Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Mosch Ben-Ari

2011-10-26T14:35:35Z

Davshul: date of birth

[[File:Mosh ben ari.jpg|right|thumb|Mosh Ben Ari live at Jerusalem]]
'''Mosh Ben Ari''' (born 21 September 1970) is an [[Israeli Jews|Israeli]] [[musician]], [[lyricist]] and [[composer]].

== Biography ==
Ben Ari was born in [[Afula]], Israel in 1970. He comes from a [[Yemen]]ite and [[Iraq]]i Jewish background. He first discovered music as a child through the traditional [[Jew]]ish and ethnic chants that were part of his everyday life. He started playing music at the age of 16 and since he has studied music around the world, including in [[India]], [[Sahara]] and [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]]. He plays various [[string instruments]] such as acoustic and classic [[guitar]], Indian [[sarod]], [[Persia]]n tar, [[Turkey|Turkish]] jumbush, [[Morocco|Moroccan]] ginberi and [[Double bass|bass]]. In 1997 he founded, with a few friends, the world music ensemble ''Sheva'', which has released four [[album]]s and continues to tour the world doing dozens of shows in the most prestigious festivals and events. In 2001, Ben-Ari's debut solo album ''Ad Elay'' came out. In 2004, he released his second album, ''Derekh'' (A Way), which established him as one of Israel's foremost singer-songwriters and performers. This album quickly went Gold in Israel. In 2006, Ben-Ari's third album, ''Masa UMatan'' (Negotiations), was released. All of his albums were produced by [[Globalev World Music]], Israel. Ben-Ari's music and performance is a celebration of groove and spirit, blending [[rock and roll|rock]], [[soul music|soul]], [[reggae]] and [[world music]] together with his rich unique voice.<ref>[http://profile.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=user.viewprofile&friendID=134848603 MySpace.com - Mosh Ben Ari - IL - Rock / Roots Music / Reggae - www.myspace.com/moshbenari]</ref><ref>[http://www.musichallofwilliamsburg.com/calendar/show/1581/ MOSH BEN ARI WITH Y-LOVE / DIWON / ELECTRO MOROCCO / HASSAN HAKMOUN MUSIC HALL OF WILLIAMSBURG TUESDAY, JULY 1ST]</ref>

Ben-Ari is also a [[DJ]], playing mostly electronic music.

He was featured in [[Central Park]]'s Summerstage Tour on June 29, 2008.<ref>[http://www.summerstage.org/index1.aspx?BD=20514 Central Park SummerStage - Events]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Ben-Ari, Mosh
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1970
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ben-Ari, Mosh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Israeli male singers]]
[[Category:Israeli composers]]
[[Category:Israeli people of Iraqi origin]]
[[Category:People from Afula]]

[[Category:Israeli people of Yemeni origin]]

[[he:מוש בן ארי]]
[[pl:Mosh Ben Ari]]

Tuvia Rübner

2011-10-05T19:06:24Z

Davshul:

'''Tuvia Rübner''' (* [[30. Januar]] [[1924]] in [[Bratislava|Bratislava/Preßburg]] als Kurt Rübner), in Israel Tuviyah Ribner (טוביה ריבנר), ist ein hebräisch- und deutschsprachiger [[Israel|israelischer]] [[Lyrik]]er, [[Literaturwissenschaft]]ler und literarischer [[Übersetzer]], der 1941 nach [[Völkerbundsmandat für Palästina|Palästina]] [[Auswanderung|emigrieren]] musste. Er lebt seither im [[Liste der Kibbuzim|Kibbuz]] [[Merchawia]] bei [[Afula]].

== Leben ==
Rübner wuchs in einer deutschsprachigen jüdischen Familie in Preßburg auf. Nachdem seine Eltern und seine Schwester nach Polen deportiert worden waren, konnte er 1941 im letzten Augenblick mit einer Gruppe von zehn Jugendlichen nach Palästina auswandern. Seine Angehörigen wurden mutmaßlich 1942 im [[KZ Auschwitz-Birkenau]] ermordet. Im Kibbuz Merchawia war er zunächst Schafhirte und arbeitete im Weinberg oder auf dem Feld. Er heiratete 1944, 1949 kam seine Tochter Miriam zur Welt. Kurz darauf starb seine Frau Ada bei einem schweren Busunglück, das Tuvia Rübner schwer verletzt überlebte. Er konnte keine körperlichen Arbeiten mehr verrichten und wurde deshalb Bibliothekar und Literaturlehrer an der Mittelschule im Kibbuz. Ohne spezielle akademische Ausbildung wurde er später Lehrer an einem Lehrerseminar und Universitätsprofessor. Seine zweite Frau Galila Jisreeli, von Beruf Konzertpianistin, lernte er 1953 kennen; mit ihr hat er zwei Söhne, Idan und Moran.

Als Abgesandter der [[Jewish Agency]] ging Rübner von 1963 bis 1966 nach Zürich, an der dortigen [[Universität Zürich|Universität]] hörte er Vorlesungen von [[Emil Staiger]] und Wolfgang Binder.<ref>Ingrid Wiltmann (Hrsg.): ''Lebensgeschichten aus Israel. Zwölf Gespräche.'' Suhrkamp Taschenbuch, Frankfurt am Main 1998, ISBN 3-518-39401-0, Seite 113</ref>

Früh lernte er den Literaturwissenschaftler [[Werner Kraft]] kennen, der ihn förderte und ermutigte in seiner Laufbahn als Schriftsteller und Literaturwissenschaftler. Auch [[Ludwig Strauss|Ludwig Strauß]] war Förderer und wurde zum Freund. Rübner war Professor für [[Komparatistik|Vergleichende Literaturwissenschaft]] an der [[Universität Haifa]] bis zu seiner Emeritierung 1992.

Tuvia Rübner lebt mit seiner Frau Galila Jisreeli-Rübner im Kibbuz Merchawia.

== Werk ==
Gleich nach seiner Ankunft im Kibbuz Merchawia begann Tuvia Rübner Gedichte zu schreiben, bis 1950 in deutscher Sprache. Er verarbeitete mit ihnen die Erfahrungen seines Verlusts der Familie und die Erlebnisse im neuen Land. Seit 1953 schrieb er seine Gedichte in [[Iwrit|Hebräisch]]; sieben Gedichtbände erschienen seit 1957, aus denen [[Christoph Meckel]] und [[Efrat Gal-Ed]] eine Auswahl übersetzten. Diese Zusammenstellung kam 1990 unter dem Titel ''Wüstenginster'' in Deutschland heraus.

Rübner übersetzte zahlreiche Werke nicht nur aus dem Deutschen ins Hebräische, u. a. von [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]], [[Franz Kafka]], [[Paul Celan]], sondern auch aus dem Hebräischen ins Deutsche, u. a. literarische Texte von [[Samuel Agnon|Samuel Joseph Agnon]] und [[Dan Pagis]].

Seit seiner Emeritierung schreibt Rübner wieder Gedichte in deutscher Sprache (''Stein will fließen'', ''Von Luft zu Luft'', ''Wer hält diese Eile aus''). Seine früheren Gedichte liegen in einer zweibändigen Werkausgabe in deutscher Sprache vor: ''Rauchvögel'' und ''Zypressenlicht''.

== Auszeichnungen ==
Die [[Deutsche Akademie für Sprache und Dichtung]] und die Mainzer [[Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur]] haben Rübner als korrespondierendes Mitglied aufgenommen.
Er erhielt u. a. den Zürcher Steinberg-Preis, den [[Christian-Wagner-Preis]] (1994), den [[Jeanette Schocken Preis]] (1999), für seine Übersetzung von Agnons Roman ''Schira'' den [[Paul-Celan-Preis]] (1999), den Jan-Smrek-Preis (Bratislava, 2002), den [[Israel-Preis|Israel-Preis für Literatur]] (2008) und den [[Theodor-Kramer-Preis]] (2008).

==Deutschsprachige Veröffentlichungen (Auswahl)==
* ''Wüstenginster. Gedichte'' 1990 ISBN 3-89086-786-3 Aus dem Hebräischen
* Hg., mit Dafna Mach: ''Briefwechsel [[Martin Buber]] – [[Ludwig Strauss|Ludwig Strauß]] 1913–1953'' (1990)
* ''Granatapfel. Frühe Gedichte'' 1995 ISBN 3-89086-855-X
* ''Ausgewählte Gedichte 1957 – 1997: 1. Rauchvögel'' Rimbaud, Aachen 1998 ISBN 3-89086-835-5
** ''... 1957 - 1999: 2. Zypressenlicht'' ebd. 2000 ISBN 3-89086-753-7
* Hg., mit Hans O. Horch: ''Ludwig Strauß. Gesammelte Werke'' 3 Bde. 1998–2000
* ''Stein will fließen. Gedichte'' 1999 ISBN 3-89086-791-X
* ''Von Luft zu Luft. Gedichte'' 2003
* ''Erzählen an der Grenze. Bemerkungen zu zwei jüdischen Erzählern: [[Agnon]] und [[Kafka]]'' 2004
* ''Ein langes kurzes Leben. Von Pressburg nach Merchavia'' Autobiografie 2004 ISBN 3-89086-664-6
* ''Wer hält diese Eile aus? Gedichte'' 2007 ISBN 3-89086-560-7
* ''Spätes Lob der Schönheit. Gedichte'', Rimbaud Verlag, Aachen 2010 ISBN 978-3-89086-511-9

== Übersetzungen (Auswahl) ==
* Samuel Joseph Agnon: ''Der Treueschwur'' (1965)
* Dan Pagis: ''Erdichteter Mensch. Gedichte hebräisch-deutsch'' (1993)
* Samuel Joseph Agnon: ''Schira'' (1998)
* Milan Richter: ''Der Engel mit schwarzen Flügeln'' (2005)
* Samuel Joseph Agnon: ''Der Vorabend. Erzählung'', in: Tuvia Rübner: ''Erzählen an der Grenze: Bemerkungen zu zwei jüdischen Erzählern, Agnon und Kafka''

== Literatur ==
* [[Uwe Pörksen]]: ''Der Sturm aus der Vergangenheit. Über Tuvia Rübner.'' Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 2003

== Weblinks ==
* {{DNB-Portal|120691191}}
* [http://www.exil-archiv.de/html/biografien/ruebner.htm Rübner im Exilarchiv der Else-Lasker-Schüler-Stiftung]
* [http://www.rimbaud.de/rez9783890867533_Ruebner_Zypressenlicht_Die_Horen.html ''„Du bist dem entkommen“''] Rezension von ''Zypressenlicht'', ''[[Die Horen (Morawietz)|Die Horen]]'' Nr. 203 (2001)
* [http://www.rimbaud.de/ruebner80.html ''Dichter müssen. Zum achtzigsten Geburtstag Tuvia Rübners''] Portrait von Ulrike Kolb, ''Frankfurter Rundschau'' vom 30. Januar 2004
* [http://www.rimbaud.de/rez9783890866642_Ruebner_langes_kurzes_Leben_Die_Presse.html ''Kein Datum, kein Grab''] Gertrud Spat über Rübners Autobiografie, ''Die Presse'' vom 8. Januar 2005
*[http://www.haaretz.co.il/hasite/spages/926728.html Shira Lev-Ari über Tuvia Rübner], ''Haaretz'' vom 15. Juni 2008
*[http://www.welt.de/die-welt/kultur/literatur/article9388427/Golda-Meirs-Plattenspieler.html ''Golda Meirs Plattenspieler''] Portrait von Marko Martin, ''Die Welt'' vom 4. Juni 2010

== Einzelnachweise ==
<references />

{{Normdaten|PND=120691191|LCCN=n/82/43213|VIAF=91459758}}

{{SORTIERUNG:Rubner, Tuvia}}
[[Kategorie:Autor]]
[[Kategorie:Israeli]]
[[Kategorie:Literatur (Deutsch)]]
[[Kategorie:Literatur (Hebräisch)]]
[[Kategorie:Literatur (20. Jahrhundert)]]
[[Kategorie:Literatur (21. Jahrhundert)]]
[[Kategorie:Lyrik]]
[[Kategorie:Autobiografie]]
[[Kategorie:Übersetzung (Literatur)]]
[[Kategorie:Exilliteratur]]
[[Kategorie:Deutschsprachiger Emigrant zur Zeit des Nationalsozialismus]]
[[Kategorie:Literaturwissenschaftler]]
[[Kategorie:Mitglied der Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur]]
[[Kategorie:Träger des Israel-Preises]]
[[Kategorie:Geboren 1924]]
[[Kategorie:Mann]]

{{Personendaten
|NAME=Rübner, Tuvia
|ALTERNATIVNAMEN=Ribner, Toviyah; Rubner, Kurt
|KURZBESCHREIBUNG=israelischer Lyriker und Literaturwissenschaftler
|GEBURTSDATUM=30. Januar 1924
|GEBURTSORT=[[Bratislava|Pressburg]]
|STERBEDATUM=
|STERBEORT=
}}

[[en:Tuvya Ruebner]]
[[he:טוביה ריבנר]]
[[ro:Tuvya Ruebner]]

Tuvia Rübner

2011-10-05T18:20:13Z

Davshul: en:Tuvya Rubner

'''Tuvia Rübner''' (* [[30. Januar]] [[1924]] in [[Bratislava|Bratislava/Preßburg]] als Kurt Rübner), in Israel Tuviyah Ribner (טוביה ריבנר), ist ein hebräisch- und deutschsprachiger [[Israel|israelischer]] [[Lyrik]]er, [[Literaturwissenschaft]]ler und literarischer [[Übersetzer]], der 1941 nach [[Völkerbundsmandat für Palästina|Palästina]] [[Auswanderung|emigrieren]] musste. Er lebt seither im [[Liste der Kibbuzim|Kibbuz]] [[Merchawia]] bei [[Afula]].

== Leben ==
Rübner wuchs in einer deutschsprachigen jüdischen Familie in Preßburg auf. Nachdem seine Eltern und seine Schwester nach Polen deportiert worden waren, konnte er 1941 im letzten Augenblick mit einer Gruppe von zehn Jugendlichen nach Palästina auswandern. Seine Angehörigen wurden mutmaßlich 1942 im [[KZ Auschwitz-Birkenau]] ermordet. Im Kibbuz Merchawia war er zunächst Schafhirte und arbeitete im Weinberg oder auf dem Feld. Er heiratete 1944, 1949 kam seine Tochter Miriam zur Welt. Kurz darauf starb seine Frau Ada bei einem schweren Busunglück, das Tuvia Rübner schwer verletzt überlebte. Er konnte keine körperlichen Arbeiten mehr verrichten und wurde deshalb Bibliothekar und Literaturlehrer an der Mittelschule im Kibbuz. Ohne spezielle akademische Ausbildung wurde er später Lehrer an einem Lehrerseminar und Universitätsprofessor. Seine zweite Frau Galila Jisreeli, von Beruf Konzertpianistin, lernte er 1953 kennen; mit ihr hat er zwei Söhne, Idan und Moran.

Als Abgesandter der [[Jewish Agency]] ging Rübner von 1963 bis 1966 nach Zürich, an der dortigen [[Universität Zürich|Universität]] hörte er Vorlesungen von [[Emil Staiger]] und Wolfgang Binder.<ref>Ingrid Wiltmann (Hrsg.): ''Lebensgeschichten aus Israel. Zwölf Gespräche.'' Suhrkamp Taschenbuch, Frankfurt am Main 1998, ISBN 3-518-39401-0, Seite 113</ref>

Früh lernte er den Literaturwissenschaftler [[Werner Kraft]] kennen, der ihn förderte und ermutigte in seiner Laufbahn als Schriftsteller und Literaturwissenschaftler. Auch [[Ludwig Strauss|Ludwig Strauß]] war Förderer und wurde zum Freund. Rübner war Professor für [[Komparatistik|Vergleichende Literaturwissenschaft]] an der [[Universität Haifa]] bis zu seiner Emeritierung 1992.

Tuvia Rübner lebt mit seiner Frau Galila Jisreeli-Rübner im Kibbuz Merchawia.

== Werk ==
Gleich nach seiner Ankunft im Kibbuz Merchawia begann Tuvia Rübner Gedichte zu schreiben, bis 1950 in deutscher Sprache. Er verarbeitete mit ihnen die Erfahrungen seines Verlusts der Familie und die Erlebnisse im neuen Land. Seit 1953 schrieb er seine Gedichte in [[Iwrit|Hebräisch]]; sieben Gedichtbände erschienen seit 1957, aus denen [[Christoph Meckel]] und [[Efrat Gal-Ed]] eine Auswahl übersetzten. Diese Zusammenstellung kam 1990 unter dem Titel ''Wüstenginster'' in Deutschland heraus.

Rübner übersetzte zahlreiche Werke nicht nur aus dem Deutschen ins Hebräische, u. a. von [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]], [[Franz Kafka]], [[Paul Celan]], sondern auch aus dem Hebräischen ins Deutsche, u. a. literarische Texte von [[Samuel Agnon|Samuel Joseph Agnon]] und [[Dan Pagis]].

Seit seiner Emeritierung schreibt Rübner wieder Gedichte in deutscher Sprache (''Stein will fließen'', ''Von Luft zu Luft'', ''Wer hält diese Eile aus''). Seine früheren Gedichte liegen in einer zweibändigen Werkausgabe in deutscher Sprache vor: ''Rauchvögel'' und ''Zypressenlicht''.

== Auszeichnungen ==
Die [[Deutsche Akademie für Sprache und Dichtung]] und die Mainzer [[Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur]] haben Rübner als korrespondierendes Mitglied aufgenommen.
Er erhielt u. a. den Zürcher Steinberg-Preis, den [[Christian-Wagner-Preis]] (1994), den [[Jeanette Schocken Preis]] (1999), für seine Übersetzung von Agnons Roman ''Schira'' den [[Paul-Celan-Preis]] (1999), den Jan-Smrek-Preis (Bratislava, 2002), den [[Israel-Preis|Israel-Preis für Literatur]] (2008) und den [[Theodor-Kramer-Preis]] (2008).

==Deutschsprachige Veröffentlichungen (Auswahl)==
* ''Wüstenginster. Gedichte'' 1990 ISBN 3-89086-786-3 Aus dem Hebräischen
* Hg., mit Dafna Mach: ''Briefwechsel [[Martin Buber]] – [[Ludwig Strauss|Ludwig Strauß]] 1913–1953'' (1990)
* ''Granatapfel. Frühe Gedichte'' 1995 ISBN 3-89086-855-X
* ''Ausgewählte Gedichte 1957 – 1997: 1. Rauchvögel'' Rimbaud, Aachen 1998 ISBN 3-89086-835-5
** ''... 1957 - 1999: 2. Zypressenlicht'' ebd. 2000 ISBN 3-89086-753-7
* Hg., mit Hans O. Horch: ''Ludwig Strauß. Gesammelte Werke'' 3 Bde. 1998–2000
* ''Stein will fließen. Gedichte'' 1999 ISBN 3-89086-791-X
* ''Von Luft zu Luft. Gedichte'' 2003
* ''Erzählen an der Grenze. Bemerkungen zu zwei jüdischen Erzählern: [[Agnon]] und [[Kafka]]'' 2004
* ''Ein langes kurzes Leben. Von Pressburg nach Merchavia'' Autobiografie 2004 ISBN 3-89086-664-6
* ''Wer hält diese Eile aus? Gedichte'' 2007 ISBN 3-89086-560-7
* ''Spätes Lob der Schönheit. Gedichte'', Rimbaud Verlag, Aachen 2010 ISBN 978-3-89086-511-9

== Übersetzungen (Auswahl) ==
* Samuel Joseph Agnon: ''Der Treueschwur'' (1965)
* Dan Pagis: ''Erdichteter Mensch. Gedichte hebräisch-deutsch'' (1993)
* Samuel Joseph Agnon: ''Schira'' (1998)
* Milan Richter: ''Der Engel mit schwarzen Flügeln'' (2005)
* Samuel Joseph Agnon: ''Der Vorabend. Erzählung'', in: Tuvia Rübner: ''Erzählen an der Grenze: Bemerkungen zu zwei jüdischen Erzählern, Agnon und Kafka''

== Literatur ==
* [[Uwe Pörksen]]: ''Der Sturm aus der Vergangenheit. Über Tuvia Rübner.'' Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 2003

== Weblinks ==
* {{DNB-Portal|120691191}}
* [http://www.exil-archiv.de/html/biografien/ruebner.htm Rübner im Exilarchiv der Else-Lasker-Schüler-Stiftung]
* [http://www.rimbaud.de/rez9783890867533_Ruebner_Zypressenlicht_Die_Horen.html ''„Du bist dem entkommen“''] Rezension von ''Zypressenlicht'', ''[[Die Horen (Morawietz)|Die Horen]]'' Nr. 203 (2001)
* [http://www.rimbaud.de/ruebner80.html ''Dichter müssen. Zum achtzigsten Geburtstag Tuvia Rübners''] Portrait von Ulrike Kolb, ''Frankfurter Rundschau'' vom 30. Januar 2004
* [http://www.rimbaud.de/rez9783890866642_Ruebner_langes_kurzes_Leben_Die_Presse.html ''Kein Datum, kein Grab''] Gertrud Spat über Rübners Autobiografie, ''Die Presse'' vom 8. Januar 2005
*[http://www.haaretz.co.il/hasite/spages/926728.html Shira Lev-Ari über Tuvia Rübner], ''Haaretz'' vom 15. Juni 2008
*[http://www.welt.de/die-welt/kultur/literatur/article9388427/Golda-Meirs-Plattenspieler.html ''Golda Meirs Plattenspieler''] Portrait von Marko Martin, ''Die Welt'' vom 4. Juni 2010

== Einzelnachweise ==
<references />

{{Normdaten|PND=120691191|LCCN=n/82/43213|VIAF=91459758}}

{{SORTIERUNG:Rubner, Tuvia}}
[[Kategorie:Autor]]
[[Kategorie:Israeli]]
[[Kategorie:Literatur (Deutsch)]]
[[Kategorie:Literatur (Hebräisch)]]
[[Kategorie:Literatur (20. Jahrhundert)]]
[[Kategorie:Literatur (21. Jahrhundert)]]
[[Kategorie:Lyrik]]
[[Kategorie:Autobiografie]]
[[Kategorie:Übersetzung (Literatur)]]
[[Kategorie:Exilliteratur]]
[[Kategorie:Deutschsprachiger Emigrant zur Zeit des Nationalsozialismus]]
[[Kategorie:Literaturwissenschaftler]]
[[Kategorie:Mitglied der Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur]]
[[Kategorie:Träger des Israel-Preises]]
[[Kategorie:Geboren 1924]]
[[Kategorie:Mann]]

{{Personendaten
|NAME=Rübner, Tuvia
|ALTERNATIVNAMEN=Ribner, Toviyah; Rubner, Kurt
|KURZBESCHREIBUNG=israelischer Lyriker und Literaturwissenschaftler
|GEBURTSDATUM=30. Januar 1924
|GEBURTSORT=[[Bratislava|Pressburg]]
|STERBEDATUM=
|STERBEORT=
}}

[[en:Tuvya Rubner]]
[[he:טוביה ריבנר]]
[[ro:Tuvya Ruebner]]

Israelisch-italienische Beziehungen

2011-08-06T21:50:57Z

Davshul: /* See also */ added International recognition of Israel

'''Israel–Italy relations''' comprise the foreign relations between [[Israel]] and [[Italy]].

Relations between Italy and Israel remain strong, with frequent diplomatic exchanges and a large volume of trade. The Israeli Government has followed with great attention the fight against international terrorism pursued by the Italian Government (also in the European arena: the decision of Riva del Garda to insert [[Hamas]] in the European list of organizations considered as terrorist). It has also been appreciated what the Italian Presidency has done in the framework of the United Nations on the Middle Eastern issues. Israel also welcomed the coherent and firm line of conduct, in contrasting the emergence of [[antisemitism]] in every possible form taken by the Italian government.

Italian culture enjoys a very high standing in Israel with Israelis frequently visiting Italy for education, work, tourism, and scientific and artistic exchanges. In the last ten years 105 books of Italian authors were translated from Italian to [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]. A strong community of [[Italian Jews]] who have immigrated to Israel have strengthened cultural ties and promoted Italian culture in the country. The Italian Cultural Institute recently initiated and organized a series of activities in the Cultural Center of the [[History of the Jews in Libya|Jews of Libyan origin]] in Or Yehuda, where recently a course of the Italian language has been launched.

The Italian Embassy and the Italian Cultural Institute recently stimulated the creation of a Friends of Italy association which consists of more than 15,000 people. In 2004 the negotiations for the new triennial protocol (2004–2007) of the Bilateral Accord in the Cultural Sector in force as of November 1971. The Italian Cultural Institute operates in Israel as of 1960 with its principal office at [[Tel Aviv]] and a separate section in Haifa. The [[Italian language]] is being taught in various centers around the country. The total number of students studying in centers under the direct control of the Italian Cultural Institute on 2004 reached 1500, in 150 courses with 30 teachers. If the Dante Alighieri Society courses are considered, the figure reaches 2500 students.

Recently, the possibility of introducing the teaching of the Italian language in various high schools and academic institutes has been successfully negotiated. For the academic year 2005-2006 the Italian Cultural Institute in Tel Aviv opened three academic courses of Italian Culture and Language at the Interdisciplinary Center in Herzliya. Italian is taught in four of the seven universities in Israel, and Israeli students study medicine, law, science, politics, architecture, and art at Italian universities.<ref>[http://www.ambtelaviv.esteri.it/Ambasciata_TelAviv/Menu/I_rapporti_bilaterali/Cooperazione_politica/ Embassy of Italy in Tel Aviv]</ref>

==See also==
* [[International recognition of Israel]]
* [[History of the Jews in Italy]]
* [[History of the Jews in the Roman Empire]]
* [[Italian Jews]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Foreign relations of Israel}}
{{Foreign relations of Italy}}

[[Category:Bilateral relations of Israel|Italy]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Italy|Israel]]
[[Category:Jewish Italian history]]

Jair Rosenblum

2011-08-04T12:25:25Z

Davshul: changed category

{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Yair Rosenblum
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| image_size =
| background = non_performing_personnel
| birth_name =
| alias =
| birth_date = 1944
| birth_place = [[Tel Aviv]]
| origin =
| death_date = August 27, 1996 (52 years old)
| death_place =
| genre =
| occupation = [[Composer]]
| instrument =
| years_active = 
| label =
| associated_acts =
| website =
| notable_instruments =
}}
'''Yair Rosenblum''' (1944–August 27, 1996) was an Israeli composer.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=kAxLAn6sOb4C&pg=PA102&dq=%22Yair+Rosenblum%22&hl=en&ei=xeQwTr7YDaHf0QHg4d2GDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Yair%20Rosenblum%22&f=false |title=Popular music and national culture in Israel |author=Motti Regev, Edwin Seroussi|date=2004 |accessdate=July 28, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=WaaFpaRWzoYC&pg=PA225&dq=%22Yair+Rosenblum%22&hl=en&ei=xeQwTr7YDaHf0QHg4d2GDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CF4Q6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=%22Yair%20Rosenblum%22&f=false |title=Authenticity in culture, self, and society |author= Phillip Vannini, J. Patrick Williams|date= 2009|accessdate=July 28, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=T4xKbErhhHQC&pg=PA29&dq=%22Yair+Rosenblum%22&hl=en&ei=M-cwTsOuGOHN0AHpt-SiDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q=%22Yair%20Rosenblum%22&f=false |author= Marc Rosenstein|title=Galilee diary |publisher= |date=2010 |accessdate=July 28, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiohazak.com/Rosenblum.html |title=Yair Rosenblum |publisher=RadioHazak |date=June 11, 1995 |accessdate=July 28, 2011}}</ref>

Rosenblum was born in [[Tel Aviv]].<ref name="google1">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=VuOZAJzvzOQC&pg=PA325&dq=%22Yair+Rosenblum%22&hl=en&ei=xeQwTr7YDaHf0QHg4d2GDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22Yair%20Rosenblum%22&f=false |title=Discovering Jewish music |author= Marsha Bryan Edelman|date=2003 |accessdate=July 28, 2011}}</ref> He was musical director of the [[Israel Defense Forces]] chorus in the 1960s and 1970s.<ref name="jweekly1">{{cite news|url=http://www.jweekly.com/article/full/3965/composer-of-peace-song-dies/ |title=Composer of `Peace Song' dies |work=Jweekly |date=August 30, 1996 |author=Naomi Segal|accessdate=July 28, 2011}}</ref>

Rosenblum composed songs for the Israel Defense Forces army and navy ensembles, which he also conducted; he is best known for such songs, including ''[[Shir L'Shalom]]''—''Song for Peace'' (1970).<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=tHeUp_HSpvoC&pg=PA301&dq=%22Yair+Rosenblum%22&hl=en&ei=xeQwTr7YDaHf0QHg4d2GDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CEEQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=%22Yair%20Rosenblum%22&f=false |title=The Complete Jewish Songbook: The Definitive Collection of Jewish Songs |author=Joel N. Eglash |date=2002 |accessdate=July 28, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=GNlMq2jM_xoC&pg=PA78&dq=%22Yair+Rosenblum%22&hl=en&ei=xeQwTr7YDaHf0QHg4d2GDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CGQQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=%22Yair%20Rosenblum%22&f=false |title=Shireinu |author= Union of American Hebrew Congregations, Joel N Eglash, Rosalie Boxt, Robert Weiner|date=2003|accessdate=July 28, 2011}}</ref> He also composed songs for films and television, and worked with a number of bands and choral groups.<ref name="google1"/><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=HRV0QTxddjkC&pg=PA118&dq=%22Yair+Rosenblum%22&hl=en&ei=xeQwTr7YDaHf0QHg4d2GDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDsQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=%22Yair%20Rosenblum%22&f=false |title=Who by fire, who by water-Un'taneh tokef |author=Un'taneh Tokef, Lawrence A. Hoffman |date= 2010|accessdate=July 28, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=hP16fBJ06yUC&pg=PA273&dq=%22Yair+Rosenblum%22&hl=en&ei=xeQwTr7YDaHf0QHg4d2GDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CEUQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=%22Yair%20Rosenblum%22&f=false |title=Companion encyclopedia of Middle Eastern and North African film |author=Oliver Leaman |date=2001 |accessdate=July 28, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=BJsktgkY9boC&pg=PA44&dq=%22Yair+Rosenblum%22&hl=en&ei=xeQwTr7YDaHf0QHg4d2GDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CFgQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=%22Yair%20Rosenblum%22&f=false |title=Israeli film: a reference guide |author=Amy Kronish, Costel Safirman |date=2003 |accessdate=July 28, 2011}}</ref> He also directed Israel's annual music festivals.<ref name="google1"/><ref name="jweekly1"/> He wrote more than 1,000 songs, including "Ammunition Hill" (1967), "In a Red Dress," "The Beautiful Life," "Tranquility," "Hallelujah," and "With What Will I Bless Him."<ref name="jweekly1"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/access/1230951221.html?dids=1230951221:1230951221&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Feb+23%2C+2007&author=GIL+ZOHAR&pub=Jerusalem+Post&desc=Old+soldiers+never+die&pqatl=google |title=Old soldiers never die |work=The Jerusalem Post |date=February 23, 2007 |author=Gil Zohar |accessdate=July 28, 2011}}</ref>

He died in [[Holon]] in 1996, at the age of 52, after a two-year illness.<ref name="jweekly1"/>

After his death, his daughter Karen received the lifetime achievement award on his behalf at the ACUM (Association of Composers and Publishers) Awards ceremony.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/access/63972662.html?dids=63972662:63972662&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Jan+03%2C+1997&author=HELEN+KAYE+and+Itim&pub=Jerusalem+Post&desc=Songwriter+Moshe+Willensky+dies+at+87&pqatl=google |title=Songwriter Moshe Willensky dies at 87 |work=The Jerusalem Post |date=January 23, 1997 |author=Helen Kaye |accessdate=July 28, 2011}}</ref>

In 2005, he was voted the 159th-greatest Israeli of all time, in a poll by the Israeli news website ''[[Ynet]]'' to determine whom the general public considered the [[200 Greatest Israelis]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3083171,00.html |title=הישראלי מספר 1: יצחק רבין – תרבות ובידור |work=Ynet| author=גיא בניוביץ' |date=June 20, 1995 |accessdate=July 10, 2011}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0742477/ IMDB profile]

[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:Israeli composers]]
[[Category:People from Tel Aviv]]
[[Category:1996 deaths]]
[[Category:Israeli Jews]]

Alexander Argow

2011-08-04T12:20:50Z

Davshul: changed category

{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Alexander "Sasha" Argov
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| image_size =
| background = non_performing_personnel
| birth_name = Alexander Abramovich
| alias =
| birth_date = 1914
| birth_place = [[Moscow]], Russia
| origin =
| death_date = September 27, 1995 (81 years old)
| death_place =
| genre =
| occupation = [[Composer]]
| instrument =
| years_active = 
| label =
| associated_acts =
| website =
| notable_instruments =
}}
'''Alexander "Sasha" Argov''' ({{lang-he|סשה ארגוב}}, born '''Alexander Abramovich'''; 1914 – September 27, 1995) was a prominent Israeli [[composer]].<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=oDO9S_YJMusC&pg=PA88&dq=%22Sasha+Argov%22&hl=en&ei=daQvTrfzLci1tweSz9GkCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CD0Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22Sasha%20Argov%22&f=false |title=Mediterranean Israeli Music and the Politics of the Aesthetic |author= Amy Horowitz|publisher= |year= 2010 |accessdate=July 27, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=amvQP0MzxRwC&pg=PA159&dq=%22Sasha+Argov%22&hl=en&ei=daQvTrfzLci1tweSz9GkCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CE8Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=%22Sasha%20Argov%22&f=false |title=Culture and customs of Israel |publisher= |year=2004 |author=Rebecca L. Torstrick |accessdate=July 27, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ObBdnygirHQC&pg=PA333&dq=%22Alexander+Argov%22&hl=en&ei=xqYvTseKPMq5tgfmxbmkCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22Alexander%20Argov%22&f=false |title=Cultures of the Jews: Modern encounters |publisher= |year=2006 |author=David Biale |accessdate=July 27, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=kAxLAn6sOb4C&pg=PA159&dq=%22Sasha+Argov%22&hl=en&ei=daQvTrfzLci1tweSz9GkCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Sasha%20Argov%22&f=false |title=Popular music and national culture in Israel |publisher= |year=2004 |author=Motti Regev, Edwin Seroussi |accessdate=July 27, 2011}}</ref><ref name="google1">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=gyiTOcnb2yYC&pg=PA365&dq=%22Sasha+Argov%22&hl=en&ei=daQvTrfzLci1tweSz9GkCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CEIQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=%22Sasha%20Argov%22&f=false |title=World music: the rough guide. Africa, Europe and the Middle East, Volume 1 |publisher= |year= 1999 |author=Simon Broughton, Mark Ellingham, Richard Trillo |accessdate=July 27, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ROJ2GIA-ALQC&pg=PA495&dq=%22Alexander+Argov%22&hl=en&ei=xqYvTseKPMq5tgfmxbmkCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=%22Alexander%20Argov%22&f=false |title=American Jewish year book 1997|publisher= |year=1997 |author= David Singer, Ruth R. Seldin|accessdate=July 27, 2011}}</ref>

==Early life==
Argov was born in [[Moscow]]. He immigrated to [[Palestine]] from Russia in 1934 with his parents.<ref name="google1"/><ref name="pqarchiver1995">{{cite news|url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/access/62544173.html?dids=62544173:62544173&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Sep+28%2C+1995&author=Itim&pub=Jerusalem+Post&desc=Alexander+Argov+dies+at+81&pqatl=google |title=Alexander Argov dies at 81 |work=The Jerusalem Post |date= September 28, 1995|author= |accessdate=July 27, 2011}}</ref>

==Music career==
He started composing at the age of five, began his formal music training one year later, and composed hundreds of popular songs.<ref name="pqarchiver1995"/><ref name="google2">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=VuOZAJzvzOQC&pg=PA349&dq=%22Sasha+Argov%22&hl=en&ei=daQvTrfzLci1tweSz9GkCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CFQQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=%22Sasha%20Argov%22&f=false |title=Discovering Jewish music |publisher= |year= 2003|author=Marsha Bryan Edelman |accessdate=July 27, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=r51rXyvKvywC&pg=PA38&dq=%22Alexander+Argov%22&hl=en&ei=xqYvTseKPMq5tgfmxbmkCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CEcQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=%22Alexander%20Argov%22&f=false |title=The Triangle Jewish Chorale Songbook |publisher= |date= |author=Jane Peppler |accessdate=July 27, 2011}}</ref> Among them were songs for the [[Israel Defense Forces]], film, and theater.<ref name="google2"/><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=BJsktgkY9boC&pg=PA28&dq=%22Sasha+Argov%22&hl=en&ei=daQvTrfzLci1tweSz9GkCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CFkQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=%22Sasha%20Argov%22&f=false |title=Israeli film: a reference guide |publisher= |year= 2003|author=Amy Kronish, Costel Safirman |accessdate=July 27, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Jp7ayTLX1D8C&pg=PA294&dq=%22Alexander+Argov%22&hl=en&ei=xqYvTseKPMq5tgfmxbmkCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Alexander%20Argov%22&f=false |title=World Filmography: 1967 |publisher= |year=1977 |author=Peter Cowie, Derek Elley |accessdate=July 27, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=hP16fBJ06yUC&pg=PA253&dq=%22Alexander+Argov%22&hl=en&ei=xqYvTseKPMq5tgfmxbmkCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=%22Alexander%20Argov%22&f=false |title=Companion encyclopedia of Middle Eastern and North African film |publisher= |year=2001 |author=Oliver Leaman |accessdate=July 27, 2011}}</ref>

In Palestine, he first worked in a bank.<ref name="jewishvirtuallibrary1">{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/argov.html |title=Sacha Argov |publisher=Jewish Virtual Library |date= |accessdate=July 27, 2011}}</ref> He later wrote lyrics for private celebrations, and composed for the [[Palmach]] and [[IDF]] troupes, including one of his most famous songs, “Friendship.”<ref name="jewishvirtuallibrary1"/> He wrote for several popular singing groups, and set many poems to music, including works of [[Leah Goldberg]] and [[Yehuda Amichai]].<ref name="jewishvirtuallibrary1"/>

Argov's music was influenced by Russian and to a smaller extent French music, but was dominated by Hebrew rhythms and harmony.<ref name="jewishvirtuallibrary1"/> He collaborated with [[Chaim Hefer]] and [[Matti Caspi]], two of whose albums feature exclusively lyrics written by Argov.<ref name="jewishvirtuallibrary1"/>

In 1988, he was awarded the [[Israel Prize]] in Hebrew song.<ref name=prize>{{Cite web| title = Israel Prize Official Site - Recipients in 1988 (in Hebrew)| url = http://cms.education.gov.il/EducationCMS/Units/PrasIsrael/Tashmag/Tashnab_Tashmag_Rikuz.htm?DictionaryKey=Tashmach}}</ref><ref name="google2"/><ref name="jewishvirtuallibrary1"/>

In 2005, he was voted the 136th-greatest Israeli of all time, in a poll by the Israeli news website ''[[Ynet]]'' to determine whom the general public considered the [[200 Greatest Israelis]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3083171,00.html |title=הישראלי מספר 1: יצחק רבין – תרבות ובידור |work=Ynet| author=גיא בניוביץ' |date=June 20, 1995 |accessdate=July 10, 2011}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Israel Prize recipients]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME =
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1914
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Moscow]], Russia
| DATE OF DEATH = September 27, 1995
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:1995 deaths]]
[[Category:Composers in the Palestine mandate]]
[[Category:Israeli composers]]
[[Category:Israel Prize in Hebrew song recipients]]
[[Category:Musicians from Moscow]]

[[he:סשה ארגוב]]
[[ro:Sasha Argov]]
[[ru:Саша Аргов]]

Alexander Argow

2011-08-03T09:41:13Z

Davshul: /* References */ added See also

{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Alexander "Sasha" Argov
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| image_size =
| background = non_performing_personnel
| birth_name = Alexander Abramovich
| alias =
| birth_date = 1914
| birth_place = [[Moscow]], Russia
| origin =
| death_date = September 27, 1995 (81 years old)
| death_place =
| genre =
| occupation = [[Composer]]
| instrument =
| years_active = 
| label =
| associated_acts =
| website =
| notable_instruments =
}}
'''Alexander "Sasha" Argov''' ({{lang-he|סשה ארגוב}}, born '''Alexander Abramovich'''; 1914 – September 27, 1995) was a prominent Israeli [[composer]].<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=oDO9S_YJMusC&pg=PA88&dq=%22Sasha+Argov%22&hl=en&ei=daQvTrfzLci1tweSz9GkCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CD0Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22Sasha%20Argov%22&f=false |title=Mediterranean Israeli Music and the Politics of the Aesthetic |author= Amy Horowitz|publisher= |year= 2010 |accessdate=July 27, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=amvQP0MzxRwC&pg=PA159&dq=%22Sasha+Argov%22&hl=en&ei=daQvTrfzLci1tweSz9GkCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CE8Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=%22Sasha%20Argov%22&f=false |title=Culture and customs of Israel |publisher= |year=2004 |author=Rebecca L. Torstrick |accessdate=July 27, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ObBdnygirHQC&pg=PA333&dq=%22Alexander+Argov%22&hl=en&ei=xqYvTseKPMq5tgfmxbmkCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22Alexander%20Argov%22&f=false |title=Cultures of the Jews: Modern encounters |publisher= |year=2006 |author=David Biale |accessdate=July 27, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=kAxLAn6sOb4C&pg=PA159&dq=%22Sasha+Argov%22&hl=en&ei=daQvTrfzLci1tweSz9GkCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Sasha%20Argov%22&f=false |title=Popular music and national culture in Israel |publisher= |year=2004 |author=Motti Regev, Edwin Seroussi |accessdate=July 27, 2011}}</ref><ref name="google1">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=gyiTOcnb2yYC&pg=PA365&dq=%22Sasha+Argov%22&hl=en&ei=daQvTrfzLci1tweSz9GkCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CEIQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=%22Sasha%20Argov%22&f=false |title=World music: the rough guide. Africa, Europe and the Middle East, Volume 1 |publisher= |year= 1999 |author=Simon Broughton, Mark Ellingham, Richard Trillo |accessdate=July 27, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ROJ2GIA-ALQC&pg=PA495&dq=%22Alexander+Argov%22&hl=en&ei=xqYvTseKPMq5tgfmxbmkCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=%22Alexander%20Argov%22&f=false |title=American Jewish year book 1997|publisher= |year=1997 |author= David Singer, Ruth R. Seldin|accessdate=July 27, 2011}}</ref>

Argov was born in [[Moscow]], and immigrated to [[Palestine]] from Russia in 1934 with his parents.<ref name="google1"/><ref name="pqarchiver1995">{{cite news|url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/access/62544173.html?dids=62544173:62544173&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Sep+28%2C+1995&author=Itim&pub=Jerusalem+Post&desc=Alexander+Argov+dies+at+81&pqatl=google |title=Alexander Argov dies at 81 |work=The Jerusalem Post |date= September 28, 1995|author= |accessdate=July 27, 2011}}</ref>

He started composing at the age of five, began his formal music training one year later, and composed hundreds of popular songs.<ref name="pqarchiver1995"/><ref name="google2">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=VuOZAJzvzOQC&pg=PA349&dq=%22Sasha+Argov%22&hl=en&ei=daQvTrfzLci1tweSz9GkCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CFQQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=%22Sasha%20Argov%22&f=false |title=Discovering Jewish music |publisher= |year= 2003|author=Marsha Bryan Edelman |accessdate=July 27, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=r51rXyvKvywC&pg=PA38&dq=%22Alexander+Argov%22&hl=en&ei=xqYvTseKPMq5tgfmxbmkCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CEcQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=%22Alexander%20Argov%22&f=false |title=The Triangle Jewish Chorale Songbook |publisher= |date= |author=Jane Peppler |accessdate=July 27, 2011}}</ref> Among them were songs for the [[Israel Defense Forces]], film, and theater.<ref name="google2"/><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=BJsktgkY9boC&pg=PA28&dq=%22Sasha+Argov%22&hl=en&ei=daQvTrfzLci1tweSz9GkCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CFkQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=%22Sasha%20Argov%22&f=false |title=Israeli film: a reference guide |publisher= |year= 2003|author=Amy Kronish, Costel Safirman |accessdate=July 27, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Jp7ayTLX1D8C&pg=PA294&dq=%22Alexander+Argov%22&hl=en&ei=xqYvTseKPMq5tgfmxbmkCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Alexander%20Argov%22&f=false |title=World Filmography: 1967 |publisher= |year=1977 |author=Peter Cowie, Derek Elley |accessdate=July 27, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=hP16fBJ06yUC&pg=PA253&dq=%22Alexander+Argov%22&hl=en&ei=xqYvTseKPMq5tgfmxbmkCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=%22Alexander%20Argov%22&f=false |title=Companion encyclopedia of Middle Eastern and North African film |publisher= |year=2001 |author=Oliver Leaman |accessdate=July 27, 2011}}</ref>

In Palestine, he first worked in a bank.<ref name="jewishvirtuallibrary1">{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/argov.html |title=Sacha Argov |publisher=Jewish Virtual Library |date= |accessdate=July 27, 2011}}</ref> He later wrote lyrics for private celebrations, and composed for the [[Palmach]] and [[IDF]] troupes, including one of his most famous songs, “Friendship.”<ref name="jewishvirtuallibrary1"/> He wrote for several popular singing groups, and set many poems to music, including works of [[Leah Goldberg]] and [[Yehuda Amichai]].<ref name="jewishvirtuallibrary1"/>

Argov's music was influenced by Russian and to a smaller extent French music, but was dominated by Hebrew rhythms and harmony.<ref name="jewishvirtuallibrary1"/> He collaborated with [[Chaim Hefer]] and [[Matti Caspi]], two of whose albums feature exclusively lyrics written by Argov.<ref name="jewishvirtuallibrary1"/>

In 1988, he was awarded the [[Israel Prize]] in Hebrew song.<ref name=prize>{{Cite web| title = Israel Prize Official Site - Recipients in 1988 (in Hebrew)| url = http://cms.education.gov.il/EducationCMS/Units/PrasIsrael/Tashmag/Tashnab_Tashmag_Rikuz.htm?DictionaryKey=Tashmach}}</ref><ref name="google2"/><ref name="jewishvirtuallibrary1"/>

In 2005, he was voted the 136th-greatest Israeli of all time, in a poll by the Israeli news website ''[[Ynet]]'' to determine whom the general public considered the [[200 Greatest Israelis]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3083171,00.html |title=הישראלי מספר 1: יצחק רבין – תרבות ובידור |work=Ynet| author=גיא בניוביץ' |date=June 20, 1995 |accessdate=July 10, 2011}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Israel Prize recipients]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME =
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1914
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Moscow]], Russia
| DATE OF DEATH = September 27, 1995
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:1995 deaths]]
[[Category:Palestinian composers]]
[[Category:Israeli composers]]
[[Category:Israel Prize in Hebrew song recipients]]
[[Category:Musicians from Moscow]]

[[he:סשה ארגוב]]
[[ro:Sasha Argov]]
[[ru:Саша Аргов]]

Alexander Argow

2011-08-03T09:38:21Z

Davshul: Replaced container catagory :Category:Israel Prize recipients with :Category:Israel Prize in Hebrew song recipients

{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Alexander "Sasha" Argov
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| image_size =
| background = non_performing_personnel
| birth_name = Alexander Abramovich
| alias =
| birth_date = 1914
| birth_place = [[Moscow]], Russia
| origin =
| death_date = September 27, 1995 (81 years old)
| death_place =
| genre =
| occupation = [[Composer]]
| instrument =
| years_active = 
| label =
| associated_acts =
| website =
| notable_instruments =
}}
'''Alexander "Sasha" Argov''' ({{lang-he|סשה ארגוב}}, born '''Alexander Abramovich'''; 1914 – September 27, 1995) was a prominent Israeli [[composer]].<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=oDO9S_YJMusC&pg=PA88&dq=%22Sasha+Argov%22&hl=en&ei=daQvTrfzLci1tweSz9GkCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CD0Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22Sasha%20Argov%22&f=false |title=Mediterranean Israeli Music and the Politics of the Aesthetic |author= Amy Horowitz|publisher= |year= 2010 |accessdate=July 27, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=amvQP0MzxRwC&pg=PA159&dq=%22Sasha+Argov%22&hl=en&ei=daQvTrfzLci1tweSz9GkCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CE8Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=%22Sasha%20Argov%22&f=false |title=Culture and customs of Israel |publisher= |year=2004 |author=Rebecca L. Torstrick |accessdate=July 27, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ObBdnygirHQC&pg=PA333&dq=%22Alexander+Argov%22&hl=en&ei=xqYvTseKPMq5tgfmxbmkCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22Alexander%20Argov%22&f=false |title=Cultures of the Jews: Modern encounters |publisher= |year=2006 |author=David Biale |accessdate=July 27, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=kAxLAn6sOb4C&pg=PA159&dq=%22Sasha+Argov%22&hl=en&ei=daQvTrfzLci1tweSz9GkCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Sasha%20Argov%22&f=false |title=Popular music and national culture in Israel |publisher= |year=2004 |author=Motti Regev, Edwin Seroussi |accessdate=July 27, 2011}}</ref><ref name="google1">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=gyiTOcnb2yYC&pg=PA365&dq=%22Sasha+Argov%22&hl=en&ei=daQvTrfzLci1tweSz9GkCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CEIQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=%22Sasha%20Argov%22&f=false |title=World music: the rough guide. Africa, Europe and the Middle East, Volume 1 |publisher= |year= 1999 |author=Simon Broughton, Mark Ellingham, Richard Trillo |accessdate=July 27, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ROJ2GIA-ALQC&pg=PA495&dq=%22Alexander+Argov%22&hl=en&ei=xqYvTseKPMq5tgfmxbmkCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=%22Alexander%20Argov%22&f=false |title=American Jewish year book 1997|publisher= |year=1997 |author= David Singer, Ruth R. Seldin|accessdate=July 27, 2011}}</ref>

Argov was born in [[Moscow]], and immigrated to [[Palestine]] from Russia in 1934 with his parents.<ref name="google1"/><ref name="pqarchiver1995">{{cite news|url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/access/62544173.html?dids=62544173:62544173&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Sep+28%2C+1995&author=Itim&pub=Jerusalem+Post&desc=Alexander+Argov+dies+at+81&pqatl=google |title=Alexander Argov dies at 81 |work=The Jerusalem Post |date= September 28, 1995|author= |accessdate=July 27, 2011}}</ref>

He started composing at the age of five, began his formal music training one year later, and composed hundreds of popular songs.<ref name="pqarchiver1995"/><ref name="google2">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=VuOZAJzvzOQC&pg=PA349&dq=%22Sasha+Argov%22&hl=en&ei=daQvTrfzLci1tweSz9GkCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CFQQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=%22Sasha%20Argov%22&f=false |title=Discovering Jewish music |publisher= |year= 2003|author=Marsha Bryan Edelman |accessdate=July 27, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=r51rXyvKvywC&pg=PA38&dq=%22Alexander+Argov%22&hl=en&ei=xqYvTseKPMq5tgfmxbmkCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CEcQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=%22Alexander%20Argov%22&f=false |title=The Triangle Jewish Chorale Songbook |publisher= |date= |author=Jane Peppler |accessdate=July 27, 2011}}</ref> Among them were songs for the [[Israel Defense Forces]], film, and theater.<ref name="google2"/><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=BJsktgkY9boC&pg=PA28&dq=%22Sasha+Argov%22&hl=en&ei=daQvTrfzLci1tweSz9GkCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CFkQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=%22Sasha%20Argov%22&f=false |title=Israeli film: a reference guide |publisher= |year= 2003|author=Amy Kronish, Costel Safirman |accessdate=July 27, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Jp7ayTLX1D8C&pg=PA294&dq=%22Alexander+Argov%22&hl=en&ei=xqYvTseKPMq5tgfmxbmkCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Alexander%20Argov%22&f=false |title=World Filmography: 1967 |publisher= |year=1977 |author=Peter Cowie, Derek Elley |accessdate=July 27, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=hP16fBJ06yUC&pg=PA253&dq=%22Alexander+Argov%22&hl=en&ei=xqYvTseKPMq5tgfmxbmkCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=%22Alexander%20Argov%22&f=false |title=Companion encyclopedia of Middle Eastern and North African film |publisher= |year=2001 |author=Oliver Leaman |accessdate=July 27, 2011}}</ref>

In Palestine, he first worked in a bank.<ref name="jewishvirtuallibrary1">{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/argov.html |title=Sacha Argov |publisher=Jewish Virtual Library |date= |accessdate=July 27, 2011}}</ref> He later wrote lyrics for private celebrations, and composed for the [[Palmach]] and [[IDF]] troupes, including one of his most famous songs, “Friendship.”<ref name="jewishvirtuallibrary1"/> He wrote for several popular singing groups, and set many poems to music, including works of [[Leah Goldberg]] and [[Yehuda Amichai]].<ref name="jewishvirtuallibrary1"/>

