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River Swale

2020-08-23T17:19:14Z

Dave.Dunford: wrong waterfall

{{Infobox Fluss
| NAME = River Swale
| ALTERNATIVNAME=
| SORTNAME= Swale
| LAGE=[[North Yorkshire]], [[England]]
| GKZ=
| FLUSSSYSTEM=
| ABFLUSSWEG=River Ure//River Ouse (The Humber)/River Ouse/Humber (England)/Humber/Nordsee
| FLUSSGEBIETSEINHEIT=
| EINZUGSGEBIET-PREFIX=
| EINZUGSGEBIET=
| NACHWEIS-EINZUGSGEBIET=
| EINZUGSGEBIET-SUFFIX=
| LÄNGE-PREFIX=
| LÄNGE=117.8
| NACHWEIS-LÄNGE=
| LÄNGE-SUFFIX=
| PEGEL1= /////////
| PEGEL1-REIHE=
| NACHWEIS-PEGEL1=
| BEZEICHNUNG-QUELLE=
| QUELLE=Zusammenfluss von Great Sleddale Beck und Birkdale Beck
| QUELLHÖHE-PREFIX=
| QUELLHÖHE=366
| HÖHENBEZUG-QUELLE=
| QUELLHÖHE-SUFFIX=
| NACHWEIS-QUELLHÖHE=
| QUELLSCHÜTTUNG=
| QUELLSCHÜTTUNG-REIHE=
| NACHWEIS-QUELLSCHÜTTUNG=
| QUELLE_LAT_GRAD=54.403019
| QUELLE_LONG_GRAD=-2.222681
| QUELLE_REGION=GB-NYK
| BEZEICHNUNG-MÜNDUNG=
| MÜNDUNG=bei Myton-on-Swale in den River Ure
| MÜNDUNGSHÖHE-PREFIX=
| MÜNDUNGSHÖHE=11
| HÖHENBEZUG-MÜNDUNG=
| MÜNDUNGSHÖHE-SUFFIX=
| NACHWEIS-MÜNDUNGSHÖHE=
| MÜNDUNG_LAT_GRAD=54.087853
| MÜNDUNG_LONG_GRAD=-1.343408
| MÜNDUNG_REGION=GB-NYK
| LINKE NEBENFLÜSSE=Arkle Beck, Wiske, Cod Beck
| RECHTE NEBENFLÜSSE=
| SEEN=
| STAUSEEN=
| EINWOHNER IM EINZUGSGEBIET=
| GROSSSTÄDTE=
| MITTELSTÄDTE=
| KLEINSTÄDTE=[[Richmond (North Yorkshire)|Richmond]]
| GEMEINDEN=
| HÄFEN=
| SCHIFFBAR=
| ANMERKUNGEN=
| KARTE=
| KARTE-BREITE=
| KARTE-BESCHREIBUNG=
| BILD = River Swale near Whitecliffe Wood - geograph.org.uk - 1711834.jpg
| BILDBESCHREIBUNG = Der Swale bei Whitecliffe Wood, oberhalb von Richmond
| BILD1= Kisdon Force.jpg
| BILD1-BREITE=
| BILD1-BESCHREIBUNG= Wasserfall „Kisdon Force“ im Oberlauf, östlich von Keld
| NEBENBOX=
| NACHWEISE=
| NOAUTOKAT=
}}

[[Datei:2015 Swaledale from Kisdon Hill.jpg|rechts|mini|Swaledale bei Muker, vom Kisdon aus gesehen]]
Der '''River Swale''' ist ein [[Fluss]] in [[Yorkshire]], [[England]]. Er ist einer der Hauptzuflüsse des [[River Ure]], der in den [[River Ouse (The Humber)|River Ouse]] übergeht und schließlich in den [[Humber (England)|Humber]] und damit in die [[Nordsee]] fließt. '''Swaledale''', das vom Swale im Ober- und Mittellauf durchflossene Tal, zählt zu den [[Yorkshire Dales]] und bildet mit seinen Seitentälern den nördlichsten Teil des Yorkshire-Dales-[[Nationalpark]]s.

Fluss und Tal sind von zahlreichen für die Yorkshire Dales typischen Tier- und Pflanzenarten besiedelt. Wie seine Nachbarflüsse hat sich auch der Swale durch unterschiedliche Gesteinsschichten gegraben, das Tal zeigt charakteristische Merkmale sowohl von [[Erosion (Geologie)|Flusserosion]] als auch von [[Kaltzeit|glazialer]] Erosion. Die fruchtbare und wasserreiche Gegend des Swale wurde schon früh besiedelt und für Ackerbau und Viehhaltung genutzt. Darüber hinaus wurden schon in der Römerzeit in Swaledale Bodenschätze gewonnen.

== Name ==
Der Name des Flusses geht auf das angelsächsische Wort ''sualuae'' zurück, das einen reißenden, zu Überschwemmungen neigenden Fluss bezeichnet. Das passt zu den Gegebenheiten: Im Bereich des Oberlaufs fallen 1800, im Unterlauf 1300 mm Niederschlag pro Jahr; im Oberlauf fällt der Swale auf 32 km Länge um 148 m ab, was ein [[Sohlgefälle]] von 4,6 ‰ ergibt.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yorkshiredalesriverstrust.org.uk/rivers.html|title=Origin of name|accessdate=2011-01-28}}</ref> Im Unterlauf werden Pegelanstiege um drei Meter innerhalb von 20 Minuten verzeichnet. Der Swale gilt als der am schnellsten fließende Fluss Englands.<ref>{{Cite web|title = River Swale - Yorkshire Dales Rivers Trust|url = http://www.yorkshiredalesriverstrust.com/your-rivers/river-swale/|publisher= Yorkshire Dales Rivers Trust|accessdate = 2015-10-27}}</ref>

== Flusslauf ==
[[Datei:Upper Swaledale Kisdon.png|rechts|mini|Ab Keld fließt der Swale durch Kisdon Gorge ostwärts und verlässt damit sein Haupttal, das er erst unterhalb Muker wiederfindet. Skeb Skeugh, der das Haupttal durchfließt, entspringt nur 150 m südlich des Swale, der sich hier jedoch schon tief ins Gelände gegraben hat.]]
Der Swale entsteht durch den Zusammenfluss von ''Birkdale Beck'' und ''Great Sleddale Beck'' nahe dem Kamm der [[Pennines]]. Er fließt zunächst in nordöstliche Richtung, passiert ehemalige Bleiminen an seiner Nordseite, nimmt von links den etwa gleichgroßen ''Whitsundale Beck'' auf, der ein ausgedehntes nördlich gelegenes Hochmoor entwässert, und wendet sich dann nach Osten, einer Serie von Wasserfällen zu: ''Wain Wath Force'' und ''Cartrake Force'' bei Keld, schließlich ''East Gill Force'' und ''Kisdon Force''. Dabei verlässt er hinter Keld das breite Haupttal, das hier nach Süden dreht, und folgt stattdessen einer engen Schlucht nach Osten, ''Kisdon Gorge''; er umfließt den Berg ''Kisdon'' nördlich und östlich, während das Haupttal westlich und südlich um den Kisdon herumläuft.

Nach der Mündung des ''Swinner Gill'' von links wendet sich der Swale vor dem Höhenzug von ''Black Hill'' nach Süden, auf das Dorf Muker zu, wo er von rechts den ''Straw Beck'' aufnimmt, dabei das Haupttal wieder betritt und scharf nach Osten dreht. Nun wird der Flusslauf flacher, passiert die Orte Gunnerside, Feetham, Healaugh, [[Reeth (Swaledale)|Reeth]] und Grinton (wo ''Arkle Beck'', der größte Zufluss, von links einmündet), beschreibt eine Schleife um die Dörfer Marrick und Marske, und fließt dann ostwärts auf [[Richmond (North Yorkshire)|Richmond]] zu, die größte Stadt seines Laufes.

Das eigentliche Swaledale endet hier, da der Fluss unterhalb von Richmond in das weite [[Vale of Mowbray]] eintritt, das er in teils ausladenden [[Mäander]]n zunächst östlich durchfließt. Nach Kreuzung der [[A1 road|A1]] bei Catterick Bridge wendet er sich wieder nach rechts. Ständig mäandernd verläuft er nun etwa nach Süd-Südost zwischen der A1 und der [[East Coast Main Line]] und passiert dabei die Orte Maunby, Skipton-on-Swale, Catton, Topcliffe, Asenby, Helperby und Myton-on-Swale, bis er in den [[River Ure]] mündet. Zwischen Maunby und Skipton nimmt er von links den [[River Wiske]] auf, südlich von Topcliffe den [[Cod Beck]].

=== Pegelwerte ===
Niedrig- und Hochwasser sind Durchschnittswerte.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Pegelstation<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/homeandleisure/floods/riverlevels/120701.aspx|title=River levels|accessdate=2010-12-23}}</ref>
!Höhe der Station
!Niedrigwasser
!Hochwasser
!Maximales historisch belegtes Hochwasser
|-
| Park Bridge
| 325 m
| 0 m
| 2,50 m
| 3,04 m
|-
| Grinton Bridge
| 187 m
| 0 m
| 1,50 m
| 2,51 m
|-
| Richmond Lownthwaite Bridge
| 114 m
| 0 m
| 2,00 m
| 4,19 m
|-
| Catterick Bridge
| 60 m
| 0,30 m
| 2,40 m
| 3,48 m
|-
| Morton-on-Swale
| 27 m
| 0,13 m
| 5,80 m
| 6,47 m
|-
| Crakehill
| 16 m
| 0,22 m
| 3,00 m
| 5,45 m
|-
| Myton-on-Swale
| 12 m
| 0,44 m
| 3,44 m
| 6,02 m
|}

== Flora ==
Die [[Biotop]]e entlang des River Swale umfassen Laub-, Misch- und Nadelwälder ebenso wie Heuwiesen und Grasland. Auch Kalkfelsklippen, Farnflächen und Gebüsche sind zu finden. In den Hochlagen findet sich ausschließlich das so genannte ''moorland'': baumloses, mit Heidekraut, Farnen und Hartgräsern bewachsenes Land.

Vorherrschende Baumarten in den Tallagen sind [[Gemeine Esche]], [[Birken]], [[Vogelbeere]] und [[Gewöhnliche Traubenkirsche]], in Gebüschen auch [[Weißdorne]], [[Gemeine Hasel]] und [[Stechpalmen]]. Kleinere Abschnitte sind von [[Eiben]] oder [[Ahorne|Ahorn]] besiedelt. [[Waldkiefer]], [[Lärchen]] und [[Fichten]] wachsen hauptsächlich auf künstlich aufgeforsteten Flächen. Die Flussufer sind mit [[Erlen (Botanik)|Erlen]] und [[Weiden (Botanik)|Weiden]] gesäumt.

Auf Heuwiesen stehen [[Hahnenfuß]] und der [[Wald-Storchschnabel]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yorkshiredales.org.uk/lca-swaledale-arkengarthdale.pdf|title=Flora of the valley|accessdate=2011-02-07|offline=yes|archivebot=2019-05-10 08:00:31 InternetArchiveBot}}</ref>

== Geologie ==
Der Oberlauf des Flusses durchquert ungefaltete Sedimentgesteine des [[Karbon]], die auf [[Altpaläozoikum|altpaläozoischem]] ([[Kaledonische Orogenese|kaledonischem]]) [[Grundgebirge]] lagern.<ref>{{cite book |title= Yorkshire Rocks and landscapes, A Field Guide|last= Scrutton |first= C. |authorlink= |year=1994 |publisher= Ellenbank Press|location= |isbn= 1-873551-08-8}}</ref> Diese sind reich an Mineralisationen<ref>{{cite book |title= Mineralisation in the British Isles|last= Pattrick |first= R. |authorlink= |first2= D. |last2 =Polya|year= 1993 |publisher= Springer|location= |isbn= 0-412-31200-X }}</ref> wie z. B. metallhaltigen Sulfiderzen: [[Galenit|Bleiglanz]], [[Sphalerit|Zinkblende]], [[Chalkopyrit|Kupferkies]] und [[Pyrit]]. Auch Lagerstätten von [[Fluorit|Flussspat]], [[Baryt]], [[Witherit]], [[Calcit|Kalkspat]], [[Dolomit (Mineral)|Dolomit]] und [[Barytocalcit]] sind vorhanden.<ref>{{cite book |title=Geology of the North Pennine Orefield Vol 2:Stainmore to Craven|last= Dunham |first= |authorlink= |last2= Wilson|year= 1985|publisher= HMSO London|location= |id= Unknown ID:0L254726M}}</ref>

Die Talhänge zeigen die für die Yorkshire Dales charakteristischen Formen, wobei im Wechsel Schichten von Kalkstein und ''Gritstone'', einem grobkörnigen Sandstein, auftreten.<ref name="Raistrick">{{cite book |title= History of Lead Mining in the Pennines|last=Raistrick |first= A. |authorlink= |first2= B. |last2=Jennings|year= 1966|publisher= G. Kelsall|location= |isbn= 0-946571-01-5}}</ref> Kleine Steinkohlevorkommen wurden entdeckt und abgebaut, insbesondere um Tan Hill herum.

Während der letzten [[Kaltzeit]] weiteten [[Gletscher]] das Tal auf und verlegten den Flusslauf im Bereich von Keld und Round Howe. Hierbei entstand auch die Schlucht ''Kisdon Gorge''. Weiter unten im Tal, bei Gunnerside und Grinton Bridge, markieren [[Moräne]]n [[Stadial|Rückzugsstadien]] des Gletschers.

== Geschichte ==
[[Datei:North Hush Gunnerside Beck.jpg|rechts|mini|Durch ''Hushing'' verwüstete Hänge in einem Seitental des Swaledale]]
Erste Anzeichen einer Besiedelung des Flusstals stammen aus der [[Mittelsteinzeit|Mittel-]] und [[Jungsteinzeit]], hier wurden Pfeilspitzen und Werkzeuge zum Feuermachen gefunden. Um Harkerside finden sich einige kleine Steinkreise, die in der [[Bronzezeit]] entstanden sind, und Zeichen von Bergbau zur [[Eisenzeit]].

Schon zur Zeit der Römer wurde auf den Hängen um Swaledale [[Blei]]erz gewonnen, wie sich an den Minen um Hurst zeigen ließ.<ref name="Raistrick"/> Diese Tätigkeit scheint nach der Besetzung durch die [[Normannen]] einen Niedergang erlebt zu haben. Erst als sich um 12. und 13. Jahrhundert die Klöster ausbreiteten, wurde das Bleierz als Wirtschaftsgut wieder interessant, und der Abbau blühte erneut auf.<ref name="Fieldhouse">{{cite book |title= History of Richmond & Swaledale|last=Fieldhouse |first= R. |authorlink= |first2= B. |last2=Jennings|year= 1978|publisher= Phillimore & Co Ltd|location= London|isbn= 1-86077-364-8}}</ref> Am deutlichsten ist der Bleierzabbau an den Hinterlassenschaften des 18. Jahrhunderts zu sehen, als man dafür eine Technik namens ''Hushing'' einsetzte: Man ließ aufgestautes Wasser den Hang hinunterstürzen, das die Deckschichten mit sich riss und so die abbauwürdigen Schichten freilegte.

Um das 8. Jahrhundert herum war das Tal von den [[Angeln (Volk)|Angeln]] bewohnt, die die Ortschaften [[Reeth (Swaledale)|Reeth]], Stainton, Grinton und Fremington gründeten. 200 Jahre später kamen die Normannen. Nach der normannischen Besetzung wurde das Tal
[[Alain de Bretagne, 1. Earl of Richmond]] zugesprochen, der von 1071 bis 1091 das Schloss Richmond auf einer Anhöhe erbauen ließ, die den Unterlauf des Swale überblickt.

== Wirtschaft ==
=== Bergbau und Landwirtschaft ===
[[Datei:2015 Swaledale Sheep.jpg|rechts|mini|Das Swaledale Sheep erkennt man am schwarzen Gesicht mit weißen Bereichen um Schnauze und Augen]]
Durch die Jahrhunderte hindurch waren Bleierzabbau und Viehzucht die Hauptwirtschaftszweige im Swaledale, die aber gegen Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts sich nicht mehr gegen die weltweite Konkurrenz behaupten konnten.<ref name="Fieldhouse"/> Früher wurde in Swaledale auch Getreide angebaut, größtenteils in der Warmperiode im 13. Jahrhundert; heute findet Getreideanbau nur noch unterhalb von Richmond statt.

In Swaledale und Umgebung wird eine spezielle Schafrasse gezüchtet, das ''Swaledale Sheep'', das sehr widerstandsfähig ist. Seine Wolle ist stark und robust, aber nicht sehr „fein“ und hat daher keinen hohen Marktwert. Das Fleisch der Swaledale-Schafe wird wiederum geschätzt.<ref>[http://www.swaledale-sheep.com/2010html/breedinfo.html Informationen der Züchtervereinigung], abgerufen am 3. Januar 2015.</ref> Das Logo des Yorkshire-Dales-Nationalparks abstrahiert die [[Maske (Biologie)|Maske]] eines Swaledale Sheep.

Auf Farmen wird ''Swaledale Cheese'' erzeugt, die lokale Käsespezialität.

=== Tourismus ===
Heute spielt der [[Tourismus]] eine bedeutende Rolle. Die Gründung des [[Yorkshire Dales|Yorkshire-Dales]]-[[Nationalpark]]s hat zahlreiche Hotels und Privatpensionen entstehen lassen. Beworben wird Swaledale für seine unberührte Wildnis<ref>[https://www.yorkshire.com/places/yorkshire-dales/swaledale www.yorkshire.com]: „At the tip of the Dales stands the unspoilt wilderness of Swaledale“, abgerufen am 2. April 2019</ref>, es gilt unter den Yorkshire Dales als dasjenige, das von der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung am wenigsten verändert wurde.

Mehrere Freizeitrouten von nationaler Bedeutung durchqueren oder berühren das Tal:

*Der ''Yorkshire Dales Cycle Way'', ein Radwanderweg, von Fremington bis Gunnerside
*Der [[Coast to Coast Walk]], ein Fernwanderweg, folgt Swaledale von Keld bis Richmond
*Der [[Pennine Way]], Englands ältester und längster Fernwanderweg, überquert den Swale bei Keld, folgt dem Tal bis Muker und wendet sich dann südwestwärts

Viele der Dörfer halten einmal jährlich eine ''Village Show'' ab, eine Kombination aus Dorffest und Leistungsschau, wo neben sportlichen Wettkämpfen und Vorführungen auch lokale Produkte ausgestellt und prämiert werden. Diese Ereignisse ziehen Besucher aus ganz England und darüber hinaus an.<ref>beispielsweise [http://www.mukershow.co.uk Muker Show] oder [http://reethshow.co.uk Reeth Show]</ref>

Zahlreiche Außenaufnahmen der TV-Serie [[Der Doktor und das liebe Vieh]] wurden in Swaledale gedreht.

== Weblinks ==
{{Commonscat|Swaledale}}
*[http://overpass-turbo.eu/map.html?Q=%2F*%0AThis%20has%20been%20generated%20by%20the%20overpass-turbo%20wizard.%0AThe%20original%20search%20was%3A%0A%E2%80%9Cwaterway%3Driver%20and%20name%3D%22River%20Swale%22%E2%80%9D%0A*%2F%0A%5Bout%3Ajson%5D%5Btimeout%3A25%5D%3B%0A%2F%2F%20gather%20results%0A(%0A%20%20%2F%2F%20query%20part%20for%3A%20%E2%80%9Cwaterway%3Driver%20and%20name%3D%22River%20Swale%22%E2%80%9D%0A%20%20way%5B%22waterway%22%3D%22river%22%5D%5B%22name%22%3D%22River%20Swale%22%5D(53.849286246347326%2C-2.362060546875%2C54.651590680027134%2C-1.16180419921875)%3B%0A%20%20)%3B%0A%2F%2F%20print%20results%0Aout%20body%3B%0A%3E%3B%0Aout%20skel%20qt%3B Übersichtskarte] auf [[OpenStreetMap]]

== Bilder entlang des Flusslaufs ==
<gallery>
File:2013 Swale Whitsundale.jpg|Mündung des Whitsundale Beck (von gegenüber) in den Swale (von links)
File:Wain Wath Force, near Keld - geograph.org.uk - 9058.jpg|Wain Wath Force bei Keld, im Hintergrund die Kalkfelsklippen von Cotterby Scar
File:Catrake Force - geograph.org.uk - 519367.jpg|Catrake Force
File:Kisdon Force on River Swale - geograph.org.uk - 613038.jpg|Kisdon Force
File:River Swale near Muker - geograph.org.uk - 613027.jpg|Bei Muker, Blick stromaufwärts nach Swinner Gill
File:2015-Ivelet Bridge-ks01.jpg|Ivelet Bridge
File:2014 Reeth Swing Bridge.jpg|Reeth Swing Bridge
File:Grinton Bridge.jpg|Grinton Bridge
File:River Swale - geograph.org.uk - 677585.jpg|Downholme Bridge
File:The River Swale at Richmond - geograph.org.uk - 71937.jpg|Stromschnellen bei Richmond
File:River Swale near Brompton-on-Swale.jpg|Bei Brompton-on-Swale
File:Morton Bridge, A684 Crossing of the River Swale - geograph.org.uk - 30609.jpg|Morton Bridge: die A684 überquert den Swale
File:River Swale - geograph.org.uk - 526535.jpg|Bei Brafferton, kurz vor der Mündung
</gallery>

== Einzelnachweise ==
<references />

[[Kategorie:Flusssystem Humber|3]]
[[Kategorie:Gewässer in North Yorkshire]]
[[Kategorie:Yorkshire Dales]]

Explosion im RAF-Munitionslager Fauld

2019-09-11T08:22:47Z

Dave.Dunford: Undid revision 914966699 by 37.160.35.167 (talk) uncited

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox military installation
|name = RAF Fauld explosion
|location = [[Staffordshire]], England, UK
|pushpin_map = United Kingdom Staffordshire
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Staffordshire]]
|image = Fauld.jpg
|caption = Aerial view of the crater and damage to the surrounding area caused by the explosion, taken by the RAF on 4 December 1944
|image_alt =
|gridref =
|coordinates = {{Coord|52.847117|-1.730608|display=inline,title}}
}}
The '''RAF Fauld explosion''' was a military [[accident]] which occurred at 11:11{{nbsp}}am on Monday, 27 November 1944 at the [[RAF Fauld]] underground [[munitions]] storage depot. The RAF Fauld explosion was one of the [[Largest artificial non-nuclear explosions|largest non-nuclear explosions]] in history and the largest to occur on UK soil.

Between 3,500 and 4,000 [[tonne]]s of [[Ammunition#Ordnance|ordnance]] exploded—mostly comprising [[high explosive]] (HE)-filled [[bomb]]s, but including a variety of other types of weapons and including 500 million [[Cartridge (firearms)|rounds]] of [[rifle]] [[ammunition]]. The [[explosion crater]] with a depth of {{convert|300|ft|m}} and {{convert|250|yd|m}} across is still visible just south of Fauld, to the east of [[Hanbury, Staffordshire|Hanbury]] in [[Staffordshire]], England. It is now known as the Hanbury Crater.<ref name="BBC Rowe-Almost World's largest explosion 2008">{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/stoke/content/articles/2008/08/15/hanbury_crater_feature.shtml |title=World's largest-ever explosion (almost) |first=Mark |last=Rowe |publisher=BBC Stoke |date=29 August 2008 |accessdate=1 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="Mercian Geologist 2001 15-Fauld Crater">{{cite journal |url=http://www.emgs.org.uk/files/local_geology/15(2)_fauld_crater.pdf |title=Landmark of geology in the East Midlands: The explosion crater at Fauld |first=Tony |last=Waltham |journal=Mercian Geologist |date=2001 |volume=15 |issue=2 |page=123-125 |accessdate=1 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="Derby Telegraph-Book and 70th anniversary Fauld explosion">{{cite news |url=http://www.derbytelegraph.co.uk/Bygones-Book-coincides-70th-anniversary-giant/story-23049328-detail/story.html |title=Bygones: Book coincides with 70th anniversary of giant explosion at RAF Fauld, near Burton |first=Jane |last=Goddard |newspaper=Derby Telegraph |date=6 October 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711172049/http://www.derbytelegraph.co.uk/Bygones-Book-coincides-70th-anniversary-giant/story-23049328-detail/story.html |archivedate=11 July 2015 |accessdate=1 April 2019}}</ref>
A nearby [[Reservoir (water)|reservoir]] containing 450,000 cubic metres of water was obliterated in the incident, along with several buildings including a complete farm. Flooding caused by destruction of the reservoir added to the damage directly caused by the explosion.<ref name = reed>Reed, John, (1977). "Largest Wartime Explosions: 21 Maintenance Unit, RAF Fauld, Staff. November 27, 1944", ''[[After the Battle]]'', '''18''', pp. 35–40. {{ISSN|0306-154X}}.</ref>

The exact death toll is uncertain; it is believed that about 70 people died in the explosion.<ref name="Derby Telegraph-Book and 70th anniversary Fauld explosion" />

==Cause==

[[File:Raf fauld tunnel bombs.jpg|thumb|left|Bombs being stacked in one of the tunnels at RAF Fauld]]

The cause of the disaster was not made clear at the time. There had been staff shortages, a management position had remained empty for a year, and 189 inexperienced Italian [[POW]]s were working in the mines at the time of the accident. In 1974, it was announced that the cause of the explosion was probably a site worker removing a [[detonator]] from a live bomb using a brass chisel rather than a wooden batten. An eyewitness testified that he had seen a worker using brass chisels in defiance of the strict regulations in force.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/98/a6370698.shtml |title=WW2 People's War – War Memories – with a song and dance and a huge explosion |publisher=BBC |date=24 October 2005 |accessdate=1 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112071755/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/98/a6370698.shtml |archive-date=12 November 2012 |dead-url=yes}}</ref>

==Effects==
Two huge explosions were witnessed at [[No. 21 Maintenance Unit RAF]] Bomb Storage dump on 27 November 1944 at 11:15 hours. Eyewitnesses reported seeing two distinct columns of black smoke in the form of a [[mushroom cloud]] ascending several thousand feet, and saw a blaze at the foot of the column. According to the [[Commanding Officer]] of 21 M.U. ([[Group Captain]] Storrar) an open dump of [[incendiary bomb]]s caught fire and it was allowed to burn itself out without damage or casualties. Property was damaged within a radius of {{fraction|3|4}} mile of the crater.<ref name="mhs">Ministry of Home Security report File RE. 5/5i region IX.</ref>

Debris and damage occurred to all property within a circle extending for {{convert|1420|yd}}. Upper Castle Hayes Farm completely disappeared and Messrs. Peter Ford's [[Lime (material)|lime]] and [[gypsum]] works to the north of the village and Purse cottages were completely demolished. The lime works was destroyed by the destruction of the reservoir dam and the release of water into the works. Hanbury Fields Farm, Hare Holes Farm and also Croft Farm with adjacent cottages were all extensively damaged. Debris also damaged Hanbury village. The crater was {{convert|300|yd|m}} by {{convert|233|yd|m}} in length and {{convert|100|ft|m}} deep covering 12 [[acre]]s.<ref name="BBC Rowe-Almost World's largest explosion 2008" /><ref name="Mercian Geologist 2001 15-Fauld Crater" /><ref name="Derby Telegraph-Book and 70th anniversary Fauld explosion" /> Approximately one third of the RAF dump exploded, an area of 65,000 square yards, but barriers of rock pillars between No. 3 and No. 4 sections held and prevented the other munition storage areas from exploding in a chain reaction.

==Casualties==
At the time, there was no careful tally of the number of workers at the facility. So, while the exact death toll is uncertain, it appears that about 70 people died in the explosion. The official report said that 90 were killed, missing or injured,<ref name="mhs"/><ref>File no RE5/5 region IX, now held by [[The National Archives (United Kingdom)|The National Archives]] as [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/catalogue/externalrequest.asp?requestreference=AIR17/10 AIR 17/10]</ref> including:
* 26 killed or missing at the RAF dump—divided between RAF personnel, civilian workers and some Italian [[POW|prisoners of war]] who were working there—5 of whom were gassed by toxic fumes; also 10 severely injured.
* 37 killed (drowned) or missing at Peter Ford & Sons, a nearby gypsum mine and plaster mill, and surrounding countryside; also 12 injured.
* perhaps seven or so farm workers at the nearby Upper Castle Hayes Farm.

Also 200 cattle were killed by the explosion. Some live cattle were removed from the vicinity but were dead the following morning.<ref name="mhs"/>

==Aftermath==
[[File:RAF Fauld Explosion memorial.jpg|thumb|upright|Memorial to the victims at the [[National Memorial Arboretum]] gives the number of victims as 70]]
Much of the storage facility was annihilated by the explosion, but the site itself continued to be used by the RAF for munitions storage until 1966, when No. 21 Maintenance Unit (21 MU) was disbanded.<ref name = reed/> Following France's withdrawal from [[NATO]]'s integrated military structure in 1966,<ref>{{cite web |title= Member countries |url=http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_52044.htm#About |publisher=NATO |date= 9 July 2009 |accessdate= 15 July 2009}}</ref> the site was used by the [[US Army]], between 1967 and 1973, to store US ammunition previously stored in France.<ref name = reed/>

By 1979 the site was fenced off and the area is now covered with over 150 species of trees and wildlife. The area is restricted as a significant amount of explosives are still buried deep in the site; the UK government has deemed their removal unfeasible on the grounds of cost.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bell|first=David|title=Staffordshire Tales of Murder & Mystery|publisher=Countryside Books|year=2005|series=Murder & Mystery|page=78|chapter=8|isbn=1-85306-922-1}}</ref>

No. 21 MU was the subject of several paintings under the collective title "the bomb store" by [[David Bomberg]]. He was briefly employed as a [[war artist]] by the War Ministry in 1943.<ref>{{cite book |title=David Bomberg |first=Richard |last=Cork |publisher=Yale University Press |date=1986 |isbn=978-0300038279}}</ref>

{{gallery|mode=packed|width=250
|File:RAF Fauld explosion sign warning of unexploded munitions and hazard.jpg|Sign warning of unexploded munitions and hazard posed by the crater
}}

==See also==
* [[List of United Kingdom disasters by death toll]]
* [[RAF munitions storage during WWII]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* "Britain's big bang" by Peter Grego, ''Astronomy Now'', November 2004. {{ISSN|0951-9726}}.
* McCamley, N.J. (1998). ''Secret Underground Cities''. Barnsley: Leo Cooper. {{ISBN|0-85052-585-3}}.
* McCamley, N.J. (2004). ''Disasters Underground''. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. {{ISBN|1-84415-022-4}}.
* Grid Reference: SK182277
* Hardy, Valerie. (2015). ''Voices from the Explosion: RAF Fauld, the World's Largest Accidental Blast, 1944''. {{ISBN|978-1-911121-03-9}}
* McCamley, N.J (2015)."The Fauld Disaster 27 November 1944" Folly Books. {{ISBN|978-0-9928554-3-7}}
{{refend}}
== External links ==
* [http://www.helenlee.co.uk/tutbury/fauld.html Tutbury: The Fauld Explosion]

* [https://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&q=Hanbury+Hill,+Hanbury,+Burton-on-trent,+Staffordshire+DE13,+United+Kingdom&sll=52.852716,-1.732535&sspn=0.004691,0.013561&ie=UTF8&om=1&z=16&ll=52.852573,-1.733415&spn=0.009381,0.027122&t=k Satellite Image at Google Maps, showing Gypsum works]
* [https://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&q=Hanbury+Hill,+Hanbury,+Burton-on-trent,+Staffordshire+DE13,+United+Kingdom&sll=52.852716,-1.732535&sspn=0.004691,0.013561&ie=UTF8&om=1&z=16&ll=52.847364,-1.733415&spn=0.005806,0.021629&t=k Satellite Image at Google Maps, showing blast crater]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00nwvx2 BBC Radio 4 Programme 'Open Country', The Hanbury Crater]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fauld, RAF explosion}}
[[Category:Explosions in 1944]]
[[Category:1944 disasters in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:1944 in England]]
[[Category:1944 in military history]]
[[Category:20th century in Staffordshire]]
[[Category:20th-century military history of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Explosions in England]]
[[Category:History of the Royal Air Force during World War II]]
[[Category:Military history of Staffordshire]]
[[Category:Disasters in Staffordshire]]
[[Category:November 1944 events]]

Explosion im RAF-Munitionslager Fauld

2019-04-01T10:35:03Z

Dave.Dunford: /* External links */ already in refs

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox military installation
|name = RAF Fauld explosion
|location = [[Staffordshire]], England, UK
|pushpin_map = United Kingdom Staffordshire
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Staffordshire]]
|image = Fauld.jpg
|caption = Aerial view of the crater and damage to the surrounding area caused by the explosion, taken by the RAF on 4 December 1944
|image_alt =
|gridref =
|coordinates = {{Coord|52.847117|-1.730608|display=inline,title}}
}}
The '''RAF Fauld explosion''' was a military [[accident]] which occurred at 11:11{{nbsp}}am on Monday, 27 November 1944 at the [[RAF Fauld]] underground [[munitions]] storage depot. The RAF Fauld explosion was one of the [[Largest artificial non-nuclear explosions|largest non-nuclear explosions]] in history and the largest to occur on UK soil.

Between 3,500 and 4,000 [[tonne]]s of [[Ammunition#Ordnance|ordnance]] exploded—mostly comprising [[high explosive]] (HE)-filled [[bomb]]s, but including a variety of other types of weapons and including 500 million [[Cartridge (firearms)|rounds]] of [[rifle]] [[ammunition]]. The [[explosion crater]] with a depth of {{convert|300|ft|m}} and {{convert|250|yd|m}} across is still visible just south of Fauld, to the east of [[Hanbury, Staffordshire|Hanbury]] in [[Staffordshire]], England. It is now known as the Hanbury Crater.<ref name="BBC Rowe-Almost World's largest explosion 2008">{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/stoke/content/articles/2008/08/15/hanbury_crater_feature.shtml |title=World's largest-ever explosion (almost) |first=Mark |last=Rowe |publisher=BBC Stoke |date=29 August 2008 |accessdate=1 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="Mercian Geologist 2001 15-Fauld Crater">{{cite journal |url=http://www.emgs.org.uk/files/local_geology/15(2)_fauld_crater.pdf |title=Landmark of geology in the East Midlands: The explosion crater at Fauld |first=Tony |last=Waltham |journal=Mercian Geologist |date=2001 |volume=15 |issue=2 |page=123-125 |accessdate=1 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="Derby Telegraph-Book and 70th anniversary Fauld explosion">{{cite news |url=http://www.derbytelegraph.co.uk/Bygones-Book-coincides-70th-anniversary-giant/story-23049328-detail/story.html |title=Bygones: Book coincides with 70th anniversary of giant explosion at RAF Fauld, near Burton |first=Jane |last=Goddard |newspaper=Derby Telegraph |date=6 October 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711172049/http://www.derbytelegraph.co.uk/Bygones-Book-coincides-70th-anniversary-giant/story-23049328-detail/story.html |archivedate=11 July 2015 |accessdate=1 April 2019}}</ref>
A nearby [[Reservoir (water)|reservoir]] containing 450,000 cubic metres of water was obliterated in the incident, along with several buildings including a complete farm. Flooding caused by destruction of the reservoir added to the damage directly caused by the explosion.<ref name = reed>Reed, John, (1977). "Largest Wartime Explosions: 21 Maintenance Unit, RAF Fauld, Staff. November 27, 1944", ''[[After the Battle]]'', '''18''', pp. 35–40. {{ISSN|0306-154X}}.</ref>

The exact death toll is uncertain; it is believed that about 70 people died in the explosion.<ref name="Derby Telegraph-Book and 70th anniversary Fauld explosion" />

==Cause==

[[File:Raf fauld tunnel bombs.jpg|thumb|left|Bombs being stacked in one of the tunnels at RAF Fauld]]

The cause of the disaster was not made clear at the time. There had been staff shortages, a management position had remained empty for a year, and 189 inexperienced Italian [[POW]]s were working in the mines at the time of the accident. In 1974, it was announced that the cause of the explosion was probably a site worker removing a [[detonator]] from a live bomb using a brass chisel rather than a wooden batten. An eyewitness testified that he had seen a worker using brass chisels in defiance of the strict regulations in force.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/98/a6370698.shtml |title=WW2 People's War – War Memories – with a song and dance and a huge explosion |publisher=BBC |date=24 October 2005 |accessdate=1 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112071755/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/98/a6370698.shtml |archive-date=12 November 2012 |dead-url=yes}}</ref>

==Effects==
Two huge explosions were witnessed at [[No. 21 Maintenance Unit RAF]] Bomb Storage dump on 27 November 1944 at 11:15 hours. Eyewitnesses reported seeing two distinct columns of black smoke in the form of a [[mushroom cloud]] ascending several thousand feet, and saw a blaze at the foot of the column. According to the [[Commanding Officer]] of 21 M.U. ([[Group Captain]] Storrar) an open dump of [[incendiary bomb]]s caught fire and it was allowed to burn itself out without damage or casualties. Property was damaged within a radius of {{fraction|3|4}} mile of the crater.<ref name="mhs">Ministry of Home Security report File RE. 5/5i region IX.</ref>

Debris and damage occurred to all property within a circle extending for {{convert|1420|yd}}. Upper Castle Hayes Farm completely disappeared and Messrs. Peter Ford's [[Lime (material)|lime]] and [[gypsum]] works to the north of the village and Purse cottages were completely demolished. The lime works was destroyed by the destruction of the reservoir dam and the release of water into the works. Hanbury Fields Farm, Hare Holes Farm and also Croft Farm with adjacent cottages were all extensively damaged. Debris also damaged Hanbury village. The crater was {{convert|300|yd|m}} by {{convert|233|yd|m}} in length and {{convert|100|ft|m}} deep covering 12 [[acre]]s.<ref name="BBC Rowe-Almost World's largest explosion 2008" /><ref name="Mercian Geologist 2001 15-Fauld Crater" /><ref name="Derby Telegraph-Book and 70th anniversary Fauld explosion" /> Approximately one third of the RAF dump exploded, an area of 65,000 square yards, but barriers of rock pillars between No. 3 and No. 4 sections held and prevented the other munition storage areas from exploding in a chain reaction.

==Casualties==
At the time, there was no careful tally of the number of workers at the facility. So, while the exact death toll is uncertain, it appears that about 70 people died in the explosion. The official report said that 90 were killed, missing or injured,<ref name="mhs"/><ref>File no RE5/5 region IX, now held by [[The National Archives (United Kingdom)|The National Archives]] as [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/catalogue/externalrequest.asp?requestreference=AIR17/10 AIR 17/10]</ref> including:
* 26 killed or missing at the RAF dump—divided between RAF personnel, civilian workers and some Italian [[POW|prisoners of war]] who were working there—5 of whom were gassed by toxic fumes; also 10 severely injured.
* 37 killed (drowned) or missing at Peter Ford & Sons, a nearby gypsum mine and plaster mill, and surrounding countryside; also 12 injured.
* perhaps seven or so farm workers at the nearby Upper Castle Hayes Farm.

Also 200 cattle were killed by the explosion. Some live cattle were removed from the vicinity but were dead the following morning.<ref name="mhs"/>

==Aftermath==
[[File:RAF Fauld Explosion memorial.jpg|thumb|upright|Memorial to the victims at the [[National Memorial Arboretum]] gives the number of victims as 70]]
Much of the storage facility was annihilated by the explosion, but the site itself continued to be used by the RAF for munitions storage until 1966, when No. 21 Maintenance Unit (21 MU) was disbanded.<ref name = reed/> Following France's withdrawal from [[NATO]]'s integrated military structure in 1966,<ref>{{cite web |title= Member countries |url=http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_52044.htm#About |publisher=NATO |date= 9 July 2009 |accessdate= 15 July 2009}}</ref> the site was used by the [[US Army]], between 1967 and 1973, to store US ammunition previously stored in France.<ref name = reed/>

By 1979 the site was fenced off and the area is now covered with over 150 species of trees and wildlife. The area is restricted as a significant amount of explosives are still buried deep in the site; the UK government has deemed their removal infeasible on the grounds of cost.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bell|first=David|title=Staffordshire Tales of Murder & Mystery|publisher=Countryside Books|year=2005|series=Murder & Mystery|page=78|chapter=8|isbn=1-85306-922-1}}</ref>

No. 21 MU was the subject of several paintings under the collective title "the bomb store" by [[David Bomberg]]. He was briefly employed as a [[war artist]] by the War Ministry in 1943.<ref>{{cite book |title=David Bomberg |first=Richard |last=Cork |publisher=Yale University Press |date=1986 |isbn=978-0300038279}}</ref>

{{gallery|mode=packed|width=250
|File:RAF Fauld explosion sign warning of unexploded munitions and hazard.jpg|Sign warning of unexploded munitions and hazard posed by the crater
}}

==See also==
* [[List of United Kingdom disasters by death toll]]
* [[RAF munitions storage during WWII]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* "Britain's big bang" by Peter Grego, ''Astronomy Now'', November 2004. {{ISSN|0951-9726}}.
* McCamley, N.J. (1998). ''Secret Underground Cities''. Barnsley: Leo Cooper. {{ISBN|0-85052-585-3}}.
* McCamley, N.J. (2004). ''Disasters Underground''. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. {{ISBN|1-84415-022-4}}.
* Grid Reference: SK182277
* Hardy, Valerie. (2015). ''Voices from the Explosion: RAF Fauld, the World's Largest Accidental Blast, 1944''. {{ISBN|978-1-911121-03-9}}
* McCamley, N.J (2015)."The Fauld Disaster 27 November 1944" Folly Books. {{ISBN|978-0-9928554-3-7}}
{{refend}}
== External links ==
* [http://www.helenlee.co.uk/tutbury/fauld.html Tutbury: The Fauld Explosion]

* [https://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&q=Hanbury+Hill,+Hanbury,+Burton-on-trent,+Staffordshire+DE13,+United+Kingdom&sll=52.852716,-1.732535&sspn=0.004691,0.013561&ie=UTF8&om=1&z=16&ll=52.852573,-1.733415&spn=0.009381,0.027122&t=k Satellite Image at Google Maps, showing Gypsum works]
* [https://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&q=Hanbury+Hill,+Hanbury,+Burton-on-trent,+Staffordshire+DE13,+United+Kingdom&sll=52.852716,-1.732535&sspn=0.004691,0.013561&ie=UTF8&om=1&z=16&ll=52.847364,-1.733415&spn=0.005806,0.021629&t=k Satellite Image at Google Maps, showing blast crater]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00nwvx2 BBC Radio 4 Programme 'Open Country', The Hanbury Crater]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fauld, RAF explosion}}
[[Category:Explosions in 1944]]
[[Category:1944 disasters in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:1944 in England]]
[[Category:1944 in military history]]
[[Category:20th century in Staffordshire]]
[[Category:20th-century military history of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Explosions in England]]
[[Category:History of the Royal Air Force during World War II]]
[[Category:Military history of Staffordshire]]
[[Category:Disasters in Staffordshire]]
[[Category:November 1944 events]]

Explosion im RAF-Munitionslager Fauld

2019-04-01T10:34:19Z

Dave.Dunford: refs

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox military installation
|name = RAF Fauld explosion
|location = [[Staffordshire]], England, UK
|pushpin_map = United Kingdom Staffordshire
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Staffordshire]]
|image = Fauld.jpg
|caption = Aerial view of the crater and damage to the surrounding area caused by the explosion, taken by the RAF on 4 December 1944
|image_alt =
|gridref =
|coordinates = {{Coord|52.847117|-1.730608|display=inline,title}}
}}
The '''RAF Fauld explosion''' was a military [[accident]] which occurred at 11:11{{nbsp}}am on Monday, 27 November 1944 at the [[RAF Fauld]] underground [[munitions]] storage depot. The RAF Fauld explosion was one of the [[Largest artificial non-nuclear explosions|largest non-nuclear explosions]] in history and the largest to occur on UK soil.

Between 3,500 and 4,000 [[tonne]]s of [[Ammunition#Ordnance|ordnance]] exploded—mostly comprising [[high explosive]] (HE)-filled [[bomb]]s, but including a variety of other types of weapons and including 500 million [[Cartridge (firearms)|rounds]] of [[rifle]] [[ammunition]]. The [[explosion crater]] with a depth of {{convert|300|ft|m}} and {{convert|250|yd|m}} across is still visible just south of Fauld, to the east of [[Hanbury, Staffordshire|Hanbury]] in [[Staffordshire]], England. It is now known as the Hanbury Crater.<ref name="BBC Rowe-Almost World's largest explosion 2008">{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/stoke/content/articles/2008/08/15/hanbury_crater_feature.shtml |title=World's largest-ever explosion (almost) |first=Mark |last=Rowe |publisher=BBC Stoke |date=29 August 2008 |accessdate=1 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="Mercian Geologist 2001 15-Fauld Crater">{{cite journal |url=http://www.emgs.org.uk/files/local_geology/15(2)_fauld_crater.pdf |title=Landmark of geology in the East Midlands: The explosion crater at Fauld |first=Tony |last=Waltham |journal=Mercian Geologist |date=2001 |volume=15 |issue=2 |page=123-125 |accessdate=1 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="Derby Telegraph-Book and 70th anniversary Fauld explosion">{{cite news |url=http://www.derbytelegraph.co.uk/Bygones-Book-coincides-70th-anniversary-giant/story-23049328-detail/story.html |title=Bygones: Book coincides with 70th anniversary of giant explosion at RAF Fauld, near Burton |first=Jane |last=Goddard |newspaper=Derby Telegraph |date=6 October 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711172049/http://www.derbytelegraph.co.uk/Bygones-Book-coincides-70th-anniversary-giant/story-23049328-detail/story.html |archivedate=11 July 2015 |accessdate=1 April 2019}}</ref>
A nearby [[Reservoir (water)|reservoir]] containing 450,000 cubic metres of water was obliterated in the incident, along with several buildings including a complete farm. Flooding caused by destruction of the reservoir added to the damage directly caused by the explosion.<ref name = reed>Reed, John, (1977). "Largest Wartime Explosions: 21 Maintenance Unit, RAF Fauld, Staff. November 27, 1944", ''[[After the Battle]]'', '''18''', pp. 35–40. {{ISSN|0306-154X}}.</ref>

The exact death toll is uncertain; it is believed that about 70 people died in the explosion.<ref name="Derby Telegraph-Book and 70th anniversary Fauld explosion" />

==Cause==

[[File:Raf fauld tunnel bombs.jpg|thumb|left|Bombs being stacked in one of the tunnels at RAF Fauld]]

The cause of the disaster was not made clear at the time. There had been staff shortages, a management position had remained empty for a year, and 189 inexperienced Italian [[POW]]s were working in the mines at the time of the accident. In 1974, it was announced that the cause of the explosion was probably a site worker removing a [[detonator]] from a live bomb using a brass chisel rather than a wooden batten. An eyewitness testified that he had seen a worker using brass chisels in defiance of the strict regulations in force.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/98/a6370698.shtml |title=WW2 People's War – War Memories – with a song and dance and a huge explosion |publisher=BBC |date=24 October 2005 |accessdate=1 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121112071755/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar/stories/98/a6370698.shtml |archive-date=12 November 2012 |dead-url=yes}}</ref>

==Effects==
Two huge explosions were witnessed at [[No. 21 Maintenance Unit RAF]] Bomb Storage dump on 27 November 1944 at 11:15 hours. Eyewitnesses reported seeing two distinct columns of black smoke in the form of a [[mushroom cloud]] ascending several thousand feet, and saw a blaze at the foot of the column. According to the [[Commanding Officer]] of 21 M.U. ([[Group Captain]] Storrar) an open dump of [[incendiary bomb]]s caught fire and it was allowed to burn itself out without damage or casualties. Property was damaged within a radius of {{fraction|3|4}} mile of the crater.<ref name="mhs">Ministry of Home Security report File RE. 5/5i region IX.</ref>

Debris and damage occurred to all property within a circle extending for {{convert|1420|yd}}. Upper Castle Hayes Farm completely disappeared and Messrs. Peter Ford's [[Lime (material)|lime]] and [[gypsum]] works to the north of the village and Purse cottages were completely demolished. The lime works was destroyed by the destruction of the reservoir dam and the release of water into the works. Hanbury Fields Farm, Hare Holes Farm and also Croft Farm with adjacent cottages were all extensively damaged. Debris also damaged Hanbury village. The crater was {{convert|300|yd|m}} by {{convert|233|yd|m}} in length and {{convert|100|ft|m}} deep covering 12 [[acre]]s.<ref name="BBC Rowe-Almost World's largest explosion 2008" /><ref name="Mercian Geologist 2001 15-Fauld Crater" /><ref name="Derby Telegraph-Book and 70th anniversary Fauld explosion" /> Approximately one third of the RAF dump exploded, an area of 65,000 square yards, but barriers of rock pillars between No. 3 and No. 4 sections held and prevented the other munition storage areas from exploding in a chain reaction.

