category:Surface features of Vesta]]

Rheasilvia

2015-10-16T02:55:05Z

Deneb in Cygnus: removed Category:Geological features on asteroids; added Category:Geological features on main-belt asteroids using HotCat

{{use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Coord|-75|301|globe:vesta_type:landmark|display=title|notes=<ref name=gpn/>}}
[[File:Vesta from Dawn, July 17.jpg|thumb|Southern hemisphere of Vesta, showing Rheasilvia crater]]

'''Rheasilvia''' {{IPAc-en|ˌ|r|i:|@|'|s|I|l|v|i|@}} is the most prominent surface feature on the asteroid [[4 Vesta|Vesta]] and is believed to be an [[impact crater]]. It is {{convert|505|km|mi|abbr=on}} in diameter, which is 90% the diameter of Vesta itself, and is 95% the mean diameter of Vesta, {{convert|529|km|mi|abbr=on}}. However, the mean is affected by the crater itself. It is 89% the mean equatorial diameter of {{convert|569|km|mi|abbr=on}}, making it one of the [[List of largest craters in the Solar System|largest craters in the Solar System]], and at 75°S latitude, covers most of the southern hemisphere. The peak in the center of the crater rises {{convert|22|km|mi ft|abbr=on}} from its base,<ref name = "Vega" /> the [[List of tallest mountains in the Solar System|tallest mountain known in the Solar System]].

== Discovery ==
Rheasilvia was discovered in [[Hubble Space Telescope|Hubble]] images in 1997,<ref>[http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/1997/27/ Hubble Reveals Huge Crater on the Surface of the Asteroid Vesta]</ref> but was not named until the arrival of the [[Dawn (spacecraft)|''Dawn'' spacecraft]] in 2011. It is named after [[Rhea Silvia]], a mythological [[vestal virgin]] and mother of the founders of Rome.<ref name=gpn>{{GPN|14886|Rheasilvia}}(NASA coordinates)</ref>

== Characteristics ==
The crater partially obscures an earlier crater, named [[Veneneia]], that at {{convert|395|km|mi|abbr=on}} is almost as large.<ref name=SN>[http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/339380/title/Vesta_seems_more_planet_than_asteroid_ 'Vesta seems more planet than asteroid'], ''Science News'', 22 Mar 2012</ref>

Rheasilvia has an escarpment along part of its perimeter which rises {{convert|4–12|km|mi|abbr=on}} above the surrounding terrain. The crater floor lies about {{convert|13|km|mi||0}} below the surrounding surface. This basin consists of undulating terrain and a central mound, almost {{convert|200|km|mi|abbr=on}} in diameter, which rises {{convert|22|km|mi ft|abbr=on}} from its base,<ref name = "Vega">{{cite web
| last = Vega | first = P.
| title = New View of Vesta Mountain From NASA's Dawn Mission
| work = [http://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/ Jet Propulsion Lab's Dawn mission web site]
| publisher = [[NASA]] | date = 11 October 2011
| url = http://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/feature_stories/new_view_vesta_mountain.asp
| format = | accessdate = 29 March 2012}}</ref> the [[List of tallest mountains in the Solar System|tallest mountain known in the Solar System]]. [[Spectroscopy|Spectroscopic]] analyses of Hubble images have shown that this crater has penetrated deep through several distinct layers of the crust, and possibly into the [[mantle (geology)|mantle]], as indicated by spectral signatures of [[olivine]].<ref>{{cite journal
|author=Thomas, P. C.
|display-authors=etal
|title=Vesta: Spin Pole, Size, and Shape from HST Images
|journal=Icarus
|volume=128
|issue=1
|page=88
|date=1997
|doi=10.1006/icar.1997.5736
|bibcode=1997Icar..128...88T}}</ref>

Vesta has a series of troughs in an equatorial region concentric to Rheasilvia. These are believed to be large-scale fractures resulting from the impact. The largest is [[Divalia Fossa]], approx. {{convert|22|km|mi|abbr=on}} wide and {{convert|465|km|mi|abbr=on}} long.

It is estimated that the impact responsible excavated about 1% of the volume of Vesta, and it is likely that the [[Vesta family]] and [[V-type asteroid]]s are the products of this collision. If this is the case, then the fact that 10-km fragments have survived bombardment until the present indicates that the crater is at most about 1 billion years old.<ref name="Binzel1997">{{cite journal
|author=Binzel, R. P.
|display-authors=etal
|title=Geologic Mapping of Vesta from 1994 Hubble Space Telescope Images
|journal=Icarus
|volume=128
|issue=1
|page=95
|date=1997
|doi=10.1006/icar.1997.5734
|bibcode=1997Icar..128...95B}}</ref> It would also be the origin of the [[HED meteorite]]s. Known V-type asteroids account for 6% of the ejected volume, with the rest of the fragments presumably either too small to observe, or removed from the asteroid belt by approaching the 3:1 [[Kirkwood gap]], by the [[Yarkovsky effect]], or (in the case of small fragments) by [[radiation pressure]].

