Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Standedge-Tunnels

2012-08-28T12:06:24Z

Davidbodego: Undid revision 507850183 by Richard Harvey (talk). Riqueval Tunnel in the San Quintin Cannal at France, finished in 1810 with 5670 m of length is longer than Standedge.

{{Infobox tunnel
|name = Standedge Tunnel
|image = Standedge Tunnel End, Marsden, West Yorkshire.jpg
|caption = The tunnel entrance at Marsden
|waterway = [[Huddersfield Narrow Canal]]
|location = Standedge
|coordinates = {{Coord|53.59107|N|1.96219|W|region:GB_source:enwiki-osgb36(SE026105)|display=inline,title}}
|os_grid_ref = SE026105
|start = {{Coord|53.568042|N|1.992684|W|region:GB}}
|end = {{Coord|53.603622|N|1.942506|W|region:GB}}
|owner = [[British Waterways]]
|engineer = Nicholas Brown Thomas Telford
|length = {{convert|5500|yd|m|0}}
|width =
|height =
|depth =
|passable = Yes (with permission)
|towpath = No
|construction = 1794–1811
|open = 1811
|rebuilt = 2001
|closed = 1944
|status = Open
}}
The '''Standedge Tunnels''' (Standedge is normally pronounced ''Stannige'') are four [[Parallel (geometry)|parallel]] [[tunnel]]s that run beneath the [[Pennines]] at the traditional [[Standedge]] crossing point between [[Marsden, West Yorkshire|Marsden]] and [[Diggle, Greater Manchester|Diggle]], on the edges of the [[conurbation]]s of [[West Yorkshire]] and [[Greater Manchester]] respectively, in northern [[England]].

There are three [[Rail transport|railway]] tunnels and a [[canal]] tunnel (on the [[Huddersfield Narrow Canal]]). The canal tunnel is the longest and oldest of the tunnels, and holds the record as the longest and highest canal tunnel in [[United Kingdom|Britain]].<ref>[http://www.standedge.co.uk/about.htm Standedge Visitor Centre website]</ref> All four tunnels are linked by cross-tunnels or [[adit]]s at strategic locations within the tunnels. The adits allowed the railway tunnels to be built much more quickly by allowing 'waste spoil' (sic) to be removed by boat and reducing the need for shafts for construction.

Of the railway tunnels, only the tunnel built in 1894 is currently used for rail traffic. Closed in 1943, the canal tunnel was re-opened in May 2001. The '''Standedge Tunnel Visitor Centre''', at the Marsden end of the tunnel, serves as a base for boat trips into the canal tunnel and hosts an exhibition which depicts the various crossings.

==The canal tunnel==
{{Standedge Tunnel map}}
{{Location map|United Kingdom
|label =
|background = white
|lat = 53.591283
|long = -1.95996
|caption = Map showing the location of the Standedge Tunnels in the United Kingdom
|float = right
|width = 220}}

[[File:Standedge canal tunnel - geograph.org.uk - 1410632.jpg|right|thumb|Inside the canal tunnel]]

The Standedge Tunnel is the longest, deepest and highest canal tunnel in Britain. It is {{convert|16499|ft|m}} long, {{convert|636|ft|m}} underground at the deepest point, and {{convert|643|ft|m}} above sea level.<ref name = Visitor_Centre>{{cite web | url = http://www.standedge.co.uk/index.htm | title = Standedge Tunnel – A true wonder of the waterways | publisher = British Waterways | accessdate = 2009-01-23 }}</ref>

===Construction===
[[Benjamin Outram]] was the consulting engineer for the construction of the Huddersfield Narrow Canal (then known as the Huddersfield Canal), which was authorised by an [[act of Parliament]] on 4 April 1794, to link the towns of [[Ashton-under-Lyne]] and [[Huddersfield]] through the tunnel. He had produced a report in October 1793, which estimated the cost for the whole canal, including the tunnel, at £178,478, while Nicholas Brown had produced the survey for the route. Outram had given his opinion that the hill through which the tunnel was to be cut was composed of gritstone and strong shale and should not present any difficulties. There was a dip in the hill at Red Brook, and he expected to be able to start work there as well as at the two ends, using steam engines to keep the works drained. The length of the tunnel would be {{convert|5456|yd|m}}.<ref>Hadfield and Biddle (1970), pp.322–323</ref>

Work began with Outram acting as engineer and Brown acting as superintendent and surveyor. In July 1795, John Evans was appointed to manage the boring of the tunnel. By mid-1796, {{convert|795|yd|m}} of tunnel had been cut, some of which had been lined, but much effort had been spent on constructing small tunnels to supply waterwheels, which would raise spoil and water from the intermediate adits. By the autumn there was concern that such work was expensive but had not contributed anything to the task in hand, and soon afterwards, Outram abandoned the attempt to build extra workfaces, and to concentrate on working from both ends. Although cheaper, this choice extended the completion date. Tunnelling was hampered by much larger quantities of water entering the workings than had been expected. In September 1797, Outram advised the management committee that Thomas Lee, the first contractor to be employed on the tunnel works, had made large losses as a result of the difficulties, and could not complete his contract. He was awarded more money for timber, an increased rate per yard for completion, and an extra year in which to finish.<ref>Hadfield and Biddle (1970), pp.324–325</ref>

