Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Chase Elliott

2014-11-12T21:47:24Z

Demize: Reverted edits by Casino51! (talk) (HG)

{{Infobox NASCAR driver
|name = Chase Elliott
|image = Chase Elliott 2014 Gardner Denver 200 at Road America.jpg
|caption = Elliott at [[Road America]] in 2014
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1995|11|28}}
|birth_place = [[Dawsonville, Georgia|Dawsonville]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], U.S.
|achievements = 2010 [[Winchester 400]] Winner 2011 [[Snowball Derby]] Winner 2012 [[World Crown 300]] Winner 2013 [[All American 400]] Winner [[2014 NASCAR Nationwide Series|2014]] [[NASCAR Nationwide Series|Nationwide Series]] Champion
|awards =
|Total_Busch_Races = 31
|Years_In_Busch = 1
|Busch_Car_Team = No. 9 ([[JR Motorsports]])
|Prev_Busch_Pos =
|Prev_Busch_Year =
|Best_Busch_Pos = 1st ([[2014 NASCAR Nationwide Series|2014]])
|First_Busch_Race = [[2014 NASCAR Nationwide Series|2014]] [[DRIVE4COPD 300]] ([[Daytona International Speedway|Daytona]])
|Last_Busch_Race = {{Latest NASCAR Busch}}
|First_Busch_Win = [[2014 NASCAR Nationwide Series|2014]] [[O'Reilly Auto Parts 300]] ([[Texas Motor Speedway|Texas]])
|Last_Busch_Win = [[2014 NASCAR Nationwide Series|2014]] [[EnjoyIllinois.com 300]] ([[Chicagoland Speedway|Joliet]])
|Busch_Wins = 3
|Busch_Top_Tens = 26
|Busch_Poles = 2
|Total_Truck_Races = 9
|Years_In_Truck = 1
|Truck_Car_Team =
|Prev_Truck_Pos = 22nd
|Prev_Truck_Year = 2013
|Best_Truck_Pos = 22nd ([[2013 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series|2013]])
|First_Truck_Race = [[2013 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series|2013]] [[Kroger 250]] ([[Martinsville Speedway|Martinsville]])
|Last_Truck_Race = [[2013 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series|2013]] [[Lucas Oil 150]] ([[Phoenix International Raceway|Phoenix]])
|First_Truck_Win = [[2013 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series|2013]] [[Chevy Silverado 250]] ([[Canadian Tire Motorsport Park|Mosport]])
|Last_Truck_Win =
|Truck_Wins = 1
|Truck_Top_Tens = 7
|Truck_Poles = 1
|updated = November 8, 2014
}}
'''William Clyde Elliott II''', known as '''Chase Elliott''' (born November 28, 1995 in [[Dawsonville, Georgia]]), is an [[United States|American]] [[stock car racing|stock car]] racing driver. A [[Driver development program|development driver]] for [[Hendrick Motorsports]], he currently competes full-time in the [[NASCAR]] [[Nationwide Series]], driving the No. 9 [[National Automotive Parts Association|NAPA Auto Parts]] [[Chevrolet Camaro]] for [[JR Motorsports]]. He is the son of [[1988 NASCAR Winston Cup Series|1988]] [[Winston Cup Series]] champion [[Bill Elliott]].

Elliott won the [[2014 NASCAR Nationwide Series]] championship, the first rookie to win a NASCAR national series championship.

==Career==
[[File:Chase Elliott Bill Elliott Racing Chevrolet Rockingham 2012.jpg|thumb|left|Elliott's [[K&N Pro Series East]] car at Rockingham in 2012]]
Elliott raced in 40 races in various series in 2010, winning twelve events over the course of the year and finishing in the top ten 38 times.<ref name="SI Player of the Week">{{cite news|last=Glickman|first=Ben|title=Chase Elliott follows path of race car driver father|url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2011/specials/highschool-potw/04/28/hspotw.25/index.html|accessdate=19 November 2011|newspaper=[[Sports Illustrated]]|date=April 28, 2011}}</ref> It was the third season of his racing career, and he won the Blizzard Series, Miller Lite and Gulf Coast championship en route to being named the Georgia Asphalt Pro Late Model Series Rookie of the Year.<ref name="SI Player of the Week" /> He ended the season by winning the [[Winchester 400]].<ref name="SI Player of the Week" />

Elliott signed a three-year driver development contract with [[Hendrick Motorsports]] in February 2011.<ref name="SI Player of the Week" /><ref name=WAGA>{{cite web|first=Staff|title=Son of NASCAR's Bill Elliott signs multi-year deal|url=http://www.myfoxatlanta.com/dpp/sports/hendrick-motorsports-signs-chase-elliott-20110216-es|publisher=[[WAGA-TV]]|accessdate=19 November 2011}}</ref> ''[[Sports Illustrated]]'' named Elliott as the [[high school]] player of the week on the week of April 2011.<ref name="SI Player of the Week" /> He competed in the [[K&N Pro Series East]] in 2011, finishing 9th in series points; in addition, he competed in the [[Champion Racing Association]], winning the series' National Super Late Model championship.<ref name="Speed1">{{cite web|url=http://nascar.speedtv.com/article/cup-chase-elliott-takes-after-dad/|title=Chase Elliott Takes After Dad|last=Owens|first=Jeff|date=February 11, 2012|work=SPEEDtv.com|publisher=Fox Sports|accessdate=2012-02-12}}</ref> Later that year, just after his sixteenth birthday, he won the [[Snowball Derby]] and became the race's youngest winner.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chase Elliott wins Snowball Derby|url=http://www.pnj.com/article/20111204/SPORTS/111204005/Chase-Elliott-wins-Snowball-Derby?odyssey=mod|work=[[Pensacola News Journal]]|accessdate=6 December 2011}}</ref> He beat the second place driver, DJ Vanderley, by a record 0.229 seconds.<ref name=FoxSportsSnowballDerby>{{cite web|title=Elliott wins prestigious Snowball Derby|url=http://msn.foxsports.com/nascar/story/Chase-Elliott-wins-Snowball-Derby-120511|publisher=[[Fox Sports (United States)|Fox Sports]]|accessdate=6 December 2011}}</ref>

Elliott returned to the K&N Pro Series East in 2012,<ref name="Speed1"/> winning his first career race in the series at [[Iowa Speedway]] in May.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indystar.com/article/D2/20120519/SPORTS1401/305190065/K-N-Pro-Series-Chase-Elliott-capitalizes-Brett-Moffitt-s-bad-luck?odyssey=nav|title=K&N Pro Series: Chase Elliott capitalizes on Brett Moffitt's bad luck|last=Hamilton|first=Andy|date=May 19, 2012|work=[[The Indianapolis Star]]|accessdate=2012-05-23}}</ref> He finished fourth in series points. After the year he won the Alan Turner Snowflake 100, prelude to the prestigious [[Snowball Derby]], for the second time in three years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pnj.com/article/DP/20121202/SPORTS06/312020030/Snowball-Derby-Chase-Elliott-rolls-Snowflake-victory?odyssey=nav|title=Snowball Derby: Chase Elliott rolls to Snowflake victory|last=Corder|first=Chuck|date=December 1, 2012|work=Pensacola News Journal|accessdate=2012-12-02|location=Pensacola, FL}}</ref>

[[File:Chase Elliott leads early in 2013 ARCA Scott 160 at Road America.jpg|thumb|left|Elliott's 2013 ARCA car at [[Road America]]]]
In January 2013, it was announced that Elliott would compete in five [[ARCA Racing Series]] and nine [[NASCAR]] [[Camping World Truck Series]] events for Hendrick Motorsports during the 2013 racing season, driving in the latter series using trucks prepared by [[Turner Scott Motorsports]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://msn.foxsports.com/nascar/story/chase-elliott-hendrick-motorsports-moves-17-year-old-to-truck-series-012313|title=Chase Elliott to run Trucks races|last=White|first=Rea|date=January 23, 2013|publisher=Fox Sports|accessdate=2013-01-24}}</ref> On June 8, 2013, Elliott became the youngest winner in ARCA history following his [[Pocono Raceway]] victory.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bruce|first=Kenny|url=http://www.nascar.com/en_us/news-media/articles/2013/06/19/chase-elliott-making-most-of-age-with-record-breaking-season.html|title=Elliott focuses on present, not 2014 uncertainty|publisher=[[NASCAR]]|date=June 19, 2013|accessdate=2013-06-20}}</ref> In qualifying for the [[UNOH 200]] Truck race at [[Bristol Motor Speedway]], Elliott won his first career NASCAR [[pole position]] with a lap speed of {{convert|125.183|mph|km/h|abbv=yes}}, and became the youngest pole-sitter in Truck Series history.<ref>{{cite web|last=Albert|first=Zack|url=http://www.nascar.com/content/nascar/en_us/news-media/articles/2013/08/21/nascar-camping-world-truck-series-pole-bristol-chase-elliott.html|title=Elliott becomes youngest Truck pole winner|publisher=[[NASCAR]]|date=August 21, 2013|accessdate=2013-08-21}}</ref> Elliott would win his first race at [[Canadian Tire Motorsport Park]], in the first road course truck race outside the US; he was at the time the youngest winner in Truck Series history, at the age of 17 years, 9 months, and 4 days.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usnews.com/news/sports/articles/2013/09/01/elliott-wrecks-dillon-to-win-truck-race|title=Elliott wrecks Dillon to win Truck race|date=September 1, 2013|work=[[U.S. News & World Report]]|accessdate=2013-09-03}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|The current youngest Camping World Truck Series winner is [[Cole Custer]], winning at [[New Hampshire Motor Speedway]] in September 2014 at 16 years, 7 months, and 28 days.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sportingnews.com/nascar/story/2014-09-20/16-year-old-cole-custer-wins-nascar-truck-series-race|title=16-year-old Cole Custer becomes youngest to win Truck Series race|date=September 20, 2014|work=[[Sporting News]]|accessdate=2014-09-20}}</ref>|group=N}} The win was however controversial as Elliott made contact with leader [[Ty Dillon]] in the last corner. Dillon hit the tire barrier while Elliott went into the grass though recovered enough to be able to coast to the finish line ahead of [[Kyle Busch Motorsports]] driver [[Chad Hackenbracht]].<ref name="Fox Sports">{{cite web|url=http://msn.foxsports.com/nascar/story/chase-elliott-wins-rare-road-course-truck-series-race-in-canada-090113|title=Chase Elliott wins road-course race|date=September 1, 2013|publisher=Fox Sports|accessdate=2013-09-01}}</ref> Dillon afterwards stated that the next time they raced each other "he won't finish the race";<ref name="Fox Sports"/> later Elliott stated he had attempted to apologize to Dillon but without any response.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.desmoinesregister.com/article/20130907/SPORTS/309070061/NASCAR-Trucks-Dillon-vows-retaliation-after-crash-Elliott?nclick_check=1|title=NASCAR Trucks: Dillon vows retaliation after crash with Elliott|last=Hamilton|first=Andy|date=September 7, 2013|work=[[The Des Moines Register]]|accessdate=2013-10-09|location=Des Moines, IA}}</ref> The following week at Iowa Speedway, Elliott cut down a tire early in the race and crashed without involvement from Dillon.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chaseelliott.com/tire-issue-shortens-elliotts-day-in-iowa/|title=Tire issue shortens Elliott’s day in Iowa|date=September 10, 2013|publisher=Chase Elliott official site|accessdate=2013-10-09}}</ref>

In November 2013, Elliott won the [[All American 400]], becoming the first driver to win all four of the country's largest short-track races: the All American 400, the [[Snowball Derby]], the [[World Crown 300]] and the [[Winchester 400]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tennessean.com/article/20131102/SPORTS09/311020104/Chase-Elliott-wins-Fairgrounds-Speedway?nclick_check=1|title=Chase Elliott wins at Fairgrounds Speedway|last=Cole|first=Nick|date=November 2, 2013|work=[[The Tennessean]]|accessdate=2013-10-03|location=Nashville, TN}}</ref> In December, it appeared as though Elliott had become the first driver to sweep the Snowball Derby and Snowflake 100 in the same weekend. Upon post-race inspection, however, a piece of tungsten was found in Elliott's car, which was prohibited by the Derby rulebook. Elliott was accordingly disqualified and the victory awarded to [[Erik Jones]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.al.com/sports/index.ssf/2013/12/erik_jones_gets_second_straigh.html|title=Erik Jones gets second straight Snowball Derby victory after Chase Elliott disqualified|last=Inabinett|first=Mark|date=December 8, 2013|work=[[Press-Register]]|accessdate=2013-12-09|location=Mobile, AL}}</ref>

[[File:9 Chase Elliott passenger side NASCAR Nationwide 2014 Gardner Denver 200 at Road America.jpg|thumb|right|Elliott racing his Nationwide car at [[Road America]] in 2014]]
In January 2014, it was announced that Elliott would be competing full-time in the [[Nationwide Series]] in 2014, driving the No. 9 Chevrolet for [[JR Motorsports]], with sponsorship from [[National Automotive Parts Association|NAPA Auto Parts]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Ryan|first=Nate|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/nascar/2014/01/06/chase-elliott-napa-jr-motorsports-nationwide/4340521/|title=NAPA will back Chase Elliott at JR Motorsports|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|date=January 6, 2014|accessdate=2014-01-06}}</ref> On April 4, 2014, Elliott won the [[O'Reilly Auto Parts 300]] at [[Texas Motor Speedway]], holding [[Kevin Harvick]] and [[Kyle Busch]] off after taking the lead with 16 laps to go.<ref>{{cite web|last=Jensen|first=Tom|url=http://msn.foxsports.com/nascar/story/besting-the-boss-chase-elliott-tops-dale-jr-all-comers-in-nationwide-race-040414|title=Besting the boss: Chase Elliott, 18, tops Dale Jr., all comers in NNS race|publisher=[[Foxsports.com]]|date=April 4, 2014|accessdate=2014-04-04}}</ref> On April 11, 2014, Elliott won the [[VFW Sport Clips Help a Hero 200]] at [[Darlington Raceway]] by passing [[Elliott Sadler]] on the last lap after restarting sixth with two laps to go.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/nascar/2014/04/11/chase-elliott-darlington-raceway-nascar-nationwide-series/7627473/|title=Rookie Chase Elliott wins second straight at Darlington|last=Hembree|first=Mike|date=April 11, 2014|work=[[USA Today]]|accessdate=2014-04-12|location=McLean, VA}}</ref> Elliott won the [[EnjoyIllinois.com 300]] at [[Chicagoland Speedway]] after holding off [[Trevor Bayne]].<ref>{{cite web|author=[[Associated Press]]|url=http://www.sportingnews.com/nascar/story/2014-07-19/chase-elliott-nationwide-series-chicagoland-speedway-results-finish-standings-illinois|title=Chase Elliott holds off Trevor Bayne for Nationwide win|publisher=''[[Sporting News]]''|date=July 20, 2014|accessdate=2014-07-21}}</ref> At Phoenix, Elliott clinched the Nationwide Series championship with a 53-point lead over teammate [[Regan Smith]], becoming the first rookie and youngest driver to win a NASCAR national series title.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ryan|first=Nate|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/nascar/2014/11/08/wins-phoenix-nationwide-race-chase-elliott-clinches-championship/18726881/|title=Chase Elliott clinches Nationwide championship, makes history|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|date=November 8, 2014|accessdate=2014-11-08}}</ref>

==Motorsports career results==

===NASCAR===
([[Template:NASCAR driver results legend|key]]) ('''Bold''' - Pole position awarded by time. ''Italics'' - Pole position earned by points standings. * – Most laps led.)

====Nationwide Series====
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center; font-size:75%"
!colspan=42| [[NASCAR]] [[Nationwide Series]] results
|-
! Season
! Team
! No.
! Make
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 10
! 11
! 12
! 13
! 14
! 15
! 16
! 17
! 18
! 19
! 20
! 21
! 22
! 23
! 24
! 25
! 26
! 27
! 28
! 29
! 30
! 31
! 32
! 33
! {{Tooltip|NNSC|NASCAR Nationwide Series classification}}
! Points
|-
! [[2014 NASCAR Nationwide Series|2014]]
! [[JR Motorsports]]
! 9
! [[Chevrolet|Chevy]]
| bgcolor="DFFFDF"| [[DRIVE4COPD 300|DAY]] 15
| bgcolor="FFDF9F"| [[Blue Jeans Go Green 200|PHO]] 9
| bgcolor="DFDFDF"| [[Boyd Gaming 300|LVS]] 5
| bgcolor="FFDF9F"| [[Drive to Stop Diabetes 300|BRI]] 9
| bgcolor="FFDF9F"| [[Treatmyclot.com 300|CAL]] 6
| bgcolor="FFFFBF"| [[O'Reilly Auto Parts 300|TEX]] 1
| bgcolor="FFFFBF"| [[VFW Sport Clips Help a Hero 200|DAR]] 1
| bgcolor="DFDFDF"| [[Toyota Care 250|RCH]] 2
| bgcolor="DFFFDF"| [[Aaron's 312|TAL]] 19
| bgcolor="DFDFDF"| [[Get To Know Newton 250|IOW]] 4
| bgcolor="CFCFFF"| [[History 300|CLT]] 37
| bgcolor="DFDFDF"| [[Buckle Up 200|DOV]] 5
| bgcolor="FFDF9F"| [[Ollie's Bargain Outlet 250|MCH]] 6
| bgcolor="DFDFDF"| [[Gardner Denver 200|ROA]] 4
| bgcolor="DFFFDF"| [[John R. Elliott HERO Campaign 300|KEN]] 12
| bgcolor="DFFFDF"| [[Subway Firecracker 250|DAY]] 20
| bgcolor="FFDF9F"| [[Sta-Green 200|NHA]] 8
| bgcolor="FFFFBF"| [[EnjoyIllinois.com 300|CHI]] 1
| bgcolor="DFFFDF"| [[Lilly Diabetes 250|IND]] 12
| bgcolor="FFDF9F"| [[U.S. Cellular 250|IOW]] 8
| bgcolor="FFDF9F"| [[Zippo 200 at the Glen|GLN]] 6
| bgcolor="DFDFDF"| [[Nationwide Children's Hospital 200|MOH]] 4
| bgcolor="DFDFDF"| [[Food City 300|BRI]] 3
| bgcolor="DFDFDF"| '''[[Great Clips / Grit Chips 300|ATL]]''' 5
| bgcolor="DFDFDF"| [[Virginia 529 College Savings 250|RCH]] 2
| bgcolor="FFDF9F"| [[Jimmy John's Freaky Fast 300|CHI]] 10
| bgcolor="DFDFDF"| [[VisitMyrtleBeach.com 300|KEN]] 4
| bgcolor="DFDFDF"| [[Dover 200 (fall race)|DOV]] 3
| bgcolor="FFDF9F"| [[Kansas Lottery 300|KAN]] 10
| bgcolor="FFDF9F"| '''[[Drive for the Cure 300|CLT]]''' 8*
| bgcolor="DFDFDF"| [[O'Reilly Auto Parts Challenge|TEX]] 4
| bgcolor="DFDFDF"| [[ServiceMaster 200|PHO]] 5
| bgcolor=""| [[Ford EcoBoost 300|HOM]] 
! 1st*
! 1185*
|}

====Camping World Truck Series====
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:center; font-size:75%"
!colspan=45| [[NASCAR]] [[Camping World Truck Series]] results
|-
! Season
! Team
! No.
! Make
! 1
! 2
! 3
! 4
! 5
! 6
! 7
! 8
! 9
! 10
! 11
! 12
! 13
! 14
! 15
! 16
! 17
! 18
! 19
! 20
! 21
! 22
! Pos
! Points
|-
! [[2013 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series|2013]]
! [[Hendrick Motorsports]]
! 94
! [[Chevrolet|Chevy]]
| [[NextEra Energy Resources 250|DAY]]
| bgcolor="FFDF9F"| [[Kroger 250|MAR]] 6
| bgcolor="DFDFDF"| [[North Carolina Education Lottery 200 (Rockingham)|CAR]] 5
| [[SFP 250|KAN]]
| [[North Carolina Education Lottery 200 (Charlotte)|CLT]]
| bgcolor="DFDFDF"| [[Lucas Oil 200 (Dover)|DOV]] 4
| [[WinStar World Casino 400K|TEX]]
| [[UNOH 225|KEN]]
| bgcolor="DFDFDF"| [[American Ethanol 200|IOW]] 5
| [[2013 Mudsummer Classic|ELD]]
| [[Pocono Mountains 125|POC]]
| [[Michigan National Guard 200|MCH]]
| bgcolor="DFDFDF"| '''[[UNOH 200|BRI]]''' 5
| bgcolor="FFFFBF"| [[Chevy Silverado 250|MSP]] 1
| bgcolor="EFCFFF"| [[Fan Appreciation 200|IOW]] 31
| [[EnjoyIllinois.com 225|CHI]]
| [[Smith's 350|LVS]]
| [[Fred's 250|TAL]]
| bgcolor="DFFFDF"| [[Kroger 200 (Martinsville)|MAR]] 20
| [[WinStar World Casino 350K|TEX]]
| bgcolor="FFDF9F"| [[Lucas Oil 150|PHO]] 10
| [[Ford EcoBoost 200|HOM]]
! 22nd
! 315
|}

{{sup|*}} Season in progress 
{{sup|1}} Ineligible for series points

==References==
;Notes
{{Reflist|group=N}}
;Citations
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Chase Elliott}}
* {{Official website|1=http://www.chaseelliott.com/}}
* {{Racing-Reference driver|Chase_Elliott}}

{{S-start}}
{{s-sport}}
{{succession box
| before= [[Austin Dillon]]
| title= [[List of NASCAR Nationwide Series champions|NASCAR Nationwide Series Champion]]
| years= 2014
| after= Incumbent
}}
{{Succession box
| before= [[Johanna Long]]
| title= [[Sunoco Gulf Coast Championship Series|Sunoco Gulf Coast Championship Series Champion]]
| years= 2010
| after= [[Bubba Pollard]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before= [[Johnny VanDoorn]]
| title= [[CRA Super Series|CRA Super Series Champion]]
| years= 2011
| after= [[Johnny VanDoorn]]
}}
{{s-ach|ach}}
{{Succession box
| before= [[Johanna Long]]
| title= [[Snowball Derby|Snowball Derby Winner]]
| years= 2011
| after= [[Erik Jones]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before= [[Ross Kenseth]]
| title= [[All American 400|All American 400 Winner]]
| years= 2013
| after= [[John Hunter Nemechek]]
}}
{{s-end}}
{{JR Motorsports}}
{{Hendrick Motorsports}}
{{NASCAR Nationwide Series Champions}}

{{Persondata
|NAME = Chase Elliott
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES = William Clyde Elliott II (full given name)
|SHORT DESCRIPTION = American stock car racing driver
|DATE OF BIRTH = November 28, 1995
|PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Dawsonville, Georgia|Dawsonville]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], U.S.
|DATE OF DEATH =
|PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Elliott, Chase}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:People from Dawsonville, Georgia]]
[[Category:Racing drivers from Georgia (U.S. state)]]
[[Category:NASCAR drivers]]
[[Category:ARCA Racing Series drivers]]
[[Category:Pro Cup Series drivers]]
[[Category:NASCAR Nationwide Series champions]]

Baymax – Riesiges Robowabohu

2014-11-11T17:53:14Z

Demize: Reverted edits by 68.111.70.220 (talk): editing tests (HG)

{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Big Hero 6
| image = Big Hero 6 (film) poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Don Hall [[Chris Williams (director)|Chris Williams]]
| producer = Roy Conli [[John Lasseter]]
| screenplay = Robert L. Baird [[Dan Gerson]] Jordan Roberts
| based on = ''[[Big Hero 6]]'' by [[Man of Action Studios|Man of Action]]
| starring = [[Scott Adsit]] [[Ryan Potter]] [[Daniel Henney]] [[T. J. Miller]] [[Jamie Chung]] [[Damon Wayans, Jr.]] [[Génesis Rodríguez]]
| music = [[Henry Jackman]]
| cinematography = Julio Macat
| editing = Tim Mertens
| studio = [[Walt Disney Pictures]] [[Walt Disney Animation Studios]]
| distributor = [[Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures|Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|2014|10|23|[[Tokyo International Film Festival]]|2014|11|7|United States}}
| runtime = 102 minutes<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ofrb.gov.on.ca/ofrb/OfrbWelcomeAction.do?detailParameter=2000118255|title=Ontario Film Review Board: Big Hero 6|publisher=Ontario Film Review Board|accessdate=November 6, 2014}}</ref>
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget = $165 million<ref>{{cite web|url=http://variety.com/2014/film/news/box-office-interstellar-big-hero-6-eye-record-breaking-weekend-1201347238/|title=Box Office: ‘Interstellar,’ ‘Big Hero 6′ Eye Record-Breaking Weekend|work=Variety|accessdate=November 5, 2014}}</ref>
| gross = $79.2 million<ref name="BOM">{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=disney2014.htm |title=Big Hero 6 (2014) |website=Box Office Mojo |accessdate=November 9, 2014}}</ref>
}}

'''''Big Hero 6''''' is a 2014 American [[3D film|3D]] [[Computer-animated film|computer-animated]] [[Superhero film|superhero]]-[[comedy film]] produced by [[Walt Disney Animation Studios]] and released by [[Walt Disney Pictures]]. The film is directed by Don Hall and [[Chris Williams (director)|Chris Williams]], and is the 54th animated feature in the [[List of Walt Disney Animation Studios films|Walt Disney Animated Classics]] series. Inspired by the [[Marvel Comics]] superhero team of [[Big Hero 6|the same name]],<ref>{{cite web|first=Matt |last=McDaniel |url=https://www.yahoo.com/movies/big-hero-6-exclusive-poster-reveal-walt-disney-86413335667.html |title=Disney Throws Out the Marvel Rulebook for 'Big Hero 6' |publisher=Yahoo! |date=May 21, 2014 |accessdate=July 8, 2014}}</ref> the film tells the story of a young robotics prodigy named [[Hiro Takachiho|Hiro Hamada]], who forms a superhero team to combat a masked villain responsible for the death of Hiro's older brother.

''Big Hero 6'' is the first Disney animated feature film to feature Marvel Comics characters, [[Marvel Entertainment|whose parent company]] was acquired by [[The Walt Disney Company]] in 2009.<ref>{{cite news|last=Truitt|first=Brian|title=Disney animates Marvel characters for 'Big Hero 6'|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/life/movies/2013/05/09/disney-marvel-comics-big-hero-6-animation/2147293/|accessdate=May 9, 2013|newspaper=USA Today|date=May 9, 2013}}</ref> The studio created new software technology to produce the film's animated visuals.

''Big Hero 6'' premiered at the [[Tokyo International Film Festival]] on October 23, 2014 and at the [[Abu Dhabi Film Festival]] in 3D on October 31, 2014. It was theatrically released in the United States on November 7, 2014, and was met with highly positive reviews.<ref name="EWBH6Preview" />

==Plot==

In a futuristic [[metropolis]] called San Fransokyo (a [[portmanteau]] of [[San Francisco]] and [[Tokyo]]), Hiro Hamada is a 14-year-old genius robotics expert who spends his time in back alley robot fights. His older brother, Tadashi, worried that Hiro is wasting his potential, takes Hiro to the robotics lab at his university. There, Hiro meets Tadashi's friends GoGo Tomago, Wasabi, Honey Lemon, and Fred, as well as Baymax, a personal healthcare robot Tadashi created. Amazed, Hiro decides to apply to the school. With help from Tadashi, he designs his own project for the annual exhibition to gain admission. His invention — microbots, a swarm of tiny robots that can link together in any arrangement imaginable — impresses Professor Callaghan, the program head, and Hiro gets into the school. Alistair Krei, owner of the prestigious robotics company, Krei Tech, is also impressed and offers to buy Hiro's microbots but Hiro refuses. When a fire breaks out at at the university, Tadashi rushes in to rescue Callaghan, but the building explodes and both are killed. As a result of losing his brother, Hiro secludes himself from others.

One day, Hiro accidentally activates Baymax, and discovers a single microbot left in his jacket. Baymax thinks the microbot is trying to go somewhere and follows it to an abandoned warehouse, where he and Hiro discover that someone has been mass producing microbots. They are attacked by a masked man controlling the bots. Realizing this man has stolen his project, Hiro decides to catch him and upgrades Baymax with armor and a battle chip. When the masked man attacks Hiro and Baymax, along with GoGo, Wasabi, Honey, and Fred, the group flees and hides out in Fred's family mansion. Hiro decides to make more upgrades to enable Baymax to find the masked man, and provides his friends with super-hero suits, using technologies based on their respective research projects, so they can join him in the fight.

Baymax locates the man on a quarantined island, where they discover a former Krei Tech lab that was experimenting with teleportation technology. The experiment went awry when the human test subject vanished inside one of the unstable portals. After a brief fight with the masked man, his identity is revealed to be Callaghan, who explains that he started the fire that killed Tadashi to steal Hiro's microbots. Realizing his brother died in vain, Hiro, in blind fury and heartbreak, removes Baymax's healthcare chip, leaving him with only the battle chip, and orders him to kill Callaghan. Baymax nearly kills Callaghan until Honey manages to insert the healthcare chip back in. Angry at the group for preventing him from revenge, Hiro goes home with Baymax and breaks down when Baymax asks him if killing Callaghan will make him feel better. To soften Hiro's loss, Baymax shows several humorous playbacks of Tadashi running tests on him. Hiro realizes that killing Callaghan is not what Tadashi would have wanted and makes amends with his friends.

The group discovers that the human test pilot was Callaghan's daughter, Abigail; Callaghan is seeking revenge on Krei, whom he blames for her disappearance. The group finds Krei already caught in the grasp of Callaghan and the microbots. They manage to get rid of the microbots, but the portal remains active, becoming increasingly unstable. Baymax detects Abigail inside the portal, and he and Hiro rush in to save her. However, on their way out, Baymax's armor is destroyed, and he realizes the only way to save Hiro and Abigail is if he stays behind to propel them forward. Hiro repeatedly refuses to leave him but Baymax insists until Hiro tearfully gives in. Hiro and Abigail make it back and Callaghan is arrested.

Some time later, as Hiro is finally moving on, he discovers Baymax's healthcare chip (which contains his entire personality) in his rocket fist. Delighted, Hiro rebuilds Baymax and they happily reunite. The six friends continue their hero exploits through the city, helping those in need.

In a [[post-credits scene]], Fred, back at the family mansion, accidentally opens a secret door and finds weapons and superhero gear. His father arrives and embraces Fred, admitting they both have plenty to talk about.

