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Benutzer:Choky1995/Johnny Wright (Musikmanager)

2009-06-19T04:04:24Z

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{{BLP unsourced|date=April 2009}}

'''Johnny Wright''' is an American music manager. He has managed groups including [[New Kids on the Block]], the [[Backstreet Boys]], [[*NSYNC]], the solo acts [[Janet Jackson]], [[Justin Timberlake]], [[Britney Spears]], [[Stevie Brock]], [[Ciara]], The [[Jonas Brothers]], and Menudo.

In 2003, he appeared as a judge on the NBC talent/reality show, ''[[Fame (2003 TV series)|Fame]]'', hosted by one of his own managed talents, [[Joey Fatone]] of [[*NSYNC]]. (Where he met singer Shannon Bex)

In 2004, Wright teamed up with [[Sean "Diddy" Combs]] for the third season of ''[[Making the Band]]''. After an unsuccessful first attempt, a band was finally chosen ([[Danity Kane]]). Wright had served as the girls' manager(which consist of singer, Shannon Bex whom he met in 'Fame'). He now manages the newly assembled Latino boy band [[Menudo]].

As of 2009, Wright announced that he has put together a new boy band group but wanted fans to vote on which name was the best the names include Juliet's Affair, Magic, Western Ave., One Call, and Gallery. The name that was chosen was "One Call" the group consist of two former members of the new Menudo Chris Moy, José Bordonada Collazo and former member of NLT Justin Thorne and newcomer Anthony Gamlieli.

==References==
{{reflist}}

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Robert Wilson (Dramatiker)

2009-06-19T01:50:39Z

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'''Robert Wilson''' (flourished 1572 – 1600), was an [[Elizabethan]] [[dramatist]] who worked primarily in the 1580s and 1590s. He is also believed to have been an actor who specialized in clown roles.

He was connected with sixteen plays intended for [[Philip Henslowe]]'s [[The Rose (theatre)|Rose Theatre]], in partnership with other playwrights who also produced copy for Henslowe. While mentioned as a dramatist by [[Francis Meres]] in 1598, most existing information on his dramatic career is derived from Henslowe's papers.

Since the name is common, it is not certain that the Robert Wilson who worked for Henslowe in 1598-1600 is the same man who was a prominent actor and occasional playwright in the 1580s; yet many scholars consider it more likely than not that the records refer to one Robert Wilson and not two. If this is correct, Wilson was acting with [[Leicester's Men]] in the 1570s, and was praised along with [[Richard Tarlton]] for his "wit." He is generally accepted as the author of ''[[The Three Ladies of London]]'' (published 1584), ''The Three Lords and Three Ladies of London'' (published 1590), and ''The Cobbler's Prophecy'' (published 1594). It has been speculated that he may also have written ''[[Fair Em]]'' (c. 1590). In ''Palladis Tamia'' (1598), [[Francis Meres]] mentions Wilson along with Tarlton, and specifically connects Wilson with the [[The Swan (theatre)|Swan Theatre]], which was built c. 1595.

In just over two years, from spring 1598 to summer 1600, Wilson worked with other members of Henslowe's stable of house playwrights on sixteen different plays, including three two-part projects. Several of these were never completed.

# ''Earl Goodwin and his Three Sons, Parts 1 and 2'', with [[Michael Drayton]], [[Henry Chettle]], and [[Thomas Dekker (poet)|Thomas Dekker]]; March 1598.
# ''Piers of Exton'', with Drayton, Chettle, and Dekker; March 1598.
# ''Black Bateman of the North, Parts 1 and 2'', with Chettle; Part I with Dekker and Drayton also; May-June 1598.
# ''The Funeral of Richard Cordelion'', with Chettle, Drayton, and [[Anthony Munday]]; June 1598.
# ''The Madman's Morris'', with Dekker and Drayton, July 1598.
# ''Hannibal and Hermes'', with Dekker and Drayton, July 1598.
# ''Pierce of Winchester'', with Dekker and Drayton, July-August 1598.
# ''Catiline's Conspiracy'', with Chettle; August 1598. Apparently never completed.
# ''Chance Medley'', with Munday, Drayton, and Dekker or Chettle; August 1598.
# ''[[Sir John Oldcastle]], Parts 1 and 2'', with Drayton, Munday, and [[Richard Hathwaye]]; Oct.-Dec. 1599.
# ''Henry Richmond, Part 2'', with others; never completed.
# ''Owen Tudor'', with Drayton, Hathwaye, and Munday; Jan. 1600. Apparently never completed.
# ''Fair Constance of Rome, Part 1'', with Dekker, Drayton, Hathwaye, and Munday; June 1600.

Of Wilson's collaborations for Henslowe, only the first part of ''Sir John Oldcastle'' was published, in 1600 and 1619. None of the other plays has survived. ''Sir John Oldcastle'' was commissioned as a counterblast to the negative depiction of title character in the original versions of [[William Shakespeare]]'s plays ''[[Henry IV, Part 1]]'' and ''[[Henry IV, Part 2]]''. Objections from descendants of the historical [[John Oldcastle]], a [[Protestant]] martyr, appears to have been responsible both for the writing of the corrective ''Oldcastle'' play and the alteration of Oldcastle to [[Falstaff|Sir John Falstaff]] in later versions of the ''Henry IV'' plays.

Also, Wilson has been proposed as a possible author of several anonymous Elizabethan plays, including ''[[Fair Em]]'', ''[[Sir Clyomon and Sir Clamydes]]'', and ''[[A Knack to Know a Knave]]''.<ref>Chambers, Vol. 3, p. 516.</ref>

As to why a writer would work the way the Henslowe collaborators did: the careers of dramatists who worked mostly on solo projects, like Shakespeare and [[Ben Jonson]], show that a dramatist working alone could produce one or two plays a year on a dependable basis.<ref>In 1635 the [[Caroline era]] playwright [[Richard Brome]] signed a contract to write three plays a year, but couldn't meet the demand.</ref> If one of those plays failed to sell, or flopped with the audience, the writer was severely impacted. Collaborative writing spread the risk, and could provide a more certain income for a journeyman author.

A "Robert Wilson, yeoman (player)" was buried at [[St Giles-without-Cripplegate|St. Giles]] in [[Cripplegate]] on November 20, 1600. This is consistent with the view that the two Robert Wilsons, the player with Leicester's Men and Henslowe's dramatist, were one and the same person; it explains why Henslowe's Wilson stopped writing in 1600.

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
*[[Edmund Kerchever Chambers|Chambers, E. K.]] ''The Elizabethan Stage.'' 4 Volumes, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1923.

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Edmund Tilney

2009-06-18T12:05:35Z

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'''Edmund Tilney''' (c. 1536 - 1610) was a courtier best known now as [[Master of the Revels]] to [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth I]] and [[James I of England|James I]].

He was the son of Phillip Tilney, an usher to [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]], and Malyn Chambre, who had served [[Catherine Howard]], and was briefly imprisoned after that queen's downfall. The Tilneys' ties to the [[Duke of Norfolk|Howard family]] remained strong; mother and son may have stayed with Agnes Howard after Phillip's death in 1541. No record of his education survives, but he evidently learned Latin, French, Italian, and Spanish, and may have visited mainland Europe.

In [[1568 in literature|1568]], he published ''The Flower of Friendship'', a [[Renaissance humanism|humanist]] dialogue on marriage that went through five editions in the century. In 1572, he represented [[Gatton]], [[Surrey]] in [[Parliament of England|Parliament]]. One of his fellows, [[Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham|Charles Howard]] secured for him the post of Master of the Revels, which he retained from 1578 until his death.

Tilney occupied this position as it underwent a significant change in focus. When he began his work, it consisted principally of planning and conducting royal entertainments, as a unit of the [[Lord Chamberlain]]'s office. This charge remained unchanged; in fulfilling it, though, Tilney relied more heavily on the developing public, commercial theater of the period. He extended his power to review plays for royal performance into the public arena, in effect becoming the official [[censor]] of the period's drama. The duties of his office required him to examine and approve all plays for performance before they could be staged. Unlike those of [[Henry Herbert (Master of the Revels)|Henry Herbert]], Tilney's records have not survived, but evidence of Elizabethan censorship (for instance, in the manuscript of ''[[Sir Thomas More (play)|Sir Thomas More]]'') indicates the same types of concerns as his successors that the playwrights avoid politically sensitive topics and matter that could arouse popular passion or aristocratic resentment.

But if Tilney's censorship restricted the writers, his support protected them from generally hostile civic authorities. The polite fiction of aristocratic patronage did not obscure the reality that the troupes were commercial enterprises; however, that fiction brought the theaters under royal protection; in 1592, the [[Lord Mayor of London]] named Tilney as one of the obstacles to ending public drama in the city. Tilney also worked to regularize the acting companies. In 1583, when rivalry between the various nobles with companies had grown acute, he aided [[Francis Walsingham]] in selecting actors for the new [[Queen's Men]], a sort of supergroup that was supposed to end such competition.

Tilney's successors, [[George Buck]] and Herbert, regularized and expanded his operations to include licensing companies and playhouses, and (most lucratively) licensing plays for printing. That Tilney worked at a time when the acting world was still largely chaotic is demonstrated by the failure of the Queen's Men, who by the 1590s had all but disappeared from London.

In the movie ''[[Shakespeare in Love]]'', he was portrayed by the actor [[Simon Callow]].

He lived in the town of [[Leatherhead]], [[Surrey]], in the building known as [[The Mansion House, Leatherhead|the Mansion House]]. In the 1990's, a new [[Wetherspoons]] Pub in the Leatherhead High Street was named after him.

He is buried in St. Leonard's Church, Streatham, London. A rather fine monument was erected in his memory; it is mentioned in Pevsner.

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Richard Tarlton

2009-06-18T04:03:44Z

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[[Image:Richard Tarlton Pipe Tabor c1580s.png|right|thumb|Richard Tarlton in his clown's rustic apparel, with pipe and tabor]]
'''Richard Tarlton''' (1530 – [[September 3]], [[1588]]), an English actor, was the most famous clown of his era.

He was born in [[Condover]], [[Shropshire]]. Firm information on his early life is scarce; traditions maintain that he started out as either a London apprentice, or a swineherd in Shropshire; and it is not impossible that he was both.<ref>Richard Dutton et al., eds., ''Lancastrian Shakespeare,'' p. 24.</ref> At one time he may have been an inn-keeper, but in 1583, when he is mentioned as one of the original member of the [[Queen's Men]], he was already an experienced actor.

He was an early yet extraordinary influence on Elizabethan clowns. His epitaph says: “he of clowns to learn still sought/ But now they learn of him they taught.” Tarlton was the first to study natural fools and simpletons to add knowledge to his characters. His manner of performance combined the styles of the medieval [[Vice (character)|Vice]], the professional [[minstrel]], and the amateur [[Lord of Misrule]]. During the play, he took it upon himself to police hecklers by delivering a devastating rhyme when necessary. He would spend time after the play in a battle of wits with the audience. He worked with [[Queen Elizabeth's Men]] at the [[Curtain Theatre]] at the beginning of their career in 1583. The 1600 publication ''[[Tarlton’s Jests]]'' tells how Tarlton, upon his retirement, recommended [[Robert Armin]] take his place.

He was [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth]]'s favorite [[clown]], and his talent for impromptu [[doggerel]] on subjects suggested by his audience has given his name to that form of verse. To cash in on his popularity, a great number of songs and witticisms of the day were attributed to him, and after his death the text ''Tarlton's Jests'', containing many jokes in fact older than him, made several volumes. Other books, and several ballads, coupled his name with their titles. Some have suggested that the evocation of [[Yorick (Hamlet)|Yorick]] in [[Hamlet]]'s soliloquy was composed in memory of Tarlton. <ref>Thomson, ''Shakespeare's Theatre'', "Hamlet and the Actor in Shakespeare's Theatre", pp. 114-141, p. 115-116.</ref>

In addition to his other talents, Tarlton was a fencing master. He wrote at least one play, [[The Seven Deadly Sins (play)|''The Seven Deadly Sins'']] (1585); though it was enormously popular in its day, no copy has survived. Besides ballads and a play, Tarlton wrote several pamphlets starting in the 1570s, one of which was ''A True report of this earthquake in London'' (1580). These were apparently genuine, though after his death a variety of other works were attributed to him as well. [[Gabriel Harvey]] refers to him as early as 1579, indicating that Tarlton had already begun to acquire the reputation that rose into fame in later years. That fame transcended the social limits that judged players to be little more than rogues: Sir [[Philip Sidney]] was the godfather of one of Tarlton's sons.

Tarlton, according to one source, even played a role in the [[Marprelate controversy|Martin Marprelate controversy]]; a contemporary pamphlet writer "claimed that the violence of abuse that was a feature of the controversy began with" Tarlton.<ref>Gurr, ''Shakespearean Stage,'' p. 174.</ref>

Tarlton lived in [[Shoreditch]] and is buried in [[St Leonard's, Shoreditch|Shoreditch church]], where a modern monument commemorates him and other actors of the Elizabethan period who lived and died in what was London's earliest theatrical district.

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
* Dutton, Richard, Alison Gail Findlay, and Richard L. Wilson, eds. ''Lancastrian Shakespeare: Region, Religion, and Patronage.'' Manchester, Manchester University Press, 2004.
* [[Andrew John Gurr|Gurr, Andrew]]. ''The Shakespearean Stage 1574–1642.'' Third edition, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1992.
*{{1911}}
* Thomson, Peter. ''Shakespeare's Theatre.'' London, Methuen, 1992.

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Tom Sutton

2009-06-18T01:40:44Z

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{{Infobox comics creator
| name = Tom Sutton
| image = Replace this image male.svg
| imagesize = 150
| caption =
| birthname =
| location = [[North Adams, Massachusetts]]
| deathplace = [[Amesbury, Massachusetts]]
| nationality = [[United States|American]]
| cartoonist =
| write =
| art = y
| pencil =
| ink =
| edit =
| publish =
| letter =
| color =
| alias = Sean Todd
| signature = 
| notable works =
| awards =
| website =
| sortkey = Sutton, Tom
| subcat = American
| yob = 1937
| mob = 4
| dob = 15
| yod = 2002
| mod = 5
| dod = 3
}}
'''Tom Sutton''' ([[April 15]], [[1937]], [[North Adams, Massachusetts]] - May 3, 2002, [[Amesbury, Massachusetts]]) was an [[United States|American]] [[comic book]] [[artist]] who sometimes used the pseudonym '''Sean Todd'''. He is best known for his contributions to work [[Marvel Comics]] and [[Warren Publishing]]'s line of black-and-white [[horror (genre)|horror]]-[[comics]] [[magazines]], particularly as the first story-artist of the popular character [[Vampirella]].

==Biography==
[[Image:Creepy22.jpg|right|thumb|Tom Sutton's cover painting for ''[[Creepy]]'' #22 (Aug. 1968)]]
===Early life and career===
Sutton was raised in North Adams, Massachusetts, where father Harry was a [[plumbing]], heating and [[air conditioning]] shopkeeper, and a machinist and [[gunsmith]] for [[General Electric]] and others. Influenced by the [[comic strip]] art of [[photorealist]] draftsman [[Milt Caniff]] and the illustrative [[Alex Raymond]] and [[Hal Foster]], as well as by the [[EC Comics|EC]] line of 1950s horror comics, Sutton began drawing nudie schoolyard art for paying classmates.

He enlisted in the [[U.S. Air Force]] after graduating from [[high school]] in 1955, and worked on art projects while stationed at [[Fort Francis E. Warren]], near [[Laramie, Wyoming]]. Later, stationed at [[Itami]] base in northern [[Japan]], Sutton created the Caniff-style adventure strip ''F.E.A.F Dragon'' for a base publication. Sutton's first professional comics work, it led to a long-hoped-for placement on the military's ''[[Stars and Stripes (newspaper)|Stars and Stripes]]'' newspaper.

At its [[Tokyo]] office of ''Stars and Stripes'', he drew the comic strip ''Johnny Craig'', a character name inspired by the [[EC Comics|EC]] artist [[Johnny Craig]]. Sutton recalled that he worked on this strip "for two years and some odd months. I did it seven days a week, I think. It was all stupid. It was a kind of cheap version of <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[Frank Robbins|Frank Robbins']]<nowiki>]</nowiki> ''Johnny Hazard'', I think it was".<ref>[http://www.tcj.com/3_online/t_sutton.html Trimmings: Tom Sutton (Online additions to interview published in ''The Comics Journal'' #230]</ref>

On his return, Sutton attended the [[School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston]] on a scholarship, and began working as a freelance [[commercial artist]]. At one point, living and working in [[San Francisco]], he became acquainted with the work of [[Robert Crumb]] and later expressed a desire for the kind of creative freedom he saw in [[underground comics]].

Sutton became an [[art director]] at AVP, a company that produced [[film strips]] for [[marketing]], and he was a director of [[animation]] for [[Transradio Productions]]. By the mid-1960s, he was married with two sons; his first marriage lasted five years, and he remarried in the 1970s. During the late 1960s, he was living in Boston's North End, and in 1970 he moved to [[Newburyport, Massachusetts]].

===Warren and Marvel===
[[Image:WerewolfByNight9splash.jpg|left|thumb|Splash page, ''Werewolf by Night'' #9 (Sept. 1973), one of two issues penciled and inked by Sutton]]
Sutton's first two comic-book stories appeared the same month. His first sale, "The Monster from One Billion B.C.", was published in Warren's ''[[Eerie]]'' #11 (Sept. 1967), though it was originally commissioned for ''[[Famous Monsters of Filmland]]'' (where it was reprinted four months later). He also illustrated the five-page anthological [[Western (genre)|Western]] story "The Wild Ones", written by [[Sol Brodsky]], in Marvel's ''[[Kid Colt|Kid Colt, Outlaw]]'' #137 (Sept. 1967). It was one of many Westerns he would draw for the company, including the introduction of the short-lived feature "Renegades" — ''[[The Fugitive]]'' times four, in the Old West — in ''[[Western Gunfighters]]'' #1 (Aug. 1970).

Sutton soon developed a trademark frantic, cartoony style that, when juxtaposed on dramatic narratives, gave his work a vibrant, quirky dynamism. That distinctive style helped establish the popular supernatural character Vampirella from her first story, "Vampirella of Draculona" by [[Forrest J. Ackerman]] in ''Vampirella'' #1 (Sept. 1969). Later, with writer [[Archie Goodwin (comics)|Archie Goodwin]], Sutton helped transition Vampi from cheeky horror hostess to serious dramatic character in the 21-page story "Who Serves the Cause of Chaos?" in issue #8 (Nov. 1970, reprinted in color in [[Harris Publications|Harris Comics]]' 1995 ''Vampirella Classics'' series).

Though well-suited to horror stories, Sutton was also admired for his work on such [[science fiction]] series as Marvel's ''[[Planet of the Apes (comic book)|Planet of the Apes]]'' magazine and [[First Comics]]' ''[[GrimJack]]'' and ''Squalor'', and for the [[humor]] title ''[[Not Brand Ecch]]'', on which he appeared in nearly every issue with parodies of Marvel's own characters. He was not especially equipped to do [[superhero]]es, either by art style or temperament, once calling them "fascist." While he lent a hand very occasionally, Sutton stayed mostly on Marvel's supernatural heroes: [[Werewolf by Night]], [[Ghost Rider (comics)|Ghost Rider]], [[Doctor Strange]] (in the 1970s series, plus [[Baron Mordo]] backup stories in the 1980s ''Doctor Strange, Sorcerer Supreme''). With writer [[Steve Englehart]], penciler Sutton introduced the new furrily transformed ''[[X-Men]]'' character the [[Beast (comics)|Beast]], who starred in a superhero/horror feature in ''[[Amazing Adventures]]'' #11-15 (March-Sept. 1972).

For the horror-oriented Warren, Sutton drew dozens of stories early in his career. He moonlighted for Warren competitor [[Skywald Publications]], drawing the ''[[Frankenstein]]''-novel sequel "Frankenstein, Book II" (serialized in ''Psycho'' magazine #3-6, May, 1971 - May, 1972) — using the pseudonym "Sean Todd" ([[writer]]-[[penciler]] Sutton and [[inkers]] [[Dan Adkins]], [[Jack Abel]] and Sutton himself), to avoid the wrath of publisher James Warren. A separate story in ''Psycho'' #4, written by Sutton and drawn by him and [[Syd Shores]], was credited as "Larry Todd" (writer) and "David Cook" (art). This was the result of someone having inadvertently inserted the name of real-life writer Larry Todd rather than usual pseudonym Sean Todd.
[[Image:ManyGhostsGraves29.jpg|right|thumb|''[[The Many Ghosts of Doctor Graves]]'' #39 (June 1973): Painted cover by Sutton]]
For Skywald's short-lived line of color comics, Sutton wrote and drew stories under his own name for the [[Western (genre)|Western]] title ''Butch Cassidy'' and the horror title ''The Heap'' (no relation to the 1940s-50s [[Hillman Periodicals]] character later revived by [[Eclipse Comics]]). Sutton would draw Marvel's similar muck-monster [[Man-Thing]] as eight-page installments in the omnibus series ''[[Marvel Comics Presents]]'' in the late 1980s.

===Later career===
He wrote and drew horror stories for such [[Charlton Comics]] titles as ''Ghost Manor'', ''Midnight Tales'', ''Monster Hunters'' and ''[[The Many Ghosts of Doctor Graves]]'' in the mid-1970s to early 1980s, and he produced painted covers for the company. In the mid-1980s, Sutton drew suspense stories for [[DC Comics]]' ''[[House of Mystery]]'' and ''[[House of Secrets]]'', and he penciled virtually all 56 issues of DC's [[licensed]] series ''[[Star Trek]]''. He also penciled the [[Harlan Ellison]]-scripted "Croatoan" in ''[[Heavy Metal (magazine)|Heavy Metal]]'' volume two, #5 (Sept. 1978).

Near the end of his life, Sutton did commercial art for [[New England]] ad agencies, and, under the pseudonym "Dementia", he drew for [[Fantagraphics]]' [[Eros Comix]] line of [[pornographic]] comics.

Sutton was also a [[Painting|painter]] who had gallery showings of his bar-scene canvases. A limited edition portfolio of fantasy prints, ''The Dream-Quest of Unknown Kadath'', was produced by Another World, Ltd., in 1978.

[[Police]] found Sutton dead in his apartment on [[May 3]], [[2002]]; it is unclear whether a [[medical examiner]]'s determination of time or date of death was reported. News accounts did say he had died of a [[Myocardial infarction|heart attack]] at his drawing board, during production of the book ''Graphic Classics: H.P. Lovecraft'', which the publisher posthumously dedicated to him. Eros' ''Dementia's Dirty Girls'' #1 (May 2002) included a tribute by [[Bill Pearson]].