Argov's music was influenced by Russian and to a smaller extent French music, but was dominated by Hebrew rhythms and harmony.<ref name="jewishvirtuallibrary1"/> He collaborated with [[Chaim Hefer]] and [[Matti Caspi]], two of whose albums feature exclusively lyrics written by Argov.<ref name="jewishvirtuallibrary1"/>

In 1988, he was awarded the [[Israel Prize]] in Hebrew song.<ref name=prize>{{Cite web| title = Israel Prize Official Site - Recipients in 1988 (in Hebrew)| url = http://cms.education.gov.il/EducationCMS/Units/PrasIsrael/Tashmag/Tashnab_Tashmag_Rikuz.htm?DictionaryKey=Tashmach}}</ref><ref name="google2"/><ref name="jewishvirtuallibrary1"/>

In 2005, he was voted the 136th-greatest Israeli of all time, in a poll by the Israeli news website ''[[Ynet]]'' to determine whom the general public considered the [[200 Greatest Israelis]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3083171,00.html |title=הישראלי מספר 1: יצחק רבין – תרבות ובידור |work=Ynet| author=גיא בניוביץ' |date=June 20, 1995 |accessdate=July 10, 2011}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME =
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1914
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Moscow]], Russia
| DATE OF DEATH = September 27, 1995
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:1995 deaths]]
[[Category:Palestinian composers]]
[[Category:Israeli composers]]
[[Category:Israel Prize in Hebrew song recipients]]
[[Category:Musicians from Moscow]]

[[he:סשה ארגוב]]
[[ro:Sasha Argov]]
[[ru:Саша Аргов]]

Alexander Argow

2011-08-03T08:56:44Z

Davshul: he:סשה ארגוב

{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Alexander "Sasha" Argov
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| image_size =
| background = non_performing_personnel
| birth_name = Alexander Abramovich
| alias =
| birth_date = 1914
| birth_place = [[Moscow]], Russia
| origin =
| death_date = September 27, 1995 (81 years old)
| death_place =
| genre =
| occupation = [[Composer]]
| instrument =
| years_active = 
| label =
| associated_acts =
| website =
| notable_instruments =
}}
'''Alexander "Sasha" Argov''' ({{lang-he|סשה ארגוב}}, born '''Alexander Abramovich'''; 1914 – September 27, 1995) was a prominent Israeli [[composer]].<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=oDO9S_YJMusC&pg=PA88&dq=%22Sasha+Argov%22&hl=en&ei=daQvTrfzLci1tweSz9GkCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CD0Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22Sasha%20Argov%22&f=false |title=Mediterranean Israeli Music and the Politics of the Aesthetic |author= Amy Horowitz|publisher= |year= 2010 |accessdate=July 27, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=amvQP0MzxRwC&pg=PA159&dq=%22Sasha+Argov%22&hl=en&ei=daQvTrfzLci1tweSz9GkCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CE8Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=%22Sasha%20Argov%22&f=false |title=Culture and customs of Israel |publisher= |year=2004 |author=Rebecca L. Torstrick |accessdate=July 27, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ObBdnygirHQC&pg=PA333&dq=%22Alexander+Argov%22&hl=en&ei=xqYvTseKPMq5tgfmxbmkCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22Alexander%20Argov%22&f=false |title=Cultures of the Jews: Modern encounters |publisher= |year=2006 |author=David Biale |accessdate=July 27, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=kAxLAn6sOb4C&pg=PA159&dq=%22Sasha+Argov%22&hl=en&ei=daQvTrfzLci1tweSz9GkCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Sasha%20Argov%22&f=false |title=Popular music and national culture in Israel |publisher= |year=2004 |author=Motti Regev, Edwin Seroussi |accessdate=July 27, 2011}}</ref><ref name="google1">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=gyiTOcnb2yYC&pg=PA365&dq=%22Sasha+Argov%22&hl=en&ei=daQvTrfzLci1tweSz9GkCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CEIQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=%22Sasha%20Argov%22&f=false |title=World music: the rough guide. Africa, Europe and the Middle East, Volume 1 |publisher= |year= 1999 |author=Simon Broughton, Mark Ellingham, Richard Trillo |accessdate=July 27, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ROJ2GIA-ALQC&pg=PA495&dq=%22Alexander+Argov%22&hl=en&ei=xqYvTseKPMq5tgfmxbmkCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=%22Alexander%20Argov%22&f=false |title=American Jewish year book 1997|publisher= |year=1997 |author= David Singer, Ruth R. Seldin|accessdate=July 27, 2011}}</ref>

Argov was born in [[Moscow]], and immigrated to [[Palestine]] from Russia in 1934 with his parents.<ref name="google1"/><ref name="pqarchiver1995">{{cite news|url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/access/62544173.html?dids=62544173:62544173&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Sep+28%2C+1995&author=Itim&pub=Jerusalem+Post&desc=Alexander+Argov+dies+at+81&pqatl=google |title=Alexander Argov dies at 81 |work=The Jerusalem Post |date= September 28, 1995|author= |accessdate=July 27, 2011}}</ref>

He started composing at the age of five, began his formal music training one year later, and composed hundreds of popular songs.<ref name="pqarchiver1995"/><ref name="google2">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=VuOZAJzvzOQC&pg=PA349&dq=%22Sasha+Argov%22&hl=en&ei=daQvTrfzLci1tweSz9GkCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CFQQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=%22Sasha%20Argov%22&f=false |title=Discovering Jewish music |publisher= |year= 2003|author=Marsha Bryan Edelman |accessdate=July 27, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=r51rXyvKvywC&pg=PA38&dq=%22Alexander+Argov%22&hl=en&ei=xqYvTseKPMq5tgfmxbmkCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CEcQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=%22Alexander%20Argov%22&f=false |title=The Triangle Jewish Chorale Songbook |publisher= |date= |author=Jane Peppler |accessdate=July 27, 2011}}</ref> Among them were songs for the [[Israel Defense Forces]], film, and theater.<ref name="google2"/><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=BJsktgkY9boC&pg=PA28&dq=%22Sasha+Argov%22&hl=en&ei=daQvTrfzLci1tweSz9GkCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CFkQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=%22Sasha%20Argov%22&f=false |title=Israeli film: a reference guide |publisher= |year= 2003|author=Amy Kronish, Costel Safirman |accessdate=July 27, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Jp7ayTLX1D8C&pg=PA294&dq=%22Alexander+Argov%22&hl=en&ei=xqYvTseKPMq5tgfmxbmkCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Alexander%20Argov%22&f=false |title=World Filmography: 1967 |publisher= |year=1977 |author=Peter Cowie, Derek Elley |accessdate=July 27, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=hP16fBJ06yUC&pg=PA253&dq=%22Alexander+Argov%22&hl=en&ei=xqYvTseKPMq5tgfmxbmkCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=%22Alexander%20Argov%22&f=false |title=Companion encyclopedia of Middle Eastern and North African film |publisher= |year=2001 |author=Oliver Leaman |accessdate=July 27, 2011}}</ref>

In Palestine, he first worked in a bank.<ref name="jewishvirtuallibrary1">{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/argov.html |title=Sacha Argov |publisher=Jewish Virtual Library |date= |accessdate=July 27, 2011}}</ref> He later wrote lyrics for private celebrations, and composed for the [[Palmach]] and [[IDF]] troupes, including one of his most famous songs, “Friendship.”<ref name="jewishvirtuallibrary1"/> He wrote for several popular singing groups, and set many poems to music, including works of [[Leah Goldberg]] and [[Yehuda Amichai]].<ref name="jewishvirtuallibrary1"/>

Argov's music was influenced by Russian and to a smaller extent French music, but was dominated by Hebrew rhythms and harmony.<ref name="jewishvirtuallibrary1"/> He collaborated with [[Chaim Hefer]] and [[Matti Caspi]], two of whose albums feature exclusively lyrics written by Argov.<ref name="jewishvirtuallibrary1"/>

He was awarded the [[Israel Prize]] in 1988.<ref name="google2"/><ref name="jewishvirtuallibrary1"/>

In 2005, he was voted the 136th-greatest Israeli of all time, in a poll by the Israeli news website ''[[Ynet]]'' to determine whom the general public considered the [[200 Greatest Israelis]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3083171,00.html |title=הישראלי מספר 1: יצחק רבין – תרבות ובידור |work=Ynet| author=גיא בניוביץ' |date=June 20, 1995 |accessdate=July 10, 2011}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME =
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1914
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Moscow]], Russia
| DATE OF DEATH = September 27, 1995
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:1995 deaths]]
[[Category:Palestinian composers]]
[[Category:Israeli composers]]
[[Category:Israel Prize recipients]]
[[Category:Musicians from Moscow]]

[[he:סשה ארגוב]]
[[ro:Sasha Argov]]
[[ru:Саша Аргов]]

Kilgour-Matas-Untersuchungsbericht

2011-07-13T08:34:22Z

Davshul: /* The Kilgour-Matas report */ wikilink

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2010}}
[[Image:Organ Harvesting Press Conference-David Kilgour-Belgium.jpg|thumb|David Kilgour, former Canadian Secretary of State (Asia-Pacific), investigated the Falun Gong allegations]]

The '''Kilgour-Matas report''' is an investigative report by Canadian MP [[David Kilgour]] and human rights lawyer [[David Matas]] into allegations of organ harvesting from live practitioners of the banned [[Falun Gong]] spiritual movement in China, which was published July 2006 and revised in January 2007.<ref name="KMRR">{{cite book|last=Kilgour|first=David|coauthors=David Matas|title=BLOODY HARVEST: Revised Report into Allegations of Organ Harvesting of Falun Gong Practitioners in China|url=http://organharvestinvestigation.net/index.html|quote=Based on our further research, we are reinforced in our original conclusion that the allegations are true. We believe that there has been and continues today to be large scale organ seizures from unwilling Falun Gong practitioners.}}</ref> The investigation was requested by the [[Coalition to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://organharvestinvestigation.net/report0701/report20070131.htm#_Toc158023094 |title=BLOODY HARVEST |publisher=organharvestinvestigation.net |accessdate=2010-11-13 }}</ref> and concluded that "there has been, and continues today to be, large-scale organ seizures from unwilling Falun Gong practitioners."<ref>{{cite news|title=China admits to 'transplant tourism': Plans clampdown: Health Minister vows to stop harvesting organs from prisoners|newspaper=National Post, Canada, Toronto Edition|date=17 November 2006 Friday }}</ref><ref name="CSM2006">{{cite news|title=China faces suspicions about organ harvesting|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/0803/p16s01-lire.html|newspaper=The Christian Science Monitor|date=3 August 2006}}</ref><ref name="KMR">{{cite web|url=http://organharvestinvestigation.net/report20060706.htm|title=The First Report into Allegations of Organ Harvesting of Falun Gong Practitioners in China|last=Kilgour|first=David|coauthors=David Matas|accessdate=27 April 2010}}</ref> China has repeatedly denied the organ harvesting allegations in the report.<ref name="ctvJuly06">CTV.ca News Staff (6 July 2006) [http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060706/organ_report060706/20060706?hub=Canada "Chinese embassy denies organ harvesting report"], ''CTV.ca''. Retrieved 8 July 2006.</ref><ref name="canada.com">Canadian Press (7 July 2006) [http://www.canada.com/topics/news/world/story.html?id=432dfdf7-9767-46b9-a210-65ff388d823f&k=17423 "Report claims China kills prisoners to harvest organs for transplant"], canada.com. Retrieved 8 July 2006.</ref>

The report received a mixed reception. A [[Congressional Research Service]] report by Dr. Thomas Lum stated that the Kilgour-Matas report relied largely on logical inference, without bringing forth new or independently-obtained testimony; the credibility of much of the key evidence was said to be questionable.<ref name=lum/> U.N. special rapporteur Manfred Nowak said in March 2007 that the chain of evidence Kilgour and Matas were documenting showed a "coherent picture that causes concern",<ref>[http://www.david-kilgour.com/2007/Dec_03_2007_01a.htm An Interview with U.N. Special Rapporteur on Organ Harvesting in China]</ref> which the United Nations Committee Against Torture followed up in November 2008 with a request for "a full explanation of the source of organ transplants", to investigate the claims of organ harvesting, and to take measures to prosecute those committing abuses.<ref name=UNCAT>United Nations Committee Against Torture,[http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cat/docs/CAT.C.CHN.CO.4.pdf CONSIDERATION OF REPORTS SUBMITTED BY STATES PARTIES UNDER ARTICLE 19 OF THE CONVENTION: Concluding observations of the Committee against Torture], Forty-first session, Geneva, 3–21 November 2008</ref> Investigations by Ethan Gutmann and European Parliament Vice President Edward McMillan-Scott, however, generally sided with the Kilgour-Matas report.<ref name=gutmann>{{cite web|url=http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/015/824qbcjr.asp|title=China's Gruesome Organ Harvest. The whole world isn't watching. Why not?|last=Gutmann|first=Ethan|work=[[Weekly Standard]]|accessdate=27 April 2010}}</ref> Glen McGregor of the ''[[Ottawa Citizen]]'' was sceptical about the logistical plausibility of the allegations after visiting the site. He said that, depending on who you believe, "the Kilgour-Matas report is either compelling evidence that proves the claims about Falun Gong ... or a collection of conjecture and inductive reasoning that fails to support its own conclusions".<ref name=glen>Glen McGregor, [http://www.canada.com/components/print.aspx?id=2c15d2f0-f0ab-4da9-991a-23e4094de949 "Inside China's 'crematorium'"], ''[[The Ottawa Citizen]]'', 24 November 2007</ref> Professor David Ownby of the [[University of Montreal]],<ref>Professor David Ownby is Director of Center for East Asian Studies, University of Montreal</ref> a noted expert on Falun Gong, wrote: "it seems likely that Falun Gong practitioners who are part of the prison population would be candidates for harvesting," but also noted that while "organ harvesting is happening in China, [...] I see no evidence proving it is aimed particularly at Falun Gong practitioners."<ref name=radiocan/>

Upon release of the initial report on 6 July, Chinese officials declared that China abided by [[World Health Organization]] principles that prohibit the sale of human organs without written consent from donors. They denounced the report as smears "based on rumours and false allegations", and said the Chinese government had already investigated the claims and found them without any merit.<ref name=ccpembassy>{{cite web|author=Chinese Embassy in Canada |title=Response to the so called "China's organ harvesting report |url=http://www.chinaembassycanada.org/eng/xw/t261810.htm |date=6 July 2006 |accessdate=12 July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.china-embassy.org/eng/zt/ppflg/t263446.htm |title=Exposing the Lies of "Falun Gong" Cult |publisher=www.china-embassy.org |accessdate=14 Jun. 2010 }}</ref> A [[Congressional Research Service]] report said that some of the report’s key allegations appeared to be inconsistent with the findings of other investigations, though did not provide details.<ref>CRS Report for Congress (11 August 2006)[http://www.usembassy.it/pdf/other/RL33437.pdf "China and Falun Gong"],''[[Congressional Research Service]]'', retrieved 12 November 2007</ref> The US state department maintained that "[i]ndependent of these specific allegations, the United States remains concerned over China’s repression of Falun Gong practitioners and by reports of organ harvesting."<ref name=usgov1>[http://www.america.gov/st/washfile-english/2006/April/20060416141157uhyggep0.5443231.html U.S. Finds No Evidence of Alleged Concentration Camp in China]</ref>

The US National Kidney Foundation expressed that it was "deeply concerned" about the allegations.<ref name="kidney.org">[http://www.kidney.org/news/newsroom/newsitem.cfm?id=336 National Kidney Foundation Statement about Alleged Human Rights Violations in Organ Donation] National Kidney Foundation, 14 August 2006, retrieved 18 August 2006</ref> Taiwan urged its citizens not to travel to China to receive transplants.<ref>{{cite news|last=Hsu|first=Elizabeth|title=Taiwan people urged not to travel to China for organ transplants|newspaper=Taiwanese Central News Agency}}</ref> The reports led to the Australian Health Ministry's abolition of training programs for Chinese doctors and the banning of joint research programs with China on organ transplantation,<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,20876865-1702,00.html?from=public_rss
|title=Hospitals ban training Chinese surgeons
|author=[[Australian Associated Press]]
|date=5 December 2006
|work=[[The Age]]}}</ref> and to Kilgour and Matas receiving the 2009 award bestowed by the [[International Society for Human Rights]].<ref name="Winnipeg"/> In 2009, the authors published the report as a book, titled ''"Bloody Harvest''."<ref name="washingtontimes.com">{{cite news|title=Chinese accused of vast trade in organs|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2010/apr/27/chinese-accused-of-vast-trade-in-organs/print/|newspaper=Washington Times}}</ref>

==Background==
===Organ transplantation in the People's Republic of China===
[[Image:AdultKidneyTransplantWaittimes.jpg|thumb|470px|right|Comparison of average wait-times, in days, for an adult kidney transplant, in different countries (''source Kilgour & Matas'')<ref name="KMRR" /><ref>[http://www.david-kilgour.com/2007/Dec_06_2007_01a.htm Beyond The Red Wall – Documentary on the Persecution of Falun Gong]</ref>]]
{{Main|Organ transplantation in the People's Republic of China}}

China has had an organ transplantation programme since the 1960s; it is one of the largest [[organ transplant]] programmes in the world, peaking at over 13,000 transplants a year in 2004.<ref name=Lancet>[http://www.thelancetglobalhealthnetwork.com/wp-content/uploads/Health-System-Reform-in-China-CMT-11.pdf "Health-System-Reform-in-China"] ''[[The Lancet]]'', 20 October 2008, retrieved 24 September 2010</ref> Involuntary [[organ harvesting]] is illegal under Chinese law, although under a 1984 regulation it became legal to remove organs from executed criminals with the prior consent of the criminal or permission of relatives. By the 1990s, growing concerns about possible ethical abuses arising from coerced consent and corruption led medical groups and human rights organizations to start condemning the practice.<ref name=TTS>{{cite web|url=https://www.dafoh.org/TTS__policy_on_Interactions.php |title=TTS' policy on Interactions with China |publisher=Doctors Against Forced Organ Harvesting |accessdate=24 May 2010 }}</ref> These concerns resurfaced in 2001, when ''[[The Washington Post]]'' reported claims by a Chinese asylum-seeking doctor that he had taken part in organ extraction operations.

By 2005 the WMA had specifically demanded that China cease using prisoners as organ donors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wma.net/en/30publications/10policies/30council/cr_5/index.html |title=The World Medical Association Council Resolution on Organ Donation in China |publisher=World Medical Association |accessdate=9 Jun. 2010 }}</ref> In December of that year, China's Deputy Health Minister acknowledged that the practice of removing organs from executed prisoners for transplant was widespread – as many as 95% of all organ transplants in China derived from executions,<ref>Congressional Executive Commission on China Annual Report 2006, p. 59; note 224, p.201</ref> and he promised steps to prevent abuse.<ref name=lum>Lum, Thomas (11 August 2006). [http://www.usembassy.it/pdf/other/RL33437.pdf Congressional Research Report #RL33437], Congressional Research Service</ref><ref name=tidyup>Jane Macartney, [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,25689-1901558,00.html "China to 'tidy up' trade in executed prisoners' organs"], ''[[The Times]]'', 3 December 2005</ref>

===Suppression of Falun Gong===
[[Image:Djy organ.jpg|thumb|right|Practitioners of [[Falun Gong]] in Hong Kong enacting "live organ harvesting" in China.]]
{{Main|Persecution of Falun Gong}}
Falun Gong is a spiritual movement founded in China in May 1992. It was banned by the government of China in July 1999<ref name=PDO990730>People's Daily Online, [http://english.people.com.cn/special/fagong/1999073000A105.html China Bans Falun Gong], 30 July 1999</ref> on the grounds that it was "jeopardizing social stability"<ref>Xinhua, China Bans Falun Gong, People's Daily, 22 July 1999</ref> [[Amnesty International]] noted arbitrary arrests and physical torture of Falun Gong practitioners in the Chinese government's suppression campaign, sometimes resulting in deaths.<ref name="CRS2006">{{Cite web| url = http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/67820.pdf | title = CRS Report for Congress: China and Falun Gong | publisher=[[Congressional Research Service]] | author=Thomas Lum | date = 25 May 2006|format=PDF}}</ref><ref name="Amnesty1">{{Cite web|url=http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/engASA170112000 |title=China: The crackdown on Falun Gong and other so-called "heretical organizations"|date=23 March 2000|publisher=Amnesty International|accessdate=17 March 2010}}</ref> The Congressional Executive Commission on China reports that Falun Gong prisoners represent a large portion of China's labor camp population—as much as half, according to some estimates.<ref>Congressional Executive Commission on China, Annual Report 2008 [http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=110_house_hearings&docid=f:45233.pdf]</ref> Since the ban, Falun Gong practitioners have set up international media organizations to promote their cause and criticize the [[Communist Party of China]]. These include ''[[The Epoch Times]]'' newspaper (ET), [[NTDTV]], [[Sound of Hope]] radio station,<ref name=gospel>[http://www.stuff.co.nz/sunday-star-times/features/295092 The gospel truth: Falun Gong], ''Sunday Star Times'', March 2, 2008</ref> and Epoch Press Inc.<ref name=sap200903>Mata Press Service, [http://www.southasianpost.com/portal2/c1ee8c421f38354c011f43489df90017_Punjabi_Publisher_fights_for_press_freedom_in_BC.do.html "Punjabi Publisher fights for press freedom in BC"] ''South Asian Post'', March 2009</ref>

The [[Coalition to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong]] requested David Kilgour and David Matas in May 2006 to look into the allegations of organ harvesting of Falun Gong practitioners in China.<ref>US Newswire (20 July 2006) [http://releases.usnewswire.com/GetRelease.asp?id=69292 "Independent Investigators to Present Findings From Investigation on China's Organ Harvesting From Prisoners of Conscience"]. Retrieved 26 July 2006.</ref>

==Allegations & Investigations==
===Sujiatun===
The first allegations of systematic organ harvesting from Falun Gong practitioners were made in March 2006 by two individuals claiming to possess knowledge of the involuntary organ extractions at the [[Sujiatun Hospital|Sujiatun Thrombosis Hospital]] in [[Shenyang]], [[Liaoning]] province, March 2006.<ref name=epoch2>Ji Da, [http://en.epochtimes.com/news/6-3-17/39405.html New Witness Confirms Existence of Chinese Concentration Camp, Says Organs Removed from Live Victims], Epoch Times, March 17, 2006</ref> The story received media attention, but within one month some third party investigators, including representatives of the US Department of State, said that there was insufficient evidence to prove the allegations.<ref name=lum>Congressional Research Service report, http://www.usembassy.it/pdf/other/RL33437.pdf, page CRS-7, paragraph 3</ref> Chinese dissident Harry Wu similarly argued that the allegations were not supported by concrete evidence.<ref>Frank Stirk [http://canadianchristianity.com/cgi-bin/bc.cgi?bc/bccn/0606/07chinese 'Canadians probe Chinese organ harvesting claims'], Canadian Christianity.</ref> Soon after, Falun Gong representatives asked former Canadian Secretary of State [[David Kilgour]], and Canadian human rights Lawyer [[David Matas]], to investigate the broader allegations of organ harvesting from Falun Gong adherents in China. Kilgour and Matas agreed to investigate, though they were not paid to do so.

===The Kilgour-Matas report===
On July 20, 2006, Kilgour and Matas presented the findings of their two-month investigation.<ref>US Newswire(July 20, 2006) [http://releases.usnewswire.com/GetRelease.asp?id=69292 "Independent Investigators to Present Findings From Investigation on China's Organ Harvesting From Prisoners of Conscience"], ''US Newswire'', retrieved July 26, 2006</ref> It was the first version of their report, titled [http://organharvestinvestigation.net/ ''"Report into Allegations of Organ Harvesting of Falun Gong Practitioners in China"'']. The report finds that “the government of China and its agencies in numerous parts of the country, in particular hospitals but also detention centres and 'people's courts', since 1999 have put to death a large but unknown number of Falun Gong prisoners of conscience. Their vital organs, including kidneys, livers, corneas and hearts, were seized involuntarily for sale at high prices, sometimes to foreigners, who normally face long waits for voluntary donations of such organs in their home countries.”<ref name=bh />

The report presents 33 strands of circumstantial evidence that, taken all together and in the absence of any disproof, the authors believe lead to their stated conclusion.<ref name=bh /> In 2007, they presented an updated report under the title: [http://organharvestinvestigation.net/report0701/report20070131.htm#_Toc158023111 "Bloody Harvest: Revised Report into Allegations of Organ Harvesting of Falun Gong Practitioners in China."] The authors qualify that there are inherent difficulties in verifying the alleged crimes. For example, no independent bodies are allowed to investigate conditions in China, eyewitness evidence is difficult to obtain, and official information about organ transplantation is often withheld. Kilgrour and Matas themselves were denied visas to go to China to investigate.<ref name=bh> [http://organharvestinvestigation.net/ BLOODY HARVEST] Revised Report into Allegations of Organ Harvesting of Falun Gong Practitioners in China, by David Matas, Esq. and Hon. David Kilgour, Esq. 31 January 2007</ref>

Among the information considered in the report:
*Healthcare and army facilities in China are self-reliant for funding and hospitals are known to profit from illegally selling organs of death-row prisoners (this policy might be easily transferred to Falun Gong practitioners, “a prison population who the Chinese authorities vilify, dehumanize, depersonalize, marginalize” they say).<ref name=bh />
*Of 60,000 organ transplants officially recorded between 2000 and 2005, 18,500 came from identifiable sources (including death row inmates), making the source of 41,500 transplant organs unexplained.<ref> [http://www.cbc.ca/story/world/national/2006/07/06/china-falungong.html "China harvesting Falun Gong organs, report alleges"], ''CBC News'', retrieved July 6, 2006</ref> Traditional sources of transplants such as executed prisoners, donors, and the brain dead "come nowhere near to explaining the total number of transplants across China" (they therefore conclude that the only other identified source which can explain the “skyrocketing” transplant numbers is Falun Gong practitioners).<ref name=bh />
*The meteoric increase in organ transplantation in China corresponds with the timeline of the Falun Gong suppression.
*There are very short waiting times in Chinese hospitals for transplants. One hospital boasted a wait of one week for a transplant, another claimed to provide a liver in two weeks. In Canada, the waiting time for a kidney can be up to 32.5 months. Meanwhile, the survival period for a kidney is between 24-48 hours and a liver about 12 hours. The authors contend that only a large bank of living 'donors' could account for the “astonishingly short” waiting times.
*Recipients of organs from China say that the transplant surgery is “conducted in almost total secrecy,” the recipient is not told the identity of the donor or shown written consent, the identity of the doctor and nurses are often withheld, operations sometimes take place in the middle of the night, and “the whole procedure is done on a 'don't ask, don't tell' basis”<ref name=bh />
*Mandarin speaking investigators, posing as potential organ transplant recipients or their relatives, called several Chinese hospitals inquiring about organ availability and obtained admissions that Falun Gong practitioners’ organs were being used (the original recordings of these conversations remain available).<ref name=bh/>
*Information on Chinese hospital websites is "self-accusatory" in that it admits to waiting times of one week, or organ swap intervals of one week (these websites were later taken offline, but Kilgour and Matas archived them); many Chinese transplant websites showed graphs with soaring organ transplantation figures, showing a sharp rise soon after the persecution of Falun Gong began.
*Organ transplanting is a highly profitable industry in China, with a kidney worth US$62,000, a heart worth US$130,000-160,000;<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20061207193016/en.zoukiishoku.com/list/cost.htm]</ref>
*Anecdotal evidence indicates that Falun Gong practitioners are blood and urine tested and have their organs examined while in custody, while other prisoners, who are not practitioners, are not tested.<ref name=bh />

In the absence of evidence that would invalidate the organ harvesting allegations (such as a Chinese government registry showing the identity of every organ donor and donation), Kilgour and Matas concluded that the allegations of China's harvesting organs from live Falun Gong practitioners are true and that the practice is ongoing; they also called for a ban on Canadian citizens traveling to China for transplant operations.<ref>Kirstin Endemann, CanWest News Service; Ottawa Citizen (July 6, 2006)[http://www.canada.com/topics/news/national/story.html?id=290fed94-d0c2-4265-8686-54ce75d08eca&k=34245 "Ottawa urged to stop Canadians travelling to China for transplants"], ''Canada.com'', retrieved July 6, 2006</ref><ref>Reuters, AP (July 8, 2006)[http://www.theage.com.au/news/world/falun-gong-organ-claim-supported/2006/07/07/1152240489760.html "Falun Gong organ claim supported"],''The Age'', retrieved July 7, 2006</ref><ref>
Calgary Herald (July 5, 2006)[http://www.canada.com/calgaryherald/news/theeditorialpage/story.html?id=c990936c-e208-4601-888f-810ff73bd994 "Rights concerns bedevil China--Doing trade with regime must be balanced with values"],''Canada.com'', retrieved July 8, 2006</ref>

In 2009, Kilgour and Matas published the report as a book, titled "''Bloody Harvest''."<ref name="washingtontimes.com"/> That year, Kilgour and Matas also received the 2009 Human Rights Award by the German-based [[International Society for Human Rights]];<ref name=Winnipeg>{{cite news|title=Winnipeg lawyer nominated for Nobel Peace Prize|url=http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/breakingnews/Winnipeg-lawyer-nominated-for-Nobel-Peace-Prize-84771137.html|newspaper=Winnipeg Free Press.}}</ref> and were nominated for the [[2010 Nobel Peace Prize]], once by Canadian federal MP [[Borys Wrzesnewskyj]], and once by Balfour Hakak, chairman of the [[Hebrew Writers Association in Israel]], according to media reports.<ref name=nomination>{{cite news|title=Ex-MP Kilgour, lawyer get Nobel nomination |url=http://www.edmontonjournal.com/life/Kilgour+lawyer+Nobel+nomination/2590256/story.html|newspaper=EDMONTON JOURNAL}}</ref>

===Ethan Gutmann's research===
Ethan Gutmann, adjunct fellow at the Foundation for Defense of Democracies, approached the allegations by conducting extensive interviews around the world with a variety of former prisoners from Chinese labor camps and prisons, including Falun Gong practitioners and non-practitioners. He calculates that the number of practitioners killed for organs could be as high as 120,000, with a low estimate of 9,000, and 65,000 being the median. Estimates have been revised downwards from earlier numbers to reflect changing estimates of the overall Laogai System population by the Laogai Research Foundation.<ref name=gutmann/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theepochtimes.com/n2/content/view/19732/|title=UK MPs Briefed on Persecution in China|last=Gibson|first=Jaya|publisher=The Epoch Times|accessdate=27 April 2010}}</ref><ref name=gutmann/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://eastofethan.com/2011/03/10/how-many-harvested-revisited|last=Gutmann|first=Ethan|accessdate=11 March 2011}}</ref>

Through his interviews Gutmann attempted to ascertain questions such as the proportion of Falun Gong practitioners compared to non-Falun Gong populations in labor camps, the rate at which they are subject to medical tests (specifically, tests that would be used to ascertain the health of their organs, blood and tissue type), the average length of their imprisonment, among other questions.<ref name=howmany>Gutmann, Ethan. [http://eastofethan.com/2011/03/10/how-many-harvested-revisited/ “How Many Harvested?” revisited], March 10, 2011</ref> With this information he attempted to establish how many were individuals had been examined as serious organ harvesting candidates. Using research by the Laogai Foundation to determine the number of detention facilities in China, he put the information together and estimated the number of practitioners detained at a given time, and how many are medically examined. He concluded that of the total percentage of Falun Gong practitioners examined in custody, those selected for organ harvesting were between 2.5% and 15%. Based on these estimates he obtained the high-end and low-end estimates. He notes that his median figure is similar to that of an adjusted estimate from Kilgour and Matas (to cover 2000-2008).<ref name=howmany /><ref>Gutmann, Ethan. [http://www.jewishpolicycenter.org/2135/china-conundrum “The China Conundrum,”] inFocus Quarterly Winter 2010</ref>

===Other reports===
Several additional reports have been published which draw similar conclusions to that of Kilgour and Matas, or offered affirmatory explanation.

Kirk C. Allison, Associate Director of the Program in Human Rights and Medicine in the University of Minnesota, wrote that the "short time frame of an on-demand system [as in China] requires a large pool of donors pre-typed for blood group and HLA matching," and would be consistent with the Falun Gong allegations about the systematic tissue typing of practitioners held prisoner.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tc.umn.edu/~falun/document/all092906.pdf |title=Falun Gong, Organ Harvesting in China, and the Human Rights Case for an Independent Congressional Investigation – testimony submitted by Kirk C. Allison |format=PDF |date=29 September 2006 |work=Open Hearing of the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations |accessdate=4 Feb. 2010 |publisher=University of Minnesota}}</ref> He wrote that the time constraints involved “cannot be assured on a random-death basis,” and that physicians he queried about the matter indicated that they were selecting live prisoners to ensure quality and compatibility. He said the current level of evidence calls for an independent investigation from the U.S. Congress’s Committee on International Relations.

European Parliament Vice President [[Edward McMillan-Scott]] went to China on a fact finding mission during May 2006. He interviewed two individuals: Cao Dong and Niu Jinping, one of whom, Cao Dong, said he knew of organ harvesting camps, and he had seen the cadaver of one of his friends, a Falun Gong practitioner, with holes in his body where the organs had been removed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/columnists/Edward-McMillanScott-Olympic-athletes-compete.4351323.jp |title=Edward McMillan-Scott: Olympic athletes compete under the shadow of genocide - Yorkshire Post |publisher=www.yorkshirepost.co.uk |accessdate=2010-11-14 }}</ref>

A Yale PhD thesis took the form of an economic analysis to look at the allegations. It concluded that "The detained population of Falun Gong practitioners... are the only prison group that provides an adequate explanation for the explosive growth in the volume of China’s organ transplants between 2000 and 2005." The paper, drawing on the Kilgour-Matas conclusions, reached the same result: "That the organs of detained Falun Gong practitioners are being systematically harvested for use in China’s organ transplant industry—and that such practice is an industrialized form of the Communist Party’s systematic persecution against Falun Gong."<ref>Wang, Hao. "China’s Organ Transplant Industry and Falun Gong Organ Harvesting: An Economic Analysis," ADVISOR: T.N. SRINIVASAN, YALE UNIVERSITY, APRIL 2007</ref>

Tom Treasure of Guy's Hospital, London, said the Kilgour-Matas report was "plausible from a medical standpoint" based on the numerical gap in the number of transplants and the short waiting times in China compared with other countries.<ref name=treasure>{{cite web|url=https://www.dafoh.org/Article_by_Dr.php |title=The Falun Gong, organ transplantation, the holocaust and ourselves |author=Treasure, Tom |work=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine |vol=100 |date = March 2007|pages=119–121|publisher=Doctors Against Forced Organ Harvesting |accessdate=21 May 2010 }}</ref> He noted the existence of blood tests of imprisoned Falun Gong followers, which is not useful for the victims but is critical to organ donation, and said the allegations were “credible.”

==Response==
The allegations of involuntary organ removal from Falun Gong adherents have received considerable media coverage, particularly in Canada, Europe, and Australia, and elsewhere. The United Nations, several governments, and other researchers have tightened transplant tourism practices and requested more information from the Chinese government.

Questions as to the final answer to the allegations remain. Due to the nature of the claims and the availability of only circumstantial, rather than direct, evidence, several observers have expressed reservations with endorsing the Kilgour and Matas’s conclusions. Amnesty International at the time said it was “continuing to analyze sources of information” about the allegations;<ref>Amnesty International Fact Sheet on Persecution of Falun Gong, [http://organharvestinvestigation.net/events/Fact_sheet_Amnesty.pdf Falun Gong Persecution Fact Sheet, Amnesty International]</ref> David Ownby, a noted expert on Falun Gong, allowed that while Falun Gong practitioners that were part of the prison population may have been killed for their organs, he was not convinced that there was or is a program specifically to harvest the organs from them (to the exclusion of other prisoners);<ref name=radiocan>{{cite web| url=http://www.radio-canada.ca/apropos/lib/v3.1/pdf/revfalungongenglish.pdf |title=Review by the Ombudsman, French Services of Complaint filed by the Falun Dafa Association of Canada |date=27 January 2009}}</ref> a [[Congressional Research Service]] report by Thomas Lum said that the report relies on logical inferences and telephone call transcripts which, he suggests, may not be credible.<ref name=lum>[http://www.usembassy.it/pdf/other/RL33437.pdf Congressional Research Service report]</ref>

Chinese officials have repeatedly and angrily denied the organ harvesting allegations in the report.<ref name="ctvJuly06"/><ref name="canada.com"/> Upon release of the initial report on 6 July, a spokesperson immediately declared that China abided by [[World Health Organization]] principles that prohibit the sale of human organs without written consent from donors. They denounced the report as smears "based on rumours and false allegations", and said the claims had been investigated and found to be without any merit.<ref name="ccpembassy"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.china-embassy.org/eng/zt/ppflg/t263446.htm |title=Exposing the Lies of "Falun Gong" Cult |publisher=www.china-embassy.org |accessdate=14 June 2010 }}</ref>

In August 2006 three Special Rapporteurs raised questions about the sources of organs, the short waiting times for finding perfectly-matched organs, and the correlation between the sudden increase in organ transplants in China and the beginning of the persecution of Falun Gong practitioners. These requests were met with categorical denials, but not answers, from the Chinese authorities. In May 2008 two Special Rapporteurs reiterated the previous request for the Chinese authorities to adequately respond to the allegations and to explain the source of organs which would account for the sudden increase in organ transplants in China since 2000.<ref name=marketwireun2>{{cite web |url=http://www.egovmonitor.com/node/18720 |title=United Nations Human Rights Special Rapporteurs Reiterate Findings on China's Organ Harvesting from Falun Gong Practitioners |publisher=www.egovmonitor.com |accessdate=2010-11-20 }}</ref> This too was met with an inadequate response, and in November 2008 the United Nations Committee Against Torture noted its concern at the allegations and called for China to "immediately conduct or commission an independent investigation of the claims", and take measures "to ensure that those responsible for such abuses are prosecuted and punished".<ref name=UNCAT>United Nations Committee Against Torture, [http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cat/docs/CAT.C.CHN.CO.4.pdf CONSIDERATION OF REPORTS SUBMITTED BY STATES PARTIES UNDER ARTICLE 19 OF THE CONVENTION: Concluding observations of the Committee against Torture], Forty-first session, Geneva, 3–21 November 2008; retrieved 24 September 2010</ref>

The allegations at the center of the Kilgour-Matas report have been the basis of a novel by author Dean Koontz, where a heart transplant recipient is unknowingly given the organ of an executed Falun Gong practitioner.<ref>Koontz, Dean. [https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:wIQF2fNouDgJ:www.trioweb.org/communications/BookReviewofYourHeartBelongstoMe.pdf+dean+koontz+falun+gong+organ+your+heart+belongs+to+me&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShy8AegTt291NpUcssy_01IjIjD70VBZboTigQdAtm436XRnIgqR2aj1ONvWTVhRPyXfq3K3nBsT7DeqmrqXb8YtNGLiXpaNabtJ5W8yYVxXrJEw28U1_C9_4ucb2sKilYyILUZ&sig=AHIEtbQc9H1QlHaZ_ebdhGN45priAph4cw “Your Heart Belongs to Me,”] Bantam (2008)</ref>The non-fiction writer Scott Karney also included the allegations in his book “The Red Market.” He wrote: “No one is saying the Chinese government went after the Falun Gong specifically for their organs… but it seems to have been a remarkably convenient and profitable way to dispose of them. Dangerous political dissidents were executed while their organs created a comfortable revenue stream for hospitals and surgeons, and presumably many important Chinese officials received organs.”<ref>Carney, Scott. “The Red Market: On the Trail of the World's Organ Brokers, Bone Thieves, Blood Farmers, and Child Traffickers,” Harper Collins (2011)</ref>

===Impact on international transplant policies===
Some governments and transplant organizations around the world have reacted to the report by tightening restrictions on “transplant tourism,” expressing concern over the allegations, and in general terms distancing themselves from involuntary organ transplant practices.

Organizations that have made public statements or taken action on the matter include:
*The US National Kidney Foundation (NKF), which said it was "deeply concerned about recent allegations regarding the procurement of organs and tissues through coercive or or exploitative practices";<ref name="kidney.org"/><ref>[http://media.faluninfo.net/media/doc/2008/12/NKF_Statement_20060815.pdf National Kidney Foundation Statement about Alleged Human Rights Violations in Organ Donation], New York, 15 August</ref>
*The Taiwan Mainland Affairs Council, whose chairman condemned "in the strongest possible terms" China's harvesting of human organs from executed Falun Gong practitioners, and the country’s Department of Health, which urged Taiwanese doctors to not encourage patients to get commercial organ transplants in mainland China;<ref>[http://cipfg.org/en/index.php?news=422 China Post: Taiwan condemns China's organ harvesting]</ref><ref>[http://cipfg.org/en/index.php?news=623 Taiwan: Director of Department of Health Orders Doctors in Taiwan Not to Get Involved with China's Inhumane Organ Transplantation]</ref>
*The Australian Health Ministry, which announced in December 2006 the abolition of training programs for Chinese doctors in organ transplant procedures;<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.news.com.au/story/0,10117,20876865-1702,00.html?from=public_rss
|title=Hospitals ban training Chinese surgeons
|agency=[[Australian Associated Press]]
|date=5 December 2006
|work=[[The Age]]}}</ref>
*Israeli health insurance carriers in 2007, who stopped sending patients to China for transplants, and a prominent Rabbi, who prohibited Jews from using Chinese organs;<ref>Mathew Wagner, [http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?apage=1&cid=1180867542307&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull Chinese TV airs Elyashiv's opposition to organ harvesting], [[Jerusalem Post]], 3 Jun 2007</ref><ref>[http://www.faluninfo.net/article/546/Jewish Committee rallies against Killing of Falun Gong Practitioners for Organs]</ref>
*Canadian physicians and members of that country’s parliament, the former of which petitioned the government and the latter of which in February 2008 introduced a bill to ban Canadians from receiving organs taken from unwilling victims.<ref>[http://www.david-kilgour.com/2008/Mar_12_2008_02.htm The Medical Post, Canadian MD-activist likens Chinese organ trade to the Holocaust]</ref><ref>[http://www.organharvestinvestigation.net/events/Fletcher_121307.pdf Excerpt from Hansard of 13 December 2007, Canadian House of Commons.]</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://organharvestinvestigation.net/ The Kilgour and Matas report]
*[http://www.fofg-europe.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=110&Itemid=37 Videos of a press conference with Kilgour and Matas]
*[http://www.opednews.com/articles/1/CNN-Facing-Disgrace-Buste-by-John-Kusumi-080824-502.html "CNN Caught In Genocidal Correctness"] by China democracy activist, John Kusumi.
{{Falun Gong}}

[[Category:Falun Gong]]
[[Category:Organ trafficking]]

[[zh:喬高-麥塔斯的報告]]

Massaker an der Merkas HaRaw Kook

2011-07-05T16:07:53Z

Davshul: replaced parent category with more specific sub-category

{{Infobox terrorist attack
|title=Mercaz HaRav Massacre
|image=Mercaz HaRav massacre.jpg
|caption=Aftermath of the terrorist attack.
|location=The [[Mercaz HaRav]] Yeshiva at [[Kiryat Moshe]], [[Jerusalem]], [[Israel]]
|target=
|date=March 6, 2008
|time-begin=8:36 pm<ref name="Israel10">
{{cite web
|url=http://news.nana10.co.il/Article/?ArticleID=542247&sid=126
|title=Twenty minutes of fire until terrorist killed| Israel 10
|publisher=[http://news.nana10.co.il Nana 10]
|accessdate=2008-03-09
|last=
|first=
}}{{he icon}}</ref>
|time-end=8:56pm
|timezone=[[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]]+2
|type=[[Mass murder]] [[Massacre]] [[School shooting]]
|fatalities=8 civilians<ref name="Jpost2">
{{cite web
|url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1204546422275&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull
|title=Mercaz Harav hit by worst terror attack since April 2006 | Jerusalem Post
|publisher=www.jpost.com
|accessdate=2008-03-07
|last=
|first=
}}
</ref>
|injuries=11<ref name="Jpost2"/>
|perp=Lone Palestinian assailant (Alaa Abu Dhein)<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1204546426120&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull
| title="Terrorist was a driver for the Yeshiva"| Jerusalem Post
|publisher=www.jpost.com
|accessdate=2008-03-07
|last=
|first=
}}
</ref>
|weapons=[[AK-47]]
}}
The '''''Mercaz HaRav'' massacre''', also called the '''''Mercaz HaRav'' shooting''', was an attack that occurred on 6 March 2008, in which a lone [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] gunman shot multiple students at the ''[[Mercaz HaRav]]'' [[yeshiva]], a religious school in [[Jerusalem]], [[Israel]], after which the gunman himself was shot dead. Eight students and the perpetrator were killed. Eleven more were wounded, five of them placed in serious to critical condition.<ref>"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/7282269.stm Eight killed at Jerusalem school]", BBC News Online, March 6, 2008</ref><ref>[http://www.nationalterroralert.com/updates/2008/03/06/terror-attack-at-jerusalem-seminary-merkaz-harav-yeshiva-8-dead/ Terror Attack At Jerusalem Seminary - Merkaz HaRav Yeshiva - 8 Dead] National Terror Alert Response Center, 6 March 2008</ref><ref>[http://www.upi.com/NewsTrack/Top_News/2008/03/06/jerusalem_seminary_attacked/8267/ Jerusalem seminary attacked] UPI, 6 March 2008</ref>

The attack began at 8:36 p.m. local time and ended about twenty minutes later. According to survivor Mijael Mendelson, the attack lasted about 14 minutes. Mendelson reports he saw the time before the shooting started and shortly after knowing the gunman was dead.<ref name="Israel10"/> The attacker was stopped by two [[Israel Defense Forces]] officers who were former Mercaz HaRav students themselves: Yitzchak Dadon and Captain David Shapira, who both dealt the fatal blow to the attacker with their personal firearms.<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1066542.html One year on, horror of yeshiva terror attack still fresh] Haaretz, 24 FEbruary 2009</ref>

The [[massacre]] was praised by [[Hamas]] and, according to a subsequent poll, was supported by 84 percent of the Palestinian population.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1205420730237&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull|title=Poll: 84% of Palestinians back yeshiva attack|date=19 March 2008|publisher=Jerusalem Post|accessdate=18 March 2011|archiveurl=http://replay.waybackmachine.org/20080321034710/http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1205420730237&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull|archivedate=21 March 2008}}</ref> It was condemned in official statements by various countries around the world.

==The shooting==
{{Campaignbox al-Aqsa terrorism|state=collapsed}}
The attacker, Alaa Abu Dhein, age 26, from the [[Arab]] neighborhood of [[Jabel Mukaber]] in [[East Jerusalem]], who reportedly had worked as a driver at the yeshiva<ref name=Kershner>{{cite news
|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/08/world/middleeast/08mideast.html?_r=1&hp&oref=slogin
|title=8 Burials for Jerusalem Seminary’s Dead
|publisher=The New York Times
|first=Isabel
|last=Kershner
|coauthors=Steven Erlanger
|date=2008-03-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.channel4.com/news/articles/world/gunman+was+seminary+driver++police/1728547 |title=Peace talks must go on, says Abbas |publisher=Channel 4 |date= |accessdate=2011-03-06}}</ref> entered the building carrying a box concealing an [[AKM]] along with several [[Magazine (firearms)|magazine]]s, later firing as many as 500-600 rounds.<ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |author= |coauthors= |title= Gunmen 'Terrorist fired 500-600 bullets before he was killed'|url= http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1204546422275&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull |work= |publisher= [[Jerusalem Post]] |location= Jerusalem |id= |pages= |page= |date= |accessdate=2008-03-06 |language= |quote= |archiveurl= |archivedate= }} </ref> About twenty minutes after he started shooting, the attacker was shot by a part-time student, Yitzhak Dadon, and by Capt. David Shapira, an officer in the [[Israel Defense Force]], and shortly thereafter confirmed dead at the scene.<ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |author= |coauthors= |title= Gunmen open fire in Jerusalem Jewish seminary |url= http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/03/06/mideast/index.html|work= |publisher= CNN |location= |id= |pages= |page= |date= 2008-03-07|accessdate=2008-03-06 |language= |quote= |archiveurl= |archivedate= }} </ref> A police patrolman who arrived at the scene before Yitzhak Dadon and David Shapira, remained outside in an effort to "freeze the situation" by preventing civilians from entering instead of making contact and stopping the shooting.<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/966056.html Jerusalem police chief: Cop on duty should have stopped yeshiva attacker ]</ref>

===Timeline===
[[Image:Yeshivat Mercaz haRav.jpg|thumb|right|250px|One of the yeshiva buildings]]
* 8:36pm - First call received by a [[Magen David Adom]] operator from a yeshiva student inside the building requesting emergency services
* 8:37pm - First ambulances dispatched
* 8:40pm - The first police car arrives at the scene, does not enter.<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/966056.html J'lem police chief: Cop on duty should've stopped yeshiva attacker] Haaretz, 19 March 2008</ref>
* 8:41pm - First paramedic on site reports of one wounded
* 8:42pm - Shapira enters the yeshiva.
* 8:45pm - Two Detectives arrive on the scene
* 8:45pm - Dadon and Shapira exchange fire with the attacker.
* 8:51pm - 'A.R.A.N.' declared (multiple wounded event)
* 8:57pm - MADA operator reports 'end of shooting' and orders paramedics into yeshiva.<ref name="Israel10"/>

===Victims===
'''Fatalities '''<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3516126,00.html
|title=Yeshiva head: This is continuation of 1929 massacre
|publisher=www.ynetnews.com
|accessdate=2008-03-07
|last=
|first=
}}
</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Name!!Age!!From!!Studied at
|-
|Neria Cohen
|15
|[[Jerusalem]]
|[[Yashlatz]]
|-
|Segev Pniel Avihail
|15
|[[Neve Daniel]]
|[[Yashlatz]]
|-
|Avraham David Moses
|16
|[[Efrat]]
|[[Yashlatz]]
|-
|Yehonatan Yitzhak Eldar
|16
|[[Shilo (village)|Shilo]]
|[[Yashlatz]]
|-
|Ro'i Roth
|18
|[[Elkana]]
|[[Mercaz Harav]]
|-
|Yohai Lipshitz
|18
|[[Jerusalem]]
|[[Yashlatz]]
|-
|Yonadav Chaim Hirshfeld
|18
|[[Kokhav HaShahar]]
|[[Mercaz Harav]]
|-
|Doron Mahareta
|26
|[[Ashdod]]
|[[Mercaz Harav]]
|}

'''Wounded''' 
In addition to those who were shot to death, ten other students were wounded, three seriously.

==Perpetrator==
[[Image:Alaa Abu Dhein.jpg|thumb|130px|The perpetrator, Alaa Abu Dhein]]

The gunman responsible, Alaa Abu Dhein, a resident of Jerusalem, was according to his family a driver who had delivered goods to the seminary.<ref>[http://www.channel4.com/news/articles/world/peace%20talks%20must%20go%20on%20says%20abbas/1728547 Gunman was seminary driver - police]. Channel 4, UK.</ref> This was denied by the head of the yeshiva.
Abu Dhein's family said he was an intensely religious [[Muslim]] but was not a member of any militant group.

