Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Front Porch Step

2014-12-30T06:46:31Z

Deadbeef: Reverted edits by Shutupalex (talk) (HG)

{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Front Porch Step
| image = https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=345963732244162&set=a.108932719280599.15590.100004916144178&type=1&theater

| image_size = 400 x 400
| landscape =
| alt =
| caption =
| background = solo_singer
| birth_name = Jake Mcelfresh
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| alias = Front Porch Step
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1991|11|06}}
| birth_place = Newark, Ohio
| origin =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| genre = [[Emo (music)|Emo]]
| occupation = Lead Vocalist of Front Porch Step
| instrument = Acoustic Guitar
| years_active = 2012–present
| label = [[Pure Noise Records|Pure Noise]]
| associated_acts =
| website = {{URL|http://frontporchstepmusic.com/}}
| notable_instruments =
}}

'''Front Porch Step''' is the solo acoustic project of Ohio musician Jake Mcelfresh. He was born in [[Newark, Ohio]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Whitt|first1=Cassie|title=Song Premiere: Front Porch Step, "Drown"|url=http://www.altpress.com/features/entry/song_premiere_front_porch_step_drown|publisher=Alternative Press|accessdate=13 September 2014}}</ref>

==History==
Front Porch Step began in 2012. In 2013, Front Porch Step signed to [[Pure Noise Records]] and released his debut album Aware. In 2013, he supported [[Never Shout Never]] on four of their tour dates.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Crane|first1=Matt|title=Front Porch Step to tour with Never Shout Never|url=http://www.altpress.com/news/entry/front_porch_step_to_tour_with_never_shout_never|publisher=Alternative Press|accessdate=16 December 2014}}</ref> In the summer of 2014, Front Porch Step played on the [[Vans Warped Tour]]. In the fall of 2014, Front Porch Step played on the Pure Noise Records Tour with [[State Champs]], [[Handguns (band)|Handguns]], and [[Forever Came Calling]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sharp|first1=Tyler|title=Handguns, Forever Came Calling added to Pure Noise Records Tour|url=http://www.altpress.com/news/entry/handguns_forever_came_calling_added_to_pure_noise_records_tour|publisher=Alternative Press|accessdate=16 December 2014}}</ref> In February and March of 2015, Front Porch Step will be going on his first headlining tour, with support from Have Mercy, Alcoa, and Head North.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sharp|first1=Tyler|title=Front Porch Step announces tour with Have Mercy, Alcoa, Head North, more|url=http://www.altpress.com/news/entry/front_porch_step_announces_tour_with_have_mercy_alcoa_head_north_more|publisher=Alternative Press|accessdate=15 December 2014}}</ref> Front Porch Step will also be partaking in the 2015 [[Vans Warped Tour]], which is held annually throughout the summer.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Crane|first1=Matt|title=Neck Deep, Palisades, Front Porch Step, Handguns, more announced for Warped Tour 2015|url=http://www.altpress.com/news/entry/neck_deep_palisades_front_porch_step_handguns_more_announced_for_warped_tou|publisher=Alternative Press|accessdate=15 December 2014}}</ref>

==Discography==
===Studio albums===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="width:18px;" rowspan="2"|Year
! style="width:245px;" rowspan="2"|Album
!colspan="1"|Chart positions
|-
! style="width:50px;"|[[Top Heatseekers]]
|-
| 2013
| '''Aware<ref>{{cite web|last1=Slessor|first1=Dan|title=Front Porch Step - Aware|url=http://www.altpress.com/reviews/entry/front_porch_step_aware|publisher=Alternative Press|accessdate=13 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Zarrillo|first1=Zack|title=POZ Stream: Front Porch Step - Aware|url=http://propertyofzack.com/post/66198691570/poz-stream-front-porch-step-aware|publisher=Property of Zack|accessdate=13 September 2014}}</ref>'''
*Released: November 12, 2013
*Label: [[Pure Noise Records]]
*Format: [[Compact disc|CD]], [[Gramophone record|LP]], [[music download|digital download]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 39
|-
|}

===EPs===
{|class="wikitable"
! width="20"| Year
! width="370"| Album details
|-
| 2014
| '''''Whole Again<ref>{{cite web|last1=Crane|first1=Matt|title=Front Porch Step - “A Lovely Mess” song premiere and EP announcement|url=http://www.altpress.com/features/entry/front_porch_step_a_lovely_mess_song_premiere_and_ep_announcement|publisher=Alternative Press.|accessdate=13 October 2014}}</ref>
'''''
*Released: December 2, 2014
*Label: Pure Noise Records
*Format: CD, Vinyl, music download
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://frontporchstepmusic.com/}}
* {{facebook|frontporchstep}}
* {{twitter|Frontporchstep}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Front Porch Step
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American musician
| DATE OF BIRTH =
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}

[[Category:Musicians from Ohio]]

Heinrich von Huntingdon

2014-11-12T01:34:29Z

Deadbeef: Reverted edits by 174.45.64.253 (talk) to last revision by Ohconfucius (HG)

{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
:''For Earl Henry, father of two Scottish kings, see [[Henry of Scotland, 3rd Earl of Huntingdon]]''

'''Henry of Huntingdon''' (c. 1088 – c. 1157), the son of a [[canon (priest)|canon]] in the [[diocese of Lincoln]], was a [[English historians in the Middle Ages|12th-century English historian]], the author of a history of England, the ''Historia Anglorum'', "the most important [[Anglo-Norman]] historian to emerge from the [[secular clergy]]".{{cn|date=July 2014}} He served as [[archdeacon of Huntingdon]]. The few details of Henry's life that are known originated from his own works and from a number of official records. He was brought up in the wealthy court of [[Robert Bloet|Robert Bloet of Lincoln]], who became his patron.

At the request of Bloet's successor, [[Alexander of Lincoln]], Henry began to write his ''Historia Anglorum'', first published around 1129, an account of the history of England from its beginnings up to the year 1154.

==Life==
Henry was born in about 1088 and died about 1157. He succeeded his father Nicholas as archdeacon [[Diocese of Lincoln]] in 1110.<ref name=DNB/> No personal correspondence or anecdotes survived him and it seemed that no one considered him important enough to have written a memorial. His biography depends upon a few notices scattered through his own work and in a few places where he left his name in the course of his official duties. The identity of his mother is unknown. His father Nicholas, the first archdeacon of Huntingdon, was a clerk in holy orders, who had enough influence with the [[Bishop of Lincoln]] to secure the succession of his title for his son, a substantial inheritance for a man who had not yet reached thirty.<ref>Partner, pp.11–12</ref> Nicholas was canon of Lincoln for over thirty years until his death in 1110.<ref name=DNB/>

He was received as a little boy into the ''[[Medieval household|familia]]'' of [[Robert Bloet]] of [[Lincoln, England|Lincoln]] and grew up in luxury, living in the wealth and splendour of England's richest episcopal court. His upbringing gave him a positive outlook towards the world, but in later years he learned to feel a certain recoil distrust of ''[[contemptus mundi]]'', "contempt for the world", a feeling which encompasses much of his mature literary work.<ref>Partner, p.12-13</ref> Bishop Bloet's successor, [[Alexander of Lincoln]], became sensible of Henry's aptitude for business and employed him frequently for important affairs, though it remains clear that Henry owed his promotion to the [[patronage]] of Bishop Bloet. It was at Bishop Alexander's request that Henry began to write his ''Historia Anglorum'' ('The History of The English').<ref>''[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=O6U5BTD0-rYC&pg=PA239&lpg=PA239&dq=ethelbald+cuthred+743&source=web&ots=fds4hFAXoP&sig=P2yV022ela4Rkr4n7yj9vXfXzsI&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=5&ct=result#PPP1,M1 Historia Anglorum]''</ref><ref>Forester,p.x</ref> The formal Prologue of his History, which was addressed to Bishop Alexander, was written in a floridly dense high style that allowed him to parade himself, before retreating into dutiful obscurity behind the chroniclers he had used. It was written as an elaborate defence of the writing of history and to show off his degree of education.<ref>Partner, p.19</ref>

Over the years, his contempt for the world grew and became the informing spirit of his literary work and spiritual life. During his travels, he began to notice that people were more worried about taking care of their belongings rather than themselves This led him to write a long poem on ''De contemptu visibilum''.<ref>Partner, p. 40</ref>

Overall, the little known information about him is concrete and suggestive, hinting at a life lived just below the first ranks of property and talent in an age of personal reticence. He mentions [[Lanfranc]] as having been "famous in our own time", which places Henry's birthdate a few years before 1109, the year Lanfranc died. His ''Historia Anglorum'' leaves off in 1154, with the promise of another book for the new reign; however since that book was never written it may be assumed that Henry died shortly afterwards.<ref>Partner, p.11</ref>

==Writings==

===''Historia''===
Henry's most notable work is the ''Historia Anglorum''. He was bidden by Bishop Alexander of Lincoln to write a history of England from the earliest period and bringing it to modern times, ending it upon the accession of [[Henry II of England|Henry II]] in 1154. It was assumed that the first edition was published at the end of 1129 and the second in 1135, at the end of the reign of [[Henry I of England]]. He published new editions as the years went on, the final fifth copy coming down in 1154, supposedly to terminate the History with the death of [[Stephen of England|Stephen]], leaving his history organised into eight books. There is some evidence that Henry did not intend to stop there, intending to add another book to his series that would cover the events of the first five years of the reign of Henry II. It was never carried out, as Henry of Huntingdon must have been at least seventy years old by the time of the king's accession and died shortly afterwards.<ref>Huntingdon, pp.ix-xvi</ref>

Henry's ear for telling detail is responsible for entertaining touches drawn from current legend and his own fertile imagination. [[C. Warren Hollister]] notes the anecdote of [[Cnut the Great|King Canute]]'s failure to stem the tide by command and [[Henry I of England|Henry I]]'s ignoring his physician's orders to dine on [[lampreys]].<ref>Hollister, p. 10</ref> Such touches rendered his history popular – there are twenty-five surviving manuscripts – and they embedded his anecdotes firmly into popular history.

''Historia Anglorum'' was first printed by [[Sir Henry Savile]] in 1596 in the historical miscellany ''Rerum Anglicarum Scriptores post Bedam praecipui''.