==Quotes==
'''''The Comics Reporter''''':
{{cquote|The comic work recognized by many as Sutton's best came in partnership with [writer] [[Doug Moench]]. Together, they created the "Future Chronicles" stories for Marvel's ''[[Planet of the Apes (comic book)|Planet of the Apes]]'' magazine. [For this] enormously elaborate and cleverly designed fantasy saga set on the world featured in the movies, Sutton worked with oversized originals to better show off his mixed-media work and allow for meticulous detail. The result was a lush, moody, and striking fantasy story to stand with any in mainstream comics history. ' He really made the work a joy, and pure fun,' Moench told ''<nowiki>[</nowiki>The Comics<nowiki>]</nowiki> Journal''. ' This guy was so into the Future Chronicles, he wanted to put so much detail into it, he worked on these gigantic boards. It was [a] black-and-white [magazine], so it was already bigger than regular comics pages. Then he did that series twice up, these enormous things that would cover my desk. Right there it made it something special, the sheer physical size of it. The enthusiasm you could see in every brushstroke just made it so exciting'.<ref>[http://www.comicsreporter.com/index.php/resources/longbox/61/ ''The Comics Reporter'' obituary, posted June 30, 2002]</ref>}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
*''[[Comic Book Artist]]'' #12 (March 2001): Tom Sutton interview, pp. 62-69
* [http://lambiek.net/artists/s/sutton_tom.htm Tom Sutton] at [[Lambiek]]'s Comiclopedia
* [http://www.sfwa.org/News/sutton.htm Science Fiction & Fantasy Writers of America Publishing News: "Tom Sutton (1937-2002)"]
* [http://www.graphicclassics.com/pgs/sutton.htm Graphic Classics: Tom Sutton]
* [http://www.maelmill-insi.de/UHBMCC/ The Unofficial Handbook of Marvel Comics Creators]
*{{gcdb|type=credit|search=Tom+Sutton|title=Tom Sutton}}
*{{comicbookdb|type=creator|id=1672|title=Tom Sutton}}
* [http://enjolrasworld.com/Richard%20Arndt/The%20Warren%20Magazines.htm "The Warren Magazines", by Richard J. Arndt] (History, bibliography, interviews)
* [http://www.enjolrasworld.com/Richard%20Arndt/The%20Complete%20Skywald%20Checklist.htm The Complete Skywald Checklist]
* ''Charlton Spotlight'' #3: "Tom Sutton Tribute", by Jim Amash
* ''Alter Ego'' #16, July 2002: "Tom Sutton (1937-2002)"
{{refend}}

==External links==
*[http://www.ramonschenk.nl/charltoncomics/creators/tomsutton.htm Tom Sutton Charlton Checklist]

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[[Category:People from North Adams, Massachusetts]]

[[fr:Tom Sutton]]

Sulaiman (Brunei)

2009-06-18T00:51:55Z

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{{unreferenced|date=August 2008}}
{{Infobox_Monarch | name = Sulaiman <br> سليمان
| title =[[List of Sultans of Brunei|Sultan]] of Brunei
| image =
| reign =[[1432]] - [[1485]]<br>''([[abdicated]])''
| coronation =
| predecessor =[[Bolkiah]]
| successor =[[Saiful Rijal]]
| heir =
| consort =
| issue =[[Bolkiah]]
| royal anthem =
| father =[[Sharif Ali]]
| mother =Puteri Ratna Kesuma
| date of birth =
| place of birth =[[Brunei]]
| date of death =[[1511]]
| place of death =[[Brunei]]
| place of burial=
|}}

'''Sultan Sulaiman''' was the fourth sultan of Brunei, ruling from [[1432]] until his abdication in [[1485]] to allow his son, [[Bolkiah]], to become Sultan. He died in [[1511]].

{{start box}}
{{succession box |
before= [[Sharif Ali]] |
title= [[List of Sultans of Brunei|Sultan of Brunei]] |
years= 1432 AD-1485 AD |
after= [[ Bolkiah ]]
}}
{{end box}}
{{Asia-royal-stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sulaiman}}
[[Category:15th-century people]]

Wallace B. Smith

2009-06-17T17:39:11Z

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'''Wallace Bunnell Smith''' (born [[July 29]],[[1929]]) was [[President of the Church (Latter Day Saints)#Presidents of the Community of Christ|Prophet-President]] of the [[Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints]] (now [[Community of Christ]]), from 1978–1996. Son of President [[W. Wallace Smith]], he was designated as his father's successor in 1976, and ordained church president on [[April 5]], [[1978]] when the elder Smith retired to emeritus status. Wallace B. Smith is a great-grandson of [[Joseph Smith, Jr.]], founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, and was a practicing ophthalmologist in the [[Independence, Missouri]] area.

Wallace B. Smith's presidency was notable for the construction of the church's [[Independence temple|temple and headquarters]] in [[Independence, Missouri]], 1990-1994, and for overseeing a church vote on [[April 5]], [[1984]], approving ordination of women to the church's [[Priesthood (Mormonism)|priesthood]] offices: The first such ordination took place on [[November 17]], [[1985]]. He is credited with first proposing the name adopted by the church at a [[World Church Leadership Council (Community of Christ)|Joint Council]] retreat in 1994. At the following World Conference this proposed name change was not approved, however, action was not again taken to adopt the new name until the 2000 [[World Conference (Community of Christ)|World Conference]], which was after his retirement.

On [[September 19]],[[1995]], Smith announced he was retiring, designated [[W. Grant McMurray]] as his successor, and retired in 1996. Smith was then named "President Emeritus" as his father had been before him; he continues to hold this position today.

==References==
*Richard P. Howard, ''The Church Through the Years,'' Herald House: 1992.
*Laurie Smith Monsees, ''The Temple: Dedicated to Peace'', Herald House: 1993.

{| border="1" align="center"
| width="30%" align="center" | '''Preceded by''':<br/>[[W. Wallace Smith]]
| width="40%" align="center" | '''[[President of the Church (Mormonism)|President of the Community of Christ]]''' <br/> [[1978]]–[[1996]]
| width="30%" align="center" | '''Succeeded by''':<br/>[[W. Grant McMurray]]
|}
{{CofCpresidents}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Smith, Wallace B.}}
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:American Latter Day Saints|S]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Prophet–Presidents of the Community of Christ]]
[[Category:Smith family]]

[[pl:Wallace B. Smith]]

Theodoros Rshtuni

2009-06-16T04:23:33Z

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'''Theodoros Rshtuni''' ({{Lang-hy|Թեոդորոս Ռշտունի}}) (590 - 655) was a ''[[nakharar]],'' ''[[ishkhan]]'' and ''[[kouropalates]]'' of Armenia, famous for resisting the first Arab invasions of Armenia.

Rshtuni was appointed as ''ishkhan'' and ''kouropalates'' of Byzantine Armenia by Emperor [[Heraclius]] when the previous ''ishkan'' [[David Saharuni]] was overthrown by other ''nakharars.''<ref>Mark Whittow, "The Making of Byzantium, 600-1025", University of California Press, 1996, p.209</ref>
He defended, alongside the Byzantine General Procopius, against the first, unsuccessful, Arab attack into Armenia in 640. He was unable to prevent the Arabs from pillaging the capital of [[Dvin]] in 642. He gained a victory over the Arabs, for which he was named ''[[sparapet]]'' (commander-in-chief) of the Armenian army by [[Constans II]] in 643.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-44270 Britannica: The Mamikonians and Bagratids]
</ref> Constans paid special attention to his family's imperiled homeland of Armenia, and he favored Byzantine generals of Armenian extraction to halt Arab advances.<ref name="multiple">Warren Treadgold, [http://coursesa.matrix.msu.edu/~fisher/hst372/readings/treadgold1.html "Two Fights for Survival: 610-668," Chapter 9, A History of the Byzantine State and Society, Stanford University Press, 1997, pp. 287-322]</ref> Meanwhile, the strength of Arab assaults continued to increase. Theodore eventually concluded a truce with then governor of Syria, [[Muawiyah I]] in 651, and Arabs concentrated their efforts against the remaining pockets of resistance in the [[Sassanid Empire]]. Finally, by 652 Rshtuni, despairing of further resistance, accepted Muawiyah's suzerainty and became an ''[[ostikan]].''<ref name="multiple">Warren Treadgold, [http://coursesa.matrix.msu.edu/~fisher/hst372/readings/treadgold1.html "Two Fights for Survival: 610-668," Chapter 9, A History of the Byzantine State and Society, Stanford University Press, 1997, pp. 287-322]</ref> In response, Constans personally marshaled his forces and led them to Armenia despite a growing plot against him in [[Constantinople]], ironically by the Armenian commander of the Army of [[Thrace]]. Constans secured Armenia and deposed Theodoros, who took refuge on the island of [[Akhtamar]]. A Byzantine commander named Maurianus was given the task to defend the Armenian frontier.<ref name="multiple">Warren Treadgold, [http://coursesa.matrix.msu.edu/~fisher/hst372/readings/treadgold1.html "Two Fights for Survival: 610-668," Chapter 9, A History of the Byzantine State and Society, Stanford University Press, 1997, pp. 287-322]</ref> In 654 Maurianus was driven out of Armenia into the [[Caucasus]] and Theodoros was restored. Deciding that Theodoros was untrustworthy, the Arabs sent him to [[Damascus]], where he died in captivity the following year. He was replaced as ''ostikan'' with another prince, Hamazasp [[Mamikonian]]. His body was brought to his home district of [[Rshtuniq]], and he was buried in the tomb of his forefathers.

==References==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rshtuni, Theodoros}}
[[Category:590 births]]
[[Category:655 deaths]]
[[Category:Byzantine generals]]
[[Category:Armenian nobility]]
[[Category:7th-century rulers]]

[[ca:Teodor Reshtuni]]
[[fr:Théodoros Rechtouni]]
[[hy:Թեոդորոս Ռշտունի]]
[[ru:Теодорос Рштуни]]

Shehzad Roy

2009-06-16T04:15:31Z

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{{Infobox Musical artist
|Name = Shehzad Roy
|Img = SHEHZADROY.JPG
|Img_capt =
|Background = solo_singer
|Birth_name = Shehzad Roy
|Alias =
|Born = {{birth date and age|1977|2|16}}
|Died =
|Origin = [[Karachi]], [[Pakistan]]
|Instrument = [[Guitar]] (very rare)
|Genre = [[Pop music|Pop]]
|Occupation = [[Singer]]<br>[[Philanthropist]]
|Years_active = [[1995]] - Present
|Label = [[Fire Records]]<br>[[Spectrum Records]]
|URL = http://www.shehzad-roy.com/ <br> http://www.zindagitrust.org/ <br> http://zindagitrustusa.blogspot.com/
|Current_members =
|Past_members =
}}
'''Shehzad Roy''' ([[Urdu]]: '''شہزاد رائے''') is pop singer and humanitarian from [[Karachi]], [[Pakistan]]. Since his first album debuted in 1995, with a revolutionary approach to fusing his lyrics with music of different genres, he has been a successful and popular singer in Pakistan. He says that, “the authenticity of the message in a song produces meaningful music.”

With five hit albums under his belt, including the 2008 ‘Qismat App Kay Haath Main Hai,’ (Fate Lies in One’s Own Hands) he is also the President and founder of Zindagi Trust,a non-for-profit charitable organization, that seeks to educate the underprivileged children of Pakistan. In June 2004, Roy was honored as one of the youngest ever recipient of the Tamgha-e-Imtiaz, which is one of the highest Civil Honors awarded in Pakistan for excellence in serving humanity. For his organization’s earthquake rehabilitation in Kashmir, he was awarded with the Sitara-e-Eisaar. He was also selected to be a torch bearer for the 2008 Olympic Torch relay as the pride of Pakistan.

== Biography ==
Roy was born on February 16, 1977 in [[Karachi]] His father Kabir Roy is a successful businessman and his mother Nazli Qamar is a housewife. His older sister is married and resides in the US. When in 5th grade, Roy moved with his family to the USA and lived there for several years. Even at that tender age, he was struck by the discrepancy between quality public schools in America and Pakistan. He yearned to make a difference in his native country. Roy came back and settled in Karachi, where after finishing his Bachelors his passion for music launched his successful career and he became a performer and musician.

In 2002 he established a charitable foundation-Zindagi Trust- to alleviate the condition of working children that strayed on the streets of urban Pakistan. In 2006 he was fortunate enough to pay homage to his faith, by performing Umrah with his manager Arif Roy and guitarist Imran Akhoond. Roy spends his time recording music and fundraising for his Trust. He uses the proceeds from his concerts to support Zindagi Trust.

In 2009, Shehzad Roy tied the knot to Ms Salma. She is a graduate from the University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign, USA with a Bachelors in engineering physics . She is currently volunteering in Zindagi Trust's government school reform project. She has also worked as a VJ on Mtv Pakistan.

== Zindagi Trust ==
Roy has dedicated his life to the establishment of [[Zindagi Trust]], the non-for-profit charity helping impoverished and uneducated children of Pakistan. Roy says, “Statistics show than 10.5 million children under the age of 15 in Pakistan are currently employed in factories, cottage industries, on the streets as vendors, in menial jobs in order to support their families, deprived of childhood and education.” Seeing vagrant children on the street, not going to school he says was heartbreaking for him and led to the formation of the 501(c)3 organization in 2002.

With over 2800 children being educated with 34 operational schools currently open across Pakistan, Zindagi Trust’s core mission is to provide education and vocational skills to the working children of Pakistan and making them productive future citizens. He also strives to make his charitable venture a self-sustaining model that is dynamic and continually evolving to match the progress of modern education.

His Trust pioneered the concept of ‘I-am-paid-to-learn’ geared towards urban working children that provides them with monetary compensation for going to school. The fixed stipend of Rs 20 (25 cents) daily can make a significant change in the life of a children bound by labor. And the unique teaching methods along with incentives for children to attend make it a successful solution to Pakistan’s illiteracy problem.

However Roy did not stop there and now has launched an ambitious project to reform the standard of Government schools in Pakistan, “Quality education is every citizen’s right and its responsibility lies with the state. A paradigm shift is required in the mindset of state authorities, the people and the education system to save our future generations from destruction,” he states.

Zindagi Trust received authorization from the Sindh Education Department of Pakistan to manage the Fatima Jinnah Govt. Girls School with 2600 students and 140 school teachers. Zindagi Trust’s administration successfully overhauled the physical infrastructure, academics, educational methodology and quality of books. Significant turnaround has been seen in students’ test results and improving their critical thinking skills. Zindagi Trust was able to implement outstanding architectural renovations that include a fully functional library, gym, science and computer lab. The amelioration of the school has helped influence the Sindh Government to replicate this model on a larger scale. Its success has led many in Pakistan to speculate that the future of Pakistan lies in the capable hands of the young breed of philanthropists like Roy.

== Music Career ==
As Roys’s humanitarian reach grew, so did the tone of his songs. He went from mainly singing bubble-gum pop romantic songs to a socio-political defiant album, ‘Qismat Apnay Haat Mein,’ (Fate Lies in One’s Own Hands) that he launched at the Karachi Juvenile Prison at Central Jail, in July 2008. He underscored the need to rehabilitate Pakistan’s justice system that ignores the pitiable conditions of many prisoners

To promote cultural awareness through music, Shehzad Roy brought Bryan Adams to Pakistan for a charity concert to aid the victims of the tragic October 2005 earthquake. Bryan Adams commended Shehzad Roy for his ‘I Am Paid To Learn’ campaign.
In order to promote cross-border cultural exchange with India, he sang a hit duet with Indian singer Sukhbir.

== Something more than music ==

In 2007 Shehzad Roy had been known to have a knack for working on projects that create somewhat of a bang. His latest offering came in the form of a musical collaboration between him and queen of Sufi soul, Abida Parveen, rooted on his latest venture — Equality in Education.Roy spoke about how he approached Abida for lending her vocals to the song after he had composed the music for it. When it first begins, the song seems to be somewhat of an instrumental with soft guitar riffs that build up momentum gradually, however, not too much. Shehzad Roy isn’t the primary vocalist, leaving that to Abida, and prefers to sing only the title throughout the composition: Aao de dein inhain zindagi (Let’s give them life).

Abida apa, as Shehzad is prone to calling her, listened to the composition and consented to sing for the song. Previously before this, she has never collaborated with any other musician on any project and this is also her first proper music video to date. The introduction of her vocals comes as a burst of energy into Aao De Dein Inhain Zindagi and the overall effect may be considered to be somewhat brilliant. According to Roy, she’s added an amazing spiritual element to the song.He also spoke about a conversation between him and Bryan Adams during the latter’s last visit to Pakistan, in which Adams pointed out that one need not look for inspiration elsewhere when it came to material for music, as there was so much to write and sing about right here.

Directed by Sohaib, the Aao De Dein Inhain Zindagi video is simply done with Roy in front of a chalk board and Abida somewhere near him, in other frames books, children and an abacus also make their appearance in the midst of text scrolling across the screen with messages in them. The video is expected to be released on the airwaves shortly.

But this is not the only thing that Shehzad Roy has up his sleeve as according to him the heir to the English throne, Prince Charles, has offered to send representatives from the Volunteer Service Overseas (VSO) to help train teachers working for Zindagi Trust as well. A workable plan is being formulated currently to help get this in process. Also joining in the ZT team is Sami Mustafa, the principle of the Centre of Advanced Studies (CAS) in Karachi. Roy acknowledges his contribution and is pretty excited about having him on board.

Shehzad speaks very strongly about education and how it can help to not only change a person's life but also their overall civic sense. At the end of it all, it can be said that he not only has the vision but also the focus, determination and most importantly, the heart, to try and realise it. And this, his latest collaboration with Abida Parveen might just be a little peek into how he plans to go about it. </ref> http://www.dawn.com/weekly/images/archive/070520/images2.htm</ref>

== Qismet Apnay Haath Mein In 2008 ==

While too many musicians in Pakistan seem content to skirt over issues of socio-political importance, treading the same dregs of human emotion again and again. However, after the boisterous Saali, Shehzad Roy has decided to pen an album of tracks that has more than its fair share of swipes at the current elites in charge of the nation (peppered, of course, in between the usual fare of radio-friendly ballads and songs leering over the edge with catchy — if not cheesy — riffs).

Qismet Apnay Haath Mein has generated a substantial amount of hype and fanfare for the seemingly controversial material embedded within the album. Of the songs on the album, Laga Reh, has been prompted to the fore with its polemic nature. It starts off with Roy going “Mein jab dus saal ka tha, toh maine nine o’clock news par suna kay Pakistan tareekh kay aik nazuk morh se guzar raha hai.” One rather jumpy guitar riff later, he pronounces, “Mein phir 20 saal ka huwa, maine phir nine o’clock news par suna kay Pakistan tareekh kay aik nazuk morh se guzar raha hai.” A stark commentary on the way our nation is run is juxtaposed here, in a rather surreal manner, with the usual Shehzad Roy manner of song; lots of jovial guitar riffs running around coupled with bhangra-esque percussion.

Shehzad Roy’s method of tackling issues of political and social importance in his music differs however from those of, say, Rage Against the Machine. Surprisingly, his commentary is deft and full of sarcastic quips, rather than an outright attack on the institutions in our country. This is evidenced in the other significant politically-charged track on the album, the title track, Qismet Apnay Haath Mein. Throughout the album Roy is lyrically in fine form, chucking interesting turns of phrase left, right and centre with aplomb.

Musically, the album is rather scattershot. On occasions, it has some wonderful moments of balladry and sheer hook-laden pop, with wonderful melodies floating all over the songs (post chorus in Qismet Apnay Haath Mein). There’s also some fantastic guitar work on the album; as mellow and emotive as it is often enamored with ‘funk.’ Janay Kahan opens up with a brilliant harmonised riff that settles easily into the song, while Aankhen has guitar work that at times acutely resembles Incubus.</ref> http://www.dawn.com/weekly/images/archive/080817/images9.htm</ref>

== Albums ==
* [[Phon (album)|Disco Graphy]] (group)
* [[Zindagi (album)|Zindagi]] ([[1995]])
* [[Darshan (album)|Darshan]] ([[1997]])
* [[Teri Soorat]] ([[1999]])
* [[Rab Jaanay]] ([[2002]])
* [[Buri Baat Hai]] ([[2005]])
* [[Qismat Apnay Haath Mein]] ([[2008]])

==External links==
* [http://www.shehzad-roy.com/ Official Shehzad Roy Website]
* [http://www.zindagitrust.org/ Zindagi Trust to Educate Pakistan]
* [http://www.hangamapoint.com/music/pakistani/shahzad%20roy/ Shehzad Roy Songs]
* [http://pakmanzil.com/site/news/shehzad-roy-just-married/ Shehzad Roy's Marriage]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roy, Shehzad}}
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Pakistani people]]
[[Category:People from Karachi District]]
[[Category:Pakistani singers|S]]
[[Category:Pakistani pop singers|S]]
[[Category:Nigar Award winners]]
[[Category:Pakistani humanitarians]]

{{Pakistan-singer-stub}}

[[ar:شهزاد روى]]

Mike Reno

2009-06-15T21:52:27Z

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{{BLP unsourced|date=November 2007}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| Img=Replace this image male.svg 
| Name = Mike Reno
| Img_capt =
| Img_size =
| Background = solo_singer
| Birth_name = Joseph Michael Rynoski
| Born = {{birth date and age|1955|1|08|mf=y}}<br>[[New Westminster]], [[British Columbia|BC]], Canada
| Died =
| Instrument = [[Singing|Vocals]], drummer
| Genre = [[Rock music|Rock]]
| Occupation = Singer, musician
| Years_active = 1978 – present
| Label = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]]
| Associated_acts = [[Loverboy]], [[Moxy (band)|Moxy]]
| URL =
| Notable_instruments =
}}

'''Mike Reno''' (né '''Joseph Michael Rynoski'''), born January 8, 1955 in [[New Westminster]], [[British Columbia]] is a [[Canada|Canadian]] [[musician]], [[drummer]], and [[lead singer]] of the rock band [[Loverboy]]. He has also fronted other bands, including [[Moxy (band)|Moxy]].

After graduating from Penticton Secondary School, Reno moved to [[Calgary]], [[Alberta]] and formed a band called Spunk. There, he met [[Paul Dean (guitarist)|Paul Dean]] in 1978 and got together for a [[jam session]], which led to the formation of the band Loverboy.

Reno has a son, Alex Reno, who was born January 23, 1988.

Reno has also contributed to various [[film soundtrack]]s. In 1984, he performed a [[duet]] with [[Ann Wilson]] of [[Heart (band)|Heart]], "[[Almost Paradise]]", for the movie ''[[Footloose]]'', "Whenever There's a Night" for ''[[Dream a Little Dream]]'' and, with Loverboy, contributed "[[Heaven in Your Eyes]]" for the movie ''[[Top Gun (film)|Top Gun]]'', in 1986 as well as "Chasing the Angels" for the soundtrack to ''[[Iron Eagle II]]''.

In the late 90s, during a [[VH1]] interview, Reno attributed the decline of Loverboy to the rise of grunge bands such as [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]].

In 2004 Reno released his first solo album titled ''Renovation''. The album is composed of ten tracks closely resembling the sound of his work with Loverboy.

Reno continues to tour and play live shows with Loverboy. The band's latest album, ''Just Getting Started'', was initially released exclusively through [[Wal-Mart]] on October 30, 2007 and is now available on [[iTunes]]. Loverboy had a headlining spot at the 2007 [[Grey Cup]] party in Toronto.

At the [[2009 Juno Awards]] Reno was inducted into the [[Canadian Music Hall of Fame]] as a member of Loverboy.

{{Loverboy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reno, Mike}}
[[Category:Canadian rock singers]]
[[Category:Canadian male singers]]
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Juno Award winners]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from New Westminster|Reno]]
[[Category:Canadians of Polish descent]]

{{Canada-singer-stub}}

Mikael Pedersen

2009-06-15T07:04:29Z

DefaultsortBot: Added DEFAULTSORT to page (used a WikiProject banner's listas parameter on the talk page). Did I get it wrong?

[[Image:Mikael Pedersen.jpg|thumb|175px|Mikael Pedersen]]
[[Image:Pedersen-Rad.jpg|thumb|175px|Present day Pedersen bicycle]]
'''Mikael Pedersen''' ([[25 October]] [[1855]] [[Fløng]] - [[22 October]] [[1929]], [[Bispebjerg]]) was a [[Denmark|Danish]] inventor much associated with the [[England|English]] town of [[Dursley]]. He is chiefly known today for the highly distinctive [[Pedersen bicycle]]. His story is one of rags to riches and back again, and he was largely forgotten in his native country, but fans of the Pedersen bicycle arranged for him to be reburied and a memorial erected at Dursley.

