Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Front Cover

2020-05-14T20:38:41Z

Dawkeye: fix duplicate argument in template

{{Infobox film
| name = Front Cover
| image = Front Cover poster.jpg
| director = Ray Yeung
| producer = Kaer Vanice, Chowee Leow, Stan Guingon
| screenplay = Ray Yeung
| starring = Jake Choi, James Chen, Elizabeth Sung, Jennifer Neals Page, Sonia Villani, Li Jun Li, Ming Lee, Benjamin Thys, Tom Ligon
| music = Paul Turner, Darren Morze
| cinematography = Eun-ah Lee
| editing = Joseph Gutowski
| distributor = Strand Releasing
| released = {{Film date|2015|05|28|Seattle International Film Festival}}
| runtime = 92 minutes
| country = United States
}}
'''''Front Cover''''' is a 2015 drama romance film written and directed by [[Ray Yeung]]. The story follows Ryan Fu, a gay Chinese American fashion stylist ([[Jake Choi]]), who rejects his ethnic heritage, who is assigned to style Ning ([[James Chen (actor)|James Chen]]), an ostensibly heterosexual patriotic actor from Beijing. ''Front Cover'' received mixed critical reviews and received awards from festivals such as San Diego Outfest, Boston Asian American Film Festival, and Outflix Film Festival.<ref name=":3" />

== Plot ==
''Front Cover'' tells the story of Ryan Fu, a gay Chinese American who rejects his Asian heritage and has learnt to suppress it to climb up the social ladder. Through talent and hard work he has attained his dream job as an assistant to Francesca, a celebrity fashion stylist. One day Francesca assigns Ryan to style Ning, an actor who has just arrived from Beijing, for a top magazine photo shoot. Ning dismisses Ryan's initial Western styling and demands Ryan creates an image for him which represents the power of the new China. Their opinions clash resulting in a strained working relationship.

Over the following days, they socialize whilst working together and discover not only do they share a lot in common, a mutual attraction begins to develop. As they get closer Ryan reveals that he detests his Chinese heritage because he is ashamed of his impoverished upbringing. Ning also opens up and confesses that he is closeted. As they fall in love, a Chinese tabloid magazine exposes Ning as gay. Terrified of the impact it will have on his career, Ning begs Ryan to lie for him at a press conference. Ryan must now decide whether to help Ning or stay true to himself.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/front-cover-2016|title=Front Cover movie review & film summary (2016) |last=Cheshire |first=Godfrey |website=RogerEbert.com |language=en |access-date=2019-11-09}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Jake Choi]] as Ryan Fu
*[[James Chen (actor)|James Chen]] as Qi Xiao Ning
* [[Elizabeth Sung]] as Yen Fu
*Jennifer Neala Page as Janet
* Sonia Villani as Francesca
*[[Li Jun Li]] as Miao
*Ming Lee as Ba
*Benjamin Thys as James
*[[Tom Ligon]] as Gus LaMar

== Release ==
''Front Cover'' premiered in 2015 at the [[Seattle International Film Festival]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.siff.net/media/press/press-releases/awards-2015|title=SEATTLE INTERNATIONAL FILM FESTIVAL ANNOUNCES AUDIENCE & COMPETITION AWARDS|website=siff.net|language=en|access-date=2019-11-09}}</ref> in the Catalyst Competition section, and was again in Competition at the 2015 [[Chicago International Film Festival]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.frontcoverthemovie.com/2015/09/25/front-cover-will-compete-at-the-chicago-international-film-festival/|title=FRONT COVER WILL COMPETE AT THE CHICAGO INTERNATIONAL FILM FESTIVAL|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-09}}</ref> It was the closing film for the [[Asian American International Film Festival]] in New York in 2016,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfestivals.com/blog/aviva_press/aaiff16_closing_night_premiere_of_front_cover_carpet_arrivals|title=AAIFF16 Closing Night Premiere of Front Cover Carpet Arrivals|website=filmfestivals.com|language=en|access-date=2019-11-09}}</ref> as well as for the 2016 Sacramento Asian Pacific Film Festival,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sapff.org/2016-festival-programming/|title=2016 Sacramento Asian Pacific Film Festival Program|last=|first=|date=2016-05-28|website=Sacramento Asian Pacific Film Festival|access-date=}}{{dead link|date=May 2020|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> and the Poland LGBT Film Festival.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.frontcoverthemovie.com/2016/03/28/front-cover-premieres-as-the-closing-film-at-the-poland-lgbt-film-festival/|title=FRONT COVER PREMIERES AS THE CLOSING FILM AT THE POLAND LGBT FILM FESTIVAL|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-09}}</ref>

[[Strand Releasing]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/tiff-2015-ray-yeungs-front-822582|title=TIFF: Ray Yeung's 'Front Cover' Goes to Strand Releasing|website=The Hollywood Reporter|language=en|access-date=2019-11-09}}</ref> and Edko Films Ltd.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2015/film/festivals/busan-edko-films-snags-cover-rights-1201609019/|title=Busan: Edko Films Snags ‘Cover’ Rights|last=Frater|first=Patrick|last2=Frater|first2=Patrick|date=2015-10-03|website=Variety|language=en|access-date=2019-11-09}}</ref> acquired USA and Hong Kong distribution rights. It was released in the US in August 2016 and in Hong Kong in October 2016. [[Sahamongkol Film International Co. Ltd.|Sahamongkolfilm International Co, Ltd.]] released the movie in Bangkok, Thailand in August 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sahamongkolfilm.com/saha-movie/front-cover/|title=Front Cover|website=Sahamongkolfilm|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-09}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''Front Cover'' holds an 82% approval rating on [[Rotten Tomatoes]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Front Cover (2016)|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/front_cover_2016|language=en|access-date=2019-11-07}}</ref> Godfrey Cheshire of ''[[RogerEbert.com]]'' describes it as, "A skillfully written and acted gay love story about two young men of Chinese ancestry...The transition from distrust to wary friendship to something more passionate in a movie like this depends a lot on the writing, and Yeung’s is subtle and assured, tracing an emotional arc that’s believably nuanced."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/front-cover-2016|title=Front Cover movie review & film summary (2016) {{!}} Roger Ebert|last=Cheshire|first=Godfrey|website=rogerebert.com|language=en|access-date=2019-11-09}}</ref> Robyn Bahr of the [[The Village Voice|''Village Voice'']] described it as a "sexy, ambitious queer rom-com(ish) drama."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.villagevoice.com/2016/08/02/queer-rom-comish-drama-front-cover-is-an-ambitious-breakthrough/|title=Queer Rom-Com(ish) Drama ‘Front Cover’ Is an Ambitious Breakthrough |website=The Village Voice |access-date=2019-11-07}}</ref> Jeannette Catsoulis reviewed the movie for the ''[[The New York Times|New York Times]]'' and called the film a "sensitive, decorous and buffed by Eun-ah Lee’s warm photography."<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/05/movies/front-cover-review.html|title=Review: In ‘Front Cover,’ Struggling for Self-Acceptance|last=Catsoulis|first=Jeannette|date=2016-08-04|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-03-29|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

== Accolades ==

=== Awards ===

*Winner Best Screenplay at the FilmOut San Diego Film Festival 2016 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmoutsandiego.com/2016-festival-awards.htm|title=FilmOut San Diego Sponsors|website=filmoutsandiego.com|access-date=2019-11-09}}</ref>
* Winner Jury Award Best Domestic Feature Outflix Film Festival Memphis 2016 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outmemphis.org/outflix-2016-award-winners/|title=Outflix 2016 Award Winners!|last=OUTMemphis|date=2016-09-16|website=OUTMemphis|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-09}}</ref>
* Winner Audience Award for Best Narrative Film at the [[Boston Asian American Film Festival]] 2016 <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/event/ev0004211/2016/1/|title=Boston Asian American Film Festival (2016)|website=IMDb|access-date=2019-11-09}}</ref>
* Winner Best Full Feature at Serile Filmului Gay International Film Festival Romania 2016 <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/event/ev0002866/2016/1/|title=Serile Filmului Gay International Film Festival, Romania (2016)|website=IMDb|access-date=2019-11-09}}</ref>
* Winner Best Actor (to [[James Chen (actor)|James Chen]]) at Australia Golden Koala Chinese Film Festival 2017 <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://concreteplayground.com/sydney/event/golden-koala-chinese-film-festival-2017|title=Golden Koala Chinese Film Festival 2017|work=Concrete Playground|access-date=2018-12-04|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Nominations ===

* Nominated New American Cinema Award at [[Seattle International Film Festival]] 2015 <ref name=":2" />
* Nominated Q Hugo Award [[Chicago International Film Festival]] 2015 <ref name=":3" />
* Nominated Best Director at Australia Golden Koala Chinese Film Festival 2017 <ref name=":0" />
* Nominated Best Film at Australia Golden Koala Chinese Film Festival 2017 <ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|3185602}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|front_cover_2016}}
* {{Official website|https://www.frontcoverthemovie.com}}

[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:2010s LGBT-related films]]
[[Category:LGBT-related drama films]]
[[Category:Gay-related films]]
[[Category:Films by Chinese directors]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:Chinese-American films]]

Alliance (U-Boot)

2019-02-09T11:04:38Z

Dawkeye: fmt/update references

{{Other ships|HMS Alliance}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=HMS Alliance S67.jpg
|Ship image size = 280px
|Ship caption=HMS ''Alliance'' on display at [[Royal Navy Submarine Museum]]
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United Kingdom
|Ship flag=[[Image:Naval Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg|60px|Royal Navy Ensign]]
|Ship name=
|Ship namesake=
|Ship owner=
|Ship operator=
|Ship registry=
|Ship route=
|Ship ordered=1943 Emergency war programme
|Ship awarded=
|Ship builder=[[Vickers Armstrong]], [[Barrow-in-Furness]]
|Ship original cost=
|Ship yard number=
|Ship way number=
|Ship laid down=13 March 1945
|Ship launched=28 July 1945
|Ship sponsor=
|Ship christened=
|Ship completed=
|Ship acquired=
|Ship commissioned=14 May 1947
|Ship recommissioned=
|Ship decommissioned=1973, static training boat until August 1979
|Ship maiden voyage=
|Ship in service=
|Ship out of service=
|Ship renamed=
|Ship reclassified=
|Ship refit=
|Ship struck=
|Ship reinstated=
|Ship homeport=
|Ship identification=[[Pennant number]]: P147 (S67 from 1961)
|Ship motto=
|Ship nickname=
|Ship honours=
|Ship honors=
|Ship captured=
|Ship fate=Museum ship/memorial since 1981 at [[Royal Navy Submarine Museum]]
|Ship status=
|Ship notes=
|Ship badge=
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=
|Ship class=
|Ship type=
|Ship tonnage=
|Ship displacement=*1,360/1,590 tons (surface/submerged)
*1,385/1,620 tons after streamlining
|Ship tons burthen=
|Ship length={{convert|281|ft|4.75|in|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship beam={{convert|22|ft|3|in|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship height=
|Ship draught={{convert|17|ft|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship draft=
|Ship depth=
|Ship hold depth=
|Ship decks=
|Ship deck clearance=
|Ship ramps=
|Ship ice class=
|Ship power=
|Ship propulsion=Two 2,150 hp (at 450 rpm) supercharged [[Vickers]] 8-cylinder diesel engine, Two 625 hp electric motors for use underwater, driving two shafts
|Ship sail plan=
|Ship speed=*18.5/8 knots (surface/submerged)
*18.5/10 knots after streamlining
|Ship range=*{{convert|10500|nmi|km|-2}} at {{convert|11|kn|km/h|0}} surfaced
*{{convert|16|nmi|km|0}} at {{convert|8|kn|km/h|0}} submerged
*{{convert|90|nmi|km|-1}} at {{convert|3|kn|km/h|0}} submerged
|Ship endurance=36 hours submerged at 2.5 knots
|Ship test depth={{convert|500|ft|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship boats=
|Ship capacity=
|Ship troops=
|Ship complement=5 officers, 56 ratings (63 ratings after modernisation in 1960)
|Ship crew=
|Ship time to activate=
|Ship sensors=
|Ship EW=
|Ship armament=*Six [[British 21 inch torpedo|{{convert|21|in|mm|abbr=on}}]] bow [[torpedo tube]]s (including 2 external dry close fit)
*Four 21-inch stern torpedo tubes (including 2 external dry close fit)
*20 torpedoes carried (externals could not be reloaded at sea)
*Mark V [[naval mine|mines]] could be launched from the internal tubes
*External tubes removed during streamlining/modernisation.
*One [[QF 4 inch Mark XXIII gun|QF 4 inch Mark XXIII deck gun]] on S2 mounting
*One 20 mm [[Anti aircraft|AA]] [[Oerlikon 20 mm cannon|Oerlikon 20 mm gun]] on Mark VII mounting
*Submarine was briefly fitted with a twin Oerlikon on Mark 12A mounting.
*All guns removed during streamlining/modernisation.
|Ship armour=
|Ship armor=
|Ship aircraft=
|Ship aircraft facilities=
|Ship notes=
}}
|}

'''HMS ''Alliance''''' is a [[Royal Navy]] A-class, [[Amphion class submarine|''Amphion''-class]] or ''Acheron''-class submarine, laid down towards the end of the [[Second World War]] and completed in 1947. The submarine is the only surviving example of the class, having been a memorial and museum ship since 1981.

The ''Amphion''-class submarines were designed for use in the Far East, where the size of the Pacific Ocean made long range, high surface speed and relative comfort for the crew important features to allow for much larger patrol areas and longer periods at sea than British submarines operating in the Atlantic or Mediterranean had to contend with. ''Alliance'' was one of the seven A-class boats completed with a [[Submarine snorkel|snort mast]] - the other boats all had masts fitted by 1949.

==History==
[[Image:Corrosion damage on HMS alliance.jpg|thumb|left|Damage to the stern of ''Alliance'' in 2008]]
[[File:HMS Alliance's forward fin.jpg|thumb|left|HMS Alliance's fin]]

From 9 October 1947 until 8 November the submarine undertook a lengthy experimental cruise in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Africa to investigate the limits of the snort mast, remaining submerged for 30 days.

Between 1958 and 1960 ''Alliance'' was extensively modernised by having the deck gun and external torpedo tubes removed, the hull streamlined and the fin replaced with a larger (26 feet 6 inch high), more streamlined one constructed of aluminium. The purpose of these modifications was to make the submarine quieter and faster underwater. Following the modifications the wireless transmitting aerial was supported on a frame behind the fin; but was later replaced with a whip aerial on the starboard side of the fin which could be rotated hydraulically to a horizontal position.

The original gun access hatch was retained however, allowing ''Alliance'' to be equipped with a small calibre deck gun again when serving in the Far East during the [[Indonesian Confrontation]] of the earlier 1960s.{{sfnp|Lambert|Hill|1986|p=31 (b/w plate)}}

In May 1961 the pennant numbers of British submarines were changed so that all surviving submarines completed after the Second World War were now numbered from S01 upwards, and ''Alliance'' was given the number S67.

On 13 January 1968, she grounded on [[Bembridge]] Ledge off the Isle of Wight,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theheritagetrail.co.uk/maritime/hms_alliance.htm |title=HMS Alliance |website=The Heritage Trail |access-date=9 February 2019 |dead-url=yes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040417121135/http://www.theheritagetrail.co.uk/maritime/hms_alliance.htm |archive-date=17 April 2004}}</ref> but was subsequently refloated with the help of Admiralty tugs. On or around 30 September 1971 a fatal battery explosion occurred on board, whilst at [[Portland Harbour|Portland]].<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://homepage.mac.com/davidtall/wgs/magazines/77-1972.pdf |title=Deaths |date=1972 |magazine=[[Wellingborough School]] magazine |number=77 |page=29 |access-date=12 May 2011 |dead-url=yes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327015537/http://homepage.mac.com/davidtall/wgs/magazines/77-1972.pdf |archive-date=27 March 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldnavalships.com/directory/shipinfo.php?ShipID=1020 |title=HMS Alliance |author=jbryce1437 |date=20 February 2011 |website=Worldnavalships.com |access-date=9 February 2019}}</ref><ref>''Sunday Mirror'', 5 May 2002.</ref>

From 1973 until 1979 she was the static training boat at the [[HMS Dolphin shore-establishment|shore establishment HMS ''Dolphin'']], replacing {{HMS|Tabard|P342|6}} in this role. In August 1979, she was towed to [[Vosper & Company|Vosper]] Ship Repairers Limited's yard at Southampton to have her keel strengthened so that she could be lifted out of the water and preserved as a memorial to those British submariners who have died in service. Since 1981 the submarine has been a [[museum ship]], raised out of the water and on display at the [[Royal Navy Submarine Museum]] in [[Gosport]].

Although listed as part of the [[National Historic Fleet]], in recent years as many as 100 [[Columbidae|pigeons]] had been nesting in the submarine, causing extensive corrosive damage. She also sat on cradles over sea water, adding to problems of corrosion and preventing easy and economical maintenance to her exterior. Urgent repairs were needed and it was announced on 30 May 2011 that HMS ''Alliance'' would share in a £11 million [[Heritage Lottery Fund]] grant. ''Alliance'' would receive £3.4 million to repair her bow and stern and address extensive surface corrosion.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13591613 |title=Funding of £11m for UK heritage projects |date=30 May 2011 |website=[[BBC News]] |accessdate=30 May 2011}}</ref> The restoration included reclaiming land beneath HMS ''Alliance'' using a cofferdam and backfill. This provides easy access for future maintenance and a new viewing platform for visitors, additionally opening up the conning tower and casing. A new HMS ''Alliance'' gallery is also part of the project to help ensure visitors fully appreciate the significance of this submarine and what she represents.

Restoration was completed by March 2014, and the submarine was opened to visitors at the [[Royal Navy Submarine Museum]] in April.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-26864472 |title=Portsmouth naval life exhibition opens to public |date=3 April 2014 |website=[[BBC News]] |accessdate=9 February 2019}}</ref>

==In popular culture==

In 2017, the submarine was featured in the movie ''[[Transformers: The Last Knight]]'' and appeared to be a Transformer itself.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
{{refbegin}}
*{{colledge}}
*{{cite book |ref=harv |title=The Submarine Alliance |series=Anatomy of the Ship |first1=John |last1=Lambert |first2=David |last2=Hill |publisher=[[Conway Maritime Press]] |location=London, UK |date=1986 |isbn=0-85177-380-X}}
*{{cite book |last1=Mealing |first1=Bob |title=HMS Alliance |date=2014 |publisher=[[The History Press]] |location=Stroud, Gloucestershire |isbn=978-1-84165-547-5}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.submarine-museum.co.uk/hms-alliance |title=HMS Alliance |website=The Royal Navy Submarine Museum |dead-url=yes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820205546/http://www.submarine-museum.co.uk/hms-alliance |archive-date=20 August 2016}}
* {{hnsa|hms-alliance}}
* [https://maps.google.com/?ll=50.788413,-1.119546&spn=0.001448,0.003484&t=k&layer=c&cbll=50.788508,-1.119686&panoid=8f3eMbQQ37QAAAQWtFFzSQ&cbp=12,19.21,,0,1.58&z=19 Google Street View Tour]

{{coord|50|47|18.47|N|1|07|10.94|W|region:GB_type:landmark|display=title}}
{{Amphion class submarine}}
{{National Historic Ships}}
{{Surviving ocean going ships}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alliance (P417)}}
[[Category:Amphion-class submarines]]
[[Category:Cold War submarines of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Ships built in Barrow-in-Furness]]
[[Category:Museum ships in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:1945 ships]]
[[Category:Ships and vessels of the National Historic Fleet]]

Brittany Howard

2018-10-20T12:12:17Z

Dawkeye: Filled in 1 bare reference(s) with reFill, fix infobox, fmt/update references

{{for|the Canadian ice hockey player|Brittany Howard (ice hockey)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Brittany Howard
| alias = Alabama Shakes
| image = Alabama Shakes 03.jpg
| landscape = yes
| caption = Howard performing with [[Alabama Shakes]] on January 25, 2012
| background = solo_singer
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1988|10|02}}
| birth_place = [[Athens, Alabama|Athens]], [[Alabama]], United States
| occupation = Musician
| instrument = Vocals, guitar
| genre = [[Americana (music)|Americana]], [[blues rock]], [[garage rock]], [[roots rock]], soul
| years_active = {{start date|2009}}–present
| associated_acts = [[Alabama Shakes]], Thunderbitch<ref name="mtv">{{cite web |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1699094/alabama-shakes-brittany-howard-robbed |title=Alabama Shakes: Brittany Howard Robbed at Gunpoint |website=[[MTV]] |publisher=Viacom International |last=Montgomery |first=James |date=December 18, 2012 |accessdate=March 11, 2015}}</ref>
}}

'''Brittany Howard''' (born October 2, 1988)<ref name="delawareonline">{{cite web |url=http://www.delawareonline.com/story/entertainment/2014/10/01/celebrity-birthdays-oct/16551793 |title=Celebrity birthdays Oct. 2 |website=[[DelawareOnline]] |date=October 1, 2014 |accessdate=August 24, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Alabama-Shakes#ref1229337 |title=Alabama Shakes - American rock band |website=[[Britannica.com]] |accessdate=October 20, 2018}}</ref> is an American musician, best known as lead vocalist and guitarist of American rock bands [[Alabama Shakes]] and Thunderbitch.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pareles |first1=Jon |title=Review: 'Thunderbitch' Features Brittany Howard of Alabama Shakes |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/03/arts/music/review-thunderbitch-features-brittany-howard-of-alabama-shakes.html |accessdate=September 4, 2015 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=September 3, 2015}}</ref>

==Early life==
Howard was born in [[Athens, Alabama]]<ref name="rollingstone">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/alabama-shakes-unlikely-triumph-20130228 |title=Alabama Shakes' Unlikely Triumph |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |last=Hermes |first=Will |authorlink=Will Hermes |date=February 28, 2013 |accessdate=March 11, 2015}}</ref> to a white mother and an African American father.<ref name="bet">{{cite web |url=http://www.bet.com/news/music/2013/06/25/brittany-howard-of-the-alabama-shakes-i-don-t-think-about-color.html |title=Brittany Howard of the Alabama Shakes: "I Don't Think About Color" |website=[[BET]] |publisher=[[Viacom International]] |last=Cane |first=Clay |date=June 25, 2013 |accessdate=March 11, 2015}}</ref> The family house was in a junk yard, and once burned down due to a lightning strike.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/2016/01/28/464631594/alabama-shakes-brittany-howard-on-small-town-life-big-time-music |title=Alabama Shakes' Brittany Howard On Small-Town Life, Big-Time Music |date=January 28, 2016 |website=[[NPR]]}}</ref> She learned to write poetry and play the piano from her older sister Jamie, who died from retinal cancer in 1998. Her father left the family soon after.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/alabama-shakes-interview-i-didnt-think-i-wanted-to-do-this-any-more-10363116.html |title=Alabama Shakes interview: 'I didn't think I wanted to do this any more' |date=July 3, 2015 |first=Emily |last=Jupp |newspaper=[[The Independent]] }}</ref>
She began playing the guitar at age 13,<ref name="bio"/> and later attended [[Limestone County School District|East Limestone High School]], where she met future [[Alabama Shakes]] bassist Zac Cockrell.<ref name="bio">{{cite web |url=http://www.biography.com/people/brittany-howard-21196677 |title=Brittany Howard - Singer |website=[[Biography (TV series)|Biography]] |publisher=[[A&E (TV channel)|A&E]] |date=March 11, 2015 |accessdate=March 11, 2015}}</ref> She worked for the [[United States Postal Service]] until becoming a full-time musician as lead singer of Alabama Shakes.<ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/22/magazine/alabama-shakess-soul-stirring-shape-shifting-new-sound.html |title=Alabama Shakes's Soul-Stirring, Shape-Shifting New Sound |first=Joe |last=Rhodes |date=March 18, 2015 |newspaper=The New York Times |accessdate=December 15, 2015}}</ref>

==Career==
{{expand section|date=March 2012}}
Brittany Howard is best known as the lead singer and guitarist for the American rock band [[Alabama Shakes]]. The band formed under the name "The Shakes" when Howard and bassist Zac Cockrell began playing covers and original songs together with drummer Steve Johnson. Guitarist Heath Fogg later rounded out the lineup, and the band began playing shows at bars in Alabama and recording their debut album, ''[[Boys & Girls (Alabama Shakes album)|Boys & Girls]]''. They went on to sign a record deal with ATO Records, and released ''Boys & Girls'' in 2012 which received critical acclaim and multiple [[Grammy Award]] nominations.<ref name="nytimes.com"/>

In April 2015, Alabama Shakes released their second album, ''[[Sound & Color]]''. It debuted at number one on the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]],<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/6546301/alabama-shakes-first-no-1-album-billboard-200 |title=Alabama Shakes Scores Its First No. 1 Album on Billboard 200 Chart |first=Keith |last=Caulfield |date=April 29, 2015 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |accessdate=December 15, 2015}}</ref> and received favorable reviews from the music press.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metacritic.com/music/sound-color/alabama-shakes |title=Reviews for Sound & Color by Alabama Shakes |website=Metacritic |accessdate=December 15, 2015}}</ref> The band went on to perform on multiple late night shows, including ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'', ''[[The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon]]'', and ''[[The Late Show with Stephen Colbert]]''. Howard was featured in the musical medley alongside [[Mavis Staples]], [[Stephen Colbert]], [[Ben Folds]], and more in the series premiere of ''The Late Show with Stephen Colbert''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stereogum.com/1829382/watch-the-surprise-all-star-musical-finale-of-the-late-show-with-stephen-colbert-premiere/video/ |title=Watch The Surprise All-Star Musical Finale Of The Late Show With Stephen Colbert Premiere |first=Tom |last=Breihan |date=September 9, 2015 |website=[[Stereogum]] |accessdate=December 15, 2015}}</ref> At [[Lollapalooza]] in 2015, Howard was invited on stage to perform a duet of "[[Get Back]]" with [[Paul McCartney]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pitchfork.com/news/60623-paul-mccartney-performs-get-back-with-alabama-shakes-brittany-howard-fourfiveseconds-at-lollapalooza/ |title=Paul McCartney Performs "Get Back" With Alabama Shakes' Brittany Howard, "FourFiveSeconds" at Lollapalooza |first=Evan |last=Minsker |date=August 1, 2015 |website=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]] |accessdate=December 15, 2015}}</ref> Howard also performed at the ceremony for Eddie Murphy's Mark Twain Prize.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/tracy-morgan-joins-lineup-eddie-829611 |title=Tracy Morgan Joins Lineup for Eddie Murphy Mark Twain Prize Ceremony |agency=Associated Press |date=October 5, 2015 |magazine=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |accessdate=December 15, 2015}}</ref> In 2015, Howard was named the recipient of Billboard's Women in Music "Powerhouse" Award.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/events/women-in-music/6737548/alabama-shakes-brittany-howard-billboard-women-music-powerhouse |title=Alabama Shakes' Brittany Howard Named Billboard's 2015 Women in Music 'Powerhouse' Artist |date=October 22, 2015 |magazine=Billboard |accessdate=December 15, 2015}}</ref>

Howard is also the lead singer of the rock band Thunderbitch, formed in Nashville in 2012 with members of Clear Plastic Masks and ATO Records labelmates Fly Golden Eagle. The band surprise-released a self-titled album in September 2015.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/alabama-shakes-brittany-howard-releases-new-lp-as-thunderbitch-20150901 |title=Alabama Shakes' Brittany Howard Releases New LP as Thunderbitch |first=Jon |last=Blistein |date=September 1, 2015 |magazine=Rolling Stone |accessdate=December 15, 2015}}</ref> Although the band rarely makes live appearances, they did play a rare set at ATO Records' CMJ Music Marathon showcase in October 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.brooklynvegan.com/archives/2015/10/thunderbitch_pl.html |title=Brittany Howard's Thunderbitch played ATO's CMJ showcase w/ Margaret Glaspy, Jessica Lea Mayfield and Joseph (pics) |date=October 20, 2015 |website=BrooklynVegan.com |accessdate=December 15, 2015}}</ref>

Brittany Howard is also a singer in the band Bermuda Triangle with Jesse Lafser and Becca Mancari, which was formed in Nashville in 2017.<ref name=Rosey>{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/2017/09/06/548853529/songs-we-love-bermuda-triangle-rosey' |title=Songs We Love: Bermuda Triangle, 'Rosey' |first=Ann |last=Powers |date=September 6, 2017 |website=NPR |accessdate=October 19, 2017}}</ref> Their debut live performance was on July 12, 2017 at the Basement East in Nashville.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/country/live-reviews/brittany-howard-side-project-bermuda-triangle-watch-debut-w492167 |title=Watch Brittany Howard Side Project Bermuda Triangle Make Live Debut |first=Adam |last=Gold |date=July 13, 2017 |magazine=Rolling Stone |accessdate=October 19, 2017}}</ref> The trio released their first single on September 6, 2017, titled "Rosey", which was first released on Jesse Lafser's 2015 album "Raised On The Plains".<ref name=Rosey/> Although originally believed to be a one time performance, the trio performed a five show tour through the Southern states of America in October 2017.<ref name=Stereo>{{cite web |url=https://www.stereoboard.com/content/view/210522/9 |title= Alabama Shakes' Brittany Howard Shares Debut Single Of New Band Bermuda Triangle |first=Jon |last=Stickler |date=September 7, 2017 |website=Stereoboard |accessdate=October 19, 2017}}</ref> This small tour included shows in Carrboro, NC, Asheville, NC, Birmingham AL, Atlanta GA, and Knoxville, TN.<ref name= Stereo/>

==Discography==

===With Alabama Shakes===
* ''[[Boys & Girls (Alabama Shakes album)|Boys & Girls]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Sound & Color]]'' (2015)

===With Thunderbitch===
* ''Thunderbitch'' (2015)

===Featured Appearances===
* "Darkness and Light" (2016) {{small|([[John Legend]] ft. Brittany Howard)}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Alabama Shakes}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Howard, Brittany}}
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:African-American rock musicians]]
[[Category:African-American rock singers]]
[[Category:American female guitarists]]
[[Category:American female rock singers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Singers from Alabama]]
[[Category:People from Athens, Alabama]]
[[Category:American rock guitarists]]
[[Category:Grammy Award winners]]
[[Category:Guitarists from Alabama]]
[[Category:Alabama Shakes]]

Ol Parker

2018-06-17T08:54:19Z

Dawkeye: fmt/update references

{{distinguish|Oliver Parker}}
{{BLP sources|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ol Parker
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Oliver Parker
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1969|06|02|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[London]], England, United Kingdom
| occupation = Writer, film director
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Thandie Newton]]|1998}}
| children = 3
| years_active = 1995–present
}}

'''Oliver''' "'''Ol'''" '''Parker''' was born on 2 June 1969 in London, England. He is an English screenwriter and director.

== Early Career ==
Parker grew up in London and began his acting career in the theatre. He spent some time in front of the camera guest starring in television series like ''Matlock'' and playing small roles in films like ''Hellraiser'' (1987), ''Nuns on the Run'' (1990) and ''An Ideal Husband'' (1999). After years of acting and directing on stage, work in television and also as a stand-up comic, he decided to give film making a try. He earned early writing credits in 1994 on the long running comedy series ''Grange Hill''. Also in 1994, he wrote and directed his first short film ''Unsigned'', which he presented at the London Film Festival.<ref name="Tribute">{{Cite web |url=https://www.tribute.ca/people/ol-parker/3223/ |title=Ol Parker biography and filmography |website=Tribute.ca |access-date=6 June 2018}}</ref>

==Career==
After directing two more short films, Parker took a chance and tackled his first feature film project. Drawing from his stage experience, he decided to adapt the Shakespearean play ''Othello (1995)'' to the screen. Starring Laurence Fishburne, Irene Jacob and Kenneth Branagh, ''Othello'' received positive reviews from the critics, but failed to garner much interest from the general public.<ref name="Tribute"/>

Parker followed up his full-length feature debut with two more play adaptations. This time he chose Oscar Wilde's work, ''An Ideal Husband'' (1999) - which again received rave reviews from film critics - and ''The Importance Of Being Earnest'' (2002). He wrote and produced the 2000 comedy ''It was an Accident''. His directing credits include ''[[Imagine Me & You]]'' (2005) and ''[[Now Is Good]]'' (2012). He wrote the screenplay for ''[[The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel]]'' (2011) and ''[[The Second Best Exotic Marigold Hotel]]'' (2015). In May 2017, he was selected to write and direct the upcoming musical sequel, ''[[Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again]]'' (2018).<ref>{{Cite magazine |url=https://variety.com/2017/film/news/mamma-mia-sequel-release-date-universal-1202009093/ |title='Mamma Mia' Sequel Gets Release Date, Director at Universal |last=Kroll |first=Justin |date=19 May 2017 |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=24 December 2017}}</ref>

== Family ==
Parker married English actress [[Thandie Newton]] in 1998, after meeting her while working on a BBC film. They have three children: daughter Ripley Parker (born 17 December 2000), daughter Nico Parker (born December 2004), and son Booker Parker (born 3 March 2014).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0662530/bio |title=Ol Parker biography |website=IMDb |access-date=6 June 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0662530|Ol Parker}}

{{Ol Parker}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parker, Ol}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:British male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Writers from London]]

{{UK-film-director-stub}}

Rainer Hersch

2017-08-16T23:02:47Z

Dawkeye: update/fmt references, fmt text

{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox comedian
| name = Rainer Hersch
| image = Rainer_Hersch_at_RFH_2013.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Hersch at Festival Hall, London in 2013
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1962|11|07}}
| birth_place = [[Thames Ditton]], [[Surrey]], UK
| death_date =
| death_place =
| medium = [[stand-up comedian|Stand-up]], [[Concert Hall]], television, Radio
| nationality = British
| active = 1987–present
| genre = [[Musical comedy]]
| influenced =
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| notable_work = All Classical Music Explained All The Right Notes... April Fools Comedy Concerts
| signature =
| website ={{url|rainerhersch.com}}
| footnotes =
| current_members =
| past_members =
}}
'''Rainer Hersch''' (born 7 November 1962) is a British conductor, actor, writer and comedian known for his comical take on classical music.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rainer Hersch's Victor Borge – 5 stars |url=http://www.canada.com/story_print.html?id=190b37f3-8a3d-4241-a562-e1c9e62487b5&sponsor= |newspaper=[[Edmonton Journal]] |date=19 August 2007 |accessdate=12 November 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303172238/http://www.canada.com/story_print.html?id=190b37f3-8a3d-4241-a562-e1c9e62487b5&sponsor= |archivedate=3 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Rainer Hersch |url=http://www.metro.co.uk/showbiz/interviews/200-rainer-hersch |newspaper=[[Metro (British newspaper)|Metro]] |date=27 October 2009 |accessdate=12 November 2010}}</ref> He has toured in more than 30 countries and has broadcast extensively, principally for the [[BBC]]. His radio series include ''All Classical Music Explained'' ([[BBC Radio 4]], 1997); ''Rainer Hersch's 20th Century Retrospective'' ([[BBC Radio 3]], 1999) and ''All the Right Notes, Not Necessarily in the Right Order'' ([[BBC Radio 4]], 2003 and 2006).

==Early life==
Hersch read Economics at [[Lancaster University]], where his fellow students included [[Andy Serkis]] and [[James May]]. A [[Monty Python]] fan in his youth, he joined the Revue Group, the university's student comedy troupe, and began his writing career. He was a member of [[Cartmel College, Lancaster|Cartmel College]]<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Rainer Returns |url=http://www.alumni.lancs.ac.uk/document.doc?id=30 |magazine=Steps Alumni Magazine |date=Summer 2011 |publisher=[[Lancaster University]] |pages=6–7}}</ref> and served as [[Common Room (university)|JCR]] president – a position usually held by final year students – during his first term.<ref name="alumni profiles">{{cite web |title=Alumni Profiles – Rainer Hersch |url=http://www.lancaster.ac.uk/alumni/alumni-profiles/rainer-hersch/ |website=[[Lancaster University]]}}</ref> In July 2015 he was presented with an Alumni Award by [[Lancaster University]] for graduates who have made a substantial contribution to their field and developed an outstanding international reputation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lancaster.ac.uk/news/articles/2015/alumni-award-for-acclaimed-conductor-and-comedian/ |title=Alumni award for acclaimed conductor and comedian |website=Lancaster University |date=21 July 2015 |accessdate=13 March 2017}}</ref>

==Career==
=== Comedian ===
In December 1987 Hersch made his debut on the London stand-up circuit as part of a comic double act ''The Tebbits'' with fellow student Peter Wylie. In 1992 he gave up his job as Touring Manager of the [[London Festival Orchestra]] to become a professional comedian<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chortle.co.uk/comics/r/144/rainer_hersch |title=Rainer Hersch, comedian |website=Chortle : The UK Comedy Guide |date=15 May 2013 |accessdate=13 March 2017}}</ref> and since that time has performed exclusively as a solo artist. In 1996 Rainer wrote and presented his stand-up show ''All Classical Music Explained'' (ACME) at [[Edinburgh Festival Fringe]], one of thirteen such Edinburgh appearances.<ref name="alumni profiles"/> Billed as "a simple and stupid guide to questions like 'why is organ music so boring?'; 'what does a conductor actually do?' and 'how to clap in the wrong place and mean it'" ACME has since been performed over 300 times in four continents. It established him as an original comic voice and the classical music theme, which has dominated all his subsequent activities.

Hersch continues to tour the world presenting his one-man shows or as guest conductor in comedy concerts with orchestra. Among his many other commitments, he is currently conductor/host of the annual ''Johann Strauss Gala'' – an extensive, UK-wide tour promoted by [[Raymond Gubbay]] Ltd.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/lifestyle/showbiz/how-rainer-hersch-combines-classical-2497061 |title=How Rainer Hersch combines classical music and comedy |website=Wales Online |first=Karen |last=Price |date=11 January 2013 |accessdate=13 March 2017}}</ref> and Artistic Director of the ''April Fools Day Concert'' at the [[Royal Festival Hall]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.southbankcentre.co.uk:80/whatson/the-april-fools-concert-2014-80634 |title=The April Fools Comedy Concert 2014 |website=[[Southbank Centre]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140417204101/http://www.southbankcentre.co.uk:80/whatson/the-april-fools-concert-2014-80634 |archivedate=17 April 2014}}</ref> an event he instigated in 2009.

=== Musician ===
Hersch studied piano as a private pupil of [[Norma Fisher]]. He studied conducting for three years at [[The Conservatoire]] in London with Denise Ham and in masterclasses at the [[Royal Academy of Music]] with [[János Fürst]] and [[George Hurst]]. He has conducted many orchestras around the world including The [[Philharmonia Orchestra]], [[City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra]], [[Queensland Symphony Orchestra]], [[Tasmanian Symphony Orchestra]] and [[Saint Petersburg Philharmonic Orchestra]]. Soloists who have participated in his comedy concerts include [[Alfred Brendel]], [[Nicola Benedetti]], [[Marc-André Hamelin]], [[Paul Lewis (pianist)]] and Dame [[Evelyn Glennie]].

=== Personal life ===
Rainer Hersch is the grandson of the artist Eugen Hersch and the great-great-great grandson of the playwright Hermann Hersch. Born in the UK of a German father and English mother, Hersch is fluent in both languages. He also speaks Spanish and French. He is married to marketing executive Cornelia Dussinger and lives in London. Rainer Hersch is a member of the [[Garrick Club]].

==Credits==
=== Radio credits ===
Include: ''Front Row'' (BBC Radio 4); ''The Today Programme'' (BBC Radio 4); ''Counterpoint'' (BBC Radio 4); ''Quote...Unquote'' (BBC Radio 4); ''Broadcasting House'' (BBC Radio 4); ''Excess Baggage'' (BBC Radio 4); ''Loose Ends'' (BBC Radio 4, 1996–2003); ''The Right Note'' (BBC Radio 4); ''I'm Glad You Asked Me That'' (BBC Radio 4); ''Private Passions'' (BBC Radio 3); ''In Tune'' (BBC Radio 3); ''Jammin{{'}}'' (BBC Radio 2); ''Definitely Not the Opera'' (Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, Comedy Hour). ''All The Right Notes, Not Necessarily In The Right Order'' (BBC Radio 4, Series 1: September 2002; Series 2: January 2006). ''Rainer Hersch's Club Mozart'' (Classic FM, December 2001; April 2002; August 2002). ''Quando, Quando, Quando'' (BBC Radio 4, November 1999). ''Rainer Hersch's 20th Century Retrospective'' (BBC Radio 3, December 1998). ''Rainer Hersch's All Classical Music Explained'' (BBC Radio 4, October 1998).

=== TV credits ===
Include: ''See Hear'' (BBC 2); ''The World Stands Up'' (Paramount Comedy Channel); ''Carlton Stand-Up for the Homeless'' (ITV); '' The Big Stage'' (Channel 5); ''Team Captain with The Entertainment Game'' (BBC1 – 23 shows); ''How Do They Do That'' (ITV); ''Selina Scott'' (BskyB); ''The Big Breakfast'' (Channel 4); ''Quatsch'' (Pro Sieben – Germany).

=== Recordings ===
*''All Classical Music Explained'' ASIN: B00066KX9G
*The 2013 April Fools Day Concert DVD

=== Live shows ===
* 2015: Christmas No.1 Singalong
* 2014: The 2014 April Fools Day Concert (Orchestra)
* 2013: The 2013 April Fools Day Concert (Orchestra)
* 2012: The 2012 April Fools Day Concert (Orchestra)
* 2011: Mozart: Ze Komplete Hystery (one-man show)
* 2009: Classic Relief at the Royal Festival Hall (Orchestra)
* 2009: Last Night of the Proms... Ever! (Orchestra)
* 2007: At Last! The 1977 New Year's Day Concert (Orchestra)
* 2006: Mozart’s Back! (three-man show)
* 2005: Organtastic! (two-man show)
* 2004: Rainer Hersch's Victor Borge (formerly 'Borge Again!') (one-man show)
* 2003: Rainer Hersch's Instruments of Mass Destruction (one-man show)
* 2002: Rainer Hersch Will Sell Out (one-man show)
* 2001: Club Mozart (one-man show)
* 2000: Rainer Hersch @ Music dot Comedy (one-man show)
* 1997: All Classical Music Explained: The Masterclass (one-man show)
* 1996: All Classical Music Explained (one-man show)
* 1995: Was God British? (one-man show)
* 1994: The Mass Bands of the Grenadier Guards and R.A.F. Flypast + Support (one-man show)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.rainerhersch.com website]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jc7LyERAKc0 performing with Tasmanian Symphony Orchestra]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J2RJ0v4nfVQ performing on TV at the Quatsch Comedy Club 20th Anniversary in German]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hersch, Rainer}}
[[Category:British classical musicians]]
[[Category:British conductors (music)]]
[[Category:British comedians]]
[[Category:Humor in classical music]]
[[Category:Alumni of Lancaster University]]
[[Category:British people of German descent]]
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Donald R. Bensen

2017-07-13T12:18:20Z

Dawkeye: update/fmt references, infobox fix

{{Infobox writer
|name = Donald Roynald Bensen
|image =
|caption =
|pseudonym =
|birth_date = {{birth date|1927|10|3|mf=y}}
|birth_place = [[Brooklyn, New York|Brooklyn]], [[New York City|New York]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|1997|10|19|1927|10|3|mf=y}}
|death_place = [[Croton-on-Hudson, New York|Croton-on-Hudson]], [[New York City|New York]]
|occupation = Editor, author
|genre =
|movement =
|notableworks = ''[[And Having Writ...]]''
|influences =
|influenced =
|website =
}}
'''Donald Roynald Bensen''' (October 3, 1927 – October 19, 1997), known also as '''Don Bensen''' and listed sometimes as '''D.R. Bensen''', was an American editor and [[science fiction]] writer. As an editor he is known best for editing works of P. G. Wodehouse and his involvement with their re-issue as paperbacks in the United States. As an author, he is known best for his 1978 humorous [[alternate history]] novel, ''[[And Having Writ...]]'', published first by [[Bobbs-Merrill]] company.

==Life==
He died at the age of 70 at his home in [[Croton-on-Hudson, New York]] on October 19, 1997.<ref name="PW">{{cite journal | title=Obituaries |journal=[[Publishers Weekly]] |date=December 1, 1997 |url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/article/CA165233.html}}</ref>

==Career==
Bensen's literary career began as a literary agent for Scott Meredith company. He was appointed editor of [[Pyramid Books|Pyramid Publications]] during 1957, and was eventually, if not immediately, editor-in-chief there. Later he was a senior editor for [[Ballantine Books]] and afterwards the [[Berkley Books|Berkley Publishing Corporation]] of New York. He was a consulting editor for Dell Books and The Dial Press from 1976 until 1981, and was instrumental in the establishment and acquisition of titles for the joint venture between the two imprints for their Quantum Science Fiction series, a prestigious international trade name that included such major works as [[Stardance]] by Spider and Jeanne Robinson, the seminal story collection [[The Persistence of Vision (anthology)|The Persistence of Vision]] by John Varley, [[In the Ocean of Night]] by Gregory Benford and [[The Snow Queen]] by Joan D. Vinge. He also contributed editorially to Dell's paperback science fiction and fantasy publications during those years. During 1983 he joined [[Keats Publishing]], where he also became editor-in-chief.

As an author, Bensen was the author of the novel ''And Having Writ...'', the "Tracker" western novels, and a number of other books. He also wrote a number of media related novels, including works based on the ''[[Gunsmoke]]'' television series, and novelizations of William Goldman's screenplays for the 1979 movies ''[[Mr. Horn]]'' and ''[[Butch and Sundance: The Early Days]]''.

Bensen was a member of the all-male literary banqueting club the [[Trap Door Spiders]], which served as the basis of [[Isaac Asimov]]'s fictional group of mystery solvers the [[Black Widowers]]. Bensen himself was the model for the character Roger Halsted.<ref name="Asimov_p378">{{Cite book |last=Asimov |first=Isaac |title=I. Asimov, a Memoir |location=New York |publisher=Doubleday |year=1994 |page=378 |isbn=978-0-385-41701-3}}</ref> Concerning the Black Widowers, he published a poem of the same name during 1977. He was also associated with the [[Mystery Writers of America]].

==Bibliography==
*''[[And Having Writ...]]'' (1978)
*''Mr Horn'' (1978)
*''Butch and Sundance : The Early Days'' (1979)
*''A Wodehouse Bestiary'' (with P.G. Wodehouse) (1985)
*''Biblical Limericks: Old Testament Stories Re-Versed'' (1986)
*''If I Were You'' (with P.G. Wodehouse) (1989)
*''Plum's Peaches: Women in Wodehouse'' (with P.G. Wodehouse) (1991)
*''Wodehouse on Crime: A Dozen Tales of Fiendish Cunning'' (with P.G. Wodehouse) (1991)
*''Fore!: The Best of Wodehouse on Golf'' (with P.G. Wodehouse) (1999)

===Tracker series===
*''Mask of the Tracker'' (1992)
*''The Renegade'' (1992)
*''Death in the Hills'' (1992)
*''Fool's Gold'' (1992)
*''Final Mask'' (1993)
*''Deathwind'' (1993)
*''Final Mask'' (1993)

===Anthologies===
*''[[The Unknown (1963 anthology)|The Unknown]]'' (1963)
*''[[The Unknown Five]]'' (1964)

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*{{cite book |last=Tuck |first=Donald H. |authorlink=Donald H. Tuck |title=The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy |location=Chicago |publisher=Advent |year=1974 |isbn=0-911682-20-1 |page=39}}

==External links==
*{{isfdb name|id=Donald_R._Bensen|name=Donald R. Bensen}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bensen, Donald Roynald}}
[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:1997 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century American novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century male writers]]
[[Category:American book editors]]
[[Category:American male novelists]]
[[Category:American science fiction writers]]
[[Category:Writers from New York City]]
[[Category:American male short story writers]]
[[Category:People from Croton-on-Hudson, New York]]
[[Category:20th-century American short story writers]]

Darrell Schweitzer

2017-07-13T12:06:20Z

Dawkeye: update/fmt references, infobox fix

{{Infobox writer
|name = Darrell Schweitzer
|image = Darrell Schweitzer.jpg
|caption = Schweitzer in 2006
|pseudonym =
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1952|8|27}}
|birth_place = [[Woodbury, New Jersey]], USA
|death_date =
|death_place =
|occupation = [[Writer]], [[editing|editor]], and [[essayist]]
|nationality = American
|period = 1968–present<ref name=isfdb/>
|genre = [[Speculative fiction]]
|subject =
|movement =
|notableworks= ''[[The Mask of the Sorcerer]]''
|website =
}}
'''Darrell Charles Schweitzer''' (born August 27, 1952) is an American writer, editor, and critic in the field of [[speculative fiction]].<ref name=SFE/> Much of his focus has been on [[dark fantasy]] and [[horror fiction|horror]], although he does also work in [[science fiction]] and [[fantasy]]. Schweitzer is also a prolific writer of literary criticism and editor of collections of essays on various writers within his preferred genres.

==Life and career==

Schweitzer was born in [[Woodbury, New Jersey]],<ref name=SFE/><ref name="StJames">{{Cite book |title=St. James Guide to Fantasy Writers |editor-first=David |editor-last=Pringle |location=New York |publisher=St. James Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-1-55862-205-0}}</ref><ref name=CAO>''[[Contemporary Authors Online]]'', Detroit: Gale, 2007.</ref> son of Francis Edward and Mary Alice Schweitzer.<ref name=CAO/> He attended [[Villanova University]] from 1970–1976, from which he received a B.S. in geography (1974) and an M.A. in English (1976).<ref name="StJames"/><ref name=CAO/> He started his literary career as a reviewer and columnist.<ref name=CAO/> He worked as an editorial assistant for ''[[Asimov's Science Fiction|Isaac Asimov's SF Magazine]]'' from 1977–1982 and ''[[Amazing Stories]]'' from 1982–1986, was co-editor with [[George H. Scithers]] and [[John Gregory Betancourt]] of ''[[Weird Tales]]'' from 1987–1990 and sole editor of the same magazine from 1991–1994 and its successor, ''Worlds of Fantasy & Horror'', from 1994–1996. From 1998–2007 he was again co-editor of the revived ''Weird Tales'', first with Scithers and then with Scithers and Betancourt. He has also been a part-time literary agent for the Owlswick Agency in Philadelphia.<ref name="StJames"/> and a World Fantasy Award judge.<ref name=CAO/> He is a member of [[Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America|Science Fiction Writers of America]] and [[Horror Writers Association|Horror Writers of America]].<ref name=CAO/> He lives and works in the Philadelphia area.

==Fiction==
Most of Schweitzer's fiction is in the areas of dark fantasy and horror. He works most frequently in fiction of shorter lengths, though he has also written a number of novels. His first, ''The White Isle'', an epic, disillusioning quest to the underworld, was written in 1976 but remained unpublished until 1989. ''The Shattered Goddess'' (1982) takes place in a far future "[[Dying Earth (subgenre)|Dying Earth]]" setting, which he later revisited for a sequence of short stories collected as ''[[Echoes of the Goddess]]'' (2013). The first work in his tales of the world of the Great River focusing on child-sorcerer Sekenre, "To Become a Sorcerer" (1991), was nominated for the 1992 [[World Fantasy Award—Long Fiction|World Fantasy Award for Best Novella]] and later expanded into the novel ''The Mask of the Sorcerer'' (1995). Additional stories in the series have been collected in ''[[Sekenre: The Book of the Sorcerer]]'' (2004). Other works include his stories of the lapsed knight Julian, most collected in ''[[We Are All Legends]]'' (1981),<ref name="StJames"/> his tales of legendary madman [[Tom O'Bedlam]], numerous works utilizing [[H. P. Lovecraft]]'s [[Cthulhu Mythos]], and a large body of unconnected short stories.

==Awards==

Together with his editorial colleagues Schweitzer won the 1992 [[World Fantasy Special Award: Professional|World Fantasy Award]] special award in the professional category for ''Weird Tales''.<ref name="StJames"/> His poem ''Remembering the Future'' won the 2006 ''Asimov's Science Fiction'''s Readers' Award for best poem.

==Bibliography==
{{Main article|Darrell Schweitzer bibliography}}

==References==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name=isfdb>{{cite web |url=http://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/ea.cgi?1181 |title=Darrell Schweitzer – Summary Bibliography |work=[[Internet Speculative Fiction Database]] |accessdate=July 11, 2014}}</ref>
<ref name=SFE>{{cite web |url=http://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/schweitzer_darrell |title=Schweitzer, Darrell |work=[[The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction]] |date=May 9, 2014 |accessdate=July 11, 2014}}</ref>

}}

==Further reading==
* Steve Behrends. "Holy Fire: Darrell Schweitzer's Imaginative Fiction". ''Studies in Weird Fiction'' 5 (Spring 1989): 3-11.

==External links==
* [http://www.cold-print.freeserve.co.uk/ds.htm "Dreamer on the wildside"] – 2004 interview by ''Cold Print'' magazine
* [http://www.portalpressbooks.com/8.html "Spotlight on Darrell Schweitzer"] – 2007 interview by Portal Press Books
* {{isfdb name|1181}}
* {{LCAuth|n78000671|Darrell Schweitzer|32|}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Schweitzer, Darrell}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century American novelists]]
[[Category:American fantasy writers]]
[[Category:American horror writers]]
[[Category:American male novelists]]
[[Category:American science fiction writers]]
[[Category:American speculative fiction critics]]
[[Category:American speculative fiction editors]]
[[Category:Science fiction critics]]
[[Category:Science fiction editors]]
[[Category:20th-century American poets]]
[[Category:21st-century American poets]]
[[Category:American male poets]]
[[Category:American male short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century American short story writers]]
[[Category:21st-century American short story writers]]
{{Darrell Schweitzer}}

Airolaf

2016-12-21T14:24:59Z

Dawkeye: fix date in reference

{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Airolaf
|native_name =
|settlement_type = Town
|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
|image_caption =
|image_flag =
|image_seal =
|image_map =
|map_caption =
|pushpin_map = Djibouti
|pushpin_label_position = bottom
|pushpin_mapsize = 250
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in Djibouti
|coordinates_region = DJ-TA
|subdivision_type = [[Countries of the world|Country]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Djibouti|Region]]
|subdivision_name = [[Image:Flag of Djibouti.svg|25px]] [[Djibouti]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Tadjourah Region|Tadjoura]]
|subdivision_type2 =
|subdivision_name2 =
|established_title =
|established_date =
|government_type =
|leader_title =
|leader_name =
|area_magnitude =
|area_total_sq_mi =
|area_total_km2 =
|area_land_sq_mi =
|area_land_km2 =
|area_urban_sq_mi =
|area_urban_km2 =
|area_metro_km2 =
|area_metro_sq_mi =
|population_as_of=
|population_footnotes = 2012
|population_total = 1,023
|population_urban =
|population_metro =
|population_density_sq_mi =
|population_density_km2 =
|timezone =
|utc_offset =
|timezone_DST =
|utc_offset_DST =
|latd=11|latm=46|lats=|latNS=N
|longd=42|longm=39|longs=|longEW=E
|elevation_footnotes=
|elevation_m = 1521
|elevation_ft =
|postal_code_type =
|postal_code =
|area_code =
|website =
|footnotes =
}}

'''Airolaf''' is a town in the [[Tadjoura Region]] in northwestern [[Djibouti]] and in the centre of the Tadjoura Region. It is located some 100 kilometres southeast of the national capital, [[Djibouti City]]. The town is overlooked by [[Goda Mountains]], the third tallest mountain in Djibouti. One of the distinctive features of Airolaf countryside is the widespread growing of vegetables.

==Demographics==
The majority of the population of Airolaf is [[Afar people|Afars]]

==Geography and climate==
Airolaf has a [[steppe climate]], the town lies at an elevation of 1521 metres above sea level. It has the coldest nights of any city in [[Djibouti]]. It sits on middle trending highlands known as the [[Goda Mountains]]. In the winter months it is quite cold at night, and there can even be frost. However, it rapidly warms up as the tropical sun climbs higher during the day. The temperate central portion, where Airolaf lies, is situated on a rocky plateau. The Goda Mountains have a mixture of highland climate zones, with temperature differences of up to 10 °C, depending on elevation and prevailing wind patterns. The highest recorded temperature was 38 °C (100 °F) on July 20, 1999, while the lowest recorded temperature was 6 °C (43 °F) on December 31, 1989.

{{Weather box
|location = Airolaf
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|temperature colour=
|Jan high C = 22.0
|Feb high C = 22.7
|Mar high C = 24.6
|Apr high C = 26.3
|May high C = 29.4
|Jun high C = 31.9
|Jul high C = 31.4
|Aug high C = 30.5
|Sep high C = 29.5
|Oct high C = 26.7
|Nov high C = 24.1
|Dec high C = 22.4
|Jan low C = 10.9
|Feb low C = 12.1
|Mar low C = 13.3
|Apr low C = 15.4
|May low C = 17.4
|Jun low C = 19.9
|Jul low C = 19.5
|Aug low C = 18.9
|Sep low C = 18.6
|Oct low C = 15.1
|Nov low C = 12.9
|Dec low C = 11.6
|Jan precipitation mm = 34
|Feb precipitation mm = 37
|Mar precipitation mm = 33
|Apr precipitation mm = 45
|May precipitation mm = 24
|Jun precipitation mm = 13
|Jul precipitation mm = 49
|Aug precipitation mm = 70
|Sep precipitation mm = 56
|Oct precipitation mm = 16
|Nov precipitation mm = 32
|Dec precipitation mm = 22
|source 1 = ''Climate-Data.org''<ref name="Climate-Data.org">{{cite web|title=Climate: Airolaf - Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table|url=http://en.climate-data.org/location/795473/|work=Climate-Data.org|accessdate=14 November 2014}}</ref>
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.maplandia.com/djibouti/tadjourah/randa/airolaf/ Satellite map at Maplandia.com]
*[http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/mapcenter/map.aspx?TextLatitude=14.1834683776109&TextLongitude=41.5001815856733&TextAltitude=7&TextSelectedEntity=9397859&MapStyle=Comprehensive&MapSize=Large&MapStyleSelectedIndex=0&searchTextMap=Airolaf&MapStylesList=Comprehensive&ZoomOnMapClickCheck=on&ResultsListbox=14.1834683776109%3B41.5001815856733%3B7%3B9397859%3BAbacheri%2C+Eritrea%3BLarge%3BComprehensive Location on MSN encarta map]

{{coord|11|46|N|42|39|E|display=title|region:DJ_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:Populated places in Djibouti]]

{{Djibouti-geo-stub}}

Martis (Volk)

2016-02-29T23:09:16Z

Dawkeye: fmt infobox img

{{infobox ethnic group|
|group = Martis
|image = File:Martis Creek Lake and Dam summer.jpg
|image_caption = Martis Creek Lake and Dam at the southern end of [[Nevada County, California|Nevada County]] near [[Truckee, California]].
|poptime =
|popplace =[[United States]] ([[California]] and [[Nevada]])
|rels =
|langs =
|related = [[Maidu]], possibly [[Washoe people|Washoe]]<ref name=da466>D'Azevedo, 466</ref>
}}

The '''Martis''' were a group of [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] who lived in [[Northern California]] on both the eastern and western sides of the [[Sierra Nevada (U.S.)|Sierra Nevada]]. The '''Martis complex''' lasted from 2000 BCE to 500 CE, during the [[Archaic period in the Americas|Middle Archaic era]].<ref>Elston, 141, 143</ref> Evidence of Martis habitation has been found from [[Carson River]] and [[Reno, Nevada]] in the east to [[Auburn, California]] and [[Oroville, California]] in the west.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sagehen.ucnrs.org/CSFRS/petros.htm |title=North fork petroglyphs |accessdate=2008-08-15 |last=Brauman |first=Sharon K. |date=2004-10-06 |publisher=ucnrs.org}}</ref> The Martis name refers to the geographic region of [[Martis Creek]] which spans [[Nevada County, California]] and [[Placer County, California]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3UzX2WzeX0IC&pg=PA345 |pages=203 |title=California's Gold Country: Includes Mariposa, Tuolumne, Calaveras, Amador, El Dorado, Placer, Sierra & Nevada Counties |accessdate=2008-08-15 |last=Durham |first=David L. |year=2000 |work= |publisher=Quill Driver Books |location=[[Clovis, California]] |isbn=1-884995-25-X}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefederalregister.com/d.p/2000-12-22-00-32660 |title=Action: Native American human remains and associated funerary objects: |accessdate=2008-08-15 |last=Robbins |first=John |date=2000-12-14 |publisher=thefederalregister.com}}</ref>

==Culture==
Martis traveled to higher elevations in the winter and lower elevations in the summer in loose-knit groups. They lived in base camps on valley margins, often near [[hot springs]]. In the winter, they lived in [[pit house]]s with [[hearth]]s, pit caches, and occasionally burials. Extended families are believed to have lived together. Summer camps were often located near springs or creeks.<ref name=e143>Elston, 143</ref>

They shared certain traits which included making [[stone tools]] from [[basalt]], using pestles and mortars, and hunting with [[atlatl]]s and spears.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sierrarockart.org/makers.html |title=Ancient petroglyph makers of the Northern Sierra |accessdate=2008-08-15 |last=Drake |first=Bill |year=2000 |work= |publisher=sierrarockart.org}}</ref> Martis engaged in a [[hunter-gatherer]] economic system.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708160910/http://www.cityofgrassvalley.com/services/departments/cdd/IdMd/FinalMEAJune2006/405_CulturalRes.pdf |title=Prehistoric Context |page=2 |accessdate=2008-08-15 |last= |first= |coauthors= |date=June 2006 |work=Idaho-Maryland Mine Project, Master Environmental Assessment |publisher=cityofgrassvalley.com}}</ref> Martis people processed seeds and hunted big game, such as [[mountain sheep]], [[antelope]], [[deer]], [[bison]], and [[elk]].<ref>Elston, 142, 145</ref>

==Descendants==
Moratto states that the Martis were not related to the [[Washoe people|Washo]], but may have been linked with the [[Maidu]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708160910/http://www.cityofgrassvalley.com/services/departments/cdd/IdMd/FinalMEAJune2006/405_CulturalRes.pdf |title=California Archaeology |accessdate=2008-08-15 |last=Moratto |first=M.J. |year=1984 |publisher=Academic Press |location=San Francisco |isbn=0-12-506182-X}}</ref> However, other scholars (Robert G. Elston and Catherine S. Fowler) suggest that the Martis complex overlaps culturally and geographically with the [[Kings Beach complex]] of ancestral Washoe people.<ref name=da466/>

==Sites==
The [[Meadow Lake Petroglyphs]], attributed to the Martis, are a [[List of Registered Historic Places in California|national historical landmark]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/CA/Nevada/state.html |title=Meadow Lake Petroglyphs ** (added 1971 - Site - #71000169) |accessdate=2008-08-15 |last= |first= |coauthors= |date= |work= |publisher=nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com}}</ref> Another notable Martis archaeological site includes the Grouse Lakes Area of Nevada County, called the Martis Archaeological Complex, and cataloged as style 7 rock art.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.forestissuesgroup.org/Wilderness/Nevada%20County/Grouse%20Lakes.htm |title=Report on Potential Grouse Lakes Wilderness |accessdate=2008-08-15 |last= |first= |coauthors= |date= |work= |publisher=forestissuesgroup.org}}</ref>

Others sites include [[Truckee Meadows]]–Steamboat Hot Springs, Bordertown, and [[Hallelujah Junction, California|Hallelujah Junction]].<ref name=e143/>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* D'Azevedo, Warren L. "Washoe." ''Handbook of North American Indians: Great Basin, Volume 11.'' Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1986. ISBN 978-0-16-004581-3.
* Elston, Robert G. "Prehistory of the Western Area." ''Handbook of North American Indians: Great Basin, Volume 11.'' Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1986. ISBN 978-0-16-004581-3.