== Gallery ==
{|
|-
| [[File:PIA15665 fig1.jpg|thumb|Elevation map of Vesta's southern hemisphere. Higher elevations (red) are found on the crater rim (occluding [[Veneneia]]) and the central peak.]]
| [[File:Rheasilvia and older basin, Vesta.jpg|thumb|Outlines of Rheasilvia and Veneneia, the latter being partially obliterated by the former.]]
| [[File:Vesta-HST-Color.jpg|thumb|[[Hubble Space Telescope|Hubble]] image of Vesta from May 2007. The flat spot at lower right is Rheasilvia seen in profile.]]
|}
{|
|-
| [[File:PIA15667 Vesta south pole oblique.jpg|thumb|Computer-generated oblique view of Rheasilvia, with color-coded elevation in the lower version. A flyover video is available at [http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA15667 the source].]]
| [[File:Shaded-relief topographic map of Vesta southern hemisphere image of NASA’s Dawn spacecraft.jpg|thumb|Shaded-relief topographic map of Vesta's southern hemisphere, showing Rheasilvia and Veneneia.]]
| [[File:3D - A Big Mountain at the Asteroid's South Pole.jpg|thumb|3-D [[Anaglyph 3D|anaglyph]] image of Rheasilvia's central peak.{{3d glasses}}]]
|}

==See also==
*[[List of largest craters in the Solar System]]
*[[List of tallest mountains in the Solar System]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Geological features on main-belt asteroids]]
[[Category:Impact craters on asteroids]]
[[Category:Surface features of Vesta]]

Divalia Fossa

2015-10-16T02:54:48Z

Deneb in Cygnus: removed Category:Geological features on asteroids; added Category:Geological features on main-belt asteroids using HotCat

'''Divalia Fossa''' {{IPAc-en|d|ɨ|ˈ|v|eɪ|l|i|ə|_|ˈ|f|ɒ|s|ə}} is the largest of the series of parallel [[Rheasilvia]]n equatorial troughs on the giant asteroid [[4 Vesta]]. It is approximately 10 km wide (estimated 22 km at its widest point) and encircles "most" of Vesta's equator,<ref>[http://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/multimedia/imageoftheday/image.asp?date=20120711]</ref> or for at least 465 km, and is about 5 km deep. It is thought to be a compression fracture resulting from the impact that created Rheasilvia crater. It is one of the [[List of largest rifts and valleys in the Solar System|longer chasms in the Solar System]], and is named after the Roman festival of [[Divalia]].<ref>[http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/14911;jsessionid=604BAC015C7EA07436F700D1435D1EDB IAU/USGS] (NASA coordinates)</ref>

{{multiple image
| align = center
| direction = horizontal
| image1 = Divalia Fossa IOTD-260.jpg
| width1 = 375
| alt1 =
| caption1 = A section of Divalia Fossa (green horizontal band), with lesser parallel troughs to the north and south
| image2 = Divalia Fossa PIA15673.jpg
| width2 = 400
| alt2 =
| caption2 = A computer-generated view of a portion of Divalia Fossa
}}

==See also==
*[[Saturnalia Fossa]], the largest of the Veneneian troughs

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Extraterrestrial valleys]]
[[Category:Geological features on main-belt asteroids]]
[[Category:Surface features of Vesta]]

Veneneia

2015-09-07T04:54:39Z

Deneb in Cygnus: -Category:Vesta; +Category:Surface features of Vesta using HotCat

{{for|the vestal virgin Veneneia|vestal virgins}}
{{multiple image
|direction=vertical
|image1=Rheasilvia and Veneneia.jpg
|image2=Rheasilvia and older basin, Vesta.jpg
|size=250
|caption2=Outline of [[Rheasilvia]] (top center), with Veneneia (bottom center) underlying it
}}
'''Veneneia''' ({{IPAc-en|v|E|n|i-|'|n|ee|@}} {{respell|ven-i|NEE|ə}}) is the second-largest crater on asteroid [[4 Vesta]], at 52°S latitude. {{convert|395|km|mi||0}}<ref name=SN>[http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/339380/title/Vesta_seems_more_planet_than_asteroid_ 'Vesta seems more planet than asteroid'], ''Science News'', 2012 Mar 22</ref> in diameter, it is 70% of the equatorial diameter of the asteroid, and one of the [[List of largest craters in the Solar System|largest craters in the Solar System]]. It is at least 2 billion years old.<ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2144652/Asteroid-Vesta-Nasas-Dawn-probe-reveals-huge-rippled-asteroid-like-small-planet.html?ito=feeds-newsxml "Incredible video 'fly-over' by Nasa's Dawn probe reveals huge rippled asteroid Vesta is more like a small planet"]. ''[[Daily Mail]]'', 15 May 2012. Retrieved 23 May 2012.</ref> However, it is overlain and partially obliterated by the even larger [[Rheasilvia]]. It was discovered by the [[Dawn (spacecraft)|''Dawn'' spacecraft]] in 2011. It is named after ''Venēneia'', one of the founding [[vestal virgin]]s.<ref name=USGS>[http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/14949;jsessionid=896F2CBF827755EBC958674D5FC01838 Veneneia], ''Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature'', 2012 Feb 28 (NASA coordinates)</ref>