==Casualties==
At the time, there was no careful tally of the number of workers at the facility. So, while the exact death toll is uncertain, it appears that about 70 people died in the explosion. The official report said that 90 were killed, missing or injured,<ref name="mhs"/><ref>File no RE5/5 region IX, now held by [[The National Archives (United Kingdom)|The National Archives]] as [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/catalogue/externalrequest.asp?requestreference=AIR17/10 AIR 17/10]</ref> including:
* 26 killed or missing at the RAF dump—divided between RAF personnel, civilian workers and some Italian [[POW|prisoners of war]] who were working there—5 of whom were gassed by toxic fumes; also 10 severely injured.
* 37 killed (drowned) or missing at Peter Ford & Sons, a nearby gypsum mine and plaster mill, and surrounding countryside; also 12 injured.
* perhaps seven or so farm workers at the nearby Upper Castle Hayes Farm.

Also 200 cattle were killed by the explosion. Some live cattle were removed from the vicinity but were dead the following morning.<ref name="mhs"/>

==Aftermath==
[[File:RAF Fauld Explosion memorial.jpg|thumb|upright|Memorial to the victims at the [[National Memorial Arboretum]] gives the number of victims as 70]]
Much of the storage facility was annihilated by the explosion, but the site itself continued to be used by the RAF for munitions storage until 1966, when No. 21 Maintenance Unit (21 MU) was disbanded.<ref name = reed/> Following France's withdrawal from [[NATO]]'s integrated military structure in 1966,<ref>{{cite web |title= Member countries |url=http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_52044.htm#About |publisher=NATO |date= 9 July 2009 |accessdate= 15 July 2009}}</ref> the site was used by the [[US Army]], between 1967 and 1973, to store US ammunition previously stored in France.<ref name = reed/>

By 1979 the site was fenced off and the area is now covered with over 150 species of trees and wildlife. The area is restricted as a significant amount of explosives are still buried deep in the site; the UK government has deemed their removal infeasible on the grounds of cost.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bell|first=David|title=Staffordshire Tales of Murder & Mystery|publisher=Countryside Books|year=2005|series=Murder & Mystery|page=78|chapter=8|isbn=1-85306-922-1}}</ref>

No. 21 MU was the subject of several paintings under the collective title "the bomb store" by [[David Bomberg]]. He was briefly employed as a [[war artist]] by the War Ministry in 1943.<ref>{{cite book |title=David Bomberg |first=Richard |last=Cork |publisher=Yale University Press |date=1986 |isbn=978-0300038279}}</ref>

{{gallery|mode=packed|width=250
|File:RAF Fauld explosion sign warning of unexploded munitions and hazard.jpg|Sign warning of unexploded munitions and hazard posed by the crater
}}

==See also==
* [[List of United Kingdom disasters by death toll]]
* [[RAF munitions storage during WWII]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* "Britain's big bang" by Peter Grego, ''Astronomy Now'', November 2004. {{ISSN|0951-9726}}.
* McCamley, N.J. (1998). ''Secret Underground Cities''. Barnsley: Leo Cooper. {{ISBN|0-85052-585-3}}.
* McCamley, N.J. (2004). ''Disasters Underground''. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. {{ISBN|1-84415-022-4}}.
* Grid Reference: SK182277
* Hardy, Valerie. (2015). ''Voices from the Explosion: RAF Fauld, the World's Largest Accidental Blast, 1944''. {{ISBN|978-1-911121-03-9}}
* McCamley, N.J (2015)."The Fauld Disaster 27 November 1944" Folly Books. {{ISBN|978-0-9928554-3-7}}
{{refend}}
== External links ==
* [http://www.helenlee.co.uk/tutbury/fauld.html Tutbury: The Fauld Explosion]

* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/stoke/content/articles/2008/08/15/hanbury_crater_feature.shtml The World's Largest Ever Explosion (Almost)]
* [https://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&q=Hanbury+Hill,+Hanbury,+Burton-on-trent,+Staffordshire+DE13,+United+Kingdom&sll=52.852716,-1.732535&sspn=0.004691,0.013561&ie=UTF8&om=1&z=16&ll=52.852573,-1.733415&spn=0.009381,0.027122&t=k Satellite Image at Google Maps, showing Gypsum works]
* [https://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&q=Hanbury+Hill,+Hanbury,+Burton-on-trent,+Staffordshire+DE13,+United+Kingdom&sll=52.852716,-1.732535&sspn=0.004691,0.013561&ie=UTF8&om=1&z=16&ll=52.847364,-1.733415&spn=0.005806,0.021629&t=k Satellite Image at Google Maps, showing blast crater]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00nwvx2 BBC Radio 4 Programme 'Open Country', The Hanbury Crater]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fauld, RAF explosion}}
[[Category:Explosions in 1944]]
[[Category:1944 disasters in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:1944 in England]]
[[Category:1944 in military history]]
[[Category:20th century in Staffordshire]]
[[Category:20th-century military history of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Explosions in England]]
[[Category:History of the Royal Air Force during World War II]]
[[Category:Military history of Staffordshire]]
[[Category:Disasters in Staffordshire]]
[[Category:November 1944 events]]

Pico Cão Grande

2019-01-18T12:48:24Z

Dave.Dunford: copy editing and reducing verbiage

{{Infobox mountain
| name = Pico Cão Grande
| photo = Pico Cão Grande.jpg
| photo_caption = Pico Cão Grande
| elevation_m = 663
| elevation_ref = <ref name="Office1969"/>
| prominence_m =
| prominence_ref =
| map = Sao Tome
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| label_position = right
| listing =
| location = [[São Tomé Island]], [[São Tomé and Príncipe]]
| range =
| coordinates = {{coord|0|7|05|N|6|33|59|E|type:mountain_region:ST_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| range_coordinates =
| coordinates_ref =
| type = [[Volcanic plug]]
| age =
| last_eruption =
| first_ascent =
| easiest_route =
}}
The '''Pico Cão Grande''' ([[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] for "Great Dog Peak") is a landmark needle-shaped [[volcanic plug]] peak in [[São Tomé and Príncipe]], in the south of [[São Tomé Island]] in [[Parque Natural Obô de São Tomé]]. Its summit is {{convert|2175|ft|m ft|abbr=on|order=out}} above sea level,<ref name="Office1969">{{cite book|author=United States Naval Oceanographic Office|title=Sailing directions for the southwest coast of Africa, from Cape Palmas to Cape of Good Hope|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fNRHAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA179|accessdate=23 October 2018|year=1969|via=Google Books|pages=179}}</ref> and it rises about {{convert|370|m|abbr=on}} over the surrounding terrain.<ref name="planetmountain" /> The volcanic plug was formed by magma solidifying in the vent of an active volcano.<ref name="planetmountain" /> The nearest village is [[Vila Clotilde]], 3 km to the east. The district seat [[São João dos Angolares]] is 9 km to the east.

The first attempt to climb Pico Cão Grande was in 1975 by a Portuguese team of climbers, and the first successful climb was completed by a Japanese group of climbers. In June 2016, climbers Gareth Leah, from England, and Sergio mad, from Mexico, established a new bolt-protected rock-climbing route on the peak. The pair spent four weeks on the peak producing a route which they named Nubivagant ("ascent into the clouds"). The route is 15 pitches (455 metres) in length and is graded F8b (5.13d). They climbed all but three pitches clean. The route is both extremely long and technically very demanding, and their climb was plagued with difficulties, including snakebites and blown battery chargers. The most difficult portions of the climb are in the first 100 meters, after which the difficulty drops considerably.<ref name="planetmountain">{{cite news |author= |title=São Tomé, new climb up Pico Cão Grande by Sergio Almada Berreta and Gareth Leah |url=http://www.planetmountain.com/en/news/climbing/sao-tome-new-climb-up-pico-cao-grande-by-sergio-almada-berreta-and-gareth-leah.html |newspaper=Planet Mountain |location= Padova |date=7 July 2016 |access-date=7 October 2016 }}</ref>

The climb (free ascent) has since been completed by Americans Sam Daulton and Remy Franklin (August 1, 2018) following the first American ascents of Nubivigant and Cão Grande by Michael Swartz and Tyler Rohr.{{cn|date=November 2018}}

The moss growing on the rocks due to high moisture content, and the presence of snakes, make the climb very difficult.<ref name="whenonearth">{{cite web|url=http://whenonearth.net/the-pico-cao-grande-sao-tomes-needle-shaped-volcanic-plug-peak/|title=The Pico Cao Grande: Sao Tome’s needle-shaped volcanic plug peak|date=March 27, 2015|website=When on Earth}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Commonscat-inline}}

{{Caué}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cao Grande Pico}}
[[Category:Mountains of São Tomé and Príncipe]]
[[Category:Caué District]]
[[Category:Volcanic plugs of Africa]]

Benutzer:Stefan/Tong lau

2017-03-22T11:46:50Z

Dave.Dunford: heritage grades have been removed in an earlier edit

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2012}}
{{primary sources|date=August 2008}}
[[File:HK ShanghaiStreet CantoneseVerandahTypePrewarShophouses.JPG|thumb|300px|[[Nos. 600-626 Shanghai Street]], in [[Mong Kok]], Hong Kong.]]
The term '''tong lau''' or '''qi lou''' ({{zh|t=唐樓 / 騎樓}}) is used to describe [[tenement building]]s built in late 19th century to the 1960s in Hong Kong, Macau, southern China and [[Taiwan]]. Designed for both residential and commercial uses, they are similar in style and function to the [[shophouse]]s of Southeast Asia.

==Overview==
Tong lau is essentially a balcony-type tenement building for residential and commercial use. The ground floor portion is reserved for commercial use, mostly by small businesses like [[pawnshops]] and food vendors. The upper floors were residential use and catered to Chinese residents of Hong Kong. Most ''tong lau'' were 2–4 storeys tall and 15 feet (4.5 m) in width.

==Early tong lau==
[[File:HK LSC Lui Seng Chun 2.JPG|230px|thumb|[[Lui Seng Chun]] in [[Mong Kok]], Hong Kong, was built in 1931.]]
19th century ''tong lau'' encompassed [[Chinese architecture|Chinese]] and European architectural features. The Chinese component was based on building design from southern China, mainly in [[Guangdong]] Province. European influences were usually [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]].

The ''tong lau'' roof used wood and/or [[Xieding tiles]] and iron was used for the balconies. The balcony's design was based on Cantonese styles. Windows used French styling and were made of wood and glass.

The upper floors were supported by brick pillars and protruded out to the edge of the street.

Inside, the floors were connected by wooden stairs. Most floors ranged from 450–700 square feet with very high ceilings. Top floors were often living quarters for shopkeepers and their family.

Other architectural features of early tong laus:
* [[granite]] capped [[balustrades]]
* decorative [[urns]] on the roof
* wooden floors and joists
* Canton floor tiles

An example of early ''tong lau'' or ''Kee-lau'' is [[Lui Seng Chun]], a [[reinforced concrete]] building built in Hong Kong in 1931.<ref>[http://www.amo.gov.hk/en/built_reuse1.php Antiquities and Monuments Office – Lui Seng Chun] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080522063329/http://www.amo.gov.hk/en/built_reuse1.php |date=22 May 2008 }}</ref>

==Post War tong lau==
[[Image:HK Sai Ying Pun Centre Street Chinese Building 01.jpg|230px|thumb|Example of tong lau in [[Sai Ying Pun]], Hong Kong.]]
[[Image:HK Blue Hse Stone Nullah Lane c.jpg|230px|thumb|The osteopathy clinic in the [[Blue House (Hong Kong)|Blue House]], in [[Wan Chai]], Hong Kong.]]
''Tong lau built'' after World War II were simpler in design:

Iron balconies were replaced with concrete ones and later sealed with windows. Roofs were often flat with an open terrace and later renovated to allow for additional residential space.

Wooden windows gave way to stainless steel windows. Air conditioning units were added to the windows in the 1970s and 1980s. Often clothes racks were added below the windows and hung above the sidewalk or street below. Signs were hung on the exterior walls and protruded onto the streets below.

Other features of the new ''tong lau'' included:
* mosaic floor tiles
* [[terrazzo]] staircase

The post-war boom and influx of immigrants meant Hong Kong ran short of housing. Tong lau were seen as a solution and many of these buildings were renovated to become rental units.

Rooms on the upper floors were divided into smaller rooms and sublet as units by owners. They would only accommodate bunk beds. The middle of the floor was common space for tenants to eat and stretch. Bathrooms and kitchens were also shared amongst the tenants on each floor. Tenants paid for electricity and water on a monthly basis.

The sublet of floors in the ''tong lau'' results in changes in housing regulations in Hong Kong (Laws of Hong Kong {{convert|123|°F|°C|abbr=on}} chapter "Building (Planning) Regulations", 46).

After the 1960s, many tong lau were demolished to give way to taller apartment and commercial buildings. Comparatively few tong lau are found in Hong Kong today.

On 29 January 2010, there is a significant incident of spontaneous whole-building-collapse at no.45J, Ma Tau Wai Road, [[Ma Tau Wai]], when a five-storey tong lau of more than 50 years history suddenly collapsed at approximately 1:43 pm. There are four people killed, buried under the debris. Such spontaneous, cascading and complete building-collapse in Hong Kong is quite rare since the Second World War and the incident raised concern of the [[HKSAR Government]] and the Hong Kong Public towards the safety of the aging "Tong lau" population in Hong Kong especially those built with similar specifications about 50 or more years ago.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bd.gov.hk/english/BuildingCollapseReport_e.pdf |title=Report on the Collapse of the Building at 45J Ma Tau Wai Road, To Kwa Wan, Kowloon. Buildings Department, April 2010 |format=PDF |accessdate=3 February 2012}}</ref>

==Mainland China==
[[File:Guangzhou-shopping-street-0539.jpg|230px|thumb|Shopping street in [[Guangzhou]].]]
Southern China, namely cities in [[Guangdong]] Province, is where the ''tong lau'' or ''Qilou'' ({{zh|t=[[wikt:騎樓|騎樓]]}}) originated in the late 19th century. They were built by wealthy Chinese merchants in the cities like [[Guangzhou]].

''Qilou'' styles varied from Chinese to European:
* Gothic Style
* Nanyang (Southeast Asia) Style
* Ancient Roman Gallery Style
* Imitation Baroque Style
* Modernisme　
* Traditional Chinese Architectural Style

Locations in [[Guangzhou]] with ''Qilou'':
* Renmin Zhong Road
* Renmin Nan Road
* [[Shangxiajiu Pedestrian Street]], including Dishifu Road
* Yide road especially area around the [[Sacred Heart Cathedral of Guangzhou|Sacred Heart Stone House Cathedral]]
* Wanfu Road
* Taikang Road
* Xinhua Bookstore of Science and Technology on Beijing Road
* Oi Kwan Hotel on Yanjiangxi Road
* 186 Wenming Road
* 139 Dezheng Nan Road

==Hainan==
Tong lau buildings exist in numerous towns and cities in the southern island province of [[Hainan]]. Usually concentrated in a single area, these buildings are often dilapidated. In some cities, such as [[Haikou]] and [[Wenchang]], the buildings have been restored.

===Haikou===
[[File:Bo'ai Road area - 02.jpg|230px|thumb|[[Bo'ai Road area]] in [[Haikou]]]]
The historical [[Bo'ai Road area]] is located in the heart of the capital city of Haikou. Nearly all the buildings in this neighbourhood are tong lau style. Beginning around 2012, the entire area has been undergoing restoration. It started with [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Zhongshan_Road,_Haikou Zhongshan Road], now completed and converted into a [[pedestrian zone]]. The restoration is currently expanding outward with the facades being replastered and painted. Lights facing toward the facades to illuminate them at night are now installed on many of the buildings. With road repair ongoing, and new, tourist-related businesses replacing the old shops, the entire area is being developed as a visitor attraction.

===Chengmai===
The southern part of the town of Chengmai, located in [[Chengmai County]], has a neighbourhood running along the [[Nandu River]] that consists of numerous, dilapidated tong lau buildings.

===Wenchang===
The tong lau buildings in the city of [[Wenchang]]'s "Wennan Old Street" have been completely restored. Unlike Haikou's Bo'ai Road area, the facades are unpainted and appear gray in colour. The area is located downtown and is a visitor attraction.

===Puqian===
An area within the town of [[Puqian]], mostly consisting of a single street, is lined with tong lau buildings. The street is the main route from the port to the town centre. The tong lau buildings are in serious disrepair, many of which are structurally unsafe.

<gallery class="center" >
File:Tong lau building in Chengmai town - 01.jpg|Tong lau building in Chengmai town
File:Wenchang City old area - 06.JPG|[[Wenchang]] City's "Wennan Old Street"
File:Puqian_-_01.JPG|Tong lau buildings in [[Puqian]]
</gallery>

==Macau==
[[File:Macau Avenida de Almeida Ribeiro Chow Tai Fook shops.JPG|230px|thumb|[[Avenida de Almeida Ribeiro]] in Macau.]]
[[File:Hk wan chai tram ways 1.jpg|thumb|230px|60–66 [[Johnston Road]], in [[Wan Chai]], Hong Kong, before renovation.]]
[[File:灣仔和昌大押.jpg|thumb|230px|60–66 Johnston Road, Hong Kong, after renovation.]]
[[File:HK Wan Chai Hennessy Road Pawn Shop building.JPG|thumb|230px|Tong lau housing a [[pawnshop]] at Nos. 369, 371 [[Hennessy Road]], [[Wan Chai]], Hong Kong. The building was demolished in 2015.]]
''Tong lau'' are also found in [[Macau]] on [[Avenida de Almeida Ribeiro]] near the [[Largo do Senado]]. They are better preserved in Macau, where they did not give way to newer buildings. Upper floors no longer house people and often reused for commercial use. ''tong lau'' here often feature [[Architecture of Portugal|Portuguese]] colonial architectural influences.

==Hong Kong==
The existence of ''tong laus'' was a culmination of a series of historic forces from economic development of Hong Kong, Second World War as well as the influx of Chinese migrants to Hong Kong.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ura.org.hk/html/c806000e2b.html |title=Urban Renewal Authority : 60 -66, Johnston Road |publisher=Ura.org.hk |accessdate=3 February 2012}}</ref>

In 1898, the government introduced a building and public health ordinance which defined all the buildings including ''tong laus''. In 1903, the government introduced a maximum height per storey of {{convert|9|ft|m}}, with a four storey limit. This explains the general appearance of ''Tong laus''. Yet, the ordinance changed in 1964, so no ''tong lau'' was built from then on.<ref name="Preservation lacks long-term vision.">Preservation lacks long-term vision. (26 November 2008). ''South China Morning Post.'', p.5.</ref>

''Tong laus'' are mainly distributed in the following areas in Hong Kong:

*[[Hong Kong Island]]
**[[Kennedy Town]]<ref>[http://kennedytownhongkong.blogspot.hk/2012/04/1.html 堅尼地城唐樓集結 (Chinese)]</ref>
**[[Shek Tong Tsui]]<ref>[http://drc.century21-hk.com/zh_hk/news-inner/?id=16021 400萬以下有貨西環細價樓回報逾3.5厘西港島綫年底竣工 (Chinese)]</ref>
**[[Sai Ying Pun]]<ref>[http://topick.hket.com/article/1653618/%E8%A5%BF%E7%87%9F%E7%9B%A4%E5%94%90%E6%A8%93%E8%AE%8A%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E8%89%99%E3%80%80%E6%9C%88%E7%A7%9F4000%E5%85%83%E5%8C%85%E5%AE%B6%E9%9B%BB 西營盤唐樓變太空艙　月租4000元包家電 (Chinese)]</ref>
**[[Sheung Wan]]<ref>[http://www.yinfat32.com/tenementhouse/story/1.htm 唐樓癡公開投資秘笈翻新吸豪客回報17厘 (Chinese)]</ref>
**[[Central]]<ref>[http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/realtime/news/20160414/54986569 百年唐樓遺蹟隱身中環鬧市團體斥古蹟辦忽視歷史價值 (Chinese)]</ref>
**[[Wan Chai]]<ref>[http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/realtime/news/20161125/55964881 灣仔87年轉角唐樓面臨清拆街坊感可惜：呢類唐樓買少見少 (Chinese)]</ref>
**[[Causeway Bay]]<ref>[http://ps.hket.com/article/1574904/%E9%8A%85%E9%91%BC%E7%81%A3%E5%94%90%E6%A8%93%E5%8A%8F%E6%88%BF%20%E5%91%8E%E7%A7%9F58%E9%80%BC%E6%96%B0%E7%9B%A4%E5%83%B9 銅鑼灣唐樓劏房呎租58逼新盤價 170呎月租9800 外籍客承租 (Chinese)]</ref>
**[[Happy Valley, Hong Kong|Happy Valley]]<ref>[http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/financeestate/art/20091103/13379212 跑馬地唐樓高價落釘 (Chinese)]</ref>
**[[Tai Hang]]<ref>[http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/supplement/special/art/20150428/19127496 戰前唐樓拒重建　大坑兩家人 (Chinese)]</ref>
**[[North Point]]<ref>[http://www2.hkej.com/property/article/id/62852/%E5%9B%9E%E6%B5%81%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E5%AE%A2815%E8%90%AC%E8%B3%BC%E5%8C%97%E8%A7%92%E5%94%90%E6%A8%93 回流香港客815萬購北角唐樓 (Chinese)]</ref>
**[[Quarry Bay]]<ref>[http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/financeestate/art/20100910/14435572 太古洽購鰂魚涌三唐樓 (Chinese)]</ref>
**[[Sai Wan Ho]]<ref>[http://utp.century21-hk.com/zh_hk/news-inner/index.php?id=20329 長綫放租博收購西灣河唐樓300多萬有貨重建掀尋寶熱 (Chinese)]</ref>
**[[Shau Kei Wan]]<ref>[http://eastweek.my-magazine.me/main/15387 筲箕灣唐樓升值百五倍 (Chinese)]</ref>
**[[Chai Wan]]
**[[Aberdeen, Hong Kong|Aberdeen]]<ref>[https://hk.finance.yahoo.com/news/%E6%B8%AF%E5%B3%B6%E5%94%90%E6%A8%93%E5%83%B9-%E8%B7%8C%E7%A0%B4200%E8%90%AC%E5%85%83-225525558--sector.html 港島唐樓價跌破200萬元 (Chinese)]</ref>
**[[Tin Wan]]<ref>[http://topick.hket.com/article/1447170/%E7%94%B0%E7%81%A3%E8%A1%97%E5%94%90%E6%A8%93%E5%8A%8F%E6%88%BF%E5%A4%B1%E7%81%AB%20%E6%AF%8D%E6%8A%B1%E5%AD%90%E5%8D%B1%E5%9D%90%E5%A4%96%E7%89%86%E7%8D%B2%E6%95%91 田灣街唐樓劏房失火母抱子危坐外牆獲救]</ref>
**[[Ap Lei Chau]]<ref>[http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/financeestate/art/20091120/13440149 鴨脷洲大街單幢樓執平貨]</ref>
**[[Stanley, Hong Kong|Stanley]]<ref>[http://www.hkoasis.com/articles/stanleyroof 離島去到悶轉場赤柱獨享天台BBQ嘆海景 (Chinese)]</ref>

*[[Kowloon]]
**[[Tsim Sha Tsui]]<ref>[http://paper.wenweipo.com/2011/05/24/ME1105240007.htm 尖沙咀唐樓叫價6億 (Chinese)]</ref>
**[[Yau Ma Tei]]<ref>[http://m.mingpao.com/pns/dailynews/web_tc/article/20161226/s00001/1482687769451 區內多戰前唐樓議員料研究有助保育 (Chinese)]</ref>
**[[Mong Kok]]<ref>[https://hk.news.yahoo.com/%E6%97%BA%E8%A7%92%E5%94%90%E6%A8%93%E6%B0%B4%E8%A1%A8%E9%9B%A2%E5%A5%87%E8%A2%AB%E7%9B%9C-%E8%AD%A6%E6%8B%9839%E6%AD%B2%E7%84%A1%E6%A5%AD%E6%BC%A2-130500769.html 旺角唐樓水表離奇被盜　警拘39歲無業漢 (Chinese)]</ref>
**[[Tai Kok Tsui]]<ref>[http://hk.on.cc/hk/bkn/cnt/news/20150805/bkn-20150805170036226-0805_00822_001.html 市建局收大角咀唐樓　呎價$13,614史上最高 (Chinese)]</ref>
**[[Sham Shui Po]]<ref>[http://topick.hket.com/article/1544424/250%E5%91%8E%E6%B7%B1%E6%B0%B4%E5%9F%97%E5%94%90%E6%A8%93%E5%A4%A7%E6%94%B9%E9%80%A0%E3%80%80%E5%B1%8F%E9%A2%A8%E5%8A%A0%E5%BC%B7%E7%A9%BA%E9%96%93%E6%84%9F 250呎深水埗唐樓大改造屏風加強空間感 (Chinese)]</ref>
**[[Cheung Sha Wan]]<ref>[http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/news/art/20150914/19294666 舊商號消失　頂層圍欄被拆　轉角唐樓　翻新失特色 (Chinese)]</ref>
**[[Shek Kip Mei]]<ref>[http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/realtime/breaking/20170209/56279961 石硤尾唐樓起火男住客吸入濃煙不適 (Chinese)]</ref>
**[[Hung Hom]]<ref>[http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/nextplus/%E8%B2%A1%E7%B6%93/article/20161214/2_459758_0/%E5%9B%9B%E5%8F%94%E5%A4%A7%E8%8C%B6%E9%A3%AF-%E6%94%B6%E8%B3%BC%E5%80%BC%E5%9B%9B%E7%99%BE%E5%84%84%E7%B4%85%E7%A3%A1%E5%94%90%E6%A8%93-%E9%9B%A2%E5%A5%87%E7%81%AB%E7%87%AD%E5%85%BC%E6%BC%8F%E6%B0%B4 收購值四百億紅磡唐樓離奇火燭兼漏水 (Chinese)]</ref>
**[[To Kwa Wan]]<ref>[http://topick.hket.com/article/1711716/%E9%87%8D%E5%BB%BA%E5%9C%9F%E7%93%9C%E7%81%A3%E5%94%90%E6%A8%93%E6%88%B6%E4%B8%BB%E6%AD%A1%E8%BF%8E%E3%80%80%E5%86%80102%E6%AD%B2%E6%AF%8D%E4%B8%8D%E7%94%A8%E8%A1%8C%E6%A8%93%E6%A2%AF 重建土瓜灣唐樓戶主歡迎冀102歲母不用行樓梯 (Chinese)]</ref>
**[[Ma Tau Wai]]<ref>[http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/news/art/20170318/19962124 市建局重建馬頭圍唐樓供逾400單位 (Chinese)]</ref>
**[[Ho Man Tin]]<ref>[http://www1.hkej.com/dailynews/article/id/1479599 何文田唐樓強拍底價4.13億 (Chinese)]</ref>
**[[Kowloon City]]<ref>[http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/news/art/20130106/18124839 九龍城400萬上車盤絕少 (Chinese)]</ref>
**[[Wong Tai Sin]]<ref>[http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/finance/20120316/00204_002.html 黃大仙唐樓賣200萬 (Chinese)]</ref>
**[[San Po Kong]]<ref>[http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/finance/20101021/00204_002.html 炒家掃新蒲崗唐樓 (Chinese)]</ref>
**[[Lok Fu]]<ref>[http://the-sun.on.cc/cnt/finance/20121005/00436_008.html 樂富唐樓回報38厘 (Chinese)]</ref>
**[[Tsz Wan Shan]]<ref>[http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/financeestate/art/20150808/19247772 慈雲山唐樓售215萬 (Chinese)]</ref>
**[[Ngau Chi Wan]]<ref>[http://ohmyking.com/market/hk-market-045/ 牛池灣村 (Chinese)]</ref>
**[[Kwun Tong]]<ref>[http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/supplement/culture/art/20130312/18191879 一樓一古：觀塘月華街 180級富貴樓梯 (Chinese)]</ref>
**[[Ngau Tau Kok]]<ref>[http://hk.on.cc/hk/bkn/cnt/news/20170206/bkn-20170206060458584-0206_00822_001.html 唐樓遇竊　失平板電腦及現金 (Chinese)]</ref>
**[[Cha Kwo Ling]]<ref>[http://hd.stheadline.com/culture/culture_content.asp?contid=158256&srctype=g 茶果嶺淳樸樂土 (Chinese)]</ref>

*[[New Territories]]
**[[Kwai Chung]]<ref>[http://hk.on.cc/hk/bkn/cnt/news/20160113/bkn-20160113013554503-0113_00822_001.html 葵涌唐樓劏房疑遭縱火　住客抱B疏散 (Chinese)]</ref>
**[[Tsuen Wan]]<ref>[http://www.afhc2014.org.hk/database/video/1031/1400/1031-1400-19.pdf 荃灣市區（唐樓）環境研究及展望 (Chinese)]</ref>
**[[Tuen Mun]]<ref>[http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/financeestate/art/20140208/18618405 焦點故事：屯門私樓　170萬上車 (Chinese)]</ref>
**[[Yuen Long]]<ref>[http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/financeestate/art/20060916/6319191 元朗盤大賤賣33萬平過深圳樓 (Chinese)]</ref>
**[[Tai Wai]]<ref>[http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/finance/20120905/00204_017.html 大圍唐樓套房租七千五 (Chinese)]</ref>
**[[Tai Po]]<ref>[http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/financeestate/art/20130619/18303530 阿婆也劏房　收租2.8萬 (Chinese)]</ref>
**[[Luen Wo Hui]]<ref>[http://hd.stheadline.com/arts/arts_content.asp?contid=151836&srctype=g 粉嶺聯和墟唐樓180萬起 (Chinese)]</ref>
**[[Sheung Shui]]<ref>[http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/finance/20140410/00204_004.html 上水唐樓兩年冧價30% (Chinese)]</ref>
**[[Sha Tau Kok]]<ref>[http://hd.stheadline.com/culture/culture_content.asp?contid=207010&srctype=g 禁區沙頭角墟 (Chinese)]</ref>
**[[Sai Kung Town]]<ref>[http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/realtime/magazine/20150128/53378255 西貢唐樓賣本地好土產 (Chinese)]</ref>
**[[Tai O]]<ref>[http://www.ilovetaio.com/?q=node/94 大澳被評級的歷史建築物 (Chinese)]</ref>
**[[Cheung Chau]]<ref>[http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/realtime/news/20130619/51492496 長洲舊樓石屎剝落飛墮行人路 (Chinese)]</ref>

==See also==
* [[Arcade (architecture)|Arcade]]
* [[Architecture of Hong Kong]]
* [[Housing in Hong Kong]]
* [[Shophouse]], similar buildings in Southeast Asia
* [[Terraced house]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Tenement houses in China|Tong lau}}
* Lee Ho Yin, [http://www.heritageworldmedia.com/downloads/pdfs/Hoyin%20Tong%20Lau.pdf "Pre-war tong lau: A Hong Kong Shophouse Typology"], Resource Paper for the Antiquities and Monuments Office and Commissioner for Heritage's Office, 19 April 2010
* [http://www.heritage.gov.hk/en/rhbtp/virtual.htm Conserve and Revitalise Hong Kong Heritage]
* [http://www.ura.org.hk/html/c804000e2e.html Mallory Street/Burrows Street Project]
* [http://www.skyline-technologies.com/news/0105/100105.htm Heritage enthusiast battles against the wrecker's ball]
* [http://www.ura.org.hk/html/c806000e2e.html tong laus in Wan Chai]
*[http://www.lifeofguangzhou.com/node_10/node_228/node_233/node_244/2008/06/25/121437869540623.shtml Old Qilou Buildings: Historical Architecture in Guangzhou (Part 1)]
* [http://www.lifeofguangzhou.com/node_10/node_228/node_233/node_244/2008/07/07/121540905241489.shtml Old Qilou Buildings: Historical Architecture in Guangzhou (Part 2)]

[[Category:Chinese architecture]]
[[Category:Hong Kong architecture]]
[[Category:Macau architecture]]
[[Category:Housing in Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Apartment types]]
[[Category:House types]]
[[Category:Cantonese words and phrases]]

Alternative Fakten

2017-01-23T15:48:12Z

Dave.Dunford: /* Reaction */ c/e

{{Article for deletion/dated|page=Alternative facts|timestamp=20170122215645|year=2017|month=January|day=22|substed=yes|help=off}}



{{about|the [[first 100 days of Donald Trump's presidency]]|the general topic|Disinformation|and|Fake news}}

'''Alternative facts''' are claims asserted by [[White House Press Secretary]] [[Sean Spicer]] regarding the attendance at [[Donald Trump]]'s [[Inauguration of Donald Trump|inauguration]] as President of the United States as described by [[Counselor to the President]] [[Kellyanne Conway]] during a ''[[Meet the Press]]'' interview.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/01/22/politics/kellyanne-conway-alternative-facts/index.html|title=Conway: Trump White House offered 'alternative facts' on crowd size|last=CNN|first=Eric Bradner|website=CNN|access-date=2017-01-22}}</ref><ref name=Graham>{{cite web | url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/01/the-pointless-needless-lies-of-the-trump-administration/514061/ | title='Alternative Facts': The Needless Lies of the Trump Administration | publisher=[[The Atlantic]] | date=January 22, 2017 | accessdate=January 22, 2017 | last=Graham | first=David}}</ref><ref name=Swaine>{{cite web | url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/jan/22/donald-trump-kellyanne-conway-inauguration-alternative-facts | title=Trump presidency begins with defense of false 'alternative facts' | publisher=The Guardian | date=January 22, 2017 | accessdate=January 22, 2017 | last=Swaine | first=Jon}}</ref><ref name=Jaffe>{{cite web | url=http://www.nbcnews.com/meet-the-press/wh-spokesman-gave-alternative-facts-inauguration-crowd-n710466 | title=Kellyanne Conway: WH Spokesman Gave ‘Alternative Facts’ on Inauguration Crowd | publisher=[[NBC News]] | date=January 22, 2017 | accessdate=January 22, 2017 | last=Jaffe | first=Alexandra}}</ref> When pressed during the interview with [[Chuck Todd]] to explain why Spicer "utter[ed] a provable falsehood", Conway said "Don't be so overly dramatic about it, Chuck. You're saying it's a falsehood, and […] our press secretary, Sean Spicer, gave alternative facts to that."<ref name=Blake>{{cite web | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2017/01/22/kellyanne-conway-says-donald-trumps-team-has-alternate-facts-which-pretty-much-says-it-all/ | title=Kellyanne Conway says Donald Trump’s team has ‘alternative facts.’ Which pretty much says it all. | publisher=Washington Post | date=January 22, 2017 | accessdate=January 22, 2017 | last=Blake | first=Aaron}}</ref><ref>[http://nypost.com/2017/01/22/conway-trump-spokesman-gave-alternative-facts-on-inauguration-crowd/ Conway: Trump spokesman gave ‘alternative facts’] ([[New York Post]], 22 January 2017)</ref> Todd responded by saying "Alternative facts are not facts. They are falsehoods."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/kellyanne-conway-cites-alternative-facts-in-tense-interview-with-chuck-todd-over-false-crowd-size-claims-171242433.html|title=Kellyanne Conway cites ‘alternative facts’ in tense interview with Chuck Todd over false crowd size claims|last=Stableford|first=Dylan|date=22 January 2017|work=Yahoo! News|language=en-US|access-date=2017-01-23|via=}}</ref>{{Misinformation}}

==Background==
On January 21, 2017, White House Press Secretary [[Sean Spicer]] held his first press briefing. He accused the media of deliberately underestimating the size of the crowds for [[Inauguration of Donald Trump|President Trump's inaugural ceremony]] and stated that the ceremony had drawn the "largest audience, ever to witness an inauguration, period."<ref name="WaPo press conf"/> According to all available data, Spicer's allegations were false.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://money.cnn.com/2017/01/21/media/sean-spicer-press-secretary-statement/ |title=White House press secretary attacks media for accurately reporting inauguration crowds |newspaper=[[CNN.com]] |date=January 21, 2017 |access-date=January 21, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Trump’s Inauguration vs. Obama’s: Comparing the Crowds|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/01/20/us/politics/trump-inauguration-crowd.html|publisher=New York Times}}</ref>Aerial images showed that the turnout for Trump's inauguration was lower than the turnout for the 2009 [[First inauguration of Barack Obama|Inauguration of Barack Obama]]. [[Washington metro]] reported 193,000 riders by 11:00 am on the day of Trump's inauguration, considerably less than the 513,000 who rode the subway in the 2009 inauguration.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.haaretz.com/us-news/1.766775 | title='Alt-fact': Trump's White House Threatens War on Media Over 'Unfair Attacks' | publisher=[[Haaretz]] | date=January 22, 2017 | accessdate=January 23, 2017}}</ref><ref name=Fandos1>{{cite web | url=http://www.seattletimes.com/news/fact-checking-the-white-house-alternative-facts/ | title=Fact-checking the White House ‘alternative facts’ | publisher=[[Seattle Times]] | date=January 22, 2017 | accessdate=January 23, 2017 | last=Fandos | first=Nicholas}}</ref>[[File:White House Spokesman Spicer Holds News Conference.webm|thumb|left|200px|Spicer at press conference]]

Spicer also gave incorrect information about the use of white floor coverings during the inauguration. He stated that they were used for the first time during the Trump inauguration and were to blame for a visual effect that made the audience look smaller. The white floor coverings, however, had been used in 2013 when Obama was sworn in for the second term.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/salvadorhernandez/president-trumps-spokesman-just-lied-about-the-size-of-the-i?utm_term=.prqEJrEbr#.hygBr5BR5 |title=President Trump’s Spokesman Just Lied About The Size Of The Inauguration Crowd |newspaper=[[buzzfeed.com]] |date=January 22, 2017 |access-date=January 22, 2017}}</ref> Spicer took no questions from the media at the press briefing.<ref name="WaPo press conf">{{cite news|last1=Cillizza|first1=Chris|title=Sean Spicer held a press conference. He didn’t take questions. Or tell the whole truth.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2017/01/21/sean-spicer-held-a-press-conference-he-didnt-take-questions-or-tell-the-whole-truth/?utm_term=.1649e5e30b2d|accessdate=22 January 2017|work=Washington Post|date=January 21, 2017}}</ref> Trump's campaign strategist and counselor, [[Kellyanne Conway]], defended Spicer's statements, telling NBC's [[Chuck Todd]] that the press secretary was simply giving "alternative facts" and that Trump's crowd numbers could not be proved nor quantified.<ref name=Jaffe /><ref name=Bennett>{{cite web | url=http://www.latimes.com/nation/politics/trailguide/la-na-trailguide-updates-inflated-numbers-for-trump-team-defends-1485107769-htmlstory.html | title=Trump aides defend inflated inauguration figures as 'alternative facts' | publisher=[[Los Angeles Times]] | date=January 22, 2017 | accessdate=January 22, 2017 | last=Bennett | first=Brian}}</ref>

In the first few days of the Trump presidency, false information was added to [[whitehouse.gov]], the official [[White House]] website. The website cited statistics to show that crime has increased when actually it has declined since 2008.<ref name=Revesz>{{cite web | url=http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/alternative-facts-white-house-website-donald-trump-fake-crimes-statistics-lgbt-climate-change-pages-a7540841.html | title=Welcome to the White House website, home of 'alternative facts' | publisher=[[The Independent]] | date=January 23, 2017 | accessdate=January 23, 2017 | last=Revesz | first=Rachael}}</ref>

==Reaction==
Spicer's press conference and Conway's follow-up comments drew quick reactions on social media. Journalist [[Dan Rather]] posted a scathing criticism of the incoming U.S. Presidential administration on his Facebook page.<ref name=TBT-170122>{{cite web | url=http://www.tampabay.com/blogs/media/dan-rather-takes-to-facebook-to-blast-president-trumps-alternative-facts/2310462 | title=Dan Rather takes to Facebook to blast President Trump's 'alternative facts' | publisher=[[Tampa Bay Times]] | date=January 22, 2017 | accessdate=January 22, 2017}}</ref><ref name=Calfas>{{cite web | url=http://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/315555-dan-rather-on-trump-these-are-not-normal-times | title=Dan Rather on Trump: 'These are not normal times' | publisher=[[The Hill]] | date=January 22, 2017 | accessdate=January 22, 2017 | last=Calfas | first=Jennifer}}</ref> Rather wrote:
<blockquote>These are not normal times. These are extraordinary times. And extraordinary times call for extraordinary measures.

When you have a spokesperson for the president of the United States wrap up a lie in the [[Orwellian]] phrase "alternative facts”…

When you have a press secretary in his first appearance before the White House reporters threaten, bully, lie, and then walk out of the briefing room without the cajones to answer a single question…<ref name=Rather>{{cite web | url=https://m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=10158087282405716&id=24085780715&__tn__=*s | title=Dan Rather Facebook post | website=Facebook.com | date=January 22, 2017 | accessdate=January 22, 2017 | last=Rather | first=Dan}}</ref>
</blockquote>
he concluded,
<blockquote>
Facts and the truth are not partisan. They are the bedrock of our democracy. And you are either with them, with us, with our Constitution, our history, and the future of our nation, or you are against it. Everyone must answer that question.<ref name=Rather />
</blockquote>

The ''[[New York Times]]'' responded with a [[Fact_checking|fact check]] of statements made during Mr. Spicer's press conference.<ref name=Fandos2>{{cite web | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/22/us/politics/president-trump-inauguration-crowd-white-house.html | title=White House Pushes Alternative Facts. Here Are the Real Ones | website=nytimes.com | date=January 22, 2017 | accessdate=January 22, 2017 | last=Fandos | first=Nicholas}}</ref> This included a side by side photographic comparison of the crowds from Obama's 2009 inauguration and Trump's.