==Voice cast==
{{see also|Big Hero 6#Team roster}}
* [[Ryan Potter]] as [[Hiro Takachiho|Hiro Hamada]], a 14-year-old robotics prodigy who has already graduated high school. His older brother Tadashi inspires Hiro to gain admission to San Fransokyo's Institute of Technology. Speaking of the character, co-director Don Hall said "Hiro is transitioning from boy to man, it’s a tough time for a kid and some teenagers develop that inevitable snarkiness and jaded attitude. Luckily Ryan is a very likeable kid. So no matter what he did, he was able to take edge off the character in a way that made him authentic, but appealing."<ref name="USATodayTruitt">{{cite web|last=Truitt|first=Brian|title=Meet the saviors of San Fransokyo in 'Big Hero 6'|url=http://www.usatoday.com/story/life/movies/2014/07/13/big-hero-6-character-reveal-exclusive/12535005/|work=USA Today|accessdate=July 13, 2014|date=July 13, 2014}}</ref><ref name="DeadlineMayaJames" /><ref name="Hiro">{{cite web|title=Hiro|url=https://thismoment-a.akamaihd.net/other/1410708503-2030.pdf|publisher=xprizechallenge.org|accessdate=September 24, 2014}}</ref>
* [[Scott Adsit]] as [[Baymax]], an inflatable robot built by Tadashi to serve as a healthcare companion. Hall said "Baymax views the world from one perspective—he just wants to help people, he sees Hiro as his patient." Producer Roy Conli said "The fact that his character is a robot limits how you can emote, but Scott was hilarious. He took those boundaries and was able to shape the language in a way that makes you feel Baymax’s emotion and sense of humor. Scott was able to relay just how much Baymax cares."<ref name="USATodayTruitt" /><ref name="DeadlineMayaJames" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Baymax|url=https://thismoment-a.akamaihd.net/other/1410708438-2030.pdf|publisher=xprizechallenge.org|accessdate=September 24, 2014}}</ref>
* [[Daniel Henney]] as Tadashi Hamada, Hiro's older brother and Baymax's creator. On Hiro and Tadashi's relationship, Conli said "We really wanted them to be brothers first. Tadashi is a smart mentor. He very subtly introduces Hiro to his friends and what they do at San Fransokyo Tech. Once Hiro sees Wasabi, Honey, Go Go and even Fred in action, he realizes that there’s a much bigger world out there than [''sic''] really interests him."<ref name="DeadlineMayaJames" /><ref name="Hiro" /><ref name="OMDisneyCast" />
* [[T. J. Miller]] as [[Fredzilla|Fred]], a laid-back comic-book fan who also plays the mascot at San Fransokyo Institute of Technology. Speaking of Miller, Williams said "He’s a real student of comedy. There are a lot of layers to his performance, so Fred ended up becoming a richer character than anyone expected."<ref name="USATodayTruitt" /><ref name="DeadlineMayaJames" /><ref>{{cite web|last=Stradling|first=Morgan|title=Comedian TJ Miller is First Voice Actor Announced for Disney’s ‘Big Hero 6′ – He’s Voicing Fred!|url=http://www.rotoscopers.com/2014/03/27/comedian-tj-miller-is-first-voice-actor-announced-for-disneys-big-hero-6/|publisher=Rotoscopers|accessdate=March 28, 2014|date=March 27, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Fred|url=https://thismoment-a.akamaihd.net/other/1410708464-2030.pdf|publisher=xprizechallenge.org|accessdate=September 24, 2014}}</ref>
* [[Jamie Chung]] as [[GoGo Tomago]], a tough, athletic, adrenaline junkie who is developing electromagnetic wheel axles at San Fransokyo Institute of Technology. Hall said "She’s definitely a woman of few words...We looked at bicycle messengers as inspiration for her character."<ref name="USATodayTruitt" /><ref name="DeadlineMayaJames" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Jamie Chung Next to Not Be Announced for ‘Big Hero 6′|url=http://www.stitchkingdom.com/disney-jamie-chung-announced-big-hero-6-70660/|publisher=Stitch Kingdom|accessdate=April 28, 2014|date=April 28, 2014}}</ref><ref name="WRAPRudolph">{{cite web|last=Sneider|first=Jeff|title=Disney's ‘Big Hero 6' Adds Maya Rudolph to Top-Secret Voice Cast (Exclusive)|url=http://www.thewrap.com/disneys-big-hero-6-adds-maya-rudolph-top-secret-voice-cast-exclusive/|publisher=The Wrap|accessdate=April 28, 2014|date=April 28, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=GoGo|url=https://thismoment-a.akamaihd.net/other/1410708483-2030.pdf|publisher=xprizechallenge.org|accessdate=September 24, 2014}}</ref>
* [[Damon Wayans, Jr.]] as [[Wasabi-No-Ginger|Wasabi]], a smart, slightly neurotic, heavily built neat-freak and an expert on laser cutting at San Fransokyo Institute of Technology. On the character, co-director [[Chris Williams (director)|Chris Williams]] said "He’s actually the most conservative, cautious—he [''sic''] the most normal among a group of brazen characters. So he really grounds the movie in the second act and becomes, in a way, the voice of the audience and points out that what they’re doing is crazy."<ref name="USATodayTruitt" /><ref name="DeadlineMayaJames" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Wasabi|url=https://thismoment-a.akamaihd.net/other/1410708542-2030.pdf|publisher=xprizechallenge.org|accessdate=September 24, 2014}}</ref>
* [[Génesis Rodríguez]] as [[Honey Lemon]], a quirky chemistry whiz at San Fransokyo Institute of Technology. Williams said "She’s a glass-is-half-full kind of person. But she has this mad-scientist quality with a twinkle in her eye—there’s more to Honey than it seems."<ref name="USATodayTruitt" /><ref name="DeadlineMayaJames" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Honey Lemon|url=https://thismoment-a.akamaihd.net/other/1410708521-2030.pdf|publisher=xprizechallenge.org|accessdate=September 24, 2014}}</ref>
* [[James Cromwell]] as Professor Robert Callaghan / Yokai, the head of a robotics program at San Fransokyo Institute of Technology and Tadashi's professor and mentor, who is then revealed to be the main antagonist Yokai<ref name="DeadlineMayaJames">{{cite web|last1=Yamato|first1=Jen|title=Maya Rudolph, James Cromwell, More Join Disney’s Marvel Animation ‘Big Hero 6′|url=http://deadline.com/2014/07/disney-big-hero-6-voice-cast-804122/|publisher=Deadline|accessdate=September 5, 2014|date=July 14, 2014}}</ref><ref name="OMDisneyCast" />
* [[Alan Tudyk]] as Alistair Krei, a pioneer entrepreneur and tech guru. Also one of the most distinguished alums of San Fransokyo Institute of Technology and owner of the biggest technology company in the world, Krei Tech.<ref name="DeadlineMayaJames" /><ref name="OMDisneyCast" />
* [[Maya Rudolph]] as Aunt Cass, Hiro and Tadashi's aunt and guardian, who owns a popular San Fransokyo bakery and coffee shop<ref name="DeadlineMayaJames" /><ref name="OMDisneyCast">{{cite web|title=Meet the characters in Big Hero 6, Disney's upcoming action-packed comedy-adventure.|url=http://blogs.disney.com/oh-my-disney/2014/07/13/six-reasons-we-cant-wait-to-see-big-hero-6/#go-go-tomago|publisher=Oh My Disney - Disney|accessdate=July 13, 2014|date=July 13, 2014}}</ref><ref name="WRAPRudolph" />
* [[Stan Lee]] as Fred's father, a secretly retired superhero.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Donn|first1=Emily|title=Big Hero 6 Stan Lee Cameo Revealed|url=http://comicbook.com/2014/11/07/big-hero-6-stan-lee-cameo-revealed/|publisher=ComicBook.com|accessdate=November 7, 2014|date=November 7, 2014}}</ref>

==Production==
After [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]]'s acquisition of [[Marvel Entertainment]] in 2009, CEO [[Bob Iger]] encouraged the company's divisions to explore Marvel's properties for adaptation concepts.<ref>{{cite news|last=Keegan|first=Rebecca|title=Disney is reanimated with 'Frozen,' 'Big Hero 6'|url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/moviesnow/la-et-mn-disney-big-hero-6-frozen-20130508-dto,0,4722556.htmlstory|accessdate=May 9, 2013|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=May 9, 2013}}</ref> By deliberately picking an obscure title, it would give them the freedom to come up with their own version.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.denofgeek.com/movies/big-hero-6/25567/disneymarvel-announce-new-major-animated-film-big-hero-6|title=Disney/Marvel announce new major animated film, Big Hero 6|work=Den of Geek|accessdate=October 23, 2014}}</ref> While co-directing ''[[Winnie the Pooh (film)|Winnie the Pooh]]'', director Don Hall was scrolling through a Marvel database when he stumbled upon ''Big Hero 6'', a comic he had never heard of before. "I just liked the title", he said. He pitched the concept to [[John Lasseter]] in 2011, as one of five ideas<ref>{{cite news|last1=Tilley|first1=Steve|title='Big Hero 6': Disney brings little-known Marvel stars to big screen|url=http://www.torontosun.com/2014/10/30/big-hero-6-disney-brings-little-known-marvel-stars-to-big-screen|accessdate=9 November 2014|work=Toronto Sun|publisher=Canoe Sun Media|date=2 November 2014}}</ref> for possible productions for Walt Disney Animation Studios, and this particular idea "struck a chord" with Lasseter, Hall, and Chris Williams.<ref name="LAT1">{{cite news|last=Keegan|first=Rebecca|title=Exclusive: Disney Animation announces first Marvel movie, ‘Big Hero 6′|url=http://herocomplex.latimes.com/movies/exclusive-disney-animation-announces-first-marvel-movie-big-hero-6/|accessdate=May 9, 2013|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=May 9, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vulture.com/2014/08/would-disney-make-films-in-the-marvel-universe.html|title=Disney Hasn’t Talked to Marvel About Setting Films in Its Cinematic Universe|author=Kyle Buchanan|date=August 28, 2014|work=Vulture|accessdate=October 23, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vancouversun.com/entertainment/movie-guide/Hero+banks+huggable+robot+draw+audiences/10350057/story.html |title=Big Hero 6 banks on a huggable robot to draw in audiences |work=Vancouver Sun}}</ref> In June 2012, Disney confirmed that Walt Disney Animation Studios was adapting Marvel Comics' series and that the film had been commissioned into early stages of development.<ref>{{cite news|last=Breznican|first=Anthony|title=Disney Animation teams up with Marvel for 'Big Hero 6' -- BREAKING|url=http://insidemovies.ew.com/2012/06/29/disney-animation-confirms-plans-for-marvels-big-hero-6-breaking/|accessdate=May 9, 2013|newspaper=Entertainment Weekly|date=June 29, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Nicholson|first=Max|title=Confirmed: Disney Animating Marvel's Big Hero 6|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2012/06/30/marvels-big-hero-6-hitting-the-big-screen|publisher=IGN|accessdate=May 9, 2013|date=June 29, 2012}}</ref> Because they wanted the concept to feel new and fresh, head of story Paul Briggs only read a few issues of the comic, while screenwriter Robert Baird admitted he had not read the comic at all.<ref name="Sims">{{cite news|last1=Sims|first1=Andrew|title=Hypable goes behind ‘Big Hero 6′: How Disney Animation is taking on their first Marvel property|url=http://www.hypable.com/2014/09/03/big-hero-6-san-fransokyo-disney-marvel-adaptation/|accessdate=9 November 2014|work=Hypable|date=3 September 2014}}</ref> While both [[Sunfire (comics)|Sunfire]] and [[Silver Samurai]] were members of the team in the comic, they do not appear in the film due to [[20th Century Fox]] already having obtained the film rights to those characters as part of the ''[[X-Men]]'' franchise.<ref>{{cite news|last=Wheeler|first=Andrew|title=Disney's 'Big Hero 6' Voice Cast, Character Posters Revealed |url=http://comicsalliance.com/disneys-big-hero-6-voice-cast-character-posters-revealed-ryan-potter-scott-adsit-jamie-chung/ |publisher=Comicsalliance.com |date=July 14, 2014|accessdate=July 16, 2014}}</ref>

''Big Hero 6'' was produced solely by Walt Disney Animation Studios,<ref>{{cite news|last=Gregg|first=Kilday|title=Disney Animation's Andrew Millstein on a 'Frozen' Sequel and the Studio's Next Marvel Collaboration (Q&A)|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/frozen-sequel-disney-animations-andrew-679137|accessdate=March 7, 2014|newspaper=The Hollywood Reporter|date=February 12, 2014}}</ref> although several members of Marvel's creative team were involved in the film's production including [[Joe Quesada]], Marvel's [[chief creative officer]], and [[Jeph Loeb]], head of [[Marvel Television]].<ref>Strauss, Bob (November 6, 14). [http://www.dailynews.com/arts-and-entertainment/20141106/marvel-meets-disney-animation-in-big-hero-6 "Marvel meets Disney Animation in ‘Big Hero 6’"]. ''[[Los Angeles Daily News]]'' (New York).</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Lang|first=Brent|title=Marvel, Disney Partner on Animated Release: 'Big Hero 6' (Video)|url=https://www.thewrap.com/movies/article/marvel-disney-set-first-animated-release-big-hero-6-video-90441|accessdate=May 9, 2013|newspaper=The Wrap|date=May 9, 2013}}</ref> It was reported that Marvel initially wanted the film to be aimed at an older audience, which Disney refused. Reportedly, Marvel threatened not to publish the comics, with Disney responding that they would publish their own American comics, but they eventually came to an agreement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bleedingcool.com/2014/09/04/that-disneymarvel-bust-up-over-big-hero-6/|title=That Disney/Marvel Bust Up Over Big Hero 6|work=Bleeding Cool Comic Book, Movie, TV News|accessdate=October 23, 2014}}</ref> Conversely, Lasseter dismissed the idea of a rift between the two companies, and producer Roy Conli stated that Marvel allowed Disney "complete freedom in structuring the story."<ref>{{cite web|last=Feinberg|first=Scott|title=John Lasseter Dismisses Notion of Rift With Marvel Over 'Big Hero 6'|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/race/john-lasseter-dismisses-notion-rift-728424|work=The Hollywood Reporter|accessdate=September 24, 2014|date=August 27, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=We are Chris Williams, Don Hall, Roy Conli, and Paul Briggs of BIG HERO 6 - AUA!|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/movies/comments/2iuxn3/we_are_chris_williams_don_hall_roy_conli_and_paul/|publisher=Reddit|accessdate=October 10, 2014|date=October 10, 2014}}</ref> Regarding the film's story, Quesada stated, "The relationship between Hiro and his robot has a very Disney flavor to it...but it’s combined with these Marvel heroic arcs."<ref name="LAT1" /> The production team decided early on not to connect the film to the [[Marvel Cinematic Universe]] and set it in a stand-alone universe instead.<ref>{{cite web|last=Film |first=Total |url=http://www.totalfilm.com/news/big-hero-6-director-confirms-the-avengers-won-t-make-cameos |title=Big Hero 6 director confirms the Avengers won’t make cameos |publisher=TotalFilm.com |date=July 4, 2014 |accessdate=July 8, 2014}}</ref>

With respect to the design of Baymax, Hall mentioned in an interview, "I wanted a robot that we had never seen before and something to be wholly original. That's a tough thing to do, we've got a lot of robots in pop culture, everything from [[Terminator (character)|The Terminator]] to [[WALL-E#Cast and characters|WALL-E]] to [[C-3PO]] on down the line and not to mention Japanese robots, I won't go into that. So I wanted to do something original." Even if they did not yet know how the robot should look like, artist Lisa Keene came up with the idea that it should be a huggable robot.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-10-31/-big-hero-6-turns-godzilla-into-lovable-disney-robot.html|title=‘Big Hero 6’ Turns Godzilla Into Lovable Disney Robot|author=Christopher Palmeri|date=October 31, 2014|work=Bloomberg|accessdate=November 5, 2014}}</ref> Early on in the development process, Hall and the design team took a research trip to [[Carnegie Mellon University]]'s [[Robotics Institute]], where they met a team of researchers who were pioneering the new field of 'soft robotics' using inflatable vinyl,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cmu.edu/homepage/health/2011/winter/soft-bots.shtml|title=Easy Does It|publisher=Carnegie Mellon University (CMU)|accessdate=October 23, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ubergizmo.com/2011/01/inflatable-robot-arm-wont-break-any-bones/|title=Inflatable robot arm won’t break any bones|author=Edwin Kee|work=Ubergizmo|accessdate=October 23, 2014}}</ref> which ultimately inspired the Baymax’s inflatable, vinyl, truly huggable design.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geekdad.com/2014/10/technology-big-hero-6/|title=The Technology of Big Hero 6|work=GeekDad|accessdate=October 23, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/movies/comments/2iuxn3/we_are_chris_williams_don_hall_roy_conli_and_paul/|title=We are Chris Williams, Don Hall, Roy Conli, and Paul Briggs of BIG HERO 6 - AUA! : movies|work=reddit|accessdate=October 23, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~cga/bighero6/|title=Big Hero 6|publisher=Carnegie Mellon School of Computer Science|accessdate=November 5, 2014}}</ref> Hall stated that "I met a researcher who was working on soft robots. ... It was an inflatable vinyl arm and the practical app would be in the health care industry as a nurse or doctor's assistant. He had me at vinyl. This particular researcher went into this long pitch but the minute he showed me that inflatable arm, I knew we had our huggable robot."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.moviefone.com/2014/07/15/big-hero-6-directors-new-trailer/|title=The 'Big Hero 6' Directors Reveal the Story Behind the Wild New Trailer (EXCLUSIVE)|date=July 15, 2014|work=The Moviefone Blog|accessdate=October 23, 2014}}</ref> Hall stated that the technology "will have potential probably in the medical industry in the future, making robots that are very pliable and gentle and not going to hurt people when they pick them up." Hall mentioned that the look of the mechanical armor took some time "because of the sheer amount of robots out there and just trying to get something that felt like the personality of the character." Co-director Williams stated, "A big part of the design challenge is when he puts on the armor you want to feel that he’s a very powerful intimidating presence...at the same time, design-wise he has to relate to the really adorable simple vinyl robot underneath."<ref>{{cite web|last=McDaniel|first=Matt|title=First Teaser for Marvel and Disney's 'Big Hero 6': Meet Their 'Huggable' Robot|url=https://www.yahoo.com/movies/big-hero-6-exclusive-teaser-trailer-walt-disney-86509088837.html|publisher=Yahoo! Movies|accessdate=June 1, 2014|date=May 22, 2014}}</ref> Baymax's face design was inspired by a copper ''[[suzu]]'' bell that Hall noticed while at a [[Shinto]] shrine.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Collin|first1=Robbie|title=Why Big Hero 6 is Disney's most loveable creation in years|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/11190289/Why-Big-Hero-6-is-Disneys-most-loveable-creation-in-years.html|accessdate=November 1, 2014|work=The Telegraph|date=November 1, 2014|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6TlfeiTj0|archivedate=November 1, 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref>

About 90 animators worked on the film at one point or another; some worked on the project for as long as two years.<ref name="Stuart">{{cite news|last1=Stuart|first1=Sophia|title=Behind the Scenes of Disney's Tech-Centric 'Big Hero 6'|url=http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2471740,00.asp|accessdate=9 November 2014|work=PC Magazine|publisher=Ziff Davis, LLC|date=6 November 2014}}</ref> In terms of the film's animation style and settings, the film combines [[Eastern world]] culture (predominantly [[Culture of Japan|Japanese]]) with [[Western world]] culture (predominantly [[Culture of California|California]]).<ref>{{cite web|last=Krupa|first=Daniel|title=Disney Animation Announces First Marvel Movie, Big Hero 6|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2013/05/09/disney-animation-announces-first-marvel-movie-big-hero-6|publisher=IGN|accessdate=May 9, 2013}}</ref> In May 2013, Disney released concept art and rendered footage of San Fransokyo from the film.<ref>{{cite news|last=Acuna|first=Kirsten|title=Gorgeous Concept Art For Disney's First Animated Marvel Film|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/big-hero-6-disneys-first-animated-marvel-film-2013-5?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+businessinsider+(Business+Insider)|accessdate=May 9, 2013|newspaper=Business Insider|date=May 9, 2013}}</ref> San Fransokyo, the futuristic mashup of San Francisco and Tokyo was described by Hall as "an alternate version of San Francisco. Most of the technology is advanced, but much of it feels retro ... Where Hiro lives, it feels like [[Haight-Ashbury|the Haight]]. I love the [[Painted ladies]]. We gave them a Japanese makeover; we put a cafe on the bottom of one. They live above a coffee shop." According to production designer Paul Felix, "The topography is exaggerated because what we do is caricature, I think the hills are 11/2 times exaggerated. I don’t think you could really walk up them ... When you get to the downtown area, that’s when you get the most Tokyo-fied, that pure, layered, dense kind of feeling of the commercial district there. When you get out of there, it becomes more San Francisco with the Japanese aesthetic. ... (It’s a bit like) ''[[Blade Runner]]'', but contained to a few square blocks. You see the skyscrapers contrasted with the hills."<ref>{{cite web|last=Ordoña|first=Michael|title=If S.F., Tokyo merged with retro twist, you’d get 'Big Hero 6’|url=http://www.sfchronicle.com/movies/article/If-S-F-Tokyo-merged-with-retro-twist-you-d-5709497.php|work=San Francisco Chronicle |accessdate=August 27, 2014|date=August 24, 2014}}</ref> The reason why Disney wanted to merge Tokyo (which is where the comic book version takes place) with San Francisco was partly because San Francisco had not been used by Marvel before, partly because of all the city's iconic aspects, and partly because they felt its aesthetics would blend well with Tokyo.<ref name="Sims" /> To create San Fransokyo as a detailed digital simulation of an entire city, Disney purchased the actual [[Tax assessment|assessor]] data for the entire city and county of San Francisco.<ref name="Stuart" /> The final city contains over 83,000 buildings and 100,000 vehicles.<ref name="Stuart" />

A software program called Denizen was used to create over 700 distinctive characters<ref name="Stuart" /> that populate the city,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iamrogue.com/news/interviews/item/11968-iar-goes-behind-the-scenes-of-big-hero-6-disneys-take-on-a-marvel-superhero-team.html|title=IAR Screens 'Big Hero 6' Footage and Goes Behind the Scenes of Disney's Next|accessdate=October 23, 2014}}</ref> another one named Bonzai was responsible for the creation of the city’s 250,000 trees,<ref>[http://www.fastcocreate.com/3037877/the-monster-supercomputing-achievement-that-lights-up-disneys-big-hero-6 The Monster Supercomputing Achievement That Lights Up Disney’s "Big Hero 6"]</ref> while a new rendering system called Hyperion offered new illumination possibilities, like light shining through a translucent object (i.e., Baymax's vinyl covering).<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ford|first1=Steven|title=Disney creates new digital animation process for 'Big Hero 6'|url=http://www.orlandosentinel.com/travel/attractions/the-daily-disney/os-disney-creates-new-digital-animation-process-for-big-hero-6-20141020-story.html|accessdate=October 30, 2014|work=Orlando Sentinel|date=October 20, 2014}}</ref> Development on Hyperion started in 2011 and was based upon research into multi-bounce complex [[global illumination]] originally conducted at [[Disney Research]] in [[Zürich]].<ref name="Stuart" /> Disney in turn had to assemble a new supercomputing cluster just to handle Hyperion's immense processing demands, which consists of over 2,300 Linux workstations distributed across four data centers (three in [[Los Angeles]] and one in San Francisco).<ref name="Stuart" /> Each workstation, as of 2014, included a pair of 2.4 GHz Intel Xeon processors, 256 GB of memory, and a pair of 300 GB [[solid-state drive]]s configured as a [[Standard RAID levels|RAID Level 0 array]] (i.e., to operate as a single 600 GB drive).<ref name="Stuart" /> This was all backed by a central storage system with a capacity of five [[petabyte]]s, which holds all digital assets as well as archival copies of all 54 Disney Animation films.<ref name="Stuart" />

==Release==
[[File:John Lasseter, Big Hero 6, 27th Tokyo International Film Festival.jpg|thumb|Executive producer John Lasseter at the film's premiere at the 27th [[Tokyo International Film Festival]]]]
''Big Hero 6'' premiered on October 23, 2014 as the opening film at the [[Tokyo International Film Festival]].<ref name="CBWorldPremiere">{{cite web|last1=Amidi|first1=Amid|title=World Premieres of ‘Big Hero 6′ and ‘Parasyte’ Set for Tokyo International Film Festival|url=http://www.cartoonbrew.com/festivals/big-hero-6-world-premiere-tokyo-film-festival-102330.html|publisher=Cartoon Brew|accessdate=August 7, 2014|date=July 31, 2014}}</ref> The world premiere of ''Big Hero 6'' in 3D took place at the [[Abu Dhabi Film Festival]] on October 31, 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url =http://www.thenational.ae/arts-lifestyle/film/20141031/world-premiere-of-big-hero-6-in-3d-to-close-abu-dhabi-film-festival|title=World premiere of Big Hero 6 in 3D to close Abu Dhabi Film Festival|work=The National|date=October 31, 2014|accessdate=November 3, 2014}}</ref> It was theatrically released in the United States on November 7, 2014.<ref name="EWBH6Preview">{{cite news|last1=Bahr|first1=Lindsey|title=Big Hero 6 Preview|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20483133_20847349,00.html|accessdate=September 14, 2014|work=Entertainment Weekly|date=August 24, 2014}}</ref> Theatrically, the film was accompanied by the Walt Disney Animation Studios short, ''[[Feast (2014 film)|Feast]]''.<ref name="TWDCFeastAnnecy">{{cite news|title=Walt Disney Animation Studios' 'Feast' to Premiere at the Annecy International Animated Film Festival|url=https://thewaltdisneycompany.com/blog/walt-disney-animation-studios-feast-premiere-annecy-international-animated-film-festival|accessdate=April 24, 2014|newspaper=Disney Post|date=April 24, 2014}}</ref>

Vinyl toy company Funko released the first images of the toy figures via their ''Big Hero 6'' [[Funko]].<ref name="PopVinyl.net">{{cite web|last1=Dain|first1=John|title=POP Vinyl series collection|url=http://popvinyl.net/pop-vinyl-news/disney-big-hero-6-pop-vinyls/|publisher=PopVinyl.net|accessdate=August 27, 2014|date=August 27, 2014}}</ref> POP Vinyl series collection featuring Hiro Hamada, GoGo Tomago, Wasabi, Honey Lemon, Fred, and a 6-inch Baymax. Bandai will be producing a tie-in toy line for the film.

On September 26, 2014, Bandai America Incorporated released their ''Big Hero 6'' toy line including action figures, role play, and plush figures based on the animated film.

A Japanese [[manga]] adaptation of ''Big Hero 6'' (which is titled {{nihongo|''Baymax''|ベイマックス|Beimakkusu}} in Japan), illustrated by Haruki Ueno, began serialization in [[Kodansha]]'s ''[[Magazine Special]]'' from August 20, 2014. A prologue chapter was published in ''[[Weekly Shōnen Magazine]]'' on August 6, 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2014-07-15/big-hero-6-is-1st-disney-film-to-be-previewed-with-manga-series |title=Big Hero 6 Is 1st Disney Film to Be Previewed With Manga Series - News - Anime News Network:UK |publisher=Anime News Network |accessdate=July 15, 2014}}</ref> According to the film's official Japanese website, the manga will reveal plot details in Japan before anywhere else in the world, and it is the first time a Disney animated film has been adapted into a Japanese manga.<ref name="japan_official">{{cite web|url=http://ugc.disney.co.jp/blog/movie/article/23538?category=baymax |title=初の連載マンガ化決定！映画に先駆けストーリーが解禁！ | ニュース | ベイマックス |publisher=Ugc.disney.co.jp |date=July 15, 2014 |accessdate=July 19, 2014}}</ref> The website also quoted the film's co-director Don Hall, to whom it referred as a manga fan, as saying that the film was Japanese-inspired.<ref name="japan_official" /> [[Yen Press]] will publish the series in English.<ref name="baymaxlicense">{{cite web|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2014-08-31/yen-press-licenses-manga-version-of-disney-big-hero-6-film/.78236 |title=Yen Press Licenses Manga Version of Disney's Big Hero 6 Film|publisher=[[Anime News Network]] |date=August 31, 2014 |accessdate=September 2, 2014}}</ref>

==Reception==

=== Box office ===
; North America
The film earned $1.4 million from Thursday late night showings which is higher than the previews earned by ''[[Frozen (2013 film)|Frozen]]'' ($1.2 million) before [[Thanksgiving]] and ''[[The Lego Movie]]'' ($400,000).<ref>{{cite web | url = http://deadline.com/2014/11/interstellar-big-hero-6-box-office-1201274335/b | title = ‘Interstellar’ & ‘Big Hero 6′ Off To Strong Box Office Starts – Thursday B.O. | author = Anita Busch | publisher = Deadline.com | date = November 7, 2014 | accessdate = November 8, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.forbes.com/sites/scottmendelson/2014/11/07/box-office-interstellar-nabs-3-5m-thursday/ | title = Box Office: 'Interstellar' Nabs $3.5M Thursday, Has $4.9M Heading Into Weekend | author = Scott Mendelson | work = Forbes | date = November 7, 2014 | accessdate = November 8, 2014}}</ref> In its opening day on November 7 the film earned $15.8 million debuting at number two at the box office behind ''[[Interstellar (film)|Interstellar]]'' ($17 million).<ref>{{cite web | url = http://variety.com/2014/film/news/interstellar-tops-friday-box-office-big-hero-6-weekend-win-1201351282/ | title = ‘Interstellar’ Tops Friday Box Office, ‘Big Hero 6′ Skyrocketing to Weekend Win of $56 Million | author = Maane Khatchatourian | publisher = ''Variety'' | date = November 8, 2014 | accessdate = November 9, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.forbes.com/sites/scottmendelson/2014/11/08/box-office-interstellar-tops-big-hero-6-with-17m-friday/ | title = Box Office: 'Interstellar' Tops 'Big Hero 6' With $17M Friday | author = Scott Mendelson | publisher = ''Forbes'' | date = November 8, 2014 | accessdate = November 9, 2014}}</ref> ''Big Hero 6'' topped the box office in its opening weekend earning $56,215,889 from 3,761 theatres at an average of $14,947 per theatre ahead of [[Paramount Pictures|Paramount]]'s ''Interstellar'' ($47.5 million).<ref>{{cite web | url = http://variety.com/2014/film/news/box-office-big-hero-6-races-past-interstellar-with-56-2-million-1201351794/ | title = Box Office: ‘Big Hero 6′ Races Past ‘Interstellar’ With $56.2 Million | author = Brent Lang | publisher = ''Variety'' | date = November 9, 2014 | accessdate = November 10, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://m.hollywoodreporter.com/entry/view/id/829229 | title = Box Office: 'Big Hero 6' Wins With $56.2M; 'Interstellar' No. 2 With $50M | author = Pamela McClintock | publisher = ''The Hollywood Reporter'' | date = November 9, 2014 | accessdate = November 10, 2014}}</ref> It is Walt Disney Animation Studios' second best opening behind ''Frozen'' ($67.3 million) both adjusted and unadjusted<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.boxofficemojo.com/franchises/chart/?view=openings&id=disneyanimation.htm&p=.htm | title = Walt Disney Animation Studios - Opening Gross (2007 - present) | publisher = Box Office Mojo | accessdate = November 10, 2014}}</ref> and the best opening for any Disney animated film released in November, surpassing ''[[Wreck It Ralph]]'''s $49 million debut in 2012<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.boxofficemojo.com/showdowns/chart/?view=weekend&id=disneyanimationnov.htm | title = November Disney Animation - Weekend Box Office | publisher = Box Office Mojo | accessdate = November 10, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.forbes.com/sites/scottmendelson/2014/11/09/box-office-big-hero-6-tops-interstellar-with-56-2m-weekend/ | title = Box Office: 'Big Hero 6' Tops 'Interstellar' With $56.2M Weekend | author = Scott Mendelson | publisher = ''Forbes'' | date = November 9, 2014 | accessdate = November 10, 2014}}</ref>

; Other territories
Two weeks ahead of its North American release, ''Big Hero 6'' was released in [[Russia]] and earned $4.8 million ($5 million including [[Ukraine]]) in two days (October 25–26).<ref>{{cite web | url = http://deadline.com/2014/10/international-box-office-fury-annabelle-hercules-happy-new-year-china-guardians-861602/ | title = Int’l Box Office: ‘Annabelle’ Still A Doll With $26.5M Frame; ‘Fury’ Wages $11.2M; ‘Lucy’ Outmuscles ‘Hercules’ In China; ‘Guardians’ Warps To #3 On 2014 Global Hit List; More | author = Nancy Tartaglione | publisher = Deadline.com | date = October 26, 2014 | accessdate = October 27, 2014}}</ref> The main reason behind the early release was in order to take advantage of the two weeks of school holidays in Russia. Jeff Bock, box office analyst for ''Exhibitor Relations'', said: "For a two-day gross, that's huge. It's a giant number in Russia."<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.usatoday.com/story/life/movies/2014/10/26/big-hero-6-russia/17959391/ | title = 'Big Hero 6' scores in Russia before U.S. release | author = Bryan Alexander | work = USA Today | date = October 27, 2014 | accessdate = October 27, 2014}}</ref> In its second weekend, the film added $4.8 million (up 1%) bringing its total nine days cume to $10.3 million in Russia and $10.9 including its revenue from Ukraine.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://deadline.com/2014/11/international-box-office-guardians-of-the-galaxy-number-2-movie-2014-turtles-china-maze-runner-kung-fu-jungle-happy-new-year-1201271064/ | title = ‘Turtles’, ‘Maze Runner’ Top Int’l Box Office; ‘Guardians’ Is 2014’s #2 Pic: Update | author = Nancy Tartaglione | publisher = Deadline.com | date = November 2, 2014 | accessdate = November 3, 2014}}</ref>

