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Once Upon a Time – Es war einmal …

2011-11-03T06:13:26Z

DavidK93: /* Allusions */ Forgot one.

{{Infobox television
|show_name = Once Upon a Time
|image = [[File:Once Upon aTime promo image.jpg|250px]]
|caption = ''Once Upon a Time'' intertitle
|format = [[Fantasy (genre)|Fantasy]] [[Drama (genre)|Drama]]
|picture_format =
|audio_format =
|num_seasons = 1
|num_episodes = 2
|list_episodes = List of Once Upon a Time episodes
|runtime = 45 minutes
|creator = [[Edward Kitsis]] [[Adam Horowitz (screenwriter)|Adam Horowitz]]
|developer =
|theme_music_composer = [[Mark Isham]]
|country = {{TVUS}}
|language = [[English language|English]]
|location = [[Vancouver, British Columbia]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vancouverfilm.net/2011/07/once-upon-time-october-23-2011.html |title=Once Upon A Time |publisher=VancouverFilm.Net |date=July 22, 2011}}</ref>
|starring = [[Ginnifer Goodwin]] [[Jennifer Morrison]] [[Lana Parrilla]] [[Josh Dallas]] Jared S. Gilmore [[Raphael Sbarge]] [[Jamie Dornan]] [[Robert Carlyle]]
|executive_producer = Edward Kitsis Adam Horowitz Steve Pearlman [[Mark Mylod]]
|producer = Kathy Gilroy [[Damon Lindelof]] Brian Wankum (co-prod.)
|cinematography = Steven Fierberg
|editor = Julie Monroe Henk Van Eeghen, [[ACE]]
|company = [[ABC Studios]] Kitsis/Horowitz
|network = [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]
|first_aired = {{Start date|2011|10|23}}
|last_aired = present
|preceded_by =
|followed_by =
|related =
|website = http://abc.go.com/shows/once-upon-a-time
|website_title = Official website
|production_website =
}}

'''''Once Upon a Time''''' is an American [[fairy tale]] [[drama]] [[television series]] that premiered on Sunday October 23, 2011, on [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]. New episodes air Sunday nights at 8:00 pm [[eastern time zone|ET]]/7:00 pm [[central time zone|CT]].<ref name=abcpremieres>{{cite web|last=Seidman|first=Robert|date=June 27, 2011|title=ABC Announces Fall Series Premiere Dates: Late Starts for 'Once Upon a Time,' 'Man Up'|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/06/27/abc-announces-fall-series-premiere-dates-late-starts-for-once-upon-a-time-man-up/96596/|work=TV by the Numbers|accessdate=June 27, 2011}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
On the wedding day of [[Snow White]] ([[Ginnifer Goodwin]]) and [[Prince Charming]] ([[Joshua Dallas|Josh Dallas]]), [[Queen (Snow White)|the Evil Queen]] ([[Lana Parrilla]]) arrives and delivers an ominous threat about a powerful curse she intends to release upon them. Some time later, a pregnant Snow White is worried about the curse and visits [[Rumplestiltskin]] ([[Robert Carlyle]]) who issues a prophecy that the Queen's curse will take them all someplace terrible where there will be no happy endings. He also reveals that Snow White's unborn daughter, Emma, will return when she is 28 years old to rescue them, thus beginning the final battle with the Queen. On advice from the [[Blue Fairy]], Geppetto ([[Tony Amendola]]) and [[Pinocchio]] fashion a wardrobe from a magical tree which will allow one person to escape the Queen's curse. Prince Charming intends for Snow White and their unborn daughter to use the magic tree to escape the curse, but Snow White goes into labor and gives birth to Emma just as the wardrobe is about to be completed. On the day Snow White gives birth to her daughter, the Queen's curse strikes. Prince Charming places their daughter in the magic wardrobe, but is grievously wounded battling the Queen's henchmen. The Queen stands triumphantly over Snow White and Prince Charming as the curse takes them to "someplace horrible."

In present day [[Boston]], Emma Swan ([[Jennifer Morrison]]) lives a lonely existence working as a [[bail bondsman]] and [[bounty hunter]]. On her 28th birthday, Emma is approached by a ten year old boy who identifies himself as her son, Henry, who Emma had given up for adoption as a baby. Not wanting a relationship with him, Emma agrees to drive him back to his home in Storybrooke, Maine. Along the way, Henry shows her a large book of fairy tales, insisting that all of the stories in it are real. When they arrive in Storybrooke, Henry informs her that everyone in town is in reality a fairy tale character, exiled by the curse and with no memory of their real identities. This includes his therapist, who is really [[Jiminy Cricket]], and his teacher Mary Margaret Blanchard, who is really Snow White. He claims that time is frozen in Storybrooke and the people are unable to leave, but that the curse will be broken by Emma. A skeptical Emma returns Henry to his adopted mother, the town's mayor who is really the Evil Queen. When Henry soon runs away again, Emma finds him and decides to stay in Storybrooke temporarily. This decision causes the hands of the town clock, previously frozen, to begin moving again.

==Cast and characters==
===Primary===
* [[Ginnifer Goodwin]] as [[Snow White]]/Mary Margaret Blanchard, Emma's biological mother who becomes Henry's elementary school teacher in the Real World. Snow White is also Henry's grandmother.
* [[Jennifer Morrison]] as Emma Swan, a 28-year-old bailbonds collector who learns that she holds the key to saving the Real World and the Enchanted Forest. Emma is the daughter of Prince Charming/John Doe and Snow White/Sister Mary Margaret Blanchard, and is Henry's biological mother. Emma was sent from the Enchanted Forest because Prince Charming and Snow White wanted to protect her from the curse made by the Evil Queen.
* [[Lana Parrilla]] as [[Queen (Snow White)|The Evil Queen]]/Regina Mills, the icy, darkly beautiful antagonist of the [[Snow White]] fairy tale who becomes Henry's adoptive mother and Storybrooke's mayor (Regina Mills) in the Real World. She is determined to keep Emma away from Henry. She killed the person that mattered most to her to make the curse happen, her father, a choice that left a hole that can't be filled.
* [[Joshua Dallas|Josh Dallas]] as [[Prince Charming]]/John Doe. The hero of the [[Snow White]] fairy tale and movie was an unnamed prince. In the Disney movie [[Cinderella]], Prince Charming is Cinderella's prince. It is also implied that he also has a twin brother, a reference to ''[[The Prince and the Pauper]].'' In the TV show, he is the leader of the Enchanted Forest's War Council and Emma's biological father who becomes an unknown comatose patient at Storybrooke General Hospital.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/gallery/0,,20302134_20526804,00.html#21049533 |title=40 Fall TV Shows We're Psyched About |publisher=EW.com |date=October 2, 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.tvguide.com/News/Mega-Buzz-Office-Glee-Dexter-1039009.aspx "Mega Buzz: A New Office Relationship, a Glee Showdown and a Dexter Death"] from [[TV Guide]] (October 25, 2011)</ref>
* [[Jared S. Gilmore]] as Henry, Emma's son whom she gave up for adoption ten years earlier. Henry learns the truth behind Storybrooke from a book of fairy tales and finds his biological mother with the hopes of convincing her to save the Enchanted Forest. He is the grandson of Prince Charming/John Doe and Snow White/Mary Margaret Blanchard, and the adopted son of The Evil Queen/Regina Mills. He is named after Regina's father, whom she killed to make the curse happen.
* [[Raphael Sbarge]] as [[Jiminy Cricket]]/Archie Hopper, the cricket from ''[[Pinocchio (1940 film)|Pinocchio]]'' who becomes Storybrooke's eccentric, yet bookish, human resident psychiatrist in the Real World. In animated form, he is Jiminy Cricket in The Enchanted Forest and a member of the War Council.
* [[Jamie Dornan]] as Sheriff Graham, Storybrooke's handsome and authoritative sheriff with a mysterious past.
* [[Robert Carlyle]] as [[Rumpelstiltskin]]/Mr. Gold, the eponymous character and main antagonist from the [[Rumpelstiltskin|fairy tale]] who becomes Storybrooke's wealthiest resident and pawnshop owner in the Real World. He helped build and owns the town. He brought Henry to Regina when Henry was a baby and used it to orchestrate Emma's arrival.

===Recurring===
* [[David Anders]] as Dr. Whale.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deadline.com/2011/08/tv-castings-southland-gcb-once-upon-a-time-add-recurring-players |title=''Southland'', ''GCB'' and ''Once Upon A Time'' Add Recurring Players |publisher=IDM.com |date=August 1, 2011}}</ref>
* [[Anastasia Griffith]] as Annette, a spoiled girl with a very "royal" past.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deadline.com/2011/08/tv-castings-southland-gcb-once-upon-a-time-add-recurring-players |title=''Southland'', ''GCB'' and ''Once Upon A Time'' Add Recurring Players |publisher=Deadline.com |date=August 1, 2011}}</ref>
* [[Jessy Schram]] as [[Cinderella]]/Ashley, the main protagonist of the [[Cinderella|fairy tale of the same name]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.zap2it.com/frominsidethebox/2011/08/falling-skies-star-jessy-schram-is-once-upon-a-times-cinderella.html |title=Falling Skies star Jessy Schram is ''Once Upon a Time's'' Cinderella |publisher=Zap2it |date=August 15, 2011}}</ref>
* [[Kristin Bauer van Straten]] as [[Maleficent]], the antagonist from ''[[Sleeping Beauty (1959 film)|Sleeping Beauty]]'', and the Evil Queen's equally sinister rival.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tvline.com/2011/09/once-upon-a-time-taps-true-blood-scene-stealer-kristin-bauer-van-straten-as-evil-witch|title=Once Upon a Time Taps True Blood Scene-Stealer Kristin Bauer van Straten as Evil Witch|work=TVLine|accessdate=October 7, 2011|date=September 27, 2011}}</ref>
*[[Richard Schiff]] as King Leopold, Snow White's father.
* [[Alan Dale]] as King George, Prince Charming's father, Emma's grandfather, Henry's great-grandfather, and Snow White's father-in-law<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tvline.com/2011/08/once-upon-a-time-alan-dale-lost|title=Exclusive: ABC's Once Upon a Time Gets Lost, Taps Alan Dale For Royal Role|work=[[TVLine]]|accessdate=2011-08-26|date=2011-08-25|author=Ausiello, Michael}}</ref>
* [[Eion Bailey]] as "The Stranger", whose presence will add to Storybrooke's mystery<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/abc-once-upon-a-time-casts-covert-affairs-eion-bailey-248875 |title='Covert Affairs' Eion Bailey Plays the Perfect Stranger on 'Once Upon a Time' |publisher=The Hollywood Reporter |date=October 11, 2011}}</ref>
* [[Patti Allan]] as the Blind Witch/Ms. Ginger, the main antagonist from the ''[[Hansel and Gretel]]'' fairytale.
* David Paul Grove as Doc, a member of the War Council and Personal Physician to Snow White who becomes a Doctor at Storybrooke Hospital
* [[Lee Arenberg]] as Grumpy/Leroy, a member of the War Council in the Enchanted forest who becomes Storybrooke's resident troublemaker.
* [[Faustino DiBauda]] as Sleepy/Walter, a member of the War Council
* [[Tony Amendola]] as Gepetto/Marco (the woodcarver from ''[[The Adventures of Pinocchio|Pinocchio]]''), a member of the War Council who becomes Storybrooke's handyman in the Real World.
* [[Keegan Connor Tracy]] as The Blue Fairy, a member of the War Council
* [[Michael Coleman (actor)|Mike Coleman]] as Happy, a member of the War Council
* [[Mig Macario]] as Bashful, a member of the War Council
* [[Jakob Davies]] as Pinocchio, a member of the War Council
* [[Meghan Ory]] as Red Riding Hood/Ruby, A member of the War Council who becomes an unruly woman in Storybrooke who desires a chance to leave the town
* [[Beverley Elliott]] as Granny, A member of the War Council who becomes the owner of "Granny's Inn" in Storybrooke; she is also Ruby's grandmother and whose health problems has kept Ruby from leaving town.
* [[James Bamford (stunt coordinator)|James Bamford]] as the Black Knight
* [[Tim Phillips]] as Prince Thomas/Sean, Cinderella's prince in the TV show. Her prince in the [[Cinderella (1950 film)|Disney movie]] was named Prince Charming.
* [[Catherine Lough Haggquist]] as the Fairy Godmother
* [[Giancarlo Esposito]] as the Magic Mirror/Sydney, A spirit imprisoned by the Evil Queen who becomes a reporter for Storybrooke's local newspaper ''The Daily Mirror'."<ref name=MagicMirror>{{cite web|last=Andreeva|first=Nellie|title=TV BITS: Giancarlo Esposito To Join ABC Series, Howie Mandel To Produce Reality Format, Ben Silveran To Publish Comic|url=http://www.deadline.com/2011/07/tv-bits-giancarlo-esposito-to-join-abc-series-howie-mandel-to-produce-reality-format-ben-silveran-to-publish-comic|work=Deadline.com|publisher=PMC|date=July 18, 2011|accessdate=July 18, 2011}}</ref>

==Episodes==
{{main|List of Once Upon a Time episodes}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! style="padding: 0 8px; colspan="2" rowspan="2"| Season
! style="padding: 0 8px; rowspan="2"| Episodes
! colspan="2"| Originally aired
! colspan="3"| [[DVD]] release date
|-
! [[Season premiere]]
! [[Season finale]]
! [[DVD region code|Region 1]]
! [[DVD region code|Region 2]]
! [[DVD region code|Region 4]]
|-
|style="background: #006699;"|
|'''[[#Episodes|1]]'''
|style="padding: 0 8px;"| 13
|style="padding: 0 8px;"| {{Start date|2011|10|23}}
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|}