Journalist and former ''New York Times'' executive editor [[Jill Abramson]] characterized Conway's comments about alternative facts as "[[newspeak|Orwellian newspeak]]", adding that alternative facts are [[lie]]s.<ref name=Abramson>{{cite web | url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/jan/23/kellyanne-conway-alternative-facts-lies | title=Sorry, Kellyanne Conway. 'Alternative facts' are just lies | publisher=[[The Guardian]] | date=January 23, 2017 | accessdate=January 23, 2017 | last=Abramson | first=Jill}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Bad faith]]
* [[Baghdad Bob]]
* [[Big lie]]
* [[Cognitive dissonance]]
* [[Deception]]
* [[Disinformation]]
* [[Fictive art]]
* [[Gaslighting]]
* [[Post-truth politics]]
* [[Propaganda]]
* [[Self-deception]]
{{Div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VSrEEDQgFc8 Kellyanne Conway ''Meet the Press'' interview with Chuck Todd]

[[ Category:American political neologisms]]
[[Category:Donald Trump controversies]]
[[Category:Presidency of Donald Trump]]
[[Category:Deception]]

Brereton Hall

2016-07-25T17:10:48Z

Dave.Dunford: more accurate location

{{Infobox Historic Site
| name = Brereton Hall| native_name =
| image = Brereton - Brereton Hall.jpg
| image_size = 250
| caption =
| locmapin = Cheshire| map_width = 250
| map_caption = Location in Cheshire
| alt =
| latitude = 53.1805
| longitude = -2.3288
| coordinates =
| coord_parameters =
| coord_display = title
| coord_format =
| location = Brereton Green, [[Brereton, Cheshire|Brereton]], [[Cheshire]], England
| gbgridref =
| area = | elevation = | formed = | founded =
| built = 1586
| built_for = [[William Brereton, 1st Baron Brereton|Sir William Brereton]]
| demolished = | rebuilt =
| restored = 1829| restored_by = | architect = | architecture = | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | governing_body =
| designation1 = Grade I
| designation1_offname =
| designation1_type =
| designation1_criteria =
| designation1_date = 6 June 1952
| delisted1_date = | designation1_parent = | designation1_number = 56338| designation1_free1name = | designation1_free1value = | designation1_free2name = | designation1_free2value = | designation1_free3name = | designation1_free3value = | designation2 = | designation2_offname = | designation2_type = | designation2_criteria = | designation2_date = | delisted2_date = | designation2_parent = | designation2_number = | designation2_free1name = | designation2_free1value = | designation2_free2name = | designation2_free2value = | designation2_free3name = | designation2_free3value = }}

'''Brereton Hall''' is a [[English country house|country house]] to the north of the village of Brereton Green, adjacent to [[St Oswald's Church, Brereton|St Oswald's Church]], in the [[Civil parishes in England|civil parish]] of [[Brereton, Cheshire|Brereton]], [[Cheshire]], England. It is recorded in the [[National Heritage List for England]] as a designated Grade I [[Listed building#England and Wales|listed building]].<ref name=images>{{NHLE |num= 1229329|desc= Brereton Hall|access-date= 30 March 2012 |mode=cs2}}</ref>

==History==

The manor of ''Bretune'' is listed in [[Domesday Book]]. The house dates from 1586, the date inscribed over the entrance.<ref>A history of the house by A. L. Moir, ''The Story of Brereton Hall, Cheshire'' was published in Chester.</ref> It was built for [[William Brereton, 1st Baron Brereton|Sir William Brereton]] (1550–1631), created [[Lord of Laghlin|Baron Brereton of Leighlin, Co. Carlow]] in 1624.<ref>Bernard Burke, ''A Genealogical History of the Dormant, Abeyant, Forfeited, and Extinct Titles ...'', ''s.v.'' "Brereton – Baron Brereton".</ref> A portrait of Sir William, dated 1579, with a cameo of [[Elizabeth I of England|Queen Elizabeth]] in his cap, is at the [[Detroit Institute of Arts]].<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.dia.org/the_collection/overview/viewobject.asp?objectid=25174 |title=Sir William Brereton, 1579 |accessdate=2008-03-17 |publisher=Detroit Institute of Arts }}</ref> [[William Brereton, 3rd Baron Brereton|William, 3rd Lord Brereton]] (1631–1679) was a distinguished man of letters and a founder of the [[Royal Society]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2008}} His younger son, Francis, 5th Lord Brereton, died a bachelor in 1722, ending the Brereton family male line.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.thornber.net/cheshire/htmlfiles/brereton.html |title=Brereton |accessdate=2008-03-17 |last=Thornber |first=Craig |authorlink= |coauthors= |date= |year=2005 |month= |work=Cheshire Antiquities |publisher= |pages= }}</ref>

The house passed to the Bracebridge family,<ref name=Binney>{{citation |url=http://property.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/property/buying_and_selling/article553881.ece |title=The Tudor show home |accessdate=2008-03-17 |last=Binney |first=Marcus |authorlink= |coauthors= |date=2005-08-12 |year= |month= |format= |work=TimesOnline |publisher=[[The Times|Times Newspapers]] |pages= | location=London}} Brereton Hall was for sale at the time, at £6.5 million.</ref> and as ''[[Bracebridge Hall]]'' re-sited in Yorkshire, it featured in a historical fiction of [[Washington Irving]].<ref>''Bracebridge Hall, or The Humorists. A Medley'', by "Geoffrey Crayon, Gent." [Washington Irving], rev. ed. 1867. Irving's 'Bracebridge Hall' is itself a medley of seventeenth-century English houses of the gentry.</ref> In 1817 it was purchased by a Manchester industrialist, John Howard. He made alterations in 1829 to the exterior and interior in [[Regency architecture|Regency]] style.<ref name=Binney/> Further alterations were made in the late 19th century.<ref name=images/> In the 20th century it was a girls' boarding school. After this closed in July 1992,<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.breretonhall.co.uk/ |title=Brereton Hall School Website |accessdate=2008-03-16 |publisher=Zoe Davies }}</ref> it was the retreat of a pop star who built a recording studio at the back.<ref name=Binney/> Since 2005 it has been a private family home and is not open to the public.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.alsager.com/tour/area/hall.htm |title=Brereton Hall |accessdate=2008-03-16 |publisher=Alsager.com }}</ref>

==Architecture==
[[File:Brereton Hall.jpg|right|thumb|Brereton Hall before 1829 showing the [[cupola]]s which were later replaced by [[battlement]]s]]
The house is one of a genre of splendid [[Elisabethan era|Elizabethan]] and [[Jacobean architecture|Jacobean]] houses built for dynastic display called "[[prodigy houses]]".<ref name=Binney/> It is built in brick with stone dressings, formerly in a E-plan, of which the central wing has been demolished and replaced with a 19th-century [[Conservatory (greenhouse)|conservatory]]. The front range has a lead roof; the cross-wings are roofed in slate. The front range has a basement and two storeys with a [[turret]]ed central gateway. The octagonal turrets are linked by a bridge and are [[battlement|embattled]] (before 1829 they were surmounted by [[cupola]]s).<ref name=images/>

Over the entrance are the [[Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom|royal arms]] of [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth I]] in a panel, which are flanked by the [[Tudor rose]] and the Beaufort [[portcullis]]. Beyond the entrance is a lower hall and a grand staircase leading to a [[long gallery]] which runs along the front of the house. This leads to the [[drawing room]] which contains a [[frieze]] with nearly 50 [[coat of arms|coats of arms]] and a chimney piece carved with the Brereton emblem, a [[Muzzle (device)|muzzled]] bear. Two fireplaces elsewhere are carved in a [[Sebastiano Serlio|Serlian manner]]. The former study of the [[William Brereton, 2nd Baron Brereton|2nd Lord Brereton]] contains a richly carved [[alabaster]] fireplace.<ref name=Binney/>

==See also==
{{Portal|Cheshire}}
*[[Grade I listed buildings in Cheshire East]]
*[[Listed buildings in Brereton, Cheshire]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
*{{Citation | last = Hartwell | first = Clare |last2 = Hyde | first2 = Matthew |last3 = Hubbard | first3 = Edward | author3-link=Edward Hubbard | last4 =Pevsner | first4 =Nikolaus | author4-link =Nikolaus Pevsner | series= The Buildings of England| title = Cheshire |edition= | publisher =[[Yale University Press]]| year =2011| origyear=1971| location =New Haven and London| pages = 181–183| url = | doi = | id = | isbn =978-0-300-17043-6 }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commonscat}}
*[http://www.brereton.org/hall.htm Brereton Hall, Cheshire]
*[http://www.cvma.ac.uk/jsp/location.do?locationKey=926&mode=COUNTY Information about the stained glass from the Corpus Vitrearum Medii Aevi (CVMA) of Great Britain]

[[Category:Houses completed in 1586]]
[[Category:Grade I listed buildings in Cheshire]]
[[Category:Grade I listed houses]]
[[Category:Country houses in Cheshire]]

National Museum of Natural History (Neu-Delhi)

2016-05-02T17:33:22Z

Dave.Dunford: ref

{{Infobox museum
| name = National Museum of Natural History
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| logo = [[File:NMNH New Delhi logo.gif|130px]]
| logo_upright =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image = Delhi National Museum of Natural History.jpg
| image_upright = Museum exterior, 2011
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type =
| map_relief =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|28.626800|77.231560|region:IN-DL_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| former_name =
| established = {{Start date|1972|df=y}}
| dissolved = {{End date|2016|04|26|df=y}} (destroyed by fire)
| location = [[Barakhamba Road]], Tansen Marg, [[New Delhi]], India
| type = [[Natural history museum|Natural history]]
| accreditation =
| key_holdings =
| collections =
| collection_size =
| visitors =
| founder =
| director =
| president =
| chairperson =
| curator =
| historian =
| owner = [[Ministry of Environment and Forests (India)|Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change]]
| publictransit = [[Mandi House metro station|Mandi House]], [[Delhi Metro]]
| network =
| website = {{URL|nmnh.nic.in}}
}}

The '''National Museum of Natural History''' ('''NMNH''') was a museum focusing on nature, located in [[New Delhi]], India. Established in 1972 and opened in 1978, the museum functioned under the [[Ministry of Environment and Forests (India)|Ministry of Environment and Forests]] of the [[government of India]].<ref name=about>{{cite web|title=About us|url=http://nmnh.nic.in/aboutus.htm|publisher=NMNH official site|accessdate=15 September 2015}}</ref> The museum was situated on [[Barakhamba Road]] at Tansen Marg in central New Delhi,<ref name=zee/> across from the Embassy of Nepal, near the [[Connaught Place, New Delhi|Connaught Place]] metro station.<ref name=info/> On 26 April 2016, the museum building and its entire collection were destroyed by a fire.<ref name="fire_guts">{{cite web|first=Vidhi |last=Doshi|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/26/massive-fire-guts-delhis-natural-history-museum |title=Fire guts Delhi's natural history museum |newspaper=The Guardian |date=26 April 2016 |accessdate=26 April 2016}}</ref>

== Mission ==
The NMNH's mission was to promote environmental education, both at NMNH in the capital and at Regional Museums of Natural History in other parts of the country; to provide resources such as school loan kits for schools to use in environmental education; to coordinate natural history projects with other agencies and organisations, both nationally and internationally; and to conduct natural history research.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vision & Misssion|url=http://www.nmnh.nic.in/vision.htm|publisher=NMNH official site|accessdate=15 September 2015}}</ref> The NMNH's director, B Venugopal, also emphasised "[[Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity|intangible natural heritage]]" (a concept invented by [[UNESCO]]) at the museum.<ref name=hindu/>

== History ==
The NMNH was created in 1972 as part of the celebration of the 25th year of [[Indian independence movement|India's independence]]. [[Indira Gandhi]], then Prime Minister of India, said that India needed such a museum "to promote environmental awareness".<ref name=about/><ref name=zee/> After several years of development of its building and exhibits, the NMNH opened in 1978, on [[World Environment Day]] (5 June).<ref name=zee/>

Following a negative government report in 2012 regarding the building's poor state of maintenance,<ref name="fire_guts"/> plans were made to relocate the museum to a [[Indian rupee|₹]] 250 [[crore]] ([[Indian rupee|₹]] 2,5 billion) green-certified building at [[Bhairon Marg]],<ref name=zee>{{cite web|title=New, futuristic natural history museum to come up in Delhi|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/delhi/new-futuristic-natural-history-museum-to-come-up-in-delhi_1632613.html|website=ZeeNews.India.com|accessdate=15 September 2015|agency=Indo‑Asian News Service|date=19 July 2015}}</ref> where "The [[National Zoological Park Delhi|zoological park]] is close by, [and] so are the [[National Crafts Museum]], [[Purana Qila]] and [[National Science Centre, Delhi|National Science Centre]]."<ref name=times/> Regional Museums of Natural History are located in Bhopal, Bhubaneswar, Gangtok, Mysuru, and Sawai Madhopur.<ref name=hindu>{{cite web|last1=Priyadershini|first1=S.|title=Fragile legacy|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/fragile-legacy/article2353951.ece| newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=15 September 2015|date=6 October 2012}}</ref>

===April 2016 fire===
In the early morning of 26 April 2016, a fire broke out in the museum and destroyed the entire collection.<ref name="fire_guts"/>
A 160 million-year-old fossil of a [[sauropod]] and stuffed animals by renowned Mysuru-based taxidermists [[Van Ingen & Van Ingen]] were part of the museum collection.<ref name="TOI">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Massive-fire-destroys-Delhis-National-Museum-of-Natural-History/articleshow/51988052.cms|title=Massive fire destroys Delhi's National Museum of Natural History |newspaper=Times of India |date=26 April 2016 |accessdate=27 April 2016}}</ref> The fire, which began around 01:30 on the sixth floor of the [[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry]] (FICCI) building where the museum had been housed, eventually reached the second floor and destroyed all of the museum's exhibits before fire services were able to bring the flames under control. Around 200 firefighters and 35 fire engines were called; they took more than three and a half hours to extinguish the fire. Six people who became trapped in the building were later sent to a hospital suffering from smoke inhalation.<ref name="IE">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/delhi-major-fire-breaks-out-in-ficci-building-in-mandi-house-2770475/#sthash.TUWqxxTz.dpuf|title=Fire destroys Delhi’s National Museum of Natural History |newspaper= Indian Express |date=26 April 2016 |accessdate=27 April 2016}}</ref>

The cause of the fire is still unknown, although the fire's spread was fueled by museum specimens and the woodwork holding them.<ref name = "IE"/> Reports indicate that the devastating effect of the blaze was due to the building's sprinkler system being out of order.<ref name="fire_guts"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/massive-fire-at-delhis-ficci-auditorium-37-fire-engines-at-the-spot-1399388|title=Delhi's National Museum of Natural History Destroyed In Massive Fire|first=Sonal |last=Mehrotra |date=26 April 2016|work=NDTV.com}}</ref>

==Exhibits ==
[[File:Peacock-naional M.jpg|thumb|right|upright|A [[taxidermy|taxidermied]] peacock on display, representing animals of India]]
Exhibits at the NMNH were focused on India's plants, animals and mineral wealth, and were divided into four main exhibit galleries: "Cell: The Basic Unit of Life", "Conservation", "Introduction to Natural History", and "Nature's Network: Ecology". The museum had an extensive collection of films on wildlife, ecology, conservation and the environment in general, as well as rare biological specimens, including [[herpetology|herpetological]] specimens, dinosaur fossils and mounted animals. There were also galleries on the origin and evolution of life, conservation of nature, the food chain and exhibits of flora and fauna.<ref name="IT">{{cite news |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/massive-fire-erupts-at-national-museum-of-natural-history-in-new-delhi/1/651547.html|title=Delhi Museum fire: Safety systems failed, priceless exhibits gutted |newspaper=India Today |date=26 April 2016 |accessdate=27 April 2016}}</ref>

The museum also featured a Discovery Room and Activity Room, specifically designed for children, where designated specimens could be handled by visitors. Guided tours, and specially designed resources for disabled visitors, were also available.<ref name=info>{{cite web|title=National Museum of Natural History|url=http://www.delhiinformation.in/tourism/museums/nationalmuseumofnaturalhistory.html|website=DelhiInformation.in|accessdate=15 September 2015}}</ref> Specific exhibits included a [[sauropod]] fossil, "a collection of bird eggs including those of the [[ostrich]] and the [[Indian vulture|long-billed vulture]]", and "stuffed animals including various [[big cats]]".<ref name=times>{{cite news|title=Makeover for natural history museum|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Makeover-for-natural-history-museum/articleshow/48337714.cms|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=15 September 2015|date=4 August 2015}}</ref>

Plans for future exhibitions, as of 2015, had included "climate change, global warming, combating [[desertification]], tsunami, [and] depletion of [the] [[ozone layer]]" as well as "more digital displays ... [a]nd an [[IMAX]] theatre".<ref name=times/> The museum was also acquiring dinosaur egg fossils from [[Narmada Valley]], [[Gujarat]].<ref name=whale>{{cite web|title=Museum after blue whale bones|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Museum-after-blue-whale-bones/articleshow/48337718.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|accessdate=15 September 2015|date=4 August 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of destroyed heritage]]
* [[Rajiv Gandhi Regional Museum of Natural History|Rajiv Gandhi Regional Museum of Natural History, Sawai Madhopur]]
* [[Regional Museum of Natural History, Bhubaneswar]]
* [[Regional Museum of Natural History Mysore|Regional Museum of Natural History, Mysore]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category|National Museum of Natural History, New Delhi}}
* [http://nmnh.nic.in National Museum of Natural History official website]

{{Museums in Delhi}}
{{Disasters in India in 2016}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1972 establishments in India]]
[[Category:2016 disasters in India]]
[[Category:2016 fires]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in New Delhi]]
[[Category:Burned buildings and structures]]
[[Category:Fires in India]]
[[Category:Museums established in 1972]]
[[Category:Museums in Delhi]]
[[Category:Natural history museums in India]]

National Museum of Natural History (Neu-Delhi)

2016-05-02T17:31:52Z

Dave.Dunford: refs

{{Infobox museum
| name = National Museum of Natural History
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| logo = [[File:NMNH New Delhi logo.gif|130px]]
| logo_upright =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image = Delhi National Museum of Natural History.jpg
| image_upright = Museum exterior, 2011
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type =
| map_relief =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|28.626800|77.231560|region:IN-DL_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| former_name =
| established = {{Start date|1972|df=y}}
| dissolved = {{End date|2016|04|26|df=y}} (destroyed by fire)
| location = [[Barakhamba Road]], Tansen Marg, [[New Delhi]], India
| type = [[Natural history museum|Natural history]]
| accreditation =
| key_holdings =
| collections =
| collection_size =
| visitors =
| founder =
| director =
| president =
| chairperson =
| curator =
| historian =
| owner = [[Ministry of Environment and Forests (India)|Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change]]
| publictransit = [[Mandi House metro station|Mandi House]], [[Delhi Metro]]
| network =
| website = {{URL|nmnh.nic.in}}
}}

The '''National Museum of Natural History''' ('''NMNH''') was a museum focusing on nature, located in [[New Delhi]], India. Established in 1972 and opened in 1978, the museum functioned under the [[Ministry of Environment and Forests (India)|Ministry of Environment and Forests]] of the [[government of India]].<ref name=about>{{cite web|title=About us|url=http://nmnh.nic.in/aboutus.htm|publisher=NMNH official site|accessdate=15 September 2015}}</ref> The museum was situated on [[Barakhamba Road]] at Tansen Marg in central New Delhi,<ref name=zee/> across from the Embassy of Nepal, near the [[Connaught Place, New Delhi|Connaught Place]] metro station.<ref name=info/> On 26 April 2016, the museum building and its entire collection were destroyed by a fire.<ref name="fire_guts">{{cite web|author=Vidhi Doshi|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/26/massive-fire-guts-delhis-natural-history-museum |title=Fire guts Delhi's natural history museum |newspaper=The Guardian |date=26 April 2016 |accessdate=26 April 2016}}</ref>

== Mission ==
The NMNH's mission was to promote environmental education, both at NMNH in the capital and at Regional Museums of Natural History in other parts of the country; to provide resources such as school loan kits for schools to use in environmental education; to coordinate natural history projects with other agencies and organisations, both nationally and internationally; and to conduct natural history research.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vision & Misssion|url=http://www.nmnh.nic.in/vision.htm|publisher=NMNH official site|accessdate=15 September 2015}}</ref> The NMNH's director, B Venugopal, also emphasised "[[Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity|intangible natural heritage]]" (a concept invented by [[UNESCO]]) at the museum.<ref name=hindu/>

== History ==
The NMNH was created in 1972 as part of the celebration of the 25th year of [[Indian independence movement|India's independence]]. [[Indira Gandhi]], then Prime Minister of India, said that India needed such a museum "to promote environmental awareness".<ref name=about/><ref name=zee/> After several years of development of its building and exhibits, the NMNH opened in 1978, on [[World Environment Day]] (5 June).<ref name=zee/>

Following a negative government report in 2012 regarding the building's poor state of maintenance,<ref name="fire_guts"/> plans were made to relocate the museum to a [[Indian rupee|₹]] 250 [[crore]] ([[Indian rupee|₹]] 2,5 billion) green-certified building at [[Bhairon Marg]],<ref name=zee>{{cite web|title=New, futuristic natural history museum to come up in Delhi|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/delhi/new-futuristic-natural-history-museum-to-come-up-in-delhi_1632613.html|website=ZeeNews.India.com|accessdate=15 September 2015|agency=Indo‑Asian News Service|date=19 July 2015}}</ref> where "The [[National Zoological Park Delhi|zoological park]] is close by, [and] so are the [[National Crafts Museum]], [[Purana Qila]] and [[National Science Centre, Delhi|National Science Centre]]."<ref name=times/> Regional Museums of Natural History are located in Bhopal, Bhubaneswar, Gangtok, Mysuru, and Sawai Madhopur.<ref name=hindu>{{cite web|last1=Priyadershini|first1=S.|title=Fragile legacy|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/fragile-legacy/article2353951.ece| newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=15 September 2015|date=6 October 2012}}</ref>

===April 2016 fire===
In the early morning of 26 April 2016, a fire broke out in the museum and destroyed the entire collection.<ref name="fire_guts"/>
A 160 million-year-old fossil of a [[sauropod]] and stuffed animals by renowned Mysuru-based taxidermists [[Van Ingen & Van Ingen]] were part of the museum collection.<ref name="TOI">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Massive-fire-destroys-Delhis-National-Museum-of-Natural-History/articleshow/51988052.cms|title=Massive fire destroys Delhi's National Museum of Natural History |newspaper=Times of India |date=26 April 2016 |accessdate=27 April 2016}}</ref> The fire, which began around 01:30 on the sixth floor of the [[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry]] (FICCI) building where the museum had been housed, eventually reached the second floor and destroyed all of the museum's exhibits before fire services were able to bring the flames under control. Around 200 firefighters and 35 fire engines were called; they took more than three and a half hours to extinguish the fire. Six people who became trapped in the building were later sent to a hospital suffering from smoke inhalation.<ref name="IE">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/delhi-major-fire-breaks-out-in-ficci-building-in-mandi-house-2770475/#sthash.TUWqxxTz.dpuf|title=Fire destroys Delhi’s National Museum of Natural History |newspaper= Indian Express |date=26 April 2016 |accessdate=27 April 2016}}</ref>

The cause of the fire is still unknown, although the fire's spread was fueled by museum specimens and the woodwork holding them.<ref name = "IE"/> Reports indicate that the devastating effect of the blaze was due to the building's sprinkler system being out of order.<ref name="fire_guts"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/massive-fire-at-delhis-ficci-auditorium-37-fire-engines-at-the-spot-1399388|title=Delhi's National Museum of Natural History Destroyed In Massive Fire|first=Sonal |last=Mehrotra |date=26 April 2016|work=NDTV.com}}</ref>

==Exhibits ==
[[File:Peacock-naional M.jpg|thumb|right|upright|A [[taxidermy|taxidermied]] peacock on display, representing animals of India]]
Exhibits at the NMNH were focused on India's plants, animals and mineral wealth, and were divided into four main exhibit galleries: "Cell: The Basic Unit of Life", "Conservation", "Introduction to Natural History", and "Nature's Network: Ecology". The museum had an extensive collection of films on wildlife, ecology, conservation and the environment in general, as well as rare biological specimens, including [[herpetology|herpetological]] specimens, dinosaur fossils and mounted animals. There were also galleries on the origin and evolution of life, conservation of nature, the food chain and exhibits of flora and fauna.<ref name="IT">{{cite news |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/massive-fire-erupts-at-national-museum-of-natural-history-in-new-delhi/1/651547.html|title=Delhi Museum fire: Safety systems failed, priceless exhibits gutted |newspaper=India Today |date=26 April 2016 |accessdate=27 April 2016}}</ref>

The museum also featured a Discovery Room and Activity Room, specifically designed for children, where designated specimens could be handled by visitors. Guided tours, and specially designed resources for disabled visitors, were also available.<ref name=info>{{cite web|title=National Museum of Natural History|url=http://www.delhiinformation.in/tourism/museums/nationalmuseumofnaturalhistory.html|website=DelhiInformation.in|accessdate=15 September 2015}}</ref> Specific exhibits included a [[sauropod]] fossil, "a collection of bird eggs including those of the [[ostrich]] and the [[Indian vulture|long-billed vulture]]", and "stuffed animals including various [[big cats]]".<ref name=times>{{cite news|title=Makeover for natural history museum|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Makeover-for-natural-history-museum/articleshow/48337714.cms|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=15 September 2015|date=4 August 2015}}</ref>

Plans for future exhibitions, as of 2015, had included "climate change, global warming, combating [[desertification]], tsunami, [and] depletion of [the] [[ozone layer]]" as well as "more digital displays ... [a]nd an [[IMAX]] theatre".<ref name=times/> The museum was also acquiring dinosaur egg fossils from [[Narmada Valley]], [[Gujarat]].<ref name=whale>{{cite web|title=Museum after blue whale bones|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Museum-after-blue-whale-bones/articleshow/48337718.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|accessdate=15 September 2015|date=4 August 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of destroyed heritage]]
* [[Rajiv Gandhi Regional Museum of Natural History|Rajiv Gandhi Regional Museum of Natural History, Sawai Madhopur]]
* [[Regional Museum of Natural History, Bhubaneswar]]
* [[Regional Museum of Natural History Mysore|Regional Museum of Natural History, Mysore]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category|National Museum of Natural History, New Delhi}}
* [http://nmnh.nic.in National Museum of Natural History official website]

{{Museums in Delhi}}
{{Disasters in India in 2016}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1972 establishments in India]]
[[Category:2016 disasters in India]]
[[Category:2016 fires]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in New Delhi]]
[[Category:Burned buildings and structures]]
[[Category:Fires in India]]
[[Category:Museums established in 1972]]
[[Category:Museums in Delhi]]
[[Category:Natural history museums in India]]

National Museum of Natural History (Neu-Delhi)

2016-05-02T17:24:26Z

Dave.Dunford: /* See also */ fix broken links

{{Infobox museum
| name = National Museum of Natural History
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| logo = [[File:NMNH New Delhi logo.gif|130px]]
| logo_upright =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image = Delhi National Museum of Natural History.jpg
| image_upright = Museum exterior, 2011
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type =
| map_relief =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|28.626800|77.231560|region:IN-DL_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| former_name =
| established = {{Start date|1972|df=y}}
| dissolved = {{End date|2016|04|26|df=y}} (destroyed by fire)
| location = [[Barakhamba Road]], Tansen Marg, [[New Delhi]], India
| type = [[Natural history museum|Natural history]]
| accreditation =
| key_holdings =
| collections =
| collection_size =
| visitors =
| founder =
| director =
| president =
| chairperson =
| curator =
| historian =
| owner = [[Ministry of Environment and Forests (India)|Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change]]
| publictransit = [[Mandi House metro station|Mandi House]], [[Delhi Metro]]
| network =
| website = {{URL|nmnh.nic.in}}
}}

The '''National Museum of Natural History''' ('''NMNH''') was a museum focusing on nature, located in [[New Delhi]], India. Established in 1972 and opened in 1978, the museum functioned under the [[Ministry of Environment and Forests (India)|Ministry of Environment and Forests]] of the [[government of India]].<ref name=about>{{cite web|title=About us|url=http://nmnh.nic.in/aboutus.htm|publisher=NMNH official site|accessdate=15 September 2015}}</ref> The museum was situated on [[Barakhamba Road]] at Tansen Marg in central New Delhi,<ref name=zee/> across from the Embassy of Nepal, near the [[Connaught Place, New Delhi|Connaught Place]] metro station.<ref name=info/> On 26 April 2016, the museum building and its entire collection were destroyed by a fire.<ref name="fire_guts">{{cite web|author=Vidhi Doshi|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/26/massive-fire-guts-delhis-natural-history-museum |title=Fire guts Delhi's natural history museum |publisher=The Guardian |date=2016-04-26 |accessdate=26 April 2016}}</ref>

== Mission ==
The NMNH's mission was to promote environmental education, both at NMNH in the capital and at Regional Museums of Natural History in other parts of the country; to provide resources such as school loan kits for schools to use in environmental education; to coordinate natural history projects with other agencies and organisations, both nationally and internationally; and to conduct natural history research.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vision & Misssion|url=http://www.nmnh.nic.in/vision.htm|publisher=NMNH official site|accessdate=15 September 2015}}</ref> The NMNH's director, B Venugopal, also emphasised "[[Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity|intangible natural heritage]]" (a concept invented by [[UNESCO]]) at the museum.<ref name=hindu/>

== History ==
The NMNH was created in 1972 as part of the celebration of the 25th year of [[Indian independence movement|India's independence]]. [[Indira Gandhi]], then Prime Minister of India, said that India needed such a museum "to promote environmental awareness".<ref name=about/><ref name=zee/> After several years of development of its building and exhibits, the NMNH opened in 1978, on [[World Environment Day]] (5 June).<ref name=zee/>

Following a negative government report in 2012 regarding the building's poor state of maintenance,<ref name="fire_guts"/> plans were made to relocate the museum to a [[Indian rupee|₹]] 250 [[crore]] ([[Indian rupee|₹]] 2,5 billion) green-certified building at [[Bhairon Marg]],<ref name=zee>{{cite web|title=New, futuristic natural history museum to come up in Delhi|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/delhi/new-futuristic-natural-history-museum-to-come-up-in-delhi_1632613.html|website=ZeeNews.India.com|accessdate=15 September 2015|agency=Indo‑Asian News Service|date=19 July 2015}}</ref> where "The [[National Zoological Park Delhi|zoological park]] is close by, [and] so are the [[National Crafts Museum]], [[Purana Qila]] and [[National Science Centre, Delhi|National Science Centre]]."<ref name=times/> Regional Museums of Natural History are located in Bhopal, Bhubaneswar, Gangtok, Mysuru, and Sawai Madhopur.<ref name=hindu>{{cite web|last1=Priyadershini|first1=S.|title=Fragile legacy|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/fragile-legacy/article2353951.ece|website=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=15 September 2015|date=6 October 2012}}</ref>

===April 2016 fire===
In the early morning of 26 April 2016, a fire broke out in the museum and destroyed the entire collection.<ref name="fire_guts"/>
A 160 million-year-old fossil of a [[sauropod]] and stuffed animals by renowned Mysuru-based taxidermists [[Van Ingen & Van Ingen]] were part of the museum collection.<ref name="TOI">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Massive-fire-destroys-Delhis-National-Museum-of-Natural-History/articleshow/51988052.cms|title=Massive fire destroys Delhi's National Museum of Natural History |publisher=Times of India |accessdate=27 April 2016}}</ref> The fire, which began around 01:30 on the sixth floor of the [[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry]] (FICCI) building where the museum had been housed, eventually reached the second floor and destroyed all of the museum's exhibits before fire services were able to bring the flames under control. Around 200 firefighters and 35 fire engines were called; they took more than three and a half hours to extinguish the fire. Six people who became trapped in the building were later sent to a hospital suffering from smoke inhalation.<ref name="IE">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/delhi-major-fire-breaks-out-in-ficci-building-in-mandi-house-2770475/#sthash.TUWqxxTz.dpuf|title=Major fire breaks out in FICCI building |publisher= Indian Express |accessdate=27 April 2016}}</ref>

The cause of the fire is still unknown, although the fire's spread was fueled by museum specimens and the woodwork holding them.<ref name = "IE"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/delhi-major-fire-breaks-out-in-ficci-building-in-mandi-house-2770475/#sthash.TUWqxxTz.dpuf|title=Fire destroys Delhi’s National Museum of Natural History|date=26 April 2016|work=The Indian Express}}</ref> Reports indicate that the devastating effect of the blaze was due to the building's sprinkler system being out of order.<ref name="fire_guts"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/massive-fire-at-delhis-ficci-auditorium-37-fire-engines-at-the-spot-1399388|title=Delhi's National Museum of Natural History Destroyed In Massive Fire|author=Sonal Mehrotra|date=26 April 2016|work=NDTV.com}}</ref>

==Exhibits ==
[[File:Peacock-naional M.jpg|thumb|right|upright|A [[taxidermy|taxidermied]] peacock on display, representing animals of India]]
Exhibits at the NMNH were focused on India's plants, animals and mineral wealth, and were divided into four main exhibit galleries: "Cell: The Basic Unit of Life", "Conservation", "Introduction to Natural History", and "Nature's Network: Ecology". The museum had an extensive collection of films on wildlife, ecology, conservation and the environment in general, as well as rare biological specimens, including [[herpetology|herpetological]] specimens, dinosaur fossils and mounted animals. There were also galleries on the origin and evolution of life, conservation of nature, the food chain and exhibits of flora and fauna.<ref name="IT">{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/massive-fire-erupts-at-national-museum-of-natural-history-in-new-delhi/1/651547.html|title=Massive fire erupts at National Museum of Natural History in New Delhi |publisher=India Today |accessdate=27 April 2016}}</ref>

The museum also featured a Discovery Room and Activity Room, specifically designed for children, where designated specimens could be handled by visitors. Guided tours, and specially designed resources for disabled visitors, were also available.<ref name=info>{{cite web|title=National Museum of Natural History|url=http://www.delhiinformation.in/tourism/museums/nationalmuseumofnaturalhistory.html|website=DelhiInformation.in|accessdate=15 September 2015}}</ref> Specific exhibits included a [[sauropod]] fossil, "a collection of bird eggs including those of the [[ostrich]] and the [[Indian vulture|long-billed vulture]]", and "stuffed animals including various [[big cats]]".<ref name=times>{{cite web|title=Makeover for natural history museum|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Makeover-for-natural-history-museum/articleshow/48337714.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=15 September 2015|date=4 August 2015}}</ref>

Plans for future exhibitions, as of 2015, had included "climate change, global warming, combating [[desertification]], tsunami, [and] depletion of [the] [[ozone layer]]" as well as "more digital displays ... [a]nd an [[IMAX]] theatre".<ref name=times/> The museum was also acquiring dinosaur egg fossils from [[Narmada Valley]], [[Gujarat]].<ref name=whale>{{cite web|title=Museum after blue whale bones|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Museum-after-blue-whale-bones/articleshow/48337718.cms|work=The Times of India|accessdate=15 September 2015|date=4 August 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of destroyed heritage]]
* [[Rajiv Gandhi Regional Museum of Natural History|Rajiv Gandhi Regional Museum of Natural History, Sawai Madhopur]]
* [[Regional Museum of Natural History, Bhubaneswar]]
* [[Regional Museum of Natural History Mysore|Regional Museum of Natural History, Mysore]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category|National Museum of Natural History, New Delhi}}
* [http://nmnh.nic.in National Museum of Natural History official website]

{{Museums in Delhi}}
{{Disasters in India in 2016}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1972 establishments in India]]
[[Category:2016 disasters in India]]
[[Category:2016 fires]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in New Delhi]]
[[Category:Burned buildings and structures]]
[[Category:Fires in India]]
[[Category:Museums established in 1972]]
[[Category:Museums in Delhi]]
[[Category:Natural history museums in India]]

National Museum of Natural History (Neu-Delhi)

2016-05-02T17:23:19Z

Dave.Dunford: c/e

{{Infobox museum
| name = National Museum of Natural History
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| logo = [[File:NMNH New Delhi logo.gif|130px]]
| logo_upright =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image = Delhi National Museum of Natural History.jpg
| image_upright = Museum exterior, 2011
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type =
| map_relief =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|28.626800|77.231560|region:IN-DL_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| former_name =
| established = {{Start date|1972|df=y}}
| dissolved = {{End date|2016|04|26|df=y}} (destroyed by fire)
| location = [[Barakhamba Road]], Tansen Marg, [[New Delhi]], India
| type = [[Natural history museum|Natural history]]
| accreditation =
| key_holdings =
| collections =
| collection_size =
| visitors =
| founder =
| director =
| president =
| chairperson =
| curator =
| historian =
| owner = [[Ministry of Environment and Forests (India)|Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change]]
| publictransit = [[Mandi House metro station|Mandi House]], [[Delhi Metro]]
| network =
| website = {{URL|nmnh.nic.in}}
}}

The '''National Museum of Natural History''' ('''NMNH''') was a museum focusing on nature, located in [[New Delhi]], India. Established in 1972 and opened in 1978, the museum functioned under the [[Ministry of Environment and Forests (India)|Ministry of Environment and Forests]] of the [[government of India]].<ref name=about>{{cite web|title=About us|url=http://nmnh.nic.in/aboutus.htm|publisher=NMNH official site|accessdate=15 September 2015}}</ref> The museum was situated on [[Barakhamba Road]] at Tansen Marg in central New Delhi,<ref name=zee/> across from the Embassy of Nepal, near the [[Connaught Place, New Delhi|Connaught Place]] metro station.<ref name=info/> On 26 April 2016, the museum building and its entire collection were destroyed by a fire.<ref name="fire_guts">{{cite web|author=Vidhi Doshi|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/26/massive-fire-guts-delhis-natural-history-museum |title=Fire guts Delhi's natural history museum |publisher=The Guardian |date=2016-04-26 |accessdate=26 April 2016}}</ref>

== Mission ==
The NMNH's mission was to promote environmental education, both at NMNH in the capital and at Regional Museums of Natural History in other parts of the country; to provide resources such as school loan kits for schools to use in environmental education; to coordinate natural history projects with other agencies and organisations, both nationally and internationally; and to conduct natural history research.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vision & Misssion|url=http://www.nmnh.nic.in/vision.htm|publisher=NMNH official site|accessdate=15 September 2015}}</ref> The NMNH's director, B Venugopal, also emphasised "[[Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity|intangible natural heritage]]" (a concept invented by [[UNESCO]]) at the museum.<ref name=hindu/>

== History ==
The NMNH was created in 1972 as part of the celebration of the 25th year of [[Indian independence movement|India's independence]]. [[Indira Gandhi]], then Prime Minister of India, said that India needed such a museum "to promote environmental awareness".<ref name=about/><ref name=zee/> After several years of development of its building and exhibits, the NMNH opened in 1978, on [[World Environment Day]] (5 June).<ref name=zee/>

Following a negative government report in 2012 regarding the building's poor state of maintenance,<ref name="fire_guts"/> plans were made to relocate the museum to a [[Indian rupee|₹]] 250 [[crore]] ([[Indian rupee|₹]] 2,5 billion) green-certified building at [[Bhairon Marg]],<ref name=zee>{{cite web|title=New, futuristic natural history museum to come up in Delhi|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/delhi/new-futuristic-natural-history-museum-to-come-up-in-delhi_1632613.html|website=ZeeNews.India.com|accessdate=15 September 2015|agency=Indo‑Asian News Service|date=19 July 2015}}</ref> where "The [[National Zoological Park Delhi|zoological park]] is close by, [and] so are the [[National Crafts Museum]], [[Purana Qila]] and [[National Science Centre, Delhi|National Science Centre]]."<ref name=times/> Regional Museums of Natural History are located in Bhopal, Bhubaneswar, Gangtok, Mysuru, and Sawai Madhopur.<ref name=hindu>{{cite web|last1=Priyadershini|first1=S.|title=Fragile legacy|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/fragile-legacy/article2353951.ece|website=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=15 September 2015|date=6 October 2012}}</ref>

===April 2016 fire===
In the early morning of 26 April 2016, a fire broke out in the museum and destroyed the entire collection.<ref name="fire_guts"/>
A 160 million-year-old fossil of a [[sauropod]] and stuffed animals by renowned Mysuru-based taxidermists [[Van Ingen & Van Ingen]] were part of the museum collection.<ref name="TOI">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Massive-fire-destroys-Delhis-National-Museum-of-Natural-History/articleshow/51988052.cms|title=Massive fire destroys Delhi's National Museum of Natural History |publisher=Times of India |accessdate=27 April 2016}}</ref> The fire, which began around 01:30 on the sixth floor of the [[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry]] (FICCI) building where the museum had been housed, eventually reached the second floor and destroyed all of the museum's exhibits before fire services were able to bring the flames under control. Around 200 firefighters and 35 fire engines were called; they took more than three and a half hours to extinguish the fire. Six people who became trapped in the building were later sent to a hospital suffering from smoke inhalation.<ref name="IE">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/delhi-major-fire-breaks-out-in-ficci-building-in-mandi-house-2770475/#sthash.TUWqxxTz.dpuf|title=Major fire breaks out in FICCI building |publisher= Indian Express |accessdate=27 April 2016}}</ref>

The cause of the fire is still unknown, although the fire's spread was fueled by museum specimens and the woodwork holding them.<ref name = "IE"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/delhi-major-fire-breaks-out-in-ficci-building-in-mandi-house-2770475/#sthash.TUWqxxTz.dpuf|title=Fire destroys Delhi’s National Museum of Natural History|date=26 April 2016|work=The Indian Express}}</ref> Reports indicate that the devastating effect of the blaze was due to the building's sprinkler system being out of order.<ref name="fire_guts"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/massive-fire-at-delhis-ficci-auditorium-37-fire-engines-at-the-spot-1399388|title=Delhi's National Museum of Natural History Destroyed In Massive Fire|author=Sonal Mehrotra|date=26 April 2016|work=NDTV.com}}</ref>

==Exhibits ==
[[File:Peacock-naional M.jpg|thumb|right|upright|A [[taxidermy|taxidermied]] peacock on display, representing animals of India]]
Exhibits at the NMNH were focused on India's plants, animals and mineral wealth, and were divided into four main exhibit galleries: "Cell: The Basic Unit of Life", "Conservation", "Introduction to Natural History", and "Nature's Network: Ecology". The museum had an extensive collection of films on wildlife, ecology, conservation and the environment in general, as well as rare biological specimens, including [[herpetology|herpetological]] specimens, dinosaur fossils and mounted animals. There were also galleries on the origin and evolution of life, conservation of nature, the food chain and exhibits of flora and fauna.<ref name="IT">{{cite web|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/massive-fire-erupts-at-national-museum-of-natural-history-in-new-delhi/1/651547.html|title=Massive fire erupts at National Museum of Natural History in New Delhi |publisher=India Today |accessdate=27 April 2016}}</ref>

The museum also featured a Discovery Room and Activity Room, specifically designed for children, where designated specimens could be handled by visitors. Guided tours, and specially designed resources for disabled visitors, were also available.<ref name=info>{{cite web|title=National Museum of Natural History|url=http://www.delhiinformation.in/tourism/museums/nationalmuseumofnaturalhistory.html|website=DelhiInformation.in|accessdate=15 September 2015}}</ref> Specific exhibits included a [[sauropod]] fossil, "a collection of bird eggs including those of the [[ostrich]] and the [[Indian vulture|long-billed vulture]]", and "stuffed animals including various [[big cats]]".<ref name=times>{{cite web|title=Makeover for natural history museum|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Makeover-for-natural-history-museum/articleshow/48337714.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=15 September 2015|date=4 August 2015}}</ref>

Plans for future exhibitions, as of 2015, had included "climate change, global warming, combating [[desertification]], tsunami, [and] depletion of [the] [[ozone layer]]" as well as "more digital displays ... [a]nd an [[IMAX]] theatre".<ref name=times/> The museum was also acquiring dinosaur egg fossils from [[Narmada Valley]], [[Gujarat]].<ref name=whale>{{cite web|title=Museum after blue whale bones|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Museum-after-blue-whale-bones/articleshow/48337718.cms|work=The Times of India|accessdate=15 September 2015|date=4 August 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of destroyed heritage]]
* [[Rajiv Gandhi Regional Museum of Natural History, Sawai Madhopur]]
* [[Regional Museum of Natural History, Bhubaneswar]]
* [[Regional Museum of Natural History, Mysore|Regional Museum of Natural History Mysore]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category|National Museum of Natural History, New Delhi}}
* [http://nmnh.nic.in National Museum of Natural History official website]

{{Museums in Delhi}}
{{Disasters in India in 2016}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1972 establishments in India]]
[[Category:2016 disasters in India]]
[[Category:2016 fires]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in New Delhi]]
[[Category:Burned buildings and structures]]
[[Category:Fires in India]]
[[Category:Museums established in 1972]]
[[Category:Museums in Delhi]]
[[Category:Natural history museums in India]]

River Teign

2016-04-29T15:35:20Z

Dave.Dunford: fixed dashes using a script

{{Geobox| River

| name = River Teign
| native_name =
| other_name =
| other_name1 =

| image = Sunset over River Teign - geograph.org.uk - 379534.jpg
| image_size = 270px
| image_caption = The Teign estuary at sunset

| country = England
| region = Devon
| city = [[Teignmouth]]; [[Newton Abbot]]
| region_type = County
| city_type = Towns

| length = 50
| watershed =
| discharge_location =
| discharge_average =
| discharge_max =
| discharge_min =
| discharge1_location =
| discharge1_average =

| source_name =
| source_location =
| source_district =
| source_region =
| source_state =
| source_country =
| source_lat_d = 50
| source_lat_m = 38
| source_lat_s = 19
| source_lat_NS = N
| source_long_d = 003
| source_long_m = 57
| source_long_s = 31
| source_long_EW = W
| source_elevation = 528
| source_length =

| mouth_name = Lyme Bay
| mouth_location = English Channel
| mouth_lat_d = 50
| mouth_lat_m = 32
| mouth_lat_s = 23
| mouth_lat_NS = N
| mouth_long_d = 3
| mouth_long_m = 30
| mouth_long_s = 2
| mouth_long_EW = W
| mouth_elevation = 0

| tributary_left = Blackaton Brook
| tributary_left1 = Fingle Brook
| tributary_left2 = Reedy Brook
| tributary_left3 = Sowton Brook
| tributary_left4 = Bramble Brook
| tributary_left5 = Kate Brook
| tributary_right = Beadon Brook
| tributary_right1 = [[River Bovey]]
| tributary_right2 = [[River Lemon]]
| tributary_right3 = Aller Brook

| free_name =
| free_value =

| map = River Teign map.png
| map_size =
| map_caption = Map showing the course and catchment of the Teign.
}}

The '''River Teign''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|eɪ|n}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|iː|n}} is a river in the [[county]] of [[Devon]], [[England]]. It is {{convert|50|km|mi|abbr=on}} long and rises on [[Dartmoor]], becomes an estuary just below [[Newton Abbot]] and reaches the [[English Channel]] at [[Teignmouth]].

== Toponymy ==
The river-name 'Teign' is first attested in an Anglo-Saxon charter of 739, where it appears as ''Teng''. The name is pre-Roman, related to the [[Welsh language|Welsh]] ''taen'' meaning 'sprinkling', and means simply 'stream'.<ref name=EE>[[Eilert Ekwall]], ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Place-names'', p.462.</ref>

The river lends its name to several places, including Teigncombe, [[Drewsteignton]], [[Canonteign]], [[Teigngrace]], [[Kingsteignton]] (at one time, one of England's largest villages), [[Bishopsteignton]], [[Stokeinteignhead#Teignharvey|Teignharvey]], and the second largest settlement along its course, [[Teignmouth]]. However, the villages of [[Combeinteignhead]] and [[Stokeinteignhead]], on the other side of the estuary from Bishopsteignton, are not named after the river.<ref name=EE />

== Course ==
The River Teign rises on [[Dartmoor]], as do many other major Devon rivers. It has two separate sources: one rises at Teign Head, forming the '''North Teign''' which flows northeast where it is crossed by a [[clapper bridge]] near Teigncombe. On its bank near the confluence with the Walla Brook is the [[Rock-cut basin|Tolmen Stone]] that is perforated by a large circular hole.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.legendarydartmoor.co.uk/tolmen.htm|title=Tolmen Stone {{!}} Legendary Dartmoor|website=Legendary Dartmoor|access-date=2016-04-17}}</ref> The second source rises near [[Grey Wethers]] and forms the shorter '''South Teign''' which flows through the Fernworthy Forest and a reservoir of the same name. The two rivers combine at Leigh Bridge near [[Chagford]] to form the Teign, which leaves the moor on its eastern side, flowing beneath [[Castle Drogo]] in a steep-sided valley. Near [[Dunsford]] there is a nature reserve on the east bank.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.devonwildlifetrust.org/index.php?section=places:reserves&reserveid=26|title=Dunsford Nature Reserve|website=www.devonwildlifetrust.org|access-date=2016-04-17}}</ref>

It then flows southwards at the east edge of the moor through a steep-sided valley along which ran the [[Teign Valley Line]] providing rail service to the villages in the vicinity until its closure in 1967. Passing [[Chudleigh]] and [[Chudleigh Knighton]], the river flows through the [[Bovey Basin]] where [[ball clay]] is extracted, then between Kingsteignton and [[Newton Abbot]], where, during its operation from 1898 to 1974, the [[Newton Abbot power station]] drew its cooling water from the river, discharging it back into the [[River Lemon]], which joins the Teign downstream.

Below Newton Abbot the river turns abruptly to the east and becomes tidal, widening to form the Teign Estuary, a large [[ria]] that reaches the [[English Channel]] at Teignmouth.

==Crossings==
[[Fingle Bridge]] is a Grade II* [[Listed building|listed structure]] that crosses the river near Drewsteignton on Dartmoor.

Until 1827 the most downstream bridge was Teign Bridge at Teigngrace. When it was being rebuilt in 1815 it became apparent that at least four successive bridges had been erected at various times with or over the remains of the previous constructions. Mr. P. T. Taylor, who investigated the matter at the time, gave as his opinion that: <blockquote>the last or upper work was done in the sixteenth century, and that the red bridge had been built on the salt marsh in the thirteenth century; since which time there has been an accumulation of soil to the depth of ten feet. He supposes the wooden bridge to be old as the Conquest, and the white stone bridge to have been Roman work.<ref>Jusserand, J.J. (1891). ''English Wayfaring Life in the Middle Ages.'' Pub. T. Fisher Unwin, London. P. 69. Available online at [http://www.archive.org/details/englishwayfaring00jussuoft www.archive.org].</ref></blockquote>

In 1976 a viaduct was built across the top of the estuary just below Newton Abbot to carry the newly-diverted [[A380 road|A380]] road. The viaduct is about {{convert|550|m|mi|abbr=on}} long and has eleven spans.<ref>{{cite book|title=Devon Roads – an illustrated survey of the development and management of Devon's highway network|last=Hawkins|first=Michael|publisher=Devon Books|year=1988|isbn=0-86114-817-7|location=Exeter|page=85}}</ref>

Since 1827 the lowest road crossing has been [[Teignmouth|Shaldon Bridge]] that now carries the [[A379]] near the mouth of the estuary. A passenger ferry between Teignmouth and [[Shaldon]] operates a little lower down.

==Navigability==
[[Image:River Teign, kayaker in the distance.jpg|thumb|right|The Teign near [[Fingle Bridge]] and [[Castle Drogo]], with a kayaker in the background]]
===Ships and barges===
The [[Teignmouth|port of Teignmouth]], just inside the mouth of the estuary, is visited by ships mostly handling clay, timber and grain.

The lower reaches of the river are navigable up to [[Newton Abbot]], although now only to shallow draft boats and those less than 2.9 metres high due to the Shaldon Bridge.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Teignmouth Harbour Commission|title=Navigation and Safety|url=http://www.teignmouthharbour.com/navigation-and-safety}}</ref>

The tidal Whitelake Channel of the river connects it to two disused short canals that were both built to serve the [[ball clay]] trade in the area. The [[Stover Canal]] heads to Teigngrace (with the River Teign also supplying the header pond); it was built to serve [[ball clay]] operations, but later it was the terminus of the [[Haytor Granite Tramway]], carrying granite. The second connection was to the [[Hackney Canal]], only 0.6 miles long, that connected the river to a ball clay quarry at Hackney Clay Cellars in [[Kingsteignton]] (now the site of a retail park), through what is now [[Newton Abbot Racecourse]].

===Personal watercraft===
The river has been kayaked at least from Leigh Bridge (the confluence of the North and South Teign) at {{gbmappingsmall|SX68358765}} to Steps Bridge at {{gbmappingsmall|SX80438835}},<ref>[http://www.ukriversguidebook.co.uk/swengland.htm UK Rivers Guidebook – South West England]</ref> rated as grade 2 to 3. There is also a single high-grade, very technical drop.