==Further reading==
* Foster, D. G., Betts, J., & Sandelin, L. C. (1998). ''The association of Style 7 rock art and the Martis Complex in the northern Sierra Nevada of California''. Sacramento: California Dept. of Forestry and Fire Protection. OCLC 42732872
* Gortner, W. A., & Elsasser, A. B. (1986). ''The Martis Indians: ancient tribe of the Sierra Nevada''. Woodside, Calif: Portola Press. ISBN 0-936559-01-2
* Mires, P. B., Kautz, R., Botti, N., & Scott, E. (1992). ''Archaeological testing of nine locations along the Tahoe reach, Martis to Squaw Valley 120 kv transmission line project, Placer County, California''. Nevada City, Calif: Forest Archaeologist, Tahoe National Forest. OCLC 44879837

{{DEFAULTSORT:Martis People}}
[[Category:Native American tribes in California]]
[[Category:Native American tribes in Nevada]]
[[Category:Indigenous peoples of the Great Basin]]
[[Category:History of Nevada County, California]]
[[Category:History of Placer County, California]]
[[Category:People from Nevada County, California]]
[[Category:People from Placer County, California]]

UB 6

2015-11-08T01:53:04Z

Dawkeye: list fix in infobox

{{other ships|German submarine U-6}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=[[File:German Type UB I submarine.jpg|300px|''UB-6'' was similar in appearance to her [[sister boat]] {{SMU|UB-4}}, pictured here in 1915.]]
|Ship caption=''UB-6'' was similar in appearance to her [[sister boat]] {{SMU|UB-4}}, pictured here in 1915.
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Ship country=[[German Empire]]
|Ship flag={{Shipboxflag|German Empire|naval}}
|Ship name=''UB-6''
|Ship ordered=15 November 1914<ref name=UB-6>{{cite web
|title=WWI U-boats: UB-6
|url=http://uboat.net/wwi/boats/index.html?boat=UB+6
|last=Helgason
|first=Guðmundur
|website=German and Austrian U-Boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net
|accessdate= 19 February 2009
}}</ref>
|Ship builder=[[Germaniawerft]], [[Kiel]]<ref name=Tarrant-172>Tarrant, p. 172.</ref>
|Ship yard number=244<ref name=UB-6 />
|Ship laid down=22 November 1914<ref name=UB-6 />
|Ship launched=March 1915<ref name=Miramar>{{csr|register=MSI|id=6104977|shipname=UB-6 |accessdate=6 March 2009
}}</ref>
|Ship commissioned=8 April 1915<ref name=UB-6 />
|Ship decommissioned=
|Ship struck=
|Ship fate=[[Scuttling|scuttled]] at [[Hellevoetsluis]], 18 March 1917; [[ship breaking|broken up]] at [[Brest, France|Brest]], July 1921<ref name=UB-6 />
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox service record
|is_ship=yes
|is_multi=yes
|partof=
* [[German Imperial Navy]]<ref name=UB-6 />
* [[Flanders Flotilla]] (April 1915 – March 1917)

|codes=
|commanders=
* Erich Haecker (April – November 1915)<ref name=UB-6 />
* Ernst Voigt (November 1915 – April 1916)
* Karl Neumann (April – July 1916)
* Karsten von Heydebreck (July 1916 – January 1917)
* Oskar Steckelberg (January – March 1917)
|operations=60 patrols<ref name=UB-6 />
|victories=
* 5 ships ({{GRT|5896}}) sunk<ref name=UB-6 />
* 2 ships ({{GRT|1101}}) damaged
* 1 ship ({{GRT|1328}}) taken as [[prize (law)|prize]]
* 1 warship (335 tons) sunk
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Header caption={{sfn|Gröner|1985|p=48}}
|Ship class=[[German Type UB I submarine]]
|Ship displacement=*{{convert|127|t|LT|abbr=on}} surfaced
*{{convert|142|t|LT|abbr=on}} submerged
|Ship length={{convert|28.10|m|ftin|abbr=on}} ([[o/a]])
|Ship beam={{convert|3.15|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|Ship draught={{convert|3.03|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|Ship propulsion=*1 × [[propeller shaft (ship)|propeller shaft]]
*1 × [[Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft|Daimler]] 4-cylinder [[diesel engine]], {{convert|44|kW|bhp|order=flip|lk=in|abbr=on}}
*1 × [[Siemens-Schuckert]] [[electric motor]], {{convert|89|kW|shp|order=flip|lk=in|abbr=on}}
|Ship speed=*{{convert|6.47|kn|lk=in}} surfaced
*{{convert|5.51|kn}} submerged
|Ship range=*{{convert|1,650|nmi|lk=in|abbr=on}} at {{convert|5|kn}} surfaced
*{{convert|45|nmi|abbr=on}} at {{convert|4|kn}}
|Ship test depth={{convert|50|m|ft}}
|Ship complement=14
|Ship armament=*2 × {{convert|45|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} bow [[torpedo tube]]s
*2 × torpedoes
*1 × {{convert|8|mm|in|abbr=on}} [[deck gun]]
|Ship notes=33-second diving time
}}
|}
'''SM ''UB-6''''' was a German [[German Type UB I submarine|Type UB I]] [[submarine]] or [[U-boat]] in the [[German Imperial Navy]] ({{lang-de|Kaiserliche Marine}}) during World War I. The submarine was interned after running aground in neutral [[Netherlands|Dutch]] waters, and was scuttled by her crew at [[Hellevoetsluis]].

''UB-6'' was ordered in October 1914 and was [[keel laying|laid down]] at the [[Germaniawerft]] shipyard in [[Kiel]] in November. ''UB-6'' was a little more than {{convert|28|m|ft}} in length and [[displacement (ship)|displaced]] between {{convert|127|and|142|t|LT}}, depending on whether surfaced or submerged. She carried two [[torpedo]]es for her two bow [[torpedo tube]]s and was also armed with a deck-mounted [[machine gun]]. ''UB-6'' was broken into sections and shipped by rail to [[Antwerp]] for reassembly. She was [[launch (ship)|launch]]ed in March 1915 and [[commission (ship)|commission]]ed as SM ''UB-6'' in April.<ref group=Note>"SM" stands for "Seiner Majestät" ({{lang-en|His Majesty's}}) and combined with the ''U'' for ''Unterseeboot'' would be translated as ''His Majesty's Submarine''.</ref>

''UB-6'' spent her entire career in the [[Flanders Flotilla]] and sank {{HMS|Recruit|1896|6}}, the first warship credited to the flotilla in May 1915. Through September 1916, the U-boat accounted for fourteen additional ships sunk, two ships damaged, and one ship seized as a [[prize (law)|prize]]. On 12 March 1917, ''UB-6'' ran aground near the [[Maas River]] in the Netherlands due to a navigational error by her commander; the submarine and crew were interned by the neutral country and taken to Hellevoetsluis. Six days later, ''UB-6'' was scuttled by her crew, which remained interned for the rest of the war. The wreck of ''UB-6'' was ceded to France in 1919 and [[ship breaking|broken up]] at [[Brest, France|Brest]] in July 1921.

== Design and construction ==
[[File:SM UB13-rail.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Railtransport of UB-I class U-Boat]]
After the [[German Army (German Empire)|German Army]]'s rapid advance along the North Sea coast in the earliest stages of World War I, the German Imperial Navy found itself without suitable submarines that could be operated in the narrow and shallow seas off [[Flanders]].<ref name=Miller-46>Miller, pp. 46–47.</ref><ref name=Karau-48>Karau, p. 48.</ref> Project 34, a design effort begun in mid-August 1914,<ref name=Karau-48 /> produced the [[German Type UB I submarine|Type UB I]] design: a small submarine that could be shipped by rail to a port of operations and quickly assembled. Constrained by railroad size limitations, the UB I design called for a boat about {{convert|28|m|ft}} long and displacing about {{convert|125|t|LT}} with two [[torpedo tube]]s.<ref name=Miller-46 /><ref group=Note>A further refinement of the design—replacing the torpedo tubes with [[mine (naval)|mine]] chutes but changing little else—evolved into the [[German Type UC I submarine|Type UC I]] coastal [[minelayer|minelaying]] submarine. See: Miller, p. 458.</ref> ''UB-6'' was part of the initial allotment of eight submarines—numbered {{SMU|UB-1||2}} to {{SMU|UB-8||2}}—ordered on 15 October from [[Germaniawerft]] of [[Kiel]], just shy of two months after planning for the class began.<ref name=Miller-46 /><ref name=Williamson>Williamson, p. 12.</ref>
[[File:SM UB6 Belgien.jpg|thumb|left|250px|River transport of UB-6 in Belgium]]
''UB-6'' was [[keel laying|laid down]] by Germaniawerft in Kiel on 22 November.<ref name=UB-6 /> As built, ''UB-6'' was {{convert|28.10|m|ftin}} long, {{convert|3.15|m|ftin}} [[beam (nautical)|abeam]], and had a [[draft (ship)|draft]] of {{convert|3.03|m|ftin}}. She had a single {{convert|44|kW|bhp|order=flip|adj=on}} [[Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft|Daimler]] 4-cylinder [[diesel engine]] for surface travel, and a single {{convert|89|kW|shp|order=flip|adj=on}} [[Siemens-Schuckert]] [[electric motor]] for underwater travel, both attached to a single [[propeller shaft (ship)|propeller shaft]]. Her top speeds were {{convert|6.47|kn}}, surfaced, and {{convert|5.51|kn}}, submerged.<ref name=Tarrant-172 /> At more moderate speeds, she could sail up to {{convert|1,650|nmi|lk=in}} on the surface before refueling, and up to {{convert|45|nmi}} submerged before recharging her batteries. Like all boats of the class, ''UB-6'' was rated to a diving depth of {{convert|50|m|ft}}, and could completely submerge in 33 seconds.

''UB-6'' was armed with two {{convert|45|cm|in|1|sp=us|adj=on}} [[torpedo]]es in two bow [[torpedo tube]]s. She was also outfitted for a single {{convert|8.8|cm|in|sp=us|adj=on}} [[Deck gun]]. ''UB-6''{{'}}s standard complement consisted of one officer and thirteen enlisted men.<ref name=Karau-49>Karau, p. 49.</ref>

After work on ''UB-6'' was complete at the Germaniwerft yard, ''UB-6'' was readied for rail shipment. The process of shipping a UB I boat involved breaking the submarine down into what was essentially a [[complete knock down|knock down kit]]. Each boat was broken into approximately fifteen pieces and loaded on to eight railway [[flatcar]]s.<ref name=Karau-49 /> In early 1915, the sections of ''UB-6'' were shipped to [[Antwerp]] for assembly in what was typically a two- to three-week process. After ''UB-6'' was assembled and [[launch (ship)|launch]]ed sometime in March,<ref name=Miramar /> she was loaded on a barge and taken through canals to [[Bruges]] where she underwent trials.<ref name=Karau-49 />

== Early career ==
The submarine was [[commission (ship)|commission]]ed into the German Imperial Navy as SM ''UB-6'' on 8 April under the command of [[Kapitänleutnant]] (Kptlt.) Erich Haecker,<ref name=UB-6 /> a 29-year-old first-time U-boat commander.<ref name=Haecker>{{cite web
|title=WWI U-boat commanders: Erich Haecker
|url=http://uboat.net/wwi/men/commanders/330.html
|last=Helgason
|first=Guðmundur
|website=German and Austrian U-Boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net
|accessdate=6 March 2009
}}</ref><ref group=Note>Haecker was in the Navy's April 1906 cadet class with 34 other future U-boat captains, including [[Wilhelm Marschall]], [[Matthias Graf von Schmettow]], [[Max Viebeg]], and [[Erwin Waßner]]. See: {{cite web
|title=WWI Officer Crews: Crew 4/06
|url=http://uboat.net/wwi/men/commanders/crews.html?crew=4%2F06
|last=Helgason
|first=Guðmundur
|website=German and Austrian U-Boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net
|accessdate=6 March 2009
}}</ref> On 19 April, ''UB-6'' joined the other UB I boats then comprising the [[Flanders Flotilla]] ({{lang-de|U-boote des Marinekorps U-Flotille Flandern}}),<ref name=UB-6 /> which had been organized on 29 March.<ref name=Karau-49 /> When ''UB-6'' joined the flotilla, Germany was in the midst of its [[first submarine offensive]], begun in February. During this campaign, enemy vessels in the German-defined war zone ({{lang-de|Kriegsgebiet}}), which encompassed all waters around the United Kingdom were to be sunk. Vessels of neutral countries were not to be attacked unless they definitively could be identified as enemy vessels operating under a [[false flag]].<ref name=Tarrant-14>Tarrant, p. 14.</ref>

The UB I boats of the Flanders Flotilla were initially limited to patrols in the [[Hoofden]], the southern portion of the [[North Sea]] between the United Kingdom and the Netherlands.<ref name=Karau-50>Karau, p. 50.</ref> Although {{SMU|UB-4||2}} had made both the first sortie and sunk the first ship of the flotilla in April, ''UB-6'' sank the first warship credited to the flotilla.<ref name=Karau-50 /> On 1 May, Haecker spotted two old [[Royal Navy]] destroyers, {{HMS|Brazen|1896|2}} and {{HMS|Recruit|1896|2}}, about {{convert|30|nmi}} southwest of the [[Galloper light vessel]].<ref name=GP-39>Gibson and Prendergast, p. 39.</ref> Just before noon, Haecker launched a torpedo that hit ''Recruit'' and split the {{convert|335|t|LT|adj=on}} [[displace (ship)|displace]]ment ship in half, killing 34 men; 26 men were rescued.<ref name=GP-39 /><ref name=recruit>{{cite web
|title=Ships hit during WWI: Recruit (hms)
|url=http://uboat.net/wwi/ships_hit/7266.html
|last=Helgason
|first=Guðmundur
|website=German and Austrian U-Boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net
|accessdate=6 March 2009
}}</ref> One month later, on 1 June, ''UB-6'' sank what would be her largest ship,<ref name=UB6-ships /> the British [[cargo ship]] ''Saidieh'', of {{GRT|3,303|disp=long}}. ''Saidieh'' was en route to [[Kingston upon Hull|Hull]] from [[Alexandria]] with a load of onions and [[cottonseed]] when ''UB-6'' sank her at the mouth of the [[River Thames|Thames]]; eight crewmen lost their lives in the attack.<ref name=said>{{cite web
|title=Ships hit during WWI: Saidieh
|url=http://uboat.net/wwi/ships_hit/5300.html
|last=Helgason
|first=Guðmundur
|website=German and Austrian U-Boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net
|accessdate=6 March 2009
}}</ref>

[[File:German Submarine Zone February 1915 after Reynolds et al.jpg|thumb|upright|left|The German war zone ({{lang-de|Kriegsgebiet}}) for the [[first submarine offensive]].]]
In late June, [[Korvettenkapitän]] [[Karl Bartenbach]], head of the Flanders Flotilla, used ''UB-6'' to test a theory that British defenses in the [[Straits of Dover]]—[[anti-submarine net]]s and [[mine (naval)|mine]]s—were not insurmountable. On the evening of 21 June, ''UB-6'' departed [[Zeebrugge]] for a round-trip to [[Boulogne]]. ''UB-6'' sailed past [[Dunkirk]] on the surface and made Boulogne in the early morning of the 22nd, having to [[crash dive]] once during the voyage when discovered by a British destroyer. ''UB-6'' immediately made the return trip and arrived safely at Zeebrugge later the same day.<ref name=Karau-51>Karau, p. 51.</ref> Three other UB I boats, {{SMU|UB-2||2}}, {{SMU|UB-5||2}}, and {{SMU|UB-10||2}}, soon followed with patrols in the Channel, but bad weather and fog hampered the boats and none had any success.<ref name=Karau-51 /><ref name=GP-50>Gibson and Prendergast, p. 50.</ref> Even though no ships were sunk during these forays into the English Channel, by successfully completing their voyages, the submarines helped further prove the feasibility of defeating the British countermeasures in the Straits of Dover.<ref name=Karau-51 />

On 12 July, while patrolling between {{convert|18|and|23|nmi}} off [[Lowestoft]], ''UB-6'' attacked five British fishing vessels, sinking four of them.<ref name=UB6-ships /><ref name=Helg-5fv>Helgason, Guðmundur. [http://uboat.net/wwi/ships_hit/7018.html "Ships hit during WWI: Emerald (d.)"], [http://uboat.net/wwi/ships_hit/4099.html "Merlin"], [http://uboat.net/wwi/ships_hit/4963.html "Purple Heather"], [http://uboat.net/wwi/ships_hit/6896.html "Speedwell"], [http://uboat.net/wwi/ships_hit/6569.html "Woodbine"]. ''U-Boat War in World War I''. Uboat.net. Retrieved on 6 March 2009.</ref> All four of the sunken ships were [[smack (ship)|smack]]s—sailing vessels traditionally rigged with [[red ochre]] sails<ref name=Pen>{{cite web
| author = [[Penwith District Council]] |title=Boat Types |url=http://www.penwith.gov.uk/index.cfm?articleid=23907 | publisher = Penwith District Council | location = [[Penzance]] | year = 2009
|accessdate=6 March 2009
}} {{Dead link|date=April 2012|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>—which were stopped, boarded by crewmen from ''UB-6'', and sunk with explosives.<ref name=FVWWI>{{cite web
| last = | first = |title=British fishing vessels lost at sea due to enemy action: 1914, 1915, 1916 in date order |url=http://www.naval-history.net/WW1LossesBrFV1914-16.htm | work = World War 1 at Sea | publisher = | date = 9 January 2009
|accessdate=4 March 2009
}} The information on the website is extracted from {{cite book |title=British Vessels Lost at Sea: 1914–1918 | publisher = [[His Majesty's Stationery Office]] | year = 1919
}}</ref> Two weeks later, ''UB-6'' torpedoed and sank the 406-ton ''Firth'' {{convert|4|nmi}} from the Aldborough Napes Buoy.<ref name=firth>{{cite web
|title=Ships hit during WWI: Firth
|url=http://uboat.net/wwi/ships_hit/2190.html
|last=Helgason
|first=Guðmundur
|website=German and Austrian U-Boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net
|accessdate=6 March 2009
}}</ref> ''UB-6'' sank the 57-ton ''Leander'', another smack, on 11 August.<ref name=FVWWI /><ref name=leander>{{cite web
|title=Ships hit during WWI: Leander
|url=http://uboat.net/wwi/ships_hit/7188.html
|last=Helgason
|first=Guðmundur
|website=German and Austrian U-Boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net
|accessdate=6 March 2009
}}</ref>

Germany's submarine offensive was suspended on 18 September by the chief of the [[Admiralstab]], Admiral [[Henning von Holtzendorff]], in response to American demands after the sinking of the [[Cunard Line]] steamer {{RMS|Lusitania||2}} in May 1915 and other high profile sinkings in August and September. Holtzendorff's directive ordered all U-boats out of the English Channel and the [[South-Western Approaches]] and required that all submarine activity in the North Sea be conducted strictly along [[prize regulations]].<ref name=Tarrant-21>Tarrant, pp. 21–22.</ref> It would be five months before ''UB-6'' would sink another ship.<ref name=UB6-ships />

In mid-November, [[Oberleutnant zur See]] (Oblt.z.S.) Ernst Voigt succeeded Haecker as commander of ''UB-6'';<ref name=UB-6 /> it was the first U-boat command for the 25-year-old Voigt.<ref name=Voigt>{{cite web
|title=WWI U-boat commanders: Ernst Voigt
|url=http://uboat.net/wwi/men/commanders/377.html
|last=Helgason
|first=Guðmundur
|website=German and Austrian U-Boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net
|accessdate=6 March 2009
}}</ref><ref group=Note>Voigt was in the Navy's April 1908 cadet class with 46 other future U-boat captains, including [[Reinhold Saltzwedel]]. See: {{cite web
|title=WWI Officer Crews: Crew 4/08
|url=http://uboat.net/wwi/men/commanders/crews.html?crew=4%2F08
|last=Helgason
|first=Guðmundur
|website=German and Austrian U-Boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net
|accessdate=6 March 2009
}}</ref> Under his command, ''UB-6'' sank her next vessel in January 1916. The 57-ton smack ''Crystal'' was boarded and sunk by explosives {{convert|25|nmi}} southeast of [[Southwold]] on the 27th.<ref name=FVWWI /><ref name=crystal>{{cite web
|title=Ships hit during WWI: Crystal
|url=http://uboat.net/wwi/ships_hit/1507.html
|last=Helgason
|first=Guðmundur
|website=German and Austrian U-Boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net
|accessdate=6 March 2009
}}</ref>

== Victims Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:HMS Recruit 1896.jpg|HMS Recruit, first victim of ''UB-6''
file:Smack-brightlingsea.jpg| Several of ''UB-6''{{'}}s victims were [[smack (ship)|fishing smacks]], traditionally outfitted with [[red ochre]] sails
file:SS Hollandia.jpg|SS ''Hollandia'', a Swedish cargo ship, was sunk by ''UB-6'' in March 1916.
</gallery>

== Second submarine offensive ==
By early 1916, the British blockade of Germany was beginning to have an effect on Germany and her imports. The Royal Navy had stopped and seized more cargo destined for Germany than the quantity of cargo sunk by German U-boats in the first submarine offensive.<ref name=Tarrant-25>Tarrant, p. 25.</ref> As a result, the German Imperial Navy began a second offensive against merchant shipping on 29 February.<ref name=Tarrant-26>Tarrant, p. 26.</ref> The final ground rules agreed upon by the German Admiralstab were that all enemy vessels in Germany's self-proclaimed war zone would be destroyed without warning, that enemy vessels outside the war zone would be destroyed only if armed, and—to avoid antagonizing the United States—that enemy passenger steamers were not to be attacked, regardless of whether in the war zone or not.<ref name=Tarrant-26 />

''UB-6''{{'}}s first attack in the new offensive came on 17 March, when the U-boat torpedoed the Swedish ship ''Ask'' near the North Hinder lightship. The 1,041-ton ship was en route to London from [[Westervik]] with a load of timber, but did not sink; there were no reports of casualties on the damaged ship.<ref name=ask>{{cite web
|title=Ships hit during WWI: Ask (d.)
|url=http://uboat.net/wwi/ships_hit/492.html
|last=Helgason
|first=Guðmundur
|website=German and Austrian U-Boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net
|accessdate=6 March 2009
}}</ref> The attack on ''Ask'' was followed up two weeks later by the sinking of another Swedish ship. The 1,115-ton ''Hollandia'' was at anchor {{convert|0.25|nmi|m}} from the Galloper lightship when ''UB-4'' torpedoed her on the last day of March. ''Hollandia'' was in [[ballast (ship)|ballast]] and in the process of sailing from [[Rouen]] to [[Rotterdam]] when sent under without loss of life.<ref name=holland>{{cite web
|title=Ships hit during WWI: Hollandia
|url=http://uboat.net/wwi/ships_hit/7142.html
|last=Helgason
|first=Guðmundur
|website=German and Austrian U-Boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net
|accessdate=6 March 2009
}}</ref>

In March, ''UB-6''{{'}}s commander, Voigt, was assigned to the newly commissioned {{SMU|UB-23||2}},<ref name=Voigt /> and replaced on ''UB-6'' by Kapitänleutnant Karl Neumann, the former commander of two of the submarine's sister ships, {{SMU|UB-2||2}} and {{SMU|UB-13||2}}.<ref name=Neumann>{{cite web
|title=WWI U-boat commanders: Karl Neumann
|url=http://uboat.net/wwi/men/commanders/219.html
|last=Helgason
|first=Guðmundur
|website=German and Austrian U-Boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net
|accessdate=6 March 2009
}}</ref><ref group=Note>Neumann was in the Navy's April 1907 cadet class with 34 other future U-boat captains, including [[Werner Fürbringer]], [[Heino von Heimburg]], [[Hans Howaldt]], [[Otto Steinbrinck]], and [[Ralph Wenninger]]. See: {{cite web
|title=WWI Officer Crews: Crew 4/07
|url=http://uboat.net/wwi/men/commanders/crews.html?crew=4%2F07
|last=Helgason
|first=Guðmundur
|website=German and Austrian U-Boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net
|accessdate=6 March 2009
}}</ref> In his U-boat career, Neumann sank over 100,000 tons of shipping,<ref name=Neumann /> but none at the helm of ''UB-6''.<ref name=UB6-ships /> In July, Neumann was succeeded by ''Oberleutnant zur See'' Karsten von Heydebreck, a 26-year-old, first-time U-boat captain,<ref name=Heydebreck>{{cite web
|title=WWI U-boat commanders: Karsten von Heydebreck
|url=http://uboat.net/wwi/men/commanders/125.html
|last=Helgason
|first=Guðmundur
|website=German and Austrian U-Boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net
|accessdate=6 March 2009
}}</ref> who was Voigt's classmate in April 1908 cadet class.<ref name=1908crew>{{cite web
|title=WWI Officer Crews: Crew 4/08
|url=http://uboat.net/wwi/men/commanders/crews.html?crew=4%2F08
|last=Helgason
|first=Guðmundur
|website=German and Austrian U-Boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net
|accessdate=6 March 2009
}}</ref>

Near the end of April 1916, Admiral [[Reinhardt Scheer]], the newest commander-in-chief of the German [[High Seas Fleet]], called off the merchant shipping offensive and ordered all boats at sea to return, and all boats in port to remain there.<ref>Tarrant, p. 30.</ref> As with the end of the first offensive in August 1915, ''UB-6'' would not sink any more ships for the next five months.<ref name=UB6-ships />

== Grand Fleet ambush attempts ==
In mid-May, Scheer completed plans to draw out part of the British [[Grand Fleet]].<ref name=GP-97>Gibson and Prendergast, p. 97.</ref> The German High Seas Fleet would sortie for a raid on [[Sunderland, Tyne and Wear|Sunderland]],<ref name=Tarrant-32>Tarrant, p. 32.</ref> luring the British fleet across {{"'}}nests' of submarines and mine-fields".<ref name=GP-97 /> In support of the operation, ''UB-6'' and five other Flanders boats set out at midnight 30/31 May to form a line {{convert|18|nmi}} east of Lowestoft.<ref name=Tarrant-32 /><ref group=Note>The other five boats for the May action were {{SMU|UB-10||2}}, {{SMU|UB-12||2}}, {{SMU|UB-16||2}}, {{SMU|UB-17||2}}, and {{SMU|UB-29||2}}.</ref> This group was to intercept and attack the British light forces from [[Harwich]], should they sortie north to join the battle.<ref name=Tarrant-32 /> Unfortunately for the Germans, the British [[Admiralty]] had intelligence reports of the departure of the submarines which, coupled with an absence of attacks on shipping, aroused British suspicions.<ref name=GP-97 />

A delayed departure of the German fleet for its sortie (which had been redirected to the [[Skagerrak]]) and the failure of several of the U-boats stationed to the north to receive the coded message warning of the British advance caused Scheer's anticipated ambush to be a "complete and disappointing failure".<ref name=Tarrant-32 /> In ''UB-6''{{'}}s group, only ''UB-10'' sighted the Harwich forces, and they were too far away to mount an attack.<ref name=Tarrant-32 /> The failure of the submarine ambush to sink any British capital ships allowed the full Grand Fleet to engage the numerically inferior High Seas Fleet in the [[Battle of Jutland]], which took place 31 May – 1 June.<ref>Tarrant, pp. 32–33.</ref>

Later in August, the Germans set up another ambush for the British fleet, when they drew up plans for another High Seas Fleet raid on Sunderland (as had been the original intention in May). The German fleet planned to depart late in the day on 18 August and shell military targets the next morning. As in May, ''UB-6'' was part of a group intended to attack the Harwich forces. As one of five boats forming the second line of boats from the Flanders Flotilla,<ref group=Note>The other four boats for the August action were {{SMU|UB-12||2}}, {{SMU|UB-16||2}}, {{SMU|UB-19||2}}, and {{SMU|UB-37||2}}.</ref> ''UB-6'' was stationed off [[Texel]] by the morning of 20 August.<ref name=Tarrant-33>Tarrant, p. 33.</ref> Once again, British intelligence had given warning of the impending attack and ambush, causing the Grand Fleet to sortie at 16:00 on 18 August, five hours before the German fleet sailed. Faulty intelligence caused Scheer initially to divert from Sunderland, and then to eventually call off the whole operation. Although U-boats to the north sank two British light cruisers,<ref group=Note>{{SMU|U-52||2}} sank {{HMS|Nottingham|1913|6}}; {{SMU|U-66||2}} and {{SMU|U-63|Germany|2}} teamed up to sink {{HMS|Falmouth|1910|6}}.</ref> ''UB-6'' and her group played no part in the action.<ref name=Tarrant-33 />

On 10 September, ''UB-6'' was patrolling off the Maas lightship and torpedoed the 400-ton Norwegian steamer ''Lindborg'', with a general cargo for London; there were no casualties.<ref name=lind>{{cite web
|title=Ships hit during WWI: Lindborg
|url=http://uboat.net/wwi/ships_hit/3623.html
|last=Helgason
|first=Guðmundur
|website=German and Austrian U-Boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net
|accessdate=6 March 2009
}}</ref> While patrolling in the same area on the 23rd, ''UB-6'' sank four Belgian [[lighter (ship)|lighter]]s.<ref name=Helg-4lighters>Helgason, Guðmundur. [http://uboat.net/wwi/ships_hit/7052.html "Ships hit during WWI: Germaine"], [http://uboat.net/wwi/ships_hit/3595.html "Lichtevreden Ii"], [http://uboat.net/wwi/ships_hit/3924.html "Maria Da Jonge"], [http://uboat.net/wwi/ships_hit/6932.html "Rosalie"]. ''U-Boat War in World War I''. Uboat.net. Retrieved on 6 March 2009.</ref> The following day, the Dutch ship {{SS|Batavier II|1897|2}} was seized as a [[prize (law)|prize]] and sailed into [[Zeebrugge]] by a [[prize crew]] from ''UB-6''.<ref name=batav>{{cite web
|title=Ships hit during WWI: Batavier Ii (p.)
|url=http://uboat.net/wwi/ships_hit/665.html
|last=Helgason
|first=Guðmundur
|website=German and Austrian U-Boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net
|accessdate=9 March 2009
}}</ref><ref group=Note>{{SS|Batavier II|1897|2}} was sunk by gunfire from British submarine {{HMS|E55||2}} north of Texel on 27 July 1917. See: {{csr|register=MSI|id=5600938|shipname=Batavier II|accessdate=6 March 2009
}}</ref> ''Batavier II'' was the last success for Heydebreck in command of ''UB-6''; he was assigned to command the newly commissioned [[minelayer|minelaying]] submarine {{SMU|UC-63||2}} in January 1917.<ref name=Heydebreck /><ref>{{cite web
|title=WWI U-boats: UC-63
|url=http://uboat.net/wwi/boats/index.html?boat=UC+63
|last=Helgason
|first=Guðmundur
|website=German and Austrian U-Boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net
|accessdate= 6 March 2009
}}</ref> ''Oberleutnant zur See'' Oskar Steckelberg,<ref name=UB-6 /> another member of the April 1908 cadet class,<ref name=1908crew /> replaced Heydebreck on ''UB-6''.<ref name=UB-6 />

== Unrestricted submarine warfare ==
The British blockade of Germany, which prevented neutral shipping from reaching German ports, had severely limited imports of food and fuel into Germany.<ref>Tarrant, pp. 44–45.</ref> Among the results were an increase in [[infant mortality]] and as many as 700,000 deaths attributed to [[starvation]] or [[hypothermia]] during the war.<ref>Tarrant, p. 45.</ref> With the blockade having such dire consequences, [[Wilhelm II of Germany|Kaiser Wilhelm II]] personally approved a [[U-boat Campaign (World War I)#1917: Resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare|resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare]] to begin on 1 February 1917 to help force the British to make peace.<ref>Tarrant, pp. 45–46.</ref> The new rules of engagement specified that no ship was to be left afloat.<ref>Tarrant, p. 46.</ref>
[[File:SM UB6 Holland.jpg|thumb|250px|SM UB-6 in Hellevoetsluis]]
On 10 March, ''UB-6'' departed Zeebrugge to patrol off the Mass lightship. Two days later, ''UB-6'' entered Dutch territorial waters after Steckelberg made a navigational error, and ran aground at the mouth of the [[Maas River]]. Because the Netherlands was neutral during the war, and ''UB-6'' did not leave Dutch territorial waters within 24 hours as required by international law, the submarine and her crew were interned by the Dutch. The Germans protested, but because ''UB-6''{{'}}s grounding was merely the result of an error and not because of distress, the Dutch could not release the submarine.<ref name=Mess-UB6>Messimer, p. 130.</ref> ''UB-6'' was taken to the port of [[Hellevoetsluis]] for internment, where, on 18 March, ''UB-6''{{'}}s crew [[scuttling|scuttle]]d her.<ref name=UB-6 /> The crew of ''UB-6'' was interned for the duration of the war.<ref name=Mess-UB6 /> After the end of the war, ''UB-6''{{'}}s wreck was surrendered to France, taken to [[Brest, France|Brest]], and [[ship breaking|broken up]] in July 1921.<ref name=UB-6 />

== Summary of raiding career ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Ships sunk or damaged by SM ''UB-6''<ref name=UB6-ships>{{cite web
|title=Ships hit during WWI: Ships hit by UB 6
|url=http://uboat.net/wwi/boats/successes/ub6.html
|last=Helgason
|first=Guðmundur
|website=German and Austrian U-Boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net
|accessdate=6 March 2009
}}</ref>
! Date
! Name
! Nationality
! <ref group=Note name=tonnage>Merchant ship tonnages are in [[gross register tons]]. Military vessels are listed by tons [[displacement (ship)|displacement]]</ref> Tonnage
! Fate
|-
|align="right"|{{dts|1915|May|1|format=dmy}}
|align="left" |{{HMS|Recruit|1896|6}}
|align="left" |{{navy|United Kingdom}}
|align="right"|335
|align="left" |Sunk
|-
|align="right"|{{dts|1915|June|1|format=dmy}}
|align="left" |[[List of shipwrecks in June 1915#1 June|''Saidieh'']]
|align="left" |{{flag|United Kingdom|civil}}
|align="right"|3,303
|align="left" |Sunk
|-
|align="right"|{{dts|1915|July|12|format=dmy}}
|align="left" |[[List of shipwrecks in July 1915#12 July|''Emerald'']]
|align="left" |{{flag|United Kingdom|civil}}
|align="right"|60
|align="left" |Damaged
|-
|align="right"|{{dts|1915|July|12|format=dmy}}
|align="left" |[[List of shipwrecks in July 1915#12 July|''Merlin'']]
|align="left" |{{flag|United Kingdom|civil}}
|align="right"|47
|align="left" |Sunk
|-
|align="right"|{{dts|1915|July|12|format=dmy}}
|align="left" |[[List of shipwrecks in July 1915#12 July|''Purple Heather'']]
|align="left" |{{flag|United Kingdom|civil}}
|align="right"|42
|align="left" |Sunk
|-
|align="right"|{{dts|1915|July|12|format=dmy}}
|align="left" |[[List of shipwrecks in July 1915#12 July|''Speedwell'']]
|align="left" |{{flag|United Kingdom|civil}}
|align="right"|38
|align="left" |Sunk
|-
|align="right"|{{dts|1915|July|12|format=dmy}}
|align="left" |[[List of shipwrecks in July 1915#12 July|''Woodbine'']]
|align="left" |{{flag|United Kingdom|civil}}
|align="right"|29
|align="left" |Sunk
|-
|align="right"|{{dts|1915|July|25|format=dmy}}
|align="left" |[[List of shipwrecks in July 1915#25 July|''Firth'']]
|align="left" |{{flag|United Kingdom|civil}}
|align="right"|406
|align="left" |Sunk
|-
|align="right"|{{dts|1915|August|11|format=dmy}}
|align="left" |[[List of shipwrecks in August 1915#11 August|''Leander'']]
|align="left" |{{flag|United Kingdom|civil}}
|align="right"|57
|align="left" |Sunk
|-
|align="right"|{{dts|1916|January|27|format=dmy}}
|align="left" |[[List of shipwrecks in January 1916#1 January|''Crystal'']]
|align="left" |{{flag|United Kingdom|civil}}
|align="right"|57
|align="left" |Sunk
|-
|align="right"|{{dts|1916|March|17|format=dmy}}
|align="left" |[[List of shipwrecks in March 1916#17 March|''Ask'']]
|align="left" |{{flag|Sweden}}
|align="right"|1,041
|align="left" |Damaged
|-
|align="right"|{{dts|1916|March|31|format=dmy}}
|align="left" |[[List of shipwrecks in March 1916#31 March|''Hollandia'']]
|align="left" |{{flag|Sweden}}
|align="right"|1,115
|align="left" |Sunk
|-
|align="right"|{{dts|1916|September|10|format=dmy}}
|align="left" |[[List of shipwrecks in September 1916#10 September|''Lindborg'']]
|align="left" |{{flag|Norway}}
|align="right"|400
|align="left" |Sunk
|-
|align="right"|{{dts|1916|September|23|format=dmy}}
|align="left" |[[List of shipwrecks in September 1916#23 September|''Germaine'']]
|align="left" |{{flag|Belgium}}
|align="right"|106
|align="left" |Sunk
|-
|align="right"|{{dts|1916|September|23|format=dmy}}
|align="left" |[[List of shipwrecks in September 1916#23 September|''Lichtevreden II'']]
|align="left" |{{flag|Belgium}}
|align="right"|69
|align="left" |Sunk
|-
|align="right"|{{dts|1916|September|23|format=dmy}}
|align="left" |[[List of shipwrecks in September 1916#23 September|''Maria Da Jonge'']]
|align="left" |{{flag|Belgium}}
|align="right"|98
|align="left" |Sunk
|-
|align="right"|{{dts|1916|September|23|format=dmy}}
|align="left" |[[List of shipwrecks in September 1916#23 September|''Rosalie'']]
|align="left" |{{flag|Belgium}}
|align="right"|129
|align="left" |Sunk
|-
|align="right"|{{dts|1916|September|24|format=dmy}}
|align=$left$ |{{SS|Batavier II|1897|2}}
|align="left" |{{flag|Netherlands}}
|align="right"|1,328
|align="left" |Captured as a prize
|-
|
|
|align="right"|'''Sunk: Damaged: Total:'''
|align="right"|'''7,559 1,101 8,660'''
|
|}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=Note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book
|last=Bendert
|first=Harald
|title=Die UB-Boote der Kaiserlichen Marine, 1914-1918. Einsätze, Erfolge, Schicksal
|location=[[Hamburg]]
|publisher=[[Verlag E.S. Mittler & Sohn GmbH]]
|year=2000
|isbn=3-8132-0713-7
|language=German
|ref=harv
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Gröner
|first=Erich
|title=U-Boote, Hilfskreuzer, Minenschiffe, Netzleger, Sperrbrecher
|work=Die deutschen Kriegsschiffe 1815–1945
|volume=III
|publisher=[[Bernard & Graefe]]
|location=Koblenz
|year=1985
|isbn=3-7637-4802-4
|language=German
|ref=harv
}}
* {{cite book | last = Gardiner | first = Robert, ed. |title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships, 1906–1921 | location = [[Annapolis, Maryland]] | publisher = [[Naval Institute Press]] | year = 1985 | isbn = 978-0-87021-907-8 | oclc = 12119866 }}
* {{Gibson}}
* {{cite book | last = Karau | first = Mark D. |title=Wielding the Dagger: the MarineKorps Flandern and the German War Effort, 1914–1918 | location = [[Westport, Connecticut]] | publisher = [[Praeger Publishing|Praeger]] | year = 2003 | isbn = 978-0-313-32475-8 | oclc = 51204317 }}
* {{cite book | last = Messimer | first = Dwight R. |title=Verschollen: World War I U-boat losses | location = Annapolis, Maryland | publisher = Naval Institute Press | year = 2002 | isbn = 978-1-55750-475-3 | oclc = 231973419 }}
* {{cite book | last = Miller | first = David |title= The Illustrated Directory of Submarines of the World | location = [[St. Paul, Minnesota]] | publisher = MBI Pub. Co | year = 2002 | isbn = 978-0-7603-1345-9 | oclc = 50208951 }}
* {{cite book | last = Tarrant | first = V. E. |title=The U-Boat Offensive: 1914–1945 | location = Annapolis, Maryland | publisher = Naval Institute Press | year = 1989 | isbn = 978-0-87021-764-7 | oclc = 20338385 }}
* {{cite book | last = Williamson | first = Gordon |title=U-boats of the Kaiser's Navy | location = [[Oxford]] | publisher = Osprey | year = 2002 | isbn = 978-1-84176-362-0 | oclc = 48627495 }}
{{Refend}}

{{German Type UB I submarines}}

{{Good article}}

{{coord|51|53|N|3|58|E|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ub006}}
[[Category:German Type UB I submarines]]
[[Category:Ships built in Kiel]]
[[Category:Ships built in Belgium]]
[[Category:1915 ships]]
[[Category:U-boats commissioned in 1915]]
[[Category:World War I submarines of Germany]]
[[Category:U-boats sunk in 1917]]
[[Category:World War I shipwrecks in the North Sea]]

Young Fathers

2015-06-28T22:08:06Z

Dawkeye: Filled in 6 bare reference(s) with reFill ()

{{Use dmy dates| date= January 2015}}
{{Use British English| date= January 2015}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
| name = Young Fathers
| image = Young Fathers concert Portland.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Young Fathers in concert 27 April 2014
| image_size = 300px
| background = group_or_band
| alias =
| origin = [[Edinburgh]], [[Scotland]]
| genre = [[Pop music|Pop]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/culture/2015/03/young-fathers-interview-pop-needs-represent-culture-it-really |title=Young Fathers interview: "Pop needs to represent culture as it really is" |first=Kate |last=Mossman |date=27 March 2015 |work=New Statesman |accessdate=28 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenational.scot/culture/young-fathers-are-truly-original-its-all-down-in-black-and-white.2285|title=Young Fathers are truly original: It's all down in black and white |first1=Stefan |last1=Schmid |first2=Jonathan |last2=Rimmer |date=23 April 2015 |work=[[The National (Scotland)|The National]] |accessdate=28 June 2015}}</ref> / [[Hip hop music|Hip hop]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/music/2014/jan/30/young-fathers-dead-review|title=Young Fathers: Dead – review |first=Alexis |last=Petridis |date=30 January 2014 |work=[[The Guardian]] |accessdate=28 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nme.com/news/young-fathers--2/80739 |title=NME News Hip-hop group Young Fathers win Mercury Prize |first=Leonie |last=Cooper |date=29 October 2014|work=[[NME]] |accessdate=28 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://time.com/3548245/young-fathers-mercury-prize/ |title=Young Fathers: Hip-Hop Group Win 2014 Mercury Prize — Who Are They? |first=Melissa |last=Locker |work=TIME |date=30 October 2014 |accessdate=28 June 2015}}</ref>
| years_active = 2008{{ndash}}present
| label = [[Anticon]], [[Big Dada]] (current) Black Sugar Records (former)
| associated_acts=
| website = {{URL|http://www.young-fathers.com}}
| current_members= Alloysious Massaquoi Kayus Bankole 'G' Hastings
| past_members =
}}

'''Young Fathers''' are a [[hip hop]] and [[Pop music|pop]] group based in [[Edinburgh]], [[Scotland]]. In 2014, they won the [[Barclaycard Mercury Prize|Mercury Prize]] for their debut album ''[[Dead (Young Fathers album)|Dead]]''.

==History==
Young Fathers were christened in 2008, named so because all three have their fathers' names.

The group consists of ‘G’ Hastings, from [[Drylaw]], [[Edinburgh]], Alloysious Massaquoi, originally from [[Liberia]] via [[Ghana]], and Kayus Bankole, born in [[Edinburgh]] to Nigerian parents, but partially raised in [[Maryland]] in the USA, all 27 years old. Their live shows are complemented by Steven Morrison (drums & DJ) and occasional guest vocalist Lauren Holt (AKA LAWholt).

The group formed after meeting at an under-16s hiphop night at the Bongo Club in [[Edinburgh]] when they were all 14 years old. Almost immediately they started writing and recording together, initially on an old karaoke machine plugged into a cheap cassette recorder at G’s parents house.<ref>{{cite news |last=Jonze |first=Tim |title=Glastonbury 2014: Young Fathers – 'There are no rules!' |url=http://www.theguardian.com/music/2014/jun/26/glastonbury-2014-young-fathers-hip-hop-no-rules |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |location=London |date=26 June 2014 |accessdate=22 January 2015 }}</ref>

After going through various guises over several years and after hooking up with a local production company, they eventually settled on the name Young Fathers and recorded their first album with Tim Brinkhurst (AKA London) as producer.<ref name="Didcock">{{cite news |last=Barry |first=Didcock |title=SAY Award winners Young Fathers talk friendship, hip hop and civil war |url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/arts-ents/music/say-award-winners-young-fathers-talk-friendship-hip-hop-and-civil-war.1403251099 |newspaper=[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]] |location=Glasgow |date=20 June 2014 |accessdate=22 January 2015}}</ref> The recordings included their first single, "Straight Back On It", which was given a limited release in 2009 and was received well enough to get them a couple of TV appearances, plays on [[BBC radio]], some festival dates and the support slots with [[Simian Mobile Disco]] and [[Esser]] on UK tours.

In 2011 the group decided a radical change was necessary and they finally disconnected themselves from the local production company and took control of their destiny. Recording mini-album (or ‘mixtape’ as it was called) ''TAPE ONE'' in just over a week, finishing a track a day and having it available for download within two weeks of recording gave them renewed vigour.<ref>{{cite web |last=Diver |first=Mike |title=Young Fathers Tape One Review |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/bxwx |work=[[BBC Music]] |date=2013 |accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref> They quickly followed this up by recording ''TAPE TWO'' in a similar fashion. Los Angeles based alt-hiphop label, [[Anticon]], discovered them and within a few months had signed them up for a short deal that saw both TAPEs officially released in 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.anticon.com/artist/young-fathers |title=Young Fathers |work=Anticon |year=2015 |accessdate=4 February 2015}}</ref>

The group, meanwhile, continued to tour, gathering an impressive reputation as a fierce live act. They played all over Europe and made their US debut at SxSW in Austin, Texas, in March 2013.

In 2014, ''TAPE TWO'' won Scottish Album Of The Year<ref name="Didcock"/> (‘The SAY Award’) and this was followed by their latest album, ''[[Dead (Young Fathers album)|Dead]]'', released this time on [[Anticon]] in the USA and Big Dada in the UK and Europe, receiving the [[Mercury Award]] for best album of 2014. They won as the underdogs and there was a minor controversy because they didn’t look particularly joyful at the presentation and because they refused to speak to some of the more right wing press covering the event.<ref>{{cite news |last=Jonze |first=Tim |title=Young Fathers: ‘Winning the Mercury doesn't tell us anything we didn’t already know’|url=http://www.theguardian.com/culture/2014/oct/30/young-fathers-mercury-music-prize-winners-interview |newspaper=The Guardian |date=30 October 2014 |accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref> ''Dead'' entered the UK charts at 35 and topped the independent UK album charts.

Immediately after winning the Mercury, Young Fathers travelled to [[Berlin]] where they continued making their new album in a freezing basement in a building near the railway yards. Returning to the more familiar (and warmer) basement studio in Edinburgh where most of their recordings were made, to finish the album, they ended 2014 by playing a home town show at Edinburgh’s Hogmanay New year’s Eve festival in front of several thousand people.

Young Fathers played over 140 shows during 2014. They toured the UK, large swathes of Europe and did a six week stint in the USA. The new year already has them booked to play even more.

==Members==
* '''Alloysious Massaquoi''' was born in [[Liberia]] and moved at the age of four to [[Edinburgh]], where he attended [[Boroughmuir High School]].
* '''Kayus Bankole''' was born in [[Edinburgh]] to [[Nigerian people|Nigerian]] parents. He spent several years living in [[Maryland]] and [[Nigeria]] before moving back to the city of his birth in his teens. He went on to attend [[Boroughmuir High School]] where he became friends with band mate Alloysious Massaquoi.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/what-s-on/music/young-fathers-take-on-the-world-after-mercury-win-1-3589930 |title=Young Fathers take on the world after Mercury win |first=Gina |last=Davidson |newspaper=[[Edinburgh Evening News]] |date=31 October 2014 |accessdate=4 February 2015}}</ref>
* '''"G" Hastings''' was born in [[Edinburgh]] and grew up in the North Edinburgh housing scheme of [[Drylaw]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefader.com/2012/09/28/young-fathers-deadline-mp3/ |title=Young Fathers "Deadline" MP3 |work=[[The Fader]] |first=Amber |last=Bravo |date=28 September 2012 |accessdate=4 February 2015}}</ref>

==Discography==

===Studio albums===
{| class="wikitable"
!align="center" rowspan="2" width="10"|Year
!align="center" rowspan="2" width="120"|Album
!align="center" colspan="2" width="20"|Peak positions
|-
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" | [[Official Charts Company|UK Albums]] 
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" | [[Ultratop|BEL]] <ref name="ultratop">{{cite web |url= http://www.ultratop.be/nl/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Young+Fathers |title=Discografie Young Fathers|work=ultratop.be |year=2015 |accessdate=4 February 2015}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2014
|''[[Dead (Young Fathers album)|Dead]]''
| style="text-align:center;"|35
| style="text-align:center;"|102
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2015
|''[[White Men Are Black Men Too]]''
| style="text-align:center;"|41<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/search/albums/WHITE%20MEN%20ARE%20BLACK%20MEN%20TOO/|title=White Men Are Black Men Too |work=Official Charts Company |accessdate=28 June 2015}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|{{spaced ndash}}
|}

===Extended plays===
{| class="wikitable"
!align="center" rowspan="2" width="10"|Year
!align="center" rowspan="2" width="120"|Album
!align="center" colspan="1" width="20"|Peak positions
|-
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" | [[Official Charts Company|UK Albums]] 
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2011
|''[[Tape One]]''
| style="text-align:center;"|{{spaced ndash}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2013
|''[[Tape Two]]''
| style="text-align:center;"|{{spaced ndash}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2014
|''Get Up EP''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/get-up-ep/id797147025|title=iTunes - Music - Get Up - EP by Young Fathers|work=iTunes|accessdate=28 June 2015}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"|{{spaced ndash}}
|-
|}

===Singles===
{| class="wikitable"
!align="center" rowspan="2" width="10"|Year
!align="center" rowspan="2" width="210"|Single
!align="center" colspan="2" width="20"|Peak positions
!align="center" rowspan="2" width="120"|Album / EP
|-
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" | [[Official Charts Company|UK ]] 
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" | [[SNEP|FRA]] <ref name="ultratop"/>

|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2008
| "Straight Back On It"
| style="text-align:center;"|{{spaced ndash}}
| style="text-align:center;"|{{spaced ndash}}
| rowspan="4"|Non-album single
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2|2010
| "Automatic / Dancing Mantaray"
| style="text-align:center;"|{{spaced ndash}}
| style="text-align:center;"|{{spaced ndash}}
|-
| "Fevers Worse"
| style="text-align:center;"|{{spaced ndash}}
| style="text-align:center;"|{{spaced ndash}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2|2013
| "The Guide"
| style="text-align:center;"|{{spaced ndash}}
| style="text-align:center;"|{{spaced ndash}}
|-
| "Low"
| style="text-align:center;"|{{spaced ndash}}
| style="text-align:center;"|{{spaced ndash}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2|''[[Dead (Young Fathers album)|Dead]]''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2|2014
| "Get Up"
| style="text-align:center;"|{{spaced ndash}}
| style="text-align:center;"|{{spaced ndash}}
|-
| "Soon Come Soon"
| style="text-align:center;"|{{spaced ndash}}
| style="text-align:center;"|{{spaced ndash}}
| style="text-align:center;"|Non-album single
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2|2015
| "Rain Or Shine"
| style="text-align:center;"|{{spaced ndash}}
| style="text-align:center;"|{{spaced ndash}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2|''White Men Are Black Men Too''
|-
| "Shame"
| style="text-align:center;"|{{spaced ndash}}
| style="text-align:center;"|{{spaced ndash}}
|-
|}

===Remixes===
* "Girlfriend (Young Fathers Remix)" by [[Phoenix (band)|Phoenix]] from ''Wolfgang Amadeus Phoenix (Remix Collection)'' (2009)
* "Nicotine Love (StraightFace Remix)" by [[Tricky (musician)|Tricky]] (2014)

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{Official website}}

{{Anticon}}

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Anticon]]
[[Category:Ninja Tune artists]]
[[Category:Big Dada artists]]
[[Category:Musical groups from Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Scottish hip hop groups]]

Doris Zinkeisen

2015-04-14T23:03:47Z

Dawkeye: /* Personal life */ link to Edward Grahame Johnstone

{{Use British English|date=October 2013}}
{{Infobox artist
| bgcolour = silver
| name = Doris Zinkeisen
| image = Doris Zinkeisen Self portrait.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Self portrait by Doris Zinkeisen, 1929. [[National Portrait Gallery (London)|National Portrait Gallery]], [[London]]<ref name="mol">{{Cite web|url=http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/archive/exhibits/1920s/pages/acknowledgements.asp|title=1920s the decade that changed London|publisher=The Museum of London|accessdate=17 April 2010}}</ref>
| birth_name = Doris Clare Zinkeisen<ref name="daao"/>
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1898|7|31}}<ref name="zs">{{Cite web|url=http://heritage.scotsman.com/greatscots.cfm?id=1675482006|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070807062115/http://heritage.scotsman.com/greatscots.cfm?id=1675482006|archivedate=7 August 2007|title=The Biographical Dictionary of Scottish Women - The Zinkeisen sisters - GREAT SCOTSWOMEN|last=DWYER|first=BRITTA C.|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|accessdate=17 April 2010}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Rosneath]], [[Gare Loch]], [[Argyll]], [[Scotland]]<ref name="daao">{{Cite web|url=http://www.daao.org.au/main/read/6804|title=Doris Clare Zinkeisen|date=14 November 2007|publisher=Dictionary of Australian Artists Online|accessdate=23 April 2010}}</ref><ref name="npgPortrait 14"/>
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1991|1|3|1898|7|31}}<ref name="zs"/>
| death_place = [[Badingham, Suffolk]]<ref name="zs"/>
| nationality = [[Scottish people|Scottish]]<ref name="zs"/>
| field = [[Stage design]], [[Costume design]], [[Painting]], [[Advertising|Commercial art]]<ref name="daao"/><ref name="zs"/>
| training =
| movement =
| works =
| patrons =
| influenced by =
| influenced =
| awards =
}}
'''Doris Clare Zinkeisen''' (31 July 1898 – 3 January 1991) was a Scottish theatrical stage and costume designer, painter, commercial artist and writer. She was best known for her work in theatrical design.

==Early life==
Doris Zinkeisen was born in Rosneath, Argyll, Scotland. Her parents were [[Welsh people|Welsh]]-born Clare Bolton-Charles and Victor Zinkeisen, a timber merchant and amateur artist from [[Glasgow]].<ref name="zs"/> Her father's family were originally from [[Bohemia]] and had been settled in Scotland for two hundred years.<ref name="npgPortrait 14">{{Cite web|url=http://www.npg.org.uk/whatson/exhibitions/2001/mirror-mirror-self-portraits-by-women-artists/portrait-14.php|title=Doris Zinkeisen (1898-1991) - Portrait 14|publisher=National Portrait Gallery|accessdate=17 April 2010}}</ref> She had a younger sister, [[Anna Zinkeisen]] who also became an artist.<ref name="zs"/> The family left Scotland and moved to [[Pinner]], near [[Harrow, London|Harrow]] in 1909.<ref name="daao"/>

==Education==
Zinkeisen attended the [[Harrow School of Art]] for four years and won a scholarship to the [[Royal Academy Schools]] in 1917 together with her sister Anna.<ref name="daao"/><ref name="zs"/>

==Career==
[[File:Doris Zinkeisen by Harold Cazneaux.jpg|150px|thumb|''Doris Zinkeisen: New Idea portrait with leaf background'' (1929) by [[Harold Cazneaux]]]]
Zinkeisen shared a studio in London with her sister during the 1920s and '30s from where she embarked on her career as a painter, commercial artist and theatrical designer.<ref name="daao"/>

===Painting and commercial art===
Zinkeisen's realist style made her popular as a portraitist and she became a well-known society painter.<ref name="zs"/><ref name="iwmZinkeisen"/> The subject matter of her paintings, society portraiture, equestrian portraiture and scenes from the parks of London and Paris reflect the lifestyle of the [[upper class]] at the time.