By the middle of 1799, {{convert|1000|yd|m}} of the tunnel had been finished, and a further {{convert|1000|yd|m}} had been excavated but not completed. In October 1800, the [[Peak Forest Canal]] Company, who were keen to trade through the tunnel, suggested that a tramway should be built to bypass the tunnel until it was completed, but although Outram looked at this option, no action was taken. The next tunnel contract failed to attract any takers, so John Varley, who had been working on repairs to parts of the canal which had been damaged by floods, was asked to do some tunnelling. Next, Matthew Fletcher, who had experience of mining, was asked for an opinion. He suggested that time could be saved by tunnelling in both directions from Redbrook pit, which was being kept dry by a large steam engine. He estimated that this would cost an additional £8,000, but although the committee tried to find a contractor to carry out the work, none could be found, and tunnelling continued from both ends.<ref>Hadfield and Biddle (1970), pp.325–328</ref>

Outram left the project in 1801, after work had stopped for a lengthy period.<ref name=skempton>Skempton (2002), p.495</ref> In late 1804, the committee began to address the issue of how the tunnel would be worked, and a sub-committee visited the [[Harecastle Tunnel]] on the [[Trent and Mersey Canal]], the [[Butterley Tunnel]] on the [[Cromford Canal]], and the [[Norwood Tunnel]] on the [[Chesterfield Canal]]. After seeing them, they recommended that a towing path should be built through the tunnel, but the extra cost and delays could not be afforded. Desperately short of money, the canal company obtained a new act of Parliament in 1806, to raise additional finance, and to allow an extra toll for using the tunnel to be charged.<ref name=hab328>Hadfield and Biddle (1970), pp.328–329</ref> In 1807, [[Thomas Telford]] was asked for advice on construction and planning, and produced a detailed plan, which was carefully followed until the work was completed.<ref name=skempton/> On 9 June 1809, the two ends of the tunnel finally met. Nearly two years after that, on 26 March 1811, the tunnel was declared to be complete, and a grand opening ceremony was held on 4 April. A party of invited guests, followed by several working boats, entered the tunnel at Diggle and completed the journey to Marsden in one hour and forty minutes. The tunnel had cost some £160,000, and was the most expensive canal tunnel built in Britain.<ref name=hab328/>

===Completion===
When the tunnel eventually opened, the canal became a through route 13 years after the rest of it had been completed and 17 years after work first began, at a cost of £123,803. Despite multiple problems, the building of the Huddersfield Narrow canal showed that the technique of quantity surveying had advanced greatly. Telford's report covered every expenditure to the last bucket; it was followed to the letter until the canal finally opened. Between 1811 and 1840 the tunnel was used on average by 40 boats daily.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Saddleworth Story |author=Mary Hodge |page=19 |edition=5th reprint |year=1994 |url=http://www.saddleworth-historical-society.org.uk/bibliography.htm}}</ref> The canal tunnel was brick-lined in places, though bare rock was left exposed in others.<ref name = Pennine_Waterways>{{cite web | url=http://www.penninewaterways.co.uk/huddersfield/standedge3.htm | title = History | publisher = Pennine Waterways | accessdate = 2006-10-16}}</ref>

===Method of operation===
The canal tunnel is only wide enough for one [[narrowboat]] for much of its length, and to save on cost, as in some other canal tunnels in England, no [[towpath|tow-path]] was provided in the tunnel. As canal boats were horse-drawn, the boats had to be [[Legging (canals)|legged]] through the tunnel – a process where one or more boatmen lay on the cargo and pushed against the roof or walls of the tunnel with their legs. Professional leggers were paid one Shilling and six Pence for working a boat through the tunnel, which took one hour and twenty minutes for an empty boat, and three hours with a full load.<ref>[http://www.marsdenhistory.co.uk/transport/transport.html Marsden History Group website]</ref>

There are several widened points in the tunnel, originally designed to be passing places. However, due to intense competition between boat crews, two-way operation in the tunnel was found to be unpracticable. The canal company introduced a new method of working where one end of the tunnel was closed off by a locked chain, preventing access to the tunnel unless authorised. A similar system is used today.<ref name = Pennine_Waterways/>

===The railway influence===
The Huddersfield Narrow Canal was purchased by the 'Huddersfield and Manchester Railway' in 1846. The canal tunnel proved most beneficial in assisting with the construction of the first railway tunnel at this location, as no vertical shafts were needed in the construction and the canal was an easy way to help remove the large amount of spoil excavated. Several cross-passages were retained.<ref name = Pennine_Waterways/>

===Closure===
The last commercial boat to use the tunnel passed through in 1921, and the canal was officially closed in 1944, after which it soon fell into disrepair.