==Fishing==
The Teign estuary is known for [[flounder]] fishing; a British record specimen was caught here in 1994.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://britishseafishing.co.uk/flounder/|title=Flounder {{!}} Britishseafishing.co.uk|website=britishseafishing.co.uk|access-date=2016-04-17}}</ref> Other species include [[grey mullet]] in the estuary, [[brown trout]] further up the river and some salmon and [[sea trout]] throughout. Some coarse fish are caught in the lower reaches of Teign, although it is not officially a coarse fish river. This includes [[carp]] as far as the tidal marshes under the A380 at Newton Abbot.{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}}

==See also==
*[[Rivers of the United Kingdom]]
*[[Haytor Granite Tramway]] – The Teign and its commercial past.
*[[Teign Valley Line|Teign Valley Railway]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book
|last=Hemery|first=Eric|title=High Dartmoor|publisher=Robert Hale|location=London|year=1983|isbn=0-7091-8859-5|pages=746–821}}
{{Devon}}
{{Rivers of Dartmoor}}

[[Category:Rivers of Devon|Teign, River]]
[[Category:Dartmoor|Teign]]
[[Category:Teign catchment| ]]

River Teign

2016-04-29T15:34:47Z

Dave.Dunford: /* Personal watercraft */ {{gbmappingsmall|}}

{{Geobox| River

| name = River Teign
| native_name =
| other_name =
| other_name1 =

| image = Sunset over River Teign - geograph.org.uk - 379534.jpg
| image_size = 270px
| image_caption = The Teign estuary at sunset

| country = England
| region = Devon
| city = [[Teignmouth]]; [[Newton Abbot]]
| region_type = County
| city_type = Towns

| length = 50
| watershed =
| discharge_location =
| discharge_average =
| discharge_max =
| discharge_min =
| discharge1_location =
| discharge1_average =

| source_name =
| source_location =
| source_district =
| source_region =
| source_state =
| source_country =
| source_lat_d = 50
| source_lat_m = 38
| source_lat_s = 19
| source_lat_NS = N
| source_long_d = 003
| source_long_m = 57
| source_long_s = 31
| source_long_EW = W
| source_elevation = 528
| source_length =

| mouth_name = Lyme Bay
| mouth_location = English Channel
| mouth_lat_d = 50
| mouth_lat_m = 32
| mouth_lat_s = 23
| mouth_lat_NS = N
| mouth_long_d = 3
| mouth_long_m = 30
| mouth_long_s = 2
| mouth_long_EW = W
| mouth_elevation = 0

| tributary_left = Blackaton Brook
| tributary_left1 = Fingle Brook
| tributary_left2 = Reedy Brook
| tributary_left3 = Sowton Brook
| tributary_left4 = Bramble Brook
| tributary_left5 = Kate Brook
| tributary_right = Beadon Brook
| tributary_right1 = [[River Bovey]]
| tributary_right2 = [[River Lemon]]
| tributary_right3 = Aller Brook

| free_name =
| free_value =

| map = River Teign map.png
| map_size =
| map_caption = Map showing the course and catchment of the Teign.
}}

The '''River Teign''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|eɪ|n}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|iː|n}} is a river in the [[county]] of [[Devon]], [[England]]. It is {{convert|50|km|mi|abbr=on}} long and rises on [[Dartmoor]], becomes an estuary just below [[Newton Abbot]] and reaches the [[English Channel]] at [[Teignmouth]].

== Toponymy ==
The river-name 'Teign' is first attested in an Anglo-Saxon charter of 739, where it appears as ''Teng''. The name is pre-Roman, related to the [[Welsh language|Welsh]] ''taen'' meaning 'sprinkling', and means simply 'stream'.<ref name=EE>[[Eilert Ekwall]], ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Place-names'', p.462.</ref>

The river lends its name to several places, including Teigncombe, [[Drewsteignton]], [[Canonteign]], [[Teigngrace]], [[Kingsteignton]] (at one time, one of England's largest villages), [[Bishopsteignton]], [[Stokeinteignhead#Teignharvey|Teignharvey]], and the second largest settlement along its course, [[Teignmouth]]. However, the villages of [[Combeinteignhead]] and [[Stokeinteignhead]], on the other side of the estuary from Bishopsteignton, are not named after the river.<ref name=EE />

== Course ==
The River Teign rises on [[Dartmoor]], as do many other major Devon rivers. It has two separate sources: one rises at Teign Head, forming the '''North Teign''' which flows northeast where it is crossed by a [[clapper bridge]] near Teigncombe. On its bank near the confluence with the Walla Brook is the [[Rock-cut basin|Tolmen Stone]] that is perforated by a large circular hole.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.legendarydartmoor.co.uk/tolmen.htm|title=Tolmen Stone {{!}} Legendary Dartmoor|website=Legendary Dartmoor|access-date=2016-04-17}}</ref> The second source rises near [[Grey Wethers]] and forms the shorter '''South Teign''' which flows through the Fernworthy Forest and a reservoir of the same name. The two rivers combine at Leigh Bridge near [[Chagford]] to form the Teign, which leaves the moor on its eastern side, flowing beneath [[Castle Drogo]] in a steep-sided valley. Near [[Dunsford]] there is a nature reserve on the east bank.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.devonwildlifetrust.org/index.php?section=places:reserves&reserveid=26|title=Dunsford Nature Reserve|website=www.devonwildlifetrust.org|access-date=2016-04-17}}</ref>

It then flows southwards at the east edge of the moor through a steep-sided valley along which ran the [[Teign Valley Line]] providing rail service to the villages in the vicinity until its closure in 1967. Passing [[Chudleigh]] and [[Chudleigh Knighton]], the river flows through the [[Bovey Basin]] where [[ball clay]] is extracted, then between Kingsteignton and [[Newton Abbot]], where, during its operation from 1898 to 1974, the [[Newton Abbot power station]] drew its cooling water from the river, discharging it back into the [[River Lemon]], which joins the Teign downstream.

Below Newton Abbot the river turns abruptly to the east and becomes tidal, widening to form the Teign Estuary, a large [[ria]] that reaches the [[English Channel]] at Teignmouth.

==Crossings==
[[Fingle Bridge]] is a Grade II* [[Listed building|listed structure]] that crosses the river near Drewsteignton on Dartmoor.

Until 1827 the most downstream bridge was Teign Bridge at Teigngrace. When it was being rebuilt in 1815 it became apparent that at least four successive bridges had been erected at various times with or over the remains of the previous constructions. Mr. P. T. Taylor, who investigated the matter at the time, gave as his opinion that: <blockquote>the last or upper work was done in the sixteenth century, and that the red bridge had been built on the salt marsh in the thirteenth century; since which time there has been an accumulation of soil to the depth of ten feet. He supposes the wooden bridge to be old as the Conquest, and the white stone bridge to have been Roman work.<ref>Jusserand, J.J. (1891). ''English Wayfaring Life in the Middle Ages.'' Pub. T. Fisher Unwin, London. P. 69. Available online at [http://www.archive.org/details/englishwayfaring00jussuoft www.archive.org].</ref></blockquote>

In 1976 a viaduct was built across the top of the estuary just below Newton Abbot to carry the newly-diverted [[A380 road|A380]] road. The viaduct is about {{convert|550|m|mi|abbr=on}} long and has eleven spans.<ref>{{cite book|title=Devon Roads - an illustrated survey of the development and management of Devon's highway network|last=Hawkins|first=Michael|publisher=Devon Books|year=1988|isbn=0-86114-817-7|location=Exeter|page=85}}</ref>

Since 1827 the lowest road crossing has been [[Teignmouth|Shaldon Bridge]] that now carries the [[A379]] near the mouth of the estuary. A passenger ferry between Teignmouth and [[Shaldon]] operates a little lower down.

==Navigability==
[[Image:River Teign, kayaker in the distance.jpg|thumb|right|The Teign near [[Fingle Bridge]] and [[Castle Drogo]], with a kayaker in the background]]
===Ships and barges===
The [[Teignmouth|port of Teignmouth]], just inside the mouth of the estuary, is visited by ships mostly handling clay, timber and grain.

The lower reaches of the river are navigable up to [[Newton Abbot]], although now only to shallow draft boats and those less than 2.9 metres high due to the Shaldon Bridge.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Teignmouth Harbour Commission|title=Navigation and Safety|url=http://www.teignmouthharbour.com/navigation-and-safety}}</ref>

The tidal Whitelake Channel of the river connects it to two disused short canals that were both built to serve the [[ball clay]] trade in the area. The [[Stover Canal]] heads to Teigngrace (with the River Teign also supplying the header pond); it was built to serve [[ball clay]] operations, but later it was the terminus of the [[Haytor Granite Tramway]], carrying granite. The second connection was to the [[Hackney Canal]], only 0.6 miles long, that connected the river to a ball clay quarry at Hackney Clay Cellars in [[Kingsteignton]] (now the site of a retail park), through what is now [[Newton Abbot Racecourse]].

===Personal watercraft===
The river has been kayaked at least from Leigh Bridge (the confluence of the North and South Teign) at {{gbmappingsmall|SX68358765}} to Steps Bridge at {{gbmappingsmall|SX80438835}},<ref>[http://www.ukriversguidebook.co.uk/swengland.htm UK Rivers Guidebook - South West England]</ref> rated as grade 2 to 3. There is also a single high-grade, very technical drop.

==Fishing==
The Teign estuary is known for [[flounder]] fishing; a British record specimen was caught here in 1994.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://britishseafishing.co.uk/flounder/|title=Flounder {{!}} Britishseafishing.co.uk|website=britishseafishing.co.uk|access-date=2016-04-17}}</ref> Other species include [[grey mullet]] in the estuary, [[brown trout]] further up the river and some salmon and [[sea trout]] throughout. Some coarse fish are caught in the lower reaches of Teign, although it is not officially a coarse fish river. This includes [[carp]] as far as the tidal marshes under the A380 at Newton Abbot.{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}}

==See also==
*[[Rivers of the United Kingdom]]
*[[Haytor Granite Tramway]] - The Teign and its commercial past.
*[[Teign Valley Line|Teign Valley Railway]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book
|last=Hemery|first=Eric|title=High Dartmoor|publisher=Robert Hale|location=London|year=1983|isbn=0-7091-8859-5|pages=746-821}}
{{Devon}}
{{Rivers of Dartmoor}}

[[Category:Rivers of Devon|Teign, River]]
[[Category:Dartmoor|Teign]]
[[Category:Teign catchment| ]]

Oakwell Hall

2016-03-04T14:46:11Z

Dave.Dunford: c/e

{{Refimprove|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Oakwell Hall
| former_names =
| alternate_names =
| status =
| image = Oakwell Hall (Birstall, West Yorkshire).jpg
| image_alt =
| image_size =
| caption =
| building_type = [[Manor house]]
| architectural_style = [[Elizabethan architecture|Elizabethan]]
| structural_system =
| material =
| cost =
| ren_cost =
| client =
| owner = [[Kirklees Council]]
| current_tenants =
| landlord =
| location = Nutter Lane, Birstall, [[Batley]], [[Yorkshire]], [[England]]
| address =
| location_town =
| location_country =
| coordinates = {{coord|53|44|22|N|1|40|15|W|display=inline,title|region:GB_type:landmark}} ({{gbmapping|SE2127}})
| groundbreaking_date =
| start_date =
| completion_date =
| opened_date =
| inauguration_date =
| renovation_date =
| floor_count =
| grounds_area = {{convert|110|acre|km2}}
| architect =
| architecture_firm =
| structural_engineer =
| services_engineer =
| civil_engineer =
| other_designers =
| quantity_surveyor =
| main_contractor = John Batt
| awards =
| designations = [[Listed building|Grade I listed]]
| ren_architect =
| ren_firm =
| ren_str_engineer =
| ren_serv_engineer =
| ren_civ_engineer =
| ren_oth_designers =
| ren_qty_surveyor =
| ren_awards =
| rooms =
| url = [http://www.kirklees.gov.uk/leisure/museumsGalleries/oakwell/index.aspx Oakwell Hall]
}}

'''Oakwell Hall''' is an [[Elizabethan]] manor house in the village of [[Birstall, West Yorkshire|Birstall]], [[West Yorkshire]], England, set in period gardens surrounded by {{convert|110|acre|km2}} of country park.

The builder was John Batt. A recarved stone dated 1583 probably indicates the date of construction. The estate had been purchased by his Halifax-born father, a receiver of rents to the Savile family, who resided at [[Batley#History|Howley Hall]], in [[Batley]].

Oakwell Hall was immortalised in literature as "Fieldhead" by [[Charlotte Brontë]], in her novel ''[[Shirley (novel)|Shirley]]''.

== Friends of Oakwell Hall ==

[[Image:HeaderOakwell.jpg|right|thumb|250px]]
Founded in 1988, the Friends of Oakwell Hall and Country Park<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.friendsofoakwellhall.org.uk |title=Friends of Oakwell Hall and Country Park |publisher= |date= |accessdate=4 March 2016}}</ref> are a voluntary support group for the manor house and its surrounding {{convert|110|acre|km2}} of country park. Friends work with the Head Ranger and staff at Oakwell and provide assistance inside and outside the hall.

== House ==

The blackened [[gritstone]] house was built to a post-medieval plan with a central hall flanked by crosswings. Its entrance is through a porch and screens passage at the lower end of the house.

Oakwell Hall passed into municipal hands in 1928 and is now owned by [[Kirklees]] Cultural Services, and managed by volunteers from the Friends of Oakwell Hall. The interiors were restored to early 17th-century condition, the time the Batt family lived here, with the aid of an inventory of 1611. During restoration the original painted panelling of the great parlour and the painted chamber was revealed from under layers of varnish and paint.

=== Great Hall ===
The imposing Great Hall originally had two storeys but, in the mid-17th century, John Batt's grandson removed the ceiling and inserted a gallery and a large [[mullion]]ed and transomed window. It was the main thoroughfare for the house linking the wings and would have been the hub of domestic life. It was a reception room for visitors, tenants and businessmen and large gatherings. It is sparsely furnished and uncluttered, creating a large open space, practical to use and impressive to visitors. The table is placed at one end of the room as it would have been towards the end of the 17th century, rather than in its earlier position in the centre of the room. The size of the room is intended to impress visitors.

=== Great Parlour ===

This was the most important room in the house in the early 17th century. According to the inventory of 1611 it had the best furniture, and contained the Batts' collection of maps. In the 1630s the Batts added a magnificent plaster ceiling, and they later had painted the oak panelling including a landscape scene above the fireplace. Most of the original panels have survived although several are reproductions. The painting technique known as scumbling was a way of decorating to create an air of warmth and grandeur. Few examples of this decorative work survive today.

In the late 17th century, dining rooms and parlours were the preferred rooms for eating and entertaining guests in private. The great parlour is furnished with pieces intended to show it as a fashionable and comfortable room of the 1690s.

=== Great Parlour Chamber ===

In 1690, this room was occupied by John Batt. There is a [[garderobe]] or toilet in the outer wall. The rush matting in this and other family rooms in the house was a feature of wealthy households, and was warmer than bare floorboards or stone floors. The fireplace, as with most others in the house, is a 19th-century addition, one of few interior structural changes made since the 17th century. The inclusion of a table and chairs in a bed chamber in the seventeenth century was not unusual. Bed chambers had a dual purpose where their occupiers thought nothing of entertaining guests with wine or cards.

=== Kitchen ===

The kitchen was one of the busiest rooms in the home. The mistress supervised female servants preparing food, medicines and pot-pourris, and there would be a stream of tradesmen, estate workers, errand boys and servants of visiting gentry. At meal times, all the servants gathered there to eat from wooden platters. When the hall was built, food may have been cooked over a large fire at one end of the Great Hall but, by the time of the inventory of 1611, the kitchen had become a separate room in the east wing. The kitchen is divided from the main living quarters by the screens passage. The 17th-century fireplace was replaced by another in the 19th century, but would have been much wider and larger. Evidence of previous occupants can still be seen by the candle burns on the timbers on the wall opposite the window.

=== The Kitchen Chamber ===

The Kitchen Chamber, where the servants slept and food was stored, is unpanelled and has no ceiling. Its position next to the back stairs and above the kitchen made it accessible for the servants. Many local houses used their kitchen chambers for storage. In 1611 it had five arks for storing meal and grain. Today it has one great ark and a collection of food chests for storage. Lack of a fireplace and unpanelled walls would have made it cold in winter though warmth from the kitchen below would keep the stored food dry.

=== Little Parlour Chamber ===

The inventory of 1611 records 17 beds of different types within the household. Some were truckle beds for the servants; others grand tester beds used by members of the family. Older beds were relegated to less important rooms to make room for newer grander pieces. This chamber is furnished with older furniture and used as a second best bedchamber. Reproduction tapestries are hung from the walls. In the 19th century, this room was transformed with the addition of the stairs and passage. The wall to the right is an addition, and the room would have been larger. The original timber studding can be seen on two walls, showing the lath and plaster structure.

=== New Parlour ===

The layout of this room shows typical features of a modest 17th-century dining room. Servants placed food on the side table, and served it to the family. The court cupboard housed the [[pewter]] and plate and could be kept locked as could the small spice cupboard in the corner, the key kept by the mistress, as spices were valuable commodities.

=== New Parlour Chamber ===

A gentry household in the 17th century accommodated visitors. This room, displayed as a second-best bed chamber, may have been occupied by the nursemaid and her charges, or other members of the household. The screen at right angles to the doorway prevented draughts through the bed curtains. There is an adjoining dressing room or closet used to display reproduction costumes. The warm colours of the panelling and bed curtains are echoed in the carpet on the table, a feature of wealthier 17th-century houses. Tables or beds were ideal places to display a fine carpet too valuable to walk upon.

=== Painted Chamber ===

The Painted Chamber is furnished with reproduction oak furniture to show what it looked like when new (not dark with age and polish). The painted panelling has a larger design than that the Great Parlour, and is less decorative. It was discovered under layers of emulsion paint and thought to date from the 17th century. The room is displayed as the mistress's chamber; a small table is by the window to obtain the maximum light for sewing. The floorboards have been relaid in a 17th-century manner. In 1609, a floor was laid at a cost of five shillings and tenpence for seven days' work, as recorded in the Account Book. The painted panelling creates a three-dimensional effect imitating the grainy effect of wood. The wild 'squiggles' were intended to imitate [[walnut]], a wood becoming more fashionable than oak in the later 17th century. It was expensive so painting was used to imitate it. The paint had a linseed oil base, and feathers and combs were dragged over it to create the grained effect.

=== Study ===

The Study, a small room located off the gallery above the Main Hall. The 1611 inventory of Robert Batt shows him to have over 60 books at a time when books were expensive and few people could read. He studied at Oxford University and became rector at Newton Tony in Wiltshire.

== Grounds ==
=== Formal gardens ===
[[Image:Oakwell Hall.jpg|thumb|right|The exterior of the hall]]
Surrounding the hall are formal gardens including a herb garden at the side. Herbs and flowers were essential ingredients for the housewife and cook. They were distilled to produce scented oils and are the basis of herbal remedies and had an important culinary role. Although Oakwell's herb garden is small, it gives an impression of the range of herbal plants available. Over 80 different varieties of herbs are to be found in this garden, with many more to be found planted amongst the flowers in the formal gardens behind the hall.

Restoration work has been carried out to bring the formal gardens back to how they would have been in the 1690s. This includes using plants popular at the time. The garden contains a [[parterre]] of compartments, with [[topiary]] specimens and clipped box hedging. The patterns of the box were taken from furniture and plaster work in the Hall and features the lozenge design local to the area. The trellis used has been made using locally sourced original materials and 17th-century carpentry techniques. Even the shade of green used to colour the woodwork is typical of the period.

=== Park Land ===

Within the {{convert|110|acre|km2}} are many diverse habitats that make up the Country Park: woodland, streams, pasture land, ponds and bridleways. There are several walks around the park with nature trail markers. Along the walks are information points giving details of the flora and fauna. One walk out of the park leads to the site of the Civil War [[Battle of Adwalton Moor]], another to [[Red House Museum]].

==== Colliery Field ====

The pasture land in the middle of the park was the site of the spoil heaps of Gomersal Colliery, which closed in the 1970s. The nutrient-poor soil has been ideal for reseeding with meadow plants such as [[red clover]], [[Leucanthemum vulgare|ox-eye daisy]], [[Prunella vulgaris|self heal]] and [[Rhinanthus minor|yellow rattle]]. These nectar-rich flowers attract great numbers of insects, particularly [[bumblebee]]s. It is sometimes used for historical [[English Civil War]] [[Historical reenactment|battle re-enactments]], horse shows and country fairs.

==== Colliery Pond ====

Colliery pond was created when the [[National Coal Board|Coal Board]] constructed a [[concrete]] road to facilitate tipping. The road is concealed beneath the grass and acts as a [[dam]]. Water plants there include [[water forget-me-not]], [[bogbean]] and [[purple loosestrife]]. Large numbers of creatures are attracted by the pond, such as [[Common toad|toad]]s, [[Common moorhen|moorhen]]s, [[smooth newt]]s, [[mussel|swan mussels]] plus varieties of [[damselfly]] and [[dragonfly]].

==== Nova Meadow ====

A damp area containing moisture loving plants including [[lady's smock]], common [[tussock grass]], [[meadowsweet]], [[ragged robin]] and [[Iris versicolor|yellow flag iris]]. A pond was created in 2003 to attract wildlife and the southern part of the meadow has been allowed to revert to scrubland to create a habitat for birds such as the [[yellowhammer]] and [[linnet]]. In autumn the scrubland attracts [[thrush (bird)|thrush]]es, [[fieldfare]]s and [[redwing]]s which feed on the [[Crataegus|hawthorn]] berries.

==== Nova Wood ====

Much of Nova Wood was felled for pit props to service Gomersal Colliery but the trees have regrown using [[coppicing]] techniques to produce multi-stemmed [[sessile oak]]s and [[birch]]. Nova Wood is carpeted by [[common bluebell|bluebell]]s during [[spring (season)|spring]] and is a habitat for summer [[bird migration|migrant]] birds such as [[common chiffchaff|chiffchaff]] and [[blackcap]].

==== Nova Beck ====

Nova Beck is one of two [[stream]]s that run through Oakwell, both running north to south. Nova Beck forms the western boundary of Nova Wood and flows through areas of dense wildflowers. Many of the species present such as [[yellow archangel]], [[wood anemone]] and [[Allium ursinum|wild garlic]] are good indicators of [[ancient woodland]]. [[Hard shield fern]], [[red campion]] and [[Geum urbanum|herb bennet]] are also in abundance.

==== Oakwell Beck ====

Oakwell Beck winds its course along the southern boundary of Colliery Field. Along its length can be found exposed coal seams and fossilized 'ripples' from ancient seas.

Oakwell Beck does not support the same diversity of plants as Nova Beck, but in spring and early summer, the wooded areas are thick with wild garlic, [[lesser celandine]] and [[bistort]]. Occasional patches of [[Arum maculatum|lords and ladies]] survive in shadier parts. [[ash tree|Ash]], [[alder]] and [[willow]] make up the majority of the tree cover and provide habitat for [[tawny owl]]s.

== Stone Ram ==

This Stone Ram statue stands proudly on the lawn in front of the Hall. Its origins are unknown; there is a rumour that it once stood above the gates to Dewsbury Brewery, but this has not been confirmed.

== Ghost of Oakwell Hall ==

A legend concerns the [[ghost]] of William Batt, the owner of the house in 1684. He was a young man of 25, a [[bachelor]] whose widowed mother, Elizabeth, lived at Oakwell. The best account of the ghost story comes from the Victorian writer [[Elizabeth Gaskell|Mrs Gaskell]] in her ''Life of Charlotte Brontë'' (1857). Her account is as follows:

"Captain Batt was believed to be far away; his family was at Oakwell; when in the dusk on winter evening, he came stalking along the lane, through the hall and up the stairs, into his own room, where he vanished. He has been killed in duel in [[London]] that very same afternoon of December 9th 1684."

The legend also states that he left a bloody footprint behind in a bedroom.

The historical facts behind the story are as follows:

*A bond surviving in the archives shows that William was at the Black Swan, [[Holborn]] in [[London]] on December 9, where he borrowed money.
*Local diarist Oliver Heywood has two entries recording the death of William; one that he died 'in sport'; the other that he was 'slain by Mr Gream at Barne near London'.
*William was buried in Birstall on December 30, 1684

== Oakwell Hall and the Brontë sisters ==

In the 19th century the hall was used as a girls' school which was attended by [[Charlotte Brontë]]'s closest friend Ellen Nussey. Charlotte Brontë visited the hall and was inspired to use Oakwell Hall as the setting for the manor house Fieldhead, in her novel ''[[Shirley (novel)|Shirley]]''.

This excerpt from chapter 11 of ''Shirley'' is her description of Oakwell Hall:

"If Fieldhead had few other merits as a building, it might at least be termed picturesque: its irregular architecture, and the grey and mossy colouring communicated by time, gave it a just claim to this epithet. The old latticed windows, the stone porch, the walls, the roof, the chimney-stacks, were rich in crayon touches and sepia lights and shades. The trees behind were fine, bold, and spreading; the cedar on the lawn in front was grand, and the granite urns on the garden wall, the fretted arch of the gateway, were, for an artist, as the very desire of the eye."
Charlotte Brontë; ''Shirley'' (1849)

Elizabeth Gaskell described the house when discussing ''Shirley'': "From the ‘Bloody Lane’, overshadowed by trees, you come into the field in which Oakwell Hall is situated… The enclosure in front, half court, half garden; the panelled hall, with the gallery opening into the bed-chambers running round; the barbarous peach-coloured drawing-room; the bright look-out through the garden-door upon the grassy lawns and terraces behind, where the soft-hued pigeons still love to coo and strut in the sun, – are described in ''Shirley''. The scenery of that fiction lies close around; the real events which suggested it took place in the immediate neighbourhood."
Elizabeth Gaskell; ''The Life of Charlotte Brontë'' (1857)

Oakwell is one of the [[trailhead]]s of the [[Brontë Way]], a {{convert|43|mi|km|0|adj=on}} [[long-distance footpath]] that skirts [[Bradford]] to [[Haworth]] then crosses the [[South Pennines]], continuing to [[Gawthorpe Hall]], [[Padiham]], Lancashire.<ref>{{cite web|author=MKH Computer Services Ltd. |url=https://www.ldwa.org.uk/ldp/members/show_path.php?path_name=Bronte+Way |title=Brontë Way — LDWA Long Distance Paths |publisher=Ldwa.org.uk |date= |accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref>

== Archaeological work ==

Archaeological excavations have been carried out by WYAS with help from 'South Leeds Archaeology', a community group based in Rothwell. In May 2008 the lawn in front of the hall was excavated to reveal post holes, probably left from a farm that occupied the site and disappeared from maps between 1834 and 1844.

==Footnotes==

===References===
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category-inline|Oakwell Hall, Birstall, West Yorkshire}}
* [http://www.kirklees.gov.uk/leisure/museumsGalleries/oakwell/index.aspx Oakwell Hall] - official site at Kirklees Council
* [http://www.southleedsdig.org.uk South Leeds Archaeology website]
* [http://www.friendsofoakwellhall.org.uk/ Friends of Oakwell Hall website]

{{West Yorkshire museums}}

[[Category:Grade I listed buildings in West Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Grade I listed houses]]
[[Category:Gardens in West Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Kirklees]]
[[Category:Historic house museums in West Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Country houses in West Yorkshire]]

Oakwell Hall

2016-03-04T14:26:53Z

Dave.Dunford: c/e, dab, etc

{{Refimprove|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Oakwell Hall
| former_names =
| alternate_names =
| status =
| image = Oakwell Hall (Birstall, West Yorkshire).jpg
| image_alt =
| image_size =
| caption =
| building_type = [[Manor house]]
| architectural_style = [[Elizabethan architecture|Elizabethan]]
| structural_system =
| material =
| cost =
| ren_cost =
| client =
| owner = [[Kirklees Council]]
| current_tenants =
| landlord =
| location = Nutter Lane, Birstall, [[Batley]], [[Yorkshire]], [[England]]
| address =
| location_town =
| location_country =
| coordinates = {{coord|53|44|22|N|1|40|15|W|display=inline,title|region:GB_type:landmark}} ({{gbmapping|SE2127}})
| groundbreaking_date =
| start_date =
| completion_date =
| opened_date =
| inauguration_date =
| renovation_date =
| floor_count =
| grounds_area = {{convert|110|acre|km2}}
| architect =
| architecture_firm =
| structural_engineer =
| services_engineer =
| civil_engineer =
| other_designers =
| quantity_surveyor =
| main_contractor = John Batt
| awards =
| designations = [[Listed building|Grade I listed]]
| ren_architect =
| ren_firm =
| ren_str_engineer =
| ren_serv_engineer =
| ren_civ_engineer =
| ren_oth_designers =
| ren_qty_surveyor =
| ren_awards =
| rooms =
| url = [http://www.kirklees.gov.uk/leisure/museumsGalleries/oakwell/index.aspx Oakwell Hall]
}}

'''Oakwell Hall''' is an [[Elizabethan]] manor house in the village of [[Birstall, West Yorkshire|Birstall]], [[West Yorkshire]], England, set in period gardens surrounded by {{convert|110|acre|km2}} of country park.

The builder was John Batt. A recarved stone dated 1583 probably indicates the date of construction. The estate had been purchased by his Halifax-born father, a receiver of rents to the Savile family, who resided at [[Batley#History|Howley Hall]], in [[Batley]].

Oakwell Hall was immortalised in literature as "Fieldhead" by [[Charlotte Brontë]], in her novel ''[[Shirley (novel)|Shirley]]''.

== Friends of Oakwell Hall ==

[[Image:HeaderOakwell.jpg|right|thumb|250px]]
Founded in 1988, the Friends of Oakwell Hall and Country Park ([http://www.friendsofoakwellhall.org.uk]) are a voluntary support group for the manor house and its surrounding {{convert|110|acre|km2}} of country park. Friends work with the Head Ranger and staff at Oakwell and provide assistance inside and outside the hall.

== House ==

The blackened [[gritstone]] house was built to a post-medieval plan with a central hall flanked by crosswings. Its entrance is through a porch and screens passage at the lower end of the house.

Oakwell Hall passed into municipal hands in 1928 and is now owned by [[Kirklees]] Cultural Services, and managed by volunteers from the Friends of Oakwell Hall. The interiors were restored to early 17th century condition, the time the Batt family lived here, with the aid of an inventory of 1611. During restoration the original painted panelling of the great parlour and the painted chamber was revealed from under layers of varnish and paint.

=== Great Hall ===
The imposing Great Hall originally had two storeys, but in the mid-17th century, John Batt's grandson removed the ceiling and inserted a gallery and a large [[mullion]]ed and transomed window.

It was the main thoroughfare for the house linking the wings and would have been the hub of domestic life. It was a reception room for visitors, tenants and businessmen and large gatherings.

It is sparsely furnished and uncluttered creating a large open space, practical to use and impressive to visitors. The table is placed at one end of the room as it would have been towards the end of the 17th century, rather than in its earlier position in the centre of the room. The size of the room is intended to impress visitors.

=== Great Parlour ===

This was the most important room in the house in the early 17th century. According to the inventory of 1611 it had the best furniture, and contained the Batts' collection of maps. In the 1630s the Batts added a magnificent plaster ceiling, and they later had painted the oak panelling including a landscape scene above the fireplace. Most of the original panels have survived although several are reproductions. The painting technique known as scumbling was a way of decorating to create an air of warmth and grandeur. Few examples of this decorative work survive today.

In the late 17th century, dining rooms and parlours were the preferred rooms for eating and entertaining guests in private. The great parlour is furnished with pieces intended to show it as a fashionable and comfortable room of the 1690s.

=== Great Parlour Chamber ===

In 1690, this room was occupied by John Batt. There is a garderobe or toilet in the outer wall. The rushmatting in this and other family rooms in the house was a feature of wealthy households, and was warmer than bare floorboards or stone floors. The fireplace, as with most others in the house, is a 19th-century addition, one of few interior structural changes made since the 17th century. The inclusion of a table and chairs in a bed chamber in the seventeenth century was not unusual. Bed chambers had a dual purpose where their occupiers thought nothing of entertaining guests with wine or cards.

=== Kitchen ===

The kitchen was one of the busiest rooms in the home. The mistress supervised female servants preparing food, medicines and pot-pourris, and there would be a stream of tradesmen, estate workers, errand boys and servants of visiting gentry. At meal times, all the servants gathered there to eat from wooden platters.

When the hall was built, food may have been cooked over a large fire at one end of the Great Hall but by the time of the inventory of 1611, the kitchen had become a separate room in the east wing. The kitchen is divided from the main living quarters by the screens passage.

The 17th century fireplace, was replaced by another in the 19th century, but would have been much wider and larger. Evidence of previous occupants can still be seen by the candle burns on the timbers on the wall opposite the window.

=== The Kitchen Chamber ===

The Kitchen Chamber where the servants slept and food was stored, is unpanelled and has no ceiling. Its position next to the back stairs and above the kitchen, made it accessible for the servants. Many local houses used their kitchen chambers for storage.

In 1611 it had five arks for storing meal and grain. Today it has one great ark and a collection of food chests for storage. Lack of a fireplace and unpanelled walls would have made it cold in winter though warmth from the kitchen below would keep the stored food dry.

=== Little Parlour Chamber ===

The inventory of 1611 records 17 beds of different types within the household. Some were truckle beds for the servants; others grand tester beds used by members of the family. Older beds were relegated to less important rooms to make room for newer grander pieces. This chamber is furnished with older furniture and used as a second best bedchamber. Reproduction tapestries are hung from the walls.

In the 19th century, this room was transformed with the addition of the stairs and passage. The wall to the right is an addition, and the room would have been larger. The original timber studding can be seen on two walls, showing the lath and plaster structure.

=== New Parlour ===

The layout of this room shows typical features of a modest 17th century dining room. Servants placed food on the side table, and served it to the family. The court cupboard housed the [[pewter]] and plate and could be kept locked as could the small spice cupboard in the corner, the key kept by the mistress, as spices were valuable commodities.

=== New Parlour Chamber ===

A gentry household in the 17th century accommodated visitors. This room, displayed as a second best bed chamber, may have been occupied by the nursemaid and her charges, or other members of the household.

The screen at right angles to the doorway prevented draughts through the bed curtains. There is an adjoining dressing room or closet used to display reproduction costumes.

The warm colours of the panelling and bed curtains are echoed in the carpet on the table, a feature of wealthier 17th-century houses. Tables or beds were ideal places to display a fine carpet too valuable to walk upon.

=== Painted Chamber ===

The Painted Chamber is furnished with reproduction oak furniture to show what it looked like when new (not dark with age and polish). The painted panelling has a larger design than that the Great Parlour, and is less decorative. It was discovered under layers of emulsion paint and thought to date from the 17th century. The room is displayed as the mistress's, chamber; a small table is by the window to obtain the maximum light for sewing.

The floorboards have been relaid in a 17th-century manner. In 1609, a floor was laid at a cost of five shillings and tenpence for seven days' work, as recorded in the Account Book.

The painted panelling creates a three-dimensional effect imitating the grainy effect of wood. The wild 'squiggles' were intended to imitate [[walnut]], a wood becoming more fashionable than oak in the later 17th century. It was expensive so painting was used to imitate it. The paint had a linseed oil base, and feathers and combs were dragged over it to create the grained effect.

=== Study ===

The Study, a small room located off the gallery above the Main Hall. The 1611 inventory of Robert Batt shows him to have over 60 books at a time when books were expensive and few people could read. He studied at Oxford University and became rector at Newton Tony in Wiltshire.

== Grounds ==
=== Formal gardens ===
[[Image:Oakwell Hall.jpg|thumb|right|The exterior of the hall]]
Surrounding the hall are formal gardens including a herb garden at the side. Herbs and flowers were essential ingredients for the housewife and cook. They were distilled to produce scented oils and are the basis of herbal remedies and had an important culinary role. Although Oakwell's herb garden is small, it gives an impression of the range of herbal plants available. Over 80 different varieties of herbs are to be found in this garden with many more to be found planted amongst the flowers in the formal gardens behind the hall.

Restoration work has been carried out to bring the formal gardens back to how they would have been in the 1690s. This includes using plants popular at the time. The garden contains a [[parterre]] of compartments, with [[topiary]] specimens and clipped box hedging. The patterns of the box were taken from furniture and plaster work in the Hall and features the lozenge design local to the area. The trellis used has been made using locally sourced original materials and 17th century carpentry skills. Even the shade of green used to colour the woodwork is typical of the period.

=== Park Land ===

Within the {{convert|110|acre|km2}} are many diverse environs that make up the Country Park. Woodland, streams, pasture land, ponds and bridleways. There are several walks around the park with nature trail markers. Along the walks, are information points giving details of the flora and fauna. One walk out of the park leads to the site of the Civil War [[Battle of Adwalton Moor]], another to [[Red House Museum]].

==== Colliery Field ====

The pasture land in the middle of the park was the site of the spoil heaps of Gomersal Colliery, which closed in the 1970s. The nutrient poor soil has been ideal for reseeding with meadow plants such as [[red clover]], [[Leucanthemum vulgare|ox-eye daisy]], [[Prunella (plant)|self heal]] and [[yellow rattle]]. These nectar rich flowers attract great numbers of insects, particularly [[bumblebee]]s. It is sometimes used for historical [[English Civil War]] - [[Historical reenactment|battle re-enactments]], horse shows and country fairs.

==== Colliery Pond ====

Colliery pond was created when the [[National Coal Board|Coal Board]] constructed a [[concrete]] road to facilitate tipping. The road is concealed beneath the grass and acts as a [[dam]]. Water plants there include [[water forget-me-not]], [[bogbean]] and [[purple loosestrife]]. Large numbers of creatures are attracted by the pond, such as; [[toad]]s, [[moorhen]]s, [[smooth newt]]s, [[mussel|swan mussels]] plus varieties of [[damselfly]] and [[dragonfly]].

==== Nova Meadow ====

A damp area containing moisture loving plants including [[lady's smock]], common [[tussock grass]], [[meadowsweet]], [[ragged robin]] and [[Iris versicolor|yellow flag iris]]. A pond was created in 2003 to attract wildlife and the southern part of the meadow has been allowed to revert to scrubland to create a habitat for birds such as the [[yellowhammer]] and [[linnet]]. In autumn the scrubland attracts [[thrush (bird)|thrush]]es, [[fieldfare]]s and [[redwing]]s which feed on the [[Crataegus|hawthorn]] berries.

==== Nova Wood ====

Much of Nova Wood was felled for pit props to service Gomersal Colliery but the trees have regrown using [[coppicing]] techniques to produce multi-stemmed [[sessile oak]]s and [[birch]]. Nova Wood is carpeted by [[common bluebell|bluebell]]s during [[spring (season)|spring]] and is a habitat for summer [[bird migration|migrant]] birds such as [[common chiffchaff|chiffchaff]] and [[blackcap]].

==== Nova Beck ====

Nova Beck is one of two [[stream]]s that run through Oakwell, both running north to south. Nova Beck forms the western boundary of Nova Wood and flows through areas of dense wildflowers. Many of the species present such as [[yellow archangel]], [[wood anemone]] and [[Allium ursinum|wild garlic]] are good indicators of [[ancient woodland]]. [[Hard shield fern]], [[red campion]] and [[Geum urbanum|herb bennet]] are also in abundance.

==== Oakwell Beck ====

Oakwell Beck winds its course along the southern boundary of Colliery Field. Along its length can be found exposed coal seams and fossilized 'ripples' from ancient seas.

Oakwell Beck does not support the same diversity of plants as Nova Beck, but in spring and early summer, the wooded areas are thick with wild garlic, [[lesser celandine]] and [[bistort]]. Occasional patches of [[Arum maculatum|lords and ladies]] survive in shadier parts. [[ash tree|Ash]], [[alder]] and [[willow]] make up the majority of the tree cover and provide habitat for [[tawny owl]]s.

== Stone Ram ==

This Stone Ram statue stands proudly on the lawn in front of the Hall. Its origins are unknown, there is rumour that it once stood above the gates to Dewsbury Brewery, this has unfortunately not been confirmed as yet and the search into its background goes on.

== Ghost of Oakwell Hall ==

A legend concerns the [[ghost]] of William Batt, the owner of the house in 1684. He was a young man of 25, a [[bachelor]] whose widowed mother, Elizabeth, lived at Oakwell. The best account of the ghost story comes from the Victorian writer [[Elizabeth Gaskell|Mrs Gaskell]] in her "Life of Charlotte Brontë"(1857). Her account is as follows:

"Captain Batt was believed to be far away; his family was at Oakwell; when in the dusk on winter evening, he came stalking along the lane, through the hall and up the stairs, into his own room, where he vanished. He has been killed in duel in [[London]] that very same afternoon of December 9th 1684."

The legend also states that he left a bloody footprint behind in a bedroom.

The historical facts behind the story are as follows:

*A bond surviving in the archives shows that William was at the Black Swan, [[Holborn]] in [[London]] on December 9, where he borrowed money.
*Local diarist Oliver Heywood has two entries recording the death of William; one that he died 'in sport'; the other that he was 'slain by Mr Gream at Barne near London'.
*William was buried in Birstall on December 30, 1684

== Oakwell Hall and the Brontë sisters ==

In the 19th century the hall was used as a girls school which was attended by [[Charlotte Brontë]]'s closest friend Ellen Nussey. Charlotte Brontë visited the hall and was inspired to use Oakwell Hall as the setting for the manor house - Fieldhead, in her novel ''[[Shirley (novel)|Shirley]]''.

This excerpt from chapter 11 of ''Shirley'' is her description of Oakwell Hall.

" If Fieldhead had few other merits as a building, it might at least be termed picturesque: its irregular architecture, and the grey and mossy colouring communicated by time, gave it a just claim to this epithet. The old latticed windows, the stone porch, the walls, the roof, the chimney-stacks, were rich in crayon touches and sepia lights and shades. The trees behind were fine, bold, and spreading; the cedar on the lawn in front was grand, and the granite urns on the garden wall, the fretted arch of the gateway, were, for an artist, as the very desire of the eye."
Charlotte Brontë; ''Shirley'' (1849)

Elizabeth Gaskell described the house when discussing ''Shirley'': "From the ‘Bloody Lane’, overshadowed by trees, you come into the field in which Oakwell Hall is situated… The enclosure in front, half court, half garden; the panelled hall, with the gallery opening into the bed-chambers running round; the barbarous peach-coloured drawing-room; the bright look-out through the garden-door upon the grassy lawns and terraces behind, where the soft-hued pigeons still love to coo and strut in the sun, - are described in Shirley. The scenery of that fiction lies close around; the real events which suggested it took place in the immediate neighbourhood."
Elizabeth Gaskell; ''The Life of Charlotte Brontë'' (1857)

Oakwell is one of the [[trailhead]]s of the [[Brontë Way]], a {{convert|43|mi|km|0|adj=on}} [[long-distance footpath]] that skirts [[Bradford]] to [[Haworth]] then crosses the [[South Pennines]], continuing to [[Gawthorpe Hall]], [[Padiham]], Lancashire.<ref>{{cite web|author=MKH Computer Services Ltd. |url=https://www.ldwa.org.uk/ldp/members/show_path.php?path_name=Bronte+Way |title=Brontë Way — LDWA Long Distance Paths |publisher=Ldwa.org.uk |date= |accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref>

== Archaeological work ==

[http://www.homeguardsecurity.co.uk/archaeology/images/viewer-oakwell/index.html View Images] Archaeological excavations have been carried out by WYAS with help from 'South Leeds Archaeology', a community group based in Rothwell. May 2008 saw the lawn in front of the hall excavated to reveal post holes probably left from a farm which occupied the site and disappeared from maps between 1834 and 1844.

==Footnotes==

===References===
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category-inline|Oakwell Hall, Birstall, West Yorkshire}}
* [http://www.kirklees.gov.uk/leisure/museumsGalleries/oakwell/index.aspx Oakwell Hall] - official site at Kirklees Council
* [http://www.southleedsdig.org.uk? South Leeds Archaeology website]
* [http://www.friendsofoakwellhall.org.uk/ Friends of Oakwell Hall website]

{{West Yorkshire museums}}

[[Category:Grade I listed buildings in West Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Grade I listed houses]]
[[Category:Gardens in West Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Kirklees]]
[[Category:Historic house museums in West Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Country houses in West Yorkshire]]

Shotwick Castle

2016-02-29T15:47:30Z

Dave.Dunford: more c/e

{{Infobox Military Structure
|name=Shotwick Castle
|partof=
|location=[[Shotwick Park]], [[Cheshire]], England
|coordinates=
|image=[[Image:Shotwick Castle.jpg|200px]]
|caption=Earthworks of Shotwick Castle
|type=[[Motte-and-bailey]]
|code=
|built=c.1093
|builder=[[Hugh d'Avranches, 1st Earl of Chester|Hugh Lupus]], 1st Earl of Chester
|materials= Stone Timber Earth
|height=
|used=11th to 14th century
|demolished= 17th century
|condition=Earthworks only
|ownership= [[The Crown]]
|open_to_public= Free access
|controlledby= [[Cheshire West and Chester]]
|garrison=
|current_commander=
|commanders=
|occupants=
|battles= None
|events= [[Welsh Wars]]
}}
'''Shotwick Castle''' is a [[Anglo-Norman|Norman]] [[castle|medieval fortification]] near the village of [[Saughall]], [[Cheshire]], England. Construction began in the late 11th century. Its purpose was to control a [[Ford (crossing)|crossing point]] on the [[River Dee (Wales)|River Dee]] between [[England]] and [[Wales]]. The site is a [[scheduled monument]]. No masonry features remain above ground except for [[Earthworks (archaeology)|earthwork]]s.<ref name="past">{{Cite PastScape|num=67153|desc=Shotwick Castle|access-date=4 April 2009|mode=cs2}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | url = http://rcp.cheshire.gov.uk/SingleResult.aspx?uid=MCH1342 | title = Revealing Cheshire's Past: Shotwick Castle | accessdate = 4 April 2009 | publisher = [[Cheshire County Council]]}}</ref><ref>{{NHLE |num= 1016616|desc= Shotwick Castle motte and bailey and late medieval garden remains|access-date= 1 December 2012|mode=cs2}}</ref>

==History==
[[Hugh d'Avranches, 1st Earl of Chester|Hugh Lupus]], [[Earl of Chester|1st Earl of Chester]], had a castle constructed at Shotwick about 1093.<ref name="hist">{{Citation | url = http://www.saughall.gov.uk/Hist1.htm| title = History of Saughall | accessdate = 10 May 2007 | publisher = Saughall & Shotwick Parish Council}}</ref> It was sited atop a [[promontory]] that had steep-sided river banks formed from two watercourses that flowed – at this point – into the [[River Dee, Wales|River Dee]]. The castle had an [[Earthworks (archaeology)|earthen]] [[Motte-and-bailey|hexagonal motte]] with an [[outer bailey]]. It also had two large [[moat|defensive ditches]] ({{convert|25|m}} wide and {{convert|3|m}} deep) that became flooded at high tide. The castle's main purpose was to control movements across a tidal [[Ford (crossing)|ford]] that once existed at this point on the original course of the river. (In the 18th century the River Dee was diverted to the south along a man-made [[River Dee, Wales#Canalised section|canalised section]].)<ref name="fry">{{citation | last =Fry | first =Plantagenet Somerset | authorlink =Plantagenet Somerset Fry | coauthors = | title =The David & Charles Book of Castles | publisher =David & Charles | year =1980 | location =Newton Abbot | pages =297 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn =0-7153-7976-3}}</ref>

The Earls of Chester, such as [[Ranulf de Blondeville, 6th Earl of Chester|Ranulf de Blondeville]], had paid for the upkeep of the defences during the 12th and early 13th centuries.<ref>{{cite book|ref=harv |last=Pettifer |first=Adrian |year=2002 |title=English Castles: A Guide by Counties |edition=illustrated |publisher=Boydell & Brewer|isbn=0-85115-782-3 |page=[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=47iheRUGKIEC&lpg=PA17&dq=shell%20keep%20shotwick&pg=PA17#v=onepage&q=shell%20keep%20shotwick&f=false 17]}}</ref> Both [[Henry II of England|Henry II]] and [[Henry III of England|Henry III]] stayed at the castle during their [[Norman invasion of Wales|campaigns against the Welsh]]. In 1237 Shotwick was one of several castles belonging to the [[Earldom of Chester]] that were acquired by [[The Crown]] following the death of [[John of Scotland, Earl of Huntingdon|John, 7th Earl of Chester]]. As the [[Anglo-Scottish]] magnate died childless, his sisters were obliged to cede some of his estates and properties to Henry III.<ref name = "earls">{{cite web|url=http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/ENGLISH%20NOBILITY%20MEDIEVAL.htm |publisher=Foundation for Medieval Genealogy |title= Charles Cawley, ''England, earls created 1067-1122''|accessdate=1 September 2013}}</ref>

In September 1284 [[Edward I of England|Edward I]] visited the Royal Castle on his way to [[Flint Castle]] from [[Chester Castle]] following the conclusion of the [[Conquest of Wales by Edward I|second Welsh campaign]].<ref name="hist"/> However, with the end of military action in Wales, the castle lost its strategic importance. By 1327, the land around Shotwick was emparked as a [[Medieval deer park|royal deer park]] for [[Edward III]] who used the castle as a [[hunting lodge]]. Some parts of the outer bailey and ditches were redeveloped as landscaped gardens and ponds. When the [[Edward, the Black Prince|Black Prince]] visited in 1353 it was not even garrisoned and was being referred to as a manor not a castle. The last major repairs were documented in 1371.<ref name="past"/> The area's landscaping was a rough contemporary to [[Bodiam Castle]], [[East Sussex]], which was completed in 1384.<ref name="ba"/>

Shotwick Castle was in ruins by the 17th century in what had become [[Shotwick Park]].<ref name="ba">{{Cite web| url = http://www.britarch.ac.uk/ba/ba24/ba24news.html| title = Ornamental water garden found at Cheshire castle|accessdate=28 August 2007| publisher= British Archaeology}}</ref>

==Archeology==
In 1876 a local schoolmaster called Williams made a partial excavation of the castle site, finding glazed pottery, a spur and fragments of deer horns.<ref name="hist"/> There is little left of the castle today, other than a few earthworks.<ref name="fry"/> A survey of the earthworks in the 1990s showed evidence that it had become a country house with ornamental gardens in the late medieval period.