Abu Dhein, like other Arab residents of east Jerusalem who choose not to have Israeli citizenship, carried an Israeli identity card that granted him freedom of movement and travel throughout Israel.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/03/08/israel.school.massacre/ | work=CNN | title=Eight arrested in probe of Jewish seminary attack - CNN.com | date=2008-03-08 | accessdate=2010-05-12}}</ref><ref>[http://canadianpress.google.com/article/ALeqM5gR05SnUNy43Ik8d7oPKwWD_15A1Q The Canadian Press: Shooting in Jewish seminary threatens Jerusalem's delicate coexistence]{{dead link|date=March 2011}}</ref>{{Dead link|date=July 2008}} On January 5, 2009, Israeli High Court of Justice authorized to demolish his family's house, despite appeals by his father not to do so.<ref>{{cite news|title=Demolition of Mercaz Harav terrorist's home authorized |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3650679,00.html}}</ref>

===Motive===
{{see also|Operation Hot Winter}}
Although Abu Dhaim left behind no statement describing his motive, his sister, Iman Abu Dhaim, told ''[[The Associated Press]]'' that he had been transfixed by the violence in [[Gaza]], where 126 Palestinians were killed by Israeli forces from Wednesday through Monday,<ref name=Kershner/> in response to rocket fire from Palestinian terrorist groups based in Gaza.<ref>[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=88008096 Attacks Mar Israeli-Palestinian Talks : NPR]</ref><ref>[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/23515835/ Israel signals it’ll talk despite attack - Israel-Palestinians - MSNBC.com]</ref>

According to [[Ian Black (journalist)|Ian Black]], the attack seemed intended to send the message that Israeli attacks on its enemies, either in Gaza, [[Lebanon]] or [[Syria]] would not go unanswered. The seminary is identified with the spiritual leadership of the [[Israeli settlements|Jewish settlement movement]] in the West Bank, and especially with [[Gush Emunim]]. Jerusalem may have been chosen since there were no attacks in the city during 2007.<ref>Black, Ian.[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/mar/07/israelandthepalestinians1 A double act of revenge: carefully planned atrocity strikes at Israel's spiritual heart]</ref>

===Claims of responsibility===
[[Hezbollah]] television network [[Al-Manar]] reported that a group calling itself Galilee Liberators Brigades — the Martyrs of Imad Mughniyeh has claimed responsibility for the attack, raising the possibility that the shooting was in retaliation for the assassination of [[Imad Mughniyeh]]. Israel had previously denied responsibility for that assassination.<ref>{{cite news | first = Jonathan| last = Lis | authorlink= |author= |coauthors= Yair Ettinger and Amos Harel |title= Eight killed in terrorist attack at Jerusalem yeshiva |url= http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/961696.html| work = |publisher= [[Ha'aretz]] |location= Jerusalem |id= |pages= |page= |date= |accessdate=2008-03-06 |language= |quote= |archiveurl= |archivedate= }} </ref>

[[Hamas]] praised the attack on Thursday but did not claim responsibility for it. On Friday an anonymous phone call to the ''[[Reuters]]'' news agency took responsibility on Hamas's behalf. However, [[Fawzi Barhoum]], a senior Hamas spokesman in Gaza, said that no claim was official unless made in a written statement signed by the military wing of Hamas.<ref name=Kershner/>

==Reaction==
===Israeli===
[[Ehud Olmert]], [[Prime Minister of Israel|Israel's Prime Minister]], called the attack "horrible".<ref>Copans, Laurie. [http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2008/03/08/ap4749391.html Israel Say Peace Talks to Continue]</ref>{{Dead link|date=July 2008}} Olmert also said that the Mercaz Harav yeshiva had produced, "the finest soldiers for many generations; people who have realized the [[Zionist]] faith. This yeshiva — which was founded by Rabbi [[Abraham Isaac Kook]] — has educated and nurtured tradition and legacy, as part of Israel's resilience."<ref name = Vered>Vered, Luvitch. [http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3516876,00.html Education minister verbally attacked at Mercaz Harav yeshiva]</ref> A spokesman for Olmert said Israel would act after proper investigation and deliberation, and he condemned those, like Hamas, who celebrated the killings with parades in Gaza. "That Hamas calls this a heroic act, and praises it, this exposes them for what they are," the Olmert spokesman said.<ref name=Kershner/>

[[Avigdor Lieberman]] of [[Yisrael Beiteinu]] blamed [[Arab citizens of Israel|Arab]] [[Knesset]] members maintaining that the "attack can not be disconnected from the Arab MKs incitement, which we hear daily in the Knesset." [[Women in Green]] called for the establishment of eight new settlements in the [[West Bank]] in memory of the eight students killed.<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/961964.html Lieberman: Jerusalem attack is product of Arab MK incitement]. ''[[Haaretz]]''.</ref>

[[Dalia Itzik]] of the ruling [[Kadima]] party, Speaker of the [[Knesset]] and acting president while [[Shimon Peres]] is overseas, called for the demolition of the mourning tent for the killer and the demolition of his family's home.<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/962839.html Knesset speaker calls for demolition of Jerusalem yeshiva terrorist's home] ''[[Haaretz]]''.</ref>

Thousands in Israel mourned the deaths of those killed, observing [[Bereavement in Judaism|Jewish traditions of mourning]], with the murdered victims buried on Friday. <ref>McCarthy, Ron.[http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/mar/07/israelandthepalestinians3?gusrc=rss&feed=networkfront]. [[The Guardian]].</ref><ref>[http://ukpress.google.com/article/ALeqM5iSeBy09cwJcXJFYZezVX8i87uRTQ Eight die in Jerusalem gun attack]{{Dead link|date=July 2008}}. The Press Association.</ref>

A [[Channel 1 (Israel)|Channel 1]] report that three alumni of the yeshiva were planning a revenge attack against a senior Arab official affiliated with a mosque on Jerusalem's [[Temple Mount]], allegedly with permission from several rabbis, was dismissed by Public Security Minister [[Avi Dichter]] and the [[Shin Bet]] as baseless following their investigation. [[National Religious Party]]'s MK [[Zevulun Orlev]] said he suspected the allegations were an attempt to "blemish [[religious Zionism]]."<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/963518.html 'Rightist rabbis urge Jews to avenge enemies 'measure for measure'.' [[Haaretz]] 12/03/2008]</ref><ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/963261.html Report: Yeshiva graduates plan revenge attack against Arab figure]</ref><ref>[http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1205420738286&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull Yeshiva students warned against Shin Bet agent, Jerusalem Post]</ref>

[[Yuli Tamir]], [[Education Minister of Israel|Israel's Education Minister]], who made a condolence visit to the yeshiva two days after the shooting, was forced to leave after she was kicked in the back twice, spat at, and verbally attacked by dozens of youths outside building, who called her a "murderer" and said that "the [[Israeli peace camp|Left]] is to blame for everything."<ref name= Sela>{{cite web|title=Itzik: Destroy mourning' tent, home of Jerusalem terrorist|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3517507,00.html|date=10 March 2008|accessdate=2008-03-10}}</ref> She said: "This reminded me of the days before (former Prime Minister Yitzhak) [[Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin|Rabin's murder]]. It's unfortunate that there is a public which cannot put limits form{{sic}} itself. I only came to pay my respect to the murdered, not to engage in politics."<ref name=Vered/> The next morning Yuli Tamir threatened to cut of funding for the yeshiva, claiming it did not have "democratic values."<ref>{{citation | url = http://www.imra.org.il/story.php3?id=38529 | publisher = IMRA | date = Monday, March 10, 2008 | title = Yuli Tamir threatens to ultimately cut funding of Mercaz Harav}}</ref> The yeshiva told Ehud Olmert that he was not welcome, saying it wanted to "save him and us the embarrassment."<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/962317.html Stricken J'lem yeshiva: PM not welcome to visit] Haaretz, 10 March 2008</ref>

The [[Israel Football Association]] called for a [[Moment of silence|minute's silence]] prior to the weekend's football matches, though it was marred in [[Sakhnin]] where some supporters of the Arab team of [[Bnei Sakhnin F.C.|Bnei Sakhnin]] [[Booing|booed]]. Sakhnin spokesman Mundar Haleileh said his club honored the moment of silence, "but we don't have full control over all fans. The association made the decision, and perhaps mixing politics with soccer is a matter to be discussed."<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/962037.html Moment of silence marred in Sakhnin] Haaretz, 10 March 2008</ref>

On March 17, hundreds of right-wing activists attacked Arab homes in the [[east Jerusalem]] neighborhood Jebl Mukaber in an attempt to raze the house of the family of the gunman. For three hours, the activists chanted "revenge, revenge", vandalized property of the Arab village (which the police tried to prevent), and clashed with the police, whom they accused of "guarding the murderers." Many of the protesters were part of the settler movement and carried signs with slogans such as "Expel the Arab Enemy" and "The Land of Israel for the Jewish People" while others shouted "kill the Arabs". Despite a heavy police blockade at the entrance to Jebl Mukaber and a massive deployment of security forces in the area, the marchers managed to enter the village, stone residents' homes and damage a couple of cars belonging to villagers. The police declared the demonstration illegal, and finally forced the protesters to leave.<ref>{{cite news |first=Shelly |last = Paz | title=22 nabbed in right-wing Jebl Mukaber protest|url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull&cid=1205420699147 |work=Jeruslam Post date=2008-03-16 |accessdate=2008-04-03 }}</ref>

At an event one month after the attack, former Sephardi Chief Rabbi [[Mordechai Eliyahu]] told some 1,000 attendants that in retribution for the massacre the government should establish a yeshiva or Jewish township for every one of the lives lost that evening. He went on to explain,

{{quote|Even when we seek revenge, it is important to make one thing clear, the life of one yeshiva boy is worth more than the lives of 1,000 Arabs.}}

However, other National Religious voices were more moderate. In the same one-month commemoration event, the Chief Rabbi of Ramat Gan, Rabbi Yaacov Ariel, reminded his audience that,

{{quote|We do not seek revenge, only retaliation… we are against killing innocent people or harming children.<ref>[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3527410,00.html YNet: Rabbi Eliyahu: Life of one yeshiva boy worth more than 1,000 Arabs]</ref>}}

The Israeli [[human rights]] group [[B'Tselem]] released a statement condemning the attack which read: ''"B'Tselem severely condemns the Palestinian terror attack that took place in a yeshiva (religious school) in Jerusalem, in which 8 Israeli civilians, including 4 minors were killed and many other persons were injured. Attacks aimed at civilians are immoral, inhuman, and illegal."''<ref>{{citation | url = http://www.btselem.org/english/Israeli_Civilians/20080307.asp | publisher = B'Tselem | date = 7 March. 8 | title = 8 Israeli civilian including 4 minors killed by Palestinians in Jerusalem}}</ref>

===Palestinian===
[[Mahmoud Abbas]], [[President of the Palestinian National Authority]], stated "We condemn all attacks against civilians, be they Palestinian or Israeli."<ref name="AFP">{{cite web|url=http://www.afp.com/english/news/stories/newsmlmmd.141bc65a0c3d7202766ea46f73a8a6aa.941.html|title=Eight teens killed in Jerusalem attack|publisher=www.AFP.com|accessdate=2008-03-06}}</ref> However, the [[Palestinian National Authority]] daily newspaper, [[Al-Hayat al-Jadida]], honored the shooter with the status of "martyr." The paper also prominently placed a picture of the gunman on the front page, with the caption, "The Martyr Alaa Abu Dheim." In a front-page article on the killings, his act is again defined as a "martyrdom-achieving" action.<ref>[http://www.pmw.org.il/Bulletins_mar2008.html PMW Bulletins Feb. 2008]</ref>

[[Hamas]] spokesman [[Sami Abu Zuhri]] stated that "This heroic attack in Jerusalem is a normal response to the crimes of the occupier and its murder of civilians".<ref>
{{cite news
|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/World/Gunman_kills_8_in_Jerusalem_school/articleshow/2843918.cms
|title=8 shot at Jerusalem school
|publisher=timesofindia.com
|accessdate=2008-03-07
|date=2008-03-07
}}
</ref>

In a poll taken two weeks later, 84 percent of Palestinians supported the attack on the Mercaz Harav yeshiva. The pollster, Mr. Shikaki was "shocked" and said the result was the single highest support for an act of violence in his 15 years of polling. <ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/19/world/middleeast/19mideast.html?_r=2&oref=slogin&oref=slogin | work=The New York Times | title=Poll Shows Most Palestinians Favor Violence Over Talks | first=Ethan | last=Bronner | date=2008-03-19 | accessdate=2010-05-12}}</ref>

===International===
*{{flagicon|OIC}} The [[Organisation of the Islamic Conference]] condemned the killings, saying it abhorred violence anywhere in the world.<ref>Mar’i, Mohammed. "[http://www.arabnews.com/?page=4&section=0&article=107613&d=8&m=3&y=2008 Annan, Carter to Launch Mideast Peace Mission]", 8 March 2008. [[ArabNews]].</ref>

*{{flagicon|UN}} The [[United Nations Security Council]] failed to agree on a condemnation of the attack because of opposition from [[Libya]] who wished to link the condemnation to a resolution calling for censure of Israel over its assault on the Gaza Strip in the previous week.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.nasdaq.com/aspxcontent/NewsStory.aspx?cpath=20080306%5cACQDJON200803062101DOWJONESDJONLINE001186.htm&&mypage=newsheadlines&title=Libya%20Blocks%20UN%20Council%20Condemnation%20Of%20Jerusalem%20Attack%20-AFP| title = Libya Blocks UN Council Condemnation Of Jerusalem Attack| date=2008-03-06| publisher = AFP via Nasdaq.com}}</ref>

*{{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Sweden|Swedish]] [[Minister for Foreign Affairs (Sweden)|Minister for Foreign Affairs]] [[Carl Bildt]], described the incident as "an unacceptable terrorist attack."<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.swedenabroad.com/News____11023.aspx?slaveid=72298
|title=Embassy of Sweden - News
|publisher=www.swedenabroad.com
|accessdate=2008-03-08
|last=
|first=
}}
</ref>

*{{flagicon|USA}} [[United States]] [[President of the United States|President]] [[George W. Bush]] condemned the attack, and expressed his solidarity with the families of the victims and the people of Israel.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2008/03/20080306-5.html
|title=President Bush Condemns Terrorist Attack in Israel
|publisher=www.whitehouse.gov
|accessdate=2008-03-07
}}
</ref> [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] [[Condoleezza Rice]] expressed her condolences on the attack. She also wrote that "The United States condemns tonight's act of terror and depravity."<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2008/03/101845.htm
|title=Condolences on Attack against Rabbinical Students
|publisher=www.state.gov
|accessdate=2008-03-07
|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080306222840/http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2008/03/101845.htm  |archivedate = 2008-03-06}}
</ref> [[United States]] Democratic presidential candidate Senator [[Barack Obama]] (IL) phoned Israeli foreign minister [[Tzipi Livni]] while she was visiting the US. Obama expressed his condolences to the Israeli people and to the bereaved families in the wake of the terror attack in the Mercaz Harav Yeshiva. He also stressed Israel's right to defend itself and made it clear that both the US and Israel were interested in ensuring that Iran will not be acquiring nuclear weapons.<ref>[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3517989,00.html Obama calls Livni, back's Israel's right for self-defense - Israel News, Ynetnews]</ref><ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/963286.html Livni, in U.S., speaks to Obama by phone, pressing Iran issue - Haaretz - Israel News]</ref> [[United States]] Senator [[Hillary Clinton]] (D, NY), at the time a leading presidential candidate, said "My thoughts and prayers are with the victims and families who are suffering the loss and horror of this despicable act of terrorism. The United States and the international community must make clear that such deplorable acts of terrorism will not be tolerated and we must continue to stand with Israel in its fight against terror.”<ref>[http://clinton.senate.gov/news/statements/details.cfm?id=294384&& Hillary Rodham Clinton, Senator for New York: Statement of Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton on Terrorist Attack in Jerusalem]</ref>

*{{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Argentina]]'s [[Foreign Ministry]] said: "Argentina's Government expresses our deep concern at the escalation of tensions and violence in the region and condemns the attack [...]" "Argentina urges for the cessation of violence... this way will allow the negotiation process for a fair, global and durable peace"<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/exterior/nota.asp?nota_id=993585
|title=El Gobierno condenó el atentado en Jerusalén
|publisher=www.lanacion.com.ar
|accessdate=2008-03-07
}} {{es icon}}
</ref>
*{{flagicon|Canada}} [[Canada]]'s [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Canada)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]] [[Maxime Bernier]] stated that "Canada condemns this terrorist act in the strongest possible terms. <nowiki>The attack</nowiki> does nothing to advance the Palestinian cause."<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://w01.international.gc.ca/MinPub/Publication.aspx?isRedirect=True&Language=E&publication_id=385917&docnumber=52
|title=Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada
|publisher=w01.international.gc.ca
|accessdate=2008-03-08
|last=
|first=
}}
</ref>
*{{flagicon|China}} [[People's Republic of China|Chinese]] [[Foreign Minister of the People's Republic of China|Foreign Ministry Spokesperson]] [[Qin Gang]] condemned the attack and expressed hope for the lessening of tensions in the Middle East.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.chinaembassy.org.il/eng/fyrth/t412855.htm
|title=Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Qin Gang's Remarks on the Attack at a Jewish School in Jerusalem
|publisher=www.chinaembassy.org.il
|accessdate=2008-03-07
|last=
|first=
}}
</ref>
*{{flagicon|Slovenia}} [[Slovenia]], which held the [[Presidency of the Council of the European Union]], issued a statement condemning the attack, and stating that "terrorist acts are unacceptable."<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.delisr.ec.europa.eu/English/whatsnew.asp?id=972
|title=EU Presidency condemns Jerusalem terror attack
|publisher=www.delisr.ec.europa.eu
|accessdate=2008-03-08
|last=
|first=
}}
</ref>
*{{flagicon|France}} [[France]]'s [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (France)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]] [[Bernard Kouchner]] condemned the attack, and called for peace talks to continue despite the attack.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://194.90.243.96/spip.php?article5118
|title=Attentat contre une école talmudique à Jérusalem - Mon site SPIP
|publisher=194.90.243.96
|accessdate=2008-03-08
|last=
|first=
}} {{fr icon}}
</ref>
*{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Germany]]'s [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Germany)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]] [[Frank-Walter Steinmeier]] said that the attack horrified him, and expressed his sympathy to the families.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.tel-aviv.diplo.de/Vertretung/telaviv/de/Startseite.html
|title=- Startseite
|publisher=www.tel-aviv.diplo.de
|accessdate=2008-03-08
|last=
|first=
}} {{de icon}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.tel-aviv.diplo.de/Vertretung/telaviv/he/Startseite.html
|title=- עמוד פתיחה
|publisher=www.tel-aviv.diplo.de
|accessdate=2008-03-08
|last=
|first=
}} {{he icon}}
</ref>
*{{flagicon|Georgia}} The [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]] [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] strongly condemned the attack, and expressed its profound condolences to the families.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.mfa.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=ENG&sec_id=461&info_id=6076
|title=Ministry Of Foreign Affairs Of Georgia - News
|publisher=www.mfa.gov.ge
|accessdate=2008-03-08
|last=
|first=
}}
</ref>
*{{flagicon|India}} The [[India]]n [[Ministry for External Affairs]] condemned "the mindless terrorist attack" in which "eight young innocent Israeli lives were lost" and called for dialogue to end the "current cycle of violence".<ref>
{{cite news
|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/India_condemns_attack_on_Israeli_seminary/articleshow/2848806.cms
|title=India condemns attack on Israel seminary
|publisher=[[Times of India]]
|accessdate=2008-04-02
|last=
|first=
|date=2008-03-09
}}
</ref>
*{{flagicon|Ireland}} [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]'s [[Minister for Foreign Affairs (Ireland)|Foreign Minister]] [[Dermot Ahern]] "strongly condemned the terrorist attack" and urged "all parties to end the spiral of violence."<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://dfa.ie/home/index.aspx?id=43527
|title=Department of Foreign Affairs - Minister Ahern condemns killing of Israeli religious students in Jerusalem
|publisher=dfa.ie
|accessdate=2008-03-07
|last=
|first=
}}
</ref>
*{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Masahiko Kōmura]], the [[Japan]]ese [[Minister for Foreign Affairs (Japan)|Minister for Foreign Affairs]], said that "Japan expresses its condolences to the bereaved families as well as deepest sympathy for the people who were injured. Terrorism cannot be justified for any reason, and any attempt to justify it is unacceptable."<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/announce/2008/3/1178471_990.html
|title=MOFA: Statement by Foreign Minister Koumura on the terrorist shooting attack in Jerusalem
|publisher=www.mofa.go.jp
|accessdate=2008-03-08
|last=
|first=
}}
</ref>
*{{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Jordan]]ian police dismantled a mourning tent erected outside the home of relatives of the shooter.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.jta.org/cgi-bin/iowa/breaking/107408.html
|title=JTA, Jewish & Israel News
|publisher=www.jta.org
|accessdate=2008-03-08
|last=
|first=
| archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080314181424/http://www.jta.org/cgi-bin/iowa/breaking/107408.html| archivedate = March 14, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1204546430941&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull
|title=Jordan stops public mourning of gunman | Jerusalem Post
|publisher=www.jpost.com
|accessdate=2008-03-08
|last=
|first=
}}
</ref>
*{{flagicon|Norway}} [[Norway]]'s [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Norway)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]] [[Jonas Gahr Støre]] condemned the attack and expressed his sympathies to the families.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/ud/press/News/2008/jerusalem_attack.html?id=503073
|title=Norway condemns terrorist attack in Jerusalem - regjeringen.no
|publisher=www.regjeringen.no
|accessdate=2008-03-08
|last=
|first=
}}
</ref>
*{{flagicon|UK}} [[United Kingdom|British]] [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] [[Gordon Brown]] condemned the attack, saying that is was "an attempt to strike a blow at the very heart of the peace process."<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.britemb.org.il/News/2008/Brown070308.htm
|title=British Embassy Tel Aviv, News: PM Brown condemns Jerusalem terror attack
|publisher=www.britemb.org.il
|accessdate=2008-03-08
|last=
|first=
}}
</ref> [[Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs]] [[David Miliband]] condemned the attack and expressed his hope for a peaceful Middle East.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.fco.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket/Xcelerate/ShowPage&c=Page&cid=1007029391638&a=KArticle&aid=1203948577072
|title=Press Releases Foreign & Commonwealth Office
|publisher=www.fco.gov.uk
|accessdate=2008-03-07
}}{{Dead link|date=July 2008}}
</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Israeli civilian casualties in the Second Intifada]]
* [[List of school-related attacks]]
* [[List of massacres]]
* [[Ma'alot massacre]]
* [[Hebrew University massacre]]
* [[Avivim school bus massacre]]
* [[Jerusalem bulldozer attack]]
* [[Jerusalem BMW attack]]
* [[Israeli casualties of war]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Terrorist attacks against Israelis in the 2000s}}
{{Israeli-Palestinian Conflict}}

{{coord|31|47|16.15|N|35|11|48.54|E|display=title}}



{{DEFAULTSORT:Mercaz Harav Massacre}}
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in Israel in 2008]]
[[Category:Islamic terrorism]]
[[Category:Israeli casualties in the Second Intifada]]
[[Category:Massacres in Israel during the Israeli–Palestinian conflict]]
[[Category:School killings in Israel]]
[[Category:Terrorism in Jerusalem]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in 2008]]

[[es:Atentado al Mercaz HaRav]]
[[he:הפיגוע בישיבת מרכז הרב]]
[[no:Terrorangrepet i Jerusalem 6. mars 2008]]
[[pl:Strzelanina w jesziwie Mercaz HaRav]]
[[ru:Теракт в йешиве «Мерказ ха-Рав»]]
[[yi:ישיבה מרכז הרב שחיטה]]

Michel Jehuda Lefkowitz

2011-06-30T13:34:55Z

Davshul: add month of birth, according to Hebrew-language Wikipedia

[[File:Rabbi Lefkowitz.jpg|thumb|right|Rabbi Lefkowitz]]
Rabbi '''Michel Yehuda Lefkowitz''' (December 1913–27 June 2011 in [[Jerusalem]]) was a [[Haredi Judaism|Haredi]] [[Gadol|Torah leader]] and [[rosh yeshiva]] of Yeshivas [[Ponovezh]] L’Tzeirim in [[Bnei Brak]], [[Israel]] for more than 50 years.<ref name="ywn">{{cite web |url=http://www.theyeshivaworld.com/news/General+News/96169/BORUCH-DAYAN-EMMES%3A-Petira-Of-Hagon-Rav-Michel-Yehuda-Lefkowitz-ZATZAL.html |title=BORUCH DAYAN EMMES: Petira Of Hagon Rav Michel Yehuda Lefkowitz ZATZAL |date=27 June 2011|accessdate=27 June 2011}}</ref> He was a member of the [[Moetzes Gedolei HaTorah]] of [[Degel HaTorah]]''.<ref name="ywn"/>

Lefkowitz was born in [[Valozhyn]], [[Russian Empire]] (now [[Belarus]]) in 1913. He immigrated to Israel in 1936.<ref name="jp">{{cite web |url=http://www.jpost.com/JewishWorld/JewishNews/Article.aspx?id=226966 |title=Huge crowds gather in Bnei Barak for rabbi's funeral |last=Mandel |first=Jonah |date=28 June 2011 |accessdate=29 June 2011 |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]]}}</ref>

He was a student of Rabbi [[Shlomo Heiman]] and the [[Chazon Ish]]. He released the two-volume [[Chiddushei Rabbi Shlomo]], the Torah of his rebbi, Rabbi Heiman.<ref name="ywn"/>

Lefkowitz taught at the [[yeshiva ketana]] (the equivalent of high school) of Yeshivas Ponevezh for over 50 years. Among his students were the grandchildren of his original students.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vosizneias.com/86314/2011/06/27/jerusalem-ponoviz-rosh-yeshiva-rabbi-michal-yehuda-lefkowitz-passes-away-at-97/ |title=Jerusalem – Ponevitch Rosh Yeshiva Rabbi 'Michel Yehuda Lefkowitz Passes Away At 97 |date=27 June 2011 |accessdate=27 June 2011 |publisher=Vozizneias}}</ref>

He died on 27 June 2011 at the age of 97.<ref name="ywn"/><ref>[http://www.thejerusalemlife.com/news/hagon-rav-michel-yehuda-lefkowitz-ztzl Hagaon R’ Michel Yehuda Lefkowitz niftar] ''The Jerusalem Life'', 27 June 2011</ref> An estimated 100,000 people attended his funeral in Bnei Brak.<ref name="jp"/>

==Works==
*''Chiddushei Rabbi Shlomo''
*''Minchas Yehuda'' on Tractates [[Bava Kamma]] (see [http://hebrewbooks.org/48220 here]), [[Kiddushin]] (see [http://hebrewbooks.org/48224 here]), and [[Gittin]], and Seder Kodshim (see [http://hebrewbooks.org/48223 here]) Seder Zeraim (see [http://hebrewbooks.org/48221 here]) (many other topics are discussed in this volume, and numerous letters are included)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IXyhiyqS0NE YouTube Video of a group visiting Lefkowitz]
*[http://chareidi.shemayisrael.com/archives5766/VRH66ormichel2.htm excerpt from Darchei HaChaim]
*[http://www.maimonidesinstitute.com/community_links.html photo]
*[http://www.kosherculture.org/rabgallery.html photo]

{{Ponevezh_Yeshiva}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Lefkowitz, Michel Yehuda
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lefkowitz, Michel Yehuda}}
[[Category:Haredi rabbis in Israel]]
[[Category:Rosh yeshivas]]
[[Category:Ponevezh Yeshiva]]
[[Category:20th-century rabbis]]
[[Category:21st-century rabbis]]
[[Category:People from Belarus]]
[[Category:People from Bnei Brak]]
[[Category:1913 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]

{{Israel-rabbi-stub}}

[[fr:Michal Yehouda Lefkowitz]]
[[he:מיכל יהודה ליפקוביץ]]

Michel Jehuda Lefkowitz

2011-06-30T13:32:52Z

Davshul: fix previous edit

[[File:Rabbi Lefkowitz.jpg|thumb|right|Rabbi Lefkowitz]]
Rabbi '''Michel Yehuda Lefkowitz''' (1913–27 June 2011 in [[Jerusalem]]) was a [[Haredi Judaism|Haredi]] [[Gadol|Torah leader]] and [[rosh yeshiva]] of Yeshivas [[Ponovezh]] L’Tzeirim in [[Bnei Brak]], [[Israel]] for more than 50 years.<ref name="ywn">{{cite web |url=http://www.theyeshivaworld.com/news/General+News/96169/BORUCH-DAYAN-EMMES%3A-Petira-Of-Hagon-Rav-Michel-Yehuda-Lefkowitz-ZATZAL.html |title=BORUCH DAYAN EMMES: Petira Of Hagon Rav Michel Yehuda Lefkowitz ZATZAL |date=27 June 2011|accessdate=27 June 2011}}</ref> He was a member of the [[Moetzes Gedolei HaTorah]] of [[Degel HaTorah]]''.<ref name="ywn"/>

Lefkowitz was born in [[Valozhyn]], [[Russian Empire]] (now [[Belarus]]) in 1913. He immigrated to Israel in 1936.<ref name="jp">{{cite web |url=http://www.jpost.com/JewishWorld/JewishNews/Article.aspx?id=226966 |title=Huge crowds gather in Bnei Barak for rabbi's funeral |last=Mandel |first=Jonah |date=28 June 2011 |accessdate=29 June 2011 |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]]}}</ref>

He was a student of Rabbi [[Shlomo Heiman]] and the [[Chazon Ish]]. He released the two-volume [[Chiddushei Rabbi Shlomo]], the Torah of his rebbi, Rabbi Heiman.<ref name="ywn"/>

Lefkowitz taught at the [[yeshiva ketana]] (the equivalent of high school) of Yeshivas Ponevezh for over 50 years. Among his students were the grandchildren of his original students.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vosizneias.com/86314/2011/06/27/jerusalem-ponoviz-rosh-yeshiva-rabbi-michal-yehuda-lefkowitz-passes-away-at-97/ |title=Jerusalem – Ponevitch Rosh Yeshiva Rabbi 'Michel Yehuda Lefkowitz Passes Away At 97 |date=27 June 2011 |accessdate=27 June 2011 |publisher=Vozizneias}}</ref>

He died on 27 June 2011 at the age of 97.<ref name="ywn"/><ref>[http://www.thejerusalemlife.com/news/hagon-rav-michel-yehuda-lefkowitz-ztzl Hagaon R’ Michel Yehuda Lefkowitz niftar] ''The Jerusalem Life'', 27 June 2011</ref> An estimated 100,000 people attended his funeral in Bnei Brak.<ref name="jp"/>

==Works==
*''Chiddushei Rabbi Shlomo''
*''Minchas Yehuda'' on Tractates [[Bava Kamma]] (see [http://hebrewbooks.org/48220 here]), [[Kiddushin]] (see [http://hebrewbooks.org/48224 here]), and [[Gittin]], and Seder Kodshim (see [http://hebrewbooks.org/48223 here]) Seder Zeraim (see [http://hebrewbooks.org/48221 here]) (many other topics are discussed in this volume, and numerous letters are included)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IXyhiyqS0NE YouTube Video of a group visiting Lefkowitz]
*[http://chareidi.shemayisrael.com/archives5766/VRH66ormichel2.htm excerpt from Darchei HaChaim]
*[http://www.maimonidesinstitute.com/community_links.html photo]
*[http://www.kosherculture.org/rabgallery.html photo]

{{Ponevezh_Yeshiva}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Lefkowitz, Michel Yehuda
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lefkowitz, Michel Yehuda}}
[[Category:Haredi rabbis in Israel]]
[[Category:Rosh yeshivas]]
[[Category:Ponevezh Yeshiva]]
[[Category:20th-century rabbis]]
[[Category:21st-century rabbis]]
[[Category:People from Belarus]]
[[Category:People from Bnei Brak]]
[[Category:1913 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]

{{Israel-rabbi-stub}}

[[fr:Michal Yehouda Lefkowitz]]
[[he:מיכל יהודה ליפקוביץ]]

Michel Jehuda Lefkowitz

2011-06-30T13:30:55Z

Davshul: added citation

[[File:Rabbi Lefkowitz.jpg|thumb|right|Rabbi Lefkowitz]]
Rabbi '''Michel Yehuda Lefkowitz''' (1913–27 June 2011 in [[Jerusalem]]) was a [[Haredi Judaism|Haredi]] [[Gadol|Torah leader]] and [[rosh yeshiva]] of Yeshivas [[Ponovezh]] L’Tzeirim in [[Bnei Brak]], [[Israel]] for more than 50 years.<ref name="ywn">{{cite web |url=http://www.theyeshivaworld.com/news/General+News/96169/BORUCH-DAYAN-EMMES%3A-Petira-Of-Hagon-Rav-Michel-Yehuda-Lefkowitz-ZATZAL.html |title=BORUCH DAYAN EMMES: Petira Of Hagon R<ref>[http://www.thejerusalemlife.com/news/hagon-rav-michel-yehuda-lefkowitz-ztzl Hagaon R’ Michel Yehuda Lefkowitz niftar] The Jerusalem Life, 27 June 2011</ref>av Michel Yehuda Lefkowitz ZATZAL |date=27 June 2011|accessdate=27 June 2011}}</ref> He was a member of the [[Moetzes Gedolei HaTorah]] of [[Degel HaTorah]]''.<ref name="ywn"/>

Lefkowitz was born in [[Valozhyn]], [[Russian Empire]] (now [[Belarus]]) in 1913. He immigrated to Israel in 1936.<ref name="jp">{{cite web |url=http://www.jpost.com/JewishWorld/JewishNews/Article.aspx?id=226966 |title=Huge crowds gather in Bnei Barak for rabbi's funeral |last=Mandel |first=Jonah |date=28 June 2011 |accessdate=29 June 2011 |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]]}}</ref>

He was a student of Rabbi [[Shlomo Heiman]] and the [[Chazon Ish]]. He released the two-volume [[Chiddushei Rabbi Shlomo]], the Torah of his rebbi, Rabbi Heiman.<ref name="ywn"/>

Lefkowitz taught at the [[yeshiva ketana]] (the equivalent of high school) of Yeshivas Ponevezh for over 50 years. Among his students were the grandchildren of his original students.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vosizneias.com/86314/2011/06/27/jerusalem-ponoviz-rosh-yeshiva-rabbi-michal-yehuda-lefkowitz-passes-away-at-97/ |title=Jerusalem – Ponevitch Rosh Yeshiva Rabbi 'Michel Yehuda Lefkowitz Passes Away At 97 |date=27 June 2011 |accessdate=27 June 2011 |publisher=Vozizneias}}</ref>

He died on 27 June 2011 at the age of 97.<ref name="ywn"/> An estimated 100,000 people attended his funeral in Bnei Brak.<ref name="jp"/>

==Works==
*''Chiddushei Rabbi Shlomo''
*''Minchas Yehuda'' on Tractates [[Bava Kamma]] (see [http://hebrewbooks.org/48220 here]), [[Kiddushin]] (see [http://hebrewbooks.org/48224 here]), and [[Gittin]], and Seder Kodshim (see [http://hebrewbooks.org/48223 here]) Seder Zeraim (see [http://hebrewbooks.org/48221 here]) (many other topics are discussed in this volume, and numerous letters are included)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IXyhiyqS0NE YouTube Video of a group visiting Lefkowitz]
*[http://chareidi.shemayisrael.com/archives5766/VRH66ormichel2.htm excerpt from Darchei HaChaim]
*[http://www.maimonidesinstitute.com/community_links.html photo]
*[http://www.kosherculture.org/rabgallery.html photo]

{{Ponevezh_Yeshiva}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Lefkowitz, Michel Yehuda
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lefkowitz, Michel Yehuda}}
[[Category:Haredi rabbis in Israel]]
[[Category:Rosh yeshivas]]
[[Category:Ponevezh Yeshiva]]
[[Category:20th-century rabbis]]
[[Category:21st-century rabbis]]
[[Category:People from Belarus]]
[[Category:People from Bnei Brak]]
[[Category:1913 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]

{{Israel-rabbi-stub}}

[[fr:Michal Yehouda Lefkowitz]]
[[he:מיכל יהודה ליפקוביץ]]

Dungal von Bobbio

2011-06-06T20:50:15Z

Davshul: remove category that does not exist

{{redirect|Dungal}}
The Irish monk '''Dungal''' lived at Saint-Denis, Pavia and Bobbio. He wrote a poem on [[wisdom]] and the [[liberal arts#History|seven liberal arts]] and advised [[Charlemagne]] on astronomical matters.<ref>M. L. W. Laistner, ''Thought and Letters in Western Europe: A.C. 500 to 900'', 2nd. ed., (Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Pr., 1957), pp. 214, 290-91.</ref> He died after 827, probably at the [[Monastery of Bobbio]]. He may be the same person as ''[[Hibernicus exul]]''.

In a letter, directed to Charlemagne, he answered Charlemagne's question of why two [[solar eclipse]]s occurred in the year 810, drawing on his knowledge of the teachings of [[Macrobius]], [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]], and other ancient authors.<ref>Bruce S. Eastwood, "The Astronomy of Macrobius in Carolingian Europe: Dungal's Letter of 811 to Charles the Great", ''Early Medieval Europe,'' 3(1994): 117-134</ref>

He bequeathed to Bobbio Abbey his valuable library, consisting of some 27 volumes,<ref>See the new edition of the Bobbio catalogue by M. TOSI, ‘Il governo abbaziale di Gerberto a Bobbio’, in Archivum Bobiense, 2 (1985), pp. 195-223, with Dungal's bequest at nos. 496 to 522</ref> among which may have been the ''[[Antiphonary of Bangor]]''. He wrote to refute some of the religious teachings of [[Claudius of Turin]] at the request of the emperor [[Louis the Pious]].

==Latin texts by Dungal==
* [http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/04z/z_0760-0860__Dungalus_Reclusus__Carmina__MLT.pdf.html Carmina], [[Migne]], [[Patrologia Latina]], vol. 105: col 052-0532D
* [http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/04z/z_0760-0860__Dungalus_Reclusus__Epistola_De_Duplici_Solis_Eclipsi_Anno_810__MLT.pdf.html Epistola de duplici Solis Eclipsi Anno 810], [[Migne]], [[Patrologia Latina]], vol. 105: col. 0447-0458C
* [http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/04z/z_0760-0860__Dungalus_Reclusus__Responsa_Contra_Perversas_Claudii_Tauronensis_Episcopi_Sententias__MLT.pdf.html Responsa contra perversas Claudii Tauronensis Episcopi sententias], [[Migne]], [[Patrologia Latina]], vol. 105: col. 0465-0530A

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Hiberno-Latin authors}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Dungal
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Dungal of Saint-Denis
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dungal}}
[[Category:Medieval Irish astronomers]]
[[Category:Irish Christian monks]]
[[Category:8th-century births]]
[[Category:9th-century deaths]]
[[Category:9th-century Irish people]]
[[Category:Medieval Irish people]]
[[Category:Medieval Gaels]]
[[Category:Irish poets]]
[[Category:Irish writers]]
[[Category:Irish expatriates in France]]
[[Category:Irish expatriates in Italy]]

[[fr:Dungal]]
[[nl:Dungal van Bangor]]

Dungal von Bobbio

2011-06-06T20:49:20Z

Davshul: more specific category

{{redirect|Dungal}}
The Irish monk '''Dungal''' lived at Saint-Denis, Pavia and Bobbio. He wrote a poem on [[wisdom]] and the [[liberal arts#History|seven liberal arts]] and advised [[Charlemagne]] on astronomical matters.<ref>M. L. W. Laistner, ''Thought and Letters in Western Europe: A.C. 500 to 900'', 2nd. ed., (Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Pr., 1957), pp. 214, 290-91.</ref> He died after 827, probably at the [[Monastery of Bobbio]]. He may be the same person as ''[[Hibernicus exul]]''.

In a letter, directed to Charlemagne, he answered Charlemagne's question of why two [[solar eclipse]]s occurred in the year 810, drawing on his knowledge of the teachings of [[Macrobius]], [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]], and other ancient authors.<ref>Bruce S. Eastwood, "The Astronomy of Macrobius in Carolingian Europe: Dungal's Letter of 811 to Charles the Great", ''Early Medieval Europe,'' 3(1994): 117-134</ref>

He bequeathed to Bobbio Abbey his valuable library, consisting of some 27 volumes,<ref>See the new edition of the Bobbio catalogue by M. TOSI, ‘Il governo abbaziale di Gerberto a Bobbio’, in Archivum Bobiense, 2 (1985), pp. 195-223, with Dungal's bequest at nos. 496 to 522</ref> among which may have been the ''[[Antiphonary of Bangor]]''. He wrote to refute some of the religious teachings of [[Claudius of Turin]] at the request of the emperor [[Louis the Pious]].

==Latin texts by Dungal==
* [http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/04z/z_0760-0860__Dungalus_Reclusus__Carmina__MLT.pdf.html Carmina], [[Migne]], [[Patrologia Latina]], vol. 105: col 052-0532D
* [http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/04z/z_0760-0860__Dungalus_Reclusus__Epistola_De_Duplici_Solis_Eclipsi_Anno_810__MLT.pdf.html Epistola de duplici Solis Eclipsi Anno 810], [[Migne]], [[Patrologia Latina]], vol. 105: col. 0447-0458C
* [http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/04z/z_0760-0860__Dungalus_Reclusus__Responsa_Contra_Perversas_Claudii_Tauronensis_Episcopi_Sententias__MLT.pdf.html Responsa contra perversas Claudii Tauronensis Episcopi sententias], [[Migne]], [[Patrologia Latina]], vol. 105: col. 0465-0530A

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Hiberno-Latin authors}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Dungal
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Dungal of Saint-Denis
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dungal}}
[[Category:Medieval Irish astronomers]]
[[Category:Irish Christian monks]]
[[Category:8th-century births]]
[[Category:9th-century deaths]]
[[Category:9th-century Irish people]]
[[Category:Medieval Irish people]]
[[Category:Medieval Gaels]]
[[Category:Irish poets]]
[[Category:Irish writers]]
[[Category:Caolingian Latin writers]]
[[Category:Irish expatriates in France]]
[[Category:Irish expatriates in Italy]]

[[fr:Dungal]]
[[nl:Dungal van Bangor]]

Abu ʿAli al-Chayyat

2011-05-23T22:02:28Z

Davshul: added category

[[File:De Ludiciis Natiuitatum Albohali Nuremberg 1546.jpg|thumb|Edition of ''De Iudiciis Natiuitatum'', Albohali, Nuremberg, 1546.]]
'''Abu 'Ali al-Khaiyat''' ( - c.844), often called in Western sources '''Albohali''', '''Albohali Alghihac''', '''Albohali Alchait''' or '''Albenahait''', was an Arab astrologer and a student of [[Mashallah ibn Athari|Mashallah]].<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=7CP7fYghBFQC&pg=PA875 Houtsma, p.875]</ref> Albohali's "Book of Birth" was translated into Latin by [[Plato of Tivoli]] in 1136, and again by [[Johannes Hispalensis]] in 1153.<ref name="Houtsma, p.875">Houtsma, p.875</ref>, and this last translation was published again in Nuremberg in 1546 under the title ''Albohali Arabis astrologi antiquissimi ac clarissimi de iudiciis nativitatum liber unus antehac non editus. Cum privilegio D. Iohanni Shonero concesso''.<ref name="Houtsma, p.875"/>

There is an English translation by James Herschel Holden, ''The Judgments of Nativities'' (Tempe, Az.: A.F.A., Inc, 2008) made from the 1546 Nuremberg edition.

==See also==
* [[Latin translations of the 12th century]]

==Works==
* ''Kitāb Sirr al-'Amal'' "Book of the secret action"
* ''Kitāb al-Mawālid'' "Book of Birth"

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
M. Th. Houtsma, E. van Donzel ''E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam 1913-1936'' BRILL ISBN 9004097902

{{astrology-stub}}

[[Category:Muslim writers]]
[[Category:Astrologers of medieval Islam]]
[[Category:Medieval Arab astrologers]]

Ibn Zuhr

2011-05-06T05:37:59Z

Davshul: + category

{{Jagged 85 shortened}}

{{Infobox_Muslim scholars |


notability = [[List of Islamic studies scholars|Muslim scholar]]|
era = [[Islamic Golden Age]] |
color = #cef2e0 |


image_name = |
image_caption = |
signature = |


name = Abū Merwān ’Abdal-Malik ibn Zuhr |
title= Ibn Zuhr |
birth = 1091 |
death = 1161 |
Region = [[Al-Andalus]] |
Maddhab = |
school tradition= |
main_interests = |
notable idea= |
works = |
influences = |
influenced = |
}}


'''Abū Merwān ’Abdal-Malik ibn Zuhr''' ({{lang-ar|'''أبو مروان عبد الملك بن زهر'''}}) (also known as '''Ibn Zuhr''', '''Avenzoar''', '''Abumeron''' or '''Ibn-Zohr''') (1091–1161) was a [[Islamic medicine|Muslim physician]], surgeon and teacher in [[Al-Andalus]].

==See also==
{{Wikisource1911Enc|Avenzoar}}
*[[List of Muslim scientists]]
*[[Islamic science]]
*[[Islamic medicine]]

==External links==
*{{cite encyclopedia | last = Hamarneh | first = Sami | title=[http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2830904797.html Ibn Zuhr,Abū Marwān ʿAbd Al-Malik Ibn Abiʿl-ʿAlāʿ (Latin,Abhomjeron or Avenzoar)] | encyclopedia = [[Dictionary of Scientific Biography|Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography]] | publisher = Encyclopedia.com | origyear=1970-80 | year = 2008 }}

{{Islamic medicine}}
{{Ancient anaesthesia-footer}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zuhr, Ibn}}
[[Category:1091 births]]
[[Category:1161 deaths]]
[[Category:Sunni Muslim scholars]]
[[Category:Physicians of medieval Islam]]
[[Category:Medieval Arab and Moorish physicians of Spain]]
[[Category:Pharmacists]]
[[Category:Parasitologists]]
[[Category:12th-century physicians]]

[[ar:ابن زهر]]
[[ca:Abu-Marwan Ibn Zuhr]]
[[es:Ibn Zuhr]]
[[fr:Avenzoar]]
[[ms:Abu Marwan Ibn Zuhr]]
[[ro:Avenzoar]]
[[ru:Ибн Зухр]]

Alfred Dubs, Baron Dubs

2010-12-26T14:27:53Z

Davshul: more specific category

{{dablink|Not to be confused with [[Alfred Dobbs]], Labour MP in 1945}}
'''Alfred Dubs, Baron Dubs''' (born December 1932) is a [[Czechoslovakia|Czech]]-born [[United Kingdom|British]] [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] politician and former [[Member of Parliament]].

== Youth and education ==

Born in [[Prague]], then in [[Czechoslovakia]], Dubs was one of 669 Czech, mainly [[Jew]]ish, children saved by English stockbroker [[Nicholas Winton]] from the [[Nazism|Nazis]] on the '[[Kindertransport]]'. He only discovered that he was one of the "Winton children" a few years ago{{when|date=December 2010}} after a relative saw his name on a television programme by [[Esther Rantzen]]. He has a clear memory of leaving Prague station at the age of six and not touching the food pack given to him by his mother for the next two days. But he had no idea who masterminded his escape. He has written and broadcast extensively on the subject, campaigning for Winton to be honoured. Winton was later knighted for his actions.

He was educated at [[Cheadle Hulme School]] and the [[London School of Economics]]. He then worked as a local government officer.

== Career ==

Dubs was elected at [[United Kingdom general election, 1979|1979 general election]] as [[Member of Parliament]] (MP) for [[Battersea South (UK Parliament constituency)|Battersea South]] and in [[United Kingdom general election, 1983|1983]] for [[Battersea (UK Parliament constituency)|Battersea]], before losing his seat at the [[United Kingdom general election, 1987|1987 election]]. From 1988 to 1995 he was Director of the [[Refugee Council]]. In 1994 was appointed a Labour Working [[peerage]] as '''Baron Dubs''', of Battersea in the London Borough of [[Wandsworth]]. He was Parliamentary Under Secretary of State at the [[Northern Ireland Office]] from May 1997 to December 1999.

Whilst Dubs was an MP, [[John O'Farrell]] worked in his office and was a Labour activist in Battersea. O'Farrell described in his book (Things can ''only'' get better) the events leading up to Dubs' shock defeat by the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] candidate [[John Bowis]] at the [[United Kingdom general election, 1987|1987 general election]]. Dubs stood for Battersea again at the [[United Kingdom general election, 1992|1992 election]], only to see the Conservative majority increase against the national trend. Subsequently, he was given a [[life peer]]age.

Lord Dubs has served on an Area Health Authority and more recently on a Mental Health Trust. He was Chair of the [[Broadcasting Standards Commission]] until December 2003 and had previously been Deputy Chair of the [[Independent Television Commission]]. He is a Trustee of the [[Open University]] Foundation.

In the past, he has been a local Councillor, Chair of the [[Fabian Society]], Chair of [[Liberty]], a Trustee of [[Action Aid]], a Trustee of the [[Immigration Advisory Service]] and of a number of other voluntary organisations.

Lord Dubs is a Distinguished Supporter of the [[British Humanist Association]].

In 2008 Lord Dubs was an active member of the House of Lords, participating in 42 debates, well above average for a Peer. He has spoken on many varied subjects including the [[National Probation Service]]<ref name="prob">{{cite web|url=http://www.theyworkforyou.com/lords/?gid=2008-11-19a.1138.0|title=House of Lords debates National Probation Service: Budget|accessdate=2008-12-10 |publisher=[http://www.theyworkforyou.com] }}</ref> and [[Road Safety]]<ref name="rsafety">{{cite web|url=http://www.theyworkforyou.com/lords/?id=2008-01-10b.944.1&s=road+safety+speaker%3A13000#g944.4|title=House of Lords debates Thursday, 10 January 2008|accessdate=2008-12-10 |publisher=[http://www.theyworkforyou.com] }}</ref>. He serves on the Parliamentary [[Joint Committee on Human Rights]].

Lord Dubs is currently the Chair of the [[Road Safety Foundation]].

Dubs lists his main home as a cottage in the Lake District in Cumbria which enabled him to claim over £26,000 of overnight subsistence in 2007/8<ref>http://www.parliament.uk/documents/upload/HoLallowances0708.pdf</ref> although he has lived in Notting Hill, west London, since 1964. He argued in justification in May 2009 that Lords regard the overnight allowance as a payment in lieu of salary. "We are the only legislators in the world that don’t get paid," he said. "The overnight thing is quite generous because it compensates for not having a salary. In practice that’s how it works."<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article6350668.ece | work=The Times | location=London | title=Peers claim thousands for mortgagefree homes | date=2009-05-24 | accessdate=2010-04-23}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Road Safety Foundation]]
* [[Campaign for Safe Road Design]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Times Guide to the House of Commons]] 1992

==External links==
* [http://www.theyworkforyou.com/peer/lord_dubs Profile on TheyWorkForYou.com]
*{{Hansard-contribs | mr-alfred-dubs | Alf Dubs }}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}
{{s-bef | before = [[Ernest Perry (politician)|Ernest Perry]] }}
{{s-ttl
| title = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Battersea South (UK Parliament constituency)|Battersea South]]
| years = [[United Kingdom general election, 1979|1979]]–[[United Kingdom general election, 1983|1983]]
}}
{{s-non | reason = constituency abolished }}

{{s-new | constituency }}
{{s-ttl
| title = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Battersea (UK Parliament constituency)|Battersea]]
| years = [[United Kingdom general election, 1983|1983]]–[[United Kingdom general election, 1987|1987]]
}}
{{s-aft | after = [[John Bowis]] }}
{{s-end}}


{{Persondata
|NAME=Dubs, Alfred
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=Alf Dubs; Baron Dubs of Battersea
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=[[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] politician, [[Member of Parliament]] 1979–1987
|DATE OF BIRTH=December 1932
|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Prague]], [[Czechoslovakia]]
|DATE OF DEATH=
|PLACE OF DEATH=
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dubs, Alfred}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Prague]]
[[Category:Members of the United Kingdom Parliament for English constituencies]]
[[Category:Labour Party (UK) MPs]]
[[Category:Councillors in Westminster]]
[[Category:British humanists]]
[[Category:Old Waconians]]
[[Category:Kindertransport refugees]]
[[Category:Refugees ennobled in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1979–1983]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1983–1987]]
[[Category:Czechoslovak refugees]]
[[Category:Labour Party (UK) life peers]]
[[Category:Czechoslovak immigrants to the United Kingdom]]

Richard Rock

2010-12-09T08:57:45Z

Davshul: more specific cat.

[[Image:Hogarth-Misaubin.png|thumb|300px|Richard Rock (left) argues with Dr. [[John Misaubin]] in [[William Hogarth]]'s 1732 ''[[A Harlot's Progress]]'' while his patient dies of [[venereal disease]].]]

'''Richard Rock''' (1690? - November 1777) was a well-known [[physician|doctor]] in eighteenth century London. Originally from [[Hamburg]], he was depicted by [[William Hogarth]] in the fifth scene of his 1731/2 satirical and moralistic series, ''[[A Harlot's Progress]]'', where he stands in dispute with notable French doctor [[John Misaubin]] beside the dying body of their patient, Moll Hackabout. The contrast between Rock (German, short and fat) and Misaubin (French and gaunt) is intentional. Misaubin is easily recognised by his notably tall and thin appearance, but the second doctor was harder to identify with certainty, so Hogarth added his name on a slip of paper on the stool to the lower right of the scene in later printings.

Hogarth also included Rock in his 1738 engraving, ''Morning'', the first of series entitled ''The Four Times of the Day'', selling his medicines in [[Covent Garden]]. Rock was known for selling a pill for [[venereal disease]].

[[Oliver Goldsmith]] discusses Rock and his physical appearance in Letter LXVIII of his 1760 work, ''The Citizen of the World''.

==References==
*Finley Foster, "[http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=194385&blobtype=pdf William Hogarth and the Doctors]", ''Bull Med Libr Assoc''. 32(3): 356–368 (July 1944) (PDF)

{{UK-med-bio-stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rock, Richard}}
[[Category:1690s births]]
[[Category:1777 deaths]]
[[Category:18th-century English medical doctors]]

Dovid Katz

2010-12-04T21:41:37Z

Davshul: added categories

'''Dovid Katz''' ([[Yiddish]]: הירשע־דוד כּ״ץ — ''Hirshe-Dovid Kats'') (born 1956) is an [[United States|American]]-born, [[Vilnius]]-based [[Judaic studies]] professor, [[Yiddish]] specialist, and [[Holocaust]] scholar. Katz is a noted critic of [[historical revisionism|historical]] and [[Historical revisionism (negationism)#Politically motivated historical revisionism|political]] revisionist currents in [[eastern Europe]], which he associates with the ambitions of Eastern European [[right-wing]] parties and [[Extremism|extremist]] groups.

