Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Shepherds Flat Wind Farm

2012-12-12T17:39:33Z

Delphi234: /* Criticisms */ format ref

{{Infobox power station
|name = Shepherds Flat Wind farm
|image = Shepherds Flat Wind Farm 2011.jpg
|image_size = 250px
|image_caption =
|locale = Near [[Arlington, Oregon]], United States
|location_map = Oregon
|lat_d = 45.70
|lat_NS = N
|long_d = 120.06
|long_EW = W
|coordinates_type = type:landmark_dim:20km_region:US-OR
|coordinates_display = inline,title

|owner = Caithness Energy
|status = Operational
|primary_fuel = [[Wind]]
|generation_units = 338
|installed_capacity = 845
|max_planned_cap =
|average_annual_gen = 2,000
|commissioned = 2012
|decommissioned =
}}

The '''Shepherds Flat Wind Farm''' is an 845 [[megawatt]] (MW) [[wind farm]] in the U.S. state of [[Oregon]]. The facility is located in [[Eastern Oregon]] in both [[Morrow County, Oregon|Morrow]] and [[Gilliam County, Oregon|Gilliam]] counties, near [[Arlington, Oregon|Arlington]]. Approved in 2008 by state regulators, groundbreaking came in 2009. The wind farm was built by Caithness Energy using [[General Electric]] (GE) 2.5 MW [[wind turbine]]s, and it supplies electricity to [[Southern California Edison]]. The wind farm is estimated to have an economic impact of $16 million annually for Oregon. It was projected to be one of the largest land-based wind farms in the world when completed. It officially opened in September 2012.

==Details==
The project is located in [[Eastern Oregon]] in both [[Morrow County, Oregon|Morrow]] and [[Gilliam County, Oregon|Gilliam]] counties, with the majority of the turbines to be in Gilliam County.<ref name="EO">{{cite news|url= http://www.bluemountainalliance.org/news/Shepards%20Flat%20farm%20lifts%20off.pdf |title=Shepherds Flat farm lifts off |last=Mills|first=Erin |date=July 12, 2009 |work=[[East Oregonian]] |accessdate=11 December 2009}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> Oregon provided tax incentives to the developer to help land the facility,<ref name="EO"/><ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.oregonlive.com/business/index.ssf/2009/11/tax_dollars_blow_away_in_wind.html |title=Tax dollars blow away in wind projects |last=Sickinger|first=Ted |date=November 28, 2009 |work=[[The Oregonian]] |accessdate=11 December 2009}}</ref> but the project is expected to provide Gilliam County with about $5 million annually in taxes and fees when it is operating.<ref name="EO"/> Shepherds Flat is entirely on private property approximately {{convert|5|mi}} southeast of the city of Arlington between [[Oregon Route 19]] and [[Oregon Route 74]].<ref name="pbj"/> Construction on the project is expected to employ 400 people to build {{convert|90|mi}} of power lines and {{convert|85|mi}} of roads on the {{convert|30|mi2|adj=on}} wind farm.<ref name="cnn">{{cite news|url= http://money.cnn.com/2009/12/10/news/companies/GE_wind_farm/index.htm?cnn=yes |title=GE to supply world's largest wind farm |last=Yousuf|first=Hibah |date=December 10, 2009 |publisher=CNNMoney.com |accessdate=11 December 2009}}</ref>