==See also==
{{Portal|Cheshire}}
*[[Scheduled Monuments in Cheshire (1066–1539)]]
*[[List of castles in Cheshire]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|53.2269|-2.9757|type:landmark_scale:5000_region:GB|display=title}}

[[Category:Castles in Cheshire]]
[[Category:Scheduled Ancient Monuments in Cheshire]]

Shotwick Castle

2016-02-29T15:46:04Z

Dave.Dunford: c/e

{{Infobox Military Structure
|name=Shotwick Castle
|partof=
|location=[[Shotwick Park]], [[Cheshire]], England
|coordinates=
|image=[[Image:Shotwick Castle.jpg|200px]]
|caption=Earthworks of Shotwick Castle
|type=[[Motte-and-bailey]]
|code=
|built=c 1093
|builder=[[Hugh d'Avranches, 1st Earl of Chester|Hugh Lupus]], 1st Earl of Chester
|materials= Stone Timber Earth
|height=
|used=11th to 14th century
|demolished= 17th century
|condition=Earthworks only
|ownership= [[The Crown]]
|open_to_public= Free Access
|controlledby= [[Cheshire West and Chester]]
|garrison=
|current_commander=
|commanders=
|occupants=
|battles= None
|events= [[Welsh Wars]]
}}
'''Shotwick Castle''' is a [[Anglo-Norman|Norman]] [[castle|medieval fortification]] near the village of [[Saughall]], [[Cheshire]], England. Construction began in the late 11th century. Its purpose was to control a [[Ford (crossing)|crossing point]] on the [[River Dee (Wales)|River Dee]] between [[England]] and [[Wales]]. The site is a [[scheduled monument]]. No masonry features remain above ground except for [[Earthworks (archaeology)|earthwork]]s.<ref name="past">{{Cite PastScape|num=67153|desc=Shotwick Castle|access-date=4 April 2009|mode=cs2}}</ref><ref>{{Citation | url = http://rcp.cheshire.gov.uk/SingleResult.aspx?uid=MCH1342 | title = Revealing Cheshire's Past: Shotwick Castle | accessdate = 4 April 2009 | publisher = [[Cheshire County Council]]}}</ref><ref>{{NHLE |num= 1016616|desc= Shotwick Castle motte and bailey and late medieval garden remains|access-date= 1 December 2012|mode=cs2}}</ref>

==History==
[[Hugh d'Avranches, 1st Earl of Chester|Hugh Lupus]], [[Earl of Chester|1st Earl of Chester]], had a castle constructed at Shotwick about 1093.<ref name="hist">{{Citation | url = http://www.saughall.gov.uk/Hist1.htm| title = History of Saughall | accessdate = 10 May 2007 | publisher = Saughall & Shotwick Parish Council}}</ref> It was sited atop a [[promontory]] that had steep-sided river banks formed from two watercourses that flowed – at this point – into the [[River Dee, Wales|River Dee]]. The castle had an [[Earthworks (archaeology)|earthen]] [[Motte-and-bailey|hexagonal motte]] with an [[outer bailey]]. It also had two large [[moat|defensive ditches]] ({{convert|25|m}} wide and {{convert|3|m}} deep) that became flooded at high tide. The castle's main purpose was to control movements across a tidal [[Ford (crossing)|ford]] that once existed at this point on the original course of the river. (In the 18th century the River Dee was diverted to the south along a man-made [[River Dee, Wales#Canalised section|canalised section]].)<ref name="fry">{{citation | last =Fry | first =Plantagenet Somerset | authorlink =Plantagenet Somerset Fry | coauthors = | title =The David & Charles Book of Castles | publisher =David & Charles | year =1980 | location =Newton Abbot | pages =297 | url = | doi = | id = | isbn =0-7153-7976-3}}</ref>

The Earls of Chester, such as [[Ranulf de Blondeville, 6th Earl of Chester|Ranulf de Blondeville]], had paid for the upkeep of the defences during the 12th and early 13th centuries.<ref>{{cite book|ref=harv |last=Pettifer |first=Adrian |year=2002 |title=English Castles: A Guide by Counties |edition=illustrated |publisher=Boydell & Brewer|isbn=0-85115-782-3 |page=[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=47iheRUGKIEC&lpg=PA17&dq=shell%20keep%20shotwick&pg=PA17#v=onepage&q=shell%20keep%20shotwick&f=false 17]}}</ref> Both [[Henry II of England|Henry II]] and [[Henry III of England|Henry III]] stayed at the castle during their [[Norman invasion of Wales|campaigns against the Welsh]]. In 1237 Shotwick was one of several castles belonging to the [[Earldom of Chester]] that were acquired by [[The Crown]] following the death of [[John of Scotland, Earl of Huntingdon|John, 7th Earl of Chester]]. As the [[Anglo-Scottish]] magnate died childless, his sisters were obliged to cede some of his estates and properties to Henry III.<ref name = "earls">{{cite web|url=http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/ENGLISH%20NOBILITY%20MEDIEVAL.htm |publisher=Foundation for Medieval Genealogy |title= Charles Cawley, ''England, earls created 1067-1122''|accessdate=1 September 2013}}</ref>

In September 1284 [[Edward I of England|Edward I]] visited the Royal Castle on his way to [[Flint Castle]] from [[Chester Castle]] following the conclusion of the [[Conquest of Wales by Edward I|second Welsh campaign]].<ref name="hist"/> However, with the end of military action in Wales, the castle lost its strategic importance. By 1327, the land around Shotwick was emparked as a [[Medieval deer park|royal deer park]] for [[Edward III]] who used the castle as a [[hunting lodge]]. Some parts of the outer bailey and ditches were redeveloped as landscaped gardens and ponds. When the [[Edward, the Black Prince|Black Prince]] visited in 1353 it was not even garrisoned and was being referred to as a manor not a castle. The last major repairs were documented in 1371.<ref name="past"/> The area's landscaping was a rough contemporary to [[Bodiam Castle]], [[East Sussex]], which was completed in 1384.<ref name="ba"/>

Shotwick Castle was in ruins by the 17th century in what had become [[Shotwick Park]].<ref name="ba">{{Cite web| url = http://www.britarch.ac.uk/ba/ba24/ba24news.html| title = Ornamental water garden found at Cheshire castle|accessdate=28 August 2007| publisher= British Archaeology}}</ref>

==Archeology==
In 1876 a local schoolmaster called Williams made a partial excavation of the castle site, finding glazed pottery, a spur and fragments of deer horns.<ref name="hist"/> There is little left of the castle today, other than a few earthworks.<ref name="fry"/> A survey of the earthworks in the 1990s showed evidence that it had become a country house with ornamental gardens in the late medieval period.

==See also==
{{Portal|Cheshire}}
*[[Scheduled Monuments in Cheshire (1066–1539)]]
*[[List of castles in Cheshire]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|53.2269|-2.9757|type:landmark_scale:5000_region:GB|display=title}}

[[Category:Castles in Cheshire]]
[[Category:Scheduled Ancient Monuments in Cheshire]]

Wharram Percy

2016-01-08T19:51:26Z

Dave.Dunford: ref

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use British English|date= January 2016}}
'''Wharram Percy''' is a [[Abandoned village#Deserted medieval villages|deserted medieval village]] (DMV) on the western edge of the chalk [[Yorkshire Wolds|Wolds]] of [[North Yorkshire]], England. It is about {{convert|1|mi}} south of [[Wharram-le-Street]] and is signposted from the [[B1248 road|B1248]] [[Beverley]] to [[Malton, North Yorkshire|Malton]] road. Wharram Percy was part of the [[East Riding of Yorkshire]] until the [[Local Government Act 1972|1974 boundary changes]].
[[File:Wharram Percy, St Martins Church - geograph.org.uk - 659805.jpg|thumb|Ruin of St Martin's parish church]]
Wharram Percy is a significant English DMV, although there are remains of others in a similarly good state of preservation.
The [[Earthwork (archaeology)|earthworks]] of the village have been known for many years, and outlines of house platforms were drawn onto the first Ordnance Survey six-inch maps of Yorkshire published in 1854.<ref>O.S. Yorkshire Sheet 143, 6" = 1 mile, surveyed:1850–51, published:1854</ref> The site was researched each summer by combined teams of archaeologists, historians and even botanists, from about 1950 to 1990 after it was singled out for study in 1948 by Professor [[Maurice Beresford]] of the [[University of Leeds]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Mick |last=Aston |authorlink=Mick Aston |title=Interpreting the Landscape: Landscape Archaeology in Local Studies |date=1985 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0713436501 |page=67}}</ref>

Although the site seems to have been settled since [[Prehistoric Britain|prehistory]], the village appears to have been most active from the 10th to the 12th centuries. The ''[[Domesday Book]]'' of 1086 records it as 'Warran' or 'Warron'. The [[Black Death]] of 1348–49 does not seem to have played a significant part in the desertion of Wharram Percy although the large fall in population in the country as a whole at that time must have made relocation to a less remote spot more likely. The villagers of Wharram Percy seem to have suffered instead from changes in prices and wages in the 15th century, which gave pastoral farming (particularly of [[sheep]]) an advantage over traditional [[cereal]] farming. The village was finally abandoned in the early 16th century when the [[lord of the manor]] removed the last few families and had their homes demolished to make room for more sheep pasture.{{cn|date=January 2016}}

[[File:Wharram Percy Geograph.jpg|thumb|View north across the fish pond to the deserted village]]
The site is now in the care of [[Historic England]]. Although only the ruined church is easily visible above ground, much more of the village layout can be seen in the surrounding fields. [[English Heritage]] installed information panels around the site, and provided an audio tour downloadable in [[MP3]] format from the English Heritage website.

A scientific study published in 2004 of human skeletal remains from the deserted village reveals details of disease, diet and death in a rural medieval community.<ref>{{cite journal |url= http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/publications/conservation-bulletin-45/cb45p22-23.pdf |title=Human Osteology at Wharram Percy: Life and death in a medieval village |journal=Conservation Bulletin |issue=45 |page=22–23 |date=Spring 2004 |publisher=[[Historic England]] |first=Simon |last=Mays |accessdate=8 January 2016}}</ref>

The [[Yorkshire Wolds Way]] National Trail passes through the site, and the [[Centenary Way]] [[Long-distance trail|long-distance footpath]] passes to the east of the village.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|first=Susan |last=Wrathmell |year=1996 |title=Wharram Percy: Deserted Medieval Village |isbn= 978-1-85074-620-1}}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline|Wharram Percy}}
*{{OpenDomesday|OS=SE8564|name=wharram-percy|display=Wharram Percy}}
*[http://loki.stockton.edu/~ken/wharram/wharram.htm Wharram Percy] by the former chief guide of the Beresford excavation
*[http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/daysout/properties/wharram-percy-deserted-medieval-village/ English Heritage - History of Wharram Percy]
*[http://www.pastscape.org/SearchResults.aspx?rational=q&criteria=wharram&search=ALL&sort=4&recordsperpage=10 Investigation history]
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20040315092327/http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/default.asp?WCI=Node&WCE=8005 English Heritage's investigation of the site in 2002]
*[http://www.diplomate.freeserve.co.uk/wharram.htm Lost Village Sites of Yorkshire: Wharram Percy]
*[http://www.abandonedcommunities.co.uk/page57.html Abandoned communities ..... Wharram Percy]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/science/unearthingmysteries_20041214.shtml BBC Radio 4 programme on Wharram Percy]

{{coord|54.07020|N|0.69036|W|region:GB_source:enwiki-osgb36(SE858646)|display=title}}

[[Category:Archaeological sites in North Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Deserted medieval villages in England]]
[[Category:English Heritage sites in North Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Former populated places in North Yorkshire]]
[[Category:History of North Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Visitor attractions in North Yorkshire]]

Wharram Percy

2016-01-08T19:49:34Z

Dave.Dunford: ref

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use British English|date= January 2016}}
'''Wharram Percy''' is a [[Abandoned village#Deserted medieval villages|deserted medieval village]] (DMV) on the western edge of the chalk [[Yorkshire Wolds|Wolds]] of [[North Yorkshire]], England. It is about {{convert|1|mi}} south of [[Wharram-le-Street]] and is signposted from the [[B1248 road|B1248]] [[Beverley]] to [[Malton, North Yorkshire|Malton]] road. Wharram Percy was part of the [[East Riding of Yorkshire]] until the [[Local Government Act 1972|1974 boundary changes]].
[[File:Wharram Percy, St Martins Church - geograph.org.uk - 659805.jpg|thumb|Ruin of St Martin's parish church]]
Wharram Percy is a significant English DMV, although there are remains of others in a similarly good state of preservation.
The [[Earthwork (archaeology)|earthworks]] of the village have been known for many years, and outlines of house platforms were drawn onto the first Ordnance Survey six-inch maps of Yorkshire published in 1854.<ref>O.S. Yorkshire Sheet 143, 6” = 1 mile, surveyed:1850-51, published:1854</ref> The site was researched each summer by combined teams of archaeologists, historians and even botanists, from about 1950 to 1990 after it was singled out for study in 1948 by Professor [[Maurice Beresford]] of the [[University of Leeds]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Mick |last=Aston |authorlink=Mick Aston |title=Interpreting the Landscape: Landscape Archaeology in Local Studies |date=1985 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0713436501 |page=67}}</ref>

Although the site seems to have been settled since [[Prehistoric Britain|prehistory]], the village appears to have been most active from the 10th to the 12th centuries. The ''[[Domesday Book]]'' of 1086 records it as 'Warran' or 'Warron'. The [[Black Death]] of 1348–49 does not seem to have played a significant part in the desertion of Wharram Percy although the large fall in population in the country as a whole at that time must have made relocation to a less remote spot more likely. The villagers of Wharram Percy seem to have suffered instead from changes in prices and wages in the 15th century, which gave pastoral farming (particularly of [[sheep]]) an advantage over traditional [[cereal]] farming. The village was finally abandoned in the early 16th century when the [[lord of the manor]] removed the last few families and had their homes demolished to make room for more sheep pasture.{{cn|date=January 2016}}

[[File:Wharram Percy Geograph.jpg|thumb|View north across the fish pond to the deserted village]]
The site is now in the care of [[Historic England]]. Although only the ruined church is easily visible above ground, much more of the village layout can be seen in the surrounding fields. [[English Heritage]] installed information panels around the site, and provided an audio tour downloadable in [[MP3]] format from the English Heritage website.

A scientific study published in 2004 of human skeletal remains from the deserted village reveals details of disease, diet and death in a rural medieval community.<ref>{{cite journal |url= http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/publications/conservation-bulletin-45/cb45p22-23.pdf |title=Human Osteology at Wharram Percy: Life and death in a medieval village |journal=Conservation Bulletin |issue=45 |page=22–23 |date=Spring 2004 |publisher=[[Historic England]] |first=Simon |last=Mays |accessdate=8 January 2016}}</ref>

The [[Yorkshire Wolds Way]] National Trail passes through the site, and the [[Centenary Way]] [[Long-distance trail|long-distance footpath]] passes to the east of the village.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|first=Susan |last=Wrathmell |year=1996 |title=Wharram Percy: Deserted Medieval Village |isbn= 978-1-85074-620-1}}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline|Wharram Percy}}
*{{OpenDomesday|OS=SE8564|name=wharram-percy|display=Wharram Percy}}
*[http://loki.stockton.edu/~ken/wharram/wharram.htm Wharram Percy] by the former chief guide of the Beresford excavation
*[http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/daysout/properties/wharram-percy-deserted-medieval-village/ English Heritage - History of Wharram Percy]
*[http://www.pastscape.org/SearchResults.aspx?rational=q&criteria=wharram&search=ALL&sort=4&recordsperpage=10 Investigation history]
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20040315092327/http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/default.asp?WCI=Node&WCE=8005 English Heritage's investigation of the site in 2002]
*[http://www.diplomate.freeserve.co.uk/wharram.htm Lost Village Sites of Yorkshire: Wharram Percy]
*[http://www.abandonedcommunities.co.uk/page57.html Abandoned communities ..... Wharram Percy]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/science/unearthingmysteries_20041214.shtml BBC Radio 4 programme on Wharram Percy]

{{coord|54.07020|N|0.69036|W|region:GB_source:enwiki-osgb36(SE858646)|display=title}}

[[Category:Archaeological sites in North Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Deserted medieval villages in England]]
[[Category:English Heritage sites in North Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Former populated places in North Yorkshire]]
[[Category:History of North Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Visitor attractions in North Yorkshire]]

Wharram Percy

2016-01-08T18:56:21Z

Dave.Dunford: /* top */ expand and correct reference; I presume this is book referred to since the named title doesn't seem to exist

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use British English|date= January 2016}}
'''Wharram Percy''' is a [[Abandoned village#Deserted medieval villages|deserted medieval village]] (DMV) on the western edge of the chalk [[Yorkshire Wolds|Wolds]] of [[North Yorkshire]], England. It is about {{convert|1|mi}} south of [[Wharram-le-Street]] and is signposted from the [[B1248 road|B1248]] [[Beverley]] to [[Malton, North Yorkshire|Malton]] road. Wharram Percy was part of the [[East Riding of Yorkshire]] until the [[Local Government Act 1972|1974 boundary changes]].
[[File:Wharram Percy, St Martins Church - geograph.org.uk - 659805.jpg|thumb|Ruin of St Martin's parish church]]
Wharram Percy is a significant English DMV, although there are remains of others in a similarly good state of preservation.
The [[Earthwork (archaeology)|earthworks]] of the village have been known for many years, and outlines of house platforms were drawn onto the first Ordnance Survey six-inch maps of Yorkshire published in 1854.<ref>O.S. Yorkshire Sheet 143, 6” = 1 mile, surveyed:1850-51, published:1854</ref> The site was researched each summer by combined teams of archaeologists, historians and even botanists, from about 1950 to 1990 after it was singled out for study in 1948 by Professor [[Maurice Beresford]] of the [[University of Leeds]].<ref>{{cite book |first=M. |last=Aston |authorlink=Mick Aston |title=Interpreting the Landscape: Landscape Archaeology in Local Studies date=1985 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0713436501 |page=67}}</ref>

Although the site seems to have been settled since [[Prehistoric Britain|prehistory]], the village appears to have been most active from the 10th to the 12th centuries. The ''[[Domesday Book]]'' of 1086 records it as 'Warran' or 'Warron'. The [[Black Death]] of 1348–49 does not seem to have played a significant part in the desertion of Wharram Percy although the large fall in population in the country as a whole at that time must have made relocation to a less remote spot more likely. The villagers of Wharram Percy seem to have suffered instead from changes in prices and wages in the 15th century, which gave pastoral farming (particularly of [[sheep]]) an advantage over traditional [[cereal]] farming. The village was finally abandoned in the early 16th century when the [[lord of the manor]] removed the last few families and had their homes demolished to make room for more sheep pasture.{{cn|date=January 2016}}

[[File:Wharram Percy Geograph.jpg|thumb|View north across the fish pond to the deserted village]]
The site is now in the care of [[Historic England]]. Although only the ruined church is easily visible above ground, much more of the village layout can be seen in the surrounding fields. [[English Heritage]] installed information panels around the site, and provided an audio tour downloadable in [[MP3]] format from the English Heritage website.

A scientific study published in 2004 of human skeletal remains from the deserted village reveals details of disease, diet and death in a rural medieval community.<ref>{{cite journal |url= http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/publications/conservation-bulletin-45/cb45p22-23.pdf |title=Human Osteology at Wharram Percy: Life and death in a medieval village |journal=Conservation Bulletin |issue=45 |page=22–23 |date=Spring 2004 |publisher=[[Historic England]] |first=Simon |last=Mays |accessdate=8 January 2016}}</ref>

The [[Yorkshire Wolds Way]] National Trail passes through the site, and the [[Centenary Way]] [[Long-distance trail|long-distance footpath]] passes to the east of the village.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|first=Susan |last=Wrathmell |year=1996 |title=Wharram Percy: Deserted Medieval Village |isbn= 978-1-85074-620-1}}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline|Wharram Percy}}
*{{OpenDomesday|OS=SE8564|name=wharram-percy|display=Wharram Percy}}
*[http://loki.stockton.edu/~ken/wharram/wharram.htm Wharram Percy] by the former chief guide of the Beresford excavation
*[http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/daysout/properties/wharram-percy-deserted-medieval-village/ English Heritage - History of Wharram Percy]
*[http://www.pastscape.org/SearchResults.aspx?rational=q&criteria=wharram&search=ALL&sort=4&recordsperpage=10 Investigation history]
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20040315092327/http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/default.asp?WCI=Node&WCE=8005 English Heritage's investigation of the site in 2002]
*[http://www.diplomate.freeserve.co.uk/wharram.htm Lost Village Sites of Yorkshire: Wharram Percy]
*[http://www.abandonedcommunities.co.uk/page57.html Abandoned communities ..... Wharram Percy]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/science/unearthingmysteries_20041214.shtml BBC Radio 4 programme on Wharram Percy]

{{coord|54.07020|N|0.69036|W|region:GB_source:enwiki-osgb36(SE858646)|display=title}}

[[Category:Archaeological sites in North Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Deserted medieval villages in England]]
[[Category:English Heritage sites in North Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Former populated places in North Yorkshire]]
[[Category:History of North Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Visitor attractions in North Yorkshire]]

Wharram Percy

2016-01-08T18:52:23Z

Dave.Dunford: /* top */ recovered dead link

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use British English|date= January 2016}}
'''Wharram Percy''' is a [[Abandoned village#Deserted medieval villages|deserted medieval village]] (DMV) on the western edge of the chalk [[Yorkshire Wolds|Wolds]] of [[North Yorkshire]], England. It is about {{convert|1|mi}} south of [[Wharram-le-Street]] and is signposted from the [[B1248 road|B1248]] [[Beverley]] to [[Malton, North Yorkshire|Malton]] road. Wharram Percy was part of the [[East Riding of Yorkshire]] until the [[Local Government Act 1972|1974 boundary changes]].
[[File:Wharram Percy, St Martins Church - geograph.org.uk - 659805.jpg|thumb|Ruin of St Martin's parish church]]
Wharram Percy is a significant English DMV, although there are remains of others in a similarly good state of preservation.
The [[Earthwork (archaeology)|earthworks]] of the village have been known for many years, and outlines of house platforms were drawn onto the first Ordnance Survey six-inch maps of Yorkshire published in 1854.<ref>O.S. Yorkshire Sheet 143, 6” = 1 mile, surveyed:1850-51, published:1854</ref> The site was researched each summer by combined teams of archaeologists, historians and even botanists, from about 1950 to 1990 after it was singled out for study in 1948 by Professor [[Maurice Beresford]] of the [[University of Leeds]].<ref>M.Aston, ''Interpreting the Landscape: Landscape Archaeology and Local History'' (2002), p.67</ref>

Although the site seems to have been settled since [[Prehistoric Britain|prehistory]], the village appears to have been most active from the 10th to the 12th centuries. The ''[[Domesday Book]]'' of 1086 records it as 'Warran' or 'Warron'. The [[Black Death]] of 1348–49 does not seem to have played a significant part in the desertion of Wharram Percy although the large fall in population in the country as a whole at that time must have made relocation to a less remote spot more likely. The villagers of Wharram Percy seem to have suffered instead from changes in prices and wages in the 15th century, which gave pastoral farming (particularly of [[sheep]]) an advantage over traditional [[cereal]] farming. The village was finally abandoned in the early 16th century when the [[lord of the manor]] removed the last few families and had their homes demolished to make room for more sheep pasture.{{cn|date=January 2016}}

[[File:Wharram Percy Geograph.jpg|thumb|View north across the fish pond to the deserted village]]
The site is now in the care of [[Historic England]]. Although only the ruined church is easily visible above ground, much more of the village layout can be seen in the surrounding fields. [[English Heritage]] installed information panels around the site, and provided an audio tour downloadable in [[MP3]] format from the English Heritage website.

A scientific study published in 2004 of human skeletal remains from the deserted village reveals details of disease, diet and death in a rural medieval community.<ref>{{cite journal |url= http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/publications/conservation-bulletin-45/cb45p22-23.pdf |title=Human Osteology at Wharram Percy: Life and death in a medieval village |journal=Conservation Bulletin |issue=45 |page=22–23 |date=Spring 2004 |publisher=[[Historic England]] |first=Simon |last=Mays |accessdate=8 January 2016}}{{dead link|date=April 2015}}</ref>

The [[Yorkshire Wolds Way]] National Trail passes through the site, and the [[Centenary Way]] [[Long-distance trail|long-distance footpath]] passes to the east of the village.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|first=Susan |last=Wrathmell |year=1996 |title=Wharram Percy: Deserted Medieval Village |isbn= 978-1-85074-620-1}}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline|Wharram Percy}}
*{{OpenDomesday|OS=SE8564|name=wharram-percy|display=Wharram Percy}}
*[http://loki.stockton.edu/~ken/wharram/wharram.htm Wharram Percy] by the former chief guide of the Beresford excavation
*[http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/daysout/properties/wharram-percy-deserted-medieval-village/ English Heritage - History of Wharram Percy]
*[http://www.pastscape.org/SearchResults.aspx?rational=q&criteria=wharram&search=ALL&sort=4&recordsperpage=10 Investigation history]
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20040315092327/http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/default.asp?WCI=Node&WCE=8005 English Heritage's investigation of the site in 2002]
*[http://www.diplomate.freeserve.co.uk/wharram.htm Lost Village Sites of Yorkshire: Wharram Percy]
*[http://www.abandonedcommunities.co.uk/page57.html Abandoned communities ..... Wharram Percy]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/science/unearthingmysteries_20041214.shtml BBC Radio 4 programme on Wharram Percy]

{{coord|54.07020|N|0.69036|W|region:GB_source:enwiki-osgb36(SE858646)|display=title}}

[[Category:Archaeological sites in North Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Deserted medieval villages in England]]
[[Category:English Heritage sites in North Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Former populated places in North Yorkshire]]
[[Category:History of North Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Visitor attractions in North Yorkshire]]

Cockermouth Castle

2016-01-06T18:32:51Z

Dave.Dunford: /* History */ expand bare ref

[[Image:Cockermouth Castle.jpg|thumb|rihjt|300px|Cockermouth Castle in 2004]]
'''Cockermouth Castle''' ({{gbmapping|NY123309}}) is in the town of [[Cockermouth]] in [[Cumbria]] on a site by the junction of the Rivers [[River Cocker, Cumbria|Cocker]] and [[River Derwent, Cumbria|Derwent]]. It is a [[grade I listed building]] and a [[Scheduled Ancient Monument]].

==History==
The first castle on this site was built by the [[Normans]] in 1134.<ref name=org>{{cite web|url=http://www.cockermouth.org.uk/dms-showpage.php?tid=251|title=Cockermouth Castle|accessdate=1 January 2013}}</ref> Some of the stone was sourced from the Roman site of [[Derventio (Papcastle)|Derventio]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.heritageopendays.org.uk/directory/cockermouth-castle |title=Cockermouth Castle |publisher=Heritage Open Days |date=September 2015 |accessdate=6 January 2016}}</ref>

Various magnates held it, the most prominent being the Percy [[Earls of Northumberland]] from the 15th to 17th centuries.<ref>Bradbury, J. Bernard ''History of Cockermouth'' Richard Byers 1995 p.238 ISBN 0952981203</ref> Significant additions were made in the 13th and 14th centuries.<ref name=org/> The castle played a significant role in the [[Wars of the Roses]], and in the [[English Civil War|Civil War]], when it was badly damaged.<ref name=org/>

Cockermouth Castle was owned by [[John Wyndham, 6th Baron Leconfield|Lady Egremont]] until her death in 2013.<ref name=org/>

== See also ==
* [[Castles in Great Britain and Ireland]]
* [[List of castles in England]]

==References==
<references />

==External links==
*{{IoE|71651|Ruins}}
*{{IoE|71652|Inhabited part}}
*{{EHbarName|Cockermouth+Castle}}
*[http://www.ecastles.co.uk/cockermouth.html Ecastles site]
*[http://www.holiday-lakeland.co.uk/places/castle.htm Holiday Lakeland]
*Fry, Plantagenet Somerset, ''The David & Charles Book of Castles'', David & Charles, 1980. ISBN 0-7153-7976-3
{{coord|54.66552|N|3.36122|W|region:GB_source:enwiki-osgb36(NY123309)|display=title}}

[[Category:Castles in Cumbria]]
[[Category:Grade I listed buildings in Cumbria]]
[[Category:Grade I listed castles]]
[[Category:Scheduled Ancient Monuments in Cumbria]]
[[Category:Ruins in Cumbria]]

{{England-castle-stub}}

Millom Castle

2015-12-19T13:17:54Z

Dave.Dunford: /* References */ commonscat

[[File:Millom Castle - geograph.org.uk - 285259.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Millom Castle]]
'''Millom Castle''' is an ancient building at [[Millom]] in [[Cumbria]]. It is a Grade I [[listed building]] and [[scheduled ancient monument]].<ref> {{National Heritage List for England |num=1086619 |desc=Millom Caste |access-date=10 July 2015}} </ref>

==History==
A manor on the site was granted to Godard de Boyvill, owner of the Manor of Millom, in around 1134.<ref name=pemmott>{{cite web|title=Millom Castle|url=http://www.matthewpemmott.co.uk/2007/04/millom-castle-cumbria.html|publisher=Matthew Pemmott|accessdate=19 January 2011}}</ref> The manor came into the Hudleston family's ownership in around 1240 when de Boyvill's granddaughter married into the Hudleston family.<ref name=cumbria>{{cite web|title=Millom Castle|url=http://www.visitcumbria.com/wc/millom-castle/|publisher=Visit Cumbria|accessdate=19 January 2011}}</ref> John Hudleston was given a licence to [[crenellate]] in 1335.<ref name=pemmott/> The great tower dates from the 16th or 17th century<ref name="IoE76333">{{cite web|title=Millom Castle|url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=76333|work=Images of England|publisher=English Heritage|accessdate=19 January 2011}}</ref> but was badly damaged by a cannon attack in 1648 during the [[English Civil War]].<ref name=cumbria/>

By 1739 the castle walls were in dilapidated condition.<ref>{{cite web|title=The north-east view of Millum castle, in the county of Cumberland|url=http://www.geog.port.ac.uk/webmap/thelakes/html/lgaz/bu0114.htm|work=Print, uncoloured engraving|publisher=Samuel and Nathaniel Buck, 1739, reprinted by Hudson Scott and Sons, Carlisle, Cumberland, 1877.|accessdate=19 January 2011}}</ref> The great tower is now used as a farmhouse.<ref name="IoE76333"/>

==References==
{{Commons category|Millom Castle}}
{{reflist}}

{{Cumbria-struct-stub}}

[[Category:Castles in Cumbria]]
[[Category:Grade I listed buildings in Cumbria]]
[[Category:Grade I listed houses]]
{{Coord|54.220982|-3.27247|region:BG_type:landmark|display=title }}

Scaleby Castle

2015-12-15T11:27:57Z

Dave.Dunford: /* Details */ NHLE ref

{{Infobox Military Structure
|name = Scaleby Castle
|location = [[Scaleby]], [[Cumbria]], England
|coordinates = {{gbmapping| NY449624}}
|image = [[Image:Scaleby Castle, Cumbria - geograph.org.uk - 50853.jpg|225px]]
|caption = Aerial photograph of Scaleby Castle
|map_type = Cumbria
|latitude = 54.9531
|longitude = -2.8604
|map_size = 200
|map_alt =
|map_caption = Shown within [[Cumbria]]
|type =
|materials = Stone
|height =
|condition =
|ownership = Private
|open_to_public =
|battles =
|events= [[English Civil War]]
}}
'''Scaleby Castle''' is in the village of [[Scaleby]], [[Cumbria]]. The castle was originally built in the early 14th century, and extended in the 15th century to form a substantial fortification. Parliamentary troops attacked the castle twice during the [[English Civil War]], burning it. It was later restored to form a country house.

==Details==

Robert de Tilliol built Scaleby Castle after 1307, next to the village of Scaleby, {{convert|6|mi|km}} from [[Carlisle, Cumbria|Carlisle]].<ref>Pettifer, p.47.</ref> The Tilliols were a well-established family in the region from the reign of [[Henry I of England|Henry I]] onwards, and Robert was given the land for the castle by [[Edward I of England|Edward I]] and granted the authority to build a castle by [[Edward II of England|Edward II]].<ref>Taylor, p.344.</ref> The initial castle comprised two sets of buildings, linked by a small courtyard and protected by a curtain wall on both sides, surrounded by a large, circular, water-filled [[moat]] approximately {{convert|7.4|m|ft}} wide, and an inner moat, since largely destroyed.<ref>Pettifer, p.47; ''[http://www.pastscape.org/hob.aspx?hob_id=11646 Scaleby Castle]'', National Monuments Record, accessed 5 April 2012.</ref>

The male Tilliol line died out in 1435; the castle then passed by marriage to the Colville family.<ref>Taylor, p.344.</ref> They rebuilt much of the castle in the late 15th century, including remodelling the [[pele tower]], the great hall and the gateway, complete with a polygonal [[barbican]].<ref>Pettifer, p.47.</ref> The pele tower formed a substantial fortification, about {{convert|40|ft|m}} by {{convert|30|ft|m}} across, with three floors and thick walls.<ref>Taylor, p.345.</ref> The Musgrave family acquired the castle and Sir Edward Musgrave rebuilt the south range of the castle in 1596.<ref>Taylor, p.344; Pettifer, p.47.</ref>

In 1641, the [[English Civil War]] broke out between the [[Cavaliers|Royalist]] supporters of [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] and [[Roundheads|Parliament]]. Sir Edward's grandson, another Sir Edward Musgrave, was a strong Royalist supporter and declared for the king.<ref>Mackenzie, p.331.</ref> In February 1645, Parliamentary forces besieging nearby Carlisle also besieged and eventually seized Scaleby Castle, causing considerable damage; Edward recovered the castle, but in at the start of the [[Second English Civil War]] in 1648 he again took up arms on behalf of the king.<ref>Mackenzie, p.331.</ref> This time the castle immediately fell to Parliamentary forces, who set fire to it.<ref>Mackenzie, p.331.</ref>

Sir Edward was heavily in debt so he sold the castle after the war to [[Richard Gilpin]], who restored the property {{circa|1800}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gatehouse-gazetteer.info/English%20sites/674.html |title=Scaleby Castle|publisher=Gatehouse Gazetteer |accessdate=11 March 2015 }}</ref><ref>Mackenzie, p.332.</ref> The property remained in the hand of the Gilpins until it fell into disrepair; it was restored once again by Rowland Fawcett and acquired by the Standish family as a country house.<ref>Mackenzie, p.332; Taylor, p.344.</ref> Today the castle is a grade I [[listed building]] and a [[scheduled monument]].<ref>''[http://www.pastscape.org/hob.aspx?hob_id=11646 Scaleby Castle]'', National Monuments Record, accessed 5 April 2012.</ref><ref name="NHLE">{{National Heritage List for England| num=1311782 |desc=Scaleby Castle |grade=I |accessdate=11 December 2015}}</ref>

Today Scaleby Castle is the seat of [[Oliver Eden, 8th Baron Henley]], a relative of British Prime Minister [[Sir Anthony Eden]].

==See also==
*[[Castles in Great Britain and Ireland]]
*[[List of castles in England]]

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

==Bibliography==
{{commons category|Scaleby Castle}}
* {{cite book
| last = Mackenzie
| first = James D.
| year = 1896
| title = The Castles of England: Their Story and Structure, Vol II
| edition =
| publisher = Macmillan
| location= New York
| oclc = 504892038
| url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aY9pQwAACAAJ&dq=%22mackenzie%22+%22story+and+structure%22&hl=en&ei=JaNBTaWLJ4mFhQeMyJjVAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Pettifer
| first = Adrian
| year = 2002
| title = English Castles: A Guide by Counties
| edition =
| publisher = Boydell Press
| location= Woodbridge, UK
| isbn = 9780851157825
| url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=47iheRUGKIEC
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Taylor
| first = Michael Waistell
| authorlink = Michael Waistell Taylor
| year = 1892
| title = Old Manorial Halls of Westmorland and Cumberland
| edition =
| publisher = T. Wilson
| location= Kendal, UK
| isbn =
| url = http://ia600400.us.archive.org/17/items/oldmanorialhall00taylgoog/oldmanorialhall00taylgoog.pdf
| ref = harv
}}

{{coord|54.9532|N|2.8619|W|type:landmark_region:GB|display=title}}

[[Category:Castles in Cumbria]]
[[Category:Scheduled Ancient Monuments in Cumbria]]
[[Category:Country houses in Cumbria]]
[[Category:Grade I listed castles]]

Beverston Castle

2015-10-28T14:23:32Z

Dave.Dunford: /* External links */ commonscat

{{Infobox Military Structure
|name = Beverston Castle
|location = [[Gloucestershire]], England
|coordinates = {{gbmapping| ST861939}}
|image = [[Image:Beverston castle.jpg|225px]]
|caption = Beverston Castle south tower of western range
|map_type = Gloucestershire
|latitude = {{decdeg|51|38|39|N}}
|longitude = {{decdeg|2|12|5|W}}
|coord_region = GB-GLS
|coord_display = title
|coord_format = dms
|map_size = 200
|map_alt =
|map_caption = Shown within [[Gloucestershire]]
|type =
|materials = [[Limestone]]
|height =
|condition = Inhabited
|ownership = [[Privately held company|Private]]
|open_to_public = No
|battles =
|events = [[English Civil War]]
}}

'''Beverston Castle''', also known as '''Beverstone Castle''', was constructed as a [[medieval]] stone [[fortress]] and is situated in the village of Beverston, [[Gloucestershire]], [[England]]. The [[castle]] was founded in 1229 by [[Maurice de Gaunt]].<ref>[http://www.castleuk.net/castle_lists_midlands/162/beverstoncastle.htm Beverstone Castle]</ref> Much of the castle was in the state of ruin in 2011, but a portion of the structure is occupied, and an expansive handsome garden is part of the estate. The castle is situated in the centre of [[Beverston]] village, approximately 200 metres north of the [[A4135 road]] transecting Beverston.

==Description==

The original castle design was in an approximately pentagonal form; later in the early 14th century, a small quadrangular stronghold was added along with a twin-towered [[gatehouse]]. Beverston Castle is situated approximately three kilometres west of the town of [[Tetbury]] and about two kilometres east of the medieval [[abbey]] annex, [[Calcot Manor]]. The castle is situated in the [[Cotswolds]], a designated [[Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty]] (AONB), which is an area of countryside with significant landscape value in England, [[Wales]] or [[Northern Ireland]], that has been specially designated by the [[Countryside Agency]].

==History==
[[Image:Beverston gatehouse.jpg|thumb|220px|left|Beverston Castle gatehouse viewed from the inside]]

Early [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] remains have been found in the near vicinity at [[Calcot Manor]], indicating habitation of this area as early as the 5th century,<ref>[http://www.luminatechnologies.org/luminaaw2.html C. Michael Hogan and Amy Gregory, ''History and Architecture of Calcot Manor'', Lumina Technologies, prepared for Calcot Manor, July 5, 2006]</ref> although it is likely that earlier [[Iron Age]] peoples would have also been in this locale. In the [[Middle Ages]] it was called Beverstane, and in medieval times the site was known as Beverstone. Another early name for this site was Bureston, derived from the large number of blue stones found here.<ref>''Gloucestershire Notes and Queries, Volume 5'', Edited by W.P.W. Phillimore, M.A., B.C.L., first published in 1894</ref>

The site was the location of an important circa 1140 AD battle between the opposing English armies of [[Stephen of England|King Stephen]] and [[Empress Matilda]].<ref>[http://www.gatehouse-gazetteer.info/Indexs/EngCounty/Gloucestershire.html]</ref> Maurice de Gaunt constructed the original castle somewhat prior to 1229 without a royal licence, but was granted a [[licence to crenellate]]. This early castle was fortified by a T-shaped ditch, part of which is still intact in the appearance of a partial [[moat]] on the south side of the castle. In the early 14th century, [[Thomas de Berkeley, 3rd Baron Berkeley|Thomas, Lord Berkeley]], the rich (1293–1361), modified Beverston Castle, erecting a small quadrangular stronghold, with a twin-towered [[gatehouse]]. A smaller square tower was added in the late 15th century.

In the 16th century, Sir Michael Hicks (son of from London and Julia Arthur) owned Beverston Castle and passed the Beverston holding to his son Sir William Hicks, 1st Bart of Beverston. The estate remained in the Hicks family through at least the early 19th century. From military outfall of the Civil War (mid-seventeenth century), much of Beverston Castle was destroyed.<ref>''House of Commons Journal Volume 4'', London, 28 July 1646</ref> Roundhead forces attacked the castle twice during the Civil War, but the greatest blow may have been an order from Parliament to dismantle its defensive works. The western and southern ranges along with the gatehouse with one of its original D-shaped towers have survived.

==Architecture==
The massive extant west range of Beverston Castle is flanked on its angles with square towers, and it contains a [[solar (room)|solar]] above a vaulted [[undercroft]]. The pentagon-shaped [[masonry]] castle has two surviving, albeit ruined, round towers from the original 13th-century construction of de Gaunt. The dressed bluish [[limestone]] appears to be of the same [[quarry]] source as nearby Calcot Manor. The two-storey gatehouse, with one extant D-shaped tower, was added by Lord Berkeley in the 1350–1360 era. The gatehouse [[arch]], totally intact as of 2006, would have originally been protected by an immense [[portcullis]]. Above the archway was a sizable first floor (second story in American vernacular) [[room|chamber]]. The ruined northwest square tower dates to the 14th century (Lord Berkeley's work), further modified in the late 15th century.

The southern domestic range, occupied as of 2006, was built by the Hicks family in the early 17th century, reflecting an age of growing security for large manor houses. This range was originally occupied by a medieval [[great hall]] from either the de Gaunt or Berkeley era. In the year 1691 a fire damaged this southern range, which was restored soon thereafter.
[[Image:Beverstoncastlegarden.JPG|thumb|210px|Garden at Beverston Castle looking south]]

==Present aspect==
In 2006, Beverston Castle was in private ownership. The ancient moat has been incorporated into the expansive and well-cared-for garden. The gardens are considered a good site for viewing [[orchid]]s.<ref>Lorna Parker, ''Seasonal Guide to Gardens and Nature Preserves in the Cotswalds'', The Cotswalds Review, 2006</ref> The southern entrance to the castle is by way of a bridge over the vestigial moat. Vehicle access to the north side of the castle is through the ancient gatehouse arch.

==See also==
* [[Castles in Great Britain and Ireland]]
* [[List of castles in England]]
* [[Calcot Manor]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Beverston Castle}}
*[http://www.gatehouse-gazetteer.info/Indexs/EngCounty/Gloucestershire.html Fortified Castles of Gloucestershire]
*[http://www.glosgen.co.uk/tetbury.htm View of Tetbury area in the 18th century]

{{coord|51.6437|N|2.2023|W|type:landmark_region:GB|display=title}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1229]]
[[Category:Castles in Gloucestershire]]
[[Category:History of Gloucestershire]]
[[Category:Ruins in Gloucestershire]]
[[Category:Grade I listed buildings in Gloucestershire]]

Caerhays Castle

2015-10-13T12:22:39Z

Dave.Dunford: dashes & NHLE refs

{{infobox UK feature
|table =
|official_name = Caerhays Castle
|shire_county/state = Cornwall
|country = England
|nation = UK
|map_name = Cornwall
|static_image_name = Caerhayes Castle.jpg
|static_image_caption = The castle from the south east
|os_grid_reference = SW9710541613
|latitude = 50.2396
|longitude = -4.8467
}}

'''Caerhays Castle''' or '''Carhayes Castle''' (translation of ''caerhays'' into English: "enclosed castle") is a semi-castellated [[manor house]]<ref name="Jones'Views" /> {{convert|0.5|mi|km|abbr=on}} south of the village centre, [[St Michael Caerhays]], [[Cornwall]], [[England]], UK. It overlooks Porthluney Cove on the [[English Channel]]. The garden hosts the largest collection of [[magnolia]]s in England and contains one of four National Magnolia Collections under the auspices of the [[National Council for the Conservation of Plants and Gardens]].