==Biography==
Born in the [[New York City]] borough of [[Brooklyn]] into the [[Lithuanian-Jewish]] ([[Litvak]]) family of the award-winning [[Yiddish poetry|Yiddish poet]] Menke Katz, Dovid Katz graduated from [[Columbia University]] in 1978, completing a doctorate on the origins of the Yiddish language at the [[University of London]].<ref name = "SLS Lithunia Director">[http://sumlitsem.org/lithuania/jewishlithuania.html#Dovid "The SLS Jewish Lithuania Program: About the Director".] [http://sumlitsem.org Summer Literary Seminars.] 2009. Retrieved 2 November 2009.</ref><ref name = "CJN 2009">Lazarus, David. [http://www.cjnews.com/index2.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=16597&pop=1&page=0&Itemid=86 "Jewish Lithuania Program is Brainchild of Concordia Prof".] ''[[Canadian Jewish News]]''. 2 April 2009. Retrieved 2 November 2009.</ref> A founding instructor of the Yiddish studies program at [[Oxford University]], Katz began publishing Yiddish fiction while in the [[United Kingdom]] under the ''[[nom de plume]]'' '''Heershadovid Menkes''' in 1992, following the passing of his father. He co-founded the Oxford Institute for Yiddish Studies in 1994, serving as research director for the institute until 1997.<ref name = "AJ Yearbook 1998">''American Jewish Yearbook'', 1998, Vol. 98. Ed. David Singer. New York: American Jewish Committee, 1998. ISBN 0874951135 ISBN 978-0874951134. p. 245.</ref>

Katz relocated to [[Vilnius]] in the late 1990s in order to establish a Yiddish program at [[Vilnius University]], where he founded the [[Vilnius Yiddish Institute]] after a brief period of work at [[Yale University]].<ref name = "SLS Lithunia Director"/><ref name = "Roskies 2005">Roskies, David G. [http://www.commentarymagazine.com/viewarticle.cfm/words-on-fire-by-dovid-katz--outwitting-history-by-aaron-lansky-9873 "Words on Fire by Dovid Katz; Outwitting History by Aaron Lansky: Reviewed by David G. Roskies".] ''[[Commentary (magazine)|Commentary]]''. March 2005. Retrieved 2 November 2009.</ref> Professor Katz is the author of ''Words on Fire: The Unfinished Story of Yiddish'' (2007), whose trajectory traces the evolution of the Yiddish language over a millennium as well as three books of fiction in Yiddish and numerous scholarly works on aspects of the Yiddish language and Lithunian Jewish culture.<ref name = "Katz 23 Jun 2009">Katz, Dovid. [http://www.jcpa.org/JCPA/Templates/showpage.asp?DBID=1&LNGID=1&TMID=100&FID=630&PID=2613&IID=3012 "The Baltic Project to Delete the Holocaust from European History: Observations from Lithuania".] Twelfth lecture of the Eighth Herbert Berman Memorial Series. 23 June 2009. [[Institute for Global Jewish Affairs]]. Retrieved 1 November 2009.</ref><ref name = "Fetterman 2007">Fetterman, Bonny V. [http://reformjudaismmag.org/Articles/index.cfm?id=1243 "Heroes and Culture".] ''Reform Judaism Magazine''. Summer 2007. Retrieved 2 November 2009.</ref>

Katz has been an outspoken critic of the presentation of [[the Holocaust|Holocaust]] history in the national historical narratives of the [[Baltic states]], condemning them as aiming at both mitigatating the extent of local involvement in the tragedy and trivializing and obfuscating the Holocaust.<ref name = "Lefkovits 2009">Levkofits, Edgar. [http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1246296531280&pagename=JPArticle%2FShowFull "Baltic states assailed for 'Holocaust obfuscation'".] ''The Jerusalem Post''. 29 June 2009. Retrieved 3 November 2009.</ref> After official pressure against a proposed program to teach Holocaust history at Vilnius University, Katz was forced to teach his account of the Holocaust in students' homes instead of the university's campus.<ref name = "Freeland">Freedland, Jonathan. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/oct/20/conservatives-european-allies-holocaust-deniers "I Knew the Day of Holocaust 'Debate' Would Come. Just Not in My Lifetime".] ''[[The Guardian]]''. 20 October 2009. Retrieved 2 November 2009.</ref>

Professor Katz associates the phenomenon of Holocaust obfuscation not with a popular [[anti-semitism]] among the Lithuanian people but with an "anti-Semitic establishment that is based not among everyday people, but among the elites of government and some of its agencies and some quasi-academic institutions."<ref name = "SWC October 2009">[http://www.wiesenthal.com/site/apps/nlnet/content2.aspx?c=lsKWLbPJLnF&b=4441467&ct=7548759 "Wiesenthal Centre To OSCE Human Rights Conference 'Prague Declaration' is "A Project to Delete the Holocaust from European History".] 2009 News Releases. [[Simon Wiesenthal Centre]]. 5 October 2009. Retrieved 2 November 2009.</ref><ref name = "Ahren March 2009">Ahren, Raphael. [http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1066616.html "When Lithuania was 'Yiddishland'.] ''[[Ha'aretz]]''. 24 February 2009. Retrieved 2 November 2009.</ref> Observing the treatment of the Holocaust history in the [[Baltic states]], Katz has spoken of an organized campaign oriented around various strategems <blockquote>"including delegitimization of the anti-Nazi resistance (resulting most recently in prosecutorial campaigns against Holocaust survivors who resisted); delegitimization of the Wiesenthal Center and efforts to bring Nazi war criminals to justice; extreme embellishment of Jewish participation in Soviet rule; redefinition by law of the word 'genocide'; provocation of anti-Semitic moods centered on local Jews and Holocaust survivors; marginalization of valiant local non-Jewish champions of truth-telling, and their replacement by lavishly sponsored 'double genocide' commissions, research centers and museums. Discussion of successes to date in the European Parliament."<ref name = "Katz 23 Jun 2009"/></blockquote>

Registering his dissent against the United Kingdom's [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]]'s efforts to align itself with the controversial eastern European right in 2009, Katz has suggested that the party must not get "off the hook for their dalliances with some of the worst racists and Holocaust perverters in eastern Europe, who have turned obfuscation and distortion of history into foreign policy and for whom the watering down of the notion of genocide is a prime principle," dismissing support for such a bloc from British politicians as an ethically "untenable" stance.<ref name = "Katz Irish Times 2009">Katz, Dovid. [http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/opinion/2009/1031/1224257766699.html "Cameron Must End Tories' Far-Right Fling".] ''[[Irish Times]]''. 31 October 2009. Retrieved 2 November 2009.</ref>

==See also==
* [[Holocaust in Lithuania]]
* [[Holocaust trivialization debate]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.dovidkatz.net Dovidkatz.net]{{ndash}}Dovid Katz's official site
* [http://www.holocaustinthebaltics.com The Holocaust in the Baltics]{{ndash}}Dovid Katz's research site on the Holocaust in the Baltic republics

{{Persondata 
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| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Katz, Dovid}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
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[[Category:Alumni of the University of London]]
[[Category:American historians]]
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[[Category:American writers]]
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[[Category:Historians of the Holocaust]]
[[Category:Jewish historians]]
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[[Category:Lithuanian Jews]]
[[Category:American people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent]]
[[Category:People from Brooklyn]]
[[Category:Yiddish-language writers]]

Esther Hautzig

2010-12-04T21:21:46Z

Davshul: added categories

'''Esther Hautzig''' (née '''Rudomin''') ({{lang-l;khe|'''אסתר האוציג'''}}, born October 18, 1930, died November 1, 2009) was an [[United States|American]] writer, best known for her award-winning book ''[[The Endless Steppe]]'' (1968).

She was born in [[Vilna]], [[Poland]] (Vilnius, [[Lithuania]] today). Her childhood was interrupted by the beginning of [[World War II]] and the conquest in 1941 of eastern Poland by [[Soviet]] troops. Her family was uprooted and deported to [[Rubtsovsk]], [[Siberia]], where Esther spent the next five years in harsh exile. ''The Endless Steppe'' is an autobiographical account of those years in [[Siberia]].

After the end of the war, Esther and her family moved back to Poland when she was 15. She met [[Walter Hautzig]], a concert [[pianist]], while enroute to America on a students' visa in 1947. They married in 1950, and had two children, [[David Hautzig|David]] and [[Deborah Hautzig|Deborah]], one of whom (Deborah) grew up to be a children's author.

She wrote `The Endless Steppe' at the prompting of Presidential candidate [[Adlai Stevenson]], to whom she had written after reading his articles about his visit to [[Rubtsovsk]].

She died on 1 November 2009 from a combination of congestive heart failure and complications from Alzheimers Disease.<ref>''Esther Hautzig, Author of Wartime Survival Tale, Dies at 79', Joseph Berger, New York Times, 3 November 2009.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Seealso|Hautzig}}

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{{Jewish-hist-stub}}
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[[es:Esther Hautzig]]
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Adam Gopnik

2010-12-02T00:09:55Z

Davshul: changed cat.

'''Adam Gopnik''', (born August 24, 1956) is an [[U.S.|American]] [[writer]], [[essayist]] and [[Pundit (expert)|commentator]]. He is best known as a staff writer for ''[[The New Yorker]]''—to which he has contributed non-fiction, fiction, memoir and criticism<ref>{{cite web|author=|title=Contributors: Adam Gopnik |url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/bios/adam_gopnik/search?contributorName=adam%20gopnik |publisher=''[[The New Yorker]]''|date=|accessdate=22 May 2009}}</ref>—and as the author of the essay collection ''[[Paris to the Moon]]'', an account of five years that Gopnik, his wife Martha, and son Luke, spent in the French capital.

==Background and education==
Adam Gopnik was born in [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]], but was raised in [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]]. Gopnik's parents, Irwin and [[Myrna Gopnik]], served as professors at [[McGill University]], from which Gopnik received his Bachelor of Arts degree. While there, he was a contributor for [[The McGill Daily]]. He completed graduate work at the [[New York University Institute of Fine Arts]].<ref>[http://www.caneelbay.com/hottype Biography - Adam Gopnik]</ref>

==Career==
===Early years===
In 1986, Gopnik began his long professional association with ''[[The New Yorker]]'' with a piece that would show his future range, a consideration of connections between baseball, childhood, and Renaissance art. He has written for four editors at the magazine: [[William Shawn]], [[Robert Gottlieb]], [[Tina Brown]], and [[David Remnick]].

===Paris and "Paris Journal"===
In 1995, ''[[The New Yorker]]'' dispatched him to [[Paris]] to write the "Paris Journals", in which he described life in that city. These essays were later collected and published by [[Random House]] in ''[[Paris to the Moon]]'', after Gopnik returned to [[New York City]] in 2000. The book became a ''[[New York Times]]'' bestseller.

===Interest in Arts===
Gopnik studied art history and with his friend [[Kirk Varnedoe]] curated the famous 1990 ''High/Low'' show at New York's [[Museum of Modern Art]]. He later wrote an article for Search Magazine on the connection between religion and art and the compatibility of Christianity and Darwinism. He states in the article that the arts of human history are products of religious thought and that human conduct is not guaranteed by religion or secularism.<ref>http://www.searchmagazine.org/Archives/Back%20Issues/2009%20March-April/full-ongodgopnik.html</ref>

==Personal life==
Gopnik lives in New York with his wife, Martha Parker, and two children, Luke and Olivia. His five siblings include Blake Gopnik, the ''[[Washington Post]]'' art critic, and [[Alison Gopnik]], a child psychologist and professor of psychology at the [[University of California, Berkeley|University of California at Berkeley]] (author of ''The Scientist in the Crib'', UK title: ''How Babies Think'').

==Books==
In addition to 2000's ''Paris to the Moon,'' Random House also published the author's reflections on life in New York, and particularly on the comedy of parenting, ''Through the Children's Gate,'' in 2006. (As in the earlier memoir, much of the material had appeared previously in ''The New Yorker''.) In 2005 [[Hyperion Books]] published his children's novel ''[[The King in the Window]]'', about Oliver, an American boy living in [[Paris]], who is mistaken for a mystical king and stumbles upon an ancient battle waged between Window Wraiths and the malicious Master of Mirrors. A book on [[Abraham Lincoln]] and [[Charles Darwin]], called ''Angels And Ages,'' was published in January 2009. A new novel for children, ''The Steps Across The Water'', is set to be published on October 12, 2010.

==Honors and appearances==
A frequent guest on ''[[Charlie Rose]]'', Gopnik has been honored with three [[National Magazine Awards]] for [[Essay]] and [[Criticism]], and a [[George Polk Award]] for Magazine Reporting. His entry on the [[culture]] of the [[United States]] is featured in the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''.

Adam Gopnik recently wrote and presented [[BBC Four]]'s ''[[Lighting Up New York]]'', a cultural journey through the recent history of [[New York]].

Adam Gopnik is the 11th annual recipient of the Westport Public Library's Booked for the Evening award. Previous award winners include Tom Brokaw, E.L. Doctorow, Calvin Trillin, Wendy Wasserstein, Pete Hamill, Martin Scorsese, Arthur Mitchell, Doris Kearns Goodwin, David Halberstam, and Oscar Hijuelos. Booked for the EveningTM is the Westport Public Library's annual gala fund raising event. The Library awards an honoree whose work reflects the purpose of the Library—to nurture the love of learning and to enhance our understanding of the world. The funds raised enable the Library to continue to serve as a major community center for the 1600 people a day who walk through its doors.

Gopnik also participates as a member of the Jury for the [[NYICFF]], a local New York City Film Festival dedicated to screening films for children between the ages of 3 and 18.<ref>[http://gkids.com/?section=jury NYICFF Jury]</ref>

== Works ==
=== Books ===
* ''Paris to the Moon'' (2000), ISBN 0-375-75823-2. [http://www.randomhouse.com/boldtype/1200/gopnik/excerpt.html excerpt]
* (editor) ''Americans in Paris: A Literary Anthology'' (2004), ISBN 1-931082-56-1
* ''The King in the Window'' (2005)
* ''Through the Children's Gate: A Home in New York'' (2006), ISBN 978-1-4000-4181-7. [http://www.randomhouse.com/catalog/display.pperl?isbn=9781400041817&view=excerpt excerpt]
* ''Angels and Ages: A Short Book About Darwin, Lincoln, and Modern Life'' (2009), ISBN 978-0-307-27078-8

=== Articles ===
*{{cite journal |last=Gopnik |first=Adam |authorlink= |date=28 September 2009|title=Talk of the Town: Comment: Read All About It |journal=[[The New Yorker]] |volume=85 |issue=30 |pages=21–22 |url=http://www.newyorker.com/talk/comment/2009/09/28/090928taco_talk_gopnik |accessdate=22 February 2010 }}
*{{cite journal |last=Gopnik |first=Adam |authorlink= |date=5 April 2010|title=No Rules!: Is Le Fooding more than a feeling? |journal=[[The New Yorker]] |volume= |issue= |pages=36–41|url=http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2010/04/05/100405fa_fact_gopnik |accessdate=2 April 2010 }}

== References ==
<references/>
* [http://www.identitytheory.com/people/birnbaum7.html Adam Gopnik interview] at [[Identity Theory (webzine)|Identity Theory]]. 2001.

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Serach Wahrhaftig

2010-11-29T21:06:00Z

Davshul: /* Background */ tweaks

{{Infobox member of the Knesset |
Image = [[Image:Zerach Warhaftig.jpg|150px]]
|birth_date = 2 February 1906
|birth_place = [[Vaŭkavysk|Volkovysk]], [[Russian Empire]]
|Year of Aliyah = 1947|
death_date = 26 September 2002|
Knesset(s) = [[Israeli legislative election, 1949|1st]], [[Israeli legislative election, 1951|2nd]], [[Israeli legislative election, 1955|3rd]], [[Israeli legislative election, 1959|4th]], [[Israeli legislative election, 1961|5th]], [[Israeli legislative election, 1965|6th]], [[Israeli legislative election, 1969|7th]], [[Israeli legislative election, 1973|8th]], [[Israeli legislative election, 1977|9th]] |
Party = [[National Religious Party]]|
Former parties = [[United Religious Front]], [[Hapoel HaMizrachi]]|
Gov't roles = [[Religious Services Minister of Israel|Minister of Religions]]
}}

Rabbi Dr. '''Zerach Warhaftig''' ({{lang-he|זרח ורהפטיג}}, [[Yiddish]]: זרח ווארהאפטיק, also spelt '''Zerah Wahrhaftig''', '''Zorach Warhaftig''' or '''Zérach Varhaftig''', 2 February 1906 - 26 September 2002) was an [[Israel]]i lawyer and [[politician]] and a signatory of [[Declaration of Independence (Israel)|Israel's Declaration of Independence]].

==Background==
Warhaftig was born in [[Vaŭkavysk|Volkovysk]] in the [[Russian Empire]] (today [[Vaŭkavysk]], [[Belarus]]) in 1906. His parents were Yerucham Warhaftig and Rivka Fainstein. During WWII Rabbi Warhaftig convinced the Japanese attache in Poland, [[Chiune Sugihara]], to issue visas for the entire Mir yeshiva. By doing this he saved thousands of lives and families from the hands of the Nazis who by then were in control of Poland. He immigrated to the [[British Mandate of Palestine]] in 1947 and immediately got involved in politics. Initially he joined the [[Hapoel HaMizrachi]] party, a [[Religious Zionism|religious-zionist]] party, and was elected to the [[Israeli legislative election, 1949|first Knesset]] as part of the [[United Religious Front]], an alliance between [[Mizrachi (political party)|Mizrachi]], Hapoel HaMizrachi, [[Agudat Israel]] and [[Agudat Israel Workers]]. In 1948 he had also started lecturing in Jewish Law at the [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]], a role he maintained until 1963.

The party contended in the [[Israeli legislative election, 1951|1951 elections]] alone. Although it only won two seats, it was included in [[David Ben-Gurion]]'s coalition, and Warhaftig was appointed Deputy Minister of Religions in the [[fourth government of Israel|fourth government]]. In 1956, Hapoel HaMizrachi and Mizrachi merged to form the [[National Religious Party]]. Warhaftig led the party and retained his ministerial role until the end of the [[Israeli legislative election, 1955|third Knesset]].

After the [[Israeli legislative election, 1961|1961 elections]] (the fifth Knesset) he was appointed [[Religious Services Minister of Israel|Minister of Religions]], a position he held until 1974. In 1981 he left the Knesset.

Warhaftig was among the founders of [[Bar-Ilan University]].

==Awards==
* In 1983, Warhaftig was awarded the [[Israel Prize]], for his special contribution to society and the State of Israel in the advancement of Hebrew law.<ref name=prize>{{Cite web| title = Israel Prize Official Site - Recipients in 1983 (in Hebrew)| url = http://cms.education.gov.il/EducationCMS/Units/PrasIsrael/Tashmag/Tashnab_Tashmag_Rikuz.htm?DictionaryKey=Tashmag}}</ref>
* In 1989, he received the [[Yakir Yerushalayim]] (Worthy Citizen of Jerusalem) award from the city of [[Jerusalem]].<ref name=YYawards>{{Cite web| title = Recipients of Yakir Yerushalayim award (in Hebrew)| url = http://www.jerusalem.muni.il/jer_main/TopSiteJeru.asp?newstr=3&src=/jer_sys/publish/HtmlFiles/1030/results_pub_id=12594.html&cont=895}} City of Jerusalem official website</ref>

==Literary works==
*“A Constitution for Israel” an article in ''Yavne Compilation: Political Problems in Israel'' pgs 17-21, (Hebrew, April 1949)
*“On Rabbinical Judgments in Israel” (collected speeches) (Hebrew, 1956)
*“Legal Issues in the Talmud” (from lectures) (Hebrew, 1957)
*Editor with Shlomo Zeven: “Remembrance: a Torah Collection in Memory of Rabbi Yizhak HaLevi Herzog” (Hebrew, 1962)
*“Chattel in Jewish Law” (Hebrew, 1964)
*“Problems of State and Religion” (articles and speeches) (Hebrew, 1973)
*Edited: “Religion and State in Legislation: A Collection of Laws and Rulings” (Hebrew, 1973)
*“The Declaration of Independence and Orders for the Order of Government and the Judiciary (1948 and Problems of Religion and State” in ''The Book of Shragai'' (Hebrew, 1982)
*“Refugee and Remnant during the Holocaust” (Hebrew, 1984)
*“Researches in Jewish Law” (Hebrew, 1985)
*“A Constitution for Israel – Religion and State” (Hebrew, 1988)

==See also==
*[[Members of the first Knesset]]
*[[Michael Dennis Rohan]]
*[[List of Israel Prize recipients]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{MKlink|id=398}}

{{Israeli Religious Services Ministers}}

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John Fothergill (Mediziner)

2010-11-23T19:39:11Z

Davshul: more specific category

:::''For other people called "John Fothergill" see [[John Fothergill]].''

[[File:Fothergill John.jpg|right|thumb|John Fothergill]]

'''John Fothergill''' [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]] (8 March 1712 – 26 December 1780) was an [[England|English]] [[physician]], plant collector, philanthropist and [[Religious Society of Friends|Quaker]].

== Life and work ==

Fothergill was born of at [[Carr End]], near Bainbridge in [[Yorkshire]], the son of John Fothergill (1676–1745), a Quaker preacher and farmer, and his first wife, Margaret Hough (1677–1719).<ref name=ODNB>[[ODNB]] article by Margaret DeLacy, ‘Fothergill, John (1712–1780)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Sept 2004; online edn, Oct 2007 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/9979], accessed 24 Feb 2008.</ref> After studying at [[Sedbergh School]], Fothergill was apprenticed to an apothecary. He later took the degree of [[Doctor of Medicine|M.D.]] at [[University of Edinburgh Medical School|Edinburgh]], in 1736, followed by further studies at [[St Thomas' Hospital]], London. After visiting continental [[Europe]] in 1740, he settled in [[London]], where he gained an extensive practice. For example, during the [[epidemics]] of [[influenza]] in 1775 and 1776 he is said to have had sixty patients daily.

In 1745, he gave a brief lecture to the [[Royal Society]] of London, citing the work of a Scottish physician, William Tossach, which is the first known lecture on the practice of mouth-to-mouth ventilation.

Fothergill's pamphlet, ''Account of the Sore Throat attended with Ulcers'' (1748), contains one of the first descriptions of [[diphtheria]] in English, and was translated into several languages. His rejection of ineffective traditional therapies for this disease saved many lives.<ref name=ODNB/>
==Botany==
In his leisure, John Fothergill made a study of [[conchology]] and [[botany]]. At [[Upton Park, London|Upton]], near [[Stratford, London|Stratford]], he had an extensive [[botanical garden]] where he grew many rare plants obtained from various parts of the world (now West Ham Park).<ref name=ODNB/>

He was elected a [[Fellow of the Royal Society]] in 1763.

He was the patron of [[Sydney Parkinson]], the [[Pacific Ocean|South Sea]] voyager, and also of [[William Bartram]], the American botanist.

A translation of the [[Bible]], known as the [[Quaker Bible]] (1764 sq.) by Anthony Purver, a Quaker, was made and printed at his expense.

He founded [[Ackworth School]], [[Pontefract]], Yorkshire in 1779.

John Fothergill died in London aged 68 on 26 December 1780.

==See also==

* [[Fothergill's sign]]

== Further reading ==

* {{cite book | author = Fothergill, John | coauthor = Elliot, John | title = A Complete Collection of the Medical and Philosophical Works of John Fothergill | year = 1781 | publisher = John Walker | location = London | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=SGQFAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=John+Fothergill&as_brr=1#PPP9,M2}}

* {{BBKL|f/fothergill_j|band=31|autor=Claus Bernet|spalten=456-464}}

* {{cite book | author = Fothergill, Samuel | coauthors = Crosfield, George | title = Memoirs of the Life and Gospel Labours of Samuel Fothergill, with Selections from his Correspondence | year = 1843 | publisher = D. Marples | location = London | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=b-U8AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=fothergill&as_brr=1#PPP7,M2}}- contains information on John Fothergill, the author's father

* {{cite book | author = Harvey, Karen, editor | title = The Kiss in History | year = 2005 | publisher = Manchester University Press | location = Manchester | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=tTgHWzWH2eYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=the+kiss+in+history#v=onepage&q=&f=false}} - See Chapter 5: Davidson, Luke, ''The kiss of life in the eighteenth century: the fate of an ambiguous kiss''.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web | title = John Fothergill | url = http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/3098.html | accessdate = 2008-09-11}}

{{botanist|Foth.|Fothergill}}

{{1911}}
<references/>

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Thomas Beddoes

2010-11-18T20:36:36Z

Davshul: added category

[[Image:Thomas-beddoes.jpg|thumb|Thomas Beddoes]]

'''Thomas Beddoes''' (13 April 1760 – 24 December 1808), English [[physician]] and scientific writer, was born at [[Shifnal]] in [[Shropshire]]. He was a reforming practitioner and teacher of medicine, and an associate of leading scientific figures. Beddoes was a friend of [[Samuel Taylor Coleridge]], and, according to E. S. Shaffer, an important influence on Coleridge's early thinking, introducing him to the [[higher criticism]].<ref>''Kubla Khan and The Fall of Jerusalem'' (1975), particularly p.28.</ref> The poet [[Thomas Lovell Beddoes]] was his son.

==Life==

Educated at [[Bridgnorth Grammar School]] and at [[Pembroke College, Oxford]], Beddoes also enrolled in the [[University of Edinburgh|University of Edinburgh's]] medical course during the early 1780s. There he was taught chemistry by [[Joseph Black]] and natural history by [[John Walker (naturalist)|John Walker]]. Additionally, he studied medicine in London under John Sheldon (1752-1808). In 1784 he published a translation of [[Lazzaro Spallanzani]]'s ''Dissertations on Natural History'', and in 1785 produced a translation, with original notes, of [[Torbern Olof Bergman]]'s ''Essays on Elective Attractions''.

He took his degree of doctor of medicine at Oxford in 1786, and, after visiting Paris, where he became acquainted with [[Antoine Lavoisier|Lavoisier]], was appointed reader in chemistry at Oxford University in 1788. His lectures attracted large and appreciative audiences; but his sympathy with the [[French Revolution]] exciting a clamour against him, he resigned his readership in 1792. In the following year he published the ''History of Isaac Jenkins'', a story which powerfully exhibits the evils of drunkenness, and of which 40,000 copies are reported to have been sold.

About the same time he began to work at his project for the establishment of an institution for treating disease by the inhalation of different gases, ''i.e.'' [[Pneumatic school|pneumatic medicine]].<ref>Miller, David Philip and Levere, Trevor (March 2008) "“Inhale it and See?” The Collaboration between Thomas Beddoes and James Watt in Pneumatic Medicine" ''Ambix'' 55(1): pp. 5–28</ref><ref>Stansfield, Dorothy A. and Stansfield, Ronald G. (1986) "Dr Thomas Beddoes and James Watt: Preparatory Work 1794–96 for the Bristol Pneumatic Institute" ''Medical History'' 30: pp. 276–302</ref> In this he was assisted by [[Richard Lovell Edgeworth]], whose daughter, Anna, became his wife in 1794. In 1799 the Bristol Pneumatic Institute was established at [[Dowry Square]], [[Hotwells]], [[Bristol]], its first superintendent being [[Humphry Davy]],<ref>{{cite journal |last=Levere |first=Trevor H |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1977 |month=July |title=Dr Thomas Beddoes and the Establishment of His Pneumatic Institution: A Tale of Three Presidents |journal=Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=41–49 |id= |url= |accessdate= |quote= |doi=10.1098/rsnr.1977.0005 |pmid=11615622 }}</ref> who investigated the properties of nitrous oxide in its laboratory. The original aim of the institution was gradually abandoned; it became an ordinary sick-hospital, and was relinquished by its projector in the year before his death.

{{quote|text=Beddoes was a man of great powers and wide acquirements, which he directed to noble and philanthropic purposes. He strove to effect social good by popularizing medical knowledge, a work for which his vivid imagination and glowing eloquence eminently fitted him.|sign=''Encyc.Brit'' (1911)|source=<ref>Uncredited "Beddoes, Thomas (1760-1808)" ''In'' Chisholm, Hugh (editor) (1911) ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' (11th edition) Volume 3, [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EjMEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA614 page 614], Cambridge University Press</ref>}}

== Selected writings ==

Besides the writings mentioned above, Beddoes was also associated with the following:

* ''Chemical Essays'' by [[Carl Wilhelm Scheele]] (1786) translator
* ''An Account of some Appearances attending the Conversion of cast into malleable Iron. In a Letter from Thomas Beddoes, M. D. to Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. P.R.S.'' (''Phil. Trans. Royal Society'', 1791)
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=IFkSAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Thomas+Beddoes#PPR1,M2 ''Observations on the Nature and Cure of Calculus, Sea Scurvy, Consumption, Catarrh, and Fever''] (1793)
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=t-I2AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Observations+on+the+nature+of+demonstrative+evidence+beddoes&lr=&as_brr=1#PPR1,M2 ''Observations on the nature of demonstrative evidence, with an explanation of certain difficulties occurring in the elements of geometry, and reflections on language''] (1793)

* ''Political Pamphlets'' (1795-1797)
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=d3EFAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Thomas+Beddoes#PPP9,M2 ''Contributions to Physical and Medical Knowledge, principally from the West of England''] (1799)

* ''Essay on Consumption'' (1799)
* ''Essay on Fever'' (1807)
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=4gIAAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Thomas+Beddoes#PPP7,M2 Hygeia, or Essays Moral and Medical''] (1807)

Beddoes also edited [[John Brown (doctor)|John Brown]]'s ''Elements of Medicine'' (1795).

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==

* {{cite book | author = [[Jacques Barzun|Barzun, Jacques]] | year = 1972 | title = Thomas Beddoes M.D. | publisher = Harper Collins}} - essay reprinted in ''A Jacques Barzun Reader'' (2002)

* {{cite book | author = Jay, Mike | title = The Atmosphere Of Heaven: The Unnatural Experiments of Dr Beddoes and His Sons of Genius | publisher = Yale University Press | location = New Haven | year = 2009 | isbn = 9780300124392}}

* {{cite journal | author = Levere, Trevor H. | title = Dr. Thomas Beddoes at Oxford: Radical politics in 1788-1793 and the fate of the Regius Chair in Chemistry | journal = Ambix | volume = 28 | year = 1981 | pages = 61–69 | pmid = 11615866 | issue = 2}}

* {{cite book | author = [[Roy Porter|Porter, Roy]] | year = 1992 | title = Doctor of Society: Thomas Beddoes and the Sick Trade in Late Enlightenment England | publisher = Routledge | location = London}}

* {{cite journal | author = Robinson, Eric | title = Thomas Beddoes, M.D., and the reform of science teaching in Oxford | journal = Annals of Science | volume = 11 | year = 1955 | month = June | pages = 137–141 | doi = 10.1080/00033795500200135 | issue = 2}}

* {{cite book | author = Stansfield, Dorothy A. | title = Thomas Beddoes, M.D., 1760-1808: Chemist, Physician, Democrat | year = 1984 | publisher = Springer | location = | isbn = 9027716862}}

* {{cite book | author = Stock, John Edmonds | title = Memoirs of the Life of Thomas Beddoes, M.D. | year = 1811 | publisher = John Murray | location = London | url = http://books.google.com/?id=4ksOAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=John+Edmonds+Stock#PPP9,M2}}

==External links==
* {{cite web | title = Thomas Beddoes (1760 - 1808) | url = http://www.general-anaesthesia.com/images/thomas-beddoes.html | accessdate = 2008-11-09}}

*{{1911}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Beddoes}}
[[Category:1760 births]]
[[Category:1808 deaths]]
[[Category:Old Bridgnorthians]]
[[Category:English medical doctors]]
[[Category:18th-century English medical doctors]]

Tan Yunxian

2010-11-12T09:10:36Z

Davshul: more specific categories

{{Orphan|date=February 2009}}
'''Tan Yunxian''' (1461–1554) was a woman doctor during the [[Ming Dynasty]] in [[China]].

Tan’s grandmother was actually the daughter of a physician. One reason for Tan’s grandfather to marry her grandmother was to learn medicine himself. Two of her grandparent’s sons were able to pass the examinations (jinshi) and they became officials, one of these sons was Tan’s father. Due to the fondness her grandparents had for her, which evidence shows was directly related to her intellect, her grandparents passed on their medical knowledge to her. Tan Yunxian later married and raised four children, and practiced medicine on women. Tan lived a longer life than most, she died at the hearty age of 93.<ref>Ebrey, Patricia B., Walthall Anne and Palais, James B. Pre-Modern East Asia: To 1800 (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2006) 279.</ref>

==Medical Background==
The medical practice of Tan Yunxian was contained to women. Although she did begin practicing medicine by treating her own children, and having her grandmother confirm her diagnoses. Records of Tan’s book reveal cases of thirty-one of the patients that she treated. The women which she worked with usually had chronic complaints, instead of critical illnesses. In Ming China, many of the women had “women’s complaints,” or, menstrual irregularities, repeated miscarriages, barrenness, and postpartum fatigue. Other patients had illnesses that either sex could contract, such as, coughing, insomnia, rashes, swellings, diarrhea or nausea.

Tan, similar to other literati doctors, often prescribed herbal medications to her patients. Tan also practiced [[moxibustion]]. This was the burning of moxa, or dried Artemisia, at specified points on the body, which was similar to [[acupuncture]].<ref>Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary-11th Edition (USA: Merriam-Webster, 2004) 813</ref> This process, stimulated the circulation of [[qi]]. Since the physician applying the moxa was to physically touch the patient, this was not a process that male doctors could perform on women. Tan also served many working women in her practice. Various accounts show Tan’s conclusions of how these women often overworked themselves, thus bringing on various symptoms.<ref>Zheng Jin-Sheng. “Female Medical Workers in Ancient China,” http://www.cintcm.com/e_cintcm/e_forum/female%20medical%20workers%20in%20ancient%20china.htm (accessed August 12, 2007).</ref>

Although Tan Yunxian was able to practice medicine in gynecology, pediatrics and obstetrics, their practice in other fields was limited. Tan was only able to practice medicine in the country among her friends or acquaintances. Even after she completed the book Sayings of a Female Doctor, she was not able to publish it. In fact, she had to ask her son to have printing blocks cut for her.<ref>Ebrey, 280.</ref>

==Status of Female Doctors in Ming China==
Quite different from the male counterparts to the female doctor of ancient China, women did not hone their skills from masters nor did they have the purpose or goal in mind to set up their own clinics after their apprenticeship. For females, family training was the standard mode of education. While women were quite skilled in their medical techniques, they rarely made any theoretical additions to the field. Unlike the male doctors of the times, women received medical training, with the intent to assist the males in their family by doing some “supporting work.”<ref>Zheng Jin-Sheng. “Female Medical Workers in Ancient China.”</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Medieval Chinese physicians]]
[[Category:16th-century Chinese physicians]]
[[Category:Women physicians]]
[[Category:1461 births]]
[[Category:1554 deaths]]

Justus Velsius

2010-11-11T20:42:44Z

Davshul: more specific category

'''Justus Velsius, Haganus''', or ''Joost Welsens'' in [[Dutch language|Dutch]] (ca. 1510, [[The Hague]], [[Netherlands]]
{{#tag:ref|De Wal suggested that Velsius may have been from [[Heeg]], [[Friesland]] instead.<ref name="De_Wal">{{cite book |last= de Wal |first= J. |title= Nederlanders, studenten te Heidelberg |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=-Jh_DH3xx1IC&pg=PA41#v=onepage&q&f=true |year= 1886 |publisher= E.J. Brill |location= Leiden |language= Dutch |oclc= 14866965 |page= 41 |at= Maatschappij der Nederlandse Letterkunde te Leiden }}</ref>|group=notes}} – after 1581 at an unknown location) was a Dutch [[Renaissance humanism|humanist]], [[physician]], and [[Mathematics|mathematician]].

Velsius started his career as a highly respected professor of [[Liberal Arts]] in Leuven, Strasbourg, and Cologne. Later on he portrayed himself as a prophet, and promoted his own particular view of Christiany, outlined in a pamphlet ''"Christiani Hominis Norma"'' which he wrote in London. He got in conflict with civil and ecclesiastical authorities all over Europe, and spent his final years as a preacher and faith healer in his native Holland. While in Cologne Velsius was married to Beatrix van Steenhoven, and later on, in Groningen, to Grete Cassens.

==Life==
After studying [[Liberal arts|Arts]] and [[Medicine]] in [[Bologna]] Velsius graduated as [[Doctor of Medicine|doctor medicinae]] in 1538 and settled down as physician in [[Antwerp]], 1540/41. In 1541 he moved to [[Leuven]], where he met [[Portugal|Portuguese]] humanist [[Damião de Góis]],<ref>{{cite book |last= Feist-Hirsch |first= Elisabeth |title= Damião de Gois: the life and thought of a Portuguese humanist, 1502-1574 |trans_title= |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=v2IURME9XY4C&lpg=PA57&pg=PA57#v=onepage&q&f=true |year= 1967 |publisher= Martinus Nijhoff |location= The Hague |isbn= 9024701953 |oclc= 1129338 |page= 57 }}</ref> and maintained friendly relations with [[Andreas Vesalius|Vesalius]]<ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=Nw4LAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA71#v=onepage&q&f=true</ref>. Even though Velsius did not have a University position he held public lectures in [[Ancient Greek|Greek]], [[Latin]], [[Renaissance philosophy|philosophy]] and mathematics. Because that was disallowed in 1542 and 1544 by the University at the instigation of the Faculty of Arts and in 1542 he failed in his bid to succeed [[Petrus Nannius|Nannius]], he moved to [[Strasbourg]] in 1544 at the recommendation of [[Martin Bucer|Bucer]], after a short teaching stint at the [[Gymnasium Philippinum|Marburg Latin School]] and possibly in [[Basel]].

===Strasbourg===
From Easter 1644-50 Velsius taught [[Dialectic]] and [[Aristotelian ethics]] in the higher grades of the [[Gymnasium (school)|Gymnasium]] in Strasbourg, as co-worker of [[Johannes Sturm]]. On November 17, 1545 he received a [[Canon (priest)|canon]]icate at [[Saint Thomas Church (Strasbourg)|St Thomas']] [[collegiate church]], through the mediation of Bucer. Some time before October 17, 1548, he married Beatrix van Steenhoven. When Velsius got in trouble because he accepted the [[Augsburg Interim|Interim]] and the resulting conflict with his Protestant colleagues, he moved to [[Cologne]] in the spring of 1550; he probably only gave up his Strasbourg canonicate in 1553.

===Cologne: Prosecuted by the Inquisition===
Velsius matriculated at Cologne on June 3, 1550. The Council of Cologne wanted to build a [[Collegium Trilingue|Trilingual school]] following the example of the [[Old University of Leuven|University of Leuven]], and appointed Velsius Professor of Philosophy and Greek, in August 1550. Since Velsius was married, he could not obtain a University [[prebend]], but was instead remunerated by the Council. His compensation was increased in 1551 and 1552, and he was charged with teaching Mathematics as well. Velsius and his colleague [[Jakob Leichius]], who was instrumental in establishing the [[Dreikönigsgymnasium|Gymnasium Tricoronatum]], drafted guidelines for a curriculum of eight grades, similar to Sturm’s humanistic curriculum in Strasbourg. 
Velsius attended the meetings of the [[Anabaptist]]s in the [[Bookbinder]]'s [[Guild]]hall at the Pfaffengasse,<ref>{{cite book |last= Rembert |first= Karl |title= Die "Wiedertäufer" im Herzogtum Jülich |trans_title= |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=7HARAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=true |year= 1899 |publisher= R. Gaertner |location= Berlin |language= German |isbn= 0837091063 |oclc= 19041747 |pages= [http://books.google.com/books?id=7HARAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA460#v=onepage&q&f=true 460], [http://books.google.com/books?id=7HARAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA575#v=onepage&q&f=true 575-590] }}</ref> where he met Anabaptist [[martyr]] [[Thomas von Imbroich]].<ref>Neff, Christian. (1958). Imbroich, Thomas von (1533-1558). ''Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online.'' Retrieved 31 October 2010, from http://www.gameo.org/encyclopedia/contents/I475.html.</ref> Velsius’ philosophical writings, in particular the work of ''Krisis''{{Ref|Krisis|[works 11]}} led to suspicion of [[heresy]].<ref>{{cite book |last= Ennen |first= Leonard |authorlink= Leonhard Ennen |title= Geschichte der Stadt Köln |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=vZEKAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=true |volume= 4 |year= 1875 |publisher= L. Schwann |location= Köln |language= German |oclc= 162895721 |pages= [http://books.google.com/books?id=vZEKAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA688#v=onepage&q&f=true 688-695], [http://books.google.com/books?id=vZEKAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA780#v=onepage&q&f=true 780-799] }}</ref> On October 29, 1554 ''Krisis'' was condemned by Cologne University, and Velsius’ teaching license revoked (December 11, 1554, confirmed March 29, 1555), since he did not distance himself from his writing. Emperor [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]], who had become involved at the instigation of the [[Cathedral chapter]], the clergy and the University, urged the Council in vain to take action against Velsius , who on March 25, 1555 had published a defense, ''Epistola ad Ferdinandum''.{{Ref|Epistola1555|[works 14]}} Only after Velsius attempted to give theological lectures at his home, and rejected the [[Eucharistic adoration]] and [[celibacy]], did the Magistrate banish him in April 1555.
Velsius refused to leave, and went voluntarily in detention, from December 1555 to the end of March 1556. He asked his influential friend [[Viglius]] to support him, but Viglius declined to get involved. Greatly offended by this refusal, Velsius apparently accused his friend of Protestant leanings, who severed all connections with his former friend. Because of this precedent the Council adopted in 1555 a comprehensive directive against all heretics. 
The [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] [[John Slotanus|Johannes Slotanus]] served as papal [[Inquisitor]] for the [[Ecclesiastical province]] of [[Mainz]], Cologne and [[Trier]] against Velsius and three other imprisoned people, whom he described as [[Anabaptist]]s. The protestant [[Fürst|Prince]]s intervened at the Council on his behalf, in particular [[Christopher of Oldenburg|Christoph von Oldenburg]]. Since in December 1555 he had declared to adhere to the [[Augsburg Confession]], Velsius was protected by the recently concluded [[Peace of Augsburg]]. On the night of 26 to 27 March 1556 he was taken by boat across [[Rhine|the river]] and put ashore on the other side, in the [[Berg (state)|Duchy of Berg]]. From there he made it to [[Mülheim, Cologne|Mülheim]], where he wrote ''Apologia'', addressed to the Emperor Charles and [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|King Ferdinand]].{{Ref|Apologia|[works 15]}} Slotanus replied in 1557 with the ''Apologia JV Hagani Confutatio''.<ref>{{cite book |last= Slotanus |first= Joannes |authorlink= John Slotanus |title= Apologiae Iusti Velsii Hagani, confutatio |url= http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/0003/bsb00035681/image_5 |year= 1557 |publisher= Jasp. Gennepaeus |location= Coloniae |language= Latin |oclc= 166109991 }}</ref> In response Velsius wrote in September 1557 the ''Epistolae''.{{Ref|Epistolae|[works 16]}} 1558 followed Slotanus' ''Disputationes adversus haereticos liber unus''.<ref>{{cite book |last= Slotan |first= Johann |authorlink= John Slotanus |title= Disputationum Adversus haereticos Liber unus : In quo sub propugnatione articulorum Iusto Velsio Coloniae propositorum omnes ferme huius seculi controuersiae discutiuntur |url= http://www.bsb-muenchen-digital.de/~web/web1019/bsb10194668/images/index.html?digID=bsb10194668&pimage=00005&v=100&md=0&nav=0&l=en |year= 1558 |publisher= Bathenius |location= Coloniae |language= Latin |oclc= 644086668 }}</ref>

===Frankfurt: Disputation with Calvin===
Velsius arrived in [[Frankfurt]] on July 15, 1556,<ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=dcEM1loYrHAC&lpg=PA331&pg=PA331#v=onepage&q&f=true</ref> approached [[Robert Horne (bishop)|Robert Horne]], pastor of the [[Marian exiles|English Church]], and informed him of the revelations on which he wished to conduct a public dispute. Hearing of the arrival of [[John Calvin|Calvin]], who came to arbitrate conflicts within the [[Huguenot|French Refugee Church]], he offered the latter to preside. He proposed to defend the [[Free will in theology|free will]] against the Calvinist doctrine of [[Predestination (Calvinism)|predestination]]. The [[Disputation|debate]] with Calvin, [[Jan Łaski|Johannes à Lasco]] and Horne lasted two days; Velsius' argument boiled down to this: ''aut esse liberum arbitrium, aut Deum tyrannum esse''. 
In a letter addressed to [[Melanchthon]], dated September 17, 1556, Calvin commented as follows:
<blockquote>"''I have been dragged hither by the dissentions with which Satan has rent, for nearly two years, the little French church established here, and reduced to such extremities that it must have disappeared, unless some remedy had been very promptly applied. Since I entered the town I have not had a moment’s repose, and as if I had not had sufficient occupation in this affair, a madman called Velsius, to whom you had written twice, involved us in new fooleries. But we have devoted only two days to this importunity. I am continually distracted up to this moment, in appeasing those dissentions which, from the long lapse of time, have struck deep root''".<ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=565YJFyxZ80C&lpg=PA60&pg=PA60#v=onepage&q&f=true</ref></blockquote>
On April 15, 1557 Velsius was expelled by the Council of Frankfurt.

===Heidelberg: trouble with the Kurfürst===
August 5, 1557 Velsius matriculated at Heidelberg,<ref name="De_Wal"/><ref>{{cite book |last= Drüll |first= Dagmar |title= Heidelberger Gelehrtenlexikon |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=jTpjQyaqNY4C&lpg=PA150&pg=PA150#v=onepage&q&f=true |year= 2002 |publisher= Springer |location= Berlin: Heidelberg |language= German |isbn= 3540435301 |oclc= 24849061 |page= 150 }} </ref> and obtained a license to give public lectures in philosophy. In June 1558 this license was revoked by the Senate of the University at the orders of [[Otto Henry, Elector Palatine|Kurfürst Ottheinrich]] because he spread Theses that were against the Holy Scriptures. Velsius attacked the pastor of the [[Church of the Holy Spirit, Heidelberg|Heiliggeistkirche]], [[Johann Flinner]], on his position on the [[Eucharist]], sent him a series of Theses on [[Born again (Christianity)|New Birth]] and [[Free will in theology|Free will]], and accused the pastor of being a false apostle and misleader of Prince and people.<ref>{{cite book |last= Marbach |first= Johann |title= Der Antheil der Strassburger an der Reformation in Churpfalz |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=pskCAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR37#v=onepage&q&f=true |year= 1856 |publisher= C.F. Schmidt |location= Strassburg |language= German |oclc= 42081608 |pages= xxxvii-lxiii }}</ref> In November 1559 he was also disallowed to give private lectures, after intervention of [[Frederick III, Elector Palatine|Kurfürst Friedrich III]], and was expelled by the Senate of the University. Velsius shook the dust off his shoes as he left.<ref>{{cite book |last= Büttinghausen |first= Karl |title= Beyträge zur Pfälzischen Geschichte |url= http://www.bsb-muenchen-digital.de/~web/web1037/bsb10371894/images/index.html?digID=bsb10371894&pimage=00279&v=100&md=0&nav=0&l=en |volume= 1 |year= 1776 |publisher= Tobias Löffler |location= Mannheim |language= German |oclc= 165944546 |pages= 277-282 }}</ref> 
In 1560 Velsius was back in Frankfurt. He asked the Council for permission to have a book printed he had written ''"die Summa christlicher Lehre und Lebens"'' (the summary of Christian doctrine and life). The Council referred his request to the Lutheran pastors, who on August 2, 1560 reported back that his book contained theses that where against orthodox doctrine. They also expressed concern that these doctrines could lead to unrest in the foreign churches in the city.<ref>{{cite book |author= Frankfurter Verein für Geschichte und Landeskunde, Verein für Geschichte und Altertumskunde in Frankfurt am Main |title= Archiv für Frankfurts Geschichte und Kunst, Volume 2, Issues 5-8 |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=chQKAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA79#v=onepage&q&f=true |year= 1858 |publisher= Heinrich Keller |location= Frankfurt |language= German |oclc= 1481953 |pages= 79-80 }}</ref> On March 18, 1561 the Council ordered Velsius to leave the city, since he had his book printed without permission. The innkeeper where he was boarding, Hansen Braun, was told to no longer allow him to stay in his house.<ref>{{cite book |author= Frankfurter Verein für Geschichte und Landeskunde |title= Archiv für Frankfurts Geschichte und Kunst, Issues 45-47 |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=_AkPAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA255#v=onepage&q&f=true |year= 1860 |publisher= Gesellschaft für Frankfurts Geschichte und Kunst |location= Frankfurt |language= German |oclc= 470721818 |page= 255 }}</ref> 
In May 1561 Velsius was in Strasbourg. He wrote to Flinner (who had returned from Heidelberg) and the preachers, and to the Council as well, submitting 20 propositions, probably the same ones as he announced in Heidelberg and in Frankfurt. These were not accepted, since they disagreed with the [[catechism]] then in use in Strasbourg. A month later, in June 1561, Velsius was in Basel. He was luckier there, at least he could count on [[Sebastian Castellio]], with whom he had corresponded before, and advocates of tolerance such as [[Martin Cellarius|Cellarius]] and [[Celio Secondo Curione]]. He submitted a summary to the Council of the University, who considered it on June 16th. The council forwarded it to the Faculty of Theology, since it was outside their area of expertise. [[Martin Cellarius|Cellarius]] proposed a number of theses for an academic [[disputation]], but Velsius declined after the Council had refused a public debate. On June 25 Velsius departed for [[Zürich]], where he arrived the next day. He wrote to the Council, and [[Heinrich Bullinger|Bullinger]] responded on behalf of the Council, pointing out that his criticism didn't apply since it was directed at Luther and at the Roman Catholic Church. On July 4th Velsius had left town. 
On August 1rst Velsius was back in Heidelberg, where he wrote a last time to [[Bonifacius Amerbach]] and to [[Johannes Sturm]].
He matriculated in [[Marburg]] at the end of August 1561, where he lectured at the Medical School. However, he remained only a few months in Marburg.