Most quotes on the internet state the last boat through the tunnel was the Rolt/Aickman expedition in the leaky Ailsa Craig in 1948, when it was in unknown condition.<ref>[http://www.penninewaterways.co.uk/huddersfield/standedge3.htm Pennine Waterways website]</ref> [[Tom Rolt]], writing in 1948, stated that he had recently traversed the tunnel. The journey taking two hours, since they were travelling very slowly so as to avoid damage to their boat.<ref>{{cite book |first=L. T. C. |last=Rolt |title=The Inland Waterways of England |location=London |publisher=George Allen and Unwin Ltd |year=1950 |isbn=0-04-386003-6|pages=88–89}}</ref> The canal was blocked at several locations on both sides of the Pennines. The canal tunnel became unsafe, and was closed off by large iron gates at each end.

A local newspaper article covers a story about a special trip organised by the Railway and Canal Historical Society in 1961. This was to commemorate 150 years since building work on the canal was complete. The trip left Marsden around 11 a.m, it emerged out of the Diggle portal around 1 p.m.<ref>[http://www.digglevillage.org.uk/images/canal/21-12-08/IMAGE4.JPG Media story & image of Historical Society boat trip from 1961]</ref>

===Restoration and modern-day operation===
The canal tunnel was the beneficiary of a £5 million restoration project as part of an effort to re-open the entire canal. Several rock-lined parts of the tunnel were found to be unstable. Where possible, these were stabilised by rock bolts, or where impractical, concrete was used to stabilise the rock face. The tunnel re-opened in May 2001.

Most modern canal boats are diesel-powered. When the canal was reopened it was felt that it would not be safe for boaters to navigate the tunnel under their own diesel power, due to the extreme length of the tunnel and the lack of ventilation. Instead, electric tug boats hauled narrowboats through the tunnel.<ref name = Modern_Use>{{cite web | url = http://www.huddersfieldcanal.com/canal/tunnel.htm | title = Modern Operation | publisher = Huddersfield Canal Society | accessdate = 2009-01-23}}</ref>

In September 2007, it was identified that significant repairs were required to one of the electric tug modules, and [[British Waterways]] carried out a trial run for self-steer operation. The trip boat Pennine Moonraker was taken through the tunnel under her own power by owner John Lund, shadowed by a BW electric tug.

Since the 2009 season, boats have been allowed to travel through the tunnel under their own power, with a chaperone on their boat, followed by a service vehicle through a parallel disused railway tunnel.<ref name = Waterscape_Standedge_Tunnel>{{cite web | url = http://www.waterscape.com/in-your-area/yorkshire/places-to-go/462/standedge-tunnel | title = Standedge Tunnel | publisher = British Waterways| accessdate = 2011-02-06}}</ref><ref name = Waterscape_Standedge_Tunnel_Customer>{{cite web | url = http://www.waterscape.com/media/documents/22063.pdf | title = Standedge Tunnel Customer Guidelines| publisher = British Waterways| accessdate = 2011-02-06}}</ref>

[[File:The Standedge tunnels - geograph.org.uk - 1410617.jpg|thumb|right|The 1848 and 1871 tunnel portals at Diggle]]

==The railway tunnels==
There are three railway tunnels, running parallel to each other and the canal tunnel. The rail tunnels are level for their whole length providing the only section of level track on the line where [[water trough]]s could be installed to provide steam locomotives with fresh water supplies without the requirement for the train to stop.

===The 1848 (central) tunnel===
The central tunnel at Standedge was completed by the [[London and North Western Railway]], having acquired the former Huddersfield and Manchester Railway in 1847. This was a single line tunnel with a length of 3 miles, 57 yards (4803 m). The tunnel is located immediately to the south of, but at a slightly higher level than, the canal tunnel.<ref name=mlhgct>{{cite web | title = Communications and Transport in the Marsden area | url = http://www.marsdenhistory.co.uk/communications.html | publisher = Marsden Local History Group | accessdate = 2007-01-07 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20061231180022/http://www.marsdenhistory.co.uk/communications.html  |archivedate = 2006-12-31}}</ref><ref name=hud1cf>{{cite web | title = Huddersfield Narrow Canal Facts| url = http://www.huddersfield1.co.uk/huddersfield/narrowcanal/huddscanalfacts.htm | publisher = Huddersfield One | accessdate = 2007-01-07 }}</ref>

===The 1871 (south) tunnel===
The 1848 tunnel soon proved to be a bottleneck for rail traffic between Huddersfield and Manchester, and in 1871 a second parallel tunnel was opened. This tunnel was also a single line tunnel with a length of 3 miles, 57 yards (4803 m), and was situated to the south of the first rail tunnel.