She also worked widely in other media as an illustrator and commercial artist including producing advertising posters for several British railway companies, the [[London Underground]]<ref name="zs"/> and murals for the {{RMS|Queen Mary}}.<ref name="daao"/><ref name="spt"/>

====Railway posters====
Zinkeisen produced a number of posters for [[London and North Eastern Railway]] (LNER), [[Southern Railway (UK)|Southern Railway]] (SR) and [[London, Midland and Scottish Railway]] (LMS) in the 1930s. The posters often featured historical themes and included:
* ''Berwick-upon-Tweed by LNER'' (1930) which shows [[Isabella MacDuff, Countess of Buchan]] being punished by [[Edward I]] for crowning [[Robert the Bruce]] at [[Scone, Scotland|Scone]] in 1306,<ref name=NMSI-1>{{cite web|title=Berwick-upon-Tweed by LNER|url=http://collectionsonline.nmsi.ac.uk/detail.php?type=related&kv=233389&t=objects|publisher=National Museums of Science & Industry}}</ref>
* ''Cambridge it's Quicker by Rail'' (1930) for LNER which shows [[Queen Elizabeth I]] visiting [[Queens' College, Cambridge|Queens College]] in 1564,<ref name=NMSI-2>{{cite web|title=Cambridge it's Quicker by Rail |url=http://collectionsonline.nmsi.ac.uk/detail.php?type=related&kv=228372&t=objects|publisher=National Museums of Science & Industry}}</ref>
* ''Durham by LNER'' (1932) based on the legend of the dun cow shows pilgrims following a milkmaid with [[Durham Cathedral]] in the background,<ref name=NMSI-3>{{cite web|title=Durham by LNER|url=http://collectionsonline.nmsi.ac.uk/detail.php?type=related&kv=231076&t=objects|publisher=National Museums of Science & Industry}}</ref>
* ''To York - Dick Turpin's Ride'' (1934) for LNER showing the 18th century highwayman, [[Dick Turpin]] riding to [[York]] on his horse Black Bes with [[York Minster]] in the background,<ref name=NMSI-4>{{cite web|title=To York - Dick Turpin's Ride |url=http://collectionsonline.nmsi.ac.uk/detail.php?type=related&kv=229128&t=objects|publisher=National Museums of Science & Industry}}</ref>
* ''Western Highlands - Rob Roy'' (1934) for LNER/LMS showing [[Robert Roy MacGregor|Rob Roy]] standing on a mountain,<ref name=NMSI-5>{{cite web|title=Western Highlands |url=http://collectionsonline.nmsi.ac.uk/detail.php?type=related&kv=230975&t=objects|publisher=National Museums of Science & Industry}}</ref>
* ''Scarborough, In Grandmother's Day'' (1935) for LNER showing people in [[Scarborough, North Yorkshire|Scarborough]] on the spa bandstand in Victorian dress, with the castle and sea in the background,<ref name=NMSI-6>{{cite web|title=Scarborough, In Grandmother's Day |url=http://collectionsonline.nmsi.ac.uk/detail.php?type=related&kv=230250&t=objects|publisher=National Museums of Science & Industry}}</ref>
* ''Coronation'' (1937) for LNER showing the Coronation, the locomotive built by Timothy Hackworth in 1831 in honour of the coronation of King William IV,<ref name=NMSI-7>{{cite web|title=Coronation|url=http://collectionsonline.nmsi.ac.uk/detail.php?type=related&kv=229861&t=objects|publisher=National Museums of Science & Industry}}</ref>
* ''What to see from the windows of the Atlantic Coast Express'' (1937), a guidebook produced for SR with illustrations,<ref name=NMSI-8>{{cite web|title=Southern Railway, A Page from the Atlantic Coast Express|url=http://collectionsonline.nmsi.ac.uk/detail.php?type=related&kv=232207&t=objects|publisher=National Museums of Science & Industry}}</ref>
* ''The Coronation'' (1937) with the text "designed by Sir [[Nigel Gresley]], Chief Mechanical Engineer, LNER, in honour of the coronation of [[King George VI]]. Kings Cross - Edinburgh in 6 hours" showing the Coronation passing through the countryside,<ref name=NMSI-9>{{cite web|title=The Coronation|url=http://collectionsonline.nmsi.ac.uk/detail.php?type=related&kv=233315&t=objects |publisher=National Museums of Science & Industry}}</ref>
* ''Captain Cook at Whitby'' (c. 1937) for LNER showing [[Captain Cook]] and two Royal Navy officers in [[Whitby]] harbour with St Mary's Church and [[Whitby Abbey]] in the background. The poster's text says "His voyages round the world for making new discoveries were undertaken in the [[HMS Endeavour|Endeavour]] in 1768 and the [[HMS Resolution (1771)|Resolution]] in 1772. Both these ships were built at Whitby. It's quicker by rail. London and North Eastern Railway."<ref name=NMSI-10>{{cite web|title=Captain Cook at Whitby |url=http://collectionsonline.nmsi.ac.uk/detail.php?type=related&kv=230421&t=objects|publisher=National Museums of Science & Industry}}</ref>
* ''Scotland by East Coast Route - LNER'' with the text "The articles of union between england & scotland were secretly signed in a cellar in high Street edinburgh 1706".<ref name=ipc>{{cite web|title=Scotland by East Coast Route - LNER |url=http://www.postersplease.com/index.php?FAFs=62620765bb31c710171def3333ecc7b2&FAFgo=/Auctions/LotDetail&LotID=15935&sr=177&t=C&ts=&AID=110 |publisher=International Poster Center}}</ref>

====RMS ''Queen Mary''====
In 1935, [[John Brown and Company]] Shipbuilders of [[Clydebank]] commissioned both of the Zinkeisen sisters to paint the murals in the Verandah Grill, a restaurant and night-club on the ocean liner the RMS ''Queen Mary''. The murals, on the theme of entertainment, depicted circus and theatre scenes and can still be seen on the ship, now permanently moored in [[Long Beach, California]].<ref name="daao"/> Zinkeisen was also involved in planning the interior decoration which featured a parquet dance floor surrounded by black Wilton carpets, star-studded red velvet curtains and a sweeping illuminated balustrade whose colours changed in time with the music.<ref name="Massey">{{cite book|last=Massey|first=Anne|title=Hollywood Beyond the Screen: Design and Material Culture|year=2000|publisher=Berg Publishers|isbn=978-1-85973-321-9|page=96}}</ref> Writing in [[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]] in 1936, [[Cecil Beaton]] described the Verandah Grill as ‘By far the prettiest room on any ship – becomingly lit, gay in colour and obviously so successful that it would be crowded if twice its present size’.<ref name="Massey"/> The largest mural was damaged during World War II by gunnery officers tacking charts to the poster board covering the mural.<ref name="spt">{{Cite news|url=http://www.tampabay.com/features/travel/article967265.ece|title=The 'Queen Mary' is now a luxurious, historic hotel|date=18 January 2009|publisher=St. Petersburg Times|accessdate=26 April 2010}}</ref> After the war, Zinkeisen restored the mural and reportedly painted a mouse in the mural so there would always be a mouse on the ''Queen Mary'', a dig at [[Cunard Line|Cunard]], which prided itself on having no rodents on their ships.<ref name="spt"/> Both sisters also contributed murals to the {{RMS|Queen Elizabeth}} in 1940.<ref name="daao"/>

====Exhibitions and awards====
Zinkeisen exhibited at the [[Royal Academy]] (1929)<ref name="daao"/> and the [[Royal Society of Portrait Painters]] in London<ref name="iwmZinkeisen"/> and in [[Paris]] and the [[United States]].<ref name="brc"/> She received Bronze (1929), Silver (1930) and Gold (1934) Paris Salon medals for her work.<ref name="zs"/> By 1929 she had been elected a member of the [[Royal Institute of Oil Painters]] (ROI).<ref name="daao"/>

===Stage and costume design===
[[File:Doris Zinkeison by Harold Cazneaux 2.jpg|150px|right|thumb|''Doris Zinkeisen with her brushes'' (1929) by [[Harold Cazneaux]]]]
Zinkeisen was a successful stage and costume designer for plays and films.<ref name="iwmZinkeisen"/> Despite her success as a painter and commercial artist she was best known as a theatrical designer.<ref name="daao"/>

She started to work in stage design as soon as she completed her studies at the Royal Academy.<ref name="npgPortrait 14"/> Her first job was working for the actor-manager [[Nigel Playfair]].<ref name="npgPortrait 14"/> Playfair wanted Zinkeisen to sing in the productions, but Zinkeisen insisted on remaining behind the scenes.<ref name="npgPortrait 14"/> One of the first plays she worked on was [[Clifford Bax]] and Playfair's 1923 adaptation of ''The Insect Play'' by [[Karel Čapek|Karel]] and [[Josef Čapek]].<ref name="daao"/><ref name="cc">{{cite book|editor=Colin Chambers|title=Continuum Companion to Twentieth Century Theatre|date=14 July 2006|publisher=Continuum|isbn=978-1-84714-001-2|page=74}}</ref> The play ran for 42 performances in May and June 1923 at the Regent Theatre in London.<ref name=rains>{{cite book|last=Skal|first=David J.|title=Claude Rains: an actor's voice|year=2009|publisher=The University Press of Kentucky|isbn=978-0-8131-9261-1|pages=49–50|author2=Jessica Rains }}</ref> [[Claude Rains]] played three roles and the production was the professional debut for [[John Gielgud]]. Rains described Zinkeisen as "a stunning women".<ref name=rains/>

She became chief stage and costume designer for [[Charles B. Cochran]]'s popular London revues.<ref name="daao"/> Cochran described her work in an article published in ''[[The Studio (magazine)|The Studio]]'' magazine in 1927.<ref name="daao"/>
{{quote|text=Miss Doris Zinkeisen seems to me to follow the best traditions of English theatrical decoration... She can now create costumes for all moods and times, and capture with equal facility the acid fervour of puritanism or the sweet lyricism of a faun... this young decorator, at her early age is, in my opinion, in the front rank of British designers.|sign=Charles B. Cochran|source=The Studio (1927)}}

In 1928, she designed the costumes for ''[[This Year of Grace]]'' by [[Noël Coward]] (also referred to as "''Cochran's Revue''" or "''Cochran's 1928 Revue''") at the [[London Pavilion]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Green|first=Stanley|title=Encyclopedia Of The Musical Theatre|date=22 March 1980|publisher=Da Capo Press|page=419|isbn=978-0-306-80113-6}}</ref> In 1933, Zinkeison designed the decor and costumes for Cochran's production of [[Cole Porter]]'s musical ''[[Nymph Errant]]'' at the [[Adelphi Theatre]], [[London]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Green|first=Stanley|title=Encyclopedia Of The Musical Theatre|date=22 March 1980|publisher=Da Capo Press|page=312|isbn=978-0-306-80113-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Nymph Errant, Premier of Cole Porter's Musical with Agnes DeMille's 1st Professional Choreography - Theatre Programme|year=1933|publisher=The Adelphi Theatre}}</ref> The [[décolletage]] formed by the low cut design of one of the costumes resulted in a strike by the chorus against the perceived indecency of the costume. Theatre manager [[C. B. Cochran]] was compelled to have the waistcoat altered to fill up the gap with gauze.<ref>{{cite book|editor=Kim K. P. Johnson, Susan J. Torntore, Joanne B. Eicher|title=Fashion Foundations: Early Writings on Fashion and Dress|date=1 June 2003|publisher=Berg Publishers|page=116|isbn=978-1-85973-619-7}}</ref> In 1934, she designed the costumes for the [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] musical ''[[The Great Waltz]]'' at the [[Center Theatre (New York, New York)|Center Theatre]], together with Marion Claire, Marie Burke and Guy Robertson.<ref name="wsj1934-09-26">{{cite news|url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/djreprints/access/103859804.html?dids=103859804:103859804&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Sep+26%2C+1934&author=&pub=Wall+Street+Journal&desc=THE+THEATRE&pqatl=google|title=A Gorgeous Spectacle|date=26 September 1934|work=The Wall Street Journal|accessdate=2 October 2010}}</ref> In 1935, she designed the costumes and sets for ''Stop Press'', the retitled London based version of the ''[[As Thousands Cheer]]'' revue by [[Moss Hart]] and [[Irving Berlin]] at the Adelphi Theatre.<ref>{{cite book|last=Green|first=Stanley|title=Encyclopedia Of The Musical Theatre|date=22 March 1980|publisher=Da Capo Press|page=16|isbn=978-0-306-80113-6}}</ref> After [[the Blitz]], during the Second World War, she designed costumes and sets for the [[Old Vic Theatre|Old Vic]] Company productions of ''[[Arms and the Man]]'' and ''[[Richard III (play)|Richard III]]'' with [[Ralph Richardson]], [[Sybil Thorndike]] and [[Laurence Olivier]] at the [[Noël Coward Theatre|New Theatre]].<ref name="npgPortrait 14"/>

She worked on a number of [[Herbert Wilcox]] films that starred [[Anna Neagle]], including the film version of [[Noël Coward]]'s [[operetta]] ''[[Bitter Sweet (1933 film)|Bitter Sweet]]'' (1933),<ref name=harper/> ''[[The Little Damozel (1933 film)|The Little Damozel]]'' which included a nearly transparent dress that was subsequently used by Neagle in several publicity photos and public appearances,<ref name=bell>{{cite book|last=Dolan|first=Josephine|title=British women's cinema|publisher=Routledge|location=2009|isbn=978-0-415-46696-7|pages=36|author2=Sarah Street |editor=Melanie Bell, Melanie Williams|chapter=3}}</ref> ''[[Nell Gwynn (1934 film)|Nell Gwyn]]'' (1934),<ref name=harper/> ''[[The Queen's Affair]]'' (1934),<ref name=harper/> ''[[Peg of Old Drury]]'' (1935),<ref name=harper/> and the screen biography of [[Queen Victoria]], ''[[Victoria the Great]]'',{{citation needed|date=October 2011}} together with its sequel,{{citation needed|date=October 2011}} ''[[Sixty Glorious Years]]''. Wilcox's 1932 film ''[[The Blue Danube (1932 film)|The Blue Danube]]'' was based on a short story by Zinkeisen.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/26963 |title=BFI - Film & TV Database - The Blue Danube. A Rhapsody (1932) |publisher=Ftvdb.bfi.org.uk |date=16 April 2009 |accessdate=27 October 2011}}</ref><ref name=lowVII>{{cite book|last=Low|first=Rachael|title=The History of British Film Volume VII|year=1997|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-415-15451-0|pages=145, 296}}</ref> [[United Kingdom|British]] director [[James Whale]] specifically directed Zinkeisen to design the costumes for the only [[United States|American]] film she ever worked on, the 1936-screen version of ''[[Show Boat]]''. It remains today the most popular and highly regarded film that Zinkeisen ever worked on. In 1938 she wrote ''Designing for the Stage'', a book regarded by Sue Harper, Professor of Film History, as an "influential innovation".<ref name="npgPortrait 14"/><ref name=harper>{{cite book|last=Harper|first=Sue|title=Women in British cinema: mad, bad, and dangerous to know|year=2000|publisher=Continuum|isbn=978-0-8264-4733-3|pages=213–214}}</ref> According to Harper, Zinkeisen described how she "valued visual flair and 'fantastic treatment' above all", that she thought theatrical and film performances should be led by the [[mise en scène]] and that audiences were unconsciously able to "decode complex visual details".<ref name=harper/> In 1955, Zinkeisen created Laurence Olivier's make-up for the [[Richard III (1955 film)|Richard III film]].<ref name="npgPortrait 14"/>

===World War II, nurse and war artist===
[[File:Human Laundry, Belsen by Doris Zinkeisen.jpg|thumb|''Human Laundry, Belsen'' April 1945, oil, [[Imperial War Museum]]<ref name="iwmZinkeisen"/>]]
During [[World War II]], Zinkeisen joined the [[St John Ambulance Brigade]] and worked as a nurse in London helping wartime [[The Blitz|Blitz]] casualties having first trained as a [[Voluntary Aid Detachment]] (VAD) nurse during [[World War I]].<ref name="zs"/><ref name="brc">{{Cite web|url=http://www.redcross.org.uk/standard.asp?id=51854|title=Paintings by Doris Zinkeisen (1898-1991)|publisher=[[British Red Cross]]|accessdate=17 April 2010}}</ref> She worked in the casualty department in [[St Mary's Hospital, London|St Mary’s Hospital]], [[Paddington]].<ref name="brc"/> Zinkeisen worked in the casualty department in the mornings and painted in the afternoons, recording the events of the day.

Following the [[liberation of Europe]] in 1945, Zinkeisen was commissioned by the War Artists Advisory Committee<ref name="npgPortrait 14"/> as a [[war artist]] for the North West Europe Commission of the Joint War Organisation of the [[British Red Cross|British Red Cross Society]] and the Order of St John (JWO).<ref name="zs"/><ref name="brc"/> As the organisation's staff and resources moved into newly liberated areas, Zinkeisen's role as a war artist was to record the commission's activities.<ref name="brc"/> Based in [[Brussels]] at the commission's headquarters she recorded the commission's post-war relief work in north west Europe including the rehabilitation and repatriation of prisoners of war and civilian internees.<ref name="brc"/> Zinkeisen traveled by lorry or by air (from a nearby [[RAF]] base) throughout north-west Europe making sketches which she brought back to her studio in the commission's headquarters for further work.<ref name="brc"/>
[[File:Doris Zinkeisen Autobiographical Text 1981.jpg|thumb|left|Description of Bergen-Belsen in April 1945 from autobiographical text by Zinkeisen, 1981, Imperial War Museum<ref name="iwmZinkeisen"/>]]
Her work as a war artist included three days at the [[Bergen-Belsen concentration camp]] in April 1945, immediately after its liberation.<ref name="iwmZinkeisen">{{Cite web|url=http://london.iwm.org.uk/upload/package/99/artists/doris_zinkeisen.html#|title=Doris Zinkeisen|year=2008|publisher=[[Imperial War Museum]]|accessdate=16 April 2010}}</ref> Zinkeisen was one of a small number of artists who produced pictures of Bergen-Belsen in the months following its liberation.<ref name="foss"/> Other artists included [[Leslie Cole (artist)|Leslie Cole]], [[Mary Kessell]], Sargeant Eric Taylor (one of the camp's liberators) and [[Mervyn Peake]].<ref name="foss">{{Cite book|last=Foss|first=Brian|title=War paint: art, war, state and identity in Britain, 1939-1945|publisher=[[Paul Mellon]] Centre for Studies in British Art|date=28 September 2007|page=144|isbn=0-300-10890-7|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7t2FIJU1VX0C&lpg=PP1&ots=zF_uEdxOPe&dq=War%20paint%3A%20art%2C%20war%2C%20state%20and%20identity%20in%20Britain%2C%201939-1945&pg=PA144#v=snippet&q=Zinkeisen&f=false}}</ref> Her painting ''Human Laundry'' shows German orderlies washing camp inmates before they go to hospital.<ref name="i2008-11-12">{{Cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/columnists/thomas-sutcliffe/thomas-sutcliffe-approach-the-holocaust-at-your-peril-926479.html|title=Thomas Sutcliffe: Approach the Holocaust at your peril|last=Sutcliffe|first=Thomas|date=12 November 2008|publisher=The Independent|accessdate=26 April 2010 | location=London}}</ref> Thomas Sutcliffe, columnist for ''[[The Independent]]'' described the painting as "flatly representational", "as uninflected as a travel poster", showing "brutalisers obliged to become carers, victims turned to patients".<ref name="i2008-11-12"/> By the time Zinkeisen had become a war artist her palette had already darkened from the colours of her society paintings. Her war paintings use muted greys, browns and ochres like contemporaries such as [[Eric Ravilious]] and [[Stanley Spencer]].

Paintings from Zinkeisen's time as a war artist are held by the Red Cross museum and archives, the museum of the Order of St John and the Imperial War Museum.<ref name="brc"/>

Zinkeisen wrote to her husband while she was at Belsen. Her son, Murray Johnstone, described the letters:<ref name="iwm-ps11">{{cite web|url=http://archive.theirpast-yourfuture.org.uk/upload/pdf/11_Doris_and_Anna_Zinkeisen_3_Mar_06.pdf|title=Personal Story 11: Doris & Anna Zinkeisen|publisher=Imperial War Museum|accessdate=2 October 2010}}</ref>
{{quote|text=They are truly heartrending and reflect the agony she endured while doing her work as a war artist. She always told us that the sight was awful, but the smell she could never forget. She had nightmares for the rest of her life.|sign=Murray Johnstone}}

===After the war===
After the war, Zinkeisen continued to work in London as a theatrical designer and held occasional exhibitions of her paintings.<ref name="daao"/> She designed the cover of a special edition of ''[[Everybody's Magazine]]'' to celebrate the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in June 1953.<ref name=sc-fa>{{cite web|title=ELIZABETH II CORONATION DESIGN|url=http://www.sarahcolegrave.co.uk/paintings-drawings-watercolours/d/elizabeth-ii-coronation-design/80421|publisher=Sarah Colegrave}}</ref> In 1954, Zinkeisen designed the scenery and costumes for Noël Coward's musical, ''[[After the Ball (musical)|After the Ball]]'', based on [[Oscar Wilde]]'s play, ''[[Lady Windermere's Fan]]'',<ref name=kent1>{{cite web|title=Theatre collections. Event: AFTER THE BALL|url=http://www.kent.ac.uk/library/specialcollections/theatre/r.php/34521/show.html|publisher=University of Kent}}</ref><ref name=tm19540625>{{cite news|title=Richard Findlater at the new Coward musical|url=http://archive.tribunemagazine.co.uk/article/25th-june-1954/5/richard-findlater-at-the-new-coward-musical|newspaper=Tribune Magazine|date=25 June 1954}}</ref> and the [[Prince Littler]] directed play, ''The Little Glass Clock'', written by Hugh Mills.<ref name=kent2>{{cite web|title=Theatre collections. Event: LITTLE GLASS CLOCK, THE|url=http://www.kent.ac.uk/library/specialcollections/theatre/r.php/33681/show.html|publisher=University of Kent}}</ref><ref name=tm19541217>{{cite news|title=1984 AND ALL THAT|url=http://archive.tribunemagazine.co.uk/article/17th-december-1954/2/1984-and-all-that|newspaper=Tribune Magazine|date=17 December 1954}}</ref>

==Portraits by Harold Cazneaux==
[[File:Doris Zinkeison by Harold Cazneaux 3.jpg|150px|right|thumb|''Doris Zinkeisen: New Idea portrait with patterned background'' (1929) by [[Harold Cazneaux]]]]
[[Harold Cazneaux]] produced three photographic portraits of Zinkeisen in 1929 in his role as chief photographer for ''The Home'' magazine; ''Doris Zinkeisen: New Idea portrait with patterned background'', ''Doris Zinkeisen: New Idea portrait with leaf background'' and ''Doris Zinkeisen with her brushes''.<ref name="agnsw1">{{cite web|url=http://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/collection/search/?q=+Zinkeisen|title=Collection|publisher=Art Gallery of New South Wales|accessdate=28 September 2010}}</ref>

''Doris Zinkeisen: New Idea portrait with leaf background'' was the first photographic cover for ''The Home'' which was launched in Sydney in 1920 and modelled on the American magazines ''[[Vanity Fair (American magazine 1913-1936)|Vanity Fair]]'' and ''[[House & Garden (magazine)|House & Garden]]''.<ref name="smh2006-06-26">{{cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/arts-reviews/thoroughly-modern-sydney/2006/06/26/1151174111896.html|title=Thoroughly Modern Sydney|last=Lawson|first=Valerie|date=26 June 2006|publisher=The Sydney Morning Herald|accessdate=2 October 2010}}</ref><ref name="agnsw2">{{cite web|url=http://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/work/164-1975+doris-zinkeisen-new-idea-portrait-with-l|title=Doris Zinkeisen: New Idea portrait with leaf background|publisher=Art Gallery of New South Wales|accessdate=28 September 2010}}</ref> Zinkeisen was said to have epitomised the "New Feminine Beauty" described by ''The Home'' in 1929 as "stark simplicity of line, of corners, angles, slimness, sharpness ... twenty years ago we were born curvy and now we are born straight."<ref name="hill">{{cite book|last=Hill|first=Valerie|title=The Cazneaux women|date=August 1997|publisher=Fine Art Publishing|isbn=978-90-5703-251-6|page=73}}</ref> The leaf background was painted by the Australian artist [[Adrian Feint]].<ref name="agnsw1"/> The photographs are part of the Art Gallery of New South Wales' Cazneaux collection.<ref name="agnsw1"/>

==Personal life==
In 1922, while working with Nigel Playfair, Zinkeisen met [[James Whale]]. The two were considered a couple for some two years, despite Whale's living as an openly gay man. The couple was reportedly engaged in 1924 but by 1925 the engagement was off.<ref name="curtis">{{Cite book|last=Curtis|first=James|title=James Whale: A New World of Gods and Monsters|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|year=2003|page=37|isbn=0-8166-4386-5}}</ref> Zinkeisen married [[Edward Grahame Johnstone]], a naval officer in 1927<ref name="daao"/><ref name="npgPortrait 14"/> and had twin daughters in June 1928, the children's book illustrators [[Janet and Anne Grahame Johnstone]]<ref name="cbp"/> and a son, Murray Johnstone. Grahame Johnstone died in 1946 and Zinkeisen's twin girls then lived with their mother moving with her to Suffolk in 1966.<ref name="cbp">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cambridgeprints.com/illustrators/JOHNSTONE.HTML|title=Janet and Anne Grahame Johnstone (British 1928-1979 and (1928-1998)|publisher=Cambridge Book & Print Gallery|accessdate=26 April 2010}}</ref><ref name="i1998-06-22">{{Cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-ann-grahame-johnstone-1166679.html|title=Obituary: Ann Grahame Johnstone|date=22 June 1998|publisher=The Independent|accessdate=26 April 2010 | location=London | first=Nicholas | last=Tucker}}</ref> Zinkeisen outlived her daughter Janet who died in an accident in 1979.<ref name="i1998-06-22"/>

Doris Zinkeisen died on 3 January 1991, in [[Badingham, Suffolk]], aged 92.<ref name="zs"/>

==Books==
* {{Cite book|last=Zinkeisen|first=Doris|title=Designing for the Stage|publisher=The Studio|year=1938}}
* {{Cite book|last=Priestley|first=J. B.|author2=Doris Zinkeisen |title=The high toby: a play for the toy theatre (with scenery and characters by Doris Zinkeisen)|publisher=Penguin Books|year=1948}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book|last=Kelleway|first=Philip|title=Highly Desirable: The Zinkeisen Sisters and Their Legacy
|publisher=Leiston Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-9559673-4-4}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Doris Zinkeisen}}
* {{YourPaintings|doris-clare-zinkeisen}}
* [http://www.paulmayhew.co.uk/Zinkeisenpage.htm The Zinkeisen Exhibition - Paul Mayhew Fine Art]
* [http://www.redcross.org.uk/standard.asp?id=51854 Paintings by Doris Zinkeisen (1898-1991)] [[British Red Cross]]
* [http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=46489 "Personality meet Doris Zinkeisen"] - [[British Pathé]] newsreel, 1946-09-09

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2010}}

{{Authority control|VIAF=70953144}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Zinkeisen, Doris
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Scottish painter
| DATE OF BIRTH =31 July 1898
| PLACE OF BIRTH =[[Rosneath]], [[Gare Loch]], [[Argyll]], [[Scotland]]
| DATE OF DEATH =3 January 1991
| PLACE OF DEATH =[[Badingham]], [[Suffolk]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Zinkeisen, Doris}}
[[Category:1898 births]]
[[Category:1991 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Scottish painters]]
[[Category:Alumni of the Royal Academy Schools]]
[[Category:British costume designers]]
[[Category:British graphic designers]]
[[Category:British poster artists]]
[[Category:British war artists]]
[[Category:Female wartime nurses]]
[[Category:People from Rosneath]]
[[Category:Poster designers for London Transport]]
[[Category:Scottish scenic designers]]
[[Category:World War II artists]]
[[Category:World War II nurses]]

Arthur Headlam

2015-04-03T23:28:30Z

Dawkeye: fmt fix

{{Use British English|date=January 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type =
| honorific-prefix = {{Pre-nominal styles|RRevd}}
| name = Arthur Headlam
| honorific-suffix = [[Order of the Companions of Honour|CH]]
| title = [[Bishop of Gloucester]]
| image = Arthur Cayley Headlam.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| alt = Arthur Headlam
| caption =
| church =
| diocese = [[Diocese of Gloucester]]
| see =
| elected =
| appointed =
| term =
| term_start = 1923
| term_end = 1945
| predecessor = [[Edgar Gibson]]
| opposed =
| successor = [[Wilfred Askwith]]
| other_post =

| ordination = 1888
| ordained_by =
| consecration =
| consecrated_by =
| cardinal =
| created_cardinal_by =
| rank =

| birth_date = {{Birth date|1862|8|2|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Whorlton, County Durham]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1947|1|17|1862|8|2|df=yes}}
| death_place =
| buried =
| nationality = [[British people|British]]
| religion = [[Anglicanism|Anglican]]
| residence =
| parents = Arthur William Headlam Agnes Favell
| spouse = Evelyn Persis Wingfield
| children =
| occupation =
| profession =
| previous_post = [[Regius Professor of Divinity, Oxford]]
| education = [[Winchester College]]
| alma_mater = [[New College, Oxford]]
| motto =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| coat_of_arms =
| coat_of_arms_alt =
| other =
}}
[[File:Memorial to Arthur Cayley Headlam in Gloucester Cathedral.jpg|thumb|Memorial in [[Gloucester Cathedral]]]]
'''Arthur Cayley Headlam''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CH}} (2 August 1862 – 17 January 1947) was an [[England|English]] theologian who served as [[Bishop of Gloucester]] from 1923 to 1945.

==Biography==
Headlam was born in [[Whorlton, County Durham]], the son of its [[vicar]], Arthur William Headlam (1826–1908), by his first wife, Agnes Favell.<ref name="01foxd">{{cite book |url= https://archive.org/stream/armorialfamilies01foxd |title=Armorial families : a directory of gentlemen of coat-armour |first=Arthur Charles |last=Fox-Davies |authorlink=Arthur Charles Fox-Davies |year=1929 |edition=7th |location=London |publisher=[[Hurst & Blackett]] |pages=905–906 |accessdate=10 February 2015}}</ref> The historian [[James Wycliffe Headlam]] was his younger brother. He was educated at [[Winchester College]] and [[New College, Oxford]], where he read [[Greats]]. He was a Fellow of [[All Souls College, Oxford]] from 1885. He was ordained in 1888, and became Rector of [[Welwyn]] in 1896. In 1900 Headlam married Evelyn Persis Wingfield.<ref name="01foxd"/>

He was Professor of [[Dogmatic Theology]] at [[King's College London]] from 1903–1916, where he served as [[Principal (university)|Principal]] from 1903 to 1912 and as the first [[Dean of King's College London|Dean]] from 1908 until 1913.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cgi-bin/vcdf/detail?coll_id=4798&inst_id=6 |title=Dean's Office Records |work=King's College London |year=2015 |accessdate=10 February 2015}}</ref> He was [[Regius Professor of Divinity, Oxford]] from 1918 to 1923. His 1920 [[Bampton Lectures]] showed the theme of [[ecumenism]] that would preoccupy him.<ref>{{cite book |chapterurl= http://anglicanhistory.org/usa/claremont19211.html |title=The Catholic Faith and the Religious Situation |chapter=The Lambeth Appeal |location=New York |publisher=The Churchmen's Alliance |year=1921 |author=The Rt. Rev. Frederick Burgess, D.D., Bishop of Long Island |accessdate=10 February 2015}}</ref> At the time of the [[1926 General Strike]], he opposed the intervention of some of the other bishops.<ref>{{cite book |first=Matthew |last=Grimley |year=2004 |title=Citizenship, Community, and the Church of England: Liberal Anglican Theories of the State Between the Wars |page=121 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=UK |isbn=9780199270897 }}</ref>

He was influential in the Church of England's council on foreign relations in the 1930s, chairing the Committee on Relations with Episcopal Churches.<ref>{{cite book |first=Edward |last=Carpenter |authorlink=Edward Carpenter (priest) |title=Cantuar: The Archbishops in their Office |edition=3rd |location=London |year=1997 |publisher=Mowbray |page=450}}</ref> He supported the [[Protestant Reich Church]] in [[Germany]], and was a critic of the [[Confessing Church]]. He is thus generally considered an '[[appeaser]]'.<ref>{{cite book |first=Keith |last=Clements |title=Faith on the Frontier: A Life of J. H. Oldham |location=Edinburgh |publisher=T & T Clark |year=1999 |page=343 }}</ref>

He was appointed to the [[Order of the Companions of Honour]] (CH) in the 1921 Birthday Honours for his services at Oxford.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=32346 |date=4 June 1921 |startpage=4535 |supp=yes}}</ref>

==Selected publications==
* {{cite book |title=The teaching of the Russian church : being notes on points on which it differs from the English church |publisher=The Eastern Church Association |location=London |year=1897 |url=https://archive.org/details/teachingofrussia00headuoft}}
* {{cite book |title=Authority and Archaeology, Sacred and Profane: Essays on the relation of monuments to Biblical and Classical Literature |editor-last=Hogarth |editor-first=David George |chapter=Christian Authority |publisher=John Murray |location=London |year=1899 |chapterurl=https://archive.org/details/authorityarchaeo00hogaiala}}
* {{cite book |title=The sources & authority of dogmatic theology : being an inaugural lecture |publisher=MacMillan & Co. |location=London |year=1903 |url=https://archive.org/details/sourcesauthority00head}}
* {{cite book |title=Criticism of the New Testament: St. Margaret's Lectures |chapter=The dates of the New Testament Books |chapterurl=https://archive.org/details/criticismofnewte00sand |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |location=New York |year=1902}} With [[William Sanday (theologian)|William Sanday]], Frederick Kenyon, [[F. Crawford Burkitt]], & J. H. Bernhard.
* {{cite book |title=History, Authority and Theology |publisher=John Murray |location=London |year=1909 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyauthority00headiala}}
* {{cite book |title=St. Paul and Christianity |publisher=John Murray |location=London |year=1913 |url=https://archive.org/details/stpaulchristian00head}}
* {{cite book |title=The Miracles of the New Testament: Being the Moorhouse Lectures for 1914 delivered at St. Paul's Cathedral, Melbourne |publisher=John Murray |location=London |year=1914 |url=https://archive.org/details/miraclesofnewtes00head}}
* {{cite book |title=The study of Theology, an inaugural lecture delivered on 13 June 1918 |publisher=The Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |year=1918 |url=https://archive.org/details/studyoftheologyi00head}}
* {{cite book |title=The Doctrine of the Church and Christian reunion : being the Bampton Lectures for the year 1920 |publisher=John Murray |location=London |year=1920 |url=https://archive.org/details/doctrineofchurch00headuoft}}
* {{cite book |title=The Anglicans, the Orthodox, and the Old Catholics: Notes on the Lambeth report on Unity |publisher=Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge |location=London |year=1921 |url=http://www.anglicanhistory.org/england/acheadlam/notes.html}}
* {{cite book |title=The life and teaching of Jesus the Christ |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |year=1923 |url=https://archive.org/details/lifeteachingofje00head}}
* {{cite book |title=Christian Unity |location=London |publisher=Christian Student Movement Press |year=1930}}
* {{cite book |title=What it means to be a Christian |publisher=Faber & Faber |location=London |year=1933}}
* {{cite book |title=Christian Theology; the Doctrine of God |publisher=Oxford Clarendon Press|year=1934}}
* {{cite book |title=The Church of Roumania and the Anglican Communion |year=1937 }}
* {{cite book |title=The Fourth Gospel as History |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1946}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |title=Arthur Cayley Headlam: Life and Letters of a Bishop |first=Ronald |last=Jasper |authorlink=Ronald Jasper |location=London |publisher=Faith Press |year=1960}}

==References==
;Notes
{{reflist}}
;Bibliography
* Arthur Cayley Headlam, ''[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]''
* Agnes Headlam-Morley, (1948) memoir in A. C. Headlam, ''The Fourth Gospel as History''
* {{cite book |title=Arthur Cayley Headlam: Life and Letters of a Bishop |first=Ronald |last=Jasper |authorlink=Ronald Jasper |location=London |publisher=Faith Press |year=1960}}
* {{cite book |title=Arthur Cayley Headlam: Bishop of Gloucester, 1923-45 — A Life |first=E. C. |last=Prichard |location=[[Worthing]] |publisher=Churchman |year=1990 |isbn= 9781850931812}}

==External links==
* [http://anglicanhistory.org/england/acheadlam/ Bibliographic directory] from [[Project Canterbury]]

{{s-start}}
{{s-aca}}
{{succession box|title=Principal of [[King's College London]] |years=1903–1912 |before=[[Archibald Robertson (bishop)|Archibald Robertson]]|after=[[Ronald Montagu Burrows]]}}
{{s-new|office}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Dean of King's College London]]|years=1908–1912}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Alfred Caldecott]]}}
{{succession box |
before=[[Henry Scott Holland]]|
title=[[Regius Professor of Divinity at Oxford]]|
years=1918—1923 |
after=[[Henry Leighton Goudge]]
}}
{{s-rel|en}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Edgar Charles Sumner Gibson]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Bishop of Gloucester]]|years=1923–1945}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Wilfred Marcus Askwith]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Principals of King's College London}}
{{Bishops of Gloucester}}

{{Authority control|VIAF=10759175}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Headlam, Arthur Cayley
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = British bishop
| DATE OF BIRTH = 2 August 1862
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Whorlton, County Durham]]
| DATE OF DEATH = 17 January 1947
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Headlam, Arthur Cayley}}
[[Category:1862 births]]
[[Category:1947 deaths]]
[[Category:People educated at Winchester College]]
[[Category:Alumni of New College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Fellows of All Souls College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Fellows of Christ Church, Oxford]]
[[Category:Principals of King's College London]]
[[Category:Academics of King's College London]]
[[Category:Deans of King's College London]]
[[Category:Fellows of King's College London]]
[[Category:Bishops of Gloucester]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour]]
[[Category:People from County Durham]]
[[Category:English theologians]]
[[Category:Anglican theologians]]
[[Category:English Anglican priests]]
[[Category:Regius Professors of Divinity (University of Oxford)]]
[[Category:People educated at Reading School]]

Arthur Headlam

2015-02-10T00:53:24Z

Dawkeye: add infobox, biographical details, expand publication list

{{Use British English|date=January 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type =
| honorific-prefix = [[Right Reverend|The Rt Revd]]
| name = Arthur Cayley Headlam
| honorific-suffix = [[Order of the Companions of Honour|CH]]
| title = [[Bishop of Gloucester]]
| image = Arthur Cayley Headlam.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| alt = Arthur Cayley Headlam
| caption =
| church =
| diocese = [[Diocese of Gloucester]]
| see =
| elected =
| appointed =
| term =
| term_start = 1923
| term_end = 1945
| predecessor = [[Edgar Gibson]]
| opposed =
| successor = [[Wilfred Askwith]]
| other_post =

| ordination = 1888
| ordained_by =
| consecration =
| consecrated_by =
| cardinal =
| created_cardinal_by =
| rank =

| birth_date = {{Birth date|1862|8|2|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Whorlton, County Durham]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1947|1|17|1862|8|2|df=yes}}
| death_place =
| buried =
| nationality = [[British people|British]]
| religion = [[Anglicanism|Anglican]]
| residence =
| parents = Reverend Canon Arthur William Headlam Agnes Favell
| spouse = Evelyn Persis Wingfield
| children =
| occupation =
| profession =
| previous_post = [[Regius Professor of Divinity, Oxford]]
| education = [[Winchester College]]
| alma_mater = [[New College, Oxford]]
| motto =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| coat_of_arms =
| coat_of_arms_alt =
| other =
}}
[[File:Memorial to Arthur Cayley Headlam in Gloucester Cathedral.jpg|thumb|Memorial in [[Gloucester Cathedral]]]]
The Right Reverend '''Arthur Cayley Headlam''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CH}} (2 August 1862 – 17 January 1947) was an [[England|English]] theologian who served as [[Bishop of Gloucester]] from 1923 to 1945.

==Biography==
Headlam was born in [[Whorlton, County Durham]], the son of its [[vicar]], the Reverend Canon Arthur William Headlam (1826–1908), by his first wife, Agnes Favell.<ref name="01foxd">{{cite book |url= https://archive.org/stream/armorialfamilies01foxd |title=Armorial families : a directory of gentlemen of coat-armour |first=Arthur Charles |last=Fox-Davies |authorlink=Arthur Charles Fox-Davies |year=1929 |edition=7th |location=London |publisher=[[Hurst & Blackett]] |pages=905–906 |accessdate=10 February 2015}}</ref> The historian [[James Wycliffe Headlam]] was his younger brother. He was educated at [[Winchester College]] and [[New College, Oxford]], where he read [[Greats]]. He was a Fellow of [[All Souls College, Oxford]] from 1885. He was ordained in 1888, and became Rector of [[Welwyn]] in 1896. In 1900 Headlam married Evelyn Persis Wingfield.<ref name="01foxd"/>

He was Professor of [[Dogmatic Theology]] at [[King's College London]] from 1903–1916, where he served as [[Principal (university)|Principal]] from 1903 to 1912 and as the first [[Dean of King's College London|Dean]] from 1908 until 1913.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cgi-bin/vcdf/detail?coll_id=4798&inst_id=6 |title=Dean's Office Records |work=King's College London |year=2015 |accessdate=10 February 2015}}</ref> He was [[Regius Professor of Divinity, Oxford]] from 1918 to 1923. His 1920 [[Bampton Lectures]] showed the theme of [[ecumenism]] that would preoccupy him.<ref>{{cite book |chapterurl= http://anglicanhistory.org/usa/claremont19211.html |title=The Catholic Faith and the Religious Situation |chapter=The Lambeth Appeal |location=New York |publisher=The Churchmen's Alliance |year=1921 |author=The Rt. Rev. Frederick Burgess, D.D., Bishop of Long Island |accessdate=10 February 2015}}</ref> At the time of the [[1926 General Strike]], he opposed the intervention of some of the other bishops.<ref>{{cite book |first=Matthew |last=Grimley |year=2004 |title=Citizenship, Community, and the Church of England: Liberal Anglican Theories of the State Between the Wars |page=121 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=UK |isbn=9780199270897 }}</ref>

He was influential in the Church of England's council on foreign relations in the 1930s, chairing the Committee on Relations with Episcopal Churches.<ref>{{cite book |first=Edward |last=Carpenter |authorlink=Edward Carpenter (priest) |title=Cantuar: The Archbishops in their Office |edition=3rd |location=London |year=1997 |publisher=Mowbray |page=450}}</ref> He supported the [[Protestant Reich Church]] in [[Germany]], and was a critic of the [[Confessing Church]]. He is thus generally considered an '[[appeaser]]'.<ref>{{cite book |first=Keith |last=Clements |title=Faith on the Frontier: A Life of J. H. Oldham |location=Edinburgh |publisher=T & T Clark |year=1999 |page=343 }}</ref>

He was appointed to the [[Order of the Companions of Honour]] (CH) in the 1921 Birthday Honours for his services at Oxford.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=32346 |date=4 June 1921 |startpage=4535 |supp=yes}}</ref>

==Selected publications==
* {{cite book |title=The teaching of the Russian church : being notes on points on which it differs from the English church |publisher=The Eastern Church Association |location=London |year=1897 |url=https://archive.org/details/teachingofrussia00headuoft}}
* {{cite book |title=Authority and Archaeology, Sacred and Profane: Essays on the relation of monuments to Biblical and Classical Literature |editor-last=Hogarth |editor-first=David George |chapter=Christian Authority |publisher=John Murray |location=London |year=1899 |chapterurl=https://archive.org/details/authorityarchaeo00hogaiala}}
* {{cite book |title=The sources & authority of dogmatic theology : being an inaugural lecture |publisher=MacMillan & Co. |location=London |year=1903 |url=https://archive.org/details/sourcesauthority00head}}
* {{cite book |title=Criticism of the New Testament: St. Margaret's Lectures |chapter=The dates of the New Testament Books |chapterurl=https://archive.org/details/criticismofnewte00sand |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |location=New York |year=1902}} With [[William Sanday (theologian)|William Sanday]], Frederick Kenyon, [[F. Crawford Burkitt]], & J. H. Bernhard.
* {{cite book |title=History, Authority and Theology |publisher=John Murray |location=London |year=1909 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyauthority00headiala}}
* {{cite book |title=St. Paul and Christianity |publisher=John Murray |location=London |year=1913 |url=https://archive.org/details/stpaulchristian00head}}
* {{cite book |title=The Miracles of the New Testament: Being the Moorhouse Lectures for 1914 delivered at St. Paul's Cathedral, Melbourne |publisher=John Murray |location=London |year=1914 |url=https://archive.org/details/miraclesofnewtes00head}}
* {{cite book |title=The study of Theology, an inaugural lecture delivered on 13 June 1918 |publisher=The Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |year=1918 |url=https://archive.org/details/studyoftheologyi00head}}
* {{cite book |title=The Doctrine of the Church and Christian reunion : being the Bampton Lectures for the year 1920 |publisher=John Murray |location=London |year=1920 |url=https://archive.org/details/doctrineofchurch00headuoft}}
* {{cite book |title=The Anglicans, the Orthodox, and the Old Catholics: Notes on the Lambeth report on Unity |publisher=Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge |location=London |year=1921 |url=http://www.anglicanhistory.org/england/acheadlam/notes.html}}
* {{cite book |title=The life and teaching of Jesus the Christ |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |year=1923 |url=https://archive.org/details/lifeteachingofje00head}}
* {{cite book |title=Christian Unity |location=London |publisher=Christian Student Movement Press |year=1930}}
* {{cite book |title=What it means to be a Christian |publisher=Faber & Faber |location=London |year=1933}}
* {{cite book |title=Christian Theology; the Doctrine of God |publisher=Oxford Clarendon Press|year=1934}}
* {{cite book |title=The Church of Roumania and the Anglican Communion |year=1937 }}
* {{cite book |title=The Fourth Gospel as History |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1946}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |title=Arthur Cayley Headlam: Life and Letters of a Bishop |first=Ronald |last=Jasper |authorlink=Ronald Jasper |
|location=London |publisher=Faith Press |year=1960}}

==References==
;Notes
{{reflist}}
;Bibliography
* Arthur Cayley Headlam, ''[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]''
* Agnes Headlam-Morley, (1948) memoir in A. C. Headlam, ''The Fourth Gospel as History''
* {{cite book |title=Arthur Cayley Headlam: Life and Letters of a Bishop |first=Ronald |last=Jasper |authorlink=Ronald Jasper |
|location=London |publisher=Faith Press |year=1960}}
* {{cite book |title=Arthur Cayley Headlam: Bishop of Gloucester, 1923-45 — A Life |first=E. C. |last=Prichard |
|location=[[Worthing]] |publisher=Churchman |year=1990 |isbn= 9781850931812}}

==External links==
* [http://anglicanhistory.org/england/acheadlam/ Bibliographic directory] from [[Project Canterbury]]

{{s-start}}
{{s-aca}}
{{succession box|title=Principal of [[King's College London]] |years=1903–1912 |before=[[Archibald Robertson (bishop)|Archibald Robertson]]|after=[[Ronald Montagu Burrows]]}}
{{s-new|office}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Dean of King's College London]]|years=1908–1912}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Alfred Caldecott]]}}
{{succession box |
before=[[Henry Scott Holland]]|
title=[[Regius Professor of Divinity at Oxford]]|
years=1918—1923 |
after=[[Henry Leighton Goudge]]
}}
{{s-rel|en}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Edgar Charles Sumner Gibson]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Bishop of Gloucester]]|years=1923–1945}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Wilfred Marcus Askwith]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Principals of King's College London}}
{{Bishops of Gloucester}}

{{Authority control|VIAF=10759175}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Headlam, Arthur Cayley
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = British bishop
| DATE OF BIRTH = 2 August 1862
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Whorlton, County Durham]]
| DATE OF DEATH = 17 January 1947
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Headlam, Arthur Cayley}}
[[Category:1862 births]]
[[Category:1947 deaths]]
[[Category:People educated at Winchester College]]
[[Category:Alumni of New College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Fellows of All Souls College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Fellows of Christ Church, Oxford]]
[[Category:Principals of King's College London]]
[[Category:Academics of King's College London]]
[[Category:Deans of King's College London]]
[[Category:Fellows of King's College London]]
[[Category:Bishops of Gloucester]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of the Companions of Honour]]
[[Category:People from County Durham]]
[[Category:English theologians]]
[[Category:Anglican theologians]]
[[Category:English Anglican priests]]
[[Category:Regius Professors of Divinity (University of Oxford)]]
[[Category:People educated at Reading School]]

Young Fathers

2015-02-04T14:11:09Z

Dawkeye: fmt references, img

{{Use dmy dates| date= January 2015}}
{{Use British English| date= January 2015}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
| name = Young Fathers
| image = Young Fathers concert Portland.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Young Fathers in concert 27 April 2014
| image_size = 300px
| background = group_or_band
| alias =
| origin = [[Edinburgh]], [[Scotland]]
| genre = [[Alternative hip-hop]], [[experimental hip-hop]]
| years_active = 2008{{ndash}}present
| label = Black Sugar Records [[Anticon]] / [[Big Dada]]
| associated_acts=
| website = {{URL|http://www.young-fathers.com}}
| current_members= Alloysious Massaquoi Kayus Bankole 'G' Hastings
| past_members =
}}

'''Young Fathers''' are an [[alternative hip-hop]] group based in [[Edinburgh]], [[Scotland]]. In 2014, they won the [[Barclaycard Mercury Prize|Mercury Prize]] for their album ''[[Dead (Young Fathers album)|Dead]]''.

==History==
Young Fathers were christened in 2008, named so because all three have their fathers names

The group consists of ‘G’ Hastings, from Drylaw, [[Edinburgh]], Alloysious Massaquoi, originally from [[Liberia]] via [[Ghana]], and Kayus Bankole, born in [[Edinburgh]] to Nigerian parents, but partially raised in [[Maryland]] in the USA, all 27 years old. Their live shows are complimented by Steven Morrison (drums & DJ) and occasional guest vocalist Lauren Holt (AKA LAWholt).

The group formed after meeting at an under-16s hiphop night at the infamous Bongo Club in [[Edinburgh]] when they were all 14 years old. Almost immediately they started writing and recording together, initially on an old karaoke machine plugged into a cheap cassette recorder at G’s parents house. <ref>{{cite news |last=Jonze |first=Tim |title=Glastonbury 2014: Young Fathers – 'There are no rules!' |url=http://www.theguardian.com/music/2014/jun/26/glastonbury-2014-young-fathers-hip-hop-no-rules |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |location=London |date=26 June 2014 |accessdate=22 January 2015 }}</ref>

After going through various guises over several years and after hooking up with a local production company, they eventually settled on the name Young Fathers and recorded their first album with Tim Brinkhurst (AKA London) as producer.<ref name="Didcock">{{cite news |last=Barry |first=Didcock |title=SAY Award winners Young Fathers talk friendship, hip hop and civil war |url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/arts-ents/music/say-award-winners-young-fathers-talk-friendship-hip-hop-and-civil-war.1403251099 |newspaper=[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]] |location=Glasgow |date=20 June 2014 |accessdate=22 January 2015}}</ref> The recordings included their first single, "Straight Back On It", which was given a limited release in 2009 and was received well enough to get them a couple of TV appearances, plays on [[BBC radio]], some festival dates and the support slots with [[Simian Mobile Disco]] and [[Esser]] on UK tours.

"Straight Back On It", a bang-on-the-money pop song built around Afrika Bambaataa’s reworking of [[Kraftwerk]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://drownedinsound.com/in_depth/4136364-discover--tame-impala-young-fathers-and-wwpj |title=DiScover: Tame Impala, Young Fathers and WWPJ |first=Rob |last=Webb |work=[[Drowned In Sound]] |date=6 March 2009 |accessdate=4 February 2015}}</ref>

In 2011 the group decided a radical change was necessary and they finally disconnected themselves from the local production company and took control of their destiny. Recording mini-album (or ‘mixtape’ as it was called) ''TAPE ONE'' in just over a week, finishing a track a day and having it available for download within two weeks of recording gave them renewed vigour. <ref>{{cite web |last=Diver |first=Mike |title=Young Fathers Tape One Review |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/bxwx |work=[[BBC Music]] |date=2013 |accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref> They quickly followed this up by recording ''TAPE TWO'' in a similar fashion. Los Angeles based alt-hiphop label, [[Anticon]], discovered them and within a few months had signed them up for a short deal that saw both TAPEs officially released in 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.anticon.com/artist/young-fathers |title=Young Fathers |work=Anticon |year=2015 |accessdate=4 February 2015}}</ref>

The group, meanwhile, continued to tour, gathering an impressive reputation as a fierce live act. They played all over Europe and made their US debut at SxSW in Austin, Texas, in March 2013.

In 2014, ''TAPE TWO'' won Scottish Album Of The Year<ref name="Didcock"/> (‘The SAY Award’) and this was followed by their latest album, ''[[Dead (Young Fathers album)|Dead]]'', released this time on [[Anticon]] in the USA and Big Dada in the UK and Europe, receiving the [[Mercury Award]] for best album of 2014. They won as the underdogs and there was a minor controversy because they didn’t look particularly joyful at the presentation and because they refused to speak to some of the more right wing press covering the event.<ref>{{cite news |last=Jonze |first=Tim |title=Young Fathers: ‘Winning the Mercury doesn't tell us anything we didn’t already know’|url=http://www.theguardian.com/culture/2014/oct/30/young-fathers-mercury-music-prize-winners-interview |newspaper=The Guardian |date=30 October 2014 |accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref> ''Dead'' entered the UK charts at 35 and topped the independent UK album charts.

Immediately after winning the Mercury, Young Fathers travelled to [[Berlin]] where they continued making their new album in a freezing basement in a building near the railway yards. Returning to the more familiar (and warmer) basement studio in Edinburgh where most of their recordings were made, to finish the album, they ended 2014 by playing a home town show at Edinburgh’s Hogmanay New year’s Eve festival in front of several thousand people.

Young Fathers played over 140 shows during 2014. They toured the UK, large swathes of Europe and did a six week stint in the USA. The new year already has them booked to play even more.

==Members==
* '''Alloysious Massaquoi''' was born in [[Liberia]] and moved at the age of four to [[Edinburgh]], where he attended [[Boroughmuir High School]].
* '''Kayus Bankole''' was born in [[Edinburgh]] to [[Nigerian people|Nigerian]] parents. He spent several years living in [[Maryland]] and [[Nigeria]] before moving back to the city of his birth in his teens. He went on to attend [[Boroughmuir High School]] where he became friends with band mate Alloysious Massaquoi.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/what-s-on/music/young-fathers-take-on-the-world-after-mercury-win-1-3589930 |title=Young Fathers take on the world after Mercury win |first=Gina |last=Davidson |newspaper=[[Edinburgh Evening News]] |date=31 October 2014 |accessdate=4 February 2015}}</ref>
* '''"G" Hastings''' was born in [[Edinburgh]] and grew up in the North Edinburgh housing scheme of [[Drylaw]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefader.com/2012/09/28/young-fathers-deadline-mp3/ |title=Young Fathers "Deadline" MP3 |work=[[The Fader]] |first=Amber |last=Bravo |date=28 September 2012 |accessdate=4 February 2015}}</ref>

==Discography==

===Studio albums===
{| class="wikitable"
!align="center" rowspan="2" width="10"|Year
!align="center" rowspan="2" width="120"|Album
!align="center" colspan="2" width="20"|Peak positions
|-
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" | [[Official Charts Company|UK Albums]] 
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" | [[Ultratop|BEL]] <ref name="ultratop">{{cite web |url= http://www.ultratop.be/nl/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Young+Fathers |title=Discografie Young Fathers|work=ultratop.be |year=2015 |accessdate=4 February 2015}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2014
|''[[Dead (Young Fathers album)|Dead]]''
| style="text-align:center;"|35
| style="text-align:center;"|102
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2015
|''White Men Are Black Men Too''
| style="text-align:center;"|{{spaced ndash}}
| style="text-align:center;"|{{spaced ndash}}
|-
|}

===Extended plays===
{| class="wikitable"
!align="center" rowspan="2" width="10"|Year
!align="center" rowspan="2" width="120"|Album
!align="center" colspan="1" width="20"|Peak positions
|-
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" | [[Official Charts Company|UK Albums]] 
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2011
|''[[Tape One]]''
| style="text-align:center;"|{{spaced ndash}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2013
|''[[Tape Two]]''
| style="text-align:center;"|{{spaced ndash}}
|-
|}

===Singles===
{| class="wikitable"
!align="center" rowspan="2" width="10"|Year
!align="center" rowspan="2" width="210"|Single
!align="center" colspan="2" width="20"|Peak positions
!align="center" rowspan="2" width="120"|Album / EP
|-
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" | [[Official Charts Company|UK Albums]] 
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;" | [[SNEP|FRA]] <ref name="ultratop"/>

|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2008
| "Straight Back On It"
| style="text-align:center;"|{{spaced ndash}}
| style="text-align:center;"|{{spaced ndash}}
| rowspan="3"|Non-album single
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2|2010
| "Automatic / Dancing Mantaray"
| style="text-align:center;"|{{spaced ndash}}
| style="text-align:center;"|{{spaced ndash}}
|-
| "Fevers Worse"
| style="text-align:center;"|{{spaced ndash}}
| style="text-align:center;"|{{spaced ndash}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2013
| "Low"
| style="text-align:center;"|{{spaced ndash}}
| style="text-align:center;"|{{spaced ndash}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2|''[[Dead (Young Fathers album)|Dead]]''
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan=3|2014
| "Get Up"
| style="text-align:center;"|{{spaced ndash}}
| style="text-align:center;"|{{spaced ndash}}
|-
| "Soon Come Soon"
| style="text-align:center;"|{{spaced ndash}}
| style="text-align:center;"|{{spaced ndash}}
| style="text-align:center;"|Non-album single
|-
| "I Heard"
| style="text-align:center;"|{{spaced ndash}}
| style="text-align:center;"|196
| style="text-align:center;"|''[[Tape Two]]''
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2015
| "Rain Or Shine"
| style="text-align:center;"|{{spaced ndash}}
| style="text-align:center;"|{{spaced ndash}}
| style="text-align:center;"|''White Men Are Black Men Too''
|-
|}

===Remixes===
* "Girlfriend (Young Fathers Remix)" by [[Phoenix (band)|Phoenix]] from ''Wolfgang Amadeus Phoenix (Remix Collection)'' (2009)
* "Nicotine Love (StraightFace Remix)" by [[Tricky (musician)|Tricky]] (2014)

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|www.young-fathers.com}}

{{Anticon}}

[[Category:Anticon]]
[[Category:Ninja Tune artists]]
[[Category:Big Dada artists]]
[[Category:Musical groups from Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Scottish hip hop groups]]

Aurochs (U-Boot)

2015-01-31T13:42:38Z

Dawkeye: update infobox, references

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=
|Ship caption=
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=
|Ship flag= [[Image:Naval Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg|60px|Royal Navy Ensign]]
|Ship name= HMS ''Aurochs'' (P426)
|Ship namesake= [[Aurochs]]
|Ship owner=
|Ship operator=
|Ship registry=
|Ship route=
|Ship ordered= Very late in [[World War II]]
|Ship awarded=
|Ship builder= [[Vickers Armstrong]], [[Barrow-in-Furness]]
|Ship original cost=
|Ship yard number=
|Ship way number=
|Ship laid down= 21 June 1944
|Ship launched= 28 July 1945
|Ship sponsor=
|Ship christened=
|Ship completed=
|Ship acquired=
|Ship commissioned= 7 February 1947
|Ship decommissioned=1966
|Ship reclassified=
|Ship refit=
|Ship struck=
|Ship reinstated=
|Ship homeport=
|Ship identification=
|Ship motto=
|Ship nickname=
|Ship honours=
|Ship fate= Sold for scrap on 7 February 1967. Scrapped at [[Troon]], Scotland in February 1967.
|Ship notes=
|Ship badge=
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=
|Ship class={{sclass-|Amphion|submarine}}
|Ship type=
|Ship tonnage=
|Ship displacement= {{Convert|1360|LT|t|0|lk=on|abbr=on}} surfaced {{Convert|1590|LT|t|0|abbr=on}} submerged
|Ship length= {{Convert|293|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship beam= {{Convert|22|ft|4|in|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship height=
|Ship draught= {{Convert|18|ft|1|in|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship depth=
|Ship hold depth=
|Ship decks=
|Ship deck clearance=
|Ship power=
|Ship propulsion= 2 × {{Convert|2150|hp|abbr=on}} Admiralty ML 8-cylinder diesel engines 2 × {{Convert|625|hp|abbr=on}} electric motors 2 shafts
|Ship speed={{Convert|18.5|kn|lk=on}} surfaced {{Convert|8|kn}} submerged
|Ship range= {{Convert|10500|nmi|km}} at {{Convert|11|kn|km/h}} surfaced {{Convert|16|nmi|km}} at {{Convert|8|kn|km/h}} or {{Convert|90|nmi|km}} at {{Convert|3|kn|km/h}} submerged
|Ship endurance=
|Ship test depth={{Convert|350|ft|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship boats=
|Ship capacity=
|Ship troops=
|Ship complement=5 officers & 55 enlisted
|Ship time to activate=
|Ship sensors=
|Ship EW=
|Ship armament={{Plainlist|
* 6 × {{Convert|21|in|mm|abbr=on}} (2 external) bow [[torpedo tube]]s
* 4 × 21" (2 external) stern torpedo tubes
* 20 torpedoes
* 26 × [[Naval mine|Mines]]
* 1 × {{Convert|4|in|mm|abbr=on}} main deck gun
* 3 × 0.303 machine guns
* 1 × 20 mm [[Anti aircraft|AA]] [[Oerlikon 20 mm cannon|Oerlikon 20 mm gun]]
}}
|Ship armour=
|Ship notes=
}}
|}

'''HMS ''Aurochs'' (P426)''', was an {{sclass-|Amphion|submarine}} of the [[Royal Navy]], built by [[Vickers Armstrong]] and launched 28 July 1945.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/3643.html |title=HMS Aurochs (P426) |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |date=1995–2011 |work=uboat.net |accessdate=21 November 2011}}</ref> Her namesake was the [[aurochs]] (''Bos primigenius''), an extinct Eurasian wild ox ancestral to [[domestic cattle]] and often portrayed in [[cave art]] and [[heraldry]].

==Operational history==
In 1953 she took part in the [[Fleet Review]] to celebrate the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II.<ref>Souvenir Programme, ''Coronation Review of the Fleet, Spithead, 15 June 1953'', HMSO, Gale and Polden</ref>

On 17 May 1958 ''Aurochs'' was patrolling the [[Molucca Sea]] off [[Indonesia]] when an unidentified aircraft machine-gunned her.<ref name=Hansard>{{cite hansard |jurisdiction=United Kingdom |url= http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1958/jun/11/indonesia-british-vessels#S5CV0589P0_19580611_HOC_160 |title=Indonesia (British Vessels) |house=House of Commons |date=11 June 1958 |column_start=202 |column_end=203 |speaker= [[David Ormsby-Gore, 5th Baron Harlech|David Ormsby-Gore]] |position=Minister of State for Foreign Affairs |accessdate=2011-11-21}}</ref> The aircraft remained at high altitude and ''Aurochs'' sustained no casualties or damage.<ref name=Hansard/> President [[Sukarno]]'s [[Guided Democracy|Indonesian government]] told the UK's [[Conservative Government 1957–1964|Conservative Government]] that its armed forces had not made the attack.<ref name=Hansard/> The UK [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office]] stated that it accepted the assurance and assumed that [[North Sulawesi|North Celebes]] [[Guided Democracy in Indonesia#Regional rebellions|rebels]] had carried out the attack.<ref name=Hansard/>

It is true that [[Permesta]] rebels in [[North Sulawesi]] were supported by a "Revolutionary Air Force", AUREV (''Angkatan Udara Revolusioner'').{{sfn|Conboy|Morrison|1999|p=85}} However, all AUREV aircraft, munitions and pilots were supplied by the [[Republic of China Air Force|Nationalist Chinese air force]]{{sfn|Conboy|Morrison|1999|pp=101,105}} or the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]].{{sfn|Conboy|Morrison|1999|pp=86–87}} Two CIA pilots, [[William Beale (aviator)|William H Beale, Jr]]{{sfn|Conboy|Morrison|1999|p=99}} and [[Allen Lawrence Pope|Allen Pope]],{{sfn|Conboy|Morrison|1999|p=100}} had been using [[Douglas A-26 Invader|Douglas B-26 Invader]] aircraft to attack Indonesian and foreign targets in the area since April 1958. By 17 May Beale had quit the operation,{{sfn|Conboy|Morrison|1999|p=125}} but Pope continued to fly sorties until the day after ''Aurochs'' was attacked, 18 May, when he tried to attack an [[Indonesian Navy]] convoy{{sfn|Conboy|Morrison|1999|pp=136–137}} but was shot down{{sfn|Conboy|Morrison|1999|pp=138–139}} and captured.{{sfn|Conboy|Morrison|1999|pp=140–141}}

Apart from the ''Affray'' which had been lost in an accident in 1951, ''Aurochs'' was the only one of her class not to be modernised.<ref name="warlow">{{cite book |last=Warlow |first=Ben |title=Channel Sweep |publisher=Maritime Books |location=[[Liskeard]] |page=13 |isbn=0-907771-40-8}}</ref>

==Decommissioning and disposal==
''Aurochs'' was decommissioned in 1966 and arrived at Troon in February 1967 for breaking up.<ref name="warlow"/>

==Commanding officers==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"
!From||To|||Captain
|-
|1953||1953|||Lieutenant-Commander [[Gordon Tait (Royal Navy officer)|A. G. Tait]] DSC RN
|-
|1957||1959|||Lieutenant-Commander C. A. J. French RN
|-
|1958||1962|||Lieutenant-Commander O. B. Sharp RN<ref>I served on ''Aurochs'' during this time in UK and Canada.</ref>
|-
|1966||1966|||In reserve
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book |last1=Conboy |first1=Kenneth |last2=Morrison |first2=James |year=1999 |title=Feet to the Fire CIA Covert Operations in Indonesia, 1957–1958 |location=Annapolis |publisher=[[United States Naval Institute|Naval Institute Press]] |isbn=1-55750-193-9 |pages= |ref= harv}}

==External links==
* [http://www.maritimequest.com/warship_directory/great_britain/submarines/pages/aurochs_p_426_page_1.htm Pictures of HMS Aurochs at MaritimeQuest]

{{Amphion class submarine}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aurochs (P426)}}
[[Category:Amphion-class submarines]]
[[Category:Cold War submarines of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Barrow-built ships]]
[[Category:1945 ships]]

{{UK-mil-submarine-stub}}

Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson

2014-07-26T13:24:25Z

Dawkeye: /* External links */ add description to link

{{Icelandic name|Hafþór}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Hafþór Björnsson
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1988|11|28}}
| birth_place = {{flagicon|Iceland}} [[Iceland]]
| nationality =
| occupation = Actor, [[strongman (strength athlete)|strongman]] competitor, basketball player
| years_active = 2014–present
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
}}
'''Hafþór Júlíus "Thor" Björnsson''' ({{IPA-is|ˈhafθour ˈjuːliʏs ˈpjœsːɔn}}, born November 28, 1988) is an [[Icelanders|Icelandic]] [[strongman (strength athlete)|strongman]] competitor, television and film actor, and a former professional [[basketball]] player.