== Inventions ==

Pedersen invented and patented a novel corn [[threshing|thresher]] capable of separating corn from [[chaff]], a transmission system, a gear system for horse drawn mills and a braking system for waggons, among other ideas. He was also musical, and although his primary trade was that of a smith, he was listed as a musician in the 1890 [[census]].

Pedersen was involved in the development of a continuous [[centrifuge]] for the churning and separation of cream and butter from milk - that is, one which did not need to be stopped in order to remove the cream. This was patented in 1878; Pedersen's involvement was not noted, a matter which angered him. Pedersen subsequently worked on further refinements, leading to patents and considerable income. His refined version of the centrifuge is still in use today. The rights were bought by Koefoed and Hauberg in [[Copenhagen]], and as part of an export drive they made contact with [[R A Lister and Company]], of Dursley in [[Gloucestershire]], England.

== Life in England ==

Lister suggested that Pedersen come to England to set up local assembly with parts shipped from Denmark, and this he agreed to do, bringing his mistress Dagmar with him (he was by this time separated from his wife Laura). The separator was highly successful in the English market and Pedersen became rich, renting the largest house in Dursley and becoming prominent in society in the town. He formed a choir and took part in concerts, and set up a number of social and sporting groups.

During a visit to his brother Hans Mathias in Denmark, Pedersen met and fell in love with a girl, Ingeborg, 29 years his junior, bringing her back to Dursley in 1907. In 1908 she gave birth to their first child, a boy named Palnatok, They also had a daughter who died at two years old and two further sons, Vaughan and Svend (born in 1914).

In Dursley, Pedersen set up manufacture of his unusual and ingenious cantilevered bicycle, which earned a small but devoted following.

Unfortunately Pedersen lacked business acumen and was both profligate and prone to being cheated. He left Dursley unannounced when in his sixties, leaving his family behind, and Ingeborg subsequently returned to Denmark, marrying Jens Kristoffer Jensen, who adopted the children.

Pedersen was spotted by a friend selling matches in [[London]], and the friend arranged to pay his way back to Denmark in 1920. He died in 1929, poor and virtually unknown, and was buried in an unmarked grave in Bispebjerg, a suburb of Copenhagen

== Reburial ==

In 1995 a collection was started by enthusiasts for the Pedersen bicycle to raise funds in order to bring Mikael Pedersen's remains back to Dursley and re-bury them there. This was achieved in 1995, and the service was attended by over 300 people including the Bishop of Gloucester, representatives from the Danish Embassy and Pedersen's grandchildren.

== Sources ==

* The Ingenious Mr Pedersen, David Evans, 1979, a revised version was due in 2006 under the title "Mr Pedersen, A Man of Genius", from Tempus, ISBN 0752445057. The 1979 edition contains some basic drawings and explanations of various inventions, including bicycles and agricultural machinery.
* [http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-9853088_ITM Town recalls pedal pioneer], [[Bristol Evening Post]], 28 October, 2005
* [http://archive.gazetteseries.co.uk/2005/10/28/11240.html Town welcomes family of legendary inventor], Gazette Series, 28 October, 2005

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pedersen, Mikael}}
[[Category:Danish_inventors]][[Category:1855 births]][[Category:1929 deaths]]

Wassian Patrikejew

2009-06-15T06:03:06Z

DefaultsortBot: Added DEFAULTSORT to page (used a WikiProject banner's listas parameter on the talk page), removed redundant category sort tags. Did I get it wrong?

{{unreferenced|date=June 2008}}

'''Vassian Patrikeyev''', also known as '''Vassian Kosoy''' (''Вассиан Патрикеев'', ''Вассиан Косой'' in [[Russian language|Russian]]; real name - [[knyaz]] ''Василий Иванович Патрикеев'', or Vasili Ivanovich Patrikeyev) (c. 1470 - between 1531 and 1545) was a Russian [[ecclesiastic]] and [[political]] figure and [[writer]]. Patrikeyev traced his male-line descent to [[Grand Duke of Lithuania]] [[Gediminas]].

==Political action==
He was known to have been one of the leaders of the [[boyar party]], which supported tsarevich [[Dmitry Ivanovich (grandson of Ivan III)|Dmitry Ivanovich]] (grandson of [[Ivan III of Russia|Ivan III]]) in a struggle against [[Sophia Paleologue]]'s son [[Vasili III of Russia|Vasili]] for succession to the throne.

In ecclesiastic matters, the boyar party was generally closer to [[heresy|heretical]] and freedom-loving circles.

In 1499, Ivan III found out about the [[Conspiracy (political)|conspiracy]] against Vasili and ordered arrests (interestingly enough, the tsar first favored Dmitry Ivanovich). Vassian Patrikeyev was forced to take monastic vows and sent to [[Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery]].

==Ecclesiastic career==
At the [[monastery]], Patrikeyev became a student of [[Nil Sorsky]] and absorbed his philosophy. It appears that in 1503 Patrikeyev and Sorsky came to [[Moscow]] to attend a church council (''sobor''). During this ecclesiastic meeting, the two demanded leniency for the [[heretics]] and opposed [[Joseph Volotsky]]'s views on this issue, subsequently inflaming a dispute between the two parties in the form of personal letters.

During the reign of Vasili III, Patrikeyev reached an important status. Due to his rising influence, many heretics escaped severe punishment. At some point, the tsar even forbade Volotsky to defame Partikeyev. It appears that [[Varlaam]], who had been close to Nil Sorsky and his followers, was elected [[Metropolitan bishop]] with some assistance from Vassian Patrikeyev.

In about 1517, Patrikeyev began his work on revision of the so-called ''Кормчая книга'' (Kormchaya kniga, or Book of guidelines; see [[Canon law]]), a code of ecclesiastic [[decree]]s and laws by the [[Byzantine emperor]]s. In 1518, [[Maximus the Greek]] came from [[Mount Athos]] to take part in his work, gathering [[Opposition (politics)|opposition]]ary people around him, including Vassian Patrikeyev.

In 1523, a [[Josephinians|Josephinian]] [[hegumen]] from [[Volokolamsk]] named [[Daniel, Metropolitan of Moscow|Daniel]] was elected metropolitan. Soon after this, the church commenced [[prosecution]] of the opposition.

A few years later, Patrikeyev's influence began to weaken due to, among other things, his open disapproval of Vasili's divorce. In 1531, Vassian was summoned to appear before the church council as a [[defendant]]. Metropolitan Daniel accused Patrikeyev of unauthorized revision of the ''Kormchaya kniga''; insertion of [[Hellenistic]] ideas; arbitrary removal of passages which had asserted the right of the monasteries to own [[Patrimony|patrimonies]]; revilement of miracle workers, e.g. [[Saint Makarius Kalyazinsky]] and Metropolitan [[Jonas]]; "heretic lines" in his translation of [[Simeon Metaphrastes]]' ''Life of [[Mary, the mother of Jesus|St. Mary]]''. The church council found Patrikeyev guilty and sent him to a hostile [[Joseph-Volokolamsk Monastery]], where he would die a decade later.

Patrikeyev’s date of death is uncertain. He died no later than 1545 and a violent death, if one is to believe [[Ivan the Terrible]]'s closest associate [[Andrei Kurbsky]]. He is not known to have left any descendants; however, there is a legend from Viipuri/Vyborg, the formerly Finnish seaport that is now in Russia, of a clandestine love affair between Patrikeyev-Kosoi and a local woman named Sigrid Toth. This would have occurred during the Swedish-Russian War of 1495-97, when Patrikeyev-Kosoi was the commander of the Russian army that invaded Swedish-controlled Finland. No mention is made of them having any children, but this is a possibility that should not be discounted. There is a DNA research project currently underway to discover the roots of the Gediminid and Rurikid dynasties - see www.familytreedna.com/public/rurikid. Since Patrikeyev-Kosoi was a Gediminid prince, this project could discover his possible male descendants, if they exist. They would probably be found in Finland today, or among people whose families were in Finland in the late 15th century. The two modern Gediminid families that would be most closely related to Patrikeyev-Kosoi are the Kurakin (Courakin) and Golitsyn (Galitzine) families. Males of these two family lines are encouraged to take the DNA test in order to help solve this mystery.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patrikeyev, Vassian}}
[[Category:Politics of Muscovy]]
[[Category:Russian religious leaders]]
[[Category:Gediminids|Patrikeyev]]
[[Category:1470s births]]
[[Category:16th-century deaths]]

[[ru:Вассиан Патрикеев]]

Topal Osman Pascha

2009-06-15T05:40:46Z

DefaultsortBot: Added DEFAULTSORT to page (used a WikiProject banner's listas parameter on the talk page). Did I get it wrong?

{{Expert-portal|Biography|date=November 2008}}
{{For|the Twentieth Century Ottoman colonel|Topal Osman}}
'''Topal Osman Pasha''' (died 1733) was a [[Grand Vizier]] in the [[Ottoman Empire]]. Osman was born in [[Morea]] and was educated in the [[Seraglio]] at [[Constantinople]]. At the age of twenty-six he attained the rank of [[Beylerbeyi]]; and was sent on a mission to the Governor of [[Egypt]]. On the voyage his ship encountered a Spanish [[corsair]] and Osman was captured after a fight in the course of which he received a wound which lamed him for life, whence he obtained his name of Topal. He became Grand Vizier on [[September 21]], [[1731]]. Topal Osman was superseded in the Grand Vizierate in 1732. Before Topal Osman had been long in retirement, the military victories of the [[Iran|Persian]] army of [[Nader Shah]] made the sultan again require his services; and he was sent into Asia as generaIissimo of the Turkish armies in that continent, and was invested with almost unlimited powers. He marched to encounter Nader and on [[July 19]], 1733, defeated him in a pitched battle, near the banks of the [[Tigris]] close to [[Baghdad]]. The victory thus gained by Topal Osman on the Tigris, rescued Baghdad and he again defeated the Persians, near Leilan, in the same year. But in a third battle with Nader, near [[Kirkuk]], the Turks were routed; and Topal Osman himself died fighting sword in hand. His body was borne off the field by some of his attendants, and was afterwards brought for burial to Constantinople.

==References==
* Incorporates text from ''History of Ottoman Turks'' (1878)

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pasha, Topal Osman}}
[[Category:Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]

[[bs:Topal Osman-paša]]
[[fa:توپال عثمان پاشا]]
[[pl:Topal Osman Pasza]]
[[tr:Topal Osman Paşa]]

Kuyucu Murad Pascha

2009-06-15T05:36:41Z

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'''Kuyucu Murat Pasha''' ("Murad Pasha the [[Well-digger]]") was an [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] grand vizier during the reign of [[Ahmed I]] between [[December 9]] [[1606]] and [[August 5]] [[1611]]. His nickname derives from the harsh methods he has employed in order to suppress (and eventually put an end) to the [[Jelali Revolts]], which were an extension and a prolongation of [[Kizilbash]] Revolts that had started about a hundred years before him and which had created disastrous turmoil in Ottoman [[Anatolia]].

Information based on sources such as the contemporary Ottoman historians [[Ibrahim Peçevi]] and [[Mustafa Naima]], as well the [[Armenians|Armenian]] priest and chronicler [[Grigor of Kemah]] led later historians to arrive at estimates of between 50 to 150 thousand Anatolian Turks, rebels or otherwise, killed during Murat Pasha's office in his several campaigns against separate large rebel groups. The cited contemporary historians point that the wells that gave the Pasha his surname served to bury corpses, in very high numbers, of the executed.

Murat Pasha the Well-digger was, probably but not certainly of [[Croats|Croatian]] descent.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pasha, Kuyucu Murad}}
[[Category:Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire|Kuyucu Murad Pasha]]
[[Category:Pashas|Kuyucu Murad Pasha]]

{{Ottoman-stub}}

[[tr: Kuyucu Murat Paşa]]

John Ogonowski

2009-06-14T23:47:14Z

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{{refimprove|date=June 2006}}

'''John A. Ogonowski''' (February 24, 1949 – September 11, 2001) was a [[aviator|pilot]] and an agricultural activist. A resident of [[Dracut, Massachusetts]], Ogonowski was a leading figure on behalf of [[farming]] in Massachusetts, particularly for immigrant farmers from [[Cambodia]], whom he assisted as part of the [[New Entry Sustainable Farming Project]].

He went to a school at Keith Academy, Lowell. He was a pilot in the [[U. S. Air Force]] for seven years. From 1978 to the end of his life, Ogonowski flew airplanes for [[American Airlines]]. He died on September 11, 2001, when the airplane he was flying, [[American Airlines Flight 11]] was hijacked and crashed into the [[World Trade Center]].

It is believed that he was stabbed to death before the plane had crashed into the North Tower of the World Trade Center. Before dying, he managed to engage the aircraft's radio system to allow air traffic control to listen to the terrorists' conversations in the aircraft's cabin.

A remote controlled model aircraft flying field in nearby [[Tewksbury, Massachusetts]] has been dedicated to Captain Ogonowski.<ref>[http://www.495thsquadron.org/Fields.htm Captain John A. Ogonowski Memorial Model Flying Field" (Pinnacle Street) - Tewksbury, Massachusetts] at The 495th R/C Squadron </ref> An alumnus of the [[University of Massachusetts Lowell]], the institution posthumously presented him with an [[honorary doctorate]] at the 2003 commencement ceremony at [[Tsongas Arena]].

Ogonowski is survived by a wife and three daughters: wife Margaret and daughters Laura, Caroline, and Mary Katherine. His younger brother, [[Jim Ogonowski]], who is also an agricultural activist, made an unsuccessful run for the [[United States House of Representatives]] in 2007.
==References==
{{reflist}}
*[http://www.legacy.com/Sept11/Story.aspx?Page=Story&PersonID=91729 Captain John Ogonowski] at Legacy.com

{{US-activist-stub}}
{{paramilitary-action-stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ogonowski, John}}
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:2001 deaths]]
[[Category:Victims of the September 11 attacks]]
[[Category:Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents in the United States]]
[[Category:University of Massachusetts Lowell alumni]]
[[Category:People from Massachusetts]]
[[Category:American terrorism victims]]
[[Category:Terrorism deaths in New York]]

[[fr:John Ogonowski]]
[[pl:John Ogonowski]]

Ken Narita

2009-06-14T03:25:50Z

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{{otheruses4|the [[seiyū]]|the singer|Ken Narita (singer)}}
{{Infobox Actor
| name = Ken Narita
| image = Replace this image male.svg 
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birthname = Tsutomu Narita
| birthdate = {{Birth date and age|1964|05|18}}
| birthplace = [[Saitama Prefecture|Saitama]], [[Japan]]
| deathdate = 
| deathplace =
| othername =
| occupation = [[Seiyū]], [[actor]]
| yearsactive =
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| website = http://www.aksent.co.jp/Prof01.html#106
}}

'''{{nihongo|Ken Narita|成田剣|Narita Ken}}''' ([[May 18]], [[1964]] - ) is a [[Japan]]ese [[seiyū]] and [[actor]] from [[Saitama Prefecture]]. His real name is '''{{nihongo|Tsutomu Narita|成田勉|Narita Tsutomu}}'''. He is currently a [[freelancer]].

He is best known for his roles in ''[[Hikarian|Chō Tokkyū Hikarian]]'' (Hikari), ''[[InuYasha]]'' ([[Sesshomaru]]), the ''[[Angelique (Japanese series)|Angelique]]'' series (Arios), ''[[Code Geass]]'' ([[Jeremiah Gottwald]]), ''[[Le Chevalier D'Eon]]'' (Durand), and ''[[Magical Girl Lyrical Nanoha Strikers]]'' (Jail Scaglietti).

==Voice roles==
===Television animation===
*''[[All Purpose Cultural Cat Girl Nuku Nuku]]'' (Hell Mishima)
*''[[Arc the Lad (anime)|Arc the Lad]]'' (Kelbe)
*''[[Bleach (anime)|Bleach]]'' ([[Quincy (Bleach)#Known Quincy|Ryūken Ishida]])
*''[[Bobobo-bo Bo-bobo]]'' ([[Over's Castle villains#Puckered Lips|Ochoboguchi-kun]])
*''[[Code Geass]]'' ([[Jeremiah Gottwald]])
*''[[Detective Conan]]'' (Etoh, Muraki)
*''[[Dokkoider]]'' (Pierre)
*''[[E's Otherwise]]'' (Dr. Asakawa)
*''[[Eat-Man]]'' (Stow)
*''[[Eden's Bowy]]'' (Wietoo)
*''[[Elemental Gelade]]'' (Gladius)
*''[[Fancy Lala]]'' ([[Fancy Lala#Supporting cast|Komiyama]])
*''[[Fushigi Yūgi]]'' ([[Tetsuya Kajiwara (Fushigi Yūgi)|Tetsuya Kajiwara]])
*''[[Gakuen Heaven]]'' (Jin Matsuoka)
*''[[Ghost Hunt]]'' (Koujo Lin)
*''[[Goshūshō-sama Ninomiya-kun]]'' (Mikihiro Tsukimura)
*''[[I'm Gonna Be An Angel!]]'' (Kai)
*''[[InuYasha]]'' ([[Sesshomaru]])
*''[[Johnny Bravo]]'' (Johnny Bravo)
*''[[Shattered Angels|Kyōshirō to Towa no Sora]] (Kazuya Ayanokōji)
*''[[Le Chevalier D'Eon]]'' ([[Le Chevalier D'Eon#Main Characters|Durand]])
*''[[Loveless (manga)|Loveless]]'' ([[Loveless (manga)#Manga characters|Seimei Aoyagi]])
*''[[Magical Girl Lyrical Nanoha Strikers]]'' (Jail Scaglietti)
*''[[Naruto]] (Nanafushi)
*''[[Reborn!]]'' ([[List_of_Reborn! characters|Adult Reborn]])
*''[[Scrapped Princess]]'' (Lenard)
*''[[Shijō Saikyō no Deshi Kenichi]]'' ([[List of Shijō Saikyō no Deshi Kenichi characters#Odin|Odin]])
*''[[Skip Beat]]'' ([[Ren Tsuruga]])
*''[[Sonic X]]'' (Black Narcissus)
*''[[Toward the Terra]]'' (Glaive Murdock)

===OVA===
*''[[Wild Adapter#Executive Committee|Araiso Private High School Student Council Executive Committee]]'' (Matsumoto Takahisa)
*''[[All Purpose Cultural Cat Girl Nuku Nuku|All Purpose Cultural Cat Girl Nuku Nuku DASH!]]'' (Juuza Mishima)
*''[[Angelique (Japanese series)|Angelique]]'' (Arios)
*''[[Fushigi Yūgi]]'' ([[Tetsuya Kajiwara (Fushigi Yūgi)|Tetsuya Kajiwara]], Suzaku Seikun)
*''[[Fushigi Yūgi Eikoden]]'' ([[Tetsuya Kajiwara (Fushigi Yūgi)|Tetsuya Kajiwara]], fake Suzaku)

===Theater animation===
*''[[6 Angels]] (Mike)
*''[[InuYasha the Movie: Affections Touching Across Time]]'' ([[Sesshomaru]])
*''[[InuYasha the Movie: Fire on the Mystic Island]]'' ([[Sesshomaru]])
*''[[InuYasha the Movie: Swords of an Honorable Ruler]]'' ([[Sesshomaru]])
*''[[X (1996 film)|X/1999]]'' ([[Fūma Monou]])

===Video games===
*''[[Angelique (Japanese series)|Angelique]]'' series (Arios)
*''[[Elemental Gelade]]'' series (Gladius)
*''[[Phantom of Inferno]]'' (Scythe Master)
*''[[Super Robot Wars Alpha 3]]'' (Calico Macready)
*''[[Melty Blood]] Actress Again'' ([[Michael Roa Valdamjong]])

===Dubbing roles===
*''[[Criminal Minds]]'' (Charles)
*''[[Dark Angel (TV series)|Dark Angel]]'' (DVD edition) ([[Alec McDowell]])
*''[[Deep Rising]]'' (TV edition) (Mamooli)
*''[[Dragonheart]]'' (King Einon)
*''[[ER (TV series)|ER]]'' (Dennis Gant)
*''[[Good Will Hunting]]'' (Clark)
*''[[Mighty Morphin Power Rangers]]'' ([[Bulk and Skull|Skull]], [[Villains in Mighty Morphin Power Rangers#Baboo|Baboo]])
*''[[Open Water 2: Adrift]]'' (James)
*''[[Rome (TV series)|Rome]]'' ([[Marcus Junius Brutus (character of Rome)|Marcus Junius Brutus]])
*''[[Seinfeld]]'' (DVD edition) ([[Jerry Seinfeld (character)|Jerry Seinfeld]])
*''[[Third Watch]]'' ([[Bobby Caffey]])
*''[[Titanic (1997 film)|Titanic]]'' (Fabrizio De Rossi)

===Drama CDs===
*''[[Angel Sanctuary]]'' (Archangel Raphael)
*''[[Final Fantasy: Unlimited]]'' (Soljashy)
*''[[Loveless (manga)|Loveless]]'' ([[Loveless (manga)#Manga characters|Seimei Aoyagi]])
*''[[Skip Beat!]]'' (Ren Tsuruga)

==External links==
*[http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/people.php?id=285 Ken Narita] at the Anime News Network

{{Japan-voice-actor-stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Narita, Ken}}
[[Category:1964 births|Narita Ken]]
[[Category:Living people|Narita Ken]]
[[Category:Japanese voice actors]]

[[ja:成田剣]]
[[ar:كين ناريتا]]
[[es:Ken Narita]]
[[zh:成田劍]]

Muhyiddin

2009-06-14T00:47:59Z

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'''Muhyiddin''' (1673 - 1690) is the 14th [[Sultan of Brunei]] according to the Salasilah Raja-Raja Brunei. He was widely remembered for being the Sultan who ordered the creation of [[Salasilah Raja-Raja Brunei]].

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muhyiddin}}
[[Category:1673 births]]
[[Category:1690 deaths]]
[[Category:Sultans of Brunei]]

{{unreferenced|date=October 2007}}

{{Asia-royal-stub}}

Robert de Montbray

2009-06-14T00:28:21Z

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'''Robert de Mowbray''' (died 1125), a [[Normans|Norman]], was [[Earl of Northumbria]] from 1086, until 1095, when he was deposed for rebelling against [[William Rufus]], [[King of England]]. He was the son of Roger de Mowbray and nephew of [[Geoffrey de Montbray]], [[bishop of Coutances]]. The family name derives from Montbray in [[Manche]], [[Normandy]], Mowbray being a corruption of it.