===London: more religious turmoil===
In 1563, Velsius had crossed the [[English Channel|Channel]] to [[England]] where he joined the [[Dutch Church, Austin Friars|Dutch Church]] in [[London]]. Again he ran into controversy, this time with [[Nicolaus Carinaeus]], the founder of the refugee church.<ref>{{cite book |last= van Toorenenbergen |first= J. J. |title= Gheschiedenissen ende handelingen die voornemelick aengaen de Nederduytsche natie ende gemeynten: wonende in Engelant ende int bysonder tot Londen |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=mYkrAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA57#v=onepage&q&f=true |year= 1873 |publisher= Kemink en Zoon |location= Utrecht |language= Dutch |oclc= 17573600 |pages= 57-58 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Strype |first= John |authorlink= John Strype |title= Annals of the reformation and establishment of religion |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=y5sNAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA8#v=onepage&q&f=true |year= 1824 |publisher= Clarendon Press |location= Oxford |oclc= 15137522 |pages= 8–14 }}</ref> Carinaeus had explained his thoughts about [[Regeneration (theology)|regeneration]] through [[Christ]]. Velsius opposed him publicly developing at length his idea that the perfection of Adam could be reached on earth after [[Born again (Christianity)|inner rebirth]] had taken place in the individual. Velsius wrote a summary of his religion ''Christiani Hominis Norma'', in which he explained his notion that through [[Regeneration (theology)|regeneration]] man could become God-in-man, like Christ. He sent copies of this pamphlet to the Bishop of London [[Edmund Grindal]], to Secretary of State [[William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley|William Cecil]], and to [[Elizabeth I of England|Queen Elizabeth]]. He also wrote a letter to the French Ambassador denouncing the vengeance of God on all who refused to receive his propositions.<ref>{{cite book |last= Strype |first= John |authorlink= John Strype |title= The history of the life and acts of the Most Reverend Father in God, Edmund Grindal, the first Bishop of London |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=Mp965368HU0C&pg=PA135#v=onepage&q&f=true |year= 1821 |publisher= Clarendon Press |location= Oxford |oclc= 15137458 |pages= 135-138 }}</ref> In his letter to the Queen Velsius claimed to have confirmed his calling by performing miracles. The servant to the ambassador, Cosmus, fasted five or six days by Velsius' persuasion that after his abstinence he might receive ''illuminations a coelo''. According to Grindal in the end he fell mad, so neither of those miracles stood the test of further investigation. Bishop Grindal wrote a rebuttal, showing that Velsius' teachings were against orthodox doctrine. Velsius was summoned before the ecclesiastical commission, consisting of Bishop Grindal, the Bishop of Winchester [[Robert Horne (bishop)|Robert Horne]], and the Dean of [[St Paul's Cathedral|St. Paul's]], who had a frank discussion with him, and charged him in the Queen's name to leave the kingdom. This he complained of in very rude words to the Queen, and predicted the death of the bishop of Winchester and other important public figures.{{#tag:ref|Velsius' ''Christiani Hominis Norma'', and his letters to Grindal, Queen Elizabeth, the French Ambassador, Cecil, and related papers from Grindal have been placed online on the website of the University of Hull, [http://www.sp12.hull.ac.uk/image/image28.htm Volume 28] March - May 1563. Included is a letter to Calvin with propositions contrary to Calvin's doctrines, with Horne's response; these may be the theses used at the Frankfurt disputation. For transcripts of Grindal's paper, and Velsius' Norma, see [http://books.google.com/books?id=m_rjAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA254#v=onepage&q&f=true here], [http://books.google.com/books?id=m_rjAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA436#v=onepage&q&f=true here], and [http://books.google.com/books?id=m_rjAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA474#v=onepage&q&f=true here].|group=notes}}

===Imprisoned in Groningen===
Velsius returned to his native Holland, in April 1566 he was [[Groningen (city)|Groningen]]. In 1574 he was in prison there<ref>{{cite journal |last= Reitsma |first= J. |year= 1894 |title= Dr. Justus Velsius in Groningen |journal= Groningsche Volksalmanak. |pages=56–74 |publisher= E.B. van der Kamp |location= Groningen |oclc= 39941293 |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=O7AOAAAAYAAJ&lpg=PA207&ots=_ivzBBONhr&pg=PA56#v=onepage&q&f=true |language= Dutch }}</ref>, presumably because of religious reasons. The authorities felt sorry for him, because he was an elderly gentleman, and apparently depressed. They therefore proposed to release him, also because of the hardship imprisonment caused him and his wife Grete Cassens, as they had to provide for his own cost of living. The proposal was considered by the [[Stadtholder]] [[Caspar de Robles|de Robles]], who had a conversation with Velsius, and referred it to the bishop, who charged the Dean of the Cathedral to look into it. On August 24, 1574 the bishop endorsed Velsius' release. However, Velsius refused to leave prison, because he only wanted to be released by God's grace, not by human intervention. This unusual situation lasted until May 1575, when [[Caspar de Robles|de Robles]] required the jail to be vacated, since the adjacent castle had to be strengthened and readied for the garrison.

===Faith healer in Holland===
In April 1570 he was again in Cologne and then traveled through the Netherlands as a Protestant preacher. In 1578, 1580 and 1581 he was in Leiden. Place and year of death are unknown.

==Work==
Velsius published the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] text of [[Proclus]]'s ''De Motu'' (On Motion), along with a [[Latin]] translation.{{Ref|Proclus|[works 5]}}

==Theology==
Justus Velsius is interesting because his life reflects so well the unsettled intellectual conditions of 16th century Europe.
His theological profile in the religious landscape is not clearly defined: first, he did not agreed with [[Luther]]’s dogma of "[[sola fide]]s" and instead held on to the free will of man; on the other hand, he supported the Lutheran [[Eucharist]] and rejected [[transubstantiation]]. Also, Velsius cannot be identified as Anabaptist, and is distinct from [[German mysticism|Spiritualism]].
What sets Velsius apart is that he taught [[Justification (theology)|Justification]] by [[Born again (Christianity)|New Birth]], not by [[Forgiveness of Sins]]. He thought of himself as a messenger of God, sent to warn people for eternal [[damnation]], and claimed to be able to confirm his teachings by [[miracle]]s. 
It has been suggested that Velsius may have known [[Michael Servetus|Servetus]], since both were close to [[Andreas Vesalius|Vesalius]]. Velsius' position about predestination is reminiscent of Servetus', and it is noteworthy that the Calvin-Velsius [[disputation]] on this subject took place less than 3 years after Servetus was executed outside [[Geneva]]. Rembert suggests that Velsius may have known [[Flanders|Flemish]] [[Anabaptist]] religious reformer [[Johann Campanus]], or at the very least that they were aware of each other's work.

== Selected works ==
{{refbegin}}
# {{note|Hippocratis}} {{cite book |title= Hippocratis Coi De insomniis liber |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=r4NbAAAAQAAJ&pg=PT5#v=onepage&q&f=true |publisher= Matthaei Crommij (1541) |location= Antwerp |oclc= 560648916 }}
# {{note|Ciceronis}} {{cite book |title= Ciceronis Academicarvm Qvaestionvm Liber Primvs |url= |publisher= Servatius Zassenus (1542) |location= Leuven |oclc= 615546903 }}
# {{note|Medico}} {{cite book |title= Vtrvm In Medico Varia-rvm Artivm Ac Scien-tiarum cognitio requiratur |url= http://hardenberg.jalb.de/display_dokument.php?elementId=11115 |publisher= [[Johannes Oporinus|Johann Oporin]] (1543) |location= Basel |oclc= 249273879 }}
# {{note|oratio}} {{cite book |title= De mathematicarum disciplinarum vario usu oratio |url= http://www.bsb-muenchen-digital.de/~web/web1016/bsb10164610/images/index.html?digID=bsb10164610&pimage=00005&v=100&md=0&nav=0&l=en |publisher= Cratonus Mylius (1544) |location= Strasbourg |oclc= 165927235 }}
# {{note|Proclus}} {{cite book |title= Procli de motu Libri II |url= http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/0003/bsb00034999/image_3 |publisher= Joannes Hervagius (1545) |location= Basel |oclc= 165353999 }}
# {{note|Cebetis}} {{cite book |title= In Cebetis Thebani Tabvlam Commentariorvm Libri Sex |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=bkY8AAAAcAAJ&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=true |publisher= (1551) |location= Lyon |oclc= 162385406 }}
# {{note|Simplicius}} {{cite book |title= Simplicii omnium Aristotelis interpretum praestantissimi |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=BOUPAAAAQAAJ&pg=PT237#v=onepage&q&f=true |publisher= Michael Isingrinius (1551) |location= Basel |oclc= 504390751 }}
# {{note|Aristotelis}} {{cite book |title= In Aristotelis de virtutibus librum Commentarium libri III |url= http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/0003/bsb00035079/image_7 |publisher= Martinus Gymnicus (1551) |location= Cologne |oclc= 165670768 }}
# {{note|artium}} {{cite book |title= De artium liberalium et Philosophiae Praecepta tradendi recta ratione |url= http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/bsb00004062/image_1 |publisher= Arnold Birkmann (1554) |location= Cologne |oclc= 165927237 }}
# {{note|Probabiliter}} {{cite book |title= Probabiliter disserendi ratio et via quae in Aristotelis Topicis traditur |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=64cKSQAACAAJ |publisher= Arnold Birkmann (1554) |location= Cologne |oclc= 458457289 }}
# {{note|Krisis}} {{cite book |title= Κρισις : Verae Christianaeqve Philosophiae comprobatoris |url= |publisher= Jacob Soter (1554) |location= Cologne |oclc= 311930648 }}
# {{note|Beschreibung}} {{cite book |title= Beschreibung Vrtheil des zumollobenden bewehrers vnd nachfolgers der waren Christlichen weyssheit |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=mkLTSAAACAAJ |publisher= (1554) |location= |oclc= 254204811 }}
# {{note|Beatitudinibus}} {{cite book |title= De humanae vitae recta ratione ac via, seu de hominis Beatitudinibus |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=L9icPgAACAAJ |publisher= [[Johannes Oporinus|Johann Oporin]] (1554) |location= Basel |oclc= 311881180 }}
# {{note|Epistola1555}} {{cite book |title= Epistola ad Ferdinandum Romanorum Regem |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=lSU_PwAACAAJ |publisher= [[Johannes Oporinus|Johann Oporin]] (1555) |location= Basel |oclc= 504756608 }}
# {{note|Apologia}} {{cite book |title= Apologia Iusti Velsii Hagani, contra haereticae pravitatis appellatos Inquisitores |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=cNk7AAAAcAAJ&pg=PP3#v=onepage&q&f=true |publisher= Christian Egenolff (1556) |location= Frankfurt |oclc= 67051278 }}
# {{note|Epistolae}} {{cite book |title= Epistolae, aliaque quaedam scripta et vocationis suae rationem et totius Coloniensis negotii summam complectentia ( - Brevis verae christianaeque philosophiae descriptio) |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=HVXAPgAACAAJ |publisher= [[Johannes Oporinus|Johann Oporin]] (1557) |location= Basel |oclc= 458457259 }}
# {{note|Tabula}} {{cite book |title= Tabula totius philosophiae moralis thesaurum complectens |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=brIxQwAACAAJ |publisher= Andreas Wechel (1557) |location= Paris |oclc= 457368255 }}
{{refend}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=notes}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |last= Bor |first= Pieter Cristiaenszoon |title= Oorsprongk, begin, en vervolgh der Nederlandsche oorlogen, beroerten, en borgelyke oneenigheden |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=du8-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PP39#v=onepage&q&f=true |year= 1680 |publisher= Weduwe van Joannes van Someren, Abraham Wolfgangh, Hendrick en Dirck Boom |location= Amsterdam |language= Dutch |oclc= 249050708 |pages=21–23 }}
* {{cite book |last= Hartzheim |first= Josephus |authorlink= w:de:Hermann Joseph Hartzheim |title= Bibliotheca Coloniensis; in qua vita et libri typo vulgati et manuscripti recensentur omnium Archi-dioeceseos Coloniensis, ducatuum Westphaliae, Angariae ... indigenarum et incolarum scriptorum. Praemittitur chorographica descriptio omnium parochiarum ad Archi-dioeceseos Coloniensis hierarchiam pertinentium |publisher= Gregg Press |year= 1747 |language= Latin | oclc= 222764557 | url= http://books.google.com/books?id=xQU_AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA212#v=onepage&q&f=true |pages= 212-213 }}
* {{cite book |last= Sepp |first= Christiaan |authorlink= |title= Kerkhistorische studiën |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=s8MOAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA91#v=onepage&q&f=true |year= 1885 |publisher= E.J. Brill |location= Leiden |language= Dutch |oclc= 13389121 |page= 91–179 }}
* {{cite book |last= Pollet |first= Jacques V. |title= Martin Bucer : études sur les relations de Bucer avec les Pays-Bas |trans_title= |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=roseAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=true |volume= I |year= 1977 |publisher= E.J. Brill |location= Leiden |language= French |oclc= 401444765 |pages= 321-344 |chapter= XXV : Justus Velsius |chapterurl= http://books.google.com/books?id=roseAAAAIAAJ&lpg=PA321&pg=PA321#v=onepage&q&f=true }}
* {{cite book |last= Feist-Hirsch |first= Elisabeth |editor-first= Gabrielle |editor-last= Berthoud |title= Aspects de la propagande religieuse: études |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=DK8OQv7GNa4C&lpg=PP1&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true |year= 1957 |publisher= Librairie Droz |location= Genève |isbn= 2600029850 |oclc= 153879529 |pages= 308-325 |chapter= The strange career of a humanist: The intellectual development of Justus Velsius (1502-1582) |chapterurl= http://books.google.com/books?id=DK8OQv7GNa4C&lpg=PA316&pg=PA310#v=onepage&q&f=true }}
* {{cite web | url= http://www.bautz.de/bbkl/v/velsius_j.shtml | title= VELSIUS, Justus | first= Klaus-Bernward | last= Springer | year= 2002 | work= Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon | publisher= Traugott Bautz | language= German }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Velsius, Justus}}
[[Category:1510 births]]
[[Category:1581 deaths]]
[[Category:Antitrinitarians]]
[[Category:Dutch Anabaptists]]
[[Category:Dutch mathematicians]]
[[Category:16th-century Dutch physicians]]
[[Category:Dutch Protestants]]
[[Category:Dutch Renaissance humanists]]
[[Category:Dutch theologians]]
[[Category:Faith healers]]
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[[Category:People from The Hague]]
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[[Category:Protestant Reformers]]
[[Category:Renaissance Latin-language writers]]
[[Category:University of Cologne faculty]]

François Pouqueville

2010-11-11T18:00:11Z

Davshul: added category

{{Infobox Person
|name = François Pouqueville
|image = François Pouqueville.jpg
|caption = François Pouqueville in front of Ioannina ''(Collection du Chateau de Versailles)''
|Painted = by Henriette Lorimier
|Collection = (Chateau de Versailles, 1830)
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1770|11|04|df=yes}}
|birth_place = Le Merlerault, Normandie, France
|death_date = {{Death date and age|1838|12|20|1770|11|04|df=yes}}
|death_place = Paris, France
|other_names =
|known_for = his influential diplomacy and writings
|occupation = [[Académie française|Academician]], diplomat, writer, physician, historian, archaeologist
|nationality = FRANCE
}}
'''François Charles Hugues Laurent Pouqueville''' (November 4, 1770, in [[Le Merlerault]], [[Normandy]], France – December 20, 1838) was a French [[diplomat]], writer, [[explorer]], [[physician]] and [[historian]], member of the [http://www.aibl.fr/us/membres/home.html Institut de France]. First as the Turkish Sultan's hostage, then as [[Napoleon Bonaparte]]'s general [[consul]] at the court of [[Ali Tebelin|Ali Pasha]] of [[Ioannina]], he travelled extensively throughout [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] occupied Greece from 1798 to 1820. With his far reaching diplomacy and with his writings, he became a prominent architect of the philhellenism movement throughout Europe, and contributed eminently to the liberation of the Greeks, and to the rebirth of the Greek Nation.

==Youth: Minister and revolutionary==
François Pouqueville studied at the college of [[Caen]] before joining the [[Lisieux]] seminary. He became deacon and was ordained at 21. He then was vicar in his native county of Montmarcé.[[Image:Le Merlerault chuch.jpg|left|thumb|135x|<center>''Le Merlerault church'']] Known for his convictions of young royalist minister, he was protected and saved by his own congregation from the ''cleansing'' massacres orchestrated against the aristocrats by some uncontrolled revolutionary mobs during the ''[[Reign of Terror]]'' period. It is at this time that his uncommon talent of writer reveals itself. He began a life-long correspondence with his younger brother, Hugues, and their dear sister, Adèle, the three remaining very close throughout their lives. His innumerable detailed letters to his siblings are still today an exceptional source of knowledge on every aspect of the life of a world traveller, explorer, and diplomat, during the [[French Revolution]], the Napoleonic Empire, and the [[Restauration]] of the French Monarchy, at the turn of the 19th century.

In these exalting times, like many of the young French [[Aristocracy (class)|aristocrats]], he was supporting the rising democratic movement and, when on July 14, 1793 (year 2 of the French Republic) the primary Assembly of Le Merlerault adopted the new Constitution, François Pouqueville was its Secretary. He was assistant to the mayor (1793), then 23 years old and finding his vocation with the events of the [[French Revolution]], he finally resigned from the clergy to become a teacher (1794), and a municipal assistant at Le Merlereault (1795). He remained a fervent Christian during all his life. [[File:François de Pouqueville jeune.jpg|right|thumb|185x|<center>''François Pouqueville 1805'']] However, his renunciation of the cloth, his strong republican speeches, and his open criticisms of the [[Papacy]], made him the target this time of the resurgent royalists in Normandy, and he had again to seek refuge in hiding - probably in Caen<ref>''From my solitude'' 1795 - notes and journals of François de Pouqueville (unpubl.)</ref> - until the defeat in [[Quiberon]] of the royalist forces joined by the bands of [[François Athanase de Charette de la Contrie|Charette]]'s [[chouans]], destroyed by the republican army lead by [[Hoche]], as it was done by Bonaparte - nicknamed Captain Canon - at the siege of [[Siege of Toulon|Toulon]] and later in Paris.

In year [[1798]] October 12-14, army forces of Epirus Greece Ottoman Comander [[Ali Pasha Tepelena]] attacked to [[Preveza]] city French Guard, under General La Salchette. The Ottoman-Albanian forces were about 7.000 soldiers and the French-Greek forces were 280 + 60 Souliotes Warriors + 200 Armed Prevezian Citizens. It was a real massacre, called in Greek "Ο [[Χαλασμός της Πρέβεζας]]" (see Greek Wikipedia)<ref>Dr.Harry Gouvas:"History of Preveza Prefecture", 2009, ISBN: 978-960-87328-2-7</ref>. Next day 13 Oct 1798 Ali Pasha Tepelena entered to Preveza city and the massacre was continued. Next day 14 Oct 1798, the Prevezian citizens, who escaped before to Acarnanian Mountains, returned back, after declaration of Ali Pasha that ''"there is not any danger"'' and against informations of Francois Charles Hughes Laurent Pouqueville, 170 of them executed by sword in Salaora Port Customs.<ref>Nikos Karabelas: "Foreign travellers in Preveza", Newspaper Kathimerini, 28 Jan 2001</ref>

When François Pouqueville returned to Le Merlerault, the town's physician, Dr Cochin, who had been his colleague at the college of Caen, took him as student-surgeon. He then introduced him to his friend the professor Antoine Dubois<ref>Professor A. Dubois liked Pouqueville as his own son. However, years later, on december 13, 1810, François Pouqueville wrote to Ruffin: "We are crossed, like friends can be, because I left the robe for the sword...Dubois looked at me as his own glory, and he was furious, when he saw me renegade. You can't imagine his anger truly comical: "It takes twelve things to be a doctor. You have eleven. - And which one do I lack? - You don't know how to make money. - ''Abrenuntio''(I give up!), I told him." An unpublished correspondence of François Pouqueville. Édouard Champion, Publisher, Paris 1921.</ref> of the Faculty of Medicine in Paris and who was later the [[Empress Marie-Louise]]'s doctor when she gave birth to Napoleon's only son, [[Napoleon II]] in 1811. 
François Pouqueville left Le Merlerault for Paris (1797). He was 27 
Under Professor Dubois, he made rapid progress in medicine and surgery, and the following year, when then general [[Bonaparte]]'s expedition to [[Egypt]] was decided, Pouqueville was one of the surgeons of its accompanying [[Description de l'Egypte (1809)|''commission of sciences and arts of Egypt'']]. With dreams of glory and fortune, François Pouqueville embarked in Toulon with the ill-fated French Fleet under the command of Général Bonaparte as it sailed towards Egypt. On the way, he witnessed the taking of [[Malta]]<ref>Having taken Malta, the French, in a typical magnanimous gesture, set free all the prisoners in the Maltese jails. Amongst those was Orouchs, a noted pirate who immediately went to the British Fleet to be rearmed, and resumed his criminal activities. It was him who, less than a year after being liberated in Malta, attacked the merchant vessel where Pouqueville was a passenger, took him prisoner and sold him to the Turks. ''Biographical notes'' François de Pouqueville (2009)</ref>, and he spent the days of the crossing to [[Alexandria]] teaching the French soldiers and sailors the vibrant lyrics of ''[[La Marseillaise]]'', the new French national anthem.

==Prisoner of the Turkish Sultan==
[[Image:Antoine-Jean Gros - Bonaparte visitant les pestiférés de Jaffa.jpg|thumb|175x|Bonaparte visiting the plague-stricken in Jaffa by Antoine-Jean Gros]]
===Egypt: Bonaparte, Nelson and pirates===
In Egypt, after the first [[Battle of Aboukir Bay|battle of Aboukir]] (1798), general [[Kleber]] entrusted François Pouqueville to negotiate the exchange of prisoners with [[admiral Nelson]]. While meeting with the main figures of the British Admiralty, he would quickly develop a great respect for [[Sidney Smith (admiral)|William Sidney Smith]] who spoke perfect French and proved to be courteous, human, and a man of honor. Instead, his encounters with Nelson filled him with repugnance, so brutal and cruel the Admiral proved to be towards the French officers, and from then on, Pouqueville would only mention him under the epithet of "blood-thirsty [[cyclops]]". 
His mission accomplished, and having caught a bad fever that restrained him from continuing his scientific researches, François Pouqueville was advised by Kleber to return to France to receive better medical attention. 
Boarding the Italian [[merchant ship]] ''La madonna di Montenegro'' in [[Alexandria]] she was sailing to Italy when she was attacked by [[Barbary Coast]] pirates as they were approaching [[Calabria]] and François Pouqueville was taken prisoner.

===Peloponese: Pasha and physician===
[[Image:Louis-Dupre-Helene.jpg|thumb|left|135x|''"Greek beauty" by Louis Dupré'']]
Brought to [[Pylos|Navarino]], he was remanded to the custody of Moustapha Pacha, [[vasal]] of the Turkish [[Sultan]] [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Mehmet Ali]], ruler of the Ottoman Empire who was at war with France. Pouqueville was then lead to [[Tripolitza]], capital of [[Peloponnese]], to be imprisoned.
Moustapha Pacha received him with some indifference, but he still protected him against the brutalities of the Albanian soldiers who were guarding him since his capture, and he gave him a decent lodging. 
Soon after, the pacha was deposed and replaced by Achmet Pacha<ref>17 years later, Pouqueville found Achmet Pacha banished in Larissa, and he brought him some financial help, but the former pacha died of starvation a short time afterwards.''An unpublished correspondence of François Pouqueville'' Henri Dehérain. Édouard Champion, Publisher, Paris 1921</ref>. 
Having learned that François Pouqueville practiced medicine, the new pacha treated him well and, after seeing how successful Pouqueville was when healing some members of his entourage, he named him official physician of his ''[[pashalic]]''. Pouqueville took advantage of his new situation by exploring the surrounding regions and by researching the sites of ancient Greece<ref>"One can read in Pouqueville an exact description of Tripolitza, capital of the Peloponese." Chateaubriand ''From Paris to Jerusalem''</ref>. 
He remained in Tripolitza through the harsh 1798 winter.

===Constantinople: prisons and harems===
[[Image:Yedikule-2.jpg|thumb|185x|The ''Yedikule'' today]]
In the spring, the Turkish Sultan ordered that he be transferred over land and sea with his co-prisoners to [[Constantinople]] where they were incarcerated for two years in the Fortress of Seven Towers, ''[[Walls of Constantinople#Yedikule Fortress|Yedikule]]''. François Pouqueville wrote that they found there, living in abject conditions, the members of the French embassy to whom the Sultan had refused, under insistent demands from the British, the usual diplomatic treatment of being kept on parole at the French embassy palace, which had been appropriated by the same British. Pouqueville tried saving the life the dying Adjutant-general Rose, but it was too late. Rose had been France's representative in Epirus and had fallen victim of Ali Pacha of [[Ioannina]]<ref>Page 94 ''The life of Ali Pacha of Jannina'' 2nd Edition, Lupton Relfe, London (1823) available online at Google Books [http://books.google.com/books?id=gsktm2b0OWYC&pg=PP4&source=gbs_selected_pages&cad=0_1#PPA94,M1]</ref>'s cruel perfidy. A few years later, he would be replaced in Ioannina by Pouqueville himself.

[[Image:Yedikule-1.jpg|thumb|left|180x|Another view of the ''Yedikule'' today]]François Pouqueville became friend with the French diplomat Ruffin, held prisoner since the expedition of Egypt, whose health he attended to and whom he nicknamed the ''[[Nestor (mythology)|Nestor]] of the [[Orient]]'' and with whom he perfected his knowledge of ''[[oriental studies|orientalist]]''. Later, the two men continued their correspondence long after their release from prison and until Ruffin's death. 
Soon after arriving in Constantinople, François Pouqueville had gained some liberty of movement as his jailers had learned about his medical skills and he succeeded in exploring the surroundings of the fortress, notably the Sultan's private gardens at the [[Topkapı Palace|Topkapi]] palace, and even his harem, with the complicity of the Sultan's gardener whom he had befriended. 
On occasions, he convinced his guards to let him travel through the City of Constantinople and along the [[Bosphorus]], all the way to the [[Black Sea]] to attend to other French prisoners who were gravely ill and held in a distant jail. At the time, the plague was still active in the eastern parts of the mediterranean regions and Pouqueville was determined in his researches of the proper medical methods to fight the terrible disease. His observations in the form of a thesis were highly regarded when published in Paris upon his return. 
His written accounts of such excursions were the first detailed descriptions by a westerner of the Turkish megalopolis and its diverse inhabitants, their way of life, customs and habits. These were received in Europe with great astonishment and curiosity for 'the gate of Asia' which had previously remained practically unexplored by westerners since the fall of the [[Byzantine Empire]] in 1453.

[[Image:Louis-Dupre-Pacha.jpg|thumb|left|235x|<center>''"Pasha" by Louis Dupré (1825)'']]While jailed, Pouqueville studied [[modern Greek]] . He translated [[Anacreon]], wrote several oriental pieces like ''The Pariah'', a short humoristic poem, ''La Gueuseade'', in four [[Gallican chant|chants]] and in [[sestet]]s, and a few lighter poems dedicated to Rose Ruffin.

Throughout his captivity, Pouqueville kept a [[Diary|journal]] written in a [[secret code]] that he had imagined and that he managed to hide from his guards, leading them instead in their occasional searches of his cell to other unimportant writings which he let them find and confiscate. It is from this occult journal that he was able to write, a few years after his release, the 600 pages of the first two parts of the important book<ref>"[[Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley]] (MWS) was concerned to describe accurately the geography of the area; she wrote to Charles Ollier, the literary adviser for Henry Colburn, Mary's publisher: ''I am in great want of a book which describes minutely the Environs of Constantinople...you would oblige me if you would send it without delay''(MWS letters I, 431). She would doubtless have received Colburn's publication of Pouqueville's ''Travels in the Morea, Albania and other parts of the Ottoman Empire...etc''(1813, translated by Plumptre). Much of Mary's account of the geography and military history of the city could have been derived from Pouqueville's descriptions, maps and illustrations." afterwords by Joyce Carol Oates of Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley's ''The Last Man'' (Wordsworth Classics, 1826).</ref> he published in 1805 and that brought him fame and fortune, the 300 pages of part three being devoted to the astonishing adventures that his friends and brothers in arms ''(future Baron, General)'' Poitevin, ''(future General)'' Charbonnel and ''(future Consul General)'' Bessieres encountered before and after their release from the fortress of seven towers.

===Emergence of the Philhellenism movement<ref>"...Philhellenism was a movement inspired from a love of classical Greece but was distinct from the equally popular antiquarian interest in the cultural products of classical antiquity. Philehellenism encompassed mobilization around the cause of the fate of modern Greeks, seen as the descendants of their putative classical progenitors, and included in its ranks Lord Byron and François Pouqueville." Umut Özkinimli & Spyros Sofos ''Tormented by History: Nationalism in Greece and Turkey'' Columbia University Press (April 25, 2008)</ref>===
[[Image:Greek boy.jpg|thumb|235x|<center>''Greek boy defending his wounded father by Ary Scheffer French painter(1795-1858)]]
In 1798, as a hostage of the Turks in occupied Greece, François Pouqueville had an uneasy view of the Greeks he encountered in the close entourage of his Ottoman guards. Not unlike Lord Byron who later, at his death in 1824, also became a symbol of philhellenism<ref>''"Byron had yet to die to make philhellenism generally acceptable"'' William Plomer ''"The Diamond of Jannina"'' (Taplinger Publishing New York 1970)</ref>, Pouqueville felt at first unsure of the Greeks' sincerity<ref>"By-the-bye, I rather suspect we shall be at right angles in our opinion of the Greeks; I have not quite made up my mind about them, but you I know are decisively inimical." Lord Byron's Correspondence ''"Letter to Hobhouse"(1805)''</ref>. But his work as the pashalic's physician in Tripolitza caused his Turkish escort to become gradually sparser and his frequent contacts with authentic Greeks made him appreciate their rich cultural background under a new light. Even though it was being suppressed by the seven generations long occupation of Greece by their Ottoman rulers, the Greek social identity appeared very much alive to Pouqueville and, as a fervent believer of the French revolution's [[humanism]], he soon developed a growing sympathy for the budding Greek resurgence.
His condition as a prisoner of the Turkish Sultan prevented him at the time to do more than bringing medical attention and treatment to the oppressed population, but his writings already showed a strong new current of intellectual and emotional support<ref>"For the references, I am indebted to Pouqueville (Voyage de la Grece)" ''Modern Greek folklore and ancient Greek religion: a study in revivals'' by John Cuthbert Lawson (1898)</ref>.
His humane survey of Greece as early as 1798 is the 19th century's earliest manifestation of the [[philhellene]] movement. His impulse soon spread throughout Europe with the wide publication of his books setting in motion a constant trend amongst the greatest minds of the time to follow his steps across the newly revealed land of Greece. The antique nation's rebirth ensued over the next decades with its war of independence and its liberation, with the break up of the Ottoman Empire.<ref>''At the time, Greece was little known and was considered a Turkish province. Pouqueville proved that it was not so, that the Hellenes had retained their originality and their hopes, he predicted their success, he brought them the interest of Europe and of France in particular for their future rebellion. Effectively, his book dates from 1805; therefore it greatly predates Chateaubriand's travel to Greece, and it has the quality of exactitude that compensates well the lack of style.'' H. Duclos, Publisher. "Romans et Aventures Célèbres" Paris, c.1820</ref>

In 1801, twenty five months after being jailed in Constantinople, under the insistence of the French government and with the help from the Russian diplomats in Turkey, François Pouqueville was set free and returned to Paris.<ref>"When he left ''The Seven Towers'', Pouqueville was well armed for the pursuit of his two careers as diplomat and as voyager-archaelogist in which he was to acquire a just notoriety". Henri Dehérain, ''Revue de l'Histoire des colonies françaises'', Édouard Champion, Paris, 1921</ref>

==Diplomat and archaeologist==
[[Image:Pouqueville-par-Ingres.jpg|thumb|left|175px|''Portrait of François Pouqueville by Ingres'' (1834)<ref>His is among the most colorful careers of Ingres'sitters. As his tombstone in Montparnasse tells us, he was an Honorary Member of the Academy of Medidine, a Consul general of France in Greece, a member of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles lettres, a Chevalier of the Legion of Honor and l'Ordre du Sauveur. In addition he served with the Napoleonic forces in Egypt, the was, in turn, a prisoner of the Barbary pirates and the Turks. He lived as a prisoner in Greece. Profiting from his loneliness, he studied the geography of the country and its diseases, learning modern Greek while not neglecting ancient Greek art and literature. His medical publications were also noteworthy. He died in Paris, 20 december 1838, never having been married. He named as his sole heir, Henriette-Elizabeth-Marthe Lorimier, who erected the monument at the Montparnasse cemetery to his memory and to whom this drawing is dedicated. Her portrait by Ingres is in the Pushkin Museum, Moscow. It bears an inscription to Pouqueville. ''David Daniels, New York City, 1967.''</ref>]]
Upon his return to Paris, he submitted his doctorate thesis ''De febre adeno-nevrosa seu de peste orientali'' a work on the oriental [[Plague (disease)|plague]] that caused him to be nominated for the awards for the prizes of the decade. 
However, his interests for literature and [[archaeology]] were now for Pouqueville as strong as his passion for medicine.
The publication of his first book ''"Travel to Epirus, to Constantinople, to Albania and to several other parts of the Ottoman Empire"'' dedicated to the Emperor Napoleon Ist and published in 1805 was a huge literary success internationally and had also for consequence his nomination as [[Napoleon]]'s general [[consul]] to the court of [[Ali Pasha]] of [[Ioannina]]. His knowledge of the region and of the local languages made him the ideal diplomatic agent<ref>"As the British laboured to prevent Ali from forming an alliance with Napoleon, French interests were quietly being promoted in Janina by their agent, François Pouqueville." Miranda Vickers ''The Albanians: a modern history'' I.B. Taurus Editions, Revised 2001</ref> for Napoleon and his foreign minister [[Talleyrand]]. Pouqueville accepted the post that would also enable him to pursue his studies about Greece.

===Ali Pasha of Ioannina===
[[Image:Ali-Pacha.jpg|thumb|180x|''Ali Pasha after Louis Dupré]]
At first, he was welcomed by the famous pasha whom he accompanied to several of his excursions and who made him discover his native [[Albania]]. For a time he also took with him the British agent [[William Martin Leake|Leake]] in several travels of archaeological surveys across Greece. Together they reported many forgotten or previously unknown antique sites<ref>"Much of the intercourse in Greece has always gone on by small coasters. Pouqueville mentions traces of a paved road between Corinth and Argos" (7) [[W. J. Conybeare]] and [[J. S. Howson]], ''Life and Epistles of Saint Paul"</ref>. 
His diplomatic status also enabled Pouqueville to explore Greece in its entirety as far as [[Macedonia (region)|Macedonia]] and [[Thrace]]<ref>"Nearly a century before [[Delphi]] was excavated, a French envoy to the court of Ali Pasha of Ioannina visited the sleepy little village that stood on the site of the ancient oracular shrine. Pouqueville enthused over the wealth of inscriptions he saw: " marble slabs, pieces of walls, interiors of caves...covered with dedications and decrees that should be studied and carefully copied" (Voyages, 2nd ed., iv,113)''Lamberton - Plutarch, 2001 Yale University Press''</ref>. He maintained his journal containing the details of the observations and discoveries he made in the course of a great number of explorations covering all of Greece and the Balkans during his 15 years of diplomatic tenure in Ioannina and in Patras. In 1811, joined by his brother Hugues who had also been named consul in Greece, they researched and recorded the remains of no less than sixty five antique cities in [[Epirus (region)|Epirus]] alone<ref>"At length, M. Pouqueville, during a long residence in the dominions of the late Ali Pacha, actually discovered the remains of sixty-five cities, quite able to speak for themselves." Le Roy J. Halsey ''"The works of Philip Lindsey"'' Michigan Historical Reprint Series</ref>. In 1813, he discovered in [[Actium]] a stone slab with acarnanian inscriptions which he deciphered. It pertained to the time when the Roman armies appeared in Greece (c. 197 BC) and was a decree of the Senate and of the people of [[Acarnania]] proclaiming the brothers Publius and Lucius [[Manius Acilius Glabrio (consul 191 BC)|Acilius]] as their friends and benefactors<ref>Page IV/347, "Manual of classical literature and art - Archaeology of Greek literature" from J.J. Eschenburg, by N.W. Fiske, Professor in Amherst College. (4th Ed. 1849)</ref>.

In Ioannina, the court of Ali Pasha was increasingly the seat of many political intrigues between the European powers<ref>"The consuls of the principal european nations are established there, and imperial France's representative, François Pouqueville, is engaged in a power struggle for influence with his British counterpart." ''Michelin Guide, 2006''</ref> encouraged by the pasha himself<ref>"There he found Ali Pasha entertaining two Frenchmen, François Pouqueville and [[Julien Bessières]]...Ali Pasha assured Jack that he did not welcome their presence, and he appeared to be annoyed that Pouqueville was busy distributing French propaganda, and currying favours amongst the Greeks by providing medical treatment without charge." Henry McKenzie Johnston ''Ottoman and Persian Odysseys: James Morier''(1823)</ref>, and Pouqueville was for years the target of disparaging and acrimonious critics<ref>"(2)Acherusia: According to Pouqueville, the lake of Yanina, but Pouqueville is always out.(3) The celebrated Ali Pacha: Of this ''extraordinary man'' there is an incorrect account in Pouqueville's Travels. Lord Byron "''Childe Harold's Pilgrimage: Canto II''"</ref> from some English visitors to Ioannina such as [[Lord Byron]]<ref>"In fact (as their critics pointed out) both ''Byron and Hobhouse'' were to some extent dependent upon information gleaned by the French resident François Pouqueville, who had in 1805 published an influential travelogue entitled ''Voyage en Morée, à Constantinople, en Albanie...1798-1801''" Drummond Bone ''The Cambridge Companion to Byron (Cambridge Companions to Literature)</ref> with [[John Hobhouse, 1st Baron Broughton|Hobhouse]]<ref>After having repeatedly criticised Pouqueville's work, Hobhouse finally wrote:''Dr. Pouqueville's volume, being collected by himself during a long residence in the country, is deserving every attention.'' Hobhouse's Travels - London Morning Chronicle, 18 January 1822</ref>, and [[Charles Robert Cockerell|Cockerell]]<ref>''"On Cockerell the brothers Pouqueville made a much less pleasing impression. Perhaps he thought they did not take enough notice of him, or perhaps because he was a little too English..."'' William Plomer ''The Diamond of Jannina'' (Taplinger Publishing New York 1970)</ref>, as they allowed themselves to be corrupted by the depraved lifestyle of the Court of Ioannina<ref>"The absence of women permits Byron himself to adopt a feminized role, as in his letters home describing his flirtatious relationship with the Pasha, and noting Ali's admiration of his 'small ears, curly hair, and his little white hands'" (BLJ, I, 208) ''Lord Byron's Correspondence - John Murray, Editor.''</ref> when Pouqueville instead demonstrated rectitude and firmness against Ali Pasha's criminal abuses of power<ref>''In the same way, after murdering General Roze, who had treated him with uniform kindness, he submitted to the daily checks and menaces of Pouqueville, by whom he was replaced.''|anonymous author, ''The Edinburgh Review'', 1818</ref>. Moreover, the literary and political notoriety he had acquired with the international success of his first book, dedicated to Emperor Napoléon, and singling him out as the precursor, as early as 1805, of the Greek revival movement emerging in Europe, was evidently a cause for resentment on the part of the English. However, after his visit to Ioannina, the distinguished Reverend T.S. Hugues wrote that he ''(unlike Byron and Hobhouse) "found him very polite, generous and humane, and thought him a scholar and man of the world, nor did that contest in which our respective countries were engaged, in the slightest degree repress his hospitality and attentions - an instance of good manners which would be surprising in the hate-ridden world of today."''<ref>''"Travels in Greece and Albania"'' Rev. T.S. Hugues (London 1830)</ref><ref>The reciprocal respect between François Pouqueville and the Reverend Hugues eventually developed into a true friendship and they soon tavelled throughout Greece together. Many years later, when Pouqueville retired in France, T.S. Hugues came to visit him on occasions and stayed at Pouqueville's estate in Angiers. ''Biographical notes'' François de Pouqueville (2009)</ref> 
[[Image:Ali-Pacha-Butrinto 2.jpg|thumb|left|235x|<center>''"Ali Pasha hunting on the lake" by Louis Dupré (1825)'']]But after Napoleon's 1807 treaty of [[Peace of Tilsitt|Tilsitt]] which forewarned of the dismantling of the Ottoman Empire, Ali Pasha renounced his alliance with France and yielded to Britain's complaisance. 
His frequent philhellene positions and his constant opposition to Ali's devilish rule<ref>In the London ''Times'' of 21 October 1822, an English editorialist finally admitted:"''Mons. Pouqueville, Mr. Holland, and Mr. Hughes, all describe Ali Pacha as a most perfect master of the art of dissimulation- as a cool, relentless villain, who, like 'our' Richard, "could smile, and murder while he smiled".''</ref> made Pouqueville's situation progressively more and more dangerous<ref>"A few months later, Ali Pasha treacherously assassinated the Major Andrutzi, a Greek officer serving France, that he had kidnapped from one of our ships, and whose son and nephew owed their lives to the skilled firmness of M. Pouqueville, then general consul in Ioannina." Victor Duruy ''"Histoire de la Grèce ancienne. Tome 1" (1826)''</ref>; and, after Pouqueville had ordered French troops to join the Greeks of Parga in their successful defence against Ali's murderous hordes, he often had to remain in his house lest Ali Pasha would have him assassinated too<ref>"Moreover, the famous Pasha of Ioannina, Ali of Tebelen, where Napoleon has a consul, Pouqueville, is increasingly hostile to France: he is just opposite [[Corfu]] and can forbid the island to resupply on the main land. As usual, Napoleon rages and threatens. For example, this letter dated March 15, 1811 to the Foreign Minister, then Mr Maret: " My intent is to declare war to Ali Pasha if Constantinople cannot keep him in check. You will write to my consul to Ali Pacha for him to inform him that at the first sign of him preventing the resupply of Corfu, and forbid the transit of cattle and foodstuff destined to this place, I shall declare war to him." Easy said or written. One day, Pouqueville will find himself in jail..." Yves Benot ''"Colonial madness under Napoléon"''</ref>. Thereafter, whenever he had an official communication for Ali, his brother Hugues<ref>"Hugues Pouqueville, born in Le Merlerault on March 8th, 1779, was a precious support for his brother François in Janina. He was successively named vice-consul in Prevesa (1811), in Arta (1814), consul in Patras (1821) and in Cathagena (1829)." Henri Dehérain ''An unpublished correspondence of François Pouqueville'' Édouard Champion, Publisher, Paris (1921)</ref>, himself French consul in nearby Arta [http://www.greeklandscapes.com/greece/arta.html], had to bring it for him to the pasha whose atrocities he also witnessed throughout Epirus [http://books.google.fr/books?id=kM8GAAAAQAAJ&printsec=titlepage&source=gbs_summary_r&cad=0#PPA467,M1]. In his memoirs, François Pouqueville concluded: " It was in this manner that the Turks, through their own excesses, prepared and fomented the Greek insurrection."[[File:Ali-Pacha-de-Janina.jpg|right|thumb|185x|<center>''Ali Pasha'']]

Finally, against Britain's continuous attempts to maintain and reinforce the Turks' brutal oppression of the Greeks, the brothers Pouqueville's consistent diplomatic skills succeeded in achieving the desired chasm between the Sultan and Ali Pacha, thus provoking the beginning of the dismantlement of the Ottoman Empire that would enable the regeneration of free Greek nationalism. Soon, Ali Pacha would be disposed of by the Turkish emissaries from Constantinople and his severed head brought back to the Sultan<ref>"Ackmet-Nourri, with twenty of his men entered the kiosk of the terrible pasha of Yoannina to attack him. After having taken part of the murder of the Albanian satrap, he brought his head himself to Istanbul and presented it to the Sultan Mahmoud, who, as a reward for this act, gave him a coat of honor that he still wears to this day. Akmet-Nourri told us the tragic death of Ali Pasha. I won't report his story here: it is conform to that of M. Pouqueville." Baptistin Poujoulat ''Voyage dans l'Asie Mineure, en Mésopotamie, à Palmyre, en Syrie, en Palestine et en Egypte. Tome 2 (1836)''</ref>.
With remarkable foresight due to his perfect knowledge of the region and its people<ref>''To confirm my opinion, I will only refer to the last and most impartial observer of the modern Greeks: doctor Pouqueville. Dr Pouqueville had the means to gather on Morea information far more exact than those given by the travellers who preceded him, and consequently his testimony must be admitted today as decisive.''Thomas Thorton, The present state of Turkey, vol.II (1812)</ref>, François Pouqueville already predicted the recurrent troubles that will henceforth divide the Balkans during the course of modern History: "I will tell how Ali Tebelen Veli Zade - Ali Pasha - after having created for himself one of these horrible reputations that will resound in the future, fell from power leaving to Epirus, his homeland, the fateful inheritance of anarchy, unfathomable damages to the dynasty of Ottman, the hope of freedom for the Greeks, and perhaps extended causes of conflict for Europe<ref>Pouqueville, who in 1805 became French consul at the court of Ali pasha of Ioannina and later in Patras, published memoirs abounding in valuable statistical data and geographic detail. He was one of the first to use the notion of Europe in an allegorical rather than purely geographic sense and to disassociate the Ottomans from the family of civilized European nations. Constantinople had become "a city inhabited by a people who belong to Europe merely on account of the place they are inhabiting." ''Imagining the Balkans'' Maria Todorova, author. Publisher: Oxford University Press. New York, 1997</ref>.
." ''(Histoire de la régénération de la Grèce, tome I, chap 1er)''

===Patras and the Greek War of Independence===
[[Image:Dupre-Salona-1821.jpg|thumb|235x|<center>''"Uprising of Salona 1821" Louis Dupré (1825)'']]After Napoleon's abdication in 1815, François Pouqueville left Ioannina and was sent as French consul to [[Patras]] until 1816, soon followed by his brother Hugues Pouqueville who replaced him as Consul.<ref>"With the departure of the French from the Ionian Islands and from Dalmatia as well there was little point in maintaining a consul at Jannina, so Pouqueville, after all his trying times, asked if he might be moved and was rewarded with a transfer to Patras" William Plomer 'The Diamond of Jannina' Taplinger Publishing, New York 1970.''</ref> They pursued their increasing contacts with the growing movement of the Greek rebellion which culminated with the declaration of the [[Greek War of Independence]] proclaimed on March 25, 1821 in the Agios Georgios chapel in [[History of Patras|Patras]]. Unlike the British consul Green<ref>"But Patras was no more; Yousouf, pasha of Serres, ''incited by the British consulate's drogman, Barthold'', stormed this infortunate town, [[Germanos of Patras|Germanos]]' undisciplined bands had fled and, except for 3000 people who owe their lives to the heroic self-sacrifice of the consul of France, M. Pouqueville, all the inhabitants of Patras perished by the swords and the fires. When told of the fate of Patras, the people of Beotia proclaimed their own insurrection." Raoul de Malherbe - ''L'Orient 1718-1845: Histoire, politique, religion, moeurs, etc. Tome 2</ref> who refused to help the Greeks and collaborated<ref>On June 11, 1822, the LONDON TIMES published the text of the official protest by the Greek Provisional Government, as follows: ''I send you the Protest which our Provisional Government, The Messenian Senate, has made against the British Consul at Patras, Mr Philip Green. At the moment when Mr. H. Pouqueville, the French Consul, was employed in defending the Christian old men, women, and children of this city from the ferocity of the Mussulmen, the former was attending to his own private interest in trade and currants. The following is an exact translation of this document: PROTEST addressed by the Greeks of Peloponesus to Philip Green esq. Consul of the mighty British Empire at Patras. - "Sir, the just motives which compelled us to take arms against the Ottomans, in defence of our lives and propertiy, of which they attempted to deprive us, have been explained to you in a letter of ours, dated the 27th of March. To this you replied through your own interpreter, Mr Barthelemy, that as long as the British Government would observe a neutrality in the contest, between us and the Turks, you would remain an indifferent spectator, without taking part with either the one or the other. Notwithstanding this declaration, we state, with great pain, that we have obtained uncontroversible proofs that your conduit has not been conformable to your profession of neutrality. From the commencement of the contest you have constantly observed all our motions and resolutions for the purpose of informing our enemies. When the packet-boat from Malta, commanded by Mr Hunter, arrived at Patras, you sent to Prevesa to urge the Captain-Bey to send immediate succour to the Turks at Patras; and the captain-Bey, in fact, dispatched a brig, a corvette and a galley. You wrote also to the Pachas assembled before Jannina who sent Yusuf Pacha and the Kihaya of Mahmoud Pacha, with a considerable land armament. And, moreover, you continued to send to the Turks shut up in the citadel of Patras, intelligence of every thing that passed by means of persons devoted to your interest. We have more than once summoned you to pay our countrymen the sums due to them in consequence of your late purchases. Although the credit has expired, you still persis in refusing the payment*. You have, besides, sent your brother and your interpreter, who conducted Yussuf Pacha hither and acquainted him with the places by which he could most easily enter the citadel: you prepared and communicated yourself to the Turks the distinctive sign of the cross by which the Greeks recognize each other, that the Turks might attack us more advantageously under this disguise. Finally, you advised the Turks to light in the City of Patras that terrible fire by which all the goods in private houses, and the warehouses of the Company of Merchants have been destroyed. Immediately after the conflagration, the city was pillaged by the Turks and more particularly by those attached to your person. Thus, you have violated the rights of nations, and followed a conduct contrary to that prescribed by the declaration of neutrality made by your Government and yourself. You have occasioned losses amounting to several millions; you have exposed several Christians to death and captivity. By these presents we protest against you, in order that, at a suitable time, you may be called upon to render an account of all the disasters occasioned by you in contempt of the laws. Calamata, April 26 (May 8),1822. (Signed by the notables of the Christian people of Peloponesus.)'' *Mr Green gave as a reason for this refusal that his goods had been destroyed in the burning of Patras.</ref> with the Turks<ref>''There were eight European consulates, and the two consuls who played important role were those of France and Britain. Pouqueville, the french consul was philellene, while Green the british consul was philoturk. Philoturk was also the english governor of Ionian islands who forbade Ionian subjects to take part in the battles between greeks and turks.'' Spuridon Trikoupis - History of Greek Revolution.</ref>, the French consul Hugues Pouqueville<ref>Younger brother of François Pouqueville, Hugues Pouqueville also pursued a brilliant diplomatic career for France. He was consul in Spain during the second French Republic (1848-1851) when its president, Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, proclaimed the Second Empire, becoming Emperor Napoléon III. Among many distinctions, Hugues Pouqueville was awarded the Royal Order of Isabella-the-Catholic - the highest Spanish distinction. ''Biographical notes - François de Pouqueville (2009).</ref> gave shelter to many refugees of any side in the French consulate while the Turkish repression was raging<ref>Another report on the cruelty and vileny of Lord Maitland, High Commissioner in Corfou and, more generally, of the British in Greece at the time, this minute of a session of the Chamber of Commons in London on June 10, 1822 as reproduced by the London Times: ''Sir R. Wilson begged to call the attention of the honourable Under Secretary for the Colonial Department to a transaction which he was informed had recently taken place in the Ionian Islands. He would state the facts as they were represented to him, in order that, if false, they might receive a contradiction, and that if they should appear to be true, the persons who had suffered from the conduct of the British Government in the Ionian Islands might, if possible, obtain some redress. It was represented to him, that a Greek, of the name of Berouka, aged 76, his wife, three married daughters, and their children, forming altogether a family of 15 or 16 persons, had, after the massacre of Patras, from which they had escaped through the intervention of the French Consul, M. de Pouqueville, taken refuge in the island of Ithaca. These persons lived there in quiet until March last, when an order came from the Lord High Commissioner, directing them to depart out of the Ionian Islands. The unfortunate Greeks represented that they had, during their residence in the island, always conducted themselves in a proper manner, and entreated that they might be permitted to stay. The order for their departure was, however, iterated. The family next requested that they might be allowed to delay their departure until the sea which at that time was crowded with corsairs, should be in some degree cleared of these pirates; but even this indulgence was not conceded to them. The result was that almost immediately after they had set sail, they were attacked by an Algerine corsair, and after a short resistance, during which the old man was desperately wounded in the face, captured, carried into Algiers, and sold for slaves. He had received his information from the most respectable sources, and believed it was strictly correct. Mr Wilmot responded that no information regarding the Berouka family had reached the Colonial Department, he further objected to the production of another statement, and said that an investigation should be made...''</ref>. His reports described later these events and the extent of the destructions which he qualified as horrible. (In his memoirs, Duke [[Étienne-Denis Pasquier|Pasquier]], [[Chancellor]] of France, (1767–1862) wrote: "All the Greeks who were unable to escape from Patras were mercilessly slaughtered, regardless of sex or age. Only a few of the unfortunate victims could find refuge in the house of the consul of France, Mr Pouqueville. He saved them at the peril of his own life. This was the first example of the courageous self-sacrifice with which the French consuls fulfilled their duties."<ref>Duke d'Audiffret-Pasquier - Mémoires de mon temps. Mémoires du chancellier Pasquier. Partie 2. Restoration.2. 1820-1824 (tome 5)</ref>) [[Image:Naval Battle of Navarino by Garneray.jpg|thumb|left|175x|1827 Naval battle of Navarino by Garneray]]In the end, the foreign [[legations]] who had been supportive of the Greeks had to leave the country, and Pouqueville returned to France<ref>''Recently, gentlemen, the whole world has heard of the sacrifice of our consuls. Several of them, victims of their generosity, have only kept from their houses in flames the white banner around which Turcs and Christians found refuge. They should receive idemnities, and I can only offer them insufficient relief. Hence,... M. Pouqueville who lost everything in Patras, will receive three thousand francs.'' F-R de Chateaubriand, Opinions & Speeches, Vol.14, Paris (1852)</ref>.

While enjoying a well deserved retirement from international diplomacy<ref>In the "Brussels Papers" of the Morning Chronicles, London septembre 28, 1822:'' M. de Pouqueville, the Consul of France in the Morea, arrived on the 6th at Milan, from Florence. The noble conduct of this faithful and intrepid servant of his Most Christian Majesty has obtained him the most flattering reception from Ministers, Ambassadors, and Consuls of his majesty at Naples, Florence, and Milan. The Pope having met him at the Villa Albani, deigned to honour with his benediction the preserver of so many thousands of Christians; and it is not doubted, that if his voice could be heard at the Congress of Verona, it would induce Sovereigns to interest themselves in the cause of the Greeks. M. Pouqueville is said to be going to Marseilles.''</ref>, François Pouqueville saw his support to the Greek war of independence resulting in the French navy taking part in the [[Battle of Navarino]] on October 20, 1827, a naval victory which sealed the end of the 360 years of Turkish occupation of Greece, and in 1828, in the expulsion by the French troops of the Turkish garrison that had been holding on to the [[History of Patras|Patras citadel]]<ref>General [[Makriyannis]], Memoirs (Excerpts). Translated by Rick Μ. Newton: ''The Charioteer'' 28/1986</ref>.