Overseas, in its opening weekend the film earned $7.6 million from 17 markets for a first weekend worldwide total of $79.2 million which was behind ''Interstellar'' ($132.2 million).<ref>{{cite web | url = http://m.hollywoodreporter.com/entry/view/id/826162 | title = Global Box Office: Christopher Nolan's 'Interstellar' Rockets to $80M Overseas | author = Pamela McClintock | publisher = ''The Hollywood Reporter'' | date = November 9, 2014 | accessdate = November 10, 2014}}</ref> It went number one in [[Philippines]], [[Vietnam]] and [[Indonesia]]. The film is currently the second highest-grossing Disney animated film of all time in Russia.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://deadline.com/2014/11/interstellars-80m-overseas-opening-is-alright-alright-alright-international-b-o-1201279558/ | title = ‘Interstellar’s $80M Overseas Opening Is Alright, Alright, Alright: International B.O. | author = Anthony D'Alessandro | publisher = Deadline.com | date = November 9, 2014 | accessdate = November 10, 2014}}</ref>

=== Critical response ===
{{expand section|date=November 2014}}
''Big Hero 6'' has received very positive reviews. The review aggregation website [[Rotten Tomatoes]] reports that 90% of critics have given the film a positive review based on 124 reviews, classifying it as "Certified Fresh", with an average score of 7.4/10. The site's consensus reads: "Agreeably entertaining and brilliantly animated, ''Big Hero 6'' is briskly-paced, action-packed, and often touching."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/big_hero_6/|title=Big Hero 6 (2014)|website=Rotten Tomatoes}}</ref> [[Metacritic]], which assigns a [[Normalization (statistics)|normalized]] rating out of 100 from top reviews from mainstream critics, calculated a score of 75 based on 33 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews."<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.metacritic.com/movie/big-hero-6 | title=Big Hero 6 Reviews |publisher=[[Metacritic]] | accessdate=November 7, 2014}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
[[Henry Jackman]] composed the score for the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://filmmusicreporter.com/2014/04/03/henry-jackman-to-score-disneys-big-hero-6/ |title=Henry Jackman to Score Disney’s ‘Big Hero 6′ |publisher=Film Music Reporter |accessdate=April 3, 2014}}</ref> The soundtrack features an original song titled "[[Immortals (Fall Out Boy song)|Immortals]]" written and recorded by American rock band [[Fall Out Boy]], which was released by [[Walt Disney Records]] on October 14, 2014.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Wickman|first1=Kase|title=‘Big Hero 6′ Sizzle Reel Brings New Fall Out Boy Song, Two Minutes Of Cuteness|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1958868/big-her-6-sizzle-reel-fall-out-boy/|publisher=MTV|accessdate=October 14, 2014|date=October 9, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Dornbush|first1=Jonathon|title=Hear 'Immortals,' Fall Out Boy's song from the 'Big Hero 6' soundtrack|url=http://music-mix.ew.com/2014/10/14/big-hero-6-fall-out-boy-immortals/|accessdate=October 14, 2014|work=Entertainment Weekly|date=October 14, 2014}}</ref> The soundtrack album was digitally released by Walt Disney Records on November 4, 2014, and will have a CD release on November 24.<ref>{{cite news|title=‘Big Hero 6′ Soundtrack Details|url=http://filmmusicreporter.com/2014/10/15/big-hero-6-soundtrack-details/|accessdate=October 25, 2014|work=Film Music Reporter|date=October 15, 2014}}</ref>

{{Infobox album
| Name = Big Hero 6 (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
| Longtype =
| Type = Soundtrack
| Artist = [[Henry Jackman]]
| Cover =
| Border =
| Alt =
| Caption =
| Released = {{Start date|2014|11|04}}
| Recorded = 2014
| Genre = Soundtrack
| Length = 53:57
| Label = [[Walt Disney Records|Walt Disney]]
| Producer = {{flat list|
* Chris Montan}}
| Chronology = [[Walt Disney Animation Studios]]
| Misc = {{Extra chronology
| Artist = [[Walt Disney Animation Studios]]
| Type = soundtrack
| Last album = ''[[Frozen (soundtrack)|Frozen]]'' (2013)
| This album = '''''Big Hero 6''''' (2014)
| Next album = ''[[Zootopia]]'' (2016)
}}
{{Extra chronology
| Artist = [[Henry Jackman]]
| Type = soundtrack
| Last album = ''[[Captain America: The Winter Soldier (soundtrack)|Captain America: The Winter Soldier]]'' (2014)
| This album = '''''Big Hero 6''''' (2014)
| Next album = ''[[The Interview (2014 film)|The Interview]]'' (2014)
{{Singles
| Name = Big Hero 6
| Type = soundtrack
| Single 1 = [[Immortals (Fall Out Boy song)|Immortals]]
| Single 1 date = October 14, 2014
}}}}
}}

{{Track listing
| total_length = 53:57
| all_music = [[Henry Jackman]] (except "Immortals")
| music_credits = no
| writing_credits = yes
| headline =
| extra_column = Artist
| title1 = [[Immortals (Fall Out Boy song)|Immortals]]
| extra1 = [[Fall Out Boy]]
| writer1 = [[Patrick Stump]], [[Pete Wentz]], [[Joe Trohman]], [[Andy Hurley]]
| length1 = 3:15
| title2 = Hiro Hamada
| length2 = 1:57
| title3 = Nerd School
| length3 = 2:12
| title4 = Microbots
| length4 = 1:46
| title5 = Tadashi
| length5 = 1:46
| title6 = Inflatable Friend
| length6 = 1:56
| title7 = Huggable Detective
| length7 = 1:35
| title8 = The Masked Man
| length8 = 1:29
| title9 = One of the Family
| length9 = 1:49
| title10 = Upgrades
| length10 = 2:27
| title11 = The Streets of San Fransokyo
| length11 = 4:08
| title12 = To the Manor Born
| length12 = 1:15
| title13 = So Much More
| length13 = 3:01
| title14 = First Flight
| length14 = 2:35
| title15 = Silent Sparrow
| length15 = 4:39
| title16 = Family Reunion
| length16 = 2:39
| title17 = Big Hero 6
| length17 = 6:57
| title18 = I Am Satisfied With My Care
| length18 = 5:29
| title19 = Signs of Life
| length19 = 1:14
| title20 = Reboot
| length20 = 1:48
}}

==Video games==
A video game based on the film titled ''Big Hero 6: Battle in the Bay'' was released on October 28, 2014 for [[Nintendo 3DS]] and [[Nintendo DS]] and developed by [[GameMill Publishing|GameMill Entertainment]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Kingdom |first=Stitch |url=http://www.stitchkingdom.com/disney-e3-nintendo-names-future-disney-titles-big-hero-6-planes-71268/# |title=E3: Nintendo Names Future Disney Titles for 'Big Hero 6,' 'Planes' and More |publisher=: |date=June 10, 2014 |accessdate=July 19, 2014}}</ref> Hiro and Baymax from the film are also available in ''[[Disney Infinity: Marvel Super Heroes]]'' as playable characters.<ref>{{cite web|title=‘Disney Infinity’ Hands-On Review, Part Three: San Diego Comic-Con|url=http://www.stitchkingdom.com/disney-infinity-review-sdcc-72074/|publisher=Stitch Kingdom|accessdate=August 3, 2014|date=July 27, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Hollada|first=Becky|title=Big Hero 6's Hiro and Baymax Get Disney Infinity Figures|url=http://www.nintendoworldreport.com/news/38314/big-hero-6s-hiro-and-baymax-get-disney-infinity-figures|publisher=Nintendo World Report|accessdate=August 23, 2014|date=August 23, 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Big Hero 6}}
{{portal|Disney|Film in the United States}}
* {{Official website|http://movies.disney.com/big-hero-6|name=Official website}}
* {{IMDb title|2245084|Big Hero 6}}
* {{mojo title|disney2014|Big Hero 6}}
* {{Metacritic|big-hero-6|Big Hero 6}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|big_hero_6|Big Hero 6}}
* {{AllRovi title|572990|Big Hero 6}}
* {{bcdb title|149489|Big Hero 6}}
* [http://www.disneyanimation.com/projects/bighero6 ''Big Hero 6''] at [[Walt Disney Animation Studios]]
* [http://www.spoilerfreemoviesleuth.com/2014/11/cinematic-releases-big-hero-6.html Big Hero 6 @ The Movie Sleuth]

{{Disney theatrical animated features}}
{{Walt Disney Animation Studios}}
{{Animated films based on Marvel Comics}}

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:2014 3D films]]
[[Category:2010s American animated films]]
[[Category:2010s science fiction films]]
[[Category:2010s action films]]
[[Category:2014 computer-animated films]]
[[Category:American animated films]]
[[Category:American action comedy films]]
[[Category:American teen superhero films]]
[[Category:American superhero films]]
[[Category:Animated films based on Marvel Comics]]
[[Category:Animated science fiction films]]
[[Category:Anime-influenced animation]]
[[Category:Disney animated features canon]]
[[Category:Fictional populated places]]
[[Category:Films about orphans]]
[[Category:Films about revenge]]
[[Category:Superhero films]]
[[Category:Films about technology]]
[[Category:Medical-themed films]]
[[Category:Robot films]]
[[Category:Superhero comedy films]]
[[Category:Tokyo in fiction]]
[[Category:Walt Disney Pictures films]]

Moon Pie

2014-11-11T06:22:38Z

Demize: Reverted edits by Jdupes88 (talk) (HG)

{{Distinguish|Mooncake}}
{{Infobox prepared food
| name = Moon pie
| image = [[File:Moon-Pie-Single.jpg|250px]]
| caption =
| alternate_name = MoonPie
| year = 1917
| country = United States of America
| region =
| creator =
| course =
| type = [[Confectionery]]
| served =
| main_ingredient = [[Graham cracker]] cookies, [[marshmallow]]
| variations =
| calories =
| other =
}}
A '''moon pie''' or '''MoonPie'''<ref>[http://www.moonpie.com/single MoonPie products]</ref> is a confection, popular in parts of the United States, which consists of two round [[graham cracker]] [[cookie]]s, with [[marshmallow]] filling in the center, dipped in a flavored coating. The snack is often associated with the [[Cuisine of the Southern United States|cuisine]] of the [[American South]] where they are traditionally accompanied by an [[RC Cola]]. Today, MoonPies are made by the Chattanooga Bakery in [[Chattanooga, TN]].

The traditional pie is approximately four inches (100 mm) in diameter. A smaller version exists (mini MoonPie) that is approximately half the size, and a Double-Decker MoonPie of the traditional diameter features a third cookie and attendant layer of marshmallow. The four main flavors are chocolate, vanilla, strawberry, and banana. Double Decker MoonPies also come in lemon and orange; MoonPie Crunch comes only in peanut butter or mint.

==History==
[[File:Moon-Pie-Split.jpg|thumb|left|250px|A double-decker Moon Pie split in half.]]

MoonPies have been made at the Chattanooga Bakery since 1917. Earl Mitchell Jr., said his father came up with the idea for MoonPies when he asked a Kentucky coal miner what kind of snack he'd like to eat. The answer: something with graham cracker and marshmallow and dipped in chocolate. When Mitchell's father asked how big it should be, the miner looked up in the night sky and framed the full moon with his hands.<ref name=npr/>

Precisely how and when people began the custom of eating Moon Pies with [[RC Cola]] is unknown,<ref name=npr>[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1444997 NPR: The Heavenly Appeal of Moon Pies]</ref> although it is likely that their inexpensive prices, combined with their larger serving sizes, contributed to establishing this combination as the "working man's lunch". The popularity of this combination was celebrated in a popular song of the 1950s, by [[Big Bill Lister]], "Gimmee an RC Cola and a Moon Pie.".<ref name="moonpiesite">[http://www.moonpie.com/about "MoonPie: The Original Marshmallow Snack"]</ref> In 1973, [[NRBQ]] had a minor hit with the song, "An RC Cola and a Moon Pie."

Since New Year's Eve 2008, the city of [[Mobile, Alabama]] raises a {{convert|12|ft|m|adj=mid|-tall}} lighted mechanical moon pie to celebrate the coming of the new year. The giant banana colored MoonPie is raised by a crane to a height of {{convert|200|ft|m}} as the clock strikes midnight.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.al.com/entertainment-press-register/2008/12/mobiles_moon_pie_rising.html|title=Mobile's Moon Pie rising
|publisher=Press-Register|accessdate=2009-08-14}}</ref> Also, the city had for the 2008 New Year's celebration the world's largest moon pie baked for the occasion. It weighed {{convert|55|lb}} and contained 45,000 calories.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.al.com/news/press-register/metro.ssf?/base/news/122985459961200.xml&coll=3 |title=Giant Moon Pie taking shape for New Year's celebration |publisher=Press-Register|accessdate=2009-08-14}}</ref>

An annual RC & Moon Pie Festival is celebrated in [[Bell Buckle, Tennessee]], and a Moon Pie Eating Contest is held in [[Bessemer, Alabama]].

On October 16, 2010, [[Sonya Thomas]], a [[competitive eater]] known as the "Black Widow," ate 38 MoonPies in eight minutes in [[Caruthersville, Missouri]].

[[Newport, Tennessee]] held its first annual Moon Pie Festival in May, 2012.

===Mardi Gras tradition===
The Moon Pie became a traditional "throw" (an item thrown from a parade float into the crowd) of [[Mardi Gras in Mobile|Mardi Gras]] "[[krewe]]s" (parade participants) in [[Mobile, Alabama]] during 1956,<ref name="MoMtime">
"Carnival/Mobile Mardi Gras Timeline" (list of events by year),
Museum of Mobile, 2001, webpage:[http://www.museumofmobile.com/html/mardi_gras_timeline.php MoM]:
states: 1917 - [[The Chattanooga Bakery]] company introduces the
popular [[marshmallow]] cookie "moon pie"; and, 1956 - The
first "moon pies" are thrown from a Mobile Mardi Gras float.
</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mardigrasdigest.com/html/history_of/history_of_the_moon_pies.htm|title=Mobile's Moonpies made their debut in 1974!|date=Mardi Gras Digest .Com|accessdate=2008-09-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081003114459/http://www.mardigrasdigest.com/html/history_of/history_of_the_moon_pies.htm|archivedate=Oct 3, 2008}}</ref> followed by other communities along the [[Mississippi]] [[Gulf of Mexico|Gulf Coast]]. The westernmost outpost of the Moon Pie as an important Carnival throw is [[Slidell, Louisiana]], which has a parade by "The Krewe of Mona Lisa and Moon Pie." Also, in the town of [[Oneonta, Alabama]], there is a moon pie eating contest started by Wal-Mart employee John Love when he inadvertently ordered too many. This anecdote was featured in [[Sam Walton]]'s autobiography, ''Made in America''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Walton|first=Sam |author2=John Huey|title=Made in America|publisher=Doubleday|year=1992|isbn=978-0-385-46860-2}}</ref>
===Apollo 11 great moon walk tradition===
The Moon Pie is a traditional celebratory food for remembering the Apollo 11 moon walk that took place on July 20, 1969. Moon Pies are used in the commemorative celebration by aerospace workers and enthusiasts across the globe. {{Citation needed|date=July 2014}}

==Nutrition facts==
A MoonPie is made with [[marshmallow]], which is a low-fat but high-sugar food. The nutritional content of a chocolate full-size or Mini MoonPie (from 2004) is detailed below, showing (full-size) 226 [[calorie]]s,<ref name=DFfact>
"Chocolate MoonPie nutrition information" (label),
DietFacts.com, 2004-09-07 (letter from bakery), webpage:
[http://www.dietfacts.com/html/nutrition-facts/moon-pie-chocolate-moon-pie-2-ounce-25687.htm DF-MoonPie]
(nutrition facts of full-size chocolate MoonPie).
</ref>
[[saturated fat]] 3.5g, [[carbohydrate]] 40g, protein 4g, iron 5%, of a total weight of 57 grams (2 ounces). The nutritional data for a chocolate Mini MoonPie is about 65% the amount of full-size.<ref name=DFfactmini>
"Chocolate Mini MoonPie nutrition information" (label),
DietFacts.com, 2004-09-07 (letter from bakery), webpage:
[http://www.dietfacts.com/html/nutrition-facts/moon-pie-chocolate-mini-moon-pie-1-2-ounce-25679.htm DF-choc-Mini-MoonPie]
(nutrition facts of chocolate Mini MoonPie).
</ref><ref name=MPlab>
Labels in 2007 on a chocolate Mini MoonPie have listed 130
calories (30 from fat), with 2.5g saturated fat
(Trans fat 0g), but the same weight, 34g (1.2 oz).
</ref>

The ingredients are as follows:<ref name=DFfact/> Enriched [[wheat flour]] ([[Niacin]], Reduced Iron, [[Thiamine mononitrate]], [[Riboflavin]], [[Folic acid]]), [[Corn Syrup]], [[Sugar]], [[Vegetable shortening]] (Contains [[Partially hydrogenated]] [[Soybean]] Oil and/or [[Cottonseed]] Oil and/or [[Coconut]] Oil and/or [[Palm kernel oil]] and/or Palm Oil), [[Soy Flour]], [[Dutched]] [[Cocoa solids|Cocoa]] (Processed With [[Alkali]]), [[Cocoa solids|Cocoa]], [[Kosher Gelatin]], [[Baking Soda]], [[Lecithin]], [[Salt]], [[Artificial Flavoring]], [[Sodium sulfite]].<ref name=DFfact/>

Nutrition facts for chocolate MoonPie (full-size):<ref name=DFfact/>
:* Serving size 1 (57g or 2 oz)
:* [[Calorie]]s: 226 Calories from fat: 51
:* Total fat: 5.7g ([[saturated fat]] 3.5g) [[Cholesterol]]: 0mg Sodium: 188mg
:* Total [[Carbohydrate]]: 40g (dietary fiber 0g, sugars 12.5g)
:* [[Protein]]: 4g
:* Vitamin A: 0%
:* Vitamin C: 0%
:* Iron: 5%.<ref name=DFfact/>

Nutrition facts for chocolate Mini MoonPie:<ref name=DFfactmini/>
:* Serving size 1 (34g or 1.2 oz)
:* [[Calorie]]s: 152 (or 130<ref name=MPlab/>) Calories from fat: 40 (or 30)
:* Total fat: 4.5g ([[saturated fat]] 3g) [[Cholesterol]]: 0mg Sodium: 120mg
:* Total [[Carbohydrate]]: 26g (dietary fiber 0g, sugars 8g)
:* Protein: 2.5g.<ref name=DFfactmini/>

Note that the nutrition data is for a chocolate MoonPie or chocolate Mini MoonPie, while other flavors (such as banana, vanilla, strawberry, or orange) might have different nutritional content.

==Similar products==
In the northern areas of the U.S. a similar product is called a "Scooter Pie" and there is also a single-cracker marshmallow cookie called "[[Chocolate-coated marshmallow treats#Mallomars|Mallomars]]". Little Debbie also makes what they call "Marshmallow Pies" which are nearly identical to the Moonpies. In the [[United Kingdom]], [[Australia]] and [[Canada]] a similar product is called "[[Wagon Wheels]]" and in Japan, "Angel Pies".

Some South Korean companies produce "[[Choco Pie]]s", and in [[Mexico]] there are similar cookie pies called "Mamut" (sold by [[Gamesa]]), and "Rocko" (marketed by [[Bimbo|Marinela]]); there are several other minor brands as well. In Turkey, a similar pie is called "Halley".

==See also==
{{portal|Food}}
* [[Alfajor]]
* [[Chocolate-coated marshmallow treats]]
* [[Choco Pie]]
* [[Fluffernutter]], another kind of marshmallow creme based sandwich
* [[S'more]]
* [[Wagon Wheels]]
* [[Whoopie pie]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.moonpie.com/ Official Chattanooga Bakery website]
* [http://www.nicecupofteaandasitdown.com/biscuits/previous.php3?item=64 Pictures]
* [http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entry.php?rec=227 Chattanooga Bakery Company] article at the Tennessee Encyclopedia Online
{{Snack cakes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Moon Pie}}
[[Category:1917 introductions]]
[[Category:Cuisine of the Southern United States]]
[[Category:Brand name cookies]]
[[Category:Marshmallows]]
[[Category:Mardi Gras food]]

Nischmat

2011-01-24T01:05:25Z

Demize: general fixes, replaced: due to the fact that → because using AWB

{{About|the Jewish prayer|the women's institution|Nishmat (yeshiva)}}

'''Nishmat''' ('''נשמת''' or ''Nishmat Kol Chai'', ''The breath of every living thing'') is a [[Jewish]] prayer that is recited following the [[Song of the Sea]] during [[Pesukei D'Zimrah]] but before [[Yishtabach]] on [[Shabbat]] and [[Yom Tov]]. It is also recited during the [[Passover seder]] in some traditions<ref>Preparing your heart for Passover: a guide for spiritual readiness By Kerry M. Olitzky, page 82</ref>. The recitation of this prayer is not required by [[halakha]] in Judaism, but nevertheless, is prized by halakhic authorities because the concepts covered in this prayer are basic to Halakha<ref>My People's Prayer Book: Shabbat morning : Shacharit and Musaf By Lawrence A. Hoffman, page 45, 58</ref>.

Nishmat and [[Yishtabach]] are in some ways considered to be one long prayer, abridged just to Yishtabach on weekdays when there is no time to recite the entire prayer<ref>Festival of freedom: essays on Pesah and the Haggadah By Joseph Dov Soloveitchik, Joel B. Wolowelsky, Reuven Ziegler, page 112</ref>.

In this prayer, the word ''Nishmat'' (''[[breath]]'') that begins the prayer is related to the word ''[[neshama]]'' (''[[soul]]''), suggesting that the soul is part of the breath of all life<ref>The Book of Blessings: New Jewish Prayers for Daily Life, the Sabbath, and ... By Marcia Falk, page 490</ref>. The theme of the prayer is the uniqueness of G-d<ref>1,001 Questions and Answers on Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur By Jeffrey M. Cohen, page 166</ref>.

Some halakha can be derived from the prayer Nishmat. The commandment ''Do not lie idly by the blood of your neighbor'' requires a person to rescue another s/he sees is in danger. But from Nishmat, it can be seen that one who is not physically present where the danger is taking place is exempt from performing any rescue action<ref>Contemporary halakhic problems, Volume 4 By J. David Bleich, page 310</ref>. Some examples of this include the obligation to rescue a person from a burning building in one's own location, but an exemption from the obligation to donate an organ when doing so can save a life (though doing so is still permitted)<ref>Contemporary halakhic problems, Volume 4 By J. David Bleich, page 314</ref>.

==Origin==
Nishmat is considered one of the masterpieces of Jewish liturgy. It is seen as a journey of self-discovery, describing G-d as a source of prayer<ref>Finding our way: Jewish texts and the lives we lead today By Barry W. Holtz, page 115</ref>.

The existence of this prayer is believed to have been from early on. The [[Talmud]] attributes the prayer to [[Rabbi Yochanan]] in the third century, but there are opinions that it may be older<ref>My People's Prayer Book: Shabbat morning : Shacharit and Musaf By Lawrence A. Hoffman, page 59</ref>.

Nishmat became a standard part of the liturgy by the time of [[Saadia Gaon]]<ref>The contemplative soul: Hebrew poetry and philosophical theory in medieval Spain By Adena Tanenbaum, pages 17-18</ref>.

The exact author of the prayer is not known. Some scholars have suggested that it was authored by a man named ''Yitzchak'' (יצחק, Isaac) with a wife named ''Rivka'' (רבקה, Rebecca) based on the [[acrostic]] arrangement of the verses, but others have dismissed this idea<ref>1,001 Questions and Answers on Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur By Jeffrey M. Cohen, page 167</ref>.

Some scholars have suggested that the author's name may have been ''Shimon'' (שמון, Simon) from an acrostic within the prayer, and have considered this could either be [[Shimon ben Shetach]] or [[Apostle Peter]], whose Hebrew name was Shimon, which would place the date of authorship at around 100 BCE<ref>The JPS guide to Jewish traditions By Ronald L. Eisenberg, Jewish Publication Society, page 411</ref>.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Jewish prayers}}

[[Category:Pesukei Dezimra]]
[[Category:Shacharit for Shabbat and Yom Tov]]
[[Category:Passover seder]]

Chakhe

2011-01-24T00:59:55Z

Demize: general fixes, replaced: due to the fact that → because using AWB

{{Infobox instrument
| name = Jakhae
| names =
| image = Chakhe.jpg
| image_capt =
| color =
| classification = [[String instrument|String]] ([[Plucked string instrument|plucked]])
| range =
| related = [[Krapeu]]
| musicians =
| builders =
| articles =
}}

The '''''jakhe''''' ({{lang-th|[[wikt:จะเข้|จะเข้]]}}, {{IPA-th|tɕa.kʰêː|pron}}, {{RTGS|''chakhe''}}, deriving from the word ''chorakhe'', {{lang|th|[[wikt:จระเข้|จระเข้]]}}, meaning "crocodile") is a plucked [[zither]] used in Thai music. It is made of wood in a stylized [[crocodile]] shape and is approximately 20 cm high and 140 cm long. Its highest two strings are made of silk yarn or nylon and lowest is made of brass. It has raised frets made of bamboo, which are affixed to the fretboard with wax or glue.

The player uses his or her left hand on the fretboard while plucking the string by his right hand with a tapered plectrum made from ivory or [[domestic buffalo|water buffalo]] horn, which is tied to the player's index finger. The instrument has a buzzing sound because the strings are raised just off the flat bridge by a sliver of bamboo or other thin material such as plastic.

The ''jakhe'' is similar to the [[Cambodia]]n ''[[krapeu]]'' (''takhe''), the [[Burma|Burmese]] ''[[mi gyaung]]''. and the [[Mon people|Mon]] ''[[kyam]]''.

==External links==
*[http://www.culture.go.th/research/musical/html/en_musical_central.php?musical=jakae ''Jakhe'' page]

==See also==
*[[Mi gyaung]]

{{ThaiInstruments}}

[[Category:Thai musical instruments]]
[[Category:Zithers]]

[[th:จะเข้]]

Releaseformate (Warez)

2011-01-24T00:28:32Z

Demize: general fixes, replaced: due to the fact that → because using AWB

{{Original research|date=November 2008}}
With regard to [[warez]] groups or [[Copyright infringement of audio-visual works|organized piracy groups]], a movie is usually released in several formats and different versions because the primary sources used by a group for a particular movie may vary. Pirated movies are primarily released by these organized groups, commonly referred to as ''scene'' groups or ''warez groups''. The first release of a movie is usually of a lower quality (due to a lack of sources), and is eventually replaced with higher-quality releases as better sources become available.

==Background== 

[[Cam (movie piracy)|Cam]] releases were the early attempts at movie piracy which are implemented by
taping the on-screen projection of a movie in a cinema. This enabled groups to pirate movies which were in their theatrical period (not released for personal entertainment). But because these releases often suffered distinctly low quality, alternative methods were sought.


A prime example was the release of ''[[American Pie (film)|American Pie]]''.<ref>
{{cite web
| url = http://www.theisonews.com/release.php?releaseid=4262
| title = Video CD: American Pie
| archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20050211094807/http://www.theisonews.com/release.php?releaseid=4262
| archivedate = 2005-02-11
}} ''[[The iSONEWS|iSONews]]''.
</ref> This is notable for three reasons:
#It was released in an uncensored workprint format. The later theatrical release was cut down by several minutes and had scenes reworked to avoid nudity to pass [[Motion Picture Association of America|MPAA]] guidelines.
#It was released nearly two months prior to its release in theaters ([[CNN Headline News]] reported on its early release).{{Citation needed|date=October 2008}}
#It was listed by the movie company as one of the reasons it released an [[Motion picture rating system|Unrated]] DVD edition.{{Citation needed|date=October 2008}}

In October 1999, [[DeCSS]] was released. This program allowed anyone to remove the [[Content-scrambling system|CSS]] encryption on a DVD. Although its authors only intended the software be used for playback purposes, it also meant that one could decode the content perfectly for [[ripping]]; combined with the ''[[DivX]] 3.11 Alpha'' codec released shortly after, the new codec increased video quality from near [[VHS]] to almost DVD quality when encoding from a DVD source.

The early DivX releases were mostly internal for group use, but once the codec spread, it became accepted as a standard and quickly became the most widely used format for the scene. With help from associates who either worked for a [[movie theater]], [[movie production]] company, or [[rental shop|video rental]] company, groups were supplied with massive amounts of material, and new releases began appearing at a very fast pace. When a new release of DivX came out (Version 4.0), the codec went commercial and the need for a free codec [[Xvid]] emerged. Today, Xvid has replaced DivX almost entirely. Although the DivX codec has evolved from version 4 to 7.0 during this time, it is banned<ref>{{cite web |url=http://scenerules.irc.gs/t.html?id=2005_XViD.nfo | title=The XviD Releasing Standards 2005}}</ref> in the warez scene due to the commercial nature of the codec.

==Release formats==

Here is a table of pirated movie release types along with respective sources, ranging from the lowest quality to the highest. [[Standard (warez)|Scene rules]] define in which format and way each release type is to be packaged and distributed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://xick.blogspot.com/2009/04/how-to-interpret-video-file-names.html |title=How To Interpret Video File Names?}}</ref>


{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;" width="90%"
! width="15%" |Type
! width="15%" |Label
! width="15%" |Rarity
|-
|align="center"|[[Cam (bootleg)|Cam]]<ref name="VCDQuality">[http://www.vcdq.com/index.php?page=faq VCDQuality Terms] - Lists recent video releases in the warez scene.</ref>
|align="center"|''CAMRip'' ''CAM
|align="center"|Common; Quality issues make this an unpopular format
|-
|colspan="3"|A copy made in a cinema using a camcorder, possibly mounted on a tripod. The sound source is the camera microphone. Cam rips can quickly appear online after the first preview or premiere of the film. The quality ranges from terrible to very good, depending on the group of persons performing the recording and the resolution of the camera used. The main disadvantage of this is the sound quality. The microphone does not only record the sound from the movie, but also the background sound in the cinema. The camera can also record movements of the audience in the theater, for instance, when someone stands up in front of the screen.
|-
|align="center"|[[Telesync]]<ref name="VCDQuality"/>
|align="center"|''TS'' ''TELESYNC'' ''PDVD''
|align="center"|Very common
|-
|colspan="3"|Contrary to popular belief, the video quality of a TS is not necessarily better than a cam. The term Telesync doesn't indicate better video quality but better audio quality. The CAM source is then synchronized with a secondary audio recording, either done with a professional microphone in an empty cinema (even though by Scene Rules this would be nuked since the audio is not direct, they are hard to tell the difference), fed directly from the cinema's sound system, or captured from an [[Frequency modulation|FM]] radio transmission intended for hearing-impaired customers. Often, a ''cam'' is mislabeled as a telesync.