Plans for the project first came in 2002 for a 105 megawatt project, with the plan changed to larger project in 2004.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.oregonlive.com/environment/index.ssf/2008/08/wind_farms_whip_up_health_fear.html |title=Wind farms whip up health fears for Oregon residents near turbines |last=Holman|first=James |date=August 11, 2008 |work=The Oregonian |accessdate=11 December 2009}}</ref> The project was then submitted to the state in 2006 with plans to have the first phase online in 2008.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/13937092/ns/business-oil_and_energy/ |title=California company plans wind farm in Oregon |publisher=Associated Press |date=July 19, 2006 |accessdate=11 December 2009}}</ref> Early plans called for 303 turbines and a generating capacity of 909 [[megawatt]]s.<ref name=renrewable>{{cite web|url= http://renewableenergydev.com/red/wind-power-shepherds-flat-wind-farm/ |title=Shepherd’s Flat Wind Farm |date=August 5, 2008 |work=Wind Power |publisher=Renewable Energy Development |accessdate=11 December 2009}}</ref> At the time, it would have doubled the capacity for wind-generated power in Oregon.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.oregonlive.com/business/oregonian/index.ssf?/base/business/121703731921620.xml&coll=7 |title=Unanimous yes vote advances |last=Gunderson|first=Laura |date=July 26, 2008 |work=The Oregonian |accessdate=12 December 2009}}</ref> The farm is divided into several sections, with the [[Willow Creek Wind Farm]] between two of the larger segments.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.oregonlive.com/news/index.ssf/2009/03/oregon_wind_farms_whip_up_nois.html |title=Oregon wind farms whip up noise, health concerns |last=Cockle|first=Richard |date=March 26, 2009 |work=The Oregonian |accessdate=12 December 2009}}</ref>

Approved in 2008 by state regulators,<ref name="pbj">{{cite news|url= http://portland.bizjournals.com/portland/stories/2008/07/28/daily1.html |title=Oregon wind farm could be world's largest |date=July 28, 2008 |work=[[Portland Business Journal]] |accessdate=11 December 2009}}</ref> groundbreaking came in 2009.<ref name="EO"/> The project design now includes 338 [[GE_Wind_Energy#GE_2.5MW|GE2.5XL]] turbines built by [[GE Wind Energy]], each with a capacity to produce 2.5 megawatts,<ref name="cnn"/> and used for the first time in USA.<ref name="sfDoe"/> These turbines and a ten-year service contract cost a total of $1.4 billion, the largest expense on the estimated $2 billion project.<ref name="cnn"/> In December 2010, the [[United States Department of Energy|Department of Energy]] (DOE) offered a $1.3 billion [[loan guarantee]] for the project. The insurance fee for the loan guarantee would be paid from federal stimulus money through the Financial Institution Partnership Program.<ref name="sfDoe">[http://lpo.energy.gov/?p=1955 DOE LPO finalizes deal on the World’s largest Wind Project to date] ''[[United States Department of Energy]]'', 17 December 2010. Accessed: 18 December 2010.</ref> Generating capacity will be 845 megawatts, producing an estimated 2 billion [[kW·h]] each year, enough to provide electricity to 235,000 homes.<ref name="cnn"/> Once operational, the facility will have about 35 permanent employees.<ref name="cnn"/> The wind farm is estimated to have an economic impact of $16 million annually for Oregon.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://portland.bizjournals.com/portland/stories/2009/12/07/daily36.html |title=World's largest wind farm coming to Oregon |date=December 10, 2009 |work=Portland Business Journal |accessdate=12 December 2009}}</ref>

In April 2011, [[Google]] announced they had invested $100 million in the project,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2011/04/shepherding-wind.html|title=Official Google Blog: Shepherding the wind|last=Needham|first=Rick|date=18 April 2011|work=Official Google Blog|accessdate=18 April 2011}}</ref> part of a $500 million investment package announced by GE and including as investors, also, subsidiaries of [[Itochu]] Corp. and [[Sumitomo Corp.]].
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/google-others-invest-500-mln-in-ge-wind-farm-2011-04-18-1320310|title=Google, others invest $500 mln in GE wind farm|last=Witkowski |first=Wallace |date=18 April 2011|work=[[MarketWatch]]|accessdate=19 April 2011}}</ref> The facility was officially opened on September 22, 2012.<ref>{{cite news|title=Shepherds Flat wind farm opens Saturday in eastern Oregon|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/environment/index.ssf/2012/09/green_oregon_sheperd_hills_win.html#incart_hbx|accessdate=26 September 2012|newspaper=The Oregonian|date=September 21, 2012}}</ref>