Henry's sources included:

*[[Bede]], ''[[Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum|Historia Ecclesiastica]]'', for the years up to 731.<ref name=DNB>''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'': Henry</ref>
*''[[Historia Brittonum]]'' (Vatican recension).<ref name=DNB/>
*[[Paul the Deacon]]'s ''Historia Romana'', for Roman emperors, as well as [[Eutropius (historian)|Eutropius]] and [[Aurelius Victor]]<ref name=DNB/>
*The works of [[Saint Jerome]] and [[Gregory the Great]], with which Henry had a passing familiarity.
*Saints' Lives (especially Book 9).<ref name=DNB/>
*Versions of the ''[[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle]]'' similar to C and E. This included the poem on [[Brunanburh]], which he translated into [[Latin]].
*A lost version of the ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'', which he shared with [[John of Worcester]].<ref name=DNB/> This version contained quite a number of detailed and valuable accounts of battles of the Saxon invasions of Britain which are only preserved in Henry's ''Historia''.
*[[Old English]] poems, which he translated into Latin. This may include the legend of King Canute and the waves, as well as material on [[Siward, Earl of Northumbria]].<ref name=DNB/>
*[[Old French]] songs, for Norman history.<ref name=DNB/>

===Other works===
As an author, Henry distinguished himself in his youth by writing poetry, comprising eight books of epigrams, eight books on love, and the so-called ''Anglicanus ortus'', eight books on herbs, spices and gems united by a medical theme.<ref name="Black">Henry of Huntingdon. ''Anglicanus ortus: a Verse Herbal of the Twelfth Century'', edited and translated by Winston Black. Toronto, Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, c2012, p. 7.</ref> Of these, two books of epigrams and the eight medical books survive, the latter identified only in modern times.<ref>''Ibid'', p. 9</ref> The ''Anglicanus ortus'' has since been published, books 1–6 (on herbs and spices) as ''Anglicanus ortus: a Verse Herbal of the Twelfth Century'' (Toronto, Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, c2012), and books 7–8 (on gems) as "Henry of Huntingdon's lapidary rediscovered and his ''Anglicanus ortus'' reassembled" (''Mediaeval Studies'', v. 68, 2006, pp. 43–87), both edited by Winston Black.<ref>''Ibid'', pp. 8–13, 496.</ref> Henry wrote an [[Epistle]] to [[Henry I of England|Henry I]] on the Succession of foreign kings and emperors up to their own time, and another to a man named Warin that contained an account of the ancient British kings from [[Brutus of Troy|Brute]] to [[Cadwaladr|Cadwaller]]. The information for this account was obtained from a monk while Henry was at the [[Abbey of Bec]], which held the writings of [[Geoffrey of Monmouth]].<ref name=DNB/>

His most notable Epistle was a funereal exercise addressed to his recently deceased friend and fellow archdeacon of Lincoln diocese, Walter of Leicester, titled ''De contemptu mundi'' ("On Contempt for the world"), which from internal evidence dates to 1135.<ref name="Black"/><ref>Forester, pp.xi-xii</ref>

==Contribution to history==

The contribution that Henry of Huntingdon brought to history cannot solely rest with his ''Historia Anglorum'' but must also include his Epistles. All of these writings offer an insight into the minds of those who lived in the twelfth century and illuminate how historians of the time recorded history and corresponded with their peers. Henry's legacy consisted of his own contribution to the history of England and his recorded thoughts and ideas, thereby opening a valuable perspective on his era's mindset.

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==Sources==

*Henry of Huntingdon, ''Historia Anglorum''
**ed. and tr. Diana E. Greenway, ''Henry Archdeacon of Huntingdon. Historia Anglorum. The History of the English People''. Oxford Medieval Texts. Oxford, 1996.
**tr. D.E. Greenway, ''Henry of Huntingdon. The History of the English People, 1000–1154''. Oxford World's Classics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-19-284075-4.
*{{cite web
| url = http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/12970
| title = Henry [Henry of Huntingdon] (c.1088–c.1157)
| first = D.E.
| last = Greenway
| year = 2004
| work = Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
| publisher = Oxford University Press
| location =
| accessdate = 18 April 2011
}}
*Greenway, D.E. "Authority, convention and observation in Henry of Huntingdon's ''Historia Anglorum''." ''Anglo-Norman Studies'' 18 (1995): 105–21.
*Greenway, D.E. "Henry of Huntingdon and the manuscripts of his ''Historia Anglorum''." ''Anglo-Norman Studies'' 9 (1986): 103–26.
*Hollister, C. Warren. ''Henry I''. Yale English Monarchs. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-300-08858-2.
*Partner, Nancy F. ''Serious Entertainments: The writing of History in Twelfth-Century England''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1977.

==External links==
{{wikisource author}}

===''Historia Anglorum''===
*'' ''Historia Anglorum'', The History of the English'' (published 1879, in Latin), edited by Thomas Arnold, [http://www.archive.org/details/henriciarchidia00unkngoog Internet Archive]
*''The chronicle of Henry of Huntingdon. Comprising the history of England, from the invasion of Julius Cæsar to the accession of Henry II. Also, The acts of Stephen, king of England and duke of Normandy'' (published 1853, in English), translated and edited by Thomas Forester, [http://www.archive.org/details/chroniclehenryh01foregoog Internet Archive]

{{Authority control|VIAF=57425612|GND=11947820X}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Henry of Huntingdon
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Henricus Huntingdonensis
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = English historian
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1080s
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 1160
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Henry Of Huntingdon}}
[[Category:Huntingdon]]
[[Category:1155 deaths]]
[[Category:English historians]]
[[Category:12th-century Latin writers]]
[[Category:12th-century historians]]
[[Category:12th-century English people]]
[[Category:12th-century Roman Catholic priests]]
[[Category:English chroniclers]]
[[Category:1080s births]]

Kolonialregierungen in den dreizehn Kolonien

2013-09-06T02:21:45Z

Deadbeef: Reverted edits by 24.32.40.60 (talk) to last revision by ClueBot NG (HG)

The organization and structure of British colonial governments in America shared many attributes. While each of the [[Thirteen Colonies]] destined to become the United States had its own history and development, over time common features and patterns emerged in the structure and organization of the governments.

By the time of the [[American Revolution]] in 1775, most of these features applied to most of the colonies.

==The Legislature==
Government in the colonies represented an extension of the English government. Courts enforced the [[common law]] of England. The ''Governor's Council'' or the ''Governor's Court'' was a body of senior advisors to the governor. The General Assembly was elected by the enfranchised voters; by 1750, most free men could vote. In New England, the towns had annual [[town meetings]] where all free men had a voice.<ref>Women, children, slaves and Indians did not vote.</ref> Diplomatic affairs were handled by London, as were some trading policies.<ref>Cooke (1993) vol 1 part 4</ref> The colonies handled their own affairs (and wars) with the Native Americans, but Britain handled foreign wars with France and Spain.<ref>Cooke (1993) vol 1 part 4</ref>

===The Council===

Governor council members were appointed, and served at the governor's pleasure. Often their terms lasted longer than the governor's, as the first act of most new governors was to re-appoint or continue the council members in their offices. When there was an absentee governor, or in a period between governors, the council acted as a government.<ref>Cooke (1993) vol 1 part 4</ref>

Members of the council included [[ex-officio member]]s who served by virtue of being named to would all be councilors. Others would be appointed by the governor to get an effective cross-section to represent various diverse interests in the colony. Council members were theoretically subject to approval by the British government, either the [[Secretary of State for the Southern Department]], or after 1768 the [[Secretary of State for the Colonies]].<ref>Cooke (1993) vol 1 part 4</ref> In practice, the distance and delay in communications meant that a veto over a member occurred only in rare cases.

The Council as a whole would sit as the supreme court for the colony. Like the British [[House of Lords]], the council's approval was required for new laws, which usually originated in the Assembly. The council could be viewed as continuous, unlike the Assembly, which would typically meet for a new session each year to deal with taxes, budgets, and new requirements. Like the Assembly, most Council positions were unpaid, and members pursued a number of professions. While lawyers were prominent throughout the colonies, merchants were important in the northern colonies, while planters were more involved in the south.

===The Assembly===
The Assemblies had a variety of titles, such as: House of Delegates, [[House of Burgesses]], or Assembly of Freemen. They had several features in common. Members were elected by the propertied citizens of the towns or counties annually, which usually meant for a single, brief session, although the council or governor could and sometimes did call for a special session.<ref>Cooke (1993) vol 1 part 4</ref> [[Suffrage]] was restricted to free white men only, usually with property ownership restrictions. Since land ownership was widespread, most white men could vote.

Taxes and government budgets originated in the Assembly. The budget was also connected with the raising and equipping of the militia. As the American Revolution grew nearer, this contributed to the conflict between the assembly and the governor.<ref>Cooke (1993) vol 1 part 4</ref>

==Conflict==
{{unreferenced section|date=August 2013}}

The perennial struggles between governors and the Assemblies are sometimes taken as symptoms of a rising democratic spirit. However, these assemblies represented only the privileged classes, and were protecting the colony against executive encroachments. Legally, a governor's authority was unassailable. In resisting that authority, assemblies resorted to justification by arguments from [[natural right]]s and general welfare, giving life to the notion that governments derived, or ought to derive, their authority from the [[consent of the governed]].