It was on these shores of Navarino where, 30 years before, François Pouqueville had been put in chains to be emprisonned by the Turks and where he took his very first steps on Greek land. 
As to the pirate Orouchs who had seized him and sold him as a slave, his own fate was that he later went boasting about his capture to Ali Pasha when Pouqueville was still in residence in Ioanina. First, he had been well rewarded with one of Ali's ship command, but later, and although Pouqueville had granted him his pardon, the pasha found an excuse to have the pirate impaled.

==Return to Parisian life==
[[Image:Carte-Grece-Moderne.jpg|thumb|175x|''map of Greece made by Barbié du Bocage (1821)'']]
===Honors===
[[File:Pouqueville-c1811.jpg|left|thumb|185x|<center>''François de Pouqueville c.1811'']]Upon his return to France, François Pouqueville was awarded his seat at the [[Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres|Academie des Insciptions et Belles Lettres]]. He was elected member of the [[Description de l'Égypte|Institut d'Égypte]], honorary member of the Paris' [[Academy of Medicine]], associate member of the Royal Academy of [[Marseille]], member of the Ionian Academy of Corcyre [http://www.ionio.gr/central/en/history], member of the Society of Sciences of [[Bonn]], and Knight of the [[Legion of Honor]].

===Writer of the regeneration of Greece===
While writing about antique Greece in the numerous major works and articles he published from this moment, François Pouqueville mostly applied himself in denouncing the state of oppression crushing the Greeks under Turkish domination and more specifically stood as witness of the crimes and abominations perpetrated by Ali Pacha and his bands of assassins with the complicity of the Turkish sultan and his allies <ref>"Mr Pouqueville, in his substantial work filled with facts, has established the same truths." Chateaubriand ''Note on Grece - Itinerary from Paris to Jerusalem''</ref>. All along, he described the daily life, the usages and customs, and the traditions of the Greeks of the Peloponese surviving under their appalling economic and political conditions<ref>On n'exagère pas en affirmant que Pouqueville parle de tout: il fait découvrir une nouvelle fois les moeurs et le caractère des habitants qu'il rencontre; il décrit leur physionomie, les arts, l'histoire, la religion, l'industrie, les langues (il y ajoute une digression sur la langue schype ou albanaise avec des tableaux de déclinaisons), pour parler enfin de la gastronomie, mais aussi de la numismatique, de la minéralogie, de la flore et de la faune (et plus précisément de l'ichtyologie, de l'ornitologie, de l'entomologie, des plantes médicinales), de la marine marchande...cette liste est loin d'être complète. Bien avant Fauriel il traduit et interprète des chansons populaires. L'ouvrage contient des statistiques sur la population et le commerce, des listes sur l'importation et l'exportation, voire même des tableaux du clergé et de ses revenus. ''Der Philhellenismus in der westeuropäischen Literatur 1780-1830'' by Alfred Noe</ref>. His observations became a powerful support for the cause of the Greek rebellion and its dramatic events which he reported faithfully in substantial books that were quickly published and translated in several languages<ref>Announcement published in ''The Morning Chronicles'' London december 9, 1820: "''Pouqueville's 14 years residence and travels in Greece will constitute the next number of the Journal of Voyages and Travels. Every man of letters knows the great importance of his work, and the value of the author's researches. The French booksellers gave a larger sum for the copy-right, and it has excited a greater interest in France than any book on Greece since the appearance of the work of Abbé Barthélémy.''"</ref>. They had a considerable influence throughout Europe as it was gained by the ideas of the French revolution<ref>''The country was the first Ottoman province to wrestle its independence from its Muslims masters, and a "modern" nation-state was established almost forty years before the Italian Risorgimento for which it was an inspiration. De Pouqueville's story of the Greek revolution of the events 1740-1824 was translated into Italian in 1829 and not surprizingly published in Piedmont where it exercised considerable influence on Italian nationalists.'' Paul Sant Cassia, Constantina Barda. Cambridge Studies in Social and Cultural Anthropology - Cambridge University Press (2006).</ref>. His books also gave a precise and detailed description of the [[geography]], [[archaeology]], [[topography]], and [[geology]] of the areas he traveled through and visited<ref>The French Academician Carl-Bénédict Hase (1780-1864), himself member of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres, declared that ''Le Voyage de la Grèce, by Pouqueville, was the most remarkable volume written in the genre that had been published since the Renaissance of Literature''. Biographical researches - François de Pouqueville (2009)</ref>, and his observations were highly regarded by later explorers and by the [[geographer]] Jean-Denis Barbié du Bocage, author of a fine atlas attached to [[Jean-Jacques Barthélémy|Barthelemy's]]''Voyage du jeune Anarcharsis en Grèce dans le milieu du quatrième siècle avant l'ère vulgaire'', and who was a founder of the [[Société de Géographie|Societe de geographie]] in 1821. The maps of Greece that were established through their collaboration, and that of topographer Pierre Lapie with the publication of Pouqueville's "Voyage de la Grèce" (1824), were so detailed and complete that they remained in use in Greece until the advent of [[aerial photography]], and even to this day<ref>."Installed in the Tzanetaki tower, a fine permanent exhibit retraces the history of the Magne with texts, drawings, photographs and sketches of the area established by a number of travellers who had discovered this region between the 16th and 20th centuries, notably the French writer François Pouqueville (1770-1838), author of ''Travel in Morea.''"''Michelin Guide, 2006''</ref>

For his services to their Country the Greeks honored him with the award of the ''[[Order of the Savior]]''.

''"To M. Pouqueville"'' were the dedications by prominent French poet [[Casimir Delavigne]] of two of his ''Messeiennes'', odes to the combats for freedom.

The [[epitaph]] engraved in the marble of François Pouqueville's grave proclaims, in French and in Greek: 
''"With his writings he contributed powerfully to the return of their antique nationality to the oppressed Greeks"''

===Intellectual and artistic social life===
[[Image:The Souliot Women 1827.jpg|thumb|180x|<center>''The Souliot Women'' by Ary Scheffer (1827)]]He became part of the parisian gentry and was a regular at many [[Salon (gathering)|''salons'']]<ref>"In every salons in Paris, they now sing my lyrics, ''The Parguinot'' from my ''Voyage'', that has been recorded and is now a song". François Pouqueville, Letter to Mr Ruffin. April 14, 1820 The lyrics of his song, entitled "Dernier chant des Parguinotes" was published in 1824 by member of the Académie Française Népomucène [[Lemercier]] with the title "Hymne Funèbre sur Parga" and orchestrated by F. Regnault. In the notice of publication, Lemercier wrote: "The original text of this beautiful lament on the ruining of the Parguinots comes from the third volume, page 420, of the 'Travels in Greece' of M. Pouqueville. I translated it in the same number of verses, convinced that the measure of tempo must be in tune with the measure of the rhythm of the thoughts." Népomucène Lermercier. Urbain Canel, Libraire, Paris, 1824.</ref> such as [[Segur, Sophie Rostopchine, Comtesse de|Countess of Ségur]]'s who portrayed him under the affectionate humoristic character of ''Monsieur Tocambel'' in one of her best sellers ''Quel amour d'enfant!''. He befriended many of the time's artists and intellectuals such as [[Chateaubriand]] whom he inspired and guided, as early as 1805, in visiting Greece and Egypt<ref>"M. Pouqueville showed me the way to a host of researches necessary to my work: I followed him without fear of being wrong, him who was my first guide through Sparta's fields. Together we have visited Greece's antiquities when they were lit only by their past glory. Together we have pleaded our hosts' cause, with certain success." ''Chateaubriand, Etudes historiques''</ref>, and physicists [[François Arago|Arago]] and [[André-Marie Ampère|Ampère]], and also [[Alexandre Dumas]] who paid him homage in the book he wrote about Ali Pasha<ref>"But it is made certain by the learned researches of M. de Pouqueville that he (Ali Pasha) sprang from a native stock, and not an Asiatic one, as he pretended." Alexandre Dumas ''Ali Pasha''</ref>.[[Image:Francesco Hayez 013.jpg|thumb|left|180x|<center>''the Parga betrayal'' by Francesco Hayez]] The chapter he wrote about the massacre of the [[Souliots]] perpetrated by Ali Pacha in 1804 and published in his book ''History of Greece's regeneration'' (1824) inspired playwright Népomucène [[Népomucène Lemercier|Lemercier]] to write ''"The martyrs of Souli or the modern Epirus"'' a tragedy in five acts (Paris, 1825), and romantic painter [[Ary Scheffer]] to paint ''"The Souliot women"'' (1827).<ref>Hugh Honor ''Romanticism (Icon Editions)''</ref> His writings on the outrages inflicted upon the inhabitants of [[Parga]] when the city was abandoned by the British to Ali Pacha's cruelty in 1818<ref>The Chant of the Parguinots or "Hymne Funèbre sur Parga" as put in verses by Népomucène Lemercier says in its curse: ''O feu vengeur de la justice,''
''Tonnerre du ciel irrité,''
''Consume un Pacha détesté,''
''Dévore l'Anglais, son complice,''
''Et que tout opresseur pâlisse''
''De tes coups sur l'iniquité!''
A note by Népomucène Lemercier, adds: "The English diplomat Lord Maitland had towards the Greeks, betrayed and abandoned to the Turks who had been unsuccessful in taking Parga, a far opposed conduit than that of the generous Lord Byron whose soul and lyra have rehabilitated the English Nation's honor on the Ionian shores."</ref> also inspired a major painting by Italian romantic painter [[Francesco Hayez]] (1791–1882)<ref>"Ottocento: Romantism and Revolution in 19th Century Italian painting" by ''Roberto J.M. Olsen''- Philip Wilson Publishers (2003)</ref>.

[[Image:Effigie bronze de Francois Pouqueville par David d'Angers.jpg|thumb|180x|''bronze sculpture of Pouqueville by David d'Angers'']]
 François Pouqueville's life companion was the popular painter-[[portraitist]] [[Henriette Lorimier]]. Master painter [[Ingres, Jean-Auguste Dominique|Ingres]] who was one of their friends also made his portrait in 1834. Having saved so many human lives, François Pouqueville, aged 68, died peacefully at their residence of 3, rue de l'Abbaye in Paris. His grave at the [[Cimetière du Montparnasse|Montparnasse cemetery]] is ornamented with his [[effigy]] by one of his closest friends, the sculptor [[David d'Angers]].

==Works==
* ''Voyage en Morée, à Constantinople, en Albanie, et dans plusieurs autres parties de l'Empire Ottoman'' (Paris, 1805, 3 vol. in-8°), translated in English, German, Greek, Italian, Swedish, etc. available [http://gallica.bnf.fr/Catalogue/noticesInd/FRBNF31143911.htm on line] at [[Gallica]]
* ''Travels in Epirus, Albania, Macedonia, and Thessaly'' (London: Printed for Sir Richard Phillips and Co, 1820), an English denatured and truncated edition available [http://www.promacedonia.org/en/fp/index.html on line]
* ''Prisonnier ches les Turcs & Le Tigre de Janina'' Romans et Aventures Célèbres - Edition Illustrée - La Librairie Illustrée, Paris 8 c. 1820
* ''Voyage en Grèce'' (Paris, 1820–1822, 5 vol. in-8° ; 20 édit., 1826–1827, 6 vol. in-8°), his capital work
* ''Histoire de la régénération de la Grèce'' (Paris, 1824, 4 vol. in-8°), translated in many languages. French original edition available on Google books [http://books.google.fr/books?id=kM8GAAAAQAAJ&printsec=titlepage&source=gbs_summary_r&cad=0#PPP9,M1]
* ''Mémoire historique et diplomatique sur le commerce et les établissements français au Levant, depuis l'an 500 jusqu’à la fin du XVII siècle'', (Paris, 1833, in-8°)
* ''La Grèce, dans l'Univers pittoresque'' (1835, in-8°) available [http://gallica.bnf.fr/Catalogue/noticesInd/FRBNF31143901.htm on line] at [[Gallica]]
* ''Trois Mémoires sur l'[[Illyria|Illyrie]]''
* ''Mémoire sur les [[Valachian|colonies valaques]] établies dans les montagnes de la Grèce, depuis Fienne jusque dans la Morée''
* ''Notice sur la fin tragique d'Ali-Tébélen'' (1822, in-8°)

==Notes and references==
<references />
==Bibliography==
{{Commonscat}}
* Monmerqué, Biographie universelle Michaud
* Jules Auguste Lair, La Captivité de François Pouqueville en Morée, Recueil des publications diverses de l'Institut de France, Paris, 1902
* Jules Auguste Lair, La Captivité de François Pouqueville à Constantinople, 1800-1801 : (9 prairial, an VII -16 ventôse, an IX), H. Delesques, Bulletin de la Société des Antiquaires de Normandie, Caen, 1904 ;
* Tobias George Smollett, The Critical Review, Or, Annals of Literature ~ online: [http://books.google.com/books?id=lxQFAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA604&dq=Pouqueville#PPA604,M1]
* J. Rombault, François Pouqueville, membre de l'Institut, Bulletin de la Société historique et archéologique de l'Orne, 1887
* Auguste Boppe, L'Albanie et Napoléon, 1914
* Henri Dehérain, Revue de l'histoire des colonies françaises, une correspondence inédite de François Pouqueville, Edouard Champion Publisher, Paris 1921
* New York Graphic Society, INGRES Centennial Exhibition 1867-1967, Greenwich, Connecticut, 1967

==External links==
*[http://www.archive.org/search.php?query=Pouqueville Works by and about François Pouqueville] at [[Internet Archive]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pouqueville, Francois}}
[[Category:1770 births]]
[[Category:1838 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century French writers]]
[[Category:French diplomats]]
[[Category:French philhellenes]]
[[Category:French explorers]]
[[Category:French physicians]]
[[Category:18th-century French physicians]]
[[Category:French archaeologists]]
[[Category:Légion d'honneur recipients]]
[[Category:People from Normandy]]
[[Category:Members of the Académie française]]
[[Category:Members of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres]]
[[Category:Commission des Sciences et des Arts members]]
[[Category:Burials at Montparnasse Cemetery]]

[[bg:Франсоа Пуквил]]
[[el:Φρανσουά Πουκεβίλ]]
[[fr:François Pouqueville]]
[[it:François Pouqueville]]
[[pl:François Pouqueville]]
[[ru:Пуквиль, Франсуа]]

Gisella Perl

2010-11-09T08:03:30Z

Davshul: + cat.

'''Gisella Perl''' was a [[Jew]]ish [[gynecologist]] who lived in [[Sighet]], [[Romania]], until 1944 when the [[Nazis]] invaded Hungary and deported its Jewish population.

She was deported along with her family to [[Auschwitz concentration camp]], where she lost both her husband and only son as well as her extended family and parents. She was given the task of working as a doctor within the camp, helping the inmates through their disease and discomfort, which she had to do without the bare necessities: antiseptic, clean wipes, even running water. She is most famous, however, for saving the lives of hundreds of mothers by aborting their pregnancies, as pregnant mothers were often beaten and killed or used by Dr. [[Josef Mengele]] for [[vivisection]]s.<ref>Brozan, Nadine. [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9901EFDE1539F936A25752C1A964948260&sec=health&spon=&pagewanted=1 Out of Death, a Zest for Life]. ''[[New York Times]]'', November 15, 1982</ref>

After leaving [[Bergen-Belsen concentration camp|Bergen-Belsen]], her final destination, she found out both her husband and son had died. She tried to poison herself and was sent to recuperate in a convent in France until 1947. Upon her arrival in [[New York City]] (March 1947), she was interrogated upon suspicion of being of assistance to the Nazi doctors of Auschwitz in carrying out human rights abuses. She was finally granted citizenship in 1951. She began work as a gynecologist in New York's [[Mount Sinai Hospital, New York|Mount Sinai Hospital]] and delivered around 3,000 babies in New York alone, becoming an expert in [[infertility]] treatment.

In June 1948, she published the story of her life in Auschwitz, detailing the horrors she encountered there (being an inmate doctor). She was later reunited with her daughter, Gabriella Krauss Blattman, whom she managed to hide during the war, and they both moved to live in [[Herzliya]], [[Israel]]. She died in Israel in 1988.

== Publications ==
Dr. Perl was sole author or coauthor of nine papers dealing with vaginal infections published between 1955 and 1972.

In June 1948, she published the story of her life in Auschwitz, detailing the horrors she encountered there as an inmate doctor.
:Perl, Dr. Gisella ''I was a doctor in Auschwitz'' ISBN 0405123000

In 2003, a film ''[[Out of the Ashes]]'' was released based upon the story of her life starring [[Christine Lahti]] as Dr. Perl.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.cameraguild.com/interviews/chat_morgan/morgan_outofashes.htm Out of the Ashes]
*[http://www.liebertonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1089/jwh.2005.14.588 Journal of Women's Health, Profiles: Dr. Gisella Perl]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Perl, Gisella}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:1988 deaths]]
[[Category:American autobiographers]]
[[Category:American physicians]]
[[Category:Hungarian Jews]]
[[Category:Hungarian physicians]]
[[Category:Romanian Jews]]
[[Category:Nazi concentration camp survivors]]
[[Category:World War II civilian prisoners]]
[[Category:Bergen-Belsen concentration camp survivors]]
[[Category:People from Sighetu Marmaţiei]]

[[es:Gisella Perl]]
[[sh:Gisella Perl]]

Al-Qazwīnī

2010-11-04T17:48:57Z

Davshul: more specific category

[[Image:Tile al-Qazwini Louvre MAO1194.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Tile illustrating ''Marvels of Things Created and Miraculous Aspects of Things Existing'', Iran, 19th century]]

'''Abu Yahya Zakariya' ibn Muhammad al-Qazwini''' ('''أبو يحيئ زكريا بن محمد القزويني''') (born 1203 - died 1283), was a [[Persian people|Persian]] [[Medicine in medieval Islam|physician]], [[Astronomy in medieval Islam|astronomer]], [[Geography in medieval Islam|geographer]] and proto-[[science fiction]] [[Persian literature|writer]].

Born in the Persian town of [[Qazvin]], he is descended from [[Anas ibn Malik]], Zakariya' ibn Muhammad al-Qazwini served as legal expert and judge (''qadhi'') in several localities in Persia and at Baghdad. He travelled around in Mesopotamia and Syria, and finally entered the circle patronized by the governor of [[Baghdad]], [[Ata al-Mulk Juvayni|‘Ata-Malik Juwayni]] (d. 1283 CE).

It was to the latter that al-Qazwini dedicated his famous Arabic-language [[cosmography]] titled ''[['Aja'ib al-makhluqat wa-ghara'ib al-mawjudat]]'' عجائب المخلوقات و غرائب الموجودات ("Marvels of Creatures and Strange Things Existing"). This treatise, frequently illustrated, was immensely popular and is preserved today in many copies. It was translated into Persian and Turkish.

Qazwini was also well-known for his geographical dictionary, ''Athar al-bilad wa-akhbar al-‘ibad'' اثار البلاد واخبار العباد ("Monument of Places and History of God's Bondsmen"). Both of these treatises reflect extensive reading and learning in a wide range of disciplines.

Al-Qazwini also wrote a futuristic proto-[[science fiction]] [[Arabic literature|Arabic tale]] entitled ''Awaj bin Anfaq'', about a man who travelled to Earth from a distant planet.<ref>Achmed A. W. Khammas, [http://www.heise.de/tp/r4/artikel/23/23713/1.html Science Fiction in Arabic Literature]</ref>

Al-Qazwini mentioned how alchemists dubbed "swindlers" claimed to have carried out the transmutation of metals into [[gold]], al-Qazwini states: they ruined the development of the science of chemistry, by fooling powerful rulers such as Imad ad-Din [[Zengi]] and thus many scholars and various colleagues turned against [[alchemy]] thus resulting in the isolation of the science.<ref>http://books.google.com.pk/books?id=7CP7fYghBFQC&pg=PA1011&lpg=PA1011&dq=Al-Djildaki&source=bl&ots=F5JrnpOC95&sig=fCHcNXLa0o0nZl89ccurjM9vL8Y&hl=en&ei=w2DmS7buNZSPOJq-6NsN&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Al-Djildaki&f=false</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Iranian scientists]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* T. Lewick, 'Kazwini' in ''The Encyclopaedia of Islam'', 2nd edition, ed. by H.A.R. Gibbs, B. Lewis, Ch. Pellat, C. Bosworth et al., 11 vols. (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1960–2002), vol. 4, pp 865–7
*L. Richter-Bernburg, 'al-Qazwini, Zakariyya' ibn Muhammad', in ''Encyclopedia of Arabic Literature'', ed. by Julie Scott Meisami and Paul Starkey (London: Routledge, 1998), vol. 2, pp 637–8.
*[http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/arabic/bioQ.html#qazwini Islamic Medical Manuscripts at the National Library of Medicine.] U.S. National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD.

His cosmography has been edited by [[F. Wüstenfeld]], ''‘Aja'ib al-makhluqat'' (Göttingen, 1849), and a partial German translation by [[A. Giese]], ''Al-Qazwini, Die Wunder des Himmels und der Erde'' (Stuttgart and Vienna, 1986).

His geographical dictionary was edited by Wüstenfeld as ''Athar al-bilad'' (Göttingen, 1848).

{{Commonscat}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Qazwini, Zakariya al-}}
[[Category:13th-century scientists]]
[[Category:Iranian scientists]]
[[Category:Medieval Persian physicians]]
[[Category:Persian writers]]
[[Category:1203 births]]
[[Category:1283 deaths]]

[[ar:أبو عبد الله بن زكريا القزوينى]]
[[fa:زکریای قزوینی]]
[[fr:Al-Qazwini]]
[[hu:Zakarijja ibn Muhammad al-Kazvíni]]
[[tr:Zekeriya bin Mahmut el Kazvini]]
[[ur:القزوینی]]

Şerefeddin Sabuncuoğlu

2010-11-04T11:22:56Z

Davshul: modified cat

{{Infobox Scientist
|name = Şerafeddin Sabuncuoğlu
|box_width =
|image =R212F1.jpeg
|image_size =150px
|caption = Şerafeddin Sabuncuoğlu
|birth_date = [[1385]]
|birth_place =
|death_date = [[1468]]
|death_place =
|residence = |citizenship =
|nationality = [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]]
|ethnicity =
|field = [[surgeon]] [[physician]]
|work_institutions =
|alma_mater =
|doctoral_advisor =
|doctoral_students =
|known_for = surgical atlas
|author_abbrev_bot =|author_abbrev_zoo =
|influences =
|influenced =
|prizes =
|religion = |footnotes = |signature =
}}'''Şerafeddin Sabuncuoğlu''' (1385-1468) ([[Ottoman language|Ottoman Turkish]]:شرف الدّین صابونجی اوغلی) was a medieval [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] [[surgeon]] and [[physician]].<ref>Basagaoglu, Ibrahim, S Karaca, and Ziya Salihoglu . "Anesthesia techniques in the fifteenth century by Serafeddin Sabuncuoglu ." Anesth Analg102 (2006): 1289-1290.anesthesia-analgesia . Web. 7 Mar. 2010.</ref>
<ref>Sungur, Mukadder . "Anaesthesia and surgery in 15th century in Anatolia: Art and Illustrations of Serefeddin Sabuncuoglu ." Anestezjologia i Ratownictwo 3 (2009): 10-12.Anesthesiology and Rescue Medicine - Poland and the world . Web. 7 Mar. 2010.</ref>

Sabuncuoğlu was the author of the ''Cerrahiyyetu'l-Haniyye'' (''Imperial Surgery''), the first illustrated surgical [[wiktionary:atlas|atlas]], and the ''Mücerrebname'' (''On Attemption'').

The ''Cerrahiyyetu'l-Haniyye'' (''Imperial Surgery'') was the first surgical atlas and the last major [[Islamic medicine|medical encyclopedia from the Islamic world]]. Though his work was largely based on [[Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi]]'s ''[[Al-Tasrif]]'', Sabuncuoğlu introduced many innovations of his own. Female surgeons were also illustrated for the first time in the ''Cerrahiyyetu'l-Haniyye''.<ref>G. Bademci (2006), First illustrations of female "Neurosurgeons" in the fifteenth century by Serefeddin Sabuncuoglu, ''Neurocirugía'' '''17''': 162-165.</ref>

Serafeddin Sabuncuoglu lived during the fifteenth century in Amasya. During the early period of the Ottoman Empire, Amasya was a center of commerce, culture, and arts. During this period, Serafeddin Sabuncuoglu practiced medicine in Amasya Hospital, which was built in 1308. In 1465, at the age of 80 years, he wrote a book called Cerrahiyet’ül Haniye (Imperial Surgery). This is the first illustrated Turkish-written medical text book, consisting of three chapters, 191 topics, and 412 pages. There are three original handwritten copies, one in Istanbul’s Fatih Millet Library, one at the Capa Medical History Department of Istanbul University, and one in the Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris. Each copy differs somewhat from the others, and none is complete (1).

==References==
{{reflist}}

*{{cite journal
|last=Aygen
|first=Gulsat
|authorlink=
|coauthors=Karasu Aykut, Ofluoglu Ali Ender, Pait Glenn, Toplamaoglu Halil
|year=[[2009]]|month=Jan.
|title=The first Anatolian contribution to treatment of sciatica by Serefeddin Sabuncuoglu in the 15th century
|journal=[[Surgical neurology]]
|volume=71
|issue=1
|pages=130–3
|publisher= |location = [[United States]]| issn = 0090-3019| pmid = 18291473
|doi = 10.1016/j.surneu.2007.09.007
| bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | format = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote =
}}

==External links==
*[http://www.anesthesia-analgesia.org/cgi/reprint/102/4/1289-b.pdf Anesthesia Techniques in the Fifteenth Century by Serafeddin Sabuncuoglu], International Anesthesia Research Society

{{-}}

{{Ancient anaesthesia-footer}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sabuncuoglu, Serafeddin}}
[[Category:Ottoman scientists]]
[[Category:Turkish medical researchers]]
[[Category:Turkish surgeons]]
[[Category:Medieval physicians of the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:1385 births]]
[[Category:1468 deaths]]

{{Turkey-bio-stub}}

[[pl:Şerafeddin Sabuncuoğlu]]
[[tr:Sabuncuoğlu Şerefeddin]]

Aharon Zisling

2010-11-02T08:13:53Z

Davshul: + cats

{{Infobox member of the Knesset
| Image = [[File:Aharon Zisling.jpg|150px]]
| birth_date = 26 February 1901
| birth_place = [[Minsk]], [[Russian Empire]]
| Year of Aliyah =
| death_date = {{death date and age|1964|1|16|1901|2|26|df=y}}
| death_place =
| Knesset(s) = [[israeli legislative election, 1949|1]], [[Israeli legislative election, 1951|2]]
| Party = [[Ahdut HaAvoda]] (1954-1955)
| Former parties = [[Mapam]] (1949-1954)
| Gov't roles = [[Agriculture Minister of Israel|Minister of Agriculture]]
}}

'''Aharon Zisling''' ({{lang-he|אהרון ציזלינג}}, 26 February 1901 – 16 January 1964) was an [[Israel]]i politician and minister and a signatory of [[Declaration of Independence (Israel)|Israel's declaration of independence]].

==Biography==
Born in [[Minsk]] in the [[Russian Empire]] (now in [[Belarus]]), Zisling [[aliyah|emigrated]] to [[Palestine]] in 1914. He was among the founders of [[Youth Aliyah]] and as a member of the [[Haganah]] command, and participated in the founding of the [[Palmach]]; he was a founder of the [[Ahdut HaAvoda]] party, a [[Jewish Agency]] delegate to the UN and a member of the [[Zionist Executive Committee]].

Following [[Declaration of Independence (Israel)|Israel's declaration of independence]] in 1948, he was appointed [[Agriculture Minister of Israel|Minister of Agriculture]] in [[David Ben-Gurion]]'s [[Provisional government of Israel|provisional government]]. By then Ahdut HaAvoda had evolved into [[Mapam]].

On 17 November 1948 he told the Provisional State Council (the forerunner to the [[Knesset]]); "I couldn’t sleep all night. I felt that things that were going on were hurting my soul, the soul of my family and all of us here (...) Now Jews too have behaved like Nazis and my entire being has been shaken."<ref>[http://mondediplo.com/1997/12/palestine The expulsion of the Palestinians re-examined] Le Monde Diplomatique, December 1997</ref>

In 1949 he was elected to the [[Israeli legislative election, 1949|first Knesset]], but Mapam were not included in Ben-Gurion's coalition and Zisling lost his place in the [[Cabinet of Israel|cabinet]]. He was re-elected in 1951, and was part of the faction that broke away from Mapam to recreate Ahdut HaAvoda. He lost his seat in the [[Israeli legislative election, 1955|1955 elections]] and did not return to the Knesset.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{MKlink|id=590}}

{{Israeli Agriculture Ministers}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Zisling, Aharon
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =26 February 1901
| PLACE OF BIRTH =[[Minsk]], [[Russian Empire]]
| DATE OF DEATH =16 January 1964
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Zisling, Aharon}}
[[Category:1901 births]]
[[Category:1964 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Minsk]]
[[Category:Belarusian Jews]]
[[Category:Russian immigrants to Israel]]
[[Category:Israeli people of Belarusian origin]]
[[Category:Jews in Ottoman and British Palestine]]
[[Category:Israeli Jews]]
[[Category:Jewish atheists]]
[[Category:Members of the Assembly of Representatives (Mandate Palestine)]]
[[Category:Signatories of the Israeli Declaration of Independence]]
[[Category:Members of the Knesset]]
[[Category:Jewish National Council members]]
[[Category:Mapam politicians]]
[[Category:Ahdut HaAvoda politicians]]

[[cs:Aharon Cizling]]
[[fr:Aharon Tzizling]]
[[he:אהרן ציזלינג]]

Se’ew Zur

2010-10-31T22:53:30Z

Davshul: + cat

{{Infobox member of the Knesset
|Image =
|birth_date = 11 September 1911
|birth_place =
|Year of Aliyah = 1931
|death_date = {{Death date and age|1994|9|28|1911|9|11|df=yes}}
|death_place =
|Knesset(s) = [[Israeli legislative election, 1955|3]], [[Israeli legislative election, 1965|6]]
|Party = [[Alignment (political party)|Alignment]] (1965-1968, 1969)
|Former parties = [[Ahdut HaAvoda]] (1955-1959) [[Israeli Labor Party|Labor Party]] (1968-1969)
|Gov't roles =
|}}

'''Ze'ev Tzur''' ({{lang-he|זאב צור}}, born '''Ze'ev Stein''' on 11 September 1911, died 28 September 1994) was an [[Israel]]i politician who served as a member of the Knesset between 1955 and 1959, and again from 1965 until 1969.

==Biography==
Tzur studied at a Hebrew [[gymnasium (school)|gymnasium]] in [[Hrodna]], before attending a polytechnic in [[Vilnius]], and was a member of the youth movement of the Polish Social Zionists and [[Habonim Dror|Dror]]. In 1931 he made [[aliyah]] to [[British Mandate of Palestine|Mandate Palestine]]. Between 1933 and 1934 he was a member of the [[Rishon LeZion]] Workers Council, and in 1944 became a member of [[HaMerkaz HaHakla'i]].

A member of the B faction of [[Mapai]], in 1944 he became one of the leaders of the breakaway [[Ahdut HaAvoda|Ahdut HaAvoda-Poale Zion]] faction. He was elected to the Knesset on the Ahdut HaAvoda list in [[Israeli legislative election, 1955|1955]], and on 5 December that year was appointed Deputy [[Agriculture Minister of Israel|Minister of Agriculture]].<ref>[http://www.knesset.gov.il/govt/eng/GovtByMinistry_eng.asp?ministry=13 All Ministers in the Ministry of Agriculture] Knesset website</ref>

He lost his seat in the [[Israeli legislative election, 1959|1959 elections]], but in 1961 became the party's political secretary. The following year he became a member of the editorial board of [[LaMerhav]], the party's newspaper, on which he sat until 1969. He returned to the Knesset on the [[Alignment (political party)|Alignment]] list (an alliance of Ahdut HaAvoda and Mapai) in [[Israeli legislative election, 1965|1965]], and in 1968 became a member of the central committee of the newly-formed [[Israeli Labor Party|Labor Party]]. He lost his seat again in the [[Israeli legislative election, 1969|1969 elections]], and later served as a director of the Tabenkin Centre.

He died in 1994 at the age of 83.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{MKlink|id=586}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Tzur, Ze'ev
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =11 September 1911
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =28 September 1994
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tzur, Ze'ev}}
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:Israeli Jews]]
[[Category:Belarusian Jews]]
[[Category:Jews in Ottoman and British Palestine]]
[[Category:Members of the Knesset]]
[[Category:1994 deaths]]
[[Category:Alignment (political party) politicians]]
[[Category:Israeli Labor Party politicians]]
[[Category:Ahdut HaAvoda politicians]]
[[Category:Mapai politicians]]
[[Category:Polish Jews]]
[[Category:Polish immigrants to Israel]]
[[Category:Israeli people of Belarusian origin]]

[[he:זאב צור]]

Mosche Kol

2010-10-31T22:48:46Z

Davshul: + cat

{{Infobox member of the Knesset
| Image = [[Image:Moshe Kol.jpg|150px]]
| birth_date = 28 May 1911
| birth_place = [[Pinsk]], [[Russian Empire]]
| Year of Aliyah = 1932
| death_date = {{death date and age|1989|7|7|1911|5|28|df=y}}
| death_place =
| Knesset(s) = [[Israeli legislative election, 1951|2]], [[Israeli legislative election, 1959|4]], [[Israeli legislative election, 1961|5]], [[Israeli legislative election, 1965|6]], [[Israeli legislative election, 1969|7]], [[Israeli legislative election, 1973|8]]
| Party = [[Independent Liberals (Israel)|Independent Liberals]] (1965-1977)
| Former parties = [[Progressive Party (Israel)|Progressive Party]] (1951, 1959-1961) [[Liberal Party (Israel)|Liberal Party]] (1961-1965)
| Gov't roles = [[Tourism Minister of Israel|Minister of Tourism]] [[Development Minister of Israel|Minister of Development]]
}}

'''Moshe Kol''' ({{lang-he|משה קול}}, born '''Moshe Kolodny''' on 28 May 1911, died 7 July 1989) was a [[Zionism|Zionist]] activist and [[Israel]]i politician and one of the signatories of the [[Declaration of Independence (Israel)|Israeli declaration of independence]].

==Biography==
Born in [[Pinsk]] in the [[Russian Empire]] (today in [[Belarus]]), Kol studied at a [[heder]] and Hebrew high school in his home town, and was one of the founders of [[HaOved HaTzioni]] youth movement in [[Poland]].

He immigrated to [[British Mandate of Palestine|Mandate Palestine]] in 1932 and joined the HaMefales [[kibbutz]] in [[Kfar Saba]], which was associated with HaOved HaTzioni. He joined the [[Histadrut]] trade union, serving as a member of its executive between 1941 and 1946, and also sat on the board of directors of the [[Jewish Agency for Israel|Jewish Agency]], where he headed the [[Youth Aliyah]] department.

On 15 May 1948 Kol was one of the people to sign the Israeli declaration of independence, and became a member of the [[Provisional State Council]]. He was also one of the founders of the [[Progressive Party (Israel)|Progressive Party]].

In July 1951 he was [[Israeli legislative election, 1951|elected]] to the [[Knesset]], but resigned six weeks later. He returned to the Knesset following the [[Israeli legislative election, 1959|1959 elections]], and shortly after became a [[Liberal Party (Israel)|Liberal Party]] MK when it was formed by a merger of the Progressive Party and the [[General Zionists]]. After retaining his seat in the [[Israeli legislative election, 1961|1961 elections]], Kol was part of a group of largely ex-Progressive Party members which broke away from the Liberal Party to form the [[Independent Liberals (Israel)|Independent Liberals]] in protest at its impending merger with [[Menachem Begin]]'s [[Herut]].

Following the [[Israeli legislative election, 1965|1965 elections]], the Independent Liberals joined [[Levi Eshkol]]'s coalition, and Kol was appointed [[Tourism Minister of Israel|Minister of Tourism]] and [[Development Minister of Israel|Minister of Development]]. In accordance with party policy, he resigned from the Knesset upon being appointed to the [[Cabinet of Israel|cabinet]]. After elections in 1969 and 1973 Kol was again appointed Minister of Tourism, and again vacated his Knesset seat.

He lost his place in the Knesset in the [[Israeli legislative election, 1977|1977 elections]] when the party was reduced to just one seat. After leaving the Knesset he wrote several books on Israeli society and foreign affairs, and died in 1989

==Bibliography==
*''Review of Youth Aliyah'' (1961) (Hebrew)
*''Paths in Zionism and Liberalism'' (1964) (Hebrew)
*''Paths in education and rehabilitation'' (1964) (Hebrew)
*''The Struggle for Religious and Cultural Pluralism'' (1979) (Hebrew)
*''The Struggle for Arab-Jewish Cooperation in Israel'' (1979) (Hebrew)
*''Pathways: Autobiographical Events'' (1981) (Hebrew)
*''Struggles and Projects'' (1984) (Hebrew)
*''The Lebanese War and the Situation in the Occupied Territories'' (1984) (Hebrew)

==External links==
{{MKlink|id=593}}

{{Israeli Development Ministers}}
{{Israeli Tourism Ministers}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Kol, Moshe
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =28 May 1911
| PLACE OF BIRTH =[[Pinsk]], [[Russian Empire]]
| DATE OF DEATH =7 July 1989
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kol, Moshe}}
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:1989 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Pinsk]]
[[Category:Belarusian Jews]]
[[Category:Members of the Knesset]]
[[Category:Signatories of the Israeli Declaration of Independence]]
[[Category:Jews in Ottoman and British Palestine]]
[[Category:Israeli people of Belarusian origin]]
[[Category:Zionists]]
[[Category:Liberal Party (Israel) politicians]]
[[Category:Progressive Party (Israel) politicians]]
[[Category:Independent Liberals (Israel) politicians]]
[[Category:Burials at the Mount of Olives (Jewish)]]

[[he:משה קול]]

Josef Efrati

2010-10-31T21:38:20Z

Davshul: + cat

{{Infobox member of the Knesset
|Image =
|birth_date = 19 February 1897
|birth_place = [[Pinsk]], [[Russian Empire]]
|Year of Aliyah = 1914
|death_date = {{Death date and age|1975|2|8|1897|2|17|df=yes}}
|death_place =
|Knesset(s) = [[Israeli legislative election, 1949|1]], [[Israeli legislative election, 1951|2]], [[Israeli legislative election, 1955|3]], [[Israeli legislative election, 1959|4]], [[Israeli legislative election, 1961|5]]
|Party = [[Mapai]]
|Former parties =
|Gov't roles =
|}}

'''Yosef Efrati''' ({{lang-he|יוסף אפרתי}}, born 19 February 1897, died 8 February 1975) was an [[Israel]]i politician who served as a member of the [[Knesset]] between 1949 and 1965.

==Biography==
Born in [[Pinsk]] in the [[Russian Empire]] (today in [[Belarus]]), Efrati received his primary education in a [[heder]]. He made [[aliyah]] to Ottoman-controlled Palestine in 1914, and studied at an agricultural high school in [[Petah Tikva]]. In 1917 he joined the group that settled [[Be'er Tuvia]]. Between 1923 and 1925 he worked at an agricultural research station at [[Ben Shemen]], and in 1925 moved to kibbutz [[Geva]] in 1925.

Efrati was a member of [[Hapoel Hatzair]], and later [[Mapai]], as well as being one of the leaders of [[HaMerkaz HaHakla'i]]. In 1949 he was elected to the [[Israeli legislative election, 1949|first Knesset]] on the Mapai list. He was re-elected in [[Israeli legislative election, 1951|1951]], and on 9 July 1952 was appointed Deputy [[Agriculture Minister of Israel|Minister of Agriculture]] in the [[Third government of Israel|third government]]. He was re-elected again in [[Israeli legislative election, 1955|1955]], [[Israeli legislative election, 1959|1959]] and [[Israeli legislative election, 1961|1961]], before losing his seat in the [[Israeli legislative election, 1965|1965 elections]]. He died in 1975 at the age of 77.

==External links==
{{MKlink|id=268}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Efrati, Yosef
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =19 February 1897
| PLACE OF BIRTH =[[Pinsk]], [[Russian Empire]]
| DATE OF DEATH =8 February 1975
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Efrati, Yosef}}
[[Category:1897 births]]
[[Category:1975 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Pinsk]]
[[Category:Belarusian Jews]]
[[Category:Members of the Knesset]]
[[Category:Russian immigrants to Israel]]
[[Category:Israeli people of Belarusian origin]]
[[Category:Mapai politicians]]

[[he:יוסף אפרתי]]

Abba Ahimeir

2010-10-31T21:19:48Z

Davshul: + cat.

[[Image:Ahimier.jpg|right|thumb|120px||Abba Ahimeir]]

'''Abba Ahimeir''' ({{lang-he|אב"א אחימאיר}}, 2 November 1897 - 6 June 1962) was a Jewish journalist, historian and political activist. One of the ideologues of [[Revisionist Zionism]], he was the founder of the [[Revisionist Maximalism|Revisionist Maximalist]] faction of the [[Revisionist Zionism|Zionist Revisionist Movement]] (ZRM) and of the clandestine [[Brit HaBirionim]].<ref>Larsen, Stein Ugelvik (ed.). ''Fascism Outside of Europe''. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001. ISBN0880339888. p364.</ref><ref>Kaplan, Eran. ''The Jewish Radical Right''. University of Wisconsin Press, 2005. p15</ref>

==Biography==
Ahimeir was born '''Abba Shaul Geisinovich''' in 1897 in the Dolgi village near the city of [[Babruysk]] in the [[Russian Empire]] (today in [[Belarus]]). From 1912-1914, he attended the Herzliya Gymnasium high school in Tel Aviv. While with his family in Babruysk for summer vacation in 1914, [[World War I]] broke out and he was forced to complete his studies in Russia. In 1917, he participated in the Russian Zionist Conference in [[Petrograd]] and underwent agricultural training as part of [[Joseph Trumpeldor]]’s [[HeHalutz]] movement in [[Batum]], [[Caucasus|Caucasia]] to prepare him for a life as a pioneer in the [[Land of Israel]]. In 1920, he left Russia and changed his name from Gaisinovich to Ahimeir (in Hebrew: Meir’s brother) in memory of his brother Meir who had fallen in battle that year fighting against Poles during a pogrom.<ref>[http://www.beitaba.com/content.php?id=19 Dr. Aba Ahimeir: The man who turned the tide] Beit Aba</ref>

Ahimeir studied philosophy at the [[Liège]] University in [[Belgium]] and at the University of [[Vienna]], completing his PhD thesis on [[Oswald Spengler]]'s ''[[The Decline of the West]]'' in 1924 just before immigrating to the [[British Mandate of Palestine]]. Upon his arrival in the country, Ahimeir became active in the [[Labor Zionist]] movements [[Ahdut HaAvoda]] and [[Hapoel Hatzair]]. For four years, he served as librarian for the cultural committee of the General Workers Organization in [[Zikhron Ya'akov]] and as a teacher in [[Nahalal]] and [[Geva|Kibutz Geva]]. During these years he regularly published articles in [[Haaretz]] and [[Davar]], where he began to criticize the political situation in Palestine and of Zionism, as well as of the workers’ movement to which he belonged.<ref>[http://www.beitaba.com/content.php?id=19 Dr. Aba Ahimeir: The man who turned the tide] Beit Aba</ref>

In 1928, Ahimeir, along with [[Yehoshua Yevin]] and famed Hebrew poet [[Uri Zvi Greenberg]], became disillusioned with what they viewed to be the passivity of Labor Zionism and founded the Revisionist Labor Bloc as part of Ze’ev Jabotinsky’s Revisionist Zionist Movement. Ahimeir and his group were regarded by Revisionist Movement leaders as an implant from the Left whose political Maximalism and revolutionary brand of nationalism often made the Revisionist old guard uncomfortable.<ref>Shindler, Colin. ''The Triumph of Military Zionism: Nationalism and the Origins of the Israeli Right''. I.B.Tauris, 2006. p156.</ref>

In 1930, Ahimeir and his friends established the underground movement [[Brit HaBirionim]] (The Union of Zionist Rebels) named for the Jewish anti-Roman underground during the [[first Jewish-Roman War]].

Brit HaBirionim was the first Jewish organization to call the British authorities in Palestine a “foreign regime” and refer to the British Mandate over Palestine as “an occupation.” The group initiated a series of protest activities against British rule, the first of these took place on October 9, 1930 and was directed against the British Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies, Drummond Shiels, when he was on a visit to Tel-Aviv. This was the first sign of rebellion in Palestine’s Jewish community against the British and the first time that Ahimeir was arrested in the country.<ref>[http://www.beitaba.com/content.php?id=19 Dr. Aba Ahimeir: The man who turned the tide] Beit Aba</ref>

In 1933, Brit HaBirionim turned its activities against Nazi Germany. In May of that year, Ahimeir led his followers in a campaign to remove swastikas from the flagpoles of the German consulates in Jerusalem and Jaffa. Brit HaBirionim also organized a boycott of German goods.<ref>[http://www.beitaba.com/content.php?id=19 Dr. Aba Ahimeir: The man who turned the tide] Beit Aba</ref> Brit Habirionim became fierce critics of the [[Haavara Agreement]] and of its chief negotiator, [[Haim Arlosoroff]]. When Arlosoroff was killed in on a Tel-Aviv beach in June 1933, Ahimeir and two friends were arrested and charged with inciting the murder. <ref>[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/arlokill.html The Assassination of Hayim Arlosoroff] Jewish Virtual Library</ref> Ahimeir was cleared of the charge before the trial even began but remained in prison and began a hunger strike that continued for four days. He was convicted of organizing an illegal clandestine organization and remained incarcerated in the Jerusalem Central Prison until August 1935. His imprisonment put an end to Brit HaBirionim.<ref>[http://www.beitaba.com/content.php?id=19 Dr. Aba Ahimeir: The man who turned the tide] Beit Aba</ref><ref>Golan, Zev. ''Free Jerusalem: Heroes, Heroines and Rogues Who Created the State of Israel'', (Israel: Devora, 2003), pp. 49-53, 66-77.</ref><ref name=experts>{{Cite web
| title = Terrorism Experts
| accessdate = 2007-12-02
| url = http://terrorismexperts.org/terrorism_research_roots1.htm
}}</ref>

Upon his release, Ahimeir married Sonia nee Astrachan and devoted himself to literary work and scholarship. His articles in the newspaper Hayarden led to his re-arrest at the end of 1937 and three months in the [[Acre Prison]] together with members of the [[Irgun Zvai Leumi]] and other prominent Revisionist activists.<ref>[http://www.beitaba.com/content.php?id=19 Dr. Aba Ahimeir: The man who turned the tide] Beit Aba</ref>

Following the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, Ahimeir became a member of the editorial board of the [[Herut]] party daily in Tel-Aviv, as well as a member of the editorial board of the [[Hebrew Encyclopedia]] in Jerusalem where he published (under the initials A. AH.) scores of important academic articles, mostly in the fields of history and Russian literature. Ahimeir died at the age of 65 of a sudden heart attack on the eve of June 6, 1962).<ref>[http://www.beitaba.com/content.php?id=19 Dr. Aba Ahimeir: The man who turned the tide] Beit Aba</ref> His sons, [[Ya'akov Ahimeir|Ya'akov]] and [[Yosef Ahimeir|Yosef]], both went on to become journalists.

==Ideology==
Abba Ahimeir was the first to coin the term [[Revolutionary Zionism]] and the first Jew in Palestine to call for an uprising against the British administration. His worldview generally placed the contemporary political situation into the context of Jewish history, specifically the [[Second Temple Period]], often casting himself and his friends as anti-imperialist freedom fighters, the British administration as a modern incarnation of ancient Rome and the official Zionist leadership as Jewish collaborators.<ref>Shindler, Colin. ''The Triumph of Military Zionism: Nationalism and the Origins of the Israeli Right''. I.B.Tauris, 2006. p154-175.</ref>
Ahimeir's views had a profound influence on the ideology of the [[Irgun]] and [[Lehi (group)|Lehi]] undergrounds who later initiated an urban guerrilla war against the British.<ref>[http://www.saveisrael.com/others/ahimeir/ahimeirbio.htm Abba Ahimeir] Save Israel</ref>

==Relationship with Fascism==
Although Abba Ahimeir branded himself as a fascist during the late 1920s and early 1930s, even writing a series of eight articles in the [[Hebrew]] ''[[Doar HaYom]]'' newspaper in 1928 titled "From the Notebook of a Fascist,"<ref>[http://www.salon.com/col/hitc/1998/04/13hitc.html The iron wall] Salon</ref> few of his contemporaries took his Fascist leanings seriously. Ze’ev Jabotinsky, who consistently maintained that there was no room for Fascism within his Revisionist movement, dismissed Ahimeir’s rhetoric and argued that he and his Maximalist followers were merely playacting to make a point and were not serious in their professed Fascist beliefs.<ref>Shindler, Colin. ''The Triumph of Military Zionism: Nationalism and the Origins of the Israeli Right''. I.B.Tauris, 2006. p174.</ref>

In the October 7, 1932 edition of "[[Hazit Ha’am]]", Jabotinsky wrote:<blockquote>Such men, even in the Maximalist and activist factions, number no more than two or three, and even with those two or three – pardon my frankness – it is mere phraseology, not a worldview. Even Mr. Ahimeir gives me the impression of a man who will show flexibility for the sake of educational goals… to this end he has borrowed some currently fashionable (and quite unnecessary) phrases, in which this daring idea clothes itself in several foreign cities."<ref>Shindler, Colin. ''The Triumph of Military Zionism: Nationalism and the Origins of the Israeli Right''. I.B.Tauris, 2006. p174.</ref></blockquote>

Ahimeir’s fascist image during the 1920s was seized upon by author Christopher Hitchens in a 1998 article titled "The Iron Wall" to argue that fascism was the ideology guiding Benzion Netanyahu, a disciple of Ahimeir, and consequently his son, Israeli Prime Minister [[Binyamin Netanyahu]]. <ref>[http://www.salon.com/col/hitc/1998/04/13hitc.html The iron wall] Salon</ref> In an April 16, 2010 interview with the Jerusalem Post, Ahimeir’s son Yossi defended his father against accusations of Fascism, saying:<blockquote>"Hitchens is a known anti-Israel writer who takes my father’s writing completely out of context. Fascism in 1928 can’t be viewed in the context of the 1930s. Of course he would not be a fascist in view of how it developed."<ref>[http://www.jpost.com/LocalIsrael/TelAvivAndCenter/Article.aspx?id=173241 Streetwise: My Father, Abba – Jerusalem Post]</ref></blockquote>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
[http://www.beitaba.com/content.php?id=19 "Dr.Aba Ahimeir: The man who turned the tide"] Beit Aba Museum in Israel

[http://www.salon.com/col/hitc/1998/04/13hitc.html "The iron wall"], [[Christopher Hitchens]] on Ahimeir's relationship with the [[Netanyahu|Netanyahu family]]

[http://www.saveisrael.com/others/ahimeir/ahimeirbio.htm "Abba Ahimeir"] Save Israel website featuring English translations of articles of anti-British Jewish underground fighters

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahiemeir, Abba}}
[[Category:1897 births]]
[[Category:Belarusian Jews]]
[[Category:People from Babruysk]]
[[Category:Zionists]]
[[Category:Soviet immigrants to Israel]]
[[Category:Jews in Ottoman and British Palestine]]
[[Category:Israeli people of Belarusian origin]]
[[Category:Members of the Assembly of Representatives (Mandate Palestine)]]
[[Category:1962 deaths]]

[[ar:أبا أهيمير]]
[[fr:Abba Ahiméir]]
[[it:Abba Achimier]]
[[he:אב"א אחימאיר]]
[[nl:Abba Achimeïr]]
[[ru:Ахимеир, Абба]]

Se’ew Zur

2010-10-31T20:46:35Z

Davshul: rm incorrect cat.