==Career==

===Basketball career===
{{Infobox basketball biography
| name = Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson
| image =
| position = [[Center (basketball)|Center]]
| height_m = 2.06
| weight_kg =
| league = Icelandic Basketball League
| team =
| number =
| nationality = Icelandic
| birth_date = 1988
| birth_place = [[Iceland]]
| highschool =
| college =
| draft_year =
| career_start = 2006
| career_end = 2008
| years1 = 2006–2007
| team1 = [[K.R. Basket Reykjavík]]
| years2 = 2007–2008
| team2 = [[FSu Selfoss basketball]]
| highlights = [[Iceland national basketball team|D2 Iceland National Basketball Team]]
}}
Hafþór began his sports career as a [[basketball]] player. At {{height|meters=2.06}},<ref>{{cite web|title=Hafthor Bjornsson|url=http://www.strongman.org/athletes/hafthor-bjornsson/|website=www.stongman.org|publisher=Strongman|accessdate=2014-06-14}}</ref> he played first in the Iceland-Dominos league's [[K.R. Basket Reykjavík]] basketball team as a starting [[Center (basketball)|center]] of the team. Simultaneously, he was picked for the [[Iceland national basketball team|D2 Icelandic National Basketball Team]].<ref name=eurobasket>[http://basketball.eurobasket.com/player/Hafthor_Bjornsson/FSU_Selfoss/77879 Eurobasket: Hafþór Björnsson page]</ref>

For the season 2007–2008, he moved to play professionally as center for the Icelandic Division 1 basketball team [[FSu Selfoss basketball|FSu Selfoss Basketball team]].<ref name=eurobasket/>

Suffering a severe knee injury at age 20, he was forced to leave a prospective professional basketball career awaiting him.<ref name="ironmind1">[http://www.ironmind.com/ironmind/opencms/Articles/2010/May/Magnus_Ver_Magnusson-Icelandic_Strongman_Scout.html Magnus Ver Magnusson: Icelandic Strongman Scout]. Ironmind.com (2010-05-29). Retrieved on 2014-03-30.</ref>

{{clear}}

===Strongman career===
{{Infobox sportsperson
|name = Hafþór Júlíus "Thor" Björnsson
|image =
|caption =
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1988|11|26|}}
|birth_place = {{flagicon|Iceland}} [[Iceland]]
| known =
| occupation = [[Strongman (strength athlete)|Strongman]]
| title = 2 times [[Iceland's Strongest Man]]
| sport= Strongman
| height = {{height|meters=2.06}}
| weight = {{Unit weight|kg|180}}
| show-medals = yes
| medaltemplates =
{{CompetitionRecordCountry | {{ISL}} }}
{{CompetitionRecordCompetition|[[World's Strongest Man]] }}
{{CompetitionRecordSixth| [[2011 World's Strongest Man]]| }}
{{CompetitionRecordThird| [[2012 World's Strongest Man]]| }}
{{CompetitionRecordThird| [[2013 World's Strongest Man]]| }}
{{CompetitionRecordSecond| [[2014 World's Strongest Man]]| }}
{{CompetitionRecordCompetition|[[Arnold Strongman Classic]] }}
{{CompetitionRecordTenth| [[Arnold Strongman Classic|2012 Arnold Strongman Classic]]| }}
{{CompetitionRecordEighth| [[Arnold Strongman Classic|2013 Arnold Strongman Classic]]| }}
{{CompetitionRecordFifth| [[Arnold Strongman Classic|2014 Arnold Strongman Classic]]| }}
{{CompetitionRecordCompetition|[[Giants Live]] }}
{{CompetitionRecordFourth | [[Giants Live|2011 Poland]] | }}
{{CompetitionRecordCompetition|[[Strongman Champions League]] }}
{{CompetitionRecordThird | [[Strongman Champions League#2013|2013 '''SCL Iceman Challenge IV''']] | }}
{{CompetitionRecordFirst | [[Strongman Champions League#2013|2013 Latvia]] | }}
{{CompetitionRecordSecond | [[Strongman Champions League#2013|2013 Germany]] | }}
{{CompetitionRecordCompetition|[[Jon Pall Sigmarsson Classic]] }}
{{CompetitionRecordSecond | 2010 | }}
{{CompetitionRecordFirst | 2012 | }}
{{CompetitionRecordCompetition|[[Iceland's Strongest Man]] }}
{{CompetitionRecordThird | 2010 | }}
{{CompetitionRecordFirst | 2011 | }}
{{CompetitionRecordFirst | 2012 | }}
{{CompetitionRecordCompetition|[[Strongest Man in Iceland]] }}
{{CompetitionRecordFirst | 2010 | }}
{{CompetitionRecordFirst | 2011 | }}
{{CompetitionRecordFirst | 2012 | }}
{{CompetitionRecordCompetition|[[Iceland's Strongest Viking]] }}
{{CompetitionRecordFirst | 2010 | }}
{{CompetitionRecordCompetition|[[Westfjord's Viking]] }}
{{CompetitionRecordFourth | 2009 | }}
{{CompetitionRecordFirst | 2010 | }}
{{CompetitionRecordFirst | 2011 | }}
{{CompetitionRecordFirst | 2012 | }}
{{CompetitionRecordCompetition|[[OK Budar Strongman Championships]] }}
{{CompetitionRecordFirst | 2010 | }}
}}
Hafþór met Icelandic strongman [[Magnús Ver Magnússon]] at his gym "Jakaból" in 2008, and Magnús said that Hafþór seemed a good prospect as a strongman.<ref name="ironmind1"/> Hafþór won several contests in 2010 including Strongest Man in Iceland, Iceland's Strongest Viking, Westfjords Viking,<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20100706022835/http://vodvafikn.net/profils/64-aflraunamenn/1224-haftor-julius-bjoernsson.html Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson]. vodvafikn.net</ref> and recently the OK Badur Strongman Championships in Iceland.<ref>[http://www.ironmind.com/ironmind/opencms/Articles/2010/Aug/Hafthor_Juliusson_Bjornsson_Wins_Icelandxs_OK_Budar_Strongman_Contest.html Haffþór Júlíusson Björnsson wins Iceland’s OK Budar Strongman Contest]. Ironmind.com (2010-08-10). Retrieved on 2014-03-30.</ref>

Hafþór finished in second place at the inaugural [[Jon Pall Sigmarsson Classic]], behind [[Brian Shaw (strongman)|Brian Shaw]].<ref>[http://www.ironmind.com/ironmind/opencms/Articles/2010/Nov/Brian_Shaw_Wins_the_Inaugural_Jon_Pall_Sigmarsson_Classic_Strongman_Contest.html Brian Shaw Wins the Inaugural Jon Pall Sigmarsson Classic Strongman Contest]. Ironmind.com (2010-11-22). Retrieved on 2014-03-30.</ref> He won the 2011 [[Strongest Man in Iceland]] contest on June 4, 2011,<ref>[http://www.ironmind.com/ironmind/opencms/Articles/2011/Jun/Hafthor_Julius_Bjornsson_Wins_the_Strongest_Man_in_Iceland.html Hafthor Julius Bjornsson Wins the Strongest Man in Iceland]. Ironmind.com (2011-06-06). Retrieved on 2014-03-30.</ref> and the 2011 [[Iceland's Strongest Man]] contest on June 18, 2011.<ref>[http://www.ironmind.com/ironmind/opencms/Articles/2011/Jun/Hafthor_Julius_Bjornsson_Wins_Icelandxs_Strongest_Man.html Hafthor Julius Bjornsson Wins Iceland’s Strongest Man]. Ironmind.com (2011-06-19). Retrieved on 2014-03-30.</ref>

Hafþór came fourth in the [[Giants Live]] Poland 2011 event on August 6, 2011.

===''World's Strongest Man''===
Hafþór took part in ''[[World's Strongest Man]]'' after earning a wild card invitation to the [[2011 World's Strongest Man|2011]] contest.<ref>[http://www.ironmind.com/ironmind/opencms/Articles/2011/Aug/Giants_Live_Poland-Radzikowskix_Jenkins_and_Baron_Make_WSM_Cut...Bjornsson_Gets_Wild_Card.html Giants Live–Poland: Radzikowski, Jenkins and Baron Make WSM Cut . . . Bjornsson Gets Wild Card]. Ironmind.com (2011-08-08). Retrieved on 2014-03-30.</ref> coming sixth overall in that year's competition.

Taking part again in ensuing years, he placed third in the 2012 and the 2013 World's Strongest Man competitions. He finished runner-up in the 2014 event<ref name=wp>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/early-lead/wp/2014/05/19/game-of-thrones-villain-is-second-strongest-man-in-the-world/|author=Cindy Boren|title=‘Game of Thrones’ villain is second-strongest man in the world|publisher=''[[The Washington Post]]''|date=May 19, 2014|accessdate=May 19, 2014}}</ref> to the eventual winner, the Lithuanian [[Žydrūnas Savickas]].<ref>[http://icelandreview.com/news/2014/04/01/hafthor-julius-runner-worlds-strongest-man-comp Iceland Review: Hafþór Júlíus Runner up in World’s Strongest Man Comp]</ref>

==Acting==
Hafþór was cast as [[Gregor Clegane]] for the [[Game of Thrones (season 4)|fourth season]] of the [[HBO]] series ''[[Game of Thrones]]'' in August 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://winteriscoming.net/2013/08/mountain-recast/|title=Mountain Recast|publisher=WinterIsComing.net|date=August 30, 2013|accessdate=August 30, 2013}}</ref> This was his first main acting role, and the third person to depict the character after [[Conan Stevens]] played the role of Clegane in [[Game of Thrones (season 1)|season 1]] and [[Ian Whyte (actor)|Ian Whyte]] in [[Game of Thrones (season 2)|season 2]].

==Personal records==
*[[Squat (exercise)|Squat]] – 350 kg (770 lbs) ''raw''<ref name="Gawker">{{cite web|url=http://gawker.com/watch-the-mountain-from-game-of-thrones-deadlift-almost-1586066070|title=Watch The Mountain from Game of Thrones Deadlift Almost 1,000 Pounds|author=Jay Hathaway|publisher=Gawker.com|date=June 4, 2014|accessdate=June 5, 2014}}</ref>
*[[Bench press]] – 230 kg (507 lbs) ''raw''
*[[Arnold_Strongman_Classic#Regular_events|Tire deadlift]] – 420 kg (994 lbs) ''raw with wrist straps''<ref name="Gawker"/>
*Loglift – 192.5 kg (424 lbs)

''Training lifts''
*Deadlift 410 kg (903.8 lbs) ''raw with wrist straps''
*Loglift 190 kg (418.8 lbs)

==Filmography / television==
*2012–2013: ''[[The World's Strongest Man]]'' as himself – competitor (TV series)
*2014: ''[[Game of Thrones]]'' as [[Gregor Clegane]] ([[HBO]] TV series)
*2014: ''Zon 261'' as Big John – Icelandic Viking Squad (post-production)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.facebook.com/pages/Haf%C3%BE%C3%B3r-J%C3%BAl%C3%ADus-Bj%C3%B6rnsson-Hafthor-Julius-Bjornsson/132803286824288 Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson Facebook]
*{{IMDb name|id=5491087}}
*[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm5491087/bio?ref_=nm_ov_bio_sm IMDB biography]
*[http://basketball.eurobasket.com/player/Hafthor_Bjornsson/FSU_Selfoss/77879 Eurobasket.com: Hafþór Björnsson page]



{{Persondata 
| NAME = Hafthor Julius Bjornsson
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Icelandic weightlifter
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1988-10-01
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Iceland]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hafthor Julius Bjornsson}}
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Icelandic strength athletes]]
[[Category:Strength athletes]]
[[Category:Icelandic weightlifters]]
[[Category:Icelandic basketball players]]
[[Category:Icelandic male television actors]]

Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec

2014-07-11T01:36:18Z

Dawkeye: Filling in 9 references using Reflinks

{{distinguish|Caisse des dépôts et consignations}}
{{Infobox company
|name = Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec |
|logo = [[File:Caisse logo.svg|279px|Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec]]
|type = [[Crown corporation]]
|location = 65, rue Sainte-Anne [[Quebec City]], [[Quebec]] G1R 3X5
|foundation = 1965
|key_people = [[Michael Sabia]]
|num_employees =
|industry = [[Pension fund]]
|assets = $200,149 billion [[Canadian dollar|CAD]] (2013)
|homepage = [http://www.lacaisse.com www.lacaisse.com]
}}
The '''Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec''' (CDPQ) manages public [[pension]] plans in the [[Canada|Canadian]] province of [[Quebec]]. It was founded in 1965 by an act of the [[National Assembly of Quebec|National Assembly]]. The name translates to ''Quebec Deposit and Investment Fund'', but it is referred to by its full French name or as "the ''' Caisse'''" in English.<ref>{{cite news |author=Tara Perkins |title=Caisse de dépôt takes $5.7-billion hit |url=http://v1.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20090811.wcaisse0811/BNStory/Business |work= |publisher=[[The Globe and Mail]] |date=2009-08-11 |accessdate=2009-10-05 |location=Toronto}}</ref>

The Caisse is headquartered in [[Quebec City]] in the [[Édifice Price|Price building]] and has its major business office in [[Montreal]] in the [[Quartier international de Montréal]].

The Caisse's large holdings make it a formidable player in investment markets. It is the second largest [[pension fund]] in Canada, with the [[Canada Pension Plan]] (CPP) in first place. As of February 2014, the Caisse’s total [[assets under management]] amounted to CA$200 billion.

==History==
[[Jean-Claude Scraire]] spent 22 years with the Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec. He stepped down in 2002 after eight years as CEO of Canada’s biggest pension fund, which at the time managed more than $140 billion in assets.<ref>[http://www.investmentexecutive.com/client/en/News/DetailNews.asp?Id=15710&IdSection=148&cat=148 News brief: Caisse departures]. Investment Executive. Retrieved on 2013-08-16.</ref>

Henri-Paul Rousseau, who previously headed [[Laurentian Bank]], served as the Caisse's President and CEO from 2002 to mid 2008, when he left to become a vice chairman at the [[Power Corporation of Canada]]. His successor was the fund's second-in-command and CIO (Chief Investment Officer), Richard Guay, who only served as CEO for four months before abruptly resigning on stress leave. The board chairman Pierre Brunet, a former head of [[National Bank of Canada]] securities prior to joining the Caisse, did not have his mandate renewed.
<ref name="theglobeandmail.com">{{cite news| url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/LAC.20090207.RCAISSE07/TPStory/Business | location=Toronto | work=The Globe and Mail | deadurl=yes}} {{Dead link|date=September 2013|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref>

Under Rousseau's tenure, there was a dramatic shift in the investment objectives. The fund became a major player in derivatives, invested heavily in non-bank [[asset-backed commercial paper]] ([[wikt:ABCP|ABCP]]). It also adopted aggressive currency hedging as an investment strategy in itself, rather than as a strictly defensive measure to protect itself against swings in the exchange rate. In the [[financial crisis of 2007–2010]], all of those strategies backfired against the Caisse, adding to the significant stock market losses that the Caisse and other pension funds suffered. Additional writedowns on the Caisse's remaining holding of $12.6-billion in ABCP and losses on dollar hedging and futures contracts led to the fund's assets to drop by $39.8 billion CAD.<ref name="theglobeandmail.com" />

The $39.8 billion loss is a minus-26-per-cent return, making it the worst in the Caisse's 43-year history (In 2002, the Caisse had suffered a minus-9.4-per-cent return, its second worst year). The 2008 annual report of the Caisse show that zero bonuses were paid for 2008.<ref>[http://network.nationalpost.com/np/blogs/francis/archive/2009/01/06/caisse-de-depot-s-trainwreck.aspx ]{{dead link|date=August 2013}}</ref> Other large pension funds in Canada were projected to report a minus-18.5-per-cent loss for 2008.<ref name="theglobeandmail.com" /> The Caisse therefore undertook what would be considered as the most important restructuring event in Canada<ref name="lactualite.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.lactualite.com/blogues/le-blogue-economie/cinq-ans-apres-le-point-sur-lannus-horribilis-de-la-caisse-de-depot/ |first=Pierre |last=Fortin |title=Cinq ans après, le point sur l'annus horribilis de la Caisse de dépôt |publisher=[[L'actualité]] |date=28 March 2014 |accessdate=11 July 2014}}</ref> and Rousseau envisioned and negotiated a unique Canadian solution that consisted of converting the ABCP into long-term bonds.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ledevoir.com/economie/actualites-economiques/236501/restructuration-des-pcaa-crawford-donne-le-credit-a-rousseau |title=Restructuration des PCAA - Crawford donne le crédit à Rousseau |publisher=[[Le Devoir]] |date=28 February 2009 |first=Gérard |last=Bérubé |accessdate=11 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ledevoir.com/economie/actualites-economiques/365118/l-influent-gouverneur |title=Perspectives - L’influent gouverneur |publisher=Le Devoir |date=29 November 2012 |first=Gérard |last=Bérubé |accessdate=11 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ledevoir.com/economie/actualites-economiques/229155/pcaa-un-cauchemar-logistique-prend-fin |title=PCAA: un cauchemar logistique prend fin |publisher=Le Devoir |date=24 January 2009 |first=François |last=Desjardins |accessdate=11 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=John |last=Greenwood |url=http://business.financialpost.com/2013/02/18/abcp-fiascos-silver-lining/ |title=ABCP fiasco’s silver lining for Canada |publisher=[[Financial Post]] |date=18 February 2013 |accessdate=11 July 2014}}</ref> Major players signed the Accord de Montréal which prevented a forced liquidation, which would have resulted in losses of CAD $20 billion.<ref name="lactualite.com"/> This agreement was a success, and today, investors that had purchased ABCP can recuperate as much as 95 cents for every dollar initially invested.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ledevoir.com/economie/actualites-economiques/401897/des-papiers-commerciaux-payants |title=Des papiers commerciaux payants ! |publisher=Le Devoir |date=7 March 2014 |first=Jean Louis |last=Gauvin |accessdate=11 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ledevoir.com/economie/actualites-economiques/394968/des-titres-vendus-presque-a-leur-pleine-valeur |title=Papier commercial - Des titres vendus presque à leur pleine valeur |publisher=Le Devoir |date=12 December 2013 |first=François |last=Desjardins |accessdate=11 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Childs |first=Mary |url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-03-13/blackrock-auctions-c-1-5-billion-of-restructured-short-term-debt.html |title=BlackRock Auctions C$1.5 Billion of Restructured Short-Term Debt |publisher=Bloomberg |date=13 March 2014 |accessdate=11 July 2014}}</ref> In the end, the impact was minimal for institutions such as la Caisse de dépôt who recorded a negative impact of 0.1% on the return of depositors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ledevoir.com/economie/actualites-economiques/404581/la-debacle-de-2008-est-de-l-histoire-ancienne-pour-la-caisse-de-depot |title=La débâcle de 2008 est de l’histoire ancienne pour la Caisse de dépôt |publisher=Le Devoir |date=4 April 2014 |first=Gérard |last=Bérubé |accessdate=11 July 2014}}</ref>

On September 11, 2009, the rating agency [[Moody's]] has affirmed the Aaa long-term and Prime-1 short-term credit ratings of CDP Financial and has maintained its “stable outlook”. These ratings are the highest assigned by the agency.<ref>{{cite web |title=CDP financial’s credit ratings affirmed by Moody's |url=http://www.lacaisse.com/en/nouvelles-medias/communiques/Pages/communique_110909.aspx |date=September 11, 2009 |work=the Caisse}}</ref>

In August, after $5.7 billion in losses wiped out other gains during the first half of 2009,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/canada/montreal/story/2009/11/13/caisse-bond-issue.html |title=Caisse to issue $8B in bonds |date=November 13, 2009 |work=CBC News |deadurl=yes}} {{Dead link|date=September 2013|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref> the Caisse is set to post a return on investments of about 5 percent to 6 percent this year, compared with an average gain of 10 percent to 12 percent for Canadian pension funds.<ref>{{cite news |date=November 13, 2009 |url=http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601082&sid=atY1ti9Qoags |title=Caisse de Depot May Sell C$8 Billion of Bonds by 2010 (Update2) |first=Chris |last=Fournier |work=Bloomberg}}</ref>

On June 3, 2013, [[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]] reported that the [[Ivanhoe Cambridge]] real estate unit purchased the [[Wells Fargo Center (Seattle)|Wells Fargo Center]] in [[Seattle]] for $390 million. Ivanhoe owns about eight percent of [[Seattle financial district]]'s commercial space.<ref>[http://www.businessweek.com/news/2013-06-03/caisse-de-depot-buys-seattle-wells-fargo-center-for-390-million ]{{dead link|date=August 2013}}</ref>

===Political Influence===
The Caisse was created in the 1960s on the advice of economist (and future [[Premier of Quebec|Premier]]) [[Jacques Parizeau]].

In the 1967 annual report, then Caisse chairman Claude Prieur wrote: “Between two investments of similar quality and price, the one that seems most susceptible of favouring the economic development of the province is preferred, even if, in doing so, it is necessary to sacrifice somewhat the diversification of the portfolio.”<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite news| url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20090130.wcover_side_politics31/BNStory/Business | location=Toronto | work=The Globe and Mail | deadurl=yes}} {{Dead link|date=September 2013|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref>

When Rousseau took over from Jean-Claude Scraire as the CEO of the Caisse, he steered the fund away from its traditional role of favouring Quebec businesses, making returns the first priority. This surprised many observers, as Rousseau had been a strong Quebec nationalist, once leading a pro-sovereignty group called Les Économistes pour le OUI, and being a close friend of former [[Parti Québécois]] premier [[Lucien Bouchard]]. And during the time that he headed [[Laurentian Bank]], he criticized then-Caisse CEO Jean-Claude Scraire for not investing more of Quebeckers' pension money in Laurentian Bank shares. However, when [[Jean Charest]] became premier in 2003, he passed legislation that explicitly spelled out the Caisse's mandate for the first time. The law stipulated the Caisse is to seek “optimal” returns “while at the same time contributing to Quebec's economic development.” <ref name="ReferenceA" />

Quebec Premier [[Jean Charest]] came under heavy fire when the $39.8 billion loss was revealed, with some accusing him of calling the [[Quebec general election, 2008|2008 snap election]] prior to the Caisse's troubles becoming public.<ref>[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/Page/document/v5/content/subscribe?user_URL=http://www.theglobeandmail.com%2Fservlet%2Fstory%2FRTGAM.20090130.wcover_side0130%2FBNStory%2FBusiness&ord=65503854&brand=theglobeandmail&force_login=true ]{{dead link|date=August 2013}}</ref><ref>[http://network.nationalpost.com/np/blogs/francis/archive/2009/02/25/caisse-de-depot-s-trainwreck-part-2.aspx ]{{dead link|date=August 2013}}</ref>

Some suggested that there was too much political influence on the Caisse, with the board of directors being appointed by the province. Chairman Pierre Brunet said that the CEO "has to understand the Quebec environment" and requires a "a thorough knowledge of the socioeconomic and political issues of Quebec." The Caisse is still beholden to its legacy as a creation of the [[Quiet Revolution]].<ref>[http://www.canadianbusiness.com/managing/strategy/article.jsp?content=20090127_10011_10011 ]{{dead link|date=August 2013}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Ivanhoe Cambridge|Ivanhoé Cambridge]], the Caisse's real estate subsidiary

==References==
{{reflist}}
*[http://www.lacaisse.com/en/ Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec] Official site
*[http://www.hoovers.com/caisse-de-d%E9p%F4t-et-placement-du-qu%E9bec/--ID__58136--/free-co-factsheet.xhtml?cm_ven=PAID&cm_cat=INK&cm_pla=CO1&cm_ite=caisse-de-d%E9p%F4t-et-placement-du-qu%E9bec Profile from Hoover's]
*[http://www.cbc.ca/stories/2003/03/10/caisse_030310 Caisse de depot posts $8.55 billion investment loss in 2002, from CBC News]
*{{cite web |url=http://www.radio-canada.ca/nouvelles/Economie-Affaires/2006/02/14/003-CAISSE-depot-rendement.shtml |title=The Caisse de dépôt declares an earning of 14.7% for 2005 |work=Radio Canada |date=14 February 2006}} {{fr icon}}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.ledevoir.com/2006/03/16/104429.html |title=Quarante ans de présence - La Caisse de dépôt et placement ou le génie québécois |work=Le Devoir |date=March 16, 2006}} {{fr icon}}
*{{cite web |url=http://pdf.cyberpresse.ca/lapresse/LPA/2014-02-26_etats_financiers_cumules_decembre_2013_fr.pdf |title=États Financiers Cumulés 2013 |work=Le Presse |date=February 26, 2014}} {{fr icon}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Caisse De Depot Et Placement Du Quebec}}
[[Category:Retirement in Canada]]
[[Category:Crown corporations of Quebec]]
[[Category:Investment companies of Canada]]
[[Category:Organizations based in Quebec City]]
[[Category:Private equity firms of Canada]]
[[Category:Public pension funds in Canada]]

A. J. Hawk

2014-06-17T21:14:35Z

Dawkeye: Filling in 3 references using Reflinks

{{Infobox NFL player
|name=A. J. Hawk
|image=A. J. Hawk.jpg
|image_size=250
|currentteam = Green Bay Packers
|number= 50
|position=[[Linebacker]]
|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1984|1|6|mf=y}}
|birth_place=[[Kettering, Ohio]]
|heightft=6
|heightin=1
|weight=247
|highschool=[[Centerville High School (Centerville, Ohio)|Centerville (OH)]]
|college=[[Ohio State Buckeyes football|Ohio State]]
|draftyear=2006
|draftround=1
|draftpick=5
|debutyear=2006
|debutteam=Green Bay Packers
|pastteams=
* [[Green Bay Packers]] ({{NFL Year|2006}}–present)
|status=Active
|highlights=
* Unanimous [[All-American]] ([[2004 College Football All-America Team|2004]], [[2005 College Football All-America Team|2005]])
* [[Lombardi Award]] (2005)
* [[Lambert Award|Jack Lambert Trophy]] (2005)
* First-team All-Rookie (2006)
* [[Super Bowl|Super Bowl Champion]] ([[Super Bowl XLV|XLV]])
* [[Pro Bowl]] ([[2011 Pro Bowl|2010]])
* [[NFC Championship Game|NFC Champion]] ([[2010–11 NFL playoffs|2010]])
|statweek=17
|statseason=2013
|statlabel1=Tackles
|statvalue1=832
|statlabel2=Sacks
|statvalue2=18.5
|statlabel3=Interceptions
|statvalue3=9
|nfl=2495853
}}
'''Aaron James Hawk''' (born January 6, 1984) is an [[American football]] [[linebacker]] for the [[Green Bay Packers]] of the [[National Football League]] (NFL). He was drafted by the Packers fifth overall in the [[2006 NFL Draft]]. He played [[college football]] at [[Ohio State Buckeyes football|Ohio State]], where he earned [[All-American]] honors twice and was recognized as the top college linebacker.

==Early years==
Hawk was born in [[Kettering, Ohio]]and he grew up in Centerville, Ohio.<ref name="jockbio">{{cite web |title=A.J. Hawk Biography |url=http://www.jockbio.com/Bios/AJHawk/AJHawk_bio.html |website=JockBio |publisher=Black Book Partners}}</ref> He attended [[Centerville High School (Centerville, Ohio)|Centerville High School]], near [[Dayton, Ohio]] where he was a teammate of current [[Cincinnati Bengals]] kicker [[Mike Nugent]] on the football team. As a freshman at Centerville High School, Hawk made the Varsity Football team.<ref name="jockbio"/> He holds multiple defensive records and is one of three active NFL players who played for the Centerville Elks [[high school football]] team.<ref>[http://www.elksfootball.com/docs/records_nfl.php Elks Football – NFL Players]</ref> A. J. Hawk's records include most tackles in a game (31) on three separate occasions. He also has the most career tackles (583).<ref>[http://www.elksfootball.com/docs/records.php Elks Football – Team Records]</ref> Hawk was a 2-time All-State player in high school (1999 and 2000).

==College career==
Hawk enrolled in [[Ohio State University]], and played for coach [[Jim Tressel]]'s [[Ohio State Buckeyes football]] team from 2002 to 2005. During his four-year Buckeye career, he played in 51 games, starting 38 of them.<ref name="AJ Hawk's Website">{{cite web|url=http://www.ajhawk.com/bio.aspx|title=A. J. Hawk Bio|publisher=Green Bay Packers|accessdate=November 7, 2010}}</ref> He had 394 tackles with 196 of them solo, 41 of them for losses, 15 and a half sacks, 7 interceptions, and 13 fumbles recovered.<ref name="AJ Hawk's Website">{{cite web|url=http://www.ajhawk.com/bio.aspx|publisher=Green Bay Packers|accessdate=November 7, 2010}}</ref> He also had two fumble recoveries and three forced fumbles and two touchdowns, one on a blocked punt and one on an interception. His performances earned him first team All Big Ten honors in all three years he started and the [[Most Valuable Player]] award for the Tostitos Fiesta Bowl. Following his senior season of 2005, he won the [[Lombardi Award]] as the best college football linebacker, and was recognized as a unanimous first-team [[All-American]].

==Professional career==

===Pre-draft measureables===
{{nfl predraft
| height ft = 6
| height in = 1
| weight = 248
| dash = 4.59
| ten split = 1.56
| twenty split = 2.72
| shuttle = 3.96
| cone drill = 6.82
| vertical = 40
| broad ft = 9
| broad in = 7
| bench = 24
| wonderlic =
| arm span =
| hand span =
| note = 40 from Ohio State Pro Day, all others from [[NFL Combine]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nfldraftscout.com/ratings/dsprofile.php?pyid=10424&draftyear=2006&genpos=OLB| title=A.J. Hawk |date=March 25, 2009 |accessdate=March 25, 2009 |work=NFL Draft Scout.com}}</ref>
}}

===Green Bay Packers===
[[File:AJHawkGreenBayPackers2006.jpg|right|thumb|Hawk in 2006 during player introductions.]]
On April 29, 2006 Hawk was drafted in the 1st round of the [[2006 NFL Draft]] by the [[Green Bay Packers]]. He was the 5th overall pick of the draft. He signed a 6-year contract with the Packers, worth $37.5 million, on July 28, 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rotoworld.com/content/playerpages/player_contract.aspx?sport=NFL&id=3629 |title=AJ Hawk |publisher=Rotoworld.com |date=July 28, 2006 |accessdate=December 28, 2010}}</ref> He recorded his first NFL [[Quarterback sack|sack]] on September 24, 2006, when he sacked [[Detroit Lions]] Quarterback [[Jon Kitna]] in the fourth quarter.
Hawk was selected the NFL Rookie Of The Week on October 23, 2006, in a win against the [[Miami Dolphins]]. He led Green Bay with 12 total tackles in the game and recorded one sack in the Packers’ 34–24 victory.

For his effort in the November 12, 2006, 23–17 victory over the [[Minnesota Vikings]], Hawk was selected the NFL Rookie of the Week for the second time. Hawk recorded 13 total tackles and 1.5 sacks, and forced one fumble. Early in the third quarter, Hawk sacked the Vikings quarterback [[Brad Johnson (American football)|Brad Johnson]] for a 10-yard loss. He later combined with teammate [[Nick Barnett]] for another 10-yard sack.

On December 10, 2006, Hawk recorded his first NFL [[interception]] when he picked off [[Alex Smith]] during a 30–19 win over the [[San Francisco 49ers]]. On December 31, during the Packers' final game of the 2006 season, Hawk recorded his second interception of the season during a 26–7 win over the Chicago Bears.

In his rookie season, Hawk led the Packers' defense with 119 total tackles, 82 of them solo. He also recorded 2 interceptions, 3.5 sacks, 6 passes defended and 1 forced fumble.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.nfl.com/players/playerpage/412454 |title=A.J. Hawk |publisher=NFL |accessdate=December 28, 2010}}</ref> He was third place in voting for the [[NFL Defensive Rookie of the Year Award|Associated Press Defensive Rookie of the Year]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sportsline.com/nfl/story/9905721 |title=National Football League: Awards |publisher=CBSSports.com |accessdate=December 28, 2010}}</ref>

In his second season he was second on the team with 105 total tackles, 78 of them solo. He also had one interception, one sack, four passes defended and one forced fumble. During the 2007 postseason he recorded eight tackles and one sack in two games.

In [[2008 NFL season|2008]], after spending the first nine games as the Packers' weakside linebacker Hawk was moved to middle linebacker after [[Nick Barnett]] tore his [[Anterior cruciate ligament|ACL]]. Hawk had 86 tackles and 3 sacks in the full 16 game season he started for Green Bay.<ref name="autogenerated1"/>

With [[Dom Capers]]' hiring and the preceding switch to the [[3-4 defense]], Hawk moved to inside linebacker for the [[2009 NFL season|2009 season]].

Hawk was released by the Packers on March 2, 2011.<ref>{{cite news |title=Packers release A.J. Hawk |url=http://sports.espn.go.com/nfl/news/story?id=6175534 |publisher=ESPN |date=March 2, 2011 |accessdate=March 2, 2011}}</ref> On March 3, 2011, he signed a new five-year deal.<ref>{{cite news |title=Adam Schefter Twitter. |url=https://twitter.com/#!/AdamSchefter/status/43366220614991872 |work=Twitter |date=March 3, 2011 |accessdate=March 3, 2011}}</ref>

In 2011, Hawk was fined $10, 000 by the NFL after flipping the [[Finger (gesture)|bird]] during a game against the [[St. Louis Rams]].

In March 2013, Hawk restructured his contract, reducing his 2013 salary from $5.45 million to $3.6 million. His 2014 salary was reduced by $2.5 million and his 2015 salary was reduced by nearly $3 million. All told, the total value of the remaining three years on Hawk's deal is reduced by about $7 million ($17.85 million to $10.6 million), providing the Packers with more cap space.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.acmepackingcompany.com/2013/3/18/4121176/a-j-hawk-contract-details-packers |first=Evan "Tex" |last=Western |title=A.J. Hawk Contract Details Released; Packers Gain $2M In Cap Space |publisher=Acme Packing Company |date=March 18, 2013 |accessdate=June 17, 2014 }}</ref>

As of December 2013, Hawk has either led the team or finished second in tackles in six of his seven seasons in Green Bay.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.packers.com/team/roster/aj-hawk/f8705460-ceca-444d-974d-50c1125b52cc/ |title=A.J. Hawk |publisher=Green Bay Packers |date=2014 |accessdate=June 17, 2014 }}</ref>

===Career statistics===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Team !! Games !! Combined Tackles !! Tackles !! Assisted Tackles !! Sacks !! Forced Fumbles !! Fumble Recoveries !! Fumble Return Yards !! Interceptions !! Interception Return Yards !! Yards per Interception Return !! Longest Interception Return !! Interceptions Returned for Touchdowns !! Pass Defended
|-
| [[2006 NFL season|2006]] || [[2006 Green Bay Packers season|GB]] || 16 || 120 || 83 || 37 || 3.5 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 31 || 16 || 25 || 0 || 8
|-
| [[2007 NFL season|2007]] || [[2007 Green Bay Packers season|GB]] || 16 || 105 || 78 || 27 || 1.0 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 10 || 10 || 10 || 0 || 4
|-
| [[2008 NFL season|2008]] || [[2008 Green Bay Packers season|GB]] || 16 || 86 || 67 || 19 || 3.0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 1
|-
| [[2009 NFL season|2009]] || [[2009 Green Bay Packers season|GB]] || 16 || 89 || 67 || 22 || 1.0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 2 || 42 || 21 || 29 || 0 || 2
|-
| [[2010 NFL season|2010]] || [[2010 Green Bay Packers season|GB]] || 16 || 111 || 72 || 39 || 0.5 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 3 || 31 || 10 || 21 || 0 || 10
|-
| [[2011 NFL season|2011]] || [[2011 Green Bay Packers season|GB]] || 14 || 84 || 53 || 31 || 1.5 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 3
|-
| [[2012 NFL season|2012]] || [[2012 Green Bay Packers season|GB]] || 16 || 120 || 81 || 39 || 3.0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| [[2013 NFL season|2013]] || [[2013 Green Bay Packers season|GB]] || 16 || 118 || 74 || 44 || 5.0 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 1 || 7 || 7 || 7 || 0 || 4
|-
| Total || Total || 126 || 833 || 575 || 258 || 18.5 || 3 || 5 || 0 || 9 || 121 || 13 || 29 || 0 || 32
|}<ref name=ESPN>{{cite web|title=A.J. Hawk Stats|url=http://espn.go.com/nfl/player/stats/_/id/9591/aj-hawk|publisher=ESPN Internet Ventures|accessdate=30 January 2014}}</ref>

==Personal==
Hawk is married to Laura Quinn, sister of [[Brady Quinn]], [[quarterback]] for the St. Louis Rams. Interestingly enough, Hawk's final game with the Buckeyes was the 2006 [[Fiesta Bowl]] against [[University of Notre Dame|Notre Dame]], where Quinn was playing at the time. During the game Laura wore a custom made jersey which was half Ohio State and half Notre Dame, combining Brady's number 10 and AJ's Number 47, making the number 17. Hawk managed to sack his future brother-in-law twice during the game and become co-MVP of the bowl which ended with an Ohio State victory.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fiestabowl.org/pdf5/45266.pdf?ATCLID=523263&SPSID=46030&SPID=4135&DB_OEM_ID=10200 |title=Fiesta Bowl |publisher=Fiesta Bowl |accessdate=December 28, 2010}}</ref> Laura gave birth to the couple's first child, a daughter named Lennon Noel, on December 4, 2010. They welcomed their second child, a son named Hendrix, in January 2013.

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{commons category|A. J. Hawk}}
* [http://www.ajhawk.com A. J. Hawk Official Website]
* [http://www.packers.com/team/roster/A.J.-Hawk/f8705460-ceca-444d-974d-50c1125b52cc A. J. Hawk at Packers.com]
* [http://ohiostatebuckeyes.collegesports.com/sports/m-footbl/mtt/hawk_aj00.html A.J. Hawk Ohio State Buckeye Bio]

{{s-start}}
{{s-ach|aw}}
{{succession box | title=[[Ohio State Buckeyes football#Team season MVPs|Ohio State Buckeyes Football Season MVP]] 2005 | before=[[Mike Nugent]] | after=[[Troy Smith]] | years=}}
{{s-end}}

{{Green Bay Packers roster navbox}}
{{Navboxes
| title = A. J. Hawk – championships, awards and honors
| list1 =
{{2002 Ohio State Buckeyes football navbox}}
{{Lombardi Award}}
{{Jack Lambert Award}}
{{2004 NCAA Division I-A College Football Consensus All-Americans}}
{{2005 NCAA Division I-A College Football Consensus All-Americans}}
{{2006 NFL Draft}}
{{PackersFirstPick}}
{{Packers2006DraftPicks}}
{{Super Bowl XLV}}
}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Hawk, A.J.
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Hawk, Aaron James
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = All-American college football player, professional football player, linebacker
| DATE OF BIRTH = January 6, 1984
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Kettering, Ohio, United States
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hawk, A.J.}}
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Centerville, Ohio]]
[[Category:People from Kettering, Ohio]]
[[Category:Players of American football from Ohio]]
[[Category:Big 33 Football Classic alumni]]
[[Category:All-American college football players]]
[[Category:American football linebackers]]
[[Category:Ohio State Buckeyes football players]]
[[Category:Green Bay Packers players]]
[[Category:Super Bowl champions]]

Far West

2014-05-24T16:41:51Z

Dawkeye: add infobox, links, cleanup text

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}}
|}
'''''Far West''''' was a shallow draft stern wheel steamboat (or [[riverboat]]) plying the upper [[Missouri River|Missouri]] and [[Yellowstone River]]s in the [[Dakota Territory|Dakota]] and [[Montana Territory|Montana]] Territories, from 1870 to 1883. She gained fame bringing the news and the wounded downriver from the [[Battle of the Little Big Horn]] to [[Bismarck, North Dakota|Bismarck]], Dakota Territory, and became an iconic symbol of the shallow draft steamboat plying the upper Missouri and Yellowstone Rivers in the era before railroads dominated transport in these areas.

The ''Far West'' was light, strong and speedy.<ref name=Conquest /> She was initially owned by the Coulson Packet Line who contracted with the [[U.S. Army|Army]] in the 1870's to provide steamboats to support Army expeditions on the Yellowstone River in the Montana Territory. The ''Far West'' was used in this capacity, along with its sister riverboat the ''Josephine''. The ''Far West'' was often piloted by the famous river boat captain and pilot, [[Grant Marsh]]. The ''Far West'' was known as a fast boat because she had powerful engines, a hull with limited water resistance, and a low profile that reduced wind resistance. She set a number of speed records for both upstream and downstream travel on the Missouri and the Yellowstone. By virtue of her shallow draft and her ability to "grasshopper" over sand bars (using spars and steam capstans on the front of the boat) she was famous for being able to get through shallow channels and low water conditions on the Yellowstone and Missouri Rivers that turned back other steamboats.

''Far West'' gained a place in military and steamboat history during the [[Great Sioux War of 1876]]. The ''Far West'' was under contract to support a military column of [[infantry]] and [[cavalry]] units under General [[Alfred Terry]], Colonel [[John Gibbon]] and Lt. Colonel [[George Armstrong Custer]]. The column was advancing up the Yellowstone, seeking a large [[Sioux]] and [[Cheyenne people|Cheyenne]] encampment which was moving along the river drainages to the south. The ''Far West'' brought supplies to the column, and it was used by Terry as a headquarters and also to ferry and move troops on the river. On June 21, the ''Far West'' was moored on the Yellowstone at the mouth of Rosebud Creek and was the site of the fateful meeting of officers after which Custer and the 7th Cavalry was dispatched south up the Rosebud seeking the Indian encampment. The 7th Cavalry under Custer suffered a disastrous defeat at the [[Battle of the Little Bighorn]] on June 25, 1876. Five of the companies of the 7th were annihilated along with Custer, and the remaining companies suffering significant numbers of dead and wounded. ''Far West'' made her way from the Yellowstone up the [[Bighorn River]] to the mouth of the [[Little Bighorn River|Little Bighorn]] where she was loaded with the wounded from the battle. Traveling night and day, she returned downriver to Bismarck, Dakota Territory, making the {{Convert|710|mi|km|abbr=on}} run in the record time of 54 hours and bringing the first news of the military defeat which came to be popularly known as the "Custer Massacre".

After 1876 ''Far West'' was sold by the Coulson Packet Line. She continued to work on the Yellowstone and the Missouri Rivers for other owners until 1883 when she struck a snag and sank, near [[St. Charles, Missouri]].

==Construction and specifications==
The ''Far West'' was built in [[Pittsburgh]] in 1870 for the Coulson Packet Company. The ''Far West'' was {{convert|190|ft|m|abbr=on}} feet long with a beam of {{convert|33|ft|m|abbr=on}} and had three decks, a cupola like pilot house and two tall smoke stacks.<ref name=Conquest>{{cite book|last=Hanson|first=Joseph Mills|title=The Conquest of the Missouri, Being the Story of the Life and Exploits of Captain Grant Marsh|year=1909|publisher=A. C. McClurg & Co.|location=Chicago|page=Chapter XXXI, p. 237 et. seq.}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite book|last=Philbrick|first=Nathaniel|title=The Last Stand|year=2010|publisher=Viking (Penguin Group)|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-670-02172-7|pages=27–8}}</ref> She drew only {{convert|20|in|cm|abbr=on}} of water unloaded and {{convert|30|in|cm|abbr=on}} fully loaded with 200 tons of freight.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> Between her first and second decks were two powerful high pressure steam engines built by Herbertson Engine Works of [[Brownsville, Pennsylvania]], each with {{convert|15|in|cm|abbr=on}} diameter pistons and a {{convert|5|ft|m|abbr=on}} stroke. The engines were powered by steam from three boilers that consumed as many as 30 [[Cord (unit)|cords]] of wood a day.<ref name=Conquest /><ref name=autogenerated1 /> The engines drove a single {{convert|30|ft|m|abbr=on}} wide stern wheel. The ''Far West'' also had two steam capstans, one on each side of the bow, being the first boat built with more than one.<ref name=Conquest />

==Description of Decks==
The steamboat rested in the water on its hull. The hull of the boat was hollow and was used to store cargo. Cargo was often contained in casks or barrels. This storage could only be reached through hatches on the deck, and men working in the hull to store or move cargo could not stand up, but had to work while hunched over or crawling through the hull space.

The platform that closed the top of the hull was the main deck, and the name applied not only to the floor of this space, but also the space between the main deck and the cabin deck, just above the main deck. The main deck had the boilers and the two steam engines which powered the paddle wheel at the rear of the boat. Wood for the boilers was stacked on the main deck. Freight was carried on the main deck. The cheapest passenger accommodations were on the main deck, but the passengers had to find their own space.

Above the main deck on the ''Far West'' was the cabin deck. Each side of the boat had a row of small cabins with doors that opened to the outside where there was a covered walkway. Inside the two rows of cabins and between them there was a central cabin — like a long wide hallway running from the front of the boat to the back. Here there was a long table where the cabin passengers and the ships officers were fed, and where they could spend leisure time.

Above the main deck was its roof, known as the hurricane deck, because it was unprotected from the elements. The ''Far West'' had no structures on this deck, other than the pilot house. On the ''Far West'' the hurricane deck had no cabins, and no "[[Texas (steamboat)|Texas deck]]" structures.

The two tall smoke stacks towered above the forward part of the hurricane deck and the 'scape pipes were in the rear, venting steam from the engines.

==Capabilities==
The ''Far West'' was neither graceful nor grand in appearance, but she was strong, powerful, fast, durable and had an enormous capacity for hard work. She had limited accommodation for passengers on her second deck, and consequently she did not have a large central cabin. The absence of these features meant that she had a lower profile, and no "Texas" deck, which resulted in her having less wind resistance and therefore being both faster and more manageable in the high winds that prevailed in Montana and North Dakota during the summer months. She possessed ample freight carrying capacity, and she had a shallow draft.<ref name=Conquest /> Her powerful engines and three boilers combined with her other features to make her not only a speedy boat, but also a boat that was able to traverse shallow channels, cross sand bars, breast strong currents and go up through rapids.

==Ownership==
''Far West'' was first owned by the Coulson Packet Line which was also known as the Missouri River Transportation Company.<ref name="Riverboat Dave">{{cite web|title=Riverboat Dave's Riverboat Companies and Owners, Names Starting with M.|url=http://www.riverboatdaves.com/owners/m.html#MRTC|publisher=Riverboat Dave|accessdate=28 February 2014}}</ref> The Coulson Packet line sold the ''Far West'' to the Northwest Transportation Co. called the Peck Line out of Sioux City/Yankton,ND. The boat was later sold to Capt. Henry M. Dodds and Victor Bonnet.<ref name=Olson>{{cite web|last=Olson|first=Tristan|title=History of the Farwest|url=http://cis.umary.edu/studentwebs/Fall%202010/TOlson/assignments/river%20boat/history.html|publisher=University of Mary|accessdate=22 February 2014}}</ref>

==Early use==
In 1870 the ''Far West'' made trips to and from [[Fort Benton, Montana]], which was the upper terminus of river travel on the Missouri. In 1872 the ''Far West'' made the quickest trip on record from Sioux City, Iowa, to Fort Benton, Montana – seventeen days, twenty hours – with Mark Coulson as master.<ref name=History>{{cite book|last=(No author listed)|title=History of Montana 1739-1885|year=1885|publisher=Warner, Beers & Company|location=Chicago, Illinois|pages=396|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=lB1PAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=History+of+Montana+1739-1885&hl=en&sa=X&ei=k6kHU6yYMdD0oASmmYCQCA&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=History%20of%20Montana%201739-1885&f=false}}</ref>

==Activities during the Great Sioux War of 1876==
In 1876, the ''Far West'' was contracted by the [[United States Army]] to be part of the Custer/Terry military expedition against the [[Lakota people|Sioux Indians]]. The ''Far West'' was used to ferry supplies from the rail head at Bismarck up the Missouri to the Montana Territory, and then up the Yellowstone River where the military column was seeking the villages of the Sioux.<ref name=Trips>{{cite web|title=A Steamboat And An Indian War|url=http://westerntrips.blogspot.com/2011/04/steamboat-and-indian-war.html |publisher=Western Trips |accessdate=14 June 2013}}</ref>

The military column led by General Terry and Custer's 7th Cavalry traveled westward over the prairies from [[Fort Lincoln Internment Camp|Fort Lincoln]], [[Dakota Territory]] to the [[Yellowstone River]]. The ''Far West'', captained by Grant Marsh, brought supplies up the Missouri and Yellowstone river and met the military column at the mouth of [[Powder River (Montana)|Powder River]] in Montana Territory, near present day [[Terry, Montana]]. General Terry then used the ''Far West'' as the expedition's headquarters. On June 21, 1876, at the mouth of the Rosebud a meeting was held on the ''Far West'' which mapped out the next steps in the campaign to attempt to find the Sioux/Cheyenne village in the valleys of the Rosebud or the [[Battle of the Little Bighorn|Little Bighorn]].

The next day, Custer and the 7th Cavalry rode up Rosebud Creek seeking the Indian villages. ''Far West'' was ordered to proceed up the Yellowstone to the Big Horn and then up the Big Horn to the mouth of the Little Big Horn River so that supplies would be close to the troop. On June 25, Custer encountered the Sioux/Cheyenne village on the Little Bighorn river and suffered a disastrous defeat. When General Terry was told of the battle he ordered the ''Far West'' to stand by to receive the wounded from the battle. Captain Marsh ordered grass cut and placed on the decks, and covered with canvas tarpaulins for the wounded, which soon began to arrive from the battle site which was only about {{convert|15|mi|km|abbr=on}} distant. On June 30, 1876, 52 wounded were put on board. Casting off, Captain Marsh made the {{convert|53|mi|km|abbr=on}} miles to Yellowstone River that day.

The ''Far West'' spent the next two days ferrying troops across the Yellowstone and taking on a heavy load of wood to power the two engines.<ref name=thackery>{{cite web|last=Thackery|first=Lorna|title=Steamer had key role in historic battle |url=http://billingsgazette.com/news/state-and-regional/montana/steamer-had-key-role-in-historic-battle/article_6f278a60-abe0-5fae-a8c4-ce147ffea08a.html |publisher=Billings Gazette |accessdate=14 June 2013}}</ref> At 5 p.m., on July 3 Terry ordered the ''Far West'' to Bismarck {{convert|710|mi|km|abbr=on}} miles away, down the Yellowstone and then down the Missouri. With only brief stops the ''Far West'' arrived at Bismark in an amazing 54 hours, where the first news of the Custer disaster was put on the telegraph. Nine days later, Captain Marsh and the ''Far West'' steamed back up river with horses and supplies for the Terry column.

==Far West after 1876==
The ''Far West'' continued to carry freight and passengers on the upper Missouri and Yellowstone, and she continued to set records. In 1881, the Missouri River was so high that the arrival of river boats coming up river was delayed. The ''Far West'' was the first boat to reach Fort Benton that year. However due to the high water it did not arrive until May 19.<ref name="Red Cloud">{{cite book|last=Corbin|first=Annalies|title=The Life and Times of the Steamer Red Cloud|year=2006|publisher=Corbin, Allalies|isbn=1-58544-484-7|page=86}}</ref>

==The End==
In October 1883 the ''Far West'' hit a snag on the Missouri River, near [[St. Charles, Missouri]], and was lost.

==See also==
* [[Grant Marsh]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |url= http://amhistory.si.edu/onthewater/collection/TR_335811.html |title=Rigged Model, River steamboat ''Far West'' |work=Smithsonian National Museum of American History }}
* {{cite web |url= http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u6u9bQGHacM |title=Video showing the ''Belle of Louisville'' backing out from a landing into midstream on the Ohio, and then moving forward on the river, capturing the sounds and tempo of a river steamboat |work=youtube.com }}

{{coord missing|Pennsylvania}}

[[Category:1870 ships]]
[[Category:Ships built in Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Steamboats of the Missouri River]]
[[Category:Paddle steamers of the United States]]
[[Category:Shipwrecks of the Missouri River]]
[[Category:History of North Dakota]]
[[Category:History of Montana]]
[[Category:Missouri River]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in 1883]]

Sokol Baci

2014-04-18T18:04:40Z

Dawkeye: add Persondata short description

{{copy edit|date=March 2014}}
{{Infobox military person
|name = Sokol Baci
|birth_date = 1837
|death_date = 1919
|birth_place = [[Gruda (region)|Gruda]], [[Sanjak of Scutari]], [[Ottoman Empire]] (now [[Montenegro]])
|death_place = Gruda{{citation needed|date=March 2014}}
|place of burial = Gruda
|placeofburial_label= Place of burial
|image = Sokol_Baci.jpg
|nickname =
|allegiance = {{flag|Ottoman Empire}} (before 1870s–1877) {{flag|Principality of Montenegro}}(1884–1913) Northern Albanian (Malissor) tribes (1837-1919)
|serviceyears = 1870s–1913
|rank = [[Commander]] (bajraktar/vojvoda) Brigadier-general (Montenegro)<ref name=Stojancevic/>
|commands = Gruda clan {{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} Abdul Hamid's Albanian guard (before 1876) Scutari (1913–)
|battles = [[Albanian Revolt of 1911]]
|awards =
|religion = Roman Catholic
}}
'''Sokol Baci'''{{Cref2|a}} (1837–1919) was the chief of [[Gruda (region)|Gruda]], a northern Albanian tribe in the vicinity of [[Podgorica]] (now [[Montenegro]]), who had initially served the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman sultan]] in his personal guard, then decided to fight the Ottoman forces in the [[Sanjak of Scutari]] after maltreatment. After the clan's defeat and subjugation, he was exiled and crossed into Montenegro, against whom he had earlier fought against in the 1870s. Prince [[Nicholas I of Montenegro]] recognised his status and employed him. He was one of the leaders of the [[Albanian Revolt of 1911]], alongside chiefs such as [[Ded Gjo Luli]], [[Mehmet Shpendi]], [[Mirash Luca]] and [[Luigj Gurakuqi]], among others. In 1912, the whole tribes of Gruda and [[Hoti]] backed Montenegro, while also the greater parts of [[Kastrati]] and [[Shkreli]], as well as a part of [[Klimenti]]. In 1913, he was appointed commander of [[Scutari]] by King [[Nicholas I of Montenegro]]. He lived in [[Podgorica]] from ca. 1884 and in Scutari from 1913 until his death in 1919.

==Life==

===Early life===
Sokol was the son of Bac, hence his most commonly used name (''Sokol Baci''), and he belonged to the Precaj family of the Ivezaj brotherhood in Gruda.<ref name=Anali-448>{{cite book|title=Anali Pravnog fakulteta u Beogradu|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=v6seAQAAIAAJ|year=1955|publisher=Pravni fakultet|page=448|quote=Пуно име грудског главара који је давао одговоре капетану Лазо- вићу гласи: Сокол Бац Прецај Ивезић Вуксановић (Вуксангељовић) Груда. Шта ова имена уствари означују? Сокол је лично име и у кући оца му Баца он ће бити означаван само по личном имену — Сокол, изван куће он је у роду Сркол Бац, ван рода зову га Сокол Бац Прецај (Прецај је један од родсва у братству), изван свога братства [...]}}</ref> The Ivezaj brotherhood claimed they were descendants of Iveza, a son of a certain Vuksan Gela (sr. Vuksan Gelja) who allegedly hailed from Suma below [[Shkodër]].<ref name="Petrović1941">{{cite book|author=Mihailo Petrović|title=Đerdapski ribolovi u prošlosti i u sadašnjosti|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-PYMAQAAMAAJ|year=1941|publisher=Izd. Zadužbine Mikh. R. Radivojeviča|pages=47–48|quote=Ивезићи}}</ref>

As a youth, Sokol was taken by the Ottoman authorities to be trained and raised in Istanbul.{{citation needed|date=March 2014}} Due to his impressive intelligence and athletic abilities, Sokol was selected to attend military academy at the [[University of Sorbonne]] in Paris, France.{{citation needed|date=March 2014}} As a youth he had fought in many battles for the Ottomans, and was eventually selected along with five other young men of high standing for the personal bodyguard of the Sultan.{{citation needed|date=March 2014}} While on leave at home, the order came for the disarming of the northern Albanian tribes.<ref name=Wyon-314>Wyon 1903, p. 314</ref> This took place in 1877,<ref name=Durham-34/> amid the [[Serbo-Turkish War]] (1876–78) and [[Russo-Turkish War]] (1877–78).

Gruda refused to obey, and as he would not consider himself a traitor to his people, he led his clan in battle against Ottoman forces.<ref name=Wyon-314/> He managed to behead two high Ottoman officers, though the clan was defeated, and he was forced to flee.<ref name=Wyon-315>Wyon 1903, p. 315</ref> He became a fugitive and outlaw, in exile in Montenegro, against whom he had earlier fought against in the 1870s.<ref name=Wyon-315/> He took refuge in his wife's tribe in [[Zatrijebač]], which had been annexed by the [[Principality of Montenegro]] after the [[Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–78)]]. On September 21, 1879, Sokol Baci, along with the other chiefs of Hoti and Gruda submitted a memorandum to the Great Powers requesting that their land not be ceded to Montenegro.<ref>AMAE ,CPC ,Konsullata e Frances në Shkoder vëll. 21 ,fl.350r-351v.</ref>{{verification needed|date=March 2014}} Prince [[Nicholas of Montenegro]] recognized him, and gave him a house and land, and employed him in the Montenegrin government for northern Albanian affairs; Sokol Baci stayed loyal to Nicholas. After 1883, Prince Nicholas diplomacy with the Malissori mainly went through Sokol Baci.<ref name=Stojancevic>{{cite book|author=Vladimir Stojančević|title=Srbija i Albanci u XIX i početkom XX veka: ciklus predavanja 10-25. novembar 1987|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=RrVBAAAAYAAJ|year=1990|publisher=Srpska akademija nauka i umetnosti|pages=165–6, 183|quote=Sokol Baco}}</ref> A Montenegrin document dated November 1891 with a list of Herzegovinian and Albanian leaders and other emigrants shows that Sokol Baci received the largest payment from the Montenegrin government, 540 florins and 967 measures of flour annually for his service.<ref name=Stojancevic/> In mid-July 1902, Sokol Baci gave a list to Prince Nicholas of Malissori chieftains and their escorts who were given 1,190 florins on the Prince's order.<ref name=Stojancevic/> In 1903, [[Reginald Wyon]] recalled a night at the billiard-room at [[Hotel Europe, Podgorica|Hotel Europe]] in the Turkish quarters of Podgorica, in which he drank with Ded Gjo Luli, Sokol Baci, the ''komandir'', the mayor, ''kapetan'' Tomo and old Vuko.<ref>Wyon 1903, pp. 312–315</ref> Sokol Baci returned briefly to Gruda upon the [[Young Turk]] regime's accession to the Ottoman government (1908), but problems arose and he returned to [[Podgorica]].

===1911 Uprising===
{{main|Albanian Revolt of 1911}}

Among the leaders of the [[Albanian Revolt of 1911]] who had turned their weapons and clans on the Ottomans, was "the intelligent Sokol Baci"<ref name=Fishta>Gjergj Fishta, 2006, The Highland Lute, I.B. Tauris, Canto 28</ref>{{page needed|date=March 2014}} (from Gruda);<ref name=Stojancevic/> [[Mirash Luca]] (from Kastrati);<ref name=Stojancevic/> [[Ded Gjo Luli]] (from Hoti);<ref name=Stojancevic/> [[Ton Nika]] (from Shkreli);<ref name=Stojancevic/> [[Mehmet Shpendi]] (from Shala);<ref name=Stojancevic/> [[Ljub Mark Gjeloshi]], [[Mirash Pali]] and [[Franjo Pali]] (from Selce)<ref name=Stojancevic/> and also intellectual [[Luigj Gurakuqi]], among others.<ref name=Fishta/>{{page needed|date=March 2014}}
[[File:Grece Plaque.jpg|thumbnail|Memorial plaque of the [[Gërçe Memorandum]], in Gërçe, Albania.]]
On June 24, 1911, the Ottoman minister to Montenegro, [[Saddridin Bey]], came to negotiate with the Malissori and promised an extension of armistice and increase of compensation money; Sokol Baci, however, urged the Malissori to not surrender, and he uttered "Where is the European guarantee?".<ref name="Pearson2005">{{cite book|author=Owen Pearson|title=Albania in the Twentieth Century, A History: Volume I: Albania and King Zog, 1908-39|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=3_Sh3y9IMZAC&pg=PA19|date=22 July 2005|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-84511-013-0|pages=19–}}</ref>

===1912===
In 1912, the tribes of Gruda and [[Hoti]] were entirely backing Montenegro, while support also came from the greater parts of [[Kastrati]] and [[Shkreli]], as well as a part of [[Klimenti]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Srpski etnografski zbornik|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=aw0mAQAAIAAJ|year=1923|publisher=Akademija|page=111|quote=Груде и Хоти су били уз Црну Гору, па онда већи дио Кострата и Шкреља, и један дио Кли- мената. Тиме је, да је било такта у команди црногорске војске, био олакшан напад и заузеће Скадра, и да се радило }}</ref>

===1913===
During her war correspondence in the Winter of 1913, Edith Durham details her conversation with Sokol Baci and his son, Kole Sokoli who state that they are fighting to free Albania from the Ottomans.<ref>{{cite book|last=Durham|first=Edith|title=The Struggle for Scutari|year=1914|publisher=E. Arnold|location=London|page=215}}</ref> After the Montenegrin conquest of [[Scutari]] (1913), Nicholas I appointed Sokol Baci the commander (vojvoda) and brigadier of Scutari. When congratulated for the appointment, Sokol replied, "He who does not see through the screen, may his eyes fell out!" On May 26, 1913, 130 leaders of [[Grudë|Gruda]], [[Hoti (Albanians)|Hoti]], Kelmendi, [[Kastrati]] and [[Shkreli]] sent a petition to [[Cecil Burney]] in Shkodër against the incorporation of their territories into Montenegro.<ref name="Pearson2004">{{cite book|last=Pearson|first=Owen|title=Albania in the twentieth century: a history|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=3_Sh3y9IMZAC&dq=Kelmendi+%2B+nikola&q=Kelmendi#v=snippet&q=Kelmendi&f=false|accessdate=18 November 2011|year=2004|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-84511-013-0|page=43}}</ref> Sokol broke ties with Nicholas I and lived in Shkodër for the next five years. He returned to his ancestral home of Gruda after the fall of Nicholas I, where he spent the last year of his life.{{citation needed|date=March 2014}} On November 14, 1918, [[Luigj Gurakuqi]], [[Anton Harapi]] and [[Gjergj Fishta]] led the leaders of [[Hoti (Albanians)|Hoti]] and [[Grudë|Gruda]] on a march from Montenegro into Shkodër where they submitted a Memorandum to the French Colonel, Bardy de Fourton. The Memorandum was addressed to the Ministers of Foreign Affairs in Washington, London, Paris and Rome requesting that [[Hoti (Albanians)|Hoti]] and [[Grudë|Gruda]] be united with Albania. The Memorandum was signed by the Chiefs of [[Grudë|Gruda]], including Sokol's closest cousins, Dede Nika Ivezaj, Zef Martini Ivezaj, Mirash Hasi Ivezaj and Marash Pllumi Ivezaj.<ref>{{cite book|last=Harapi|first=Anton|title=Andrra e Pretashit|year=2008|publisher=Botime Françeskane|location=Shkodër}}</ref>

==Legacy==
English traveller and [[albanophile]] [[Edith Durham]] was on very close terms with Sokol Baci. In her book, ''the Struggle for Scutari'', she explained:

{{quote|Sokol Baci, for whom, though he is now blamed alike by Montenegrin and Albanian, I have both esteem and respect. He acted as best he knew, according to his dim lights, and believed that he was acting for the good of his country. A burly figure, in full Albanian dress, and with great white mustachios like walrus tusks. Chief of the Gruda tribe, in his young days he was one of Abdul Hamid's famous Albanian guard, but he left it owing to the way the Turks maltreated his country, and fell, therefore, upon evil times. After the war of 1876-77 he sided with the party which wished for free Albania, and in consequence was forced to flee for his life. Hunted like wild beasts, he and his wife took refuge with his wife's tribe, Triepshi, which was then annexed by Montenegro as part of the spoils of war, searched for by both Montenegrins and Turks. Finally, King Nikola, recognizing his value as an influential chieftain, gave him a house and land and employed him largely for Albanian affairs. Sokol served him with doglike fidelity and touching faith, but never forgot his ancestral home across the border. When the Young Turk regime started, he hoped to return to it, but a short visit showed him that was impossible, and he returned to Podgoritza, to play an important part in the drama of the next few years. Poor Sokol! he was used as a cat's-paw. But I believe that he acted in perfect good faith."<ref name=Durham-34>{{cite book|last=Durham|first=Edith|title=The Struggle for Scutari|year=1914|publisher=London : E. Arnold|page=34}}</ref>}}

==Annotations==
{{Cnote2 Begin|liststyle=upper-alpha}}
{{Cnote2|a|His full name which he gave to captain Lazović was: '''Sokol Bac Precaj Ivezić Vuksanović (Vuksangeljović) Gruda'''.<ref name=Anali-448/> Another source wrote his name as '''Sokol Rac Grcaj Vezirić Vuksangeljović'''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Prilozi proučavanju jezika|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=juIKAQAAMAAJ|year=1988|publisher=Katedra za južnoslovenske jezike Filozofskog fakulteta|page=106|quote=Сокол Рац Грцај Везирић Вуксангељовић}}</ref> Other spellings of his short name include '''Sokol Baca''' (Сокол Баца), '''Sokol Baco''',<ref name=Stojancevic/> '''Sokol Batzi''', etc. In Austrian documents, he is known as '''Nikola Bacci'''.<ref name="Skendi1967">{{cite book|author=Stavro Skendi|title=The Albanian national awakening, 1878-1912|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=qmm4AAAAIAAJ|year=1967|publisher=Princeton University Press|page=449|quote=The man used as intermediary in this offer was Sokol Baci (in Austrian documents, Nikola Bacci), Albanian chieftain of the clan of Grade, who at the time was in the service of Montenegro.}}</ref> The word ''sokol'' means "falcon" in Slavic languages.<ref name="ComrieCorbett2002">{{cite book|author1=Bernard Comrie|author2=Greville G. Corbett|title=The Slavonic Languages|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=uRF9Yiso1OIC&pg=PA539|year=2002|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-28078-5|pages=539–}}</ref>}}
{{Cnote2 End}}

==See also==
{{commons category}}
*[[Tringe Smajl Martini]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
*{{cite book|last=Wyon|first=Reginald|title=The Land of the Black Mountain|year=1903|publisher=London, Methuen and co.|chapter=8|pages=312–16}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Baci, Sokol
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Albanian rebel against Ottoman rule
| DATE OF BIRTH =
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Gruda (region)|Gruda]], [[Sanjak of Scutari]], [[Ottoman Empire]] (now [[Montenegro]])
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH = Gruda
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Baci, Sokol}}
[[Category:20th-century Albanian people]]
[[Category:Ottoman rebels]]
[[Category:Malësia]]
[[Category:Activists of the Albanian National Awakening]]
[[Category:Ottoman Albanians]]
[[Category:People of the Principality of Montenegro]]
[[Category:People from Podgorica]]
[[Category:Montenegrin people of Albanian descent]]
[[Category:Montenegrin Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Albanian Roman Catholics]]

Leicester Castle

2013-12-05T00:12:09Z

Dawkeye: update references

{{refimprove|date=May 2013}}
[[Image:Leicester Castle Apr2010.jpg|thumb|The Great Hall]]
[[File:Castle Wall - geograph.org.uk - 2682045.jpg|thumb|A view of the castle wall]]
[[File:Leicester Castle - geograph.org.uk - 2722504.jpg|thumb|The Motte in late 2011]]

'''Leicester Castle''' is located in the [[Leicester|city of the same name]] in the English county of [[Leicestershire]]. The complex is situated in the west of [[Leicester City Centre|the city centre]], between Saint Nicholas Circle to the north and [[De Montfort University]] to the south.