==See also==
*[[American Revolution]]
*[[Colonial history of the United States]]
*[[Proprietary colony]]
*[[Proprietary Governor]]
*[[Proprietary House]]
* [[Executive Council of New Hampshire]]
* [[Massachusetts Governor's Council]]

==Further reading==
* Andrews, Charles M. ''Colonial Self-Government, 1652-1689'' (1904) [http://www.archive.org/stream/colonialselfgov00andrgoog/colonialselfgov00andrgoog_djvu.txt full text online]
* Andrews, Charles M. ''The Colonial Period of American History'' (4 vol. 1934-38), the standard overview to 1700
* Cooke, Jacob Ernest, ed. ''Encyclopedia of the North American Colonies'' (3 vol 1993), compares British, French, Spanish and Dutch colonies
* Dinkin, Robert J. ''Voting in Provincial America: A Study of Elections in the Thirteen Colonies, 1689-1776'' (1977)
*Hawke, David F.; ''The Colonial Experience''; 1966, ISBN 0-02-351830-8. textbook
* Middleton, Richard, and Anne Lombard. ''Colonial America: A History to 1763'' (4th ed. 2011) [http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/1405190043/ excerpt and text search]
* Osgood, Herbert L. ''The American colonies in the seventeenth century,'' (3 vol 1904-07). [http://books.google.com/books?id=agcOAAAAIAAJ vol 3 online]
* Osgood, Herbert L. ''The American colonies in the eighteenth century'' (4 vol, 1924-25)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Colonial Government In The Thirteen Colonies}}
[[Category:Colonial government in America| ]]
[[Category:Governance of the British Empire]]

Kalisto

2013-08-29T19:08:53Z

Deadbeef: Reverted edits by 146.52.96.120 (talk) to last revision by Ribbon Salminen (HG)

{{Infobox professional wrestler
|name=Samuray del Sol
|birthname=
|names='''Octagón Jr.'''<ref name=AAAOctagonJr/> Samuray<ref name=GALLIChamp/> '''Samuray del Sol'''<ref name=CZW/>
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|height={{height|ft=5|in=6}}<ref name=CZW/><ref name=SWE/>
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|real_height=
|real_weight=
|birth_date={{birth date and age|1986|11|14|mf=y}}<ref name=CZW/>
|birth_place=[[Chicago]], [[Illinois]]<ref name=F4D/>
|death_date=
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|resides=[[Chicago]], [[Illinois]]<ref name=CZW/>
|billed=[[Berwyn, Illinois|Berwyn]], [[Illinois]]<ref name=SWE/><ref name=AAW>{{cite web | url = http://www.aawrestling.com/samuraydelsol.html | title = Samuray del Sol | accessdate=November 22, 2012 | work=AAW Wrestling}}</ref>
|trainer=[[Windy City Pro Wrestling]]<ref name=F4D/> Gran Apache<ref name=F4D/>
|debut=2006<ref name=CZW/>
|retired=
|website=[http://www.samuraydelsol.com/ SamurayDelSol.com]
}}

'''Samuray del Sol''' (born November 14, 1986)<ref name=CZW>{{cite web | url = http://www.czwrestling.com/news.php/tale_of_the_tape__samuray_del_sol.html | title = Tale of the Tape: Samuray Del Sol | date=March 28, 2012 | accessdate=November 22, 2012 | work=[[Combat Zone Wrestling]]}}</ref> is a [[Mexican American]] [[Professional wrestling|professional wrestler]] who is currently signed to [[WWE]]. His [[ring name]] is [[Spanish language|Spanish]] for "[[Samurai|Samuray]] of the Sun". He made his professional wrestling debut in 2006, working under a [[Wrestling mask|mask]] on the [[Midwestern United States]] [[independent circuit]]. Having established himself as one of the top [[Professional wrestling aerial techniques|high-flyers]] in the area, he began working for larger national and international promotions in 2011 and was signed by [[Dragon Gate USA]] in 2012. The same year, he made his debut for Mexican promotion [[Asistencia Asesoría y Administración]] (AAA), where, in November, he was repackaged as '''Octagón Jr.''', the storyline protégé of well-known ''[[Lucha libre|luchador]]'' [[Octagón]]. He has also worked for promotions such as [[Combat Zone Wrestling]] (CZW), [[Independent Wrestling Association Mid-South]] (IWA-MS), Lucha POP, [[National Wrestling Alliance]] (NWA), [[Pro Wrestling Guerrilla]] (PWG) and Resistance Pro Wrestling (RPW). In May 2013, he signed a developmental contract with WWE.

==Early life==
Samuray del Sol was born in [[Chicago|Chicago, Illinois]], [[United States]], but spent his first years living in [[Mexico City]], [[Mexico]].<ref name=F4D>{{cite episode | title = Oct 30 Figure Four Daily: Bryan Alvarez interviews Samuray Del Sol about WWE aspirations, Dragon Gate USA, head injury that nearly ended his career, his masks, inside Teddy Hart's dojo, and so much more! | url = http://www.f4wonline.com/component/content/article/77-figure-four-daily/28155-oct-30-figure-four-daily-bryan-alvarez-interviews-samuray-del-sol-about-wwe-aspirations-dragon-gate-usa-head-injury-that-nearly-ended-his-career-his-masks-inside-teddy-harts-dojo-and-so-much-more | series = Figure Four Daily | serieslink=Bryan Alvarez | last=Alvarez | first=Bryan (host) | airdate=October 30, 2012 | publisher=[[Dave Meltzer#Wrestling Observer Newsletter|Wrestling Observer Newsletter]]|accessdate=November 22, 2012}}</ref><ref name=OfficialBio>{{cite web | url = http://www.samuraydelsol.com/#/biography/4548898486 | title = Biography | accessdate=November 22, 2012 | work=SamurayDelSol.com}}</ref> In the mid-90s, when he was still in [[primary school]], Samuray's family moved to Chicago, though they also kept making regular trips to Mexico City.<ref name=F4D/> In Chicago, he attended [[Curie Metropolitan High School]].<ref name=ViveloHoy>{{cite web | url = http://www.vivelohoy.com/english/8289101/from-chicago-to-mexico-city-a-luchador-makes-good | title = From Chicago to Mexico City, a luchador makes good | last=Platt | first=Gregory | date=January 25, 2013 | accessdate=January 26, 2013 | work=Vivé lo Hoy}}</ref> Samuray grew up a fan of Mexican [[professional wrestling]], or ''[[lucha libre]]'', especially workers like [[Tinieblas]], whose [[Wrestling mask|mask]] and physique caught his attention, and [[Octagón]], whose in-ring style caught his attention.<ref name=F4D/> As a child, Samuray bought both Tinieblas' and Octagón's replica masks.<ref name=F4D/> After moving to the United States, Samuray started watching [[WWE|World Wrestling Federation]] (WWF), [[World Championship Wrestling]] (WCW) and [[Extreme Championship Wrestling]] (ECW), taking influence from the likes of [[Rey Mysterio]], [[Rob Van Dam]] and [[Sabu (wrestler)|Sabu]].<ref name=F4D/> In [[high school]], Samuray started watching [[Independent circuit|independent]] promotions like [[Ring of Honor]] (ROH) as well as [[Japan]]ese promotions.<ref name=F4D/> Samuray has a sports background in [[gymnastics]], [[taekwondo]], [[amateur wrestling]] and [[American football|football]].<ref name=F4D/><ref name=OfficialBio/>

==Professional wrestling career==
===Early career===
Samuray del Sol was initially trained in professional wrestling in 2006 at [[Windy City Pro Wrestling]]'s (WCPW) training school in Chicago, where he was trained in not only American professional wrestling, but also ''lucha libre'' by a former [[Asistencia Asesoría y Administración]] (AAA) ''luchador''.<ref name=F4D/><ref name=OfficialBio/> Samuray has later noted that because of his youth, his trainers were strict on him, leading him to contemplating quitting the school.<ref name=ViveloHoy/> Samuray made his debut for WCPW after only three weeks of training.<ref name=F4D/> Combining his Mexican and Japanese influences, he adopted the [[ring name]] Samuray del Sol,<ref name=F4D/> choosing to use the spelling "Samuray" in order to differentiate himself from several other workers using the name Samurai.<ref name=F4D/> Much like his childhood idols, Samuray also began wrestling under a mask.<ref name=F4D/> During his first years in the business, Samuray made a name for himself on the Chicago and [[Midwestern United States]] independent circuit.<ref name=CZW/>

During 2010, Samuray began branching out of the Midwest, making his debuts for [[Pennsylvania]]-based International Wrestling Cartel (IWC) and [[New York]]-based East Coast Lucha Libre (ECLL).<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wrestleview.com/viewnews.php?id=1281900847 | title = Indy News #1: WWC, IWC, ACW and Will Owens | last=Martin | first=Adam | date=August 15, 2010 | accessdate=November 22, 2012 | work=WrestleView}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wrestleview.com/viewnews.php?id=1288376845 | archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20101030211328/http://www.wrestleview.com/viewnews.php?id=1288376845 | archivedate=October 30, 2010 | title = Viva La Raza! Lucha Weekly | last=Boutwell | first=Josh | date=October 29, 2010 | accessdate=November 22, 2012 | work=WrestleView}}</ref> On September 25, 2010, Samuray worked in a [[Glossary of professional wrestling terms#Dark match|dark match]] put together by [[Berwyn, Illinois]]-based All American Wrestling (AAW) for [[Dragon Gate USA]] (DGUSA), where he unsuccessfully challenged Silas Young for the AAW Heavyweight Championship in a three-way match, which also included [[Gran Akuma]].<ref name=IWDB>{{cite web | url = http://www.profightdb.com/wrestlers/samuray-del-sol-6604.html | title = Samuray del Sol | accessdate=November 22, 2012 | work=The Internet Wrestling Database}}</ref> During 2010, Samuray made his first wrestling tour of Mexico.<ref name=CZW/> During another tour of Mexico in April 2011, Samuray suffered a serious injury at an event held by independent promotion Desastre Total Ultraviolento (DTU), when he landed on the concrete floor and hit his head on a guardrail, when diving out of the ring onto his opponents.<ref name=F4D/><ref name=ViveloHoy/><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wrestleview.com/viewnews.php?id=1304103120 | archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20110513202607/http://www.wrestleview.com/viewnews.php?id=1304103120 | archivedate=May 13, 2011 | title = Viva La Raza! Lucha Weekly | last=Boutwell | first=Josh | date=April 29, 2011 | accessdate=November 22, 2012 | work=WrestleView}}</ref> In the aftermath of the injury, Samuray began suffering from [[post-concussion syndrome]] and fell into depression and contemplated quitting professional wrestling, before receiving a call to take part in a three-day tryout camp for [[WWE]].<ref name=F4D/><ref name=ViveloHoy/>