[[File:Standedge Rail Tunnel - geograph.org.uk - 1625791.jpg|thumb|right|Diggle portal of the 1894 tunnel]]
===The 1894 (live) tunnel===
The 1894 double bore tunnel was opened by the London and North Western Railway with double track, and a length of 3 miles, 60 yards (4806 m). For most of its length, it is situated to the north of the canal tunnel, but passes over the canal tunnel just inside each tunnel entrance. This tunnel is the fifth longest rail tunnel in Britain after the new [[High_Speed_1#Tunnels|High Speed 1 tunnels]], [[Severn Tunnel]] and the [[Sheffield]] to Manchester route's [[Totley Tunnel]].<ref name="mlhgct"/>

===The rail tunnels today===
Today only the 1894 rail tunnel is still used for rail traffic, although all three rail tunnels are still maintained. The 1848 tunnel is used to provide an emergency escape route for the other tunnels, and has been made accessible to road vehicles such as [[fire engine]]s and [[ambulance]]s.

===Future proposals===
[[Network Rail]] had proposed the reinstatement of rail traffic through the 1871 and 1848 tunnels to increase capacity on the trans-pennine route.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.networkrail.co.uk/documents/Projects/The%20Northern%20Hub/6485_Manchester%20Hub%20Rail%20Study.pdf|title=Manchester Hub Rail Study|publisher=[[Network Rail]]|page=51|accessdate=17 February 2010}}</ref>. However, following a re-appraisal of these proposals in the light of the decision to electrify the Leeds-Manchester trans-Pennine line, it was reported in 2012 that reinstatement had been found to be unnecessary.

==Standedge Tunnel Visitor Centre==
[[Image:Standedge-tunnel.jpg|thumb|right|Entrance to Standedge Tunnel on the Huddersfield Narrow Canal]]
The Standedge Tunnel Visitor Centre is situated at the Marsden end of the tunnel. It is located in the former warehouse, used for [[transshipment]] of goods from canal barge to [[packhorse]] during the period between 1798, when the canal reached Marsden, and 1811, when the tunnel opened. The centre contains exhibitions on the history of the tunnels, the canal tunnel's recent restoration, and the [[Huddersfield Narrow Canal]].

The nearby ''Tunnel End Cottages'', which formerly housed canal maintenance workers, house a cafe and the booking office for 30 minute boat trips into the tunnel. These trips use the same electric tugs as are used to tow private boats through the tunnel, in this case pushing a passenger-carrying barge.

The visitors centre is situated about half a mile (0.8 km) to the west of [[Marsden railway station]] and can easily be reached from the station by walking along the towpath of the Huddersfield Narrow Canal, which runs adjacent to the station. Adjacent to the station is the headquarters of the [[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]]'s [[Marsden Moor Estate]], which includes a public exhibition, ''Welcome to Marsden'', that gives an overview of the area and its transport history.<ref name=ntwhat>{{cite web | title = Marsden Moor – What to see and do | publisher = National Trust | accessdate = 2006-12-24 | url = http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-vh/w-visits/w-findaplace/w-marsdenmoorestate/w-marsdenmoor-seeanddo.htm |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20060722005723/http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-vh/w-visits/w-findaplace/w-marsdenmoorestate/w-marsdenmoor-seeanddo.htm  |archivedate = 2006-07-22}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|UK Waterways}}
*[[Canals of Great Britain]]
*[[History of the British canal system]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin}}
*{{Cite book
|author1=Charles Hadfield
|author2=Gordon Biddle
|title=The Canals of North West England, Vol 2 (pp.241–496)
|year=1970
|publisher=David and Charles
|isbn=0-7153-4992-9}}
*{{Cite book
|author=Sir Alec Skempton et. al.
|title=A Biographical Dictionary of Civil Engineers in Great Britain and Ireland: Vol 1: 1500 to 1830
|publisher=Thomas Telford
|year=2002
|isbn=0-7277-2939-X}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Standedge Tunnels}}
*Internal Standedge tunnel pictures can be seen [http://www.flickr.com/photos/phill_dvsn/sets/72157620870377203/detail/ here]
*Aerial photos of the [http://www.multimap.com/maps/?mapType=aerial&zoom=17&countryCode=GB&lat=53.5683094249635&lon=-1.99256193723249 Diggle portal] and the [http://www.multimap.com/maps/?mapType=aerial&zoom=17&countryCode=GB&lat=53.6039333175485&lon=-1.94117582922389 Marsden portal]
*[http://www.standedge.co.uk/ Standedge Tunnel Visitor Centre]
*[http://www.waterscape.com/servicesdirectory/Standedge_Tunnel/sid2082 Waterscape services directory]
*[http://www.penninewaterways.co.uk/huddersfield/standedge1.htm Standedge Tunnel]
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20090105012136/http://www.tripsbytrain.com/trip0104/index.html A walk between Marsden Station and Standedge Tunnel] from TripsByTrain.com

[[Category:Canal tunnels in England]]
[[Category:Canals in West Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Canals in Greater Manchester]]
[[Category:Tunnels in West Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Tunnels in Greater Manchester]]
[[Category:Tunnels completed in 1894]]
[[Category:Trans-Pennine Railway tunnels]]
[[Category:Transport in West Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Transport in Greater Manchester]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Oldham]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Kirklees]]
[[Category:Kirklees]]
[[Category:Museums in West Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Canal museums in the United Kingdom]]

[[nl:Standedge Canal Tunnel]]