==Ratings==
The pilot episode was watched by 13 million viewers and received a 4.0 rating in Adults 18-49.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/10/25/sunday-final-ratings-once-upon-a-time-adjusted-up-final-ratings-for-world-series-game-4-saintscolts/108354/|title=Sunday Final Ratings: 'Once Upon A Time' Adjusted Up + Final Ratings For World Series Game 4 & Saints/Colts|last=Gorman|first=Bill|date=October 25, 2011|work=TVbytheNumbers|accessdate=October 25, 2011}}</ref> It was the season's #1 rated drama debut among Adults 18-49 and ABC's biggest debut in five years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/10/24/abcs-once-upon-a-time-opens-as-the-seasons-1-new-drama/108234/|title=ABC's 'Once Upon a Time' Opens as the Season's #1 New Drama|last=Gorman|first=Bill|date=October 24, 2011|work=TVbytheNumbers|accessdate=October 25, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/10/25/tv-ratings-broadcast-top-25-sunday-night-football-beaten-by-modern-family-two-and-a-half-men-in-week-5-among-adults-18-49/108305/ |title=TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25: 'Sunday Night Football' Beaten By 'Modern Family' & 'Two and a Half Men' In Week #5 Among Adults 18-49 |publisher=TV By The Numbers |date=October 25, 2011}}</ref>

== Production ==
[[Adam Horowitz (screenwriter)|Adam Horowitz]] and [[Edward Kitsis]] conceived the show in 2004, prior to joining the writing staff of ''[[Lost (TV series)|Lost]]'', but wanted to wait until that series was over to focus on this project.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://weblogs.variety.com/on_the_air/2010/10/exclusive-lost-exec-producers-horowitz-kitsis-sell-pilot-to-abc.html |title=EXCLUSIVE: 'Lost' exec producers Horowitz, Kitsis sell pilot to ABC|date=October 28, 2010|last=Levine|first=Stuart|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|accessdate=August 2, 2011}}</ref> The script was picked up to [[television pilot|pilot]] on February 4, 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deadline.com/2011/02/abc-picks-up-marc-cherrys-hallelujah-pilot/ |title=UPDATE: ABC Loads Heavy Drama Guns, Orders Pilots From Marc Cherry, Oren Peli, Darren Star, 'Twilight' Producers, Mark Gordon And 'Lost' Alums|date=February 4, 2011| last=Andreeva| first=Nellie| work=Deadline.com| accessdate=August 2, 2011}}</ref> [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] commissioned a series, airing from fall 2011 on Sundays at 8/7 Central.<ref name=hr/>

In May 2011, [[Jane Espenson]] was added as a co-executive [[Television producer|producer]] and [[Liz Tigelaar]] was brought on as a consulting [[Television producer|producer]].<ref name=hr>{{cite web|url= http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/jane-espenson-liz-tigelaar-join-193496 |title= Jane Espenson, Liz Tigelaar Join ABC’s ''Once Upon a Time'' |date=May 31, 2011| last=Goldberg| first= Lesley | work= The Hollywood Reporter | accessdate=August 12, 2011}}</ref> [[Damon Lindelof]] served as a consultant on the show's pilot. Kitsis described Lindelof as his and Horowitz's "godfather", while Horowitz said that Lindelof's "name isn't on the show, but his DNA is in it," and that he will continue to advise the two.<ref name=tvguide/> They also noted that Disney has allowed them access to their fairy tale characters for use in the series. "They've given us license," Kitsis said. "I could be wrong, but I think this is the first time anyone's shown Snow White with a sword, or pregnant."<ref name=tvguide>{{cite news|url=http://www.tvguide.com/News/Damon-Lindelof-Once-Upon-A-Time-ABC-1036165.aspx|title=Once Upon A Time Producers: Damon Lindelof's DNA Runs Through Our Show|work=[[TV Guide]]|accessdate=2011-08-26|date=2011-08-07|author=Martin, Denise}}</ref>

Both Horowitz and Kitsis later emphasized that the series will focus more on the characters themselves and won't feature a "complex" storyline, which reportedly was the primary focus. "We don't want this to be a mythology show," said Kitsis. "It's about characters and characters first."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalspy.com/tv/s181/once-upon-a-time/news/a337329/once-upon-a-time-execs-the-show-is-about-character.html |title='Once Upon a Time' execs: 'The show is about character' |publisher=Digital Spy |date=August 26, 2011}}</ref>

On September 27, 2011, the producers made some changes in the casting department, with [[Kristin Bauer|Kristin Bauer van Straten]] replacing [[Paula Marshall]] as Maleficent after revealing that it was going in a different direction. Marshall was originally tapped for the role in June 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aoltv.com/2011/07/27/paula-marshall-to-work-her-magic-on-once-upon-a-time/ |title=EXCLUSIVE: Paula Marshall to Work Her Magic on 'Once Upon a Time' |publisher=AOL TV |date=June 27, 2011}}</ref>

The show also has a similar premise to [[Bill Willingham]]'s comic series ''[[Fables (comics)|Fables]]'', to which ABC bought the rights in 2008, but never made it past the planning stages.<ref name=tca/> Horowitz and Kitsis have "read a couple issues," of ''Fables'' but state that while the two concepts are "in the same playground," they believe they are "telling a different story."<ref name=tca>{{cite news|url=http://www.tvline.com/2011/08/5-real-truths-once-upon-a-time/|title=Real Truths Behind ABC's Once Upon a Time (Including That Pesky Fables Comparison)|work=[[TVLine]]|accessdate=2011-08-26|date=2011-08-07|author=Webb Mitovich, Matt; Masters, Megan}}</ref> The storyline also seems drawn from ABC's own 1987 sitcom ''[[The Charmings]]'' and the Disney film ''[[Enchanted (film)|Enchanted]]'', and is also reminiscent of ''[[The 10th Kingdom]]'', a 2000 [[RHI Entertainment|Hallmark Entertainment]] mini-series produced for [[NBC]].

==Allusions==
As a nod to the ties between the production teams of ''Once Upon a Time'' and ''Lost'', the new show contains [[Mythology of Lost|allusions to ''Lost'']]; there are five such references in the pilot: [[Man in Black (Lost)|the smoke monster]] engulfing the Enchanted Forest{{Fact}}, Emma's eye-opening after she wakes up{{Fact}}, The address of Regina's home (108), a Geronimo Jackson bumper sticker (referring to a fictitious band that was also the subject of multiple references on ''Lost''), and the town clock being stuck at 8:15 (the same number as [[Oceanic Airlines|the doomed airline flight]] in ''Lost'').<ref name=tca/>

The show, as a production of Disney-owned ABC, contains multiple allusions to the Disney versions of the stories that form the basis for the series. Snow White's dwarfs, unnamed in traditional versions of the story, here have the names they were given in the [[Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)|Disney film]]. Similarly, [[Cinderella]] was cursed by an individual named [[Maleficent]], again the Disney name for the [[wicked fairy godmother]] that lacked a name in other versions. In the pilot episode, Leroy (the real world counterpart to the dwarf Grumpy) whistles ''[[Whistle While You Work]]'', a song written for [[Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)|the 1937 film]]). Gepetto's fairy friend is called The Blue Fairy as in [[Pinocchio (1940 film)|the 1940 Disney film]], rather than [[The Fairy with Turquoise Hair]] as in [[Carlo Collodi]]'s novel.

==Critical reception==
Even before its debut, several critics who saw the pilot reviewed the series positively. Among the favorable reviews:
*[[E!]]'s [[Kristin dos Santos]] cites the show as one of the five new shows of the 2011-12 season to watch.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eonline.com/news/watch_with_kristin/five_fall_shows_we_love_once_upon_time/260139#ixzz1WYRkZS5u |title=Five Fall Shows We Love: Once Upon a Time Is Magic. Period. |publisher=E! Online |first=Kristin |last=dos Santos |date=August 29, 2011}}</ref>
*Matthew Gilbert of ''The [[Boston Globe]]'' gave the show a "C+" grade commenting "From a pair of [[Lost (TV series)|''Lost'']] producers, this is a love-or-hate proposition. The ambition is impressive, as it asks us to imagine Goodwin’s Snow White and Parrilla’s Evil Queen as moderns. But Morrison is a wooden lead, and the back stories - a random collection of fairy tales - don’t promise to surprise."<ref>{{cite journal|last=Gilbert|first=Matthew|title=Which new fall series make the grade?|journal=The Boston Globe|date=September 4, 2011|url=http://articles.boston.com/2011-09-04/yourtown/30113340_1_bunnies-concept-rachel-bilson/7|accessdate=September 14, 2011}}</ref>
*In a review from the ''[[St. Louis Post-Dispatch]]'', TV critic Gail Pennington hailed it as one of the "Most Promising Show of The Fall", and unlike Gilbert, had high marks for Morrison.<ref> {{cite web|url=http://www.stltoday.com/entertainment/television/gail-pennington/article_5094a078-95af-576b-b934-1cf3dec5e73f.html |title=A sneak peek at the fall TV season |first=Gail |last=Pennington |work=''St. Louis Post-Dispatch'' |date=July 24, 2011}}</ref>
*''[[USA Today]]'s'' Robert Blanco has placed the series on its top ten list, declaring that "There's nothing else on the air quite like it."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usatoday.com/life/television/news/story/2011-09-08/Fall-TV-preview-The-new-seasons-top-10/50329044/1?csp=obinsite |title=Fall TV preview: The new season's top 10 |work=''[[USA Today]]'' |first=Robert |last=Blanco |date=September 8, 2011}}</ref>
*Mary McNamara of ''The [[Los Angeles Times]]'' compared this series to another fairy-tale themed drama, ''[[Grimm (TV series)|Grimm]]'', and preferred this series over the other, citing that the premise takes its time building up the charm and that the producer "has that part nailed." She also gave excellent reviews for Morrison's character: "Her Emma is predictably cynical and prickly — fairy-tale princess, my Aunt Fanny — but she's sharp and lively enough to keep audiences begging for "just a few more pages" before they go to bed."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2011/oct/22/entertainment/la-et-grimm-and-once-20111022 |title='Grimm,' 'Once Upon a Time' reviews: Fairy tales all grown up |first=Mary |last=McNamara |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=October 22, 2011}}</ref>

==International broadcasts==
The series has been picked up for international broadcasts in these countries:

{| class="wikitable" width=50%
|-
! Country
! Channel
! Premiere date
! Timeslot
|-
| {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Canada]]
| [[CTV Television Network|CTV]]
| October 23, 2011
| 7 pm & 10 pm{{ref|11}}
|-
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Spain]]
| [[Antena 3]]
| TBA
| TBA
|-
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia]]
| [[Seven Network]]
| 2012
| TBA<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvtonight.com.au/2011/10/once-upon-a-time-episode-online.html |title=Once Upon a Time Episode Online |publisher=TV Tonight |date=October 24, 2011}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Brazil]]
| [[Globo]]
| 2012
|
|}
{{refbegin}}
{{note|1|1}} '''Canadian broadcast:''' The series will air at 7 pm in all regions except in [[Saskatchewan]] and [[Winnipeg]], where it will air at 10 pm. All times local time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://falltvpreview.com/show.php?id=1143 |title=Once Upon A Time |publisher=FallTVPreview/Channel Canada}}</ref> 
{{refend}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
* {{Official website|http://abc.go.com/shows/once-upon-a-time}}
* {{facebook|OnceABC|Once Upon a Time}}
* {{IMDb title|1843230|Once Upon a Time}}
* {{tv.com|80922|Once Upon a Time}}

{{Snow White}}
{{ABCNetwork Shows (current and upcoming)}}

[[Category:2010s American television series]]
[[Category:2011 American television series debuts]]
[[Category:Adaptations of fairy tales]]
[[Category:American Broadcasting Company network shows]]
[[Category:American drama television series]]
[[Category:Brothers Grimm]]
[[Category:English-language television series]]
[[Category:Fantasy television series]]
[[Category:Parallel universes (fiction)]]
[[Category:Snow White adaptations]]
[[Category:Television series produced in Vancouver]]
[[Category:Television shows set in the 2010s]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Maine]]
[[Category:Television series by Buena Vista Television]]

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[[fr:Once Upon a Time (série télévisée)]]
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[[ru:Однажды (телесериал)]]

Once Upon a Time – Es war einmal …

2011-11-03T06:10:03Z

DavidK93: /* Allusions */ Concretized the two types of allusions present. Requested citations for two supposed allusions to Lost that aren't supported by the given source.