===Asistencia Asesoría y Administración (2011–present)===
During mid-2011, Mexican ''luchador'' [[Crazy Boy]], who saw Samuray during his Mexican debut, got him a spot in Asistencia Asesoría y Administración's (AAA) [[reality television]] program ''¿Quién Pinta Para La Corona?''.<ref name=F4D/><ref>{{cite web | url = http://msn.mediotiempo.com/mas-deportes/lucha-libre/noticias/2011/07/10/nuevos-finalista-en-quien-pinta-para-la-corona?url=/mas-deportes/lucha-libre/noticias/2011/07/10/nuevos-finalista-en-quien-pinta-para-la-corona | title = Nuevos finalista en ¿Quién Pinta para la Corona? | date=July 10, 2011 | accessdate=November 22, 2012 | work=Medio Tiempo | language=Spanish}}</ref> While taking part in the program, Samuray also returned to Crazy Boy's DTU promotion.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wrestleview.com/viewnews.php?id=1303514161 | archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20110425195148/http://www.wrestleview.com/viewnews.php?id=1303514161 | archivedate=April 25, 2011 | title = Viva La Raza! Lucha Weekly | last=Boutwell | first=Josh | date=July 9, 2011 | accessdate=November 22, 2012 | work=WrestleView}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wrestleview.com/viewnews.php?id=1310234440 | archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20110712031512/http://www.wrestleview.com/viewnews.php?id=1310234440 | archivedate=July 12, 2011 | title = Viva La Raza! Lucha Weekly | last=Boutwell | first=Josh | date=April 22, 2011 | accessdate=November 22, 2012 | work=WrestleView}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.record.com.mx/luchalibre/2011-07-24/samuray-del-sol-triunfa-en-expolucha | title = Samuray del Sol triunfa en Expolucha | last=Rodríguez | first=Édgar | date=July 24, 2011 | accessdate=November 22, 2012 | work=[[Récord]] | language=Spanish}}</ref> During the taping of the program, he also underwent further training under veteran ''luchador'' Gran Apache, whom he credits with "perfecting [his] career".<ref name=IndyViewInterview>{{cite web | url = http://superluchas.net/2012/05/29/indy-view-samuray-del-sol-llegar-a-dragon-gate-una-meta-cumplida-mexico-una-gran-experiencia-samuraydelsol/ | title = “Indy View”: Samuray del Sol: “Llegar a Dragon Gate, una meta cumplida.” – “México, una gran Experiencia.” – @samuraydelsol | last=Quijano | first=Humberto | date=May 29, 2012 | accessdate=November 22, 2012 | publisher=''SuperLuchas'' Magazine | language=Spanish}}</ref> Although he did not earn a contract with AAA through the program,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://luchalibreaaa.com/noticiasaaa/item/268-%C2%BFqui%C3%A9n-pinta-para-la-corona?-2012-rompe-records-en-puebla.html | title = ¿Quién Pinta Para La Corona? 2012 Rompe Records | accessdate=November 22, 2012 | work=[[Asistencia Asesoría y Administración]] | language=Spanish}}</ref> Samuray was able to make his AAA main card debut on August 19, 2012, when he teamed with [[Joe Líder]] and [[Juventud Guerrera]] in a six man tag team match, where they were defeated by the [[Heel (professional wrestling)|villainous]] ''[[La Sociedad]]'' trio of Daga, Dark Dragon and [[Psicosis]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wrestleview.com/viewnews.php?id=1347066864 | archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20120919190158/http://wrestleview.com/viewnews.php?id=1347066864 | archivedate=September 19, 2012 | title = Viva La Raza! Lucha Weekly | last=Boutwell | first=Josh | date=September 7, 2012 | accessdate=November 22, 2012 | work=WrestleView}}</ref> During September, Samuray worked several multi man tag team matches against ''Los Inferno Rockers'' (Devil Rocker, Machine Rocker, Soul Rocker and Uro Rocker), losing all of them.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wrestleview.com/viewnews.php?id=1348334739 | archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20121007211250/http://www.wrestleview.com/viewnews.php?id=1348334739 | archivedate=October 7, 2012 | title = Viva La Raza! Lucha Weekly | last=Boutwell | first=Josh | date=September 22, 2012 | accessdate=November 22, 2012 | work=WrestleView}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wrestleview.com/viewnews.php?id=1349547810 | archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20121102054504/http://www.wrestleview.com/viewnews.php?id=1349547810 | archivedate=November 2, 2012 | title = Viva La Raza! Lucha Weekly | last=Boutwell | first=Josh | date=October 6, 2012 | accessdate=November 22, 2012 | work=WrestleView}}</ref>

While training with [[Teddy Hart]] in [[Canada]], Samuray received a call from AAA [[Glossary of professional wrestling terms#Book|booker]] [[Konnan]], who offered him a regular spot on the promotion's roster.<ref name=ViveloHoy/> On October 7, 2012, at ''[[Héroes Inmortales (2012)|Héroes Inmortales]]'', Samuray was placed in his first storyline in AAA, when he, not identified, referred to only as a "mysterious fighter", approached Octagón backstage after a match.<ref name=AAAOctagonJr/> Shortly afterwards, AAA revealed that the fighter had been Samuray del Sol and he had requested for Octagón to start training him, which Octagón, having been impressed by the newcomer ever since noticing him on ''¿Quién Pinta Para La Corona?'', accepted.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.luchalibreaaa.com/noticiasaaa/item/314-octag%C3%B3n-ya-tiene-nuevo-disc%C3%ADpulo.html | title = Octagón Ya Tiene Nuevo Discípulo | accessdate=November 22, 2012 | work=[[Asistencia Asesoría y Administración]] | language=Spanish}}</ref> On November 15, Octagón was ambushed during an in-ring interview by ''El Consejo'' members [[Silver King (wrestler)|Silver King]] and [[Toscano (wrestler)|Toscano]], who, however, were quicly chased out of the ring by Samuray del Sol. Afterwards, Octagón gave Samuray a new mask similar to the one he was wearing himself and officially adopted him as his protégé, renaming him "Octagón Jr."<ref name=AAAOctagonJr>{{cite web | url = http://www.luchalibreaaa.com/noticiasaaa/item/333-el-nacimiento-de-octag%C3%B3n-jr.html | title = El Nacimiento de Octagón Jr | accessdate=November 22, 2012 | work=[[Asistencia Asesoría y Administración]] | language=Spanish}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wrestleview.com/viewnews.php?id=1353099379 | title = Viva La Raza! Lucha Weekly | last=Boutwell | first=Josh | date=November 16, 2012 | accessdate=November 22, 2012 | work=WrestleView}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://superluchas.net/2012/11/16/octagon-presenta-a-octagon-jr-samuray-del-sol/ | title = Adios, Samuray del Sol. ¡Bienvenido, Octagón Jr.! | last=Mexicool | first=Rey | date=November 16, 2012 | accessdate=November 22, 2012 | publisher=''SuperLuchas'' Magazine | language=Spanish}}</ref> Prior to making his in-ring debut as Octagón Jr., Samuray wrestled one final AAA match under his old name and mask, when on November 18 he teamed with [[AAA World Heavyweight Championship|AAA World Heavyweight Champion]] [[Ricky Banderas|El Mesías]] to defeat ''El Consejo'' members [[El Texano, Jr.]] and Silver King via disqualification.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.luchalibreaaa.com/noticiasaaa/item/327-choque-de-rivalidades-en-aaa-fusi%C3%B3n-rumbo-a-guerra-de-titanes.html | title = Choque de Rivalidades en AAA Fusión | accessdate=November 22, 2012 | work=[[Asistencia Asesoría y Administración]] | language=Spanish}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://msn.mediotiempo.com/mas-deportes/lucha-libre/noticias/2012/11/19/arden-los-odios-rumbo-a-guerra-de-titanes | title = Arden los odios rumbo a Guerra de Titanes | date=November 19, 2012 | accessdate=November 22, 2012 | work=Medio Tiempo | language=Spanish}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wrestleview.com/viewnews.php?id=1353700363 | title = Viva La Raza! Lucha Weekly | last=Boutwell | first=Josh | date=November 23, 2012 | accessdate=November 23, 2012 | work=WrestleView}}</ref> Octagón Jr. made his in-ring debut on December 2 at ''[[Guerra de Titanes (2012)|Guerra de Titanes]]'', where he, Octagón and [[La Parka II|La Parka]] defeated his debuting storyline nemesis, [[Pentagón Jr.]], [[La Parka Negra]] and Silver King in a six man tag team match.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://superluchas.net/2012/12/02/la-parka-negra-y-pentagon-jr-llegan-a-guerra-de-titanes-2012/ | title = La Parka Negra y Pentagón Jr. llegan a Guerra de Titanes 2012 | last=Mexicool | first=Rey | date=December 2, 2012 | accessdate=December 2, 2012 | publisher=''SuperLuchas'' Magazine | language=Spanish}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url= http://msn.mediotiempo.com/mas-deportes/lucha-libre/noticias/2012/12/02/guerra-de-titanes-minuto-a-minuto-en-vivo | title=Guerra de Titanes, Minuto a Minuto ¡En Vivo! | date=December 2, 2012 | accessdate=December 2, 2012 | work=Medio Tiempo | language=Spanish}}</ref> In May 2013, it was reported that AAA was looking to replace Samuray del Sol as Octagón Jr. due to his busy independent schedule preventing him from appearing for the promotion.<ref>{{cite journal| last = Meltzer | first = Dave | authorlink = Dave Meltzer | date = May 6, 2013 | title = May 6 2013 Wrestling Observer Newsletter: Biggest money show in pro-wrestling history breakdown, boxing vs. wrestling and MMA, weird night of fights at UFC 169, Akiyama wins Champion Carnival, tons more | journal = [[Dave Meltzer#Wrestling Observer Newsletter|Wrestling Observer Newsletter]] | location = [[Campbell, California]] | page = 20 | issn = 10839593 | url=http://www.f4wonline.com/component/content/article/110-wrestling-observer-newsletter/31076-may-6-2013-wrestling-observer-newsletter-biggest-money-show-in-pro-wrestling-history-breakdown-boxing-vs-wrestling-and-mma-weird-night-of-fights-at-ufc-169-akiyama-wins-champion-carnival-tons-more}}</ref>

===Combat Zone Wrestling (2012)===
After returning from his ''¿Quién Pinta Para La Corona?'' stint in Mexico, Samuray, looking to showcase the "new Samuray del Sol",<ref name=IndyViewInterview/> made his debut for [[Combat Zone Wrestling]] (CZW) on February 4, 2012, in a match, where he was defeated by [[AR Fox]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.czwrestling.com/archives/2012/SuperSaturday.php | title = 'Super Saturday' | accessdate=November 22, 2012 | work=[[Combat Zone Wrestling]]}}</ref> Samuray credits the match as opening him doors to bigger promotions, including Dragon Gate USA.<ref name=IndyViewInterview/> On March 10, Samuray and [[Uhaa Nation]] survived an eight-man elimination match to qualify for the [[CZW Best of the Best#Best of the Best 11|Best of the Best 11 tournament]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.czwrestling.com/archives/2012/AerialAssault.php | title = 'Aerial Assault' | accessdate=November 22, 2012 | work=[[Combat Zone Wrestling]]}}</ref> The tournament took place on internet [[pay-per-view]] on April 14 and saw Samuray defeat [[Chuck Taylor (wrestler)|Chuck Taylor]] and [[Johnny Gargano]] in a three-way first round match.<ref name=CZWBotB11>{{cite web | url = http://www.czwrestling.com/archives/2012/BestOfTheBest11.php | title = 'Best Of The Best 11' | accessdate=November 22, 2012 | work=[[Combat Zone Wrestling]]}}</ref><ref name=CZWBotB11PWT>{{cite web | url = http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/radicanstake/article_61968.shtml | title = Radican's CZW "Best of the Best 11" iPPV Review 4/14 - overview of entire tourney featuring Callihan, Gargano, Taylor, Fox | last=Radican | first=Sean | date=May 31, 2012 | accessdate=November 22, 2012 | work=Pro Wrestling Torch}}</ref> Later that same event, Samuray was defeated in his semifinal match by AR Fox.<ref name=CZWBotB11/><ref name=CZWBotB11PWT/>