PDVD, also known as Pre-DVD, is a release type found mostly in India and/or for Indian movies, with Bollywood movies being the majority. Low quality CAM/TS releases in India put on a DVD and sold on the streets, which are ripped by some release groups and released as PDVD-rips. They are often mistaken for being DVD-rips, due to the name.
|-
|align="center"|[[Workprint]]<ref name="VCDQuality" />
|align="center"|''WP''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://scenelingo.wordpress.com/2008/07/16/what-does-wp-mean/ |title=What does "WP" mean? |accessdate=2009-11-02}}</ref> ''WORKPRINT''
|align="center"|Very rare
|-
|colspan="3"|A copy made from an unfinished version of a film produced by the studio. Typically a workprint has missing effects and overlays, and often differ from its theatrical release. Some workprints have a time index marker running in a corner or on the top edge; some may also include a watermark. A workprint might be an uncut version, and missing some material that would appear in the final movie.
|-
|align="center"|[[Telecine (piracy)|Telecine]]<ref name="VCDQuality" />
|align="center"|''TC'' ''TELECINE''
|align="center"|Fairly rare; losing popularity due to R5 releases
|-
|colspan="3"|A copy captured from a film print using a machine that transfers the movie from its analog reel to digital format. These were rare because telecine machines for making these prints were very costly and very large, however, recently they have become much more common. Telecine has basically the same quality as DVD, since the technique is same as digitizing the actual film to DVD. However, the result is inferior since the source material is usually a lower quality copy reel. Telecine machines usually cause a slight left-right jitter in the picture and have inferior color levels compared to DVD.
|-
|align="center"|Pay-Per-View Rip<ref>{{cite web|url=http://r5dvd.com/2009/05/14/what-is-ppvrip/ |title=What is PPVRip?}}</ref>
|align="center"|''PPV'' ''PPVRip''
|align="center"|Extremely rare
|-
|colspan="3"| PPVRips come from Pay-Per-View sources, all the PPVRip releases are brand new movies which have not yet been released to Screener or DVD but are available to view by Hotel customers.
|-
|align="center"|[[Screener]]<ref name="VCDQuality" />
|align="center"|''SCR'' ''SCREENER'' ''DVDSCR'' ''DVDSCREENER'' ''BDSCR''
|align="center"|Very Common
|-
|colspan="3"|These are early DVD or BD releases of the theatrical version of a film, typically sent to movie reviewers, [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences|Academy]] members, and executives for review purposes. A screener normally has a message overlaid on its picture, with wording similar to: "The film you are watching is a promotional copy, if you purchased this film at a retail store please contact 1-800-NO-COPIES to report it." Apart from this, some movie studios release their screeners with a number of scenes of varying duration shown in [[black-and-white]]. Aside from this message, and the occasional B&W scenes, screeners are normally of only slightly lower quality than a retail DVD-Rip, due to the smaller investment in DVD mastering for the limited run. Some screener rips with the overlay message get cropped to remove the message and get released misslabled as DVD-Rips.

''Note: Screeners make a small exception here, since the content may differ from a retail version, it can be considered as lower quality than a DVD-Rip (even if the screener in question was sourced from a DVD).''
|-
|align="center"|Digital Distribution Copy
|align="center"|''DDC'' ''
|align="center"| Extremely Rare
|-
|colspan="3"|DDC is basically the same as a Screener, but sent digitally (email/ftp/http/etc.) to companies instead of via the postal system. This makes distribution cheaper. Its quality is lower than one of a R5 but higher than a Cam or a Telesync.
|-
|align="center"|[[R5 (bootleg)|R5]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://scitech.blogs.cnn.com/2009/09/09/pirated-copy-of-district-9-posted-online/ |title=Pirated copy of District 9 posted online |author=Wes Finley-Price -- CNN.com Webmaster |date=2009-11-09 |publisher=scitech.blogs.cnn.com |accessdate=2009-11-02}}</ref>
|align="center"|''R5''
|align="center"|Very common
|-
|colspan="3"|The R5 is a retail DVD from region 5. Region 5 consists of the Indian subcontinent, Africa, North Korea, and Mongolia. R5 releases differ from normal releases in that they are a direct Telecine transfer of the film without any of the image processing. If the DVD does not contain an English-language audio track, the R5 video is synced to a previously released English audio track. Then a ''LiNE'' tag is added.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://scenelingo.wordpress.com/2008/07/29/what-does-r5-mean/ |title=What does "R5" mean? |accessdate=2009-11-02}}</ref> This means that the sound often isn't as good as DVD-Rips.
|-
|align="center"|DVD-Rip
|align="center"|''DVDRip''
|align="center"|Very common
|-
|colspan="3"|A final retail version of a film, typically released before it is available outside its originating [[DVD#Region codes|region]]. Often after one group of pirates releases a high-quality DVD-Rip, the "race" to release that film will stop. Because of their high quality, DVD-Rips generally replace any earlier copies that may already have been circulating.
|-
|align="center"|[[DVD-R|DVDR]]
|align="center"|''DVDR'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rules.nukenet.info/t.html?id=2009_DVDR.nfo |title=The 2009 DVDR releasing standards}} THE.2009.DVDR.RELEASING.STANDARDS-TDRS2K9</ref> DVD-Full, Full-Rip
|align="center"|Very common
|-
|colspan="3"|A final retail version of a film in DVD format. Usually a complete copy from the original DVD. If the original DVD is released in the [[DVD-9]] format, extras might be removed and/or the video re-encoded to make the image fit the more common and less expensive (for burning) [[DVD-5]] format. DVDR releases often follow DVD-Rips after a few hours. DVDRs will normally be larger files, (around 4.5GB). DVDRs contain the menus etc. Uncompressed copies are noted as DVD9, with only FBI and other copyright warnings removed. ''Untouched'' releases are 1:1 rips of the source, with nothing removed or changed.
|-
|align="center"|HDTV or DS Rip<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rules.nukenet.info/t.html?id=2002_TV.nfo |title=TV release rules v1.5 (2002-11-16)}}</ref>
|align="center"|''TVRip'' ''DSR'' ''PDTV'' ''HDTV'' ''DVBRip'' ''DTHRip''
|align="center"|Very common
|-
|colspan="3"|TVRip is a capture source from an analog capture card (coaxial/composite/s-video connection) Digital satellite rip (DSR) is a rip that is captured from a non standard definition digital source like satellite. [[HDTV]] or [[PDTV]] or DTH ([[Direct To Home]])rips often come from Over-the-Air transmissions. With an HDTV source, the quality can sometimes even surpass DVD. Movies in this format are starting to grow in popularity. Analog, DSR, and PDTV sources are often re-encoded to 512×384 if fullscreen, 640×352 if widescreen. HDTV sources are re-encoded to multiple resolutions such as 640×352 (360p), 960×528 (540p), 1280×720 (720p) at various file sizes for pirated releases. They can be [[progressive scan]] captured or not ([[480i]] digital transmission).
|-
|align="center"|BD/BR Rip
|align="center"|''BDRip'' ''BRRip'' ''Blu-Ray / BluRay / BLURAY'' ''BDR''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://scenerules.irc.gs/t.html?id=2010_BDr.nfo |title=The BDR releasing standards}} THE.2010.BDR.RELEASING.STANDARDS</ref> ''BD5/BD9''
|align="center"|Common
|-
|colspan="3"| Similar to DVD-Rip, only the source is a [[Blu-ray Disc]]. A BD/BR Rip in DVD-Rip size often looks better than a same-size DVD rip because encoders have better source material. What is commonly misunderstood among downloaders is that a BDRip and a BRRip is exactly the same. A BDRip comes directly from the BluRay source, and BRRip is encoded from a pre-release, usually from a 1080p BDRip from another group. BD Rips are available in DVD-Rip sized releases (commonly 700MB and 1.4GB) encoded in XviD as well as larger DVD5 or DVD9 (often 4.5gb or larger, depending on length and quality) sized releases encoded in x264. BD5 or BD9 are also available, which are slightly smaller than their counterpart DVD5/DVD9 releases, are AVCHD compatible using the BD Folder structure and are intended to be burnt onto DVDs to play in AVCHD compatible Blu-Ray players. More recent types, probably associated with the use of newsgroups and cheaper storage at home, are complete BluRay copies(images). Commonly referred to as BD25 or BD50 and may or may not be remuxed (but not transcoded).
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[Copyright infringement of audio-visual works]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Forms of pirated film releases}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pirated Movie Release Types}}
[[Category:Copyright infringement]]
[[Category:Warez]]
[[Category:Film and video technology]]

[[ar:تفسير مصطلحات نسخ الافلام]]
[[el:Τύποι πειρατικών ταινιών]]
[[he:סרט פיראטי]]
[[ru:Видеопиратство]]
[[si:අනවසර චිත්‍රපට වර්ග]]

Global Forecast System

2011-01-24T00:26:31Z

Demize: general fixes, replaced: due to the fact that → because using AWB

[[Image:GFS 850 MB.PNG|right|300px|thumb|An example of a forecast product from the GFS, in this case a 96-hour forecast of 850 [[millibar|mb]] [[geopotential height]] and [[temperature]]]]
The '''Global Forecast System''' ('''GFS''') is a global [[numerical weather prediction]] [[computer model]] run by [[NOAA]]. This [[mathematical model]] is run four times a day and produces forecasts up to 16 days in advance, but with decreasing spatial and temporal resolution over time. It is widely accepted that beyond 7 days the forecast is very general and not very accurate, and most nongovernmental agencies rarely use any of the model's results beyond 10 days (mainly because there is no other 16-day model with which to compare). Along with the [[European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts|ECMWF]]'s [[Integrated Forecast System]], which runs out 10 days, it is one of the two predominant synoptic scale medium-range models in general use.

The model is run in two parts: the first part has a higher resolution and goes out to 180 hours (7 days) in the future, the second part runs from 180 to 384 hours (16 days) at a lower resolution. The resolution of the model varies in each part of the model: horizontally, it divides the surface of the earth into 35 or 70 kilometre grid squares; vertically, it divides the atmosphere into 64 layers and temporally, it produces a forecast for every 3rd hour for the first 180 hours, after that they are produced for every 12th hour. The GFS is also used to produce [[model output statistics]], both in a short range (every 3 hours, out to 72 hours) and in an extended range (every 12 hours, out to 8 days).

In addition to the main model, the GFS is also the basis of a 20-member (22, counting the [[scientific control|control]] and operational members) [[ensemble forecasting|ensemble]] that runs concurrent with the operational GFS and is available on the same time scales. This is variously referred to as a "Global Ensemble Forecast System" (GEFS or GENS) or the "Medium Range Forecast" (MRF). Ensemble model output statistics are also available out to 8 days.

This is the only global model for which all output is [http://www.arl.noaa.gov/ready/cmet.html available], for free in the [[public domain]], over the [[internet]] (as a result of [[Copyright_law#Copyrights_and_the_United_States_Government|U.S. law]]), and as such is the basis for non-state weather companies, e.g., [http://www.smartcomsoftware.com/smartmet.html SmartMet], [[Weather Underground (weather service)|Weather Underground]], [[AccuWeather]], [[The Weather Channel (United States)|The Weather Channel]], [http://www.metcheck.com MetCheck], [http://www.netweather.tv Netweather] [http://www.skippysky.com.au/ SkippySky], [http://expert.weatheronline.co.uk/ Weatheronline], [http://www.theweatheroutlook.com TheWeatherOutlook.], [http://www.weather.com.au Weather.com.au] and [[MeteoGroup]]. (The IFS only has a limited amount of its output available for free.)

== External links ==
* [http://www.emc.ncep.noaa.gov/modelinfo/ GFS Model Info]

{{Atmospheric, Oceanographic and Climate Models}}

[[Category:Weather prediction]]
[[Category:Numerical climate and weather models]]

[[fr:Global Forecast System]]
[[hu:GFS]]
[[pl:Global Forecast System]]

Khalatse

2011-01-24T00:06:38Z

Demize: general fixes, replaced: due to the fact that → because using AWB

{{Infobox Indian Jurisdiction |
native_name = Khalatse |
type = town|
latd = 34.3333|
longd = 76.8167|
altitude = 3443|
state_name = Jammu and Kashmir |
district = [[Ladakh District|Ladakh]] |
population_as_of = |
population_total = |
population_density = |
area_total = |
area_telephone = |
postal_code = |
vehicle_code_range = |}}
{{Tibetan Buddhism}}

'''Khaltse''' or [[Khalsi]] is a village 337 km from [[Srinigar]] on the old main road to [[Leh]], where it crossed the Indus over an iron bridge.<ref>Schettler (1981), pp. 102-103.</ref> The population for the region is about 1,600. Much of its importance is because it is the place where the road from Kashmir debouches into the Indus Valley.<ref>Rizvi (1996), p. 31.</ref> Close by are the remains of an old fortified customs house.<ref>Rizvi (1996), p. 96.</ref>

There is a fragmentary inscription at Khalatse which carries the name 'Maharaja Uvima' which is attributed to the [[Kushan]] king, [[Vima Kadphises]] who ruled in the 1st or early 2nd century CE.<ref>Stein, R. A. (1972). ''Tibetan Civilization'', p. 36. Stanford University Press; ISBN 978-0804709019.</ref><ref>Narain, A. K. (1990). "Indo-Europeans in Inner Asia", p. 164. In: (1990). ''The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia'' (Vol 1). Cambridge University Press. Editor: Denis Sinor. ISBN 978-0521243049.</ref><ref>Bivar, A. D. H. (1993). "The History of Eastern Iran", p. 223. In: ''The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3: The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanid Periods, Part 1 of 2.'' Editor: E. Yarshater. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521200929.</ref>

Lha chen Naglug (c. 1150-1175 CE), a member of a dynasty of [[Dard]] kings, a built a bridge across the Indus at the same site as the present bridge, and also the Bragnag castle on the bank of the Indus, on the brook, about one mile (1.6 km) above the present village, to guard the bridge. It was built in competition to another bridge, the Babu Khar bridge, only three miles (4.8 km) away, and was clearly built to raise taxes from travellers. The castle is said to have been the first castle built in the country. The ruins of the castle and also the remains of extensive fields and watercourses are still visible. Lha chen Naglug also built the palace at Wanla.<ref>Francke (1977), pp. 80, 92.</ref>

There are a number of ancient Dardic rock carvings nearby, including one of a Dard woman carrying a basket on her back, one of a man hunting antelopes, and some showing men with what appear to be flat hats, all costumes similar to the Dards of [[Da]]. In front of the ancient Dard castle at Khalatse is an inscription in an Indian language which probably dates from the period of Dard occupation.<ref>Francke (1977), pp. 71-72.</ref>

The German [[Moravian Church]] Mission, which opened in Leh in 1885 had a sub-station in Khalatse which remained open for the half a century prior to India's independence in 1947 and played a prominent role there with their medical and educational activities, but only made a few converts.<ref>Rizvi (1996), p. 212.</ref>

Entering Khaltse by the road from Srinigar, it is clear one is entering the heartland of Buddhism with its ''chortens'' or small [[stupas]], [[mani stone]]s and [[prayer flag]]s. Upstream from Khalatse, and downstream on the right bank of the Indus, the people are almost all Buddhist. The ones downstream are mostly Brokpa or Dards.<ref>Rizvi (1996), p. 203.</ref> Khalatse is also famous for its [[apricots]].<ref>Rizvi (1996), p. 23.</ref>

Because Khalatse is about 400 metres lower than Leh, two crops can be grown each year rather than only one. By the time crops are being sown at Leh in late May, they are already half-grown at Khalatse. The first crop - usually of ''grim'' (naked [[barley]] - ''Hordeum vulgare'' L. var. ''nudum'' Hook. f., which is an ancient form of domesticated barley with an easier to remove hull) - from which [[tsampa]], the staple food in Ladakh, is made) is usually harvested by mid-July and then other crops such as [[buckwheat]], [[turnips]] and other vegetables are planted.<ref>Rizvi (1996), p. 38.</ref>

==Footnotes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* Francke, A. H. (1977). ''A History of Ladakh''. A. H. Francke (Originally published as, ''A History of Western Tibet'', (1907). 1977 Edition with critical introduction and annotations by S. S. Gergan & F. M. Hassnain. Sterling Publishers, New Delhi.
* Francke, A. H. (1914). ''Antiquities of Indian Tibet''. Two Volumes. Calcutta. 1972 reprint: S. Chand, New Delhi.
*Schettler, Rolf & Margaret. (1981). ''Kashmir, Ladakh & Zanskar''. Lonely Planet. South Yarra, Vic., Australia. ISBN 0 908086 21 0.
* Janet Rizvi. (1996). ''Ladakh: Crossroads of High Asia''. Second Edition. Oxford University Press, Delhi. ISBN 019564546-4.

{{Ladakh}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Jammu and Kashmir]]

[[ru:Кхалаце]]

Confide

2011-01-23T21:16:55Z

Demize: general fixes, replaced: Due to the fact that → Because using AWB

{{COI|date=June 2010}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
| Name = Confide
| Img_size = 2000
| Img = Confideusaband.jpg
| Img_capt = Confide in their most recent line-up
| Landscape = no
| Background = group_or_band
| Origin = [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], [[United States|USA]]
| Years_active = 2004–2010
| Genre = [[Metalcore]] [[Post-hardcore]] [[Deathcore]] (early)
| Label = Science, [[Tragic Hero Records|Tragic Hero]]
| Associated_acts = Penknifelovelife, Underneath The Gun, Olivia, In Fair Verona, Avery Pkwy, Avenged Sevenfold
| URL = [http://www.myspace.com/confide www.myspace.com/confide]
| Past_members = Jeffrey Helberg Ross Kenyon Joshua Paul Trevor Vickers Joel Piper Billy Pruden Arin Ilejay Aaron Van Zuthpen John Penton Joshua Plesh Jason Pickard Nick "Da Bomb" Harrison
}}

'''Confide''' was an American [[Metalcore]] band from [[Los Angeles, California]], formed in 2004. Their biggest influence was [[Underoath]]. They released two EPs and three full-length albums. Because the band was on a secular label they were not marketed in the "Christian" market, but their faith plays a big role in their personal lives as well as their music. The band confirmed that they will be disbanding after completing their tour of Japan tour. They plan to play a farewell show on the West Coast upon returning from their tour of Japan.

==History==
===Formation and First's EP's (2004–2006)===
Confide was originally started in August 2004 by Aaron Van Zutphen, Jason Pickard and Josh Plesh as a [[deathcore]] act. They went looking for members in their youth group. Josh knew Billy, Jason and Aaron knew Jeffrey, that's how they got their first real line-up. In this period of time, they released two EPs, "Innocence Surround" and "Introduction".

In the end of 2006, former vocalist Josh left the band, and was replaced by current frontman Ross Michael Kenyon, putting his other band Penknifelovelife on hiatus.<ref>[http://www.myspace.com/penknifelovelife], [[MySpace]]</ref> Ross moved to the United States to be with his girlfriend and went looking on the internet for bands who needed a singer. After some chatting with Jeffrey, he moved to his house and they started practicing. This line-up change also made the band shift into a purist metalcore sound.
But in January 2007 Ross had to move back to Europe and started playing with penknifelovelife again, putting another band on hiatus: Confide. After one tour with And Their Eyes Were Bloodshot in Europe he stated on his bands MySpace he was leaving for Confide again. penknifelovelife split up and Confide started writing for Shout the Truth.

===Signing to Tragic Hero and debut length album (2006-2009)===
Their first full length, titled ''Shout the Truth'', was released on June 17, 2008 on Science Records. Shortly after the album was released, Science Records was eliminated by its parent company [[Warner Bros. Records]] and Confide was left without a label. In early 2009, the band was signed to [[Tragic Hero Records]], and began performing all across the United States, on tours such as the "Don't Take Your Guns to Tour", alongside bands [[Once Nothing]], [[Here I Come Falling]], and [[In Fear and Faith]].<ref>[http://hangout.altsounds.com/news/95819-confide-hit-the-road-on-the-dont-take-your-guns-to-tour.html], [[altsounds]]</ref>

On July 25, 2009, the band announced on their MySpace blog that they were going to re-release their album ''Shout the Truth''. The re-release contained 3 bonus songs, one of which is a cover of the song "[[Such Great Heights]]" by [[The Postal Service]], and was released on September 8, 2009. Following the release, the band headlined a promotional tour alongside acts [[This Romantic Tragedy]] and Agraceful.{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}}
In January they finished recording their second full length studio album. The new album, entitled Recover, was released May 18. On April 7, Confide released a new song, entitled When Heaven Is Silent, from the new album. On April 21, they released a second song from the new album titled Now or Never. Along with their new album they released their second full length music video. They were planning to embark on the Band of Brothers tour.

However, on September 28, 2010, Confide dropped off the Band of Brothers tour. Their name was dropped and the tour started the next day. They also had taken their name off of [[Miss May I]]'s headlining Monument Tour. Miss May I bassist, Ryan Neff, posted on facebook that Confide had broken up, but the post was later removed. Joel Piper also stated on his twitter "My phone and email is blowing up right now. Some of you guys might know why."[http://twitter.com/joelpiper] His tweet was later deleted also. Miss May I went on to talk about their tour because [[The Word Alive]] also dropped the Monument Tour. They stated "The Word Alive has decided to go on tour with [[A Day to Remember]] instead of the Monument Tour, and Confide informed us that they will not be doing the tour any longer because they are breaking up. Sorry to anyone who this disappoints, we do not have any further information on those band's situations."[http://kaitlyn-hod.tumblr.com/post/1207755562/so-confide-really-did-break-up] It was then unclear on what was happening with the band. The band updated their official Facebook page with information about their tour in Japan on September 29.

===The return of tour and break-up (2009-2010)===
On October 4, 2010, it was officially announced by Confide of their breakup. They have stated that they'll part ways when they return from their tour of Japan in early October. The band plans to play a handful of farewell shows on the West Coast. A statement released on behalf of the band says,
"There is no easy way to say this at all but it's time to put an end to all the rumors you guys keep hearing about us breaking up. Unfortunately, the rumors are true and we wish we could have been the first to tell you guys but there are reasons why we couldn't release this statement until now. We want to be 100% honest with you guys and let you know the real reasons that Confide will be no longer because you deserve to know. First of all, we want to let you know that each member of the band remains friends and the band breaking up was a positive thing and nothing bad happened to result in this. After being a touring band for over three years now, Confide is on the road for nine to ten months out the year and for some people in the band, it was getting to be a struggle to be gone so much, living in a van, sleeping in parking lots and not eating/sleeping well. We absolutely love making music, playing shows and especially meeting/hanging out with fans but we feel God has a new chapter for our lives right now. Around two weeks ago, Joshua, Trevor & I (Ross) sat down and talked about how we felt about touring and how it is really taking a toll on our lives. After the talk, we then sat down as a full band and told Jeff & Joel how we felt and they were very understanding and knew exactly what we were going through. Jeff & Joel discussed keeping Confide going but we decided as a group that it would be for the best if Confide came to an end after our Japan tour, which is in early October. Each member of the band will continue to work in the music industry in some way or another, whether it be in a band, work for a record label/management company, work in a studio, or whatever it may be, we're not giving up on music and you will definitely hear from each of us again. We hope that you guys will show each of us the same support that you have shown Confide over the years. Since the beginning, Confide has been a band that strives to help, encourage and inspire people and even though the band will be no more, we want you guys to still be able to talk to us on a personal level so if you ever want to talk or just say hey, please never hesitate to contact us through our facebook, twitter or myspace profiles. As a huge thank you to our fans, we will be doing a bunch of farewell shows. We'll post dates and details on the farewell shows once we get back from Japan and figure all of that out. We want to thank fans and give you guys a chance to come to a show and celebrate the life of Confide with us."

===Confide's Final Show===
November 7, 2010, Confide had their final show ever at the Glasshouse in Pomona, California. The event was a sold out show, and they had local bands open up for them that Confide had shared the stage with at other venues around Southern California. After the show was over, fans from all around the country were outside awaiting to say their goodbyes and take pictures with the band one last time. All merchandise and the bands van was up for sale after the show, and everything was either sold cheaply or given away to the fans that had come to say goodbye after the show.

==Band members==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}
;Final line-up
*Jeffrey Helberg - rhythm guitar (2004–2010)
*Ross Kenyon - lead vocals (2006–2010)
*Joel Piper - drums, clean vocals, programming (2009–2010)
*Joshua Paul - lead guitar (2009–2010)
*Trevor Vickers - bass guitar (2009–2010)
{{col-3}}
;Former
*Josh Plesh - lead vocals (2004–2007)
*Aaron Van Zutphen - lead guitar (now in Sketch Orchestra) <ref>http://www.facebook.com/pages/Sketch-Orchestra/100174170043538?v=wall</ref>(2004–2009)
*Billy Pruden - bass guitar (2004–2009)
*Jason Pickard - drums (2004–2006)
*John Penton - drums (2006–2007)
*Arin Ilejay (now in [[Avenged Sevenfold]])<ref>http://www.altpress.com/news/entry/avenged_sevenfold_announce_arin_ilejay_as_new_drummer/</ref> - drums (2007–2009)
{{col-3}}
;Touring
*[[Casey Lagos]] - fill-in on vocals (2010)<ref>[http://twitter.com/confideband/status/21789594292], ConfideBand's status on Twitter</ref>
*Kyle Istook - fill-in on vocals (2010)<ref>[http://twitter.com/RossConfide/status/12297356198], RossConfide's status on Twitter</ref>

{{col-end}}

==Discography==
;Albums
*''[[Shout the Truth]]'' (Science Records, 2008)
*''[[Shout the Truth (re-issue)]]'' (Re-recorded re-release, [[Tragic Hero Records|Tragic Hero]], 2009)
*''[[Recover (album)|Recover]]'' ([[Tragic Hero Records]], 2010)

;EPs
*''[[Innocence Surround]] (Self-released, 2005)
*''[[Introduction (Confide album)|Introduction]]'' (Self-released, 2006)

== Music videos ==
{|class="wikitable"
! Year
! Song
! Director
! Album
|-
| 2007
| "Zeal" (was never finished, but can be found on YouTube<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l8M9MNkbAr8</ref>)
| Ryan Wilson
| ''[[Demo 2008]]''
|-
| 2008
| "If We Were a Sinking Ship"
| Daniel Chesnut
| ''[[Shout the Truth]]''
|-
| 2009
| "Such Great Heights" ([[The Postal Service]] cover)
| Daniel Chesnut
| ''[[Shout the Truth (re-issue)]]''
|-
| 2010
| "I Never Saw This Coming"
| Luke Rocheleau
| ''[[Shout the Truth (re-issue)]]''
|-
| 2010
| "The View From My Eyes"
| Jon Stone
| "[[Recover (album)|Recover]]"
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.myspace.com/confide Official MySpace]

{{confide}}

[[Category:Musical groups established in 2004]]
[[Category:American metalcore musical groups]]
[[Category:Heavy metal musical groups from California]]
[[Category:2000s music groups]]
[[Category:2010s music groups]]
[[Category:American Christian metal musical groups]]
[[Category:Musical quintets]]

[[fi:Confide]]

Cotard-Syndrom

2011-01-22T23:50:24Z

Demize: general fixes, replaced: due to the fact that → because using AWB

The '''Cotard delusion''' or '''Cotard's syndrome''' or '''Walking Corpse Syndrome'''<ref>Berrios G.E. and Luque R. (1995) Cotard's delusion or syndrome?. ''Comprehensive Psychiatry'' 36: 218-223
</ref> is a rare [[neuropsychiatry|neuropsychiatric]] [[mental illness|disorder]] in which people hold a [[delusion]]al belief that they are [[death|dead]] (either figuratively or literally), do not exist, are [[putrefaction|putrefying]], or have lost their [[blood]] or [[internal organs]]. In rare instances, it can include delusions of immortality<ref>Berrios G.E. and Luque R. (1995) Cotard Syndrome: clinical analysis of 100 cases. ''Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica'' 91: 185-188</ref> (mutually excluding the possibility of such a condition of death as an [[Oblivion (eternal)|oblivion]], unless regarded as just oneself to another or others).

==History==
The syndrome is named after [[Jules Cotard]] (1840–1889),<ref>{{WhoNamedIt|synd|2552|Cotard's syndrome}}</ref> a [[France|French]] [[neurologist]] who first described the condition,<ref>{{WhoNamedIt|doctor|2236|Jules Cotard}}</ref> which he called ''le délire de négation'' ("negation delirium"), in a lecture in [[Paris]] in 1880.<ref>Berrios G.E. & Luque R. (1999) Cotard's 'On hypochondriacal delusions in a severe form of anxious melancholia'. ''History of Psychiatry'' 10: 269-278.</ref> He described the syndrome as having degrees of severity that range from mild to severe. Despair and self-loathing characterize a mild state.

In this lecture, Cotard described a patient with the [[pseudonym]] of Mademoiselle X, who denied the existence of [[God]], the [[Devil]], several parts of her body, and her need to eat. Later she believed she was [[eternity|eternally]] [[damnation|damned]] and could no longer die a natural death. She later died of starvation.

==Signs and symptoms==
Young and Leafhead describe a modern-day case of Cotard delusion in a patient who suffered brain injury after a [[motorcycle]] accident:<ref>{{cite book
| author = Young, A.W. & Leafhead, K.M.
| year = 1996
| title = Betwixt Life and Death: Case Studies of the Cotard Delusion
| in = P.W. Halligan & J.C. Marshall. (eds.) ''Method in Madness: Case studies in Cognitive Neuropsychiatry''
| location = Hove
| publisher = Psychology Press
| page = 155}}</ref>

{{quote|[The patient's] symptoms occurred in the context of more general feelings of unreality and being dead. In January 1990, after his discharge from hospital in [[Edinburgh]], his mother took him to [[South Africa]]. He was convinced that he had been taken to hell (which was confirmed by the heat), and that he had died of [[septicemia|septicaemia]] (which had been a risk early in his recovery), or perhaps from [[AIDS]] (he had read a story in ''The Scotsman'' about someone with AIDS who died from septicaemia), or from an overdose of a [[yellow fever]] injection. He thought he had "borrowed my mother's spirit to show me round hell", and that she was asleep in [[Scotland]].}}

==Pathophysiology==
Neurologically, Cotard's is thought to be related to the [[Capgras delusion]], and both are thought to result from a disconnect between the brain areas that recognize faces ([[fusiform face area]]s<ref name = pearn />) and the areas that associate emotions with that recognition (the [[amygdala]] and other [[limbic]] structures). This disconnection creates a sense that the observed face is not the person's it purports to be, and therefore lacks the familiarity that should be associated with it. If it is a relative's face, it is experienced as an impostor's (Capgras); if the sufferer sees their own face they may feel no association between it and their sense of self, resulting in a sense that they do not exist.

Cotard's syndrome is encountered primarily in [[psychosis|psychoses]] such as [[schizophrenia]] and [[bipolar disorder]].<ref name = pearn /> It can arise in the context of [[neurological illness|neurological]] or [[mental illness]] and is particularly associated with [[clinical depression|depression]] and [[derealization]]. It has even been described in [[migraine]].<ref name = pearn>{{cite journal
| format = abstract
| author = Pearn, J. & Gardner-Thorpe, C
| date = May 14, 2002 | title = Jules Cotard (1840-1889) His life and the unique syndrome that bears his name
| journal = Neurology
| volume = 58
| number = 9
| pages = 1400–3
| pmid = 12011289
| issue = 9}}</ref>

Cotard delusion has also been the result of adverse drug reactions to (val)[[aciclovir]]. The symptoms were associated with high serum concentrations of CMMG, the principal [[metabolite]] of aciclovir. Patients with impaired [[renal function]] seem to be at risk even after dose reduction; in the cited case, [[haemodialysis]] cured the delusions in a few hours<ref name = pearn>{{cite journal
| url = http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/335/7633/1305
| format = Journal Article
| author = Anders Helldén, Ingegerd Odar-Cederlöf, Kajsa Larsson, Ingela Fehrman-Ekholm,Thomas Lindén
| date = Dec, 2007
| title = Death delusion
| journal = BMJ
| volume = 335
| number = 7633
| pages = 1305–1305
|doi = 10.1136/bmj.39408.393137.BE
| pmc = 2151143
| pmid = 18156240
| issue = 7633}}</ref> and it is suggested that this mental state may not always be a cause for psychiatric hospitalization.