==Earldom of Northumbria==
Robert was made Earl of Northumbria after [[Aubrey de Coucy]], the previous earl decided that he no longer wished to remain in his post. Aubrey was made earl in 1080 and, probably that same year, resigned his position and returned to [[Normandy]] losing all of the lands that he held in England. He was not replaced until Robert was appointed in 1086.
<ref name="Oxford DNB login">[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/19457?docPos=2 Oxford DNB login]</ref>

In 1088 Robert and his uncle, Geoffrey, sided with [[Robert, duke of Normandy]], in the [[Rebellion of 1088|rebellion]] against [[William Rufus]], and both were active militarily. The rebellion failed but the king subsequently pardoned them both, and Robert remained in his post as Earl of Northumbria.
<ref name="Oxford DNB login"/>

In November 1093 [[Malcolm III of Scotland]] invaded [[Northumbria]] for the second time since 1091, and attacked [[Alnwick]]. Robert de Mowbray raised an army and attacked the Scots taking them by surprise on November 13 (St Brice’s Day). In the ensuing conflict, known as the [[Battle of Alnwick (1093)|Battle of Alnwick]], Malcolm and his son Edward were slain. Earlier that same year Geofrey de Montbray died and Mowbray succeeded to his uncle's large estates, so becoming one of the most powerful barons in the kingdom.
<ref name="Oxford DNB login"/>

In 1095 Mowbray married Matilda, daughter of Richard de l'Aigle, and niece of Hugh d'Avranches, earl of Chester.
<ref name="England, Earls 1138-43">[http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/ENGLISH%20NOBILITY%20MEDIEVAL1.htm#_Toc188245698 England, Earls 1138-43]</ref>

==Rebellion and downfall==
In 1095 Mowbray took part in a rebellion which had for its object the transference of the crown from the sons of the [[William the Conqueror|Conqueror]] to [[Stephen of Aumale]]. It appears that there was a conspiracy that included several barons, but that when the time came for action most of the conspirators abandoned the scheme leaving Mowbray and his fellow conspirator [[William of Eu]] exposed. The incident that brought the matter to a head was Mowbray seizing four Norwegian vessels lying in the Tyne. The merchants who owned the vessels complained to the king and Mowbray was commanded to attend the ''[[Curia Regis]]'' to explain his actions. Mowbray did not attend and ignored further summonses, so that William finally led an army against him. Mowbray shut himself up in his stronghold, [[Bamburgh Castle]]. William laid siege to Bamburgh and built a temporary siege castle alongside it, known as ''Malvoisin'', or “evil neighbour”. For some reason, during the siege, Mowbray left the castle with a small force of knights and was pursued by his besiegers, being forced to take refuge in Tynemouth. After a siege of six days he was wounded in the leg, captured and was taken back to Bamburgh where his wife was still resisting the besiegers. She finally surrendered the castle after the besiegers threatened to blind her husband.
<ref name="Oxford DNB login"/>

==Imprisonment and death==
As a result of his part in the rebellion Mowbray forfeited his estates and was imprisoned for life, initially at [[Windsor Castle]]. He spent many years in prisons, “growing old without offspring”, according to the chronicler, [[Florence of Worcester]], and then was allowed to become a monk at [[St Albans Abbey]], according to another chronicler [[Orderic Vitalis]]. There is some doubt about the date of his death. On one hand it was claimed that he spent thirty years in prison, giving his date of death about 1125. However, [[William Dugdale]] claimed that Mowbray became a monk and died in 1106.
<ref name="England, Earls 1138-43"/>

Mowbray’s fellow conspirators, [[William of Eu]] and [[William of Aldrie]], received harsher punishment, William of Eu being castrated and blinded, and William of Aldrie being condemned to death.

==Legacy==
[[Orderic Vitalis]] gives the following description of Robert de Mowbray: "Powerful, rich, bold, fierce in war, haughty, he despised his equals and, swollen with vanity, disdained to obey his superiors. He was of great stature, strong, swarthy and hairy. Daring and crafty, stern and grim, he was given more to meditation than speech, and in conversation scarce ever smiled".
<ref name="Robert de Montbray@Everything2.com"/>

Mowbray's wife, Matilda, was granted an annulment of her marriage by [[Pope Paschal II]] and sometime after 1107, she became the wife of [[Nigel d'Aubigny]], who was also granted the lands in Montbray forfeited by her former husband. The couple remained childless and in 1118 d’Aubigny divorced Matilda and married Gundred de Gournay , daughter of Gerard de Gournay and Edith de Warenne. They had a son, Roger who inherited the estates originally forfeited by Robert Mowbray. On receiving his inheritance Roger changed his name to Mowbray at the instruction of [[Henry I of England|Henry I]]. Thus the name Mowbray was continued, but with no blood line from Robert de Mowbray.
<ref name="Robert de Montbray@Everything2.com">[http://everything2.com/index.pl?node=Robert%20de%20Montbray Robert de Montbray@Everything2.com]</ref>

==References==
*[[Edward Augustus Freeman]], ''William Rufus'', especially Appendices C. C. F. F. (Oxford, 1882).
*{{1911}}
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-reg|en}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Aubrey de Coucy]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Earl of Northumbria]]|years=1086-1095}}
{{s-aft|after= vacant, next held by
[[Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland]]}}
{{end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mowbray, Robert de}}
[[Category:11th-century births]]
[[Category:1125 deaths]]
[[Category:Anglo-Normans]]
[[Category:Earls in the Peerage of England|Northumbria, Robert de Mowbray]]
[[Category:Normans]]

[[fr:Robert de Montbray]]
[[no:Robert de Mowbray]]
[[ru:Мобрей, Роберт де]]

Momo (Tonga)

2009-06-13T21:35:13Z

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{{story|date=December 2007}}
'''Momo''' ''(meaning: crumb)'' was the 10th [[Tu'i Tonga|Tu{{okina}}i Tonga]], a dynasty of mighty kings in [[Tonga]], and lived somewhere in the 11th, maybe 12th century AD. He was named after one of the original gods of Tonga, a trio known as [[Kohai, Koau, mo Momo]]. It was under his reign that the [[Tu'i Tonga Empire|Tu{{okina}}i Tonga maritime empire]] started to blossom.

King Momo had his court in Heketā, near the village of [[Niutoua|Niutōua]] ''(doubly planted coconuttrees)'', so named because a red and a white palm grew from the same hole. His people were known as the Ha{{okina}}a-mene-{{okina}}uli ''(dirty bottoms tribe)'', because in order to honour him they had to keep their head lower than his, and thus shuffled around on their bottoms instead of their feet.

One day the king fell in love with a beautiful girl and sent his envoy, Leha{{okina}}uli, to her father, Lo{{okina}}au, the Tu{{okina}}i-Ha{{okina}}amea ''(Ha{{okina}}amea king)'' with the request to beg him for a [[yam]] for his plantation. Lo{{okina}}au understood the real meaning of the request and answered that he was unable to help as one yam was still immature and the other had already sprouted. He meant to say that his youngest daughter was still too young while his older daughter, named Nua, had already brought forth a child and was therefore an old woman. (Once a yam starts to sprout the tuber is no longer edible). Her husband was Ngongokilitoto from [[Malapo]], chief of the Ha{{okina}}angongo tribe.

Momo had to think for a moment, but next day he sent his envoy back to Lo{{okina}}au with the famous words: Fena kā ko Nua ''(sprouted, but still it is Nua)''. And so Lo{{okina}}au had to go to Malapo to ask Ngongokilitoto to give up his wife. It was hard as the two really loved each other, but they knew who was boss.
At last Nua became Momo's wife. Their son would be the greatest Tu{{okina}}i Tonga of that period, [[Tu'itatui|Tu{{okina}}itātui]]. And his elder stepbrother, Fasi{{okina}}apule, would later become a kind of governor.

It is not sure where Ha{{okina}}amea was located. Some claim the centre of [[Tongatapu]], near [[Matangiake]], in which case Lo{{okina}}au was only a minor prince. It is also possible that the name is a variant of Ha{{okina}}amoa ''([[Samoa|Sāmoa]])'', in which case Lo{{okina}}au was a mighty king too. Then this marriage may be a mythical way to tell about an alliance between Tonga and Sāmoa, and the start of the empire. An alliance which would only last one generation.
{{start box}}
{{succession box |title=[[Tu'i Tonga|Tu{{okina}}i Tonga]] |years=around 1100 |before= {{okina}}Afulunga |after=[[Tu'itatui|Tu{{okina}}itātui]]}}
{{end box}}
==References==
* I.C. Campbell; Classical Tongan kingship; 1989
* E. Bott; Tonga society at the time of Captain Cook's visit; 1982
* {{okina}}O. Māhina; Images from the history and culture of Tonga; 2006

{{DEFAULTSORT:Momo}}
[[Category:Tongan monarchs]]
[[Category:History of Tonga]]

[[to:Momo]]

Maud of Huntingdon

2009-06-13T15:17:10Z

DefaultsortBot: Added DEFAULTSORT to page (used a WikiProject banner's listas parameter on the talk page). Did I get it wrong?

{{unreferenced|date=September 2008}}
'''Maud of Northumbria''' (1074-1130), countess for the [[Earl of Huntingdon|Honour of Huntingdon]], was the daughter of [[Waltheof II, Earl of Northumbria]] and [[Judith of Lens]], the last of the major [[Anglo-Saxons|Anglo-Saxon]] earls to remain powerful after the [[Norman conquest of England]] in 1066. She inherited her father's [[Earl of Huntingdon|earldom of Huntingdon]] and married twice.

Her mother, Judith, refused to marry [[Simon I of St Liz, 1st Earl of Northampton]]. This refusal angered her uncle, King [[William I of England]], who confiscated Judith's estates after she fled the country. Instead her daughter Maud was married to Simon of St Liz in 1090. She had a number of children with St Liz including:

# [[Matilda of St Liz]] (Maud), married [[Robert FitzRichard]] and then [[Saer de Quincy, 1st Earl of Winchester]]..
# [[Simon II de St Liz, 4th Earl of Huntingdon and Northampton]].
# Saint [[Walteof de St Liz]] (1100 – bt 1159 - 1160).

Her first husband died in 1109 and Maud next married King [[David I of Scotland]] in 1113. From this marriage she had one son, [[Henry of Scotland, 3rd Earl of Huntingdon|Henry]].

The Scottish [[House of Dunkeld]] produced the remaining Earls of Huntingdon of the first creation of the title. She was succeeded to the Earldom of Huntingdon by her son Henry.

According to [[John of Fordun]], she died in 1130 and was buried at Scone, but she appears in a charter dated 1147.

==Depictions in fiction==
Maud of Huntingdon appears as a character in [[Elizabeth Chadwick]]'s novel ''The Winter Mantle'' (2003), as well as [[Alan Moore]]'s novel "[[Voices Of The Fire]]" (1995) and [[Nigel Tranter]]'s novel ''David the Prince'' (1980).

== External links ==
* {{findagrave|9457518|name=Matilda of Huntingdon (alternate name?)}}

{{start box}}
{{s-bef|rows=1|before=[[Waltheof, Earl of Northumbria|Waltheof]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Earl of Huntingdon]]|years=1076 - 1130}}
{{s-aft|rows=1|after=[[Henry of Scotland, 3rd Earl of Huntingdon|Henry of Scotland]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|rows=1|before=[[Sybilla de Normandy]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Queens of Scotland|Queen consort of Scotland]]|years=1124 - 1130}}
{{s-aft|rows=1|after=[[Ermengarde de Beaumont]]}}
{{end box}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maud, 2nd Countess of Huntingdon}}
[[Category:1074 births|Huntingdon, Maud, 2nd Countess of]]
[[Category:1130 deaths|Huntingdon, Maud, 2nd Countess of]]
[[Category:Earls in the Peerage of England]]
[[Category:Earls of Northumbria]]
[[Category:House of Dunkeld|Huntingdon, Maud, 2nd Countess of]]
[[Category:Scottish royal consorts]]
[[Category:Women of medieval England|Huntingdon, Maud, 2nd Countess of]]
[[Category:Women of medieval Scotland|Huntingdon, Maud, 2nd Countess of]]

[[es:Matilde de Senlis]]
[[gl:Maud de Northumbria]]
[[it:Maud di Northumbria]]
[[nl:Maud, Gravin van Huntingdon]]
[[ru:Матильда Хантингдонская]]

Abu Nasr Mansur

2009-06-13T12:01:37Z

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{{Infobox Scientist
|name = Abu Nasr Mansur
|birth_date = 970
|birth_place = [[Gīlān]]
|death_date = 1036
|death_place = [[Ghazni]]
|residence =
|citizenship =
|nationality =
|ethnicity =
|field = [[Astronomer]] [[Mathematician]]
|work_institutions =
|alma_mater =
|doctoral_advisor =
|doctoral_students =
|known_for = [[Trigonometry]] [[Law of sines]]
|author_abbrev_bot =
|author_abbrev_zoo =
|influences =
|influenced =
|prizes =
|footnotes =
|signature =
}}'''Abu Nasr Mansur ibn Ali ibn Iraq''' (c. 960 - 1036) was a was a [[Persian people|Persian]] <ref> Page 30 of
Al-biruni: Master Astronomer and Muslim Scholar of the Eleventh Century
by Bill Scheppler</ref> [[Mathematics in medieval Islam|Muslim mathematician]].<ref>Scheppler, Bill (2006) ''Al-biruni: Master Astronomer and Muslim Scholar of the Eleventh Century'' Rosen Publishing Group, New York, p. 30, ISBN 1-4042-0512-8</ref> He is well known for discovering the [[sine law]].

Abu Nasr Mansur was born in [[Gilan]], [[History of Iran|Persia]], to the ruling family of [[Khwarezm]], the "Banu [[Iraq]]". He was thus a prince within the political sphere. He was a student of [[Abū al-Wafā' al-Būzjānī|Abu'l-Wafa]] and a teacher of and also an important colleague of the mathematician, [[Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī|Al-Biruni]]. Together, they were responsible for great discoveries in mathematics and dedicated many works to one another.

Most of Abu Nasr's work focused on math, but some of his writings were on [[astronomy]]. In mathematics, he had many important writings on [[trigonometry]], which were developed from the writings of [[Ptolemy]]. He also preserved the writings of [[Menelaus of Alexandria]] and reworked many of the Greeks theorems.

He died in the [[Ghaznavid Empire]] (modern-day [[Afghanistan]]) near the city of [[Ghazna]].

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{MacTutor|id=Mansur|title=Abu Nasr Mansur ibn Ali ibn Iraq}}

{{Islamic mathematics}}

mc gug helps this situation as it helps it to gather its thoughts over the fact that it has not yet recovered over abu nasr mansur yet. it will become part of it and it will help it discover more than the fortunate would have ever hoped for.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mansur, Abu Nasr}}
[[Category:Islamic mathematics]]
[[Category:Islamic astronomy]]
[[Category:Persian mathematicians]]
[[Category:10th-century mathematicians]]
[[Category:11th-century mathematicians]]
[[Category:960 births]]
[[Category:1036 deaths]]

[[ar:منصور بن عراق]]
[[es:Abu Nasr Mansur]]
[[fr:Abu Nasr Mansur]]
[[id:Abu Nashr Mansur]]
[[ru:Ибн Ирак]]
[[sl:Abu Nasr Mansur]]

Antoni Łyko

2009-06-13T05:37:57Z

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'''Antoni Andrzej Łyko''' ([[27 May]] [[1907]] in [[Krakow]] – [[3 June]] [[1941]] in [[Auschwitz concentration camp]]) was a [[Poland|Polish]] footballer ([[striker]]) and a member of the [[Poland national football team]] for the [[1938 FIFA World Cup]]. However, he didn't actually travel to [[Strasbourg]] for the tournament. His club at that time was [[Wisła Kraków]]. He capped twice for Poland, with both games against [[Latvia national football team|Latvia]].{{ref|1}} Arrested by [[Gestapo]] on the streets of Krakow, was taken to [[Auschwitz]], where the Germans shot him in June 1941.

== Sources ==
*{{note|1}} Andrzej Gowarzewski : "Fuji Football Encyclopedia. History of the Polish National Team (1)White and Red " ;GiA Katowice 1991 [[ISBN 83-900227-1-5]]
{{Poland Squad 1938 World Cup}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lyko, Antoni}}
[[Category:1907 births]]
[[Category:1941 deaths]]
[[Category:Polish footballers]]
[[Category:Wisła Kraków players]]
[[Category:1938 FIFA World Cup players]]
[[Category:Poland international footballers]]
[[Category:Sportspeople who died in Nazi concentration camps]]
[[Category:Polish civilians killed in World War II]]
[[Category:Auschwitz concentration camp victims]]

{{Poland-footy-bio-stub}}

[[pl:Antoni Łyko]]

Lidia Poët

2009-06-12T23:54:08Z

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'''Lidia Poët''' (born 1855) was the first modern female [[Italy|Italian]] advocate. Her disbarring led to a movement to allow women to practice law and hold public office in Italy.

==Career==

Born in [[Pinerolo]] in 1855, she passed her examinations in jurisprudence at the University of [[Turin]] and received her degree on[[June 17]], [[1881]]. For the following two years, she "attended forensic practice" in the office of an advocate and assisted at the sessions of the tribunals. She then underwent the theoretical and practical examination of the Order of Advocates of Turin and, approved by 45 of 50 votes, was inscribed in the roll of advocates (''albo di avvocati'') in August 9, 1883.

However, the inscription of a woman on the roll "did not please" the office of the attorney general (procuratore general), who entered a complaint with the Court of Appeal of Turin. Despite rejoinders, arguments, and examples of women advocates in other countries (such as [[Clara S. Foltz]]), the attorney general argued that women were forbidden by law and public policy to enter the ''milizia togata''. The Court of Appeal subsequently found that the inscription of Signorina Poët was illegal. She then appealed to the Court of Cassation of Turin, but the decision of the court below was confirmed.

==Debate on women and the legal profession in Italy==

Public debate ensued, with 25 Italian newspapers supporting women's public roles and only three against. Those against made statements such as that the only men who supported women's public roles were themselves unmarried celibates. A teacher at the University of [[Padua]] named Taverni interviewed [[William Waldorf Astor]], and reported that the Minister said, "that the public opinion of the Americans was not in favor of the exercise of professions by women, inasmuch as the female physicians, lawyers, etc., practicing in America, do not belong either to the aristocracy of money or to that of intellect." However, Taverni himself favored public lives for women, as it would save the 250,000 unmarriageable Italian women who, if society did not give them a role, would spend their lives as nihilists.

All of this aside, the central questions came down to whether a husband would incur liability for his wife's practicing advocacy and whether in the construction of the statutes, the words in the masculine gender were meant to apply to men only.

==Later life==

Sources report that, for the rest of her life, Poët was active in the international women's movement.

Under Law n. 1176 of July 17, 1919, women were allowed to hold certain public offices. A year later, at the age of 65, Poët was finally inscribed in the role of advocates in Turin.

==Sources==

Ferd. Santoni de Sio, ''La Donna e l'Avvocatura,'' Rome, 1884 (2 voll.)

Montgomery H. Throop, "Woman and the Legal Profession," ''Albany Law Journal'' (Dec. 13, 1884), 464-67

Marino Raichich, "Liceo, università, professioni: un percorso difficile," in Simonetta Soldani, ed., ''L'educazione delle donne: Scuole e modelli di vita femminile nell'Italia dell'Ottocento'' (Milan, 1989), 151-53

Clara Bounous, ''La toga negata. Da Lidia Poët all’attuale realtà torinese'' (Pinerolo 1997)

James C. Albisetti, "Portia ante portas. Women and the Legal Profession in Europe, ca. 1870-1925," ''Journal of Social History'' (Summer, 2000), [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2005/is_4_33/ai_63699705 Link]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lidia Poet}}
[[Category:1855 births]]
[[Category:People from the Province of Turin]]
[[Category:Italian feminists]]
[[Category:Italian lawyers]]

Donald Kingsbury

2009-06-12T11:23:07Z

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'''Donald MacDonald Kingsbury''' (born [[12 February]] [[1929]] in [[San Francisco, California]]) is an [[United States|American]]–[[Canada|Canadian]] [[science fiction]] [[author]]. Kingsbury taught [[mathematics]] at [[McGill University]], [[Montreal]], from 1956 until his retirement in 1986.

== Bibliography ==
=== Books ===
* ''[[Courtship Rite]]''. New York : Simon and Schuster, 1982. ISBN 0-671-44033-0. (Nominated for [[Hugo Award for Best Novel|Hugo for Best Novel]] in 1983) (Won [[Compton Crook Award]]) Translated into [[French language|French]] as ''[[:fr:Parade nuptiale (roman)|Parade nuptiale]]'' and to Spanish as ''Ritos de Cortejo'' and to Dutch as ''Communiteiten''. Published in [[United Kingdom|UK]] as ''Geta''.
* ''[[The Moon Goddess and the Son]]''. New York : Baen Books, 1986. ISBN 0-671-55958-3. (Short version nominated for [[Hugo Award for Best Novella]] in 1980)
* ''[[Psychohistorical Crisis]]''. New York : Tor Books, 2001. ISBN 0765341956 . Translated into [[Spanish language|Spanish]] as ''Crisis psicohistórica''. (Winner, 2002 [[Prometheus Award]])
* ''The Finger Pointing Solward'' has been anxiously awaited ever since the publication of ''[[Courtship Rite]]''. Kingsbury has never quite finished the story, noting as far back as 1984 that he was still 'polishing' it (see interview with Robert Sawyer) and as recently as the Readercon biography notes in July 2006. Artist Donato Giancola placed a copy of the intended cover on his gallery page. In 1994, an excerpt was published as "The Cauldron".

=== Short fiction ===
* "Ghost Town", 1952.
* "Shipwright", [[Analog Science Fiction and Fact|''Analog'']], 1978.
* "To Bring in the Steel", ''Analog'', 1978.
*"The Survivor", ''[[Man-Kzin_Wars#The_stories|Man-Kzin Wars IV]]'', 1991.
* "The Cauldron", ''Northern Stars: The Anthology of Canadian Science Fiction'', 1994.
* "The Heroic Myth of Lieutenant Nora Argamentine", ''Man-Kzin Wars VI'', 1994.

==External links==
*[http://www.donaldkingsbury.com Donald Kingsbury]
*[http://www.sfwriter.com/egkingsb.htm Interview with Donald Kingsbury]
*{{isfdb name}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kingsbury, Donald}}
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Canadian science fiction writers]]
[[Category:People from San Francisco, California]]
[[Category:Canadian mathematicians]]
[[Category:McGill University faculty|Kings]]
[[Category:American expatriate academics in Canada]]
[[Category:Prometheus Award winning authors]]

{{Canada-writer-stub}}

[[fr:Donald Kingsbury]]
[[ht:Donald Kingsbury]]

Abdul Kahar

2009-06-12T01:47:39Z

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{{Infobox_Monarch | name = Abdul Kahar <br> عبد القهر
| title =[[List of Sultans of Brunei|Sultan]] of Brunei
| image =
| reign =[[1524]] - [[1530]]<br>''([[abdicated]])''
| coronation =
| predecessor =[[Bolkiah]]
| successor =[[Saiful Rijal]]
| heir =
| consort =
| issue =
| royal anthem =
| father =[[Bolkiah]]
| mother =
| date of birth =
| place of birth =[[Brunei]]
| date of death = {{death-date|1578|[[1578]]}}
| place of death =[[Brunei]]
| place of burial=
|}}

'''Sultan Abdul Kahar''' was the sixth sultan of Brunei, ruling from [[1524]] until stepping down from the throne on [[1530]] to allow his son to become Sultan. He died in [[1578]].

{{start box}}
{{succession box |
before= [[Bolkiah]] |
title= [[List of Sultans of Brunei|Sultan of Brunei]] |
years= 1524 AD-1530 AD |
after= [[ Saiful Rijal ]]
}}
{{end box}}
{{Asia-royal-stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kahar, Abdul}}
[[Category:1578 deaths]]

Sarah Jones (Schauspielerin, 1973)

2009-06-12T00:19:07Z

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: ''For other uses, see [[Sarah Jones (disambiguation)]].''