===Dragon Gate USA and Evolve (2012–present)===
In March 2012, Dragon Gate USA announced that the promotion had signed a "mystery luchador" to a contract.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/quicknews/article_59397.shtml | title = DGUSA signs mystery wrestler for next four shows | last=Caldwell | first=James | date=March 22, 2012 | accessdate=November 22, 2012 | work=Pro Wrestling Torch}}</ref><ref name=VivalaRaza040112>{{cite web | url = http://www.wrestleview.com/viewnews.php?id=1333311981 | archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20120402184019/http://www.wrestleview.com/viewnews.php?id=1333311981 | archivedate=April 2, 2012 | title = Viva La Raza! Lucha Weekly | last=Boutwell | first=Josh | date=April 1, 2012 | accessdate=November 22, 2012 | work=WrestleView}}</ref> On March 29, Samuray made his Dragon Gate USA main card debut at an event co-promoted by DGUSA and CZW, appearing as [[Masato Yoshino]]'s surprise opponent and defeating him in the following singles match.<ref name=OfficialBio/><ref name=VivalaRaza040112/> The following day, Samuray made his pay-per-view debut at [[Open the Ultimate Gate#2012|Open the Ultimate Gate 2012]], defeating Johnny Vandal.<ref name=VivalaRaza040112/><ref name=UltimateGate2012>{{cite web | url = http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/otherppvs/article_59738.shtml | title = Radican's DGUSA "Open the Ultimate Gate 2012" iPPV Report 3/30 - Yoshino & Ricochet vs. Gargano & Taylor, PAC vs. Low Ki | last=Radican | first=Sean | date=March 30, 2012 | accessdate=November 22, 2012 | work=Pro Wrestling Torch}}</ref> On the third and final day of the triple shot weekend, Samuray wrestled in a six-way match at [[DGUSA Mercury Rising#2012|Mercury Rising 2012]], which was won by [[El Generico]].<ref name=VivalaRaza040112/><ref name=MercuryRising2012>{{cite web | url = http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/otherppvs/article_59802.shtml | title = Radican's DGUSA "Mercury Rising 2012" iPPV Report 3/31 - Gargano vs. Yoshino DGUSA Title match, return of traditional Six-Man Tag | last=Radican | first=Sean | date=March 31, 2012 | accessdate=November 22, 2012 | work=Pro Wrestling Torch}}</ref> On April 13, Samuray made his debut for [[Evolve (professional wrestling)|Evolve]], a promotion closely affiliated with Dragon Gate USA, losing to Chuck Taylor in a three-way match, which also included Johnny Gargano.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/otherppvs/article_60354.shtml | title=Radican's Evolve 11 iPPV report 4/13 - Virtual time coverage of live event from Toronto | date=April 13, 2012 | last=Radican | first=Sean | accessdate=November 22, 2012 |work=Pro Wrestling Torch}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Wrestling/2012/04/15/pf-19635601.html | title=Toronto WrestleReunion an amazing weekend | date=April 15, 2012 | last=Clevett | first=Jason | accessdate=November 22, 2012 |work=Slam! Sports | publisher=[[Canadian Online Explorer]]}}</ref> Samuray then had two singles matches against El Generico; the first on June 28 at Evolve 14 was won by El Generico and the rematch the following day at Evolve 15 was won by Samuray.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wrestleview.com/viewnews.php?id=1340983864 | archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20120710175134/http://www.wrestleview.com/viewnews.php?id=1340983864 | archivedate=July 10, 2012 | title=6/28 Evolve 14 iPPV Results: Ybor City, Florida | date=June 29, 2012 | last=Namako | first=Jason | accessdate=November 22, 2012 |work=WrestleView}}</ref><ref name=Evolve15>{{cite web | url = http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/otherppvs/article_62752.shtml | title = Radican's Evolve 15 iPPV review 6/29 - live coverage of event from St. Petersburg | date=June 29, 2012 | last=Radican | first=Sean | accessdate=November 22, 2012 |work=Pro Wrestling Torch}}</ref> Samuray returned to Dragon Gate USA on July 28, when he and El Generico were defeated in a tag team match by AR Fox and [[Nobuhiko Oshima|Cima]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/otherppvs/article_63788.shtml | title = Radican's DGUSA "Untouchable 2012" IPPV report 7/28: Live report on Gargano vs. Tozawa Open the Freedom Gate Title match | last=Radican | first=Sean | date=July 28, 2012 | accessdate=November 22, 2012 | work=Pro Wrestling Torch}}</ref> Samuray and El Generico finished their trilogy of matches against each other on September 8 at Evolve 17, where Samuray was defeated in a main event.<ref name=Evolve17>{{cite web | url = http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/otherppvs/article_64987.shtml | title = Radican's Evolve 17 iPPV report - Virtual time coverage from Voorhees, N.J. | last=Radican | first=Sean | date=September 8, 2012 | accessdate=November 22, 2012 | work=Pro Wrestling Torch}}</ref> On November 4 at Dragon Gate USA's [[DGUSA Freedom Fight#2012|Freedom Fight 2012]], Samuray teamed with El Generico in a tag team match, where they defeated [[Genki Horiguchi]] and [[Ryo Saito]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/otherppvs/article_66403.shtml | title = Radican's DGUSA "Freedom Fight 2012" iPPV report: Virtual-time coverage of Gargano's near-five-star title defense | last=Radican | first=Sean | date=November 4, 2012 | accessdate=November 22, 2012 | work=Pro Wrestling Torch}}</ref> The two continued their winning ways on December 8 at Evolve 18, where they defeated the Super Smash Bros. ([[Player Uno]] and [[Stupefied]]).<ref>{{cite web | url = http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/otherppvs/article_67095.shtml | title = Radican's Evolve 18 iPPV Results: Complete "virtual-time" coverage of DGUSA Title match, J-Mo announcement, Freestyle | last=Radican | first=Sean | date=December 8, 2012 | accessdate=December 8, 2012 | work=Pro Wrestling Torch}}</ref> Samuray then qualified for the [[Evolve Championship]] [[Evolve Championship#Championship tournament|tournament]], but was eliminated by [[Sami Callihan]] in his first round four-way match, which also included [[Jigsaw (wrestler)|Jigsaw]] and [[Rich Swann]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/otherppvs/article_69766.shtml | title = Radican's Evolve 19 iPPV blog 4/5: First Evolve champion crowned in Tournament Finals, Young Bucks vs. SSB (Updated w/complete review) | last=Radican | first=Sean | date=April 9, 2013 | accessdate=May 31, 2013 |work=Pro Wrestling Torch}}</ref> On June 2 at Evolve 22, Samuray unsuccessfully challenged Johnny Gargano for the [[Open the Freedom Gate Championship]], submitting after being unmasked by the champion.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.pwinsider.com/article/77985/evolve-22-coverage-young-bucks-versus-eita-and-tomahawk-tt-johnny-gargano-versus-samuray-del-sol-ar-fox-versus-lince-dorado-and-more.html?p=1 | title = Evolve 22 coverage: Young Bucks versus Eita and Tomahawk T.T.; Johnny Gargano versus Samuray del Sol; AR Fox versus Lince Dorado; and more | last=Trionfo | first=Richard | date=June 2, 2013 | accessdate=June 2, 2013 |work=Pro Wrestling Insider}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/Arena_Reports_10/article_71034.shtml | title = Show results - 6/2 Evolve 22 in Ybor City, Fla.: Gargano defends DGUSA Title vs. Del Sol, Tag Title main event, more | date=June 3, 2013 | accessdate=June 3, 2013 |work=Pro Wrestling Torch}}</ref>