==Description==
The Castle complex contains:
*Castle Gardens, a set of gardens along the bank of the [[Grand Union Canal|canal]], (there are official [[British Waterways]] secure overnight moorings for visiting boaters).
*The church of [[St Mary de Castro (Leicester)|St Mary de Castro]], the oldest part of which dates to the 12th century, and still in use as a [[Church of England]] parish church
*The Great Hall, built in about 1150 by [[Robert de Beaumont, 2nd Earl of Leicester|Robert de Bossu, 2nd Earl of Leicester]]. It was extensively rebuilt and the roof structure replaced in about 1523. The brick frontage dates from 1695. It was used as a law court from the earliest times until 1992.
*'[[John of Gaunt]]'s Cellar' (erroneously called a dungeon)
*The remains of the castle itself
*Castle Yard, the open area between the Great Hall and St Mary de Castro, which was used for public executions. A nearby plaque records that [[John Wesley]] addressed "a great crowd" here in 1770.

According to Leicester Museums, the castle was probably built around 1070 (soon after the [[Norman Conquest]] in 1066).<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.leicester.gov.uk/your-council-services/ep/planning/conservation/scheduledmonuments/scheduledmonumentslist/leicestercastleandmagazine/leicestercastlehistory/1-the-first-castle/ |title=A History of Leicester Castle: The First Castle |work=Leicester City Council |year=2013 |accessdate=4 December 2013}}</ref> The remains now consist of a [[Motte-and-bailey|mound]], along with ruins. Originally the mound was 40 ft (12.2 m) high. Kings sometimes stayed at the castle ([[Edward I of England|Edward I]] in 1300, and [[Edward II of England|Edward II]] in 1310 and 1311), and John of Gaunt and his second wife [[Constance of Castile (1354-1394)|Constance of Castile]] both died here in 1399 and 1394 respectively.

Eventually, however, it was used mainly as a courthouse (sessions being held in the Great Hall), rather than a residence.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Jack |last=Simmons |authorlink=Jack Simmons (historian) |title=Leicester Past and Present: Vol. I. ; Ancient Borough to 1860 |location=London |publisher=[[Eyre Methuen]] |year=1974 }}</ref>

Apart from being used for [[Assize Court]]s ([[J. M. Barrie]] visited regularly and spent many hours inside as reporter for a newspaper when the hall was used as a court house), the Great Hall was also used for sessions of the [[Parliament of England]] most notably the [[Parliament of Bats]] in 1426, when the conditions in London were not suitable and its connections with the Plantagenet family.

The Castle, the Turret Gateway, the Great Hall and "[[John of Gaunt]]'s Cellar" (erroneously called a dungeon) are all [[Scheduled Ancient Monuments]],<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.leicester.gov.uk/your-council-services/ep/planning/conservation/scheduledmonuments/scheduledmonumentslist/leicestercastleandmagazine/ |title=Leicester Castle and the Magazine Gateway |work=Leicester City Council |year=2013 |accessdate=4 December 2013}}</ref> and are variously [[listed buildings]] also. St Mary de Castro is a Grade I listed building.

A section of the castle wall, adjacent to the Turret Gateway, has gun loops (holes) that were poked through the medieval wall to use as firing ports by the city's residents when parliamentarian Leicester was besieged, captured, and ransacked, by the royalist army in the 1640s during the [[English civil war]]. The third storey of the Turret Gateway was destroyed in an election riot in 1832.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.leicester.gov.uk/your-council-services/ep/planning/conservation/scheduledmonuments/scheduledmonumentslist/leicestercastleandmagazine/turret-gateway/ |title=Turret Gateway: Description of the Ancient Monument |work=Leicester City Council |year=2013 |accessdate=4 December 2013}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Castles in Great Britain and Ireland]]
*[[List of castles in England]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal |last=Fox |first=Levi |url=http://www.le.ac.uk/lahs/downloads/LeicesterCastlefromsmvolumeXXII-2.pdf |format=PDF |title=Leicester Castle |volume=22 |pages=127–170 |journal=Transactions of the Leicestershire Archaeological and Historical Society |year=1941–42}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[http://www.gatehouse-gazetteer.info/English%20sites/1754.html Bibliography of sources relating to Leicester Castle]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/leicester/in_pictures/360_panoramas/castle_park/ Photographs of the area around the castle]

{{coord|52|37|56.4|N|1|8|28.3|W|display=title|region:GB_type:landmark}}

{{Castles in Leicestershire |state=expanded}}

[[Category:Leicester]]
[[Category:History of Leicester]]
[[Category:Castles in Leicestershire]]
[[Category:Grade I listed buildings in Leicestershire]]
[[Category:Visitor attractions in Leicestershire]]
[[Category:Grade I listed castles]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Leicester]]
[[Category:Ruins in Leicestershire]]
[[Category:Scheduled Ancient Monuments in Leicester]]

Surprise (Schiff, 1970)

2013-11-29T18:03:45Z

Dawkeye: link to Connecticut Naval Militia

{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image= [[Image:HMS-Surprise-overall.jpg|300px|HMS Surprise]]
|Ship caption=''HMS Surprise'' at the [[Maritime Museum of San Diego]]
}}
{{Infobox Ship Career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=
|Ship flag={{USN flag}}
|Ship name= HMS ''Rose''
|Ship namesake=
|Ship owner=HMS Rose Foundation
|Ship operator=
|Ship registry=
|Ship route=
|Ship ordered=
|Ship awarded=
|Ship builder=[[Smith and Rhuland]] Shipyard, [[Lunenburg, Nova Scotia (town)|Lunenburg]], [[Nova Scotia]]
|Ship original cost=
|Ship yard number=
|Ship way number=
|Ship laid down=
|Ship launched=1970
|Ship completed=
|Ship homeport=[[Black Rock Harbor]] [[Bridgeport, Connecticut|Bridgeport]], [[Connecticut]]
|Ship identification=
|Ship motto=
|Ship nickname=
|Ship fate= Sold to [[20th Century Fox]] 2001
|Ship status=
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox Ship Career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=
|Ship flag={{USN flag}}
|Ship name= ''HMS Surprise''
|Ship namesake=
|Ship owner=
|Ship operator=
|Ship registry=
|Ship route=
|Ship ordered=
|Ship awarded=
|Ship builder=
|Ship original cost=
|Ship yard number=
|Ship way number=
|Ship laid down=
|Ship launched=
|Ship completed=
|Ship homeport=[[San Diego, California|San Diego]], [[California]]
|Ship identification=
|Ship motto=
|Ship nickname=
|Ship fate= Sold to [[Maritime Museum of San Diego]] in 2007
|Ship status={{ship in active service}}
|Ship notes=Official Number: 928811
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=
|Ship type=
|Ship tonnage=
|Ship displacement= {{convert|500|LT|t|0|lk=in|abbr=on}}
|Ship tons burthen=
|Ship length={{convert|179|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on}} [[spar (sailing)|spar]]red length {{convert|135|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on}} on [[Deck (ship)|deck]] {{convert|114|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on}} [[Length at the waterline|w/l]]
|Ship beam={{convert|32|ft|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship height= of [[Rigging|Rig]] {{convert|130|ft|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship draft={{convert|13|ft|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship depth=
|Ship decks=
|Ship deck clearance=
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|Ship sail plan=[[Full rigged ship]], sail area {{convert|13000|ft2|m2|abbr=on}}
|Ship speed=
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|Ship endurance=
|Ship boats=
|Ship complement=
|Ship crew=
|Ship notes=
}}
|}
'''''HMS Surprise''''' is a modern [[tall ship]], built at [[Lunenburg, Nova Scotia|Lunenburg]], [[Nova Scotia]], Canada as '''''Rose''''' in 1970 to a [[Phil Bolger]] design based on the original 18th-century British [[Admiralty]] drawings. She is based on {{HMS|Rose|1757|6}}, a 20 gun [[sixth-rate]] [[frigate]] built in 1757.

''Rose'' was built at the [[Smith and Rhuland]] shipyard in Lunenburg, a yard which had established a reputation for large and successful replicas such as HMS ''[[Bounty (1960 ship)|Bounty]]'' in 1960 and ''[[Bluenose II]]'' in 1963.

The ship was inspected and certified by the [[United States Coast Guard]]. She spent the first ten years of her life in Newport, Rhode Island sailing in Newport Harbor and as a dockside attraction. In 1985, already in serious disrepair, she was purchased by Kaye Williams and brought to Bridgeport, Connecticut., and operated as a [[sail training]] vessel in the 1980s and 1990s, run by the HMS Rose Foundation based in [[Bridgeport, Connecticut|Bridgeport]], [[Connecticut]], [[United States]]. Although she is known by the national prefix '''HMS''', meaning Her (or His) [[Her Majesty's Ship|Majesty's Ship]], she is not technically entitled to it as she does not hold a royal warrant.

She was sold to the [[20th Century Fox]] film studio in 2001 to be used in the making of the film ''[[Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World]]'', in which she portrayed the [[Royal Navy]] frigate {{HMS|Surprise|1796|2}} with a story based on several of the books by [[Patrick O'Brian]]. After the film was complete, the ship was leased and then purchased by the [[Maritime Museum of San Diego]] which has restored her to sailing condition as of September 2007.<ref>[http://legacy.sname.org/sections/san_diego/Presentations/2007-10_Reviving_Surprise.pdf "Reviving Surprise"(pdf) David L. Kolthoff, P.E.]</ref> The ship has officially been re-registered as ''HMS Surprise'' in honor of her role in the film. She sails several times a year, often with the museum's other tall ships, the schooner ''[[Californian (schooner)|Californian]]'' and the 1863 barque ''[[Star of India (ship)|Star of India]]''.<ref>[http://www.sdmaritime.com/contentpage.asp?ContentID=152 SDMM article on ''Surprise'']</ref> In 2010, she portrayed HMS ''Providence'' in the [[Disney]] [[adventure film]] ''[[Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides]]''.<ref>http://img835.imageshack.us/slideshow/webplayer.php?id=lb1f.jpg</ref>

In 1991, The [[Connecticut General Assembly]] passed "An Act Concerning the H.M.S. Rose" in which the ship was commissioned as a vessel of the [[Connecticut Naval Militia]]. The act stated that the H.M.S. Rose Foundation was responsible for maintaining the ship, but when the ship was sold to 20th Century Fox, the statute was not repealed and is still in effect.<ref>[http://www.cga.ct.gov/current/pub/chap_504.htm#sec_27-5 CGS 27-5 - Public Act 91-31]</ref>

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
{{Commons category|HMS Surprise (ship, 1970)}}
* [http://www.sdmaritime.org/hms-surprise/ Maritime Museum of San Diego page on the ''Surprise'']
* [http://www.tallshiprose.org/ Tall ship ''Rose'']

{{coord|32|43|15|N|117|10|26|W|type:landmark_region:US|display=title}}

{{Maritime Museum of San Diego}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Surprise, Hms, Replica}}
[[Category:1970 ships]]
[[Category:Ships built in Nova Scotia]]
[[Category:Maritime Museum of San Diego]]
[[Category:Museum ships in San Diego, California]]
[[Category:Individual sailing vessels]]
[[Category:Vessels of the American Sail Training Association]]
[[Category:Tall ships of the United States]]
[[Category:Replica ships]]

Henry FitzRoy, 12. Duke of Grafton

2013-11-09T03:22:29Z

Dawkeye: /* References */ cat

{{Infobox Peer
| name= The Duke of Grafton
| title=[[Duke of Grafton]]
| predecessor=[[Hugh FitzRoy, 11th Duke of Grafton]]
| image=File:12th Duke of Grafton Allan Warren.JPG
| tenure=7 April 2011 – present
| birth_date= {{birth date and age|1978|4|6|df=yes}}
| spouse = Olivia Sladen
| issue=
| parents=James Fitzroy, Earl of Euston Lady Claire Kerr
}}
'''Henry Oliver Charles FitzRoy, 12th Duke of Grafton''' (born 6 April 1978), known as '''Harry Grafton''', is an [[Peerage of England|English]] [[peerage|peer]]. He inherited the [[Duke of Grafton|Dukedom of Grafton]] from his grandfather, [[Hugh FitzRoy, 11th Duke of Grafton]], on 7 April 2011.

==Early life==
Grafton is the son of James Oliver Charles FitzRoy, Earl of Euston (1947–2009) and his wife, Lady Claire Amabel Margaret Kerr, the daughter of [[Peter Kerr, 12th Marquess of Lothian]].<ref name=burke>Charles Mosley, ed., ''Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage'', 107th edition, vol. II (2004), ISBN 0-9711966-2-1, pp. 1616–1619</ref><ref name=rhodes>Michael Rhodes posting to [http://groups.google.com/group/peerage-news Peerage News message list], 15 April 2010</ref> He was known as Viscount Ipswich from his birth until he succeeded to the dukedom. On his father's death in 2009 he could have taken the title of Earl of Euston, but did not do so.

His ancestor [[Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Grafton]] (1663–1690) was an [[Legitimacy (law)|illegitimate]] son of [[Charles II of England|King Charles II]] by his mistress [[Barbara Villiers, 1st Duchess of Cleveland|Barbara Villiers, Duchess of Cleveland]]. While genetically a member of the [[House of Stuart]], Grafton shares the surname FitzRoy (meaning "son of the king") with other natural lines descended from Charles II.<ref>Bernard Falk, ''The Royal Fitz Roys: dukes of Grafton through four centuries'' (1950), p. 7</ref>

Educated at [[Harrow School]] and the [[University of Edinburgh]], he spent a post-graduate year at the [[Royal Agricultural College]], [[Cirencester]].

==Career==
From 2003 to 2005 he lived in [[Nashville, Tennessee]], and worked for the music business management firm FBMM, was a part-time radio show host on 91.1 [[WRVU]], and played drums with a band called 'The Squibs'. He also plays the guitar. From 2005 to 2007 he worked for the [[Rolling Stones]] as merchandising co-ordinator for their "[[A Bigger Bang Tour]]".

In 2007 he moved to [[London]] and in 2009 due to the death of his father returned to Suffolk to help manage the Euston estate.<ref>[http://thesinglepeer.blogspot.com/ The Single Peer], Henry Oliver Charles FitzRoy, Viscount Ipswich, 5 December 2010</ref> He currently promotes live music events at The Apex in [[Bury St Edmunds]], Suffolk, under the business name of How the East was Won Promotions.

==Family life==
On 14 August 2010 Lord Ipswich, as he was then known, married Olivia Margaret M. Sladen at [[Snowshill]], [[Gloucestershire]].<ref>[http://thepeerage.com/p7049.htm#i70490 Henry Oliver Charles FitzRoy] at thepeerage.com, accessed 11 April 2011</ref> Their engagement had been announced 15 April 2010.<ref name=rhodes/> Their son, Alfred James Charles, Earl of Euston, was born on 26 December 2012. <ref>{{cite news|title=GRAFTON|url=http://announcements.telegraph.co.uk/births/158305/grafton|accessdate=3 January 2013|newspaper=[[Daily Telegraph]]|date=2 January 2013}}</ref>

The Duke's seat is [[Euston Hall]], at [[Euston, Suffolk|Euston]] in [[Suffolk]], near [[Thetford]] in [[Norfolk]].

==Titles and styles==
*6 April 1978{{spaced ndash}}7 April 2011: Viscount Ipswich
*Since 7 April 2011: ''[[His Grace]]'' The Duke of Grafton

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-reg|en}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Hugh FitzRoy, 11th Duke of Grafton|Hugh FitzRoy]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Duke of Grafton]]|years=2011– }}
{{s-aft|after=Incumbent}}
{{end}}

{{Dukes of Grafton}}
{{British dukes}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Grafton, Henry Fitzroy, 12th Duke of
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 6 April 1978
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Grafton, Henry Fitzroy, 12th Duke of}}
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:House of Stuart]]
[[Category:Dukes of Grafton|12]]
[[Category:FitzRoy family|Henry FitzRoy, 12th Duke of Grafton]]
[[Category:People educated at Harrow School]]
[[Category:Alumni of the Royal Agricultural University]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Shardeloes

2013-08-29T10:14:22Z

Dawkeye: add infobox, links, clarify text

{{Infobox building
| name = Shardeloes
| status =
| image = Shardloes Mansion - geograph.org.uk - 1296907.jpg
| image_alt = Shardeloes
| image_size = 250px
| caption =
| map_type = Buckinghamshire
| map_alt = Location within Buckinghamshire
| map_caption = Location within Buckinghamshire
| altitude =
| building_type = [[English country house|Country house]]
| architectural_style = [[Palladian]]
| structural_system =
| cost =
| client = William Drake, Sr. (1723–1796)
| owner =
| current_tenants =
| landlord =
| location = Nr. Amersham, Buckinghamshire
| latd = 51
| latm = 40
| lats = 17
| latNS = N
| longd = 0
| longm = 38
| longs = 40
| longEW = W
| groundbreaking_date =
| start_date = 1758
| completion_date = 1766
| architect = [[Stiff Leadbetter]]
| other_designers = [[Robert Adam]] (interiors) [[Humphry Repton]] (gardens)
| url =
}}

'''Shardeloes''' is a large 18th-century [[English country house|country house]] located one mile west of [[Amersham]] in [[Buckinghamshire]], United Kingdom ({{gbmapping|SU937978}}). A previous manor house on the site was demolished and the present building constructed between 1758 and 1766<ref>[http://list.english-heritage.org.uk/resultsingle.aspx?uid=1238040 Shardeloes, Amersham]. English Heritage. Retrieved 15 August 2011.</ref> for [[William Drake (1723–1796)|William Drake, Sr]], the [[Amersham (UK Parliament constituency)|Member of Parliament for Amersham]].

==Design and construction==
The architect and builder was [[Stiff Leadbetter]], designs for interior decorations were provided by [[Robert Adam]] from 1761.<ref>Shardeloes Papers of the 17th and 18th Centuries. G.Eland (ed). Oxford University Press 1947</ref> Built in the [[Palladian]] style, of [[stucco]]ed brick, the mansion is nine [[bay]]s long by seven bays deep. It was constructed with the [[piano nobile]] on the ground floor and a [[Mezzanine (architecture)|mezzanine]] above. The north facade has a large [[portico]] of [[Corinthian order|Corinthian]] columns. The terminating windows of the piano nobile are [[pediment]]ed and recessed into shallow niches, as are the end bays of the east front. The roof, typically for the palladian style, is hidden by a [[balustrade]]. The original plans of the house by Leadbetter show a design closer in appearance to [[Holkham Hall]], with square end towers. Adam cancelled this idea, but embellished the front with the portico.

The interior of the house has fine ornamental [[plaster]] work by [[Joseph Rose]].<ref>Detailed existing bills from Joseph Rose, 1761-63, totalling £1139 18s 0d, are noted by Geoffrey Beard, ''Decorative Plasterwork in Great Britain'' 1975:244</ref> The entrance hall by Adam has fluted [[Doric order|Doric]] [[pilaster]]s and massive doorcases in the north and south walls. The dining room has stucco panels and an oval panel in the ceiling. The library was designed by [[James Wyatt]] in a [[classicism|classical]] style and has painted panels by [[Biagio Rebecca]]. [[Nikolaus Pevsner]] describes the staircase as "surprisingly small."<ref>Pevsner, ''Buckinghamshire''. [[Penguin Books]], 1960.</ref> Pevsner for once rather misses the point: as the house was designed, all rooms of importance, including the bedrooms, were on the principal ground floor; thus, there was no need for a grand staircase, as no grandee would ever need to ascend to the secondary floor above. [[Blenheim Palace]] is another house with a small staircase for the same reason.

The house is flanked to the west by a service block and stable yard of the same period as the mansion, complete with clock tower. The stable yard is entered through five archways; the rectangular building has projecting wings and a pitched roof.

==Grounds==
[[Humphry Repton]] was commissioned to lay out the grounds in the classical English landscape fashion, in the [[lee waves|lee]] of the hill upon which the mansion stands. Repton dammed the [[River Misbourne]] to form a lake.

==Recent history==
The mansion remained the ancestral home of the Tyrwhitt-Drake family until World War II, when the house was requisitioned as a maternity hospital for evacuated pregnant women from London; some three thousand children were born there, including lyricist Sir [[Tim Rice]] in 1944.<ref name=WhatACircus>{{cite book|year=1999|author=Tim Rice|isbn=0-340-65459-7|title=Oh, What a Circus: The Autobiography |publisher=Coronet Books}}</ref> Following the war the house seemed destined to become one of the [[Destruction of country houses in 20th-century Britain|thousands of country houses being demolished]], until a local [[Architectural conservation|conservation]] society, [[The Amersham Society]], assisted by the [[Council for the Protection of Rural England]] fought a prolonged battle to save the house: eventually a preservation order was put on the building preventing its demolition. Shardeloes today is a complex of private flats; the principal reception rooms are preserved as common rooms for the residents.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.amersham.org.uk/shardeloes.htm Further information]

{{coord|51.6713|N|0.6444|W|region:GB_type:landmark|display=title|format=dms}}

[[Category:Houses completed in 1766]]
[[Category:Country houses in Buckinghamshire]]
[[Category:Amersham]]
[[Category:Grade I listed buildings in Buckinghamshire]]
[[Category:Palladian architecture]]
[[Category:Cricket grounds in Buckinghamshire]]

John Van Buren (Politiker, 1810)

2013-08-05T12:43:46Z

Dawkeye: add infobox, links, persondata, add/update refs

{{other people|John Van Buren}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = John Van Buren
|image= John Van Buren.jpg
|imagesize= 200px
|caption= John Van Buren (photo between 1855 and 1865)
|order = 21st
|office = Attorney General of New York
|term_start = February 3, 1845
|term_end = December 31, 1847
|governor =
|predecessor = [[George P. Barker]]
|successor = [[Ambrose L. Jordan]]
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1810|2|18}}
|birth_place = [[Hudson, New York]]
|death_date = {{Death date and age|1866|10|13|1810|2|18}}
|death_place = At sea
|restingplace = [[Albany Rural Cemetery]], [[Menands, New York]]
|restingplacecoordinates =
|birthname =
|citizenship =
|nationality =
|party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]]
|otherparty = [[Free Soil Party]]
|spouse = {{marriage|Elizabeth Vanderpoel|1841|1844}}
|relations =
|children = Anna Van Buren
|residence =
|alma_mater = [[Yale College]]
|profession = [[Lawyer]]
|religion =
|signature =
|signature_alt =
|footnotes =
}}
'''John Van Buren''' (February 18, 1810 [[Hudson, New York|Hudson]], [[Columbia County, New York]] – October 13, 1866) was an American lawyer and politician.

==Life==

He was the second son of [[President of the United States|President]] [[Martin Van Buren]] and graduated from [[Yale College]] in 1828. In 1831, when his father was appointed [[U.S. Minister to Britain]], he accompanied him as secretary of the American Legation in [[London]]. Both returned in 1832 after Congress failed to confirm the appointment.

John Van Buren then opened a law practice with James McKown in Albany. He is said to have possessed a “remarkable memory”, “his success at the bar was great, but his fame as a lawyer has been dimmed by his wit and his wonderful ability as a politician."<ref name="Miller, Peyton F 1904. Pages 184-196">{{Cite book| last=Miller |first=Peyton F. |title=A Group of Great Lawyers of Columbia County, New York |publisher=Privately Printed |year=1904 |pages=184-196}}</ref> He returned to England on his own in 1838-39 (during his father's Presidency). He had spectacular seats at [[Coronation of Queen Victoria|Queen Victoria's coronation]], also attended the Queen's prorogue to Parliament, and earned his nickname of “Prince John” after he danced with her in 1838.<ref>Diary of John Van Buren</ref> Van Buren dined with the who’s who of 19th century England, Ireland and Scotland. He also met with the King of France, [[Louis Philippe I]], the King of Belgium, [[Leopold I of Belgium|Leopold I]], and the King of the Netherlands, [[William I of the Netherlands|William I]], (Prince William IV of Orange).

On June 22, 1841, he married Elizabeth Vanderpoel (May 22, 1810 – November 19, 1844), his childhood sweetheart. They had one daughter, Anna (1842-1923), and after her death, Van Buren never remarried.

From 1845 to 1847, he served as [[New York State Attorney General]], the last holder of that office elected by joint ballot of the Assembly and Senate, under the provisions of the state Constitution of 1821. In 1845, he conducted the prosecution of some leaders of the [[Anti-Rent War]] at their trial for riot, conspiracy and robbery. [[Ambrose L. Jordan]] led for the defense. At the first trial the jury was deadlocked. At the re-trial, in September 1845, the two leading counsel started a fist-fight in open court, and were both sentenced by the presiding judge, Justice [[John W. Edmonds]], to "solitary confinement in the county jail for 24 hours." Governor [[Silas Wright]] refused to accept Van Buren's resignation, and both counsel continued with the case after their release from jail. The defendant, Smith A. Boughton ("Big Thunder"), was sentenced to life imprisonment. At the next [[New York gubernatorial elections|state election]] Governor Wright was defeated by [[John Young (governor)|John Young]], who had the support of the Anti-Renters. Young pardoned Big Thunder.

In December 1845, Governor Wright charged Van Buren to work on an act to limit the tenure of landlords. The bill, “An Act to amend the Statute of Devices and Descents, and to extinguish certain Tenures” was the most radical reform considered by the New York State Legislature during the Anti-Rent years. It basically said that the death of a landlord ended a lease.

John Van Buren also prosecuted the case of William Freeman, who murdered four members of the Van Nest family of Cayuga County, New York on March 12, 1846.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.nycourts.gov/publications/benchmarks/issue6/Courthouse.shtml |title=Cayuga County Courthouse and the Case that Helped Establish the Insanity Defense in New York |work=Benchmarks: Journal of the New York State Unified Court System |date=Spring 2007 |accessdate=5 August 2013}}</ref> The defense, lead by [[William H. Seward]], tried to prove that Freeman was insane and therefore could not stand trial, but a local jury disagreed and the trial began after days of jury selection. Because it was a capital case, [[Quakers]] (Anti-death penalty) were dismissed from the jury panel. The local District Attorney, Luman Sherwood, also served as a prosecutor. He and Van Buren fought vehemently against the defense’s insanity strategy. Van Buren believed that the legal system rested on lawbreakers being punished and that finding a man innocent because of insanity would cause the system to crumble. In his addresses to the jury, he explained the cause and effect of finding Freeman guilty. The prosecution did everything they could to show the jury that Freeman was in fact sane and should be found guilty and face the death penalty. Race was a huge factor: Freeman's mother was Native American and his father was black. It was argued he was a product of the mixing of two inferior races and that this was one reason for his actions. In a society in which racism was common, these claims did not fall on deaf ears. The jury deliberated for two hours before finding Freeman guilty on July 23, 1846, and at 6:30 AM the next day, William Freeman was sentenced by Judge Whiting to hang on the afternoon of September, 18, 1846. In January 1847, however, the Supreme Court reversed the decision of the Cayuga County Court and granted Freeman a new trial. Freeman died on August 21, 1847 of tuberculosis in his jail cell, weeks before that trial was to begin.

Later in 1847, Van Buren moved to [[New York City]] and formed a partnership with Hamilton W. Robinson. A suit for the divorce of [[Edwin Forrest]], an actor, brought Van Buren before the public once more. He was asked to run for various offices but always declined, stating he had been far too close to the seats of power to seek them out.

In [[New York state election, 1848|1848]], Van Buren was the leader of the [[Barnburners and Hunkers|Barnburner]] faction of the Democratic Party, which repudiated the [[1848 Democratic National Convention]] held in [[Baltimore]]. The Barnburners met for a State Convention in [[Utica, New York]] on June 22 and nominated Van Buren's father as their presidential candidate. On August 9, the National Convention of the [[Free Soil Party]], held at [[Buffalo, New York]], endorsed this nomination. [[Lewis Cass]] ended up on the official Democratic ticket, which forever incensed the Van Burens, who felt Martin had been robbed of the position. Martin Van Buren failed to win a single state and Zachary Taylor won the presidency. But Martin Van Buren’s votes in New York cost Cass the election.

Jon Earle argues that “Prince John” Van Buren was the “most effective campaign speaker" and that Van Buren was especially effective with urban working-class audiences. In his speeches Van Buren "took Jacksonian antislavery arguments to new rhetorical height, excoriating the slavery conspirators, ridiculing comprising "doughfaces" and "meddlesome Whigs," and above all, emphasizing the degrading influence of slavery on free labor.” (p. 167). “John Van Buren often stressed the Free Soil Party plank calling for free homesteads in his appeals to workingmen and freeholders, reminding them that reserving the public lands for settlers kept [the lands] out of the hands of speculators and land monopolies, as well as slaveholders.”<ref>{{Cite book |last=Earle |first=Jonathan Halperin |title=Jacksonian antislavery & the politics of free soil, 1824-1854 |publisher=[[UNC Press]] |year=2004 |pages=167-168}}</ref> The [[Free Soil Party]] was anti-slavery because it believed that slavery promoted laziness and went against free land/labor ideas. As a strong supporter of this third party, Van Buren convinced his father to run on its platform in 1848. The Free Soil Party completely split with the Democratic Party, which came to be influenced by elite slaveholders. Many of the Free Soil members joined the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] in 1860 when [[Abraham Lincoln]] ran for President, even nominating one of their own, [[Hannibal Hamlin]] to the vice presidency. Many, if not most of the Free Soil Party’s ideals were appropriated by the Republican Party.

In [[New York state election, 1865|1865]], John Van Buren again ran for the office of New York state Attorney General on the Democratic ticket, but was defeated by Republican [[John H. Martindale]]. After Van Buren's political defeat, he visited Europe (1866) accompanied by his daughter and niece. “They traveled extensively in England, Sweden, Norway and Russia.”(195)<ref name="Miller, Peyton F 1904. Pages 184-196"/> Van Buren died from exposure on the return journey from Liverpool to New York City aboard the ''Scotia''. A storm set in after his death, and feeling that was an omen, the sailors tried to cast his body into the sea, but the captain would not allow it. After the ship arrived in New York, funeral services were held at that city's [[Grace Church (Manhattan)|Grace Church]] and in Albany's [[St. Peter's Episcopal Church (Albany, New York)|St. Peter's Church]]. John Van Buren's grave is located in the [[Albany Rural Cemetery]].

Van Buren was a man surrounded by innuendoes, even after his death. He was rumored to have lost $5000, and with it, his father's home, [[Lindenwald]] as well as a mistress, the very popular Elena America Vespucci, descendent of [[Amerigo Vespucci]], to George Parish of [[Ogdensburg, New York]] in a card game at the [[LeRay Hotel]] in [[Evans Mills, New York]].<ref name="nrhpinv_ny">{{cite web |url=http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp_view.asp?GroupView=3004 |title=National Register of Historic Places Registration: LeRay Hotel |date=September 1982 |accessdate=2009-12-10 |author=John Harwood |publisher=[[New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation]]}}</ref> This story has not been verified, but it has plagued Van Buren's reputation.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.trivia-library.com/b/biography-of-adventurer-elena-america-vespucci-part-2.htm |title=Biography of Adventurer Elena America Vespucci (Part 2) |first1=David |last1=Wallechinsky |first2=Irving |last2=Wallace |work=Trivia Library |year=2013 |accessdate=5 August 2013}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
*[http://www.usgennet.org/usa/ny/state/his/bk12/ch7/pt4.html USgennet.org], NY history {{dead link|date=August 2013}}
* {{cite web |url= http://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/valerius-vancamp.html |title=Index to Politicians: Valentino to Vancampen |work=The Political Graveyard }}
*[http://www.pgvhosting.com/demo/individual.php?pid=I1752&ged=presidents.ged PGVhosting.com], Van Buren Genealogy{{dead link|date=August 2013}}
* {{Cite news|title=Van Buren's Lindenwold |url=http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=1&res=9C00EEDC1030E333A25753C3A9619C94699ED7CF |date=July 30, 1898 |work=The New York Times}} includes an account of the altercation at the trial.
*{{Cite book |last=Arpey |first=Andrew W. |title=The William Freeman Murder Trial: Insanity, Politics and Race |publisher=[[Syracuse University Press]] |location=Syracuse, New York |date=2003}}
* {{cite book|first=Franklin |last=Ellis |title=History of Columbia County, New York |publisher=Everts & Ensign |location=Philadelphia |year=1878 |pages=56-73 |url=http://www.usgennet.org/usa/ny/county/columbia/genhistcolco/chapt9_1878_hist.htm }}
* {{Cite news |title=Obituary: Death of John Van Buren |date=October 17, 1866 |work=The New York Times |url=http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9800E7DE103DE53BBC4F52DFB667838D679FDE }}

{{S-start}}
{{S-legal}}
{{Succession box| before = [[George P. Barker]] | title = [[New York State Attorney General]] | years = 1845–1847 | after = [[Ambrose L. Jordan]]}}
{{S-end}}

{{NYSAttorneyGeneral}}

{{Authority control|VIAF=58952509}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Van Buren, John
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Son of the American president
| DATE OF BIRTH = February 18, 1810
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Hudson, Columbia County, New York
| DATE OF DEATH = October 13, 1866
| PLACE OF DEATH = At sea
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Van Buren, John}}
[[Category:1810 births]]
[[Category:1866 deaths]]
[[Category:Yale University alumni]]
[[Category:Children of Presidents of the United States]]
[[Category:New York State Attorneys General]]
[[Category:American people of Dutch descent]]
[[Category:People from Columbia County, New York]]
[[Category:New York Democrats]]
[[Category:People who died at sea]]
[[Category:Martin Van Buren]]
[[Category:Burials at Albany Rural Cemetery]]

Washington (Schiff, 1837)

2013-08-03T14:50:23Z

Dawkeye: update infobox, details of naming, links, refs

{{otherships|USS Washington}}
{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=
|Ship caption=
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{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=United States
|Ship flag={{USN flag|1861}} {{Shipboxflag|United States|coast guard}}
|Ship name=USS ''Washington''
|Ship namesake=Peter G. Washington
|Ship ordered=6 July 1837
|Ship awarded=
|Ship builder=
|Ship launched=
|Ship christened=1 August 1837
|Ship completed=1837
|Ship acquired=
|Ship commissioned=before November 1837
|Ship recommissioned=
|Ship decommissioned=after June 1861
|Ship struck=
|Ship fate=Seized by Confederate Navy
|Ship status=
|Ship notes=
|Ship badge=
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=
|Ship class=
|Ship type=
|Ship tonnage=
|Ship displacement=190 tons
|Ship tons burthen=
|Ship length={{convert|91|ft|2|in|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship beam={{convert|21|ft|2|in|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship height=
|Ship draft=
|Ship depth=
|Ship hold depth=
|Ship decks=
|Ship propulsion=Topsail schooner; re-rigged as a brig in 1838
|Ship sail plan=
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|Ship boats=
|Ship complement=
|Ship armament=1 × 42-pound pivot
|Ship notes=
}}
|}

'''USS ''Washington''''' was a [[revenue cutter]] in the [[United States Navy]]. She discovered ''[[La Amistad|Amistad]]'' after the slaves onboard had seized control of that [[schooner]] in an 1839 [[mutiny]].

==Service history==
''Washington'' was the second cutter of that name to serve the Navy, and was named after Peter G. Washington, who had served as a clerk in the Treasury, chief clerk to the 6th Auditor, 1st Assistant Postmaster General, and [[Assistant Secretary of the Treasury]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.history.noaa.gov/ships/washington.html |title=NOAA History - Peter G. Washington |work=National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration |year=2013 |accessdate=3 August 2013}}</ref> Authorized on 6 July and named on 1 August 1837, ''Washington'' was apparently built quickly, as orders were issued on 11 November for the ship to conduct "winter cruising" off the eastern seaboard between New York and the Virginia capes. She sailed on 18 December on her first cruise. In ensuing years, the ship cruised that stretch of sea in the winters and conducted sounding and surveying operations off the coast in the summers of 1838 and 1839. She was rerigged from a schooner to a brig during that period, apparently at [[Baltimore, Maryland]].

While sounding between Gardiner's Point and Montauk Point, N.Y., in the summer of 1839, the cutter encountered evidence of a grim event at sea. On 26 August, ''Washington'' sighted a "suspicious-looking vessel" at anchor. The brig's commander, Lt. Thomas R. Gedney, USN, sent an armed party to board the craft.

The men found the suspicious ship to be the schooner ''Amistad'', of and from [[Havana, Cuba]]. She had set sail from the coast of [[Africa]] two months or so before, carrying two white passengers and 54 slaves, bound for [[Guanaja]], [[Cuba]]. Four days out of port, the slaves rose and killed the captain and his crew, saving the two passengers to navigate the ship back to Africa. During the next two months, in which ''Amistad'' had drifted at sea, nine of the slaves had died.

''Washington'' was transferred to the [[Coast Survey]], the forerunner of today's [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]], on 23 April 1840. For the next 12 years, the brig operated under the aegis of the Navy, off the eastern seaboard of the United States on surveying and sounding duties. All was not entirely tranquil, however, for there were storms to be contended with. While stationed in Chesapeake Bay in 1846, ''Washington'' was dismasted in a severe gale. Battered and worn but still afloat, the cutter limped to port. She had lost 11 men overboard in the tempest, including Lt. George M. Bache, the ship's commanding officer.

When the [[Mexican-American War]] began, ''Washington'' served with [[Commodore (United States)|Commodore]] [[Matthew C. Perry]]'s forces. Under the command of Lt. Comdr. [[Samuel Phillips Lee]], ''Washington'' took part in the [[Second Battle of Tabasco|capture of Tabasco]] on 16 June 1847 and contributed six officers and 30 men to a force under the command of Capt. S. L. Breese that formed part of the 1,173-man landing force that attacked and captured the Mexican stronghold at [[Tuxpan, Veracruz|Tuxpan]].

Returned to the Treasury Department on 18 May 1852, ''Washington'' underwent extensive repairs at New York which lasted into the early winter. Alterations were completed on 9 December 1852, but ''Washington'' remained in the New York area where she operated locally for the next six years. The cutter participated in the search for the foundering steamer ''San Francisco'' in the second week of January 1854. ''Washington'', along with five other revenue cutters, sailed almost simultaneously from their home ports—ranging from [[New London, Connecticut]], to [[Wilmington, Delaware]], and from [[Norfolk, Virginia]] to [[New York]]; but, unfortunately, none of the ships fell in with ''San Francisco''.

Ordered to the [[Gulf of Mexico]] in the spring of 1859 to relieve ''Robert McClelland'', ''Washington'' apparently arrived at [[Southwest Pass (Mississippi River)|Southwest Pass]], Louisiana, soon afterwards. She apparently remained there into 1861; and, although slated to be relieved, in turn, by ''Robert McClelland'' the outbreak of the [[American Civil War]] caught the brig at New Orleans where she was taken over by authorities of [[Louisiana]] soon after that state seceded from the Union on 31 January 1861. Little is known of the ship thereafter. In June 1861, Commodore [[David Dixon Porter]] reported that the ship was being fitted out at [[New Orleans]], Louisiana, and was almost ready for sea, but no clues to the ship's subsequent career have been found.

==See also==
{{Portal|American Civil War|United States Navy|United States Coast Guard|Military of the United States}}
*[[Union Navy]]
*[[Union Blockade]]
*[[United States Revenue Cutter Service]]
*[[United States Coast Guard]]
*[[List of United States Navy ships]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
*{{DANFS|http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/w3/washington-vi.htm}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Washington}}
[[Category:Cutters of the United States Navy]]
[[Category:United States Revenue Cutter Service]]
[[Category:Ships of the Union Navy]]
[[Category:1837 ships]]

Oflag X D

2013-06-24T18:14:52Z

Dawkeye: removed Category:World War II prisoner of war camps; added Category:World War II prisoner of war camps in Germany using HotCat

{{Infobox military structure
|name = Oflag X-D
|native_name =
|partof =
|location = [[Neugraben-Fischbek|Fischbek]], [[Saxony-Anhalt]]
|image =
|caption =
|map_type = Germany 1937
|latitude =53.4835
|longitude = 9.8405
|map_size =
|map_alt = Fischbek, Germany (pre-war borders, 1937)
|map_caption = Fischbek, Germany (pre-war borders, 1937)
|type = Prisoner-of-war camp
|coord_region = DE-ST
|code =
|built =
|builder =
|materials =
|height =
|used = 1941{{spaced ndash}}1945
|demolished =
|condition =
|ownership =
|open_to_public =
|controlledby = {{flag|Nazi Germany}}
|garrison =
|commanders =
|occupants =
|battles =
|events =
|image2 =
|caption2 =
}}
'''Oflag X-D''' was a [[Germany|German]] [[World War II]] [[prisoner-of-war camp]] for [[Officer (armed forces)|officer]]s (''[[Oflag|Offizierlager]]'') located in [[Neugraben-Fischbek|Fischbek]], a ''[[Stadtteil]]'' of [[Hamburg]], [[Germany]].

== Camp history ==
The camp was established in May 1941.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.moosburg.org/info/stalag/laglist.html |title=Kriegsgefangenenlager (Liste) |work=Moosburg Online |year=2012 |accessdate=29 April 2012}} {{de icon}}</ref> On 22 June 1943, all reserve officers of the Belgian Army held at [[Oflag II-A]] in Prenzlau were moved to Oflag X-D Fischbek.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hautecler |first1=Georges |title=Evasions réussies |trans_title=Successful Escapes |url=http://www.freebelgians.be/articles/print.php?id=54 |accessdate=29 April 2012 |date=1966 |publisher=Editions Soledi |location=[[Liège]], Belgium |isbn= }} {{fr icon}}</ref> The camp was liberated in May 1945 by troops of the British [[7th Armoured Division (United Kingdom)|7th Armoured Division]], [[Second Army (United Kingdom)|2nd Army]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.btinternet.com/~ian.a.paterson/battles1945.htm#Hamburg |title=Battles 1945 : Final Push To Hamburg|first=Ian A. |last=Paterson |work=The History of the British 7th Armoured Division |year=2008 |accessdate=29 April 2012}}{{dead link|date=November 2012|bot=Legobot}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Oflag]]
* [[List of prisoner-of-war camps in Germany]]
* [[Obstinée|L'Obstinée]]
* [[Raymond Troye]]

== References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:World War II prisoner of war camps in Germany]]
[[Category:Stendal (district)]]

{{Fort-stub}}

Cindy Gallop

2013-06-11T23:48:59Z

Dawkeye: fix/update refs

{{Infobox person
| name = Cindy Gallop
| image = Cindy gallop speaking cropped.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Lucinda Lee Gallop
| birth_date = {{Birth-date and age|1 February, 1960}}
| birth_place = [[Amersham]], [[Buckinghamshire]], [[England]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| nationality =
| known_for = Founder of MakeLoveNotPorn and IfWeRanTheWorld
| occupation = CEO and advertising executive
}}
'''Lucinda "Cindy" Lee Gallop'''<ref>{{cite web |url= http://companycheck.co.uk/director/902790507/LUCINDA-LEE-GALLOP |title=LUCINDA LEE GALLOP |work=companycheck.co.uk |year=2013 |accessdate=12 June 2013}}</ref> (born 1 February 1960<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.dellam.com/english/FI/FITZGERALD%20SHUREY%20TARBUCK%20LLP.html |title=FITZGERALD SHUREY TARBUCK LLP |work=Dellam Corporate Information Ltd. |year=2013 |accessdate=12 June 2013}}</ref> in [[Amersham]], [[Buckinghamshire]]
<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.findmypast.co.uk/search/all/results?recordCount=-1&forenames=lucinda&_includeForenamesVariants=on&surname=gallop&_includeSurnameVariants=on&fromYear=1960&toYear=1960&region=&county=&mothersMaidenName=&_useMothersMaidenNameAsSurname=on&sortOrder=RK%3Atrue&_performExactSearch=on&event=B&recordType=ALL&route= |title=General Register Office (GRO) birth records 1761-2006 |work=findmypast.co.uk |year=2013 |accessdate=12 June 2013}}</ref>) is an [[England|English]] advertising consultant, founder and former chair of the US branch of advertising firm [[Bartle Bogle Hegarty]], and founder of the IfWeRanTheWorld and MakeLoveNotPorn companies.<ref name="forbes">{{cite web|last=Bradshaw|first=Leslie|title=How Cindy Gallop Broke Through the "Thick Layer of Men" and Became the Counterpoint to Porn|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/lesliebradshaw/2011/08/10/how-cindy-gallop-broke-through-the-thick-layer-of-men-and-became-the-counterpoint-to-porn/|publisher=Forbes|accessdate=25 April 2012|date=8 October 2011}}</ref> According to the TED blog, Gallop's TEDTalk "Make Love Not Porn" was one of the "most talked about presentations" at the 2009 TED conference.<ref name="tedtalks">{{cite web|title=Cindy Gallop: Make Love Not Porn|url=http://blog.ted.com/2009/12/02/cindy_gallop_ma/|publisher=TED|accessdate=26 April 2012|date=2 December 2009}}</ref> She currently lives in New York City.<ref name="forbes" />

==Early life==

Cindy Gallop was born Amersham and grew up in [[Brunei]].<ref name="change">{{cite web|last=Nedeau|first=Jen|title=The Feminist Queries: Cindy Gallop|url=http://news.change.org/stories/the-feminist-queries-cindy-gallop|publisher=Change.org|accessdate=26 April 2012|date=26 October 2009}}</ref> She is of half English, half Chinese descent.<ref name="change" />

Gallop studied English Literature at [[Somerville College]] at [[Oxford University]],<ref name="change" /> and received an MA from [[Oxford University]] in English Language and Literature and an MA from [[Warwick University]] in Theater of the European Renaissance.<ref name="forbes" />

==Career==

Gallop worked as a theater publicist and marketer in England for several years before switching careers to advertising.<ref name="tedblog">{{cite web|title=Q&A with Cindy Gallop: Tackling porn, feminism and big dreams|url=http://blog.ted.com/2009/12/02/qa_with_cindy_g/|publisher=TED|date=2 December 2009|accessdate=26 April 2012}}</ref> She joined the London office of British advertising firm [[Bartle Bogle Hegarty]] in 1989 and was responsible for large accounts like [[Coca-Cola]], [[Ray-Ban]], and [[Polaroid Corporation|Polaroid]].<ref name="tedblog" /> In 1996, she helped start the Asia Pacific branch of BBH.<ref name="tedblog" /> She founded the US branch of BBH in 1998 and served as Chair of the board. In 2003, Gallop won the Advertising Woman of the Year award from Advertising Women of New York.<ref name="nytimes">{{cite web|title=Webdenda|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2004/01/19/business/012004webadden.html|publisher=New York Times|date=19 January 2004|accessdate=26 April 2012}}</ref> She founded her own brand and business innovation consultancy, Cindy Gallop LLC, in 2006.<ref name="nextwomen">{{cite web|title=Cindy Gallop|url=http://thenextwomen.com/next-women-list/item/cindy-gallop|publisher=The Next Women|year=2012|accessdate=26 April}}</ref> She is known for her tagline: "I like to blow shit up. I am the [[Michael Bay]] of business."<ref name="nytech">{{cite web|url=http://wearenytech.com/19-cindy-gallop-founder-ceo-www-ifwerantheworld-com|title=Cindy Gallop|publisher=We Are NY Tech|date=3 December 2010|accessdate=27 April 2012}}</ref>

At the 2009 [[TED (conference)|TED]] conference, Gallop launched the MakeLoveNotPorn web site in a 4-minute TEDTalk that the TED blog described as "one of the event’s most talked about."<ref name="tedtalks" /> The goal of MakeLoveNotPorn is to provide more realistic information about human sexuality than that provided by hardcore pornography.<ref name="tedtalks" /> She later published a TED Book, ''Make Love Not Porn: Technology's Hardcore Impact on Human Behavior''.<ref name="tedbook">{{cite book|last=Gallop|first=Cindy|title=Make Love Not Porn: Technology's Hardcore Impact on Human Behavior|publisher=TED Books|date=22 February 2011|asin=B004P1IX9U}}</ref> MakeLoveNotPorn.tv launched in August 2012, a video sharing site designed "to make #realworldsex socially acceptable and socially shareable."<ref name="mlnplaunch">{{cite web | url=http://blog.ted.com/2012/08/14/launched-today-in-beta-makelovenotporn-tv/ | title=Launched today in beta: MakeLoveNotPorn.tv | publisher=TED Blog | accessdate=January 12, 2013}}</ref>

In January 2010, Gallop launched IfWeRanTheWorld, a web platform designed to turn good intentions into action, by allowing people, brands, and companies to easily perform, trade, and coordinate "microactions."<ref name="nextwomen" /> One client of IfWeRanTheWorld is [[Levi's]], who worked with IfWeRanTheWorld to create a campaign to revitalize the manufacturing town of [[Braddock, Pennsylvania]].<ref name="usa">{{cite web|url=http://www.characterblog.com/2010/10/if-levis-ran-the-world-theyd-revitalize-an-all-american-town.php|title=If Levi's ran the world, they'd revitalize an all American Town|last=Chou|first=Jerri|publisher=USA network|date=28 October 2010|accessdate=27 April 2012}}</ref><ref name="harvard">{{cite book|title=If We Ran the World|first=Hanna|last=Halaburda|first2=Radka|last2=Dohnalova|first3=Aldo|last3=Sesia|publisher=Harvard Business School|url=http://ssrn.com/abstract=2020496|date=16 March 2011}}</ref>

Gallop is a professional public speaker in the areas of advertising, branding, and business strategy and has spoken at TED,<ref name="tedtalks" /> [[South by Southwest|SXSW]],<ref name="sxsw">{{cite web|url=http://austin2011.sched.org/speaker/cindygallop|title=Cindy Gallop: The End of Shame: or, Getting Over Oversharing |publisher=Sched* SXSW 2011 |accessdate=27 April 2012}}</ref> the [[Association of National Advertisers]] conference,<ref name="ana">{{cite web|url=http://www.ana.net/miccontent/showvideo/id/anc2010-ifwerantheworld|title=The Future of Advertising: Reinvention for Growth|publisher=Association of National Advertisers |accessdate=27 April 2012|date=15 October 2010}}</ref> [[Web 2.0 Summit|Web 2.0]],<ref name="web20">{{cite web|url=http://www.web2expo.com/webexny2011/public/schedule/speaker/122836|title=Speaker: Cindy Gallop|publisher=Web 2.0 Expo New York 2011 |accessdate=27 April 2012}}</ref> [[ad:tech]],<ref name="adtech">{{cite web|url=http://www.adotas.com/2005/12/around-the-world-with-bbhs-cindy-gallop-keynote-speaker-adtech-ny-2005/|title=Around the World with BBH's Cindy Gallop, Keynote Speaker, Ad:Tech NY 2005|last=Gottlieb|first=Jaime|date=6 December 2005|publisher=Adotas|accessdate=27 April 2012}}</ref> and other conferences.

==The black apartment==

Gallop's unique black-themed New York apartment was a set for [[The Notorious B.I.G.]]'s music video "[[Nasty Girl (The Notorious B.I.G. song)|Nasty Girl]]."<ref name="apartmenttherapy">{{cite web|url=http://www.apartmenttherapy.com/look-the-black-apartment-64212|title=Look! Cindy Gallop's Black Apartment|last=Govindan|first=Range|publisher=Apartment Therapy.com|date=25 September 2008|accessdate=26 April 2012}}</ref> Her apartment has been profiled by ''[[Dwell (magazine)|Dwell]]'',<ref name="dwell">{{cite web|url=http://www.dwell.com/videos/Bold-Color-Small-Space-The-Black-Apartment.html|title=Bold Color, Small Space: The Black Apartment|last=Nadeau|first=Gary|publisher=Dwell|date=7 August 2009|accessdate=26 April 2012}}</ref> Apartment Therapy.com,<ref name="apartmenttherapy" /> ''[[The Atlantic]]'',<ref name="atlantic
>{{cite web|url=http://www.theatlantic.com/video/index/250034/|title=Cindy Gallop's Black Apartment|last=Stone|first=Paul|publisher=The Atlantic|date=16 December 2011|accessdate=26 April 2012}}</ref> The Selby<ref name="theselby">{{cite web|url=http://www.theselby.com/3_19_10_CindyGallop/index.html|last=Selby|first=Todd|title=Cindy Gallop|publisher=The Selby|date=5 April 2010|accessdate=27 April 2012}}</ref> and ''[[New York (magazine)|New York]]'' magazine,<ref name="newyork">{{cite web|url=http://nymag.com/homedesign/fall2006/21947/|title=Where the Boys Were|last=Schoeneman|first=Deborah|publisher=New York Magazine|date=1 October 2006|accessdate=26 April 2012}}</ref> among many others.

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=33em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.cindygallop.com/ Cindy Gallop's official website]
* [http://makelovenotporn.com/ MakeLoveNotPorn website]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FV8n_E_6Tpc Make Love Not Porn TEDtalk video on YouTube]
* [http://ifwerantheworld.com/ IfWeRanTheWorld website]
* [http://vimeo.com/6200961 Video tour of the black apartment for Dwell, by Gary Nadeau]

{{Persondata
| NAME = Gallop, Cindy
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Lucinda Lee Gallop
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = [[England|English]] advertising consultant
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1 February 1960
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Amersham]], [[Buckinghamshire]], [[England]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gallop, Cindy}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Alumni of Somerville College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Oxford]]
[[Category:Advertising directors]]
[[Category:Advertising people]]
[[Category:English chief executives]]
[[Category:English expatriates in the United States]]
[[Category:English feminists]]
[[Category:English people of Chinese descent]]
[[Category:English women in business]]
[[Category:Businesspeople in advertising]]
[[Category:British expatriates in Brunei]]
[[Category:Sex educators]]
[[Category:Women business executives]]

Ulster Folk and Transport Museum

2013-05-22T14:49:06Z

Dawkeye: /* The Transport Museum */ add link

{{Infobox Museum
|name = Ulster Folk and Transport Museum
 ''Ulstèr Fowk an Convoyin Museum''<ref>[https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:TmDAgN_HtowJ:www.nmni.com/Documents/UFTM/Learning/ulsterscots_urban-housing+&hl=en&gl=uk&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjnsUoeLNrz1aOHmPMT0wfGp9z5HSIsk02Mfme9TRvB-Qh8T5V7cA23cR-iZgPGL6sFGnEY17gI4dpz5SBwHqXyl_8bLpz-QPCrgVeHnm6hvTS-Laq30HGlaCarxXu3V6_0uvot&sig=AHIEtbQMOcspo5a35GPFslLu-tcC-C_BmQ&pli=1 Leevin in tha day o Quaen Victoria] Ulster Folk and Transport Museum.</ref>
|latitude = 54.6506
|longitude = -5.7986
|established = 1967
|location = [[Cultra]], [[Northern Ireland]]
|website = [http://www.uftm.org.uk/ www.uftm.org.uk]
}}

The '''Ulster Folk and Transport Museum''' is situated in [[Cultra]], [[Northern Ireland]], about {{convert|11|km|mi}} east of the city of [[Belfast]]. It comprises two separate museums, the Folk Museum and the Transport Museum. The Folk Museum endeavours to illustrate the way of life and traditions of the people in Northern Ireland, past and present, while the Transport Museum explores and exhibits methods of transport by land, sea and air, past and present. The museum ranks among [[Ireland]]'s foremost visitor attractions and is a former Irish Museum of the Year.<ref>{{Citation|title=Annual Report 2004|url=http://heritagecouncil.ie/publications/annual2004/HC_Annual_Report_2004.pdf|pages=24|publisher=The Heritage Council|accessdate=2008-07-08}}</ref> It is one of three [[national museums]] of Northern Ireland.<ref>http://www.magni.org.uk/</ref>

==History==
Created by an [[act of parliament]] in 1958, the Folk Museum was created to preserve a rural way of life in danger of disappearing forever due to increasing urbanisation and industrialisation in [[Northern Ireland]]. The site the museum occupies was formally the Estate of Sir Robert Kennedy, and was acquired in 1961, with the museum opening to the public for the first time three years later in 1964. In 1967, the Folk Museum merged with the Belfast Transport Museum, to form the Ulster Folk and Transport Museum. The museum's Rail and Road Galleries were opened in 1993 and subsequently expanded in 1996. In 1998, the Ulster Folk and Transport Museum merged with the [[Ulster Museum]] and the [[Ulster-American Folk Park]] [http://www.uftm.org.uk] to form the '''National Museums and Galleries of Northern Ireland'''.

==The Folk Museum==

The Folk Museum houses a variety of old buildings and dwellings which have been collected from various parts of Ireland and rebuilt in the grounds of the museum, brick by brick. {{convert|170|acre|km2}} are devoted to illustrating the rural way of life in the early 20th century, and visitors can stroll through a recreation of the period's countryside complete with [[farms]], [[cottages]], [[crops]], [[livestock]], and visit a typical [[Ulster]] town of the time called "Ballycultra", featuring shops, churches, and both terraced and larger housing and a Tea room run by Eurest Services. Eurest are a sub division of the Compass Catering Service. Regular activities include open hearth cooking, [[printing]], [[needlework]], and traditional Irish crafts demonstrations. The allocation of a considerable sum of lottery money has enabled the museum to build a large outhouse in the centre of Ballycultra town. This new structure houses unusual relics from Ulster's past, such as an unusual waffle iron from the mid-19th century, an old 'poteen' distillery from Portmore and the first twin axle bicycle ever seen in Ireland. A little more offbeat is the 'Worlds Largest Sausage', a {{convert|17|ft|m|adj=mid|-long}} banger, the creation of Newtownards man Seamus McTavish. All these new developments have aided UFTM in developing a new visitor base and have gained the site international recognition.

Indoors, the Folk Galleries feature a number of temporary exhibitions. These have included ''They Love Music Mightily'', an exhibition featuring contemporary recordings of [[Music of Ireland|Irish traditional music]], and ''Meet the [[Victorian era|Victorian]]s'', a "lively and interesting exhibition" focusing on aspects of Victorian life.<ref>{{Citation|author=entertainment.ie website|title=Meet the Victorians|url=http://entertainment.ie/event/Exhibition/Ulster-Folk-and-Transport-Museum/Meet-the-Victorians/2107282.htm|accessdate=2008-07-08}}</ref>

The Museum is the holder of Northern Ireland's main film, photographic, television and sound archives. The Museum holds the [[BBC Northern Ireland]] archive of radio and television programmes, and also possesses over 2,000 hours of sound material broadcast between 1972 and 2002 by the [[Irish language]] radio station [[RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta]], from its studios in [[Derrybeg]], [[County Donegal]]. The museum also maintains an archive of Ulster [[dialect]]s, and a large library containing over 15,000 books and periodicals. The archives and library are open to the public during office hours.

==The Transport Museum==

The Transport Museum houses an extensive transport collection, and endeavours to tell the story of transport in Ireland, from its [[History of Ireland|early history]] to the [[Modern Times (history)|modern era]]. It is the largest railway collection in Ireland.<ref>{{Citation|author=Visit Northern Ireland website|title=Ulster folk and Transport Museum Holywood|url=http://www.visitnorthernireland.com/opencontent/default.asp?itemid=71&section=Attractions|accessdate=2008-07-08}}</ref> Attractions in the grounds themselves include a model railway operated by the Model Engineers Society of Northern Ireland, and the 120 ton steel schooner [[Result (schooner)|''Result'']]. Recent additions to the collection include a full set of [[Stanley Woods]] racing memorabilia, and two of his bikes. Also on display is a [[Rex McCandless]] vehicle and an early [[Formula 1]] racing car.

[[File:CIE 800 class.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Great Southern Railways No. 800 ''Maeḋḃ'', 2006]]

The Irish Railway Collection tells the story of over 150 years of railway history. [[Steam locomotives]], passenger carriages and goods wagons are combined with extensive railway memorabilia, interactive displays and visitor facilities. One of the collection's main attractions is [[Great Southern Railways]] [[GSR Class 800|Class 800]] locomotive No. 800 ''{{unicode|Maeḋḃ}}'', one of the three largest and most powerful steam locomotives ever to be built and run in Ireland.<ref>[http://www.uftm.org.uk/learning/schools_and_colleges/transport_galleries/?q=maedb Ulster Folk & Transport Museum : Learning : Schools And Colleges : Transport Galleries : Museums and Galleries of Northern Ireland]</ref> Alongside the Irish Railway Collection are the new Road Transport Galleries which boast a large collection of vehicles ranging from cycles and motorcycles to trams, buses, and cars. One of its most famous attractions is a [[De Lorean DMC-12]] car, the model made famous by the ''[[Back to the Future trilogy]]'', and manufactured by the [[De Lorean Motor Company]] in Belfast. The infamous 'Paper Car' resides in the main auto transport gallery. This ingenious (some say mad) creation is a replica of a Fiat Panda made entirely from old issues of ''[[The Belfast Telegraph]]'' and ''[[The Irish News]]''. A cross community effort, this car was a curiosity that made headlines in the 1990s. The car was black and white and red all over, apart from the windows. It was cited{{citation needed|date=April 2012}} as an inspiration for Skoda and their recent ''[[Cake (advert)|Cake]]'' advertising campaign.