Vesta has a series of troughs in the northern hemisphere concentric to Veneneia. These are believed to be large-scale fractures resulting from the impact. The largest is [[Saturnalia Fossa]], approx. 39 km wide and > 400 km long.<ref>[https://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2012AM/finalprogram/abstract_209151.htm EXPLORATION OF SATURNALIA FOSSA AND ASSOCIATED STRUCTURES IN VESTA'S NORTHERN HEMISPHERE]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Impact craters on asteroids]]
[[Category:Surface features of Vesta]]

{{astronomy-stub}}

Saturnalia Fossa

2015-09-07T04:54:14Z

Deneb in Cygnus: removed Category:Vesta; added Category:Surface features of Vesta using HotCat

Rheasilvia

2015-09-07T04:54:06Z

Deneb in Cygnus: -Category:Vesta; +Category:Surface features of Vesta using HotCat

{{use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Coord|-75|301|globe:vesta_type:landmark|display=title|notes=<ref name=gpn/>}}
[[File:Vesta from Dawn, July 17.jpg|thumb|Southern hemisphere of Vesta, showing Rheasilvia crater]]

'''Rheasilvia''' {{IPAc-en|ˌ|r|i:|@|'|s|I|l|v|i|@}} is the most prominent surface feature on the asteroid [[4 Vesta|Vesta]] and is believed to be an [[impact crater]]. It is {{convert|505|km|mi|abbr=on}} in diameter, which is 90% the diameter of Vesta itself, and is 95% the mean diameter of Vesta, {{convert|529|km|mi|abbr=on}}. However, the mean is affected by the crater itself. It is 89% the mean equatorial diameter of {{convert|569|km|mi|abbr=on}}, making it one of the [[List of largest craters in the Solar System|largest craters in the Solar System]], and at 75°S latitude, covers most of the southern hemisphere. The peak in the center of the crater rises {{convert|22|km|mi ft|abbr=on}} from its base,<ref name = "Vega" /> the [[List of tallest mountains in the Solar System|tallest mountain known in the Solar System]].

== Discovery ==
Rheasilvia was discovered in [[Hubble Space Telescope|Hubble]] images in 1997,<ref>[http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/1997/27/ Hubble Reveals Huge Crater on the Surface of the Asteroid Vesta]</ref> but was not named until the arrival of the [[Dawn (spacecraft)|''Dawn'' spacecraft]] in 2011. It is named after [[Rhea Silvia]], a mythological [[vestal virgin]] and mother of the founders of Rome.<ref name=gpn>{{GPN|14886|Rheasilvia}}(NASA coordinates)</ref>

== Characteristics ==
The crater partially obscures an earlier crater, named [[Veneneia]], that at {{convert|395|km|mi|abbr=on}} is almost as large.<ref name=SN>[http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/339380/title/Vesta_seems_more_planet_than_asteroid_ 'Vesta seems more planet than asteroid'], ''Science News'', 22 Mar 2012</ref>

Rheasilvia has an escarpment along part of its perimeter which rises {{convert|4–12|km|mi|abbr=on}} above the surrounding terrain. The crater floor lies about {{convert|13|km|mi||0}} below the surrounding surface. This basin consists of undulating terrain and a central mound, almost {{convert|200|km|mi|abbr=on}} in diameter, which rises {{convert|22|km|mi ft|abbr=on}} from its base,<ref name = "Vega">{{cite web
| last = Vega | first = P.
| title = New View of Vesta Mountain From NASA's Dawn Mission
| work = [http://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/ Jet Propulsion Lab's Dawn mission web site]
| publisher = [[NASA]] | date = 11 October 2011
| url = http://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/feature_stories/new_view_vesta_mountain.asp
| format = | accessdate = 29 March 2012}}</ref> the [[List of tallest mountains in the Solar System|tallest mountain known in the Solar System]]. [[Spectroscopy|Spectroscopic]] analyses of Hubble images have shown that this crater has penetrated deep through several distinct layers of the crust, and possibly into the [[mantle (geology)|mantle]], as indicated by spectral signatures of [[olivine]].<ref>{{cite journal
|author=Thomas, P. C.
|display-authors=etal
|title=Vesta: Spin Pole, Size, and Shape from HST Images
|journal=Icarus
|volume=128
|issue=1
|page=88
|date=1997
|doi=10.1006/icar.1997.5736
|bibcode=1997Icar..128...88T}}</ref>

Vesta has a series of troughs in an equatorial region concentric to Rheasilvia. These are believed to be large-scale fractures resulting from the impact. The largest is [[Divalia Fossa]], approx. {{convert|22|km|mi|abbr=on}} wide and {{convert|465|km|mi|abbr=on}} long.