Standedge-Tunnels

2012-08-16T06:34:39Z

Davidbodego: /* External links */

Standedge-Tunnels

2012-08-16T06:30:08Z

Davidbodego: /* External links */

{{Infobox tunnel
|name = Standedge Tunnel
|image = Standedge Tunnel End, Marsden, West Yorkshire.jpg
|caption = The tunnel entrance at Marsden
|waterway = [[Huddersfield Narrow Canal]]
|location = Standedge
|coordinates = {{Coord|53.59107|N|1.96219|W|region:GB_source:enwiki-osgb36(SE026105)|display=inline,title}}
|os_grid_ref = SE026105
|start = {{Coord|53.568042|N|1.992684|W|region:GB}}
|end = {{Coord|53.603622|N|1.942506|W|region:GB}}
|owner = [[British Waterways]]
|engineer = Nicholas Brown Thomas Telford
|length = {{convert|5500|yd|m|0}}
|width =
|height =
|depth =
|passable = Yes (with permission)
|towpath = No
|construction = 1794–1811
|open = 1811
|rebuilt = 2001
|closed = 1944
|status = Open
}}
The '''Standedge Tunnels''' (Standedge is normally pronounced ''Stannige'') are four [[Parallel (geometry)|parallel]] [[tunnel]]s that run beneath the [[Pennines]] at the traditional [[Standedge]] crossing point between [[Marsden, West Yorkshire|Marsden]] and [[Diggle, Greater Manchester|Diggle]], on the edges of the [[conurbation]]s of [[West Yorkshire]] and [[Greater Manchester]] respectively, in northern [[England]].

There are three [[Rail transport|railway]] tunnels and a [[canal]] tunnel (on the [[Huddersfield Narrow Canal]]). The canal tunnel is the longest and oldest of the tunnels, and holds the record as the longest and highest canal tunnel in [[United Kingdom|Britain]].<ref>[http://www.standedge.co.uk/about.htm Standedge Visitor Centre website]</ref> All four tunnels are linked by cross-tunnels or [[adit]]s at strategic locations within the tunnels. The adits allowed the railway tunnels to be built much more quickly by allowing 'waste spoil' (sic) to be removed by boat and reducing the need for shafts for construction.

Of the railway tunnels, only the tunnel built in 1894 is currently used for rail traffic. Closed in 1943, the canal tunnel was re-opened in May 2001. The '''Standedge Tunnel Visitor Centre''', at the Marsden end of the tunnel, serves as a base for boat trips into the canal tunnel and hosts an exhibition which depicts the various crossings.

==The canal tunnel==
{{Standedge Tunnel map}}
{{Location map|United Kingdom
|label =
|background = white
|lat = 53.591283
|long = -1.95996
|caption = Map showing the location of the Standedge Tunnels in the United Kingdom
|float = right
|width = 220}}

[[File:Standedge canal tunnel - geograph.org.uk - 1410632.jpg|right|thumb|Inside the canal tunnel]]

The Standedge Tunnel is the longest, deepest and highest canal tunnel in Britain. It is {{convert|16499|ft|m}} long, {{convert|636|ft|m}} underground at the deepest point, and {{convert|643|ft|m}} above sea level.<ref name = Visitor_Centre>{{cite web | url = http://www.standedge.co.uk/index.htm | title = Standedge Tunnel – A true wonder of the waterways | publisher = British Waterways | accessdate = 2009-01-23 }}</ref>

===Construction===
[[Benjamin Outram]] was the consulting engineer for the construction of the Huddersfield Narrow Canal (then known as the Huddersfield Canal), which was authorised by an [[act of Parliament]] on 4 April 1794, to link the towns of [[Ashton-under-Lyne]] and [[Huddersfield]] through the tunnel. He had produced a report in October 1793, which estimated the cost for the whole canal, including the tunnel, at £178,478, while Nicholas Brown had produced the survey for the route. Outram had given his opinion that the hill through which the tunnel was to be cut was composed of gritstone and strong shale and should not present any difficulties. There was a dip in the hill at Red Brook, and he expected to be able to start work there as well as at the two ends, using steam engines to keep the works drained. The length of the tunnel would be {{convert|5456|yd|m}}.<ref>Hadfield and Biddle (1970), pp.322–323</ref>

Work began with Outram acting as engineer and Brown acting as superintendent and surveyor. In July 1795, John Evans was appointed to manage the boring of the tunnel. By mid-1796, {{convert|795|yd|m}} of tunnel had been cut, some of which had been lined, but much effort had been spent on constructing small tunnels to supply waterwheels, which would raise spoil and water from the intermediate adits. By the autumn there was concern that such work was expensive but had not contributed anything to the task in hand, and soon afterwards, Outram abandoned the attempt to build extra workfaces, and to concentrate on working from both ends. Although cheaper, this choice extended the completion date. Tunnelling was hampered by much larger quantities of water entering the workings than had been expected. In September 1797, Outram advised the management committee that Thomas Lee, the first contractor to be employed on the tunnel works, had made large losses as a result of the difficulties, and could not complete his contract. He was awarded more money for timber, an increased rate per yard for completion, and an extra year in which to finish.<ref>Hadfield and Biddle (1970), pp.324–325</ref>