The museum boasts a permanent ''[[RMS Titanic|Titanic]]'' exhibition, documenting the construction, voyage, and eventual sinking of the ill-fated vessel. The ship has long been associated with Northern Ireland, as it was constructed in the [[Harland and Wolff]] shipyards, just a few miles from the museum. The newly refurbished ''Titanic'' exhibition, tying in with the Folk museum's 'Titanic Trail' is titled ''TITANICa''.<ref>{{cite web|title=TITANICa: The Exhibition|url=http://www.nmni.com/titanic/Home.aspx|work=Ulster Folk & Transport Museum|publisher=National Museums Northern Ireland|accessdate=26 April 2012}}</ref>

Another little known fact of which there are examples in the museum is that the pogo stick was invented in Comber County down. Previously used by local potato farmers to make holes for planting their seed it was later developed by local inventor Archibald Springer who saw potential for its use as a mode of transport and sporting novelty.
Another exhibition at the Transport Museum is ''X2: Flight Experience'', developed in partnership with [[Bombardier Aerospace]], owners of the Belfast-based aerospace company [[Short Brothers]]. Also on display at the museum is the Shorts manufactured [[Short SC.1]], an experimental [[VTOL|vertical take-off]] aeroplane, only two of which were ever produced. The example in the museum, XG905, crashed in 1963, ending up upside down and killing its pilot. It was, however, repaired and flown again before eventually being preserved by the museum.<ref>{{Citation|author=WingWeb.co.uk|title=The full story of the Harrier "Jump-Jet" Part One|url=http://www.wingweb.co.uk/aircraft/Harrier_VTOL_Jump-Jet_part1.html|accessdate=2008-07-08}}</ref>

==Railway Connection for Visitors==
[[Cultra railway station]] on the [[Belfast-Bangor railway line]] provides connections to [[Sydenham railway station, Northern Ireland|Sydenham]], [[Belfast Central railway station|Belfast Central]] and [[Belfast Great Victoria Street railway station|Great Victoria Street]], [[Portadown railway station|Portadown]] and {{stnlnk|Newry}} in one direction and to [[Bangor railway station, Northern Ireland|Bangor]] in the other direction.

==See also==
{{Portal|Northern Ireland}}
* [[History of rail transport in Ireland]]
* [[History of Ireland (1801-1922)]]
* [[Culture of Northern Ireland]]
* [[Culture of Ireland]]

===Other museums===
* [[Beamish Museum]] - County Durham, England
* [[Black Country Living Museum]] - Dudley, England
* [[List of transport museums]]
* [[Ulster Museum]] - Belfast
*[[St Fagans National History Museum]] - Museum of Welsh Life, Cardiff, Wales.

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.uftm.org.uk/ Ulster Folk and Transport Museum official web site]
* [http://www.magni.org.uk National Museums Northern Ireland]
* [http://www.thenorthernirelandguide.co.uk/ulster-folk-and-transport-museum The Northern Ireland Guide - Ulster Folk and Transport Museum]

{{Museums and galleries in Northern Ireland}}
{{Heritage railways in Northern Ireland}}
{{British Aviation Museums}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ulster Folk And Transport Museum}}
[[Category:National Museums Northern Ireland]]
[[Category:Museums established in 1958]]
[[Category:Museums established in 1964]]
[[Category:Education in Belfast]]
[[Category:Railway museums in Northern Ireland]]
[[Category:Heritage railways in Northern Ireland]]
[[Category:Folk museums]]
[[Category:Archives in Northern Ireland]]
[[Category:Museums in County Down]]
[[Category:Open air museums in Northern Ireland]]
[[Category:Transport museums in Northern Ireland]]
[[Category:1958 establishments in Northern Ireland]]

Erl King

2013-04-27T14:47:49Z

Dawkeye: add defsort

{|{{Infobox Ship Begin}}
{{Infobox Ship Image
|Ship image=[[Image:A and J Inglis No 26 Erl King (1865).jpg|300px]]
|Ship caption=The SS ''Erl King''
}}
{{Infobox Ship Career
|Hide header=
|Ship country=UK
|Ship flag=
|Ship name=SS Erl King
|Ship namesake=[[Erl King]]
|Ship owner=Robertson & Co London
|Ship operator=
|Ship registry=
|Ship route=
|Ship ordered=
|Ship awarded=
|Ship builder=[[A. & J. Inglis]], Pointhouse, Glasgow, Scotland
|Ship original cost=
|Ship yard number=26
|Ship way number=
|Ship laid down=
|Ship launched=7 September 1865
|Ship sponsor=
|Ship christened=
|Ship completed=October 1865
|Ship acquired=
|Ship commissioned=
|Ship recommissioned=
|Ship decommissioned=
|Ship maiden voyage=
|Ship in service=
|Ship out of service=
|Ship renamed=
|Ship reclassified=
|Ship refit=
|Ship struck=
|Ship reinstated=
|Ship homeport=
|Ship identification=
|Ship motto=
|Ship nickname=
|Ship honours=
|Ship honors=
|Ship captured=
|Ship fate=Wrecked Long Reef, Key West FL
|Ship status=Wrecked
|Ship notes=
|Ship badge=
}}
{{Infobox Ship Characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=
|Ship class=
|Ship type=Iron steamship
|Ship tonnage=1671 grt
|Ship displacement=
|url=http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id=1690
|Ship tons burthen=
|Ship length=
|Ship beam=
|Ship height=
|Ship draught=
|Ship draft=
|Ship depth=
|Ship hold depth=
|Ship decks=
|Ship deck clearance=
|Ship ramps=
|Ship ice class=
|Ship power=
|Ship propulsion=Steam
|Ship sail plan=
|Ship speed=
|Ship range=
|Ship endurance=
|Ship test depth=
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|Ship troops=
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}}
|}

The '''SS ''Erl King''''' was built at [[A and J Inglis]], Pointhouse, Glasgow and launched in 1865 and owned by Robertson & Co London. It got wrecked on Long Reef, Key West Florida.<ref>Bruce Biddulph, David Asprey and Stuart Cameron: [http://www.clydesite.co.uk/clydebuilt/viewship.asp?id=1690 Shipping Times: Launched 1865 - SS Erl King.]</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{Inglis ships}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Erl King, SS}}
[[Category:1865 ships]]

Cornelia Marie

2013-04-26T11:23:46Z

Dawkeye: defsort

{|{{Infobox Ship Begin}}
{{Infobox Ship Image
|Ship image=Cornelia Marie
|Ship caption=
}}
{{Infobox Ship Career
|Hide header=
|Ship flag=[[Image:Flag of the United States.svg|60px|border|United States Ensign]]
|Ship name=''Cornelia Marie''
|Ship owner=F/V Cornelia Marie, LLC (Devlin Family) Phil, Josh & Jake Harris
|Ship operator=Harris family

|Ship former operators=Derrick Ray (former Captain) Phil Harris (deceased)
|Ship registry=[[Kodiak, Alaska]], [[United States]]
|Ship route=
|Ship ordered=
|Ship builder=Horton Boats, [[Bayou La Batre, Alabama]]
|Ship original cost=
|Ship yard number=255
|Ship way number=
|Ship laid down=
|Ship launched=
|Ship completed=1989
|Ship christened=
|Ship acquired=
|Ship maiden voyage=
|Ship in service=
|Ship out of service=
|Ship identification=
|Ship fate=
|Ship status= Returning to Service
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox Ship Characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=
|Ship class=
|Ship tonnage= {{GT|198}} {{NetT|135}}
|Ship displacement=
|Ship length={{convert|128|ft|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship beam={{convert|28|ft|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship height=
|Ship draught=
|Ship draft={{convert|11.70|ft|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship depth=
|Ship decks=
|Ship deck clearance=
|Ship ramps=
|Ship ice class=
|Ship sail plan=
|Ship power=
|Ship propulsion= 2x [[Mitsubishi]] Diesel, dual shafts
|Ship speed=
|Ship capacity=
|Ship crew=
|Ship notes=
}}
|}

The '''[[Fishing_vessel|FV]] ''Cornelia Marie''''' is one of the commercial [[crab]] fishing boats formerly featured on the [[Discovery Channel]] series ''[[Deadliest Catch]]''.

The boat is owned by Cornelia Marie Devlin (formerly Collins) and prior to his death, [[Phil Harris (fisherman)|Phil Harris]] (who served as captain). Two of Phil's sons, Jake and Josh Harris, formerly worked on the boat as well. Her home port is [[Kodiak, Alaska]]

==History==
The ''Cornelia Marie'' was built in 1989 in [[Bayou La Batre, Alabama]] on commission from original owner Ralph Collins; she was one of the last boats built by Horton Boats. Named after Ralph's wife, co-owner Cornelia Marie Collins, she is 128 feet (39 m) long, 28 feet (8.5 m) wide, and carries {{convert|28500|U.S.gal|impgal L}} of fuel and {{convert|3000|U.S.gal|impgal L}} of fresh water.<ref name=CM>{{cite web |url=http://www.corneliamarie.com/ |title=F/V Cornelia Marie - Crab Fishing Vessel featured on Discovery Channel's Deadliest Catch |accessdate=2007-06-12 |format= |work= }}</ref><ref name=CMstats>{{cite web |url=http://www.corneliamarie.com/about/stats/ |title=stats |accessdate=2007-06-12 |format= |work= }}</ref> The ''Cornelia Marie'' fishes for [[King crab|King]], and [[Chionoecetes|Opilio]] crab (also called Snow Crab), and also does Salmon and Herring tendering. She features an aquamarine and white paint scheme with yellow banners bearing the ship's name.

Ralph and Cornelia Marie divorced, and Cornelia Marie took ownership of the boat. She eventually sold partial share to captain Phil Harris. His share is currently in possession of his estate.

The ship was seen (but not named) in background footage for the two pilots of the Discovery Channel series ''Deadliest Catch''. It was selected for a camera crew for Season 1, in the 2004 opilio crab season, as partner vessel of featured vessel ''Maverick''. The ship took part in the rescue efforts for the [[FV Big Valley|''Big Valley'']], which sunk on the first day of the opilio crab season off [[Saint Paul Island (Alaska)|Saint Paul Island]], losing all but one crewmember. It became a featured vessel beginning in the second season, joining [[FV Maverick|''Maverick'']], [[FV Northwestern|''Northwestern'']] and [[FV Time Bandit|''Time Bandit'']], and later [[FV Wizard|''Wizard'']].

===Captain Phil Harris===
[[Skipper (boating)|Captain]] [[Phil Harris (fisherman)|Phil Harris]] died February 9, 2010. He had suffered a [[stroke]] on January 29, 2010, while in port off-loading at [[Saint Paul Island (Alaska)|Saint Paul Island]] in [[Alaska]]<ref>http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5gWu2Q1VfGem6SQE1C0GqIlmFa4owD9DP5EOG0</ref> and subsequently died on February 9 from a pulmonary embolism.<ref>[http://content.usatoday.com/communities/entertainment/post/2010/02/deadliest-catch-captain-phil-harris-dies-at-age-53/1 'Deadliest Catch' captain Phil Harris dies at age 53]</ref>

Alaskan songwriter Britt Arnesen wrote a eulogy-in-song for Capt. Harris, released on the ''Cornelia Marie'' website.<ref>http://www.corneliamarie.com/featured/capt-phil-song-from-amazing-alaska-singer-britt-arnesen/</ref>

===Post-Harris era===
Derrick Ray finished the remaining Opilio season after the death of Phil Harris. Jim Wilson skippered the ''Cornelia Marie'' for their 2010 spring and summer tendering contracts. He was among those being considered to run the boat for the rest of the 2010 opilio crab season before Derrick Ray was selected.<ref>http://www.corneliamarie.com/featured/fishermens-festival-honors-capt-phil/</ref>

The FV Cornelia Marie participated in the 2010 King Crab season with the same crew from the latter half of the 2010 Opilio season. Before the King Crab season started, the crew of the Cornelia Marie spread Phil Harris's ashes in the Bering Sea. The ship had a crew change for the 2011 Opilio season, including the replacement of skipper Derrick Ray with Tony Lara. <ref>http://www.corneliamarie.com/featured/crew-changes-on-the-cornelia-marie/</ref>

The ''Cornelia Marie'' returned for Season 7 of ''Deadliest Catch''.

The FV Cornelia Marie returned to Kodiak, Alaska in late October 2011, under the command of Capt. Tony Lara, following a spell in dry dock to undergo maintenance and to be repainted.

The Cornelia Marie, while still fishing under the classification of a "Trawler", will not be featured on Season 8 of Deadliest Catch. Josh Harris will be featured as a crew member on the [[FV Time Bandit]] and Jake Harris will be featured as a crew member on the [[FV Northwestern]].

The Cornelia Marie was shown tied-up and unpowered in Kodiak, Alaska in the Season 9 Opener for Discovery Channel's Deadliest Catch. The vessel was filmed in October 2012.

In March 2013 captain Johnathan Hillstrand announced during the taping of the Artie Lange Show that Josh Harris bought the Cornelia Marie.

On April 25th, 2013 Josh Harris confirmed in an interview on Rock 105.3 "The Show" in San Diego, CA that he has bought the Cornelia Marie.

==See also==
*[[Deadliest Catch]]
*[[Alaskan king crab fishing]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.corneliamarie.com/ F/V Cornelia Marie Official site]
*[http://www.twitter.com/fvcorneliamarie/ F/V Cornelia Marie Twitter Page]
*[http://www.facebook.com/corneliamarie F/V Cornelia Marie Facebook Page]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cornelia Marie}}
[[Category:Fishing ships of the United States]]
[[Category:Ships built in Alabama]]
[[Category:1989 ships]]

U-475 Black Widow

2013-04-26T01:42:07Z

Dawkeye: add defsort

{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=
|Ship caption=
}}
{{Infobox ship career
|Hide header=
|Ship country= USSR
|Ship flag={{shipboxflag|Soviet Union|naval}}
|Ship name= ''U-475'' ''Black Widow''
|Ship namesake=
|Ship ordered=
|Ship builder=
|Ship laid down=
|Ship launched=
|Ship acquired=
|Ship commissioned= 1967
|Ship decommissioned= 1994
|Ship in service=
|Ship out of service=
|Ship struck=
|Ship reinstated=
|Ship homeport=
|Ship motto=
|Ship nickname=
|Ship honours=
|Ship fate=
|Ship status=Museum ship, River Medway, United Kingdom
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=<ref name="med"/>
|Ship class= {{sclass2-|Foxtrot|submarine}}
|Ship displacement=1950 [[Tonne|t]]
|Ship length=92 [[Metre|m]]
|Ship beam= 7.5 m
|Ship draft= 5.1 m
|Ship propulsion=3 × 2000 [[Horsepower|hp]] diesel engines 3 electric motors; 2 × 1350 hp and 1 × 2700 hp 1 × 140 hp auxiliary motor
|Ship speed= 16.8 [[Knot (unit)|kn]] surfaced
|Ship range=30,000 [[Mile|mi]] surfaced 400mi submerged
|Ship endurance=
|Ship test depth=250-280 m
|Ship complement=77
|Ship sensors=
|Ship EW=
|Ship armament=• 10 torpedo tubes (6 bow, 4 stern) • Up to 22 torpedoes
|Ship armour=
|Ship notes=
}}
|}

'''Submarine ''U-475'' ''Black Widow''''' was a [[Soviet Navy]] [[submarine]] of the [[Cold war]] period, which is now in private hands.
She is currently moored at [[Strood]], on the [[River Medway]], in [[South-East England]].

==Background==
The Soviet Project 641 class submarines (known to the West by their [[NATO reporting name]] of {{sclass2-|Foxtrot|submarine|5}}) was a class of conventionally powered patrol/attack submarines.
Some 74 were built by the Soviet Navy between 1957 and 1983 as well as 17 others for the Libyan, Cuban and Indian Navies.

==Service history==
''Black Widow'' was built at Sudomekh shipyard in [[Leningrad]] and commissioned in 1967. She was based at [[Riga]] and served with the Soviet Baltic Fleet before being used as a training vessel for crews from overseas who would be operating "Foxtrot{{'}}s" in their own navies. She was decommissioned in 1994 and sold.

==Museum ship==
After passing into private hands, and under the name "''U-475 Black Widow''" she was moored at Long's Wharf near the [[Thames Barrier]] in England where she was open to the public as a [[museum ship]]. in 1998 she was moved to [[Folkestone]], where she was again opened to the public.
In 2004 she was moved to her present location, in a state of disrepair, and is currently awaiting restoration.<ref name="kent">[http://www.undergroundkent.co.uk/russian_submarine.htm U-475 Black Widow at undergroundkent.co.uk] </ref><ref name="med"> [http://medwaylines.com/blackwidowsubmarine.htm U-475 Black Widow at medwaylines.com]</ref>

==Naming==
The submarine is currently referred to as "Foxtrot B-39 U-475 Black Widow",<ref name="med"/> but it is unclear what designation she had in Soviet service.
The "B-" designation stands for ''Bolshaya'' ("Large"), and was used by the Soviet Navy during the Cold War era, but another [[Soviet submarine B-39|Foxtrot B-39]] also exists, now moored at [[San Diego]] as a museum ship. The "B-39" designation also suggests a vessel in the Soviet Pacific Fleet; Baltic Fleet vessels carried numbers in the 200's.
The name “Black Widow” and the designation “U-475” were given to the boat by the new owners; Soviet submarines were not generally named, the "U-" designation was not used by the Soviets, and none of the Foxtrots known carried the number "–475".

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.sovietsub.co.uk/about.html ''U-475 Black Widow'' website]

{{Foxtrot class submarine}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:U-475 Black Widow}}
[[Category:Foxtrot-class submarines]]
[[Category:Ships built in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:1967 ships]]
[[Category:Cold War submarines of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Museum ships in the United Kingdom]]

Xan Fielding

2013-04-12T23:29:51Z

Dawkeye: update ref (edited with ProveIt)

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2012}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = Major
| name = Xan Fielding
| honorific_suffix = DSO
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1918|11|26}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1991|8|19|1918|11|26}}
| birth_place = [[Ootacamund]], [[British Raj|India]]
| death_place = [[Paris]], [[France]]
| placeofburial =
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial_coordinates = 
| nickname =
| birth_name = Alexander Wallace Fielding
| allegiance = {{UK}}
| branch = [[British Army]]
| serviceyears = 1940{{spaced ndash}}1946
| rank = [[Major (United Kingdom)|Major]]
| servicenumber = 159770
| unit = [[Cyprus Regiment]] [[Special Operations Executive]]
| commands =
| battles = [[World War II]]
| battles_label =
| awards = {{Plainlist |
* [[Distinguished Service Order]] (UK)
* [[Croix de guerre 1939–1945|Croix de Guerre]] (France)
* Commemorative Medal for National Resistance, 1941-1945 (Greece)
}}
| relations =
| laterwork = Author, translator
| signature =
}}
Major '''Xan Fielding''' [[Distinguished Service Order|DSO]] (26 November 1918 – 19 August 1991) was a [[United Kingdom|British]] author, translator, journalist and traveller, who served as an [[Special Operations Executive]] agent in [[Crete]], [[France]] and the [[Far East]] during World War II.

==Biography==
===Early life===
Alexander Wallace Fielding was born at [[Ootacamund]], [[British Raj|India]], where his father,<ref name="Telegraph">{{cite news |url= |title=Obituary : Xan Fielding |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=20 August 1991 |publisher=[[Telegraph Media Group|TMG]] |location=[[London, UK|London]]}}</ref> Percival Wallace Fielding<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p2409.htm#i24086 |title= Major Alexander Wallace Fielding |first=Darryl |last=Lundy |work=thepeerage.com |year=2012 |accessdate=22 June 2012}}</ref><ref name="ROH">{{cite web | url=http://www.specialforcesroh.com/showthread.php?37208-Fielding-Alexander-Wallace-(Xan) | title=Alexander Wallace (Xan) Fielding | work=Special Forces Roll Of Honour | accessdate=4 April 2012 | year=2012}}</ref> served in the [[British Indian Army|Indian Army]], as a [[Major (United Kingdom)|major]] in the 50th Sikhs.<ref name="Telegraph"/> Fielding's mother died soon after his birth and he was largely brought up in [[Nice]], [[France]], by his grandparents. He was educated at [[Charterhouse School]], and then studied briefly at the Universities of Bonn, Munich and Freiberg in Germany. In the late 1930s Fielding moved to [[Cyprus]], where he worked as a sub-editor on [[The Cyprus Times]], and ran a bar.<ref name="Telegraph"/>

===Crete===
Following the fall of France, Fielding joined the Army,<ref name="Telegraph"/> and was commissioned into the [[Cyprus Regiment]] as a [[second lieutenant]] on 1 September 1940.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=35034 |date=3 January 1941 |startpage=130 |supp=yes |accessdate=4 April 2012}}</ref> After the [[Battle of Crete|fall of Crete]] in May 1941, he joined the [[Special Operations Executive]], and was eventually landed in Crete with a supply of weapons and explosives by the submarine {{HMS|Torbay|N79|2}}, under Commander [[Anthony Miers]].<ref name="Telegraph"/> Fielding teamed up with [[Patrick Leigh Fermor]], and built an intelligence gathering network which provided detailed information on the movement of Axis troops, shipping, and air transport.<ref name="Times">{{cite news |url= |title=Obituary : Xan Fielding |work=[[The Times]] |date=21 August 1991 |publisher=[[News Corporation|News Corp.]] |location=[[London, UK|London]]}}</ref> He also arranged for the transportation to Egypt of hundreds of Allied soldiers left behind after the evacuation, and now being hidden by the Cretans.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.aifpow.com/part_5__free_men_elsewhere_in_europe/chapter_5__crete |title=ANZAC POW : Free Men in Europe |first=Bill |last=Rudd |work=aifpow.com |year=2011 |accessdate=4 April 2012}}</ref> After six months Fielding returned to Cairo,<ref name="Telegraph"/> and was awarded the [[Distinguished Service Order]] on 15 October 1942.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=35745 |date=13 October 1942 |startpage=4479 |supp=yes |accessdate=4 April 2012}}</ref>

Fielding finally returned to Crete at the end of 1942.<ref name="Telegraph"/> In November 1943 he successfully concluded a pact between the two rival groups of [[andartes]], the communist-led [[Greek People's Liberation Army|EAM-ELAS]] and the [[National Organization of Crete|EOK]], the national organisation of Crete.<ref name="Times"/> He was then relieved by [[Dennis Ciclitira]].<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1343150/Major-Dennis-Ciclitira.html |title=Major Dennis Ciclitira |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=16 June 2000 |publisher=[[Telegraph Media Group|TMG]] |location=[[London, UK|London]] |issn=0307-1235 |oclc=49632006 |accessdate=4 April 2012}}</ref> In Cairo, he became a member of the famous [[Tara, Cairo|Tara]] household created by [[W. Stanley Moss|Bill Stanley Moss]].

===France===
In early 1944 Fielding volunteered to join the French section of SOE, and was parachuted into the south of France in mid-1944, where he was met by two other SOE agents; [[Francis Cammaerts]] (codename "Roger") and [[Krystyna Skarbek|Christine Granville]] (codename "Pauline") of the "[[SOE_F_Section_networks#Jockey|Jockey]]" network.<ref name="Telegraph"/> On 13 August 1944 Fielding, Cammaerts, and a French agent Christian Sorensen, were stopped at a road block near [[Digne-les-Bains|Digne]]. An irregularity in Fielding's papers, plus the large amount of cash he and Cammaerts were carrying aroused suspicion and they were arrested. Granville soon arrived at Digne prison posing as Cammaert's wife and using a mixture of bribery and threats persuaded the Germans to release them. As a result the men were led out of prison expecting to be shot, and were astonished to be met by Granville, waiting for them with a car.<ref name="Telegraph"/>

===Post-war career===
Before the war in Europe ended Fielding briefly returned to Crete; he was one of the first Allied officers to enter liberated Athens. He served in the [[Far East]] for a few months until the end of the war, and visited [[Tibet]]. He then spent six months in Germany serving with the [[Special Intelligence Service]], before serving as a United Nations observer in the Balkans in 1946.<ref name="Telegraph"/>

In 1948 he met [[Daphne Fielding|Daphne Thynne]], the wife of [[Henry Thynne, 6th Marquess of Bath]]. After her divorce, they were married in 1953<ref name="Telegraph"/> and lived in [[Cornwall]], [[Morocco]], [[Portugal]] and [[Uzès]].<ref name="Vickers">{{cite news |url= http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/obituary-daphne-fielding-1289256.html |title=Obituary: Daphne Fielding |first=Hugo |last=Vickers |work=[[The Independent]] |date=17 December 1997 |publisher=[[Independent News & Media|INM]] |location=[[London, UK|London]] |issn=0951-9467 |oclc=185201487 |accessdate=4 April 2012}}</ref>

In 1956 Fielding was hired by [[Michael Powell (director)|Michael Powell]] to act as technical adviser for the filming of [[W. Stanley Moss|Bill Stanley Moss's]] book ''[[Ill Met by Moonlight (film)|Ill Met by Moonlight]]'' – the story of Leigh Fermor's and Moss's [[Kidnap of General Kreipe|abduction of General Kreipe]], the German commander in Crete.<ref name="Telegraph"/>

Fielding wrote a number of books; including ''The Stronghold'', an account of SOE's Cretan operations, and a memoir of his own wartime experiences ''Hide and Seek'' (which he dedicated to Christine Granville).<ref name="Times"/> He also provided the English translations for many of the works of the French novelist [[Pierre Boulle]], including his best-known books ''Le Pont de la rivière Kwaï'' (''[[The Bridge over the River Kwai]]'') and ''La Planète des singes'' (''[[Planet of the Apes (novel)|Planet of the Apes]]''). He translated several books by [[Jean Lartéguy]], as well as works by [[Gabriel Chevallier]], [[Pierre Schoendoerffer]] and [[Jean Hougron]]. Fielding also collaborated with Patrick Leigh Fermor in a translation from Greek of [[George Psychoundakis]]' book ''[[The Cretan Runner]]''.

His marriage to Daphne was dissolved in 1978,<ref name="Vickers"/> and he married Agnes "Magouche" Phillips, the daughter of Admiral John H. Magruder of the U.S. Navy.<ref name="Times"/>

Fielding died in [[Paris]], [[France]], in 1991.

==Publications==
* ''The Stronghold: An account of the four seasons in the White Mountains of Crete'' (1953)
* ''Hide and Seek: The Story of a War-time Agent'' (1954)
* ''Corsair Country: The diary of a journey along the Barbary Coast'' (1958)
* ''The Money Spinner: Monte Carlo and Its Fabled Casino'' (1977)
* ''One Man in His Time, The Life of Lieutenant-Colonel [[Neil McLean (politician)|N.L.D. ("Billy") McLean]] DSO'' (1990)
* ''Images of Spain'' (1991)
* ''Aeolus Displayed'' (1992)
* ''A Hideous Disguise'' (1994)

==See also==
* [[Sophie Moss]]
* [[Tara, Cairo]]
* [[Cretan resistance]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=0276171}}

{{Authority control|VIAF=40017183}}
{{Persondata 
| NAME = Fielding, Xan
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Fielding, Alexander Wallace
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = British Army officer, SOE agent, author and translator
| DATE OF BIRTH = 26 November 1918
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Ootacamund]], [[British Raj|India]]
| DATE OF DEATH = 19 August 1991
| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Paris]], [[France]]
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fielding, Xan}}
[[Category:1918 births]]
[[Category:1991 deaths]]
[[Category:People educated at Charterhouse School]]
[[Category:British non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:British translators]]
[[Category:World War II spies]]
[[Category:Special Operations Executive personnel]]
[[Category:British Army General List officers]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Companions of the Distinguished Service Order]]
[[Category:Crete in World War II]]
[[Category:British expatriates in Cyprus]]

Adolphus FitzClarence

2013-03-10T02:25:56Z

Dawkeye: add infobox, refs, persondata

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2012}}
{{Infobox military person
|name=Adolphus FitzClarence
|image=
|caption=
|birth_date={{Birth date|1802|2|18|df=yes}}
|death_date={{Death date and age|1856|5|17|1802|2|18|df=yes}}
|birth_place=[[Bushy House]], [[Middlesex]]
|death_place=[[Newburgh Priory]], [[North Yorkshire]]
|placeofburial=St. Michael's Church, [[Coxwold]], North Yorkshire
|placeofburial_label=
|placeofburial_coordinates=
|nickname=
|birth_name=
|allegiance={{UK}}
|branch={{navy|UK}}
|serviceyears=1813–1856
|rank=[[Rear Admiral (Royal Navy)|Rear Admiral]]
|servicenumber=
|unit=
|commands={{Plainlist |
* {{HMS|Ariadne|1816|6}}
* {{HMS|Challenger|1826|6}}
* {{HMS|Pallas|1816|6}}
* {{Ship|HMY|Royal George}}
}}
|battles=[[Napoleonic Wars]]
|awards=
|relations=
|laterwork=
}}
Lord '''Adolphus FitzClarence''', [[Royal Guelphic Order|GCH]], [[Aide-de-camp|ADC]] (18 February 1802–17 May 1856) was a British [[Royal Navy|naval officer]].

==Biography==
FitzClarence was born at [[Bushy House]],<ref>{{cite web |url= http://resource.npl.co.uk/docs/educate_explore/history/bushy_house.pdf |title=The Story of Bushy House |work=[[National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)|National Physical Laboratory]] |year=2010 |accessdate=10 March 2013}}</ref> [[Middlesex]], and was an illegitimate child of [[William IV of the United Kingdom|Prince William, Duke of Clarence]] (later William IV) and his mistress, [[Dorothea Jordan|Dorothy Jordan]].<ref name="PII2035">[[George Cokayne|Cokayne]] et al., ''[[The Complete Peerage]]'', volume II, p.2035</ref> He attended a [[boarding school]] in [[Sunbury-on-Thames]] before being sent to sea at the age of eleven in 1813, aboard {{HMS|Impregnable|1810|2}}. He subsequently served as a [[midshipman]] aboard {{HMS|Newcastle|1813|2}} based in [[North America]] and then later in the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. On receiving his commission as lieutenant in April 1821, he transferred to {{HMS|Euryalus|1803|2}} and after being promoted to the rank of [[commander]] in May 1823, he later served aboard {{HMS|Brisk|1819|2}} and {{HMS|Redwing|1806|2}} in the [[North Sea]]. When promoted to [[Captain (Royal Navy)|captain]] in December 1824, he commanded {{HMS|Ariadne|1816|2}} in 1826, {{HMS|Challenger|1826|2}} in 1827 and {{HMS|Pallas|1816|2}} in 1828.

On the accession of FitzClarence's father as king in 1830, he took command of the [[Royal Yacht]], {{Ship|HMY|Royal George||2}}. His father also granted him and his siblings the rank of a younger son/daughter of a marquess by [[Royal Warrant of Precedence]] in 1831, enabling him to prefix ''Lord'' before his name and he was knighted the following year.<ref name="PII2035"/> He was also appointed [[Groom of the Robes]] in 1830 and a [[Lord of the Bedchamber]] in 1833.

On the death of his father and the accession of his cousin [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Victoria]] in 1837, FitzClarence retained command of the Royal Yacht (until he was promoted to a [[Rear admiral (Royal Navy)|rear-admiral]] in 1853) and his allowance allowed to continue. The queen reported that he "burst into tears, and said it was unexpected, for they [the FitzClarences] did not dare to hope for anything" (as illegitimate children of a former monarch).<ref>[[Reginald Brett, 2nd Viscount Esher|Viscount Esher]], ''Queen Victoria: a selection from Her Majesty's diaries between the years 1832 and 1840'', 2 volumes (1912)</ref> In 1848, he also became a naval [[aide-de-camp]] to the queen and retained the office until he died, unmarried, at [[Newburgh Priory]] in 1856.<ref name="PII2035"/>

He was interred in the [[chancel]] of St. Michael's Church, [[Coxwold]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.amkirby.co.uk/PDF/C70.pdf |title=Seventy Coxwold Sundays |work=amkirby.co.uk |year=2007 |accessdate=10 March 2013}}</ref>

==Ancestry==
{{ahnentafel top|width=100%}}
{{ahnentafel-compact5
|style=font-size: 90%; line-height: 110%;
|border=1
|boxstyle=padding-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0;
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
|1= 1. '''Lord Adolphus FitzClarence'''
|2= 2. [[William IV of the United Kingdom]]
|3= 3. [[Dorothea Jordan|Dorothy Jordan]]
|4= 4. [[George III of the United Kingdom]]
|5= 5. [[Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]]
|6= 6. Francis Bland
|7= 7. Grace Phillips
|8= 8. [[Frederick, Prince of Wales]]
|9= 9. [[Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha]]
|10= 10. [[Charles Louis Frederick, Duke of Mecklenburg-Mirow]]
|11= 11. [[Princess Elizabeth Albertine of Saxe-Hildburghausen]]
|12= 12. Nathaniel Bland
|13= 13. Elizabeth Heaton
|16= 16. [[George II of Great Britain]]
|17= 17. [[Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach]]
|18= 18. [[Frederick II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg]]
|19= 19. [[Magdalena Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst]]
|20= 20. [[Adolf Frederick II, Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]]
|21= 21. Princess Christiane Emilie of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen
|22= 22. [[Ernest Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen]]
|23= 23. Sophia Albertine of Erbach-Erbach
|24= 24. James Bland
|25= 25. Lucy Brewster
}}</center>
{{ahnentafel bottom}}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite web |url= http://www.oxforddnb.com/index/9/101009541/ |title=FitzClarence, Lord Adolphus (1802–1856) |work=[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]] |year= 2004 |accessdate=14 October 2007}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/arts/yourpaintings/paintings/rear-admiral-lord-adolphus-fitzclarence-18021856-gch-adc-217641 |title=Portrait of Rear-Admiral Lord Adolphus FitzClarence (1802–1856), GCH, ADC, RN, as a Young Naval Officer |work=bbc.co.uk}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-court}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Groom of the Robes]]
| before = ?
| after = [[Francis Seymour, 5th Marquess of Hertford|Francis Seymour]]
| years = 1830–1833}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Lord of the Bedchamber]]
| before = [[William Feilding, 7th Earl of Denbigh|The Earl of Denbigh]]
| after = New court (death of William IV)
| years = 1833–1837}}
{{s-mil}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Rear-Admiral of the Blue]]
| before = [[Houston Stewart]]
| after = [[Peter Richards (naval lord)|Peter Richards]]
| years = 1853–1855}}
{{s-end}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = FitzClarence, Lord Adolphus
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Royal Navy admiral
| DATE OF BIRTH = 18 February 1802
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Bushy House]], [[Middlesex]]
| DATE OF DEATH = 17 May 1856
| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Newburgh Priory]], [[North Yorkshire]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:FitzClarence, Adolphus}}
[[Category:1802 births]]
[[Category:1856 deaths]]
[[Category:FitzClarence family|Adolphus FitzClarence, Lord]]
[[Category:Illegitimate children of William IV of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Guelphic Order]]
[[Category:Royal Navy officers]]
[[Category:Royal Navy admirals]]
[[Category:Younger sons of marquesses]]

{{UK-peer-stub}}
{{RN-bio-stub}}

Transportation Safety Board of Canada

2012-08-19T10:05:44Z

Dawkeye: delete repeated image, add links

{{lead missing|date=April 2012}}
{{refimprove|date=April 2012}}
{{Infobox Government agency
|agency_name = Transportation Safety Board of Canada
|nativename =
|nativename_a = Bureau de la sécurité des transports du Canada
|nativename_r =
|logo = Transportation Safety Board of Canada Logo.png
|logo_width =
|logo_caption = TSB-BST logo
|seal =
|seal_width =
|seal_caption =
|picture = 200Portage.JPG|thumb
|picture_width =
|picture_caption = ''Place du Centre'', the headquarters of the TSB
|formed = March 29, 1990
|preceding1 = Canadian Aviation Safety Board (aviation)
|dissolved =
|superseding =
|jurisdiction = [[Government of Canada]]
|headquarters = [[Gatineau, Quebec]]
|latd= |latm= |lats= |latNS=
|longd= |longm= |longs= |longEW=
|region_code =
|employees = 220
|budget =
|chief1_name = Wendy A. Tadros
|chief1_position = Chair
|child1_agency =
|website = [http://www.tsb.gc.ca Transportation Safety Board website]
|footnotes =
}}
The '''Transportation Safety Board of Canada''' ('''TSB''', ''[[French language|French]]: Bureau de la sécurité des transports du Canada, BST)'', officially the '''Canadian Transportation Accident Investigation and Safety Board''' (''French: Bureau canadien d’enquête sur les accidents de transport et de la sécurité des transports)'' [http://www.crtfp-pslrb.gc.ca/decisions/summaries/2007-87_e.asp] is the agency of the [[Government of Canada]] responsible for advancing transportation safety in Canada. The independent agency investigates accidents and makes safety recommendations in four modes of transportation: aviation, rail, marine and pipelines.

==Agency history==
The TSB was created under the ''Canadian Transportation Accident Investigation and Safety Board Act'', which was enacted on March 29, 1990. It was formed in response to a number of high profile accidents, following which the Government of Canada identified the need for an independent, multi-modal investigation agency. The headquarters are located in Place du Centre in Gatineau, Quebec.

The provisions of the ''Canadian Transportation Accident Investigation and Safety Board Act'' were written to establish an independent relationship between the Board and the Government of Canada. This agency's first major test came with the crash of [[Swissair Flight 111|Swissair 111]], on September 2, 1998, the largest single aviation accident on Canadian territory since the [[Arrow Air Flight 1285|Arrow Air]] disaster. The TSB delivered its report on the accident on March 27, 2003, some 4½ years after the accident and at a cost of $57 million CAD, making it the most complex and costly accident investigation in Canadian history.

The Board is composed of 5 members:<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.tsb.gc.ca/eng/qui-about/bureau-board.asp |title=Transportation Safety Board : The Board |work=tsb.gc.ca |year=2012 |accessdate=19 August 2012}}</ref>:
* Chair Wendy A. Tadros
* Member Kathy Fox
* Member Ian S. MacKay
* Member John Clarkson
* Member Joseph Hincke

The Transportation Safety Board's mandate is to:

* conduct independent investigations, including public inquiries when necessary, into selected transportation occurrences in order to make findings as to their causes and contributing factors;
* identify [[safety]] deficiencies, as evidenced by transportation occurrences;
* make recommendations designed to eliminate or reduce any such safety deficiencies; and
* [[report]] publicly on their investigations and on the related findings

The TSB may assist other transportation safety boards in their investigations. This may happen when:

* an incident or accident occurs involving a Canadian-registered aircraft in commercial or air transport use;
* an incident or accident occurs involving a Canadian-built aircraft (or an aircraft with Canadian-built engines, propellers, or other vital components) in commercial or air transport use;
* a country without the technical ability to conduct a full investigation asks for the TSB's assistance (especially in the field of reading and analyzing the content of [[flight data recorder]]s and [[cockpit voice recorder]]s).

TSB statistics report that Air, Rail, and Marine accident rates have been fairly steady over the past five years (2001–2006). (Pipeline accidents are not common enough for statistics to be relevant.) Traffic on the three major modes of transport has risen about 5% in the meantime.
In the fiscal year 2005–2006, there were over 4,000 transportation "occurrences" reported in Canada. Most of these were minor incidents, involving only property damage, but major fatal [[accidents]] are also be included in this total. In the same year, 79 accidents and incidents required TSB investigation.

Provincial and territorial governments may call upon the TSB to investigate occurrences. However, it is up to the TSB whether or not to proceed with an investigation. Public reports are published following class one, two, three and four investigations. Recommendations made by the TSB are not legally binding upon the Government of Canada, nor any Ministers of Departments. However, when a recommendation is made to a federal department, a formal response must be presented to the TSB within 90 days.

In recent years, the TSB has concluded a number of high profile investigations, including [[Air France Flight 358|Air France]] (A05H0002), the [[Cheakamus River derailment|Cheakamus River]] (R05V0141), the ''[[MV Queen of the North|Queen of the North]]'' (M06W0052), ''[[Picton Castle (ship)|Picton Castle]]'' (M06F0024), the [[Kinder Morgan Energy Partners#Burnaby crude oil spill|Burnaby pipeline rupture]] (P07H0040), [[Cougar Helicopters Flight 91|Cougar Helicopters]] (A09A0016) and the ''[[Concordia (ship)|Concordia]]'' (M10F003). To increase the uptake of its recommendations and address accident patterns, the TSB launched its Watchlist in 2010, which points to nine critical safety issues troubling Canada’s transportation system.

The TSB reports to the [[Parliament of Canada]] through the [[President of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada]].

==List of Chairs==

* [[Benoît Bouchard]] 1996 - 2001
* [[Camille Thériault]] 2001 - 2002
* [[Charles H. Simpson]] 2002 - 2005 (acting)
* [[Wendy Tadros]] 2005 - 2006 (acting)
* [[Wendy Tadros]] 2006–present

==See also==
{{Portal|Canada|Aviation}}
*[[Air safety]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.tsb.gc.ca Transportation Safety Board website] {{en}}/{{fr}}

{{Aviation accident orgs}}
{{Maritime accident orgs}}
{{Rail accident orgs}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Transportation Safety Board Of Canada}}
[[Category:Rail accident investigators]]
[[Category:Organizations investigating aviation accidents and incidents]]
[[Category:Aviation authorities]]
[[Category:Safety organizations]]
[[Category:Canadian federal departments and agencies]]
[[Category:Aviation in Canada]]
[[Category:1990 establishments in Canada]]

[[fr:Bureau de la sécurité des transports]]
[[it:Transportation Safety Board of Canada]]

Groby Old Hall

2012-07-25T10:26:03Z

Dawkeye: /* References */ update links

[[File:Groby Old Hall - geograph.org.uk - 490776.jpg|thumb|Groby Old Hall]]
'''Groby Old Hall''' is partly a 15th century [[brick]] built [[manor house]] and grade II* [[listed building]] located very near the site of [[Groby Castle]] in the village of [[Groby]] in [[Leicestershire]].

The grand hall which preceded the current building was probably built by the [[Baron Ferrers of Groby|Ferrers family, Barons of Groby]], the 1st Baron Ferrers of Groby having been ennobled for services to Edward 1 and Edward II {{sfn|Squires|2002|p=11}}. The Hall and Barony passed to the Greys by marriage after Sir Edward Grey married Elizabeth Ferrers, grand-daughter and heir to the 5th Baron Ferrers around 1432.{{sfn|Squires|2002|p=180}} The Grey family's most celebrated members were the two [[List of English monarchs|Queens of England]] [[Elizabeth Woodville]] and [[Lady Jane Grey]].

Elizabeth Woodville married Sir Edward Grey's son [[John Grey of Groby|John]], joining him at Groby, where they had two sons. After John's death in battle at the [[Second Battle of St Albans]] in 1461, she petitioned King [[Edward IV]] for return of her confiscated lands, and won not just her case but his heart and hand in marriage.{{sfn|Squires|2002|p=15}} As Queen she set about promoting the causes of her Woodville relatives, her sons by John Grey, and her children by Edward IV, with mixed results. Of the royal children, the two boys became the ill-fated [[Princes in the Tower]], whereas her daughter, also [[Elizabeth of York|Elizabeth]], married the victor of [[Bosworth Field]], [[Henry VII of England|Henry VII]], uniting the houses of Lancaster and York to end the [[Wars of the Roses]]. Elizabeth Woodville lived to see the birth of two royal grand-children, [[Arthur, Prince of Wales|Prince Arthur]] and the future [[Henry VIII]].{{sfn|Squires|2002|p=180}}

She also saw her son [[Thomas Grey, 1st Marquess of Dorset|Thomas Grey]] promoted through court, first as Earl of Huntingdon, and then in 1475, Marquess of Dorset. Following Edward IV's death, and the rise of [[Richard III of England|Richard III]] he found himself in exile in France, where he joined Henry Tudor, as a valued but untrustworthy supporter of the Lancastrian cause.{{sfn|Squires|2002|p=27}} When Henry Tudor defeated Richard III in 1485, Thomas Grey maintained a precarious position within the new court, but found the means to upgrade his ancestral manor at Groby. It appears he started work on a new brick gatehouse on the same site as the manor, which later became part of what is now the 'Old Hall'. However, he rapidly expanded his plans by beginning an entirely new, red brick, great house in his hunting park at [[Bradgate Park|Bradgate]], several miles away, which was completed by his son some time after his death in 1501.{{sfn|Squires|2002|p=32}} Bradgate House became the Greys home for the next 240 years, with some disruptions around 1554, and it was at Bradgate that Thomas Grey's great-grand-daughter, [[Lady Jane Grey]] was born and brought up.{{sfn|Squires|2002|p=180}}

Groby Old Hall, which may incorporate much earlier remains, remained a key part of the Groby estate, and shared in the changing fortunes of the Grey family. The point at which the former grand hall was demolished is unknown, and was the subject of an inconclusive [[Time Team (series 18)|Time Team]] dig broadcast in 2011. The red-brick gatehouse became what is now known as the 'Old Hall', and is one of England's earliest brick buildings.
{{wide image|Panorama of Time Team in Groby.jpg|800px|Time Team at Groby Old Hall, 2010}}

==See also==
*[[Baron Ferrers of Groby]]
*[[Elizabeth Woodville]]
*[[John Grey of Groby]]
*[[Thomas Grey, 1st Marquess of Dorset]]
*[[Bradgate Park]]

==Footnotes==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
* {{cite web |url= http://www.grobydirectory.co.uk/history/castle.html |title=Castle & Old Hall |work=grobydirectory.co.uk }}
* {{cite web |url= http://www.castleuk.net/castle_lists_midlands/140/grobyhall.htm |title=Old Hall Groby |work=castleuk.net }}
* {{cite web |url= http://www.channel4.com/programmes/time-team/episode-guide/series-18/episode-2 |title=Time Team - Series 18 - Episode 7 - The House of the White Queen}}
* {{cite book |ref=harv|last= Squires |first= Anthony |title= The Greys: A Long and Noble Line |publisher= Silk Press Books |year= 2002|isbn=1-902685-10-5}}
{{coord|52.6632|-1.2268|type:landmark_region:GB|display=title}}

[[Category:Country houses in Leicestershire]]
[[Category:Grade II* listed buildings in Leicestershire]]
[[Category:People of the Wars of the Roses]]

Xan Fielding

2012-06-22T16:43:49Z

Dawkeye: Undid revision 498808279 by Musicsinger53 (talk) and add additional citation

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2012}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = Major
| name = Xan Fielding
| honorific_suffix = DSO
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1918|11|26}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1991|8|19|1918|11|26}}
| birth_place = [[Ootacamund]], [[British Raj|India]]
| death_place = [[Paris]], [[France]]
| placeofburial =
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial_coordinates = 
| nickname =
| birth_name = Alexander Wallace Fielding
| allegiance = {{UK}}
| branch = [[British Army]]
| serviceyears = 1940{{spaced ndash}}1946
| rank = [[Major (United Kingdom)|Major]]
| servicenumber = 159770
| unit = [[Cyprus Regiment]] [[Special Operations Executive]]
| commands =
| battles = [[World War II]]
| battles_label =
| awards = {{Plainlist |
* [[Distinguished Service Order]] (UK)
* [[Croix de guerre 1939–1945|Croix de Guerre]] (France)
* Commemorative Medal for National Resistance, 1941-1945 (Greece)
}}
| relations =
| laterwork = Author, translator
| signature =
}}
Major '''Xan Fielding''' [[Distinguished Service Order|DSO]] (26 November 1918 – 19 August 1991) was a [[United Kingdom|British]] author, translator, journalist and traveller, who served as an [[Special Operations Executive]] agent in [[Crete]], [[France]] and the [[Far East]] during World War II.

==Biography==
===Early life===
Alexander Wallace Fielding was born at [[Ootacamund]], [[British Raj|India]], where his father,<ref name="Telegraph">{{cite news |url= |title=Obituary : Xan Fielding |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=20 August 1991 |publisher=[[Telegraph Media Group|TMG]] |location=[[London, UK|London]]}}</ref> Percival Wallace Fielding<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p2409.htm#i24086 |title= Major Alexander Wallace Fielding |first=Darryl |last=Lundy |work=thepeerage.com |year=2012 |accessdate=22 June 2012}}</ref><ref name="ROH">{{cite web |url= http://www.specialforcesroh.com/browse.php?mode=viewiaward&awardid=9556 |title=Alexander Wallace (Xan) Fielding |work=Special Forces Roll Of Honour |year=2012 |accessdate=4 April 2012}}</ref> served in the [[British Indian Army|Indian Army]], as a [[Major (United Kingdom)|major]] in the 50th Sikhs.<ref name="Telegraph"/> Fielding's mother died soon after his birth and he was largely brought up in [[Nice]], [[France]], by his grandparents. He was educated at [[Charterhouse School]], and then studied briefly at the Universities of Bonn, Munich and Freiberg in Germany. In the late 1930s Fielding moved to [[Cyprus]], where he worked as a sub-editor on [[The Cyprus Times]], and ran a bar.<ref name="Telegraph"/>

===Crete===
Following the fall of France, Fielding joined the Army,<ref name="Telegraph"/> and was commissioned into the [[Cyprus Regiment]] as a [[second lieutenant]] on 1 September 1940.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=35034 |date=3 January 1941 |startpage=130 |supp=yes |accessdate=4 April 2012}}</ref> After the [[Battle of Crete|fall of Crete]] in May 1941, he joined the [[Special Operations Executive]], and was eventually landed in Crete with a supply of weapons and explosives by the submarine {{HMS|Torbay|N79|2}}, under Commander [[Anthony Miers]].<ref name="Telegraph"/> Fielding teamed up with [[Patrick Leigh Fermor]], and built an intelligence gathering network which provided detailed information on the movement of Axis troops, shipping, and air transport.<ref name="Times">{{cite news |url= |title=Obituary : Xan Fielding |work=[[The Times]] |date=21 August 1991 |publisher=[[News Corporation|News Corp.]] |location=[[London, UK|London]]}}</ref> He also arranged for the transportation to Egypt of hundreds of Allied soldiers left behind after the evacuation, and now being hidden by the Cretans.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.aifpow.com/part_5__free_men_elsewhere_in_europe/chapter_5__crete |title=ANZAC POW : Free Men in Europe |first=Bill |last=Rudd |work=aifpow.com |year=2011 |accessdate=4 April 2012}}</ref> After six months Fielding returned to Cairo,<ref name="Telegraph"/> and was awarded the [[Distinguished Service Order]] on 15 October 1942.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=35745 |date=13 October 1942 |startpage=4479 |supp=yes |accessdate=4 April 2012}}</ref>

Fielding finally returned to Crete at the end of 1942.<ref name="Telegraph"/> In November 1943 he successfully concluded a pact between the two rival groups of [[andartes]], the communist-led [[Greek People's Liberation Army|EAM-ELAS]] and the [[National Organization of Crete|EOK]], the national organisation of Crete.<ref name="Times"/> He was then relieved by [[Dennis Ciclitira]].<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1343150/Major-Dennis-Ciclitira.html |title=Major Dennis Ciclitira |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=16 June 2000 |publisher=[[Telegraph Media Group|TMG]] |location=[[London, UK|London]] |issn=0307-1235 |oclc=49632006 |accessdate=4 April 2012}}</ref> In Cairo, he became a member of the famous [[Tara, Cairo|Tara]] household created by [[W. Stanley Moss|Bill Stanley Moss]].

===France===
In early 1944 Fielding volunteered to join the French section of SOE, and was parachuted into the south of France in mid-1944, where he was met by two other SOE agents; [[Francis Cammaerts]] (codename "Roger") and [[Krystyna Skarbek|Christine Granville]] (codename "Pauline") of the "[[SOE_F_Section_networks#Jockey|Jockey]]" network.<ref name="Telegraph"/> On 13 August 1944 Fielding, Cammaerts, and a French agent Christian Sorensen, were stopped at a road block near [[Digne-les-Bains|Digne]]. An irregularity in Fielding's papers, plus the large amount of cash he and Cammaerts were carrying aroused suspicion and they were arrested. Granville soon arrived at Digne prison posing as Cammaert's wife and using a mixture of bribery and threats persuaded the Germans to release them. As a result the men were led out of prison expecting to be shot, and were astonished to be met by Granville, waiting for them with a car.<ref name="Telegraph"/>

===Post-war career===
Before the war in Europe ended Fielding briefly returned to Crete; he was one of the first Allied officers to enter liberated Athens. He served in the [[Far East]] for a few months until the end of the war, and visited [[Tibet]]. He then spent six months in Germany serving with the [[Special Intelligence Service]], before serving as a United Nations observer in the Balkans in 1946.<ref name="Telegraph"/>

In 1948 he met [[Daphne Fielding|Daphne Thynne]], the wife of [[Henry Thynne, 6th Marquess of Bath]]. After her divorce, they were married in 1953<ref name="Telegraph"/> and lived in [[Cornwall]], [[Morocco]], [[Portugal]] and [[Uzès]].<ref name="Vickers">{{cite news |url= http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/obituary-daphne-fielding-1289256.html |title=Obituary: Daphne Fielding |first=Hugo |last=Vickers |work=[[The Independent]] |date=17 December 1997 |publisher=[[Independent News & Media|INM]] |location=[[London, UK|London]] |issn=0951-9467 |oclc=185201487 |accessdate=4 April 2012}}</ref>

In 1956 Fielding was hired by [[Michael Powell (director)|Michael Powell]] to act as as technical adviser for the filming of [[W. Stanley Moss|Bill Stanley Moss's]] book ''[[Ill Met by Moonlight (film)|Ill Met by Moonlight]]'' – the story of Leigh Fermor's and Moss's [[Kidnap of General Kreipe|abduction of General Kreipe]], the German commander in Crete.<ref name="Telegraph"/>

Fielding wrote a number of books; including ''The Stronghold'', an account of SOE's Cretan operations, and a memoir of his own wartime experiences ''Hide and Seek'' (which he dedicated to Christine Granville).<ref name="Times"/> He also provided the English translations for many of the works of the French novelist [[Pierre Boulle]], including his best-known books ''Le Pont de la rivière Kwaï'' (''[[The Bridge over the River Kwai]]'') and ''La Planète des singes'' (''[[Planet of the Apes (novel)|Planet of the Apes]]''). He translated several books by [[Jean Lartéguy]], as well as works by [[Gabriel Chevallier]], [[Pierre Schoendoerffer]] and [[Jean Hougron]]. Fielding also collaborated with Patrick Leigh Fermor in a translation from Greek of [[George Psychoundakis]]' book ''[[The Cretan Runner]]''.

His marriage to Daphne was dissolved in 1978,<ref name="Vickers"/> and he married Agnes "Magouche" Phillips, the daughter of Admiral John H. Magruder of the U.S. Navy.<ref name="Times"/>

Fielding died in [[Paris]], [[France]], in 1991.

==Publications==
* ''The Stronghold: An account of the four seasons in the White Mountains of Crete'' (1953)
* ''Hide and Seek: The Story of a War-time Agent'' (1954)
* ''Corsair Country: The diary of a journey along the Barbary Coast'' (1958)
* ''The Money Spinner: Monte Carlo and Its Fabled Casino'' (1977)
* ''One Man in His Time, The Life of Lieutenant-Colonel [[Neil McLean (politician)|N.L.D. ("Billy") McLean]] DSO'' (1990)
* ''Images of Spain'' (1991)
* ''Aeolus Displayed'' (1992)
* ''A Hideous Disguise'' (1994)

==See also==
* [[Sophie Moss]]
* [[Tara, Cairo]]
* [[Cretan resistance]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=0276171}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Fielding, Xan
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Fielding, Alexander Wallace
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = British Army officer, SOE agent, author and translator
| DATE OF BIRTH = 26 November 1918
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Ootacamund]], [[British Raj|India]]
| DATE OF DEATH = 19 August 1991
| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Paris]], [[France]]
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fielding, Xan}}
[[Category:1918 births]]
[[Category:1991 deaths]]
[[Category:People educated at Charterhouse School]]
[[Category:British non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:British translators]]
[[Category:World War II spies]]
[[Category:Special Operations Executive personnel]]
[[Category:British Army General List officers]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Companions of the Distinguished Service Order]]
[[Category:Crete in World War II]]

[[fr:Xan Fielding]]

Stammlager VIII A

2012-05-17T12:58:21Z

Dawkeye: add infobox, links, refs, cleanup text

{{Infobox military structure
|name = Stalag VIII-A
|native_name =
|partof =
|location = [[Görlitz]], [[Lower Silesia]]
|image =
|caption =
|map_type = Germany 1937
|latitude = 51.12152
|longitude = 15.01002
|map_size =
|map_alt = Görlitz, Germany (pre-war borders, 1937)
|map_caption = Görlitz, Germany (pre-war borders, 1937)
|type = Prisoner-of-war camp
|coordinates = {{Coord|51|7|17.47|N|15|0|36.1|E|region:PL-DS_type:landmark|display=inline, title}}
|code =
|built =
|builder =
|materials =
|height =
|used = 1939{{ndash}}1945
|demolished =
|condition =
|ownership =
|open_to_public =
|controlledby = {{flag|Nazi Germany}}
|garrison =
|commanders =
|occupants = Allied POW
|battles =
|events =
|image2 =
|caption2 =
}}
'''Stalag VIII-A''' was a [[Germany|German]] [[World War II]] [[prisoner-of-war camp]], located just to the south of the town of [[Görlitz]], [[Lower Silesia]], east of the [[Lusatian Neisse|River Neisse]] (now [[Zgorzelec]], Poland).

==Camp history==
Originally a [[Hitler Youth]] camp, in October 1939 it was modified to house about 15,000 [[Poland|Polish]] prisoners from the German [[Invasion of Poland|September 1939]] offensive. By June 1940 most of the Poles had been transferred to other camps and replaced with [[Belgium|Belgian]] and [[France|French]] troops taken prisoner during the [[Battle of France]]. At one time there were over 30,000 jammed into facilities designed for 15,000. In 1941 a separate compound was created to house Soviet prisoners. In 1943 2,500 [[Commonwealth of Nations|British Commonwealth]] soldiers came from the battles in Italy, and later in the same year an undefined number of Italian soldiers came from [[Albania]]. Finally in late December 1944 1,800 [[United States|American]]s arrived, captured in the [[Battle of the Bulge]]. On 14 February 1945 the Americans and British were marched out of the camp westward in advance of the Soviet [[Vistula-Oder Offensive|offensive]] into Germany.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pegasusarchive.org/pow/cSt_8A_History1.htm |title=Stalag VIIIA |work=pegasusarchive.org |year=2006 |accessdate=17 May 2012}}</ref>

==Notable inmates==
It was at VIII-A that [[Olivier Messiaen]], a [[France|French]] prisoner, finished composing ''[[Quatuor pour la fin du temps]]'', a famous work of [[chamber music]]. With the help of a friendly German guard, he acquired manuscript paper and pencils, and was able to assemble three other POWs to help him perform the piece for the rest of the camp.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.therestisnoise.com/2004/04/quartet_for_the_2.html |title=The Rest Is Noise: Messiaen's Quartet for the End of Time |first=Alex |last=Ross |work=[[The New Yorker]] |date=March 22, 2004|accessdate=17 May 2012}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of prisoner-of-war camps in Germany]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.gedenkplaetze.info/index.php/polen/42-wojewodztwo-dolnolskie/108-kriegsgefangenenlager-stalag-viii-a-in-zgorzelec-ujazd-goerlitz-moys Kriegsgefangenenlager STALAG VIII A in Zgorzelec-Ujazd (Görlitz-Moys)] {{de icon}}
*[http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2Pris-_N91403.html#name-035069-1 New Zealand On-line history of WWII]
*[http://www.indianamilitary.org/German%20PW%20Camps/Prisoner%20of%20War/PW%20Camps/Stalag%20VIII-A%20Gorlitz/Dr%20Tattersall/Dr%20Tattersall.htm Diary of a Prisoner and Picture Collection]

==Further reading==
* Rischin, Rebecca (2003). ''For the End of Time: The Story of the Messiaen Quartet.'' Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-4136-6
* McMullen, John William (2010). ''The Miracle of Stalag 8A'' Bird Brain Productions. ISBN 978-0982625521



{{Main German WWII POW camps 1944-1945}}

[[Category:World War II prisoner of war camps]]

{{WWII-stub}}

[[it:Stalag VIII-A]]
[[pl:Stalag VIII A]]

Oflag X D

2012-04-29T21:35:53Z

Dawkeye: add infobox, cleanup text, add links, fmt refs

{{Infobox military structure
|name = Oflag X-D
|native_name =
|partof =
|location = [[Neugraben-Fischbek|Fischbek]], [[Saxony-Anhalt]]
|image =
|caption =
|map_type = Germany 1937
|latitude =53.4835
|longitude = 9.8405
|map_size =
|map_alt = Fischbek, Germany (pre-war borders, 1937)
|map_caption = Fischbek, Germany (pre-war borders, 1937)
|type = Prisoner-of-war camp
|coordinates = {{Coord|53|29|1|N|9|50|25|E|region:DE-ST_type:landmark|display=inline, title}}
|code =
|built =
|builder =
|materials =
|height =
|used = 1941{{spaced ndash}}1945
|demolished =
|condition =
|ownership =
|open_to_public =
|controlledby = {{flag|Nazi Germany}}
|garrison =
|commanders =
|occupants =
|battles =
|events =
|image2 =
|caption2 =
}}
'''Oflag X-D''' was a [[Germany|German]] [[World War II]] [[prisoner-of-war camp]] for [[Officer (armed forces)|officer]]s (''[[Oflag|Offizierlager]]'') located in [[Neugraben-Fischbek|Fischbek]], a ''[[Stadtteil]]'' of [[Hamburg]], [[Germany]].