===Other promotions (2012–present)===
On December 14, 2012, Samuray del Sol entered the [[Jeff Peterson Memorial Cup#Jeff Peterson Memorial Cup (2012)|2012 Jeff Peterson Memorial Cup]], defeating Eddie Rios in his first round match.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/Arena_Reports_10/article_67255.shtml | title = Show Results - 12/14 Peterson Cup Night 1 in Ybor City, Fla.: Eight first round matches in the books | last=Gee Schoon Tong | first=Chris | date=December 15, 2012 | accessdate=December 15, 2012 | work=Pro Wrestling Torch}}</ref> The following day, he defeated Jonathan Gresham in the quarterfinals, [[Jon Davis (wrestler)|Jon Davis]] in the semifinals and finally AR Fox in the finals to win the entire tournament.<ref name=JPMC2012N2>{{cite web | url = http://www.pwinsider.com/article/74034/complete-coverage-of-night-two-of-the-2012-jeff-peterson-memorial-cup-final-tournament-but-do-we-have-a-repeat-winner-milo-beasley-gets-revenge-on-larry-dallas-for-the-way-he-tried-to-tarnish-jeffs-memory.html?p=1 | title = Complete coverage of night two of the 2012 Jeff Peterson Memorial Cup: Final tournament but do we have a repeat winner?; Milo Beasley gets revenge on Larry Dallas for the way he tried to tarnish Jeff's memory | last=Trionfo | first=Richard | date=December 15, 2012 | accessdate=December 15, 2012 | work=Pro Wrestling Insider}}</ref> On January 18, 2013, Samuray del Sol worked on the Hart Legacy Wrestling (HLW) promotion's inaugural event in [[Calgary|Calgary, Alberta]], Canada. In the opening four-way elimination tag team match, he and El Generico were victorious over the teams of Cam!kaze and [[Pete Wilson (wrestler)|Pete Wilson]], [[Brian Cage]] and [[Trent Barreta]], and Andrew Hawkes and Ryan Rollins. As a result, the two earned a spot in a main event ten man tag team match, where they teamed with Barreta, [[David Hart Smith|Davey Boy Smith, Jr.]] and [[Jack Evans]] in a losing effort against the team of Teddy Hart, Brian Cage, Cam!kaze, Flip Kendrick and Pete Wilson.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.pwinsider.com/article/74808/118-hart-legacy-results.html?p=1 | title = 1/18 Hart Legacy Results | last=O'Connor | first=Robert | date=January 19, 2013 | accessdate=January 20, 2013 | work=Pro Wrestling Insider}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Wrestling/2013/01/19/20509161.html | title = Action speaks loudly at Hart Legacy Wrestling | last=Clevett | first=Jason | date=January 19, 2013 | accessdate=January 20, 2013 | work=Slam! Sports | publisher=[[Canadian Online Explorer]]}}</ref> On March 15, Samuray del Sol made his debut for [[Full Impact Pro]] (FIP), unsuccessfully challenging Jon Davis for the [[FIP World Heavyweight Championship]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.pwinsider.com/article/76145/complete-fip-establish-dominance-ippv-coverage-jon-davis-versus-samuray-del-sol-dos-ben-dejos-versus-the-scene-maxwell-chicago-a-surprise-return-to-the-company-and-more.html?p=1 | title=Complete FIP Establish Dominance iPPV coverage: Jon Davis versus Samuray del Sol; Dos Ben Dejos versus The Scene, Maxwell Chicago, a surprise return to the company; and more | last=Trionfo | first=Richard | date=March 15, 2013 | accessdate=May 9, 2013 | work=Pro Wrestling Insider}}</ref> On March 22, Samuray del Sol made his debut for [[Southern California]]-based [[Pro Wrestling Guerrilla]] (PWG), teaming with AR Fox in a tag team match, where they were defeated by the Inner City Machine Guns (Rich Swann and [[Ricochet (wrestler)|Ricochet]]).<ref>{{cite web | url = http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/Arena_Reports_10/article_69471.shtml | title = Show Results - 3/22 PWG All-Star Weekend Night 1: Guerrilla Warfare main event, Trent Baretta debuts, Gargano, London vs. Steen, Future Shock, more stars | last=Massingham | first=Matt | date=March 23, 2013 | accessdate=March 23, 2013 | work=Pro Wrestling Torch}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.f4wonline.com/more/more-top-stories/118-daily-updates/30401-pwg-all-star-weekend-report-3-22-reseda | title = PWG All-Star weekend report 3-22 Reseda | last=Gee Schoon Tong | first=Chris | date=March 23, 2013 | accessdate=March 24, 2013 |work=[[Dave Meltzer#Wrestling Observer Newsletter|Wrestling Observer Newsletter]]}}</ref> The following day, Samuray was defeated by [[T.J. Perkins]] at another PWG event.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/Arena_Reports_10/article_69484.shtml | title=Show results - 3/23 PWG All-Star Weekend Night 2: PWG Title & Tag Titles defended, Generico referenced, Lethal, Barreta, London, Gargano, more stars | last=Massingham | first=Matt | date=March 24, 2013 | accessdate=March 24, 2013 | work=Pro Wrestling Torch}}</ref> On March 24, Samuray del Sol defeated [[Paul London]], AR Fox and Ricochet during a one night [[single-elimination tournament]] to become the 2013 King of Flight.<ref name=2013KingofFlight>{{cite web | url = http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/Arena_Reports_10/article_69497.shtml | title=Show Results - 3/24 Brian Kendrick "King of Flight" tournament: DGUSA stars highlight SoCal tournament | last=Gee Schoon Tong | first=Chris | date=March 25, 2013 | accessdate=March 26, 2013 | work=Pro Wrestling Torch}}</ref> On April 21, Samuray del Sol, as Octagón Jr., appeared at [[Puerto Rico|Puerto Rican]] promotion World Wrestling League's (WWL) inaugural pay-per-view, Idols of Wrestling, unsuccessfully challenging [[Sicodélico, Jr.]] for the Zero1 Mexico International Championship in a four-way match, which also included Axel and El Hijo de Rey Mysterio.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/Arena_Reports_10/article_70170.shtml | title=Show Results - 4/21 WWL debut in San Juan, P.R.: TNA six-man tag match, Cabana vs. Corino, Ivelisse, many title matches | last=Gee Schoon Tong | first=Chris | date=April 22, 2013 | accessdate=May 9, 2013 | work=Pro Wrestling Torch}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url= http://superluchas.net/2013/04/21/sicodelico-jr-sigue-como-monarca-de-zero1-mexico-en-wwl-idols-of-wrestling/ | title = Sicodélico Jr., sigue como monarca de Zero1 Mexico en WWL “Idols of Wrestling” | last=Mexicool | first=Rey | date=April 21, 2013 | accessdate=May 9, 2013 | publisher=''SuperLuchas'' Magazine | language=Spanish}}</ref> On May 25, Samuray del Sol appeared at [[England|English]] promotion Southside Wrestling Entertainment's (SWE) Speed King 2 tournament, losing to [[Marty Scurll]] in his first round match.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wrestleropesuk.wordpress.com/2013/05/25/results-from-southside-wrestling-southsidewe-speed-king-2013-new-champion/ | title=Results from Southside Wrestling (@SouthsideWE) ‘Speed King 2013′ *New Champion* | date=May 25, 2013 | accessdate=May 26, 2013 | work=Wrestle Ropes UK | publisher=[[WordPress]]}}</ref> After signing with WWE, Samuray del Sol wrestled his farewell match for his longtime home promotion, AAW, on June 28, where he and [[Colt Cabana]] were defeated by [[The Irish Airborne]] (Dave Crist and Jake Crist).<ref>{{cite web | url = http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/Arena_Reports_10/article_71607.shtml | title=Show results - 6/28 AAW in Berwyn, Ill.: WWE signee Callihan scratched, Del Sol farewell, new AAW Hvt. champ, Cabana, more | last=Gee Schoon Tong | first=Chris | date=June 29, 2013 | accessdate=June 29, 2013 | work=Pro Wrestling Torch}}</ref>

===WWE (2013)===
In May 2013, it was reported that Samuray del Sol was undergoing pre-contract signing medical tests for WWE.<ref>{{cite journal| last = Meltzer | first = Dave | authorlink = Dave Meltzer | date = May 13, 2013 | title = May 13 2013 Wrestling Observer Newsletter: WWE first quarter earnings results, WWE Network, New Japan and ROH iPPV reviews and analysis, tons more! | journal = [[Dave Meltzer#Wrestling Observer Newsletter|Wrestling Observer Newsletter]] | location = [[Campbell, California]] | page = 31 | issn = 10839593 | url=http://www.f4wonline.com/component/content/article/110-wrestling-observer-newsletter/31182-may-13-2013-wrestling-observer-newsletter-wwe-first-quarter-earnings-results-wwe-network-new-japan-and-roh-ippv-reviews-and-analysis-tons-more}}</ref> On May 26, it was reported that he had signed a developmental contract with WWE.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.pwinsider.com/article/77810/wwe-brings-in-indy-star.html?p=1 | title=WWE brings in indy star | last=Scherer | first=Dave | date=May 26, 2013 | accessdate=May 26, 2013 | work=Pro Wrestling Insider}}</ref><ref name=WWESigningSL>{{cite web | url = http://superluchas.net/2013/05/26/exclusiva-samuray-del-sol-firma-contrato-de-desarrollo-con-wwe/ | title = Exclusiva: Samuray del Sol firma Contrato de Desarrollo con WWE | author=Captain Ironstorm | date=May 26, 2013 | accessdate=May 26, 2013 | publisher=''SuperLuchas'' Magazine | language=Spanish}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Samuray is married to a woman named Abigail.<ref name=ViveloHoy/>

==In wrestling==
*'''Finishing moves'''
**''Del Sol Driver'' ([[Professional wrestling throws#Alley Oop|Bridging package powerbomb]])<ref name=SWE>{{cite web | url = http://www.southsidewrestling.co.uk/roster/samuray-del-sol | title=Samuray del Sol | accessdate=May 30, 2013 | work=Southside Wrestling Entertainment}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://twitter.com/samuraydelsol/status/203662502289088512 | title = Del sol driver pin. LuchA!LuchA!LuchA! | author=Samuray del Sol | date=May 18, 2012 | accessdate=November 22, 2012 | publisher=[[Twitter]]}}</ref>
**''Rising Sun'' ([[Professional wrestling aerial techniques#Springboard|Springboard]] [[Professional wrestling aerial techniques#Reverse frankensteiner|reverse frankensteiner]])<ref name=UltimateGate2012/><ref name=Evolve15/><ref name=Evolve16/>

*'''Signature moves'''
**[[Professional wrestling aerial techniques#450° splash|450° splash]]<ref name=Evolve15/><ref>{{cite web | url = http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/otherppvs/article_61345.shtml | title = Radican's Evolve 13 iPPV report- Live coverage of event from Concord, N.C. | last=Radican | first=Sean | date=November 2, 2012 | accessdate=November 22, 2012 | work=Pro Wrestling Torch}}</ref>
**[[Handstand]] [[Professional wrestling throws#Headscissors takedown|headscissors takedown]]<ref name=Evolve16>{{cite web | url = http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/otherppvs/article_62935.shtml | title = Radican's Evolve 16 iPPV report 6/30 - Coverage of live iPPV from Jacksonville, Fla. | last=Radican | first=Sean | date=June 30, 2012 | accessdate=November 22, 2012 | work=Pro Wrestling Torch}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/otherppvs/article_63797.shtml | title = Radican's DGUSA "Enter the Dragon 2012" internet PPV report - Live coverage of DGUSA anniversary celebration from Chicago | last=Radican | first=Sean | date=July 29, 2012 | accessdate=November 22, 2012 | work=Pro Wrestling Torch}}</ref>
**''Hara-Kiri'' ([[DDT (professional wrestling)#Standing shiranui|Standing shiranui]])<ref name=CZW/><ref name=Evolve16/>
**[[Professional wrestling throws#Hurricanrana|Hurricanrana]],<ref name=MercuryRising2012/><ref name=Evolve17/> sometimes while [[Professional wrestling aerial techniques#Springboard|springboarding]]<ref name=CZWBotB11PWT/>
**[[Powerbomb#Sunset flip powerbomb|Leg trap sunset flip powerbomb]]<ref name=Evolve15/><ref>{{cite web | url = http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/otherppvs/article_66375.shtml | title = Radican's DGUSA "Fearless 2012" iPPV report 11/2 - virtual time results from Everett, Mass. | last=Radican | first=Sean | date=November 2, 2012 | accessdate=November 22, 2012 | work=Pro Wrestling Torch}}</ref>
**''Samuray Kick''<ref name=CZW/>
**[[Professional wrestling aerial techniques#Suicide|Suicide dive]]<ref name=CZWBotB11PWT/><ref name=UltimateGate2012/>