'''Sarah Jones''' (b. [[November 29]], [[1973]]) is a [[Tony Award|Tony]] and [[Obie Award]]-winning playwright, actress, and poet.
[[Image:SarahJones.jpg|thumb|right|150px|<div style="text-align: center;border:none">Sarah Jones</div>]]
Called "a master of the genre" by ''[[The New York Times]]'', Jones has written and performed four multi-character solo shows, including the critically acclaimed ''Bridge & Tunnel'', which was produced [[Off-Broadway]] in 2004 by Oscar-winner [[Meryl Streep]], and then on to Broadway in 2006 where it received a special Tony Award.<ref name="tony">[http://www.playbill.com/news/article/100236.html ''Playbill'' List of 2006 Tony Award Winners]</ref>

Jones was born in [[Baltimore, Maryland]] to an African American father and mother of mixed Euro-American and Caribbean descent. Her multicultural background and upbringing in [[Boston]], [[Washington DC]], and [[Queens, New York]], influenced her development into what ''[[The New Yorker]]'' termed a "multicultural mynah bird [who] lays our mongrel nation before us with gorgeous, pitch-perfect impersonations of the rarely heard or dramatized."<ref name="newyorker">[http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2004/03/08/040308crth_theatre?currentPage=2ref ''New Yorker'' Review of ''Bridge and Tunnel'']</ref>

Jones attended The [[United Nations International School]] and [[Bryn Mawr College]] where she was the recipient of the Mellon Minority Fellowship. She originally planned a career as a lawyer, but left college early and eventually found her way to the [[Nuyorican Poets Cafe]], NYC, where she began competing in poetry slams.

Her first solo show, ''Surface Transit'', debuted at the Nuyorican Poets Cafe in 1998. It featured monologues based on her poetry which she performed in character. After gaining the attention of feminist icon [[Gloria Steinem]] and human rights organization [[Equality Now]], Jones was commissioned by the organization to write and perform her next project, ''Women Can't Wait!'', to address discriminatory laws against women.<ref name="ms">[http://www.msmagazine.com/oct00/sjones.html ''Ms. Magazine'' Article On ''Women Can't Wait!'']</ref>

A second commission for the [[National Immigration Forum]] to raise awareness about immigrant rights issues yielded ''Waking the American Dream'', the solo show that became the basis for ''Bridge & Tunnel'', which set an Off-Broadway box office record during its six-month, sold-out run in New York in 2004.

In 2005, a commission from the [[W.K. Kellogg Foundation]] to raise awareness of ethnic and racial health disparities in the U.S. resulted in ''A Right to Care'', Jones' fourth solo piece, which premiered in 2005 at the Kellogg Foundation's 75th Anniversary conference alongside keynote speaker President [[Jimmy Carter]].

Jones recently returned to her UN School roots by becoming an Ambassador for UNICEF as its first ever Official Spokesperson on Violence Against Children, traveling and performing for audiences from Indonesia to Ethiopia, the Middle East and Japan.

A recipient of the 2007 Brendan Gill Prize, Jones has also received grants and commissions from The Ford Foundation, NYSCA, and others, as well as a Helen Hayes Award, two Drama Desk nominations, and HBO's US Comedy Arts Festival's Best One Person Show Award, and an NYCLU Calloway Award in recognition of Sarah as the first artist in history to sue the Federal Communications Commission for censorship. The lawsuit resulted in reversal of a censorship ruling, which had targeted her hip-hop poem recording “Your Revolution" in which she makes a powerful statement against sexual exploitation of women in [[hip hop]] music.

A regular uncensored guest on public radio, Jones has also made numerous TV appearances on programs including [[Charlie Rose]], [[The Today Show]], [[CBS Sunday Morning]], [[Live with Regis and Kelly]], and [[Sesame Street]] as ‘Ms. Noodle’ on Elmo’s World. Jones is currently at work on a commission for [[Lincoln Center Theater]] and is developing a feature based on her characters for [[HBO]] Films.

[[Punk rock]] band, [[Ten Foot Pole]] wrote a song about Sarah Jones on their fifth album, ''[[Bad Mother Trucker]]''.

==References==
<references/>
CV CB CBCB

==External links==
*[http://www.sarahjonesonline.com Official site]
*[http://www.americantheatrewing.org/downstagecenter/detail/sarah_jones Sarah Jones] - ''Downstage Center'' interview at [[American Theatre Wing|American Theatre Wing.org]]
* [http://www.ted.com/index.php/talks/sarah_jones_as_a_one_woman_global_village.html Ted Talk, Sarah Jones: One woman, eight hilarious characters]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jones, Sarah}}
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:African American actors]]
[[Category:American dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:American actors]]
[[Category:American poets]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Slam poets]]
[[Category:Bryn Mawr College alumni]]
[[Category:Feminist artists]]

Jiao Liuyang

2009-06-11T22:17:10Z

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{{chinese name|[[Jiao]]}}
{{MedalTableTop}}
{{MedalSport | Women's [[Swimming (sport)|Swimming]]}}
{{MedalCountry | {{CHN}} }}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Swimming at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver| [[2008 Summer Olympics|2008 Beijing]] | [[Swimming at the 2008 Summer Olympics - Women's 200 metre butterfly|200 m butterfly]]}}
{{MedalBottom}}
'''Jiao Liuyang''' (Simplified Chinese:焦刘洋, born [[August 6]], [[1991]] in [[Harbin]], [[Heilongjiang]]) is a female [[China|Chinese]] [[swimmer]], who competed at the [[2008 Summer Olympics]] and finished second in the 200 m butterfly at 2:04.72, behind her teammate [[Liu Zige]], who won the race in 2:04.18. Both girls were under the former world record held by Australia's [[Jessicah Schipper]] (2:05.40).

Before the Olympics, Jiao had competed at the 2007 World Swimming Championshps in Melbourne, where she was 4th in the 200 m butterfly (2:07.22).

==Major achievements==
*2005 National Games - 2nd 200 m fly (2:10.31);
*2006 Asian Championships - 1st 200 m fly (2:08.54)

==Records==
*2006 Asian Championships - (Tournament Record)

== Personal Bests ==
In long course
* 50m butterfly: 26.04 '''Asian, Chinese Record''' (April 11, 2009)<ref name="chinaview">{{cite news|title=Jiao Liuyang sweeps 3 butterfly titles with 2 Asian records |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-04/12/content_11171083.htm |publisher=www.chinaview.cn |accessdate=2009-04-20 |date=2009-04-12}}</ref>
* 100m butterfly: 57.16 '''Asian, Chinese Record''' (April 10, 2009)<ref name="chinaview"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}
*http://2008teamchina.olympic.cn/index.php/personview/personsen/792

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jiao, Liuyang}}
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Chinese swimmers]]
[[Category:Olympic swimmers of China]]
[[Category:Swimmers at the 2008 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic silver medalists for China]]

{{PRChina-swimming-bio-stub}}

[[nl:Jiao Liuyang]]
[[pl:Jiao Liuyang]]
[[zh:焦刘洋]]

David Hale (Diplomat)

2009-06-10T11:34:47Z

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{{otherpeople2|David Hale (disambiguation)}}
[[Image:David Hale.jpg|frame|right|David Hale,former U.S. Ambassador to Jordan]]
'''David Hale''' was sworn in as [[United States Ambassador to Jordan|United States Ambassador to the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan]] on [[November 2]], [[2005]].

Hale had been serving as [[Deputy Chief of Mission]] in [[Amman]] since July 2003 and as [[Chargé d'affaires]] since July 2004. Previously, he was the [[United States Department of State|State Department's]] Director of the Office of Israel and Palestinian Affairs, Deputy Chief of Mission at the U.S. Embassy in [[Beirut]], [[Lebanon]], and Executive Assistant to the [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]]. Previous tours were at the U.S. Mission to the [[United Nations]], Beirut, Amman, [[Manama]], and [[Dhahran]]. He has held several staff positions in the Department. Mr. Hale joined the [[United States Foreign Service|Foreign Service]] in 1984 and studied [[Arabic language|Arabic]] at the [[Foreign Service Institute]]'s Field School in [[Tunisia]]. He is a graduate of [[Georgetown University]]’s [[Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service|School of Foreign Service]] and a permanent resident of [[Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton]], [[New Jersey]]. He has received several honor awards.

==External links==
*[http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/biog/57516.htm United States Department of State: Biography of David Hale]

{{s-start}}
{{s-dip}}
{{succession box
| title = [[United States Ambassador to Jordan]]
| before = [[David M. Satterfield]]
| after = [[Robert S. Beecroft]]
| years = [[November 7]], [[2005]]-[[2008]]
}}
{{end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hale, David}}
[[Category:United States ambassadors to Jordan]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service alumni]]
{{US-gov-bio-stub}}

Joe Hahn

2009-06-10T11:17:01Z

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#REDIRECT [[Mr. Hahn]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hahn, Joe}}
[[Category:Possible cut-and-paste moves]]

Hedwig von Habsburg

2009-06-10T01:47:02Z

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'''Hedwig of Habsburg''' (d. 1285/86) was a daughter of [[Rudolph I of Germany]] and his first wife, [[Gertrude of Hohenburg]]. Hedwig was a member of the [[House of Habsburg]]. It is unknown when Hedwig was born, but it was probably between 1258 and 1261, due to the births of her two closest siblings.<ref>[http://translate.google.co.uk/translate?hl=en&sl=de&u=http://www.genealogie-mittelalter.de/habsburger/familie_der_habsburger.html&ei=tWodSoq8JteZjAfJ6MCWDQ&sa=X&oi=translate&resnum=7&ct=result&prev=/search%3Fq%3DHedwig%2Bvon%2Bhabsburg%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1T4HPEB_en-GBGB255GB256%26sa%3DX Habsburg Family]</ref>

== Family ==
The Habsburg family did not play much of a role in history until the time of Hedwig's father, Rudolph. The Habsburgs became more powerful when they became the ruling family of [[Germany]].

Hedwig was the seventh of nine children, borne to her father's marriage to Gertrude. Hedwig's brothers became powerful monarchs in [[Europe]]. Hedwig and her sister married powerful monarchs. Hedwig's surviving brothers were: [[Albert I of Germany]] and [[Rudolph II, Duke of Austria]]. Hedwig and all of her sisters lived to adulthood, they were: [[Matilda of Habsburg|Matilda, Duchess of Bavaria]], [[Katharine of Habsburg|Katharina]], [[Agnes of Habsburg|Agnes, Electress of Saxony]], [[Klementia of Habsburg|Klementia, Queen of Hungary]], [[Judith of Habsburg|Judith, Queen of Bohemia]].<ref>[http://genealogy.euweb.cz/habsburg/habsburg2.html Habsburg 2]</ref>

When Gertrude died 1281, Rudolph remarried, to [[Isabelle of Burgundy]]. Isabelle was younger than Hedwig and her siblings, apart from Judith; she was a year younger.

== Marriage ==
Rudolph wished to make peace with [[Bohemia]]. To do this he needed to marry some of his daughters of. Judith married [[Wenceslaus II of Bohemia|Wenceslaus]], son of [[Ottokar II of Bohemia]] and Hedwig was married to [[Otto VI, Margrave of Brandenburg]]. They couple married 1279, in [[Vienna]], [[Austria]].

The couple remained childless, but may have had a child who died young. Hedwig died 1285 or 1286. <ref>[http://roglo.eu/roglo?lang=en;i=114862 Hedwig von Habsburg]</ref>

==Ancestors==
<div style="clear: both; width: 100%; padding: 0; text-align: left; border: none;" class="NavFrame">
<div style="background: #ccddcc; text-align: center; border: 1px solid #667766" class="NavHead">'''Ancestors of Hedwig of Habsburg'''
</div>
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;">
<center>{{ahnentafel-compact5
|style=font-size: 90%; line-height: 110%;
|border=1
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|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
|1= 1. '''Hedwig of Habsburg'''
|2= 2. [[Rudolph I of Germany]]
|3= 3. [[Gertrude of Hohenburg]]
|4= 4. Albert IV of Habsburg
|5= 5. Heilwig of Kiburg
|6= 6. Burckhard V of Hohenburg
|7= 7. Mechtild of Tübingen
|8= 8. Rudolph II of Habsburg
|9= 9. Agnes of Staufen
|10= 10. Ulrich of Kiburg
|11= 11. Anna of Zähringen
|12= 12. Burckhard IV of Hohenburg
|13= 13. ?
|14= 14. Rudolph of Tüblingen
|15= 15. ?

}}</center>
</div></div>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gertrude of Hohenburg}}
[[Category:House of Habsburg]]
[[Category:Medieval women]]

David Fox (Spieleentwickler)

2009-06-09T08:24:45Z

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{{otherpeople}}
'''David Fox''' is a multimedia producer, best known for his early work on [[LucasArts]] games, most notably ''[[Zak McKracken and the Alien Mindbenders]]''. He and his wife, [[Annie Fox (author)|Annie Fox]], now work on educational software, Web design, [[Emotional Intelligence]] content, online community, emerging technologies, and writing books for children and teens.

== Early work ==
Fox is based in the [[San Francisco Bay Area]]. At age eleven, he made his first 8 mm cartoon using stacks of discarded [[Flintstones]] cels he found in the trash bins behind [[Hanna-Barbera]]. He studied engineering at [[University of California, Los Angeles|UCLA]] and Humanistic Psychology at [[California State University]] at Sonoma, where he received his bachelor's degree. Fox and his wife Annie co-founded [[Marin Computer Center]] in 1977 - the world’s first public-access microcomputer center. He co-authored the books Computer Animation Primer, Armchair BASIC, and Pascal Primer.

== LucasArts ==
His books led to him being hired as a founding member of the Games Division at [[Lucasfilm]] (now [[LucasArts]] Entertainment Company). Over the next ten years, he was the designer, project leader, and one of the programmers for the games ''[[Rescue on Fractalus!]]'', ''[[Labyrinth: The Computer Game|Labyrinth]]'', ''[[Zak McKracken and the Alien Mindbenders]]'' and ''[[Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade: The Graphic Adventure]]''. He also worked on ''[[Maniac Mansion]]'' as the primary script programmer. Fox was part of the memorable team that included [[Ron Gilbert]] and [[Noah Falstein]].

He spent his last two years at LucasArts as Manager of Entertainment Software on Mirage (a collaboration between LucasArts and [[Hughes Aircraft Corporation]]). This multi-player, networked location-based entertainment system was intended for theme parks, but like several early Lucasfilm projects of the time, was too advanced and hence too expensive for the market at that time.

== Talk City ==
After leaving LucasArts, Fox was a Senior Game Designer at [[Rocket Science Games]], then worked as a freelance consultant on several games. In 1996, he joined LiveWorld Inc./Talk City, an Internet community provider, as their Director of Kids and Entertainment Programming. During his four years at the company, he produced The InSite, a Web site for teen empowerment, and then became the Director of New Content.

In 2001, he returned to immersive gaming at Xulu Entertainment, producing their motion simulator project. Then he produced and designed a prototype of an educational game for Learning Friends under a grant from the [[William and Flora Hewlett Foundation]].

== Recent and current work ==
In the run-up to the [[Democratic Party (United States) presidential primaries, 2004|2004 Democratic primaries]], Fox was active on [[Howard Dean]]'s Media Team (responsible for [http://www.Switch2Dean.com Switch2Dean.com]) and built a [[blog]] for [[Simon & Schuster]] on Dean's book, ''Winning Back America''.

Since then, Fox has developed Web sites for authors [[David McCullough]] and [[Terry Gamble]], Alaska Federation of Natives and Marin Democrats, all with graphic designer [[Daniel Will-Harris]].

He is the Director of Production for [[NewsTrust]], a proposed citizen news rating service aiming to bring together experienced journalists and volunteer reviewers.

His interests include science fiction, good films, photography, video making, and taking long walks in the hills of [[Marin County]] with Annie (and with their dog, Vermont).

== See also ==
*[[LucasArts adventure games]]
*[[SCUMM]]
*[[ScummVM]]
*''[[Rescue on Fractalus!]]''
*''[[Maniac Mansion]]''
*''[[Zak McKracken and the Alien Mindbenders]]''
*''[[Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade: The Graphic Adventure]]''

==External links==
*[http://www.ElectricEggplant.com Electric Eggplant], Official Site
*[http://www.CartoonFreeAmerica.com Cartoon Free America]
*[http://www.NewsTrust.net NewsTrust]
*[http://www.laisladelmono.com.ar/cms/?q=node/70 David Fox at La Isla del Mono] (Spanish)
*[http://www.dadgum.com/halcyon/BOOK/FOX.HTM Interview with David Fox] about his work for Lucasfilm Games (from: [[James Hague]]: [[Halcyon Days (book)|''Halcyon Days: Interviews with Classic Computer and Video Game Programmers'']])

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fox, David}}
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[[fi:David Fox (multimediatuottaja)]]

Excessive Force

2009-06-09T07:26:24Z

DefaultsortBot: Added DEFAULTSORT to page (used a WikiProject banner's listas parameter on the talk page). Did I get it wrong?

{{about|music project|a film|Excessive Force (film)}}

{{Infobox Musical artist 
| Name = Excessive Force
| Img =
| Img_capt =
| Img_size =
| Landscape =
| Background = group_or_band
| Alias =
| Origin =
| Genre = [[Industrial music|Industrial]], [[Techno]]
| Years_active = 1991-1994
| Label =
| Associated_acts = [[KMFDM]], [[My Life With the Thrill Kill Kult]]
| URL =
| Current_members =
| Past_members =
}}

{{Inappropriate tone|date=February 2008}}

'''Excessive Force''' is a musical [[side project]] started in 1991 by [[Sascha Konietzko]] of [[KMFDM]] and [[Buzz McCoy]] of [[My Life With the Thrill Kill Kult]].

==History==

Excessive Force released the [[single (music)|single]], "[[Conquer Your House]]" in 1991, followed by the [[album]] ''[[Conquer Your World]]''. After this release, McCoy had no more involvement in Excessive Force, which went on to become exclusively a KMFDM side project. In 1993, Excessive Force released the single ''[[Blitzkrieg (single)|Blitzkrieg]]'' followed by the album ''[[Gentle Death]]''. The band is also credited with remixes on the KMFDM singles "[[Light (single)|Light]]" and "[[MDFMK (single)|MDFMK]]". The bulk of the vocals were done by club diva Liz Torres.

Konietzko initially dismissed the possibility of reforming Excessive Force referring to it as "a one off that turned into a two off." However in a recent radio interview he has discussed the possibility of collaborating with [[Andy LaPlegua]] of [[Combichrist]], [[Panzer AG]], and [[Icon of Coil]] on a new Excessive Force album. He also noted that there is a Canadian [[white supremacy|white supremacist]] band that uses the same name. <ref>[http://www.chaoscontrol.com/content_article.php?article=kmfdm2003 Chaos Control Digizine : KMFDM Interview]</ref> Excessive Force tracks are notable for their recycling of the same lyrical phrases, many of which are referenced in the 1996 KMFDM song "Power", such as "Education is work..", "Violent peace.." and "Conquer the world.." .{{Fact|date=April 2009}}

On September 13, 2007, KMFDM Records announced the re-release of the entire Excessive Force back catalog, slated for November 6, 2007. <ref>[http://www.kmfdmrecords.com/news/ KMFDM Records]</ref>

==Discography==
===Albums===
* ''[[Conquer Your World]]'' - 1991
* ''[[Gentle Death]]'' - 1993

===Singles===
* ''[[Conquer Your House]]'' - 1991
* ''[[Blitzkrieg (single)|Blitzkrieg]]'' - 1993

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{KMFDM}}

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Frances Reed Elliott

2009-06-08T20:38:18Z

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{{Infobox Person
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|birth_place = [[Knoxville]], [[Tennessee]], [[United States of America]]
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'''Frances Reed Elliot''' ([[1892]] - [[1965]]) was the first [[African American]] women accepted into the [[American Red Cross Nursing Service]], on July 2, 1918.<Ref> http://www.redcross.org/museum/pdfs/100dates.pdf </ref>

She was born in [[Knoxville]], [[Tennessee]] to her mother who was a plantation heiress and her father an African American farm worker. Orphaned at the age of six, she spent her early life in foster homes.

After graduating from [[Knoxville College]], she taught history, but decided to pursue a career in [[nursing]]. She graduated from the [[Freedmen's Hospital]] School of Nursing in 1913. Her first job was as a private-duty nurse. Later, she worked at [[Provident Hospital (Baltimore)|Provident Hospital]] in [[Baltimore, Maryland|Baltimore]], [[Maryland]], and completed additional courses at [[Columbia University]].<ref> Pitrone, Jean Maddern. ''Trailblazer; Negro nurse in the American Red Cross''. New York, Harcourt, Brace & World, 1969. 191 p.</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==See also==
{{nursingportal}}

{{portal| Biography | Crystal_personal.svg}}

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Abgar V.

2009-06-08T18:21:34Z

DefaultsortBot: Added DEFAULTSORT to page (used a WikiProject banner's listas parameter on the talk page). Did I get it wrong?

[[Image:Abgarwithimageofedessa10thcentury.jpg|250px|thumb|[[Icon]] of Abgar holding the ''[[mandylion]]'', the image of Christ ([[encaustic]], 10th century, [[Saint Catherine's Monastery]], [[Mount Sinai]]).]]
:''For the other historical kings Abgar of Osroene, see [[Osroene]]''.

'''Abgar V''' or '''Abgarus V of Edessa''' (4 BC - AD 7 and AD 13 - 50)  was a [[Assyrian/Chaldean/Syriac people|Syrian]] historical ruler of the kingdom of [[Osroene]], holding his capital at [[Edessa, Mesopotamia|Edessa]]. (Compare to the region that was referred to as [[Mesopotamia]]<ref>http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05282a.htm</ref> by the [[Greeks]] and Athur in the [[Old Testament]]). According to an ancient legend, he was converted to [[Christianity]] by [[Addai]]<ref name="herbermann">{{cite book |title=The Catholic Encyclopedia |last=Herbermann |first=Charles George |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1913 |publisher=Encyclopedia Press |location= |isbn= |pages=282}}</ref>, one of the [[Seventy-two Disciples]].

== The legend of King Abgar ==
Abgar was, according to Armenian tradition, the first Christian king in history, having been converted to the faith by the Apostle Thaddeus. Other accounts{{fact|date=January 2009}} regard this as mere legend, equating the Abgar in the story with the Syrian [[Abgar IX]], a late second-century convert to Christianity. [[Moses of Khoren]] suggests that the name of the legendary figure is a corruption of an individual's title: "…Because of his uncommon modesty and wisdom, and his old age, this Abgaros was given the title of Avag Hair (Senior Father). The Greeks and Assyrians, unable to articulate his name correctly, called him Abgar."<ref>{{cite web |title=Abgar, in Armenian History glossary |url=http://www.armenianhistory.info/abgar.htm |work=ArmenianHistory.info |accessdate=23 January 2009}}</ref>

The legend tells that Abgar, king of Edessa, afflicted with an incurable sickness, had heard the fame of the power and miracles of Jesus and wrote to him, acknowledging his divinity, craving his help, and offering him asylum in his own residence; the tradition states that Jesus wrote a letter declining to go, but promising that after his ascension, he would send one of his disciples, endowed with his power.

The 4th century church historian [[Eusebius of Caesarea|Eusebius, Bishop of Caesarea]], records a tradition<ref>In his ''[[Church History (Eusebius)|Historia Ecclesiastica]]'', I, xiii, ''ca'' AD 325.</ref> concerning a correspondence on this occasion, exchanged between Abgar of Edessa and Jesus. Eusebius was convinced that the original letters, written in Syriac, were kept in the archives of Edessa. Eusebius also states that in due course, namely [[Thaddeus of Edessa|Addai]] (called Addaï), or one of the seventy-two Disciples, called [[Thaddeus of Edessa]], was sent by [[Thomas the Apostle]] in AD 29. Eusebius copies the two letters into the text of his history.