==Criticisms==
There are concerns that have been raised by taxpayer watchdog groups and various blogs. They point out that large private ranch owners in the area will receive up to $12,000 annually per turbine leased on their land while they have already received tens of millions of dollars in U.S. government subsidies over the years and then benefiting from taxpayer subsidies of the wind energy industry. Some local ranchers due to benefit or already benefiting from the partially government subsidized wind energy projects were published as receiving nearly $1 million in government agricultural subsidies in 2008 alone.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/04/15/AR2010041503120.html | work=The Washington Post | first=Juliet | last=Eilperin | title=Pentagon objections hold up Oregon wind farm | date=16 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.consumerenergyreport.com/2010/04/15/faa-and-air-force-ground-wind-farm-development/|title=FAA and Air Force Ground Wind Farm Development}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://trueslant.com/timzimmermann/2010/04/19/priority-smackdown-alternative-energy-vs-the-pentagon/|title=Priority Smackdown: Alternative Energy Vs. The Pentagon}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Biglow Canyon Wind Farm]]
*[[Wind power in the United States]]
*[[Wind power in Oregon]]
*[[List of onshore wind farms]]

==References==
{{Reflist|33em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.efw.bpa.gov/environmental_services/Document_Library/ShepherdsFlatWindFarm/ Shepherds Flat Wind Farm - BPA]
*[http://www.gc.energy.gov/NEPA/documents/EIS-0183_ShepherdsFlatWindEnergyROD_%282%29.pdf U.S. Department of Energy]

{{Wind power in the United States}}

[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 2012]]
[[Category:Gilliam County, Oregon]]
[[Category:Wind farms in Oregon]]
[[Category:Morrow County, Oregon]]

[[simple:Shepherds Flat Wind Farm]]

Shepherds Flat Wind Farm

2012-12-12T17:33:29Z

Delphi234: format

{{Infobox power station
|name = Shepherds Flat Wind farm
|image = Shepherds Flat Wind Farm 2011.jpg
|image_size = 250px
|image_caption =
|locale = Near [[Arlington, Oregon]], United States
|location_map = Oregon
|lat_d = 45.70
|lat_NS = N
|long_d = 120.06
|long_EW = W
|coordinates_type = type:landmark_dim:20km_region:US-OR
|coordinates_display = inline,title

|owner = Caithness Energy
|status = Operational
|primary_fuel = [[Wind]]
|generation_units = 338
|installed_capacity = 845
|max_planned_cap =
|average_annual_gen = 2,000
|commissioned = 2012
|decommissioned =
}}

The '''Shepherds Flat Wind Farm''' is an 845 [[megawatt]] (MW) [[wind farm]] in the U.S. state of [[Oregon]]. The facility is located in [[Eastern Oregon]] in both [[Morrow County, Oregon|Morrow]] and [[Gilliam County, Oregon|Gilliam]] counties, near [[Arlington, Oregon|Arlington]]. Approved in 2008 by state regulators, groundbreaking came in 2009. The wind farm was built by Caithness Energy using [[General Electric]] (GE) 2.5 MW [[wind turbine]]s, and it supplies electricity to [[Southern California Edison]]. The wind farm is estimated to have an economic impact of $16 million annually for Oregon. It was projected to be one of the largest land-based wind farms in the world when completed. It officially opened in September 2012.