*'''[[Nickname]]s'''
**"The Most Agile Warrior in the Ring"<ref name=CZW/> / "El Guerrero Más Ágil en el Ring"<ref name=WWESigningSL/>

==Championships and accomplishments==
*'''Gladiadores Aztecas de Lucha Libre Internacional'''
**GALLI Championship (1 time)<ref name=GALLIChamp>{{cite web | url = http://www.wrestleview.com/viewnews.php?id=1237273029 | title = Indy News #2: March 17 | last=Martin | first=Adam | date=March 17, 2009 | accessdate=January 7, 2013 | work=WrestleView}}</ref>

*'''[[Pro Wrestling Illustrated]]'''
**PWI ranked him #'''106''' of the 500 best singles wrestlers in the [[Pro Wrestling Illustrated#PWI 500|PWI 500]] in 2013<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.profightdb.com/pwi-500/2013.html | title = Pro Wrestling Illustrated (PWI) 500 for 2013 | accessdate=August 22, 2013 | work=The Internet Wrestling Database}}</ref>

*'''[[Independent circuit|Other accomplishments]]'''
**[[Jeff Peterson Memorial Cup]] ([[Jeff Peterson Memorial Cup#Jeff Peterson Memorial Cup (2012)|2012]])<ref name=JPMC2012N2/>
**King of Flight (2013)<ref name=2013KingofFlight/>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Professional wrestling}}
*[http://www.dgusa.tv/bio/samuray-del-sol Dragon Gate USA profile]
*[http://www.southsidewrestling.co.uk/roster/samuray-del-sol Southside Wrestling Entertainment profile]
*{{Official website|http://www.samuraydelsol.com/}}
*{{Facebook|samuray.delsol.5}}
*{{Myspace|samuraydelsol}}
*{{Twitter|samuraydelsol}}

{{WWE personnel}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Samuray del Sol
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Octagón Jr.
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Mexican American professional wrestler
| DATE OF BIRTH = November 14, 1986
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Samuray Del Sol}}
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American male professional wrestlers]]
[[Category:American professional wrestlers of Mexican descent]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Chicago, Illinois]]
[[Category:Professional wrestlers from Illinois]]
[[Category:Masked wrestlers]]

Jackson McDonald

2013-08-16T01:30:32Z

Deadbeef: Reverted edits by 108.50.46.254 (talk): addition of unsourced content (HG)

[[Image:Jackson McDonald.jpg|thumb|200px|Jackson McDonald, U.S. Ambassador to Guinea]]
'''Jackson C. McDonald''' (born 1956) is a former United States [[diplomat]] and a career officer of the [[United States Foreign Service|U.S. Foreign Service]]. He served as the [[United States Ambassador to Guinea|Ambassador to Guinea]] 2004–2007. From 2001 to 2004, he served as U.S. Ambassador to the [[Republic of the Gambia]].

Ambassador McDonald studied at the [[Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service]] at [[Georgetown University]], the [[Institut d'études politiques]] in Paris (best known as [[Sciences Po]]), and the [[École nationale d'administration]] in Paris. He began his career in the U.S. Foreign Service in 1980 as Third Secretary and Vice Consul at the American Embassy in [[Dhaka]], [[Bangladesh]]. From 1982 to 1984, he served as Country Officer for Bangladesh at the [[U.S. Department of State]]. In 1984, he volunteered for duty at the American Embassy in [[Beirut]], [[Lebanon]], where he served as Second Secretary for Political Affairs for two years.

After a year of Russian-language training, Ambassador McDonald served as First Secretary for Political Affairs at the American Embassy in Moscow, the Soviet Union, from 1990 to 1991. In early 1992, he volunteered to open the American Embassy in [[Almaty]], [[Kazakhstan]], where he served first as Chargé d'Affaires then as Deputy Chief of Mission until 1994. From 1994 to 1997, Mr. McDonald served as Consul General in [[Marseille]], France, with dual accreditation to the Principality of [[Monaco]].

After graduating from the U.S. Department of State's Senior Seminar in 1998, he was assigned as Deputy Chief of Mission at the American Embassy in [[Abidjan]], [[Ivory Coast]]. In October 2001, he was sworn in as U.S. Ambassador to the Republic of the Gambia, a post he held until May 2004 before being appointed to his ambassadorial post in Guinea.

From 2007 to 2009, Ambassador McDonald served as Senior Advisor for Security Negotiations and Agreements at the U.S. Department of State in Washington. In that capacity, he served as the U.S. Government’s chief negotiator for political-military agreements with foreign governments to support the stationing and deployment of U.S. military personal overseas. From 2009 to 2010, he held the State Department Chair on the faculty of the National Defense Intelligence College, before being appointed as the first-ever Foreign Policy Advisor to the Commander of U.S. Cyber Command.

In 2011, Ambassador retired from the U.S. Foreign Service and pursued his lifelong interest in foreign affairs as a consultant. He is Executive Vice President of Jefferson Waterman International, an international political and business advisory firm in Washington, D.C.

Ambassador McDonald speaks French and Russian. He has received the U.S. Department of State’s Superior Honor Award six times as well as the Presidential Performance Award. He is an Officer (honorary) in the National Order of the Republic of the Gambia.

Ambassador McDonald was born in [[Florida]].

==External links==
*[http://www.state.gov/outofdate/bios/m/34845.htm United States Department of State: Biography of Jackson McDonald]

{{Persondata
| NAME = McDonald, Jackson
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American diplomat
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1956
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:McDonald, Jackson}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Florida]]
[[Category:Sciences Po alumni]]
[[Category:Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service alumni]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of the United States to the Gambia]]
[[Category:1956 births]]

Sarah Moon

2013-07-29T04:12:20Z

Deadbeef: clean up using AWB

'''Sarah Moon''' (born 1941), previously known as '''Marielle Hadengue''', is a French photographer. Initially a model, she turned to fashion photography in the 1970s. Since 1985, she has concentrated on gallery and film work.<ref>[http://www.lexpress.fr/styles/mode-beaute/mode/la-photographie-selon-sarah-moon_890247.html Anne-Laure Quilleriet, "La photographie selon Sarah Moon"], ''L'Express'', 6 May 2010. {{fr icon}} Retrieved 28 March 2013.</ref>

==Biography==
Hadengue was born in [[Vichy]] in 1941. Her Jewish family was forced to leave occupied France for England. As a teenager she studied drawing before working as a model in London and Paris (1960–1966) under the name Marielle Hadengue. She also became interested in photography, taking shots of her model colleagues. In 1970, she finally decided to spend all her time on photography rather than modelling, adopting Sarah Moon as her new name.<ref>[http://www.ykone.com/photographes/sarah-moon "Sarah Moon"], Ykone. {{fr icon}} Retrieved 28 March 2013.</ref> She successfully captured the fashionable atmosphere of London after the "[[Swinging London|swinging sixties]]", working closely with [[Barbara Hulanicki]], who had launched the popular clothes store [[Biba]].<ref name=silverton>[http://www.professionalphotographer.co.uk/Magazine/Legends/Profiles/Sarah-Moon-Profile Pete Silverton, "Sarah Moon Profile"], ''Professional Photographer''. Retrieved 28 March 2013.</ref>

In 1972, she shot the [[Pirelli Calendar|''Pirelli'' calendar]], the first woman to do so. After working for a long time with [[Cacharel]], her reputation grew and she also received commissions from [[Chanel]], [[Dior]], [[Comme des Garçons]] and ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]''. In 1985, she moved into gallery and film work, even making a pop video.<ref name=silverton/>

==Publications==
*{{cite book|last=Moon|first=Sarah|title=Sarah Moon 1,2,3,4,5|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Uus6AQAAIAAJ|year=2008|publisher=Thames & Hudson|isbn=978-0500287835 }}
*{{cite book|last=Moon|first=Sarah|title=Coïncidences|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=psOVQgAACAAJ|year=2001|publisher=Arena Editions|isbn=978-1-892041-46-3}}
*{{cite book|last=Moon|first=Sarah|title=Vrais Semblants: Sarah Moon|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=u5VTAAAAMAAJ|year=1991|publisher=Parco}}
*{{cite book|last=Moon|first=Sarah|title=Improbable Memories|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=htjIPQAACAAJ|year=1981|publisher=Matrix|isbn=978-0-936554-31-0}}

==Recent exhibitions==
* 2012: ''The Black Hood'', Multimedia Art Museum / Moscow House of Photography
* 2011: Théâtre de la Photographie et de l'Image Charles Nègre, Nice
* 2008: ''Cirkus'', Leica Gallery, Prague
* 2004: Kyoto Museum of Contemporary Art, Japan
* 2003: [[Maison européenne de la photographie]], Paris
* 2002: Haus der Photographie, Hamburg
* 1993: [[Staley-Wise Gallery]], New York
* 1983: Center of Photography, New York

==Awards==
* 2008: [[Prix Nadar]] for (1 2 3 4 5, Editions Delpire), France
* 2007: Kulturpreis der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Photographie, Germany
* 1995: Grand Prix national de la photographie, France

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.ykone.com/photographes/sarah-moon Examples of Sarah Moon's work from Ykone]

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Moon, Sarah
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Hadengue, Marielle
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = French photographer
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1941
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Vichy, France
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH = }}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Moon, Sarah}}
[[Category:French photographers]]
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:Women photographers]]
[[Category:Fashion photographers]]
[[Category:People from Vichy]]
[[Category:People from Paris]]
[[Category:People from London]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Kim Ung-yong

2013-07-27T05:19:28Z

Deadbeef: Reverted edits by 172.251.91.148 (talk) to last revision by BigPimpinBrah (HG)

{{Korean name|[[Kim (Korean name)|Kim]]}}
{{Infobox Korean name
|hanja=金雄鎔
|hangul=김웅용
|mr=Kim Ung'yong
|rr=Gim Ung-yong
}}
'''Kim Ung-yong''' (born March 7, 1963<ref name=Marquis/>) is a [[Korean people|Korean]] civil engineer and former [[child prodigy]]. Kim was listed in the [[Guinness Book of World Records]] under "Highest [[IQ]]"; the book gave the boy's score as about 210.
<ref name="whatever">{{Cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,945865,00.html |title=What ever became of 'geniuses'? |newspaper=Time |date=December 19, 1977 |accessdate=2011-05-14 |quote=South Korea's Kim Ung-Yong, a 14-year-old prodigy who was speaking four languages and solving integral calculus problems at age four, is said to tip the mental scales at 210, worth a mention in the Guinness Book of World Records.}}</ref>