It is estimated that the impact responsible excavated about 1% of the volume of Vesta, and it is likely that the [[Vesta family]] and [[V-type asteroid]]s are the products of this collision. If this is the case, then the fact that 10-km fragments have survived bombardment until the present indicates that the crater is at most about 1 billion years old.<ref name="Binzel1997">{{cite journal
|author=Binzel, R. P.
|display-authors=etal
|title=Geologic Mapping of Vesta from 1994 Hubble Space Telescope Images
|journal=Icarus
|volume=128
|issue=1
|page=95
|date=1997
|doi=10.1006/icar.1997.5734
|bibcode=1997Icar..128...95B}}</ref> It would also be the origin of the [[HED meteorite]]s. Known V-type asteroids account for 6% of the ejected volume, with the rest of the fragments presumably either too small to observe, or removed from the asteroid belt by approaching the 3:1 [[Kirkwood gap]], by the [[Yarkovsky effect]], or (in the case of small fragments) by [[radiation pressure]].

== Gallery ==
{|
|-
| [[File:PIA15665 fig1.jpg|thumb|Elevation map of Vesta's southern hemisphere. Higher elevations (red) are found on the crater rim (occluding [[Veneneia]]) and the central peak.]]
| [[File:Rheasilvia and older basin, Vesta.jpg|thumb|Outlines of Rheasilvia and Veneneia, the latter being partially obliterated by the former.]]
| [[File:Vesta-HST-Color.jpg|thumb|[[Hubble Space Telescope|Hubble]] image of Vesta from May 2007. The flat spot at lower right is Rheasilvia seen in profile.]]
|}
{|
|-
| [[File:PIA15667 Vesta south pole oblique.jpg|thumb|Computer-generated oblique view of Rheasilvia, with color-coded elevation in the lower version. A flyover video is available at [http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA15667 the source].]]
| [[File:Shaded-relief topographic map of Vesta southern hemisphere image of NASA’s Dawn spacecraft.jpg|thumb|Shaded-relief topographic map of Vesta's southern hemisphere, showing Rheasilvia and Veneneia.]]
| [[File:3D - A Big Mountain at the Asteroid's South Pole.jpg|thumb|3-D [[Anaglyph 3D|anaglyph]] image of Rheasilvia's central peak.{{3d glasses}}]]
|}

==See also==
*[[List of largest craters in the Solar System]]
*[[List of tallest mountains in the Solar System]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Geological features on asteroids]]
[[Category:Impact craters on asteroids]]
[[Category:Surface features of Vesta]]

Divalia Fossa

2015-09-07T04:53:24Z

Deneb in Cygnus: removed Category:Vesta; added Category:Surface features of Vesta using HotCat

The Black Corridor

2015-08-30T18:42:19Z

Deneb in Cygnus:

{{dablink|"Black Corridor" redirects here. For the song "Black Corridor" by Hawkwind, see [[Space Ritual]]}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2013}}

{{Infobox book | 
| name = The Black Corridor
| title_orig =
| translator =
| image = Black corridor.jpg
| caption = Cover of the first edition
| author = [[Michael Moorcock]]
| illustrator =
| cover_artist = [[Leo and Diane Dillon]]
| country = United States
| language = English
| series =
| subject =
| genre = [[Science fiction novel]]
| publisher = [[Ace Books]]
| release_date = 1969
| english_release_date =
| media_type = Print (Paperback)
| pages = 187
| isbn = 
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
}}
'''''The Black Corridor''''' is a science fiction novel by [[Michael Moorcock]], published in 1969, first by [[Ace Books]] in the US, as part of their [[Ace Science Fiction Specials]] series, and later by [[Mayflower Books]] in the UK.

It is essentially a novel about the decay of society and the deep personal and social isolation this has caused, and tells of a man fleeing through interstellar space from Earth, where civilisation is collapsing into anarchy and wars. The author uses techniques ranging from straight narrative to entries in the spaceship's log, dream sequences and sixties-style computer printouts.

==Plot summary==
Ryan is a tough-minded British businessman appalled by the breakdown of society at the end of the 20th century. He feels that he is one of the few sane men in a world of paranoiacs.

With a small group of family and friends, he has stolen a spaceship and set out for Munich 15040 ([[Barnard's Star]]), a planet believed to be suitable for colonisation. Now he keeps watch alone, with his 13 companions sealed in cabinets designed to keep them in suspended animation for the many years of the journey. He makes a daily report on each one: it is always 'Condition Steady'.

Ryan is tormented by nightmares and memories of the violence on Earth; he starts to fear he is losing his grip on reality. The shipboard computer urges him to take a drug that eliminates all delusions and hallucinations; but he is strangely reluctant to use this drug.

==Authorship==
Although the novel is credited to Michael Moorcock, it is based on an idea for a novel started but not finished by Moorcock's then-wife, [[Hilary Bailey]], "a straight future disaster story – collapse of society stuff".<ref name="Miscellany">Moorcock, M: http://www.multiverse.org/fora/showpost.php?p=17441&postcount=2 , 27 August 2004</ref> Moorcock took Bailey's scenes set on Earth and heavily rewrote them, adding all the scenes that occur on the ''Hope Dempsey''.