Abba Ahimeir

2010-10-31T17:22:58Z

Davshul: Undid revision 394000127 by Kelainoss (talk) rm cat - Belaruus was not a sovereign state at date of immigration

[[Image:Ahimier.jpg|right|thumb|120px||Abba Ahimeir]]

'''Abba Ahimeir''' ({{lang-he|אב"א אחימאיר}}, 2 November 1897 - 6 June 1962) was a Jewish journalist, historian and political activist. One of the ideologues of [[Revisionist Zionism]], he was the founder of the [[Revisionist Maximalism|Revisionist Maximalist]] faction of the [[Revisionist Zionism|Zionist Revisionist Movement]] (ZRM) and of the clandestine [[Brit HaBirionim]].<ref>Larsen, Stein Ugelvik (ed.). ''Fascism Outside of Europe''. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001. ISBN0880339888. p364.</ref><ref>Kaplan, Eran. ''The Jewish Radical Right''. University of Wisconsin Press, 2005. p15</ref>

==Biography==
Ahimeir was born '''Abba Shaul Geisinovich''' in 1897 in the Dolgi village near the city of [[Babruysk]] in the [[Russian Empire]] (today in [[Belarus]]). From 1912-1914, he attended the Herzliya Gymnasium high school in Tel Aviv. While with his family in Babruysk for summer vacation in 1914, [[World War I]] broke out and he was forced to complete his studies in Russia. In 1917, he participated in the Russian Zionist Conference in [[Petrograd]] and underwent agricultural training as part of [[Joseph Trumpeldor]]’s [[HeHalutz]] movement in [[Batum]], [[Caucasus|Caucasia]] to prepare him for a life as a pioneer in the [[Land of Israel]]. In 1920, he left Russia and changed his name from Gaisinovich to Ahimeir (in Hebrew: Meir’s brother) in memory of his brother Meir who had fallen in battle that year fighting against Poles during a pogrom.<ref>[http://www.beitaba.com/content.php?id=19 Dr. Aba Ahimeir: The man who turned the tide] Beit Aba</ref>

Ahimeir studied philosophy at the [[Liège]] University in [[Belgium]] and at the University of [[Vienna]], completing his PhD thesis on [[Oswald Spengler]]'s ''[[The Decline of the West]]'' in 1924 just before immigrating to the [[British Mandate of Palestine]]. Upon his arrival in the country, Ahimeir became active in the [[Labor Zionist]] movements [[Ahdut HaAvoda]] and [[Hapoel Hatzair]]. For four years, he served as librarian for the cultural committee of the General Workers Organization in [[Zikhron Ya'akov]] and as a teacher in [[Nahalal]] and [[Geva|Kibutz Geva]]. During these years he regularly published articles in [[Haaretz]] and [[Davar]], where he began to criticize the political situation in Palestine and of Zionism, as well as of the workers’ movement to which he belonged.<ref>[http://www.beitaba.com/content.php?id=19 Dr. Aba Ahimeir: The man who turned the tide] Beit Aba</ref>

In 1928, Ahimeir, along with [[Yehoshua Yevin]] and famed Hebrew poet [[Uri Zvi Greenberg]], became disillusioned with what they viewed to be the passivity of Labor Zionism and founded the Revisionist Labor Bloc as part of Ze’ev Jabotinsky’s Revisionist Zionist Movement. Ahimeir and his group were regarded by Revisionist Movement leaders as an implant from the Left whose political Maximalism and revolutionary brand of nationalism often made the Revisionist old guard uncomfortable.<ref>Shindler, Colin. ''The Triumph of Military Zionism: Nationalism and the Origins of the Israeli Right''. I.B.Tauris, 2006. p156.</ref>

In 1930, Ahimeir and his friends established the underground movement [[Brit HaBirionim]] (The Union of Zionist Rebels) named for the Jewish anti-Roman underground during the [[first Jewish-Roman War]].

Brit HaBirionim was the first Jewish organization to call the British authorities in Palestine a “foreign regime” and refer to the British Mandate over Palestine as “an occupation.” The group initiated a series of protest activities against British rule, the first of these took place on October 9, 1930 and was directed against the British Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies, Drummond Shiels, when he was on a visit to Tel-Aviv. This was the first sign of rebellion in Palestine’s Jewish community against the British and the first time that Ahimeir was arrested in the country.<ref>[http://www.beitaba.com/content.php?id=19 Dr. Aba Ahimeir: The man who turned the tide] Beit Aba</ref>

In 1933, Brit HaBirionim turned its activities against Nazi Germany. In May of that year, Ahimeir led his followers in a campaign to remove swastikas from the flagpoles of the German consulates in Jerusalem and Jaffa. Brit HaBirionim also organized a boycott of German goods.<ref>[http://www.beitaba.com/content.php?id=19 Dr. Aba Ahimeir: The man who turned the tide] Beit Aba</ref> Brit Habirionim became fierce critics of the [[Haavara Agreement]] and of its chief negotiator, [[Haim Arlosoroff]]. When Arlosoroff was killed in on a Tel-Aviv beach in June 1933, Ahimeir and two friends were arrested and charged with inciting the murder. <ref>[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/arlokill.html The Assassination of Hayim Arlosoroff] Jewish Virtual Library</ref> Ahimeir was cleared of the charge before the trial even began but remained in prison and began a hunger strike that continued for four days. He was convicted of organizing an illegal clandestine organization and remained incarcerated in the Jerusalem Central Prison until August 1935. His imprisonment put an end to Brit HaBirionim.<ref>[http://www.beitaba.com/content.php?id=19 Dr. Aba Ahimeir: The man who turned the tide] Beit Aba</ref><ref>Golan, Zev. ''Free Jerusalem: Heroes, Heroines and Rogues Who Created the State of Israel'', (Israel: Devora, 2003), pp. 49-53, 66-77.</ref><ref name=experts>{{Cite web
| title = Terrorism Experts
| accessdate = 2007-12-02
| url = http://terrorismexperts.org/terrorism_research_roots1.htm
}}</ref>

Upon his release, Ahimeir married Sonia nee Astrachan and devoted himself to literary work and scholarship. His articles in the newspaper Hayarden led to his re-arrest at the end of 1937 and three months in the [[Acre Prison]] together with members of the [[Irgun Zvai Leumi]] and other prominent Revisionist activists.<ref>[http://www.beitaba.com/content.php?id=19 Dr. Aba Ahimeir: The man who turned the tide] Beit Aba</ref>

Following the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, Ahimeir became a member of the editorial board of the [[Herut]] party daily in Tel-Aviv, as well as a member of the editorial board of the [[Hebrew Encyclopedia]] in Jerusalem where he published (under the initials A. AH.) scores of important academic articles, mostly in the fields of history and Russian literature. Ahimeir died at the age of 65 of a sudden heart attack on the eve of June 6, 1962).<ref>[http://www.beitaba.com/content.php?id=19 Dr. Aba Ahimeir: The man who turned the tide] Beit Aba</ref> His sons, [[Ya'akov Ahimeir|Ya'akov]] and [[Yosef Ahimeir|Yosef]], both went on to become journalists.

==Ideology==
Abba Ahimeir was the first to coin the term [[Revolutionary Zionism]] and the first Jew in Palestine to call for an uprising against the British administration. His worldview generally placed the contemporary political situation into the context of Jewish history, specifically the [[Second Temple Period]], often casting himself and his friends as anti-imperialist freedom fighters, the British administration as a modern incarnation of ancient Rome and the official Zionist leadership as Jewish collaborators.<ref>Shindler, Colin. ''The Triumph of Military Zionism: Nationalism and the Origins of the Israeli Right''. I.B.Tauris, 2006. p154-175.</ref>
Ahimeir's views had a profound influence on the ideology of the [[Irgun]] and [[Lehi (group)|Lehi]] undergrounds who later initiated an urban guerrilla war against the British.<ref>[http://www.saveisrael.com/others/ahimeir/ahimeirbio.htm Abba Ahimeir] Save Israel</ref>

==Relationship with Fascism==
Although Abba Ahimeir branded himself as a fascist during the late 1920s and early 1930s, even writing a series of eight articles in the [[Hebrew]] ''[[Doar HaYom]]'' newspaper in 1928 titled "From the Notebook of a Fascist,"<ref>[http://www.salon.com/col/hitc/1998/04/13hitc.html The iron wall] Salon</ref> few of his contemporaries took his Fascist leanings seriously. Ze’ev Jabotinsky, who consistently maintained that there was no room for Fascism within his Revisionist movement, dismissed Ahimeir’s rhetoric and argued that he and his Maximalist followers were merely playacting to make a point and were not serious in their professed Fascist beliefs.<ref>Shindler, Colin. ''The Triumph of Military Zionism: Nationalism and the Origins of the Israeli Right''. I.B.Tauris, 2006. p174.</ref>

In the October 7, 1932 edition of "[[Hazit Ha’am]]", Jabotinsky wrote:<blockquote>Such men, even in the Maximalist and activist factions, number no more than two or three, and even with those two or three – pardon my frankness – it is mere phraseology, not a worldview. Even Mr. Ahimeir gives me the impression of a man who will show flexibility for the sake of educational goals… to this end he has borrowed some currently fashionable (and quite unnecessary) phrases, in which this daring idea clothes itself in several foreign cities."<ref>Shindler, Colin. ''The Triumph of Military Zionism: Nationalism and the Origins of the Israeli Right''. I.B.Tauris, 2006. p174.</ref></blockquote>

Ahimeir’s fascist image during the 1920s was seized upon by author Christopher Hitchens in a 1998 article titled "The Iron Wall" to argue that fascism was the ideology guiding Benzion Netanyahu, a disciple of Ahimeir, and consequently his son, Israeli Prime Minister [[Binyamin Netanyahu]]. <ref>[http://www.salon.com/col/hitc/1998/04/13hitc.html The iron wall] Salon</ref> In an April 16, 2010 interview with the Jerusalem Post, Ahimeir’s son Yossi defended his father against accusations of Fascism, saying:<blockquote>"Hitchens is a known anti-Israel writer who takes my father’s writing completely out of context. Fascism in 1928 can’t be viewed in the context of the 1930s. Of course he would not be a fascist in view of how it developed."<ref>[http://www.jpost.com/LocalIsrael/TelAvivAndCenter/Article.aspx?id=173241 Streetwise: My Father, Abba – Jerusalem Post]</ref></blockquote>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
[http://www.beitaba.com/content.php?id=19 "Dr.Aba Ahimeir: The man who turned the tide"] Beit Aba Museum in Israel

[http://www.salon.com/col/hitc/1998/04/13hitc.html "The iron wall"], [[Christopher Hitchens]] on Ahimeir's relationship with the [[Netanyahu|Netanyahu family]]

[http://www.saveisrael.com/others/ahimeir/ahimeirbio.htm "Abba Ahimeir"] Save Israel website featuring English translations of articles of anti-British Jewish underground fighters

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahiemeir, Abba}}
[[Category:1897 births]]
[[Category:Belarusian Jews]]
[[Category:People from Babruysk]]
[[Category:Zionists]]
[[Category:Soviet immigrants to Israel]]
[[Category:Jews in Ottoman and British Palestine]]
[[Category:Members of the Assembly of Representatives (Mandate Palestine)]]
[[Category:1962 deaths]]

[[ar:أبا أهيمير]]
[[fr:Abba Ahiméir]]
[[it:Abba Achimier]]
[[he:אב"א אחימאיר]]
[[nl:Abba Achimeïr]]
[[ru:Ахимеир, Абба]]

Şerefeddin Sabuncuoğlu

2010-10-31T16:03:44Z

Davshul: rm parent cat (already included in sub-cat.)

{{Infobox Scientist
|name = Şerafeddin Sabuncuoğlu
|box_width =
|image =R212F1.jpeg
|image_size =150px
|caption = Şerafeddin Sabuncuoğlu
|birth_date = [[1385]]
|birth_place =
|death_date = [[1468]]
|death_place =
|residence = |citizenship =
|nationality = [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]]
|ethnicity =
|field = [[surgeon]] [[physician]]
|work_institutions =
|alma_mater =
|doctoral_advisor =
|doctoral_students =
|known_for = surgical atlas
|author_abbrev_bot =|author_abbrev_zoo =
|influences =
|influenced =
|prizes =
|religion = |footnotes = |signature =
}}'''Şerafeddin Sabuncuoğlu''' (1385-1468) ([[Ottoman language|Ottoman Turkish]]:شرف الدّین صابونجی اوغلی) was a medieval [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] [[surgeon]] and [[physician]].<ref>Basagaoglu, Ibrahim, S Karaca, and Ziya Salihoglu . "Anesthesia techniques in the fifteenth century by Serafeddin Sabuncuoglu ." Anesth Analg102 (2006): 1289-1290.anesthesia-analgesia . Web. 7 Mar. 2010.</ref>
<ref>Sungur, Mukadder . "Anaesthesia and surgery in 15th century in Anatolia: Art and Illustrations of Serefeddin Sabuncuoglu ." Anestezjologia i Ratownictwo 3 (2009): 10-12.Anesthesiology and Rescue Medicine - Poland and the world . Web. 7 Mar. 2010.</ref>

Sabuncuoğlu was the author of the ''Cerrahiyyetu'l-Haniyye'' (''Imperial Surgery''), the first illustrated surgical [[wiktionary:atlas|atlas]], and the ''Mücerrebname'' (''On Attemption'').

The ''Cerrahiyyetu'l-Haniyye'' (''Imperial Surgery'') was the first surgical atlas and the last major [[Islamic medicine|medical encyclopedia from the Islamic world]]. Though his work was largely based on [[Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi]]'s ''[[Al-Tasrif]]'', Sabuncuoğlu introduced many innovations of his own. Female surgeons were also illustrated for the first time in the ''Cerrahiyyetu'l-Haniyye''.<ref>G. Bademci (2006), First illustrations of female "Neurosurgeons" in the fifteenth century by Serefeddin Sabuncuoglu, ''Neurocirugía'' '''17''': 162-165.</ref>

Serafeddin Sabuncuoglu lived during the fifteenth century in Amasya. During the early period of the Ottoman Empire, Amasya was a center of commerce, culture, and arts. During this period, Serafeddin Sabuncuoglu practiced medicine in Amasya Hospital, which was built in 1308. In 1465, at the age of 80 years, he wrote a book called Cerrahiyet’ül Haniye (Imperial Surgery). This is the first illustrated Turkish-written medical text book, consisting of three chapters, 191 topics, and 412 pages. There are three original handwritten copies, one in Istanbul’s Fatih Millet Library, one at the Capa Medical History Department of Istanbul University, and one in the Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris. Each copy differs somewhat from the others, and none is complete (1).

==References==
{{reflist}}

*{{cite journal
|last=Aygen
|first=Gulsat
|authorlink=
|coauthors=Karasu Aykut, Ofluoglu Ali Ender, Pait Glenn, Toplamaoglu Halil
|year=[[2009]]|month=Jan.
|title=The first Anatolian contribution to treatment of sciatica by Serefeddin Sabuncuoglu in the 15th century
|journal=[[Surgical neurology]]
|volume=71
|issue=1
|pages=130–3
|publisher= |location = [[United States]]| issn = 0090-3019| pmid = 18291473
|doi = 10.1016/j.surneu.2007.09.007
| bibcode = | oclc =| id = | url = | language = | format = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote =
}}

==External links==
*[http://www.anesthesia-analgesia.org/cgi/reprint/102/4/1289-b.pdf Anesthesia Techniques in the Fifteenth Century by Serafeddin Sabuncuoglu], International Anesthesia Research Society

{{-}}

{{Ancient anaesthesia-footer}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sabuncuoglu, Serafeddin}}
[[Category:Ottoman scientists]]
[[Category:Turkish medical researchers]]
[[Category:Turkish surgeons]]
[[Category:Medieval Turkish physicians]]
[[Category:1385 births]]
[[Category:1468 deaths]]

{{Turkey-bio-stub}}

[[pl:Şerafeddin Sabuncuoğlu]]
[[tr:Sabuncuoğlu Şerefeddin]]

Ilan Chet

2010-07-22T15:52:28Z

Davshul: /+ :Category:Members of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities

{{Nofootnotes|date=August 2009}}
'''Ilan Chet''' ([[Hebrew]]: אילן חת) (born [[1939]]) is an [[Israelis|Israeli]] microbiologists and a professor at the [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]], Faculty of Agriculture in Rehovot.

== Birth and education ==
Ilan Chet was born in 1939 in [[Haifa]], [[Israel]]. He completed his BSc (1962), MSc (1964) and PhD (1962) from the [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]], Faculty of Agriculture. He completed his PhD in Microbiology.

== Research ==
Ilan Chet is recognized as a pioneer in the field of biological control of plant pathogens which cause major crop losses. His research concerns with the biological control of plant disease using environment-friendly microorganisms, focusing on the basic, applied, and biotechnological aspects of this field. Chet has published over 300 articles in international scientific journals, edited three books in his field, and holds 30 patents.

==Awards and honors==
Ilan Chet has received several awards and honors for his work.
* In 1990, he was awarded the Rothschild Prize in Agriculture.
* In 1991, he was awarded an [[honorary doctorate]] from Sweden's [[Lund University]]
* In 1994, he received the Max-Planck Award for Distinguished Research.
* In 1996, he received the Japanese Arima Prize for Applied Microbiology.
* In 1996, he was awarded the [[Israel Prize]] in agriculture. <ref name=prize>{{Cite web| title = Israel Prize Official Site - Recipients in 1996 (in Hebrew)| url = http://cms.education.gov.il/EducationCMS/Units/PrasIsrael/TashnagTashsab/TASNAG_TASNAT_Rikuz.htm?DictionaryKey=Tashnav}}</ref>
* In 1998, he received the [[Wolf Prize in Agriculture]].<ref>http://www.wolffund.org.il/full.asp?id=39</ref><ref>[http://www.wolffund.org.il/cat.asp?id=14&cat_title=AGRICULTURE Wolf Prize Recipients in Agriculture]</ref>

He has been a member of the [[Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities]] since 1998, and in 2000 was nominated for the position of President of the Weizmann Institute<ref>http://wis-wander.weizmann.ac.il/site/en/weizman.asp?pi=371&doc_id=1000</ref>.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
*[[List of Israel Prize recipients]]

{{Wolf Prize in Agriculture}}

[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:Hebrew University of Jerusalem faculty]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Israel Prize in agriculture recipients]]
[[Category:Presidents of Weizmann Institute of Science]]
[[Category:Members of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities]]
[[Category:Israeli microbiologists]]

[[he:אילן חת]]

Na’amat

2010-06-30T07:10:50Z

Davshul: Add date of establishment

'''Na'amat''' ({{lang-he|נעמת}}, an acronym for ''Nashim Ovdot U'Mitnadvot'' ({{lang-he|נשים עובדות ומתנדבות}}), lit. ''Working and Volunteering Women'') is an [[Israel]]i based women's organization linked to the [[Labor Zionism|Labour Zionist Movement]], founded in 1921.

''This is Na'amat'' states that Na'amat is "the largest women's movement in Israel with a membership of 800,000 women, (Jews, Arabs, [[Druze]] and [[Circassians]]) representing the entire spectrum of Israel society", most of whom are volunteers.<ref>Quoted at http://www.irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/research/publications/index_e.htm?docid=195&cid=0&sec=APP02</ref> The organization has 100 branches, "affiliated to local Labour Councils, in cities, towns and settlements all over the country"<ref>''This is Na'amat'', quoted at http://www.irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/research/publications/index_e.htm?docid=195&cid=0&sec=APP02</ref>. It also has sister organizations in other countries whose members are part of the [[World Labour Zionist Movement]] and the [[World Zionist Organization]].

In 2008, Na'amat, together with two other Women's organizations, received the [[Israel Prize]] for its lifetime achievements and special contribution to society and the State of Israel.<ref>{{Cite web| title = Israel Prize Official Site (in Hebrew) - Recipients' C.V.’s | url = http://cms.education.gov.il/EducationCMS/Units/PrasIsrael/Tashsah/Nashim/CvNashim.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title = Israel Prize Official Site (in Hebrew) - Judges' Rationale for Grant to Recipients | url = http://cms.education.gov.il/EducationCMS/Units/PrasIsrael/Tashsah/Nashim/NsNashim.htm}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== See also ==
*[[List of Israel Prize recipients]]

{{jewish-org-stub}}

[[Category:Histadrut]]
[[Category:Zionist organizations]]
[[Category:Women's organizations]]
[[Category:Israel Prize recipients that are organizations]]
[[Category:Israel Prize for lifetime achievement & special contribution to society recipients]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1921]]

[[he:נעמת]]

Emil-Grünzweig-Menschenrechtspreis

2010-06-21T09:21:19Z

Davshul:

Der '''Emil-Grünzweig-Menschenrechtspreis''' ({{heS|אות אמיל גרינצוויג}}) ist ein Preis, der von der [[Vereinigung für Bürgerrechte in Israel]] verliehen wird. Er wurde im Jahre 1981 gestiftet und 1983 nach dem ermordeten Menschenrechtsaktivisten [[Emil Grünzweig]] umbenannt. Der Emil-Grünzweig-Menschenrechtspreis wird jährlich für „einzigartige und herausragende Beiträge zur Förderung der Menschenrechte in Israel“ (''unique and outstanding contribution to the advancement of human rights in Israel'') vergeben.<ref>[http://www.acri.org.il/eng/story.aspx?id=574 News (9. Dezember 2008)] auf ''www.acri.org.il''</ref>

== Preisträger ==
:'''1981''' - [[Gabriel Stern]], Journalist für [[Al Hamishmar]].
:'''1982''' - [[Jehuda Litani]], [[Ha'aretz]] Reporter in den von Israel besetzten palästinensischen Gebieten; spezielle posthume Erwähnung von [[Robert Walsh]], einem jüdischen Journalisten in Deutschland.
:'''1983''' - Oberstleutnant [[Dov Yirmiya]].
:'''1984''' - [[Mosche Negbi]], Redakteur des Radioprogramms "Din Udvarim".
:'''1985''' - [[Baruch Meiri]], Journalist für [[Maariw (Zeitung)|Ma'ariv]].
:'''1986''' - [[Jitzhak Zamir]], ehemaliger Rechtsberater der israelischen Regierung.
:'''1987''' - Richter am obersten Gericht [[Zvi Berenson]].
:'''1988''' - Reportern in von Israel besetzten palästinensischen Gebieten.
:'''1989''' - [[Alice Shalvi]], Gründerin des [[Israel Women's Network]].
:'''1990''' - [[Jitzhak Kadman]], Vorsitzender des Nationalen Rates für Kinderschutz.
:'''1991''' - [[Lotta Salzburger]], Gründerin der [[Hotline for Victims of Violence]].
:'''1992''' - [[Bassem Eid]], Gründer der [[Palestinian Human Rights Monitoring Group]]; Spezialpreis an [[James Ya'acov Rosenthal]], Journalist, für seinen lebenslangen Einsatz für Menschenrechte.
:'''1993''' - [[Ejal Simchoni]], Anwalt.
:'''1994''' - [[Jitzhak Clinton Bailey]], Kämpfer für die Rechte der Beduinen.
:'''1995''' - Gründer der Hilfe für weibliche Gewaltopfer im arabischen Sektor.
:'''1996''' - [[Gideon Levi]], Ha'aretz Journalist.
:'''1997''' - Community Defense.
:'''1998''' - Workers' Hotline; Major General Hareven; Spezialpreis für das Lebenswerk: [[Schulamit Aloni]].
:'''1999''' - [[Physicians for Human Rights]] und ihren Gründer [[Ruchama Marton]].
:'''2000''' - Ha'aretz Journalist [[Jossi Algazi]].
:'''2002''' - [[Miriam Darmoni Scharvit]] und [[Sigal Rosen]] von der Hotline für ausländische Arbeitnehmer.
:'''2004''' - Die Frauen von [[Machsom Watch]], eine Organisation israelischer Frauen, welche Checkpoints beobachtet.
:'''2005''' - [[Hanna Safran]], Feministin.
:'''2007''' - Das religiöse Frauen-Forum "Kolech<ref>[http://www.acri.org.il/newsletter/Enewsletter1107.html Newsletter (November 2007)] auf ''www.acri.org.il''</ref>"
:'''2008''' - Die Organisation [[Schovrim Schtika]] („Das Schweigen brechen“) und das TAU-Flüchtlingsprogramm.
:'''2009''' - Die Menschenrechtsorganisation [[Jesch Din]] (Es gibt Recht)

== Einzelnachweise ==
<references />

== Weblinks ==
* [http://www.acri.org.il/hebrew-acri/engine/story.asp?id=176 Vollständige Liste der Preisträger in Hebräisch]

[[Kategorie:Menschenrechtspreis]]
[[Kategorie:Auszeichnung nach Staat]]
[[Kategorie:Israel]]

[[en:Emil Grunzweig Human Rights Award]]
[[he:אות זכויות האדם ע"ש אמיל גרינצוויג ז"ל]]

Abba Ahimeir

2010-06-20T13:10:35Z

Davshul: /* Relationship with Fascism */ format/typo

[[Image:Ahimier.jpg|right|thumb|120px||Abba Ahimeir]]

'''Abba Ahimeir''' ({{lang-he|אב"א אחימאיר}}, 2 November 1897 - 6 June 1962) was a Jewish journalist, historian and political activist. One of the ideologues of [[Revisionist Zionism]], he was the founder of the [[Revisionist Maximalism|Revisionist Maximalist]] faction of the [[Revisionist Zionism|Zionist Revisionist Movement]] (ZRM) and of the clandestine [[Brit HaBirionim]].<ref>Larsen, Stein Ugelvik (ed.). ''Fascism Outside of Europe''. New York: Columbia University Press, 2001. ISBN0880339888. p364.</ref><ref>Kaplan, Eran. ''The Jewish Radical Right''. University of Wisconsin Press, 2005. p15</ref>

==Biography==
Ahimeir was born '''Abba Shaul Geisinovich''' in 1897 in the Dolgi village near the city of [[Babruysk]] in the [[Russian Empire]] (today in [[Belarus]]). From 1912-1914, he attended the Herzliya Gymnasium high school in Tel Aviv. While with his family in Babruysk for summer vacation in 1914, [[World War I]] broke out and he was forced to complete his studies in Russia. In 1917, he participated in the Russian Zionist Conference in [[Petrograd]] and underwent agricultural training as part of [[Joseph Trumpeldor]]’s [[HeHalutz]] movement in [[Batum]], [[Caucasia]] to prepare him for a life as a pioneer in the [[Land of Israel]]. In 1920, he left Russia and changed his name from Gaisinovich to Ahimeir (in Hebrew: Meir’s brother) in memory of his brother Meir who had fallen in battle that year fighting against Poles during a pogrom.<ref>[http://www.beitaba.com/content.php?id=19 Dr. Aba Ahimeir: The man who turned the tide] Beit Aba</ref>

Ahimeir studied philosophy at the [[Liège]] University in [[Belgium]] and at the University of [[Vienna]], completing his PhD thesis on [[Oswald Spengler]]'s ''[[The Decline of the West]]'' in 1924 just before immigrating to the [[British Mandate of Palestine]]. Upon his arrival in the country, Ahimeir became active in the [[Labor Zionist]] movements [[Ahdut HaAvoda]] and [[Hapoel Hatzair]]. For four years, he served as librarian for the cultural committee of the General Workers Organization in [[Zikhron Ya'akov]] and as a teacher in [[Nahalal]] and [[Geva|Kibutz Geva]]. During these years he regularly published articles in [[Haaretz]] and [[Davar]], where he began to criticize the political situation in Palestine and of Zionism, as well as of the workers’ movement to which he belonged.<ref>[http://www.beitaba.com/content.php?id=19 Dr. Aba Ahimeir: The man who turned the tide] Beit Aba</ref>

In 1928, Ahimeir, along with [[Yehoshua Yevin]] and famed Hebrew poet [[Uri Zvi Greenberg]], became disillusioned with what they viewed to be the passivity of Labor Zionism and founded the Revisionist Labor Bloc as part of Ze’ev Jabotinsky’s Revisionist Zionist Movement. Ahimeir and his group were regarded by Revisionist Movement leaders as an implant from the Left whose political Maximalism and revolutionary brand of nationalism often made the Revisionist old guard uncomfortable.<ref>Shindler, Colin. ''The Triumph of Military Zionism: Nationalism and the Origins of the Israeli Right''. I.B.Tauris, 2006. p156.</ref>

In 1930, Ahimeir and his friends established the underground movement [[Brit HaBirionim]] (The Union of Zionist Rebels) named for the Jewish anti-Roman underground during the [[first Jewish-Roman War]].

Brit HaBirionim was the first Jewish organization to call the British authorities in Palestine a “foreign regime” and refer to the British Mandate over Palestine as “an occupation.” The group initiated a series of protest activities against British rule, the first of these took place on October 9, 1930 and was directed against the British Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies, Drummond Shiels, when he was on a visit to Tel-Aviv. This was the first sign of rebellion in Palestine’s Jewish community against the British and the first time that Ahimeir was arrested in the country.<ref>[http://www.beitaba.com/content.php?id=19 Dr. Aba Ahimeir: The man who turned the tide] Beit Aba</ref>

In 1933, Brit HaBirionim turned its activities against Nazi Germany. In May of that year, Ahimeir led his followers in a campaign to remove swastikas from the flagpoles of the German consulates in Jerusalem and Jaffa. Brit HaBirionim also organized a boycott of German goods.<ref>[http://www.beitaba.com/content.php?id=19 Dr. Aba Ahimeir: The man who turned the tide] Beit Aba</ref> Brit Habirionim became fierce critics of the [[Haavara Agreement]] and of its chief negotiator, [[Haim Arlosoroff]]. When Arlosoroff was killed in on a Tel-Aviv beach in June 1933, Ahimeir and two friends were arrested and charged with inciting the murder. <ref>[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/arlokill.html The Assassination of Hayim Arlosoroff] Jewish Virtual Library</ref> Ahimeir was cleared of the charge before the trial even began but remained in prison and began a hunger strike that continued for four days. He was convicted of organizing an illegal clandestine organization and remained incarcerated in the Jerusalem Central Prison until August 1935. His imprisonment put an end to Brit HaBirionim.<ref>[http://www.beitaba.com/content.php?id=19 Dr. Aba Ahimeir: The man who turned the tide] Beit Aba</ref><ref>Golan, Zev. ''Free Jerusalem: Heroes, Heroines and Rogues Who Created the State of Israel'', (Israel: Devora, 2003), pp. 49-53, 66-77.</ref><ref name=experts>{{Cite web
| title = Terrorism Experts
| accessdate = 2007-12-02
| url = http://terrorismexperts.org/terrorism_research_roots1.htm
}}</ref>

Upon his release, Ahimeir married Sonia nee Astrachan and devoted himself to literary work and scholarship. His articles in the newspaper Hayarden led to his re-arrest at the end of 1937 and three months in the [[Acre Prison]] together with members of the [[Irgun Zvai Leumi]] and other prominent Revisionist activists.<ref>[http://www.beitaba.com/content.php?id=19 Dr. Aba Ahimeir: The man who turned the tide] Beit Aba</ref>

Following the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, Ahimeir became a member of the editorial board of the [[Herut]] party daily in Tel-Aviv, as well as a member of the editorial board of the [[Hebrew Encyclopedia]] in Jerusalem where he published (under the initials A. AH.) scores of important academic articles, mostly in the fields of history and Russian literature. Ahimeir died at the age of 65 of a sudden heart attack on the eve of June 6, 1962).<ref>[http://www.beitaba.com/content.php?id=19 Dr. Aba Ahimeir: The man who turned the tide] Beit Aba</ref> His sons, [[Ya'akov Ahimeir|Ya'akov]] and [[Yosef Ahimeir|Yosef]], both went on to become journalists.

==Ideology==
Abba Ahimeir was the first to coin the term [[Revolutionary Zionism]] and the first Jew in Palestine to call for an uprising against the British administration. His worldview generally placed the contemporary political situation into the context of Jewish history, specifically the [[Second Temple Period]], often casting himself and his friends as anti-imperialist freedom fighters, the British administration as a modern incarnation of ancient Rome and the official Zionist leadership as Jewish collaborators.<ref>Shindler, Colin. ''The Triumph of Military Zionism: Nationalism and the Origins of the Israeli Right''. I.B.Tauris, 2006. p154-175.</ref>
Ahimeir's views had a profound influence on the ideology of the [[Irgun]] and [[Lehi]] undergrounds who later initiated an urban guerrilla war against the British.<ref>[http://www.saveisrael.com/others/ahimeir/ahimeirbio.htm Abba Ahimeir] Save Israel</ref>

==Relationship with Fascism==
Although Abba Ahimeir branded himself as a fascist during the late 1920s and early 1930s, even writing a series of eight articles in the [[Hebrew]] ''[[Doar HaYom]]'' newspaper in 1928 titled "From the Notebook of a Fascist,"<ref>[http://www.salon.com/col/hitc/1998/04/13hitc.html The iron wall] Salon</ref> few of his contemporaries took his Fascist leanings seriously. Ze’ev Jabotinsky, who consistently maintained that there was no room for Fascism within his Revisionist movement, dismissed Ahimeir’s rhetoric and argued that he and his Maximalist followers were merely playacting to make a point and were not serious in their professed Fascist beliefs.<ref>Shindler, Colin. ''The Triumph of Military Zionism: Nationalism and the Origins of the Israeli Right''. I.B.Tauris, 2006. p174.</ref>

In the October 7, 1932 edition of "[[Hazit Ha’am]]", Jabotinsky wrote:<blockquote>Such men, even in the Maximalist and activist factions, number no more than two or three, and even with those two or three – pardon my frankness – it is mere phraseology, not a worldview. Even Mr. Ahimeir gives me the impression of a man who will show flexibility for the sake of educational goals… to this end he has borrowed some currently fashionable (and quite unnecessary) phrases, in which this daring idea clothes itself in several foreign cities."<ref>Shindler, Colin. ''The Triumph of Military Zionism: Nationalism and the Origins of the Israeli Right''. I.B.Tauris, 2006. p174.</ref></blockquote>

Ahimeir’s fascist image during the 1920s was seized upon by author Christopher Hitchens in a 1998 article titled "The Iron Wall" to argue that fascism was the ideology guiding Benzion Netanyahu, a disciple of Ahimeir, and consequently his son, Israeli Prime Minister [[Binyamin Netanyahu]]. <ref>[http://www.salon.com/col/hitc/1998/04/13hitc.html The iron wall] Salon</ref> In an April 16, 2010 interview with the Jerusalem Post, Ahimeir’s son Yossi defended his father against accusations of Fascism, saying:<blockquote>"Hitchens is a known anti-Israel writer who takes my father’s writing completely out of context. Fascism in 1928 can’t be viewed in the context of the 1930s. Of course he would not be a fascist in view of how it developed."<ref>[http://www.jpost.com/LocalIsrael/TelAvivAndCenter/Article.aspx?id=173241 Streetwise: My Father, Abba – Jerusalem Post]</ref></blockquote>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
[http://www.beitaba.com/content.php?id=19 "Dr.Aba Ahimeir: The man who turned the tide"] Beit Aba Museum in Israel

[http://www.salon.com/col/hitc/1998/04/13hitc.html "The iron wall"], [[Christopher Hitchens]] on Ahimeir's relationship with the [[Netanyahu|Netanyahu family]]

[http://www.saveisrael.com/others/ahimeir/ahimeirbio.htm "Abba Ahimeir"] Save Israel website featuring English translations of articles of anti-British Jewish underground fighters

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahiemeir, Abba}}
[[Category:1897 births]]
[[Category:Belarusian Jews]]
[[Category:People from Babruysk]]
[[Category:Zionists]]
[[Category:Soviet immigrants to Israel]]
[[Category:Jews in Ottoman and British Palestine]]
[[Category:Members of the Assembly of Representatives (Mandate Palestine)]]
[[Category:1962 deaths]]

[[ar:أبا أهيمير]]
[[fr:Abba Ahiméir]]
[[he:אב"א אחימאיר]]
[[nl:Abba Achimeïr]]
[[ru:Ахимеир, Абба]]

Schlomo Goren

2010-06-02T07:15:09Z

Davshul: /* Awards */ modified citation

{{Infobox Rabbi
|honorific-prefix =Rabbi
|name = Shlomo Goren
|honorific-suffix =
|title =
|image = Shlomo Goren.jpg
|caption = Shlomo Goren as a young Israeli officer and rabbi heading the [[Military Rabbinate]] of the [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]].
|began =
|semicha =
|rabbi =
|rank =
|other_post =
|birth_name =
|birth_date = 3 February 1917
|birthplace = [[Zambrów]], Poland
|death_date = 29 October 1994
|deathplace =
|buried =
|nationality = Israeli
|religion = Jewish
|residence =
|parents =
|spouse = Tzfia Cohen
|children =
|occupation = [[Chief Rabbi]] of the [[Military Rabbinate]] of the [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]]
|profession =
|employer =
|alma_mater =
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|website =
}}

'''Shlomo Goren''' ([[Hebrew]]: שלמה גורן) (born 3 February 1917, died 29 October 1994), was an [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]] [[Religious Zionism|Religious Zionist]] [[rabbi]] in [[Israel]] who founded and served as the first head of the [[Military Rabbinate]] of the [[Israel Defense Forces]] and subsequently as the third [[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazi]] [[Chief Rabbinate of Israel|Chief Rabbi of Israel]] from 1973 to 1983.

Rabbi Goren's original family name was ''Gorenchik''. He was born in [[Zambrów]], Poland and [[Aliyah|immigrated]] with his family to the [[British Mandate of Palestine]] in 1925. He served in the [[Israel Defense Forces]] during three wars, wrote several award-winning books on [[Halakha|Jewish law]]{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}, and was appointed Chief Rabbi of [[Tel Aviv]] in 1968. Rabbi Goren served as Chief Rabbi of Israel from 1973 to 1983, after which he established a [[yeshiva]] in [[Jerusalem]], which he headed until his death.

==Childhood==

Goren was raised in [[Kfar Hasidim]], a village of religious Jews near [[Haifa]] that his father co-founded. He began studying at the [[Slabodka yeshiva|Hebron yeshiva]] in Jerusalem at age twelve, where he was identified as a [[Illui|prodigy]]. His first book was published when he was seventeen years old.{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}}

==Military career==

Goren's career was characterized by a commitment to the Religious Zionist values of his youth. He volunteered for the [[Haganah]] in 1936, and served as a chaplain for the [[Jerusalem]] area during the [[1948 Arab-Israeli War]], during which he tested for and qualified as an IDF [[paratrooper]]. Goren was eventually promoted to the rank of [[Brigadier-General]]. Following the establishment of the state of Israel, Goren was appointed [[Chief Rabbi]] of the [[Military Rabbinate]] of the [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]] with the rank of [[Major-General]], a position he held until 1968. Rabbi Goren used the opportunity to help establish and organize the military chaplaincy's framework, streamlining processes to get soldiers accommodations for [[kosher]] food and prayer services. Goren personally wrote a new [[Siddur|prayerbook]] to accommodate the different prayer styles used by various ethnic groups serving in the army.{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}}

Goren also served in the 1956 [[Suez Crisis]] and the 1967 [[Six Day War]], where he was promoted to a full [[General]]. Goren was on hand during the capture of [[East Jerusalem]] on June 7, 1967, where he gave a prayer of thanksgiving broadcast live to the entire country. Shortly afterwards Goren, blowing a [[shofar]] and carrying a [[Torah scroll]], held the first Jewish prayer session at the [[Western Wall]] since 1948. The event was one of the defining moments of the war, and several photographs of Goren, surrounded by soldiers in prayer, have since become famous around the world and particularly in Israel. The most famous photograph shows Rabbi Goren blowing the Shofar against the background of the Western Wall. .<ref>{{cite web |publisher= haaretz.co.il |title= Goren at the Dome of the Rock. (Hebrew) |url=http://www.haaretz.co.il/hasite/pages/ShArtPE.jhtml?itemNo=720008&contrassID=2&subContrassID=4&sbSubContrassID=0}}</ref>

==Controversy==

Rabbi Goren attracted many admirers through his passion for Religious Zionism and his combining Zionist activism with a commitment to [[Judaism]] and [[Jewish studies|Jewish scholarship]]. However, his uncompromising personality later resulted in him becoming a polarizing and controversial figure in Israeli politics.{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}}

Rabbi Goren spent most of his term as Chief Rabbi of Israel attempting to reconcile Jewish religious teachings with modern problems of the state, including advancements in technological progress and various high-profile conversion cases. Goren often clashed with his more conservative rabbinical colleagues, including his [[Sephardi Jews|Sephardic]] counterpart, Rabbi [[Ovadia Yosef]], and Rabbi [[Yosef Shalom Eliashiv]], then a member of the Israeli Supreme Rabbinical Court.{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}}

One example of Goren's desire to adapt [[halakha]] to changing realities in science was his controversial stance on ''[[Kiddush Levana]]'', the monthly blessing over the new moon. A prayer customarily added after the blessing contains the words "just as I dance before you and am unable to touch you." Rabbi Goren claimed that since the [[moon landing|Americans landed on the moon in 1969]], this line should be changed to reflect that it is in fact possible to touch the moon.{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}}

===Activism===
Rabbi Goren was also well-known for his controversial positions concerning Jewish sovereignty over the [[Temple Mount]]. On August 15, 1967, shortly after the [[Six-Day War]], Goren led a group of fifty Jews onto the [[Temple Mount]], where, fighting off protesting Muslim guards and Israeli police, they defiantly held a prayer service<ref>{{cite web |publisher= pbs.org |title= Forcing the End. (Evangelicals and rabbis' look at the Six day War and views about End Times) |
url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/apocalypse/readings/forcing.html }}</ref>. Goren continued to pray for many years in the Makhkame building overlooking the Temple Mount where he conducted yearly High Holiday services. His call for the establishment of a synagogue on the Temple Mount has subsequently been reiterated by his brother- in- law the Chief Rabbi of Haifa, [[She'ar Yashuv Cohen]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}}

Goren was sharply criticized by the [[Ministry of Defense (Israel)|Israeli Defense Ministry]], who, noting Goren's senior rank, called his behavior inappropriate. The episode led the Chief Rabbis of the time to restate the accepted laws of Judaism that [[Temple Mount#Jewish religious law concerning entry to the site|no Jews were allowed on the mount due to issues of ritual impurity]]. The secular authorities welcomed this ruling as it preserved the status quo with the [[Waqf]], the Islamic authority. Disagreeing with his colleagues, Goren continually maintained that Jews were not only permitted, but commanded, to ascend and pray on the mount.

The actual question of Goren's radicalism remains controversial. One widely-repeated story about Goren claims that shortly after the Israeli capture of the Temple Mount, the rabbi either argued that Israel should destroy the [[al Aqsa Mosque]] and [[Dome of the Rock]], or simply said that it would have been a "good thing" if they had been accidentally destroyed.<ref>{{cite web |publisher= arutzsheva.com |title= Let if Fall, (citing Goren's views on the Dome of the Rock and the Temple Mount)|url=http://arutzsheva.com/article.php3?id=3658}}</ref> The charge, made by General [[Uzi Narkiss|Narkiss]], an eyewitness, in an interview with [[Haaretz]] <ref>[[Haaretz]] 31 December 1997, also cited in [[Nur Masalha]], ''The Bible and Zionism:Invented Traditions, Archeology and Post-Colonialism in Palestine-Israel'', Zed Books, London 2007 p.79</ref> that Rabbi Goren calling for the destruction of the mosques has been used to claim there is a Jewish extremism comparable to Islamic extremism. Rabbi Goren's close assistant Rabbi Menachem Ha-Cohen who was with Rabbi Goren throughout that historic day denied ever hearing Rabbi Goren make such a remark. Rabbi Goren himself personally denied this charge several times.<ref>[http://www.jcpa.org/jpsr/s99-yc.htm The Political Role of the Israeli Chief Rabbinate in the Temple Mount Question]</ref>. However Goren did make a speech later that year to a military convention, recorded and later broadcast on Israel's army radio<ref>Broadcast of 31 Dec 1997</ref> in which he said of the Dome of the Rock and the al-Aqsa Mosque that: ‘Certainly we should have blown it up. It is a tragedy that we did not do so.’ <ref>[[Nur Masalha]], ''The Bible and Zionism:Invented Traditions, Archeology and Post-Colonialism in Palestine-Israel'', Zed Books, London 2007 p.79</ref>

Another possibly apocryphal story claims that Goren accidentally entered [[Hebron]] and the [[Cave of the Patriarchs]] on June 8, 1967, before the IDF had captured the city, and was greeted with [[white flag]]s.<ref>{{cite web |publisher= frontpagemag.com | title= Israelis Against Israel. (Goren at Hebron) |url=http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=8095}}</ref> The city was taken by forces under Colonel Amitai, the Jerusalem area commander, by the evening of June 7 against only scattered light resistance.<ref>Randolph Churchill, W.S.Churchill,''The Six Day War'', 1967.</ref>

Goren repeatedly advocated or supported building a [[Third Temple]] on the Temple Mount from the 1960s onward, and was associated with various messianic projects involving the site. In the summer of 1983, Goren and several other rabbis joined Rabbi [[Yehuda Getz]], who worked for the Religious Affairs Ministry at the [[Western Wall]], in touring a chamber underneath the mount that Getz had illegally excavated, where the two claimed to have seen the [[Ark of the Covenant]]. The tunnel was shortly discovered and resulted in a massive brawl between young Jews and Arabs in the area. The tunnel was quickly sealed with concrete by Israeli police.<ref>{{cite web |publisher= templemount.org | title= Preparations for a Third Jewish Temple. (Goren about Temple Mount) |url=http://www.templemount.org/tempprep.html}}</ref> The sealed entrance can be seen from the [[Western Wall Tunnel]], which opened to the public in 1996.

Goren also made headlines after his term as Chief Rabbi had expired. He was deeply opposed to the [[Oslo Accords]] and in 1993 declared that it was [[halakha|Halakhically]] forbidden to dismantle any settlements in the Biblical land of Israel, and encouraged any soldiers ordered to do so to refuse. In 1994 he announced that Halakha made it a "duty" for Jews to kill [[Yasser Arafat]]. Rabbi Goren, who was a strong supporter of alliances between [[Evangelical Christian]]s and Israel, also denounced meetings between Israel and the [[Holy See]], calling it "blasphemy beyond expression."<ref>{{cite web |publisher= ramsheadpress.com | title= The End of History—Messiah Conspiracy. |url=http://www.ramsheadpress.com/messiah/ch10.html}}</ref>

Goren has spoken out against Jewish terrorism. In 1981 he and Rabbi [[Ovadia Yosef]] officially condemned a shooting attack on the Temple Mount by an American immigrant which resulted in the death of one Muslim and the wounding of several others. In a joint statement released by the Chief Rabbis, they declared that "We and the entire Jewish people attack and deplore the criminal act of murder in every possible way. Through this abominable act [Alan] Goodman has removed himself from the Jewish people...".<ref>{{cite web |publisher= jcpa.org |title= Goren denounces terrorism |url=http://www.jcpa.org/jpsr/s99-yc.htm}}</ref>

==Vegetarian lifestyle==
Rabbi Goren was a strict [[vegetarian]], a decision he made after visiting a slaughterhouse in Canada to perform an inspection of [[kashrut]].

==Awards==
* In 1961, Rabbi Goren was awarded the [[Israel Prize]] in Rabbinical literature.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://cms.education.gov.il/EducationCMS/Units/PrasIsrael/Tashyag/Tashkab_Tashyag_Rikuz.htm?DictionaryKey=Tashka|title=Israel Prize recipients in 1961 (in Hebrew)|publisher=cms.education.gov.il (Israel Prize official website) |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5ousTKSWz|archivedate=11 April 2010 by WebCite®}}</ref>

==Family==

Goren was married to Tzfia Cohen, the daughter of prominent [[Religious Zionist Movement|Religious Zionist]] Rabbi [[David Cohen (rabbi)|David Cohen]], the ''Nazir of Jerusalem'', and the sister of Rabbi [[She'ar Yashuv Cohen]], former deputy-mayor of Jerusalem and the present Chief Rabbi of [[Haifa]]. Both Goren's father-in-law and brother-in-law were also prominent rabbinical vegetarians.{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}}

==Quotes==
*"It is clear that according to Halacha (Jewish religious law), a soldier who receives an order that runs contrary to Torah law should uphold the Halacha, and not the secular order. And since settling the land is a commandment, and uprooting the settlements is breaking the commandment, the soldier should not carry out an order to uproot settlements. This government does not lean on a majority of Jewish support, but rather on Arab votes. According to the Halacha it does not have the authority of a majority, and therefore government directives to uproot the settlements do not have the authority of the majority of the people."<ref>{{cite web |publisher= fmep.org |title= Settlement Snapshots |url=http://www.fmep.org/reports/vol04/no2/06-settlement_snapshots.html}}</ref> ([[National Religious Party|NRP]] newspaper [[Hatzofeh]], December 19, 1993.)

==His Books==

* Nezer Hakodesh- commentary on Mymonides's laws of defectives of sacrifices.

* Sha'arey Tahara- collection of ancient sources as a commentary on Mishna Mikvaot.

* Meshiv Milchama- halachic answers on war subjects, three volumes.

* Har Habait- the laws of the sacred mount.

* Kovetz Piskey Hilchot Tzava- collection of laws connected with army.

* Torat Hamoadim- essay on Jewish festivals.

* Moadey Israel.

* Psak Hadin B'inyan Ha'ach Veha'achot- the verdict in the problem of the brother and sister.

* Torat Hashabat Vehamoed.

* Torat Hamikra- on the Holy Scriptures.

* Torat Hamedina.

* Torat HaPilosophia- on philosophy and judaism.

* Torat HaRefua- on medicine and Halacha.

* Commentary for Yerushalmi B'racot.

* HaYerushalmi VeHaGra- on the commentary of Gra on the Yerushalmi.

==Bibliography==
*''The Crown of Holiness'', an interpretation and commentary on [[Maimonides|Maimonides']] [[Mishneh Torah]], 1934.
*''Sha’rei Taharah'', a study on the laws of [[niddah]], 1940.
*''Ha-Yerushalmi ha-Meforash'', commentary on the [[Jerusalem Talmud]], 1961. Recipient of the [[Israel Prize]] for Jewish Scholarship.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.jafi.org.il/education/100/people/BIOS/goren.html Shlomo Goren]
*[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Goren.html Jsource Biography]
*[http://www.ou.org/about/judaism/rabbis/goren.htm OU Biography]
*[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/rabbinicveg.html Rabbinic Teachings on Vegetarianism, edited by Richard Schwartz, Ph.D., from the Jewish Virtual Library]
*[http://english.thekotel.org/newsletter/article.asp?Id=41 Goren Biography from Western Wall Heritage Society Newsletter]
*Gorenberg, Gershom. ''End of Days : Fundamentalism and the Struggle for the Temple Mount.'' Free Press, 2000. ISBN 0-684-87179-3
*{{cite web
|title = Words on the passing of Shlomo Goren and how Israeli society perceived him, first 35 minutes of lecture on 1994-10-30
|author = Rabbi [[Aaron Rakeffet]]
|publisher = YUTorah.org
|date = 1994-10-30
|url = http://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/709420/Rabbi_Aaron_Rakeffet-Rothkoff/1994-10-30_Poland_-_30-Oct-94
|accessdate = 2010-01-31
}}

==See also==
*[[List of Israel Prize recipients]]

{{Chief Military Rabbis}}
{{Chief Rabbinate of Israel}}
{{start box}}
{{succession box|title=[[Chief rabbi#Ashkenazi 2|Ashkenazi Chief Rabbi of Israel]] Shlomo Goren|before=[[Isser Yehuda Unterman]]||after=[[Avraham Shapira]] |years=1973–1983}}
{{end box}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Goren, Shlomo}}
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:1994 deaths]]
[[Category:Burials at the Mount of Olives]]
[[Category:Chief rabbis of Israel]]
[[Category:Israeli generals]]
[[Category:Israel Prize Rabbi recipients]]
[[Category:Israel Prize in Rabbinical literature recipients]]
[[Category:Israeli vegetarians]]
[[Category:Rabbis in Ottoman and British Palestine]]
[[Category:Religious Zionist Orthodox rabbis]]
[[Category:Polish Orthodox Jews]]
[[Category:Israelis of Polish descent]]
[[Category:Polish rabbis]]
[[Category:Israeli Jews]]
[[Category:Israeli Orthodox Jews]]
[[Category:Zionists]]
[[Category:20th-century rabbis]]
[[Category:Chief rabbis of Tel Aviv]]
[[Category:Israel Defense Forces rabbis]]

[[ar:شلومو غورين]]
[[fr:Shlomo Goren]]
[[he:שלמה גורן]]
[[ru:Горен, Шломо]]
[[yi:שלמה גורן]]

Edwin R. Thiele

2010-05-26T05:51:47Z

Davshul: /* Biblical chronology */ wkilink

[[Image:Edwin_Thiele.jpg|left|300px]]
'''Edwin R. Thiele''' (1895–1986) was an [[United States of America|American]] [[missionary]] in [[China]], an [[editing|editor]], [[Archaeology|archaeologist]], writer, and [[Old Testament]] professor. He is best known for his chronological studies of the Hebrew kingdom period.

== Biography ==
A native of [[Chicago]], he graduated from Emmanuel Missionary College (which was renamed [[Andrews University]] in 1960) in 1918 with a [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]] degree in ancient languages. After two years of work as home missionary secretary for the East Michigan Conference of [[Seventh-day Adventists]], he left in 1920 for mission service in China. During his 12-year work in China, he was an editor and manager for the Signs of the Times Publishing House in [[Shanghai]].