Kim was born in [[Hongje-dong]], [[Seoul]], [[South Korea]].<ref name=Marquis>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2012 |title=Kim, Ung-Yong |encyclopedia=Marquis Who's Who in America}}</ref> His father was Kim Soo-Sun,<ref name=Marquis/> a professor.<ref name=WashPost1967>{{cite news |title=Korean genius, 4, poses problem for high school |agency=AP |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=April 10, 1967}}</ref> He started speaking at the age of 6 months and was able to read Japanese, Korean, German, English and many other languages by his third birthday. When he was four years old, his father said he had memorized about 2000 words in both [[English language|English]] and [[German language|German]]. He was writing poetry in Korean and Chinese and wrote two very short books of essays and poems (less than 20 pages).<ref name=WashPost1967/> An article was published about him in ''[[Look (American magazine)|Look]]'' magazine. After reading the article, a teacher {{citation needed|date=March 2013}} and students at [[Grant High School (Los Angeles)|Grant High School]] in Los Angeles began writing to him and in February 1967 his father applied for Kim to be enrolled at Grant High School.<ref name=WashPost1967/> By four years old, he had scored more than 200 on an IQ test normally given to seven-year-olds.<ref name=WashPost1967/> On November 5, 1977, Kim solved complicated differential and integral calculus problems on Japanese television. {{As of|2007}} he also serves as adjunct faculty at [[Chungbuk National University]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://view.koreaherald.com/kh/view.php?ud=20101006000616&cpv=0 Record IQ is just another talent], article by Hwang Jurie, The Korea Herald, October 6, 2010
*{{Cite web|url=http://people.naver.com/search/people_detail.nhn?id=11549|work=Naver People|title=김웅용|accessdate=2007-06-09}}
*{{Cite web|url=http://people.empas.com/people/info/ki/mu/kimungyong/|work=Empas People|title=김웅용|accessdate=2007-06-09}}


{{Persondata
|NAME = Lee Wooje
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES = 이우제
|SHORT DESCRIPTION = South Korean engineer
|DATE OF BIRTH = 1962-03-08
|PLACE OF BIRTH = Seoul (?)(improper citation)(parents references needed as well)
|DATE OF DEATH =
|PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lee, Wooje}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:South Korean engineers]]
[[Category:Giftedness]]

Joseph Plunkett

2013-04-23T16:40:01Z

Deadbeef: Reverted edits by 176.61.109.241 (talk) to last revision by Snappy (HG)

{{Infobox military person
|name = Joseph Plunkett
|image = Joseph Mary Plunkett.jpg
|birth_date = {{birth date|1887|11|21|df=y}}
|death_date = {{death date and age|1916|5|4|1887|11|21|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Dublin]], [[Ireland]]
|death_place = [[Kilmainham Gaol]], [[Dublin]], [[Ireland]]
|placeofburial = [[Arbour Hill Prison]], Dublin
|placeofburial_label= Place of burial
|caption =
|nickname =
|alma mater = Catholic University School, Dublin; Belevedere College, Dublin; Stonyhurst College, Lancashire
|allegiance = [[Irish Volunteers]] [[Irish Republican Brotherhood]]
|serviceyears = 1913–1916
|rank = Commandant-General
|commands = General Post Office, Dublin
|unit = Dublin Brigade, Irish Volunteers
|battles = [[Easter Rising]]
|awards =
|laterwork =
}}
'''Joseph Mary Plunkett''' ([[Irish language|Irish]]: ''Seosamh Máire Pluincéid'', 21 November 1887 – 4 May 1916) was an [[Ireland|Irish]] nationalist, poet, journalist, and a leader of the 1916 [[Easter Rising]].

==Background==
Plunkett was born at 26 Upper Fitzwilliam Street in one of [[Dublin]]'s most affluent neighborhoods.<ref>{{Cite book | last = O'Neill | first = Marie | title = Grace Gifford Plunkett and Irish freedom: tragic bride of 1916 | publisher = Irish Academic Press | year = 2000 | location = Dublin | page = 18 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=nYMiAQAAIAAJ&q=%2226,+Upper+Fitzwilliam+Street%22&dq=%2226,+Upper+Fitzwilliam+Street%22&hl=en&ei=ylfSTK3nBYj6sAOcyIGSAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CDUQ6AEwBTgy | isbn = 978-0-7165-2666-7}}</ref> Both his parents came from wealthy backgrounds,<ref>{{Cite web | title = Review Of 'All in the Blood' | work = A&A Farmar Book Publishers | url = http://www.aafarmar.ie/reviews.asp?titleID=123 | accessdate = 4 Nov 2010}}</ref> and his father, [[George Noble Plunkett]], had been made a papal count.<ref>{{Cite web | title = <nowiki>[Count Plunkett]</nowiki> George Noble Plunkett | work = Ricorso | url = http://www.ricorso.net/rx/az-data/index.htm | accessdate = 5 Nov 2010}}</ref> Despite being born into a life of privilege, young Joe Plunkett did not have an easy childhood.

Plunkett contracted [[tuberculosis]] at a young age. This was to be a lifelong burden. His mother was unwilling to believe his health was as bad as it was. He spent part of his youth in the warmer climates of the [[Mediterranean]] and north [[Africa]]. He was educated at the [[Catholic University School]] (CUS) and by the [[Jesuits]] at [[Belvedere College]] in Dublin and later at [[Stonyhurst College]], in [[Lancashire]], where he acquired some military knowledge from the [[Officers' Training Corps]]. Throughout his life, Joseph Plunkett took an active interest in Irish heritage and the [[Irish language]], and also studied [[Esperanto]]. Plunkett was one of the founders of the Irish Esperanto League.<ref>[http://esperanto.ie/english/PDF_files/short_history3.pdf "A Short History of the Esperanto Movement in Ireland"]</ref> He joined the [[Gaelic League]] and began studying with [[Thomas MacDonagh]], with whom he formed a lifelong friendship. The two were both poets with an interest in theater, and both were early members of the [[Irish Volunteers]], joining their provisional committee. Plunkett's interest in Irish nationalism spread throughout his family, notably to his younger brothers George and John, as well as his father, who allowed his property in [[Kimmage]], south [[Dublin]], to be used as a training camp for young men who wished to escape conscription in [[England]] during [[World War I]]. Men there were instead trained to fight for Ireland.

==IRB involvement==

Sometime in 1915 Joseph Plunkett joined the [[Irish Republican Brotherhood]] and soon after was sent to Germany to meet with [[Roger Casement]], who was negotiating with the German government on behalf of Ireland. Casement's role as emissary was self-appointed, and, as he was not a member of the IRB, that organisation's leadership wished to have one of their own contact Germany to negotiate German aid for an uprising the following year. He was seeking (but not limiting himself to) a shipment of arms. Casement, on the other hand, spent most of his energies recruiting Irish [[prisoners of war]] in Germany to form a brigade to fight instead for Ireland. Some nationalists in Ireland saw this as a fruitless endeavor, and preferred to seek weapons. Plunkett successfully got a promise of a German arms shipment to coincide with the rising.

==Easter Rising==
Plunkett was one of the original members of the IRB Military Committee that was responsible for planning the [[Easter Rising]], and it was largely his plan that was followed. Shortly before the rising was to begin, Plunkett was hospitalized following a turn for the worse in his health. He had an operation on his neck glands days before [[Easter]] and had to struggle out of bed to take part in what was to follow. Still bandaged, he took his place in the [[General Post Office (Dublin)|General Post Office]] with several other of the rising's leaders such as [[Patrick Pearse]] and [[Tom Clarke (Irish republican)|Tom Clarke]], though his health prevented him from being terribly active. His energetic ''aide de camp'' was [[Michael Collins (Irish leader)|Michael Collins]].

==Marriage and execution==
Following the surrender Plunkett was held in [[Kilmainham Gaol]], and faced a [[court martial]]. Seven hours before his [[execution by firing squad]] at the age of 28, he was married in the prison chapel to his sweetheart [[Grace Gifford]], a Protestant convert to Catholicism, whose sister, Muriel, had years before also converted and married his best friend [[Thomas MacDonagh]], who was also executed for his role in the [[Easter Rising]].

==Aftermath==
His brothers [[George Oliver Plunkett]] and Jack Plunkett joined him in the [[Easter Rising]] and later became important [[Irish Republican Army|IRA]] men. His father's cousin, [[Horace Plunkett]], was a [[Protestant]] and [[Unionism in Ireland|unionist]] who sought to reconcile unionists and nationalists. His home was burned down by the [[Anti-Treaty IRA]] during the [[Irish Civil War|Civil War]].

The main railway station in [[Waterford City]] is named after him as is Joseph Plunkett tower in [[Ballymun]].
Plunkett barracks in the Curragh Camp, County Kildare is also named after him.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=4268 Joseph Plunkett's Gravesite]
* [http://unitedireland.tripod.com/id41.html Grace - By Seán and Frank O' Meara]
* [http://poetry.elcore.net/CatholicPoets/Plunkett/index.html The Poems of Joseph Mary Plunkett (1916)]

==Further reading==
*Plunkett Dillon, Geraldine (edited Honor O Brolchain): All in the Blood (A. & A. Farmar)
*Gannon, Charles: Cathal Gannon - The Life and Times of a Dublin Craftsman (Lilliput Press).[http://homepage.eircom.net/~cathalgannon]

{{Easter Rising}}
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{{Persondata
| NAME = Plunkett, Joseph Mary
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Irish nationalist, poet, journalist and 1916 Easter Rising leader
| DATE OF BIRTH = 21 November 1887
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Dublin]], [[Ireland]]
| DATE OF DEATH = 4 May 1916
| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Kilmainham Gaol]], [[Dublin]], [[Ireland]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Plunkett, Joseph Mary}}
[[Category:1887 births]]
[[Category:1916 deaths]]
[[Category:Executed participants in the Easter Rising]]
[[Category:Executed writers]]
[[Category:Irish Esperantists]]
[[Category:Irish poets]]
[[Category:Irish Catholic poets]]
[[Category:Members of the Irish Republican Brotherhood]]
[[Category:People educated at Stonyhurst College]]
[[Category:People from County Dublin]]
[[Category:Signatories of the Proclamation of the Irish Republic]]
[[Category:People educated at Belvedere College]]