==Details==
The project is located in [[Eastern Oregon]] in both [[Morrow County, Oregon|Morrow]] and [[Gilliam County, Oregon|Gilliam]] counties, with the majority of the turbines to be in Gilliam County.<ref name="EO">{{cite news|url= http://www.bluemountainalliance.org/news/Shepards%20Flat%20farm%20lifts%20off.pdf |title=Shepherds Flat farm lifts off |last=Mills|first=Erin |date=July 12, 2009 |work=[[East Oregonian]] |accessdate=11 December 2009}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> Oregon provided tax incentives to the developer to help land the facility,<ref name="EO"/><ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.oregonlive.com/business/index.ssf/2009/11/tax_dollars_blow_away_in_wind.html |title=Tax dollars blow away in wind projects |last=Sickinger|first=Ted |date=November 28, 2009 |work=[[The Oregonian]] |accessdate=11 December 2009}}</ref> but the project is expected to provide Gilliam County with about $5 million annually in taxes and fees when it is operating.<ref name="EO"/> Shepherds Flat is entirely on private property approximately {{convert|5|mi}} southeast of the city of Arlington between [[Oregon Route 19]] and [[Oregon Route 74]].<ref name="pbj"/> Construction on the project is expected to employ 400 people to build {{convert|90|mi}} of power lines and {{convert|85|mi}} of roads on the {{convert|30|mi2|adj=on}} wind farm.<ref name="cnn">{{cite news|url= http://money.cnn.com/2009/12/10/news/companies/GE_wind_farm/index.htm?cnn=yes |title=GE to supply world's largest wind farm |last=Yousuf|first=Hibah |date=December 10, 2009 |publisher=CNNMoney.com |accessdate=11 December 2009}}</ref>

Plans for the project first came in 2002 for a 105 megawatt project, with the plan changed to larger project in 2004.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.oregonlive.com/environment/index.ssf/2008/08/wind_farms_whip_up_health_fear.html |title=Wind farms whip up health fears for Oregon residents near turbines |last=Holman|first=James |date=August 11, 2008 |work=The Oregonian |accessdate=11 December 2009}}</ref> The project was then submitted to the state in 2006 with plans to have the first phase online in 2008.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/13937092/ns/business-oil_and_energy/ |title=California company plans wind farm in Oregon |publisher=Associated Press |date=July 19, 2006 |accessdate=11 December 2009}}</ref> Early plans called for 303 turbines and a generating capacity of 909 [[megawatt]]s.<ref name=renrewable>{{cite web|url= http://renewableenergydev.com/red/wind-power-shepherds-flat-wind-farm/ |title=Shepherd’s Flat Wind Farm |date=August 5, 2008 |work=Wind Power |publisher=Renewable Energy Development |accessdate=11 December 2009}}</ref> At the time, it would have doubled the capacity for wind-generated power in Oregon.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.oregonlive.com/business/oregonian/index.ssf?/base/business/121703731921620.xml&coll=7 |title=Unanimous yes vote advances |last=Gunderson|first=Laura |date=July 26, 2008 |work=The Oregonian |accessdate=12 December 2009}}</ref> The farm is divided into several sections, with the [[Willow Creek Wind Farm]] between two of the larger segments.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://www.oregonlive.com/news/index.ssf/2009/03/oregon_wind_farms_whip_up_nois.html |title=Oregon wind farms whip up noise, health concerns |last=Cockle|first=Richard |date=March 26, 2009 |work=The Oregonian |accessdate=12 December 2009}}</ref>

Approved in 2008 by state regulators,<ref name="pbj">{{cite news|url= http://portland.bizjournals.com/portland/stories/2008/07/28/daily1.html |title=Oregon wind farm could be world's largest |date=July 28, 2008 |work=[[Portland Business Journal]] |accessdate=11 December 2009}}</ref> groundbreaking came in 2009.<ref name="EO"/> The project design now includes 338 [[GE_Wind_Energy#GE_2.5MW|GE2.5XL]] turbines built by [[GE Wind Energy]], each with a capacity to produce 2.5 megawatts,<ref name="cnn"/> and used for the first time in USA.<ref name="sfDoe"/> These turbines and a ten-year service contract cost a total of $1.4 billion, the largest expense on the estimated $2 billion project.<ref name="cnn"/> In December 2010, the [[United States Department of Energy|Department of Energy]] (DOE) offered a $1.3 billion [[loan guarantee]] for the project. The insurance fee for the loan guarantee would be paid from federal stimulus money through the Financial Institution Partnership Program.<ref name="sfDoe">[http://lpo.energy.gov/?p=1955 DOE LPO finalizes deal on the World’s largest Wind Project to date] ''[[United States Department of Energy]]'', 17 December 2010. Accessed: 18 December 2010.</ref> Generating capacity will be 845 megawatts, producing an estimated 2 billion [[kW·h]] each year, enough to provide electricity to 235,000 homes.<ref name="cnn"/> Once operational, the facility will have about 35 permanent employees.<ref name="cnn"/> The wind farm is estimated to have an economic impact of $16 million annually for Oregon.<ref>{{cite news|url= http://portland.bizjournals.com/portland/stories/2009/12/07/daily36.html |title=World's largest wind farm coming to Oregon |date=December 10, 2009 |work=Portland Business Journal |accessdate=12 December 2009}}</ref>