== Camp history ==
The camp was established in May 1941.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.moosburg.org/info/stalag/laglist.html |title=Kriegsgefangenenlager (Liste) |work=Moosburg Online |year=2012 |accessdate=29 April 2012}} {{de icon}}</ref> On 22 June 1943, all reserve officers of the Belgian Army held at [[Oflag II-A]] in Prenzlau were moved to Oflag X-D Fischbek.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hautecler |first1=Georges |title=Evasions réussies |trans_title=Successful Escapes |url=http://www.freebelgians.be/articles/print.php?id=54 |accessdate=29 April 2012 |date=1966 |publisher=Editions Soledi |location=[[Liège]], Belgium |isbn= }} {{fr icon}}</ref> The camp was liberated in May 1945 by troops of the British [[7th Armoured Division (United Kingdom)|7th Armoured Division]], [[Second Army (United Kingdom)|2nd Army]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.btinternet.com/~ian.a.paterson/battles1945.htm#Hamburg |title=Battles 1945 : Final Push To Hamburg|first=Ian A. |last=Paterson |work=The History of the British 7th Armoured Division |year=2008 |accessdate=29 April 2012}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Oflag]]
* [[List of prisoner-of-war camps in Germany]]
* [[Obstinée|L'Obstinée]]
* [[Raymond Troye]]

== References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:World War II prisoner of war camps]]
[[Category:Stendal (district)]]

{{Fort-stub}}

United States Army Nurse Corps

2012-04-25T22:03:43Z

Dawkeye: /* Prisoners of War */ add Reba Z. Whittle

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2011}}
{{Infobox military unit
|dates=1901 – present day
|unit_name=Army Nurse Corps (U.S. Army)
|image=[[File:USA - Army Medical Nurse.png]]
|caption=The '''Army Nurse Corps''' branch insignia
|country=United States
|branch=[[United States Army]]
|motto= Embrace the past – Engage the present – Envision the future
|anniversaries=
|nickname=
|march=
}}

The '''United States Army Nurse Corps''' (NC) was formally established by the [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]] in 1901. It is one of the six medical Special Branches (or "Corps") of officers which – along with medical enlisted soldiers – comprise the [[Army Medical Department]] (AMEDD).

The NC is the [[Army nursing|nursing service]] for the [[U.S. Army]] and provides qualified nursing staff in support of the [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] medical plans. This NC is composed entirely of [[registered nurse]]s (RNs).

==Mission==
All actions and tasks must lead and work toward promoting the wellness of Warriors and their families, supporting the delivery of Warrior and family healthcare, and all those entrusted to our care and ultimately, positioning the Army Nurse Corps as a force multiplier for the future of military medicine.

==Army Nursing Team Creed==
[[File:Armynursecorps.jpg|thumb|World War II Army Nurse Corps recruiting poster]]
{{Blockquote|I am a member of the Army Nursing Team 
My patients depend on me and trust me to provide compassionate and proficient care always. 
I nurture the most helpless and vulnerable and offer courage and hope to those in despair. 
I protect the dignity of every individual put in my charge.

I tend to the physical and psychological wounds of our Warriors and support the health, safety, and welfare of every retired Veteran. 
I am an advocate for family members who support and sustain their Soldier during times of War. 
It is a privilege to care for each of these individuals and I will always strive to be attentive and respectful of their needs and honor their uniquely divine human spirit.

We are the Army Nursing Team

We honor our professional practice standards and live the Soldier values. 
We believe strength and resiliency in difficult times is the cornerstone of Army Nursing. 
We embrace the diversity of our team and implicitly understand that we must maintain a unified, authentically positive culture and support each other's physical, social, and environmental well-being. 
We have a collective responsibility to mentor and foster the professional growth of our newest Team members so they may mentor those who follow.

We remember those nursing professionals who came before us and honor their legacy, determination, and sacrifice. 
We are fundamentally committed to provide exceptional care to past, present, and future generations who bravely defend and protect our Nation.

The Army Nursing Team: Courage to Care, Courage to Connect, Courage to Change| LTC Leigh McGraw
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://armynursecorps.amedd.army.mil/assets/home/NursingCreed.pdf|title=Army Nursing Team Creed|publisher=Army Nurse Corps|accessdate=23 April2010}}</ref>}}

==Qualifications==
AR 135-100, AR 135-101, AR 601-100, and applicable Army Nurse Corps circulars in the DA Circular 601-FY-X series list qualifications for entry.

The U.S. Army Nurse Corps (AN) consists entirely of [[commissioned officers]]. Nurses who wish to serve as an Army Nurse are required to hold an unrestricted [[Registered Nurse|Registered Nurse (RN)]] license prior to receiving a commission. For the [[standing army|Active Army]], a Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) degree is required. [[United States Army Reserve|Reserve Component]] nurses may commission with a BSN, [[Associate of Science in Nursing]] degree (ADN), or a [[Diploma in Nursing]] but they must obtain their BSN in order to be eligible for promotion to the rank of Major. The US Army is evaluating this standard and may determine that entry level for [[Reserve Component]] officers will be a BSN. At this time the decision has not been made and nurses remain in high demand. The degree conferring school must furthermore be [[National League for Nursing|National League for Nursing (NLN)]] accredited in order for a nurse to be eligible for commissioning.

==Leadership==
As of 2008, the Chief of the Army Nurse Corps is Major General Patricia Horoho, the 23rd Chief of the Army Nurse Corps.<ref>[http://history.amedd.army.mil/ancwebsite/superintendents/Horoho.html www.army.mil]. Retrieved 28 October 2009.</ref>

==Specialties – Army Occupation Code (AOC) ==
'''Public Health Nurse – 66B''' 
{{See also|Public health}}

'''Psychiatric-Mental Health Nurse – 66C''' 
{{See also|U.S. Army Psychiatric/Mental Health Nursing}}

'''Peri-Operative Nurse – 66E''' 
{{See also|Perioperative nursing}}

'''Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) – 66F''' 
{{See also|Nurse anesthetist}}

'''Obstetrics-Gynecological Nurse – 66G''' 
{{See also|Obstetrical nursing}}

'''Medical-Surgical Nursing – 66H''' 
{{See also|Medical-surgical nursing}}

'''Generalist Nurse – 66N''' 
This is used to designate positions on organizational documents but is not held by the individual.

'''Family Nurse Practitioner (FNP) – 66P''' 
{{see also|Family Nurse Practitioner}}

'''''Additional Skill Identifiers (ASI)''''' 
These designate additional areas of expertise or experience and are in addition to a basic nursing specialty.

:'''7T – Clinical Nurse Specialist (CNS)''' 
{{see also|Clinical nurse specialist}}

:'''8A – Critical Care Nurse (merging with M5)''' 
{{see also|Critical care nursing}}

:'''8D – Nurse Midwife''' 
{{see also|Nurse Midwife}}
:Only used in conjunction with AOC 66G.

:'''M5 – Emergency Nurse (merging with 8A)''' 
{{see also|Emergency nursing}}

:'''M8 – Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner''' 
{{see also|Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner}}
:Only used in conjunction with AOC 66C.

:'''M9 – Nurse Case Manager''' 
{{see also|Case management (USA health system)}}

:'''N1 – Aviation Medicine Nurse Practitioner''' 
:Only used in conjunction with AOC 66P.

==History==
*The Army Nurse Corps became a permanent corps of the Medical Department under the Army Reorganization Act (31 STat. 753) passed by Congress on 2 February 1901.<ref>{{cite book|title=Highlights in the history of the Army nurse corps|editor=Carolyn M. Feller, Debora R. Cox|publisher=[[United States Army Center of Military History]]|location=Washington, DC|year=2000|edition=Revised and Expanded Edition|series=CMH Pub 85-1|pages=103}}</ref>

===Pre-1901===

An Army Department circular order established the designation of Nurse

During the [[American Civil War]], the [[United States Sanitary Commission]], a federal civilian agency, handled most of the medical and nursing care of the Union armies, together with necessary acquisition and transportation of medical supplies. [[Dorothea Dix]], serving as the Commission's Superintendent, was able to convince the medical corps of the value of women working in their hospitals. A famous figure was [[Clara Barton]], whose Civil War nursing efforts had earned her the names "Angel of the Battlefield" or the "American Nightingale." In 1882, Barton helped found and served as the first president of the American Chapters of the [[International Red Cross]].

During the 1898 [[Spanish-American War]], the Army hired female civilian nurses to help with the wounded. Dr. Anita Newcomb McGee was put in charge of selecting contract nurses to work as civilians with the U.S. Army. In all, more than 1,500 women nurses worked as contract nurses during that 1898 conflict.

===1901–1917===
Professionalization was a dominant theme during the Progressive Era, because it valued expertise and hierarchy over ad-hoc volunteering in the name of civic duty. Congress consequently established the Army Nurse Corps in 1901 and the [[Navy Nurse Corps]] in 1908. The Red Cross became a quasi-official federal agency in 1905 and took upon itself primary responsibility for recruiting and assigning nurses.
[[File:US Army Nurses Uniform 1917.jpg|thumb|left|1917 Army Nurse Corps Uniform Coat]]

===World War I===
In World War I the military recruited 20,000 registered nurses (all women) for military and navy duty in 58 military hospitals; they helped staff 47 ambulance companies that operated on the Western Front. More than 10,000 served overseas, while 5,400 nurses enrolled in the Army's new School of Nursing. The women were kept well back from the front lines, and although none were killed by enemy action, more than 200 had died from disease , especially [[influenza]]. Julia Flikke, the assistant superintendent of nurses at a Chicago hospital, enlisted and became chief nurse at an Army hospital in France, then served on a hospital train that rushed casualties from the field hospitals to the long-term care hospitals.

===Interwar period===
Demobilization reduced the two corps to skeleton units designed to be expanded should a new war take place. Eligibility at this time included being female, white, unmarried, volunteer, and a graduate from a civilian nursing school.

In 1920, Army Nurse Corps personnel received officer-equivalent ranks and wore Army rank insignia on their uniforms. However, they did not receive equivalent pay and were not considered part of the [[US Army]].

Flikke remained in the Army after the war. After 12 years at Walter Reed Army hospital in Washington, D.C., she was promoted to captain and became the Assistant Superintendent of Nurses. She succeeded in creating new billets for occupational therapists and dieticians. Flikke became Superintendent, with the rank of Major, in 1938.

===World War II===
[[File:US Navy 041218-N-3236B-015 A World War II U.S. Army veteran and Nurse who served in the Battle of the Bulge, stands and watches as several speeches, presentations and a 21-gun salute are made.jpg|thumb|right|
WWII Army Nurse veteran of the [[Battle of the Bulge]]]]
At the start of the war in Dec. 1941, there were fewer than 1000 nurses in the Army Nurse Corps<ref>The Army Nurse Corps http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/72-14/72-14.HTM</ref> and 700 in the Navy Nurse Corps. All were women.<ref>See [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,773038,00.html#ixzz0m4GCgzPu "Army: She-Soldiers", ''Time'' 12 Jan. 1942]</ref>

Colonel Flikke's small headquarters in 1942, though it contained only 4 officers and 25 civilians, supervised the vast wartime expansion of nurses, in cooperation with the Red Cross. She only took unmarried women age 22–30 who had their RN training from civilian schools. They enlisted for the war plus six months, and were discharged if they married or became pregnant.

On 26 February 1944 Congress passed a bill that granted Army and Navy Nurses actual military rank, approved for the duration of the war plus 6 months.

With over 8 million soldiers and airmen, the needs were more than double those of World War I. Hundreds of new military hospitals were constructed for the expected flow of casualties. Fearing a massive wave of combat casualties once Japan was invaded in late 1945, President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] called on Congress early in 1945 for permission to draft nurses. However with the rapid collapse of Germany early in 1945, and the limitation of the war in the Pacific to a few islands, the draft was not needed and was never enacted.
[[File:StateLibQld 1 101360.jpg|thumb|left|350|Archbishop [[James Duhig]] meeting with [[United States Army]] nurses ca. 1944 at [[St Stephen's Cathedral]]. ]]
By the end of the war, the Army and Army Air Forces (AAF) had 54,000 nurses and the Navy 11,000—all women. Some 217 black nurses served in all-black Army medical units. The AAF was virtually autonomous by 1942, and likewise its Nurse Corps. Much larger numbers of enlisted men served as medics. These men were in effect practical nurses who handled routine care under the direction of nurse officers. Likewise many enlisted Wacs and Wafs (women in the Army and AAF) served in military hospitals. Medical advances greatly increased survival rates for the wounded: 96% of the 670,000 wounded soldiers and sailors who made it to a field hospital staffed by nurses and doctors survived their injuries. Amputations were seldom necessary to combat gangrene. Penicillin and sulfa drugs proved highly successful in this regard. Nurses were deeply involved with post-operative recovery procedures, air evacuation, and new techniques in psychiatry and anesthesia.

Upon Flikke's retirement in 1943, she was succeeded by [[Florence A. Blanchfield]], who successfully promoted new laws in 1947, that established the Army, Navy and Air Force Nurse Corps on a permanent basis, giving the nurses regular commissions on exactly the same terms as male officers. A month before she retired in 1947, Blanchfield became the first women to hold a regular Army commission.

====Prisoners of War====
[[Image:Army nurses rescued from Santo Tomas 1945g.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Army POWs headed home|Army nurses after three years in captivity]]
{{See also|Angels of Bataan}}
{{See also|Reba Z. Whittle}}

===Korea===
During the Korean War Army nurses would once again treat the wounded. Nurses would staff MASH units and standard emplaced hospitals in Japan and Korea. Nurses were on the forefront of battlefield medicine during the conflict, playing a major role in the treatment of the wounded U.N. forces within mere minutes or hours of the wounds being inflicted.

===Vietnam===
During the Vietnam War many Army nurses would see deployment to South East Asia. Army nurses would staff all major Army hospitals in the theatre, including: [[Cam Ranh Bay]], [[Da Nang]], and [[Saigon]]. Vietnam would be the first major deployment of men as nurses into the combat theater, as men could be located in more hazardous locations than what was considered safe for females. Many Army nurses faced enemy fire for the first time due to the unconventional nature of the conflict, and several nurses would die from direct enemy fire. On at least one occasion the US Army hospital at Cam Ranh Bay was assaulted and severely damaged, with a loss of both patient and staff life.

===Currently===
Army Nurses are deployed all over the world, participating in humanitarian missions, and supporting the [[War on Terrorism|Global War on Terror]].

===Modern Nurse Corps===
The Nurse Corps continues as a significant part of the Army medical department. Most training is conducted at [[Fort Sam Houston]], Texas.

==Insignia and badges==
The Nurse Corps has a distinctive insignia, an "N" superimposed on an Army [[caduceus]].

==Superintendents and Directors==
From its founding in 1908 until after [[World War II]] in 1947, the Army Nurse Corps was led by a superintendent. Its nurses had no permanent commissioned rank. The [[Army-Navy Nurses Act]] took effect on 16 April 1947, establishing the Army Nurse Corps as a staff corps, with officers holding permanent commissioned rank from second lieutenant to lieutenant colonel. The corps was to be led by a director holding the rank of colonel while in that position.

===List of Superintendents of the Army Nurse Corps<ref>{{cite book|title=Highlights in the history of the Army nurse corps|editor=Carolyn M. Feller, Debora R. Cox|publisher=[[United States Army Center of Military History]]|location=Washington, DC|year=2000|edition=Revised and Expanded Edition|series=CMH Pub 85-1|pages=103}}</ref>===
{|
|       • || [http://www.e-anca.org/bios/Kinney.htm Dita H. Kinney]
|   || ( March 1901  
| –   July 1909)
|-
|       • || [[Jane Delano|Jane A. Delano]]
|   || ( August 1909  
| –   March 1912)
|-
|       • || [http://www.e-anca.org/bios/McIsaac.htm Isabel McIsaac]
|   || ( April 1912  
| –   September 1914)
|-
|       • || [http://www.e-anca.org/bios/Thompson.htm Dora E. Thompson]
|   || ( September 1914  
| –   December 1919)
|-
|       • || [[Julia Catherine Stimson|MAJ Julia C. Stimson]]
|   || ( December 1919  
| –   May 1937)
|-
|       • || [http://www.e-anca.org/bios/Flikke.htm MAJ Julia O. Flikke]
|   || ( June 1937  
| –   March 1942)
|-
|       • || [http://www.e-anca.org/bios/Flikke.htm COL Julia O. Flikke]
|   || (March 1942  
| –   June 1943)
|-
|       • || [[Florence A. Blanchfield| COL Florence A. Blanchfield]]
|   || ( July 1943  
| –   September 1947)

Dorothea Dix
|}

===List of Chiefs of the Army Nurse Corps<ref>{{cite book|title=Highlights in the history of the Army nurse corps|editor=Carolyn M. Feller, Debora R. Cox|publisher=[[United States Army Center of Military History]]|location=Washington, DC|year=2000|edition=Revised and Expanded Edition|series=CMH Pub 85-1|pages=103}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://history.amedd.army.mil/ANCWebsite/superintendents/superintendents.html|title=Superintendents and Chiefs of the Army Nurse Corps|publisher=US Army Medical Department: Office of Medical History|accessdate=24 April 2010}}</ref>===
{|
|       • || [http://www.e-anca.org/bios/Phillips.htm COL Mary G. Phillips]
|   || ( October 1947  
| –   September 1951)
|-
|       • || [http://www.e-anca.org/bios/Bryant.htm COL Ruby F. Bryant]
|   || (October 1951  
| –   September 1955)
|-
|       • || [http://www.e-anca.org/bios/Haynes.htm COL Inez Haynes]
|   || ( October 1955  
| –   August 1959)
|-
|       • || [http://www.e-anca.org/bios/Harper.htm COL Margaret Harper]
|   || ( October 1959  
| –   August 1963)
|-
|       • || [http://www.e-anca.org/bios/Clark.htm COL Mildred Irene Clark]
|   || ( September 1963  
| –   August 1967)
|-
|       • || [http://www.e-anca.org/bios/Hays.htm COL Anna Mae V. Hays]
|   || (September 1967  
| –   June 1970)
|-
|       • || [http://www.e-anca.org/bios/Hays.htm BG Anna Mae V. Hays]
|   || ( June 1970  
| –   August 1971)
|-
|       • || [http://www.e-anca.org/bios/Dunlap.htm BG Lillian Dunlap]
|   || ( September 1971  
| –   August 1975)
|-
|       • || [[Madelyn Parks|BG Madelyn N. Parks]]
|   || (September 1975  
| –   August 1979)
|-
|       • || [[Hazel Johnson|BG Hazel W. Johnson]]
|   || ( September 1979  
| –   August 1982)
|-
|       • || [[Connie Slewitzke|BG Connie L. Slewitzke]]
|   || ( September 1983  
| –   August 1987)
|-
|       • || [[Clara Adams-Ender|BG Clara L. Adams-Ender]]
|   || ( September 1987  
| –   August 1991)
|-
|       • || [[Nancy R. Adams|BG Nancy R. Adams]]
|   || (November 1991  
| –   December 1995)
|-
|       • || [[Bettye Simmons|BG Bettye H. Simmons]]
|   || ( December 1995  
| –   January 2000)
|-
|       • || [[William T. Bester|BG William T. Bester]]
|   || (May 2000  
| –   June 2004)
|-
|       • || [[Gale Pollock|MG Gale S. Pollock]]
|   || ( July 2004  
| –   July 2008)
|-
|       • || [[Patricia D. Horoho|MG Patricia D. Horoho]]
|   || ( July 2008  
| –   Present)
|}

==NC officers==
* First Superintendent of Army Nurses [[Dorothea Dix]]
* [[Cornelia Hancock]] civilian nurse serving the [[Union Army]] during the [[American Civil War]], injured in battle.
* Dr. [[Mary Edwards Walker]] served as a civilian nurse during the American Civil War, became the Army's first female surgeon and [[Medal of Honor]] winner.
* [[Susie Taylor]] first African American Army nurse.
* [[Clara Maass]] contract nurse for the Army during the [[Spanish American War]], died participating in an army [[yellow fever]] study.
* [[Anita Newcomb McGee]] a physician, she became the acting assistant Army surgeon in charge of nursing during the [[Spanish American War]]. Helped to write some of the legislation that eventually created the Army Nurse Corps.
* [[Anna Maxwell]] instrumental in the establishment of the Army Nurse Corps.
* [[Adah Belle Thoms]] instrumental in the establishment of the Army Nurse Corps.
* LT [[Annie Fox (nurse)]] first woman to receive the [[Purple Heart]] for actions during [[Pearl Harbor]]. This award was later converted to a [[Bronze Star]] when the criteria for the Purple Heart changed.
* COL [[Ruby Bradley]] one of the most decorated female officer (Korea service).
* BG [[Elizabeth P. Hoisington]] one of the first female officers to attain the rank of Brigadier General in the US Army (same day as BG [[Anna Mae Hays]]).
* LT [[Diane Carlson Evans]] Vietnam era nurse, founder of the [http://www.vietnamwomensmemorial.org/ Vietnam Woman's Memorial Foundation].
* CPT [[María Inés Ortiz]] first nurse to die in combat since Vietnam.

==See also==
{{Portal|Nursing}}
{{Commons category|Army Nurse Corps (United States)}}
*[[United States Navy Nurse Corps]]
*[[United States Air Force Medical Service#Nurse Corps|Air Force Nurse Corps]]
*[[Mobile Army Surgical Hospital]] (MASH)
*[[Combat Support Hospital]] (CSH)
*[[Field Hospital]]
*[[Army nursing]] (disambiguation)
*[[Vietnam Women's Memorial]]
*[[Women in Military Service for America Memorial]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Campbell, D'Ann. ''Women at War with American: Private Lives in a Patriotic Era.'' (Harvard University Press, 1984).
* Campbell, D'Ann . "Servicewomen of World War II," ''Armed Forces and Society'' (Win 1990) 16: 251–270.
*Gillett, Mary C. (1981), [http://history.amedd.army.mil/booksdocs/rev/gillett1/ ''The Army Medical Department, 1775–1818''], Washington, DC: [[United States Army Center of Military History]], United States Army. (Series: [[Army Historical Series]])
*Gillett, Mary C. (1987), [http://history.amedd.army.mil/booksdocs/civil/gillett2/ ''The Army Medical Department, 1818–1865''], Washington, DC: Center of Military History, United States Army. (Series: Army Historical Series)
*Gillett, Mary C. (1995), [http://history.amedd.army.mil/booksdocs/spanam/gillet3/default.html ''The Army Medical Department, 1865–1917''], Washington, DC: Center of Military History, United States Army. (Series: Army Historical Series)
*Gillett, Mary C. (2009), [http://history.amedd.army.mil/booksdocs/spanam/gillet4/default.html ''The Army Medical Department, 1917–1941''], Washington, DC: Center of Military History, United States Army. (Series: Army Historical Series)
*Center of Military History, [http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/72-14/72-14.HTM ''The Army Nurse Corps''], Washington, DC: Center of Military History, United States Army.
* Monahan, Evelyn and Rosemary Neidel-Greenlee. ''And If I Perish: Frontline U.S. Army Nurses in World War II.'' (Knopf, 2003)
* Norman, Elizabeth. ''We Band of Angels: The Untold Story of American Nurses Trapped on Bataan by the Japanese.'' (Random House, 1999).
* Sarnecky, Mary T. ''A History of the U.S. Army Nurse Corps'' (U of Pennsylvania Press, 1999), the standard scholarly history
* Tomblin, Barbara Brooks. ''G.I. Nightingales: The Army Nurse Corps in World War II‎'' (2004) 272 pages [http://books.google.com/books?id=hQ950vkOhY8C&dq=%22julia+flikke%22&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&as_brr=0 excerpt and text search]
* Vuic, Kara D. ''Officer, Nurse, Woman: The Army Nurse Corps in the Vietnam War '' (The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009)

===Primary sources===
* Flikke, Julia. ''Nurses in action‎'' (1943) 239 pages

==External links==
;Contemporary unit
*[http://armynursecorps.amedd.army.mil/index.cfm U.S. Army Nurse Corps official homepage] (on U.S. Army official website).
*[http://www.goarmy.com/amedd/nurse/index.jsp Army Nurse Corps Info]
*[http://www.army.mil/fm1/ FM 1 The Army]
*[http://www.army.mil/values/ Army Values]
*[http://www.e-anca.org/ The Army Nurse Corps Association]
;History
*[http://www.nursingworld.org/FunctionalMenuCategories/AboutANA/Honoring-Nurses/HallofFame/InducteesListedAlphabetically.aspx American Nurse's Association: Hall of Fame]
*[http://history.amedd.army.mil/ANCWebsite/anchome.html Army Nurse Corps History]
*[http://www.armyheritage.org/component/content/article/50-soldier-stories/130-army-nurses-of-world-war-one-service-beyond-expectations.html Army Heritage Foundation Center – Army Nurses of World War One: Service Beyond Expectations]
*[http://www.blitzkriegbaby.de/ Army Nurse Corps history and WWII women's uniforms in color] (WAC, WAVES, ANC, NNC, USMCWR, PHS, SPARS, ARC and WASP)
*[http://www.med-dept.com/ WW2 U.S. Medical Research Centre]
*[http://www.carlisle.army.mil/ahec/index.cfm US Army Nurse Corps Collection]
*[http://www.vietnamwomensmemorial.org/index2.php Viet-Nam Women's Memorial]
*[http://www.womensmemorial.org/ Women's War Memorial]
*[http://dorriehoward.info/comfort/index.htm Aboard the U.S.S. Comfort, 1945]; personal account of life on the Comfort, including the kamikaze strike, from last known surviving ARMY nurse, 1st Lt. Doris Gardner (Howard).
* {{Internet Archive short film|id=gov.archives.arc.2569560|name=Big Picture: Nurses in the Army}}
* {{Internet Archive short film|id=gov.archives.arc.2569855|name=Big Picture: The Army Nurse: Soldier of Mercy}}
* {{Internet Archive short film|id=gov.archives.arc.2569754|name=Big Picture: The Army Nurse Story}}
* {{Internet Archive short film|id=gov.dod.dimoc.30261|name=ARMY NURSE, THE (1970)}}
* {{Internet Archive short film|id=ArmyNurs1945|name=Army Nurse, The (1945)}}
;Nursing organizations
*[http://www.nursingworld.org/ American Nurses Association]
*[http://www.theagapecenter.com/Organizations/Nursing.htm Nursing Associations]
*[http://www.nln.org/ National League for Nursing]
*[http://www.aone.org/ American Organization of Nurse Executives]
*[http://www.nsna.org/ National Student Nurses Association]
*[http://www.nursingworld.org/ American Nurses Association]

{{US Army}}
{{US Army MEDCOM navbox}}
{{Nursing}}

[[Category:Nursing organizations]]
[[Category:Military medical organizations of the United States]]
[[Category:Branches of the United States Army]]

Xan Fielding

2012-04-04T21:49:25Z

Dawkeye: add cat

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2012}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = Major
| name = Xan Fielding
| honorific_suffix = DSO
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1918|11|26}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1991|8|19|1918|11|26}}
| birth_place = [[Ootacamund]], [[British Raj|India]]
| death_place = [[Paris]], [[France]]
| placeofburial =
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial_coordinates = 
| nickname =
| birth_name = Alexander Wallace Fielding
| allegiance = {{UK}}
| branch = [[British Army]]
| serviceyears = 1940{{spaced ndash}}1946
| rank = [[Major (United Kingdom)|Major]]
| servicenumber = 159770
| unit = [[Cyprus Regiment]] [[Special Operations Executive]]
| commands =
| battles = [[World War II]]
| battles_label =
| awards = {{Plainlist |
* [[Distinguished Service Order]] (UK)
* [[Croix de guerre 1939–1945|Croix de Guerre]] (France)
* Commemorative Medal for National Resistance, 1941-1945 (Greece)
}}
| relations =
| laterwork = Author, translator
| signature =
}}
Major '''Xan Fielding''' [[Distinguished Service Order|DSO]] (26 November 1918 – 19 August 1991) was a [[United Kingdom|British]] author, translator, journalist and traveller, who served as an [[Special Operations Executive]] agent in [[Crete]], [[France]] and the [[Far East]] during World War II.

==Biography==
===Early life===
Alexander Wallace Fielding was born at [[Ootacamund]], [[British Raj|India]], where his father,<ref name="Telegraph">{{cite news |url= |title=Obituary : Xan Fielding |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=20 August 1991 |publisher=[[Telegraph Media Group|TMG]] |location=[[London, UK|London]]}}</ref> Percival Wallace Fielding<ref name="ROH">{{cite web |url= http://www.specialforcesroh.com/browse.php?mode=viewiaward&awardid=9556 |title=Alexander Wallace (Xan) Fielding |work=Special Forces Roll Of Honour |year=2012 |accessdate=4 April 2012}}</ref> served in the [[British Indian Army|Indian Army]], as a [[Major (United Kingdom)|major]] in the 50th Sikhs.<ref name="Telegraph"/> Fielding's mother died soon after his birth and he was largely brought up in [[Nice]], [[France]], by his grandparents. He was educated at [[Charterhouse School]], and then studied briefly at the Universities of Bonn, Munich and Freiberg in Germany. In the late 1930s Fielding moved to [[Cyprus]], where he worked as a sub-editor on the [[The Cyprus Times]], and ran a bar.<ref name="Telegraph"/>

===Crete===
Following the fall of France, Fielding joined the Army,<ref name="Telegraph"/> and was commissioned into the [[Cyprus Regiment]] as a [[second lieutenant]] on 1 September 1940.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=35034 |date=3 January 1941 |startpage=130 |supp=yes |accessdate=4 April 2012}}</ref> After the [[Battle of Crete|fall of Crete]] in May 1941, he joined the [[Special Operations Executive]], and was eventually landed in Crete with a supply of weapons and explosives by the submarine {{HMS|Torbay|N79|2}}, under Commander [[Anthony Miers]].<ref name="Telegraph"/> Fielding teamed up with [[Patrick Leigh Fermor]], and built an intelligence gathering network which provided detailed information on the movement of Axis troops, shipping, and air transport.<ref name="Times">{{cite news |url= |title=Obituary : Xan Fielding |work=[[The Times]] |date=21 August 1991 |publisher=[[News Corporation|News Corp.]] |location=[[London, UK|London]]}}</ref> He also arranged for the transportation to Egypt of hundreds of Allied soldiers left behind after the evacuation, and now being hidden by the Cretans.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.aifpow.com/part_5__free_men_elsewhere_in_europe/chapter_5__crete |title=ANZAC POW : Free Men in Europe |first=Bill |last=Rudd |work=aifpow.com |year=2011 |accessdate=4 April 2012}}</ref> After six months Fielding returned to Cairo,<ref name="Telegraph"/> and was awarded the [[Distinguished Service Order]] on 15 October 1942.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=35745 |date=13 October 1942 |startpage=4479 |supp=yes |accessdate=4 April 2012}}</ref>

Fielding finally returned to Crete at the end of 1942.<ref name="Telegraph"/> In November 1943 he successfully concluded a pact between the two rival groups of [[andartes]], the communist-led [[Greek People's Liberation Army|EAM-ELAS]] and the [[National Organization of Crete|EOK]], the national organisation of Crete.<ref name="Times"/> He was then relieved by [[Dennis Ciclitira]].<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1343150/Major-Dennis-Ciclitira.html |title=Major Dennis Ciclitira |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=16 June 2000 |publisher=[[Telegraph Media Group|TMG]] |location=[[London, UK|London]] |issn=0307-1235 |oclc=49632006 |accessdate=4 April 2012}}</ref>

===France===
In early 1944 Fielding volunteered to join the French section of SOE, and was parachuted into the south of France in mid-1944, where he was met by two other SOE agents; [[Francis Cammaerts]] (codename "Roger") and [[Krystyna Skarbek|Christine Granville]] (codename "Pauline") of the "[[SOE_F_Section_networks#Jockey|Jockey]]" network.<ref name="Telegraph"/> On 13 August 1944 Fielding, Cammaerts, and a French agent Christian Sorensen, were stopped at a road block near [[Digne-les-Bains|Digne]]. An irregularity in Fielding's papers, plus the large amount of cash he and Cammaerts were carrying aroused suspicion and they were arrested. Granville soon arrived at Digne prison posing as Cammaert's wife and using a mixture of bribery and threats persuaded the Germans to release them. As a result the men were led out of prison expecting to be shot, and were astonished to be met by Granville, waiting for them with a car.<ref name="Telegraph"/>

===Post-war career===
Before the war in Europe ended Fielding briefly returned to Crete; he was one of the first Allied officers to enter liberated Athens. He served in the [[Far East]] for a few months until the end of the war, and visited [[Tibet]]. He then spent six months in Germany serving with the [[Special Intelligence Service]], before serving as a United Nations observer in the Balkans in 1946.<ref name="Telegraph"/>

In 1948 he met [[Daphne Fielding|Daphne Thynne]], the wife [[Henry Thynne, 6th Marquess of Bath]]. After her divorce, they were married in 1953<ref name="Telegraph"/> and lived in [[Cornwall]], [[Morocco]], [[Portugal]] and [[Uzès]].<ref name="Vickers">{{cite news |url= http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/obituary-daphne-fielding-1289256.html |title=Obituary: Daphne Fielding |first=Hugo |last=Vickers |work=[[The Independent]] |date=17 December 1997 |publisher=[[Independent News & Media|INM]] |location=[[London, UK|London]] |issn=0951-9467 |oclc=185201487 |accessdate=4 April 2012}}</ref>

In 1956 Fielding was hired by [[Michael Powell (director)|Michael Powell]] to act as as technical adviser for the filming of ''[[Ill Met by Moonlight (film)|Ill Met by Moonlight]]'' – the story of Leigh Fermor's [[Kidnap of General Kreipe|abduction of General Kreipe]], the German commander in Crete.<ref name="Telegraph"/>

Fielding wrote a number of books; including ''The Stronghold'', an account of SOE's Cretan operations, and a memoir of his own wartime experiences ''Hide and Seek'' (which he dedicated to Christine Granville).<ref name="Times"/> He also provided the English translations for many of the works of the French novelist [[Pierre Boulle]], including his best-known books ''Le Pont de la rivière Kwaï'' (''[[The Bridge over the River Kwai]]'') and ''La Planète des singes'' (''[[Planet of the Apes (novel)|Planet of the Apes]]''). He translated several books by [[Jean Lartéguy]], as well as works by [[Gabriel Chevallier]], [[Pierre Schoendoerffer]] and [[Jean Hougron]]. Fielding also collaborated with Patrick Leigh Fermor in a translation from Greek of [[George Psychoundakis]]' book ''[[The Cretan Runner]]''.

His marriage to Daphne was dissolved in 1978,<ref name="Vickers"/> and he married Agnes "Magouche" Phillips, the daughter of Admiral John H. Magruder of the U.S. Navy.<ref name="Times"/>

Fielding died in [[Paris]], [[France]], in 1991.

==Publications==
* ''The Stronghold: An account of the four seasons in the White Mountains of Crete'' (1953)
* ''Hide and Seek: The Story of a War-time Agent'' (1954)
* ''Corsair Country: The diary of a journey along the Barbary Coast'' (1958)
* ''The Money Spinner: Monte Carlo and Its Fabled Casino'' (1977)
* ''One Man in His Time, The Life of Lieutenant-Colonel [[Neil McLean (politician)|N.L.D. ("Billy") McLean]] DSO'' (1990)
* ''Images of Spain'' (1991)
* ''Aeolus Displayed'' (1992)
* ''A Hideous Disguise'' (1994)

==See also==
* [[Sophie Moss]]
* [[Tara, Cairo]]
* [[Cretan resistance]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=0276171}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Fielding, Xan
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Fielding, Alexander Wallace
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = British Army officer, SOE agent, author and translator
| DATE OF BIRTH = 26 November 1918
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Ootacamund]], [[British Raj|India]]
| DATE OF DEATH = 19 August 1991
| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Paris]], [[France]]
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fielding, Xan}}
[[Category:1918 births]]
[[Category:1991 deaths]]
[[Category:Old Carthusians]]
[[Category:British non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:British translators]]
[[Category:World War II spies]]
[[Category:Special Operations Executive personnel]]
[[Category:British Army General List officers]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Companions of the Distinguished Service Order]]
[[Category:Crete in World War II]]

[[fr:Xan Fielding]]

Xan Fielding

2012-04-04T21:38:32Z

Dawkeye: rewrite/expand biography, add infobox, links, refs

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2012}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = Major
| name = Xan Fielding
| honorific_suffix = DSO
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1918|11|26}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1991|8|19|1918|11|26}}
| birth_place = [[Ootacamund]], [[British Raj|India]]
| death_place = [[Paris]], [[France]]
| placeofburial =
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial_coordinates = 
| nickname =
| birth_name = Alexander Wallace Fielding
| allegiance = {{UK}}
| branch = [[British Army]]
| serviceyears = 1940{{spaced ndash}}1946
| rank = [[Major (United Kingdom)|Major]]
| servicenumber = 159770
| unit = [[Cyprus Regiment]] [[Special Operations Executive]]
| commands =
| battles = [[World War II]]
| battles_label =
| awards = {{Plainlist |
* [[Distinguished Service Order]] (UK)
* [[Croix de guerre 1939–1945|Croix de Guerre]] (France)
* Commemorative Medal for National Resistance, 1941-1945 (Greece)
}}
| relations =
| laterwork = Author, translator
| signature =
}}
Major '''Xan Fielding''' [[Distinguished Service Order|DSO]] (26 November 1918 – 19 August 1991) was a [[United Kingdom|British]] author, translator, journalist and traveller, who served as an [[Special Operations Executive]] agent in [[Crete]], [[France]] and the [[Far East]] during World War II.

==Biography==
===Early life===
Alexander Wallace Fielding was born at [[Ootacamund]], [[British Raj|India]], where his father,<ref name="Telegraph">{{cite news |url= |title=Obituary : Xan Fielding |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=20 August 1991 |publisher=[[Telegraph Media Group|TMG]] |location=[[London, UK|London]]}}</ref> Percival Wallace Fielding<ref name="ROH">{{cite web |url= http://www.specialforcesroh.com/browse.php?mode=viewiaward&awardid=9556 |title=Alexander Wallace (Xan) Fielding |work=Special Forces Roll Of Honour |year=2012 |accessdate=4 April 2012}}</ref> served in the [[British Indian Army|Indian Army]], as a [[Major (United Kingdom)|major]] in the 50th Sikhs.<ref name="Telegraph"/> Fielding's mother died soon after his birth and he was largely brought up in [[Nice]], [[France]], by his grandparents. He was educated at [[Charterhouse School]], and then studied briefly at the Universities of Bonn, Munich and Freiberg in Germany. In the late 1930s Fielding moved to [[Cyprus]], where he worked as a sub-editor on the [[The Cyprus Times]], and ran a bar.<ref name="Telegraph"/>

===Crete===
Following the fall of France, Fielding joined the Army,<ref name="Telegraph"/> and was commissioned into the [[Cyprus Regiment]] as a [[second lieutenant]] on 1 September 1940.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=35034 |date=3 January 1941 |startpage=130 |supp=yes |accessdate=4 April 2012}}</ref> After the [[Battle of Crete|fall of Crete]] in May 1941, he joined the [[Special Operations Executive]], and was eventually landed in Crete with a supply of weapons and explosives by the submarine {{HMS|Torbay|N79|2}}, under Commander [[Anthony Miers]].<ref name="Telegraph"/> Fielding teamed up with [[Patrick Leigh Fermor]], and built an intelligence gathering network which provided detailed information on the movement of Axis troops, shipping, and air transport.<ref name="Times">{{cite news |url= |title=Obituary : Xan Fielding |work=[[The Times]] |date=21 August 1991 |publisher=[[News Corporation|News Corp.]] |location=[[London, UK|London]]}}</ref> He also arranged for the transportation to Egypt of hundreds of Allied soldiers left behind after the evacuation, and now being hidden by the Cretans.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.aifpow.com/part_5__free_men_elsewhere_in_europe/chapter_5__crete |title=ANZAC POW : Free Men in Europe |first=Bill |last=Rudd |work=aifpow.com |year=2011 |accessdate=4 April 2012}}</ref> After six months Fielding returned to Cairo,<ref name="Telegraph"/> and was awarded the [[Distinguished Service Order]] on 15 October 1942.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=35745 |date=13 October 1942 |startpage=4479 |supp=yes |accessdate=4 April 2012}}</ref>

Fielding finally returned to Crete at the end of 1942.<ref name="Telegraph"/> In November 1943 he successfully concluded a pact between the two rival groups of [[andartes]], the communist-led [[Greek People's Liberation Army|EAM-ELAS]] and the [[National Organization of Crete|EOK]], the national organisation of Crete.<ref name="Times"/> He was then relieved by [[Dennis Ciclitira]].<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1343150/Major-Dennis-Ciclitira.html |title=Major Dennis Ciclitira |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=16 June 2000 |publisher=[[Telegraph Media Group|TMG]] |location=[[London, UK|London]] |issn=0307-1235 |oclc=49632006 |accessdate=4 April 2012}}</ref>

===France===
In early 1944 Fielding volunteered to join the French section of SOE, and was parachuted into the south of France in mid-1944, where he was met by two other SOE agents; [[Francis Cammaerts]] (codename "Roger") and [[Krystyna Skarbek|Christine Granville]] (codename "Pauline") of the "[[SOE_F_Section_networks#Jockey|Jockey]]" network.<ref name="Telegraph"/> On 13 August 1944 Fielding, Cammaerts, and a French agent Christian Sorensen, were stopped at a road block near [[Digne-les-Bains|Digne]]. An irregularity in Fielding's papers, plus the large amount of cash he and Cammaerts were carrying aroused suspicion and they were arrested. Granville soon arrived at Digne prison posing as Cammaert's wife and using a mixture of bribery and threats persuaded the Germans to release them. As a result the men were led out of prison expecting to be shot, and were astonished to be met by Granville, waiting for them with a car.<ref name="Telegraph"/>

===Post-war career===
Before the war in Europe ended Fielding briefly returned to Crete; he was one of the first Allied officers to enter liberated Athens. He served in the [[Far East]] for a few months until the end of the war, and visited [[Tibet]]. He then spent six months in Germany serving with the [[Special Intelligence Service]], before serving as a United Nations observer in the Balkans in 1946.<ref name="Telegraph"/>

In 1948 he met [[Daphne Fielding|Daphne Thynne]], the wife [[Henry Thynne, 6th Marquess of Bath]]. After her divorce, they were married in 1953<ref name="Telegraph"/> and lived in [[Cornwall]], [[Morocco]], [[Portugal]] and [[Uzès]].<ref name="Vickers">{{cite news |url= http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/obituary-daphne-fielding-1289256.html |title=Obituary: Daphne Fielding |first=Hugo |last=Vickers |work=[[The Independent]] |date=17 December 1997 |publisher=[[Independent News & Media|INM]] |location=[[London, UK|London]] |issn=0951-9467 |oclc=185201487 |accessdate=4 April 2012}}</ref>

In 1956 Fielding was hired by [[Michael Powell (director)|Michael Powell]] to act as as technical adviser for the filming of ''[[Ill Met by Moonlight (film)|Ill Met by Moonlight]]'' – the story of Leigh Fermor's [[Kidnap of General Kreipe|abduction of General Kreipe]], the German commander in Crete.<ref name="Telegraph"/>

Fielding wrote a number of books; including ''The Stronghold'', an account of SOE's Cretan operations, and a memoir of his own wartime experiences ''Hide and Seek'' (which he dedicated to Christine Granville).<ref name="Times"/> He also provided the English translations for many of the works of the French novelist [[Pierre Boulle]], including his best-known books ''Le Pont de la rivière Kwaï'' (''[[The Bridge over the River Kwai]]'') and ''La Planète des singes'' (''[[Planet of the Apes (novel)|Planet of the Apes]]''). He translated several books by [[Jean Lartéguy]], as well as works by [[Gabriel Chevallier]], [[Pierre Schoendoerffer]] and [[Jean Hougron]]. Fielding also collaborated with Patrick Leigh Fermor in a translation from Greek of [[George Psychoundakis]]' book ''[[The Cretan Runner]]''.

His marriage to Daphne was dissolved in 1978,<ref name="Vickers"/> and he married Agnes "Magouche" Phillips, the daughter of Admiral John H. Magruder of the U.S. Navy.<ref name="Times"/>

Fielding died in [[Paris]], [[France]], in 1991.

==Publications==
* ''The Stronghold: An account of the four seasons in the White Mountains of Crete'' (1953)
* ''Hide and Seek: The Story of a War-time Agent'' (1954)
* ''Corsair Country: The diary of a journey along the Barbary Coast'' (1958)
* ''The Money Spinner: Monte Carlo and Its Fabled Casino'' (1977)
* ''One Man in His Time, The Life of Lieutenant-Colonel [[Neil McLean (politician)|N.L.D. ("Billy") McLean]] DSO'' (1990)
* ''Images of Spain'' (1991)
* ''Aeolus Displayed'' (1992)
* ''A Hideous Disguise'' (1994)

==See also==
* [[Sophie Moss]]
* [[Tara, Cairo]]
* [[Cretan resistance]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=0276171}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Fielding, Xan
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Fielding, Alexander Wallace
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = British Army officer, SOE agent, author and translator
| DATE OF BIRTH = 26 November 1918
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Ootacamund]], [[British Raj|India]]
| DATE OF DEATH = 19 August 1991
| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Paris]], [[France]]
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fielding, Xan}}
[[Category:1918 births]]
[[Category:1991 deaths]]
[[Category:British non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:British translators]]
[[Category:World War II spies]]
[[Category:Special Operations Executive personnel]]
[[Category:British Army General List officers]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Companions of the Distinguished Service Order]]
[[Category:Crete in World War II]]

[[fr:Xan Fielding]]

Call the Midwife – Ruf des Lebens

2012-01-23T03:23:09Z

Dawkeye: link to author

{{Use British English|date=January 2012}}
{{Infobox television
| format = [[Medical drama]]
| show_name = Call the Midwife
| image =
| caption =
| company = Neal Street Productions
| runtime = 60 minutes per episode (UK)
| creator = [[Heidi Thomas]] Jack Williams
| director = Philippa Lowthorpe Jamie Payne
| starring = [[Jessica Raine]] [[ Miranda Hart]] [[Cliff Parisi]] [[Jenny Agutter]] [[Pam Ferris]] [[Judy Parfitt]] [[Vanessa Redgrave]] [[Stephen McGann]] [[Lorraine Stanley]] [[Amy McAllister]] [[Darwin Shaw]] [[Stanley Townsend]] [[Penny Layden]] [[Amelda Brown]] [[Roy Hudd]]
| country = United Kingdom
| channel = [[BBC One]] [[BBC One HD]]
| picture_format =
| first_aired = 15 January 2012
| last_aired = 20 February 2012
| num_series = 1
| num_episodes = 6 (2 aired)
| list_episodes =
| producer = Hugh Warren
| website = http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01b2w74
|}}
'''''Call the Midwife''''' is a [[BBC]] drama series starring [[Jessica Raine]],[[Cliff Parisi]], [[Jenny Agutter]], [[Pam Ferris]], [[Judy Parfitt]], [[Vanessa Redgrave]] and comedy star, [[Miranda Hart]]. It is directed by Philippa Lowthorpe and Jamie Payne, produced by Hugh Warren and written by [[Heidi Thomas]] and Jack Williams.

It is based on the memoirs of [[Jennifer Worth]] and set in East London in the 1950s.

==Episodes==
===Series 1 (2012)===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:70%; background:#FFFFFF;"
|-
!style="background-color:#F07122;"|#
!style="background-color:#F07122;"|Title
!style="background-color:#F07122;"|Number of viewers (in millions)
!style="background-color:#F07122;"|Original air date
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=1
|Title=Series 1 Episode 1
|DirectedBy=
|OriginalAirDate={{start date|2012|1|15|df=y}}
|ShortSummary=Newly qualified midwife Jenny Lee prepares to begin her career and is posted to Nonnatus House in London, but what she assumed was a small private hospital turns out to be a nursing convent in the East End. Initially daunted by her new colleagues and surroundings, she slowly finds her feet and is given her first case - the care of a woman pregnant for the 25th time.
|LineColor=#F07122
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=2
|Title=Series 1 Episode 2
|DirectedBy=
|OriginalAirDate={{start date|2012|1|22|df=y}}
|ShortSummary= Jenny sets out to help a heavily pregnant teenage girl who escaped an abusive life in Ireland and made her way to London, only to be taken in by a cafe owner who forced her into prostitution. Meanwhile, new midwife Chummy arrives at Nonnatus House, and despite an overwhelming eagerness to please, she makes slow progress - a problem not helped by her inability to ride a bicycle.
|LineColor=#F07122
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=3
|Title=Series 1 Episode 3
|DirectedBy=
|OriginalAirDate={{start date|2012|1|29|df=y}}
|ShortSummary=
|LineColor=#F07122
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=4
|Title=Series 4 Episode 4
|DirectedBy=
|OriginalAirDate={{start date|2012|2|6|df=y}}
|ShortSummary=
|LineColor=#F07122
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=5
|Title=Series 1 Episode 5
|DirectedBy=
|OriginalAirDate={{start date|2012|2|13|df=y}}
|ShortSummary=
|LineColor=#F07122
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber=6
|Title=Series 1 Episode 6
|DirectedBy=
|OriginalAirDate={{start date|2012|2|20|df=y}}
|ShortSummary=
|LineColor=#F07122
}}
|}

==Cast==

* Jenny Lee - [[Jessica Raine]]

* Voice of Mature Jenny - [[Vanessa Redgrave]]

* Sister Julienne - [[Jenny Agutter]]

* Sister Evangelina - [[Pam Ferris]]

* Sister Monica Joan - [[Judy Parfitt]]

* Chummy Browne (Camilla Fortescue-Cholmeley-Browne) - [[Miranda Hart]]

* Trixie Franklin - Helen George

* Cynthia Miller - Bryony Hannah

* Sister Bernadette - Laura Main

* Fred - [[Cliff Parisi]]

* Dr Turner - [[Stephen McGann]]

* PC Peter Noakes - Ben Caplan

* Mary - [[Amy McAllister]]

* Pearl Winston - [[Lorraine Stanley]]

* Maureen Warren - Hayley Squires

* Conchita Warren - Carolina Valdes

* Len Warren - Tim Faraday

* Mrs Hawkes - Lacey Bond

* Eddy - Benjamin Wilkin

* Muriel - Sarah Ridgeway

* Registrar - David Annen

* Clifford Mason - Liam Reilly

* Ingrid Mason - Sophie Cosson

* Zakir - [[Darwin Shaw]]

* Charmaine - Jessica Jones

* Jack Smith - Jake Bailey

* Cafe Proprietor - Terry Bird

* Father Joe - [[Stanley Townsend]]

* Betty Smith - Victoria Allcock

* Brena McEntee - [[Penny Layden]]

* Mrs Fraser - [[Amelda Brown]]

* Mr Smith - Nick Bartlett

* Sailor - Mitchell Hunt

* Joe Collett - [[Roy Hudd]]

* Jimmy - George Rainsford

* Winnie Lawson - Tessa Churchard

* Ted Lawson - John Ashton

* Neighbour - Valerie King

* Officer - David Maybrick

== External links ==
* {{BBC programme|b01b2w74|Call the Midwife}}

[[Category:2012 British television programme debuts]]
[[Category:2010s British television series]]
[[Category:BBC television dramas]]
[[Category:Television series set in the 1950s]]
[[Category:Television shows set in London]]

Thomas Pitt, 2. Baron Camelford

2012-01-22T01:17:04Z

Dawkeye: sp, links

{{Infobox military person
|name=Thomas Pitt, 2nd Baron Camelford
|birth_date=19 February 1775
|death_date={{death date and age|df=yes|1804|03|11|1775|02|19}}
|image=[[File:Lord Camelford.jpg|200px]]
|caption=
|birth_place = [[Boconnoc]], [[Cornwall]]
|death_place = [[London]]
|nickname=
|residence = [[United Kingdom]]
|nationality = [[United Kingdom|British]]
|allegiance=[[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]]
|serviceyears=1781 – 1799
|rank=[[Captain (Royal Navy)|Captain]]
|branch= [[Royal Navy]]
|commands={{HMS|Favourite|1794|6}} {{HMS|Charon|1783|6}}
|unit=
|battles=
|awards=
|relations=Prime Minister [[William Pitt the Younger]]
}}

'''Thomas Pitt, 2nd Baron Camelford''' (19 February 1775 – 10 March 1804) was a [[United Kingdom|British]] peer, naval officer and wastrel, best known for bedevilling [[George Vancouver]] during and after the latter's [[Vancouver Expedition|great voyage of exploration]].
==Early life==
Pitt was born at [[Boconnoc]], [[Cornwall]], the only son of [[Thomas Pitt, 1st Baron Camelford]] and Anne Wilkinson (Lady Camelford).<ref name=westward>{{cite web|url=http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/mymhiwe:@field(DOCID+@lit(mymhiwef897p9m4div2))|title=Westward by Sea: A Maritime Perspective on American Expansion, 1820-1890|year=2002|accessdate=17 February 2007|publisher=Mystic Seaport}}</ref> He had a sister, Anne. His early years were spent in Switzerland where he was later educated at [[Charterhouse School]]. He spent a number of years there which he regarded as the happiest of his life, having developed a love of the sea. When his father tried to have him transferred to an English public school, he refused to attend. Instead he decided to join the navy. <ref name=forgotten>{{cite web|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gWBiOSDmFJ8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Forgotten+Man&hl=en&sa=X&ei=jpHvTvzTNonP4QTsodjLBA&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Thomas%20Pitt&f=false|title=The Forgotten Man: Understanding the Male Psyche |year=|accessdate=19 December 2011|publisher=Google Books}}</ref>

In the autumn of 1781, while he was under seven years of age, his name was borne on the books of {{HMS|Tobago|1777|6}}, but he mostly likely entered the navy in actuality some years later.

Pitt was on {{HMS|Guardian|1784|6}}, under Captain [[Edward Riou]] in 1789-90 when ''Guardian'' struck an [[iceberg]] near the [[Cape of Good Hope]]; most of the crew elected to leave the ship, but with Pitt and the remaining crew's assistance, Riou managed to bring her into [[Table Bay]].

==The Vancouver Expedition==
On 13 March 1791, Pitt came aboard {{HMS|Discovery|1789|6}} to partake in the [[Vancouver Expedition]] of diplomacy and exploration.<ref name=naish>{{cite book|author=Naish, John|title=The Interwoven Lives of George Vancouver, Archibald Menzies, Joseph Whidbey and Peter Puget: The Vancouver Voyage of 1791-1795 |publisher=The Edward Mellen Press, Ltd.|year=1996|id=ISBN 0-7734-8857-X}}</ref> All officer berths having been filled, he signed on as an able seaman.<ref name=discovery>{{cite web|url=http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/mymhiwe:@field(DOCID+@lit(mymhiwef897p9m4div13))|title=Muster Table of His Majesties Sloop The Discovery|year=1791|accessdate=December 15, 2006|publisher=Admiralty Records in the Public Record Office, U.K.}}</ref> A friend of the family, Lt. [[Zachary Mudge]], was informally requested to watch over the unruly 16-year-old.

When the expedition reached [[Tahiti]], Pitt was [[flogged]] for trying to trade a piece of broken barrel-hoop for the romantic favours of an island woman. Vancouver had given strict orders against romancing the natives, since such escapades had played a major role in the [[Mutiny on the Bounty|Mutiny on the ''Bounty'']]; in addition, any captain must punish pilferage. Pitt was flogged again for unauthorized trade with Indians at [[Port Stewart]] and then again for breaking the binnacle glass while [[Skylark_(disambiguation)#Other|skylarking]] with another gentleman. Finally he was placed in irons for being found sleeping on watch, and served this sentence with common seamen.

No-one on the expedition could have known that Pitt was a member of the House of Lords, since his father had died on 19 June 1793, but his subsequent conduct leaves no doubt that he resented being disciplined by the low-born Vancouver. When {{HMS|Daedalus|1780|6}} left the expedition to return home in 1793, Vancouver sent Pitt with her, along with a letter to [[Evan Nepean]] complaining of his conduct.

[[Image:The caneing in Conduit Street. Dedicated to the flag officers of the British Navy.jpg|thumb|left|280px|In ''The Caneing in Conduit Street'' (1796), [[James Gillray]] caricatured Camelford's streetcorner assault on George Vancouver.]]
Camelford left ''Daedelus'' in Hawai'i, found his way to Malacca and joined {{HMS|Resistance|1782|6}} as an able seaman on 8 December 1794. He was soon appointed acting lieutenant, but on 24 November 1795 was summarily discharged and left to find his own way home. He took passage in the ''Union'', which was cast away on the coast of [[Ceylon]]. He eventually made his way to Europe, roistering and enjoying himself.

Meanwhile, Vancouver had completed his expedition and returned to England in 1795. Camelford's allies, including his cousin, Prime Minister [[William Pitt the Younger]], treated Vancouver badly enough. However Camelford took a more direct role; on 29 August 1796 he sent Vancouver a letter heaping many insults on the head of his former captain, and challenging him to a duel. Vancouver gravely replied that he was unable to "in a private capacity to answer for his Public Conduct in his official duty" and offered instead to submit to formal examination by Flag Officers. Camelford chose instead to stalk Vancouver, ultimately assaulting him on a London street corner. The terms of their legal dispute required Vancouver to keep the peace, but nothing stopped his civilian brother Charles from interposing and giving Camelford blow for blow until onlookers restrained the attacker. Charges and counter-charges flew in the press, with the wealthy Camelford faction having the greater firepower until Vancouver, ailing from his long naval service, died.

==Later life==
Camelford was promoted to the rank of lieutenant on 7 April 1797 and was appointed acting commander of the aptly named {{HMS|Favourite|1794|6}} over the head of her First Lieutenant Charles Peterson, who was his senior. Peterson transferred to {{HMS|Perdrix|1795|6}}; in 1798 these two ships were at dock in [[Antigua]] when the young officers quarreled over rank. Peterson drew up his men to resist, but Camelford walked up to him, and on Peterson's thrice refusing to obey his orders, shot him dead. Camelford was court-martialed but, probably because England was currently in a panic over the recent [[Spithead and Nore mutinies]], acquitted.

In October 1798, Pitt was appointed to {{HMS|Charon|1783|6}}. The following January, he was arrested as a result of attempting an unauthorized visit to France, a nation with which England was at war. Angered, Pitt quit the Navy and returned to London.

There, Pitt seems not to have moderated his conduct. On 17 May 1799 he was fined for knocking a man down stairs in a quarrel. In January 1802, when he refused to illuminate his house to celebrate the peace with France, an angry mob smashed his darkened windows; he fought the mob until subdued. In 1799 he contributed £1,500 to the establishment of a school by [[William Nicholson (chemist)|William Nicholson]] (the chemist) at 10 [[Soho Square]].<ref name=peerage>{{cite web|url=http://www.leighrayment.com/peers/peersC1.htm|accessdate=19 December 2011|title=Peerage}}</ref>

Pitt's life came to an end when he quarreled with his friend, Captain Best, over a report that the latter had made an uncomplimentary remark about Camelford to a lady whose favours Pitt was then enjoying but who had previously been Best's mistress. Learning of this, Pitt challenged Best and insulted him. The following morning, they met again at a coffee house and Best asked Pitt to withdraw his remarks based upon their former friendship; he refused, possibly knowing that Best's famous skill with the pistol would leave him open to accusations of cowardice.

On 7 March 1804, they dueled in a meadow - adjacent to the grounds the grounds of [[Holland House, London|Holland House]] - with pistols; Camelford missed; Best did not. The bullet had passed through his fifth rib, the right lobe of his lungs and finally into the sixth vertebra of his spine. Following the duel, both Best and his second fled. Pitt's second and the local gardeners carried him to the nearby [[Little Holland House]] where he was examined by surgeon Simon Nickolson. Pitt had been left paralysed and his chest cavity was filled with blood. He died from his wounds three days later.

Pitt's will made clear that Best was not be charged in the event of his death. It also pledged £1000 to the city of [[Berne, Switzerland]].<ref name=pistols>{{cite book |last1=Hopton |first1=Richard |authorlink1= |title=Pistols at Dawn: A History of Duelling |year=2008 |publisher=Piatkus Books |language= |isbn=978-0-7499-2996-1 |oclc= |doi= |id= |page= |pages=1-5 |at= |trans_chapter= |chapter=Prologue |chapterurl= |quote= |ref= |bibcode= |laysummary= |laydate= |separator= |postscript= |lastauthoramp=}}</ref> Pitt having no known heir, the title became extinct. The attitude of the public toward this violent and unrestrained man may be shown by a quip of the day. His will had directed that his body be buried on the shores of Lake St. Pierre in Switzerland, a place dear to his childhood, but the war delayed this. The body was therefore embalmed and placed in a crypt at [[St Anne's Church, Soho]], whence it disappeared without explanation.<ref>The Passing Parade - [[John Doremus]]. Evenings with George Illich, [[2CH|Radio 2CH]], 20:40 30 November 2009.</ref> This became the object of humour, with wits merrily quipping ''"What has become of Lord Camelford's body?"''

==Insanity==
Throughout Pitt's life, many thought him to be mad due to his violent nature.<ref name=forgotten/> He had a strong sense of honour and was far from cowardly, but he was frequently embroiled in violence which was ultimately the cause of his death. Furthermore, there was rarely a time in his later life when Pitt was not engaged in some legal battle. Following his death, his wish to leave £1000 to the city of Berne was viewed by one acquaintance as "proof of his madness".<ref name=pistols/> When a full-length biography of Pitt was published in 1978, author [[Nikolai Tolstoy]] gave it the title ''The Half-Mad Lord'' in reference to this characteristic.<ref name=peerage/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/person.asp?LinkID=mp59764 Thomas Pitt, 2nd Baron Camelford], illustrations in the National Portrait Gallery
*{{cite web|url=http://www.leighrayment.com/peers/peersC1.htm|title=Peerage: Ca|last=Rayment|first=Leigh|accessdate=2009-06-17}} (includes an informative note on Lord Camelford)

{{start box}}
{{s-reg|gb}}
{{succession box | title=[[Baron Camelford]] | before=[[Thomas Pitt, 1st Baron Camelford|Thomas Pitt]] | after=Extinct | years=1793–1804 }}
{{end box}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Camelford, Thomas Pitt, 2nd Baron}}
[[Category:1771 births]]
[[Category:1804 deaths]]
[[Category:Barons in the Peerage of Great Britain]]
[[Category:People in Cornish history]]
[[Category:Old Carthusians]]
[[Category:People from Cornwall]]
[[Category:Pitt family|Thomas]]
[[Category:Duelling fatalities]]

Donnie Dunagan

2011-02-27T10:04:45Z

Dawkeye: update infobox, add biography, links, refs

{{Infobox person
| name = Donnie Dunagan
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Donald Roan Dunagan
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1934|8|16}}
| birth_place = [[San Antonio, Texas]]
| death_date = 
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| residence =
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| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 1939–1942
| employer =
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| module = {{Infobox military person|embed=yes
| allegiance = {{USA}}
| branch = [[United States Marine Corps|U.S. Marine Corps]]
| serviceyears = 1952–1977
| rank = [[File:US-O4 insignia.svg|20px]] [[Major (United States)|Major]]
}}
}}
'''Donald "Donnie" Roan Dunagan''' (born August 16, 1934) is a semi-[[retirement|retired]] American former [[child actor]] and [[United States Marine Corps]] [[drill instructor]]. He was a [[voice acting|voice actor]] in the ''[[Bambi]]'' film, providing the voice of Young Bambi. A 28-page interview, his first after decades as a "lost Hollywood player," can be found in the book "Earth vs. the Sci-Fi Filmmakers" (Jefferson NC: McFarland & Co., 2006) by Tom Weaver.