{{Quotation|All the scenes in the ship are mine. Many of the scenes back on Earth are Hilary's. That's why it was never presented as a regular collaboration. She didn't want it done that way. So I worked in acknowledgements in the dedication.|Michael Moorock<ref name="Miscellany"/>}}

==Typographical art==
The novel contains sequences of typographical art, where, in the words of the author, "words create a pattern of other letters forming other words".<ref>Moorcock, M: http://www.multiverse.org/fora/showpost.php?p=18391&postcount=7, 8 September 2004</ref> In various editions of the book, these sequences have not always been presented correctly. The first American edition (Ace, 1969) got the art right, although the book's opening passages were cut. The first UK edition (Mayflower, 1969) restored the opening passages but the typesetters messed up the typographical art, although they did get the art on their correct pages, something that subsequent American printings failed to do.

When [[John Davey]] edited the ''[[Tales of the Eternal Champion]]'' omnibuses for Orion (in the UK) and White Wolf (in the US) in the 1990s, every effort was made to ensure that the typographical art was perfect in the volume containing ''The Black Corridor'' (''[[Sailing to Utopia]]'').<ref>Davey, J: http://www.multiverse.org/fora/showpost.php?p=85484&postcount=13 , 2 February 2007</ref> These omnibuses (particularly the White Wolf edition) are regarded by Moorcock as being the "most accurate typographically".<ref>Moorcock, M: http://www.multiverse.org/fora/showpost.php?p=85415&postcount=11 , 1 February 2007</ref>

==Critical response==
[[Barry Malzberg]] reviewed the novel unfavorably on its release, saying "it is not good. It is really not at all good," but concluded "I remain convinced that someday Moorcock will write a substantial novel, fully worthy of his pretensions and our expectations."<ref>"Books," ''[[F&SF]]'', May 1970, pp.25–6</ref>

''The Black Corridor'' was cited by [[Karl Edward Wagner]] as one of the thirteen best science-fiction horror novels.<ref>N. G. Christakos, "Three By Thirteen: The Karl Edward Wagner Lists" in ''Black Prometheus: A Critical Study of Karl Edward Wagner'', ed. Benjamin Szumskyj, [[Gothic Press]] 2007.</ref>

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
*{{Cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Moorcock's Miscellany
| work =
| publisher =
| date =
| url = http://www.multiverse.org/imagehive/v/bookcovers/books/mikebooks/tbc/
| format =
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-12-15 }}
*{{Cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Internet Speculative Fiction Database
| work =
| publisher =
| date =
| url = http://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/pl.cgi?BLKCOR1971
| format =
| doi =
| accessdate = 2007-12-14 }}
{{Michael Moorcock}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Black Corridor, The}}
[[Category:1969 novels]]
[[Category:American science fiction novels]]
[[Category:Barnard's Star in fiction]]
[[Category:Novels by Michael Moorcock]]
[[Category:Books with cover art by Leo and Diane Dillon]]
[[Category:Ace Books books]]

2014 PN70

2015-08-27T06:37:55Z

Deneb in Cygnus: removed Category:Trans-Neptunian objects; added Category:Kuiper belt objects using HotCat

{{DISPLAYTITLE:{{mp|2014 PN|70}}}}
{{infobox planet
| name = {{mp|2014 PN|70}}
| symbol =
| image =
| caption =
| discovery_ref = <ref name="discovery ref">{{cite web|title=2014 PN70|url=http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?utf8=%E2%9C%93&object_id=2014+PN70|publisher=[[Minor Planet Center]]|date=2014-10-22}}</ref>
| discoverer = [[Hubble Space Telescope]]
| discovered = August 6, 2014
| mp_name = 2014 PN70
| mp_category = [[Trans-Neptunian object]] (TNO)
| alt_names = MPO 335305,<ref name="discovery ref"/> G12000JZ,<ref name="Lakdawalla2014"/> g1,<ref name="postcard"/> PT3<ref name="postcard"/>
| orbit_ref = <ref name="jpldata">{{cite web
|type=2014-10-22 last obs; [[Observation arc|arc]]: 77 days
|title=JPL Small-Body Database Browser: (2014 PN70)
|url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2014PN70
|accessdate=7 May 2015}}</ref>
| epoch = Dec 9, 2014 ([[Julian day|JD]] 2457000.5)
| uncertainty = 5
| observation_arc = 77 days
| semimajor = {{val|44|10|u=AU}}
| perihelion = 42? AU
| aphelion = {{val|46|10|u=AU}}
| inclination = {{val|4.12|0.14|u=°}}
| period = {{val|292|97|u=yr}}
| avg_speed = {{val|4.5|1.5|u=km/s}}
| eccentricity = 0.051?
| asc_node = {{val|136|1.4|u=°}}
| arg_peri = 239°?
| mean_anomaly = 271°?
| magnitude = 26.4<ref name="Lakdawalla2014"/>
| albedo = 0.04–0.10<ref name="Lakdawalla2014"/> 0.04–0.15<ref name="status_report">{{cite web|author=Buie, Marc|authorlink=Marc W. Buie|title=New Horizons HST KBO Search Results: Status Report|url=http://www.stsci.edu/institute/stuc/oct-2014/New-Horizons.pdf|publisher=[[Space Telescope Science Institute]]|date=October 15, 2014|page=23}}</ref>
| abs_magnitude = {{val|8.5|0.3}}<ref name="jpldata"/>
| dimensions = {{convert|35|–|55|km|miles|abbr=on}}<ref name="Lakdawalla2014"/> {{convert|50|–|120|km|miles|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|title=ABSOLUTE MAGNITUDE (H)|url=http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/glossary/h.html|publisher=[[NASA]]}}</ref> {{convert|30|–|55|km|miles|abbr=on}}<ref name="status_report"/>
}}