{{Infobox television
|show_name = Once Upon a Time
|image = [[File:Once Upon aTime promo image.jpg|250px]]
|caption = ''Once Upon a Time'' intertitle
|format = [[Fantasy (genre)|Fantasy]] [[Drama (genre)|Drama]]
|picture_format =
|audio_format =
|num_seasons = 1
|num_episodes = 2
|list_episodes = List of Once Upon a Time episodes
|runtime = 45 minutes
|creator = [[Edward Kitsis]] [[Adam Horowitz (screenwriter)|Adam Horowitz]]
|developer =
|theme_music_composer = [[Mark Isham]]
|country = {{TVUS}}
|language = [[English language|English]]
|location = [[Vancouver, British Columbia]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vancouverfilm.net/2011/07/once-upon-time-october-23-2011.html |title=Once Upon A Time |publisher=VancouverFilm.Net |date=July 22, 2011}}</ref>
|starring = [[Ginnifer Goodwin]] [[Jennifer Morrison]] [[Lana Parrilla]] [[Josh Dallas]] Jared S. Gilmore [[Raphael Sbarge]] [[Jamie Dornan]] [[Robert Carlyle]]
|executive_producer = Edward Kitsis Adam Horowitz Steve Pearlman [[Mark Mylod]]
|producer = Kathy Gilroy [[Damon Lindelof]] Brian Wankum (co-prod.)
|cinematography = Steven Fierberg
|editor = Julie Monroe Henk Van Eeghen, [[ACE]]
|company = [[ABC Studios]] Kitsis/Horowitz
|network = [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]
|first_aired = {{Start date|2011|10|23}}
|last_aired = present
|preceded_by =
|followed_by =
|related =
|website = http://abc.go.com/shows/once-upon-a-time
|website_title = Official website
|production_website =
}}

'''''Once Upon a Time''''' is an American [[fairy tale]] [[drama]] [[television series]] that premiered on Sunday October 23, 2011, on [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]. New episodes air Sunday nights at 8:00 pm [[eastern time zone|ET]]/7:00 pm [[central time zone|CT]].<ref name=abcpremieres>{{cite web|last=Seidman|first=Robert|date=June 27, 2011|title=ABC Announces Fall Series Premiere Dates: Late Starts for 'Once Upon a Time,' 'Man Up'|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/06/27/abc-announces-fall-series-premiere-dates-late-starts-for-once-upon-a-time-man-up/96596/|work=TV by the Numbers|accessdate=June 27, 2011}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
On the wedding day of [[Snow White]] ([[Ginnifer Goodwin]]) and [[Prince Charming]] ([[Joshua Dallas|Josh Dallas]]), [[Queen (Snow White)|the Evil Queen]] ([[Lana Parrilla]]) arrives and delivers an ominous threat about a powerful curse she intends to release upon them. Some time later, a pregnant Snow White is worried about the curse and visits [[Rumplestiltskin]] ([[Robert Carlyle]]) who issues a prophecy that the Queen's curse will take them all someplace terrible where there will be no happy endings. He also reveals that Snow White's unborn daughter, Emma, will return when she is 28 years old to rescue them, thus beginning the final battle with the Queen. On advice from the [[Blue Fairy]], Geppetto ([[Tony Amendola]]) and [[Pinocchio]] fashion a wardrobe from a magical tree which will allow one person to escape the Queen's curse. Prince Charming intends for Snow White and their unborn daughter to use the magic tree to escape the curse, but Snow White goes into labor and gives birth to Emma just as the wardrobe is about to be completed. On the day Snow White gives birth to her daughter, the Queen's curse strikes. Prince Charming places their daughter in the magic wardrobe, but is grievously wounded battling the Queen's henchmen. The Queen stands triumphantly over Snow White and Prince Charming as the curse takes them to "someplace horrible."

In present day [[Boston]], Emma Swan ([[Jennifer Morrison]]) lives a lonely existence working as a [[bail bondsman]] and [[bounty hunter]]. On her 28th birthday, Emma is approached by a ten year old boy who identifies himself as her son, Henry, who Emma had given up for adoption as a baby. Not wanting a relationship with him, Emma agrees to drive him back to his home in Storybrooke, Maine. Along the way, Henry shows her a large book of fairy tales, insisting that all of the stories in it are real. When they arrive in Storybrooke, Henry informs her that everyone in town is in reality a fairy tale character, exiled by the curse and with no memory of their real identities. This includes his therapist, who is really [[Jiminy Cricket]], and his teacher Mary Margaret Blanchard, who is really Snow White. He claims that time is frozen in Storybrooke and the people are unable to leave, but that the curse will be broken by Emma. A skeptical Emma returns Henry to his adopted mother, the town's mayor who is really the Evil Queen. When Henry soon runs away again, Emma finds him and decides to stay in Storybrooke temporarily. This decision causes the hands of the town clock, previously frozen, to begin moving again.

==Cast and characters==
===Primary===
* [[Ginnifer Goodwin]] as [[Snow White]]/Mary Margaret Blanchard, Emma's biological mother who becomes Henry's elementary school teacher in the Real World. Snow White is also Henry's grandmother.
* [[Jennifer Morrison]] as Emma Swan, a 28-year-old bailbonds collector who learns that she holds the key to saving the Real World and the Enchanted Forest. Emma is the daughter of Prince Charming/John Doe and Snow White/Sister Mary Margaret Blanchard, and is Henry's biological mother. Emma was sent from the Enchanted Forest because Prince Charming and Snow White wanted to protect her from the curse made by the Evil Queen.
* [[Lana Parrilla]] as [[Queen (Snow White)|The Evil Queen]]/Regina Mills, the icy, darkly beautiful antagonist of the [[Snow White]] fairy tale who becomes Henry's adoptive mother and Storybrooke's mayor (Regina Mills) in the Real World. She is determined to keep Emma away from Henry. She killed the person that mattered most to her to make the curse happen, her father, a choice that left a hole that can't be filled.
* [[Joshua Dallas|Josh Dallas]] as [[Prince Charming]]/John Doe. The hero of the [[Snow White]] fairy tale and movie was an unnamed prince. In the Disney movie [[Cinderella]], Prince Charming is Cinderella's prince. It is also implied that he also has a twin brother, a reference to ''[[The Prince and the Pauper]].'' In the TV show, he is the leader of the Enchanted Forest's War Council and Emma's biological father who becomes an unknown comatose patient at Storybrooke General Hospital.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/gallery/0,,20302134_20526804,00.html#21049533 |title=40 Fall TV Shows We're Psyched About |publisher=EW.com |date=October 2, 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.tvguide.com/News/Mega-Buzz-Office-Glee-Dexter-1039009.aspx "Mega Buzz: A New Office Relationship, a Glee Showdown and a Dexter Death"] from [[TV Guide]] (October 25, 2011)</ref>
* [[Jared S. Gilmore]] as Henry, Emma's son whom she gave up for adoption ten years earlier. Henry learns the truth behind Storybrooke from a book of fairy tales and finds his biological mother with the hopes of convincing her to save the Enchanted Forest. He is the grandson of Prince Charming/John Doe and Snow White/Mary Margaret Blanchard, and the adopted son of The Evil Queen/Regina Mills. He is named after Regina's father, whom she killed to make the curse happen.
* [[Raphael Sbarge]] as [[Jiminy Cricket]]/Archie Hopper, the cricket from ''[[Pinocchio (1940 film)|Pinocchio]]'' who becomes Storybrooke's eccentric, yet bookish, human resident psychiatrist in the Real World. In animated form, he is Jiminy Cricket in The Enchanted Forest and a member of the War Council.
* [[Jamie Dornan]] as Sheriff Graham, Storybrooke's handsome and authoritative sheriff with a mysterious past.
* [[Robert Carlyle]] as [[Rumpelstiltskin]]/Mr. Gold, the eponymous character and main antagonist from the [[Rumpelstiltskin|fairy tale]] who becomes Storybrooke's wealthiest resident and pawnshop owner in the Real World. He helped build and owns the town. He brought Henry to Regina when Henry was a baby and used it to orchestrate Emma's arrival.

===Recurring===
* [[David Anders]] as Dr. Whale.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deadline.com/2011/08/tv-castings-southland-gcb-once-upon-a-time-add-recurring-players |title=''Southland'', ''GCB'' and ''Once Upon A Time'' Add Recurring Players |publisher=IDM.com |date=August 1, 2011}}</ref>
* [[Anastasia Griffith]] as Annette, a spoiled girl with a very "royal" past.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deadline.com/2011/08/tv-castings-southland-gcb-once-upon-a-time-add-recurring-players |title=''Southland'', ''GCB'' and ''Once Upon A Time'' Add Recurring Players |publisher=Deadline.com |date=August 1, 2011}}</ref>
* [[Jessy Schram]] as [[Cinderella]]/Ashley, the main protagonist of the [[Cinderella|fairy tale of the same name]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.zap2it.com/frominsidethebox/2011/08/falling-skies-star-jessy-schram-is-once-upon-a-times-cinderella.html |title=Falling Skies star Jessy Schram is ''Once Upon a Time's'' Cinderella |publisher=Zap2it |date=August 15, 2011}}</ref>
* [[Kristin Bauer van Straten]] as [[Maleficent]], the antagonist from ''[[Sleeping Beauty (1959 film)|Sleeping Beauty]]'', and the Evil Queen's equally sinister rival.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tvline.com/2011/09/once-upon-a-time-taps-true-blood-scene-stealer-kristin-bauer-van-straten-as-evil-witch|title=Once Upon a Time Taps True Blood Scene-Stealer Kristin Bauer van Straten as Evil Witch|work=TVLine|accessdate=October 7, 2011|date=September 27, 2011}}</ref>
*[[Richard Schiff]] as King Leopold, Snow White's father.
* [[Alan Dale]] as King George, Prince Charming's father, Emma's grandfather, Henry's great-grandfather, and Snow White's father-in-law<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tvline.com/2011/08/once-upon-a-time-alan-dale-lost|title=Exclusive: ABC's Once Upon a Time Gets Lost, Taps Alan Dale For Royal Role|work=[[TVLine]]|accessdate=2011-08-26|date=2011-08-25|author=Ausiello, Michael}}</ref>
* [[Eion Bailey]] as "The Stranger", whose presence will add to Storybrooke's mystery<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/abc-once-upon-a-time-casts-covert-affairs-eion-bailey-248875 |title='Covert Affairs' Eion Bailey Plays the Perfect Stranger on 'Once Upon a Time' |publisher=The Hollywood Reporter |date=October 11, 2011}}</ref>
* [[Patti Allan]] as the Blind Witch/Ms. Ginger, the main antagonist from the ''[[Hansel and Gretel]]'' fairytale.
* David Paul Grove as Doc, a member of the War Council and Personal Physician to Snow White who becomes a Doctor at Storybrooke Hospital
* [[Lee Arenberg]] as Grumpy/Leroy, a member of the War Council in the Enchanted forest who becomes Storybrooke's resident troublemaker.
* [[Faustino DiBauda]] as Sleepy/Walter, a member of the War Council
* [[Tony Amendola]] as Gepetto/Marco (the woodcarver from ''[[The Adventures of Pinocchio|Pinocchio]]''), a member of the War Council who becomes Storybrooke's handyman in the Real World.
* [[Keegan Connor Tracy]] as The Blue Fairy, a member of the War Council
* [[Michael Coleman (actor)|Mike Coleman]] as Happy, a member of the War Council
* [[Mig Macario]] as Bashful, a member of the War Council
* [[Jakob Davies]] as Pinocchio, a member of the War Council
* [[Meghan Ory]] as Red Riding Hood/Ruby, A member of the War Council who becomes an unruly woman in Storybrooke who desires a chance to leave the town
* [[Beverley Elliott]] as Granny, A member of the War Council who becomes the owner of "Granny's Inn" in Storybrooke; she is also Ruby's grandmother and whose health problems has kept Ruby from leaving town.
* [[James Bamford (stunt coordinator)|James Bamford]] as the Black Knight
* [[Tim Phillips]] as Prince Thomas/Sean, Cinderella's prince in the TV show. Her prince in the [[Cinderella (1950 film)|Disney movie]] was named Prince Charming.
* [[Catherine Lough Haggquist]] as the Fairy Godmother
* [[Giancarlo Esposito]] as the Magic Mirror/Sydney, A spirit imprisoned by the Evil Queen who becomes a reporter for Storybrooke's local newspaper ''The Daily Mirror'."<ref name=MagicMirror>{{cite web|last=Andreeva|first=Nellie|title=TV BITS: Giancarlo Esposito To Join ABC Series, Howie Mandel To Produce Reality Format, Ben Silveran To Publish Comic|url=http://www.deadline.com/2011/07/tv-bits-giancarlo-esposito-to-join-abc-series-howie-mandel-to-produce-reality-format-ben-silveran-to-publish-comic|work=Deadline.com|publisher=PMC|date=July 18, 2011|accessdate=July 18, 2011}}</ref>

==Episodes==
{{main|List of Once Upon a Time episodes}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! style="padding: 0 8px; colspan="2" rowspan="2"| Season
! style="padding: 0 8px; rowspan="2"| Episodes
! colspan="2"| Originally aired
! colspan="3"| [[DVD]] release date
|-
! [[Season premiere]]
! [[Season finale]]
! [[DVD region code|Region 1]]
! [[DVD region code|Region 2]]
! [[DVD region code|Region 4]]
|-
|style="background: #006699;"|
|'''[[#Episodes|1]]'''
|style="padding: 0 8px;"| 13
|style="padding: 0 8px;"| {{Start date|2011|10|23}}
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|}

==Ratings==
The pilot episode was watched by 13 million viewers and received a 4.0 rating in Adults 18-49.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/10/25/sunday-final-ratings-once-upon-a-time-adjusted-up-final-ratings-for-world-series-game-4-saintscolts/108354/|title=Sunday Final Ratings: 'Once Upon A Time' Adjusted Up + Final Ratings For World Series Game 4 & Saints/Colts|last=Gorman|first=Bill|date=October 25, 2011|work=TVbytheNumbers|accessdate=October 25, 2011}}</ref> It was the season's #1 rated drama debut among Adults 18-49 and ABC's biggest debut in five years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/10/24/abcs-once-upon-a-time-opens-as-the-seasons-1-new-drama/108234/|title=ABC's 'Once Upon a Time' Opens as the Season's #1 New Drama|last=Gorman|first=Bill|date=October 24, 2011|work=TVbytheNumbers|accessdate=October 25, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/10/25/tv-ratings-broadcast-top-25-sunday-night-football-beaten-by-modern-family-two-and-a-half-men-in-week-5-among-adults-18-49/108305/ |title=TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25: 'Sunday Night Football' Beaten By 'Modern Family' & 'Two and a Half Men' In Week #5 Among Adults 18-49 |publisher=TV By The Numbers |date=October 25, 2011}}</ref>