In April 2011, [[Google]] announced they had invested $100 million in the project,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2011/04/shepherding-wind.html|title=Official Google Blog: Shepherding the wind|last=Needham|first=Rick|date=18 April 2011|work=Official Google Blog|accessdate=18 April 2011}}</ref> part of a $500 million investment package announced by GE and including as investors, also, subsidiaries of [[Itochu]] Corp. and [[Sumitomo Corp.]].
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/google-others-invest-500-mln-in-ge-wind-farm-2011-04-18-1320310|title=Google, others invest $500 mln in GE wind farm|last=Witkowski |first=Wallace |date=18 April 2011|work=[[MarketWatch]]|accessdate=19 April 2011}}</ref> The facility was officially opened on September 22, 2012.<ref>{{cite news|title=Shepherds Flat wind farm opens Saturday in eastern Oregon|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/environment/index.ssf/2012/09/green_oregon_sheperd_hills_win.html#incart_hbx|accessdate=26 September 2012|newspaper=The Oregonian|date=September 21, 2012}}</ref>

==Criticisms==

There are concerns that have been raised by taxpayer watchdog groups and various blogs. They point out that large private ranch owners in the area will receive up to $12,000 annually per turbine leased on their land while they have already received tens of millions of dollars in U.S. government subsidies over the years and then benefiting from taxpayer subsidies of the wind energy industry. Some local ranchers due to benefit or already benefiting from the partially government subsidized wind energy projects were published as receiving nearly $1 million in government agricultural subsidies in 2008 alone.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/04/15/AR2010041503120.html | work=The Washington Post | first=Juliet | last=Eilperin | title=Pentagon objections hold up Oregon wind farm | date=16 April 2010}}</ref><ref>http://www.consumerenergyreport.com/2010/04/15/faa-and-air-force-ground-wind-farm-development/</ref><ref>http://trueslant.com/timzimmermann/2010/04/19/priority-smackdown-alternative-energy-vs-the-pentagon/</ref>

==See also==
*[[Biglow Canyon Wind Farm]]
*[[Wind power in the United States]]
*[[Wind power in Oregon]]
*[[List of onshore wind farms]]

==References==
{{Reflist|33em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.efw.bpa.gov/environmental_services/Document_Library/ShepherdsFlatWindFarm/ Shepherds Flat Wind Farm - BPA]
*[http://www.gc.energy.gov/NEPA/documents/EIS-0183_ShepherdsFlatWindEnergyROD_%282%29.pdf U.S. Department of Energy]

{{Wind power in the United States}}

[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 2012]]
[[Category:Gilliam County, Oregon]]
[[Category:Wind farms in Oregon]]
[[Category:Morrow County, Oregon]]

[[simple:Shepherds Flat Wind Farm]]

Buzzards Bay

2009-02-22T16:17:42Z

Delphi234: /* Geology */

[[Image:Buzzards Bay map.png|thumb|right|300px|Map of Buzzards Bay.]]
{{about|the body of water|other uses|Buzzards Bay (disambiguation)}}
'''Buzzards Bay''' is a [[headlands and bays|bay]] of the [[Atlantic Ocean]] adjacent to the [[U.S. state|state]] of [[Massachusetts]]. It is approximately 45 kilometers (28 miles) long by 12 kilometers (8 miles) wide and is a popular destination for [[fishing]], [[boating]], and [[tourism]]. Since 1914, Buzzards Bay has been connected to [[Cape Cod Bay]] by the [[Cape Cod Canal]]. In 1987 Buzzards Bay was designated an [[Estuary of National Significance]].