==Treatment==
Treatment is difficult, and [[tricyclic]] and [[SSRI|serotoninergic]] [[antidepressant]] drugs have shown little efficacy. Treatment with [[antidepressants]], however, is a potentially viable option which could prove effective in conjunction with other remedies.{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}} [[Electroconvulsive therapy]] has shown greater promise, "curing" Cotard's sufferers in five studies of its efficacy with that treatment.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} [[Dialectical behavior therapy]] and other [[talking cure]]s might prove to be more effective, especially because this disorder for some is as much [[cognitive]], [[linguistics|linguistic]] and/or [[intellectual]] as it is [[biological]].

==See also==
*[[Self-verification theory]]

==Cultural references==
{{in popular culture|date=October 2010}}
* In the ''[[Scrubs (TV series)|Scrubs]]'' episode "[[My Lucky Charm (Scrubs)|My Lucky Charm]]", a character suffering from a form of Cotard delusion complains of the hardships of being dead.
* [[United Kingdom|British]] [[electronic music]]ian [[Matt Elliott (musician)|Matt Elliott]] named a song for the condition on his 2003 album ''[[The Mess We Made]]''.
* Author [[Chuck Klosterman]] makes reference to Jules Cotard and Cotard's syndrome in his 2005 narrative ''[[Killing Yourself to Live: 85% of a True Story]]''. The protagonist, Klosterman, feels like he might be a victim of the syndrome, especially when he is in airports.
* In the 2008 [[Charlie Kaufman]] film ''[[Synecdoche, New York]]'', the main character's surname is Cotard, reflecting his obsession with death and the deterioration of his body.
* In the novel ''[[The Echo Maker]]'' by [[Richard Powers]], the main character's brother suffers from [[Capgras Syndrome]], as well as a few other delusions, including Cotard.
* In a 2009 episode called 'After Life' of WNYC's Radiolab radio program, Cotard's syndrome is mentioned.<ref>[http://blogs.wnyc.org/radiolab/2009/07/27/after-life/ After Life] at Radiolab. 27 July 2009.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Psychosis]]
[[Category:Delusional disorder]]
[[Category:Culture-specific syndromes]]
[[Category:Undead]]

[[de:Cotard-Syndrom]]
[[es:Síndrome de Cotard]]
[[fr:Syndrome de Cotard]]
[[ko:코타르 증후군]]
[[it:Sindrome di Cotard]]
[[he:תסמונת קוטאר]]
[[nl:Syndroom van Cotard]]
[[no:Cotards syndrom]]
[[pl:Zespół Cotarda]]
[[ru:Синдром Котара]]
[[fi:Cotardin oireyhtymä]]
[[sv:Cotards syndrom]]

0 A.D.

2011-01-19T22:45:54Z

Demize: clean up and edit using AWB

{{Redirect|0 A.D.|the year|0 (year)}}
{{Refimprove|date=January 2011}}
{{Infobox VG
| image = [[File:0A.D.screeny.jpg|250px]]
| caption =
| developer = [[Wildfire Games]]
| publisher = [[Wildfire Games]]
| designer =
| license = [[GNU General Public License|GPL]] ([[free software]])
| engine = Pyrogenesis
| version =
| released = To Be Announced
| genre = [[Real-time strategy]]
| modes = [[Single-player video game|Single-player]], [[Multiplayer video game|Multi-player]]
| ratings =
| platforms = [[Linux]], [[Windows]], [[Mac OS X]]
| media = Free download
| requirements = [[#Game content|See Game content]]''
| input = [[Computer keyboard|Keyboard]], [[Mouse (computing)|mouse]]
| website = [http://wildfiregames.com/0ad/ www.wildfiregames.com/0ad/]
}}

'''0 A.D.''' is an [[open source]] historical [[real-time strategy]] game, published by [[Wildfire Games]]. It focuses on the years between 500 [[Anno Domini|BC]] and 500 [[Anno Domini|AD]]. 0 A.D. will be released in two parts: the first will cover the 500 BC–1 BC period, and the second will span 1 AD to 500 AD.

The game aims to be entirely [[Free software|free]] and open source. In addition, the developers do not get paid for their work, nor will they charge for their product. It has been in development since 2000, with actual work on the game starting in 2003. There is no official release date set for the finished version.

==History==
0 A.D. was originally a [[Mod (computer gaming)|mod]] concept for ''[[Age of Empires II: The Age of Kings]]''. With limited design capabilities, the team soon turned to trying to create a full independent game based on their ideas.

In November 2008 developers confirmed releasing of the project as open source soon.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wildfiregames.com/forum/?showtopic=12075#entry195239 |title=Does everyone like the Revision Log? |publisher=Wildfiregames.com |date= |accessdate=2008-12-19}}</ref> On July 10, 2009, Wildfire Games released source code for 0 A.D. under the [[GNU General Public License|GPL]] 2, and made the art content available under the [[Creative Commons licenses|CC-BY-SA]].<ref>{{cite web|title=0 A.D. development moves to open source|url=http://wildfiregames.com/0ad/page.php?p=12423|date=July 10, 2009|author=feneur|accessdate=2009-07-13|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5iQDGbeFP|archivedate=2009-07-20|deadurl=no}}</ref>

On April 2, 2010, Wildfire Games announced the release of a [[Software release life cycle#Pre-Alpha|pre-alpha]] version of 0 A.D., on May 16, 2010 they released the second<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wildfiregames.com/0ad/page.php?p=13078|title=0 A.D. Pre-Alpha 2 Released|accessdate=22 May 2010}}</ref> and on July 11, 2010 the third<ref>http://wildfiregames.com/0ad/page.php?p=13201 0 A.D. Pre Alpha 3 Released</ref> pre-alpha.

On August 16, 2010 Wildfire Games released a first alpha version entitled "Alpha 1 Argonaut".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wildfiregames.com/0ad/page.php?p=13300 |title=New Release: 0 A.D. Alpha 1 Argonaut :: 0 A.D. :: Wildfire Games |publisher=Wildfiregames.com |date= |accessdate=2010-08-16}}</ref>

On October 19, 2010 Wildfire Games Released the second Alpha version entitled "Alpha 2 Bellerophon" which Include new Maps and a [[Pegasus]] <ref>{{cite web|url=http://wildfiregames.com/0ad/page.php?p=13665|title=New Release: 0 A.D. Alpha 2 Bellerophon :: 0 A.D. :: Wildfire Games | publisher=Wildfiregames.com |date= |accessdate=2010-10-19}}</ref>

On December 11, 2010 Wildfire Games Released the third Alpha version entitled "Alpha 3 Cerberus"

==Game content==
The game is about economic development and warfare.
The 0 A.D. team aims to deliver an experience that is refreshingly innovative but at the same time familiar, focusing mostly on the military aspect of real-time strategy. The game will pursue a strong sense of historical accuracy without damaging gameplay. It also aims for a high degree of replay ability by being easily moddable and the formation of a large online community. The player will have to build a city and an army following the rules of standard real-time strategy games, collecting resources and constructing buildings. The game will include multiple units and buildings specific to each [[civilization]]. It will include both land and naval units.[[File:Magna-Graecia-Redux-1600x1200.jpg|thumb|left|250px|In-game screenshot, showing a Hellenic (Greek) town]]

===Civilizations===
* [[Carthaginian Republic|Carthaginians]] will have the strongest navy in the game; the fiercest contenders on the high seas. They were also masters of naval trade, extending their trade routes even beyond the pillars of Hercules and circumnavigating Africa. They deployed towered War Elephants on the battlefield to fearsome effect.
* [[Celts]] consider the bow and other ranged arms to be a weapon of cowards, and excel in hand-to-hand combat. Not known for their machines of war, they have minimal navy and siege. They construct mostly wooden buildings, which are fast and inexpensive to construct, though far less robust than their stone counterparts.
* [[Ancient Greece|Hellenes]], as the forebears of philosophy, democracy, geometry, and Hellenistic art and architecture, they are considered to be civic minded. However, do not discount the strength of their stone structures, the resolve of a Hoplite in phalanx formation, or their historic ability to steal victory against seemingly insurmountable odds.
* The [[Iberians]] were fathers of the art of guerrilla warfare, capable of lightning strikes against an opponent and withdrawing before he can mass an offensive. Their foot units are some of the fastest and most rapid-firing in the game, particularly their Balearic Slingers. A number of their ranged units also have the unique ability to fire flaming missiles. Toledo steel grants them superior metal weaponry.
* [[Persian Empire|Persians]] are the most cosmopolitan civilization, levying a wide variety of troops from their vassal satrapies. Their infantry are weak and poorly-equipped, little more than cannon fodder, but can be massed in vast numbers. They have the strongest (though most expensive) cavalry in the game, and are the only civilization that features all forms of cavalry, including the fearsome cavalry archer. Their cavalry is equally exotic, including camelry, mahout elephants, and scythed chariots. They are known for their lavish wealth, grand architecture and strong trade empire through the Silk Road.
* The [[Roman Republic|Romans]] are notable for their regimented military, powerful siege engines, broad range of naval vessels, politics, and ability to adapt.
{{VG Requirements
|useminandrec=yes
|caption=System Requirements
|platform1=[[Microsoft Windows]], [[Linux]]<ref>{{cite web|http://wildfiregames.com/0ad/page.php?p=1696#What%20are%20the%20probable%20system%20requirements?|title=Official FAQ :: 0 A.D. :: Wildfire Games|date=October 2, 2004|accessdate=2010-02-14}}</ref>
|os1=[[Windows 2000]] or greater (or Linux)
|cpu1=1 Ghz Processor
|cpu1rec=1.6 Ghz Processor or greater
|memory1=256 Mb RAM
|memory1rec=256+ Mb RAM
|gpu1=32 Mb Geforce3/Radeon 8500 (or equivalent)
|gpu1rec=64 Mb Geforce3/Radeon 8500 (or equivalent)
}}

In future Expansion Packs, the developers hope to expand the number of available cultures by incorporating additional civilizations from 1 AD to 500 AD. The list will not be finalized until the first edition has gone gold, but possible civilizations include [[Roman Empire|Imperial Rome]], the [[Germanic peoples|Germanic tribes]] (including [[Vandals]], [[Saxons]], [[Goths]]), [[Sarmatians]], [[Decline of the Roman Empire|Late Rome]], [[Byzantine Empire|Eastern Rome]], [[Parthians]], [[Huns]], [[Dacians]], [[South Asian ethnic groups|Indians]], [[Egyptians]], [[Vikings]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wildfiregames.com/0ad/page.php?c=38 |title=Factions :: 0 A.D. :: Wildfire Games|publisher=Wildfiregames.com |date= |accessdate=2009-02-13}}</ref>

===Buildings===
{{Howto|date=March 2010}}
Each Civilization's buildings will look unique, as well as be in their [[native language]].
* The Civic Center is the fundamental core structure of a town or city, and controls all principal functions of a civilization. From here, the player is given the ability to train the essential economic and basic military units that are crucial to their nation’s survival, especially in the early developmental stages of their city. The civic center can also be used as a gather point for nearby resources if a resource center isn’t in the player's budget. In province-based game styles, construction of civic centers will be necessary for claiming new territory. Similar to [[Ensemble Studios]]' ''[[Age of Mythology]]'', Civic Centers will have to be built over a Settlement, limiting the number of Civic Centers that can be on a map.
* Houses are quintessential elements to the growth of the player's town, granting them additional living space for their [[citizens]] and soldiers. Each house the player constructs contributes additional space to their overall ‘[[population]] limit’, and each unit built will fill a space in this population cap. Essentially, the more houses one has, the larger one's army can be, and the easier it will be to defeat enemies.
* A mill will extend the gathering radius for mining stone and metal and chopping wood. The player then be able to salvage nearby resources that are too far from their civic center to be gathered from. They’ll also be able to improve mining and chopping-related abilities by purchasing upgrades.
* [[Farmsteads]] allow extended gathering radius of food sources, such as wild animals herds or nearby crops. Much like the mill, they will allow the player to reach previously unattainable resources that are farther away from the center of their city, and provide a number of upgraded tools for their villagers to improve their gathering rate. Also, fields must be constructed within range of farmsteads or the civic center to be used.
* By garrisoning animals in a [[corral]], each animal will provide a steady trickle of food to the player's supply, or the player can slaughter an animal for a quick burst of food in more desperate situations. Garrisoning horses, camels, or elephants in a corral will reduce the production cost of units that use the animal.
* Docks can only be constructed on the edge of a body of water, and provide all naval related services, from trading to fishing to the construction of naval war machines. Depending on the surrounding landscape and location of enemies, docks can often be central structure of the player's nation’s economic and diplomatic survival. If water-based transportation is required to reach enemy territory, it is crucial that docks be protected.
[[Image:Another tropical island.jpg|thumb|left|250px|In-game screenshot showing off water capabilities.]]
* Markets serve a number of economically related purposes, primarily consisting of bartering resources between cities and allied factions. [[Merchants]] travel back and forth between markets to exchange resources for a steady profit. Only one market can be constructed per city or territory, so location is key in order to generate the fastest income.
* Walls are essential to the protection of the city, and will keep enemies at bay while the player constructs defending forces. Gates can be constructed on longer segments of walls to allow passage of one's soldiers in and out of the city without compromising security. Many players find that walls can become an essential aspect of an overall defensive strategy while slowly amassing an impressive city and keeping the enemy at bay, then eventually ‘booming’ with indomitable forces.
* Scout and guard towers can be used to provide an additional radius of sight to look out for approaching enemies, and can be upgraded to provide ranged fire to prevent enemies from entering city limits, or to keep enemies at bay while defensive forces are prepared.
* The Military Center, or [[Barracks]], is where the player will train the bulk of their military forces. Military technologies are also researched here in order increase the stats (attack, armour, speed, health) of one's soldiers. Two barracks can be built per territory.
* In addition to providing the ability to train religious units, the Temple will provide a source of healing for any wounded civilians or soldiers that stand within its vicinity. Temples are not essential elements of the player's architectural conglomerate, but can be helpful if the civilization been damaged by the tides of war.
* [[Fortresses]] are where most of the game's factions train their super units, heroes, and siege weapons (there is one notable exception). Strong, but expensive, Fortresses have ample room for a large garrison and is easily defended. One of these may be built per territory.
* Special Buildings are structures unique to each faction and have some kind of unique function. This image shows the [[Hellenic]] (Greek) "[[Tholos]]" Special Building, which trains Hellenic heroes, and the [[Persian language|Persian]] "Kakh" (Palace) Special Building that grants the Persian player a large economic bonus.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moddb.com/games/0-ad/news/0-ad-2009-new-years-update |title=0 A.D. Game 0 A.D. 2009 New Year's Update news - Mod DB|publisher=Moddb.com |date= |accessdate=2009-01-06}}</ref>

[[File:0adpreview1.ogv|thumb|320px|right|thumbtime=37|A short promotional video of 0 A.D. (released in late 2007)]]

==Reception==
0 A.D. was voted one of the Top 100 Best Mods and Indies of 2008 by Mod DB.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moddb.com/events/2008-mod-of-the-year-awards/top100 |title=2008 Mod of the Year Awards event - Mod DB|publisher=Moddb.com |date= |accessdate=2010-02-06}}</ref>
For 2009, 0 A.D made it in the Top 100 Best Mods and Indies<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moddb.com/events/2009-mod-of-the-year-awards/top100 |title=2009 Mod of the Year Awards event - Mod DB|publisher=Moddb.com |date= |accessdate=2010-02-06}}</ref> as well as winning third place for Player's Choice Upcoming Indie [[Moddb#Mod_of_the_Year|Game of the Year]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moddb.com/events/2009-mod-of-the-year-awards/features/players-choice-indie-game-of-the-year-2009 |title=2009 Players Choice - Indie Game of the Year feature - Mod DB|publisher=Moddb.com |date= |accessdate=2010-02-06}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal box|Video games|Free software}}
* [[Game of the Year]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|0 A.D.}}
* [http://wildfiregames.com/0ad/ Official website]
* [http://www.gamedev.net/reference/articles/article2321.asp Gamedev.net interview with project leader Jason Bishop]
* [http://www.moddb.com/games/0-ad Mod DB Summary]

{{open source video games}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:0 A.D. (Game)}}
[[Category:Free, open source strategy games]]
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[[Category:Mac OS X games]]
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Sleep Paralysis

2011-01-09T21:21:06Z

Demize: Reverted edits by 173.175.61.76 to last version by ClueBot NG (GLOO)

{{Citations missing|date=December 2009}}

[[Image:John Henry Fuseli - The Nightmare.JPG|thumb|280px|''[[The Nightmare]]'', by [[Henry Fuseli]] (1781) is thought to be one of the classic depictions of sleep paralysis perceived as a [[demon]]ic visitation.]]

'''Sleep Paralysis''' is [[paralysis]] associated with sleep that may occur in normal subjects or be associated with [[narcolepsy]], [[cataplexy]], and [[hypnagogic hallucinations]]. The [[pathophysiology]] of this condition is closely related to the normal [[hypotonia]] that occur during [[REM sleep]].<ref>(From Adv Neurol 1995;67:245-271)</ref> When considered to be a disease, isolated sleep paralysis is classified as [[Medical Subject Headings|MeSH]] D020188.<ref>[http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2007/MB_cgi?field=uid&term=D020188 D020188]</ref> Some evidence suggests that it can also, in some cases, be a symptom of [[migraine]].<ref>http://www.dreaminglucid.com/articlejc.html</ref><ref>http://www.migraine-aura.org/content/e27891/e27265/e42285/e42290/e55289/e58636/index_en.html</ref>

==Symptoms and characteristics==

Physiologically, sleep paralysis is closely related to [[REM atonia]], the paralysis that occurs as a natural part of REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Sleep paralysis occurs either when falling asleep, or when awakening. When it occurs upon falling asleep, the person remains aware while the body shuts down for REM sleep, and it is called [[hypnagogic]] or predormital sleep paralysis. When it occurs upon awakening, the person becomes aware before the REM cycle is complete, and it is called [[hypnopompic]] or postdormital.<ref>[http://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/guide/sleep-paralysis]</ref> The paralysis can last from several seconds to several minutes "by which the individual may experience panic symptoms".<ref name="Hersen, Turner 2007 p. 380">Hersen, Turner & Beidel. (2007) Adult Psychopathology and Diagnosis. p. 380</ref> (described below) As the correlation with REM sleep suggests, the paralysis is not entirely complete; use of EOG traces shows that eye movement is still possible during such episodes.<ref>Hearne, K. (1990) The Dream Machine: Lucid dreams and how to control them, p18. ISBN 0-85030-906-9</ref> When there is an absence of narcolepsy, sleep paralysis is referred to as isolated sleep paralysis (ISP).<ref name="Hersen, Turner 2007">Hersen, Turner & Beidel. (2007) Adult Psychopathology and Diagnosis</ref>

In addition, the paralysis may be accompanied by terrifying [[hallucinations]] ([[hypnopompic]] or [[Hypnagogia|hypnagogic]]) and an acute sense of danger.<ref>Hersen Turner & Beidel. (2007) Adult Psychopathology and Diagnosis</ref> Sleep paralysis is particularly frightening to the individual because of the vividness of such hallucinations.<ref name="Hersen, Turner 2007"/> The hallucinatory element to sleep paralysis makes it even more likely that someone will interpret the experience as a dream, since completely fanciful or dream-like objects may appear in the room alongside one's normal vision. Some scientists have proposed this condition as an explanation for [[alien abduction]]s and [[ghost]]ly encounters.<ref name="pmid15881271">{{cite journal |author=McNally RJ, Clancy SA. |title=Sleep Paralysis, Sexual Abuse, and Space Alien Abduction |journal=Transcultural Psychiatry |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=113–122 |year=2005|pmid=15881271 |doi=10.1177/1363461505050715}}</ref> A study by [[Susan Blackmore]] and [[Marcus Cox]] (the Blackmore-Cox study) of the [[University of the West of England]] supports the suggestion that reports of alien abductions are related to sleep paralysis rather than to [[temporal lobe]] lability.<ref name="ejufoas">{{cite journal | last = Blackmore | first = Susan | authorlink = Susan Blackmore | coauthors = Marcus Cox | title = Alien Abductions, Sleep Paralysis and the Temporal Lobe | journal = European Journal of UFO and Abduction Studies | volume = | issue = 1 | pages = 113–118 | publisher = | location = | date = | url = http://72.14.235.132/search?q=cache:oDUW-O3VERkJ:www.susanblackmore.co.uk/Articles/ejufoas00.html+%22Alien+Abductions,+Sleep+Paralysis+and+the+Temporal+Lobe%22&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=au&client=firefox-a | doi = | id = | accessdate = 2008-07-26}}</ref> Some authors have warned of the possible misconnection between child sexual abuse (CSA) and hypnagogic/pompic phenomena and have noted that some clients after having described such an event to a fortune teller or psychic that the psychic may have suggested CSA <ref> Murphy, G. & Egan, J. (2010). Sleep paralysis and hallucinations: What clinicians need to know. Irish Psychologist, 36, 95-98 </ref> (link http://www.lenus.ie/hse/bitstream/10147/111896/1/IPMarch2010.pdf).

==Possible causes==
{{Expand section|examples of causal [[neurophysiological]] factors|date=December 2010}}
Several studies have concluded that many or most people experience sleep paralysis at least once or twice in their lives.{{Citation needed|date=December 2007}}
A study conducted by Sedaghat F. et al. has investigated the prevalence of sleep paralysis among Iranian medical students. 24.1% of students reported experiencing sleep paralysis at least once in their lifetime. The same result was reported among Japanese, Nigerian, Kuwaiti, Sudanese and American students.<ref>Sedaghat-Hamedani F., Kayvanpour E., Rezai A.:" Prevalence of sleep paralysis and other symptoms of narcolepsy in Iranian medical students "</ref>

Many people who commonly enter sleep paralysis also suffer from [[narcolepsy]]. In African Americans, [[panic disorder]] occurs with sleep paralysis more frequently than in Caucasian Americans.<ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 12211324 | last1 = Friedman | author-separator =, | first1 = S | author-name-separator= | last2 = Paradis | first2 = C | title = Panic disorder in African-Americans: symptomatology and isolated sleep paralysis. | journal = Culture, medicine and psychiatry| volume=26 | issue=2 | year=2002 | month=June | pages=179–98}}</ref>
Some reports read that various factors increase the likelihood of both paralysis and hallucinations. These include:
* Sleeping in a face upwards or [[supine position]]
* Increased stress
* Sudden environmental/lifestyle changes
* A [[lucid dream]] that immediately precedes the episode.
* Excessive consumption of alcohol coupled with lack of adequate sleep.<ref>{{cite web| author= J. A. Cheyne | url=http://watarts.uwaterloo.ca/~acheyne/prevent.html | title= Preventing and Coping with Sleep Paralysis | accessdate=17 July 2006}} (reference for all six factors that increase likelihood of paralysis/hallucinations)</ref>

==Treatment==
Treatment starts with patient education about sleep stages and about the muscle atonia that is typically associated with REM sleep. It is recommended that patients be evaluated for [[narcolepsy]] if symptoms persist.<ref>Wills L, Garcia J. Parasomnias: Epidemiology and Management. CNS Drugs [serial online]. December 2002;16(12):803-810.</ref>

==Related phenomena==
Many perceptions associated with sleep paralysis (visceral buzzing, loud sounds, excited mental state,<ref>"The Projection of the Astral Body", 1968, Sylvan Muldoon and Hereward Carrington: p71</ref> presences, and the paralysis itself) also constitute a common phase in the early progression of episodes referred to as [[out of body experience]]s.<ref>http://www.susanblackmore.co.uk/Conferences/SPR99.html "OBEs and Sleep Paralysis", Susan Blackmore</ref> Mental focus varies between the two conditions; paralysis sufferers tend to fixate on reestablishing operation of the body, whereas subjects of out-of-body episodes are more occupied by perceived non-equivalence with the body.

==Folklore==
The original definition of sleep paralysis was codified by [[Dr. Samuel Johnson]] in his ''[[A Dictionary of the English Language]]'' as "nightmare," a term that evolved into our modern definition. Such sleep paralysis was widely considered to be the work of [[demon]]s and more specifically [[incubus (demon)|incubi]], which were thought to sit on the chests of sleepers. In [[Old English language|Old English]] the name for these beings was ''mare'' or ''mære'' (from a [[proto-Germanic language|proto-Germanic]] ''*marōn'', cf. [[Old Norse language|Old Norse]] ''[[mara (folklore)|mara]]''), hence comes the ''mare'' part in ''nightmare''. The word might be etymologically cognate to Hellenic ''Marōn'' (in the [[Odyssey]]) and [[Sanskrit]] ''[[Mara (demon)|Māra]]''.

Folk belief in Newfoundland, South Carolina and Georgia describe the negative figure of the [[Hag]] who leaves her physical body at night, and sits on the chest of her victim. The victim usually wakes with a feeling of terror, has difficulty breathing because of a perceived heavy invisible weight on his or her chest, and is unable to move i.e., experiences sleep paralysis. This nightmare experience is described as being "hag-ridden" in the [[Gullah]] lore. The "Old Hag" was a nightmare spirit in British and also Anglophone North American folklore.

In [[Fiji]] the experience is interpreted as "kana tevoro" being 'eaten' or possessed by a demon. In many cases the 'demon' can be the spirit of a recently dead relative who has come back for some unfinished business, or has come to communicate some important news to the living. Often persons sleeping near the afflicted person say "kania, kania" (eat! eat!) in an attempt to prolong the possession for a chance to converse with the dead relative or spirit and seek answers as to why he/she has come back. The person waking up from the experience is often asked to immediately curse or chase the spirit of the dead relative, which sometimes involves literally speaking to the spirit telling him/her to go away or using explitives.{{citation needed|date=December 2010}}

In Nigeria, "ISP appears to be far more common and recurrent among people of African descent than among whites or Nigerian Africans",<ref name="Hersen, Turner 2007 p. 380"/> and is often referred to within African communities as "the Devil on your back."<ref name="Mattek, 2005 Memoirs p. 34">Mattek, (2005) Memoirs p. 34</ref><ref name=>{{cite web|url=http://www.louisianafolklife.org/LT/Articles_Essays/main_misc_cauchemar.html|title=Contemporary Cauchemar: Experience, Belief, Prevention|work=Folklife in Louisiana|author=Katherine Roberts|publisher=The Louisiana Folklife Program}}</ref><ref name="pmid6737506">{{cite journal |author=Bell CC, Shakoor B, Thompson B, Dew D, Hughley E, Mays R, Shorter-Gooden K |title=Prevalence of isolated sleep paralysis in black subjects |journal=Journal of the National Medical Association |volume=76 |issue=5 |pages=501–508 |year=1984 |pmid=6737506 |pmc=2561758}}</ref>

Various forms of [[magic (paranormal)|magic]] and [[spiritual possession]] were also advanced as causes. In nineteenth century [[Europe]], the vagaries of diet were thought to be responsible. For example, in [[Charles Dickens]]'s ''[[A Christmas Carol]]'', [[Ebenezer Scrooge]] attributes the [[ghost]] he sees to "... an undigested bit of beef, a blot of mustard, a crumb of cheese, a fragment of an underdone potato..." In a similar vein, the ''[[Household Cyclopedia]]'' (1881) offers the following advice about nightmares:

:"Great attention is to be paid to regularity and choice of diet. Intemperance of every kind is hurtful, but nothing is more productive of this disease than drinking bad wine. Of eatables those which are most prejudicial are all fat and greasy meats and pastry... Moderate exercise contributes in a superior degree to promote the digestion of food and prevent flatulence; those, however, who are necessarily confined to a sedentary occupation, should particularly avoid applying themselves to study or bodily labor immediately after eating... Going to bed before the usual hour is a frequent cause of night-mare, as it either occasions the patient to sleep too long or to lie long awake in the night. Passing a whole night or part of a night without rest likewise gives birth to the disease, as it occasions the patient, on the succeeding night, to sleep too soundly. Indulging in sleep too late in the morning, is an almost certain method to bring on the paroxysm, and the more frequently it returns, the greater strength it acquires; the propensity to sleep at this time is almost irresistible."<ref>[http://www.mspong.org/cyclopedia/medicine.html#nightmare The Household Cyclopedia - Medicine]</ref>

==Around the world==
{{No footnotes|section|date=May 2009}}
Complete references to many cultures are given in [[Sleep paralysis#References|the References section]]





=== East Asia ===
* In [[Chinese culture]], sleep paralysis is widely known as "鬼壓身/鬼压身" ([[pinyin]]: guǐ yā shēn) or "鬼壓床/鬼压床" ([[pinyin]]: guǐ yā chuáng), which literally translate into "ghost pressing on body" or "ghost pressing on bed." A more modern term is "夢魘/梦魇" ([[pinyin]]: mèng yǎn).
* In [[Japanese language|Japanese]] culture, sleep paralysis is referred to as ''kanashibari'' ([[:ja:金縛り|金縛り]], literally "bound or fastened in metal," from gane "metal" and "shibaru" (to bind, to tie, to fasten). This term is occasionally used by English speaking authors to refer to the phenomenon both in academic papers and in [[popular psychology|pop psych]] literature.<ref name="shibaru">{{Cite book|title=High prevalence of isolated sleep paralysis: kanashibari phenomenon in Japan|author=Fukuda K, Miyasita A, Inugami M, Ishihara K.|work=Sleep|year=1987|chapter=Chapter 10|pages=279–286}}</ref>
* In [[Korean culture]], sleep paralysis is called ''gawee nulim'' ({{Ko-hhrm|hangul=[[:ko:가위눌림|가위눌림]]}}), literally meaning "being pressed down by a scissor". It is often associated with a superstitious belief that a ghost or spirit is laying on top of or pressing down on the sufferer.
* In [[Mongolian culture]], nightmares in general as well as sleep paralysis is referred to by the verb-phrase ''khar darakh'' (written kara darahu), meaning "to be pressed by the Black" or "when the Dark presses". "Kara" means black and may refer to the dark side personified. "Kharin buu" means shaman of the Black (shamans of the dark side only survive in far-northern [[Mongolia]]), while "tsaghaan zugiin buu" means shaman of the white direction (referring to shamans who only invoke the benevolent spirits). Compare 'karabasan' (the dark presser) in Turkish, which may date from pre-Islamic times when the Turks had the same religion and mythology as the Mongols. See [[Mythology of the Turkic and Mongolian peoples]] and [[Tengriism]].

=== South-East Asia ===
* In Cambodian, Laotian, and Thai culture, sleep paralysis is called ''phǐǐ am'' and ''khmout sukkhot''. It is described as an event in which the person is sleeping and dreams that one or more ghostly figures are nearby or even holding him or her down. The sufferer usually thinks that he or she is awake but unable to move or make any noises. This is not to be confused with ''pee khao'' and ''khmout jool'', ghost possession.
* In [[Hmong people|Hmong]] culture, sleep paralysis describes an experience called "dab tsuam" or "crushing demon." Often the sufferer claims to be able to see a tiny figure, no larger than a child, sitting on his or her chest. What is alarming is that a vast number of American Hmong have died in their sleep, prompting the Centers for Disease Control to create the term "Sudden Unexpected Nocturnal Death Syndrome" (see [[Sudden unexplained death syndrome]]) or "SUNDS" for short; this is now theorized to be a form of [[Brugada syndrome]].
* In Vietnamese culture, sleep paralysis is referred to as "ma đè", meaning "held down by a ghost" or "bóng đè", meaning "held down by a shadow".
* In [[Culture of the Philippines|Philippine culture]], "bangungut", or [[sudden unexplained death syndrome]], has traditionally been attributed to nightmares.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Munger|first=Ronald G.|coauthors=Elizabeth A. Booton|year=1998|title=Bangungut in Manila: sudden and unexplained death in sleep of adult Filipinos|journal=[[International Journal of Epidemiology]]|publisher=[[International Epidemiological Association]]|location=Logan, UT|volume=27|issue=4|pages=677–684|url=http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/27/4/677.pdf|accessdate=May 28, 2009|doi=10.1093/ije/27.4.677|pmid=9758125}}</ref> People who have claimed to survive such nightmares have reported experiencing the symptoms of sleep paralysis.{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}}
*In New Guinea, people refer to this phenomenon as "Suk Ninmyo", believed to originate from sacred trees that use human essence to sustain its life. The trees are said to feed on human essence during night as to not disturb the human's daily life, but sometimes people wake unnaturally during the feeding, resulting in the paralysis.
* In Malay of Malay Peninsula, sleep paralysis is known as 'kena tindih' (or 'ketindihan' in Indonesia), which means "being pressed".<ref>http://sleepclinicjakarta.tblog.com/post/1969898557</ref> Incidents are commonly considered to be the work of a malign agency; occurring in what are explained as blind spots in the field of vision, they are reported as demonic figures.