By the middle of 1799, {{convert|1000|yd|m}} of the tunnel had been finished, and a further {{convert|1000|yd|m}} had been excavated but not completed. In October 1800, the [[Peak Forest Canal]] Company, who were keen to trade through the tunnel, suggested that a tramway should be built to bypass the tunnel until it was completed, but although Outram looked at this option, no action was taken. The next tunnel contract failed to attract any takers, so John Varley, who had been working on repairs to parts of the canal which had been damaged by floods, was asked to do some tunnelling. Next, Matthew Fletcher, who had experience of mining, was asked for an opinion. He suggested that time could be saved by tunnelling in both directions from Redbrook pit, which was being kept dry by a large steam engine. He estimated that this would cost an additional £8,000, but although the committee tried to find a contractor to carry out the work, none could be found, and tunnelling continued from both ends.<ref>Hadfield and Biddle (1970), pp.325–328</ref>

Outram left the project in 1801, after work had stopped for a lengthy period.<ref name=skempton>Skempton (2002), p.495</ref> In late 1804, the committee began to address the issue of how the tunnel would be worked, and a sub-committee visited the [[Harecastle Tunnel]] on the [[Trent and Mersey Canal]], the [[Butterley Tunnel]] on the [[Cromford Canal]], and the [[Norwood Tunnel]] on the [[Chesterfield Canal]]. After seeing them, they recommended that a towing path should be built through the tunnel, but the extra cost and delays could not be afforded. Desperately short of money, the canal company obtained a new act of Parliament in 1806, to raise additional finance, and to allow an extra toll for using the tunnel to be charged.<ref name=hab328>Hadfield and Biddle (1970), pp.328–329</ref> In 1807, [[Thomas Telford]] was asked for advice on construction and planning, and produced a detailed plan, which was carefully followed until the work was completed.<ref name=skempton/> On 9 June 1809, the two ends of the tunnel finally met. Nearly two years after that, on 26 March 1811, the tunnel was declared to be complete, and a grand opening ceremony was held on 4 April. A party of invited guests, followed by several working boats, entered the tunnel at Diggle and completed the journey to Marsden in one hour and forty minutes. The tunnel had cost some £160,000, and was the most expensive canal tunnel built in Britain.<ref name=hab328/>

===Completion===
When the tunnel eventually opened, the canal became a through route 13 years after the rest of it had been completed and 17 years after work first began, at a cost of £123,803. Despite multiple problems, the building of the Huddersfield Narrow canal showed that the technique of quantity surveying had advanced greatly. Telford's report covered every expenditure to the last bucket; it was followed to the letter until the canal finally opened. Between 1811 and 1840 the tunnel was used on average by 40 boats daily.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Saddleworth Story |author=Mary Hodge |page=19 |edition=5th reprint |year=1994 |url=http://www.saddleworth-historical-society.org.uk/bibliography.htm}}</ref> The canal tunnel was brick-lined in places, though bare rock was left exposed in others.<ref name = Pennine_Waterways>{{cite web | url=http://www.penninewaterways.co.uk/huddersfield/standedge3.htm | title = History | publisher = Pennine Waterways | accessdate = 2006-10-16}}</ref>

===Method of operation===
The canal tunnel is only wide enough for one [[narrowboat]] for much of its length, and to save on cost, as in some other canal tunnels in England, no [[towpath|tow-path]] was provided in the tunnel. As canal boats were horse-drawn, the boats had to be [[Legging (canals)|legged]] through the tunnel – a process where one or more boatmen lay on the cargo and pushed against the roof or walls of the tunnel with their legs. Professional leggers were paid one Shilling and six Pence for working a boat through the tunnel, which took one hour and twenty minutes for an empty boat, and three hours with a full load.<ref>[http://www.marsdenhistory.co.uk/transport/transport.html Marsden History Group website]</ref>

There are several widened points in the tunnel, originally designed to be passing places. However, due to intense competition between boat crews, two-way operation in the tunnel was found to be unpracticable. The canal company introduced a new method of working where one end of the tunnel was closed off by a locked chain, preventing access to the tunnel unless authorised. A similar system is used today.<ref name = Pennine_Waterways/>

===The railway influence===
The Huddersfield Narrow Canal was purchased by the 'Huddersfield and Manchester Railway' in 1846. The canal tunnel proved most beneficial in assisting with the construction of the first railway tunnel at this location, as no vertical shafts were needed in the construction and the canal was an easy way to help remove the large amount of spoil excavated. Several cross-passages were retained.<ref name = Pennine_Waterways/>

===Closure===
The last commercial boat to use the tunnel passed through in 1921, and the canal was officially closed in 1944, after which it soon fell into disrepair.