The correspondence consisted of Abgar's letter and the answer dictated by Jesus. As the legend later expanded, a portrait of Jesus painted from life began to be mentioned. This portrait, purportedly painted by the court archivist Hannan during his visit to Jesus, is first mentioned in the [[Syriac]] text called the "[[Doctrine of Addai]]" (''or Doctrina Addai''; the name Addaei or Addaeus = Thaddaeus or Thaddeus), from the second half of the 4th century. Here it is said that the reply of Jesus was given not in writing, but orally, and that the event took place in 32 AD. This '' Teaching of Addai'' is also the earliest account of an image of Jesus painted from life, enshrined by the ailing King Abgar V in one of his palaces. [[Greek language|Greek]] forms of the legend are found in the ''Acta Thaddaei,'' the "Acts of Thaddaeus".

The story of the "letter to Abgar", including the portrait made by the court painter Hannan, is repeated, with some additions, in the mid-5th century ''History of the Armenians'' of [[Moses of Chorene]], who remarked that the portrait was preserved in Edessa.

The story was later elaborated further by the church historian [[Evagrius of Edessa|Evagrius]], [[List of bishops of Edessa|Bishop of Edessa]] (c. 536-600), who declared for the first time (as far as is known) that the image of Jesus was "divinely wrought," and "not made by human hands." In sum, the documented legend developed from no image in Eusebius, to an image painted by Hannan in "Addai" and Moses of Chorene, to a miraculously-appearing image not made by human hands in Evagrius.

This latter concept of an "image not made by hands" (''acheiropoietos'') formed the foundation on which the Eastern Orthodox doctrine of icons was later created in the 8th century. This doctrine held that Jesus made the first icon of himself by pressing a wet towel to his face, miraculously imprinting the cloth with his features — thus creating the prototype for all icons of Jesus, and an implied divine approval for their creation.

[[John of Damascus]], the leading architect of the church dogma favoring icons, specifically mentioned that Jesus "is said to have taken a piece of cloth and pressed it to his face, impressing on it the image of his face, which it keeps to this day" (''On the Divine Images I'').

The Abgar legend enjoyed great popularity in the East, and also in the West, during the Middle Ages: Jesus' letter was copied on parchment, inscribed in marble and metal, and used as a talisman or an amulet. Of this [[pseudepigraphy|pseudepigraphical]] correspondence, there survive not only a Syriac text, but an Armenian translation as well, two independent Greek versions, shorter than the Syriac, and several inscriptions on stone.

A curious legendary growth has arisen from this supposed event, with scholars disputing whether Abgar suffered from gout or from leprosy, whether the correspondence was on parchment or papyrus, and so forth.

Many scholars considered the letters spurious.<ref name="DGRBM">{{Citation
| last = Albany James
| first = Christie
| author-link = Albany James Christie
| contribution = Abgarus
| editor-last = Smith
| editor-first = William
| title = [[Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology]]
| volume = 1
| pages = 2
| publisher =
| place =
| year = 1867
| contribution-url = http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0011.html }}</ref> Most testimony of the 5th century, for instance [[Augustine of Hippo|Augustine]] and [[Jerome]], is to the effect that Jesus wrote nothing. The correspondence was rejected as [[apocryphal]] by [[Pope Gelasius I]] and a Roman synod (c. 495). Biblical scholars now generally believe that the letters were fabricated, probably in the 3rd century AD, and "planted" where Eusebius eventually found them. Another theory is that the story was fabricated by [[Abgar IX of Osroene]], during whose reign the kingdom became Christianized, as a way of legitimizing its religious conversion.

The text of the letter varies. The less available variant, transcribed from the ''Doctrina Addaei'', and printed in the ''Catholic Encyclopedia'' 1908, is:

:"Abgar Ouchama to Jesus, the Good Physician Who has appeared in the country of Jerusalem, greeting:

:"I have heard of Thee, and of Thy healing; that Thou dost not use medicines or roots, but by Thy word openest (the eyes) of the blind, makest the lame to walk, cleansest the lepers, makest the deaf to hear; how by Thy word (also) Thou healest (sick) spirits and those who are tormented with lunatic demons, and how, again, Thou raisest the dead to life. And, learning the wonders that Thou doest, it was borne in upon me that (of two things, one): either Thou hast come down from heaven, or else Thou art the Son of God, who bringest all these things to pass. Wherefore I write to Thee, and pray that thou wilt come to me, who adore Thee, and heal all the ill that I suffer, according to the faith I have in Thee. I also learn that the Jews murmur against Thee, and persecute Thee, that they seek to crucify Thee, and to destroy Thee. I possess but one small city, but it is beautiful, and large enough for us two to live in peace."

The ''Doctrina'' then continues:

:When Jesus had received the letter, in the house of the high priest of the Jews, He said to Hannan<sup>†</sup>, the secretary, "Go thou, and say to thy master, who hath sent thee to Me: 'Happy art thou who hast believed in Me, not having seen Me, for it is written of Me that those who shall see Me shall not believe in Me, and that those who shall not see Me shall believe in Me. As to that which thou hast written, that I should come to thee, (behold) all that for which I was sent here below is finished, and I ascend again to My Father who sent Me, and when I shall have ascended to Him I will send thee one of My disciples, who shall heal all thy sufferings, and shall give (thee) health again, and shall convert all who are with thee unto life eternal. And thy city shall be blessed forever, and the enemy shall never overcome it.'"

(†According to Eusebius, Jesus himself wrote the letter; nothing is mentioned of his having dictated it to Hannan.)

The [[Nuttall Encyclopaedia]] attributes the legend to a king [[Ab'gar XIV]] of Edessa.

After the ascension of God, [[Thomas the Apostle]] - the one of the 'twelve ones' sent from there the one of the 'seventy ones'- Thaddeus to Edessa to heal Abgar and praise the Word of God. Thaddeus,finding himself in Edessa, stepped in a house of some Tubiya- a jewish nobleman,they say from the kin of [[Bagratuni]],who once skulked himself from Arsham and did not renounced from Jewdaism as the rest of them, but remained faithful to its laws until won't believe in Jesus.The news about Thaddeus flew around the town at speed of light.Hearing that Abgar said - ''This is the one Jesus wrote about'' and called him to audience at once.Scaresely had he steppped in, a glorious vision came to Abgar to his face, and raising up from his throne he fell down to his knees and bowed to him. And all the presenting noblemen were astonished as they saw this glorious visions. And told him Abgar - ''Are you really the one of the disciples of the blessed Jesus whom He promised to send and can you heal me from my illness?''. And Thaddeus answered him - ''The desire of your heart will come true if you come to believe in Jesus Christ Son of God''. And Abgar told him then - ''I came to believe in Him and the Father of His.That is why I wished to come with my army and uproot the jews who crussified him but was stopped by roman authorities''. After those words Thaddeus begun blessing him and his town and putting his hand on him cured him and the victim of gout Abdia, the ruler of the town respectful in the kings house. Also he cured all those needed and illed in town. And everyone came to believe and Abgar was baptized as well as all the town. They closed the doors to cathedrals of the idols and shut their images standing on an altar with reed. Although no one obliged anyone to accept the faith, the toll of the believers grew with every passing day. The apostle Thaddeus baptizes some master of silken hats and giving him the name [[Addai]] appoints him as a spiritual head of Edessa and lefts him there with a king instead of himself. He,in his turn, taking a deed in which it was told to everyone to hark to the Gospel of Christ, arrives to [[Sanatruk]] king's sister's son who ruled the country of Armenia and its army.

==Liturgical use of the letter of Abgar==
The quotations paraphrasing the Gospels are actually from the famous concordance of [[Tatian]], the ''[[Diatessaron]]'', itself compiled in the 2nd century.<ref>Cross, F. L., ed. ''The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church''. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005</ref> The legend could not be older than the 3rd century.

In addition to the importance it attained in the apocryphal cycle, the correspondence of King Abgar also gained a place in liturgy for some time. The decree, ''De libris non recipiendis'' ("Books not to be received"), traditionally attributed to [[Pope Gelasius I]], places the letter among the [[apocrypha]]. That in itself may be an indication of its having been interpolated among the officially sanctioned lessons of the liturgy of some churches. The Syrian liturgies commemorate the correspondence of Abgar during Lent. The Celtic liturgy appears to have attached importance to the legend; the ''Liber Hymnorum'', a manuscript preserved at Trinity College, Dublin (E. 4, 2), gives two collects on the lines of the letter to Abgar. It is even possible that this letter, followed by various prayers, may have formed a minor liturgical office in some Catholic churches.

==True images==
The account given by Thaddeus/Addai contains a detail that may be briefly referred to. Hannan, who wrote at Jesus' dictation, was archivist at Edessa and painter to King Abgar. He had been charged to paint a portrait of Jesus Christ, and brought to Edessa an icon that became an object of general veneration, and that was eventually said to have been painted (or created miraculously) by Jesus himself. Like the letter, the iconic portrait was destined be the nucleus of a legendary growth; the "Holy Face of Edessa" was chiefly famous in the Byzantine world, where the legend of the Edessa portrait forms part of the subject of the iconography of Christ, and also of the pictures of miraculous origin called ''acheiropoietoe'' ("made without hands") both in the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] and, in the West where the tradition is associated with [[St. Veronica]] and [[Veronica's Veil]] and the [[Shroud of Turin]].

==Christian legacy==
Abgar is counted as saint, with feasts on [[May 11]] and [[October 28]] in the Eastern Orthodox Church, [[August 1]] in the [[Syrian Church]], and daily in the Mass of the [[Armenian Apostolic Church]].

==See also==
*[[Christian mythology]]

== References ==
<references/>
{{Wikisource1911Enc|Abgar}}
{{Wikisource|The suppressed Gospels and Epistles of the original New Testament of Jesus the Christ/Chapter 6|Christ and Abgarus}}
*{{1911}}
*[[Walter Bauer]], ''Orthodoxy and Heresy in Earliest Christianity'', 1934, (in English 1971): [http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~humm/Resources/Bauer/bauer01.htm#FN1 On-line text]
*Robert Eisenman, ''James the Brother of Jesus'' 1997 (Viking Penguin), especially ch. 24 "Judas the brother of Jesus" and the section "Thaddeus, Judas Thomas and the conversion of the [[Edessa, Mesopotamia|Osrhoeans]]", pp 189ff.
*Ian Wilson, ''Holy faces, secret places'' 1991
*Robert Eisenman, ''James the Brother of Jesus'' 1997, especially ch. 24 "Judas the brother of James and the conversion of King Agbar"
*[[Frederick George Holweck|Holweck, F. G.]], ''A Biographical Dictionary of the Saints''. St. Louis, MO: B. Herder Book Co., 1924.

==External links==
*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01042c.htm Catholic Encyclopedia -- Legend of Abgar]
*[http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/ANF-08/anf08-103.htm Ante-Nicene Fathers, vol. VIII:] ''Acts of the Holy Apostle Thaddeus, One of the Twelve''
*[http://www.comparative-religion.com/christianity/apocrypha/new-testament-apocrypha/1/1.php ''Epistle of Jesus Christ to Abgarus King of Edessa''] from Eusebius
*[http://syrcom.cua.edu/Hugoye/Vol6No2/HV6N2Griffith.html The Doctrina Addai as a Paradigm of Christian Thought in Edessa in the Fifth Century, by Sidney H. Griffith, Institute of Christian Oriental Research, Catholic University of America]
*[http://www.haefely.info/christliche-ikonographie/abgar-m%FCnze.jpg An image: King Abgar V of Edessa] 

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[[am:5ኛው አብጋር]]
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Ealdred II. (Bamburgh)

2009-06-08T17:39:16Z

DefaultsortBot: Added DEFAULTSORT to page (used a WikiProject banner's listas parameter on the talk page). Did I get it wrong?

'''Ealdred''' was Earl of [[Bernicia]] from 1020/25 until his murder in 1038. He was the son of [[Uchtred the Bold|Uhtred, Earl of Northumbria]], who was murdered by Thurbrand the Hold in 1016 with the connivance of [[Canute the Great|Canute]]. Ealdred's mother was Ecgfrida, daughter of [[Aldhun of Durham|Aldhun]], bishop of [[Bishop of Durham|Durham]].

Ealdred succeeded his uncle [[Eadwulf Cudel of Bernicia|Eadwulf Cudel]] as Earl of Bernicia in 1020/25, and some time probably in the mid 1020s he killed Thurbrand in revenge for his father's death. In 1038 Ealdred was murdered by Thurbrand's son, Carl. He was succeeded as Earl of Bernicia by his brother, another [[Eadwulf, Earl of Bernicia|Eadwulf]], who was murdered by King [[Harthacanute]] in 1041.

Ealdred's daughter, Aelfflaed, was the first wife of [[Siward, Earl of Northumbria]] and her son, and Ealdred's grandson, was [[Waltheof, Earl of Northumbria]].

==Sources==
*Fletcher, Richard. ''Bloodfeud: Murder and Revenge in Anglo-Saxon England''. [[Allen Lane]] 2002.

{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Eadwulf Cudel of Bernicia|Eadulf II]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of monarchs of Northumbria|Earl of Bernicia]]|years=1019–1038}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Eadulf III of Bernicia|Eadulf III]]}}
{{end}}

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Benutzer:Ernst aus Freiburg/Martin Dougiamas

2009-06-08T13:52:54Z

DefaultsortBot: Added DEFAULTSORT to page (used a WikiProject banner's listas parameter on the talk page). Did I get it wrong?

{{Infobox Person
| name = Martin Dougiamas
| image = Martin Dougiamas.jpg
| website = http://dougiamas.com
| birth_date = August, 1969
}}

'''Martin Dougiamas''' (born August 1969), lives in [[Perth, Western Australia|Perth]] [[Australia]] and is a prominent [[educator]] and [[computer scientist]] with postgraduate degrees in Computer Science and Education. His work has made a significant impact on the implementation of [[Constructivism (learning theory)|constructivist]] models of teaching and learning online with [[Moodle]], a [[Course Management System]].

His current research interests and inspiration are the application of social constructionist referents and networking to Internet technology, and the methodologies and practices of open-source software development.

== Early years ==
Started work in 1986 on early Internet and web applications at [[Curtin University]], [[Australia]], now a notable alumnus.

== Research and Theories ==
Dougiamas's PhD thesis is entitled "The use of Open Source software to support a social constructionist epistemology of teaching and learning within Internet-based communities of reflective inquiry" <ref>PhD Thesis [http://dougiamas.com/thesis/]</ref>. He says that his development work on a free open source content management system originally came out of frustration with the existing commercial software that was currently in use; scratching this "itch" (in [[Eric Raymond]]'s terms) developed into [[Moodle]]. He is still a lead developer of the [http://Moodle.org Moodle.Org] community and Executive Director of [http://moodle.com Moodle Pty Ltd].

== Influence ==
A significant proponent and keynote speaker at conferences of [[constructivism (learning theory)|constructivism]], especially in view of the clash between Internet web2.0 technologies, learning theory and ICT in the classroom. [http://www.rsc-london.ac.uk/845/] [http://www.vitta.org.au/conference/2006/] [http://moodlesydney2006.wordpress.com/] His software and findings now underpin the current models of learning on line is currently used by the [[Open University]] and many other educational institutions. His open source software has been adopted by over 40.000 sites worldwide and translated into over 70 language versions. <ref>Moodle site report [http://moodle.org/sites]</ref> Currently an advisory group member of [http://exelearning.org/ eXe International], developing free authoring applications to help teachers and academics publish web content without the need to become proficient in [[HTML]] or [[XML]] markup code.

== Patent Office claim ==
Martin successfully worked to help rally the US Patent Office to revoke a patent claim "Internet-based education support system and methods" (U.S. 6988138) submitted by Blackboard. Specifically, the patent describes an Internet system in which different access rights to various course management resources can be granted to different users. [http://biz.yahoo.com/prnews/061130/nyth100.html?.v=72]

He has been called by Brent Simpson ''"one of the rare instances in Open Source software development where the right person with the right personality appears at the exactly the right time; Martin Dougiamas is the [[Linus Torvalds]] of the LMS world and his software is the Linux of this software."'' <ref>Brent Simpson (2004) Newped [http://web.archive.org/web/20041020022716/blog.cfdl.auckland.ac.nz/archives/brent/2004_10.html]</ref>

== Writings ==
* Taylor, P.C., Maor, D. & Dougiamas, M. (2001) Monitoring the Development of a Professional Community of Reflective Inquiry via the World Wide Web, Teaching and Learning Forum 2001, Curtin University of Technology, February 2001
* Dougiamas, M. and Taylor, P.C. (2000) Improving the effectiveness of tools for Internet-based education, Teaching and Learning Forum 2000, Curtin University of Technology.
* Fairholme, E., Dougiamas, M. and Dreher, H. (2000) Using on-line journals to stimulate reflective thinking, Teaching and Learning Forum 2000, Curtin University of Technology.
* Dougiamas, M. (1992) Data-Driven Reconstruction of Planar Surfaces from Range Images, Computer Science Honours Dissertation, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Australia.

== References ==
<references/>

== External links ==
* [http://dougiamas.com Writings, research papers and home page]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dougiamas, Martin}}
[[Category:Australian computer scientists|Martin Dougiamas]]

[[no:Martin Dougiamas]]
[[pt:Martin Dougiamas]]
[[vi:Martin Dougiamas]]

Almucs de Castelnau

2009-06-07T11:46:16Z

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{{tocright}}
'''Almucs de Castelnau''' or '''Castelnou''' (c. 1140 – bef. 1184) was a [[trobairitz]], that is a female [[troubadour]], from a town near [[Avignon]] in [[Provence]]. Her name is also spelled ''Almuc'', ''Amucs'', ''Almois'', ''Almurs'', or ''Almirs''.

Almucs' only surviving work is a [[Tenso|poetic exchange]] with [[Iseut de Capio]], another trobairitz. The song is presented in the [[chansonnier]]s intermixed with a long ''[[razo]]''. It tells how Iseut begged Almucs de Castelnau to pardon Gigo (Gui), lord of [[Tournon-sur-Rhône|Tournon]] (Tornon) in the [[Vivarais]], Iseut's knight, who had committed "a great fault" against Almucs. Gigo, however, neither repented nor sought forgiveness, and so Almucs responded to Iseut in a ''cobla'' of her own. This exchange has been dated to around 1190. Almucs is also mentioned (''...dompna nal murs...'') in the poem ''Ia de chan'' by fellow trobairitz [[Castelloza]].

==Identification==
===Almodis de Caseneuve===
Almucs may be identified with a certain Almodis of Caseneuve not far from Avignon and near also to [[Les Chapelins]], possibly the home of Iseut de Capio. Chronologically, Almodis and Almucs would have been contemporaries and the lords of Caseneuve have documented relationships with other troubadours. Almodis was the second wife of Guiraut I de Simiane, who also ruled [[Apt]] and [[Gordes]]. She gave him fours sons, including [[Raimbout d'Agould]], the second eldest, who, in 1173, accompanied his father on [[Crusade]]. Since Raimbout must have been of sufficient age at the time to undergo a long and arduous journey and Guiraut's first wife had died in 1151, the marriage of Almodis must be placed between that date and approximately 1161 (assuming that the eldest son would have to have been at least twelve at the time of the Crusade). Bogin suggests that a widower like Guiraut would have quickly remarried and that Almodis was therefore probably not born much later than 1140.

If the Guiraut de Simiane mentioned in documents of 1113 and 1120 is the same as Almodis' husband, it is probable that he went on Crusade with the hope of dying in the East. In 1150 Guiraut witnessed the will of Tibors de Sarenom, the mother of [[Raimbaut d'Aurenga]]. In 1184 Raimbout d'Agould made a donation to the [[Abbey of Sénanque]] in the name of his parents, who were presumably dead. Raimbout is subsequently mentioned frequently by [[Gaucelm Faidit]] as ''N'Agout''.

===Wife of Guigo de Randon===
It is possible that Almucs was the wife of Guigo de Castelnou de Randon, who flourished around 1200.

==Sources==
<div class="references-small">
*Bogin, Meg (1976). ''The Women Troubadours''. Scarborough: Paddington. <small>ISBN 0 8467 0113 8.</small>
*Bruckner, Matilda Tomaryn; Shepard, Laurie; and White, Sarah (1995). ''Songs of the Women Troubadours''. New York: Garland Publishing. <small>ISBN 0 8153 0817 5.</small>
</div>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Castelnau, Almucs de}}
[[Category:1140s births]]
[[Category:People from Provence]]
[[Category:Women of medieval France]]
[[Category:12th-century women writers]]
[[Category:12th-century French writers]]
[[Category:Medieval poets]]
[[Category:Occitan poets]]
[[Category:Trobairitz]]
[[Category:Troubadours]]

[[ca:Almucs de Castelnau]]
[[fr:Almucs de Castelnou]]
[[oc:Almucs de Castelnòu]]

David W. Bradley

2009-05-29T22:52:43Z

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'''David W. Bradley''' is a [[Video game|computer game]] [[game designer|designer]] and [[game programmer|programmer]]. He is most famous for his [[computer role-playing game|role-playing game]]s, including several titles in the ''[[Wizardry]]'' series.

Among his game designs are three ''[[Wizardry]]'' titles for [[Sir-Tech]] (5, 6, and 7) and the action game ''[[Cybermage|CyberMage]]'' for [[Origin Systems]]. In 1995, Bradley founded his own company, [[Heuristic Park]]. Heuristic Park released ''[[Wizards & Warriors]]'' in 2000 and ''[[Dungeon Lords]]'' in 2005. Also, a sequel to Dungeon Lords, entitled [[Dungeon Lords: The Orb and the Oracle]], is currently being designed by Bradley, and is expected to be released Summer 2009.

== External links ==
*[http://www.mobygames.com/developer/sheet/view/developerId,6263/ David W. Bradley's profile] at [[MobyGames]]

{{videogame-bio-stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bradley, David W.}}
[[Category:Video game designers]]
[[Category:Video game programmers]]

Wladimir Ossipowitsch Bogomolow

2009-05-29T19:56:44Z

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{{citations|date=December 2008}}
'''Vladimir Bogomolov''' ({{lang-ru|Владимир Осипович Богомолов}}; [[July 3]] [[1926]] in Kirillovka village, [[Moscow region]] — [[30 December]] [[2003]] in [[Moscow]]) was a [[Soviet]] writer.

When Bogomolov was still in school the Soviet Union was drawn into [[World War II]]. He joined the Army after completing only seven grades. He started the war as a private; when the war was over, he had a company under his command. He was wounded and was awarded several medals during his active duty. He continued his military service until 1950 in the army intelligence in [[East Germany]]. In 1950 — 1951, he spent 13 months in jail without being formally charged. He retired in 1952. He graduated from the Department of Journalism of the Higher School of the [[Communist Party]] of the Soviet Union. One of his early short stories, "Ivan," ("Иван," 1957) was adapted to screen
as ''[[My Name is Ivan]]'' (''Иваново детство'', 1962) by [[Andrei Tarkovsky]].