==Geography==
It is surrounded by the [[Elizabeth Islands]] on the south, by [[Cape Cod]] on the east, and the [[South Coast (Massachusetts)|southern coasts]] of [[Bristol County, Massachusetts|Bristol]] and [[Plymouth County, Massachusetts|Plymouth]] Counties in Massachusetts to the northwest. To the southwest, the bay is connected to [[Rhode Island Sound]]. The city of [[New Bedford, Massachusetts]] is a historically significant port on Buzzards Bay, known for its role as one of the world's most successful whaling ports in the early- to mid-1800s.

==Geology==
The latter portion of the [[Pleistocene]] Epoch in [[New England]] saw the creation of Buzzards Bay through the interplay of glacial and oceanic processes. Beginning approximately 50,000-70,000 years ago, the edges of the continental [[ice sheet]] covering much of northern [[North America]] began to fluctuate, leaving [[moraine]]s to mark former extents of the ice. One such moraine forms most of the eastern shoreline of Buzzards Bay.

In addition to the moraines, the melting ice sheet produced extensive [[outwash plain]]s composed of mixed sediments and ice that bordered the bay to the northwest and west. Melting ice blocks in the outwash deposits formed distinctive circular features called [[kettle lake]]s. Numerous examples of kettle lakes can be found to the northwest of the Cape Cod Canal. Finally, waters released from the melting ice sheet raised sea level by 60-120 meters (198-396 feet) and drowned preexisting outwash channels. Toward the end of the last ice age, 15,000 years ago, and until about 6,000 years ago, Buzzards Bay was still dry land (see [http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/coast/sealevel/evol/prog_e.php Progression of sea-level change in Atlantic Canada]). During the past 6,000 years, sea level has risen an average of 1 foot per century, and until about 4,000 years ago, the landward bound of Buzzards Bay extended only to about the current 30-foot bathymetic contour, forming a coast two thirds up the current bay, between West Falmouth and Mattapoisett.

The bays current configuration of a well-mixed central bay and fringing shallow drowned river valleys, with their shallow depth, tidal action and surface waves promotes mixing of the [[estuary|estuarine]] waters creates a productive aquatic ecosystem. Like many estuaries, however, increasing development and land-use change by the surrounding communities are accompanied by nutrient runoff leading to [[eutrophication]] (an increase in nutrient levels leading to oxygen depletion) in the smaller [[embayment]]s. Decreases in [[eelgrass]], [[scallop]]s, and [[herring]] have also been noted, but direct cause-and-effect relationships are not clear. Coordinated management efforts in Buzzards Bay have helped to decrease [[shellfish]] closures, conserve habitat for [[sea bird]]s, and preserve open space.

==History==
The name was given to this bay by [[Colonial America|colonists]] who saw a large bird that they called a [[buzzard]] near its shores. The bird was actually an [[osprey]], and small numbers of osprey continue to breed along the shores of the bay.

In 1991, towns located on Buzzards Bay suffered the worst effects from the [[storm surge]] of [[Hurricane Bob]].

The bay was the location of one of only three documented fatal shark attacks in the state's history. It occurred in 1936.

==Islands==
*[[Baret Island]]

==References==
*{{cite web | url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=17013 | title=Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts | publisher=[[NASA Earth Observatory]] | accessdate=2006-05-08}}

==External links==
*[http://www.mass.gov/envir/water/buzzardsBay/buzzardsBay.htm The Buzzards Bay watershed].
*[http://www.buzzardsbay.org The Buzzards Bay National Estuary Program].
*[http://maps.bpl.org/id/M8643/# 1906 Bird's Eye View of Buzzards Bay]
*[http://www.savebuzzardsbay.org/ The Coalition for Buzzards Bay]
*[http://www.danamorris.net/BB/BBay.html Sailing Buzzards Bay: Photographs]

{{coord|41|34|N|70|46|W|type:waterbody_scale:500000_region:US-MA|display=title}}

[[Category:Estuaries of Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Bays of Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Massachusetts natural resources]]

[[ja:バザーズ湾]]