==Descent of the manor==
===Arundell===
In the [[Early Middle Ages]], the manor belonged to the [[Arundell (disambiguation)|Arundell]] family. The earliest record of the name is ''Karihaes'' in 1259, and is recorded as ''Carihays'' in 1379, but its original meaning is obscure.<ref>Craig Weatherhill (2009) ''A Concise Dictionary of Cornish Place-Names''. Westport, Co. Mayo: Evertype ISBN 978-1-904808-22-0</ref>

===Trevanion===
In about 1379, it passed by marriage to the Trevanion family after the marriage of Robert Trevanion to Johanna Arundell, daughter and heiress of Rudolph Arundell of Caerhays.<ref name="Burke">{{cite book|last=Burke|first=John |title=A genealogical and heraldic history of the commoners of Great Britain and Ireland enjoying territorial possessions or high official rank: but uninvested with heritable honours|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=U_CvyAF3ko4C&pg=PA254&lpg=PA254&dq=Arundell+Caerhays&source=bl&ots=3uovdSSWxd&sig=rZgfKW8bMn6p1a5TqQxAvOoVDtc&hl=en&ei=r1h3TJOKJIbCnAfymb2dCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CBsQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Arundell%20Caerhays&f=false25|edition=Digitized Jul 30, 2009|year=1836|publisher=Colburn|page=254}}</ref> John Trevanion inherited the estate in 1703 after which he improved the [[manor house]] existing on the site and developed gardens.<ref>Polsue, Joseph (1867) ''A Complete Parochial History of the County of Cornwall''. 4 vols. Truro: William Lake, 1867–72</ref>

===Bettesworth-Trevanion===
With the death of William Trevanion in 1767, the male line of the Trevanion family became extinct, and the estate passed to his sister's son, John Bettesworth.<ref name="Parks&Gardens">{{cite web|url=http://www.parksandgardens.ac.uk/index2.php?option=com_parksandgardens&task=site&id=647&preview=1&Itemid=|title=Historic Development|date=14 August 2009|publisher=Parks & Gardens UK|accessdate=27 August 2010}}</ref> In 1801, when Bettesworth's 21-year-old son inherited Caerhays, he adopted the additional name of Trevanion, becoming known as [[John Bettesworth-Trevanion]].

John Bettesworth-Trevanion built the present castle on a site close to the former manor house; his architect was the Anglo-Welsh [[John Nash (architect)|John Nash]].<ref>Pevsner, N. (1970) ''Cornwall''; 2nd ed. Penguin; p. 192</ref> Bettesworth-Trevanion became a [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Penryn (UK Parliament constituency)|Penryn]] in 1807, the same year that construction began. It was completed in 1810. The castle was built close to the site of the original ancient home that had itself undergone expansion during the reign of [[Henry VIII of England|King Henry VIII]].<ref name="Jones'Views">{{cite book|last=Neale|first=John Preston |authorlink=John Preston Neale |title=Jones' Views of the Seats, Mansions, Castles, Etc. of Noblemen & Gentlemen in England, Wales, Scotland & Ireland: And Other Picturesque Scenery Accompanied with Historical Descriptions of the Mansions, Lists of Pictures, Statues, &c. and Genealogical Sketches of the Families and Their Possessors : Forming Part of the General Series of Jones' Great Britain |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=fCgsAAAAMAAJ&pg=PP16&dq=caerhays&hl=en&ei=W-d1TPOzIJH6swPI_vygDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCoQ6AEwATgK#v=onepage&q=caerhays&f=false|edition=Digitized Feb 27, 2007|volume=2|year=1829|publisher=Jones & Co|pages=o 4}}</ref>

===Williams===
After Bettesworth-Trevanion left for Paris, unable to pay his bills, [[Michael Williams (MP) |Michael Williams II]] purchased Caerhays from his creditors in 1854. Michael Williams II's younger brother, [[Sir William Williams, 1st Baronet, of Tregullow]] (1791–1870) was created a baronet in 1866. As the house had been unoccupied for over a decade and had not been watertight for some of that time, Williams, with his son John Michael Williams (1813–1880), JP, DL, initiated an extensive repair programme. Michael Williams II died in 1858 and left Caerhayes to his eldest son John Michael Williams (1813–1880), whilst he left Scorrier House to his sixth son George Williams (1827–1891), DL, JP, [[High Sheriff of Cornwall]] in 1875. After the death of John Michael Williams in 1880 his second son, [[John Charles Williams]] (1861–1939), then aged 18, inherited the Caerhays estate. (His elder brother was Michael Williams (1857–1899) of Gnaton Hall, who died without progeny).<ref>Burke's Landed Gentry, 1937, p.2442</ref> John Charles Williams married in 1884, at which time the house again went through restoration and alteration. He became a [[plantsman]], sponsoring plant hunting expeditions in order to fill the castle garden with new acquisitions. Seeds brought back from China by [[Ernest Henry Wilson]] in 1903 were donated to J.C. Williams by [[Harry Veitch]].<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.caerhays.co.uk/page.cfm?page=the_gardens|title = Caerhays Estate – History of The Garden|author= |publisher = www.caerhays.co.uk|accessdate=11 October 2008}}</ref> The current owner in 2012 is Charles Williams.

==Construction==
{{double image|right|Caerhayes Castle1.jpg|220|Caerhayes Castle2.jpg|200|Caerhayes Castle}}
[[File:Main entrance gatehouse to Caerhayes Castle - geograph.org.uk - 144367.jpg|thumb|200px|The main gatehouse]]
The exterior, bearing the appearance of a [[Norman architecture|Norman]] castle, was built of rough stone quarried from the immediate neighbourhood. The front entrance, {{convert|160|ft|m|abbr=on}} in length, has a southern exposure and is elevated on an [[Battlement|embattled]] terrace. The principal rooms toward the south and east, joined by a large gallery room. Painted glass adorns the windows of the dining room, staircase, and entrance hall.<ref name="Jones'Views" />

Parts of the original manor remain, including the ancient chapel as well as an old walkway to the sea which retains the name of the Watchhouse Walk.<ref name="Jones'Views" />

==Historical preservation==
The castle became a [[Grade I listed buildings in Cornwall|Grade I listed building]] on 15 November 1988.<ref name="britishlistedbuildingsCaerhaysCastle">{{cite web|url=http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en-71629-caerhays-castle-st-michael-caerhays|title=Caerhays Castle, St Michael Caerhays|work=britishlistedbuildings.co.uk|publisher=British Listed Buildings|accessdate=27 August 2010}}</ref><ref name="NHLE1327071">{{National Heritage List for England| num=1327071 |desc=Caerhays Castle |grade=I |accessdate=13 October 2015}}</ref> Other Grade I listed buildings associated with the castle include the garden wall with gateways and [[folly tower]] that is attached to the west and east of the castle,<ref name="britishlistedbuildingsGardenWall">{{cite web|url=http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en-71631-garden-wall-with-gateways-and-folly-tower|title=Garden Wall with Gateways and Folly Tower Attached to West and East of Caerhays Castle, St Michael Caerhays|work=britishlistedbuildings.co.uk|publisher=British Listed Buildings|accessdate=27 August 2010}}</ref><ref name="NHLE1144760 ">{{National Heritage List for England| num=1144760 |desc=Garden Wall with Gateways and Folly Tower attached to West and East of Caerhays Castle |grade=I |accessdate=13 October 2015}}</ref> the Higher Lodge,<ref name="britishlistedbuildingsHigherLodge">{{cite web|url=http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en-71636-higher-lodge-st-michael-caerhays|title=Higher Lodge, St Michael Caerhays|work=britishlistedbuildings.co.uk|publisher=British Listed Buildings|accessdate=27 August 2010}}</ref><ref name="NHLE1138159">{{National Heritage List for England| num=1138159 |desc=Higher Lodge |grade=I |accessdate=13 October 2015}}</ref> the Lower Lodge with attached screen walls,<ref name="britishlistedbuildingsLowerLodge">{{cite web|url=http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en-71634-lower-lodge-with-attached-screen-walls-st|title=Lower Lodge with Attached Screen Walls, St Michael Caerhays|work=britishlistedbuildings.co.uk|publisher=British Listed Buildings|accessdate=27 August 2010}}</ref><ref name="NHLE1311957">{{National Heritage List for England| num=1311957 |desc=Lower Lodge |grade=I |accessdate=13 October 2015}}</ref> and also the service buildings attached to the southwest of the castle.<ref name="britishlistedbuildingsServiceBldgs">{{cite web|url=http://www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/en-71630-service-buildings-attached-to-south-west-|title=Service Buildings Attached to South West of Caerhays Castle, St Michael Caerhays|work=britishlistedbuildings.co.uk|publisher=British Listed Buildings|accessdate=27 August 2010}}</ref><ref name="NHLE1144759">{{National Heritage List for England| num=1144759 |desc=Service buildings attached to south-west of Caerhays Castle |grade=I |accessdate=13 October 2015}}</ref>

==Garden==
{{double image|left|Caerhayes Castle3.jpg|200|Caerhays Castle - geograph.org.uk - 43585.jpg|220|The sweeping lawns to the castle}}
The castle garden covers almost {{convert|120|acre|km2}}, traversed by four named routes (Red Route, Blue Route, Yellow Route, and the Green Route),<ref name="gardensincornwall">{{cite web|url=http://www.gardensincornwall.co.uk/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=9|title=Walking Around The Garden|publisher=Gardens in Cornwall|accessdate=27 August 2010}}</ref> and navigated by trails, grassy paths, and steps. The garden is home to 600 varieties of plants, including trees and shrubs, such as [[azalea]]s and [[camellia]]s. By 1917, it had over 250 types of [[rhododendron]].<ref name="ThePlantLover">{{cite book|last=Brittain|first=Julia |title=The Plant Lover's Companion: Plants, People & Places|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=6idvRAeex8IC&pg=PA46&dq=caerhays&hl=en&ei=FOV1TJ3kF5T6sAO1yeigDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=caerhays&f=false|date=2006 |publisher=David & Charles|isbn=1-55870-791-3|page=46}}</ref> The garden hosts the largest collection of [[magnolia]]s in England.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/home/gardening/article-1160856/Blooms-view-The-magnolias-Caerhays-Castle-breath-away.html|title=Blooms with a view: The magnolias at Caerhays Castle – some reaching 120ft – will take your breath away|last=Cox|first=Martyn|date=10 March 2009|work=[[Daily Mail]]|accessdate=27 August 2010}}</ref>
{{-}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{commonscat|Caerhayes Castle}}
* [http://www.caerhays.co.uk/page.cfm?page=open_rates Official website]

{{Cornwall|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Caerhays Castle}}
[[Category:Grade I listed castles]]
[[Category:Grade I listed buildings in Cornwall]]
[[Category:Houses completed in 1810]]
[[Category:Castles in Cornwall]]
[[Category:Mock castles in England]]
[[Category:Manors in Cornwall]]

Ince Castle

2015-10-06T15:34:07Z

Dave.Dunford: /* External links */ commonscat

{{coords|50.3899284|-4.25513|format=dms|display=title}}
{{Refimprove|date=October 2009}}
{{Infobox Military Structure
|name = Ince Castle
|location = [[Cornwall]], England
|coordinates = {{gbmapping|SX401565}}
|image = [[Image:Ince Castle - geograph.org.uk - 344828.jpg|225px]]
|caption = Ince Castle
|map_type = Cornwall
|latitude = 50.3867
|longitude = -4.2502
|coord_display = title
|coord_region = GB-CON
|coord_format = dms
|map_size = 200
|map_alt =
|map_caption = Shown within [[Cornwall]]
|type =
|materials = Brick
|height =
|condition =
|ownership =
|open_to_public = Gardens occasionally open
|battles =
|events =
}}
'''Ince Castle''' is three miles (5 km) from [[Saltash]] in [[Cornwall]], [[England]], [[United Kingdom|UK]]. It is not a castle in the conventional sense, but a [[manor house]] built of brick. It was built in 1642, at the start of the [[English Civil War]] and was captured in 1646. Attached to the house are four three-storey towers with walls 1.2 metres thick. There is a classical portico and the windows are rectangular. The house and estate were sold in the 1850s and let as a farm but it became increasingly run down and covered in ivy by the 20th century. It burnt down in 1988 but it has now been rebuilt.

==History==
The house in on a peninsula by the [[River Lynher]], from which comes the name, Ince being a form of Cornish "enys"=island. The first house may have been built by the [[Earls of Devon|Courtenays]] in the late 14th century. It later came into the possession of the Killigrews who remodelled the house entirely.
[[Henry Killigrew (Royalist MP)|Henry Killigrew]], the Royalist MP for [[West Looe (UK Parliament constituency)|West Looe]], who modified the first house in about 1642, kept four wives, one in each tower, each unknown to the others, according to tradition.<ref>Oman, ''Sir'' Charles (1926) ''Castles''; "Cornwall and its castles", p. 108-09. London: Great Western Railway</ref>

From the 1840s, the tenants farming the land were all from the same family. Richard Pryn (1774 to 1846) owned and farmed Tredown close to Ince and in 1841 (according to the census) was also farming Ince. His son, Richard Pryn (1822 to 1858) was unmarried and farmed Ince with his unmarried sister Anne (1817 to 1889) from 1846 to 1858. The property was known as Ince Barton and was {{convert|90|acre|m2}} at this time. After Richard's death from drowning, his sister Anne was joined by another unmarried sister Mary Ann (1828 to 1910). After Anne's death in 1889, the tenancy passed to her great nephew, Hannibal Steed (1856 to ?) whose descendants continued to farm Ince until the early 20th century (1910 or later). The owner from 1922 to 1937 was Mr H. R. Somerset, whose yacht was a winner of the [[Fastnet Race]] and was kept in the boathouse at Ince Castle.

In 1960 the house was bought by Patricia, Viscountess Boyd, (daughter of [[Rupert Guinness, 2nd Earl of Iveagh]]), wife of the former Colonial Secretary, [[Alan Lennox-Boyd, 1st Viscount Boyd of Merton]].

About this time, the lower floor French windows were installed to bring more light into the house and the service wing was extended. A disastrous fire in 1988 was followed by rebuilding of the roof and a second kitchen was added. The present owners, [[Simon Lennox-Boyd, 2nd Viscount Boyd of Merton]] and his wife, Alice, moved in in 1994. The house and gardens are only occasionally open to the public.

==See also==
*[[Castles in Great Britain and Ireland]]
*[[List of castles in England]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
*Hammond, Muriel (1963) ''Castles of Britain; I: England''. London: Ian Allan

==External links==
{{Commons category|Ince Castle}}
* [http://www.incecastle.co.uk Ince Castle website]

[[Category:Castles in Cornwall]]
[[Category:Grade I listed buildings in Cornwall]]

Pulford Castle

2015-09-18T15:42:37Z

Dave.Dunford: /* History */ en dash

{{Location map
|Cheshire
|label =
|lat = 53.121967
|long = -2.93329
|caption = Map showing the location of Pulford Castle within [[Cheshire]].
|float = right
|background = white
|width = 175
}}

[[File:Pulford Castle - geograph.org.uk - 1465298.jpg|thumb|Site of Pulford Castle.]]
'''Pulford Castle''' is in the village of [[Pulford]], [[Cheshire]], England, immediately south of [[St Mary's Church, Pulford|St Mary's Church]] ({{gbmapping|SJ375586}}). It is listed as a [[Scheduled Ancient Monument]].<ref name="Pastscape">{{citation |title=Pulford Castle: Monument no. 66937 |url=http://www.pastscape.org.uk/hob.aspx?hob_id=66937 |publisher=Pastscape.org.uk |accessdate=2008-01-27}}</ref><ref>{{NHLE |num= 1012078|desc= Pulford motte and bailey castle|accessdate= 1 December 2012|mode=cs2|ps=none}}</ref>

==History==

The castle is a small [[motte and bailey]] guarding the crossing of Pulford Brook, which forms the border between England and Wales, and adjacent to the [[Wrexham]]–[[Chester]] road.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.castlewales.com/pulford.html |title=Pulford Castle |accessdate=2008-01-27 |last=Davis |first=Philip |authorlink= |work= |publisher=Castle of Wales |pages= }}</ref> It was founded in the 12th century by Robert de Pulford. It is recorded that it was garrisoned in 1403 against [[Owain Glyndŵr|Owen Glendower]].<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.castleuk.net/castle_lists_midlands/117/pulfordcastle.htm |title=Pulford Castle |accessdate=2008-01-27 |publisher=CastleUK.net }}</ref> Only the earthworks remain.

==See also==
{{portal|Cheshire}}
*[[List of Scheduled Monuments in Cheshire (1066–1539)]]
*[[List of castles in Cheshire]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

Photographs of the earthworks:
*[http://www.ecastles.co.uk/pulford.html From ecastles]
*[http://www.castleuk.net/castle_lists_midlands/117/pulfordcastlepicture1.htm From Castleuk]
*[http://www.thornber.net/cheshire/htmlfiles/pulford.html Photograph by Craig Thornber]
{{coord|53.12178|-2.93493|display=title}}

==Further reading==

*{{Citation | quotes = | last =Reynolds | first =Susan | authorlink = | coauthors =Graeme White | year = 1997–98| title =A Survey of Pulford Castle | journal =Cheshire History | volume =37 | issue = | pages = | issn = | pmid = | doi = | id = | url = | language = | format = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote = | postscript = . }}

[[Category:Castles in Cheshire]]
[[Category:Scheduled Ancient Monuments in Cheshire]]

{{England-castle-stub}}
{{Cheshire-struct-stub}}

Pulford Castle

2015-09-18T15:41:37Z

Dave.Dunford: rm verbiage

{{Location map
|Cheshire
|label =
|lat = 53.121967
|long = -2.93329
|caption = Map showing the location of Pulford Castle within [[Cheshire]].
|float = right
|background = white
|width = 175
}}

[[File:Pulford Castle - geograph.org.uk - 1465298.jpg|thumb|Site of Pulford Castle.]]
'''Pulford Castle''' is in the village of [[Pulford]], [[Cheshire]], England, immediately south of [[St Mary's Church, Pulford|St Mary's Church]] ({{gbmapping|SJ375586}}). It is listed as a [[Scheduled Ancient Monument]].<ref name="Pastscape">{{citation |title=Pulford Castle: Monument no. 66937 |url=http://www.pastscape.org.uk/hob.aspx?hob_id=66937 |publisher=Pastscape.org.uk |accessdate=2008-01-27}}</ref><ref>{{NHLE |num= 1012078|desc= Pulford motte and bailey castle|accessdate= 1 December 2012|mode=cs2|ps=none}}</ref>

==History==

The castle is a small [[motte and bailey]] guarding the crossing of Pulford Brook, which forms the border between England and Wales, and adjacent to the [[Wrexham]]-[[Chester]] road.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.castlewales.com/pulford.html |title=Pulford Castle |accessdate=2008-01-27 |last=Davis |first=Philip |authorlink= |work= |publisher=Castle of Wales |pages= }}</ref> It was founded in the 12th century by Robert de Pulford. It is recorded that it was garrisoned in 1403 against [[Owain Glyndŵr|Owen Glendower]].<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.castleuk.net/castle_lists_midlands/117/pulfordcastle.htm |title=Pulford Castle |accessdate=2008-01-27 |publisher=CastleUK.net }}</ref> Only the earthworks remain.

==See also==
{{portal|Cheshire}}
*[[List of Scheduled Monuments in Cheshire (1066–1539)]]
*[[List of castles in Cheshire]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

Photographs of the earthworks:
*[http://www.ecastles.co.uk/pulford.html From ecastles]
*[http://www.castleuk.net/castle_lists_midlands/117/pulfordcastlepicture1.htm From Castleuk]
*[http://www.thornber.net/cheshire/htmlfiles/pulford.html Photograph by Craig Thornber]
{{coord|53.12178|-2.93493|display=title}}

==Further reading==

*{{Citation | quotes = | last =Reynolds | first =Susan | authorlink = | coauthors =Graeme White | year = 1997–98| title =A Survey of Pulford Castle | journal =Cheshire History | volume =37 | issue = | pages = | issn = | pmid = | doi = | id = | url = | language = | format = | accessdate = | laysummary = | laysource = | laydate = | quote = | postscript = . }}

[[Category:Castles in Cheshire]]
[[Category:Scheduled Ancient Monuments in Cheshire]]

{{England-castle-stub}}
{{Cheshire-struct-stub}}

Brereton Hall

2015-09-15T13:49:55Z

Dave.Dunford: /* External links */ commonscat

{{Infobox Historic Site
| name = Brereton Hall| native_name =
| image = Brereton - Brereton Hall.jpg
| image_size = 250
| caption =
| locmapin = Cheshire| map_width = 250
| map_caption = Location in Cheshire
| alt =
| latitude = 53.1789
| longitude = -2.3324
| coordinates =
| coord_parameters =
| coord_display = title
| coord_format =
| location = Brereton Green, [[Brereton, Cheshire|Brereton]], [[Cheshire]], England
| gbgridref =
| area = | elevation = | formed = | founded =
| built = 1586
| built_for = [[William Brereton, 1st Baron Brereton|Sir William Brereton]]
| demolished = | rebuilt =
| restored = 1829| restored_by = | architect = | architecture = | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | governing_body =
| designation1 = Grade I
| designation1_offname =
| designation1_type =
| designation1_criteria =
| designation1_date = 6 June 1952
| delisted1_date = | designation1_parent = | designation1_number = 56338| designation1_free1name = | designation1_free1value = | designation1_free2name = | designation1_free2value = | designation1_free3name = | designation1_free3value = | designation2 = | designation2_offname = | designation2_type = | designation2_criteria = | designation2_date = | delisted2_date = | designation2_parent = | designation2_number = | designation2_free1name = | designation2_free1value = | designation2_free2name = | designation2_free2value = | designation2_free3name = | designation2_free3value = }}

'''Brereton Hall''' is a [[English country house|country house]] to the north of the village of Brereton Green, adjacent to [[St Oswald's Church, Brereton|St Oswald's Church]], in the [[Civil parishes in England|civil parish]] of [[Brereton, Cheshire|Brereton]], [[Cheshire]], England. It is recorded in the [[National Heritage List for England]] as a designated Grade I [[Listed building#England and Wales|listed building]].<ref name=images>{{NHLE |num= 1229329|desc= Brereton Hall|access-date= 30 March 2012 |mode=cs2}}</ref>

==History==

The manor of ''Bretune'' is listed in [[Domesday Book]]. The house dates from 1586, the date inscribed over the entrance.<ref>A history of the house by A. L. Moir, ''The Story of Brereton Hall, Cheshire'' was published in Chester.</ref> It was built for [[William Brereton, 1st Baron Brereton|Sir William Brereton]] (1550–1631), created [[Lord of Laghlin|Baron Brereton of Leighlin, Co. Carlow]] in 1624.<ref>Bernard Burke, ''A Genealogical History of the Dormant, Abeyant, Forfeited, and Extinct Titles ...'', ''s.v.'' "Brereton – Baron Brereton".</ref> A portrait of Sir William, dated 1579, with a cameo of [[Elizabeth I of England|Queen Elizabeth]] in his cap, is at the [[Detroit Institute of Arts]].<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.dia.org/the_collection/overview/viewobject.asp?objectid=25174 |title=Sir William Brereton, 1579 |accessdate=2008-03-17 |publisher=Detroit Institute of Arts }}</ref> [[William Brereton, 3rd Baron Brereton|William, 3rd Lord Brereton]] (1631–1679) was a distinguished man of letters and a founder of the [[Royal Society]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2008}} His younger son, Francis, 5th Lord Brereton, died a bachelor in 1722, ending the Brereton family male line.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.thornber.net/cheshire/htmlfiles/brereton.html |title=Brereton |accessdate=2008-03-17 |last=Thornber |first=Craig |authorlink= |coauthors= |date= |year=2005 |month= |work=Cheshire Antiquities |publisher= |pages= }}</ref>

The house passed to the Bracebridge family,<ref name=Binney>{{citation |url=http://property.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/property/buying_and_selling/article553881.ece |title=The Tudor show home |accessdate=2008-03-17 |last=Binney |first=Marcus |authorlink= |coauthors= |date=2005-08-12 |year= |month= |format= |work=TimesOnline |publisher=[[The Times|Times Newspapers]] |pages= | location=London}} Brereton Hall was for sale at the time, at £6.5 million.</ref> and as ''[[Bracebridge Hall]]'' re-sited in Yorkshire, it featured in a historical fiction of [[Washington Irving]].<ref>''Bracebridge Hall, or The Humorists. A Medley'', by "Geoffrey Crayon, Gent." [Washington Irving], rev. ed. 1867. Irving's 'Bracebridge Hall' is itself a medley of seventeenth-century English houses of the gentry.</ref> In 1817 it was purchased by a Manchester industrialist, John Howard. He made alterations in 1829 to the exterior and interior in [[Regency architecture|Regency]] style.<ref name=Binney/> Further alterations were made in the late 19th century.<ref name=images/> In the 20th century it was a girls' boarding school. After this closed in July 1992,<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.breretonhall.co.uk/ |title=Brereton Hall School Website |accessdate=2008-03-16 |publisher=Zoe Davies }}</ref> it was the retreat of a pop star who built a recording studio at the back.<ref name=Binney/> Since 2005 it has been a private family home and is not open to the public.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.alsager.com/tour/area/hall.htm |title=Brereton Hall |accessdate=2008-03-16 |publisher=Alsager.com }}</ref>

==Architecture==
[[File:Brereton Hall.jpg|right|thumb|Brereton Hall before 1829 showing the [[cupola]]s which were later replaced by [[battlement]]s]]
The house is one of a genre of splendid [[Elisabethan era|Elizabethan]] and [[Jacobean architecture|Jacobean]] houses built for dynastic display called "[[prodigy houses]]".<ref name=Binney/> It is built in brick with stone dressings, formerly in a E-plan, of which the central wing has been demolished and replaced with a 19th-century [[Conservatory (greenhouse)|conservatory]]. The front range has a lead roof; the cross-wings are roofed in slate. The front range has a basement and two storeys with a [[turret]]ed central gateway. The octagonal turrets are linked by a bridge and are [[battlement|embattled]] (before 1829 they were surmounted by [[cupola]]s).<ref name=images/>

Over the entrance are the [[Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom|royal arms]] of [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth I]] in a panel, which are flanked by the [[Tudor rose]] and the Beaufort [[portcullis]]. Beyond the entrance is a lower hall and a grand staircase leading to a [[long gallery]] which runs along the front of the house. This leads to the [[drawing room]] which contains a [[frieze]] with nearly 50 [[coat of arms|coats of arms]] and a chimney piece carved with the Brereton emblem, a [[Muzzle (device)|muzzled]] bear. Two fireplaces elsewhere are carved in a [[Sebastiano Serlio|Serlian manner]]. The former study of the [[William Brereton, 2nd Baron Brereton|2nd Lord Brereton]] contains a richly carved [[alabaster]] fireplace.<ref name=Binney/>

==See also==
{{Portal|Cheshire}}
*[[Grade I listed buildings in Cheshire East]]
*[[Listed buildings in Brereton, Cheshire]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
*{{Citation | last = Hartwell | first = Clare |last2 = Hyde | first2 = Matthew |last3 = Hubbard | first3 = Edward | author3-link=Edward Hubbard | last4 =Pevsner | first4 =Nikolaus | author4-link =Nikolaus Pevsner | series= The Buildings of England| title = Cheshire |edition= | publisher =[[Yale University Press]]| year =2011| origyear=1971| location =New Haven and London| pages = 181–183| url = | doi = | id = | isbn =978-0-300-17043-6 }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commonscat}}
*[http://www.brereton.org/hall.htm Brereton Hall, Cheshire]
*[http://www.cvma.ac.uk/jsp/location.do?locationKey=926&mode=COUNTY Information about the stained glass from the Corpus Vitrearum Medii Aevi (CVMA) of Great Britain]

[[Category:Houses completed in 1586]]
[[Category:Grade I listed buildings in Cheshire]]
[[Category:Grade I listed houses]]
[[Category:Country houses in Cheshire]]

Wharram Percy

2015-08-30T12:43:12Z

Dave.Dunford: no need for two lots of coords

[[File:Wharram Percy, St Martins Church - geograph.org.uk - 659805.jpg|thumb|Ruin of St Martin's parish church]]
'''Wharram Percy''' is a [[Abandoned village#Deserted medieval villages|deserted medieval village]] (DMV) on the western edge of the chalk [[Yorkshire Wolds|Wolds]] of [[North Yorkshire]], [[England]]. It is about {{convert|1|mi}} south of [[Wharram-le-Street]] and is signposted from the [[B1248 road|B1248]] [[Beverley]] to [[Malton, North Yorkshire|Malton]] road. Wharram Percy was part of the [[East Riding of Yorkshire]] until the [[Local Government Act 1972|1974 boundary changes]].

Wharram Percy may be the best-known DMV in the whole of England, although there are several others in a similarly good state of preservation. The reason for its notability is that it was researched each summer by combined teams of archaeologists, historians and even botanists, from about 1950 to 1990 after its identification in 1948 by Professor [[Maurice Beresford]] of the [[University of Leeds]].

Although the site seems to have been settled since [[Prehistoric Britain|prehistory]], the village seems to have been most active from the 10th to the 12th centuries. The [[Domesday Book]] of 1086 records it as ''Warran'' or ''Warron''. The [[Black Death]] of 1348–49 does not seem to have played a significant part in the desertion of Wharram Percy although the large fall in population in the country as a whole at that time must have made relocation to a less remote spot more likely. The villagers of Wharram Percy seem to have suffered instead from changes in prices and wages in the 15th century, which gave pastoral farming (particularly of [[sheep]]) an advantage over traditional [[cereal]] farming. The village was finally abandoned in the early 16th century when the [[lord of the manor]] turned out the last few families and had their homes demolished to make room for more sheep pasture.

[[File:Wharram Percy Geograph.jpg|thumb|View north across the fish pond to the deserted village]]
The site is now in the care of [[Historic England]]. Although only the ruined church is easily visible above ground, much more of the village layout can be seen in the surrounding fields. [[English Heritage]] installed new panels around the site, as well as an audio tour downloadable, in [[MP3]] format, from the English Heritage website. A guidebook is available from surrounding, staffed, Historic England sites.

A scientific study published in 2004<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/publications/conservation-bulletin-45/cb45p22-23.pdf |title=? |publisher=[[Historic England]] |date= |accessdate=}}{{dead link|date=April 2015}}</ref> of human skeletal remains from the deserted village reveals details of disease, diet and death in a rural medieval community.

A Tracker Pack for families that covers the site can be hired from Malton Tourist Information Centre.

The [[Yorkshire Wolds Way]] National Trail passes through the site, and the [[Centenary Way]] [[Long-distance trail|long-distance footpath]] passes to the east of the village.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|first=Susan |last=Wrathmell |year=1996 |title=Wharram Percy: Deserted Medieval Village |isbn= 978-1-85074-620-1}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Wharram Percy}}
*{{OpenDomesday|OS=SE8564|name=wharram-percy|display=Wharram Percy}}
*[http://loki.stockton.edu/~ken/wharram/wharram.htm Wharram Percy] by the former chief guide of the Beresford excavation
*[http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/daysout/properties/wharram-percy-deserted-medieval-village/ English Heritage - History of Wharram Percy]
*[http://www.pastscape.org/SearchResults.aspx?rational=q&criteria=wharram&search=ALL&sort=4&recordsperpage=10 Investigation history]
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20040315092327/http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/default.asp?WCI=Node&WCE=8005 English Heritage's investigation of the site in 2002]
*[http://www.diplomate.freeserve.co.uk/wharram.htm Lost Village Sites of Yorkshire: Wharram Percy]
*[http://www.abandonedcommunities.co.uk/page57.html Abandoned communities ..... Wharram Percy]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/science/unearthingmysteries_20041214.shtml BBC Radio 4 programme on Wharram Percy]

{{coord|54.07020|N|0.69036|W|region:GB_source:enwiki-osgb36(SE858646)|display=title}}

[[Category:Archaeological sites in North Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Deserted medieval villages in England]]
[[Category:English Heritage sites in North Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Former populated places in North Yorkshire]]
[[Category:History of North Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Visitor attractions in North Yorkshire]]

Tomi Lahren

2015-07-24T09:47:40Z

Dave.Dunford: space

{{Infobox person
| name = Tomi Lahren
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|mf=y|1992|08|11}}
| birth_place = [[Rapid City, South Dakota]]
| spouse =
| occupation = News anchor Political commentator
| employer = [[One America News Network]]
| education = [[Central High School (Rapid City, South Dakota)|Central High School]] [[University of Nevada, Las Vegas]]
}}

'''Tomi Lahren''' (b. August 11, 1992)<ref name="birthday">[https://twitter.com/TomiLahren/status/498916636175659008/photo/1 Tomi Lahren tweet on her 22nd birthday], twitter.com</ref> is an American television host and [[Conservatism in the United States|conservative]] [[political commentator]] on [[One America News Network]] (OAN). She is the host of ''On Point with Tomi Lahren'', which started in August 2014.<ref name="start">[https://twitter.com/TomiLahren/statuses/497807376930459648 Tomi Lahren tweet on first broadcast, August 8, 2014]</ref>

Lahren grew up in [[Rapid City, South Dakota]] and attended [[Central High School (Rapid City, South Dakota)|Central High School]].<ref name="rcsept2014">Hammond, Christy (21 September 2014). [http://rapidcityjournal.com/lifestyles/local/rapid-city-woman-anchors-political-talk-show-at/article_a59b782a-2f96-5b4a-9dad-a7b920d4e79d.html Rapid City woman anchors political talk show at 22], ''[[Rapid City Journal]]''</ref><ref name="hschool">Soderlin, Barbara (7 May 2010). [http://rapidcityjournal.com/business/teens-gear-up-for-first-job-hunt/article_59f025bc-5949-11df-8e34-001cc4c03286.html Teens gear up for first job hunt], ''[[Rapid City Journal]]''</ref> She graduated from [[University of Nevada, Las Vegas]] in 2014, where she studied [[journalism]] and [[media]] as well as [[political science]]. Lahren also hosted and associate produced the political roundtable show, ''The Scramble'' for UNLV-Television.<ref name="scramble">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o2t08fFnNq8&list=PLOe3Rg-dJy_eeZ6GrSjLnkZTdoBPnG7R6 The Scramble - Episode 315], UNLV Journalism and Media Studies, youtube channel</ref> She also interned for [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] congresswoman [[Kristi Noem]], serving as the first intern for Congresswoman's Noem's Rapid City office.

Hoping to find an internship in political commentary, Lahren applied to OAN, obtained an interview, and was instead offered the opportunity to host her own show.<ref name="rcsept2014"/> After graduating from the UNLV in May 2014, she moved to [[San Diego, California]] and began working for OAN. ''On Point'' debuted in August 2014.<ref name="start"/><ref name="western">Beattie, James (20 July 2015). [http://www.westernjournalism.com/watch-news-anchor-gets-fed-up-with-obama-and-says-what-everyones-been-thinking-in-epic-rant/ Watch: News Anchor Gets Fed Up With Obama, Says What Everyone’s Thinking In EPIC Rant], [[Western Journalism Center]]</ref><ref name="rcsept2014"/>

In July 2015, a video of her commentary concerning the [[2015 Chattanooga shootings]] became a widely distributed video and garnered international press.<ref name="viralusa1">Conley, Cole (21 July 2015). [http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2015/07/21/chattanooga-tomi-lahren-one-america-news-network-obama-middle-east/30497797/ TV host Tomi Lahren slams Obama's Middle East policy], [[USA Today]]''</ref> Prior to this event, Lahren caused a smaller wave of press attention in March 2015 when she appeared at the annual [[Conservative Political Action Conference]], and deflected the stereotype of Republicans as "old, rich, white males" by comparing them to the top Democratic presidential candidates as "Hillary, [[Elizabeth Warren]], [[Joe Biden]]. Old, rich, white, and if the pantsuit fits ... male too?"<ref name="natj">Roller, Emma (17 March 2015). [http://www.nationaljournal.com/politics/how-one-tv-channel-is-positioning-itself-to-be-the-next-fox-news-20150317 How One TV Channel Is Positioning Itself to Be the Next Fox News], ''[[National Journal]]''</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.oann.com/onpoint/ On Point with Tomi Lahren] (official website)

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lahren, Tomi}}

[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:University of Nevada, Las Vegas alumni]]
[[Category:American political pundits]]
[[Category:People from South Dakota]]
[[Category:People from Rapid City, South Dakota]]

Sham Castle

2015-07-06T22:17:36Z

Dave.Dunford: /* See also */ Midford already mentioned; connection to other vaguely local follies is unclear

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox Historic Site
| name =Sham Castle
| native_name =
| native_language =
| image =Ralph Allens Castle - geograph.org.uk - 1762356.jpg
| caption =
| locmapin =Somerset
| lat_degrees =51
| lat_minutes =22
| lat_seconds =57
| lat_direction =N
| long_degrees =2
| long_minutes =20
| long_seconds =15
| long_direction =W
| location =[[Bathampton]], [[Somerset]], England
| area =
| built =1762
| architect =[[Sanderson Miller]]
| architecture =
| governing_body =
| designation1 =Grade II* listed building
| designation1_offname =
| designation1_date =1 February 1956<ref name="IoE"/>
| designation1_number =32038
| designation2 =
| designation2_offname =
| designation2_date =
| designation2_number =
}}
'''Sham Castle''' is a [[folly]] in [[Bathampton]] overlooking the city of [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]], [[Somerset]], England. It is a Grade II* [[listed building]].<ref name="IoE"/><ref name="NHLE">{{National Heritage List for England| num=1312449 |desc=Sham Castle |grade=II* |accessdate=6 July 2015}}</ref> It is a screen wall with a central pointed arch flanked by two 3-storey circular turrets, which extend sideways to a 2-storey square tower at each end of the wall.<ref name="IoE">{{cite web |url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/Details/Default.aspx?id=32038 |title=Sham Castle |accessdate=2008-03-15 |work=Images of England }}</ref>

It was probably designed around 1755 by [[Sanderson Miller]] and built in 1762 by Richard James, master mason for [[Ralph Allen]], "to improve the prospect" from [[Ralph Allen's Town House, Bath|Allen's town house in Bath]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Dunning|first=Robert|title=Somerset Castles|year=1995|publisher=Somerset Books|location=Tiverton|isbn=0-86183-278-7|pages=77}}</ref>

Sham Castle is now illuminated at night.<ref name="scott">{{cite book |title=The hidden places of Somerset |last=Scott |first=Shane |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1995 |publisher=Travel Publishing Ltd |location=Aldermaston |isbn=1-902007-01-8 |pages=16–17 }}</ref>

==Generic term==
Other 18th-century so-called "sham castles" exist at [[Castle in Hagley Park|Hagley Hall]], [[Clent Castle|Clent Grove]] and [[Castle Hill, Filleigh]].
[[File:sham castle (rear) bath england arp.jpg|thumb|left|Rear view of Sham Castle, showing that the castle was intended to be viewed only from the front.]]

Ralph Allen's nearby [[Prior Park Landscape Garden]] is home to the Sham Bridge.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parksandgardens.org/places-and-people/site/2709/history |title=Prior Park |publisher=Parks and Gardens Data Services Ltd |date=27 July 2007 |accessdate=6 July 2015}}</ref> This structure is likewise a screen at the end of the Serpentine Lake which appears to be a bridge. Much like the Sham Castle, it dates from the mid-18th century.

Another nearby folly castle is that of [[Midford Castle]]. Sham Castle is one of two follies overlooking Bath, the other being [[Beckford's Tower]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Grade II* listed buildings in Bath, Somerset]]
[[Category:Folly castles in England]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Bath, Somerset]]

Sham Castle

2015-07-06T22:14:59Z

Dave.Dunford: NHLE is the current official record

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox Historic Site
| name =Sham Castle
| native_name =
| native_language =
| image =Ralph Allens Castle - geograph.org.uk - 1762356.jpg
| caption =
| locmapin =Somerset
| lat_degrees =51
| lat_minutes =22
| lat_seconds =57
| lat_direction =N
| long_degrees =2
| long_minutes =20
| long_seconds =15
| long_direction =W
| location =[[Bathampton]], [[Somerset]], England
| area =
| built =1762
| architect =[[Sanderson Miller]]
| architecture =
| governing_body =
| designation1 =Grade II* listed building
| designation1_offname =
| designation1_date =1 February 1956<ref name="IoE"/>
| designation1_number =32038
| designation2 =
| designation2_offname =
| designation2_date =
| designation2_number =
}}
'''Sham Castle''' is a [[folly]] in [[Bathampton]] overlooking the city of [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]], [[Somerset]], England. It is a Grade II* [[listed building]].<ref name="IoE"/><ref name="NHLE">{{National Heritage List for England| num=1312449 |desc=Sham Castle |grade=II* |accessdate=6 July 2015}}</ref> It is a screen wall with a central pointed arch flanked by two 3-storey circular turrets, which extend sideways to a 2-storey square tower at each end of the wall.<ref name="IoE">{{cite web |url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/Details/Default.aspx?id=32038 |title=Sham Castle |accessdate=2008-03-15 |work=Images of England }}</ref>

It was probably designed around 1755 by [[Sanderson Miller]] and built in 1762 by Richard James, master mason for [[Ralph Allen]], "to improve the prospect" from [[Ralph Allen's Town House, Bath|Allen's town house in Bath]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Dunning|first=Robert|title=Somerset Castles|year=1995|publisher=Somerset Books|location=Tiverton|isbn=0-86183-278-7|pages=77}}</ref>

Sham Castle is now illuminated at night.<ref name="scott">{{cite book |title=The hidden places of Somerset |last=Scott |first=Shane |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1995 |publisher=Travel Publishing Ltd |location=Aldermaston |isbn=1-902007-01-8 |pages=16–17 }}</ref>

==Generic term==
Other 18th-century so-called "sham castles" exist at [[Castle in Hagley Park|Hagley Hall]], [[Clent Castle|Clent Grove]] and [[Castle Hill, Filleigh]].
[[File:sham castle (rear) bath england arp.jpg|thumb|left|Rear view of Sham Castle, showing that the castle was intended to be viewed only from the front.]]

Ralph Allen's nearby [[Prior Park Landscape Garden]] is home to the Sham Bridge.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parksandgardens.org/places-and-people/site/2709/history |title=Prior Park |publisher=Parks and Gardens Data Services Ltd |date=27 July 2007 |accessdate=6 July 2015}}</ref> This structure is likewise a screen at the end of the Serpentine Lake which appears to be a bridge. Much like the Sham Castle, it dates from the mid-18th century.

Another nearby folly castle is that of [[Midford Castle]]. Sham Castle is one of two follies overlooking Bath, the other being [[Beckford's Tower]].

==See also==
*[[Midford Castle]]
*[[Grange Arch]]
*[[Blaise Castle folly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Grade II* listed buildings in Bath, Somerset]]
[[Category:Folly castles in England]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Bath, Somerset]]

Sham Castle

2015-07-06T22:12:58Z

Dave.Dunford: expand ref

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox Historic Site
| name =Sham Castle
| native_name =
| native_language =
| image =Ralph Allens Castle - geograph.org.uk - 1762356.jpg
| caption =
| locmapin =Somerset
| lat_degrees =51
| lat_minutes =22
| lat_seconds =57
| lat_direction =N
| long_degrees =2
| long_minutes =20
| long_seconds =15
| long_direction =W
| location =[[Bathampton]], [[Somerset]], England
| area =
| built =1762
| architect =[[Sanderson Miller]]
| architecture =
| governing_body =
| designation1 =Grade II* listed building
| designation1_offname =
| designation1_date =1 February 1956<ref name="IoE"/>
| designation1_number =32038
| designation2 =
| designation2_offname =
| designation2_date =
| designation2_number =
}}
'''Sham Castle''' is a [[folly]] in [[Bathampton]] overlooking the city of [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]], [[Somerset]], England. It is a Grade II* [[listed building]].<ref name="IoE"/> It is a screen wall with a central pointed arch flanked by two 3-storey circular turrets, which extend sideways to a 2-storey square tower at each end of the wall.<ref name="IoE">{{cite web |url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/Details/Default.aspx?id=32038 |title=Sham Castle |accessdate=2008-03-15 |work=Images of England }}</ref>

It was probably designed around 1755 by [[Sanderson Miller]] and built in 1762 by Richard James, master mason for [[Ralph Allen]], "to improve the prospect" from [[Ralph Allen's Town House, Bath|Allen's town house in Bath]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Dunning|first=Robert|title=Somerset Castles|year=1995|publisher=Somerset Books|location=Tiverton|isbn=0-86183-278-7|pages=77}}</ref>

Sham Castle is now illuminated at night.<ref name="scott">{{cite book |title=The hidden places of Somerset |last=Scott |first=Shane |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1995 |publisher=Travel Publishing Ltd |location=Aldermaston |isbn=1-902007-01-8 |pages=16–17 }}</ref>

==Generic term==
Other 18th-century so-called "sham castles" exist at [[Castle in Hagley Park|Hagley Hall]], [[Clent Castle|Clent Grove]] and [[Castle Hill, Filleigh]].
[[File:sham castle (rear) bath england arp.jpg|thumb|left|Rear view of Sham Castle, showing that the castle was intended to be viewed only from the front.]]

Ralph Allen's nearby [[Prior Park Landscape Garden]] is home to the Sham Bridge.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parksandgardens.org/places-and-people/site/2709/history |title=Prior Park |publisher=Parks and Gardens Data Services Ltd |date=27 July 2007 |accessdate=6 July 2015}}</ref> This structure is likewise a screen at the end of the Serpentine Lake which appears to be a bridge. Much like the Sham Castle, it dates from the mid-18th century.

Another nearby folly castle is that of [[Midford Castle]]. Sham Castle is one of two follies overlooking Bath, the other being [[Beckford's Tower]].

==See also==
*[[Midford Castle]]
*[[Grange Arch]]
*[[Blaise Castle folly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Grade II* listed buildings in Bath, Somerset]]
[[Category:Folly castles in England]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Bath, Somerset]]

The Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986

2015-05-07T08:07:39Z

Dave.Dunford: daterange

{{ElectionsCA}}
'''Proposition 65''' (formally titled "'''The Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986'''") is a [[California]] law passed by direct voter initiative in 1986 by a 63%-37% vote. Its goals are to protect drinking water sources from toxic substances that cause [[cancer]] and [[birth defect]]s and to reduce or eliminate exposures to those chemicals generally, for example in consumer products, by requiring warnings in advance of those exposures. Over the last 25 years it has been the country's most successful law in eliminating unnecessary exposures to toxic chemicals, most notably in many ordinary consumer products.<ref name="Williams 2005">Rechtschaffen and Williams, "The Continued Success of Proposition 65 in Reducing Toxic Exposures, 35 ''Environmental Law Reporter'' 10850 (December 2005)</ref> Its innovative strategy operates largely invisibly,<ref>Roe, Little Labs Lost: An Invisible Success Story, 15 ''Green Bag 2d'' 275 (Spring 2012)({{cite web|url=http://www.greenbag.org/v15n3/v15n3_articles_roe.pdf}})</ref> and as a result the scope of its success and the reasons for it have received relatively little attention, while businesses affected by it continue to seek its repeal.

Proposition 65 is administered by Cal/EPA's [[California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment]] (OEHHA).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oehha.ca.gov/prop65.html |title=California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment |publisher=Oehha.ca.gov |date= |accessdate=2014-01-06}}</ref> Proposition 65 regulates substances officially listed by California as having a 1 in 100,000 chance of causing cancer or birth defects or other reproductive harm in two ways. The first statutory requirement of Proposition 65 prohibits businesses from knowingly discharging listed substances into drinking water sources, or onto land where the substances can pass into drinking water sources. The second prohibits businesses from knowingly exposing individuals to listed substances without providing a clear and reasonable warning.