After returning to the United States, Thiele received an [[Master of Arts (postgraduate)|MA]] degree in archaeology from the [[University of Chicago]] in 1937. He then joined the religion faculty of Emmanuel Missionary College, while continuing his doctoral work at the University of Chicago. He obtained a [[PhD]] degree in biblical archaeology in 1943. His doctoral dissertation, later published as ''[[The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings]]''<ref>Edwin Thiele, ''The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings'', (1st ed.; New York: Macmillan, 1951; 2d ed.; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1965; 3rd ed.; Grand Rapids: Zondervan/Kregel, 1983). ISBN 082543825X, 9780825438257</ref> is widely regarded as the definitive work on the chronology of [[History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah#Divided_Monarchy|Hebrew kings]].<ref>Thiele's chronology is accepted in several recent study Bibles, and is the chronology used for the Hebrew monarchs in the ''Cambridge Ancient History'' (T. C. Mitchell, "Israel and Judah until the Revolt of Jehu (931-841 B.C.)" ''CAH'' 3, Part 1, p. 445). Thiele's chronology with the slight modifications of Leslie McFall, ("A Translation Guide to the Chronological Data in Kings and Chronicles," ''Bibliotheca Sacra'' 148 [1991], pp. 3-45) is accepted in Jack Finegan's influential ''Handbook of Biblical Chronology'', rev. ed. (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1998), p. 249. See also, in the notes below, the list of scholars who accept his date for the beginning of the divided kingdom.</ref> He traveled extensively throughout the [[Middle East]] in the course of his research.

In addition, Thiele also authored a popular book on Christianity, ''Knowing God''.<ref>Thiele, Edwin R., ''Knowing God,'' Southern Publishing Association, 1979</ref> After his death, his widow, Margaret, completed his study of the [[Book of Job]] entitled ''Job and the Devil''.<ref>Thiele, Edwin R. and Thiele, Margaret R., ''Job and the Devil'', Southern Publishing Association, 1988.</ref> In this work, Thiele argues that [[Leviathan]] (and [[Behemoth]]) are linked to Near Eastern myths for chaos or evil. Hence, Thiele suggests, Job pictures God struggling with Evil as lying behind Job's suffering.

From 1963 to 1965, he served as Professor of Antiquity at [[Andrews University]]. After retiring from teaching in 1965, he moved to California where he continued to write. He died in St. Helena, California in 1986. He is buried in Rose Hill Cemetery in Berrien Springs, Michigan.

==Biblical chronology ==
The following is based on Thiele's book ''[[The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings]]''.

The chronology of the Hebrew kings rests primarily on a series of reign lengths and cross references within the books of Kings and Chronicles, in which the accession of each king is dated in terms of the reign of his contemporary in either the southern kingdom of Judah or the northern kingdom of Israel. Unfortunately some of these cross references did not seem to match, so that a reign which is said to have lasted for 20 years results in a cross reference that would give a result of either 19 or 21 years.

Thiele noticed that the cross references given during the long reign of King [[Asa of Judah]] had a cumulative error of 1 year for each succeeding reign of the kings of Israel: the first cross-reference resulted in an error of 1 year, the second gave an error of 2 years, the third of 3 years and so on. He was able to demonstrate that this was due to two different methods of reckoning regnal years - the accession year method and the non-accession year method.

If we think in terms of our own calendar, if the old king died on December 31 and the new king started to reign on January 1, there was no problem. However if the old king died on December 1, what did you do with the remaining 30 days of the old year? Under the accession year method, those 30 days were called the "Accession year" and Year 1 of the new king's reign began on January 1. Under the non-accession year method the 30 days were Year 1 of the new king and Year 2 began on January 1.

If this were not complicated enough, Thiele was able to demonstrate that the northern kingdom (Israel) celebrated a spring New Year while the southern kingdom (Judah) held to an autumn New Year. Differing new years and different methods of calculating reigns were responsible for much of the confusion in the cross references, with the additional problem that the southern kingdom appears to have adopted its neighbour's non-accession method during the time when Athaliah seized power. Unknown to Thiele when he first published his findings, these same conclusions that the northern kingdom used non-accession years and a spring New Year while the southern kingdom used accession years and a fall New Year had been discovered by V. Coucke of Belgium some years previously, a fact which Thiele acknowledges in his ''Mysterious Numbers''.<ref>''Mysterious Numbers'', 3rd ed., p. 59, n. 17, citing V. Coucke, "Chronique biblique," in ''Supplément au Dictionnaire de la Bible'', ed. Louis Pirot, vol. 1, 1928.</ref>

With this understanding of chronology, Thiele showed that the 14 years between Ahab and Jehu were really 12 years, which meant that he could date their reigns precisely, for [[Ahab]] is mentioned in the [[Kurkh Monolith|Kurk Stele]] which records the Assyrian advance into Syria/Palestine at the [[Battle of Qarqar]] in 853 BC, and Jehu is mentioned on the [[Black Obelisk]] of [[Shalmaneser III]] paying tribute in 841 BC. As these two events are securely dated by Assyrian chronology at 12 years apart, Ahab must have fought the Assyrians in his last year and Jehu paid tribute in his first year.

Thiele was able to reconcile the Biblical chronological data from the books of Kings and Chronicles with the exception of synchronisms between [[Hoshea]] of Israel and [[Hezekiah]] of Judah towards the end of the kingdom of Israel and reluctantly concluded that at that point the ancient authors had made a mistake. Subsequent writers have proposed an unattested coregency between Hezekia and his father Ahaz to explain the Hoshea/Hezekiah synchronisms. Among these writers are Thiele’s colleague [[Siegfried Horn]]<ref>Siegfried H. Horn, "The Chronology of King Hezekiah’s Reign," ''Andrews University Seminary Studies'' 2 (1964) pp. 48-49.</ref>, T. C. Mitchell and [[Kenneth Kitchen]],<ref>''New Bible Dictionary'', 1st ed., J. D. Douglas, editor; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1962, p. 217.</ref> and Leslie McFall.<ref>[http://www.btinternet.com/~lmf12/TransGuide.pdf Leslie McFall, "Translation Guide"] p.12.</ref> Although Thiele’s chronology of the Judean monarchs has thus needed some slight revision, his chronology of the northern kingdom (Israel) has remained basically intact since it was first published in 1944.<ref>Edwin R. Thiele, "The Chronology of the Kings of Judah and Israel," ''Journal of Near Eastern Studies'' 3 (1944): pp. 137-186.</ref> In particular, his date of 931 BC for the division of the kingdom has been widely accepted among diverse scholars<ref>Finegan, ''Handbook'' p. 249.</ref><ref>[[Gershon Galil]], ''The Chronology of the Kings of Israel and Judah'' (Leiden: Brill, 1996), p. 14.</ref><ref>McFall, "Translation Guide," p. 33-34.</ref><ref>T. C. Mitchell in ''Cambridge Ancient History'', "Israel and Judah until the Revolt of Jehu," pp. 445-446.</ref><ref>Israel Finkelstein and Neil Asher Silberman, ''The Bible Unearthed'' (New York: Free Press, 2001), p. 131 ([http://books.google.com/books?id=lu6ywyJr0CMC&pg=PA131&lpg=PA131&dq=Finkelstein+%22Bible+Unearthed%22+931&source=bl&ots=lQA3Mtd86F&sig=TbXfcHSMjYvizXXLb_jqKnluap8&hl=en&ei=sKzSSbG2B8nfnQf1n-jJBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result Link]).</ref> and has found independent support in the work of J. Liver,<ref>J. Liver, "The Chronology of Tyre at the Beginning of the First Millennium B.C.," ''Israel Exploration Journal'' 3 (1953), p. 113-120</ref> [[Frank Moore Cross|Frank M. Cross]],<ref>Frank M. Cross, "An Interpretation of the Nora Stone," ''Bulletin of the American School of Oriental Research'' 208 (1972) p. 17, n. 11.</ref> and others studying the chronology of the kings of Tyre.<ref>A summary of these studies is found in William H. Barnes, ''Studies in the Chronology of the Divided Monarchy of Israel'' (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1991), pp. 29-55, and also in Rodger C. Young, "Three Verifications of Thiele's Date for the Beginning of the Divided Kingdom," ''Andrews University Seminary Studies'' 45 (2007), pp. 179-187.</ref> This date of 931 BC, in conjunction with the synchronism between Rehoboam and Pharaoh [[Shoshenq I|Shishak]] in 1 Kings 14:25, is used by Egyptologists to give absolute dates to Egypt’s [[Twenty-second dynasty of Egypt|22nd Dynasty]], so that Thiele’s work based on the Biblical chronology has been found useful outside the realm of purely Biblical studies.

== Significance of Thiele's work==

Thiele's work on the biblical chronology (more accurately, on the chronology of the so-called "divided kingdom", as he does not touch on earlier or later periods) has been extremely influential among conservative scholars, largely because it provides an intricately-argued case for the historicity of an important portion of the biblical text. Nevertheless, even scholars who, like Thiele himself, come from a religious background, have pointed out his reliance on unfounded assumptions and circular reasoning: "In his desire to resolve the discrepancies between the data in the Book of Kings, Thiele was forced to make improbable suppositions ... There is no basis for Thiele's statement that his conjectures are correct because he succeeded in reconciling most of the data in the Book of Kings, since his assumptions ... are derived from the chronological data themselves..."<ref>[http://books.google.com.kh/books?id=QkgEaWG0_j4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+chronology+of+the+kings+of+Israel+and+Judah&source=bl&ots=KKvWtIBRpi&sig=VTibCqutlNABmLvwnjlGRfF_HRo&hl=km&ei=PxF6S-HuKIHg7AOLhOTSDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CBQQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=Temple&f=false Gershon Galil, "The Chronology of the Kings of Israel and Judah" (Brill, 1996) p.4]</ref> More bluntly, in the words of N.P Lemche, Thiele's approach can be summarised as: "When in doubt, insert a co-regency." For these reasons his work, although widely quoted in works aimed at a popular readership, has little following in mainstream biblical scholarship.

== See also ==
[[The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thiele, Edwin R.}}
[[Category:American archaeologists]]
[[Category:Andrews University alumni]]
[[Category:Biblical scholars]]
[[Category:American Seventh-day Adventists]]
[[Category:American non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:1895 births]]
[[Category:1986 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Chicago, Illinois]]

[[fr:Edwin R. Thiele]]
[[no:Edwin R. Thiele]]

Schlomo Goren

2010-05-25T05:48:50Z

Davshul: added dates of birth and death

{{Infobox Rabbi
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|began =
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|birth_date = 3 February 1917
|birthplace = [[Zambrów]], Poland
|death_date = 29 October 1994
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|nationality = Israeli
|religion = Jewish
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|spouse = Tzfia Cohen
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|occupation = [[Chief Rabbi]] of the [[Military Rabbinate]] of the [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]]
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|website =
}}

'''Shlomo Goren''' ([[Hebrew]]: שלמה גורן) (born 3 February 1917, died 29 October 1994), was an [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]] [[Religious Zionism|Religious Zionist]] [[rabbi]] in [[Israel]] who founded and served as the first head of the [[Military Rabbinate]] of the [[Israel Defense Forces]] and subsequently as the third [[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazi]] [[Chief Rabbinate of Israel|Chief Rabbi of Israel]] from 1973 to 1983.

Rabbi Goren's original family name was ''Gorenchik''. He was born in [[Zambrów]], Poland and [[Aliyah|immigrated]] with his family to the [[British Mandate of Palestine]] in 1925. He served in the [[Israel Defense Forces]] during three wars, wrote several award-winning books on [[Halakha|Jewish law]]{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}, and was appointed Chief Rabbi of [[Tel Aviv]] in 1968. Rabbi Goren served as Chief Rabbi of Israel from 1973 to 1983, after which he established a [[yeshiva]] in [[Jerusalem]], which he headed until his death.

==Childhood==

Goren was raised in [[Kfar Hasidim]], a village of religious Jews near [[Haifa]] that his father co-founded. He began studying at the [[Slabodka yeshiva|Hebron yeshiva]] in Jerusalem at age twelve, where he was identified as a [[Illui|prodigy]]. His first book was published when he was seventeen years old.{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}}

==Military career==

Goren's career was characterized by a commitment to the Religious Zionist values of his youth. He volunteered for the [[Haganah]] in 1936, and served as a chaplain for the [[Jerusalem]] area during the [[1948 Arab-Israeli War]], during which he tested for and qualified as an IDF [[paratrooper]]. Goren was eventually promoted to the rank of [[Brigadier-General]]. Following the establishment of the state of Israel, Goren was appointed [[Chief Rabbi]] of the [[Military Rabbinate]] of the [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]] with the rank of [[Major-General]], a position he held until 1968. Rabbi Goren used the opportunity to help establish and organize the military chaplaincy's framework, streamlining processes to get soldiers accommodations for [[kosher]] food and prayer services. Goren personally wrote a new [[Siddur|prayerbook]] to accommodate the different prayer styles used by various ethnic groups serving in the army.{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}}

Goren also served in the 1956 [[Suez Crisis]] and the 1967 [[Six Day War]], where he was promoted to a full [[General]]. Goren was on hand during the capture of [[East Jerusalem]] on June 7, 1967, where he gave a prayer of thanksgiving broadcast live to the entire country. Shortly afterwards Goren, blowing a [[shofar]] and carrying a [[Torah scroll]], held the first Jewish prayer session at the [[Western Wall]] since 1948. The event was one of the defining moments of the war, and several photographs of Goren, surrounded by soldiers in prayer, have since become famous around the world and particularly in Israel. The most famous photograph shows Rabbi Goren blowing the Shofar against the background of the Western Wall. .<ref>{{cite web |publisher= haaretz.co.il |title= Goren at the Dome of the Rock. (Hebrew) |url=http://www.haaretz.co.il/hasite/pages/ShArtPE.jhtml?itemNo=720008&contrassID=2&subContrassID=4&sbSubContrassID=0}}</ref>

==Controversy==

Rabbi Goren attracted many admirers through his passion for Religious Zionism and his combining Zionist activism with a commitment to [[Judaism]] and [[Jewish studies|Jewish scholarship]]. However, his uncompromising personality later resulted in him becoming a polarizing and controversial figure in Israeli politics.{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}}

Rabbi Goren spent most of his term as Chief Rabbi of Israel attempting to reconcile Jewish religious teachings with modern problems of the state, including advancements in technological progress and various high-profile conversion cases. Goren often clashed with his more conservative rabbinical colleagues, including his [[Sephardi Jews|Sephardic]] counterpart, Rabbi [[Ovadia Yosef]], and Rabbi [[Yosef Shalom Eliashiv]], then a member of the Israeli Supreme Rabbinical Court.{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}}

One example of Goren's desire to adapt [[halakha]] to changing realities in science was his controversial stance on ''[[Kiddush Levana]]'', the monthly blessing over the new moon. A prayer customarily added after the blessing contains the words "just as I dance before you and am unable to touch you." Rabbi Goren claimed that since the [[moon landing|Americans landed on the moon in 1969]], this line should be changed to reflect that it is in fact possible to touch the moon.{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}}

===Activism===
Rabbi Goren was also well-known for his controversial positions concerning Jewish sovereignty over the [[Temple Mount]]. On August 15, 1967, shortly after the [[Six-Day War]], Goren led a group of fifty Jews onto the [[Temple Mount]], where, fighting off protesting Muslim guards and Israeli police, they defiantly held a prayer service<ref>{{cite web |publisher= pbs.org |title= Forcing the End. (Evangelicals and rabbis' look at the Six day War and views about End Times) |
url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/apocalypse/readings/forcing.html }}</ref>. Goren continued to pray for many years in the Makhkame building overlooking the Temple Mount where he conducted yearly High Holiday services. His call for the establishment of a synagogue on the Temple Mount has subsequently been reiterated by his brother- in- law the Chief Rabbi of Haifa, [[She'ar Yashuv Cohen]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}}

Goren was sharply criticized by the [[Ministry of Defense (Israel)|Israeli Defense Ministry]], who, noting Goren's senior rank, called his behavior inappropriate. The episode led the Chief Rabbis of the time to restate the accepted laws of Judaism that [[Temple Mount#Jewish religious law concerning entry to the site|no Jews were allowed on the mount due to issues of ritual impurity]]. The secular authorities welcomed this ruling as it preserved the status quo with the [[Waqf]], the Islamic authority. Disagreeing with his colleagues, Goren continually maintained that Jews were not only permitted, but commanded, to ascend and pray on the mount.

The actual question of Goren's radicalism remains controversial. One widely-repeated story about Goren claims that shortly after the Israeli capture of the Temple Mount, the rabbi either argued that Israel should destroy the [[al Aqsa Mosque]] and [[Dome of the Rock]], or simply said that it would have been a "good thing" if they had been accidentally destroyed.<ref>{{cite web |publisher= arutzsheva.com |title= Let if Fall, (citing Goren's views on the Dome of the Rock and the Temple Mount)|url=http://arutzsheva.com/article.php3?id=3658}}</ref> The charge, made by General [[Uzi Narkiss|Narkiss]], an eyewitness, in an interview with [[Haaretz]] <ref>[[Haaretz]] 31 December 1997, also cited in [[Nur Masalha]], ''The Bible and Zionism:Invented Traditions, Archeology and Post-Colonialism in Palestine-Israel'', Zed Books, London 2007 p.79</ref> that Rabbi Goren calling for the destruction of the mosques has been used to claim there is a Jewish extremism comparable to Islamic extremism. Rabbi Goren's close assistant Rabbi Menachem Ha-Cohen who was with Rabbi Goren throughout that historic day denied ever hearing Rabbi Goren make such a remark. Rabbi Goren himself personally denied this charge several times.<ref>[http://www.jcpa.org/jpsr/s99-yc.htm The Political Role of the Israeli Chief Rabbinate in the Temple Mount Question]</ref>. However Goren did make a speech later that year to a military convention, recorded and later broadcast on Israel's army radio<ref>Broadcast of 31 Dec 1997</ref> in which he said of the Dome of the Rock and the al-Aqsa Mosque that: ‘Certainly we should have blown it up. It is a tragedy that we did not do so.’ <ref>[[Nur Masalha]], ''The Bible and Zionism:Invented Traditions, Archeology and Post-Colonialism in Palestine-Israel'', Zed Books, London 2007 p.79</ref>

Another possibly apocryphal story claims that Goren accidentally entered [[Hebron]] and the [[Cave of the Patriarchs]] on June 8, 1967, before the IDF had captured the city, and was greeted with [[white flag]]s.<ref>{{cite web |publisher= frontpagemag.com | title= Israelis Against Israel. (Goren at Hebron) |url=http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=8095}}</ref> The city was taken by forces under Colonel Amitai, the Jerusalem area commander, by the evening of June 7 against only scattered light resistance.<ref>Randolph Churchill, W.S.Churchill,''The Six Day War'', 1967.</ref>

Goren repeatedly advocated or supported building a [[Third Temple]] on the Temple Mount from the 1960s onward, and was associated with various messianic projects involving the site. In the summer of 1983, Goren and several other rabbis joined Rabbi [[Yehuda Getz]], who worked for the Religious Affairs Ministry at the [[Western Wall]], in touring a chamber underneath the mount that Getz had illegally excavated, where the two claimed to have seen the [[Ark of the Covenant]]. The tunnel was shortly discovered and resulted in a massive brawl between young Jews and Arabs in the area. The tunnel was quickly sealed with concrete by Israeli police.<ref>{{cite web |publisher= templemount.org | title= Preparations for a Third Jewish Temple. (Goren about Temple Mount) |url=http://www.templemount.org/tempprep.html}}</ref> The sealed entrance can be seen from the [[Western Wall Tunnel]], which opened to the public in 1996.

Goren also made headlines after his term as Chief Rabbi had expired. He was deeply opposed to the [[Oslo Accords]] and in 1993 declared that it was [[halakha|Halakhically]] forbidden to dismantle any settlements in the Biblical land of Israel, and encouraged any soldiers ordered to do so to refuse. In 1994 he announced that Halakha made it a "duty" for Jews to kill [[Yasser Arafat]]. Rabbi Goren, who was a strong supporter of alliances between [[Evangelical Christian]]s and Israel, also denounced meetings between Israel and the [[Holy See]], calling it "blasphemy beyond expression."<ref>{{cite web |publisher= ramsheadpress.com | title= The End of History—Messiah Conspiracy. |url=http://www.ramsheadpress.com/messiah/ch10.html}}</ref>

Goren has spoken out against Jewish terrorism. In 1981 he and Rabbi [[Ovadia Yosef]] officially condemned a shooting attack on the Temple Mount by an American immigrant which resulted in the death of one Muslim and the wounding of several others. In a joint statement released by the Chief Rabbis, they declared that "We and the entire Jewish people attack and deplore the criminal act of murder in every possible way. Through this abominable act [Alan] Goodman has removed himself from the Jewish people...".<ref>{{cite web |publisher= jcpa.org |title= Goren denounces terrorism |url=http://www.jcpa.org/jpsr/s99-yc.htm}}</ref>

==Vegetarian lifestyle==
Rabbi Goren was a strict [[vegetarian]], a decision he made after visiting a slaughterhouse in Canada to perform an inspection of [[kashrut]].

==Awards==
* In 1961, Rabbi Goren was awarded the [[Israel Prize]] in Rabbinical literature.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.webcitation.org/5ousTKSWz|title=Israel Prize recipients in 1961 (in Hebrew)|publisher=cms.education.gov.il (Israel Prize official website) |archiveurl=http://cms.education.gov.il/EducationCMS/Units/PrasIsrael/Tashyag/Tashkab_Tashyag_Rikuz.htm?DictionaryKey=Tashka|archivedate=11 April 2010 by WebCite®}}</ref>

==Family==

Goren was married to Tzfia Cohen, the daughter of prominent [[Religious Zionist Movement|Religious Zionist]] Rabbi [[David Cohen (rabbi)|David Cohen]], the ''Nazir of Jerusalem'', and the sister of Rabbi [[She'ar Yashuv Cohen]], former deputy-mayor of Jerusalem and the present Chief Rabbi of [[Haifa]]. Both Goren's father-in-law and brother-in-law were also prominent rabbinical vegetarians.{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}}

==Quotes==
*"It is clear that according to Halacha (Jewish religious law), a soldier who receives an order that runs contrary to Torah law should uphold the Halacha, and not the secular order. And since settling the land is a commandment, and uprooting the settlements is breaking the commandment, the soldier should not carry out an order to uproot settlements. This government does not lean on a majority of Jewish support, but rather on Arab votes. According to the Halacha it does not have the authority of a majority, and therefore government directives to uproot the settlements do not have the authority of the majority of the people."<ref>{{cite web |publisher= fmep.org |title= Settlement Snapshots |url=http://www.fmep.org/reports/vol04/no2/06-settlement_snapshots.html}}</ref> ([[National Religious Party|NRP]] newspaper [[Hatzofeh]], December 19, 1993.)

==His Books==

* Nezer Hakodesh- commentary on Mymonides's laws of defectives of sacrifices.

* Sha'arey Tahara- collection of ancient sources as a commentary on Mishna Mikvaot.

* Meshiv Milchama- halachic answers on war subjects, three volumes.

* Har Habait- the laws of the sacred mount.

* Kovetz Piskey Hilchot Tzava- collection of laws connected with army.

* Torat Hamoadim- essay on jewish festivals.

* Moadey Israel.

* Psak Hadin B'inyan Ha'ach Veha'achot- the verdict in the problem of the brother and sister.

* Torat Hashabat Vehamoed.

* Torat Hamikra- on the Holy Scriptures.

* Torat Hamedina.

* Torat HaPilosophia- on phylosophy and judaism.

* Torat HaRefua- on medicine and Halacha.

* Commentary for Yerushalmi B'racot.

* HaYerushalmi VeHaGra- on the commentary of Gra on the Yerushalmi.

==Bibliography==
*''The Crown of Holiness'', an interpretation and commentary on [[Maimonides|Maimonides']] [[Mishneh Torah]], 1934.
*''Sha’rei Taharah'', a study on the laws of [[niddah]], 1940.
*''Ha-Yerushalmi ha-Meforash'', commentary on the [[Jerusalem Talmud]], 1961. Recipient of the [[Israel Prize]] for Jewish Scholarship.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.jafi.org.il/education/100/people/BIOS/goren.html Shlomo Goren]
*[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Goren.html Jsource Biography]
*[http://www.ou.org/about/judaism/rabbis/goren.htm OU Biography]
*[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/rabbinicveg.html Rabbinic Teachings on Vegetarianism, edited by Richard Schwartz, Ph.D., from the Jewish Virtual Library]
*[http://english.thekotel.org/newsletter/article.asp?Id=41 Goren Biography from Western Wall Heritage Society Newsletter]
*Gorenberg, Gershom. ''End of Days : Fundamentalism and the Struggle for the Temple Mount.'' Free Press, 2000. ISBN 0-684-87179-3
*{{cite web
|title = Words on the passing of Shlomo Goren and how Israeli society perceived him, first 35 minutes of lecture on 1994-10-30
|author = Rabbi [[Aaron Rakeffet]]
|publisher = YUTorah.org
|date = 1994-10-30
|url = http://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/709420/Rabbi_Aaron_Rakeffet-Rothkoff/1994-10-30_Poland_-_30-Oct-94
|accessdate = 2010-01-31
}}

==See also==
*[[List of Israel Prize recipients]]

{{Chief Military Rabbis}}
{{Chief Rabbinate of Israel}}
{{start box}}
{{succession box|title=[[Chief rabbi#Ashkenazi 2|Ashkenazi Chief Rabbi of Israel]] Shlomo Goren|before=[[Isser Yehuda Unterman]]||after=[[Avraham Shapira]] |years=1973–1983}}
{{end box}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Goren, Shlomo}}
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:1994 deaths]]
[[Category:Burials at the Mount of Olives]]
[[Category:Chief rabbis of Israel]]
[[Category:Israeli generals]]
[[Category:Israel Prize Rabbi recipients]]
[[Category:Israel Prize in Rabbinical literature recipients]]
[[Category:Israeli vegetarians]]
[[Category:Rabbis in Ottoman and British Palestine]]
[[Category:Religious Zionist Orthodox rabbis]]
[[Category:Polish Orthodox Jews]]
[[Category:Israelis of Polish descent]]
[[Category:Polish rabbis]]
[[Category:Israeli Jews]]
[[Category:Israeli Orthodox Jews]]
[[Category:Zionists]]
[[Category:20th-century rabbis]]
[[Category:Chief rabbis of Tel Aviv]]
[[Category:Israel Defense Forces rabbis]]
[[ar:شلومو غورين]]
[[fr:Shlomo Goren]]
[[he:שלמה גורן]]
[[ru:Горен, Шломо]]
[[yi:שלמה גורן]]

Re’uven Schaeri

2010-05-12T21:03:48Z

Davshul: DEFAULTSORT

{{MKs
|Image = [[File:Reuven Sheri.jpg|150px]]
|Date of birth = 7 April 1903
|Place of birth = [[Comrat]], [[Romania]]
|Year of Aliyah = 1925
|Date of death = 6 July 1989 (aged 86)
|Place of death =
|Knesset(s) = [[Israeli legislative election, 1949|1]], [[Israeli legislative election, 1951|2]]
|Party = [[Mapai]]
|Former parties =
|Gov't roles =
|}}

'''Reuven Sheri''' ({{lang-he|ראובן שרי}}, born '''Reuven Shreeveman''' on 7 April 1903, died 6 July 1989) was a [[Romania]]-born [[Israel]]i politician.

==Biography==
Born in [[Comrat]] in [[Romania]] (now in [[Moldova]]), Sheri received a traditional Hebrew primary education, before attending high school in [[Chişinău]]. He later studied law at university adn was amongst the founders of the Romanian branch of [[Tzeiri Zion]].

In 1925 he made [[aliyah]] to [[British Mandate of Palestine|Mandate Palestine]], where he joined the [[Haganah]]. He served as secretary of the [[Kfar Saba]] Workers Council between 1930 and 1934, and later had spells as secretary of the workers councils of [[Rehovot]] (1934-1943) and [[Jerusalem]] (1943-1949). During the [[Siege of Jerusalem (1948)|Siege of Jerusalem]] in 1948 he was a member of the Jerusalem Committee. In the same year he became a member of Jerusalem City Council, and served as Deputy Mayor until 1951.

A member of the [[Mapai]] central committee, in 1949 he was elected to the [[Israeli legislative election, 1949|first Knesset]] on the party's list. On 2 April 1951 he became the country's first ever Deputy Minister, when he was appointed Deputy [[Transportation Minister of Israel|Minister of Transportation]] in the [[Second government of Israel|second government]].

He was re-elected in [[Israeli legislative election, 1951|1951]], but lost his deputy post. In the [[Israeli legislative election, 1955|1955 elections]] he lost his Knesset seat. The following year he returned to Jerusalem City Council, but left it in 1958. From 1957 until 1968 he worked for the [[Labour Minister of Israel|Ministry of Labour]], where he was head of Labour Relations.

He died in 1989 at the age of 86.

==Awards==
* In 1984, Sheri received the [[Yakir Yerushalayim]] (Worthy Citizen of Jerusalem) award from the city of [[Jerusalem]].<ref name=YYawards>{{Cite web| title = Recipients of Yakir Yerushalayim award (in Hebrew)| url = http://www.jerusalem.muni.il/jer_main/TopSiteJeru.asp?newstr=3&src=/jer_sys/publish/HtmlFiles/1030/results_pub_id=12594.html&cont=895}} City of Jerusalem official website </ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{MKlink|id=669}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sheri, Reuven}}

[[Category:1903 births]]
[[Category:People from Comrat]]
[[Category:Romanian Jews]]
[[Category:Romanian immigrants to Israel]]
[[Category:Jews in Ottoman and British Palestine]]
[[Category:Israeli Jews]]
[[Category:Haganah members]]
[[Category:Members of the Knesset]]
[[Category:Israeli civil servants]]
[[Category:1989 deaths]]
[[Category:Burials at the Mount of Olives]]

[[he:ראובן שרי]]
[[ro:Reuven Sheri]]

Schlomo Goren

2010-05-09T06:58:19Z

Davshul: replace deleted categories, per existing practice

{{Infobox Rabbi
|honorific-prefix =Rabbi
|name = Shlomo Goren
|honorific-suffix =
|title =
|image = Shlomo Goren.jpg
|caption = Shlomo Goren as a young Israeli officer and rabbi heading the [[Military Rabbinate]] of the [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]].
|began =
|semicha =
|rabbi =
|rank =
|other_post =
|birth_name =
|birth_date = 1917
|birthplace = [[Zambrów]], Poland
|death_date = 1994
|deathplace =
|buried =
|nationality = Israeli
|religion = Jewish
|residence =
|parents =
|spouse = Tzfia Cohen
|children =
|occupation = [[Chief Rabbi]] of the [[Military Rabbinate]] of the [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]]
|profession =
|employer =
|alma_mater =
|signature =
|website =
}}

'''Shlomo Goren''' ([[Hebrew]]: שלמה גורן) (born 1917, died 1994), was an [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]] [[Religious Zionism|Religious Zionist]] [[rabbi]] in [[Israel]] who founded and served as the first head of the [[Military Rabbinate]] of the [[Israel Defense Forces]] and subsequently as the third [[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazi]] [[Chief Rabbinate of Israel|Chief Rabbi of Israel]] from 1973 to 1983.

Rabbi Goren's original family name was ''Gorenchik''. He was born in [[Zambrów]], Poland and [[Aliyah|immigrated]] with his family to the [[British Mandate of Palestine]] in 1925. He served in the [[Israel Defense Forces]] during three wars, wrote several award-winning books on [[Halakha|Jewish law]]{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}, and was appointed Chief Rabbi of [[Tel Aviv]] in 1968. Rabbi Goren served as Chief Rabbi of Israel from 1973 to 1983, after which he established a [[yeshiva]] in [[Jerusalem]], which he headed until his death.

==Childhood==

Goren was raised in [[Kfar Hasidim]], a village of religious Jews near [[Haifa]] that his father co-founded. He began studying at the [[Slabodka yeshiva|Hebron yeshiva]] in Jerusalem at age twelve, where he was identified as a [[Illui|prodigy]]. His first book was published when he was seventeen years old.{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}}

==Military career==

Goren's career was characterized by a commitment to the Religious Zionist values of his youth. He volunteered for the [[Haganah]] in 1936, and served as a chaplain for the [[Jerusalem]] area during the [[1948 Arab-Israeli War]], during which he tested for and qualified as an IDF [[paratrooper]]. Goren was eventually promoted to the rank of [[Brigadier-General]]. Following the establishment of the state of Israel, Goren was appointed [[Chief Rabbi]] of the [[Military Rabbinate]] of the [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]] with the rank of [[Major-General]], a position he held until 1968. Rabbi Goren used the opportunity to help establish and organize the military chaplaincy's framework, streamlining processes to get soldiers accommodations for [[kosher]] food and prayer services. Goren personally wrote a new [[Siddur|prayerbook]] to accommodate the different prayer styles used by various ethnic groups serving in the army.{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}}

Goren also served in the 1956 [[Suez Crisis]] and the 1967 [[Six Day War]], where he was promoted to a full [[General]]. Goren was on hand during the capture of [[East Jerusalem]] on June 7, 1967, where he gave a prayer of thanksgiving broadcast live to the entire country. Shortly afterwards Goren, blowing a [[shofar]] and carrying a [[Torah scroll]], held the first Jewish prayer session at the [[Western Wall]] since 1948. The event was one of the defining moments of the war, and several photographs of Goren, surrounded by soldiers in prayer, have since become famous around the world and particularly in Israel. The most famous photograph shows Rabbi Goren blowing the Shofar against the background of the Western Wall. .<ref>{{cite web |publisher= haaretz.co.il |title= Goren at the Dome of the Rock. (Hebrew) |url=http://www.haaretz.co.il/hasite/pages/ShArtPE.jhtml?itemNo=720008&contrassID=2&subContrassID=4&sbSubContrassID=0}}</ref>

==Controversy==

Rabbi Goren attracted many admirers through his passion for Religious Zionism and his combining Zionist activism with a commitment to [[Judaism]] and [[Jewish studies|Jewish scholarship]]. However, his uncompromising personality later resulted in him becoming a polarizing and controversial figure in Israeli politics.{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}}

Rabbi Goren spent most of his term as Chief Rabbi of Israel attempting to reconcile Jewish religious teachings with modern problems of the state, including advancements in technological progress and various high-profile conversion cases. Goren often clashed with his more conservative rabbinical colleagues, including his [[Sephardi Jews|Sephardic]] counterpart, Rabbi [[Ovadia Yosef]], and Rabbi [[Yosef Shalom Eliashiv]], then a member of the Israeli Supreme Rabbinical Court.{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}}

One example of Goren's desire to adapt [[halakha]] to changing realities in science was his controversial stance on ''[[Kiddush Levana]]'', the monthly blessing over the new moon. A prayer customarily added after the blessing contains the words "just as I dance before you and am unable to touch you." Rabbi Goren claimed that since the [[moon landing|Americans landed on the moon in 1969]], this line should be changed to reflect that it is in fact possible to touch the moon.{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}}

===Activism===
Rabbi Goren was also well-known for his controversial positions concerning Jewish sovereignty over the [[Temple Mount]]. On August 15, 1967, shortly after the [[Six-Day War]], Goren led a group of fifty Jews onto the [[Temple Mount]], where, fighting off protesting Muslim guards and Israeli police, they defiantly held a prayer service<ref>{{cite web |publisher= pbs.org |title= Forcing the End. (Evangelicals and rabbis' look at the Six day War and views about End Times) |
url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/apocalypse/readings/forcing.html }}</ref>. Goren continued to pray for many years in the Makhkame building overlooking the Temple Mount where he conducted yearly High Holiday services. His call for the establishment of a synagogue on the Temple Mount has subsequently been reiterated by his brother- in- law the Chief Rabbi of Haifa, [[She'ar Yashuv Cohen]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}}

Goren was sharply criticized by the [[Ministry of Defense (Israel)|Israeli Defense Ministry]], who, noting Goren's senior rank, called his behavior inappropriate. The episode led the Chief Rabbis of the time to restate the accepted laws of Judaism that [[Temple Mount#Jewish religious law concerning entry to the site|no Jews were allowed on the mount due to issues of ritual impurity]]. The secular authorities welcomed this ruling as it preserved the status quo with the [[Waqf]], the Islamic authority. Disagreeing with his colleagues, Goren continually maintained that Jews were not only permitted, but commanded, to ascend and pray on the mount.

The actual question of Goren's radicalism remains controversial. One widely-repeated story about Goren claims that shortly after the Israeli capture of the Temple Mount, the rabbi either argued that Israel should destroy the [[al Aqsa Mosque]] and [[Dome of the Rock]], or simply said that it would have been a "good thing" if they had been accidentally destroyed.<ref>{{cite web |publisher= arutzsheva.com |title= Let if Fall, (citing Goren's views on the Dome of the Rock and the Temple Mount)|url=http://arutzsheva.com/article.php3?id=3658}}</ref> The charge, made by General [[Uzi Narkiss|Narkiss]], an eyewitness, in an interview with [[Haaretz]] <ref>[[Haaretz]] 31 December 1997, also cited in [[Nur Masalha]], ''The Bible and Zionism:Invented Traditions, Archeology and Post-Colonialism in Palestine-Israel'', Zed Books, London 2007 p.79</ref> that Rabbi Goren calling for the destruction of the mosques has been used to claim there is a Jewish extremism comparable to Islamic extremism. Rabbi Goren's close assistant Rabbi Menachem Ha-Cohen who was with Rabbi Goren throughout that historic day denied ever hearing Rabbi Goren make such a remark. Rabbi Goren himself personally denied this charge several times.<ref>[http://www.jcpa.org/jpsr/s99-yc.htm The Political Role of the Israeli Chief Rabbinate in the Temple Mount Question]</ref>. However Goren did make a speech later that year to a military convention, recorded and later broadcast on Israel's army radio<ref>Broadcast of 31 Dec 1997</ref> in which he said of the Dome of the Rock and the al-Aqsa Mosque that: ‘Certainly we should have blown it up. It is a tragedy that we did not do so.’ <ref>[[Nur Masalha]], ''The Bible and Zionism:Invented Traditions, Archeology and Post-Colonialism in Palestine-Israel'', Zed Books, London 2007 p.79</ref>

Another possibly apocryphal story claims that Goren accidentally entered [[Hebron]] and the [[Cave of the Patriarchs]] on June 8, 1967, before the IDF had captured the city, and was greeted with [[white flag]]s.<ref>{{cite web |publisher= frontpagemag.com | title= Israelis Against Israel. (Goren at Hebron) |url=http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp?ID=8095}}</ref> The city was taken by forces under Colonel Amitai, the Jerusalem area commander, by the evening of June 7 against only scattered light resistance.<ref>Randolph Churchill, W.S.Churchill,''The Six Day War'', 1967.</ref>

Goren repeatedly advocated or supported building a [[Third Temple]] on the Temple Mount from the 1960s onward, and was associated with various messianic projects involving the site. In the summer of 1983, Goren and several other rabbis joined Rabbi [[Yehuda Getz]], who worked for the Religious Affairs Ministry at the [[Western Wall]], in touring a chamber underneath the mount that Getz had illegally excavated, where the two claimed to have seen the [[Ark of the Covenant]]. The tunnel was shortly discovered and resulted in a massive brawl between young Jews and Arabs in the area. The tunnel was quickly sealed with concrete by Israeli police.<ref>{{cite web |publisher= templemount.org | title= Preparations for a Third Jewish Temple. (Goren about Temple Mount) |url=http://www.templemount.org/tempprep.html}}</ref> The sealed entrance can be seen from the [[Western Wall Tunnel]], which opened to the public in 1996.

Goren also made headlines after his term as Chief Rabbi had expired. He was deeply opposed to the [[Oslo Accords]] and in 1993 declared that it was [[halakha|Halakhically]] forbidden to dismantle any settlements in the Biblical land of Israel, and encouraged any soldiers ordered to do so to refuse. In 1994 he announced that Halakha made it a "duty" for Jews to kill [[Yasser Arafat]]. Rabbi Goren, who was a strong supporter of alliances between [[Evangelical Christian]]s and Israel, also denounced meetings between Israel and the [[Holy See]], calling it "blasphemy beyond expression."<ref>{{cite web |publisher= ramsheadpress.com | title= The End of History—Messiah Conspiracy. |url=http://www.ramsheadpress.com/messiah/ch10.html}}</ref>

Goren has spoken out against Jewish terrorism. In 1981 he and Rabbi [[Ovadia Yosef]] officially condemned a shooting attack on the Temple Mount by an American immigrant which resulted in the death of one Muslim and the wounding of several others. In a joint statement released by the Chief Rabbis, they declared that "We and the entire Jewish people attack and deplore the criminal act of murder in every possible way. Through this abominable act [Alan] Goodman has removed himself from the Jewish people...".<ref>{{cite web |publisher= jcpa.org |title= Goren denounces terrorism |url=http://www.jcpa.org/jpsr/s99-yc.htm}}</ref>

==Vegetarian lifestyle==
Rabbi Goren was a strict [[vegetarian]], a decision he made after visiting a slaughterhouse in Canada to perform an inspection of [[kashrut]].

==Awards==
* In 1961, Rabbi Goren was awarded the [[Israel Prize]] in Rabbinical literature.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.webcitation.org/5ousTKSWz|title=Israel Prize recipients in 1961 (in Hebrew)|publisher=cms.education.gov.il (Israel Prize official website) |archiveurl=http://cms.education.gov.il/EducationCMS/Units/PrasIsrael/Tashyag/Tashkab_Tashyag_Rikuz.htm?DictionaryKey=Tashka|archivedate=11 April 2010 by WebCite®}}</ref>

==Family==

Goren was married to Tzfia Cohen, the daughter of prominent [[Religious Zionist Movement|Religious Zionist]] Rabbi [[David Cohen (rabbi)|David Cohen]], the ''Nazir of Jerusalem'', and the sister of Rabbi [[She'ar Yashuv Cohen]], former deputy-mayor of Jerusalem and the present Chief Rabbi of [[Haifa]]. Both Goren's father-in-law and brother-in-law were also prominent rabbinical vegetarians.{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}}

==Quotes==
*"It is clear that according to Halacha (Jewish religious law), a soldier who receives an order that runs contrary to Torah law should uphold the Halacha, and not the secular order. And since settling the land is a commandment, and uprooting the settlements is breaking the commandment, the soldier should not carry out an order to uproot settlements. This government does not lean on a majority of Jewish support, but rather on Arab votes. According to the Halacha it does not have the authority of a majority, and therefore government directives to uproot the settlements do not have the authority of the majority of the people."<ref>{{cite web |publisher= fmep.org |title= Settlement Snapshots |url=http://www.fmep.org/reports/vol04/no2/06-settlement_snapshots.html}}</ref> ([[National Religious Party|NRP]] newspaper [[Hatzofeh]], December 19, 1993.)

==Bibliography==
*''The Crown of Holiness'', an interpretation and commentary on [[Maimonides|Maimonides']] [[Mishneh Torah]], 1934.
*''Sha’rei Taharah'', a study on the laws of [[niddah]], 1940.
*''Ha-Yerushalmi ha-Meforash'', commentary on the [[Jerusalem Talmud]], 1961. Recipient of the [[Israel Prize]] for Jewish Scholarship.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.jafi.org.il/education/100/people/BIOS/goren.html Shlomo Goren]
*[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Goren.html Jsource Biography]
*[http://www.ou.org/about/judaism/rabbis/goren.htm OU Biography]
*[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/rabbinicveg.html Rabbinic Teachings on Vegetarianism, edited by Richard Schwartz, Ph.D., from the Jewish Virtual Library]
*[http://english.thekotel.org/newsletter/article.asp?Id=41 Goren Biography from Western Wall Heritage Society Newsletter]
*Gorenberg, Gershom. ''End of Days : Fundamentalism and the Struggle for the Temple Mount.'' Free Press, 2000. ISBN 0-684-87179-3
*{{cite web
|title = Words on the passing of Shlomo Goren and how Israeli society perceived him, first 35 minutes of lecture on 1994-10-30
|author = Rabbi [[Aaron Rakeffet]]
|publisher = YUTorah.org
|date = 1994-10-30
|url = http://www.yutorah.org/lectures/lecture.cfm/709420/Rabbi_Aaron_Rakeffet-Rothkoff/1994-10-30_Poland_-_30-Oct-94
|accessdate = 2010-01-31
}}

==See also==
*[[List of Israel Prize recipients]]

{{Chief Military Rabbis}}
{{Chief Rabbinate of Israel}}
{{start box}}
{{succession box|title=[[Chief rabbi#Ashkenazi 2|Ashkenazi Chief Rabbi of Israel]] Shlomo Goren|before=[[Isser Yehuda Unterman]]||after=[[Avraham Shapira]] |years=1973–1983}}
{{end box}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Goren, Shlomo}}
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:1994 deaths]]
[[Category:Burials at the Mount of Olives]]
[[Category:Chief rabbis of Israel]]
[[Category:Israeli generals]]
[[Category:Israel Prize Rabbi recipients]]
[[Category:Israel Prize in Rabbinical literature recipients]]
[[Category:Israeli vegetarians]]
[[Category:Rabbis in Ottoman and British Palestine]]
[[Category:Religious Zionist Orthodox rabbis]]
[[Category:Polish Orthodox Jews]]
[[Category:Israelis of Polish descent]]
[[Category:Polish rabbis]]
[[Category:Israeli Jews]]
[[Category:Israeli Orthodox Jews]]
[[Category:Zionists]]
[[Category:20th-century rabbis]]
[[Category:Chief rabbis of Tel Aviv]]

[[ar:شلومو غورين]]
[[fr:Shlomo Goren]]
[[he:שלמה גורן]]
[[ru:Горен, Шломо]]
[[yi:שלמה גורן]]

Ronny Reich

2010-04-26T10:53:25Z

Davshul: + cats.

{{Infobox_Scientist
| name = Ronny Reich
| image = Rony Reich 001.JPG
| caption =
| birth_date = 31 March 1947
| birth_place = [[Rehovot, Israel]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| residence = [[Image:Flag of Israel.svg|20px|]] [[Israel]]
| nationality = [[Image:Flag of Israel.svg|20px|]] [[Israel]]
| field = [[Archaeology]]
| work_institution = Department of Archaeology at [[University of Haifa]] in [[Haifa]]
| alma_mater = [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]]
| doctoral_advisor =[[Nahman Avigad]], [[Lee I. Levine]]
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = [[Jerusalem]] archaeological excavation, [[Mikveh|Miqwa'ot]] study
| prizes = [[Jerusalem Prize]] for [[Archaeology]] 2000
| religion = [[Judaism]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Ronny Reich''' (born 1947) is an [[Israeli Jews|Israeli]] archaeologist, excavator and scholar of the ancient remains of Jerusalem.

==Education==
Reich studied archaeology and geography at the [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]]. His MA thesis (supervised by Prof. [[Yigael Yadin]]) dealt with [[Assyrian architecture]] in Palestine (the Land of Israel), about which he later published several articles (on Ayyelet ha-Shahar, [[Tel Hazor]], the "Sealed Karum of Egypt", Bet-Zur, Tell Jemme, [[Ramat Rachel]], [[Tel Megiddo]], Buseira).

His participation in excavations in the Jewish Quarter of the Old City of Jerusalem directed by [[Nahman Avigad]] between 1969 and 1978, caused a shift in his scientific interests, from the Iron Age to the Early Roman period. Reich's Ph.D. thesis "[[Miqwa'ot]] (Jewish Ritual Baths) in Eretz Israel in the Second Temple and the [[Mishnah]] and [[Talmud]] periods" that he completed in 1990, supervised by Profs. Avigad and [[Lee I. Levine]], draws much of its basis from discoveries during these digs. It turned to be a groundbreaking study of a subject never before studied from its archaeological aspect.

==Employment==
Between 1978-1995 Reich worked for the Israel Department of Antiquities and Museums (IDAM) as director of the scientific archives. Here, in 1978 (when PCs were not yet existent), he started the process of archiving archaeological information on the main computer of the Ministry of Education and Culture. The first files he documented were of declared archaeological sites and lists of excavations. In 1986 he served as a District Archaeologist (of Israel's Central District) for a short period. When [[Amir Drori]] took office as director general of IDAM, Reich assisted him in turning the department into an independent govermental authority, the [[Israel Antiquities Authority]] (IAA).

==Excavations and main discoveries==
In 1989 he returned to archaeological field work, carried out on various [[Jerusalem]] sites:
* Burials from the late [[Iron Age]]/[[Israelite period]] and the [[Byzantine]] period in the Mamillah area, located just outside the [[Jaffa Gate]]. This excavation included a mass grave of the Christian Byzantine population of the massacre carried out by the [[Sassanid]]s in the 614 CE [[siege of Jerusalem (614)|siege of Jerusalem]]. Other discoveries included an extramural complex of Byzantine buildings with a [[thermae]], and a segment of the western city wall from the [[Ayyubid]] period.

* In 1994-1996, in collaboration with Yakov Billig, Reich exposed a long segment of the stone paved road along the western wall of the Herodian [[Temple Mount]], under [[Robinson's Arch]]. With Yuval Baruch, he exposed an area near the southern Temple Mount wall, east of the [[Hulda Gates]].

* His possibly most important work are the ongoing excavations, since 1995, in collaboration with [[Eli Shukron]], on the south-eastern hill of Jerusalem, which is identified as the biblical [[City of David]]. On the south-western side of the hill the remains of a large stone-lined and stepped pool were exposed, identified as the [[Pool of Siloam]]. Nearby, a paved esplanade, a stepped street which ascends towards the Temple Mount and the main sewer under it, were uncovered, all from the [[Second Temple period]] (=Early Roman).

* Of particular importance are Reich and Shukron's excavations near the spring identified with the biblical [[Gihon]], on the eastern side of the City of David. Here, they uncovered additional elements of the water system known as "[[Warren's Shaft]]". The new discoveries were large elements, some constructed, some rock-cut. They offered a new understanding of how the Canaanite water system was created in the [[Middle Bronze II period]] (c. 18th-17th centuries BCE) and how it operated. These finds changed the perception of how the system worked, that was common from the early discovery of the site in 1867 and up to 1995. Among the main conclusions are: the spring was heavily fortified with a massive tower, constructed around it in the Middle Bronze Age II; Warren's Shaft itself was not part of the water system, certainly not an underground well, where water was drawn; instead, they discovered a nearby element resembling a pool cut into the rock, where water was drawn.

* Another important discovery, near the Gihon spring, was a large waste heap. In a meticulous process of [[wet sifting]], large amounts of non-epigraphic [[bulla]]e (with graphic depictions but no script) and a huge amount of fish bones (Jerusalem is quite distant from the [[Mediterranean Sea]]!) were discovered, dating to the late 9th – early 8th century BCE.

Reich's long lasting activity in Jerusalem have made him one of the most significant scholars of the city's archaeology and history. For these contributions, he was awarded the '[[Jerusalem Prize for Archaeology]]' by the City of Jerusalem in 2000.

In 1995 he became a faculty member in the Department of Archaeology at the [[University of Haifa]], teaching [[classical archaeology]]<ref>http://archlgy.haifa.ac.il/staff/reich.htm</ref>. He became associate professor in 2002 and full professor in 2006. Between 2002-2005 he served as the Head of the Department.

In addition to his two major fields of interest (ritual baths and the archaeology of Jerusalem), he studied various aspects of daily life in [[Judaea]] in the late Second Temple period. These included studies on [[spindle whorl]]s, stone vessels, [[ossuaries]], [[inscription]]s, etc. Of particular importance is his study on the stone [[scale weight]]s, which were in use particularly in Jerusalem.

==Community service==
Reich sees great importance in bringing his discoveries to the knowledge of the general public. From writing articles of popular nature, through writing articles for Wikipedia (Hebrew), and particularly taking part in developing excavated sites for the public. He took part in the development of the Archaeological Park near the Temple Mount in Jerusalem and the [[Davidson Center]] for virtual imaging (including the construction of the on-line, real-time model of the Herodian Temple Mount, in collaboration with Dr. Lisa Snyder from [[UCLA]], a model that is the first of its kind in Israel). More recently, he is involved in the planning of a visitors' center near the Gihon spring in the City of David.

==Other activities==
Reich's main hobby is translating and publishing treatises on ancient architecture and art, plays and poetry into Hebrew. His translation of [[Vitruvius]]' [[De architectura]] (1997) was considerably successful. He also published these translations:
* [[Andrea Palladio]] / I Quattro Libri dell'Architettura]](2000);
* [[Jacopo Barozzi da Vignola]] / The Rules for the Five Orders of Architecture (2002);
* Ross King / [[Brunelleschi]]'s Dome (2003);
* [[Louis Vincent]] / Underground Jerusalem (2008);
* [[Pliny the Elder]] / [[Natural History]] (Books 33-37)(2009).
* [[Bertolt Brecht]] / Refugees' Talks (1996);
* [[Christian Morgenstern]] / [[Gallows Songs]] (2004);
* Herta Reich / Within Two Days, the flight of a young Austrian Jewish woman 1938-1944 (2009), directly related to his personal history.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Hebrew University of Jerusalem alumni]]
[[Category:Israeli archaeologists]]
[[Category:University of Haifa faculty]]
[[Category:Israeli Jews]]
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

[[he:רוני רייך]]