== Production ==
[[Adam Horowitz (screenwriter)|Adam Horowitz]] and [[Edward Kitsis]] conceived the show in 2004, prior to joining the writing staff of ''[[Lost (TV series)|Lost]]'', but wanted to wait until that series was over to focus on this project.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://weblogs.variety.com/on_the_air/2010/10/exclusive-lost-exec-producers-horowitz-kitsis-sell-pilot-to-abc.html |title=EXCLUSIVE: 'Lost' exec producers Horowitz, Kitsis sell pilot to ABC|date=October 28, 2010|last=Levine|first=Stuart|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|accessdate=August 2, 2011}}</ref> The script was picked up to [[television pilot|pilot]] on February 4, 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deadline.com/2011/02/abc-picks-up-marc-cherrys-hallelujah-pilot/ |title=UPDATE: ABC Loads Heavy Drama Guns, Orders Pilots From Marc Cherry, Oren Peli, Darren Star, 'Twilight' Producers, Mark Gordon And 'Lost' Alums|date=February 4, 2011| last=Andreeva| first=Nellie| work=Deadline.com| accessdate=August 2, 2011}}</ref> [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] commissioned a series, airing from fall 2011 on Sundays at 8/7 Central.<ref name=hr/>

In May 2011, [[Jane Espenson]] was added as a co-executive [[Television producer|producer]] and [[Liz Tigelaar]] was brought on as a consulting [[Television producer|producer]].<ref name=hr>{{cite web|url= http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/jane-espenson-liz-tigelaar-join-193496 |title= Jane Espenson, Liz Tigelaar Join ABC’s ''Once Upon a Time'' |date=May 31, 2011| last=Goldberg| first= Lesley | work= The Hollywood Reporter | accessdate=August 12, 2011}}</ref> [[Damon Lindelof]] served as a consultant on the show's pilot. Kitsis described Lindelof as his and Horowitz's "godfather", while Horowitz said that Lindelof's "name isn't on the show, but his DNA is in it," and that he will continue to advise the two.<ref name=tvguide/> They also noted that Disney has allowed them access to their fairy tale characters for use in the series. "They've given us license," Kitsis said. "I could be wrong, but I think this is the first time anyone's shown Snow White with a sword, or pregnant."<ref name=tvguide>{{cite news|url=http://www.tvguide.com/News/Damon-Lindelof-Once-Upon-A-Time-ABC-1036165.aspx|title=Once Upon A Time Producers: Damon Lindelof's DNA Runs Through Our Show|work=[[TV Guide]]|accessdate=2011-08-26|date=2011-08-07|author=Martin, Denise}}</ref>

Both Horowitz and Kitsis later emphasized that the series will focus more on the characters themselves and won't feature a "complex" storyline, which reportedly was the primary focus. "We don't want this to be a mythology show," said Kitsis. "It's about characters and characters first."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalspy.com/tv/s181/once-upon-a-time/news/a337329/once-upon-a-time-execs-the-show-is-about-character.html |title='Once Upon a Time' execs: 'The show is about character' |publisher=Digital Spy |date=August 26, 2011}}</ref>

On September 27, 2011, the producers made some changes in the casting department, with [[Kristin Bauer|Kristin Bauer van Straten]] replacing [[Paula Marshall]] as Maleficent after revealing that it was going in a different direction. Marshall was originally tapped for the role in June 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aoltv.com/2011/07/27/paula-marshall-to-work-her-magic-on-once-upon-a-time/ |title=EXCLUSIVE: Paula Marshall to Work Her Magic on 'Once Upon a Time' |publisher=AOL TV |date=June 27, 2011}}</ref>

The show also has a similar premise to [[Bill Willingham]]'s comic series ''[[Fables (comics)|Fables]]'', to which ABC bought the rights in 2008, but never made it past the planning stages.<ref name=tca/> Horowitz and Kitsis have "read a couple issues," of ''Fables'' but state that while the two concepts are "in the same playground," they believe they are "telling a different story."<ref name=tca>{{cite news|url=http://www.tvline.com/2011/08/5-real-truths-once-upon-a-time/|title=Real Truths Behind ABC's Once Upon a Time (Including That Pesky Fables Comparison)|work=[[TVLine]]|accessdate=2011-08-26|date=2011-08-07|author=Webb Mitovich, Matt; Masters, Megan}}</ref> The storyline also seems drawn from ABC's own 1987 sitcom ''[[The Charmings]]'' and the Disney film ''[[Enchanted (film)|Enchanted]]'', and is also reminiscent of ''[[The 10th Kingdom]]'', a 2000 [[RHI Entertainment|Hallmark Entertainment]] mini-series produced for [[NBC]].

==Allusions==
As a nod to the ties between the production teams of ''Once Upon a Time'' and ''Lost'', the new show contains [[Mythology of Lost|allusions to ''Lost'']]; there are five such references in the pilot: [[Man in Black (Lost)|the smoke monster]] engulfing the Enchanted Forest{{Fact}}, Emma's eye-opening after she wakes up{{Fact}}, The address of Regina's home (108), a Geronimo Jackson bumper sticker (referring to a fictitious band that was also the subject of multiple references on ''Lost''), and the town clock being stuck at 8:15 (the same number as [[Oceanic Airlines|the doomed airline flight]] in ''Lost'').<ref name=tca/>

The show, as a production of Disney-owned ABC, contains multiple allusions to the Disney versions of the stories that form the basis for the series. Snow White's dwarfs, unnamed in traditional versions of the story, here have the names they were given in the [[Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)|Disney film]]. Similarly, [[Cinderella]] was cursed by an individual named [[Maleficent]], again the Disney name for the [[wicked fairy godmother]] that lacked a name in other versions. In the pilot episode, Leroy (the real world counterpart to the dwarf Grumpy) whistles ''[[Whistle While You Work]]'', a song written for [[Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)|the 1937 film]]).

==Critical reception==
Even before its debut, several critics who saw the pilot reviewed the series positively. Among the favorable reviews:
*[[E!]]'s [[Kristin dos Santos]] cites the show as one of the five new shows of the 2011-12 season to watch.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eonline.com/news/watch_with_kristin/five_fall_shows_we_love_once_upon_time/260139#ixzz1WYRkZS5u |title=Five Fall Shows We Love: Once Upon a Time Is Magic. Period. |publisher=E! Online |first=Kristin |last=dos Santos |date=August 29, 2011}}</ref>
*Matthew Gilbert of ''The [[Boston Globe]]'' gave the show a "C+" grade commenting "From a pair of [[Lost (TV series)|''Lost'']] producers, this is a love-or-hate proposition. The ambition is impressive, as it asks us to imagine Goodwin’s Snow White and Parrilla’s Evil Queen as moderns. But Morrison is a wooden lead, and the back stories - a random collection of fairy tales - don’t promise to surprise."<ref>{{cite journal|last=Gilbert|first=Matthew|title=Which new fall series make the grade?|journal=The Boston Globe|date=September 4, 2011|url=http://articles.boston.com/2011-09-04/yourtown/30113340_1_bunnies-concept-rachel-bilson/7|accessdate=September 14, 2011}}</ref>
*In a review from the ''[[St. Louis Post-Dispatch]]'', TV critic Gail Pennington hailed it as one of the "Most Promising Show of The Fall", and unlike Gilbert, had high marks for Morrison.<ref> {{cite web|url=http://www.stltoday.com/entertainment/television/gail-pennington/article_5094a078-95af-576b-b934-1cf3dec5e73f.html |title=A sneak peek at the fall TV season |first=Gail |last=Pennington |work=''St. Louis Post-Dispatch'' |date=July 24, 2011}}</ref>
*''[[USA Today]]'s'' Robert Blanco has placed the series on its top ten list, declaring that "There's nothing else on the air quite like it."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usatoday.com/life/television/news/story/2011-09-08/Fall-TV-preview-The-new-seasons-top-10/50329044/1?csp=obinsite |title=Fall TV preview: The new season's top 10 |work=''[[USA Today]]'' |first=Robert |last=Blanco |date=September 8, 2011}}</ref>
*Mary McNamara of ''The [[Los Angeles Times]]'' compared this series to another fairy-tale themed drama, ''[[Grimm (TV series)|Grimm]]'', and preferred this series over the other, citing that the premise takes its time building up the charm and that the producer "has that part nailed." She also gave excellent reviews for Morrison's character: "Her Emma is predictably cynical and prickly — fairy-tale princess, my Aunt Fanny — but she's sharp and lively enough to keep audiences begging for "just a few more pages" before they go to bed."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2011/oct/22/entertainment/la-et-grimm-and-once-20111022 |title='Grimm,' 'Once Upon a Time' reviews: Fairy tales all grown up |first=Mary |last=McNamara |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=October 22, 2011}}</ref>

==International broadcasts==
The series has been picked up for international broadcasts in these countries:

{| class="wikitable" width=50%
|-
! Country
! Channel
! Premiere date
! Timeslot
|-
| {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Canada]]
| [[CTV Television Network|CTV]]
| October 23, 2011
| 7 pm & 10 pm{{ref|11}}
|-
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Spain]]
| [[Antena 3]]
| TBA
| TBA
|-
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia]]
| [[Seven Network]]
| 2012
| TBA<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvtonight.com.au/2011/10/once-upon-a-time-episode-online.html |title=Once Upon a Time Episode Online |publisher=TV Tonight |date=October 24, 2011}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Brazil]]
| [[Globo]]
| 2012
|
|}
{{refbegin}}
{{note|1|1}} '''Canadian broadcast:''' The series will air at 7 pm in all regions except in [[Saskatchewan]] and [[Winnipeg]], where it will air at 10 pm. All times local time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://falltvpreview.com/show.php?id=1143 |title=Once Upon A Time |publisher=FallTVPreview/Channel Canada}}</ref> 
{{refend}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
* {{Official website|http://abc.go.com/shows/once-upon-a-time}}
* {{facebook|OnceABC|Once Upon a Time}}
* {{IMDb title|1843230|Once Upon a Time}}
* {{tv.com|80922|Once Upon a Time}}

{{Snow White}}
{{ABCNetwork Shows (current and upcoming)}}

[[Category:2010s American television series]]
[[Category:2011 American television series debuts]]
[[Category:Adaptations of fairy tales]]
[[Category:American Broadcasting Company network shows]]
[[Category:American drama television series]]
[[Category:Brothers Grimm]]
[[Category:English-language television series]]
[[Category:Fantasy television series]]
[[Category:Parallel universes (fiction)]]
[[Category:Snow White adaptations]]
[[Category:Television series produced in Vancouver]]
[[Category:Television shows set in the 2010s]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Maine]]
[[Category:Television series by Buena Vista Television]]

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[[fr:Once Upon a Time (série télévisée)]]
[[it:Once Upon a Time (serie televisiva)]]
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[[ru:Однажды (телесериал)]]

Once Upon a Time – Es war einmal …

2011-11-03T05:55:00Z

DavidK93: Moved content not pertaining to allusions out of "Allusions" section.

{{Infobox television
|show_name = Once Upon a Time
|image = [[File:Once Upon aTime promo image.jpg|250px]]
|caption = ''Once Upon a Time'' intertitle
|format = [[Fantasy (genre)|Fantasy]] [[Drama (genre)|Drama]]
|picture_format =
|audio_format =
|num_seasons = 1
|num_episodes = 2
|list_episodes = List of Once Upon a Time episodes
|runtime = 45 minutes
|creator = [[Edward Kitsis]] [[Adam Horowitz (screenwriter)|Adam Horowitz]]
|developer =
|theme_music_composer = [[Mark Isham]]
|country = {{TVUS}}
|language = [[English language|English]]
|location = [[Vancouver, British Columbia]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vancouverfilm.net/2011/07/once-upon-time-october-23-2011.html |title=Once Upon A Time |publisher=VancouverFilm.Net |date=July 22, 2011}}</ref>
|starring = [[Ginnifer Goodwin]] [[Jennifer Morrison]] [[Lana Parrilla]] [[Josh Dallas]] Jared S. Gilmore [[Raphael Sbarge]] [[Jamie Dornan]] [[Robert Carlyle]]
|executive_producer = Edward Kitsis Adam Horowitz Steve Pearlman [[Mark Mylod]]
|producer = Kathy Gilroy [[Damon Lindelof]] Brian Wankum (co-prod.)
|cinematography = Steven Fierberg
|editor = Julie Monroe Henk Van Eeghen, [[ACE]]
|company = [[ABC Studios]] Kitsis/Horowitz
|network = [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]
|first_aired = {{Start date|2011|10|23}}
|last_aired = present
|preceded_by =
|followed_by =
|related =
|website = http://abc.go.com/shows/once-upon-a-time
|website_title = Official website
|production_website =
}}

'''''Once Upon a Time''''' is an American [[fairy tale]] [[drama]] [[television series]] that premiered on Sunday October 23, 2011, on [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]. New episodes air Sunday nights at 8:00 pm [[eastern time zone|ET]]/7:00 pm [[central time zone|CT]].<ref name=abcpremieres>{{cite web|last=Seidman|first=Robert|date=June 27, 2011|title=ABC Announces Fall Series Premiere Dates: Late Starts for 'Once Upon a Time,' 'Man Up'|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/06/27/abc-announces-fall-series-premiere-dates-late-starts-for-once-upon-a-time-man-up/96596/|work=TV by the Numbers|accessdate=June 27, 2011}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
On the wedding day of [[Snow White]] ([[Ginnifer Goodwin]]) and [[Prince Charming]] ([[Joshua Dallas|Josh Dallas]]), [[Queen (Snow White)|the Evil Queen]] ([[Lana Parrilla]]) arrives and delivers an ominous threat about a powerful curse she intends to release upon them. Some time later, a pregnant Snow White is worried about the curse and visits [[Rumplestiltskin]] ([[Robert Carlyle]]) who issues a prophecy that the Queen's curse will take them all someplace terrible where there will be no happy endings. He also reveals that Snow White's unborn daughter, Emma, will return when she is 28 years old to rescue them, thus beginning the final battle with the Queen. On advice from the [[Blue Fairy]], Geppetto ([[Tony Amendola]]) and [[Pinocchio]] fashion a wardrobe from a magical tree which will allow one person to escape the Queen's curse. Prince Charming intends for Snow White and their unborn daughter to use the magic tree to escape the curse, but Snow White goes into labor and gives birth to Emma just as the wardrobe is about to be completed. On the day Snow White gives birth to her daughter, the Queen's curse strikes. Prince Charming places their daughter in the magic wardrobe, but is grievously wounded battling the Queen's henchmen. The Queen stands triumphantly over Snow White and Prince Charming as the curse takes them to "someplace horrible."