{{POV-section|date=February 2015}}
Since enactment, Proposition 65 has been the reason for reformulation of many consumer products to eliminate toxic chemicals covered by Proposition 65, as well as other significant changes to reduce exposures such as toxic air emissions. In some cases consumer products have been relabeled to show specific toxic ingredients, but reformulation has been far more common, and in general has occurred nationwide rather than only in California. The success of product reformulation without apparent increase in product cost or reduction in product value has effectively demonstrated that exposures to the toxic chemical or chemicals in the pre-reformulated products were unnecessary, economically or commercially. Notably, federal laws long applicable to the same products had not had the same effect.{{Citation needed|date=February 2015}}

An official list of substances covered by Proposition 65 is maintained and made publicly available. Chemicals are added to or removed from the official list based on current scientific information. All substances listed show their known risk factors, a unique [[Chemical Abstracts Service|CAS]] [[CAS registry number|chemical classification number]], the date they were listed, and, if so, whether they have been delisted.<ref>OEHHA list of substances as of January, 2015 http://oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65_list/files/P65single012315.pdf</ref>

Proposition 65 remains politically controversial even after 25 years, in large part because, in effect, it puts the burden of proof on business instead of government to make a key scientific determination about safety levels for specific toxic chemicals that the businesses are knowingly exposing members of the public to.<ref>If a "no significant effect" level has been established for a cancer-causing chemical listed under Prop. 65, then no warning is required as long as the actual exposure is below that level. But it is up to the business causing the exposure to know what that level is, and to do the scientific analysis if government has not already done so.</ref> According to the [[California Environmental Protection Agency]], "Proposition 65 has... increased public awareness about the adverse effects of exposures to listed chemicals.... [and] provided an incentive for manufacturers to remove listed chemicals from their products.... Although Proposition 65 has benefited Californians, it has come at a cost for companies doing business in the state."<ref>[http://oehha.ca.gov/prop65/background/p65plain.html Proposition 65 FAQ] ''[[California Environmental Protection Agency]]'' Accessed 25 October 2012</ref>

Proposition 65's effectiveness also remains controversial, with some pointing out the lack of any studies suggesting a decrease in cancer rates in the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=Caution: This Warning May Be Useless|url=http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303848104579308393984123358|accessdate=3 March 2014}}</ref> There have been widespread reformulations of consumer products to eliminate specific toxic chemicals,<ref name="Williams 2005"/> and there is well-documented evidence that Proposition 65 greatly accelerated reductions in air emissions of the toxic chemicals it applies to within California, as compared to the other 49 states, as tracked annually in the federal Toxics Release Inventory<ref>[[Toxics Release Inventory]]</ref> for the first ten years of the law's implementation (1988–97).<ref>Roe, Little Labs Lost: An Invisible Success Story, 15 ''Green Bag 2d'' 275 (Spring 2012), part IV 'Real World Effects'({{cite web|url=http://www.greenbag.org/v15n3/v15n3_articles_roe.pdf}})</ref>

== Rationale and enumerated rights ==
In addition to amending the [[California Health and Safety Code]], Proposition 65 contained the following language in the 1986 ballot initiative:<ref>Prop. 65 ballot pamphlet full text available at [http://traynor.uchastings.edu/library/Research%20Databases/CA%20Ballot%20Measures/ca_ballot_measures_main.htm Hastings' California Ballot Measures Databases]</ref>
<blockquote>
SECTION 1. The people of California find that hazardous chemicals pose a serious potential threat to their health and well-being, that state government agencies have failed to provide them with adequate protection, and that these failures have been serious enough to lead to investigations by federal agencies of the administration of California's toxic protection programs. The people therefore declare their rights:
 
(a) To protect themselves and the water they drink against chemicals that cause cancer, birth defects, or other reproductive harm.
 
(b) To be informed about exposures to chemicals that cause cancer, birth defects, or other reproductive harm.
 
(c) To secure strict enforcement of the laws controlling hazardous chemicals and deter actions that threaten public health and safety.
 
(d) To shift the cost of hazardous waste cleanups more onto offenders and less onto law-abiding citizens.
 
The people hereby enact the provisions of this initiative in furtherance of their rights.</blockquote>

The Legislature's 2003 amendments to Proposition 65 contained the statement that the changes "further the purposes of the Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/pub/03-04/bill/asm/ab_1751-1800/ab_1756_bill_20030811_chaptered.pdf |title=AB 1756 of 2003 |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2014-01-06}}</ref>

== Enforcement ==
Enforcement is carried out through [[Lawsuit|civil lawsuits]] against Proposition 65 violators. These lawsuits may be brought by the [[California Attorney General]], any [[district attorney]], or certain [[city attorney]]s (those in cities with a population exceeding 750,000). Lawsuits may also be brought by private parties "acting in the public interest," but only after providing notice of the alleged violation to the Attorney General, the appropriate district attorney and city attorney, and the business accused of the violation.

A Proposition 65 Notice of Violation must provide adequate information to allow the recipient to assess the nature of the alleged violation. A notice must comply with the information and procedural requirements specified in regulations. A private party may not pursue an enforcement action directly under Proposition 65 if one of the government officials noted above initiates an action within sixty days of the notice. After 2003, private enforcers must also serve a certificate of merit (statement of expert consultation(s) supporting belief of reasonable and meritorious private action) as a means of preventing frivolous enforcement actions.

A business found to be in violation of Proposition 65 is subject to civil penalties of up to $2,500 per day for each violation. In addition, the business may be ordered by a court of law to stop committing the violation.<ref>{{cite web|title=Proposition 65|url=http://www.calcleaners.com/govtprop65.html|publisher=California Cleaners Association|accessdate=10 January 2014}}</ref> Other penalties may apply, including unfair business practices violations as limited under [[California Proposition 64 (2004)]].

Businesses can become compliant by learning upfront whether or not their products contain chemicals that match the current Proposition 65 list of 910 chemicals. Users can do this by searching in a [[Microsoft Excel]]<ref>http://www.oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65_list/files/010711linkedlist.xlsx</ref> chemical list or a website offering the search by chemical name or [[CAS Number]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.caslab.com/Proposition-65-List/ |title=PROPOSITION 65 LIST |publisher=Caslab.com |date= |accessdate=2014-01-06}}</ref> Product manufacturers may also learn if a chemical in their products has been removed from the Proposition 65 list, such as Saccharin, removed December 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.caslab.com/News/saccharin-removed.html |title=Saccharin Removed from EPA’s Hazardous Substance List |publisher=Caslab.com |date=2010-12-15 |accessdate=2014-01-06}}</ref> Alternatively, they can post generic Prop 65 warnings just in case their products contain any listed chemicals.

== Warning label ==
[[File:Lead or Cadmium - California Proposition 65 Warning.jpg|thumb|California Proposition 65 Warning]]
The following [[Precautionary statement|warning language]] is standard on products sold in California if they contain chemicals on the Proposition 65 list and the amount of exposure caused by the product is not within defined safety limits.

<blockquote>WARNING: This product contains chemicals known to the State of California to cause [[cancer]] and [[congenital disorder|birth defect]]s or other reproductive harm.</blockquote>

The wording can be changed as necessary, so long as it communicates that the chemical in question is known to the state to cause cancer, or birth defects or other reproductive harm. For exposures from other sources, such as car exhaust in a parking garage, a standard sign might read: "This area contains chemicals known to the State of California to cause cancer, or birth defects or other reproductive harm".<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.compliancesigns.com/ChemBioCAPROP65.shtml
| title = CA Proposition 65 Signs
| author = ComplianceSigns.com
| accessdate = 2008-07-22
| publisher = InfoTag, Inc.}}</ref>

[[File:Disneyland Prop 65 Warning crop.jpg|thumb|A vague Prop 65 warning sign at [[Disneyland Resort]].]]
Some businesses in the state post similar notices on their premises, even when they have not evaluated the actual level of risk from a listed chemical they know is present.<ref name="urlMade Simple">{{cite web
|url=http://prop65news.com/Home/Prop65MadeSimple.aspx
|title=Prop 65 Made Simple
|year=2005
|publisher=Prop 65 News
|quote=When a warning is given by a business, it means one of two things: (1) the business has evaluated the exposure and has concluded that it exceeds the no significant risk level; or (2) the business has chosen to provide a warning simply based on its knowledge about the presence of a listed chemical, without attempting to evaluate the exposure. In these cases, exposure could be below the Proposition 65 level of concern, or could even be zero.
|accessdate=2008-07-22
}}</ref> Warning signs are often posted at gas stations,<ref name=House/> hardware suppliers,<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.watts.com/prop65.asp
| title = California Proposition 65
| author = Watts Water Technologies, Inc.
}}</ref> grocery stores, drug stores, medical facilities, and many other businesses.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.kaweahdelta.org/guide/edevices.asp
| title = Electronic Devices
| author = Kaweah Delta Health Care District
}}</ref><ref name=CHLA>{{cite press release
| title = California Hotel & Lodging Association Helps Lodging Guests Understand Proposition 65; Court Approval Obtained for Comprehensive Compliance Procedure
| publisher = California Hotel & Lodging Association
| date = 2004-07-07
| url = http://timesharebeat.com/2004/july/0707-04t.htm
| accessdate = 2008-07-22
| quote = "Unfortunately, the 'safe harbor' warning-sign language specified under Proposition 65 is designed to be so all-encompassing that it is vague and typically doesn't provide much useful information," said Jim Abrams, president and CEO of CH&LA. "People see Prop. 65 warning signs nearly every place they go -- grocery and hardware stores, restaurants, commercial buildings, car show rooms, hotels and inns, pretty much everywhere...
}}</ref> Government agencies,<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.oehha.ca.gov/prop65/background/P65Facts.html
| title = Comparison of the Warning Requirement and the Government Employee Disclosure Requirement
| author = Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessmen
| publisher = California Environmental Protection Agency
}}</ref> parking garages, hotels,<ref name=CHLA/> apartment complexes,<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.oehha.ca.gov/prop65/background/P65ten.html
| title = Proposition 65 Fact Sheet for Tenants
| author = Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessmen
| publisher = California Environmental Protection Agency
}}</ref> retail stores,<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.target.com/California-Proposition-65/b?ie=UTF8&node=1041180
| title = California Proposition 65
| author = Target.com
}}</ref> banks, and restaurants<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2005/05/25/MNGD2CU9RA1.DTL&type=printable
| title = Cancer label for foods is considered
| first = Greg | last = Lucas
| date = 2005-05-25
| publisher = San Francisco Chronicle
}}</ref> also post warning signs because of the possibility of hazardous chemicals being present in everyday items or the nearby environment. Some large businesses, such as utility companies, mail a Prop 65 notice to all customers each year to warn them of dangerous substances like natural gas<ref name="urlPacific Gas and Electric Company">{{cite web
|url=http://www.pge.com/customer_service/bill_inserts/#proposition--publicwarning
|title=July 2008 bill inserts
|publisher=Pacific Gas and Electric Company
|quote= Pacific Gas and Electric Company uses chemicals in its operations that are “known to the State of California” to cause cancer, birth defects or other reproductive harm. For example, Pacific Gas and Electric Company uses natural gas and petroleum products in its operations. Pacific Gas and Electric Company also delivers natural gas to its customers. Petroleum products, natural gas, and their combustion by-products contain chemicals “known to the State of California” to cause cancer, birth defects or other reproductive harm.
|accessdate=2008-07-22
}}</ref> or the sand used in sandblasting.<ref>{{cite web|title=Proposition 65 – Public Warning|url=http://www.pge.com/docs/pdfs/customer_service/bill_inserts/2004/200404_bus.pdf|publisher=Pacific Gas and Electric Company|accessdate=10 January 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070316220114/http://www.pge.com/docs/pdfs/customer_service/bill_inserts/2004/200404_bus.pdf|archivedate=16 March 2007|page=4|format=pdf|date=April 2004}}</ref>

There is no penalty for posting an unnecessary warning sign.<ref name="Proposition 65 Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986">{{cite web
|url=http://www.oehha.ca.gov/prop65/law/P65law72003.html
|title=Proposition 65 Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986
|year=1986
|publisher=[[State of California]]
|accessdate=2008-07-22
}}</ref> Because of the overuse of the vague warning, the ubiquitous signs ultimately communicate very little information to the end user.<ref name=House/><ref name=Sills2>{{cite court
|litigants = Consumer Defense Group v. Rental Housing Industry Members
|vol = 40
|reporter = Cal Rptr 3d
|opinion = 832
|court = Cal. Ct. App. 4th Dist. Div. 3
|date = 2006-03-24
|quote=Given the ease with which it was brought, and the absolute lack of any real public benefit from telling people that things like dried paint may be slowly emitting lead molecules or that parking lots are places where there might be auto exhaust, instead of $540,000, this legal work merited an award closer to a dollar ninety-eight.
|url=http://ag.ca.gov/prop65/pdfs/G035101.pdf }}</ref> This problem has been recognized by California courts,<ref name=Sills>{{cite court
|litigants = Consumer Defense Group v. Rental Housing Industry Members
|vol = 40
|reporter = Cal Rptr 3d
|opinion = 832
|court = Cal. Ct. App. 4th Dist. Div. 3
|date = 2006-03-24
|quote=As the Attorney General pointed out in oral argument, it does not serve the public interest to have the almost the entirety of
the state of California “swamped in a sea [of] generic warning signs.”
|url=http://ag.ca.gov/prop65/pdfs/G035101.pdf }}</ref><ref name="urlLaw.com - Calif. Judge Blasts Firm in Toxic-Warnings Case">{{cite web
|url=http://www.law.com/jsp/article.jsp?id=1144672792347
|title=Calif. Judge Blasts Firm in Toxic-Warnings Case
|author=Pamela A. MacLean
|date=2006-04-13
|publisher=The National Law Journal
|quote=
|accessdate=2008-07-22
}}</ref> advocates,<ref name=House>Written Testimony of Jeffrey B. Margulies. ''Proposition 65’s Effect on Small Businesses.'' In the United States House of Representatives, Committee on Small Business. October 28, 1999. "''Implications for consumers.'' While the intent of Prop 65 was to “inform” consumers, the impact of warnings under the Act has been a proliferation of meaningless warnings. Virtually every business has some sort of Prop 65 warning sign posted, and innumerable products are labeled with the warning. From gas stations to hotels, from grocery stores to hardware stores, consumers are deluged with warnings that they are being exposed to unnamed carcinogens and reproductive toxins. They are not told either the degree of exposure or the likelihood that they may actually be impacted by it. Moreover, because the risks to business of not providing a warning, many provide a warning even though they don’t actually know whether an exposure is occurring, or even if the exposure is trivial, further diluting the meaning of warnings to consumers.</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.ehib.org/emf/pdf/AppendixD-EJ.PDF
|title=Equity and Environmental Justice Considerations in Electromagnetic Field (EMF) Policy
|author=Indira Nair and Detlof von Winterfeldt
|date=
|quote=This is to be contrasted with Prop. 65 warning experience where the public received meaningless warnings filled with disclaimers, information that trivializes risk, and fails to put it into context.
|accessdate=2008-07-22
}}</ref> and businesses.<ref name=CHLA/>

== Abuse ==
Political controversy over the law, including industry attempts to have it preempted by federal law, have died down. However, enforcement actions remain controversial. Most of the Proposition 65 complaints are filed on behalf of [[straw man (law)|straw man]] plaintiffs by private attorneys, some of whose businesses are built entirely on filing Proposition 65 lawsuits.<ref name=Sills/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.docstoc.com/docs/282270/Defending-the-Proposition-65-Bounty-Hunter-Case |title=Defending the Proposition 65 Bounty Hunter Case |publisher=Docstoc.com |date=2007-12-29 |accessdate=2014-01-06}}</ref><ref name="urlToxic Avengers - Forbes.com">{{cite web
|url=http://www.forbes.com/forbes/2001/1015/080.html
|title=Toxic Avengers - Forbes.com
|author=Dorothy Pomerantz
|date=2001-10-15
|publisher=Forbes
|accessdate=2008-07-22
}}</ref>

Labeling requirements conceded the reality that listing and classifying substances did not help the consumer if the contents of a purchase were unknown. At the same time, there were no other labeling requirements to support the proposition. Industry critics and corporate defense lawyers charge that Proposition 65 is "a clever and irritating mechanism used by litigious [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]]s and others to publicly spank politically incorrect opponents ranging from the American gun industry to seafood retailers, etc."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fisheries.ifcnr.com/article.cfm?NewsID=495 |title=NGO Strategies for 2004 and Beyond |publisher=Fisheries.ifcnr.com |date= |accessdate=2014-01-06}}</ref>

In addition, because the law allows private citizens to sue and collect damages from any business violating the law, there have been cases of lawyers and law firms using Proposition 65 to force monetary settlements out of California businesses.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ag.ca.gov/newsalerts/release.php?id=1207 |title=Cal. Attorney General news alert, paragraph 10 |publisher=Ag.ca.gov |date=2005-08-26 |accessdate=2014-01-06}}</ref> The Attorney General's office has cited several instances of settlements where plaintiff attorneys received significant awards without providing for environmental benefit to the people of California, resulting in the requirement of the Attorney General's approval of pre-trial Proposition 65 settlements.<ref>Chapter 3 - Settlement Guidelines, Cal. Attorney General's Proposition 65 regulations</ref> The Attorney General also objected to efforts in [[Settlement (litigation)|settlements]] between private parties to pre-empt the Attorney General's right and duty to protect the [[public interest]] against future violations.<ref name=Sills />

== Recent Reform Efforts ==
In 2013, a consensus bill, AB 227, introduced by Assemblyman Mike Gatto (D-Los Angeles), effectively offered to protect certain small companies in specified circumstances from the threat of citizen enforcement lawsuits, by providing them with a streamlined compliance procedure. The bill was passed unanimously and was enacted on October 10, 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=201320140AB227 |title=Bill Text - AB-227 Proposition 65: enforcement |publisher=Leginfo.legislature.ca.gov |date=2002-01-01 |accessdate=2014-01-06}}</ref>

Following the success of AB 227, Gov. Jerry Brown announced on May 7, 2013 that his office plans to introduce a proposal to reform Proposition 65.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://prop65news.com/StoryDetails/tabid/101/ArticleID/7482/Gov-Brown-Announces-Proposition-65-Reform-Proposal.aspx |title=Gov. Brown Announces Proposition 65 Reform Proposal |publisher=Prop65news.com |date= |accessdate=2014-01-06}}</ref> Since Brown's initial announcement, his office has held meetings with Proposition 65 stakeholders, but has been tight-lipped about what was accomplished by the meetings. According to Cal/EPA Secretary Matthew Rodriquez, the Governor's office plans to release a white paper after concluding its stakeholder meetings. The white paper may form the basis of a legislative proposal by the Governor.

== Reformulation of Consumer Goods ==

Over the years, Prop 65 has led to consent agreements for a variety of consumer products, such as bibs, bicycles, products containing brass, cookware, cosmetics, exercise mats, ceramic ware and glassware, clothing, fake leather upholstery, headphone cables, jewelry, lunchboxes, poker chips, luggage, and accessories.

In early 2011, a number of new Prop 65<ref>http://oehha.ca.gov/prop65.html</ref> consent agreements were reported, covering vinyl inflatable structures, vinyl lounge chairs, inspection lights with clamp handles, brass door handles, cadmium in jewelry and a revised judgment for fashion accessories.

In the latter part of 2011, further consent agreements were reported. These included reformulation of up to 1000 ppm DEHP for book covers and jackets. Further reformulations for lead content also concluded. For fashion jackets and belts with components that can be handled, touched or mouthed, two tests are necessary for compliance: less than 1.0 µg lead using method NIOSH 9100 and less than 100 ppm lead using EPA 3050B.

More recently, since December 2011 and during the first half of 2012, a further number of consent settlements for Prop 65 have been concluded, enforcing reformulation of a range of additional products by specifying the limits of heavy metals and organic chemicals.

=== Summary of settlements ===

In externally decorated glassware the cadmium and lead content are limited, with lower concentrations permitted for the lip or rim region. Lead content is also restricted in ceramic ware with exterior decorations, booster cables, and safety pins in varying concentrations. In the case of safety pins the preliminary limit is 300 ppm for 2012, but a much lower limit of 100 ppm will come into force in 2013. For the grips of hand tools the content of lead and certain phthalates are restricted. Various specific phthalates are also restricted in varying concentrations in notepads with vinyl coverings, purses, slippers, flip flops with rhinestones and similar plastic footwear, ear buds and headsets, and exercise/fitness mats. Restriction on [[volatile organic compound]]s (VOCs) is defined for smoothing solution products, and in this case a specific warning is mandatory in the material safety data sheets if the product releases detectable amounts of formaldehyde.

== See also ==
* [[As You Sow]]
* [[California ballot proposition]]
* [[Environmentalism]]
* [[Pollution]]
* [[Toxicity]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.oehha.ca.gov/prop65.html Official Proposition 65 website]
*[http://www.oehha.ca.gov/prop65/prop65_list/Newlist.html Official Proposition 65 list of substances]
*[http://www.oehha.ca.gov/prop65/whats_new/index.html Proposition 65 updates]
*[http://ag.ca.gov/prop65/regs.php California Attorney General - Proposition 65 regulations]
*[http://www.forbes.com/forbes/2001/1015/080.html Forbes.com -Toxic Avengers, Morse Mehrban gets rich from Proposition 65]

{{HealthIssuesOfPlastics}}

[[Category:1986 in the environment]]
[[Category:California ballot propositions, 1986|65]]
[[Category:Environment of California]]
[[Category:United States state environmental legislation]]
[[Category:Initiatives in the United States]]

Shave and a Haircut

2015-04-19T12:18:29Z

Dave.Dunford: /* Popularity */ c/e

[[File:Shave and a Haircut in C.png|thumb|right|300px|"Shave and a Haircut" in [[key (music)|C]] [[major and minor|major]]. {{audio|Shave and a Haircut in C.mid|Play}} These notes are: C-G-G-A-G B-C. In a variation on this tune, the fourth note is flatted.{{citation needed|date=September 2012}}]]
[[File:Shave and a Haircut in G.png|thumb|right|300px|"Shave and a Haircut" in G major and then with chords.<ref name="Traum">Traum, Happy (1974). ''Bluegrass Guitar'', p.26. ISBN 0-8256-0153-3.</ref> {{audio|Shave and a Haircut in G.mid|Play}} or {{audio|Shave and a Haircut in G chords.mid|play with chords}}.]]

In [[music]], the [[call and response (music)|call]] '''"Shave and a Haircut"''' and the associated response '''"two bits"''' is a simple, 7-note musical [[couplet]] or [[Ostinato#Riff|riff]] popularly used at the end of a musical performance, usually for comic effect. It is used both melodically and rhythmically, for example as a [[door knock]]. {{audio|Shave and a Haircut percussion.mid|Play}}

"[[Bit (money)|Two bits]]" is an [[archaism]] in the United States for 25 cents, a [[Quarter (United States coin)|quarter]]. "Six bits" is occasionally used. The final words may also be "get lost" or some other facetious expression. In England, it was often said as "five bob" (slang for five [[shilling]]s), although words are now rarely used to accompany the rhythm of the tune.

==History==
An early occurrence of the tune is from an 1899 Charles Hale song, "At a Darktown [[Cakewalk]]".<ref>Much of this article is taken from James Fuld, ''The Book of World-Famous Music: Classical, Popular, and Folk''. 5th ed., revised and enlarged (New York: Dover Publications, 2000), p. 495.</ref> Other songs from the same period also used the tune. The same notes form the [[bridge (music)|bridge]] in the "Hot Scotch Rag", written by H. A. Fischler in 1911.

An early recording used the 7-note tune at both the beginning and the ending of a humorous 1915 song, by [[Billy Murray (singer)|Billy Murray]] and the American Quartet, called "[[On the 5:15]]".

In 1939, Dan Shapiro, Lestor Lee and [[Milton Berle]] released "Shave and a Haircut – Shampoo"<ref>"[http://members.multimania.nl/catchytune/samples.html Catchy Tune Central]", ''Members.MultiMania.NL''.</ref> which used the tune in the closing bars, and is thought to be the origin of the lyric.

In Mexico, the tune is highly offensive, as it is commonly used to stand in for the vulgar phrase "[[Spanish profanity#Cabrón|chinga tu madre, cabrón]]" (translation: "Fuck your mother, asshole!").<ref name="Guide"/><ref name="Hellholes"/><ref>{{cite book|last=Gerrard|first=Arthur Bryson (ed.)|title=Cassell's Colloquial Spanish, 3rd revised ed.|year=1980|publisher=Cassell Ltd.|location=London|isbn=0-304-07943-X|pages=60}}</ref><ref name="Ask"/>

The [[Italy|Italian]] version is ''Ammazza la vecchia... col Flit!'' [i.e. "Kill the old lady with Flit!" - ''[[Flit]]'' being an old brand of [[DDT]] insecticide]. This is a humorous popular version of a post-[[World War II]] commercial ''Ammazza la mosca... col Flit'' [i.e. "Kill the fly with Flit!"].{{citation needed|date=October 2013}} This version is never perceived as offensive, but just as a joke.

==Popularity==

The tune can be heard on customized [[vehicle horn|car horns]],<ref name="Guide">{{cite book |last1 = Franz |first1 = Carl |last2 = Havens |first2 = Lorena |title = The People's Guide to Mexico |publisher = Avalon Travel Publishing |year = 2006 |isbn = 1-56691-711-5 |page=319}}</ref><ref name="Ask">{{cite book |last = Arellano |first = Gustavo |authorlink = Gustavo Arellano |title = Ask a Mexican |publisher = [[Charles Scribner's Sons|Scribner]] |year = 2008 |isbn = 1-4165-4003-2 |page=26}}</ref> while the rhythm may be tapped as a door knock<ref name="Hellholes">{{cite book |last = Thompson |first = Chuck |title = To Hellholes and Back: Bribes, Lies, and the Art of Extreme Tourism |publisher = Holt Paperbacks |year = 2009 |isbn = 0-8050-8788-5 |page=220}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last = Stanton |first = John |date = September 20, 1948 |title = In Mexico City Traffic is Terrific |journal = [[Life (magazine)|LIFE]] |publisher = Time, Inc.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last = Keenan |first = Joseph John |title = Breaking Out of Beginner's Spanish |publisher = University of Texas Press |year = 2004 |isbn = 0-292-74322-X}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1 = Axtell |first1 = Roger E. |last2 = Fornwald |first2 = Mike |title = Gestures: The Do's and Taboos of Body Language Around the World |publisher = Wiley |year = 1998 |isbn = 0-471-18342-3 |page=101}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last = Axtell |first = Roger E. |title = Do's and Taboos of Humor Around the World |publisher = Wiley |year = 1998 |isbn = 0-471-25403-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1 = Ruiz Fornells |first1 = Enrique |last2 = Ruiz-Fornells |first2 = Cynthia Y. |title = The United States and the Spanish World |publisher = Sociedad General Española de Librería |year = 1979 |isbn = 84-7143-192-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1 = Wilder |first1 = Cora Sarjeant |last2 = Sherrier |first2 = James |title = Celebrating Diversity |publisher = Ginn Press |year = 1992 |isbn = 0-536-58133-9}}</ref><ref name="Slang">Partridge, Eric; Dalzell, Tom; and Victor, Terry (2007). ''The concise new Partridge dictionary of slang and unconventional English'', p.571. ISBN 978-0-415-21259-5.</ref> or as a [[Morse code]] "dah-di-di-dah-di, di-dit" ( ''' –··–·   ·· ''' )<ref>{{cite book |last = King |first = Thomas W. |title = Modern Morse Code in Rehabilitation and Education |publisher = Allyn & Bacon |year = 1999 |isbn = 0-205-28751-4 |page=77}}</ref> at the end of an [[amateur radio]] [[contact (amateur radio)|contact]].

The former [[prisoner of war]] and U.S. Naval Seaman [[Doug Hegdahl]] reports fellow American captives in the Vietnam war would [[Shibboleth|authenticate a new prisoner's American identity]] by tapping the first five notes of "Shave and a Haircut", against a cell wall, waiting for the appropriate response. American POWs were then able to communicate securely with one another via the [[quadratic alphabet code]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20081201165511/http://www.johnmccain.com//Informing/News/NewsReleases/3168f3a2-e59b-433f-94ea-fb1641323507.htm |title=Messages From John |author=Brace, Ernest C. |date=May 2, 2008 |work=JohnMcCain.com |accessdate=2008-11-26}}</ref>

The tune has been used innumerable times as a [[Coda (music)|coda]] or [[cadence (music)|ending]] in musical pieces. It is strongly associated with the stringed instruments of [[bluegrass music]], particularly the 5-string [[banjo]]. [[Earl Scruggs]] often ended a song with this [[phrase (music)|phrase]] or a variation of it. On the television show ''[[The Beverly Hillbillies]]'', musical cues signifying the coming of a commercial break (cues which were in bluegrass style) frequently ended with "Shave and a Haircut". It is the most popular [[bluegrass music|bluegrass]] [[run (music)|run]], after the [[G run]].<ref name="Traum"/>

[[Image:Bo Diddley beat.png|thumb|250px|right|"Bo Diddley beat"<ref name="Sixties"/>/[[Son clave]] {{audio|Bo Diddley beat.mid|Play}}.]]
The [[Bo Diddley beat]] is derived from "Shave and a Haircut".<ref name="Slang"/><ref name="Sixties">Hicks, Michaël (2000). ''Sixties Rock'', p.36. ISBN 978-0-252-06915-4.</ref>

The phrase has been incorporated into countless recordings and performances. Some notable examples include:
* 'That's a Lot of Bunk', a 1920s novelty song by [[Billy Jones (singer)|Billy Jones]] and [[Ernie Hare|Ernest Hare]], known as "The Happiness Boys," uses the riff at the end of the song.
*[[R&B]] singer and bandleader [[Dave Bartholomew]] used the phrase on two of his recordings: "Country Boy" (1950) at the very end, and the original version of "[[My Ding-A-Ling]]" (1952) as a figure introducing each verse.<ref>Bartholomew, Dave, "The King Sides" Collectables (CD) 2883, 2004</ref>
*[[Les Paul]] and [[Mary Ford]]'s [[Capitol Records|Capitol]] recording of "Magic Melody" concluded with the phrase minus the last two notes ("two bits"). Responding to complaints from [[disc jockey]]s, Capitol in 1955 released "Magic Melody Part 2"—consisting solely of the missing notes—on a 45, said to be the shortest tune on record.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20090527060656/http://onstagemag.com/ar/performance_happened_month_11/index.htm |title=It Happened This Month |author=Cleveland, Barry |date=Sep 1, 2002 |work=OnStageMag.com |accessdate=2008-11-26}}</ref>
*[[P. D. Q. Bach]] ends his "[[Black Forest Bluegrass|Blaues Gras]]" ("bluegrass") [[aria]] with "Shave and a Haircut", sung in [[Denglisch]] (mangled German and English): "Rasieren und Haarschneiden, zwei bitte" ("Shave and haircut, two please", ungrammatical in either language). "Zwei bitte" is a Denglisch pun, sounding like "two bits" to a speaker of both languages.<ref name="PDQ_Bach">{{cite web | url=http://www.schickele.com/composition/blauesgras.htm | title=Cantata 'Blaus Gras' | work=The Peter Schickele/P.D.Q. Bach Web Site | date=July 3, 2011 | accessdate=2012-12-07}}</ref> The melody is also used in ''[[The Short-Tempered Clavier and Other Dysfunctional Works for Keyboard|The Short-Tempered Clavier]]''.<ref>http://www.mcgath.com/pdq.html#3.14159265</ref>
*"Shave and a Haircut" was used in many early cartoons, particularly [[Looney Tunes]] cartoons, played on things varying from car horns to window shutters banging in the wind. It was also used as an ending to many cartoon shows, just after the credits. Decades later, the couplet became a plot device used by the chief antagonist [[List of Who Framed Roger Rabbit characters#Judge Doom|Judge Doom]] in the film ''[[Who Framed Roger Rabbit]]'', the idea being that [[Cartoon|Toon]]s cannot resist finishing with the "two bits" when they hear the opening rhythm.<ref>http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0096438/quotes?qt=qt0406091</ref>
*In the book ''Genellan: Planetfall'' by [[Scott G. Gier|Scott Gier]], a character uses the tune to establish contact with an alien race.
*The song "Gee, Officer Krupke" from [[Leonard Bernstein]]'s musical ''[[West Side Story]]'' ends in the tune.
*[[Nardwuar the Human Serviette]], a music journalist, ends every interviews with this melody, pausing before the final two notes and leaving them to be completed by the interviewee.<ref>http://www.xxlmag.com/news/2014/03/nardwuar-originally-published-julyaugust-2011/</ref>

{{listen|filename=Shavehaircut.ogg|title=Shave and a Haircut|description=An example of the couplet.|format=[[Ogg]]}}

==See also==
*[[Banjo roll]]
*[[Oriental riff]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20050310195336/http://www.dataflo.net/~mpurintun/Tabs/OldTimeTabs/shave_and_a_haircut.htm Description]
* [http://www.hum.uva.nl/mmm/groene/ Dutch article on "Shave and a haircut"]
* [http://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/inharmony/detail.do?action=detail&fullItemID=/lilly/devincent/LL-SDV-201006&queryNumber=1 Sheet music for "At A Darktown Cakewalk" from the IN Harmony system at Indiana University]

[[Category:Looney Tunes]]
[[Category:Rhythm and meter]]
[[Category:Riffs]]

Cat and Fiddle Road

2015-04-08T16:45:41Z

Dave.Dunford: /* Road safety initiatives */ add url to ref

[[Image:Cat and fiddle road.jpg|right|thumb|View of a junction on the A537 near the Cat and Fiddle Inn. [[Macclesfield Forest]] can be seen on the horizon.]]
The '''Cat and Fiddle''' is a road in [[England]] between [[Buxton]], [[Derbyshire]], and [[Macclesfield]], [[Cheshire]], named after the [[Cat and Fiddle Inn]] public house at its summit. Formed by parts of the [[A537 road|A537]], [[A54 road|A54]] and [[A53 road|A53]], it is famous for its scenic views across the [[Greater Manchester]] conurbation, the [[Peak District National Park]] and the [[Cheshire Plain]], and for its many bends. It is extremely popular with motorcyclists, and is often classed as the most dangerous road in the [[UK]].

==Route==
The road can be considered to start in Buxton at the junction of the A53 and [[A5004 road|A5004]] Long Hill road just north of the [[Buxton Opera House]]. It follows the A53 through the western outskirts of Buxton until a right turn onto the A54 at Ladmanlow. It then climbs in a series of sharp bends onto the flat [[moorland]] of [[River Goyt|Goyt’s Moss]], where it runs as the A537 in a fairly straight line until reaching the [[Cat and Fiddle Inn]] at an altitude of {{convert|1690|ft|m}}.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.peakdistrict-nationalpark.info/studyarea/factsheets/20.html
|title=Peak District National Park: Factsheet 20
|accessdate=2009-12-21}}
</ref> From the Cat and Fiddle Inn it descends to Macclesfield via a continuous series of sharp, and often blind, bends.

==Usage==
It is one of only two roads into Macclesfield from the east, and thus carries long-distance as well as local traffic, including heavy goods vehicles. It also carries tourist traffic into the Peak District National Park, including cyclists and walkers. It is part of the "Cat and Fiddle – [[A5004 road|Long Hill]] – [[B5470 road|Highwayman]]" triangle, which is particularly attractive to motorcyclists because of the frequency and severity of the bends. Given this mixture of usage, the number and sharpness of the bends and the frequent straying livestock on the road, a great deal of caution is needed. Bad winter weather can make the road even more hazardous.

==Road safety initiatives==

As a result of the many injuries and fatalities (33 major crashes from 1999 to 2001)<ref>[http://www.macclesfield-express.co.uk/news/w/95/95017_killer_road.html Macclesfield Express - Killer Road]{{dead link|date=November 2013}}</ref> the speed limit on the section between Macclesfield and the Cat and Fiddle Inn has been reduced to {{convert|50|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} from the national {{convert|60|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} limit. The road is regularly patrolled by unmarked police cars and motorcycles, and a [[mobile speed camera|mobile speed camera van]] is used most weekends during the summer. A police aircraft is often used in conjunction with these to enforce the speed limit.

The road was named as the UK's most dangerous in a 2008 survey.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurorap.org/library/pdfs/news/20080627_GB_Results_Release.pdf |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20120210151344/http://www.eurorap.org/library/pdfs/20080627_GB_High_Risk.pdf |archivedate=15 May 2012 |title=EURORAP 2008: GB TRACKING SURVEY RESULTS |publisher=European Road Assessment Programme |date=30 June 2008 |accessdate=8 April 2015}}</ref> The single-carriageway route was the location of 21 fatal and serious crashes, and was rated in the EuroRAP report as Black, the highest risk rating.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurorap.org/library/pdfs/20080627_GB_High_Risk.pdf |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20120210151344/http://www.eurorap.org/library/pdfs/20080627_GB_High_Risk.pdf |archivedate=10 February 2012 |title=Britain’s persistently higher-risk roads (2001–2003 & 2004–2006) |publisher=European Road Assessment Programme |date=27 June 2008 |accessdate=8 April 2015}}</ref> This was in spite of a number of countermeasures installed by the road authority, including motorcycle-friendly barriers. The Foundation attributed this high number of accidents to road user behaviour; indeed, when motorcycle-related collisions are removed from the results the road became one of the safest in the country.{{cn|date=April 2015}}

Cheshire County Council also pointed the finger at motorcyclists' behaviour:

<blockquote>"The fact is that it’s an attractive road to motorcyclists – they see it as a challenge to ride with its hairpin bends, limited views, downhill descent and uphill ascent. The thing that angers us most is not the fact that it’s dangerous, but that there are a group of people on that road who knowingly push the boundaries. We have tried to get the message across, that it is the emergency services that have to pick these people up off the road and have the duty of telling their families that they have killed themselves."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.macclesfield-express.co.uk/news/s/1056393_finger_points_at_the_bikers |title=Finger points at the bikers |newspaper=Macclesfield Express |first=Rhiannon |last=McDowall |date=2 July 2008 |accessdate=27 November 2013}}</ref></blockquote>

Having already spent £500,000 on a number of safety measures (including reducing the speed limit, installing high-friction surfacing, barriers and signs, widening the carriageway, and using mobile speed cameras),<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/s/1098847_shock_safety_campaign |title=Shock safety campaign |newspaper=Manchester Evening News |date=26 February 2009 |accessdate=27 November 2013}}</ref> in January 2009 it was revealed that Cheshire Council, on behalf of Cheshire Safer Roads Partnership and Derbyshire Partnership for Road Safety, intended to spend a further £1.2 million on installing average-speed cameras along this road.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/s/1092383_cat_and_fiddle_camera_plea |title=Cat and Fiddle camera plea |newspaper=Manchester Evening News |date=19 April 2010 |accessdate=27 November 2013}}</ref> Installation of these cameras began in February 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/manchester/8516133.stm |title=Speed cameras for dangerous Cat and Fiddle road |date=15 February 2010 |accessdate=27 November 2013 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref> However, the initial operation of the cameras did not go smoothly, because along the full route of the cameras' operation there are a number of shortcuts which have the full national speed (60 mph), and decrease the overall distance of the route. These two factors, when combined, can give inaccurate readings from the speed cameras.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.motorcyclenews.com/MCN/News/newsresults/General-news/2010/April/apr2510-800000-speed-camera-cock-up/ |title=The £800,000 speed camera cock-up |first=Steve |last=Farrell |date=25 April 2010 |publisher=motorcyclenews.com |accessdate=27 November 2013}}</ref> The average-speed camera scheme is a joint initiative between the Cheshire Safer Roads Partnership (including Cheshire East Council), Derby and Derbyshire Road Safety Partnership and the Department for Transport, and enables the average speed of vehicles along the 50 mph route to be measured between any two cameras. Cameras will be installed along the A537 and A54 and will be rear-facing.

Lee Murphy, Cheshire Safer Roads Partnership manager, said: "Major resources have been committed to the Cat and Fiddle road since 2000, including reducing the speed limit, high-friction surfacing, high-visibility warning signs, red warnings painted on the road, motorcycle-friendly safety barriers, enforcement signs, carriageway widening, mobile safety cameras and police operations. Even without police costs, we estimate that more than £500,000 has been spent on the road in Cheshire alone. Despite all this work, casualties remain high."

Of the 264 casualties on the road since 2001, approximately 70% of those killed or seriously injured were motorcyclists, the main causes being poor cornering/manoeuvring, exceeding the speed limit, and failing to judge another vehicle’s speed/distance. "The information and statistics show that it is riding behaviour not the road condition that causes the majority of collisions. We don’t have a problem with other road users not seeing bikes, because the majority of collisions are single vehicles," added Murphy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mysaferroads.org.uk/news_more.asp?news_id=21&current_id=1 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20131202233651/http://www.mysaferroads.org.uk/news_more.asp?news_id=21&current_id=1 |archivedate=11 March 2011 |title=Average speed cameras to be installed along Cat & Fiddle |publisher=Cheshire Safer Roads Partnership |date=2011 |accessdate=8 April 2015}}</ref>

The Cat and Fiddle again topped the list in the 2010 report, which claimed that fatalities on the road rose from 15 in the three years to 2005 to 34 between 2006 and 2008.<ref name="Insidebikes">{{cite news | url=http://www.carolenash.com/insidebikes/bike-news/popular-bike-road-is-uks-most-dangerous.htm | title=Popular bike road is UK's most dangerous | publisher=Insidebikes |date=30 June 2010 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20120225100018/http://www.carolenash.com/insidebikes/bike-news/popular-bike-road-is-uks-most-dangerous.htm |archivedate=25 February 2015 |accessdate=8 April 2015}}</ref> However, following the introduction of further safety measures including improved road barriers, a 50mph speed limit and the installation of average speed cameras, the road dropped out of the Foundation's top ten list in 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.buxtonadvertiser.co.uk/news/local/a537-cat-fiddle-drops-out-of-top-ten-in-britain-s-most-dangerous-roads-list-1-7186303 |title=A537 Cat & Fiddle drops out of top ten in Britain’s ‘most dangerous’ roads list |newspaper=Buxton Advertiser |date=31 March 2015 |accessdate=8 April 2015}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{portal|Cheshire}}
*[[Cat and Fiddle Inn]]

== References ==

<references/>

== External links ==
*[http://maps.google.co.uk/maps?f=d&source=s_d&saddr=Davenport+St&daddr=A53%2FSt+John's+Rd&geocode=FUysLAMdtqHf_w%3BFRGqLAMdvb_i_w&hl=en&mra=ls&sll=53.242927,-1.943722&sspn=0.056499,0.135098&ie=UTF8&z=12 Map showing the Cat and Fiddle Road]
*[http://www.derekmobbs.com/CatAndFiddle/intro.asp A photo tour of the Cat & Fiddle ]
*{{mmukscaled|SK001719|10|Map sources for Cat and Fiddle}}
*[http://www.aboutbuxton.com/buxton/a537-cat-and-fiddle-speed-camera-fiasco Local A537 Cat and Fiddle Anti-Speed Camera Article from About Buxton ]
*[http://www.roadsafetyfoundation.com/ Road Safety Foundation]
*[http://www.cat-cam.co.uk/ Webcam in the Cat & Fiddle Inn, looking west towards Macclesfield.]
*[http://www.mysaferroads.org.uk/ Cheshire Safer Roads Partnership]

{{coord|53.24412|N|1.99996|W|region:GB_source:enwiki-osgb36(SK001719)|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cat And Fiddle Road}}
[[Category:Roads in England]]
[[Category:Roads in Cheshire]]
[[Category:Transport in Derbyshire]]
[[Category:Motorcycling subculture in the United Kingdom]]

Cat and Fiddle Road

2015-04-08T16:45:07Z

Dave.Dunford: /* Road safety initiatives */ recover reference

[[Image:Cat and fiddle road.jpg|right|thumb|View of a junction on the A537 near the Cat and Fiddle Inn. [[Macclesfield Forest]] can be seen on the horizon.]]
The '''Cat and Fiddle''' is a road in [[England]] between [[Buxton]], [[Derbyshire]], and [[Macclesfield]], [[Cheshire]], named after the [[Cat and Fiddle Inn]] public house at its summit. Formed by parts of the [[A537 road|A537]], [[A54 road|A54]] and [[A53 road|A53]], it is famous for its scenic views across the [[Greater Manchester]] conurbation, the [[Peak District National Park]] and the [[Cheshire Plain]], and for its many bends. It is extremely popular with motorcyclists, and is often classed as the most dangerous road in the [[UK]].

==Route==
The road can be considered to start in Buxton at the junction of the A53 and [[A5004 road|A5004]] Long Hill road just north of the [[Buxton Opera House]]. It follows the A53 through the western outskirts of Buxton until a right turn onto the A54 at Ladmanlow. It then climbs in a series of sharp bends onto the flat [[moorland]] of [[River Goyt|Goyt’s Moss]], where it runs as the A537 in a fairly straight line until reaching the [[Cat and Fiddle Inn]] at an altitude of {{convert|1690|ft|m}}.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.peakdistrict-nationalpark.info/studyarea/factsheets/20.html
|title=Peak District National Park: Factsheet 20
|accessdate=2009-12-21}}
</ref> From the Cat and Fiddle Inn it descends to Macclesfield via a continuous series of sharp, and often blind, bends.

==Usage==
It is one of only two roads into Macclesfield from the east, and thus carries long-distance as well as local traffic, including heavy goods vehicles. It also carries tourist traffic into the Peak District National Park, including cyclists and walkers. It is part of the "Cat and Fiddle – [[A5004 road|Long Hill]] – [[B5470 road|Highwayman]]" triangle, which is particularly attractive to motorcyclists because of the frequency and severity of the bends. Given this mixture of usage, the number and sharpness of the bends and the frequent straying livestock on the road, a great deal of caution is needed. Bad winter weather can make the road even more hazardous.

==Road safety initiatives==

As a result of the many injuries and fatalities (33 major crashes from 1999 to 2001)<ref>[http://www.macclesfield-express.co.uk/news/w/95/95017_killer_road.html Macclesfield Express - Killer Road]{{dead link|date=November 2013}}</ref> the speed limit on the section between Macclesfield and the Cat and Fiddle Inn has been reduced to {{convert|50|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} from the national {{convert|60|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} limit. The road is regularly patrolled by unmarked police cars and motorcycles, and a [[mobile speed camera|mobile speed camera van]] is used most weekends during the summer. A police aircraft is often used in conjunction with these to enforce the speed limit.

The road was named as the UK's most dangerous in a 2008 survey.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurorap.org/library/pdfs/news/20080627_GB_Results_Release.pdf |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20120210151344/http://www.eurorap.org/library/pdfs/20080627_GB_High_Risk.pdf |archivedate=15 May 2012 |title=EURORAP 2008: GB TRACKING SURVEY RESULTS |publisher=European Road Assessment Programme |date=30 June 2008 |accessdate=8 April 2015}}</ref> The single-carriageway route was the location of 21 fatal and serious crashes, and was rated in the EuroRAP report as Black, the highest risk rating.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurorap.org/library/pdfs/20080627_GB_High_Risk.pdf |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20120210151344/http://www.eurorap.org/library/pdfs/20080627_GB_High_Risk.pdf |archivedate=10 February 2012 |title=Britain’s persistently higher-risk roads (2001–2003 & 2004–2006) |publisher=European Road Assessment Programme |date=27 June 2008 |accessdate=8 April 2015}}</ref> This was in spite of a number of countermeasures installed by the road authority, including motorcycle-friendly barriers. The Foundation attributed this high number of accidents to road user behaviour; indeed, when motorcycle-related collisions are removed from the results the road became one of the safest in the country.{{cn|date=April 2015}}

Cheshire County Council also pointed the finger at motorcyclists' behaviour:

<blockquote>"The fact is that it’s an attractive road to motorcyclists – they see it as a challenge to ride with its hairpin bends, limited views, downhill descent and uphill ascent. The thing that angers us most is not the fact that it’s dangerous, but that there are a group of people on that road who knowingly push the boundaries. We have tried to get the message across, that it is the emergency services that have to pick these people up off the road and have the duty of telling their families that they have killed themselves."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.macclesfield-express.co.uk/news/s/1056393_finger_points_at_the_bikers |title=Finger points at the bikers |newspaper=Macclesfield Express |first=Rhiannon |last=McDowall |date=2 July 2008 |accessdate=27 November 2013}}</ref></blockquote>

Having already spent £500,000 on a number of safety measures (including reducing the speed limit, installing high-friction surfacing, barriers and signs, widening the carriageway, and using mobile speed cameras),<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/s/1098847_shock_safety_campaign |title=Shock safety campaign |newspaper=Manchester Evening News |date=26 February 2009 |accessdate=27 November 2013}}</ref> in January 2009 it was revealed that Cheshire Council, on behalf of Cheshire Safer Roads Partnership and Derbyshire Partnership for Road Safety, intended to spend a further £1.2 million on installing average-speed cameras along this road.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/s/1092383_cat_and_fiddle_camera_plea |title=Cat and Fiddle camera plea |newspaper=Manchester Evening News |date=19 April 2010 |accessdate=27 November 2013}}</ref> Installation of these cameras began in February 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/manchester/8516133.stm |title=Speed cameras for dangerous Cat and Fiddle road |date=15 February 2010 |accessdate=27 November 2013 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref> However, the initial operation of the cameras did not go smoothly, because along the full route of the cameras' operation there are a number of shortcuts which have the full national speed (60 mph), and decrease the overall distance of the route. These two factors, when combined, can give inaccurate readings from the speed cameras.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.motorcyclenews.com/MCN/News/newsresults/General-news/2010/April/apr2510-800000-speed-camera-cock-up/ |title=The £800,000 speed camera cock-up |first=Steve |last=Farrell |date=25 April 2010 |publisher=motorcyclenews.com |accessdate=27 November 2013}}</ref> The average-speed camera scheme is a joint initiative between the Cheshire Safer Roads Partnership (including Cheshire East Council), Derby and Derbyshire Road Safety Partnership and the Department for Transport, and enables the average speed of vehicles along the 50 mph route to be measured between any two cameras. Cameras will be installed along the A537 and A54 and will be rear-facing.