=== South Asia ===
* In [[South Asia]], sleep paralysis is considered to be an encounter with [[evil]] [[Genie|djinn]]s and [[demon]]s who have taken over one's body. In [[Pakistan]] (like [[Iran]]), this [[ghoul]] is known as 'bakhtak' ([[Urdu language|Urdu]]: بختک). It is also assumed that it is caused by the [[black magic]] performed by enemies and jealous persons. [[Spell (paranormal)|Spells]], [[incantation]]s and [[curse]]s could also result in [[ghoul]]s [[haunting]] a person. Some homes and places are also [[Haunting|haunted]] by [[evil]] [[ghost]]s, [[satan]]ic or other [[supernatural]] beings and they could [[Haunting|haunt]] people living there. [[Mullah]]s, [[Fakir|Faqirs]] or [[Imam]]s perform [[exorcism]] on individuals who are [[Demonic possession|possessed]]. The homes, houses, buildings and grounds are [[Blessing|blessed]] and [[Consecration|consecrated]] by [[Mullah]]s or [[Imam]]s by reciting [[Qur'an]] and [[Adhan]] ([[Urdu language|Urdu]]: أَذَان), the [[Islam]]ic call to [[Salah|prayer]], recited by the [[muezzin]].
* In Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka, this particular phenomenon is referred to as 'Amuku Be' or 'Amuku Pei' meaning "the ghost that forces one down".
* In Nepal, especially [[Newa people|Newari]] culture it is also known as 'Khyaak' a ghost-like figure believed to reside in the darkness under the staircases of a house.

=== Middle-East, Western and Central Asia ===
*In [[Arabic]] Culture, sleep paralysis is often referred to as 'Kaboos' ({{lang-ar|كابوس}}), literally "presser" or 'Ja-thoom' ({{lang-ar|جاثوم}}) literally "What sits heavily on something". Though the term 'Kaboos' is also used to refer to any form of bad dreams. In folklore across Arab countries, the 'Kaboos' is believed to be a ''[[Shaitan|shayṭān]]'' or a ''[[ifrit|‘ifrīt]]'' which sits, heavily, on people's chests.
*In [[Turkey|Turkish]] culture, sleep paralysis is often referred to as "karabasan" ("The dark presser/assailer"). It is believed to be a creature that attacks people in their sleep, pressing on their chest and stealing their breath. However, folk legends do not provide a reason why the devil or ifrit does that.
* In [[Persian people|Persian]] culture it is known as 'bakhtak' ([[Persian language|Persian]]: بختک), which is a ghost-like black creature that sits on the dreamer's chest, making breathing hard for him/her.

=== Africa ===
* In African culture, isolated sleep paralysis is commonly referred to as "the witch riding your back".<ref name="Mattek, 2005 Memoirs p. 34"/><ref name=>{{cite web|url=http://www.louisianafolklife.org/LT/Articles_Essays/main_misc_cauchemar.html|title=Contemporary Cauchemar: Experience, Belief, Prevention|work=Folklife in Louisiana|author=Katherine Roberts|publisher=The Louisiana Folklife Program}}</ref>
*Several studies have shown that African-Americans may be predisposed to isolated sleep paralysis also known as "the witch is riding you" or "the haint is riding you".<ref name="pmid6737506"/> In addition, other studies have shown that African-Americans who have frequent episodes of isolated sleep paralysis, i.e., reporting having one or more sleep paralysis episodes per month coined as "sleep paralysis disorder," were predisposed to having panic attacks.<ref name="pmid3746934">{{cite journal |author=Bell CC, Dixie-Bell DD, Thompson B |title=Further studies on the prevalence of isolated sleep paralysis in black subjects |journal=Journal of the National Medical Association |volume=78 |issue=7 |pages=649–659 |year=1986|pmid=3746934 |pmc=2571385}}</ref> This finding has been replicated by other independent researchers.<ref name="pmid15881272">{{cite journal |author=Paradis CM, Friedman S |title=Sleep Paralysis in African Americans with Panic Disorder |journal=Transcultural psychiatry |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=692–694 |year=2006 |pmid=15881272 |isbn=3461505050720 |doi=10.1177/1363461505050720}}</ref><ref name="pmid7982696">{{cite journal |author=Friedman S, Paradis CM, Hatch M |title=Characteristics of African-Americans and white patients with panic disorder and agoraphobia |journal=Hospital and Community Psychiatry |volume=45 |issue=8 |pages=798–803 |year=1994 |pmid=7982696}}</ref>
*Ogun Oru is a traditional explanation for nocturnal disturbances among the Yoruba of Southwest Nigeria; ogun oru (nocturnal warfare) involves an acute night-time disturbance that is culturally attributed to demonic infiltration of the body and psyche during dreaming. Ogun oru is characterized by its occurrence, a female preponderance, the perception of an underlying feud between the sufferer's earthly spouse and a 'spiritual' spouse, and the event of bewitchment through eating while dreaming. The condition is believed to be treatable through Christian prayers or elaborate traditional rituals designed to exorcise the imbibed demonic elements.<ref name="pmid17379609">{{cite journal |author=Aina OF, Famuyiwa OO |title=Ogun Oru: a traditional explanation for nocturnal neuropsychiatric disturbances among the Yoruba of Southwest Nigeria |journal=Transcultural psychiatry |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=44–54 |year=2007 |pmid=17379609 |doi=10.1177/1363461507074968}}</ref>
* In Zimbabwean Shona culture the word Madzikirira is used to refer something really pressing one down. This mostly refers to the spiritual world in which some spirit—especially an evil one—tries to use its victim for some evil purpose. The people believe that witches can only be people of close relations to be effective, and hence a witches often try to use one's spirit to bewitch one's relatives.
* In Ethiopian culture the word 'dukak' is used, which is believed to be an evil spirit that possesses people during their sleep. Some people believe this experience is linked to use of [[Khat]] ('Chat'). Khat users experience sleep paralysis when suddenly quitting chewing [[Khat]] after use for a long time.
* In [[Swahili speaking East Africa]], it is known as 'jinamizi', which refers to a creature sitting on one's chest making it difficult for him/her to breath. It is attributed to result from a person sleeping on his back. Most people also recall being strangled by this 'creature'. People generally survive these 'attacks'

=== Europe ===
* In [[Hungary|Hungarian]] folk culture sleep paralysis is called "lidércnyomás" ("lidérc pressing") and can be attributed to a number of supernatural entities like "lidérc" (wraith), "boszorkány" (witch), "tündér" (fairy) or "ördögszerető" (demon lover).<ref>[http://mek.oszk.hu/02100/02115/html/3-1332.html lidérc], Magyar Néprajzi Lexikon, Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1977, ISBN</ref> The word "boszorkány" itself stems from the Turkish root "bas-", meaning "to press".<ref>[http://mek.oszk.hu/02100/02115/html/1-925.html boszorkány], Magyar Néprajzi Lexikon, Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1977, ISBN</ref>
* In [[Iceland]] folk culture sleep paralysis is generally called having a "[[Mara (folklore)|Mara]]". A goblin or a succubus (since it is generally female) believed to cause nightmares (the origin of the word 'Nightmare' itself is derived from her name). Other European cultures share variants of the same folklore, calling her under different names; Proto-Germanic: ''marōn''; Old English: ''mære''; German: ''Mahr''; Dutch: ''nachtmerrie''; Icelandic, Old Norse, Faroese, and Swedish: ''mara''; Danish: ''mare''; Norwegian: ''mare''; Old Irish: ''morrigain''; Croatian, Serbian, Slovene: ''môra''; Bulgarian, Polish: ''mara''; French: ''cauchemar''; Romanian: ''moroi''; Czech: ''můra''. The origin of the belief itself is much older and goes back to the reconstructed Proto Indo-European root ''mora-'', an incubus, from the root ''mer-'' "to rub away" or "to harm".
* In [[Malta]], folk culture attributes a sleep paralysis incident to an attack by the "Haddiela" who is the wife of the "Hares", an entity in Maltese folk culture that haunts the individual in ways similar to a poltergeist. As believed in folk culture, to rid oneself of the Haddiela, one must place a piece of silverware or a knife under the pillow prior to sleep.
*In [[Greece]] and [[Cyprus]], it is believed that sleep paralysis occurs when a ghost-like creature or Demon named Mora, Vrachnas or Varypnas (Greek: Μόρα, Βραχνάς, Βαρυπνάς) tries to steal the victim's speech or sits on the victim's chest causing asphyxiation.

=== Americas ===
* During the [[Salem witch trials]] several people reported nighttime attacks by various alleged witches including [[Bridget Bishop]] that may have been the result of sleep paralysis.<ref>[http://www.justiceatsalem.com/Cooke%20justice%20text%20100109.pdf Justice at Salem] ''William H. Cooke''</ref>
*In Mexico, it is believed that this is caused by the spirit of a dead person. This ghost lies down upon the body of the sleeper, rendering him unable to move. People refer to this as "Subirse el Muerto" (Dead Person on you). {{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}
*In many parts of the Southern United States, the phenomenon is known as a "[[hag]]", and the event is said to often be a sign of an approaching tragedy or accident.
* In [[Newfoundland and Labrador]], it is known as the 'Old Hag'.<ref name="OldHag">{{Cite book|author=Firestone, M.|title=The “Old Hag”: sleep paralysis in Newfoundland|work=The Journal of Psychoanalytic Anthropology|year=1985|chapter=Section 8|pages=47–66}}</ref> In island folklore, the Hag can be summoned to attack a third party, like a curse. In his 1982 book, ''The Terror that Comes in the Night'', David J. Hufford writes that in local culture the way to call the Hag is to recite the Lord's Prayer backwards. It is also common for believers to claim that those who are not wakened from this paralysis will die.
* In contemporary western culture it is believed that the phenomenon of reported [[Alien abduction]] is caused by sleep paralysis where the hallucination of aliens has been generated by 20th and 21st century [[science fiction]].<ref>{{ cite web | url=http://www.skepdic.com/sleepparalysis.html |title= Sleep Paralysis|publisher = The Skeptics Dictionary}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Hypnagogia]]
* [[Hypnopompic]]
* [[Seroquel]]
* [[Amitriptyline]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
* Culhane-Pera, Kathie (2003). Healing by Heart: Clinical and Ethical Case Stories of Hmong Families and Western Providers. Vanderbilt University Press.
*Bower, Bruce (July 9, 2005). "[http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20050709/bob9.asp Night of the Crusher]." ''Science News''.
*{{cite journal | last1 = Conesa | first1 = J. | year = 2000 | title = Geomagnetic, cross-cultural and occupational faces of sleep paralysis: An ecological perspective | url = | journal = Sleep and Hypnosis | volume = 2 | issue = 3| pages = 105–111 }}
*{{cite journal | last1 = Conesa | first1 = J. | year = 2002 | title = Isolated Sleep Paralysis and Lucid Dreaming: Ten-year longitudinal case study and related dream frequencies, types, and categories | url = | journal = Sleep and Hypnosis | volume = 4 | issue = 4| pages = 132–143 }}
*Conesa, J. (2003). Sleep Paralysis Signaling (SPS) As A Natural Cueing Method for the Generation and Maintenance of Lucid Dreaming. Presented at The 83rd Annual Convention of the Western Psychological Association, May 1–4, 2003 in Vancouver, BC, Canada.
*Conesa-Sevilla, Jorge (2004). Wrestling With Ghosts: A Personal and Scientific Account of Sleep Paralysis. Pennsylvania: Xlibris/Randomhouse.
*Cooke, William H.. ''[http://www.justiceatsalem.com Justice at Salem: Reexamining the Witch Trials].'' Undertaker Press, Annapolis. 2009 ISBN 1-59594-322-6
*{{cite journal | last1 = The | first1 = Firestone M. | author-separator =, | author-name-separator= | year = 1985 | title = Old Hag": sleep paralysis in Newfoundland | url = | journal = The Journal of Psychoanalytic Anthropology | volume = 8 | issue = | pages = 47–66 }}
*{{cite journal | last1 = Fukuda | first1 = K | last2 = Miyasita | first2 = A | last3 = Inugami | first3 = M | last4 = Ishihara | first4 = K. | author-separator =, | author-name-separator= | year = 1987 | title = High prevalence of isolated sleep paralysis: kanashibari phenomenon in Japan | url = | journal = Sleep | volume = 10 | issue = 3| pages = 279–286 | pmid = 3629091 }}
*Hartmann E. The nightmare: the psychology and biology of terrifying dreams. New York:Basic,1984.
*Hufford D.J. The terror that comes in the night: an experience-centered study of supernatural assault traditions. Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania Press, 1982
*{{cite journal | pmid = 8321596 | last1 = Kettlewell | author-separator =, | first1 = N | author-name-separator= | last2 = Lipscomb | first2 = S | last3 = Evans | first3 = E | title = Differences in neuropsychological correlates between normals and those experiencing "Old Hag Attacks". | journal = Perceptual and motor skills| volume=76 | issue=3 Pt 1 | year=1993 | month=June | pages=839–45; discussion 846}}
* {{cite journal | doi = 10.1007/BF00052448 | last1 = Ness | first1 = RC. | author-separator =, | author-name-separator= | year = 1978 | title = The Old Hag" phenomenon as sleep paralysis: a bicultural interpretation. Culture | url = | journal = Medicine and Psychiatry | volume = 2 | issue = | pages = 15–39 }}
*{{cite journal | last1 = Ohayon | first1 = MM | last2 = Zulley | first2 = J | last3 = Guilleminault | first3 = C | last4 = Smirne | first4 = S. | year = 1999 | title = Prevalence and pathologic associations of sleep paralysis in the general population | url = | journal = Neurology | volume = 52 | issue = 6| pages = 1194–1200 | pmid = 10214743 }}
*Sagan, Carl (1997). ''The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark''.
* Schneck JM. Sleep paralysis and microsomatognosia with special reference to hypnotherapy. The ''International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis'' 1977; XXV:72-77.
*{{cite journal | last1 = Takeuchi | first1 = T | last2 = Miyasita | first2 = A | last3 = Sasaki | first3 = Y | last4 = Inugami | first4 = M | last5 = Fukuda | first5 = K. | author-separator =, | author-name-separator= | year = 1992 | title = Isolated sleep paralysis elicited by sleep interruption | url = | journal = American Sleep Disorders Association and Sleep Research Society | volume = 15 | issue = | pages = 217–225 }}

==External links==
* [http://www.stanford.edu/~dement/paralysis.html Sleep information and links] from Stanford University
* [http://www.arts.uwaterloo.ca/~acheyne/S_P.html Sleep Paralysis and Associated Hypnagogic and Hypnopompic Experiences] from University of Waterloo
* [http://www.csicop.org/doubtandabout/sleep/ Waking Up to Sleep Paralysis]

{{SleepSeries2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sleep Paralysis}}
[[Category:Sleep physiology]]
[[Category:Sleep disorders]]
[[Category:Neuropsychology]]

[[ar:شلل النوم]]
[[ca:Paràlisi del son]]
[[da:Søvnparalyse]]
[[de:Bewegungsunfähigkeit im Schlaf]]
[[el:Παράλυση ύπνου]]
[[es:Parálisis del sueño]]
[[fa:فلج خواب]]
[[fr:Paralysie du sommeil]]
[[ko:가위눌림]]
[[it:Paralisi nel sonno]]
[[he:שיתוק שינה]]
[[lt:Miego paralyžius]]
[[ms:Kelumpuhan tidur]]
[[nl:Slaapverlamming]]
[[ja:金縛り]]
[[no:Søvnparalyse]]
[[pl:Porażenie przysenne]]
[[pt:Paralisia do sono]]
[[ru:Сонный паралич]]
[[simple:Sleep paralysis]]
[[sr:Paraliza sna]]
[[su:Eureup-eureup]]
[[fi:Unihalvaus]]
[[sv:Sömnparalys]]
[[ta:துயில் வாதம்]]
[[tr:Uyku felci]]
[[vi:Bóng đè]]
[[zh:睡眠瘫痪症]]

Souveräner Staat

2010-12-21T22:34:48Z

Demize: Reverted edits by 71.190.23.38 (talk) to last revision by Hmains (HG)

:''This is an article on the subjects of international law. For a general article on the state, see [[State (polity)]]. For sub-national entities called states, see [[Federated state]]. For other uses, see [[State (disambiguation)]].''

A '''Sovereign state''' is a [[state (polity)|state]] with a defined territory on which it exercises internal and external [[sovereignty]], a permanent [[population]], a [[government]], independence from other states and powers, and the capacity to enter into [[International relations|relations]] with other sovereign states.<ref>{{cite book |title=International law |first1=Malcolm Natෟhan |last1=Shaw |year=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=178 |quote=Article 1 of the [[Montevideo Convention]] on Rights and Duties of States, 1933 lays down the most widely accepted formulation of the criteria of statehood in international law. It note that the state as an international person should possess the following qualifications: '(a) a permanent population; (b) a defined territory; (c) government; and (d) capacity to enter into relations with other states'}} {{cite book |title=Perspectives on international law |editor1-first=Nandasiri |editor1-last=Jasentuliyana |publisher=Kluwer Law International |year=1995 |page=20 |quote=So far as States are concerned, the traditional definitions provided for in the Montevideo Convention remain generally accepted.}}</ref> The government of a sovereign state holds legal title to all property therein. It is also normally understood to be a state which is not dependent on, or subject to any other power or state.<ref>{{cite book |title=Elements of international law: with a sketch of the history of the science |first1=Henry |last1=Wheaton |publisher=Carey, Lea & Blanchard |year=1836 |page=51 |quote=A sovereign state is generally defined to be any nation or people, whatever may be the form of its internal constitution, which governs itself independently of foreign powers.}} {{cite |title=sovereign |work=The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language |edition=4th |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company |year=2004 |accessdate=21 February 2010 |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/sovereign |quote=adj. 1. Self-governing; independent: a sovereign state.}} {{cite |title=sovereign |work=The [[New Oxford American Dictionary]] |edition=2nd |yeat=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |place=Oxford |isbn=0-19-517077-6 |quote=adjective ... [ attrib. ] (of a nation or state) fully independent and determining its own affairs: a sovereign, democratic republic.}}</ref> While in abstract terms a sovereign state can exist without being recognised by other sovereign states, unrecognised states will often find it hard to exercise full treaty-making powers and engage in diplomatic relations with [[List of sovereign states|other sovereign states]].

==History==
Since the late 19th century, virtually the entirety of the world's inhabitable land has been parceled up into areas with more or less definite borders claimed by various states. Earlier, quite large land areas had been either unclaimed or uninhabited, or inhabited by [[nomad]]ic peoples who were not organized as states. However, even within present-day states there are vast areas of wilderness, like the [[Amazon Rainforest]], which are uninhabited or inhabited solely or mostly by [[indigenous people]] (and some of them remain [[uncontacted people|uncontacted]]). Also, there are states which do not hold ''de facto'' control over all of their claimed territory or where this control is challenged (as in [[Somalia]]).

Currently the international community comprises more than 200 sovereign states, the vast majority of which are represented in the [[United Nations]]. These states form what [[international relations]] theorists call a system, where each state takes into account the behavior of other states when making their own calculations. From this point of view, states embedded in an international system face internal and external security and legitimation dilemmas. Recently the notion of an [[international community]] has been developed to refer to a group of states who have established rules, procedures, and institutions for the conduct of their relations. In this way the foundation has been laid for international law, diplomacy, formal regimes, and organizations.

== Definition ==
Sovereignty is a term that is frequently misused.<ref>See "Sovereignty: organized hypocrisy, Stephen D. Krasner, Princeton University Press, 1999, ISBN 069100711X</ref> Up until the 19th century, the racialized concept of a “standard of civilization” was routinely deployed to determine that certain peoples in the world were “uncivilized”, and lacking organized societies. That position was reflected and constituted in the notion that their “sovereignty” was either completely lacking, or at least of an inferior character when compared to that of “civilized” peoples."<ref>Ralph Wilde, ‘From trusteeship to self-determination and back again: the role of the Hague Regulations in the evolution of international trusteeship, and the framework of rights and duties of occupying powers,’ Fall, 2009, 31 Loy. L.A. Int'l & Comp. L. Rev. 85, page 94, [http://ilr.lls.edu/documents/WILDEFINAL3-29.pdf]</ref> Lassa Oppenheim said "There exists perhaps no conception the meaning of which is more controversial than that of sovereignty. It is an indisputable fact that this conception, from the moment when it was introduced into political science until the present day, has never had a meaning which was universally agreed upon."<ref>1 Lassa Oppenheim, International Law 66 (Sir Arnold D. McNair ed., 4th ed. 1928)</ref> In the opinion of Justice Evatt of the High Court of Australia "sovereignty is neither a question of fact, nor a question of law, but a question that does not arise at all." <ref>See Sovereignty in cases of Mandated Territories, in "International law and the protection of Namibia's territorial integrity", By S. Akweenda, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1997, ISBN 9041104127, page 40</ref>

Sovereignty has taken on a different meaning with the development of the principle of self-determination and the prohibition against the threat or use of force as jus cogens norms of modern international law. The UN Charter, the Declaration on Rights and Duties of States, and the charters of regional international organizations express the view that all states are juridically equal and enjoy the same rights and duties based upon the mere fact of their existence as persons under international law.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chapter IV Fundamental Rights and Duties of States|url=http://www.oas.org/dil/treaties_A-41_Charter_of_the_Organization_of_American_States.htm#ch4|work=Charter of the Organization of American States|publisher=Secretariat of The Organization of American States|accessdate=21 November 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Draft Declaration on Rights and Duties of States|url=http://untreaty.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/draft%20articles/2_1_1949.pdf|publisher=UN Treaty Organization|accessdate=21 November 2010|year=1949}}</ref> The right of nations to determine their own political status and exercise permanent sovereignty within the limits of their territorial jurisdictions is widely recognized.<ref>{{cite web|title=General Assembly resolution 1803 (XVII) of 14 December 1962, "Permanent sovereignty over natural resources" |url=http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/resources.htm|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=21 November 2010}}</ref><ref>Schwebel, Stephen M., The Story of the U.N.'s Declaration on Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources, 49 A.B.A. J. 463 (1963)</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights|url=http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/ccpr.htm|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=21 November 2010}}</ref>

In casual usage, the terms "[[country]]", "nation", and "state" are often used as if they were [[synonym]]ous; but in a more strict usage they can be distinguished:

* '''''[[Nation]]''''' denotes a people who are believed to or deemed to share common customs, origins, and history. However, the adjectives ''national'' and ''international'' are frequently used to refer to matters pertaining to what are strictly ''sovereign states'', as in ''national capital'', ''international law''.

* '''''State''''' refers to the set of governing and supportive institutions that have [[sovereignty]] over a definite territory and [[population]].

==Recognition==
{{Main|Diplomatic recognition}}
State recognition signifies the decision of a sovereign state to treat another entity as also being a sovereign state.<ref>[http://www.answers.com/topic/recognition "Recognition"], ''Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy''.</ref> Recognition can be either express or implied and is usually retroactive in its effects. It doesn't necessarily signify a desire to establish or maintain diplomatic relations.

There is no definition that is binding on all the members of the community of nations on the criteria for statehood. In actual practice, the criteria are mainly political, not legal.<ref>See B. Broms, "IV Recognition of States", pp 47-48 in ''International law: achievements and prospects'', UNESCO Series, Mohammed Bedjaoui(ed), Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1991, ISBN 9231027166 [http://books.google.com/books?id=jrTsNTzcY7EC&lpg=PA47&client&pg=PA47#v=onepage&q&f=false]</ref> L.C. Green cited the recognition of the unborn Polish and Czech states in World War I and explained that "recognition of statehood is a matter of discretion, it is open to any existing state to accept as a state any entity it wishes, regardless of the existence of territory or an established government."<ref>See Israel Yearbook on Human Rights, 1989, [[Yoram Dinstein]], Mala Tabory eds., Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1990, ISBN 0-7923-0450-0, page 135-136 [http://books.google.com/books?id=5okNqth8I9wC&lpg=PA136&ots=ARGGNDm7G-&dq=t&pg=PA136#v=onepage&q&f=false]</ref>

In [[international law]], however, there are several theories of when a state should be recognized as sovereign.<ref>Thomas D. Grant, ''The recognition of states: law and practice in debate and evolution'' (Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 1999), chapter 1.</ref>

===Constitutive theory===
The constitutive theory of statehood defines a state as a person of international law if, and only if, it is recognized as sovereign by other states. This theory of recognition, was developed in the 19th century. Under it, a state was sovereign if another sovereign state recognized it as such. Because of this, new states could not immediately become part of the international community or be bound by international law, and recognized nations did not have to respect international law in their dealings with them.<ref name="ctos">{{cite book |title=Sourcebook on Public International Law |last=Hillier |first=Tim |year=1998 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=1859410502 |pages=201–2 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Kr0sOuIx8q8C }}</ref> In 1815 at the [[Congress of Vienna]] the [[Final Act of the Congress of Vienna|Final Act]] only recognised 39 sovereign states in the European diplomatic system, and as a result it was firmly established that in future new states would have to be recognized by other states, and that meant in practice recognition by one or more of the [[great powers]].<ref>Kalevi Jaakko Holsti ''Taming the Sovereigns'' [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Jh6gjr-2ho8C&pg=PA128&dq=Final+Act+of+the+Congress+of+Vienna&lr=&sig=ACfU3U1FTkJPODAK8KkyGV5Nz6O-ke9_Ig p. 128]</ref>

One of the major criticisms of this law is the confusion caused when some states recognize a new entity, but other states do not. [[Hersch Lauterpacht]], one of the theory's main proponents, suggested that it is a state's duty to grant recognition as a possible solution. However, a state may use any criteria when judging if they should give recognition and they have no obligation to use such criteria. Many states may only recognize another state if it is to their advantage.<ref name="ctos" />

In 1912, [[L. F. L. Oppenheim]] had the following to say on constitutive theory:
<blockquote>
...International Law does not say that a State is not in existence as long as it is not recognised, but it takes no notice of it before its recognition. Through recognition only and exclusively a State becomes an International Person and a subject of International Law.<ref>{{cite book | author = Lassa Oppenheim, Ronald Roxburgh | title = International Law: A Treatise | publisher = The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. | year = 2005 | isbn = 1584776099, 9781584776093 | pages = 135 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=vxJ1Jwmyw0EC&pg=PA135}}</ref></blockquote>

===Declarative theory===
By contrast, the "declarative" theory defines a state as a [[subject of international law|person in international law]] if it meets the following criteria: 1) a defined territory; 2) a permanent population; 3) a government and 4) a capacity to enter into relations with other states. According to declarative theory, an entity's statehood is independent of its recognition by other states. The declarative model was most famously expressed in the 1933 [[Montevideo Convention]].

Article 3 of the Convention declares that statehood is independent of recognition by other states. In contrast, recognition is considered a requirement for statehood by the constitutive theory of statehood.

A similar opinion about "the conditions on which an entity constitutes a state" is expressed by the [[European Economic Community]] ''Opinions of the Badinter Arbitration Committee''. The [[Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on the former Yugoslavia|Badinter Arbitration Committee]] found that a state was defined by having a territory, a population, and a political authority.

===State practice===
{{See also|Diplomatic recognition}}

State practice relating the recognition states typically falls somewhere between the declaratory and constitutive approaches.<ref>{{cite book |title=International law |first1=Malcolm Nathan |last1=Shaw |year=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=369}}</ref> International law does not require a state to recognise other states.<ref>Opinion No. 10. of the Yugoslav Arbitration Commission.</ref>

Recognition is often withheld when a new state is seen as illegitimate or has come about in breach of international law. Almost universal non-recognition by the [[international community]] of [[Rhodesia]] and the ''[[Turkish Republic of North Cyprus]]'' are good examples of this. In the former case, recognition was widely withheld when the White minority seized power and attempted to form a state along the lines of [[Apartheid South Africa]]. A move which the [[United Nations Security Council]] described as the creation of an "illegal racist minority régime".<ref>[[s:United Nations Security Council Resolution 216]]</ref> In the latter case recognition was widely withheld from a state created in Northern Cyprus on land which was illegally invaded by Turkey in 1974.<ref>[[s:United Nations Security Council Resolution 541]]</ref>

===''De facto'' and ''de jure'' states===
Most sovereign states are states ''[[de jure]]'' and ''[[de facto]]'' (i.e. they exist both in law and in reality). However, sometimes states exist only as ''de jure'' states in that an organisation is recognised as having sovereignty over and being the legitimate government of a territory over which they have no actual control. Many continental European states maintained [[government in exile|governments-in-exile]] during the [[Second World War]] which continued to enjoy diplomatic relations with the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]], notwithstanding that their countries were under Nazi occupation. A present day example is the [[Sovereign Military Order of Malta]], which is a [[United Nations General Assembly observers#Permanent international organizations and other entities|United Nations observer]], has bi-lateral diplomatic relations with 104 states, while having no territory since 1798 and possessing only [[extraterritoriality|extraterritorial]] areas since (i.e. [[embassies]] and [[consulates]]).<ref>[http://www.orderofmalta.org/attdiplomatica.asp?idlingua=5 Bilateral relations with countries], Retrieved 2009-12-22 {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> Other states may have sovereignty over a territory but lack international recognition, these are ''[[de facto]]'' states only. [[Somaliland]] is commonly considered to be such a state.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://yalejournal.org/article/de-facto-statehood-strange-case-somaliland |title=De facto Statehood? The Strange Case of Somaliland |accessdate=2010-01-04 |date=November 2008 |author=Arieff, Alexis |publisher=Yale Journal of International Affairs}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=3903 |title=The List: Six Reasons You May Need A New Atlas Soon |accessdate=2010-01-04 |date=July 2007 |publisher=Foreign Policy Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unpo.org/content/view/8418/244/ |title=Overview of De-facto States |accessdate=2010-01-04 |date=July 2008 |publisher=[[Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lesnouvelles.org/P10_magazine/15_grandentretien/15055_mahamudsalahnur_eng.html |title=France recognizes de facto Somaliland |accessdate=2010-01-04 |date=April 2008 |author=Wiren, Robert |publisher=Les Nouvelles d'Addis Magazine}}</ref> For a list of entities that wish to be universally recognized as sovereign states, but do not have complete worldwide [[diplomatic recognition]], see the [[list of states with limited recognition]].

==The sovereign state in modern political thought==
The rise of the modern state system was closely related to changes in political thought, especially concerning the changing understanding of legitimate state power. Early modern defenders of absolutism such as [[Thomas Hobbes]] and [[Jean Bodin]] undermined the doctrine of the [[divine right of kings]] by arguing that the power of kings should be justified by reference to the people. Hobbes in particular went further and argued that political power should be justified with reference to the individual, not just to the people understood collectively. Both Hobbes and Bodin thought they were defending the power of kings, not advocating democracy, but their arguments about the nature of sovereignty were fiercely resisted by more traditional defenders of the power of kings, like [[Sir Robert Filmer]] in England, who thought that such defenses ultimately opened the way to more democratic claims.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}}

These and other early thinkers introduced two important concepts in order to justify sovereign power: the idea of a [[state of nature]] and the idea of a [[social contract]]. The first concept describes an imagined situation in which the state - understood as a centralized, coercive power - does not exist, and human beings have all their natural rights and powers; the second describes the conditions under which a voluntary agreement could take human beings out of the state of nature and into a state of civil society. Depending on what they understood [[human nature]] to be and the [[natural right]]s they thought human beings had in that state, various writers were able to justify more or less extensive forms of the state as a remedy for the problems of the state of nature. Thus, for example, Hobbes, who described the state of nature as a "war of every man, against every man,"<ref>Hobbes, Thomas. 1651. [http://oll.libertyfund.org/Texts/Hobbes0123/Leviathan1909/HTMLs/0161_Pt02_Part1.html#LF-BK0161pt01ch13 Leviathan]. Part I, chapter 13.</ref> argued that sovereign power should be almost absolute since almost all sovereign power would be better than such a war, whereas [[John Locke]], who understood the state of nature in more positive terms, thought that state power should be strictly limited.<ref>Locke, John. 1689. [http://oll.libertyfund.org/Home3/HTML.php?recordID=0364#hd_lf128-04_head_025 Two Treatises of Government]. Second Treatise, chapter 2.</ref> Both of them nevertheless understood the powers of the state to be limited by what rational individuals would agree to in a hypothetical or actual [[social contract]].