In present day [[Boston]], Emma Swan ([[Jennifer Morrison]]) lives a lonely existence working as a [[bail bondsman]] and [[bounty hunter]]. On her 28th birthday, Emma is approached by a ten year old boy who identifies himself as her son, Henry, who Emma had given up for adoption as a baby. Not wanting a relationship with him, Emma agrees to drive him back to his home in Storybrooke, Maine. Along the way, Henry shows her a large book of fairy tales, insisting that all of the stories in it are real. When they arrive in Storybrooke, Henry informs her that everyone in town is in reality a fairy tale character, exiled by the curse and with no memory of their real identities. This includes his therapist, who is really [[Jiminy Cricket]], and his teacher Mary Margaret Blanchard, who is really Snow White. He claims that time is frozen in Storybrooke and the people are unable to leave, but that the curse will be broken by Emma. A skeptical Emma returns Henry to his adopted mother, the town's mayor who is really the Evil Queen. When Henry soon runs away again, Emma finds him and decides to stay in Storybrooke temporarily. This decision causes the hands of the town clock, previously frozen, to begin moving again.

==Cast and characters==
===Primary===
* [[Ginnifer Goodwin]] as [[Snow White]]/Mary Margaret Blanchard, Emma's biological mother who becomes Henry's elementary school teacher in the Real World. Snow White is also Henry's grandmother.
* [[Jennifer Morrison]] as Emma Swan, a 28-year-old bailbonds collector who learns that she holds the key to saving the Real World and the Enchanted Forest. Emma is the daughter of Prince Charming/John Doe and Snow White/Sister Mary Margaret Blanchard, and is Henry's biological mother. Emma was sent from the Enchanted Forest because Prince Charming and Snow White wanted to protect her from the curse made by the Evil Queen.
* [[Lana Parrilla]] as [[Queen (Snow White)|The Evil Queen]]/Regina Mills, the icy, darkly beautiful antagonist of the [[Snow White]] fairy tale who becomes Henry's adoptive mother and Storybrooke's mayor (Regina Mills) in the Real World. She is determined to keep Emma away from Henry. She killed the person that mattered most to her to make the curse happen, her father, a choice that left a hole that can't be filled.
* [[Joshua Dallas|Josh Dallas]] as [[Prince Charming]]/John Doe. The hero of the [[Snow White]] fairy tale and movie was an unnamed prince. In the Disney movie [[Cinderella]], Prince Charming is Cinderella's prince. It is also implied that he also has a twin brother, a reference to ''[[The Prince and the Pauper]].'' In the TV show, he is the leader of the Enchanted Forest's War Council and Emma's biological father who becomes an unknown comatose patient at Storybrooke General Hospital.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ew.com/ew/gallery/0,,20302134_20526804,00.html#21049533 |title=40 Fall TV Shows We're Psyched About |publisher=EW.com |date=October 2, 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.tvguide.com/News/Mega-Buzz-Office-Glee-Dexter-1039009.aspx "Mega Buzz: A New Office Relationship, a Glee Showdown and a Dexter Death"] from [[TV Guide]] (October 25, 2011)</ref>
* [[Jared S. Gilmore]] as Henry, Emma's son whom she gave up for adoption ten years earlier. Henry learns the truth behind Storybrooke from a book of fairy tales and finds his biological mother with the hopes of convincing her to save the Enchanted Forest. He is the grandson of Prince Charming/John Doe and Snow White/Mary Margaret Blanchard, and the adopted son of The Evil Queen/Regina Mills. He is named after Regina's father, whom she killed to make the curse happen.
* [[Raphael Sbarge]] as [[Jiminy Cricket]]/Archie Hopper, the cricket from ''[[Pinocchio (1940 film)|Pinocchio]]'' who becomes Storybrooke's eccentric, yet bookish, human resident psychiatrist in the Real World. In animated form, he is Jiminy Cricket in The Enchanted Forest and a member of the War Council.
* [[Jamie Dornan]] as Sheriff Graham, Storybrooke's handsome and authoritative sheriff with a mysterious past.
* [[Robert Carlyle]] as [[Rumpelstiltskin]]/Mr. Gold, the eponymous character and main antagonist from the [[Rumpelstiltskin|fairy tale]] who becomes Storybrooke's wealthiest resident and pawnshop owner in the Real World. He helped build and owns the town. He brought Henry to Regina when Henry was a baby and used it to orchestrate Emma's arrival.

===Recurring===
* [[David Anders]] as Dr. Whale.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deadline.com/2011/08/tv-castings-southland-gcb-once-upon-a-time-add-recurring-players |title=''Southland'', ''GCB'' and ''Once Upon A Time'' Add Recurring Players |publisher=IDM.com |date=August 1, 2011}}</ref>
* [[Anastasia Griffith]] as Annette, a spoiled girl with a very "royal" past.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deadline.com/2011/08/tv-castings-southland-gcb-once-upon-a-time-add-recurring-players |title=''Southland'', ''GCB'' and ''Once Upon A Time'' Add Recurring Players |publisher=Deadline.com |date=August 1, 2011}}</ref>
* [[Jessy Schram]] as [[Cinderella]]/Ashley, the main protagonist of the [[Cinderella|fairy tale of the same name]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.zap2it.com/frominsidethebox/2011/08/falling-skies-star-jessy-schram-is-once-upon-a-times-cinderella.html |title=Falling Skies star Jessy Schram is ''Once Upon a Time's'' Cinderella |publisher=Zap2it |date=August 15, 2011}}</ref>
* [[Kristin Bauer van Straten]] as [[Maleficent]], the antagonist from ''[[Sleeping Beauty (1959 film)|Sleeping Beauty]]'', and the Evil Queen's equally sinister rival.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tvline.com/2011/09/once-upon-a-time-taps-true-blood-scene-stealer-kristin-bauer-van-straten-as-evil-witch|title=Once Upon a Time Taps True Blood Scene-Stealer Kristin Bauer van Straten as Evil Witch|work=TVLine|accessdate=October 7, 2011|date=September 27, 2011}}</ref>
*[[Richard Schiff]] as King Leopold, Snow White's father.
* [[Alan Dale]] as King George, Prince Charming's father, Emma's grandfather, Henry's great-grandfather, and Snow White's father-in-law<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tvline.com/2011/08/once-upon-a-time-alan-dale-lost|title=Exclusive: ABC's Once Upon a Time Gets Lost, Taps Alan Dale For Royal Role|work=[[TVLine]]|accessdate=2011-08-26|date=2011-08-25|author=Ausiello, Michael}}</ref>
* [[Eion Bailey]] as "The Stranger", whose presence will add to Storybrooke's mystery<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/abc-once-upon-a-time-casts-covert-affairs-eion-bailey-248875 |title='Covert Affairs' Eion Bailey Plays the Perfect Stranger on 'Once Upon a Time' |publisher=The Hollywood Reporter |date=October 11, 2011}}</ref>
* [[Patti Allan]] as the Blind Witch/Ms. Ginger, the main antagonist from the ''[[Hansel and Gretel]]'' fairytale.
* David Paul Grove as Doc, a member of the War Council and Personal Physician to Snow White who becomes a Doctor at Storybrooke Hospital
* [[Lee Arenberg]] as Grumpy/Leroy, a member of the War Council in the Enchanted forest who becomes Storybrooke's resident troublemaker.
* [[Faustino DiBauda]] as Sleepy/Walter, a member of the War Council
* [[Tony Amendola]] as Gepetto/Marco (the woodcarver from ''[[The Adventures of Pinocchio|Pinocchio]]''), a member of the War Council who becomes Storybrooke's handyman in the Real World.
* [[Keegan Connor Tracy]] as The Blue Fairy, a member of the War Council
* [[Michael Coleman (actor)|Mike Coleman]] as Happy, a member of the War Council
* [[Mig Macario]] as Bashful, a member of the War Council
* [[Jakob Davies]] as Pinocchio, a member of the War Council
* [[Meghan Ory]] as Red Riding Hood/Ruby, A member of the War Council who becomes an unruly woman in Storybrooke who desires a chance to leave the town
* [[Beverley Elliott]] as Granny, A member of the War Council who becomes the owner of "Granny's Inn" in Storybrooke; she is also Ruby's grandmother and whose health problems has kept Ruby from leaving town.
* [[James Bamford (stunt coordinator)|James Bamford]] as the Black Knight
* [[Tim Phillips]] as Prince Thomas/Sean, Cinderella's prince in the TV show. Her prince in the [[Cinderella (1950 film)|Disney movie]] was named Prince Charming.
* [[Catherine Lough Haggquist]] as the Fairy Godmother
* [[Giancarlo Esposito]] as the Magic Mirror/Sydney, A spirit imprisoned by the Evil Queen who becomes a reporter for Storybrooke's local newspaper ''The Daily Mirror'."<ref name=MagicMirror>{{cite web|last=Andreeva|first=Nellie|title=TV BITS: Giancarlo Esposito To Join ABC Series, Howie Mandel To Produce Reality Format, Ben Silveran To Publish Comic|url=http://www.deadline.com/2011/07/tv-bits-giancarlo-esposito-to-join-abc-series-howie-mandel-to-produce-reality-format-ben-silveran-to-publish-comic|work=Deadline.com|publisher=PMC|date=July 18, 2011|accessdate=July 18, 2011}}</ref>

==Episodes==
{{main|List of Once Upon a Time episodes}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! style="padding: 0 8px; colspan="2" rowspan="2"| Season
! style="padding: 0 8px; rowspan="2"| Episodes
! colspan="2"| Originally aired
! colspan="3"| [[DVD]] release date
|-
! [[Season premiere]]
! [[Season finale]]
! [[DVD region code|Region 1]]
! [[DVD region code|Region 2]]
! [[DVD region code|Region 4]]
|-
|style="background: #006699;"|
|'''[[#Episodes|1]]'''
|style="padding: 0 8px;"| 13
|style="padding: 0 8px;"| {{Start date|2011|10|23}}
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|}

==Ratings==
The pilot episode was watched by 13 million viewers and received a 4.0 rating in Adults 18-49.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/10/25/sunday-final-ratings-once-upon-a-time-adjusted-up-final-ratings-for-world-series-game-4-saintscolts/108354/|title=Sunday Final Ratings: 'Once Upon A Time' Adjusted Up + Final Ratings For World Series Game 4 & Saints/Colts|last=Gorman|first=Bill|date=October 25, 2011|work=TVbytheNumbers|accessdate=October 25, 2011}}</ref> It was the season's #1 rated drama debut among Adults 18-49 and ABC's biggest debut in five years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/10/24/abcs-once-upon-a-time-opens-as-the-seasons-1-new-drama/108234/|title=ABC's 'Once Upon a Time' Opens as the Season's #1 New Drama|last=Gorman|first=Bill|date=October 24, 2011|work=TVbytheNumbers|accessdate=October 25, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/10/25/tv-ratings-broadcast-top-25-sunday-night-football-beaten-by-modern-family-two-and-a-half-men-in-week-5-among-adults-18-49/108305/ |title=TV Ratings Broadcast Top 25: 'Sunday Night Football' Beaten By 'Modern Family' & 'Two and a Half Men' In Week #5 Among Adults 18-49 |publisher=TV By The Numbers |date=October 25, 2011}}</ref>

== Production ==
[[Adam Horowitz (screenwriter)|Adam Horowitz]] and [[Edward Kitsis]] conceived the show in 2004, prior to joining the writing staff of ''[[Lost (TV series)|Lost]]'', but wanted to wait until that series was over to focus on this project.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://weblogs.variety.com/on_the_air/2010/10/exclusive-lost-exec-producers-horowitz-kitsis-sell-pilot-to-abc.html |title=EXCLUSIVE: 'Lost' exec producers Horowitz, Kitsis sell pilot to ABC|date=October 28, 2010|last=Levine|first=Stuart|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|accessdate=August 2, 2011}}</ref> The script was picked up to [[television pilot|pilot]] on February 4, 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deadline.com/2011/02/abc-picks-up-marc-cherrys-hallelujah-pilot/ |title=UPDATE: ABC Loads Heavy Drama Guns, Orders Pilots From Marc Cherry, Oren Peli, Darren Star, 'Twilight' Producers, Mark Gordon And 'Lost' Alums|date=February 4, 2011| last=Andreeva| first=Nellie| work=Deadline.com| accessdate=August 2, 2011}}</ref> [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] commissioned a series, airing from fall 2011 on Sundays at 8/7 Central.<ref name=hr/>