Most quotes on the internet state the last boat through the tunnel was the Rolt/Aickman expedition in the leaky Ailsa Craig in 1948, when it was in unknown condition.<ref>[http://www.penninewaterways.co.uk/huddersfield/standedge3.htm Pennine Waterways website]</ref> [[Tom Rolt]], writing in 1948, stated that he had recently traversed the tunnel. The journey taking two hours, since they were travelling very slowly so as to avoid damage to their boat.<ref>{{cite book |first=L. T. C. |last=Rolt |title=The Inland Waterways of England |location=London |publisher=George Allen and Unwin Ltd |year=1950 |isbn=0-04-386003-6|pages=88–89}}</ref> The canal was blocked at several locations on both sides of the Pennines. The canal tunnel became unsafe, and was closed off by large iron gates at each end.

A local newspaper article covers a story about a special trip organised by the Railway and Canal Historical Society in 1961. This was to commemorate 150 years since building work on the canal was complete. The trip left Marsden around 11 a.m, it emerged out of the Diggle portal around 1 p.m.<ref>[http://www.digglevillage.org.uk/images/canal/21-12-08/IMAGE4.JPG Media story & image of Historical Society boat trip from 1961]</ref>

===Restoration and modern-day operation===
The canal tunnel was the beneficiary of a £5 million restoration project as part of an effort to re-open the entire canal. Several rock-lined parts of the tunnel were found to be unstable. Where possible, these were stabilised by rock bolts, or where impractical, concrete was used to stabilise the rock face. The tunnel re-opened in May 2001.

Most modern canal boats are diesel-powered. When the canal was reopened it was felt that it would not be safe for boaters to navigate the tunnel under their own diesel power, due to the extreme length of the tunnel and the lack of ventilation. Instead, electric tug boats hauled narrowboats through the tunnel.<ref name = Modern_Use>{{cite web | url = http://www.huddersfieldcanal.com/canal/tunnel.htm | title = Modern Operation | publisher = Huddersfield Canal Society | accessdate = 2009-01-23}}</ref>

In September 2007, it was identified that significant repairs were required to one of the electric tug modules, and [[British Waterways]] carried out a trial run for self-steer operation. The trip boat Pennine Moonraker was taken through the tunnel under her own power by owner John Lund, shadowed by a BW electric tug.

Since the 2009 season, boats have been allowed to travel through the tunnel under their own power, with a chaperone on their boat, followed by a service vehicle through a parallel disused railway tunnel.<ref name = Waterscape_Standedge_Tunnel>{{cite web | url = http://www.waterscape.com/in-your-area/yorkshire/places-to-go/462/standedge-tunnel | title = Standedge Tunnel | publisher = British Waterways| accessdate = 2011-02-06}}</ref><ref name = Waterscape_Standedge_Tunnel_Customer>{{cite web | url = http://www.waterscape.com/media/documents/22063.pdf | title = Standedge Tunnel Customer Guidelines| publisher = British Waterways| accessdate = 2011-02-06}}</ref>

[[File:The Standedge tunnels - geograph.org.uk - 1410617.jpg|thumb|right|The 1848 and 1871 tunnel portals at Diggle]]

==The railway tunnels==
There are three railway tunnels, running parallel to each other and the canal tunnel. The rail tunnels are level for their whole length providing the only section of level track on the line where [[water trough]]s could be installed to provide steam locomotives with fresh water supplies without the requirement for the train to stop.

===The 1848 (central) tunnel===
The central tunnel at Standedge was completed by the [[London and North Western Railway]], having acquired the former Huddersfield and Manchester Railway in 1847. This was a single line tunnel with a length of 3 miles, 57 yards (4803 m). The tunnel is located immediately to the south of, but at a slightly higher level than, the canal tunnel.<ref name=mlhgct>{{cite web | title = Communications and Transport in the Marsden area | url = http://www.marsdenhistory.co.uk/communications.html | publisher = Marsden Local History Group | accessdate = 2007-01-07 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20061231180022/http://www.marsdenhistory.co.uk/communications.html  |archivedate = 2006-12-31}}</ref><ref name=hud1cf>{{cite web | title = Huddersfield Narrow Canal Facts| url = http://www.huddersfield1.co.uk/huddersfield/narrowcanal/huddscanalfacts.htm | publisher = Huddersfield One | accessdate = 2007-01-07 }}</ref>

===The 1871 (south) tunnel===
The 1848 tunnel soon proved to be a bottleneck for rail traffic between Huddersfield and Manchester, and in 1871 a second parallel tunnel was opened. This tunnel was also a single line tunnel with a length of 3 miles, 57 yards (4803 m), and was situated to the south of the first rail tunnel.

[[File:Standedge Rail Tunnel - geograph.org.uk - 1625791.jpg|thumb|right|Diggle portal of the 1894 tunnel]]
===The 1894 (live) tunnel===
The 1894 double bore tunnel was opened by the London and North Western Railway with double track, and a length of 3 miles, 60 yards (4806 m). For most of its length, it is situated to the north of the canal tunnel, but passes over the canal tunnel just inside each tunnel entrance. This tunnel is the fifth longest rail tunnel in Britain after the new [[High_Speed_1#Tunnels|High Speed 1 tunnels]], [[Severn Tunnel]] and the [[Sheffield]] to Manchester route's [[Totley Tunnel]].<ref name="mlhgct"/>

===The rail tunnels today===
Today only the 1894 rail tunnel is still used for rail traffic, although all three rail tunnels are still maintained. The 1848 tunnel is used to provide an emergency escape route for the other tunnels, and has been made accessible to road vehicles such as [[fire engine]]s and [[ambulance]]s.