The idea of the social contract lent itself to more democratic interpretations than Hobbes or Locke would have wanted. [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]], for example, argued that the only valid social contract would be one were individuals would be subject to laws that only themselves had made and assented to, as in a small [[direct democracy]]. Today the tradition of social contract reasoning is alive in the work of [[John Rawls]] and his intellectual heirs, though in a very abstract form. Rawls argued that rational individuals would only agree to social institutions specifying a set of inviolable basic liberties and a certain amount of redistribution to alleviate inequalities for the benefit of the worst off. Lockean state of nature reasoning, by contrast, is more common in the [[libertarian]] tradition of political thought represented by the work of [[Robert Nozick]]. Nozick argued that given the natural rights that human beings would have in a state of nature, the only state that could be justified would be a [[minimal state]] whose sole functions would be to provide protection and enforce agreements. [[Murray Rothbard]], another prominent libertarian, suggests that these protection and enforcement functions of government lead to a definition of the state as any entity that has a monopoly on crime in a given area.

Some contemporary thinkers, such as [[Michel Foucault]], have argued that political theory needs to get away from the notion of the state: "We need to cut off the king's head. In political theory that has still to be done."<ref>Foucault, Michel. 2000 [1976]. Truth and Power. In [http://www.amazon.com/dp/1565847091 Power], edited by J. D. Fearon. New York: The New Press, p. 123. [http://www.amazon.com/dp/1565847091 ISBN 1-56584-709-1]</ref> By this he meant that power in the modern world is much more decentralized and uses different instruments than power in the early modern era, so that the notion of a sovereign, centralized state is increasingly out of date.

==See also==
{|
|
* [[Violent non-state actor]]
* [[Unitary state]]
* [[Rule according to higher law]]
* [[State (polity)]]
* [[State (administrative division)]]
* [[Nation]]
* [[Nation-building]]
* [[Nation state]]
* [[Montevideo Convention]]
|
* [[List of states with limited recognition]]
* [[List of sovereign states]] ([[List of sovereign states by formation date|by formation date]])
* [[Legal status of the Holy See|Status of the Holy See in international law]]
* [[International relations]]
* [[Federal state]]
* [[Failed state]]
* [[Diplomatic recognition]]
* [[Country]]
|}

==Further reading==
*Chen, Ti-chiang. ''The International Law of Recognition, with Special Reference to Practice in Great Britain and the United States''. London, 1951.
*Crawford, James. ''The Creation of States in International Law''. Oxford University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-19-825402-4, pp. 15–24.
*[[Hersch Lauterpacht|Lauterpacht, Sir Hersch]]. ''Recognition in International Law''. Cambridge, U.K., 1947.
*Raič, D. ''Statehood and the Law of Self-determination''. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2002. ISBN 9789041118905. p 29 (with reference to Oppenheim in International Law Vol. 1 1905 p110)

== External links ==
*[http://ejil.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/3/1/178 Opinions of the Badinter Arbitration Committee] at the ''European Journal of International Law''
*[http://www.burneylawfirm.com/international_law_primer.htm A Brief Primer on International Law] With cases and commentary. Nathaniel Burney, 2007.
*[http://www.un.org. Official United Nations website]
*[http://www.un.org/law. Official UN website on International Law]
*[http://www.icj-cij.org/. Official website of the International Court of Justice]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sovereign State}}
[[Category:International law]]
[[Category:Political geography]]

[[ca:Estat]]
[[eo:Suverena ŝtato]]
[[fr:État souverain]]
[[pt:Teoria constitutiva do Estado]]
[[simple:Sovereign state]]
[[ckb:دەوڵەتی سەروەر]]
[[sv:Suverän stat]]
[[vi:Quốc gia có chủ quyền]]

Ida Ljungqvist

2010-12-05T08:12:08Z

Demize: Reverted good faith edits by Funnymatt (talk); Needs citation. (TW)

{{Infobox Playboy Playmate 
| name = Ida Ljungqvist
| image = Ida_Ljungqvist_2010.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Ida Ljungqvist, Los Angeles, California on May 22, 2010
| issue = March 2008
| birth_name =
| birth_place = [[Tanzania]]<ref name=wkp />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1981|9|27}}
| bust = 32D<ref name=wkp />
| waist = 21
| hips = 35
| height = {{height|ft=5|in=4}}<ref name=wkp />
| weight = {{convert|108|lb|kg st|abbr=on}}
| preceded = [[Michelle McLaughlin]]
| succeeded = [[Regina Deutinger]]
| pmoy-year = 2009<ref name=wkp />
| pmoy-preceded = [[Jayde Nicole]]
| pmoy-succeeded = [[Hope Dworaczyk]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cbs5.com/entertainment/playboy.3d.centerfold.2.1686879.html|title=Playboy Goes 3-D|accessdate=May 11, 2010}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
}}

'''Ida Ljungqvist''' (born September 27, 1981) is a [[Tanzania]]n-[[Sweden|Swedish]] [[model (person)|model]]. She was named ''[[Playboy|Playboy's]]'' [[Playboy Playmate|Playmate of the Month]] for March 2008 and the 2009 [[Playmate of the Year]]. She is the first [[African]]-born and second [[Swedish people|Swedish]] model to be named a Playmate of the Year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vegasdeluxe.com/blogs/luxe-life/2009/may/02/ida-ljungqvist-chosen-emplayboyems-playmate-year/ |title=Ida Ljungqyist is chosen Playmate of the Year|accessdate=2009-05-03 |publisher=Vegas Deluxe |date=2009-05-02 }}</ref> She is also the first Playmate of the Year to publicly dedicate her title to philanthropic work through non-profit charities and organizations.

Ljungqvist was born in Tanzania to a Tanzanian mother and a Swedish father.<ref name=wkp>{{cite web|url=http://wekinglypigs.com/cgi-bin/nand/search/pmstat?browse=%3A%3ACONFIG%3A%3Adatebrowse&key=2008&limit=0|title=Playmate listing|accessdate=March 31, 2009}}</ref><ref name=MSNBC /> She was discovered by 2007 Playmate of the Year [[Sara Jean Underwood]] at a [[bebe stores|bebe store]] on Rodeo Drive in [[Beverly Hills]], [[California]].<ref name=MSNBC /><ref name="playboy-march-2008">{{cite journal
| editor-first= Hugh M. Hefner
| editor-link = Hugh Hefner
| year = 2008
| month = March
| title = Playboy
| page = 74
| volume = 55
| issue = 3
| location = Chicago Illinois, USA
| issn = 0032-1478
| publisher = Playboy Enterprises
| quote = Playmate of the Year Sara Jean Underwood wasn't shopping for talent when she walked into Bebe in Beverly Hills, but in 26-year-old sales specialist Ida (pronounced "EE-duh") Ljungqvist she spotted a must-have item.
| accessdate = 2010-01-10
}}
</ref>

Ljungqvist co-hosted the Playboy New Year's Eve Party 2009 in [[Miami]], [[Florida]] alongside several other playmates.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nightcure.com/Miami-New-Years-Parties-2009.php|title=Ultimate New Years Eve Party Guide|accessdate=2009-01-13}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Due to her father's work for [[UNICEF]], Ljungqvist traveled a great deal. She speaks [[English language|English]], [[Swedish language|Swedish]], and [[Swahili language|Swahili]].<ref name="playboy-march-2008" />

Since being named Playmate of the Year, Ljungqvist has worked with Empowerment Works, a non-profit, global sustainability think-tank. Her work includes raising awareness about the organization and fundraising.<ref name=empower>{{cite web|url=http://www.empowermentworks.org/Ida.html|title=Empowerment Works|accessdate=June 16, 2009}}</ref><ref name=lasvegassun>{{cite web|url=http://www.lasvegassun.com/news/2009/may/03/miss-march-named-2009-playmate-year-las-vegas/|title=Hugh Hefner announces Playmate of the Year in Las Vegas|accessdate=June 16, 2009}}</ref>

Ljungqvist has a degree in fashion design and marketing, and plans to study economics.<ref name="MSNBC" />

In December 2007, Ljungqvist married Joshua R. Lang after 5 years together. Lang filed for divorce in September 2008. In November 2008, [[MSNBC]] reported a custody struggle between them over their pet [[Chihuahua (dog)|Chihuahua]].<ref name=MSNBC>{{cite web|url= http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/27720502/|title= Playboy bunny fights for her Chihuahua|accessdate= 2008-11-14|date= 2008-11-14|publisher= [[MSNBC]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{playmate|2008|3}}

{{PMOYs}}
{{Playmates of 2008}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Ljungqvist, Ida
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =September 27, 1981
| PLACE OF BIRTH =[[Tanzania]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ljungqvist, Ida}}
[[Category:Playboy Playmates of the Year]]
[[Category:Playboy Playmates (2000–2009)]]
[[Category:African-American Playboy Playmates]]
[[Category:Tanzanian female models]]
[[Category:Swedish female models]]
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Swedish people of Tanzanian descent]]

{{Playmate-stub}}

[[es:Ida Ljungqvist]]
[[fi:Ida Ljungqvist]]
[[sv:Ida Ljungqvist]]

Punjabis

2010-11-27T00:37:01Z

Demize: Rejected the last change (by 92.8.233.108) and restored revision 398897758 by L Kensington: Not always true, as per the talk page discussion on it

{{ethnic group|
|group= Punjabis
|image= [[Image:Iqbal 140x190.jpg|75px]][[Image:Bhagat Singh 1929 140x190.jpg|75px]][[Image:Liaquat Ali Khan 140x190.jpg|75px]] [[File:Wasim Akram 140x190.jpg|75px]][[Image:Aitzaz ahsan.jpg|75px]][[Image:jawad.jpg|75px]] [[File:Ruby dhalla small.jpg|75px]][[Image:Manmohansingh04052007 140x190.jpg|75px]][[Image:Amir Khan 2007 140x190.jpg|75px]] [[File:Khali cropped 140x190.jpg|75px]][[Image:Abdus salam.gif|75px]][[Image:Kalpana Chawla, NASA photo portrait in orange suit 140x190.jpg|75px]] '''[[List of Punjabis]]:''' 1st row: [[Muhammad Iqbal]], [[Bhagat Singh]], [[Liaquat Ali Khan]] 2nd row: [[Wasim Akram]], [[Aitzaz Ahsan]], [[Ahmad Jawad Asghar]] 3rd row: [[Ruby Dhalla]], [[Manmohan Singh]], [[Amir Khan (boxer)|Amir Khan]] 4th row: [[Great Khali]], [[Abdus Salam]], [[Kalpana Chawla]]. 
|pop= 120 million (estimated)
|region1={{flag|Pakistan}}
|pop1=76,335,300
|ref1= <ref>[http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/other_tables/pop_by_mother_tongue.pdf Pakistan 1998 census - Population by mother tongue]</ref>
|region2={{flag|India}}
|pop2=29,109,672
|ref2=<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/ Indian Census]</ref>
|region3={{flag|United Kingdom}}
|pop3=2,300,000
|ref3=<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=74ZVFb37zuIC&pg=PA20 |title=Desh Pardesh |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers |year=1994 |pages=19–20 |author=Roger Ballard, Marcus Banks |isbn=9781850650911}}</ref>
|region4={{flag|Canada}}
|pop4=800,000
|ref4=<ref>[http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/topics/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?TPL=RETR&ALEVEL=3&APATH=3&CATNO=&DETAIL=0&DIM=&DS=99&FL=0&FREE=0&GAL=0&GC=99&GK=NA&GRP=1&IPS=&METH=0&ORDER=1&PID=92333&PTYPE=88971,97154&RL=0&S=1&ShowAll=No&StartRow=1&SUB=801&Temporal=2006&Theme=80&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= 2006 Census: Ethnic Origin]</ref>
|region5={{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
|pop5=720,000
|region6={{flag|United States}}
|pop6=640,000
|region7={{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
|pop7=620,000
|region8={{flag|Hong Kong}}
|pop8=260,000
|region9={{flag|Malaysia}}
|pop9=185,000
|region10={{flag|South Africa}}
|pop10=140,000
|region11={{flag|Russia}}
|pop11=120,000
|langs= [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]]
|rels= • [[Image:Allah-green.svg|18px]] [[Islam]] 70% • [[Image:Khanda1.svg|15px]] [[Sikhism]] 18% • [[Image:Om.svg|15px]] [[Hinduism]] 10% • [[Image:Dharma Wheel.svg|18px]] [[Buddhism]] • [[Image:Christian cross.svg|10px]] [[Christianity]] • [[Image:Jain hand.svg|13px]] [[Jainism]]
|related=• [[Indo-Aryans]] • [[Rajput]]s • [[Gujjars|Gujjar]] •[[Jatt]]s •[[Aheer]]s. [[Hindko]]wans • [[Seraikis]] • [[Indo-Scythian]]s
}}
The '''Punjabi people''' ({{lang-pa|{{Nastaliq|پنجابی}}}} ([[Shahmukhi]]), ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ([[Gurmukhi]]), [[Hindi]]: पंजाबी ([[Devanagari]])), also '''Panjabi people''', are an [[Indo-Aryans|Indo-Aryan]] ethnic group from [[South Asia]]. They originate from the [[Punjab region]], which has been host to some of the oldest civilizations in the world including one of the world's first and oldest civilizations, [[Indus Valley Civilization|the Indus Valley Civilization]]. The Punjabi identity is primarily [[cultural]] and [[natural language|linguistic]], with Punjabis being those whose first language is [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-European]] tongue.<ref>http://www.krysstal.com/langfams_indoeuro.html</ref> In recent times, however, the definition has been broadened to include also emigrants of Punjabi descent who maintain Punjabi cultural traditions, even when they no longer speak the language.

Punjabis are primarily found in the Punjab region of [[India]] and [[Pakistan]], which forms the present Indian state of [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] and Pakistan province of [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]]; this is because the Punjab region was divided between the two nations at independence from Britain. In Pakistan, Punjabis comprise the largest ethnic group at roughly 60% of the total population of the country and reside predominantly in the province of Punjab and [[Azad Kashmir]]. In India, Punjabis represent about 3% of the population. The majority of Punjabi-speaking people in India can be found across the greater Punjab region which comprises the states of Punjab, [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Delhi]] and the [[Union Territory]] of [[Chandigarh]]. Besides these, large communities are also found in the [[Jammu]] region of [[Jammu and Kashmir]] and the Indian states of [[Rajasthan]], [[Uttarakhand]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]].

Punjabi is the dominant language spoken in Pakistan, and 11th most spoken language in India and 3rd most spoken language in South Asia. According to the [[Ethnologue]] 2005 estimate,<ref name="ReferenceA">Ethnologue. 15th edition (2005).</ref> there are 88 million native speakers of the Punjabi language, which makes it approximately the 11th most widely spoken language in the world. According to the 2008 Census of Pakistan,<ref>According to [http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/other_tables/pop_by_mother_tongue.pdf statpak.gov.pk] 44.15% of the Pakistani speaks Punjabi natively. This translates to approximately 76,335,300 Punjabi speakers according to the 2008 census (Total population: 172,900,000).</ref> there are approximately 76,335,300 native speakers of Punjabi in Pakistan, and according to the [[Demographics of India#Linguistic demographic2001|Census of India]], there are over 29,102,477 Punjabi speakers in India.<ref>[[Census of India]], 2001</ref> Punjabi is also spoken as a [[minority language]] in several other countries where [[Punjabis]] have emigrated in large numbers, such as the [[United Kingdom]] (where it is the second most commonly used language<ref>[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199900/cmhansrd/vo000307/halltext/00307h02.htm "Punjabi Community".] The United Kingdom Parliament.</ref>) and [[Canada]], in which Punjabi has now become the fourth most spoken language after English, [[French language|French]] and [[Chinese language|Chinese]], due to the rapid growth of immigrants from Pakistan and India.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Punjabi_is_Canadas_4th_most_top_language/articleshow/2782138.cms Punjabi is 4th most spoken language in Canada - The Times of India]</ref> There are also sizable communities in [[United States]], [[Kenya]], [[Tanzania]], [[Uganda]], [[Persian Gulf]] countries, [[Hong Kong]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]].

Punjabis are ethno-linguistically and culturally related to the other Indo-Aryan peoples of South Asia. There are an estimated 120 million Punjabis around the world.

==History==
{{Off-topic|date=June 2010}}
{{Main|History of Punjab}}

===Prehistory===
The exact point at which the Punjabis formed a distinct ethnic group remains speculative. The region having been the site of the ancient [[Indus Valley Civilization]] centred at [[Harappa]] became a centre of early civilization from around 3300 BC. Numerous settlers including the [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo Aryans]], [[Persian people|Persians]], [[Scythians]], [[Greeks]], various [[Central Asia]]ns, [[Arab]]s, [[Demographics of Afghanistan|Afghans]], and the [[British Empire|British]] have all invaded and ruled the region, giving the Punjab a unique culture as the gateway to [[South Asia]] but this has not had a genetic impact on the region as the host population has always been far larger than the migrating or invading populations.Historically attested events, such as invasions by Huns, Greeks, Kushans, Moghuls, Muslims, and modern Europeans, have had negligible genetic impact. Despite centuries of Greek rule in Northwest India, for example, no trace of either the M170 or the M35 genetic markers associated with Greeks and Macedonians have been found.<ref name="Kivisild et al. 2003"/>

==Ancient History==
[[Image:Map of Vedic India.png|thumb|right|250px|Map of early Iron Age Vedic India after Witzel (1989). Realms or tribes are labelled black, Foreign tribes mentioned in early Vedic texts purple, Vedic [[shakha]]s in green. Rivers are labelled blue. The [[Thar desert]] is marked orange.]]

The original [[Punjab region]] is now divided into several units: [[West Punjab]] (now in Pakistan) including the Gandhara region, the Indian states of [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], [[Haryana]] and [[Himachal Pradesh]] and the Indian Union territory of [[Chandigarh]]. The regions of [[Azad Kashmir]] and [[Jammu]] have also been historically associated with the Punjab.

The Punjab is the '[[Sapta Sindhu]]' region mentioned in the [[Rig Veda]], the seven rivers are:

# [[Saraswati]] (thought to be the present day [[Ghaggar]]),
# Satadru/Shutadri ([[Sutlej]]),
# Vipasa ([[Beas River|Beas]]),
# Asikani, Chandrabhaga ([[Chenab]]),
# Iravati ([[Ravi River|Ravi]]),
# Vitasta/Vet ([[Jhelum River|Jhelum]]) and
# Sindhu ([[Indus River|Indus]]).

The modern name of the Vipasa,'Beas' is thought to be a corruption of [[Veda Vyasa]], the author of the [[Mahabharata]].

The region came to be known as ''Punjab'' only in the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] period.It was one of the cradles of [[Indian subcontinent|Indian]] civilization and [[Hinduism]].

Among the classic books that wholly or partly composed in this region are the following.
* [[Rigveda]]
* Grammar of [[Sakatayana]]
* [[Ashtadhyayi]] of [[Pāṇini]]
* [[Nirukta]] of Yaska
* [[Charaka Samhita]]
* Mahabharata along with the [[Bhagavad Gita]]
* [[Brihatkatha]] of Gunadya
* The [[Bakhshali Manuscript]]

The world's oldest university [[Takshashila]] flourished here, even before the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]]'s birth.

The descendants of the Rishis, form the [[Brahmins]] of [[Hindu]] society. The Brahmins of this region are called 'Saraswata' after the legendary Saraswati river region, once known for the ashramas of the rishis.

===Classic cities of the Punjab region===
* [[Peshawar]](Purushapur), North West Frontier Province: Capital of [[Kanishka]], the [[Kushan]] ruler and the site of the tallest stupa in Jambudvipa.
* [[Pushkalavati]] (Charsadda), North West Frontier Province: Founded by a son of [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharata]], brother of [[Sri Rama]], according to the [[Ramayana]]
* [[Takshashila]] (Taxila), Punjab(Pakistan): Also founded by a son of Bharata.
* [[Multan]](Mulasthan),Punjab(Pakistan): Founded by first wave of invading Aryans and named Mul-Asthan (Base-Station)in Sanskrit also Pilgrimage site of the legendary Sun temple.
* [[Rawalpindi]], Punjab(Pakistan): A city in Northern Punjab named after the Rawal [[Jogis]]
* [[Sialkot]], Punjab(Pakistan): city founded by Sul ([[Shalya]]), emperor of Madradesa and brother of [[Madri]], second wife of emperor [[Pandu]] and mother to [[Nakul]] and [[Sahadeva]]
* [[Kasur]], Punjab(Pakistan): city founded by [[Kusha]], son of Sri Rama according to the [[Bichitra Natak]] written by [[Guru Gobind Singh]].
* [[Lahore]],Punjab(Pakistan): city founded by [[Lava]]([[Loh]]), son of Sri Rama according to the Bichitra Natak.
* [[Jhang]], Punjab(Pakistan): city where lovely [[Chenab]] and [[Jhelum]] rivers meet founded in era of [[Sri Rama]] then remodeled by [[Sial]] chief. Famous Punjabi love stories of [[Heer Ranjha]] and [[Mirza Sahiba]] belong to the soil of this particular city. That is why city is also referred to as "Land of Love" and "City of [[Bhangra]]"
* [[Amritsar]], Punjab(India): It is believed that the hermitage of Sage [[Valmiki]], author of the Ramayana was located in the vicinity of the area that forms the modern city of Amritsar today. Valmiki is said to have composed the great epic at this very spot. Also, [[Sita]] gave birth to the twins, Lava and Kusha in this hermitage.
* [[Jalandhar]], Punjab(India): A historic city mentioned in the Puranas.
* [[Kurukshetra]],Haryana: The site of the [[Mahabharata]] war.
* [[Karnal]], Haryana: city founded by [[Karna]].
* [[Katasraj temple]], Punjab(Pakistan): Classic temple complex in the [[Chakwal]] district, site of the 'enchanted pool' episode in the Mahabharata, where [[Yudhishtira]] is tested by his father Lord [[Yama (Hinduism)|Yama]]/[[Dharma]].

The historic [[Vedic religion]] had a great impact on the regions religions followed by modern [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]] which influenced the entire region including modern day Afghanistan,Usbekistan,Tajikistan and the Balochistan region in Iran and Pakistan.Islam reached the region following [[Muhammad bin Qasim|the arrival of Arabs]] in 711 AD and [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] tribes in the 11th century during this period of Islamic invasions some Hindu's clans converted to Islam.

[[Image:Mohenjo-daro Priesterkönig.jpeg|thumb|upright|[[Mature Harappan]] "Priest King" statue, [[Mohenjo-daro]], wearing Sindhi [[Ajrak]], late Mature Harappan period, National Museum, Karachi, Pakistan]]The tribes present in the NWFP of Pakistan and Afghanistan are most probably descended from Huna, Kushans etc. They could be the modern day [[Hazaras]], [[Pashtuns]], [[Tajiks]], [[Uzbeks]] and [[Nuristani]] and many more. The other theory is that, after the Islamic invasion of Sindh, all the tribes there broke off and came down lower into India and established their kingdoms; hence the name ''Rajput'' (son of a king). The Huna were defeated in 528 AD by [[Yasodharman]] and in 532 a coalition of Hindu kings drove the Huna out of Northern India.<ref>http://www.worldhistorymaps.info/History/CentralAsia.html</ref> Genetic analysis of Rajput clans found a close connection with the Punjabi [[Khatri]]/[[Arora]] clans, indicating that the Rajputs are not outsiders as most tend to believe.<ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6242530</ref>

Following the independence of Pakistan and the subsequent [[Partition of India|partition]] of [[British India]], a process of population exchange took place in 1947 as [[Muslim]]s left [[East Punjab]] and headed to the newly created [[Pakistan]], and [[Hindu]]s and [[Sikh]]s left [[West Punjab]]<ref>.[http://www.cet.edu/earthinfo/sasia/SAhis.html South Asia: British India Partitioned]</ref> for the newly created state of India. As a result of these population exchanges, both parts are now relatively homogeneous, where religion is concerned.
[[Image:Taxila Pakistan juillet 2004.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Taxila Pakistan is a [[World Heritage Site]]]]

The main site of the [[Indus Valley Civilization]] in Punjab was the city of [[Harrapa]]. The Indus Valley Civilization spanned much of what is today Pakistan and eventually evolved into [[Indo-Aryans|Indo-Aryan]] civilization. The arrival of the Indo-Aryans led to the flourishing of the [[Vedic Civilization]] along the length of the [[Indus River]]. This civilization shaped subsequent cultures in [[South Asia]] and [[Afghanistan]]. Although the archaeological site at Harappa was partially damaged in 1857 when engineers constructing the Lahore-Multan railroad used stone from the Harappa ruins for track ballast, an abundance of artifacts have nevertheless been found. Punjab was part of the great ancient empires including the [[Gandhara]] [[Mahajanapadas]], [[Mauryas]], [[Kushans]] and [[Hindu Shahi]]. Agriculture flourished and trading cities (such as Multan and Lahore) grew in wealth.

===Genetics in the Region===
{{Main|Genetics and Archaeogenetics of South Asia}}
The studies published in this active field of ongoing research have yet to present a unanimous picture.

On the one hand, certain reports emphasize the finding that tribal and caste populations in South Asia derive largely from a common genetic heritage of Pleistocene southern and western Asians, with only limited gene flow from external regions since the start of the Holocene.<ref name="Kivisild et al. 2003">{{Harvcoltxt|Kivisild et al.|2003}}</ref><ref>"There is general agreement that Indian caste and tribal populations share a common late Pleistocene maternal ancestry in India." {{Harvcoltxt|Sahoo et al.|2006}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Sharma et al.|2005}}</ref> India-specific mtDNA haplogroups, in particular, show coalescence times of 40-60 kya,<ref>{{Harvtxt|Chaubey et al.|2007}}</ref> while J2 from West Asia is identified as the only non-native Y-DNA haplogroup present in significant proportions.<ref>"It is not necessary, based on the current evidence, to look beyond South Asia for the origins of the paternal heritage of the majority of Indians at the time of the onset of settled agriculture. The perennial concept of people, language, and agriculture arriving to India together through the northwest corridor does not hold up to close scrutiny. Recent claims for a linkage of haplogroups J2, L, R1a, and R2 with a contemporaneous origin for the majority of the Indian castes' paternal lineages from outside the subcontinent are rejected, although our findings do support a local origin of haplogroups F* and H. Of the others, only J2 indicates an unambiguous recent external contribution, from West Asia rather than Central Asia." {{Harvcoltxt|Sahoo et al.|2006}}</ref> The Y-DNA Haplogroup R1a1a (M17), which was thought to be a marker of Indo-European speaking peoples,<ref>"The Aryans came from outside India. We actually have genetic evidence for that. Very clear genetic evidence from a marker that arose on the southern steppes of Russia and the Ukraine around 5,000 to 10,000 years ago. And it subsequently spread to the east and south through Central Asia reaching India.... [M17] shows that there was a massive genetic influx into India from the steppes within the past 10,000 years... Taken with the archaeological data, we can say that the old hypothesis of an invasion of people – not merely their language – from the steppe appears to be true." {{Harvcoltxt|Wells|2002}}</ref> has been found quite prevalent in South Asia, including tribal groups, suggesting a native origin with a time depth greater than any supposed Indo-Aryan migration.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Sengupta et al.|2006}}</ref>

On the other hand, certain reports stratify the population, finding relatively closer affinity to Western Eurasians than to Asians among upper castes compared to lower and in men compared to women.<ref>"For maternally inherited mtDNA, each caste is most similar to Asians. However, 20%-30% of Indian mtDNA haplotypes belong to West Eurasian haplogroups, and the frequency of these haplotypes is proportional to caste rank, the highest frequency of West Eurasian haplotypes being found in the upper castes. In contrast, for paternally inherited Y-chromosome variation each caste is more similar to Europeans than to Asians. Moreover, the affinity to Europeans is proportionate to caste rank, the upper castes being most similar to Europeans, particularly East Europeans. [...] Analysis of these data demonstrated that the upper castes have a higher affinity to Europeans than to Asians, and the upper castes are significantly more similar to Europeans than are the lower castes. Collectively, all five datasets show a trend toward upper castes being more similar to Europeans, whereas lower castes are more similar to Asians." {{Harvcoltxt|Bamshad et al.|2003}}</ref> Evidence has also been found that the deep ancestry of the entire Indian population is a hybrid of two distinct founder groups: the "Ancestral North Indian" (ANI) genetically closer to Middle Easterners, Central Asians, and Europeans; and the "Ancestral South Indian" (ASI) is as distinct from ANI and East Asians as they are from each other; whose relative proportions vary with the former type more prevalent in high-caste and Indo-Aryan speaking groups.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Reich et al.|2009}}</ref>

Language change resulting from the migration of numerically small superstrate groups would be difficult to trace genetically. Historically attested events, such as invasions by Huns, Greeks, Kushans, Moghuls, Muslims, and modern Europeans, have had negligible genetic impact. Despite centuries of Greek rule in Northwest India, for example, no trace of either the M170 or the M35
genetic markers associated with Greeks and Macedonians have been found.<ref name="Kivisild et al. 2003"/>
[[File:GlobalR1a1a.png|thumb|right|300px|Frequency distribution of R1a1a, also known as R-M17 and R-M198, adapted from {{Harvcoltxt|Underhill et al|2009}}.]]
{{See|List of R1a frequency by population}}
{{further|[[Y-DNA haplogroups by ethnic groups]]}}
R1a has been found in high frequency at both the eastern and western ends of its core range, for example in some parts of [[India]] and [[Tajikistan]] on the one hand, and [[Poland]] on the other. Throughout all of these regions, R1a is dominated by the R1a1a (R-M17 or R-M198) sub-clade. In South Asia R1a1a has been observed often with high frequency <ref name="Sengupta et al. 2005">{{Harvcoltxt|Sengupta et al.|2005}}</ref><ref name="Sahoo et al. 2006">{{Harvcoltxt|Sahoo et al.|2006}}</ref> in a number of demographic groups. Hindus in Nepal/India as a whole show it at 69%.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Fornarino et al.|2009}}</ref>

Among the caste groups of India high percentage of this haplogroup is observed in [[Bengali Brahmins|West Bengal Brahmins]](72%) <ref name="Sengupta et al. 2005"/> to the east, [[Konkanastha| Konkanastha Brahmins]](48%) <ref name="Sengupta et al. 2005"/> to the west, [[Khatri]]s(67%)<ref name="Underhill et al. 2009">{{Harvcoltxt|Underhill et al.|2009}}</ref> in north and Iyenger(31%) Brahmins <ref name="Sengupta et al. 2005"/> of south. It has also been found in several [[South Indian]] [[Dravidian]]-speaking [[Adivasi]]s including the [[Chenchu]](26%),<ref name="Kivisild et al. 2003"/> the [[Valmikis]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and the [[Kallar]] of [[Tamil Nadu]] suggesting that M17 is widespread in tribal southern Indians.<ref name="Kivisild et al. 2003"/>

Besides these, studies show high percentages in regionally diverse groups such as [[Manipuri people|Manipuris]] (50%)<ref name="Underhill et al. 2009"/> to the extreme North East and in Punjab (47%)<ref name="Kivisild et al. 2003"/> to the extreme North West.