In May 2011, [[Jane Espenson]] was added as a co-executive [[Television producer|producer]] and [[Liz Tigelaar]] was brought on as a consulting [[Television producer|producer]].<ref name=hr>{{cite web|url= http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/jane-espenson-liz-tigelaar-join-193496 |title= Jane Espenson, Liz Tigelaar Join ABC’s ''Once Upon a Time'' |date=May 31, 2011| last=Goldberg| first= Lesley | work= The Hollywood Reporter | accessdate=August 12, 2011}}</ref> [[Damon Lindelof]] served as a consultant on the show's pilot. Kitsis described Lindelof as his and Horowitz's "godfather", while Horowitz said that Lindelof's "name isn't on the show, but his DNA is in it," and that he will continue to advise the two.<ref name=tvguide/> They also noted that Disney has allowed them access to their fairy tale characters for use in the series. "They've given us license," Kitsis said. "I could be wrong, but I think this is the first time anyone's shown Snow White with a sword, or pregnant."<ref name=tvguide>{{cite news|url=http://www.tvguide.com/News/Damon-Lindelof-Once-Upon-A-Time-ABC-1036165.aspx|title=Once Upon A Time Producers: Damon Lindelof's DNA Runs Through Our Show|work=[[TV Guide]]|accessdate=2011-08-26|date=2011-08-07|author=Martin, Denise}}</ref>

Both Horowitz and Kitsis later emphasized that the series will focus more on the characters themselves and won't feature a "complex" storyline, which reportedly was the primary focus. "We don't want this to be a mythology show," said Kitsis. "It's about characters and characters first."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalspy.com/tv/s181/once-upon-a-time/news/a337329/once-upon-a-time-execs-the-show-is-about-character.html |title='Once Upon a Time' execs: 'The show is about character' |publisher=Digital Spy |date=August 26, 2011}}</ref>

On September 27, 2011, the producers made some changes in the casting department, with [[Kristin Bauer|Kristin Bauer van Straten]] replacing [[Paula Marshall]] as Maleficent after revealing that it was going in a different direction. Marshall was originally tapped for the role in June 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aoltv.com/2011/07/27/paula-marshall-to-work-her-magic-on-once-upon-a-time/ |title=EXCLUSIVE: Paula Marshall to Work Her Magic on 'Once Upon a Time' |publisher=AOL TV |date=June 27, 2011}}</ref>

The show also has a similar premise to [[Bill Willingham]]'s comic series ''[[Fables (comics)|Fables]]'', to which ABC bought the rights in 2008, but never made it past the planning stages.<ref name=tca/> Horowitz and Kitsis have "read a couple issues," of ''Fables'' but state that while the two concepts are "in the same playground," they believe they are "telling a different story."<ref name=tca>{{cite news|url=http://www.tvline.com/2011/08/5-real-truths-once-upon-a-time/|title=Real Truths Behind ABC's Once Upon a Time (Including That Pesky Fables Comparison)|work=[[TVLine]]|accessdate=2011-08-26|date=2011-08-07|author=Webb Mitovich, Matt; Masters, Megan}}</ref> The storyline also seems drawn from ABC's own 1987 sitcom ''[[The Charmings]]'' and the Disney film ''[[Enchanted (film)|Enchanted]]'', and is also reminiscent of ''[[The 10th Kingdom]]'', a 2000 [[RHI Entertainment|Hallmark Entertainment]] mini-series produced for [[NBC]].

==Allusions==
The show's [[Mythology of Lost|allusions to ''Lost'']] are expected to constitute a theme throughout the series; there are five such references in the pilot: [[Man in Black (Lost)|the smoke monster]] engulfing the Enchanted Forest, Emma's eye-opening after she wakes up, Regina's address number of her home (108), a Geronimo Jackson bumper sticker and the town clock being stuck at 8:15 (the same number as [[Oceanic Airlines|the doomed airline flight]] in the aforementioned series).<ref name=tca/>

Even the pilot featured a scene when Emma hears Leroy (who is actually Grumpy) whistling ''[[Whistle While You Work]]'' (the song used in [[Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)|the 1937 film]]), indicating its acknowledged ties to Disney.

==Critical reception==
Even before its debut, several critics who saw the pilot reviewed the series positively. Among the favorable reviews:
*[[E!]]'s [[Kristin dos Santos]] cites the show as one of the five new shows of the 2011-12 season to watch.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eonline.com/news/watch_with_kristin/five_fall_shows_we_love_once_upon_time/260139#ixzz1WYRkZS5u |title=Five Fall Shows We Love: Once Upon a Time Is Magic. Period. |publisher=E! Online |first=Kristin |last=dos Santos |date=August 29, 2011}}</ref>
*Matthew Gilbert of ''The [[Boston Globe]]'' gave the show a "C+" grade commenting "From a pair of [[Lost (TV series)|''Lost'']] producers, this is a love-or-hate proposition. The ambition is impressive, as it asks us to imagine Goodwin’s Snow White and Parrilla’s Evil Queen as moderns. But Morrison is a wooden lead, and the back stories - a random collection of fairy tales - don’t promise to surprise."<ref>{{cite journal|last=Gilbert|first=Matthew|title=Which new fall series make the grade?|journal=The Boston Globe|date=September 4, 2011|url=http://articles.boston.com/2011-09-04/yourtown/30113340_1_bunnies-concept-rachel-bilson/7|accessdate=September 14, 2011}}</ref>
*In a review from the ''[[St. Louis Post-Dispatch]]'', TV critic Gail Pennington hailed it as one of the "Most Promising Show of The Fall", and unlike Gilbert, had high marks for Morrison.<ref> {{cite web|url=http://www.stltoday.com/entertainment/television/gail-pennington/article_5094a078-95af-576b-b934-1cf3dec5e73f.html |title=A sneak peek at the fall TV season |first=Gail |last=Pennington |work=''St. Louis Post-Dispatch'' |date=July 24, 2011}}</ref>
*''[[USA Today]]'s'' Robert Blanco has placed the series on its top ten list, declaring that "There's nothing else on the air quite like it."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usatoday.com/life/television/news/story/2011-09-08/Fall-TV-preview-The-new-seasons-top-10/50329044/1?csp=obinsite |title=Fall TV preview: The new season's top 10 |work=''[[USA Today]]'' |first=Robert |last=Blanco |date=September 8, 2011}}</ref>
*Mary McNamara of ''The [[Los Angeles Times]]'' compared this series to another fairy-tale themed drama, ''[[Grimm (TV series)|Grimm]]'', and preferred this series over the other, citing that the premise takes its time building up the charm and that the producer "has that part nailed." She also gave excellent reviews for Morrison's character: "Her Emma is predictably cynical and prickly — fairy-tale princess, my Aunt Fanny — but she's sharp and lively enough to keep audiences begging for "just a few more pages" before they go to bed."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2011/oct/22/entertainment/la-et-grimm-and-once-20111022 |title='Grimm,' 'Once Upon a Time' reviews: Fairy tales all grown up |first=Mary |last=McNamara |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=October 22, 2011}}</ref>

==International broadcasts==
The series has been picked up for international broadcasts in these countries:

{| class="wikitable" width=50%
|-
! Country
! Channel
! Premiere date
! Timeslot
|-
| {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Canada]]
| [[CTV Television Network|CTV]]
| October 23, 2011
| 7 pm & 10 pm{{ref|11}}
|-
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Spain]]
| [[Antena 3]]
| TBA
| TBA
|-
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia]]
| [[Seven Network]]
| 2012
| TBA<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvtonight.com.au/2011/10/once-upon-a-time-episode-online.html |title=Once Upon a Time Episode Online |publisher=TV Tonight |date=October 24, 2011}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Brazil]]
| [[Globo]]
| 2012
|
|}
{{refbegin}}
{{note|1|1}} '''Canadian broadcast:''' The series will air at 7 pm in all regions except in [[Saskatchewan]] and [[Winnipeg]], where it will air at 10 pm. All times local time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://falltvpreview.com/show.php?id=1143 |title=Once Upon A Time |publisher=FallTVPreview/Channel Canada}}</ref> 
{{refend}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
* {{Official website|http://abc.go.com/shows/once-upon-a-time}}
* {{facebook|OnceABC|Once Upon a Time}}
* {{IMDb title|1843230|Once Upon a Time}}
* {{tv.com|80922|Once Upon a Time}}

{{Snow White}}
{{ABCNetwork Shows (current and upcoming)}}

[[Category:2010s American television series]]
[[Category:2011 American television series debuts]]
[[Category:Adaptations of fairy tales]]
[[Category:American Broadcasting Company network shows]]
[[Category:American drama television series]]
[[Category:Brothers Grimm]]
[[Category:English-language television series]]
[[Category:Fantasy television series]]
[[Category:Parallel universes (fiction)]]
[[Category:Snow White adaptations]]
[[Category:Television series produced in Vancouver]]
[[Category:Television shows set in the 2010s]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Maine]]
[[Category:Television series by Buena Vista Television]]

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[[hu:Once Upon a Time (televíziós sorozat)]]
[[ru:Однажды (телесериал)]]

Data-URL

2008-10-31T23:47:25Z

DavidK93: Undid revision 248017142 by 89.231.29.245 (talk)

{{lowercase}}
The '''data URI scheme''' is a [[URI scheme]] that provides the ability to include data items in-line in a [[web page]], as if they were being referenced to as an external resource. They tend to be simpler than alternative inclusion methods, such as [[MIME]] with <tt>cid:</tt> or <tt>mid:</tt>. data URIs are a form of [[Uniform Resource Locator]]s, although they do not actually remotely locate anything. The data URI scheme is defined in [[Internet Engineering Task Force]] standard RFC 2397.

==Web browser support==
<tt>data:</tt> URIs are currently supported by the following [[web browser]]s:
* [[Gecko_(layout_engine)|Gecko]] and its derivatives, such as [[Mozilla Firefox]]
* [[Opera (web browser)|Opera]]
* [[KDE]], through the [[KIO]] input/output system. This allows the KDE browser, [[Konqueror]] to support data URIs.
* [[Safari (web browser)|Safari]]; although Safari's rendering engine, [[WebKit]], is a derivative of [[Konqueror]]'s [[KHTML]] engine, [[Mac OS X]] does not share the [[KIO]] slaves architecture so the implementations are not shared.
* [[Google Chrome]]
* [[Internet Explorer 8]]; Microsoft has limited support to certain "non-navigable" content, such as in <code><nowiki><img></nowiki></code> tags and CSS rules, for security reasons, including concerns that Javascript embedded in a data: URI may not be interpretable by script filters such as those used by web-based email clients.<ref name="ie8whitepaper">[http://code.msdn.microsoft.com/Release/ProjectReleases.aspx?ProjectName=ie8whitepapers&ReleaseId=575 Internet Explorer 8 Beta 1 Whitepapers - Release: Data URI Support]</ref>

==Advantages==

* [[HyperText Transfer Protocol|HTTP]] request and header traffic is not required for embedded data, so <tt>data:</tt> URIs use fewer network resources whenever the overhead of encoding the inline content as a <tt>data:</tt> URI is smaller than the HTTP overhead.
* Web browsers are typically configured to use a maximum of two concurrent connections to a server [as per RFC], so inline data frees up a download connection for other content.
* Browsers manage fewer cache entries for a file that contains <tt>data:</tt> URIs.
* Environments with limited or restricted access to external resources may embed content when it is disallowed or impractical to reference externally. For example, an advanced HTML editing field could accept a pasted or inserted image and convert it to a <tt>data:</tt> URI to hide the complexity of external resources from the user.
* [[HTTPS]] secure environments commonly require full secure streaming for all [[HTTP]] requested elements, or the user will be notified of a mixed secure and insecure elements environment. [[HTTPS]] requests have significant overhead over common [[HTTP]] requests. Embedding data in data URIs can improve speed more significantly in this case.
* It's possible to manage a multimedia page as a single file.

==Disadvantages==

* Embedded content must be extracted and decoded before changes may be made, then re-encoded and re-embedded afterwards.
* Information that is embedded more than once is redownloaded as part of the containing file, and thus does not benefit from the browser's cache.
* Browsers may limit URI lengths, creating an effective maximum data size. For example, URIs in previous versions of Opera had limits of 4kB, and 32kB for IE8 Beta 1 {{Fact|date=January 2008}}
* Data is included as a simple stream, and many processing environments (such as web browsers) may not support using containers (such as <code>multipart/alternative</code> or <code>message/rfc822</code>) to provide greater complexity such as [[metadata]], [[data compression]], or [[content negotiation]].
* Microsoft's Internet Explorer, through version 7 ([[Usage share of web browsers|some 70% of the market as of 2008 Q2]]), lacks support.

Under certain conditions there are some possible additional disadvantages:

* [[Base64]]-encoded <tt>data:</tt> URIs are roughly 33% larger in size than their binary equivalent.<ref name="gzip">Not quite as disadvantageous if a content encoding mechanism (e.g. [[gzip]]) is used via a HTTP Content-Encoding header for the containing page.</ref>
* URL-encoded <tt>data:</tt> URIs can be up to 200% larger (in extreme cases) than the original text content.<ref name="gzip"/>

==Format==

data:[<MIME-type>][;base64],<data>

The encoding is indicated by <code>;base64</code>. If it's present the data is encoded as [[base64]]. Without it the data (as a sequence of [[octet (computing)|octet]]s) is represented using [[ASCII]] encoding for octets inside the range of safe URL characters and using the standard %xx hex encoding of URLs for octets outside that range. If <code><MIME-type></code> is omitted, it defaults to <code>text/plain;charset=US-ASCII</code>. (As a shorthand, the type can be omitted but the charset parameter supplied.)