His most famous novel is ''In the August of '44'' (a.k.a. ''The Moment of Truth'', 1973), which tells the story of [[SMERSH]] operatives that followed the frontlines, restored order, and eliminated suspected marauders and saboteurs. It is partly told through pseudo-authentic military correspondence and documents: orders, circulars, telegrams, and reports.{{fact|date=December 2008}} The novel saw over a hundred editions, was translated into multiple languages, and was made into a film twice.{{fact|date=December 2008}}

==External links==
*{{en icon}} [http://russia-ic.com/culture_art/literature/408/ Biography of Vladimir Bogomolov]
*{{ru icon}} [http://lib.ru/PROZA/BOGOMOLOW/ Biography of Vladimir Bogomolov]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bogomolov, Vladimir}}
[[Category:Russian writers|Bogomolov]]
[[Category:Soviet writers|Bogomolov]]

[[be:Уладзімір Багамолаў]]
[[es:Vladímir Bogomólov]]
[[ru:Богомолов, Владимир Осипович]]
[[sk:Vladimir Osipovič Bogomolov]]

Birmingham 6

2009-05-29T13:21:14Z

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'''Birmingham 6''' is a [[Denmark|Danish]] [[electro-industrial]]/[[electronic body music|EBM]] group founded in [[1991]] and named after the [[Birmingham Six]], a group of [[Ireland|Irish]] men mistakenly imprisoned for the [[Birmingham pub bombings]]. Members include Kim Løhde Petersen and Michael Hillerup.

They took on the name as they focused on injustices worldwide, but particularly in western democratic society. Their lyrics have often been controversial and some radio stations have banned airplay of their songs, while other groups refused to be associated with them. They released their first album, ''Mindhallucination'' in [[1994]] and ''Assassinate'' in [[1995]], followed by ''Error of Judgement'' in [[1996]] and finally ''Resurrection'' in [[1999]].

7 tracks on the album ''Error of Judgement'' were sung by [[Jean-Luc de Meyer]], better known as a member of [[Front 242]].

Birmingham 6 also released as a single a cover of "Godlike" by [[KMFDM]].

In 1997 they embarked on a 5 week coast to coast U.S. Tour together with Seattle act RORSCHACH TEST. Due to poor Tour organisation vocalist and original member Kim Løhde Petersen leaves the band after only 4 shows.

Unable to perform the remaining shows on the tour without Kim, the band breaks up the tour, and returns to Denmark in a state of bankruptcy.

As a tribute to the Danish [[Club Metropolis]], Kim Løhde Petersen and Michael Hillerup reunited for one night to play live at the club's 10 years anniversary party on March 7th [[2003]]. The concert also featured [[Diary of Dreams]].

In October [[2008]] Birmingham 6 performed at ''12. Electrisch Festival'' in Zwickau, Germany. As a result of the festival the german label Black Rain released the live compilation ''12. Electrisch Festival'' on 17.th of December [[2008]]. This festival also featured ''Absolute Body Control'' and ''Tyske ludder''. The Birmingham 6 tracks featured on the live compilation are [[You cannot walk here]] and [[Godlike]] by [[KMFDM]].

[[2009]] marks the official return of Birmingham 6 to both the stage and recording industry.

Birmingham 6 has written several songs questioning governmental systems and their unwillingness to admit their own fallibility. ''Israel'' talks about the issues between the [[Palestinians]] and the [[Jew]]s. ''Contagious'' discusses [[AIDS]] and ''Who Do You Love?'' points out the difficulty in telling good from evil. The song ''6794700'' describes some hypocritical church views on abortion. ''Love Child'' describes how the tourism agency in [[Thailand]] helps western travel agencies fulfill certain men's desire for an underage prostitute.

The song ''Policestate'' talks about the [[riot]]s in [[Copenhagen]] in [[1993]] during the re-voting for the [[European Union]] in which police shot into the [[angry mob]], causing several casualties.

== Discography ==
=== Albums ===
*''Mindhallucination''
*''Assassinate''
*''Error of Judgement''
*''Resurrection''
*''12. Electrisch Festival''

*Also provided a notable cover version of AC/DC's ''Thunderstruck'' for the 1997 tribute album ''Covered In Black'', by Cleopatra records.

=== EPs and Singles ===
*''Israel''
*''Contagious''
*''Policestate''
*''To Protect and To Serve''
*''The Kill''
*''You Cannot Walk Here''
*''Mixed Judgements''

== External links ==
*[http://www.birmingham6.com Official Birmingham 6 website]
*[http://www.sloth.org/samples-bin/samples/group?exact=Birmingham+6 Birmingham 6 on the Top Sample Lists]
*[http://www.myspace.com/birmingham6 Birmingham 6 profile on Myspace]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Birmingham 6}}
[[Category:Industrial music groups]]
[[Category:Danish musical groups]]
[[Category:Musical groups established in 1991]]

[[it:Birmingham 6]]

Eadwulf III. (Bamburgh)

2009-05-29T11:12:52Z

DefaultsortBot: Added DEFAULTSORT to page (used a WikiProject banner's listas parameter on the talk page). Did I get it wrong?

'''Eadulf III''' or '''Eadwulf''' (died 1041) was the [[List of monarchs of Northumbria|earl of Bernicia]] from 1038 until his death. According to the [[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle]], he was betrayed by [[Harthacanute|Hardecanute]] and killed. He was the last of the ancient Bernician line of earls to rule before his son [[Osulf of Northumbria|Osulf]] usurped the [[Northumbria]]n earldom in 1067.

==Sources==
*[[Frank Stenton|Stenton, Sir Frank M.]] ''Anglo-Saxon England Third Edition''. [[Oxford University Press]], 1971.

{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Ealdred, Earl of Bernicia|Ealdred II]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of monarchs of Northumbria|Earl of Bernicia]]|years=1038–1041}}
{{s-aft|after=none}}
{{end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bernicia, Eadulf III of}}
[[Category:1041 deaths]]
[[Category:Earls, ealdormen and high-reeves of Bamburgh]]

{{euro-noble-stub}}

[[fr:Eadulf III de Bernicie]]
[[it:Eadulf III di Bernicia]]

Osulf I. von Bamburgh

2009-05-27T03:56:58Z

DefaultsortBot: Added DEFAULTSORT to page (used a WikiProject banner's listas parameter on the talk page). Did I get it wrong?

{{Infobox Person
|name = Osulf
|title = High-Reeve of Bamburgh<br>Ealdorman of York
|image = Bamburgh2006.jpg
|caption = The peninsula of [[Bamburgh]], with the modern castle
|birth_date = unknown
|parents = unknown
|death_date = between 954 and 963
|death_cause = unknown
|resting_place = unknown
|known_for = Betraying [[Erik Bloodaxe]] and being the first recorded High-Reeve of Bamburgh
}}

'''Osulf''' (fl. 946—54) was [[high-reeve]] of [[Bamburgh]] and ruler of [[Northumbria]]. Sometimes called "earl", he is more surely the first recorded high-reeve of Bamburgh and the man who, after assisting in the death of its last independent ruler [[Erik Bloodaxe]], administered the [[Jorvik|York-based Kingdom of Northumbria]] when it was taken over by the Wessex-based King [[Eadred of England]] in 954.

==Origins==
He appears at least 5 times in witness lists for charters, some of which may be genuine, in the years 946, 949, and 950. In 946 and 949 he witnessed charters as "high reeve" <ref>[http://www.pase.ac.uk/pase/apps/Sources/DisplaySource.jsp?sourceKey=1020 Sawyer 520 (PASE)] & [http://www.pase.ac.uk/pase/apps/Sources/DisplaySource.jsp?sourceKey=1044 Sawyer 544 (PASE)]</ref> In 949 he witnessed an [[Evesham Abbey|Evesham]] grant as well as a grant by King [[Eadred of England|Eadred]] to [[Canterbury Cathedral]] as ''dux''.<ref>[http://www.pase.ac.uk/pase/apps/Sources/DisplaySource.jsp?sourceKey=1050 Sawyer 550 (PASE)] & [http://www.pase.ac.uk/pase/apps/Sources/DisplaySource.jsp?sourceKey=1046 Sawyer 546 (PASE)]</ref> And in 950 an ''Osulf Bebbanburg'' is alleged to have witnessed as ''Eorl''.<ref>[http://www.pase.ac.uk/pase/apps/Sources/DisplaySource.jsp?sourceKey=1053 Sawyer 552a (PASE)]</ref>

Osulf is the first man specifically designated "high-reeve" of Bamburgh. High-reeve is [[Old English]] ''heah-gerefa'', which Alfred Smyth thought was influenced by the Scottish word ''mormaer'', which possibly has the same meaning ("High Steward").<ref>Smyth, ''Warlords and Holy Men'', p. 235</ref> Judging by the ''North People's Law'', a high-reeve was not the same as an [[ealdorman]] (''dux''), having only half an ealdorman's [[wergild]].<ref>Seebohm, ''Tribal Custom in Anglo-Saxon Law'', p. 363; [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/560-975dooms.html#The%20North%20People%27s%20Law North People's Law (Halsall)]</ref>

Osulf's origins are unclear. Many historians assume him to have been the son of [[Ealdred I of Bernicia|Ealdred]] or a relative of Ealdred and his father [[Eadulf I of Bernicia|Eadulf]], English rulers of the York-based Northumbrian kingdom.<ref>E.g. Fletcher, ''Bloodfeud'', pp. 39, 41</ref> Richard Fletcher and [[David Rollason]] thought he might be the Osulf ''[[Dux]]'' who had witnessed charters further south in the 930s, which if true would extend Osulf's ''[[floruit]]'' back to 934.<ref>Fletcher, ''Bloodfeud'', p. 42; Rollason, ''Northumbria'', p. 266; see also [http://www.pase.ac.uk/pase/apps/DisplayPerson.jsp?personKey=9360 Oswulf 14] at [[PASE]]</ref>

==Erik Bloodaxe and domination of all Northumbria==
Though Eadulf and Ealdred appear to have ruled Northumbria, in the years running up to 954 the kingdom was controlled by the Scandinavians [[Amlaíb Cuarán]] and [[Eric Bloodaxe]].<ref>Costambeys, "Erik Bloodaxe"; Hudson, ''Viking Pirates'', pp. 37—8</ref> According to [[Roger of Wendover]]'s ''[[Flores historiarum]]'' (early 13th century), Osulf was responsible for a conspiracy with a certain Maccus that led to the betrayal and death of [[Eric Bloodaxe]], King of Northumbria, "in a certain lonely place called [[Stainmore]]".<ref>Forte, Oram and Pedersen, ''Viking Empires'', p. 117</ref>

Following this, Osulf is said to have taken control of all Northumbria.<ref>Rollason, ''Northumbria'', pp. 65—6</ref> Although this part of the ''Flores historiarum'' was compiled centuries later and contains some obvious anachronisms, Roger of Wendover appears to have used certain earlier sources, no longer extant, which would add credibility to the story.<ref>Costambeys, "Erik Bloodaxe"</ref> The ''[[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle]]'' names King Eadred as the new ruler of Northumbria following the expulsion of Erik:<blockquote>Her Norðhymbre fordrifon Yric, 7 Eadred feng to Norðhymbra rice<br>In this year the Northumbrians drove out Eric and Eadred succeeded to the kingdom".<ref>[http://asc.jebbo.co.uk/d/d-L.html ASC D (etc)], s.a. 954</ref></blockquote> This is why Richard Fletcher thinks Osulf was working at Eadred's instigation, and that a grateful Eadred promoted Osulf ruler of the entire Northumbrian sub-kingdom.<ref>Fletcher, ''Bloodfeud'', p. 41</ref>

However he got there, it was with Eadred's consent and overlordship, at least according to our sources. ''[[De primo Saxonum adventu]]'' summarises his status as follows:<blockquote>''Primus comitum post Eiricum, quem ultimum regem habuerunt Northymbrenses, Osulf provincias omnes Northanhymbrorum sub Edrido rege procuravit''.<br>First of the earls after Erik, the last king whom the Northumbrians had, Osulf administered under King Eadred all the provinces of the Northumbrians.<ref>Arnold (ed.), ''Symeonis Monachi Opera Omnia'', vol. ii, p. 382; trans. Anderson, ''Scottish Annals'', p. 77</ref>
</blockquote> Similar sentiments were expressed in the related ''[[Historia Regum]]'': "Here the kings of Northumbrians came to an end and henceforth the provinces was administered by earls".<ref>Quoted in Woolf, ''Pictland to Alba'', p. 190</ref> Eadred's takeover and Osulf's rule thus represent the beginning of permanent West Saxon control of the North. Historian [[Alex Woolf]] argued that this take-over was a [[personal union]] of crowns rather like that between [[Union of the Crowns|Scotland and England in 1603]].<ref>Woolf, ''Pictland to Alba'', pp. 190, 191</ref>

==Death and legacy==
Little is else is known about Osulf's period in power. The ''[[Chronicle of the Kings of Alba]]'' says that in the time of [[Ildulb mac Causantín]] (954—62), [[Edinburgh]] was abandoned to the Scots, though nothing is said about the involvement of Northumbrians or Osulf.<ref>Smyth, ''Warlords'', p. 232</ref>

The date of Osulf's death is not known. He was probably dead before 963, as that is the date [[Oslac of Northumbria|Oslac]] appears for the first time as ealdorman in York.<ref>Fletcher, ''Bloodfeud'', p. 44; Rollason, ''Northumbria'', pp. 266—7</ref> It is unclear whether Oslac was related to Osulf.<ref>Fletcher, ''Bloodfeud'', p. 44</ref> According to the ''De primo Saxonum adventu'', Northumbria was divided into two parts after Osulf's death.<ref>Arnold (ed.), ''Symeonis Monachi Opera Omnia'', vol. ii, p. 382</ref> Osulf had at least one son, [[Waltheof I, Earl of Northumbria|Waltheof]], who ruled Bamburgh from 975.<ref>Rollason, ''Northumbria'', p. 267</ref>

{{s-start}}
{{s-reg}}
{{s-bef|before=unknown<br><small>(possibly [[Ealdred I of Bernicia|Ealdred]])}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[High-Reeve of Bamburgh]]|years=x 946–954 x 963}}
{{s-aft|after=pos. [[Eadulf Evil-child]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Erik Bloodaxe]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Earl of Northumbria|Ruler of Northumbria]] under [[Eadred of England|Eadred of Wessex]] |years=954–x 963}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Oslac of Northumbria|Oslac]]}}
{{end}}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation |url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/560-975dooms.html#The%20North%20People%27s%20Law |contribution=The North People's Law |title=Medieval Sourcebook: The Anglo-Saxon Dooms, 560-975 | publisher= Fordham University Center for Medieval Studies |accessdate=2009-01-18 }}
* {{citation |url=http://www.pase.ac.uk/pase/apps/persons |title=Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England | publisher= The Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England Database Project, 2005 |accessdate=2009-01-18 }}
*{{citation | editor-last=Anderson |editor-first= Alan Orr|editor-link= Alan Orr Anderson |title=Scottish Annals from English Chroniclers A.D. 500 to 1286 |year=1908 |edition=1991 revised & corrected |publisher=Paul Watkins |location=Stamford | isbn= 1-871615-45-3}}
* {{citation |editor-last=Arnold |editor-first=Thomas |editor-link= Thomas Arnold |title=Symeonis Monachi Opera Omnia | series=Rerum Britannicarum Medii Ævi Scriptores, or, Chronicles and Memorials of Great Britain and Ireland during the Middle Ages; vol. 75 (2 vols.) |date=1922 |publisher= Longman |date=1882-85 |location= London }}
* {{citation |last=Costambeys |first=Marios |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/23314 |contribution=Erik Bloodaxe (Eiríkr Blóðöx, Eiríkr Haraldsson) (d. 954), viking leader and king of Northumbria |title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |year=2004 |accessdate=2009-01-18 | doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/49265 }}
* {{citation| last = Fletcher | first = Richard | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Bloodfeud: Murder and Revenge in Anglo-Saxon England | publisher = Penguin Books | date = 2003 | location = London | isbn = 0-14-028692-6}}
* {{citation | last = Kapelle | first = William E. | author-link = William Kapelle | title = The Norman Conquest of the North: The Region and Its Transformation, 1000–1135 | place = London | publisher = Croom Helm Ltd | year = 1979 | isbn = 0-7099-0040-6 }}
* {{citation | last = Forte | first = Angelo | author-link = | last2 = Oram | first2 = Richard | author2-link = Richard Oram | last3 = Pedersen | first3 = Frederik | author3-link = |title = Viking Empires | publisher = Cambridge University Press | place = Cambridge | year = 2005 | isbn = 0-521-82992-2 }}
* {{citation |last=Rollason |first=David |author-link= David Rollason |title=Northumbria, 500—1100: Creation and Destruction of a Kingdom |date= 2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=0-521-04102-3}}
* {{citation |last= Seebohm |first= Frederic |authorlink= Frederic Seebohm (historian) |title=Tribal Custom in Anglo-Saxon Law : Being an Essay Supplemental to: (1) The English Village Community, (2) The Tribal System in Wales |date=1902 |publisher=Longmans, Green & Co. |location=London}}
*{{citation |last=Smyth |first=Alfred P. |title=Warlords and Holy Men: Scotland AD 80–1000 |year=1984 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |location=Edinburgh |isbn=0-7486-0100-7}}
* {{citation | last = Williams | first = Ann | author-link = Ann Williams (historian) | last2 = Smyth | first2 = Alfred P. | author2-link = | last3 = Kirby | first3 = D. P. | author3-link = | title = A Biographical Dictionary of Dark Age Britain: England, Scotland and Wales, c.500—c.1050 | place = London | publisher = Seaby | year = 1991 | isbn = 1-85264-047-2 }}
* {{citation |last=Woolf |first=Alex |author-link= Alex Woolf |title=From Pictland to Alba, 789–1070 |date=2007|series=The New Edinburgh History of Scotland |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |location=Edinburgh |isbn=0-7486-1234-5}}
{{refend}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bamburgh, Osulf I of}}
[[Category:Earls, ealdormen and high-reeves of Bamburgh]]
[[Category:Earls of Northumbria]]
[[Category:10th-century rulers in Europe]]

[[fr:Osulf de Bernicie]]
[[no:Osulf I av Northumbria]]

Badr bin Abdulaziz Al Saud

2009-05-27T00:46:32Z

DefaultsortBot: Added DEFAULTSORT to page (used a WikiProject banner's listas parameter on the talk page). Did I get it wrong?

{{BLPunsourced|date=February 2009}}
'''Prince Badr bin Abdul Aziz''' (1933-), a member of [[Al Saud|Saudi Arabia's royal family]], is Deputy Commander of the [[Saudi Arabian National Guard]] ([[SANG]]).

Prince Badr participated in the [[Free Princes]] movement in 1962-1964 during which time he lived in exile, mostly in [[Beirut]] and [[Cairo]]. He was rehabilitated by [[Faisal of Saudi Arabia|King Faisal]] and named to SANG in 1968.

Badr, the 9th oldest surviving son of the late King [[Abdul Aziz Ibn Saud]], has one full living brother, [[Abdulilah bin Abdul Aziz|Prince Abdulillah]] and, due to his tenure in government, is 4th in the [[line of succession to the Saudi Arabian throne|Saudi royal family's Line of Succession]].

{{Saudi-bio-stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Badr bin Abdul Aziz}}
[[Category:Saudi royal family]]
[[Category:Saudi Arabian politicians]]

[[ar:بدر بن عبد العزيز آل سعود]]

Attakullakulla

2009-05-25T14:03:29Z

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{{Infobox Person
| name = Attakullakulla
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = c. 1708
| birth_place =
| death_date = c. 1777
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| residence = [[Chota (Cherokee town)|Chota]]
| nationality = [[Cherokee]]
| other_names =
| title = First Beloved Man
| predecessor = [[Standing Turkey]]
| successor = [[Oconostota]]
}}

'''Attakullakulla''' (ca. 1708–ca. 1777), or '''Atagulkalu''', known as '''Little Carpenter''' (Cherokee name '''Ata-gul' kalu''', was [[Principal Chiefs of the Cherokee|First Beloved Man]] of the [[Cherokee]] [[Native Americans in the United States|Indians]] from 1761 to around 1775. [[Dragging Canoe]], war leader of the Cherokee during the [[Chickamauga wars]], was his son.

According to James Mooney, his Cherokee could be translated "leaning wood", from "ata" meaning "wood", and "gulkalu", a verb that implies something long and unsupported, leaning against some other object. His name "Little Carpenter" derived from the English meaning of his Cherokee name along with a reference to his physical stature.

According to one of his sons, Turtle-at-Home, he was originally a member of a subtribe of the [[Algonquian languages|Algonquin]] [[Nipissing]] in the north captured as an infant during a raid and adopted by a minor chief. <ref>Klink and Talman, The journal of Major John Norton, p. 42</ref> He married Nionne Ollie, who was the daughter of his cousin [[Oconostota]] The marriage was permissible because they were of different clans; he was Wolf Clan and she was Paint Clan.

He was a member of the Cherokee delegation that traveled to England in 1730. In 1736, he rejected the advances of the French, who sent emissaries to the [[Overhill Cherokee]]. Three or four years later, he was captured by the [[Ottawa (tribe)|Ottawa]], allies of the French, who held him captive in Canada until 1748. Upon his return, he became one of the Cherokees' leading diplomats and an adviser to the Beloved Man of Chota.

In May 1759, following a series of attacks by settlers and Cherokees against each other, Attakullakulla joined a delegation that went to [[Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston]] to try to negotiate with [[South Carolina]] authorities. Governor [[William Henry Lyttleton]] seized the delegates as hostages until the Cherokees responsible for killing white settlers were surrendered. Having raised an expeditionary force, Lyttleton set out for [[Fort Prince George (South Carolina)|Fort Prince George]] with the hostages in tow and arrived with 1700 men on [[December 9]], [[1759]]. Though freed soon after, Attakullakulla returned to Fort Prince George to negotiate for peace, but his efforts were thwarted by the more hawkish Oconostota. The Cherokees gave up two individuals and negotiated the release of a few hostages including Oconostota, who soon after lured Lt. [[Richard Coytmore]] out of the fort, waving a bridle over his head, and incited Cherokee warriors hiding in the woods to fire upon and kill Coytmore; white soldiers inside the fort then proceeded to murder all the Cherokees inside, and hostilities continued between the Cherokees and Anglo-Americans.

His death is believed to have occurred in 1775, after which he was succeeded by his cousin, Oconostota (who was also his father-in-law).

==See also==
*[[Anglo-Cherokee War]]

==References==

{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*[http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/imagegallery.php?EntryID=A045 Entry from the Tennessee Encyclopedia]
*Kelly, James C. "Notable Persons in Cherokee History: Attakullakulla." ''Journal of Cherokee Studies'' 3:1 (Winter 1978), 2-34.
*Klink, Karl, and James Talman, ed. ''The Journal of Major John Norton''. (Toronto: Champlain Society, 1970).
*Mooney, James. "Myths of the Cherokee" (1900, reprint 1995).
*Litton, Gaston L. [http://digital.library.okstate.edu/Chronicles/v015/v015p253.html "The Principal Chiefs of the Cherokee Nation"], ''Chronicles of Oklahoma'' 15:3 (September 1937), 253-270 (retrieved [[August 18]], [[2006]]).

{{start box}}
{{succession box| before=[[Standing Turkey]]| title=[[Principal Chiefs of the Cherokee|First Beloved Man]]|after=[[Oconostota]]| years=1761–1775}}
{{end box}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Attakullakulla}}
[[Category:1700s births]]
[[Category:1770s deaths]]
[[Category:Cherokee people]]
[[Category:Native American leaders]]
[[Category:Tennessee colonial people]]

[[ca:Attakullakulla]]
[[da:Attacullaculla]]
[[fr:Attacullaculla]]

Al-Chansa

2009-05-25T02:22:41Z

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{{for|the al-Qaeda publication|Al-Khansaa (magazine)}}
[[Image:Al-Khansa.jpg|thumb|Al-Khansa’, Drawing by [[Kahlil Gibran]], al-Funun 2, no. 10 (March 1917)]]
'''Tumadir bint Amru al-Harith bint al-Sharid''', usually simply referred to as '''Al-Khansa''' ([[Arabic language|Arabic]] translated as either "[[gazelle]]" or "short-nosed") was a [[7th century in poetry|7th century]] Arabic [[poet]]. She was born and born and raised in the [[Najd]] region ( the central region of modern day saudi arabia) She was a contemporary of [[Muhammad]], and eventually converted to [[Islam]].