In [[Pakistan]] it is found at 71% among the Mohanna and 46% among the [[Balti]]s.<ref name="Underhill et al. 2009"/> While 13% of [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]] in [[Sri Lanka]] were found to be R1a1a(M17) positive.<ref name="Kivisild et al. 2003"/>
[[Indo-Aryans]] are believed to have arrived in the region between 2000 and 1250 BC and eventually disseminated their languages throughout [[South Asia]]. An early [[Vedic civilization]] is believed to have emerged in the region and helped shape many aspects of the early culture.

===Influence===
Due to its location, the Punjab region came under constant attack and influence from the east and the west.Invaded by the [[Mauryan Empire]], [[Persian Empire|Persians]], [[Greeks]], [[Kushans]], [[Scythians]], [[Turkic peoples|Turks]], and [[Demographics of Afghanistan|Afghans]]. Its legacy is a unique culture that combines [[Hindu]], [[Buddhist]],Greek, [[Iran|Persian]], [[Islamic]], [[Sikhs]] and lastly British elements were also adopted during colonial rule.The city of Taxila was founded by the son of Taksh, who was the son of Bharat and who, in turn, was the brother of Ram. It was reputed to house the oldest university in the world, [[Takshashila University]], one of the teachers was the great [[Vedic period|Vedic]] thinker and politician [[Chanakya]]. Taxila was a great centre of learning and intellectual discussion during the [[Maurya Empire]]. It is a UN [[World Heritage site]], and revered for its archaeological and religious history.A legend based on oral traditions holds that Lahore, known in ancient times as Lavapuri (City of Lava in Sanskrit), was founded by Prince Lava, the son of Rama, while Kasur was founded by his twin brother Prince Kusha. To this day, Lahore Fort has a vacant temple dedicated to Lava (also pronounced Loh, hence Loh-awar or "The Fort of Loh").

[[Image:PazyrikHorseman.JPG|thumb|upright|A Scythian ([[Saka]]) horseman from [[Pazyryk]] in Central Asia, c. 300 BC.]]
Unique to central and western regions of Punjab (which form Pakistan's Punjab province) was that this area was incorporated into various central Asian, Greek and Persian empires, the area witnessed invasions by [[Alexander the Great]], [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] and [[Tamerlane]], to name a few. These were periods of contact between this region of Pakistan, the Persian Empire, and for a time this extended all the way to [[Greece]]. In later centuries, when Persian was the language of the Mughal government by force, Mughal architecture, poetry, art and music was an integral part of the region's culture. The official language of Punjab remained [[Persian language|Persian]] until the arrival of the British in the mid 19th century, where it was finally abolished and the administrative language was changed over to Urdu written in the [[Perso-Arabic script]] which was only adopted by the Muslims as Hindu's retained their [[Devanagari]] script and the Sikhs [[Gurmukhi]] both are members of the [[Brahmi]] script and native to India.<ref>http://www.panthic.org/news/135/ARTICLE/2701/2006-08-30.html</ref><ref>[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=cCo2Ray4B7kC&pg=PT1&lpg=PT1&dq=Language+and+literacy+in+social+practice+By+Janet+Maybin,+Open+University&source=bl&ots=93PVqCKhrd&sig=gF0z6avAMBHHQcH2mdfckm_L_a4&hl=en&ei=Gg1_SpPgC4msjAezr-nwAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1#v=onepage&q=urdu%2Fperso&f=false Language and literacy in social practice] By Janet Maybin, Open University, page 102</ref>

===Punjabi Hindus===
Punjabi Hindus are a group of people that follow the Hindu religion and have their roots in the erstwhile joint Punjab of undivided India (West Punjab/East Punjab).

Today they are distributed in most parts of the northern India and in some parts of western India like Mumbai. In India, most of the Punjabi Hindus are concentrated in Indian states of Punjab, Haryana and Delhi. There has also been continuous migration of Punjabi Hindus to western world countries like USA, Canada and UK.

The oldest Hindu texts such as the Vedas, Upanishads and Mahabharata were composed in Punjab or nearby region and therefore indirectly influenced the entire South Asian region through time.In fact, Punjabi Hindus can trace their roots from the time of the Vedas.The Hindus of Punjab have been there for much more time than the Muslims, although later most turned to Sikhism to fight the Mughals.Hindu Punjabi's used to send their oldest son to become a Sikh this was mostly seen in the [[Khatri]] and [[Arora]] communities and is still practiced today. In fact, Punjabi Hindus can trace their roots from the time of the Vedas. Many modern day cities in Indian Punjab and Pakistan Punjab are still named from that period like Lahore etc.

Punjabi Hindus have their unique culture which resembles in some ways very closely to the culture of Sikhs and also differs in lot of other ways as they created their own identity over time. The Punjabi Hindus usually have a very liberal lifestyle and are famous for their lavish wedding parties. Like other Hindus, they are also divided into castes. The most common castes are Khatri (Kshatriya in Hindi), Brahman, Baniya, Rajput etc. Punjabi Hindus go to Hindu temples for worship. In addition to that, they also believe in Sikh Gurus and visit the Gurudwaras.

===Arrival of Islam===
[[Image:BullehShah.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Bulleh Shah]] the Sufi Muslim Scholar, Poet]]
The Punjabis were mainly [[Hindus]] with [[Buddhist]] and [[Zoroastrian]] minorities when the [[Umayyad]] [[Muslim]] [[Arab]] army led by [[Muhammad bin Qasim]] conquered the Punjab and Sindh in 711. Bin Qasim recorded that he so was overwhelmed by the gold in the [[Aditya]] Temple in the thriving trading city of Multan (known as ''Mulasthana'' then), that he recovered the expenses for his entire invasion.

During the reign of [[Mahmud of Ghazni]], non-Muslims were ordered to pay the [[jaziya]] tax under Islamic law.<ref name=Esposito>[[John Esposito|John Louis Esposito]], ''Islam the Straight Path'', Oxford University Press, Jan 15, 1998, p. 34.</ref><ref>Lewis (1984), pp. 10, 20</ref><ref>Ali, Abdullah Yusuf (1991). The Holy Quran. Medina: King Fahd Holy Qur-an Printing Complex, pg. 507</ref> The province became an important centre and Lahore was made into a second capital of the Turk [[Ghaznavid Empire]] based out of [[Ghazni]].

===Mughals===
[[File:Badshahi Mosque July 1 2005 pic32 by Ali Imran (1).jpg|thumb|upright|Badshahi Masjid - The largest mosque of the Mughal Empire built by emperor [[Aurangzeb]].]]
The [[Mughals]] controlled the region from 1524 until 1739 and would also lavish the province with building projects such as the [[Shalimar Gardens (Lahore)|Shalimar Gardens]] and the [[Badshahi Mosque]], both situated in Lahore. Muslim soldiers, traders, architects, theologians and Sufis flocked from the rest of the Muslim world to the Islamic [[Sultanate]] in [[South Asia]] and some may have settled in the Punjab. Following the decline of the Mughals, the [[Afsharid dynasty|Shah of Iran]] and founder of the Afsharid dynasty in [[Persia]], [[Nader Shah]] crossed the [[Indus]] and sacked the province in 1739. Later, the [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] conqueror [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]], incidentally born in Punjab, in the city of [[Multan]] made the Punjab a part of his [[Durrani Empire]] lasting until 1762.

===Afghans===
The founder of Afghanistan, [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]], an ethnic [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]] (''[[Pathan]]''), was born on the outskirts of [[Multan]], southern Punjab where many of his descendants live to this day. After cementing his authority over various [[Pashtun tribes|Afghan tribes]], he went about to establish the first united Afghan Kingdom (''[[Durrani Empire|Greater Afghanistan]]'') that during its greatest extent included modern-day Afghanistan, Pakistan and northeastern Iran. The Punjab was a cultural reservoir for the Afghans, and many where attracted to its lush fertile lands, a process that continues to this very day. It has been said that with the loss of the breadbasket regions of the Punjab and Sindh, Afghanistan has never been able to achieve a stable state ever since. Many ethnic Afghan or Pashtun tribes continue to live in Pakistan's Punjab province such as the [[Khugyani]]s known as [[Khakwani]]s, [[Alizai]]s, [[Tareen]]s, [[Durrani]]s, [[Mullazai]]s, [[Niazi]]s, [[Khattak]]s, [[Lodhi]]s, [[Kakar]]s, [[Kakazai]]s, and [[Barakzai]]s to name a few.

===Sikhs===
[[File:Ranjitsingh.gif|right||thumb|upright|Portrait of Maharaja Ranjit Singh]]

At the beginning of the fifteenth century, the religion of [[Sikhism]] was born, and during the Mughal period its [[Misl]]s gradually emerged as a formidable military force until assimilated under the expanding [[Sikh Empire]]. After fighting [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]], the Sikhs wrested control of the Punjab from his descendants and ruled in a [[Confederation|confederacy]], which later became the Sikh Empire of the Punjab under [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]]. A denizen of the city of [[Gujranwala]], the capital of Ranjit Singh's empire was Lahore.<ref>[http://www.heritage.gov.pk/html_Pages/sikh.htm Sikh Period - Government of Pakistan]</ref> The Sikhs made architectural contributions to the city and the [[Lahore Fort]]. The Sikh empire was the first local power to rule the region since [[Muhammad of Ghor|Muhammed Ghori's]] defeat of [[Prithviraj III|Prithvi Raj Chauhan]] in 1192. According to some accounts, Ranjit Singh was not sympathetic to the Muslim inhabitants of the city, he is said to have turned the [[Badshahi Mosque]], one of the most famous examples of [[Mughal architecture]] and one of the [[List of largest mosques|largest Mosques]] in the world, into a gun powder magazine for military stores.<ref>[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vWLRxJEU49EC&pg=PA524&lpg=PA524&dq=ranjit+singh+badshahi+mosque&source=bl&ots=RE8Bsi6lm-&sig=aKOus6JEP-tnK_2HseFhN9RGkRI&hl=en&ei=OSNsSsLmDqaNjAeKrMi2Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2 International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania] By Trudy Ring, Robert M. Salkin, Paul E Schellinger, Sharon La Boda</ref>

===British===
[[File:Raja Lal Singh, of First Anglo-Sikh War, 1846.jpg|left|thumb|[[Raja Lal Singh]], who led Sikh forces against the British during the First Anglo-Sikh War, 1846]]
The Maharaja's death in the summer of 1839 brought political chaos and the subsequent battles of succession and the bloody infighting between the factions at court weakened the state. Relationships with neighbouring British territories then broke down, starting the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]]; this led to a British official being resident in Lahore and the annexation of territory south of the Satluj to [[British India]].

Some parts of Pakistani [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]] also served as the centre of resistance in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]].

===Independence and its aftermath===
In 1947 the Punjab province of [[British Raj|British India]] was divided along religious lines into [[West Punjab]] and [[East Punjab]]. The western Punjabis voted to join the new country of [[Pakistan]] while the easterners joined India. This led to massive rioting as both sides committed atrocities against fleeing refugees.

The undivided Punjab, of which Punjab (Pakistan) forms a major region today, was home to a large minority population of Punjabi Sikhs and Hindus unto 1947 apart from the Muslim majority.<ref>The Punjab in 1920s – A Case study of Muslims, Zarina Salamat, Royal Book Company, [[Karachi]], 1997. table 45, pp. 136. ISBN 969-407-230-1</ref>

==Geographic distribution==
===Indian Punjabis===
[[File:Punjabi sardar.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Indian Punjabi farmer.]]

The population of [[Punjab (India)|Indian Punjab]] is divided into two major religious groups, the Sikhs and Hindus. It is further sub-divided into various [[tribal|tribal group]]s, [[social groups|social groups (caste)]] and economic groups. Major sub-groups in [[India]] include the [[Arora]]s, Kalals/[[Ahluwalia]]s, [[Punjabi Banias|Bania]], [[Bhatia]]s, [[Punjabi Brahmins|Brahmin]] , [[Chamar]], [[Chhimba]], [[Chura]], [[Jatt Sikh]]s, GUJJAR both Sikh and Hindu, [[Kamboj Sikh]]s, [[Khatri]], [[Labana]]s, [[Lohar]], [[Mahtam]], [[Mazhabi]], [[Nai (caste)|Nai]]s, [[Punjabi Rajput|Rajput]], [[Ramgarhia]], [[Ramdasia]], [[Saini]]s, [[Sood]]s and [[Tarkhan]]s etc. The largest subgroups are Jatts with around 20% of the population, Chamars with around 12% of the population and Churas with around 10% of the population.

Like Punjabi Muslim society, these various [[caste]]s are associated with particular occupations or crafts. Communities such as the Jatt Sikh, Kamboj Sikh and Saini Sikh are essentially farmers, while the Arora, [[Punjabi Bania|Bania]], Bhatia and Khatri are associated to trade. Other groups are associated with particular crafts, include Lohar who were historically ironsmiths, while Tarkhans were carpenters and the Nai were barbers.<ref>The Punjabis : The People, Their History, Culture and Enterprise</ref>

Indian Punjab is also home to small groups of Muslims and Christian. Most of the [[East Punjab]]'s Muslims ''(in today's states of Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi and Chandigarh)'' left for West Punjab in 1947. However, a small community still exists today, mainly in [[Malerkotla]] which was spared during partition, the only Muslim princely state among the seven that formed the erstwhile [[Patiala]] and East Punjab States Union (PEPSU). The other six ''(mostly Sikh)'' states were: Patiala, [[Nabha]], [[Jind]], [[Faridkot, India|Faridkot]], [[Kapurthala]] and [[Kalsia]].

Punjabis in India have mainly [[Indo-Aryans|Indo-Aryan]] and [[Indo-Scythian]] origin. The Punjab region within India maintains a strong influence on the perceived culture of India towards the rest of the world. Numerous Bollywood film productions use the Punjabi language within its songs and dialogues as well as traditional dances and instruments such as the [[bhangra]] and the [[tabla]]. Prime Ministers of India including [[Gulzarilal Nanda]] and [[Inder Kumar Gujral]] in the past, and [[Dr. Manmohan Singh]] at present, are Punjabis, as are numerous players in the Indian cricket team (both past and present including [[Bishen Singh Bedi]], [[Kapil Dev]], [[Mohinder Amarnath]], [[Navjot Sidhu]], [[Harbhajan Singh]], [[Yuvraj Singh]], [[Yograj Singh]]).

===Pakistani Punjabis===
Punjabis make up almost 45% of the population of Pakistan. The Punjabis found in Pakistan belong to groups known as biradaris, which descend from a common male ancestor. In addition, Punjabi society is divided into two divisions, the zamindar groups or qoums, traditionally associated with farming and the moeens, who are traditionally artisans. Zamindars are further divided into qoums that claim pre-Islamic ancestry such as the [[Punjabi Rajput|Rajput]], [[Muslim Jat of Punjab|Jat]], [[Punjabi Shaikh|Shaikh]]s or (Muslim [[Khatri]]), [[Kamboh]]s, [[Gujjar]]s, [[Dogar]]s and [[Labana|Rahmani]] (Muslim Labana). Zamindar groups claiming [[Central Asian]] or [[Middle East]]ern ancestry include the [[Gakhar]]s, [[Khattar]], [[Awan Pakistan|Awan]], [[Mughal (tribe)|Mughal]] and [[Arain]], comprising the main tribes in the north of the province, while [[Khagga]], [[Bodla]], [[Jhandir]], [[Daudpota]], [[Gardezi]], [[Syed]] and [[Quraishi]] are found in the south, all of whom claim [[Arab]] ancestry. Immigrants from neighbouring regions, such as the [[Kashmiri Muslims|Kashmiri]], [[Punjabi Pathan|Pashtun]] and [[Punjabi Baloch|Baluch]] ,also form important element in the Punjabi population. Pashtun tribes like the [[Niazi]]s and the [[Khakwani]]s, are integrated into Punjabi village life. Especially the members of the Niazi tribe, who see themselves as Punjabis first. They have big communities in [[Mianwali]], [[Bakkar]], [[Lahore]], [[Faisalabad]], [[Sahiwal]] and [[Toba Tek Singh]]. Major Moeen groups include the [[Lohar]], [[Khateek]], [[Rawal]], [[Chhimba Darzi]], [[Muslim Teli|Teli]], [[Malik (Julaha)|Julaha]], [[Mallaah]], [[Mirasi]] and [[Muslim Shaikh]]s, who are associated with a particular crafts or occupation.<ref>Muslim peoples : a world ethnographic survey / Richard V. Weekes, editor-in-chief Greenwood Press 1978</ref>

Punjabis have traditionally and historically been farmers and soldiers, which has transferred into modern times with their dominance of agriculture and military fields in Pakistan. In addition, Punjabis in Pakistan have been quite prominent politically, having had many elected Members of Parliament. As the most ardent supporters of a Pakistani state, the Punjabis in Pakistan have shown a strong predilection towards the adoption of the [[Urdu]] language but nearly all speak Punjabi, and still identify themselves as ethnic Punjabis for the most part. Religious homogeneity remains elusive as a predominant Islamic [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]-[[Shi'a Islam|Shia]] population and a [[Christianity|Christian]] minority have not completely wiped out diversity since the partition of [[British India]]. A variety of related sub-groups exist in Pakistan and are often considered by many Pakistani Punjabis to be simply regional Punjabis including the [[Seraikis]] (who overlap and are often considered transitional with the [[Sindhi people|Sindhis]]) and Punjabi Pathans (which publications like ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' consider a transitional group between Punjabis and [[Pashtun people|Pathans]].

{{See also|Languages of Pakistan}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Rank || State || Punjabi speakers || Percentage
|-
| — || '''[[Pakistan]]''' || '''76,335,300''' || '''44.15'''
|-
| 1 || [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]] || 70,671,704 || 75.23
|-
| 2 || [[Sindh]] || 3,592,261 || 6.99
|-
| 3 || [[Islamabad]] || 1,343,625 || 71.66
|-
| 4 || [[North-West Frontier Province|NWFP]] || 396,085 || 0.97
|-
| 5 || [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]] || 318,745 || 2.52
|-
| 6 || [[Fata]] || 12,880 || 0.23
|}

==The Punjabi Diaspora==
{{Main|Punjabi diaspora}}
[[File:Punjabi Speaking World.png|thumb|right|380px|Punjabis around the world]]
The Punjabi people have emigrated in large numbers to many parts of the world. The [[United Kingdom]] has a significant number of Punjabis from both Pakistan and India as does [[Canada]] (specifically [[Vancouver]] and [[Toronto]]) and the United States, (specifically California's [[Great Central Valley]]). The [[Middle East]] has a large immigrant community of Punjabis, in places such as the [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]] and [[Kuwait]]. There are large communities in [[East Africa]] including the countries of [[Kenya]], [[Uganda]] and [[Tanzania]]. Punjabis have also emigrated to [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]] and [[Southeast Asia]] including [[Malaysia]], [[Thailand]], [[Singapore]] and [[Hong Kong]].

===Punjabis per country===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Rank !! Country !! First language
|-
|1|| {{flag|Pakistan}} || 76,335,300
|-
|2|| {{flag|India}} || 29,109,672
|-
|3|| {{flag|United Kingdom}} || 2,300,000
|-
|4|| {{flag|Canada}} || 800,000
|-
|5|| {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} || 720,000
|-
|6|| {{flag|United States}} || 640,000
|-
|7|| {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} || 620,000
|-
|8|| {{flag|Hong Kong}} || 260,000
|-
|9|| {{flag|Malaysia}} || 185,000
|-
|10|| {{flag|South Africa}} || 140,000
|-
|11|| {{flag|Burma}} || 120,000
|-
|12|| {{flag|France}} || 90,000
|-
|13|| {{flag|Italy}} || 80,000
|-
|14|| {{flag|Thailand}} || 75,000
|-
|15|| {{flag|Japan}} || 75,000 {{Citation needed|date=September 2010}}
|-
|16|| {{flag|Mauritius}} || 70,000
|-
|17|| {{flag|Singapore}} || 70,000
|-
|18|| {{flag|Oman}} || 68,000
|-
|19|| {{flag|Libya}} || 65,000
|-
|20|| {{flag|Bahrain}} || 60,000
|-
|21|| {{flag|Kenya}} || 55,000
|-
|22|| {{flag|Australia}} || 50,000
|-
|23|| {{flag|Tanzania}} || 45,000
|-
|24|| {{flag|Kuwait}} || 40,000
|-
|25|| {{flag|Germany}} || 35,000
|}

==Diversity==
[[File:Computer Lab at GGI 3.JPG|thumb|Young men and women inside an internet cafe in India.]]
The Punjab region is diverse, due to its location near [[Central Asia]]. It has been prone to numerous [[Human migration|migrations]] and the resulting [[settler]]s have left imprints upon the local Punjabi population that remain present in the numerous sub-groups. The Punjabi people are a [[heterogeneous]] group and can be subdivided into a number of ethnic clan groups in Pakistan called ''[[qaums]]'' while they adhere to ''[[caste]]'' identities in [[India]], each having their own subtle differences.

In terms of ancestry, the majority of Punjabis share many similar genes with other [[northern India]]n populations, but also show a significant relationship with west Eurasian groups. In a 2004 Stanford study conducted with a wide sampling from India, including 112 Punjabis, and selected other countries, displayed the following:

:Results show that Indian tribal and caste populations derive largely from the same genetic heritage of [[Pleistocene]] southern and western Asians and have received limited gene flow from external regions since the [[Holocene]].<ref>[http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/AJHG_2003_v72_p313-332.pdf The Genetic Heritage of the Earliest Settlers Persists Both in Indian Tribal and Caste Populations]</ref>

This study also found that roughly 42% of genetic markers in the Punjab were of [[West Asia]]n origin, the highest amongst the sampled group of [[South Asians]].{{Dubious|date=July 2009}}{{cite}} Another study also showed that there has been limited gene flow in and out of [[north India]], but the highest amount of genetic inflow from the west showed up in the Punjab region:

:Broadly, the average proportion of mtDNAs from West Eurasia among Indian caste populations is 17% (Table 2). In the northern States of India their share is greater, reaching over 30% in [[Kashmir]] and [[Gujarat]], nearly 43% in [[Indian Punjab]].<ref>http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=516768</ref><ref>[http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2156/5/26 Most of the extant mtDNA boundaries in South and [[Southwest Asia]] were likely shaped during the initial settlement of Eurasia by anatomically modern humans]</ref>

Some preliminary conclusions from these varying tests support a largely north Indian genetic base for most Punjabis accompanied by some of the highest degrees of west Asian admixture found in north India.

==Culture and society==
{{Main|Punjabi culture}}
[[File:Pakistani Ranger.jpg|thumb|upright|Pakistani Ranger at the [[Wagah]] border crossing, between India and Pakistan.]]
Punjabi Culture is the culture of the [[Punjab region]]. It is one of the oldest and richest cultures in world history, dating from ancient antiquity to the modern era. The Punjabi Culture is the culture of the Punjabi people who are now distributed throughout the world. The scope, history, sophistication and complexity of the culture are vast. Some of the main areas include, Punjabi Philosophy, poetry, spirituality, education, artistry, dance, music, cuisine, science, technology, military warfare, architecture, traditions, values and history.

===Religion===
Science, history and religion has played an important role in shaping Punjabi ethnic identity and it is not uncommon for Punjabis to generally treat their religious identity as synonymous with their ethnic identity or at least a combined identity that differentiates them from others. Punjabis belong largely to three major religions: [[Islam]] (70%), [[Sikhism]] (18%) and [[Hinduism]] (10%){{Citation needed|date=October 2010}} and also small numbers of [[Christianity]], [[Jainism]] and [[Buddhist]].

Muslim Punjabis are the largest group in the Punjab region and are largely concentrated in Pakistan, though a small Muslim Punjabi population exists in India. Sikhism and Hinduism are the major religions followed by Punjabis in India, with Jainism being the largest minority religion that is followed largely by [[Punjabi Banias]] and [[Bhabra]] people.

===Language===
{{Copy edit-section|date=June 2010}}
{{Main|Punjabi language}}

The main language of the Punjabi people is [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and its associated dialects which differ depending on the region of Punjab the individual speaker belongs to with notable differences in dialect found in Pakistani Punjabi (Lahnda dialect),However in Pakistani Punjab,many people speak Urdu but nearly all speak Punjabi,In Indian Punjab,all/or most people can speak Hindi,English is sometimes used,but not commonly. They may also speak [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]] and [[English language|English]]. There is significant Persian influence found in certain Punjabi dialects, although it is more pronounced in the Pakistani Punjab region, due to that regions proximity to the Iranic plateau. In recent years, the respective Punjabi languages have absorbed a considerable number of loan words from surrounding areas/provinces as well as from English and continue to evolve.

===Cuisine===
{{Main|Punjabi cuisine}}

Punjabi Cuisine has an immense range of dishes and has become world-leader in the field so much so that many entrepreneurs that have invested in the sector have built large personal fortunes due to popularity of Punjabi Cuisine throughout the world.

===Music===
{{Main|Music of Punjab}}
[[Image:Dhol players.jpg|thumb|[[Bhangra]] tournament concert]]
Bhangra is one of the many Punjabi musical art forms that is increasingly being listened to in the west and is becoming a mainstream favourite. Punjabi music is being used by western musicians, in many ways, such as mixing it with other compositions to produce award-winning music. In addition, Punjabi Classical music is increasingly becoming popular in the west due to the beauty of sounds of the Punjabi language and its composition.The most common instruments used in both India and Pakistan Punjab are the [[Tabla]] [[Harmonium]] and sometimes [[Sitar]].

===Punjabi Dances===
{{Main|Punjabi Dances}}

Punjabi Dances, due to the long history of the [[Punjabi culture]] and of the Punjabi people there is a large number of dances. These dances are normally performed at times of celebration the most prominent being at Punjabi weddings, where the elation is usually particularly intense. The overall style can range from very high energy to more reserved, however the common elements make it particularly attractive to the viewers whether they be of Punjabi heritage or not, the allure is considered universal. Punjabi dances are designed for either men or women.

===Marriage===
{{Main|Punjabi wedding traditions}}

Punjabi wedding traditions and ceremonies are traditionally conducted in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and are a strong reflection of Punjabi culture. While the actual religious marriage ceremony, among Muslims, Sikhs, Hindus, and Jains may be conducted in Arabic, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Pali/Prakrit or English by the Kazi, Pandit, Granthi or Priest, there are commonalities in ritual, song, dance, food, and dress. The Punjabi wedding has many rituals and ceremonies that have evolved since traditional times. Punjabi receptions of all sorts are known to be very energetic; filled with loud Bhangra music, people dancing, and a wide variety of Punjabi food.

==Prominent Punjabis==
{{Main|List of Punjabis}}
{{Main|List of Punjabi poets}}
{{Main|List of Punjabi authors}}
{{Main|List of Punjabi singers}}
{{Main|List of Punjabi language poets}}

==See also==
*[[Punjab region]]
*[[Punjabi culture]]
*[[Punjabi language]]
*[[Punjabi cuisine]]
*[[Music of Punjab]]
*[[Punjabi dance]]
*[[Punjabi folklore]]
*[[Punjabi press]]
*[[History of the Punjab]]
*[[Punjabi Mexican American]] - A crosscultural merger of the first Punjabis with Mexican/Hispanic residents in California.

==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References and further reading==
* Gilmartin, David. ''Empire and Islam: Punjab and the Making of Pakistan''. Univ of California Press (1988), ISBN 0-520-06249-3.
* Grewal, J.S. and Gordon Johnson. ''The Sikhs of the Punjab (The New Cambridge History of India)''. Cambridge University Press; Reprint edition (1998), ISBN 0-521-63764-3.
* [[Denzil Ibbetson]], ''Punjab Castes: Race, Castes and Tribes of the People of Punjab''. Cosmo Publications, ISBN 81-7020-458-5.
* Ibbetson, Denzil, (2002). ''Panjab castes''. Low Price Publications. ISBN 81-7536-290-1.
* Latif, Syed. ''History of the Panjab''. Kalyani (1997), ISBN 81-7096-245-5.
* Rose, H.A. Denzil Ibbetson, [[Edward Maclagan]] (reprint 1990). ''Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North West Frontier Province''. Asian Educational Services, India, ISBN 81-206-0505-5.
* Sekhon, Iqbal S. ''The Punjabis : The People, Their History, Culture and Enterprise''. Delhi, Cosmo, 2000, 3 Vols., ISBN 81-7755-051-9.
* Singh, Gurharpal. ''Ethnic Conflict in India : A Case-Study of Punjab''. Palgrave Macmillan (2000).
* Singh, Gurharpal (Editor) and Ian Talbot (Editor). ''Punjabi Identity: Continuity and Change''. South Asia Books (1996), ISBN 81-7304-117-2.
* Singh, Khushwant. ''A History of the Sikhs - Volume 1''.Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-562643-5
* Steel, Flora Annie. ''Tales of the Punjab : Told by the People (Oxford in Asia Historical Reprints)''. Oxford University Press, USA; New Ed edition (2002), ISBN 0-19-579789-2.
* Tandon, Prakash and Maurice Zinkin. ''Punjabi Century 1857-1947'', University of California Press (1968), ISBN 0-520-01253-4.
* {{loc}} [http://countrystudies.us/pakistan/32.htm Pakistan], [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/intoc.html India]
* [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2156/5/26 DNA boundaries in South and Southwest Asia, BMC Genetics 2004, 5:26]
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=pan Ethnologue Eastern Panjabi]
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=pnb Ethnologue Western Panjabi]
* [http://www.censusindia.gov.in/ Indian Census]
* [http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/other_tables/pop_by_mother_tongue.pdf Pakistan Census]
* [http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/AJHG_2003_v72_p313-332.pdf The Genetic Heritage of the Earliest Settlers Persists Both in Indian Tribal and Caste Populations, Am. J. Hum. Genet. 72:313–332, 2003]
*{{Cite book|last=Talib|first=Gurbachan|authorlink=Gurbachan Singh Talib|title= [[Muslim League Attack on Sikhs and Hindus in the Punjab 1947]]|year=1950|publisher=[[Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee]]|location=India}}[http://www.bharatvani.org/books/mla/ Online 1] [http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC03809888&id=9fQLAAAAIAAJ&q=Muslim+League+Attack+on+Sikhs+and+Hindus+in+the+Punjab+1947&dq=Muslim+League+Attack+on+Sikhs+and+Hindus+in+the+Punjab+1947&pgis=1 Online 2] [http://allaboutsikhs.com/books/gst/ Online 3] (A free copy of this book can be read from any 3 of the included "Online Sources" of this free “Online Book”)

==External links==
{{Commons category}}

* [http://www.jattworld.com Jattworld.com - The Punjabi Jatts]
* [http://asnic.utexas.edu/asnic/subject/peoplesandlanguages.html Peoples and Languages in Pre-Islamic Indus Valley]
* [http://asianbookcenter.com/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=25&products_id=524 Free Punjabi (Gurmukhi) Primer - Especially designed for those who know English]
{{Ethnic Groups of India}}
{{Ethnic groups, Social groups (Caste) and tribes the Punjab}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Punjabi People}}
[[Category:Punjabi people| ]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Punjabi tribes| ]]
[[Category:Punjabi culture]]
[[Category:Muslim communities]]

[[ar:بنجاب (عرق)]]
[[bn:পাঞ্জাবি জাতি]]
[[bg:Пенджабци]]
[[ko:펀자브인]]
[[hi:पंजाबी समुदाय]]
[[hr:Pandžapci]]
[[id:Punjabi]]
[[ka:პენჯაბელები]]
[[ja:パンジャーブ人]]
[[no:Punjabier]]
[[pa:ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਲੋਕ]]
[[pnb:پنجابی لوک]]
[[pl:Pendżabczycy]]
[[ru:Панджабцы]]
[[simple:Punjabi people]]
[[sr:Панџапци]]
[[sh:Pendžapci]]
[[ta:பஞ்சாபி மக்கள்]]
[[zh:旁遮普人]]