==Examples==
===HTML===
An [[HTML]] fragment embedding a picture of a small red dot:
<source lang="html4strict">
<img src="data:image/png;base64,
iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAABGdBTUEAALGP
C/xhBQAAAAlwSFlzAAALEwAACxMBAJqcGAAAAAd0SU1FB9YGARc5KB0XV+IA
AAAddEVYdENvbW1lbnQAQ3JlYXRlZCB3aXRoIFRoZSBHSU1Q72QlbgAAAF1J
REFUGNO9zL0NglAAxPEfdLTs4BZM4DIO4C7OwQg2JoQ9LE1exdlYvBBeZ7jq
ch9//q1uH4TLzw4d6+ErXMMcXuHWxId3KOETnnXXV6MJpcq2MLaI97CER3N0
vr4MkhoXe0rZigAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" alt="Red dot" />
</source>
The <tt>data:</tt> URI permits [[whitespace]], but a bug in old versions of Mozilla (2001 and earlier) prevented such URIs from being parsed.<ref>[http://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=73026#c12 Bug 73026 – data: gif image embedded as "data:image/gif;base64" URI doesn't show]</ref>

===CSS===

A [[Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]] rule that includes a background image:
<source lang="css">
ul.checklist > li.complete { margin-left: 20px; background:
url('data:image/png;base64,
iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABAAAAAQAQMAAAAlPW0iAAA
ABlBMVEUAAAD///+l2Z/dAAAAM0lEQVR4nGP4/5/h/1+G/5
8ZDrAz3D/McH8yw83NDDeNGe4Ug9C9zwz3gVLMDA/A6P9/A
FGGFyjOXZtQAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC') top left no-repeat; }
</source>

===JavaScript===

A [[JavaScript]] statement that opens an embedded subwindow, as for a footnote link:

<source lang="javascript">
window.open('data:text/html;charset=utf-8,%3C!DOCTYPE%20HTML%20PUBLIC%20%22-'+
'%2F%2FW3C%2F%2FDTD%20HTML%204.0%2F%2FEN%22%3E%0D%0A%3Chtml%20lang%3D%22en'+
'%22%3E%0D%0A%3Chead%3E%3Ctitle%3EEmbedded%20Window%3C%2Ftitle%3E%3C%2Fhea'+
'd%3E%0D%0A%3Cbody%3E%3Ch1%3E42%3C%2Fh1%3E%3C%2Fbody%3E%0D%0A%3C%2Fhtml%3E'+
'%0D%0A','_blank','height=300,width=400');
</source>

This example does not work with Internet Explorer 8 due to its security restrictions that prevent navigable file types from being used.<ref name="ie8whitepaper" />

===Inclusion in HTML or CSS using [[PHP]]===

Because base64-encoded data URIs are not human readable, a website author might prefer the encoded data be included in the page via a [[scripting language]] such as PHP. This has the advantage that if the included file changes, no modifications need to be made to the HTML file, and also of keeping a separation between binary data and text based formats. Disadvantages include greater [[web server|server]] [[CPU]] use unless a server-side [[cache]] is used.

<source lang="php">
<?php
function data_url($file, $mime)
{
$contents = file_get_contents($file);
$base64 = base64_encode($contents);
return ('data:' . $mime . ';base64,' . $base64);
}
?>

<img src="<?php echo data_url('elephant.png','image/png')?>" alt="An elephant" />
</source>

Similarly, if CSS is processed by PHP, the above function may also be used:

<source lang="php">
<?php header('Content-type: text/css');?>

div.menu
{
background-image:url(<?php echo data_url('menu_background.png','image/png')?>);
}
</source>

In either case, client or server side features/UA detection/discrimination systems, (like [[conditional comment]]s) may be used to provide a standard http: URL for Internet Explorer and other older browsers.

==See also==

*An alternative for attaching resources to an HTML document is [[MHTML|MIME HTML]], usually found in [[HTML email]] messages.
*[[MIME]] for the used mediatypes

== References and notes ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==

*RFC 2397
*[http://software.hixie.ch/utilities/cgi/data/data The data: URI kitchen]
*[http://www.scalora.org/projects/uriencoder/ Web service converts files to data: URI HTML, CSS or JavaScript source code]
*[http://www.mozilla.org/quality/networking/docs/aboutdata.html About data: URLs and the mozilla implementation]
*[http://www.mozilla.org/quality/networking/testing/datatests.html data: URL tests]
*[http://www.sveinbjorn.org/dataurlmaker DataURLMaker]
*[http://www.sveinbjorn.org/dataurls_css Using Data URLs effectively with Cascading Style Sheets]

{{URI scheme}}

[[Category:URI scheme]]
[[Category:Internet standards]]

[[es:Data: URL]]
[[ru:Data: URL]]

Hurrikan John

2008-10-14T22:14:08Z

DavidK93: /* Impact */ Specified that the name John is available in 2012, as use of the name is extremely likely but not guaranteed.

{{dablink|This article is about the Pacific hurricane/typhoon of 1994; for other storms of the same name, see [[Tropical Storm John]].}}
{{Infobox Hurricane
| Name=Hurricane John
| Basin=EPac
| Year=1994
| Type=hurricane
| Image location=Hurricane John 23 aug 1994 0308Z.jpg
| Image name=Hurricane John near peak intensity.
| Formed=August 11, 1994
| Dissipated=September 10, 1994
| 1-min winds=150
| Pressurepre=≤
| Pressure=929
| Damages=15
| Fatalities=0
| Inflated=0
| Areas=[[Hawaii]], [[Johnston Atoll]]
| Hurricane season=[[1994 Pacific hurricane season]] [[1994 Pacific typhoon season]]
}}
'''Hurricane John''' (also '''Typhoon John''') formed during the [[1994 Pacific hurricane season]] and became both the longest-lasting and second-farthest-traveling [[tropical cyclone]] ever observed. John formed during the strong [[El Niño-Southern Oscillation|El Niño]] of 1991 to 1994 and peaked as a Category 5 hurricane on the [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale]], the highest categorization for hurricanes.

Over the course of its existence, it followed a {{convert|13000|km|mi|abbr=off}} path from the eastern Pacific to the western Pacific and back to the central Pacific, lasting 31 days in total.<ref name="report1">
{{cite web | author=Lawrence, Miles| year=1995| title=Hurricane John Preliminary Report (page 1) | publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]] | url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1994-prelim/john/prelim01.gif | accessdate=2006-05-22}}</ref> Because it existed in both the eastern and western Pacific, John was one of a small number of tropical cyclones to be designated as both a hurricane and a typhoon. Despite lasting for a full month, John barely affected land at all, bringing only minimal effects to the [[Hawaiian islands]] and a [[United States]] [[military base]] on [[Johnston Atoll]].

==Meteorological history==
{{storm path|John 1994 track.png}}
The [[United States]]' [[National Hurricane Center]] (NHC) later identified the precursor to Hurricane John as a [[tropical wave]] that moved off the coast of [[Africa]] on July 25, 1994.<ref name="report1" /> The environment in the [[Atlantic Ocean]] was hostile to tropical development, so the wave continued without developing until reaching the Eastern Pacific on August 8. It slowly organized, and on August 11 was recognized as Tropical Depression Ten-E {{convert|300|nmi|km}} south-southeast of [[Acapulco]], Mexico.<ref name="report1" /> Conditions were not ideal for development, but it quickly developed banding features and well-defined outflow, and was upgraded to a tropical storm and named Tropical Storm John later that day.<ref name="report1" />

A strong ridge of high pressure over the Northeastern Pacific Ocean forced John westward, where upper level [[wind shear]] kept John a tropical storm. Intensity fluctuated considerably, however, as shear levels varied. More than once, shear cleared away most of the clouds above John and nearly caused it to weaken to a tropical depression.<ref name="report1" /> However, after eight days of slow westward movement across the [[Pacific Ocean]], shear lessened greatly on August 19, and John intensified significantly and was designated as a hurricane at 1700 [[Pacific Time zone|PDT]]. During an eighteen-hour period between August 19 and August 20, John further strengthened from a weak Category 1 hurricane to a major Category 3 hurricane. Around 1100 PDT on August 20, it crossed into the central Pacific, the first of three basin crosses John would make.<ref name="report1" />

After entering the central Pacific, John left the area monitored by the NHC and was instead monitored by the [[Central Pacific Hurricane Center]] (CPHC). As it moved slowly westward, Hurricane John continued to strengthen considerably in an increasingly favorable environment well south of the [[Hawaiian Islands]]; on 22 August John was designated a Category 5 hurricane on the [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale]] (the highest classification for hurricanes) and later that day (by [[Hawaii-Aleutian time zone|Hawaii Standard Time]]) reached its peak winds of 175 [[miles per hour]] (280 km/h).<ref name="report2">
{{cite web | author=Lawrence, Miles| year=1995| title=Hurricane John Preliminary Report (page 2) | publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]] | url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/storm_wallets/epacific/ep1994-prelim/john/prelim02.gif | accessdate=2006-05-23}}</ref> Also on August 22 (by [[Hawaii-Aleutian time zone|Hawaii Standard Time]]), John made its closest approach to the [[Hawaiian Islands]], 345 miles (500 km) to the south. John had threatened to turn north and affect the islands days before, but the ridge of high pressure that typically shields the islands from hurricanes kept John on its southerly path. Nonetheless, heavy rains and wind from the outer bands of John impacted the islands.<ref name="report2" />

With the Hawaiian islands behind it, John began a slow turn to the north, taking near-direct aim at [[Johnston Atoll]], a small group of islands populated only by a [[United States]] military base. The storm slowly weakened from its peak as a Category 5 hurricane in the face of increasing shear, dropping down to a Category 1 hurricane with 90 miles per hour (145 km/h) maximum winds. On August 25 local time, John made its closest approach to the [[Johnston Atoll]] only 15 miles (24 km) to the north. On Johnston Atoll, sustained winds were reported up to 60 miles per hour (95 km/h), the equivalent of a strong tropical storm, and gusts up to 75 miles per hour (120 km/h) were recorded.<ref name="Centralreport">{{cite web | author=Central Pacific Hurricane Center| year=2004| title=Hurricane John Preliminary Report | publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]] | url=http://www.prh.noaa.gov/cphc/summaries/1994.php#John | accessdate=2006-05-24}} (Note that this report does not reflect changes made in post-season analysis.)</ref>
[[Image:Hurricane John Tertiary Peak.jpg|thumb|210px|Hurricane John at its tertiary peak strength in the far north-central Pacific Ocean]]
Clearing Johnston Atoll, John turned to the northwest and began strengthening again as shear decreased. On August 27 local time, John reached a secondary peak strength of 135 miles per hour (210 km/h), and shortly thereafter it crossed the [[International Date Line]] at approximately 22° [[latitude|N]] and came under the surveillance of the [[Guam]] branch of the [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC). By crossing into the western Pacific, John also became a typhoon and was referred to as Typhoon John during its time in the western Pacific.<ref name="Centralreport" /> Immediately after crossing the Date Line, John again weakened and its forward motion stalled. By September 1, John had weakened to a tropical storm and was nearly motionless just west of the Date Line. There, John lingered for six days while performing a multi-day [[clockwise and counterclockwise|counterclockwise]] loop. On September 7, a trough moved into the area and quickly moved John to the northeast. John crossed the Date Line again on September 8 and reentered the central Pacific.<ref name="Centralreport" />

After reentering the central Pacific, John briefly reached a tertiary peak strength of 90 miles per hour (145 km/h), a strong Category 1 hurricane, well to the north of [[Midway Island]]. However, the trough was rapidly pulling apart John's structure, and the cold waters of the northern central Pacific were not conducive to a tropical cyclone. On September 10, the 120th advisory was released on the system, finally declaring John to have become [[extratropical]] approximately 1000 miles (1600 km) south of [[Unalaska Island]].<ref name="Centralreport" />

== Forecasting difficulties ==
During John's time in Western North Pacific, the [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) had particular difficulty in forecasting and even estimating the strength of John. John weakened considerably after entering the Western North Pacific, and, before estimates were later revised, four consecutive advisories were issued that declared John a tropical depression. Each of these advisories called for imminent dissipation. As John persisted and did not dissipate as the JTWC had predicted, it was upgraded to a minimal tropical storm in the next advisory. At the same time, however, two separate ship reports indicated that John had sustained winds of at least 55 [[knot (speed)|knot]]s (100 km/h, 65 mph), far stronger than the advisory strength of 35 knots (65 km/h, 40 mph). John would go on to restrengthen into a strong Category 1 hurricane after reentering the Central North Pacific, defying all JTWC predictions. After later reanalysis, the JTWC raised the estimated wind speeds of John for every advisory from 1200 UTC September 1 to its final advisory exactly a week later by at least 5 knots (9 km/h, 6 mph) and as much as 25 knots (46 km/h, 29 mph).<ref name="JTWCreport">{{cite web | author =[[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]]| year=1994| title=JTWC Report on Typhoon John (10E) | publisher =JTWC | url=https://metocph.nmci.navy.mil/jtwc/atcr/1994atcr/pdf/cep/10e.pdf | accessdate=2006-12-04}}</ref>