===Future proposals===
[[Network Rail]] had proposed the reinstatement of rail traffic through the 1871 and 1848 tunnels to increase capacity on the trans-pennine route.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.networkrail.co.uk/documents/Projects/The%20Northern%20Hub/6485_Manchester%20Hub%20Rail%20Study.pdf|title=Manchester Hub Rail Study|publisher=[[Network Rail]]|page=51|accessdate=17 February 2010}}</ref>. However, following a re-appraisal of these proposals in the light of the decision to electrify the Leeds-Manchester trans-Pennine line, it was reported in 2012 that reinstatement had been found to be unnecessary.

==Standedge Tunnel Visitor Centre==
[[Image:Standedge-tunnel.jpg|thumb|right|Entrance to Standedge Tunnel on the Huddersfield Narrow Canal]]
The Standedge Tunnel Visitor Centre is situated at the Marsden end of the tunnel. It is located in the former warehouse, used for [[transshipment]] of goods from canal barge to [[packhorse]] during the period between 1798, when the canal reached Marsden, and 1811, when the tunnel opened. The centre contains exhibitions on the history of the tunnels, the canal tunnel's recent restoration, and the [[Huddersfield Narrow Canal]].

The nearby ''Tunnel End Cottages'', which formerly housed canal maintenance workers, house a cafe and the booking office for 30 minute boat trips into the tunnel. These trips use the same electric tugs as are used to tow private boats through the tunnel, in this case pushing a passenger-carrying barge.

The visitors centre is situated about half a mile (0.8 km) to the west of [[Marsden railway station]] and can easily be reached from the station by walking along the towpath of the Huddersfield Narrow Canal, which runs adjacent to the station. Adjacent to the station is the headquarters of the [[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]]'s [[Marsden Moor Estate]], which includes a public exhibition, ''Welcome to Marsden'', that gives an overview of the area and its transport history.<ref name=ntwhat>{{cite web | title = Marsden Moor – What to see and do | publisher = National Trust | accessdate = 2006-12-24 | url = http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-vh/w-visits/w-findaplace/w-marsdenmoorestate/w-marsdenmoor-seeanddo.htm |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20060722005723/http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-vh/w-visits/w-findaplace/w-marsdenmoorestate/w-marsdenmoor-seeanddo.htm  |archivedate = 2006-07-22}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|UK Waterways}}
*[[Canals of Great Britain]]
*[[History of the British canal system]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin}}
*{{Cite book
|author1=Charles Hadfield
|author2=Gordon Biddle
|title=The Canals of North West England, Vol 2 (pp.241–496)
|year=1970
|publisher=David and Charles
|isbn=0-7153-4992-9}}
*{{Cite book
|author=Sir Alec Skempton et. al.
|title=A Biographical Dictionary of Civil Engineers in Great Britain and Ireland: Vol 1: 1500 to 1830
|publisher=Thomas Telford
|year=2002
|isbn=0-7277-2939-X}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Standedge Tunnels}}
*Internal Standedge tunnel pictures can be seen [http://www.flickr.com/photos/phill_dvsn/sets/72157620870377203/detail/ here]
*Aerial photos of the [http://www.multimap.com/maps/?mapType=aerial&zoom=17&countryCode=GB&lat=53.5683094249635&lon=-1.99256193723249 Diggle portal] and the [http://www.multimap.com/maps/?mapType=aerial&zoom=17&countryCode=GB&lat=53.6039333175485&lon=-1.94117582922389 Marsden portal]
*[http://www.standedge.co.uk/ Standedge Tunnel Visitor Centre]
*[http://www.waterscape.com/servicesdirectory/Standedge_Tunnel/sid2082 Waterscape services directory]
*[http://www.penninewaterways.co.uk/huddersfield/standedge1.htm Standedge Tunnel]
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20090105012136/http://www.tripsbytrain.com/trip0104/index.html A walk between Marsden Station and Standedge Tunnel] from TripsByTrain.com

{{LongestTunnel
| start = 1811
| end = 1864
| previous = N/A
| next = Biassa II Tunnel
}}

[[Category:Canal tunnels in England]]
[[Category:Canals in West Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Canals in Greater Manchester]]
[[Category:Tunnels in West Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Tunnels in Greater Manchester]]
[[Category:Tunnels completed in 1894]]
[[Category:Trans-Pennine Railway tunnels]]
[[Category:Transport in West Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Transport in Greater Manchester]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Oldham]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Kirklees]]
[[Category:Kirklees]]
[[Category:Museums in West Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Canal museums in the United Kingdom]]

[[nl:Standedge Canal Tunnel]]