In her time, the role of a female poet was to write [[elegy|elegies]] for the dead and perform them for the tribe in public oral competitions. Al-Khansa won respect and fame in these competitions with her elegies for her brothers, Sakhr and Muawiya, who had died in battle. She is the best known female poet in Arabic literature.

==Life==
Al-Khansa was born into a rich najdi ( [[najd ]] ) family.

In 612 AD, her brother Mo'awiya was killed by members of another tribe. Al-Khansa insisted that her brother, Sakhr, avenge Mo'awiya's death, which he did. Sakhr was wounded in the process and died of his wounds a year later. Al-Khansa mourned his death in poetry and gained fame for her elegiac compositions.

She met [[Muhammad]] in 629 and converted to [[Islam]]. He is said to have been very impressed by her poetry.

She had four sons: Yazeed, Mo'awiya, Amr, and Amrah, all of whom converted to Islam. She earned respect when she went with her sons who fought in the [[Battle of Qadisiyah]], where all four were killed.

When she received the news, she allegedly didn't grieve, but said, "Praise be to Allah who honored me with their martyrdom. I pray for Allah to let me join them in heaven."

==External links==
*[http://www.chowk.com/show_article.cgi?aid=00005428&channel=leafyglade%20inn "A Great Arab Poetess of Elegy", an essay about Al-Khansa]
*[http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/980527/1998052703.html "Al-Khansaa: A poetess of courage and pride", from Arabicnews.com]
*[http://home.infionline.net/~ddisse/khansa.html Other Women's Voices collection, contains links, secondary sources, and excerpts]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Al-Khansa}}
[[Category:7th-century deaths]]
[[Category:Arabic poets]]
[[Category:Arabic women writers]]
[[Category:Converts to Islam]]
[[Category:Female Sahaba]]
[[Category:Medieval poets]]
[[Category:Muslim poets]]
[[Category:Women in Medieval warfare]]
[[Category:Women poets]]
[[Category:7th-century women writers]]
[[Category:Pre-Islamic era poets]]
[[Category:Early Islam era poets]]

{{Islam-bio-stub}}
{{MEast-mil-bio-stub}}
{{Poet-stub}}

[[ar:الخنساء]]
[[fr:Al-H̠ansā’]]
[[hu:Hanszá]]
[[pt:Al-Khansa]]
[[ru:Аль-Ханса]]
[[sv:Al-Khansa]]

Aishwarya von Nepal

2009-05-25T01:51:27Z

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{{Infobox Monarch
| name =Aishwarya
| title =[[Queen consort|Queen]] Consort of Nepal
| image =[[Image:Aishwarya Rajya Lakshmi Devi.png|200px]] 
| caption =
| othertitles =
| full name =Queen Aishwarya Rajya Laxmi Devi
| predecessor =[[Ratna, Queen Mother of Nepal|Queen Ratna]]
| successor =[[Queen Komal of Nepal|Queen Komal]]
| suc-type =
| heir =
| queen =
| consortreign =[[January 31]], [[1972]] - [[June 1]], [[2001]]
| spouse =[[Birendra of Nepal]]
| dynasty =[[Rana dynasty|Rana]]
| date of birth ={{birth date|1949|11|7|mf=y}}
| place of birth =
| date of death ={{death date and age|2001|6|1|1949|11|7|mf=y}}
| place of death =
| date of burial =
| place of burial =
|}}
'''Aishwarya''' ([[November 7]], [[1949]] – [[June 1]], [[2001]]) was the Queen of [[Nepal]] from 1972 to 2001. She was the wife of [[Birendra of Nepal| King Birendra]] and the mother of [[Dipendra|Crown Prince Dipendra]], [[Nirajan|Prince Nirajan]], and [[Princess Shruti]].

She hailed from the aristrocratic [[Rana family]] which had ruled Nepal for 104 years, being the oldest daughter of Gen. Kendra Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana (1927-1982) and his wife Shree Rajya Laxmi Rana (1928-2005). Her family had been the effective rulers of Nepal until the 1950s and she was ever conscious of this fact. She was considered to be staunchly royalist, believing in the absolute power of the monarchy, while her husband was more open to democratic governance.

Due to her forceful nature and her impetuousness, she earned many enemies, most notably the leftist parties of Nepal. In 1998, a crowd threw stones at her and tight security measures had to be adopted for her future public appearances. Queen Aishwariya was considered to be the power behind her husband's throne and the real ruler of Nepal. Her royal aides were often directed to act on orders that best suited and were most likely to further her own political ambitions.

Due to her strong and domineering personality, Queen Aishwariya was often considered to be difficult and irascible. Many incidents were reported about her abrasive behavior, both in private and in public. Her royal aides were commanded to be attentive 24 hours a day and often sent to short detention facilities if the Queen was dis-satisfied with their work. One well-talked about incident involved one of her most highly decorated Generals, whose stars she grabbed and tossed because of her displeasure over his alleged disrespectfulness to her. Another incident involved her exile of Prince [[Dhirendra of Nepal]], her husband's younger brother, from Nepal. Dhirendra had married her youngest sister, Prekshya, in 1973 and had three daughters with her. Notwithstanding this, he embarked on an affair with a British woman, Shirley Greaney, and expressed a desire to divorce his wife. When Prekshya confided in her sister, Aishwarya promptly intervened, stripped Dhirendra of his titles and possessions and forced him into exile. He was also told that Shirley Greaney was not welcome in Nepal.

Queen Aishwarya was [[Nepalese royal massacre|shot dead]] along with her husband, King Birendra, her son, Prince Nirajan, her daughter, Princess Shruti, and seven other royal family members, by her own son Prince Dipendra, who was wearing military fatigues and wielding an [[assault rifle]] and a [[submachine gun]]. It is widely believed that the motive for the Queen's murder was her strong opposition to the Crown Prince's proposed marriage to [[Devyani Rana]].

== Source ==
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1369064.stm "Aishwarya: Nepal's forceful queen" 5 June 2001, BBC news]

{{s-start}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Ratna, Queen Mother of Nepal|Ratna]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Queen Consort]] of [[Nepal]]|years=1972-2001}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Queen Komal of Nepal|Komal]]}}
{{end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aiswarya}}
[[Category:Nepalese politicians]]
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:2001 deaths]]
[[Category:Deaths by firearm in Nepal]]
[[Category:Nepalese murder victims]]
[[Category:Queens consort]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:People murdered in Nepal]]

[[it:Aishwarya Rajya Lakshmi Devi]]

Ahmose Henuttamehu

2009-05-25T01:30:29Z

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{{Hiero|Ahmose-Henuttamehu|<hiero>N12:ms-H-W24*t:tA-M15</hiero>|align=right|era=nk}}
'''Ahmose-Henuttamehu''' (“Child of the Moon; Mistress of Lower Egypt”) was a princess and queen of the late [[seventeenth dynasty of Egypt|17th]]-early [[eighteenth dynasty of Egypt|18th]] dynasties of Egypt. She was the only daughter of Pharaoh [[Seqenenre Tao II]] by his sister-wife [[Ahmose Inhapy]]. She was probably married to her half-brother Pharaoh [[Ahmose I]], since her titles include not only ''King's Daughter'' and ''King's Sister,'' but ''King's Wife'' as well.<ref>{{dodson}}, p.128</ref>

Ahmose-Henuttamehu's mummy was discovered in [[1881]] in her own coffin in the tomb [[DB320]] and is now in the [[Egyptian Museum]] in [[Cairo]]. It was examined by [[Gaston Maspero]] in December [[1882]]. Henuttamehu was an old woman when she died, with worn teeth. Quotes from the ''[[Book of the Dead]]'' were written on her mummy bandages. She was probably buried together with her mother; her mummy was taken to DB320 along with other mummies after Year 11 of Pharaoh [[Shoshenq I]].<ref>[http://members.tripod.com/anubis4_2000/17A.htm#Ahmose-Henttimehu Mummy of Ahmose-Henuttamehu]</ref>

==Sources==
<references/>

==External links==
* [http://enlil.lib.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/eos/eos_page.pl?DPI=100&callnum=DT57.C2_vol59&object=140 Mummy]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahmose-Henuttamehu}}
[[Category:Ancient Egyptian queens consort]]
[[Category:Seventeenth dynasty of Egypt]]
[[Category:Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt]]
[[Category:Ancient Egyptian mummies]]

[[hu:Ahmesz-Henuttamehu]]
[[pl:Ahmes-Henuttamehu]]

Benutzer:Sophekles/Abigail (biblische Person)

2009-05-24T21:20:29Z

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{{otheruses4|two Biblical figures|more information on the human name "Abigail"|Abigail (name)|other uses|Abigail (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox Given Name Revised
| name = Abigail
| image=
| imagesize=
| caption=
| pronunciation=
| gender =female
| meaning =joy
| region =
| origin =
| related names =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Abigail''' ({{Hebrew Name 2|אֲבִיגַיִל|אֲבִיגָיִל|Avigáyil||ʾĂḇîḡáyil|ʾĂḇîḡāyil|"her Father's joy" or "fountain of joy"}}) is a female name occurring in [[Bible|Biblical narratives]] from the [[Books of Samuel]], and reflected in the [[Books of Chronicles]]. The name ''Abigal'' occurs on one occasion<ref name=2Sam3-3>{{bibleverse|2|Samuel|3:3|}}</ref>, and is thought by the vast majority of scholars to be an alternate spelling of ''Abigail''. There appear to be two individuals named ''Abigail'':

*The mother of [[Amasa]]. In the Book of Chronicles, and Septuagint version of the Books of Samuel, Abigail's father is identified as being [[Jesse]],<ref>{{bibleverse|1|Chronicles|2:13-16|}}</ref><ref>2 Samuel 17:25, LXX</ref> and she therefore would be a sister of David, but in the masoretic text of the Books of Samuel her father is named ''Nahash;''<ref name=2Sam17-25>{{bibleverse|2|Samuel|17:25|}}</ref> scholars think that ''Nahash'' is a [[typographic error]] here,<ref name=Peake>''[[Peake's commentary on the Bible]]''</ref><ref name=Jewish>''Jewish Encyclopedia''</ref> based on the appearance of the name two verses later.<ref>{{bibleverse|2|Samuel|17:27|}}</ref><ref name=Peake/> In the Book of Chronicles, Amasa's father is identified as ''Jether the [[Ishmaelite]],''<ref>{{bibleverse|1|Chronicles|2:17|}}</ref> but in the books of Samuel, Amasa's father is identified as ''Ithra the [[Israelite]];''<ref name=2Sam17-25/> scholars think that the latter case is more likely.<ref name=Jewish/>

*The wife of the wicked [[Nabal]], who became a wife of [[David (biblical king)|David]] after Nabal's death.<ref>{{bibleverse|1|Samuel|25|}}</ref> She had gone out to stop David from taking revenge against Nabal for his ingratitude towards David, warning him that vengeance was sinful and God would take care of the issue. Her accuracy in understanding God's will suggests that she was a true follower of God. She became the mother of [[Daniel (son of David)|one of David's sons]], who is named in the [[Book of Chronicles]] as ''Daniel,''<ref>{{bibleverse|1|Chronicles|3:1|}}</ref> in the [[masoretic text]] of the Books of Samuel as ''Chileab,''<ref name=2Sam3-3/> and in the [[Septuagint]] text of the Books of Samuel as ''Daluyah.''<ref>2 Samuel 3:3, LXX</ref>

It is possible for both these women named ''Abigail'' to be different accounts of the same woman, as textual scholars regard the account in the Books of Chronicles as ultimately deriving from the Books of Samuel, and the references there to ''Abigail'' as a sister of David occur only in the passages which textual scholars attribute to the ''[[court history of David]],''<ref>''Jewish Encyclopedia'', Books of Samuel</ref> a document which doesn't mention an ''Abigail'' as one of David's wives.

==Generic use==
Abigail's self-styling as a ''handmaid''<ref>{{bibleverse|1|Samuel|25:25|}} and following</ref> led to ''Abigail'' being the traditional term for a waiting-woman, for example, Abigail, the ''waiting gentlewoman'', in [[Beaumont and Fletcher]]'s ''[[The Scornful Lady]]'', published in 1616. [[Jonathan Swift]] and [[Henry Fielding]] employ ''Abigail'' in this generic sense. [[William Rose Benet]] notes the notoriety of [[Abigail Hill]], better known as "Mrs Masham", the [[lady-in-waiting]] to [[Anne of Great Britain|Queen Anne]].<ref>''The Reader's Encyclopedia'', 1948, ''s.v.'' "Abigail".</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==

*{{1911}}

{{Prophets of the Tanakh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abigail}}
[[Category:Hebrew Bible people]]
[[Category:Hebrew feminine given names]]
[[Category:Jewish given names]]
[[Category:Female saints]]

[[ca:Abigail]]
[[cs:Abigail]]
[[da:Abigail]]
[[de:Abigail]]
[[el:Αβιγαία]]
[[es:Abigaíl]]
[[eo:Abigail]]
[[he:אביגיל]]
[[sw:Abigaili]]
[[hu:Abigél]]
[[nl:Abigaïl]]
[[ja:アビガイル]]
[[pl:Abigail]]
[[pt:Abigail (Bíblia)]]
[[sr:Абигел]]
[[sv:Abigail]]

Nick Abbot

2009-05-24T20:00:06Z

DefaultsortBot: Added DEFAULTSORT to page (used a WikiProject banner's listas parameter on the talk page), removed redundant category sort tags. Did I get it wrong?

{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{Infobox Radio Presenter
| name = Nick Abbot
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption = Promotional photo taken in 2006
| birthname =
| birthdate = {{Birth date and age|1960|8|22|df=yes}}
| birthplace =
| deathdate =
| deathplace =
| show = [[Planet Rock]] with Nick Abbot
| station = [[Planet Rock]]
| timeslot = 2 - 6pm [[GMT]] <br /> Saturdays & Sundays
| show2 = ''Nick Abbot''
| station2 = [[LBC 97.3]]
| timeslot2 = 1915-2200 [[GMT]] <br /> Monday-Friday
| style = [[Music]] Radio and <br /> [[Talk radio]]/Phone-in
| country = {{flagicon|ENG}} England
| prevshow = [[102.2 Smooth FM]] <br /> [[Real Radio]] <br /> [[talkSPORT]] <br /> (then Talk Radio) <br /> [[Virgin Radio]] <br /> (then Virgin 1215) <br /> [[BBC GLR]] <br /> [[Radio Luxembourg]]
| web = [http://www.lbc.co.uk/sectional.asp?id=13356 lbc.co.uk: Nick Abbot] official <br />[http://www.nickabbot.com/ nickabbot.com] <br /> unofficial
| signature = Nick_Abbot_Signiture.jpg
}}

'''Nick Abbot''' is a British radio presenter, born [[22 August]], [[1960]].

== Education ==
Abbot was educated at [[George Heriot's School]], [[Edinburgh]] and [[Brunel University]] in [[Uxbridge]] where he gained a degree in psychology.

== Early career ==
Abbot's career began as a [[Virgin Megastore]] [[DJ]]. Beforehand however, Abbot presented [[student radio]] at [[Brunel University]]'s radio station, now known as [[B1000]].

In early 1987, he joined [[Radio Luxembourg]] to present an overnight talk show. The show later became a [[phone in]], and eventually a 'straight to air' format was settled upon, where calls would be taken unscreened. This format quickly became a hit with listeners. At the time, the absence of the delay system to supposedly 'dump' bad language resulted in callers saying swear words just before they were cut off. It is believed that Abbot was one of the first (if not the first) to take calls straight to air, and LBC colleague [[Iain Lee]] has often confessed that he stole some of his act from Nick (as well as [[Clive Bull]] and [[Tommy Boyd]]), perhaps hinting he got the inspiration for his "Triple M" show from Nick Abbot in addition to Boyd's "Human Zoo" show.

Later in October 1988, Abbot launched the new [[BBC]] service for London [[BBC GLR]]. He presented the breakfast show for a year, however his contract was not renewed. He then returned to VMR, where he stayed until 1993.

== Virgin Radio ==
Abbot was part of the original line-up on Virgin Radio in April 1993. Here he presented the weekday late night phone in show Sundays-Thursdays from 10pm-2am. The programme was a mixture of music and phone-ins. However, as Abbot is a presenter who is not afraid to speak his mind, he often voiced his opinions about other stations and presenters and it was this that eventually led him in to trouble.

Following a negative newspaper review by the writer Robin Katz, Abbot's outbursts on air eventually led to censure from the Broadcasting Complaints Commission and [[Ofcom|the Radio Authority]]. Nick also called phone-in shows on other radio stations, speaking to the phone operators, and commenting on the usually elderly callers while listening to the programmes while on hold. Usually he failed to make it on air, but occasionally he did, including a memorable call to the [[Scottie McClue]] show. In June 1994 Abbot was then moved to the Weekday 7-10pm Evening show where he had to tone down his act, mainly taking music requests.

Then in January 1995, Abbot moved back to the weekday late night show, this time from 11pm-2am, where he remained until April the same year, where he was moved to the Drivetime show from 4-7pm. He was eventually given the boot from the station in September that year, leaving [[Virgin Radio]] with a fine of £5,000 for a sexual reference about a fellow DJ and a further £20,000 for allowing a caller to graphically describe a sexual practice.

== Talk Radio ==
In the summer of 1996, Abbot was heard on [[Talk Radio UK]] acting as holiday cover. He was eventually offered a regular show during the summer of 1997 on Saturday afternoons, alongside [[Carol McGiffin]]. He was then moved to Saturday evenings from 7.30-10pm.

It was also during this period that [[Virgin Radio]]'s new management had re-hired Abbot to cover various shows on the station. He also took over the evening show for 6 weeks during the summer of 1997.

In early 1998, Abbot took over the weekday afternoon show on [[Virgin Radio]] from 1-4pm, whilst still continuing with his Saturday evening show on [[Talk Radio UK|Talk Radio]].

In May 1998 as well as his daily show on [[Virgin Radio]], Abbot took over the weekday evening show on [[Talk Radio UK]] from 7-9pm.

== Black Thursday ==
Thursday 12 November was known as ''Black Thursday'' as [[Talk Radio UK]] had been taken over by new management and many presenters and staff were being fired left right and centre. Abbot was one of the many casualties. He still continued with his weekday show on [[Virgin Radio]], which was now extended to 6 days a week and went out from 1-4pm Sundays-Fridays.

== Life after Talk Radio ==
Between March and September 1999, local London station [[LBC]] hired both Abbot & [[Carol McGiffin|McGiffin]] for a Saturday evening phone-in show, similar in format to the duo's earlier Talk Radio stint. During this time, Abbot continued working for [[Virgin 1215]] as a DJ.

Throughout the summer of 2000, Abbot presented a Sunday morning phone in show on Virgin, while continuing to host the daily afternoon show. Later in the year, he moved back to the drive time slot until leaving Virgin once again in May 2001. Two months later, he joined [[Real Radio (Wales)]] to host their late night phone in show for a week as holiday cover for regular presenter [[Adrian Allen]]. October 2001 saw the beginning of a five-day stint at Manchester's [[Key 103]], during which he presented the 10pm-2am slot.

In January 2002, Abbot moved to [[Real Radio (Scotland)]] where he again presented the late night phone in. Later in 2002, his show was networked across all three [[Real Radio]] stations (Scotland, Wales & [[Real Radio (Yorkshire)|Yorkshire]]).

Abbot presented his last Real Radio show on Thursday, [[19 December]] [[2002]], subsequently deciding to take a break from radio for what was to be a number of years.

== The return to the radio ==
On Saturday, [[3 September]] [[2005]] Abbot was heard on London's [[102.2 Smooth FM]], presenting the Saturday morning show. Since then he has stood in for various presenters, including weekend breakfast, and has also been heard covering shows on digital station [[Planet Rock]], which became a regular gig from [[17 December]] [[2005]] onwards, presenting on Saturdays and Sundays from 2-6pm.

In addition to that, in 2006, Abbot returned to the FM airwaves on a brief stint sitting in for [[Caroline Feraday]]'s weekend show (10pm-1am, Friday, Saturday and Sunday nights) on [[LBC 97.3]], from 10-19 February. However, he lost his voice during his second February show, cutting the show short and being replaced by a recording of his friend and former Virgin and Talk colleague/sparring partner [[Wendy Lloyd]]. He was also unable to present the following evening's show, but returned on 17 February for the final three shows of his reappearance.

Abbot then took over a regular weekly slot on the station every Saturday night from 10pm-1am.

Abbot's show has a clear unique style amongst other LBC presenters. It becomes normal for an amusing summary of the week's news at the start of the show during his opening jingle, "Boogie Woogie" by [[Liberace]], replacing the theme tune he had previously used - "The Beautiful People" by [[Marilyn Manson]]. Throughout the show, Nick plays various amusing sound clips including amusing quotes from films such as [[The Terminator]], and clips from his former co-presenter [[Carol McGiffin]].

== Current work ==
Abbot can still be heard on [[Planet Rock]], every Saturday & Sunday afternoon from 2-6pm. Due to [[Iain Lee|Iain Lee's]] departure from LBC on Friday, [[2 November]] [[2007]] Abbot has also taken over Lee's slot from 1915-2200, Monday to Friday on LBC.

== Memorable quotes ==

* The masses are asses
* The World Wide Wait - When referring to the Internet
* You can't say happiness without saying 'penis'
* It's got an Intel (bing-bong-bing-bong) Inside - "You have to make that sound every time you say Intel (bing-bong-bing-bong) - it's the law!"
* DVDVD - (Instead of DVD)
* It gets tiring being so right about everything all the time
* What a nice lady!
* Oh no, we seem to have run out of time on that call (When caller starts to sing and plays 3 second countdown)
* If this gets any bigger I am going to hang my shirt on it and put it out the window.
* [[YouTube]], you tube
* It's a round sponge, covered in chocolate, with a smashing orangey bit in the middle! (Referring to [[Jaffa Cakes]])
* Woodwork squeaks - out come the freaks.
* You can take all the time you need, this is a live show
* Minding my own affairs!
* "The war on drugs" - how's that going? <sarcastic tone>
* Mmmmmmmm sooooo yummy!
* Have the lights just come back on? or was I in a trance during that last call?
* As I said! The whole world's gone crazy!!
* Civilisation has peaked its downhill all the way now ! A hundred years time and the lethargic and stupid would have wiped out the human race.
* There is no past/present/future, time is an illusion I blame the clock and the camera.
* Radio is like Gordon Brown.IE, twist the little knob too far and it gets all loud and distorted.

== External links ==
* [http://www.nickabbot.com/ NickAbbot.com] - The Unofficial Nick Abbot Site
* [http://www.forums.nickabbot.info/index.php Nick Abbot Forums] - Unofficial discussion forums
* [http://lbc.audioagain.com/index.php?sid=1&player=showchannel&channel_id=138 LBC Plus] - Nick Abbot's LBC Premium Podcasts (Requires subscription)

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[[Category:British radio personalities]]
[[Category:British radio DJs]]
[[Category:Virgin Radio (UK)]]
[[Category:Alumni of Brunel University]]
[[Category:George Heriot's School alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Shock jocks|Abbot]]