== Records ==
{{Category 5 Pacific hurricanes|align=right}}
Its 31-day existence made John the longest-lasting tropical cyclone recorded in both the [[Pacific Ocean]] and worldwide, surpassing both [[1992 Pacific hurricane season#Hurricane Tina|Hurricane Tina]]'s previous record in the Pacific of 24 days in the [[1992 Pacific hurricane season|1992 season]] and [[1899 Hurricane San Ciriaco|Hurricane San Ciriaco]]'s previous world record of 28 days in the [[1899 Atlantic hurricane season|1899 Atlantic season]].<ref name=noaafaq1>{{cite web | author=Dorst, Neal| year=2004| title=Which tropical cyclone lasted the longest? | publisher =[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]] | work=NOAA Tropical cyclone FAQ | url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/E6.html | accessdate=2006-05-22}}</ref> In addition, despite its slow movement throughout much of its path, John was the second-farthest-traveling tropical cyclone worldwide and the farthest-traveling in the eastern Pacific, out-distancing previous record holder [[Hurricane Fico]]. John's travel distance of 8,000 miles (13,000 km) was farther than that of any tropical cyclone save [[1960 Pacific typhoon season#Super Typhoon Ophelia|Super Typhoon Ophelia]] of the [[1960 Pacific typhoon season]].<ref name=noaafaq2>
{{cite web | author=Dorst, Neal| year=2004| title=What is the farthest a tropical cyclone has traveled? | publisher =[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]] | work=NOAA Tropical cyclone FAQ | url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/E7.html | accessdate=2006-05-22}}</ref>

Pressure readings from John's peak are not consistently available as the CPHC did not monitor pressures at the time, but [[Air Force Reserve]] aircraft did measure a surface pressure of 929 [[bar (unit)|mbar]] ([[Pascal (unit)|hPa]]), making John one of the most intense hurricanes recorded in the central Pacific; [[1994 Pacific hurricane season#Hurricane Gilma|Hurricane Gilma]] recorded a lower pressure in the central Pacific earlier in the 1994 season, but with lower wind speeds. (Intensity is measured by minimum central pressure, which correlates with but is not directly linked to wind speeds.) John was also only the third Category 5 hurricane recorded in the central Pacific (the first was [[Hurricane Patsy (1959)|Hurricane Patsy]] in 1959 and the second, [[1994 Pacific hurricane season#Hurricane Gilma|Hurricane Gilma]] earlier in 1994), and possessed the highest recorded wind speed in a central Pacific hurricane, 175 mph (280 km/h).<ref name="report2" /> Since 1994, only one Category 5 hurricane, [[Hurricane Ioke]], has formed in or entered into the Central Pacific; Ioke, like Gilma, had a lower central pressure but lower wind speeds than John. However, John's pressure record is incomplete; the 929 mbar reading was only measured when the winds were 160 mph; there is no pressure reading when it had winds of 175 mph, so it could have been stronger than Gilma or Ioke.

Additionally, John was only the third tropical cyclone to enter the central Pacific from the western Pacific. Tropical Storms Carmen and Skip in 1980 and 1985, respectively, had done so previously.<ref name=Centralreport />

==Impact==
John impacted both the [[Hawaiian Islands]] and [[Johnston Atoll]], but only lightly. While John passed over 345 miles (550 km) to the south of Hawai{{okina}}i, the islands did experience strengthened trade winds and rough surf along the southeast- and south-facing shores, and, as John moved westward, on west-facing shores as well.<ref name="Centralreport" /> The waves, ranging from {{convert|6|to|10|ft|m|abbr=on}} in height, flooded beach parks in [[Kailua-Kona, Hawai'i|Kailua-Kona]].<ref name="ncdc">{{cite web|author=National Climatic Data Center|year=1994|title=Event Report for Hawaii|accessdate=2006-05-28|url=http://www4.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-win/wwcgi.dll?wwevent~ShowEvent~203411}}</ref> Additionally, heavy rains on the [[Hawaii (island)|Big Island of Hawai{{okina}}i]] caused minor, localized flooding and some short-term road closures. No deaths, injuries or significant damages were reported in Hawai{{okina}}i.<ref name="Centralreport" />

Although John passed within {{convert|25|km|mi|abbr=on}} of [[Johnston Atoll]], it had weakened greatly to a Category 1 system by closest approach. Additionally, in the [[Northern Hemisphere]], the strongest winds and heaviest rain lie to the north of a tropical cyclone, so the atoll, which lay to the south of the storm's path, was spared the brunt of the storm. Nonetheless, the 1,100-man personnel for the [[United States]] military base on [[Johnston Island]] had been evacuated to [[Honolulu]] as a precaution while John approached. Damages to structures were considerable, but the size of the island and relative functionality of the base led to low damages; damages were estimated at close to $15 million (1994 [[United States dollar|USD]]).<ref name="Centralreport" />

Despite John's record-setting endurance, the name John was not retired following the storm due to the low impact it caused. It was reused in 2000 and 2006, and remains on the list for use in 2012.

== See also ==
{{tcportal}}
* [[List of tropical cyclones]]
* [[List of Category 5 Pacific hurricanes]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{featured article}}

== External links ==
* [ftp://ftp.nhc.noaa.gov/pub/storm_archives/pacific/prelimep/ep1994/john/ The National Hurricane Center's report on Hurricane John]
* [http://www.prh.noaa.gov/cphc/summaries/1994.php#John The Central Pacific Hurricane Center's report on Hurricane John]
* [https://metocph.nmci.navy.mil/jtwc/atcr/1994atcr/pdf/cep/10e.pdf The Joint Typhoon Warning Center's report on Typhoon John (10E)]

{{1994 Pacific hurricane season buttons}}

[[Category:Category 5 Pacific hurricanes|John (1994)]]
[[Category:Pacific typhoons|John (1994)]]
[[Category:1994 meteorology]]
[[Category:1994 Pacific hurricane season|John]]
[[Category:1994 Pacific typhoon season|John]]

[[pt:Furacão John (1994)]]
[[zh:颶風約翰 (1994年)]]

Hurrikan John

2008-10-14T22:14:08Z

DavidK93: /* Impact */ Specified that the name John is available in 2012, as use of the name is extremely likely but not guaranteed.

Freedom Fries

2006-02-16T21:19:13Z

DavidK93: /* In other countries */ Added renaming of Danish in Iran.

"'''Freedom fries'''" was a short-lived name used by some in the [[United States]] for [[French fries]]. The "freedom fries" affair was an unusual example of [[anti-French sentiment in the United States]].
In the international debates over the decision to launch the [[2003 invasion of Iraq]], [[France]] expressed opposition to the U.S. insistence on military action, which led to the efforts by the [[Republican Party]] to capitalize on anti-French sentiment and garner support for the invasion.

==The Congressional renaming==
[[Image:Freedom-Fries-Menu.jpg|thumb|260px|Menu from a House cafeteria featuring Freedom Fries]]
On [[March 11]], [[2003]], [[United States House of Representatives|Representatives]] [[Bob Ney|Robert W. Ney]] (R - Ohio) and [[Walter B. Jones]], Jr. (R - North Carolina) declared that all references to "'''French fries'''" and "[[French toast]]" on the menus of the restaurants and snack bars run by the House of Representatives would be removed. House cafeterias were ordered to re-name French fries as ''"freedom fries"''. This action was carried out without a congressional vote, under the authority of Congressman Ney's position as Chairman of the Committee on House Administration, which oversees restaurant operations in the house. The simultaneous renaming of French toast to "freedom toast" attracted less attention. [http://www.cnn.com/2003/ALLPOLITICS/03/11/sprj.irq.fries/]

According to a statement released by Ney, this move was a symbolic effort to express displeasure with France's "continued refusal to stand with their U.S. allies" (see [[Iraq disarmament crisis]]). The statement further read: "This action today is a small, but symbolic, effort to show the strong displeasure many on [[Capitol Hill, Washington, D.C.|Capitol Hill]] have with our so-called [[alliance|ally]], France."

This feeling was spread through the Internet, chain e-mails and constant 24-hour news coverage from stations like [[CNN]] and [[Fox News]].

The French [[embassy]] made no comment, except to note that French fries come from [[Belgian cuisine|Belgium]]. "We are at a very serious moment dealing with very serious issues and we are not focusing on the name you give to [[potato|potatoes]]," said Nathalie Loisau, an embassy spokeswoman.

Congressmen Ney and Jones, however, were not the first to re-name French fries as freedom fries. A number of private restaurants across the country started the renaming movement. Neal Rowland, owner of the privately owned fast-food restaurant Cubbie's in [[Beaufort, North Carolina]], decided to sell his fried [[potato]] strips under the name "freedom fries." Rowland claimed that his intent was not to slight the French people, but to be patriotic and support President [[George W. Bush]]. Many of Rowland's customers were among the local military troops.

Despite the symbolic change, it did not take hold in any meaningful way. Many Americans refer to French fries simply as ''fries'', so the leading adjective is largely ignored anyway. The only real effect the incident seems to have had was to provide comedians, satirists, and others with fodder for jokes for a few months.

[[French kissing]], [[poodle|French poodle]]s, [[French dip sandwich]]es, [[French tickler]]s, [[Horn (instrument)|French horn]]s and American character actor [[French Stewart]] were not renamed freedom kissing, freedom poodles, freedom dip sandwiches, freedom ticklers, freedom horns, or Freedom Stewart, though some political satirists referred to them as if they had been. However, [[Reckitt Benckiser]], makers of French's mustard, was sufficiently concerned to clarify that their brand name was derived from a family name and to issue a press release affirming its patriotism.[http://www.cbc.ca/stories/2003/03/27/french030327],[http://urbanlegends.about.com/library/bl-frenchs-mustard.htm]

:''Mangeons les ''French fries,'' mais surtout pratiquons avec fierté le ''French kiss!
: (Let's eat French fries, but above all let's French kiss with pride!)
::-[[Protests against the 2003 Iraq war|Anti-war protest]] organizer, [[Montreal]] ([[15 March]] [[2003]])

In [[2005]], Jones, having come to the belief that the United States went to war "with no justification", said of the "freedom fries" episode, "I wish it had never happened." [http://www.newsobserver.com/politics/story/2408783p-8786693c.html]

==Historical parallels==
Politically-motivated euphemism like this is reminiscent of [[anti-German sentiment]] during the [[World War I|First World War]], when [[sauerkraut]] was renamed ''[[liberty cabbage]]'', and [[hamburger]]s, ''liberty steaks''. (Even the [[German measles]] got a new name: ''liberty measles''.) This similarity is intentional: Rowland described a conversation about these renamed foods during World War I as the inspiration for "freedom fries."

Previous attempts to rename food during wartime have been largely unsuccessful, with one notable exception being the change of ''frankfurter'' to ''[[hot dog]]'' during [[World War II]]; although frankfurter is still recognized, it is no longer commonly used; the simplified form ''frank'' is still popular.

===In other countries===
Other examples were ''filete imperial'' ("imperial beef"), a euphemism for ''filete ruso'' ("Russian beef") and "ensaladilla nacional" ("national salad") instead of "ensaladilla rusa" ("Russian salad"), both appearing in Spain after the triumph of the [[Fascist]] General [[Francisco Franco]]. ''Kafe elliniko'' ("Greek coffee") replacing ''kafe turkiko'' ("[[Turkish coffee]]") on Greek menus after the Turkish-Greek collisions of the [[1920s]] and in [[Turkey]] ''Russian salad'' became ''American salad'' because of the anti-Communist sentiment in the country.

[[New Zealand]]: In 1998 during which time the French government were testing nuclear weapons in the Pacific, French loaves were reputedly renamed Kiwi loaves. This, however, does not appear to have been as extensively reported or [[media manipulation|publicized]] as anti-French sentiment in the United States, and is probably largely an urban myth.

[[New Zealand]]: The [[kiwifruit]] gets its name from a marketing strategy, naming it after the [[kiwi]], the national bird of New Zealand, where the fruit was first commercially popularised in [[1959]] by the New Zealand fruit-and-vegetable export company Turners and Growers; previously it was known as the ''Chinese gooseberry'', but due to the [[Cold War]], the Chinese label seemed unfit for popularization of the fruit in Western countries. Growers gradually adopted the name and in [[1974]] the kiwifruit became the official trade name.

[[Russia]]: The city of [[St. Petersburg]] was renamed Petrograd during [[World War I]] because it sounded too German.

[[United Kingdom]]: During [[World War I]], the [[German Shepherd]] was renamed the Alsatian due to strong anti-German sentiment. Similar renaming happened in [[Czechoslovakia]] after [[World War II]].

[[Canada]]: During World War I, the Ontario city of [[Berlin to Kitchener name change|Berlin was renamed]] [[Kitchener, Ontario|Kitchener]].

[[Austrian Empire|Austria]]: According to legend, during the [[Ottoman Empire|Turkish]] invasion of Austria during 17th century, a reverse example of this sort of propaganda occurred: the [[croissant]], a crescent-shaped pastry, was created as a way to satirize the Turks, whose emblem was the crescent.

[[Iran]]: The pastry conventionally known as a Danish was renamed to "Rose of Muhammad" in February of 2006 as a result of the [[Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy]]. [http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20060216/ap_on_re_mi_ea/iran_danish_pastries]

==See also==
*[[Anti-French sentiment in the United States]]
*[[W Ketchup]]
*[[Newspeak]]
*[[Old Europe]]

==External links==
*[http://www.whitehouse.org/news/2003/022503.asp Federal France-Bashing Standards & Guidelines] - From whitehouse.org parody web site (not whitehouse.gov).
*[http://www.cnn.com/2003/ALLPOLITICS/03/11/freedom.fries/index.html House restaurants change name of 'french fries' and 'french toast'] - CNN Report

[[Category:2003 Iraq conflict]]
[[Category:Potatoes]]