'''{{mp|2014 PN|70}}''' (formerly labeled '''g12000JZ''' in the context of the [[Hubble Space Telescope]], and '''g1''' and '''PT3''' in the context of the ''[[New Horizons]]'' mission) is a [[Kuiper belt]] object (KBO) and a potential flyby target for the ''New Horizons'' probe.<ref name="postcard">{{cite web|author=Zangari, Amanda|title=Postcards from Pluto|url=http://plutopostcards.tumblr.com/post/114890975293/picture-from-the-colorado-dmv-im-super-excited|publisher=[[Tumblr]]|date=March 28, 2015}}</ref>

==Discovery and naming==
{{mp|2014 PN|70}} was discovered during an observation campaign intended to search for [[New Horizons#Suitable KBOs|KBO flyby targets]] for the ''New Horizons'' probe. The observations started in June 2014, and more intensive ones continued in July and August.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hubble to Proceed with Full Search for New Horizons Targets|work= HubbleSite news release|publisher=[[Space Telescope Science Institute]]|date=July 1, 2014|url=http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2014/35/}}</ref> They were conducted with the help of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST); {{mp|2014 PN|70}}'s magnitude of 26.4 is too faint to be observed by ground-based telescopes. {{mp|2014 PN|70}} was first discovered in observations on August 6, 2014, and it was designated g12000JZ at the time, nicknamed g1 for short.<ref name="postcard"/><ref name="status_report"/> Its existence as a potential target of the ''New Horizons'' probe was revealed by [[NASA]] in October 2014<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2014/47/|title=NASA's Hubble Telescope Finds Potential Kuiper Belt Targets for New Horizons Pluto Mission|work=HubbleSite|date=15 October 2014}}</ref><ref name = "Wall2014">{{cite web|last=Wall|first=Mike|title=Hubble Telescope Spots Post-Pluto Targets for New Horizons Probe|publisher=Space.com|date=October 15, 2014|archivedate=October 15, 2014|url=http://www.space.com/27445-hubble-telescope-new-horizons-kuiper-belt.html|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20141015233156/http://www.space.com/27445-hubble-telescope-new-horizons-kuiper-belt.html}}</ref> and it was designated PT3; its official name, {{mp|2014 PN|70}}, was not assigned by the [[Minor Planet Center]] (MPC) until March 2015 after better orbit information was available.<ref name="postcard"/>

== Characteristics ==
{{mp|2014 PN|70}}, has a diameter between {{Convert|35|-|120|km|abbr=on}} and the potential encounter in June 2019 would be at a distance of 44 [[Astronomical unit|AU]] from the Sun.<ref name="Lakdawalla2014">{{cite web|last=Lakdawalla|first=Emily|authorlink=Emily Lakdawalla|title=Finally! New Horizons has a second target|work=Planetary Society blog|publisher=[[Planetary Society]]|date=October 15, 2014|archivedate=October 15, 2014|url=http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2014/10151024-finally-new-horizons-has-a-kbo.html|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20141015230432/http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2014/10151024-finally-new-horizons-has-a-kbo.html
|deadurl= no}}</ref>

==Potential target of the ''New Horizons'' mission==
After the New Horizons probe completes its flyby of [[Pluto]], the probe will be maneuvered to a flyby of at least one Kuiper belt object (KBO). There are several potential targets under consideration for the first such flyby. The preferred target is PT1, the KBO {{mpl|2014 MU|69}}, which is a slightly smaller object than {{mp|2014 PN|70}}, but less fuel is required for the probe to maneuver to a flyby. {{mp|2014 PN|70}} (PT3) is the second choice. A decision is expected in August 2015. (Potential target PT2, the KBO {{mpl|2014 OS|393}}, is no longer under consideration as a potential target.)<ref>{{cite web|author=Powell, Corey S.|title=Alan Stern on Pluto’s Wonders, New Horizons’ Lost Twin, and That Whole "Dwarf Planet" Thing|url=http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/outthere/2015/03/29/alan-stern-on-plutos-wonders/|magazine=[[Discover (magazine)|Discover]]|date=March 29, 2015}}</ref>

Should it be chosen, ''New Horizons'' will encounter it in March 2019.<ref>http://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2015/pdf/1301.pdf</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2014 P070N}}
[[Category:Kuiper belt objects]]
[[Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 2014|20140806]]
[[Category:New Horizons]]

Wolf 1061

2015-08-26T05:42:58Z

Deneb in Cygnus:

{{refimprove|date=June 2012}}
{{Starbox begin
| name=Wolf 1061
}}
{{Starbox observe
| epoch=J2000
| ra={{RA|16|30|18.1}}
| dec={{DEC|–12|39|45}}
| appmag_v=10.10
| constell=[[Ophiuchus]]
}}
{{Starbox character
| class=M3 V
| b-v=1.59
| u-b=1.17
| variable=None
}}
{{Starbox astrometry
| radial_v=–21.0
| prop_mo_ra=–93.61
| prop_mo_dec=–1184.90
| parallax=232.98
| p_error=1.60
| parallax_footnote={{r|van Leeuwen2007}}
| absmag_v=11.96
}}
{{Starbox detail
| mass=
| radius=
| gravity=
| luminosity=
| metal_fe={{nowrap|–0.02 ± 0.17}}<ref name=apj748_2_934/>
| temperature={{nowrap|3,380 ± 20}}<ref name=apj748_2_934/>
| rotational_velocity=
| age_gyr=
}}
{{Starbox catalog
| names=[[Bonner Durchmusterung|BD]] -12°4523, [[Henry L. Giclas catalogue|G]] 153-058, [[General Catalogue of Trigonometric Parallaxes|GCTP]] 3746.00, [[Gliese-Jahreiss catalogue|GJ]] 628, [[Hipparcos catalogue|HIP]] 80824, [[Luyten Half-Second catalogue|LHS]] 419, [[Alexander N. Vyssotsky|Vys]] 164.
}}
{{Starbox reference
|Simbad=Wolf+1061
}}
{{Starbox end}}

'''Wolf 1061''' (V2306 Ophiuchi) is a [[red dwarf]] star. It is located relatively near the [[Sun]], at a distance of about 13.8 [[light year]]s, in the constellation [[Ophiuchus]]. It has a relatively high [[proper motion]] and has not been found to have any unusual [[Spectroscopy|spectroscopic]] features.

==Distance==
{{πt}}
{{πp|wo|249|6|<ref name="Woolley1970">{{plxref|wo=628|accessdate=2014-10-22}}</ref>}}
{{πp|gj|244.7|6.3|<ref name="Gliese1991">{{plxref|gj=628|accessdate=2014-10-22}}</ref>}}
{{πp|plx|244.0|4.2|<ref name="van Altena1995">{{plxref|plx=3746|accessdate=2014-10-22}}</ref>}}
{{πp|hip|234.51|1.82|<ref name="Perryman1997">{{plxref|hip=80824|hipsource=hip|accessdate=2014-10-22}}</ref>}}
{{πp|tyc|a||<ref name="Perryman1997_tyc">{{plxref|hip=80824|accessdate=2014-10-22}}</ref>}}
{{πp|hip2|232.98|1.60|<ref name="van Leeuwen2007">{{plxref|hip=80824|hipsource=hip2|accessdate=2014-10-22}}</ref>|b=}}
{{πp|RECONS TOP100 (2009)|236.01|1.67|<ref name="RECONS TOP100 2009">[http://web.archive.org/web/20100421070246/http://www.recons.org/TOP100.posted.htm]</ref>|c1=<ref group="note">Weighted parallax based on parallaxes from van Altena ''et al.'' (1995) and Perryman ''et al.'' (1997).</ref>}}
{{πp|recons2012|234.38|1.50|<ref name="RECONS TOP100">{{plxref|recons2012|accessdate=2014-10-22}}</ref>|c1=<ref group="note">Weighted parallax based on parallaxes from van Altena ''et al.'' (1995) and van Leeuwen (2007).</ref>}}
{{πe}}

==See also==
* [[List of nearest stars]]

==References==
{{reflist|refs=

<ref name=apj748_2_934>{{cite journal | display-authors=1 | last1=Rojas-Ayala | first1=Bárbara | last2=Covey | first2=Kevin R. | last3=Muirhead | first3=Philip S. | last4=Lloyd | first4=James P. | title=Metallicity and Temperature Indicators in M Dwarf K-band Spectra: Testing New and Updated Calibrations with Observations of 133 Solar Neighborhood M Dwarfs | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | volume=748 | issue=2 | page=93 |date=April 2012 | doi=10.1088/0004-637X/748/2/93 | bibcode=2012ApJ...748...93R | arxiv=1112.4567 }}</ref>

}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==External links==
* [http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=wolf+1061 SIMBAD database entry]

{{Cobd|4}}
{{Stars of Ophiuchus}}

[[Category:Local Bubble]]
[[Category:M-type main-sequence stars]]
[[Category:Ophiuchus (constellation)]]
[[Category:Hipparcos objects|080824]]
[[Category:Gliese and GJ objects|0628]]
[[Category:Wolf objects|1061]]
[[Category:Durchmusterung objects|BD-12 4523]]
[[Category:Objects named with variable star designations|Ophiuchi, V2306]]

{{main-star-stub}}

Trumpler 16

2015-08-26T05:16:52Z

Deneb in Cygnus:

{{Infobox cluster
| name = Trumpler 16
| image = [[File:ESO - The Carina Nebula (by).jpg|240 px]]
| caption = The inner region of the [[Carina Nebula]] as seen in near-infrared. Trumpler 16 is the cluster of stars at the left, around [[Eta Carinae]] (the brightest star in the image).
| credit = [[European Southern Observatory]]
| epoch = [[Epoch (astronomy)#Julian years and J2000|J2000]]
| constellation = [[Carina (constellation)|Carina]]
| ra = {{RA|10|49|10}}<ref name=wu>{{cite journal|bibcode=2009MNRAS.399.2146W|title=The orbits of open clusters in the Galaxy|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=399|issue=4|pages=2146|author1=Wu|first1=Zhen-Yu|last2=Zhou|first2=Xu|last3=Ma|first3=Jun|last4=Du|first4=Cui-Hua|year=2009|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15416.x}}</ref>
| dec = {{DEC|-59|43.0}}<ref name=wu/>
| dist_ly = 7,500 [[light-year]]s
| dist_pc = 2,300 [[parsec]]s<ref name=scott/>
| appmag_v =
| names = C 1043-594
}}

[[File:NGC 3372d.jpg|upright=1.6|thumb|left|[[Carina OB1]] association, with Trumpler 16]]
'''Trumpler 16''' is a massive [[open cluster]] that is home to some of the most luminous stars in the [[Milky Way]] Galaxy. It is situated within the [[Carina Nebula]] ([[Caldwell 92]]) complex in the [[Carina-Sagittarius Arm]], located approximately 7,500 light-years from Earth. The cluster has one naked eye member star, [[Eta Carinae]].

[[File:Carina Nebula by ESO.jpg|left|thumb|Image of [[Carina OB1]] showing Trumpler 16 with [[Trumpler 14]] and [[Collinder 228]]]]
Its most luminous members are Eta Carinae and [[WR 25]], with both having luminosities several million times that of the Sun, and there are six other extreme stars with O3 spectral classes.<ref name=scott>{{cite journal |title=The Chandra Carina Complex Project View of Trumpler 16 |display-authors=4 |author=Wolk, Scott J. |author2=Broos, Patrick S. |author3=Getman, Konstantin V. |author4=Feigelson, Eric D. |author5=Preibisch, Thomas |author6=Townsley, Leisa K. |author7=Wang, Junfeng |author8=Stassun, Keivan G. |author9=King, Robert R. |author10=McCaughrean, Mark J. |author11=Moffat, Anthony F. J. |author12=Zinnecker, Hans | journal=The Astrophysical Journal Supplement|volume=194| issue=1| id=12| pages=15 |date=2011 |doi= 10.1088/0067-0049/194/1/12 | bibcode=2011ApJS..194...12W|arxiv = 1103.1126 }}</ref> Both η Carinae and WR 25 are binaries, with the primary stars contributing most of the luminosity, but with companions which are themselves more massive and luminous than most stars. Across all wavelengths, WR 25 is estimated to be the more luminous of the two, 6,300,000 times the Sun's luminosity (absolute bolometric magnitude -12.25) compared to Eta Carinae at 5,000,000 times the Sun's luminosity (absolute bolometric magnitude -12.0). However in the image on the right Eta Carinae appears by far the brightest object, both because it is brighter in visual wavelengths and because it is embedded in nebulosity which is exaggerated in this type of image. WR 25 is very hot and emits most of its radiation as ultraviolet. It can be seen in the image below and to the right of Eta Carinae, just beyond the edge of the brightest nebulosity and to the right of an orange foreground star.

Trumpler 16 and Trumpler 14 are the most prominent star clusters in [[Carina OB1]], a giant stellar association in the Carina spiral arm. Another cluster within Carina OB1, [[Collinder catalog|Collinder]] 228, is thought to be an extension of Trumpler 16 appearing visually separated only because of an intervening dust lane. The spectral types of the stars indicate that Trumpler 16 formed by a single wave of star formation. Because of the extreme luminosity of the stars formed, their stellar winds push away the clouds of dust, similar to the [[Pleiades]]. In a few million years, after the brightest stars have exploded as [[supernova]]e, the cluster will slowly die away. Trumpler 16 includes most of the stars in the left (east) half of the nebulosity in this image. Trumpler 14 is younger and more compact, visible just right (west) of the centre of this frame.<ref name=carrago>{{cite journal|bibcode= 2004A&A...418..525C |title= The star cluster Collinder 232 in the Carina complex and its relation to Trumpler 14/16 |journal= Astronomy and Astrophysics |volume= 418 |issue= 2 |pages= 525 |author1= Carraro |first1= G. |last2= Romaniello |first2= M. |last3= Ventura |first3= P. |last4= Patat |first4= F. |year= 2004 |doi= 10.1051/0004-6361:20034335 }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Trumpler 10]]
*[[Carina OB2]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{cite journal|title=η Carinae and the Trumpler 16 Cluster|journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific|page=492|number=447|volume=75|date=December 1963|doi=10.1086/128013|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1963PASP...75..492F|accessdate=18 January 2014|author=Feinstein, Alejandro|bibcode=1963PASP...75..492F}}

[[Category:Carina Nebula]]
[[Category:Open clusters]]
[[Category:Carina (constellation)]]
[[Category:Trumpler catalog]]