==Biography==
Dunagan was born in [[San Antonio, Texas]], but his family soon moved to [[Memphis, Tennessee]]. There at the age of three-and-a-half he won a talent contest prize of $100. Spotted by a studio talent scout, the family moved to Hollywood where Dunagan appeared in a series of films,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.iofilm.co.uk/feats/interviews/d/donnie_dunagan_050218.php |title=A profile of Donnie Dunagan, The Voice of Bambi |first=Angus Wolfe |last=Murray |work=iofilm.co.uk |year=2011 |accessdate=27 February 2011}}</ref> and soon became his family's main [[breadwinner]]. His career ended after he provided the voice for the young fawn in Walt Disney's ''Bambi''. By the age of 13 Dunagan was living in a [[boarding house]] and working as a [[Lathe (metal)|lathe operator]]. In 1952, at the age of 18 he enlisted in the [[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]].<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2005/feb/16/features.xanbrooks |title=How Bambi fought the Viet Cong |first=Xan |last=Brooks |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=16 February 2005 |publisher=[[Guardian Media Group|GMG]] |location=[[London, England|London]] |issn=0261-3077 |oclc=60623878 |accessdate=27 February 2011}}</ref> He became the Marines youngest-ever drill instructor, and served three tours in [[Vietnam War|Vietnam]], where he was wounded several times, before finally retiring in 1977 with the rank of [[Major (United States)|Major]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/front/3071400.html |title=Marine reflects on being the voice of Bambi |first=Bruce |last=Westbrook |work=[[Houston Chronicle]] |date=7 March 2005 |accessdate=27 February 2011}}</ref>

==Filmography==
* ''[[Bambi]]'' (1942) – as Bambi (young)
* ''[[Meet the Chump]]'' (1941) – as Little Boy
* ''[[Vigil in the Night]]'' (1940) – as Tommy
* ''[[Tower of London (1939 film)|Tower of London]]'' (1939) – as Baby Prince Richard
* ''[[The Forgotten Woman]]'' (1939) – as Terry Kennedy Jr.
* ''[[Son of Frankenstein]]'' (1939) – as Peter von Frankenstein
* ''[[Mother Carey's Chickens]]'' (1938) – as Peter Carey

==See also==
{{Portal box|Biography|United States Marine Corps}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{imdb name|id=0241760|name=Donnie Dunagan}}

{{Persondata
|NAME= Dunagan, Donnie
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
|SHORT DESCRIPTION= Actor and United States Marine
|DATE OF BIRTH= August 16, 1934
|PLACE OF BIRTH= [[San Antonio, Texas]]
|DATE OF DEATH=
|PLACE OF DEATH=
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dunagan, Donnie}}
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American child actors]]
[[Category:American voice actors]]
[[Category:People from San Antonio, Texas]]
[[Category:United States Marines]]

{{US-voice-actor-1930s-stub}}

[[es:Donnie Dunagan]]
[[fr:Donnie Dunagan]]

Malta-Konvois

2011-02-05T16:41:16Z

Dawkeye: add/update links, fix fix bunching

{{Multiple issues
| refimprove=July 2010
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{{Distinguish|Battle of the Malta Convoy (1800)}}
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[[Image:WWII-Mediterranean-v1.PNG|300px|right|thumb|The Mediterranean Theatre]]
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{{Campaignbox Mediterranean Campaign}}
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The '''Malta Convoys''' were a series of [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] supply [[convoy]]s that sustained the [[Siege of Malta (World War II)|besieged island of Malta]] during the [[Mediterranean, Middle East and African theatres of World War II|Mediterranean Theatre]] of [[World War II]]. The convoys were strongly opposed by [[Kingdom of Italy (1861-1946)|Italian]] and [[Nazi Germany|German]] naval and air forces during the [[Battle of the Mediterranean]].

Malta's significance was its position as a strategic base from which British sea and air forces could interrupt the flow of men and [[materiel]] to the [[Axis powers|Axis]] armies in north Africa, which in turn threatened Egypt, the [[Suez Canal]] and, potentially, British controlled oilfields in the [[Middle East]]. Its strategic importance was such that Britain took great risks and suffered severe naval losses<ref group=note>British and allied losses included one battleship ({{HMS|Barham|04|2}}), two aircraft carriers ({{HMS|Ark Royal|91|2}} and {{HMS|Eagle|1918|2}}), cruisers, destroyers and smaller craft.</ref> in order to keep possession.<ref name=jackson121>Jackson, p.121</ref><ref>{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = ROYAL NAVY VESSELS LOST AT SEA, 1939-45
| work = naval-history.com
| publisher =
| date =
| url = http://www.naval-history.net/WW2BritishLosses1Major.htm
| doi =
| accessdate = 27 July 2010 }}</ref> Italian failure to subdue Malta and military disasters in Libya and Greece led to German intervention in the Mediterranean. German bombers and submarines tightened the sea blockade and Malta's situation worsened. As well as set piece, heavily defended convoys, small quantities of important supplies and personnel were sent by fast warships (usually {{Sclass|Abdiel|minelayer}}s) and by submarine. Fighter aircraft were critical to the island's defence and quantities of [[Hawker Hurricane]]s and [[Supermarine Spitfire]]s were transported to within flying distance<ref name=nhsupply1>{{cite web
| last = Hague
| first = Arnold
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = THE SUPPLY OF MALTA 1940-1942, Part 1 of 3
| work = naval-history.com
| publisher =
| date = 1995
| url = http://www.naval-history.net/xAH-MaltaSupply01b.htm
| doi =
| accessdate = 9 September 2010 }}</ref>, known as "[[Club Run]]s".

The critical period was during mid 1942, when the island desperately needed supplies such as fuel and food and it had temporarily ceased to be an effective offensive base. The situation eased later in 1942, particularly as Allied armies advanced from Egypt after [[Second Battle of El Alamein|El Alamein]] and from north west Africa after [[Operation Torch]], allowing greater air protection to supply convoys.

==Background==
[[Malta]]'s geographical position, halfway between the strategic British bases at [[Gibraltar]] and [[Alexandria]], close to the [[Strait of Sicily|Sicilian Channel]] between [[Sicily]] and [[Tunis]] and on the sea route between [[Italy]] and its possessions in [[Libya]], made it a vital base for control of the [[Mediterranean Sea]] routes. For [[United Kingdom|Britain]] this was the short route, via the [[Suez Canal]], to its colonies in [[India]], East Africa and the Far East and also to the major oil producers, [[Kingdom of Iraq|Iraq]] and [[Iran]]<ref group=note>[[Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran|Iran would be occupied in 1941]] to secure oilfields and obtain a supply route to the Soviet Union.</ref>.

During the first year of the war, however, this region was a military backwater. Much of the coast was under Allied control – either [[France|French]] or British: the rest was [[Neutrality (international relations)|neutral]]. Moreover, the British and French fleets dominated; the only other effective regional naval power was Italy, but at this time she was neutral. As a result, British defences on Malta were neglected.

==Italy declares war==
Italy at first held back from supporting [[Germany]]; the outcome in northern Europe was uncertain and no decision was required. When the German [[blitzkrieg]] had crushed the [[French army]] and Britain had been weakened and isolated, Italy [[Italian invasion of France|took its opportunity]] and declared war on the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] on 10 June 1940, expecting an easy and quick victory. [[Benito Mussolini|Mussolini]] believed the British would accept peace agreements with the [[Axis powers of World War II|Axis]], after France's surrender, and did not anticipate a long lasting war. Consequently, Italy entered the war inadequately prepared.

The opportunity was missed by the Italians to occupy poorly defended Malta in June 1940: Admiral [[Carlo Bergamini]] later claimed that he had proposed to send the "Taranto Naval Squadron" to occupy the island, but had been told to postpone the attack <ref>Di Cirella, Arturo. ''Per l'onore dei Savoia. 1943-1944: da un superstite della corazzata Roma''. Mursia Editore. Milano, 2003</ref>. He later regretted (in 1943) the lost opportunity to control the central Mediterranean and thus reduce the heavy losses suffered when supplying Italian forces in Libya.

Italy's entry into the war, and the defeat of France, radically altered the balance of power in the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. Britain controlled only Gibraltar in the west; Malta at the centre; and [[Cyprus]], [[Egypt]], and [[British Mandate of Palestine|Palestine]] in the east. [[Vichy France]] was susceptible to [[Axis powers of World War II|Axis]] pressure. So the coast of North Africa from [[Morocco]] to [[Tunisia]], the island of [[Corsica]], the coast of [[Syria]] and [[Lebanon]], and the Mediterranean coast of France itself were closed to the British and possibly hostile. The French fleet itself also became a potential threat and had to be neutralised leading to [[Attack on Mers-el-Kébir|Operation Catapult]]. The destruction of the French fleet further hardened French [[antipathy]] towards Britain.

[[Spain]] was also a potential Axis partner. The [[Fascist]] and [[Nazi]] governments in Italy and Germany had enthusiastically supported [[Francisco Franco|General Franco]] in the [[Spanish Civil War]] and might expect [[Spain in World War II|support in return]].

Italy and its possessions dominated the central Mediterranean and Mussolini wanted some victories in [[North Africa]] against the British forces in Egypt. There was also the potential of linking with Italian possessions in [[East Africa]]: [[Abyssinia]], [[Italian Somaliland]], and [[Eritrea]]. But this did not occur. The [[Italian Army]] in North Africa was poorly equipped and poorly commanded. In September 1940, the [[Italian invasion of Egypt|Italians invaded Egypt]] but did not advance far beyond the border. In December, during [[Operation Compass]], the Italian forces in Egypt and [[Cyrenaica]] were captured, routed, or destroyed.

Control of the sea routes remained vital. British naval and air forces based on Malta threatened and destroyed supplies for Italy's African army. Malta acted as a forward defence for the [[Suez Canal]]. The Italians still thought the [[Regia Aeronautica|Italian Royal Air Force]] and the [[Regia Marina|Italian Royal Navy]] would quickly isolate the island and neutralise it.

Malta's supply line was crucial. Malta needed reinforcements. The garrison had to be sustained; and the air and naval forces needed fuel. The civilian population also had to be provided for. Everything had to come by sea, exposed to air and naval attack for long stretches. The Italians attempted to starve Malta and destroy its defences.

They failed. During 1940, without air cover from French territories, several supply convoys arrived safely at Malta, and other convoys passed directly between Gibraltar and [[Alexandria]]. The attacks the Italian Navy attempted were repulsed without serious loss. Even worse for the Italians, [[Fleet Air Arm]] aircraft sank three Italian battleships in the harbour at [[Battle of Taranto|Taranto]], negating one of the Italians' advantages.

==German involvement==
{{Main|Mediterranean U-boat Campaign (World War II)}}
In January 1941, responding to the serious situation of Italian forces after the loss of [[Cyrenaica]] ([[Operation Compass|Operation ''Compass'']]), the Germans sent help. The ''[[Afrika Korps]]'' was formed and sent to [[Libya]] in [[Operation Sonnenblume|Operation ''Sonnenblume'']] ({{lang-en|Operation Sunflower}}), and [[10th Air Corps (Germany)|X. Fliegerkorps]] of the German Air Force (''[[Luftwaffe]]'') was moved to [[Sicily]] in [[Operation Mittelmeer]] ({{lang-en|Operation Mediterranean}}) to protect the [[Axis powers of World War II|Axis]] shipping lanes and to defeat the British forces in Malta.

German involvement was not only more vigorous than the Italian, but because of the occupation of [[Greece]] and [[Crete]], it had a greater reach into the eastern Mediterranean.  British forces came under increased threat. The pressure built and, in early 1942, Malta ceased to be an effective anti-convoy base. Several warships were sunk in harbour and others were withdrawn. Supplies dwindled with the loss of convoys <ref>[http://www.killifish.f9.co.uk/Malta%20WWII/Operations.htm Operations]</ref>.

In August 1942, when Malta was near capitulation, the Italians and Germans planned the invasion of Malta ([[Operation C3]] and [[Operation Herkules|Operation ''Herkules'']]). It was not done because [[Erwin Rommel|Rommel]] (after the conquest of [[Tobruk]]) preferred to attack [[Alexandria]] in Egypt.{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}}

==1940==
===July 1940===
The inconclusive [[Battle of Calabria]] took place between the Royal Navy (the battleships {{HMS|Warspite|03|2}}, {{HMS|Malaya||2}} and {{HMS|Royal Sovereign|05|2}}, the aircraft carrier {{HMS|Eagle|1918|2}} with cruisers and destroyers) covering convoys from Malta to Alexandria and the [[Regia Marina]] escorts (two battleships, 14 cruisers and 32 destroyers) of an Italian convoy.

===August 1940 – Operation ''Hurry''===
Twelve [[Hawker Hurricane|Hurricane]] fighter aircraft were flown off the carrier {{HMS|Argus|I49|2}} to Malta. This was the first so-called "[[Club Run]]" to reinforce the air defences.

===September 1940 – Operation ''Hats''===
The Mediterranean Fleet escorted a fast convoy of three transports (carrying 40,000 tons of supplies including reinforcements and ammunition for the island's anti-aircraft defences<ref name=mom>{{cite web|title=CHRONOLOGY OF THE SIEGE OF MALTA, 1940-43|work=Merlins over Malta |date=September 2005|url=http://merlinsovermalta.gdenney.co.uk/worldwar2/timeline/|accessdate=23 July 2010}}</ref>) from Alexandria and collected another convoy from Gibraltar. En route, Italian airbases were raided. The Regia Marina had superior forces at sea, but missed the opportunity to exploit their advantage.

===October 1940===
The heavily escorted Convoy MB6 from Alexandria reached Malta safely. The escort included four battleships and two aircraft carriers. An Italian attempt against the returning escort employing destroyers and torpedo boats ended in the [[Battle of Cape Passero (1940)|Battle of Cape Passero]], favourable to the British.

===November 1940 – Operations ''Judgement'', ''White'' and ''Collar''===
A supply convoy from Alexandria arrived safely, coinciding with a troop convoy from Gibraltar and the air attack on the Italian battlefleet at Taranto ([[Operation Judgement]]).

Twelve [[Hawker Hurricane|Hurricanes]] were flown off ''Argus'' to reinforce Malta ([[Operation White|Operation ''White'']]), but the threat of the Italian fleet lurking south of [[Sardinia]] prompted a premature fly-off from ''Argus'' and its return to Gibraltar. Eight of the planes ran out of fuel and ditched at sea. Seven pilots were lost.

A fast convoy sailed from Gibraltar to Malta and Alexandria ([[Operation Collar|Operation ''Collar'']]). It was attacked by the Italian fleet at [[Battle of Cape Spartivento|Cape Spartivento]]. All transports arrived safely.

==1941==
===January 1941 - Operation ''Excess''===
[[Operation Excess|Operation ''Excess'']] took place – a sequence of simultaneous supply convoys from Gibraltar and Alexandria. The transports arrived safely but the [[Royal Navy]] lost two cruisers and a destroyer. This was the first action to involve the [[Luftwaffe]]. The {{Ship|Italian torpedo boat|Vega}} was sunk in the course of the operations. The British light cruiser {{HMS|Bonaventure|31|2}} was damaged by return fire and destroyer {{HMS|Gallant|H59|2}} was damaged beyond repair by an Italian mine.<ref group=note>HMS ''Gallant'' was towed to Malta where she was later sunk as a blockship.</ref>

===March 1941===
A small convoy arrived at Malta from Alexandria.

===April 1941===
In two separate operations, the British reinforced Malta's air defences. Twenty-four Hurricanes were flown off {{HMS|Ark Royal|91|2}}, sailing from Gibraltar, coded [[Operation Dunlop]]. [[Bristol Blenheim|Blenheim]] bombers and [[Bristol Beaufighter|Beaufighters]] were also flown in. Three battleships and an aircraft carrier covered the fast transport {{HMS|Breconshire||2}} from Alexandria to Malta.<ref>[http://www.red-duster.co.uk/GLEN10.htm red-duster.co.uk Homepage for the red duster merchant navy maritime information archive]</ref>

Malta's importance as a base was emphasized by the complete destruction of [[Battle of the Tarigo Convoy|an ''Afrika Korps'' convoy and its Italian escort]] near the [[Kerkennah Islands]] off [[Tunisia]].

===May 1941 – Operations ''Tiger'' and ''Splice''===
An urgent supply convoy from Gibraltar to Alexandria (Operation ''Tiger'') coincided with reinforcements for the Mediterranean Fleet, two small convoys from Egypt to Malta<ref name=nhsupply1 />, and 48 more Hurricanes flown off {{HMS|Ark Royal|91|2}} and {{HMS|Furious|47|2}} (Operation ''Splice'')<ref>http://www.naval-history.net/xAH-MaltaSupply02.htm</ref>. The only loss was the 9,200 GRT cargo ship {{SS|Empire Song||2}}, which hit a mine and sank with a cargo of 57 tanks, 10 aircraft and several trucks.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kurowski|first=Franz|title= Panzer Aces II: Battle Stories of German Tank Commanders in World War II (Translated by David Johnston)|publisher= Stackpole Books|date= 2004 |page= 211|id=ISBN 0811731758}}</ref>

''Tiger'' was transporting tanks ([[Matilda II|Matildas]] and the new [[Crusader tank]]s) needed for the operations in North Africa, these had been intended to be sent via the Cape but were diverted via the Mediterranean. Over two hundred tanks reached Alexandria on 12 May.

The Luftwaffe transferred much of its strength from Sicily to prepare for the [[Operation Barbarossa|invasion of the USSR]], relieving some of the pressure on Malta.

The Malta-based submarine {{HMS|Upholder|P37|2}} attacked and sank the large Italian troop transport {{SS|Conte Rosso||2}}.

===June 1941 – Operation ''Tracer''===
Supply convoys became very difficult, with convoys from Alexandria under attack from Luftwaffe and Regia Aeronautica bases in Crete and Libya, while convoys from Gibraltar were attacked from [[Sardinia]] and Sicily. Submarines were used to bring in urgent supplies.

On 14 June ''Ark Royal'' and the new carrier {{HMS|Victorious|R38|2}}, coming east from Gibraltar, [[Operation Tracer|flew off 46 Hurricanes]] to Malta, 42 of which arrived safely.

===July 1941 – Operation ''Substance''===
Six transports ran from Gibraltar to Malta, escorted by six destroyers and covered by ''Ark Royal'', {{HMS|Renown|1916|2}}, {{HMS|Nelson|28|2}}, cruisers, and destroyers ([[Operation Substance|Operation ''Substance'']]). On 23 July, south of Sardinia, there were sustained Italian air attacks. One cruiser was hit and a destroyer sunk. The 12,000 GRT steamer {{SS|Sydney Star||2}} was torpedoed by an Italian [[MAS (boat)|MAS boat]] and crippled, but the destroyer {{Ship|HMAS|Nestor|G02|6}} assisted her safe arrival to harbour. She was seaworthy again by September. All the transports eventually reached Malta. An Italian raid to sink the transports in [[Grand Harbour]] failed and 65,000 tons of supplies were landed<ref name=mom />.

===September 1941 - Operations ''Status I'' and ''Status II''===
''Ark Royal'' and ''Furious'' flew off over 50 Hurricanes to Malta in two separate operations.

Two 19,000 GRT Italian transports, the {{MS|Neptunia||2}} and {{MS|Oceania||2}} were sunk by the submarine ''Upholder''.

===September 1941 – Operation ''Halberd''===
Nine transports ran from Gibraltar to Malta, escorted by {{HMS|Nelson|28|2}}, {{HMS|Rodney|29|2}}, {{HMS|Prince of Wales|53|2}} and {{HMS|Ark Royal|91|2}} ([[Operation Halberd|Operation ''Halberd'']]). The Italians sailed to intercept but aborted and returned home. The British capital ships returned to Gibraltar, with ''Nelson'' damaged by a torpedo. The 10,000 GRT transport {{SS|Imperial Star||2}} was sunk by an [[aerial torpedo]], but the rest of the convoy reached Malta and landed 85,000 tons of supplies<ref name=mom />.

===October 1941===
Force K was formed at Malta to strike at Axis shipping. It consisted of the cruisers {{HMS|Aurora|12|2}} and {{HMS|Penelope|97|2}}, and the destroyers {{HMS|Lance|G87|2}} and {{HMS|Lively|G40|2}}.

===November 1941===
Force K intercepted an Italian convoy off [[Cape Spartivento]] and sank all seven transports. Two Italian destroyers were also sunk.

More Hurricanes were flown off from ''Ark Royal'' and {{HMS|Argus|I49|2}}, sailing from Gibraltar (Operation ''Perpetual'', 10–12 November 1941). On the return leg, ''Ark Royal'' was torpedoed by {{GS|U-81|1941|2}} and sank the next day.

An attempt to resupply Malta (Operation ''Astrologer'', 14–15 November 1941) by two unescorted freighters, [[List of Empire ships (D)#Empire Defender|SS ''Empire Defender'']] and [[List of Empire ships_%28P%29#Empire Pelican|SS ''Empire Pelican'']], ended in the sinking of both ships by Italian [[Savoia-Marchetti SM.79|SM.79]] torpedo-bombers south of [[Galite Islands]].<ref>[http://www.naval-history.net/xAH-MaltaSupply02.htm The Supply of Malta 1940-1942] Naval-History.net</ref>

===December 1941 – First Battle of Sirte===
{{Main|First Battle of Sirte}}
An Italian battlefleet covered a convoy bound for [[Benghazi]]. A flotilla from Alexandria planned to link with Force K from Malta, but the submarine {{HMS|Urge|N17|2}} torpedoed and damaged the {{Ship|Italian battleship|Vittorio Veneto||2|up=yes}} and the Italians retired.

The {{HMS|Breconshire||2}} was escorted from Malta by Force B to rendezvous with Force K near the [[Gulf of Sidra|Gulf of Sirte]]. Soon after, the British came across Italian battleships escorting a convoy to [[Tripoli]]. The ensuing engagement is known as the [[First Battle of Sirte]].

After seeing ''Breconshire'' safely into Malta, Force K sailed again to search for the Tripoli convoy. While off Tripoli, they ran into a minefield. {{HMS|Neptune|20|2}} and {{HMS|Kandahar|F28|2}} were sunk, and {{HMS|Aurora|12|2}} and {{HMS|Penelope|97|2}} were damaged.

==1942==
===January 1942===
Three small convoys arrived at Malta from Alexandria. One escorting destroyer, {{HMS|Gurkha|G63|2}} was torpedoed by German submarine {{GS|U-133|1941|2}} and sank.

Two large Italian convoys got through to North Africa.

===February 1942===
During the continuing heavy German air raids, {{HMS|Maori|F24|2}} was sunk in Malta's [[Grand Harbour]].

Three transports from Alexandria ([[Operation MF5]]) failed to reach Malta. {{SS|Clan Chattan||2}} was sunk by Axis aircraft, {{SS|Clan Campbell||2}} was bombed and forced to seek shelter in [[Tobruk]], and {{SS|Rowallan Castle||2}} was disabled. ''Rowallan Castle'' was scuttled by {{HMS|Lively|G40|2}} after the escort was warned that the {{Ship|Italian battleship|Caio Duilio||2|up=yes}} had sailed from Taranto to intercept the convoy.<ref>Woodman, pp.285-286</ref>

=== March 1942 – Operation ''Spotter''===
Carriers ''Eagle'' and ''Argus'' successfully flew off the first [[Supermarine Spitfire|Spitfire]] reinforcements for Malta. An earlier attempt had been abandoned due to technical problems.

===March 1942 – Operation MG 1 and the Second Battle of Sirte===
[[Image:MW10 in Gulf of Sirte.JPG|thumb|right|200px|A Malta convoy in the Gulf of Sirte]]
{{Main|Second Battle of Sirte}}

Four fast transports sailed from Alexandria, escorted by the cruisers {{HMS|Cleopatra|33|2}}, {{HMS|Dido|37|2}}, {{HMS|Euryalus|42|2}}, and {{HMS|Carlisle|D67|2}} and destroyers. Other destroyers sailed from Tobruk, sweeping for submarines before joining the convoy; one was sunk. In all, there were 16 destroyers.

The convoy was intercepted and effectively scattered by the Italian fleet, despite a spirited and successful defence against the battleship {{Ship|Italian battleship|Littorio||2}}. Two transports were sunk at sea, while the British MS ''Pampas'' and the Norwegian MS ''Talabot'' reached Malta. Both were sunk at anchor in Valetta harbour by German aircraft before unloading was completed.<ref>[http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/lines/royalmail.html Royal Mail ship list]</ref><ref>[http://www.theshipslist.com/ships/lines/wilhelmsen.htm Wilh. Wilhelmsen Line ship list]</ref> Only 5,000 tons of supplies were landed safely.<ref name=mom /> A number of British destroyers were seriously damaged during the engagement.

===April 1942 – Operation ''Calendar''===
The island had ceased to be an effective offensive base, and Axis convoys were mostly untroubled. Several submarines and destroyers were bombed and sunk in harbour, and naval units were ordered to leave for Gibraltar or Alexandria. Not all arrived safely.

Forty-seven Spitfires were flown off to Malta from the [[United States|American]] carrier {{USS|Wasp|CV-7|2}} ([[Operation Calendar|Operation ''Calendar'']]), escorted by battlecruiser {{HMS|Renown|1916|2}}, cruisers {{HMS|Cairo|D87|2}} and {{HMS|Charybdis|88|2}}, and six British and US destroyers. Most of these aircraft were destroyed on the ground by bombing.

=== May 1942 – Operations ''Bowery'' and LB===
The submarine {{HMS|Olympus|N35|2}} struck a mine and sank while leaving Malta with the survivors of submarines {{HMS|Pandora|N42|2}}, {{HMS|P36||2}} and {{HMS|P39||2}} on board.

Sixty-four Spitfires were flown off to Malta from ''Wasp'' and ''Eagle'' ([[Operation Bowery|Operation ''Bowery'']]). A second batch of 16 were flown in from ''Eagle'' ([[Operation LB]]).

===June 1942 – Operation ''Style''===
On 20 May, {{SS|Empire Conrad||2}} departed from [[Milford Haven]], [[Wales]] with a cargo of 32 [[Supermarine Spitfire|Spitfires]] in cases.<ref name=Style/> The aircraft were all Spitfire Mk VcT.<ref name=Type>{{cite web|url=http://www.spitfires.ukf.net/p029.htm |title=Spitfire aircraft production, page 029 |pulblisher=Spitfires |accessdate=1 August 2010}}</ref> Also on board were the ground crew who were to assemble them, a total of over 110 men. ''Empire Conrad'' was escorted by the 29th ML Flotilla and the [[corvette]] {{HMS|Spirea|K08|2}}. The convoy was later joined by the [[minesweeper (ship)|Minesweepers]] {{HMS|Hythe|J194|2}} and {{HMS|Rye|J76|2}}. ''Empire Conrad'' arrived at [[Gibraltar]] on 27 May. The aircraft were transferred to the [[aircraft carrier]] {{HMS|Eagle|R05|2}} where they were assembled. On 2 June, ''Eagle'' departed from Gibraltar escorted by the [[cruiser]] {{HMS|Charybdis|88|2}} and [[destroyer]]s {{HMS|Antelope|H36|2}}, {{HMS|Ithuriel|H05|2}}, {{HMS|Partridge|G30|2}}, {{HMS|Westcott|D47|2}} and {{HMS|Wishart|D67|2}}. On 3 June, the aircraft were flown off ''Eagle'' bound for Malta. Twenty-eight of them arrived safely, with the other four being shot down en route.<ref name=Style>{{cite web|url=http://www.naval-history.net/xAH-MaltaSupply02.htm |title=THE SUPPLY OF MALTA 1940-1942, Part 2 of 3 |publisher=Naval History |accessdate=21 July 2010}}</ref>

===June 1942 – Operations ''Harpoon'' and ''Vigorous''===
{{Main|Operation Harpoon (1942)|Operation Vigorous}}
The arrival of more Spitfires from ''Eagle'' and the transfer of German aircraft to the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Russian Front]] eased the pressure on Malta, but supplies were needed.

Two convoys sailed simultaneously: one of 11 transports from [[Haifa]], [[Mandate Palestine|Palestine]] and [[Port Said]], Egypt ([[Operation Vigorous|Operation ''Vigorous'']]), and one of six transports from Gibraltar ([[Operation Harpoon (1942)|Operation ''Harpoon'']]). Both had strong naval escorts. Strong Axis naval and air forces attacked both convoys. Two of ''Harpoon's'' transports (with a critical 15,000 tons of supplies<ref>{{cite web|last=Lippman |first=David H. |title=June 14–20, 1942 |url=http://usswashington.com/worldwar2plus55/dl14ju42.htm|accessdate=23 July 2010}}</ref>)<ref group=note>Another source ([http://merlinsovermalta.gdenney.co.uk/worldwar2/timeline/ Merlins over Malta]) states that 25,000 tons were landed, enough to sustain the population for two to three months.</ref> reached Malta for the loss of four transports and two destroyers ({{HMS|Bedouin|F67|2}} and the [[Poland|Polish]] {{Ship|ORP|Kujawiak||2}}).

''Vigorous'' was heavily attacked by aircraft, torpedo boats and submarines over four days, threatened by a strong Italian battlefleet, and eventually returned to Alexandria. No transports reached Malta, and a cruiser ({{HMS|Hermione|74|2}}), three destroyers ({{HMS|Hasty|H24|2}}
{{HMS|Airedale||2}} and the [[Australia]]n {{Ship|HMAS|Nestor|G02|2}}), and two transports were sunk. The {{Ship|Italian battleship |Littorio||2|up=yes}} and cruiser ''[[Trento class cruiser#Trento|Trento]]'' were damaged by air attacks, and ''Trento'' was later sunk by submarine {{HMS|Umbra|P35|2}}.

===July 1942===
More ''Spitfires'' were flown off to Malta from ''Eagle''. {{HMS|Welshman|M84|2}} made an independent supply run.

===August 1942 – Operation ''Pedestal''===
{{Main|Operation Pedestal}}
The supply situation had become critical, particularly aviation fuel. The largest convoy to date was assembled at Gibraltar ([[Operation Pedestal]]). It consisted of 14 transports, including the large oil tanker {{SS|Ohio||2}}. These were protected by powerful escort and covering forces: 44 warships, including three aircraft carriers (''Eagle'', ''Indomitable'', and ''Victorious'') and two battleships (''Nelson'' and ''Rodney''). A diversionary operation was staged from Alexandria.

The convoy was attacked fiercely. Three transports reached Malta on 13 August and another on 14 August. ''Ohio'' arrived on 15 August, heavily damaged by air attacks, and under tow by destroyers {{HMS|Penn|G77|2}} and {{HMS|Ledbury|L90|2}}. The rest were sunk. ''Ohio'' later broke in two in Valetta Harbour, but not before much of her cargo had been unloaded. The aircraft carrier ''Eagle'', cruisers {{HMS|Cairo|D87|2}} and {{HMS|Manchester|C15|2}} and the destroyer {{HMS|Foresight|H68|2}} were sunk, and there was serious damage to other warships. The Italian losses were two submarines and damage to two cruisers.

This convoy, especially the arrival of the ''Ohio'', was seen as Divine intervention by the people of Malta. August 15 is celebrated as the feast of [[Assumption of Mary|St. Mary's Assumption]] and many Maltese attributed the arrival of the ''Ohio'' into Grand Harbour as the answer to their prayers.<ref>Castillo, p.207</ref>

It had been agreed by military commanders at the time that if supplies became any lower, they would surrender the islands (the actual date, deferred as supplies were received, was referred to as the "target date")<ref>Woodman, p.283</ref>. At that time, to stretch the supply of flour, the Maltese mixed flour with [[potato]] peelings, making a sort of brown bread. The situation became so dire that bread once again became white when there were no more potato peelings to add to flour. Many sources{{Who|date=July 2010}} say that the remaining supplies were sufficient for only 10 days.{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}} The supplies brought by ''Pedestal'' (53,000 tons landed<ref name=mom /> of 121,000 tons (including 11,000 of oil on the ''Ohio'') embarked<ref>Castillo, p.199</ref>) eased the situation, but did not solve it, and more supplies were brought in by submarines. More Spitfires were flown off from ''Furious''.

===September 1942===
The submarine {{HMS|Talisman|N78|2}} was lost on a supply run from Gibraltar, either stranded in a minefield or depth-charged by Italian torpedo boats northwest of Malta on 17 September.

===October 1942===
''Furious'' flew off more Spitfires for Malta (Operation ''Train''). Essential supplies were still needed. Deliveries were made by submarines or fast [[Abdiel class minelayer]]s.

The [[Second Battle of El Alamein]] began, and the Malta-based air and sea forces significantly reduced critical supplies reaching Axis forces in North Africa.

===November 1942 – Operation ''Stoneage''===
Minelayers {{HMS|Welshman|M84|2}} and {{HMS|Manxman|M70|2}} made successful supply runs. Later that month, a convoy of four transports, carrying 35,000 tons of supplies<ref name=mom />, escorted by three cruisers and ten destroyers reached Malta from Alexandria ([[Operation Stoneage|Operation ''Stoneage'']]). The cruiser {{HMS|Arethusa|26|2}} was seriously damaged and returned to Alexandria. This successful operation is seen as the "Relief of Malta".

===December 1942 – Operation ''Portcullis''===
In [[Operation Portcullis|Operation ''Portcullis'']], four transports arrived from [[Port Said]] with 55,000 tons of supplies; the first to arrive without loss since 1941.<ref name=mom /> More convoys took place during this month and, by the end of December, substantial amounts of supplies had been safely discharged and stored; 18,200 tons of fuel and another 58,500 tons of general supplies and military [[materiel]]. The resultant increase in civilian rations helped to stave off the general decline in health of the population, which had been a cause of an outbreak of [[poliomyelitis]].<ref>Woodman, p.465</ref>

==Aftermath==
There were 35 major supply operations to Malta from 1940 through 1942. Axis forces frustrated or inflicted losses on eight of these: Operations ''White'', ''Tiger'', ''Halberd'', MF5, MG1, ''Harpoon'', ''Vigorous'', and ''Pedestal''. There were long periods when no convoy runs were even attempted, and only a trickle of supplies reached Malta by submarine, or by a fast warship running the gauntlet. The worst period for Malta was from December 1941 to October 1942, when Axis forces had the upper hand, achieving complete air and naval supremacy in the central Mediterranean (called the Italian [[Mare Nostrum]] by [[Benito Mussolini]]).

At the end of 1942, the relative success of Operation ''Pedestal'' enabled allied ships and aircraft based on the island to become more aggressive and to deny Rommel much-needed supplies. This restricted the Axis' north African armies' ability to fight and Allied land operations in North Africa changed the balance decisively in favour of the Allies. Axis forces in North Africa were being squeezed between the [[British Eighth Army]], advancing from Egypt, and the Anglo-American First Army advancing from Algeria. Convoys henceforth had protection from North Africa airstrips. The later invasions of Sicily and Italy were supported from Malta.

==See also==
{{Commonscat-inline|Malta convoys}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book
| last = Jackson
| first = Ashley
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = The British Empire and the Second World War
| publisher = Hambledon Continuum
| date = 2006
| location = London
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id = ISBN 1 85285 417 0 }}
* {{ cite book
| last = Woodman
| first = Richard
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = Malta Convoys 1940-1943
| publisher = [[John Murray (publisher)|John Murray]]
| date = 2000
| location = London
| pages =
| url =
| doi =
| id = ISBN 0-7195-6408-5 }}
* {{cite book|last=Castillo |first=Dennis Angelo |title=The Maltese Cross: a strategic history of Malta |page= |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |date= 2006|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=i5ns5LNtoiUC&pg=PA200&lpg=PA200&dq=malta+convoy+tons&source=bl&ots=JHiic9sFX8&sig=crNi9fvoiUM5EG3j2fxfLl9moaI&hl=en&ei=zQJKTL7vGqb40wT6rsCFCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CCAQ6AEwAzge#v=onepage&q=malta%20convoy%20tons&f=false|id= ISBN 0-313-32329-1 |accessdate=23 July 2010}}

==Notes==

<References group=note />


==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.naval-history.net/WW2CampaignsItaly.htm Mediterranean naval campaign]
* [http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://geocities.com/mike_buhagiar/convoy/convoy.html&date=2009-10-25+03:45:08 Operation ''Harpoon'']
* [http://members.fortunecity.com/rwbrown1942/Busterssite/id18.html Photos of Operation ''Pedestal'']
* [http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=81593 Documentary film: ''Convoy to Malta'']
* [http://ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/LondonGazette/38377.pdf MEDITERRANEAN CONVOY OPERATIONS] ([[London Gazette]])
* [http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2-2Epi-c4-WH2-2Epi-e.html NZETC SPITFIRES OVER MALTA]

{{coord|39|13|N|14|20|E|source:kolossus-ruwiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Battle of the Mediterranean]]
[[Category:Malta Convoys]]
[[Category:Naval battles and operations of World War II (European theatre)]]
[[Category:Convoys of World War II]]

[[id:Konvoi Malta]]
[[ru:Мальтийские конвои]]
[[fi:Maltan saattueet]]

Halcyon-Klasse

2011-02-01T18:08:59Z

Dawkeye: /* Service history */ link to cap d'Antifer

{|{{Infobox Ship Begin}}
{{Infobox Ship Image
|Ship image=[[Image:HMS Britomart.jpg|300px|HMS ''Britomart'' (J22)]]
|Ship caption=[[HMS Britomart (J22)|HMS ''Britomart'']] secured to a buoy in Plymouth Sound
}}
{{Infobox Ship Class Overview
|Builders=
|Operators={{navy|UK}}
|Class before= [[Racecourse class minesweeper|Racecourse class]]
|Class after= [[Bangor class minesweeper|''Bangor'' class]]
|Subclasses= reciprocating / turbine-engined
|Built range=
|In commission range=
|Total ships building=
|Total ships planned=22
|Total ships completed=21
|Total ships cancelled=
|Total ships active=
|Total ships laid up=
|Total ships lost=9 (+1 [[Marine insurance#Actual Total Loss and Constructive Total Loss|constructive total loss]])
|Total ships retired=12
|Total ships preserved=
}}
{{Infobox Ship Characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=for Reciprocating
|Ship type=fleet minesweeper
|Class name=''Halcyon''
|Ship displacement=815 [[long ton|tons]] (828 [[tonne]]s)
|Ship tons burthen=1,370 tons (1,391 tonnes)
|Ship length={{convert|245|ft|9|in|m|abbr=on}} [[Length overall|o/a]]ii
|Ship beam={{convert|33|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship draught={{convert|9|ft|m|abbr=on}}<ref>[http://www.halcyon-class.co.uk/Specifications/specifications.htm Specifications Halcyon Minesweepers]</ref>
|Ship propulsion=2 x Admiralty 3-drum [[water-tube boiler]]s, vertical compound [[steam engine|reciprocating steam engines]] on 2 shafts, 1,770 ihp
|Ship speed=16.5 to {{convert|17|kn|km/h|0|abbr=on}}
|Ship range={{convert|7200|nmi|km|-1|abbr=on}} at {{convert|10|kn|km/h|0}}
|Ship complement=80
|Ship sensors=
|Ship EW=
|Ship armament=<table>
* 2 x [[QF 4 inch Mk V naval gun|QF 4 inch Mk.V (L/45 102 mm) guns]]
** 1 x mounting CP Mk.II
** 1 x mounting HA Mk.III
* 8 x [[Lewis Gun|.303 inch (7.7 mm) Lewis machine guns]]
</table>
|Ship armour=
|Ship aircraft=
|Ship aircraft facilities=
|Ship notes=
}}
{{Infobox Ship Characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=(''Niger'', ''Salamander'')
|Ship displacement=
|Ship tons burthen= 1,330 tons (1,351 tonnes)
|Ship length={{convert|245|ft|3|in|m|abbr=on}}
|Ship propulsion=Vertical triple-expansion, 2,000 ihp
|Ship speed = {{convert|17|kn|km/h|0}}
|Ship armament=
<table>
* 2 x [[QF 4 inch Mk V naval gun|QF 4 inch Mk.V (L/45 102 mm) guns]], single mounts HA Mk.III
* 4 x [[Vickers .50 machine gun|.5 inch Mk.III (12.7 mm) Vickers machine guns]], quad mount HA Mk.I
* 8 x [[Lewis gun|.303 inch (7.7 mm) Lewis machine guns]]
</table>
|Ship notes= Other characteristics as per reciprocating ships
}}
{{Infobox Ship Characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=(turbine)
|Ship displacement= 815 - 835 tons (828 - 848 tonnes) / 1,290 - 1,350 tons (1,310 - 1,372 tonnes) full load
|Ship propulsion=
2 x Admiralty 3-drum water-tube boilers, [[Parsons Marine Steam Turbines|Parsons]] steam turbines, {{convert|1750|shp|kW|0|abbr=on}} on 2 shafts
|Ship speed = {{convert|16.5|kn|km/h|0}}
|Ship notes= Other characteristics as per ''Niger'' / ''Salamander''
}}
|}

The '''''Halcyon'' class''' was a [[ship class|class]] of 21 oil-fired [[Minesweeper (ship)|minesweepers]] (officially, "fleet minesweeping sloops") built for the [[United Kingdom|British]] [[Royal Navy]] between 1933 and 1939. They were given traditional small ship names used historically by the Royal Navy and served during [[World War II]].

==Design==
There were 21 ships in the ''Halcyon'' class, built in two groups; the first using reciprocating steam engines, with steam turbines in the latter. They were generally smaller versions of the [[Grimsby class sloop|''Grimsby'' class]] escort sloops. ''Niger'' and ''Salamander'' of the reciprocating group used vertical triple expansion engines, instead of the vertical compound engines of their sisters. As a result of the increased installed power they had a half knot speed advantage, even though they used slightly shorter hulls. The turbine ships used the same shorter hulls as ''Niger'' and ''Salamander'', but with lower installed power, speed dropped back to {{convert|16.5|kn|km/h|0}}.

''Gleaner'', ''Franklin'', ''Jason'' and ''Scott'' were completed as unarmed survey vessels, ''Sharpshooter'' and ''Seagull'' being converted to follow suit. They were all re-armed and deployed in their original role on the outbreak of war. ''Seagull'' had the first all-welded hull built for the Royal Navy.<ref name="lenton">Lenton, p.252</ref>

==Service history==
''Halcyons'' served in Home waters, at [[Dunkirk evacuation|Dunkirk]], on Arctic convoy duty, and in the [[Mediterranean]].

On 3 February 1940 [[HMS Sphinx (J69)|''Sphinx'']] (Cdr. J. R. N. Taylor, RN) was sweeping an area {{convert|15|mi|km|0}} north of [[Kinnaird Head]] when attacked by enemy aircraft. A bomb pierced the [[Forecastle|fo'c'sle]] deck and exploding destroying the fore part of the ship. She remained afloat and was taken in tow by [[HMS Halcyon (J42)|''Halcyon'']] but steadily flooded and capsized and sank. The wreck was later washed ashore north of [[Lybster]] and was sold for scrap. The Commanding Officer and forty of the men were killed in the explosion.

[[HMS Skipjack (J69)|''Skipjack'']] (Lt.Cdr. F. B. Proudfoot, RN) was attacked and sunk by a force of German dive-bombers off [[De Panne]], [[Belgium]] on 1 June 1940. On board ''Skipjack'' were between 250 and 300 soldiers just rescued from the [[Dunkirk]] beaches during [[Operation Dynamo]]. Eye witness William Stone said "she just disappeared".<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7084764.stm BBC NEWS | UK | Surviving WWI: Veterans' stories]</ref>

''Halcyons'' were pressed into service as anti-submarine escorts; this task slowly decreasing as the ships specifically designed for this task, such as [[Flower class corvette]]s, came off the slips. ''Halcyons'' accompanied most of the [[Arctic convoys of World War II|Arctic Convoys]], serving both as minesweepers and anti-submarine escorts. Several spent extended periods working out of Soviet naval bases in Northern Russia, such as [[Murmansk]]. Four ''Halcyons'' were lost during this period.

* [[HMS Gossamer (J63)|''Gossamer'']] (Lt.Cdr. T. C. Crease), having escorted the very first [[Arctic convoys of World War II|Arctic Convoy]], attacked a German [[U-boat]] while escorting [[Convoy PQ 11]], and helped rescue the crew of [[HMS Edinburgh (C16)|HMS ''Edinburgh'']]. ''Gossamer'' dive-bombed and sunk on 26 June 1942 in the [[Kola Inlet]].
* [[HMS Niger (J73)|''Niger'']] (Cdr. A. J. Cubison, [[Distinguished Service Cross (United Kingdom)|DSC]] [[Medal bar|and Bar]]) was lost off [[Iceland]] on 5 July 1942 while escorting [[Convoy PQ-13]], when part of the convoy wandered into a British minefield.
*[[HMS Leda (J93)|''Leda'']] was torpedoed and sunk in the [[Greenland Sea]] on 29 September 1942 while escorting [[Convoy QP-14]].
*On 31 December 1943 during the [[Battle of the Barents Sea]], [[HMS Bramble (J11)|''Bramble'']] was attacked by the German surface raider [[German cruiser Admiral Hipper|''Admiral Hipper'']] on while escorting [[Convoy JW51B]]. After sustaining serious damage, ''Bramble'' was finished off by the German destroyer ''Eckholdt''.

[[HMS Hebe (J24)|''Hebe'']] and [[HMS Speedy (J17)|''Speedy'']] served in the Mediterranean as part of the [[14th/17th Minesweeper Flotilla]] based in [[Malta]]. The minesweepers saw action during the [[Malta Convoys]], [[Operation Torch]], and [[Operation Corkscrew]]. ''Hebe'' was lost to a mine off [[Bari]], [[Italy]] on 22 November 1943.

[[HMS Britomart (J22)|''Britomart'']] (Lt. Cdr. Nash, MBE, RNR) and [[HMS Hussar (J82)|''Hussar'']] (Lt.Cdr. A. J. Galvin, DSC, RNR) were sunk by aerial rockets fired from [[Royal Air Force|RAF]] [[Hawker Typhoon|Typhoons]] in a "[[friendly fire]]" incident on 27 August 1944 off [[La Poterie-Cap-d'Antifer|Cap d'Antifer]], [[Le Havre]]. [[HMS Salamander (J86)|''Salamander'']] was badly damaged astern in the same incident and she was written off as a constructive total loss and eventually scrapped without repair. [[HMS Jason (J99)|''Jason'']] was attacked during the same incident but escaped major damage.

== Ships in class ==
=== Reciprocating group ===
*Ordered 1932
** [[HMS Halcyon (J42)|HMS ''Halcyon'']], built by [[John Brown & Company]], [[Clydebank]], sold for scrapping 1950
** [[HMS Skipjack (J38)|HMS ''Skipjack'']], built by John Brown, bombed and sunk off [[Dunkirk]] 1940-06-01
*Ordered 1933
** [[HMS Harrier (J71)|HMS ''Harrier'']], built by [[John I. Thornycroft & Company]], [[Woolston, Hampshire|Woolston]], sold for scrapping 1950
** [[HMS Hussar (J82)|HMS ''Hussar'']], built by Thornycroft, sunk in error by RAF aircraft off [[Cap d'Antifer]], 1944-08-27
*Ordered 1934
** [[HMS Speedwell (J87)|HMS ''Speedwell'']], built by [[William Hamilton & Company]], [[Port Glasgow]], sold out of service 1946, wrecked and scrapped 1954
*Ordered 1935
** [[HMS Niger (J73)|HMS ''Niger'']], built by [[J. Samuel White & Company]], [[Cowes]], mined off Iceland 1942-06-04
** [[HMS Salamander (J86)|HMS ''Salamander'']], built by White, damaged in RAF rocket attack off Cap d'Antifer August 27, 1944 and written off as constructive total loss, sold for scrapping 1946

=== Turbine group ===
*Ordered 1936
** [[HMS Franklin (J84)|HMS ''Franklin'']], built by [[Ailsa Shipbuilding Company]], [[Troon]], sold for scrapping 1956
** [[HMS Gleaner (J83)|HMS ''Gleaner'']], built by [[William Gray & Company]], [[Hartlepool]], sold for scrapping 1950
** [[HMS Gossamer (J63)|HMS ''Gossamer'']], built by William Hamilton, bombed and sunk in [[Kola Inlet]] 1942-06-24
** [[HMS Hazard (J02)|HMS ''Hazard'']], built by William Gray, sold for scrapping 1949
** [[HMS Hebe (J24)|HMS ''Hebe'']], built by [[HMNB Devonport|HM Dockyard, Devonport]], mined and sunk off [[Bari]], 1943-11-22
** [[HMS Jason (J99)|HMS ''Jason'']], built by Ailsa, sold out of service 1946, sold for scrapping 1950
** [[HMS Leda (J93)|HMS ''Leda'']], built by HM Dockyard Devonport, torpedoed and sunk by [[German submarine U-435|''U-435'']] in [[Greenland Sea]] 1942-09-20
** [[HMS Seagull (J85)|HMS ''Seagull'']], built by HM Dockyard Devonport, sold for scrapping 1956
** [[HMS Sharpshooter (J68)|HMS ''Sharpshooter'']], built by HM Dockyard Devonport, renamed ''Shackleton'' 1953 and converted to survey vessel, sold for scrapping 1956
*Ordered 1937
** [[HMS Bramble (J11)|HMS ''Bramble'']], built by HM Dockyard Devonport, sunk by gunfire from German warships in [[Barents Sea]], 1942-12-31
** [[HMS Britomart (J22)|HMS ''Britomart'']], built by HM Dockyard Devonport, sunk in error by RAF aircraft off [[Cap d'Antifer]], August 27, 1944
** [[HMS Scott (J79)|HMS ''Scott'']], built by [[Caledon Shipbuilding & Engineering Company]], [[Dundee]], sold for scrapping 1965
** [[HMS Speedy (J17)|HMS ''Speedy'']], built by William Hamilton, sold out of service 1946, sold for scrapping 1957
** [[HMS Sphinx (J69)|HMS ''Sphinx'']], built by William Hamilton, bombed by German aircraft off [[Kinnaird Head]] 1940-02-03, later sank under tow and wreck washed ashore off [[Lybster]], salved and scrapped 1950

==See also==
{{Commonscat}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* ''British and Empire Warships of the Second World War'', H. T. Lenton, Greenhill Books, ISBN 1-85367-277-7
* ''Warships of World War II'', by H. T. Lenton & J. J. Colledge, Ian Allen Ltd, ISBN 0-71100-202-9

== External links ==
* [http://www.halcyon-class.co.uk/ ''Halcyon'' class website]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/stories/02/a3319102.shtml HMS ''Bramble'' "BBC People's War"]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/stories/65/a7736565.shtml HMS ''Hussar'' "BBC People's War"]
{{Halcyon class minesweeper}}
{{WWIIBritishShips}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Halcyon Class Minesweeper}}
[[Category:Mine warfare classes]]
[[Category:Halcyon class minesweepers| ]]
[[Category:World War II minesweepers of the United Kingdom| ]]

[[ms:HMS Gleaner]]

Rape-and-Revenge-Film

2011-01-22T17:14:51Z

Dawkeye: link to Men, Women, and Chainsaws

'''Rape and revenge films''' ('''rape/revenge''') are a subgenre of [[exploitation film]] that was particularly popular in the 1970s.{{Fact|date=October 2007}} Rape/revenge movies generally follow the same [[three act structure]]:

* Act I: A woman is raped/[[gang rape]]d, [[torture]]d, and left for dead.
* Act II: The woman survives and [[Rehabilitation (neuropsychology)|rehabilitates]] herself.
* Act III: The woman takes [[revenge]] and kills all of her rapists.

In some cases, the woman is killed at the end of the first act, and the "revenge" is carried out by her family, as in ''[[The Last House on the Left (1972 film)|Last House on the Left]]''.

Notable rape/revenge movies include ''[[The Virgin Spring]]'', ''[[I Spit On Your Grave]]'', ''[[Lipstick (film)|Lipstick]]'', ''[[Thriller - A Cruel Picture]]'', ''[[Death Wish (film)|Death Wish]]'', ''[[Straw Dogs]]'', ''[[Ms. 45]]'', ''[[Sudden Impact]]'', ''[[Baise-moi]]'', ''[[¡Dispara!]]'', ''[[Coward_of_the_County#.22Coward_of_the_County.22:_The_movie|Coward of the County]]'', ''[[Irréversible]]'', ''[[Thelma & Louise]]'', and ''[[Extremities (film)|Extremities]]''. ''The Virgin Spring'', sharing a common source material as ''Last House on The Left'', is particularly notable as being arguably the first in the genre as well as being directed by [[Ingmar Bergman]].

The 2009 film ''[[Run! Bitch Run!]]'' is a throw back to the classic 1970's rape and revenge films like ''Last House on the Left'' and ''Ms. 45''. The film takes place in the late 1970’s, where the lack of modern technology made the world a more vulnerable place.

Notably, in [[Gaspar Noé]]'s 2002 film ''Irréversible'', the structure was reversed, with the first act depicting the revenge before tracing back the events which led to that point. [[Roger Ebert]] argues that by using this structure, as well as a false revenge, ''Irréversible'' cannot be classified as an exploitation film, as no exploitation of the subject matter takes place.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20030314/REVIEWS/303140303/1023 |first=Roger | last=Ebert |title=Irreversible :: rogerebert.com :: Reviews |publisher=Rogerebert.suntimes.com |date= |accessdate=2010-01-25}}</ref>

The genre has attracted critical attention.<ref>Clover, Carol J. 1992 ''[[Men, Women, and Chainsaws]]: Gender in the Modern Horror Film.'' Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691006202.</ref><ref> Creed, B. 1993 ''The Monstrous-Feminine: Film, Feminism, Psychoanalysis.'' New York, NY: Routledge. ISBN 0415052599.</ref><ref>King, Claire Sisco 2003. "Review of ''Thelma & Louise'' by Marita Sturken and of ''The New Avengers: Feminism, Femininity, and the Rape-Revenge Cycle'' by Jacinda Read." http://www.scope.nottingham.ac.uk/bookreview.php?issue=aug2003&id=437&section=book_rev (retrieved October 6, 2007)</ref><ref>Read, Jacinda 2000. ''The New Avengers: Feminism, Femininity, and the Rape-Revenge Cycle''. Manchester, UK and New York: Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-7190-5905-4.</ref> In addition to U.S. films, rape/revenge films have been made in Japan (e.g., [[Takashi Ishii]]'s ''[[Freeze Me]]'') and in Finland.<ref>Makela, Anna (no date). ''Political rape, private revenge. The story of sexual violence in Finnish Film and Television''</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.google.com/search?q=cache:0Vk_2922Is0J:media.utu.fi/emy/AnnaMakela.rtf+rape-revenge&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=101&gl=us |title=(viewed as HTML. Retrieved October 6, 2007 |publisher=Google.com |date= |accessdate=2010-01-25}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Vigilante]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Film genres]]
[[Category:Rape]]
[[Category:Rape and revenge films| ]]
[[Category:Horror films by genre]]
[[Category:Thriller films by genre]]

{{film-genre-stub}}

[[fr:Rape and Revenge]]
[[pl:Rape and revenge]]
[[sv:Rape & revenge-film]]

Apollo Soucek

2010-11-08T04:49:54Z

Dawkeye: /* External links */ add cat, rm stub template

{{Infobox military person
| name = Apollo Soucek
| image =
| caption =
| born = 1897
| died = July 19, {{Death year and age|1955|1897}}
| placeofburial_label = Place of burial
| placeofburial = [[Arlington National Cemetery]]
| placeofbirth = [[Medford, Oklahoma]]
| placeofdeath =
| placeofburial_coordinates = 
| nickname = ''Sockem''
| allegiance = {{USA}}
| branch = [[Image:United States Department of the Navy Seal.svg|25px]] [[United States Navy]]
| serviceyears = 1918–1955
| rank = [[Vice admiral (United States)|Vice Admiral]]
| unit =
| commands = [[VFA-2|Fighter Squadron 2]] {{USS|Franklin D. Roosevelt|CV-42}} Carrier Division 3/[[Task Force 77 (U.S. Navy)|Task Force 77]]
| battles = [[World War I]] [[World War II]] [[Korean War]]
| awards =
| relations =
| laterwork =
}}
'''Apollo Soucek''' (1897–19 July 1955) was a [[Vice admiral (United States)|vice admiral]] in the [[United States Navy]], who was a record-breaking test pilot during 1929-1930, served in [[World War II]], and was commander of Carrier Division Three during the [[Korean War]], ending his career as Chief of the [[Bureau of Aeronautics]].

==Biography==
Soucek was born in [[Medford, Oklahoma]]. He was the son of Johann "John" Soucek, who had been born in Ovčáry, [[Bohemia]] (then part of the [[Austria-Hungary]], now in the [[Czech Republic]]), but had emigrated to the United States at the age of 7 with his family. Arriving in June 1875 aboard the [[Norddeutscher Lloyd]] ship {{SS|Ohio|1869|6}}, the family—Mathias, Maria, and their six children—first settled in Nebraska, then moved to Kansas, before taking part in the [[Land Run of 1893|Cherokee Strip Land Run]] in 1893,<ref>{{Cite web
|url= http://www.immigrantships.net/v3/1800v3/ohio18750612.html#Soucek
|title=Immigrant Ships Transcribers Guild Vol. 3 - Ship Ohio
|work=immigrantships.net
|accessdate=8 November 2010
}}</ref> and settling in Medford.

===Early career===
Soucek joined the United States Navy in 1918 and was assigned to the battleship {{USS|Missouri|BB-11|3}} with the rank of [[midshipman]]. He was commissioned as an [[Ensign (rank)|ensign]] on 3 June 1921. He then served aboard the {{USS|Mississippi|BB-41|3}}. In February 1924 Soucek reported to [[Naval Air Station Pensacola]] for flight training, qualifying as a [[United States Naval Aviator|naval aviator]] in October. He was assigned to the Navy's first aircraft carrier {{USS|Langley|CV-1|3}} in November, and served as Assistant Flight Officer of Observation Squadron 2. In January 1925 he transferred to the {{USS|Maryland|BB-46|3}} to serve as Assistant Navigator and Junior Aviation Officer of Observation Squadron 1. In May 1927 he was assigned to the [[Naval Aircraft Factory]] in [[Philadelphia]], before transferring to the [[Bureau of Aeronautics]] in July to serve in the Power Plant Design Section.<ref name="dmairfield">{{Cite web
|url= http://www.dmairfield.org/people/soucek_aa/index.html
|title=The Apollo "Sockem" Soucek Page of the Davis-Monthan Airfield Register Website
|work=dmairfield.org
|accessdate=8 November 2010
}}</ref>

Flying the [[Wright XF3W|Wright Apache]] Soucek set a series of [[flight altitude record]]s. On May 8, 1929, he set the world altitude record for landplanes by flying to the height of {{Convert|39,140|ft|m}}, and on June 4, he set the altitude record for seaplanes, also in an Apache, reaching the height of {{Convert|38,560|ft|m}}. On June 4, 1930, Soucek flew an Apache landplane equipped with a {{Convert|450|hp}} [[Pratt & Whitney R-1340]] [[radial engine]] to a height of {{Convert|43,166|ft|m}} over [[NAS Anacostia]], regaining the world record he had held in 1929.<ref>{{Cite web
|url= http://www.history.navy.mil/branches/avchr4.htm
|title=Naval Aviation 1930-39
|work=history.navy.mil
|accessdate=8 November 2010
}}</ref>

In June 1930 Soucek returned to sea duty serving as Squadron Flight Officer of Fighter Squadron 3 on the carrier {{USS|Lexington|CV-2|3}}, and as Gunnery Officer and Executive Officer of Fighter Squadron 3 aboard {{USS|Saratoga|CV-3|3}}. In June 1932 he returned to the Naval Aircraft Factory to serve as Assistant to the Superintendent of the Aeronautical Engineering Laboratory. From June 1935 he served as Hangar Deck, Flight Deck, and Senior Watch Officer aboard {{USS|Ranger|CV-4|3}}, returning to the ''Lexington'' in June 1937 to serve as the Commanding Officer of [[VFA-2|Fighter Squadron 2]]. Soucek went back to the Bureau of Aeronautics in May 1938 to serve as Assistant to the Chief of the Personnel Division.<ref name="dmairfield"/>

===World War II===
In May 1940 he was assigned to {{USS|Yorktown|CV-5|3}} as Navigator, moving to the {{USS|Hornet|CV-8|3}} on 20 October 1941 to serve as Air Officer. Soucek was appointed Executive Officer in 1942, and served in that capacity during the the [[Doolittle Raid]] on Tokyo on 18 April. In January 1943 was appointed Assistant Chief of Staff for Operations in the [[United States Pacific Fleet|Pacific Fleet]]. From July 1943 he served as Chief of Staff and Aide to the Chief of Naval Air Intermediate Training Command and Deputy Chief of Naval Air Training, based at NAS Pensacola. In March 1945 he was appointed Officer-in-Charge of the [[fitting-out]] of the carrier {{USS|Franklin D. Roosevelt|CV-42|3}}, becoming the first commander on her commissioning on 27 October 1945.<ref name="dmairfield"/>

===Later career===
From January 1946 he commanded Carrier Division 14, and from August was commander of Fleet Air Wing 1. On 15 July 1947 he was appointed commander of the Naval Air Test Center at [[Naval Air Station Patuxent River]]. From 1949 he served as Assistant Chief of Naval Operations for Aviation Plans, and Director of the Aviation Plans and Program Division. He spent most of 1951 in [[London]] as [[Air attaché|U.S. Naval Attaché for Air]], before serving in the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations from November until February 1952, when he was appointed commander of Carrier Division 3/[[Task Force 77 (U.S. Navy)|Task Force 77]], [[Flag officer|flying his flag]] aboard {{USS|Boxer|CV-21|3}}, supporting operations in the [[Korean War]].<ref name="dmairfield"/>

On 18 June 1953 Soucek was appointed [[Bureau of Aeronautics#Chiefs of the Bureau of Aeronautics|Chief of the Bureau of Aeronautics]], however in February 1955 he became ill, quitting his post on March 4, and was transferred to the Retired List on 1 July. He died of a heart attack on 19 July 1955, at the age of 58, and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery on 26 July.<ref name="dmairfield"/>

On 4 June 1957 [[Naval Air Station Oceana]] was officially named Apollo Soucek Field.<ref name="dmairfield"/>

==Family==
Apollo's younger brother Zeus (1899-1967), also joined the Navy, became an aviator, and set speed, distance and duration records piloting a [[Naval Aircraft Factory PN-12]] in May 1928.<ref>{{Cite web
|url= http://records.fai.org/data?p=5344
|title=History of Records: Zeus Soucek (USA)
|work=records.fai.org
|accessdate=8 November 2010
}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,723671-1,00.html "Sky High"], ''[[Time (magazine)|TIME]]'', May 20, 1929
* [http://blog.modernmechanix.com/2010/05/27/how-i-broke-the-worlds-altitude-record/?Qwd=./ModernMechanix/9-1930/altitude_record&Qif=altitude_record_0.jpg&Qiv=thumbs&Qis=XL#qdig "How I Broke the World's Altitude Record"], ''[[Mechanix Illustrated|Modern Mechanix]]'', September 1930
* [http://www.history.navy.mil/avh-1910/APP11.PDF Navy and Marine Corps Air Stations and Fields Named for Naval Aviators and Others]

{{Persondata
|NAME= Soucek, Apollo
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
|SHORT DESCRIPTION= [[United States]] [[United States Navy|Navy]] [[Vice Admiral (United States)|Vice Admiral]]
|DATE OF BIRTH= 1897
|PLACE OF BIRTH= [[Medford, Oklahoma]]
|DATE OF DEATH= 19 July 1955
|PLACE OF DEATH=
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Soucek}}
[[Category:1897 births]]
[[Category:1955 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Grant County, Oklahoma]]
[[Category:American people of Czech descent]]
[[Category:American aviators]]
[[Category:United States Navy admirals]]
[[Category:United States naval aviators]]