Lee Murphy, Cheshire Safer Roads Partnership manager, said: "Major resources have been committed to the Cat and Fiddle road since 2000, including reducing the speed limit, high-friction surfacing, high-visibility warning signs, red warnings painted on the road, motorcycle-friendly safety barriers, enforcement signs, carriageway widening, mobile safety cameras and police operations. Even without police costs, we estimate that more than £500,000 has been spent on the road in Cheshire alone. Despite all this work, casualties remain high."

Of the 264 casualties on the road since 2001, approximately 70% of those killed or seriously injured were motorcyclists, the main causes being poor cornering/manoeuvring, exceeding the speed limit, and failing to judge another vehicle’s speed/distance. "The information and statistics show that it is riding behaviour not the road condition that causes the majority of collisions. We don’t have a problem with other road users not seeing bikes, because the majority of collisions are single vehicles," added Murphy.<ref>{{cite web |url= |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20131202233651/http://www.mysaferroads.org.uk/news_more.asp?news_id=21&current_id=1 |archivedate=11 March 2011 |title=Average speed cameras to be installed along Cat & Fiddle |publisher=Cheshire Safer Roads Partnership |date=2011 |accessdate=8 April 2015}}</ref>

The Cat and Fiddle again topped the list in the 2010 report, which claimed that fatalities on the road rose from 15 in the three years to 2005 to 34 between 2006 and 2008.<ref name="Insidebikes">{{cite news | url=http://www.carolenash.com/insidebikes/bike-news/popular-bike-road-is-uks-most-dangerous.htm | title=Popular bike road is UK's most dangerous | publisher=Insidebikes |date=30 June 2010 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20120225100018/http://www.carolenash.com/insidebikes/bike-news/popular-bike-road-is-uks-most-dangerous.htm |archivedate=25 February 2015 |accessdate=8 April 2015}}</ref> However, following the introduction of further safety measures including improved road barriers, a 50mph speed limit and the installation of average speed cameras, the road dropped out of the Foundation's top ten list in 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.buxtonadvertiser.co.uk/news/local/a537-cat-fiddle-drops-out-of-top-ten-in-britain-s-most-dangerous-roads-list-1-7186303 |title=A537 Cat & Fiddle drops out of top ten in Britain’s ‘most dangerous’ roads list |newspaper=Buxton Advertiser |date=31 March 2015 |accessdate=8 April 2015}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{portal|Cheshire}}
*[[Cat and Fiddle Inn]]

== References ==

<references/>

== External links ==
*[http://maps.google.co.uk/maps?f=d&source=s_d&saddr=Davenport+St&daddr=A53%2FSt+John's+Rd&geocode=FUysLAMdtqHf_w%3BFRGqLAMdvb_i_w&hl=en&mra=ls&sll=53.242927,-1.943722&sspn=0.056499,0.135098&ie=UTF8&z=12 Map showing the Cat and Fiddle Road]
*[http://www.derekmobbs.com/CatAndFiddle/intro.asp A photo tour of the Cat & Fiddle ]
*{{mmukscaled|SK001719|10|Map sources for Cat and Fiddle}}
*[http://www.aboutbuxton.com/buxton/a537-cat-and-fiddle-speed-camera-fiasco Local A537 Cat and Fiddle Anti-Speed Camera Article from About Buxton ]
*[http://www.roadsafetyfoundation.com/ Road Safety Foundation]
*[http://www.cat-cam.co.uk/ Webcam in the Cat & Fiddle Inn, looking west towards Macclesfield.]
*[http://www.mysaferroads.org.uk/ Cheshire Safer Roads Partnership]

{{coord|53.24412|N|1.99996|W|region:GB_source:enwiki-osgb36(SK001719)|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cat And Fiddle Road}}
[[Category:Roads in England]]
[[Category:Roads in Cheshire]]
[[Category:Transport in Derbyshire]]
[[Category:Motorcycling subculture in the United Kingdom]]

Cat and Fiddle Road

2015-04-08T16:41:38Z

Dave.Dunford: /* Road safety initiatives */ reorganised material on Road Safety Foundation surveys & rescue refs

[[Image:Cat and fiddle road.jpg|right|thumb|View of a junction on the A537 near the Cat and Fiddle Inn. [[Macclesfield Forest]] can be seen on the horizon.]]
The '''Cat and Fiddle''' is a road in [[England]] between [[Buxton]], [[Derbyshire]], and [[Macclesfield]], [[Cheshire]], named after the [[Cat and Fiddle Inn]] public house at its summit. Formed by parts of the [[A537 road|A537]], [[A54 road|A54]] and [[A53 road|A53]], it is famous for its scenic views across the [[Greater Manchester]] conurbation, the [[Peak District National Park]] and the [[Cheshire Plain]], and for its many bends. It is extremely popular with motorcyclists, and is often classed as the most dangerous road in the [[UK]].

==Route==
The road can be considered to start in Buxton at the junction of the A53 and [[A5004 road|A5004]] Long Hill road just north of the [[Buxton Opera House]]. It follows the A53 through the western outskirts of Buxton until a right turn onto the A54 at Ladmanlow. It then climbs in a series of sharp bends onto the flat [[moorland]] of [[River Goyt|Goyt’s Moss]], where it runs as the A537 in a fairly straight line until reaching the [[Cat and Fiddle Inn]] at an altitude of {{convert|1690|ft|m}}.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.peakdistrict-nationalpark.info/studyarea/factsheets/20.html
|title=Peak District National Park: Factsheet 20
|accessdate=2009-12-21}}
</ref> From the Cat and Fiddle Inn it descends to Macclesfield via a continuous series of sharp, and often blind, bends.

==Usage==
It is one of only two roads into Macclesfield from the east, and thus carries long-distance as well as local traffic, including heavy goods vehicles. It also carries tourist traffic into the Peak District National Park, including cyclists and walkers. It is part of the "Cat and Fiddle – [[A5004 road|Long Hill]] – [[B5470 road|Highwayman]]" triangle, which is particularly attractive to motorcyclists because of the frequency and severity of the bends. Given this mixture of usage, the number and sharpness of the bends and the frequent straying livestock on the road, a great deal of caution is needed. Bad winter weather can make the road even more hazardous.

==Road safety initiatives==

As a result of the many injuries and fatalities (33 major crashes from 1999 to 2001)<ref>[http://www.macclesfield-express.co.uk/news/w/95/95017_killer_road.html Macclesfield Express - Killer Road]{{dead link|date=November 2013}}</ref> the speed limit on the section between Macclesfield and the Cat and Fiddle Inn has been reduced to {{convert|50|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} from the national {{convert|60|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} limit. The road is regularly patrolled by unmarked police cars and motorcycles, and a [[mobile speed camera|mobile speed camera van]] is used most weekends during the summer. A police aircraft is often used in conjunction with these to enforce the speed limit.

The road was named as the UK's most dangerous in a 2008 survey.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurorap.org/library/pdfs/news/20080627_GB_Results_Release.pdf |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20120210151344/http://www.eurorap.org/library/pdfs/20080627_GB_High_Risk.pdf |archivedate=15 May 2012 |title=EURORAP 2008: GB TRACKING SURVEY RESULTS |publisher=European Road Assessment Programme |date=30 June 2008 |accessdate=8 April 2015}}</ref> The single-carriageway route was the location of 21 fatal and serious crashes, and was rated in the EuroRAP report as Black, the highest risk rating.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurorap.org/library/pdfs/20080627_GB_High_Risk.pdf |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20120210151344/http://www.eurorap.org/library/pdfs/20080627_GB_High_Risk.pdf |archivedate=10 February 2012 |title=Britain’s persistently higher-risk roads (2001–2003 & 2004–2006) |publisher=European Road Assessment Programme |date=27 June 2008 |accessdate=8 April 2015}}</ref> This was in spite of a number of countermeasures installed by the road authority, including motorcycle-friendly barriers. The Foundation attributed this high number of accidents to road user behaviour; indeed, when motorcycle-related collisions are removed from the results the road became one of the safest in the country.{{cn|date=April 2015}}

Cheshire County Council also pointed the finger at motorcyclists' behaviour:

<blockquote>"The fact is that it’s an attractive road to motorcyclists – they see it as a challenge to ride with its hairpin bends, limited views, downhill descent and uphill ascent. The thing that angers us most is not the fact that it’s dangerous, but that there are a group of people on that road who knowingly push the boundaries. We have tried to get the message across, that it is the emergency services that have to pick these people up off the road and have the duty of telling their families that they have killed themselves."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.macclesfield-express.co.uk/news/s/1056393_finger_points_at_the_bikers |title=Finger points at the bikers |newspaper=Macclesfield Express |first=Rhiannon |last=McDowall |date=2 July 2008 |accessdate=27 November 2013}}</ref></blockquote>

Having already spent £500,000 on a number of safety measures (including reducing the speed limit, installing high-friction surfacing, barriers and signs, widening the carriageway, and using mobile speed cameras),<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/s/1098847_shock_safety_campaign |title=Shock safety campaign |newspaper=Manchester Evening News |date=26 February 2009 |accessdate=27 November 2013}}</ref> in January 2009 it was revealed that Cheshire Council, on behalf of Cheshire Safer Roads Partnership and Derbyshire Partnership for Road Safety, intended to spend a further £1.2 million on installing average-speed cameras along this road.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/s/1092383_cat_and_fiddle_camera_plea |title=Cat and Fiddle camera plea |newspaper=Manchester Evening News |date=19 April 2010 |accessdate=27 November 2013}}</ref> Installation of these cameras began in February 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/manchester/8516133.stm |title=Speed cameras for dangerous Cat and Fiddle road |date=15 February 2010 |accessdate=27 November 2013 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref> However, the initial operation of the cameras did not go smoothly, because along the full route of the cameras' operation there are a number of shortcuts which have the full national speed (60 mph), and decrease the overall distance of the route. These two factors, when combined, can give inaccurate readings from the speed cameras.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.motorcyclenews.com/MCN/News/newsresults/General-news/2010/April/apr2510-800000-speed-camera-cock-up/ |title=The £800,000 speed camera cock-up |first=Steve |last=Farrell |date=25 April 2010 |publisher=motorcyclenews.com |accessdate=27 November 2013}}</ref> The average-speed camera scheme is a joint initiative between the Cheshire Safer Roads Partnership (including Cheshire East Council), Derby and Derbyshire Road Safety Partnership and the Department for Transport, and enables the average speed of vehicles along the 50 mph route to be measured between any two cameras. Cameras will be installed along the A537 and A54 and will be rear-facing.

Lee Murphy, Cheshire Safer Roads Partnership manager, said: "Major resources have been committed to the Cat and Fiddle road since 2000, including reducing the speed limit, high-friction surfacing, high-visibility warning signs, red warnings painted on the road, motorcycle-friendly safety barriers, enforcement signs, carriageway widening, mobile safety cameras and police operations. Even without police costs, we estimate that more than £500,000 has been spent on the road in Cheshire alone. Despite all this work, casualties remain high."

Of the 264 casualties on the road since 2001, approximately 70% of those killed or seriously injured were motorcyclists, the main causes being poor cornering/manoeuvring, exceeding the speed limit, and failing to judge another vehicle’s speed/distance. "The information and statistics show that it is riding behaviour not the road condition that causes the majority of collisions. We don’t have a problem with other road users not seeing bikes, because the majority of collisions are single vehicles," added Murphy.<ref>http://www.mysaferroads.org.uk/news_more.asp?news_id=21&current_id=1{{dead link|date=November 2013}}</ref>

The Cat and Fiddle again topped the list in the 2010 report, which claimed that fatalities on the road rose from 15 in the three years to 2005 to 34 between 2006 and 2008.<ref name="Insidebikes">{{cite news | url=http://www.carolenash.com/insidebikes/bike-news/popular-bike-road-is-uks-most-dangerous.htm | title=Popular bike road is UK's most dangerous | publisher=Insidebikes |date=30 June 2010 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20120225100018/http://www.carolenash.com/insidebikes/bike-news/popular-bike-road-is-uks-most-dangerous.htm |archivedate=25 February 2015 |accessdate=8 April 2015}}</ref> However, following the introduction of further safety measures including improved road barriers, a 50mph speed limit and the installation of average speed cameras, the road dropped out of the Foundation's top ten list in 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.buxtonadvertiser.co.uk/news/local/a537-cat-fiddle-drops-out-of-top-ten-in-britain-s-most-dangerous-roads-list-1-7186303 |title=A537 Cat & Fiddle drops out of top ten in Britain’s ‘most dangerous’ roads list |newspaper=Buxton Advertiser |date=31 March 2015 |accessdate=8 April 2015}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{portal|Cheshire}}
*[[Cat and Fiddle Inn]]

== References ==

<references/>

== External links ==
*[http://maps.google.co.uk/maps?f=d&source=s_d&saddr=Davenport+St&daddr=A53%2FSt+John's+Rd&geocode=FUysLAMdtqHf_w%3BFRGqLAMdvb_i_w&hl=en&mra=ls&sll=53.242927,-1.943722&sspn=0.056499,0.135098&ie=UTF8&z=12 Map showing the Cat and Fiddle Road]
*[http://www.derekmobbs.com/CatAndFiddle/intro.asp A photo tour of the Cat & Fiddle ]
*{{mmukscaled|SK001719|10|Map sources for Cat and Fiddle}}
*[http://www.aboutbuxton.com/buxton/a537-cat-and-fiddle-speed-camera-fiasco Local A537 Cat and Fiddle Anti-Speed Camera Article from About Buxton ]
*[http://www.roadsafetyfoundation.com/ Road Safety Foundation]
*[http://www.cat-cam.co.uk/ Webcam in the Cat & Fiddle Inn, looking west towards Macclesfield.]
*[http://www.mysaferroads.org.uk/ Cheshire Safer Roads Partnership]

{{coord|53.24412|N|1.99996|W|region:GB_source:enwiki-osgb36(SK001719)|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cat And Fiddle Road}}
[[Category:Roads in England]]
[[Category:Roads in Cheshire]]
[[Category:Transport in Derbyshire]]
[[Category:Motorcycling subculture in the United Kingdom]]

Cat and Fiddle Road

2015-04-08T16:21:09Z

Dave.Dunford: /* Road safety initiatives */ 2015 update

[[Image:Cat and fiddle road.jpg|right|thumb|View of a junction on the A537 near the Cat and Fiddle Inn. [[Macclesfield Forest]] can be seen on the horizon.]]
The '''Cat and Fiddle''' is a road in [[England]] between [[Buxton]], [[Derbyshire]], and [[Macclesfield]], [[Cheshire]], named after the [[Cat and Fiddle Inn]] public house at its summit. Formed by parts of the [[A537 road|A537]], [[A54 road|A54]] and [[A53 road|A53]], it is famous for its scenic views across the [[Greater Manchester]] conurbation, the [[Peak District National Park]] and the [[Cheshire Plain]], and for its many bends. It is extremely popular with motorcyclists, and is often classed as the most dangerous road in the [[UK]].

==Route==
The road can be considered to start in Buxton at the junction of the A53 and [[A5004 road|A5004]] Long Hill road just north of the [[Buxton Opera House]]. It follows the A53 through the western outskirts of Buxton until a right turn onto the A54 at Ladmanlow. It then climbs in a series of sharp bends onto the flat [[moorland]] of [[River Goyt|Goyt’s Moss]], where it runs as the A537 in a fairly straight line until reaching the [[Cat and Fiddle Inn]] at an altitude of {{convert|1690|ft|m}}.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.peakdistrict-nationalpark.info/studyarea/factsheets/20.html
|title=Peak District National Park: Factsheet 20
|accessdate=2009-12-21}}
</ref> From the Cat and Fiddle Inn it descends to Macclesfield via a continuous series of sharp, and often blind, bends.

==Usage==
It is one of only two roads into Macclesfield from the east, and thus carries long-distance as well as local traffic, including heavy goods vehicles. It also carries tourist traffic into the Peak District National Park, including cyclists and walkers. It is part of the "Cat and Fiddle – [[A5004 road|Long Hill]] – [[B5470 road|Highwayman]]" triangle, which is particularly attractive to motorcyclists because of the frequency and severity of the bends. Given this mixture of usage, the number and sharpness of the bends and the frequent straying livestock on the road, a great deal of caution is needed. Bad winter weather can make the road even more hazardous.

==Road safety initiatives==

As a result of the many injuries and fatalities (33 major crashes from 1999 to 2001)<ref>[http://www.macclesfield-express.co.uk/news/w/95/95017_killer_road.html Macclesfield Express - Killer Road]{{dead link|date=November 2013}}</ref> the speed limit on the section between Macclesfield and the Cat and Fiddle Inn has been reduced to {{convert|50|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} from the national {{convert|60|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} limit. The road is regularly patrolled by unmarked police cars and motorcycles, and a [[mobile speed camera|mobile speed camera van]] is used most weekends during the summer. A police aircraft is often used in conjunction with these to enforce the speed limit.

In June 2008 the road was yet again named as the most dangerous road in Britain by the Road Safety Foundation. This single-carriageway route was the location of 21 fatal and serious crashes, and was rated in the EuroRAP report as Black, the highest risk rating. This is in spite of a number of countermeasures installed by the road authority, including motorcycle-friendly barriers. The Foundation attributes this high number of accidents to road user behaviour; indeed, when motorcycle-related collisions are removed from the results the road becomes one of the safest in the country.<ref>[http://www.eurorap.org/gb2008 EuroRAP GB Tracking 2008 Results Revealed]</ref>

Cheshire County Council also pointed the finger at motorcyclists' behaviour:

<blockquote>"The fact is that it’s an attractive road to motorcyclists – they see it as a challenge to ride with its hairpin bends, limited views, downhill descent and uphill ascent. The thing that angers us most is not the fact that it’s dangerous, but that there are a group of people on that road who knowingly push the boundaries. We have tried to get the message across, that it is the emergency services that have to pick these people up off the road and have the duty of telling their families that they have killed themselves."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.macclesfield-express.co.uk/news/s/1056393_finger_points_at_the_bikers |title=Finger points at the bikers |newspaper=Macclesfield Express |first=Rhiannon |last=McDowall |date=2 July 2008 |accessdate=27 November 2013}}</ref></blockquote>

Having already spent £500,000 on a number of safety measures (including reducing the speed limit, installing high-friction surfacing, barriers and signs, widening the carriageway, and using mobile speed cameras),<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/s/1098847_shock_safety_campaign |title=Shock safety campaign |newspaper=Manchester Evening News |date=26 February 2009 |accessdate=27 November 2013}}</ref> in January 2009 it was revealed that Cheshire Council, on behalf of Cheshire Safer Roads Partnership and Derbyshire Partnership for Road Safety, intended to spend a further £1.2 million on installing average-speed cameras along this road.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/s/1092383_cat_and_fiddle_camera_plea |title=Cat and Fiddle camera plea |newspaper=Manchester Evening News |date=19 April 2010 |accessdate=27 November 2013}}</ref> Installation of these cameras began in February 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/manchester/8516133.stm |title=Speed cameras for dangerous Cat and Fiddle road |date=15 February 2010 |accessdate=27 November 2013 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref> However, the initial operation of the cameras did not go smoothly, because along the full route of the cameras' operation there are a number of shortcuts which have the full national speed (60 mph), and decrease the overall distance of the route. These two factors, when combined, can give inaccurate readings from the speed cameras.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.motorcyclenews.com/MCN/News/newsresults/General-news/2010/April/apr2510-800000-speed-camera-cock-up/ |title=The £800,000 speed camera cock-up |first=Steve |last=Farrell |date=25 April 2010 |publisher=motorcyclenews.com |accessdate=27 November 2013}}</ref> The average-speed camera scheme is a joint initiative between the Cheshire Safer Roads Partnership (including Cheshire East Council), Derby and Derbyshire Road Safety Partnership and the Department for Transport, and enables the average speed of vehicles along the 50 mph route to be measured between any two cameras. Cameras will be installed along the A537 and A54 and will be rear-facing.

Lee Murphy, Cheshire Safer Roads Partnership manager, said: "Major resources have been committed to the Cat and Fiddle road since 2000, including reducing the speed limit, high-friction surfacing, high-visibility warning signs, red warnings painted on the road, motorcycle-friendly safety barriers, enforcement signs, carriageway widening, mobile safety cameras and police operations. Even without police costs, we estimate that more than £500,000 has been spent on the road in Cheshire alone. Despite all this work, casualties remain high."

Of the 264 casualties on the road since 2001, approximately 70% of those killed or seriously injured were motorcyclists, the main causes being poor cornering/manoeuvring, exceeding the speed limit, and failing to judge another vehicle’s speed/distance. "The information and statistics show that it is riding behaviour not the road condition that causes the majority of collisions. We don’t have a problem with other road users not seeing bikes, because the majority of collisions are single vehicles," added Murphy.<ref>http://www.mysaferroads.org.uk/news_more.asp?news_id=21&current_id=1{{dead link|date=November 2013}}</ref>

In June 2010, the road was named as the UK's most dangerous in a survey by the Road Safety Foundation, the report claiming that fatalities on the road rose from 15 in the three years to 2005 to 34 between 2006 and 2008.<ref name="Insidebikes">{{cite news | url=http://www.carolenash.com/insidebikes/bike-news/popular-bike-road-is-uks-most-dangerous.htm | title=Popular bike road is UK's most dangerous | publisher=Insidebikes | accessdate=2010-06-30}}</ref>

Following the introduction of safety measures, including improved road barriers, a 50mph speed limit and the installation of average speed cameras, the road dropped out of the Road Safety Foundation's 2015 list of the top ten most dangerous roads in Britain.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.buxtonadvertiser.co.uk/news/local/a537-cat-fiddle-drops-out-of-top-ten-in-britain-s-most-dangerous-roads-list-1-7186303 |title=A537 Cat & Fiddle drops out of top ten in Britain’s ‘most dangerous’ roads list |newspaper=Buxton Advertiser |date=31 March 2015 |accessdate=8 April 2015}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{portal|Cheshire}}
*[[Cat and Fiddle Inn]]

== References ==

<references/>

== External links ==
*[http://maps.google.co.uk/maps?f=d&source=s_d&saddr=Davenport+St&daddr=A53%2FSt+John's+Rd&geocode=FUysLAMdtqHf_w%3BFRGqLAMdvb_i_w&hl=en&mra=ls&sll=53.242927,-1.943722&sspn=0.056499,0.135098&ie=UTF8&z=12 Map showing the Cat and Fiddle Road]
*[http://www.derekmobbs.com/CatAndFiddle/intro.asp A photo tour of the Cat & Fiddle ]
*{{mmukscaled|SK001719|10|Map sources for Cat and Fiddle}}
*[http://www.aboutbuxton.com/buxton/a537-cat-and-fiddle-speed-camera-fiasco Local A537 Cat and Fiddle Anti-Speed Camera Article from About Buxton ]
*[http://www.roadsafetyfoundation.com/ Road Safety Foundation]
*[http://www.cat-cam.co.uk/ Webcam in the Cat & Fiddle Inn, looking west towards Macclesfield.]
*[http://www.mysaferroads.org.uk/ Cheshire Safer Roads Partnership]

{{coord|53.24412|N|1.99996|W|region:GB_source:enwiki-osgb36(SK001719)|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cat And Fiddle Road}}
[[Category:Roads in England]]
[[Category:Roads in Cheshire]]
[[Category:Transport in Derbyshire]]
[[Category:Motorcycling subculture in the United Kingdom]]

Riber Castle

2015-04-07T23:29:55Z

Dave.Dunford: c/e

{{Infobox building
|image=Ribercastleexteriorrealok2.jpg
|caption=Riber Castle
|name=Riber Castle
|location_town=[[Matlock, Derbyshire]]
|location_country=[[England]]
|architect=
|client=[[John Smedley (industrialist)|John Smedley]]
|coordinates=
|engineer=
|construction_start_date=
|completion_date=1862
|date_demolished=
|cost=
|structural_system=
|style=Gothic
}}
'''Riber Castle''' is a 19th-century [[Grade II listed building|Grade II listed]]<ref>[http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?pid=1&id=429652 English Heritage:Images of England, photograph and architectural description of listed building] Retrieved 2014-07-01</ref> country house situated in the [[Hamlet (place)|hamlet]] of [[Riber]] on a [[hill]] overlooking [[Matlock, Derbyshire|Matlock]], [[Derbyshire]]. Known locally as "Smedley's Folly" because of the difficulty of getting water to the hill summit, it was built by [[John Smedley (industrialist)|John Smedley]] in 1862 as his private home.<ref name="derbyshire_guide">{{cite web | url=http://www.derbyshireguide.co.uk/travel/riber.htm | title=Riber Castle | publisher=Derbyshire Guide | accessdate=2006-05-06}}</ref> His wife lived in it until her death.<ref name="urban_desertion">{{cite web | url=http://urbandesertion.squarespace.com/riber-castle/ | title=Riber Castle - Urban Desertion | publisher=Urban Desertion | accessdate=01-06-2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060502111635/http://urbandesertion.squarespace.com/riber-castle/ |archivedate=2006-05-02}}</ref>

It is built of [[gritstone]] from a local [[quarry]] (Derbyshire is well known for its quarrying) which was pulled up the {{convert|200|m|adj=on}} hill by a series of [[pulleys]].<ref name="derbyshire_guide" />

After the death of Smedley's wife, the castle became a boys' school until this became financially unsustainable in the 1930s. With the coming of World War II the Ministry of Defence used the site for storage. The MoD left following the war and the castle remained unused until the 1960s.<ref name="urban_desertion" />

From the 1960s to September 2000 it was home to a [[zoo|wildlife park]], containing British and European fauna.<ref name="derbyshire_guide" /> Riber Castle Wildlife Park, or Riber Zoo as it was known, was eventually sold by the owner, but they were unable to sell it as a going concern, and so the park eventually closed. The park was criticised heavily for the treatment of the animals kept there,<ref name="urban_desertion" /> and the closure was not without controversy.

Activists also released several [[lynx]]es from Riber Zoo which escaped into the wild.

Plans to turn the shell into [[apartments]] received planning consent on 15 March 2006.<ref name="derbyshire_guide" /> The castle walls have now been secured, chimneys and floors rebuilt, 119 windows replaced and a roof added. It is expected that two show apartments will be ready some time in 2014.<ref>[http://www.thisisderbyshire.co.uk/brooding-landmark-des-res-view-castle-coming-life/story-17738551-detail/story.html#axzz2coozcjNQ Derby Telegraph January 2013, Retrieved 2014-07-01]</ref> Access to the site before 2006 was securely restricted, until the perimeter fence was unwired to provide unrestricted access to the site, which later became a commonly used footpath. However, recently developers have added a second (more secure) fence, boarded up all entrance points and have manned security onsite.

The castle and the town of Matlock are key locations in the [[Shane Meadows]] film ''[[Dead Man's Shoes (2004 film)|Dead Man's Shoes]]''.<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0419677/locations Dead Man's Shoes filming locations Retrieved 2014-07-01]</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.andrewsgen.com/ Andrews Gen]

{{Derbyshire Places of interest}}

{{coord|53.1278|-1.5430|type:landmark_region:GB|display=title}}

[[Category:Grade II listed buildings in Derbyshire]]
[[Category:Country houses in Derbyshire]]
[[Category:Ruins in Derbyshire]]
[[Category:Mock castles in England]]
[[Category:Ruined castles in England]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1862]]

Riber Castle

2015-04-07T23:27:56Z

Dave.Dunford: Reverted good faith edits by 88.104.22.38 (talk): Revert unconstructive edits. (TW)

{{Infobox building
|image=Ribercastleexteriorrealok2.jpg
|caption=Riber Castle
|name=Riber Castle
|location_town=[[Matlock, Derbyshire]]
|location_country=[[England]]
|architect=
|client=[[John Smedley (industrialist)|John Smedley]]
|coordinates=
|engineer=
|construction_start_date=
|completion_date=1862
|date_demolished=
|cost=
|structural_system=
|style=Gothic
}}
'''Riber Castle''' is a 19th-century [[Grade II listed building|Grade II listed]]<ref>[http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?pid=1&id=429652 English Heritage:Images of England, photograph and architectural description of listed building] Retrieved 2014-07-01</ref> country house situated in the [[Hamlet (place)|hamlet]] of [[Riber]] on a [[hill]] overlooking [[Matlock, Derbyshire|Matlock]], [[Derbyshire]]. Known locally as "Smedley's Folly" because of the difficulty of getting water to the hill summit, it was built by [[John Smedley (industrialist)|John Smedley]] in 1862 as his private home.<ref name="derbyshire_guide">{{cite web | url=http://www.derbyshireguide.co.uk/travel/riber.htm | title=Riber Castle | publisher=Derbyshire Guide | accessdate=2006-05-06}}</ref> His wife lived in it until her death.<ref name="urban_desertion">{{cite web | url=http://urbandesertion.squarespace.com/riber-castle/ | title=Riber Castle - Urban Desertion | publisher=Urban Desertion | accessdate=01-06-2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060502111635/http://urbandesertion.squarespace.com/riber-castle/ |archivedate=2006-05-02}}</ref>

It is built of [[gritstone]] from a local [[quarry]] (Derbyshire is well known for its quarrying) which was pulled up the {{convert|200|m|adj=on}} hill by a series of [[pulleys]].<ref name="derbyshire_guide" />

After the death of Smedley's wife, the castle became a boys' school until this became financially unsustainable in the 1930s. With the coming of World War II the Ministry of Defence used the site for storage. The MoD left following the war and the castle remained unused until the 1960s.<ref name="urban_desertion" />

From the 1960s to September 2000 it was home to a [[zoo|wildlife park]], containing British and European fauna.<ref name="derbyshire_guide" /> ''Riber Castle Wildlife Park or "Riber Zoo"'', as it was known, was eventually sold by the owner, but they were unable to sell it as a going concern, and so the park eventually closed. The park was criticised heavily for the treatment of the animals kept there,<ref name="urban_desertion" /> and the closure was not without controversy.

Activists also released several [[lynx]]es from Riber Zoo which escaped into the wild.

Plans to turn the shell into [[apartments]] received planning consent on 15 March 2006.<ref name="derbyshire_guide" /> The castle walls have now been secured, chimneys and floors rebuilt, 119 windows replaced and a roof added. It is expected that two show apartments will be ready some time in 2014.<ref>[http://www.thisisderbyshire.co.uk/brooding-landmark-des-res-view-castle-coming-life/story-17738551-detail/story.html#axzz2coozcjNQ Derby Telegraph January 2013, Retrieved 2014-07-01]</ref> Access to the site before 2006 was securely restricted, until the perimeter fence was unwired to provide unrestricted access to the site, which later became a commonly used footpath. However, recently developers have added a second (more secure) fence, boarded up all entrance points and have manned security onsite.

The castle and the town of Matlock are key locations in the [[Shane Meadows]] film ''[[Dead Man's Shoes (2004 film)|Dead Man's Shoes]]''.<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0419677/locations Dead Man's Shoes filming locations Retrieved 2014-07-01]</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.andrewsgen.com/ Andrews Gen]

{{Derbyshire Places of interest}}

{{coord|53.1278|-1.5430|type:landmark_region:GB|display=title}}

[[Category:Grade II listed buildings in Derbyshire]]
[[Category:Country houses in Derbyshire]]
[[Category:Ruins in Derbyshire]]
[[Category:Mock castles in England]]
[[Category:Ruined castles in England]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1862]]

June und Jennifer Gibbons

2015-04-06T09:21:33Z

Dave.Dunford: /* Popular culture */ c/e

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2012}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2012}}
'''June and Jennifer Gibbons''' (born 11 April 1963{{cn|date=May 2014}}) were [[identical twin]]s who grew up in [[Wales]]. They became known as '''"The Silent Twins"''' since they only communicated with each other. They began writing works of fiction but turned to crime in a bid for recognition. Both women were committed to [[Broadmoor Hospital]] where they were held for 14 years.

==Early life==
June and Jennifer were the daughters of Caribbean immigrants Gloria and Aubrey Gibbons. Gloria was a housewife and Aubrey worked as a technician for the [[Royal Air Force]]. Shortly after their birth in [[Barbados]], their family moved to [[Haverfordwest]], [[Wales]]. The twin sisters were inseparable and their particular high-speed [[patois]] made it difficult for people outside their [[immediate family]] to understand them.

As the only black children in the community, they were ostracized at school.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/arts-ents/stage-visual-arts/tragic-tale-of-twins-and-their-secret-world-1.1045865|title=Tragic tale of twins and their secret world|work=Herald Scotland}}</ref> This proved traumatic for the twins, eventually causing their school administrators to dismiss them early each day so that they might avoid bullying. Their language became even more [[idiosyncratic]] at this time. Soon it was unintelligible to others. Their language, or [[idioglossia]], qualified as an example of [[cryptophasia]], exemplified by the twins' simultaneous actions, which often mirrored each other. Eventually the twins spoke to no one except each other and their younger sister Rose.<ref name="wallace">Marjorie Wallace ''The Silent Twins'', Prentice-Hall, October 1986. ISBN 5-551-73250-9</ref>

When the twins turned 14, a succession of therapists tried unsuccessfully to get them to communicate with others. They were sent to separate [[boarding school]]s in an attempt to break their isolation, but the pair became [[Catatonia|catatonic]] and entirely withdrawn when parted.<ref name="wallace"/>

==Creative expression==
When they were reunited, the two spent a couple of years isolating themselves in their bedroom, engaged in elaborate play with dolls. They created many plays and stories in a sort of [[soap opera]] style, reading some of them aloud on tape as gifts for their sister. Inspired by a pair of gift diaries at Christmas 1979, they began their writing careers. They sent away for a [[mail order]] course in [[creative writing]], and each wrote several novels. Set primarily in the [[United States]] and particularly in [[Malibu, California]], an excitingly exotic locale to romantic girls trapped in a sleepy Welsh town, the stories involve young men and women who exhibit strange and often criminal behaviour.<ref name="wallace"/>

In June's ''Pepsi-Cola Addict'', the high-school hero is seduced by a teacher, then sent away to a [[reformatory]] where a [[homosexual]] guard makes a play for him. In Jennifer's ''The Pugilist'', a physician is so eager to save his child's life that he kills the family dog to obtain its heart for a transplant. The dog's spirit lives on in the child and ultimately has its revenge against the father. Jennifer also wrote ''Discomania'', the story of a young woman who discovers that the atmosphere of a local disco incites patrons to insane violence. She followed up with ''The Taxi-Driver's Son'', a radio play called ''Postman and Postwoman'', and several short stories. They wrote in a unique personal style, often with unwittingly amusing word choices.<ref name="wallace"/>

==Crime and hospitalisation==
Their novels were published by a [[self-publishing press]] called New Horizons, and they made many attempts to sell [[short stories]] to magazines, but were unsuccessful. A brief fling with some American boys, the sons of a [[U.S. Navy]] serviceman, led nowhere. The girls committed a number of crimes including [[arson]], which led to their being committed to [[Broadmoor Hospital]], a high-security mental health hospital. There they remained for 14 years. Placed on high doses of [[neuroleptic|antipsychotic]] medications, they found themselves unable to concentrate; Jennifer apparently developed [[tardive dyskinesia]] (a neurological disorder resulting in involuntary, repetitive movements). Their medications were apparently adjusted sufficiently to allow them to continue the copious diaries they had begun in 1980, and they were able to join the hospital choir, but they lost most of their interest in creative writing.<ref name="wallace"/>

The case achieved some notice due to newspaper coverage by ''[[The Sunday Times]]'' journalist [[Marjorie Wallace (SANE)|Marjorie Wallace]]. The British tabloid ''[[The Sun (United Kingdom)|The Sun]]'' gave a brief but accurate account of their story, headlined "Genius Twins Won't Speak" (an apparent reference to their having tested above average intelligence when being considered for Broadmoor Hospital).

==Jennifer's death==
According to Wallace, the girls had a long agreement that if one died, the other must begin to speak and live a normal life. During their stay in the hospital, they began to believe that it was ''necessary'' for one twin to die, and after much discussion, Jennifer agreed to be the sacrifice.<ref name="wallace2003">Marjorie Wallace, [http://www.guardian.co.uk/iran/story/0,12858,997276,00.html The tragedy of a double life], London: ''[[The Observer]]'', 13 July 2003</ref> In March 1993, the twins were transferred from Broadmoor to the more open Caswell Clinic in [[Bridgend, Wales]]; on arrival Jennifer could not be roused.<ref name=hs/> She was taken to the hospital where she died soon after of [[acute myocarditis]], a sudden [[inflammation]] of the heart.<ref name=hs>{{cite news |url= http://www.heraldscotland.com/arts-ents/stage-visual-arts/tragic-tale-of-twins-and-their-secret-world-1.1045865 |title=Tragic tale of twins and their secret world |first= Kathleen |last=Morgan|date=2 August 2010 |work=Herald Scotland|accessdate=19 July 2013}}</ref> There was no evidence of drugs or poison in her system, and her death remains a mystery.<ref>[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/inquiry-into-death-of-silent-twin-1497079.html Inquiry into death of silent twin]. ''The Independent'', 12 March 1993. Page found 2011-05-29.</ref><ref name="Wallace293"/> On a visit a few days later, Wallace recounted that June "was in a strange mood. She said, 'I'm free at last, liberated, and at last Jennifer has given up her life for me.'"<ref name=hs/>

After Jennifer's death, June gave interviews with ''[[Harper's Bazaar]]'' and ''[[The Guardian]]''.<ref>* Hilton Als, We Two Made One, ''[[The New Yorker]]'', 2000.
</ref> By 2008, she was living quietly and independently, near her parents in West Wales.<ref name="Wallace293">{{cite book|author=Marjorie Wallace|title=The Silent Twins|publisher=Random House|isbn=9780099586418|year=2008|page=293}}</ref> She is no longer followed by psychiatry services; accepted by her community, she seeks to put the past behind her.<ref name=hs/>

==Popular culture==
* [[Jon Amiel]], ''[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0311808/ The Silent Twins]'' (1985)
* Lucie Brock-Broido, "[http://teachmix.com/litartred/?q=node/156 Elective Mutes]", a poem with June as narrator. In ''A Hunger'' (Knopf, 2005) ISBN 0-394-75852-8.
* [[Vanessa Walters]], ''Double Take'' (drama)
* Radiohole, ''None of It: More Or Less Hudson's Bay, Again''
* [[Manic Street Preachers]], "[[Tsunami (Manic Street Preachers song)|Tsunami]]" On ''This Is My Truth—Tell Me Yours''
* [[Luke Haines]], "Discomania" on ''The Oliver Twist Manifesto''
* [[Picture Frame Seduction]], " Forgotten Daughters" (1984 track on [[Hand of the Rider]] written for the [[Jon Amiel]] film ''The Silent Twins'')
* Dog and Pony Theater, Chicago, ''[http://gapersblock.com/ac/2010/03/03/the-twins-would-like-to-say-at-steppenwolf/ The Twins Would Like To Say]'', written and directed by Seth Bockley and Devon de Mayo.
* ''[[Speechless (play)|Speechless]]'', a play by Linda Brogan & Polly Teale, produced at the Arcola Theatre, London, 2011
* The twins were an inspiration for the [[Kurt Vonnegut]] novel ''Slapstick'', in which the main character grew up as one of a set of twins who only spoke to each other for most of their childhood and adolescents.{{Citation needed|date = April 2015}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* Oliver Sacks, [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0DE1DC1E3AF93AA25753C1A960948260 Bound Together in Fantasy and Crime] ''[[New York Times]]'' review of ''The Silent Twins'', 19 October 1986.
* [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE0D81730F931A25750C0A965958260 Jennifer Gibbons, 29, 'Silent Twin' of a Study] Announcement of Jennifer's death in the ''New York Times'', 12 March 1993.
*{{cite news |url= http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2007/jun/28/fiction.classicalmusicandopera |title=April de Angelis on troubled twins Jennifer and June Gibbons|first= April |last=de Angelis |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=28 June 2007 |publisher=[[Guardian Media Group|GMG]] |location=[[London, England|London]] |issn=0261-3077 |oclc=60623878 |accessdate=19 July 2013}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Gibbons, June and Jennifer
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = British writers
| DATE OF BIRTH = 11 April 1963
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gibbons, June And Jennifer}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Barbadian emigrants to the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Black Welsh people]]
[[Category:British_people_of_Barbadian_descent]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People acquitted by reason of insanity]]
[[Category:People detained at Broadmoor Hospital]]
[[Category:People from Haverfordwest]]
[[Category:Twin people from Wales]]
[[Category:Welsh novelists]]

Glass Beach (Fort Bragg)

2015-02-24T08:58:07Z

Dave.Dunford: MOS:DATERANGE + refs

[[File:Glass Beach Fort Bragg 1.jpg|thumb|Glass Beach near Fort Bragg, California]]
'''Glass Beach''' is a beach in [[MacKerricher State Park]] near [[Fort Bragg, California]] that is abundant in [[sea glass]] created from years of dumping [[Waste|garbage]] into an area of coastline near the northern part of the town.

==History==
[[File:Glass Beach Fort Bragg 2.jpg|thumb|left|A small wave on the beach]]
In the early 20th century, Fort Bragg residents threw their household garbage over cliffs owned by the [[Union Lumber Company]] onto what is now Glass Beach, discarding [[glass]], appliances, and even vehicles.<ref name="MendoCom">{{cite web
| title =Glass Beach | work =Explore | publisher =Mendocino County | year =2012 | url =http://www.visitmendocino.com/business/glass-beach | format = | doi = | accessdate = 22 December 2012 }}</ref> Locals referred to it as "The Dumps."<ref name="CNN06">{{cite web | last =Kim | first =Susan C. | title =From trash to treasure | work =CNN Travel | publisher =CNN | date =16 February 2006 | url =http://articles.cnn.com/2006-02-16/travel/hidden.gems_1_sea-glass-fort-bragg-cliffs?_s=PM:TRAVEL | accessdate = 22 December 2012 }}</ref> Fires were lit to reduce the size of the trash pile.<ref name="CNN06" />

The [[California State Water Resources Control Board]] and city leaders closed the area in 1967.<ref name="MendoCom" /><ref name="CNN06" /> Various cleanup programs were undertaken through the years to correct the damage. Over the next several decades the pounding [[wave]]s cleaned the [[beach]], by breaking down everything but glass and pottery and tumbling those into the small, smooth, colored pieces that cover Glass Beach.<ref name="CNN06" />

There are three Glass Beach sites in Fort Bragg where trash was dumped into ocean between 1906 and 1967. Glass Beach Site Two and Three (1943–49) are located at the end of the path that begins on the corner of Elm Street and Glass Beach Drive. These sites are accessible by foot and by a short climb down the cliffs surrounding the beach. Site One (1906–43) is south of Sites Two and Three and can only be accessed by water because there is no trespassing on the cliffs above the cove.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.findseaglass.net/sea-glass-beach-fort-bragg-california/ |title=Glass Beach in Fort Bragg, California: A Sea Glass Lover’s Dream |publisher=findseaglass.net |date=16 May 2013 |accessdate=24 February 2015}}</ref>

In 1998, the private owner of the property determined that Glass Beach should belong to the public, and began a five year process of working with the [[California Coastal Conservancy]] and the [[California Integrated Waste Management Board]] for the cleanup and sale of the property to the state. Following completion of the clean up, the [[California Department of Parks and Recreation]] purchased the {{convert|38|acre|ha|adj=on}} Glass Beach property, and it was incorporated into [[MacKerricher State Park]] in October 2002.<ref name="MLT">{{cite web | title =Glass Beach | work = | publisher =The Mendocino Land Trust | year =2011 | url =http://www.mendocinolandtrust.org/?Land_Conservation:Historic_Projects:Glass_Beach | accessdate =22 December 2012 }}</ref>
{{-}}

==Tourism==
[[File:Glass Beach Fort Bragg 3.jpg|thumb|Some of the rounded glass]]
The beach is now frequently visited by tourists.<ref name="CNN06" /> Collecting is not permitted on the park's beach,<ref name="MendoCom" /> although [[sea glass]] can be found on other local beaches outside the park boundary.<ref name="MendoFun">{{cite web | title =Glass Beach & Pudding Creek Headlands-Look But Don’t Take | work = Glass Beach in Fort Bragg, Mendocino Coast| publisher =Mendocino Fun | year =2012 | url =http://www.mendocinofun.com/glass-beach/ | accessdate = 22 December 2012 |quote=Please Note: The northern section of Glass Beach is a State Park (north of the path) and unfortunately, they frown upon you removing the glass. Sorry! It's kind of like a beautiful flower - stop, enjoy, appreciate its beauty - but don't take it - so that the next person that comes behind you can smell its sweet fragrance too! But, if you explore south or (turn left) at the bluffs edge, you'll find a walking path down to other beaches of glass that have amazing collections of sea glass, you're OK to take a few pieces.}}</ref> A Glass Festival is held annually on [[Memorial Day]] weekend.<ref name="5FBSGF">{{cite web | last =Forrington | first =J. H. | title =Fifth Annual Fort Bragg Sea Glass Festival | work = | publisher =Fort Bragg Sea Glass Festival | date =May 25–26, 2012
| url =http://www.glassbeachjewelry.com/festival.htm | accessdate = 22 December 2012|quote = Please do not be deterred by rumors that sea glass collecting is forbidden "here". It is perfectly legal. Visitors are asked to be selective, however, leaving "un-ripe" and chipped glass where they find it. The Park Rangers will tell you there is no collecting permitted within the park, but the park area is nearly depleted and now accounts for only about 1% or less of the glass in town. It is the least desirable collecting location on the entire coast. Though it has the highest concentration, Fort Bragg is not the only coastal community with great collecting. If you want to spend some time here, the other communities are great fun, too.}}</ref>

Thousands of tourists visit Fort Bragg's glass beaches each day in the summer. Most collect some glass. Because of this and also because of natural factors (wave action is constantly grinding down the glass), the glass is slowly diminishing. There is currently a move to replenish the beaches with discarded glass.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.odysseyseaglass.com/fort-bragg-glass-beach.html |title=Fort Bragg Glass Beach |publisher=odysseyseaglass.com |accessdate=24 February 2015}}</ref>

Similar beaches are found at [[Glass Beach (Benicia, California)|Benicia, California]] and [[Glass Beach (Hanapepe, Hawaii)|Hanapepe, Hawaii]].

==Plants and animals==
Several endangered and protected native plants occur at Glass Beach including hybrid [[Erysimum menziesii|Menzies’ wallflower]].<ref name="MLT" />

==References==

{{reflist}}
{{Commons category|Glass Beach (Fort Bragg, California)}}
{{coord|39.45269|N|123.8135|W|display=title|format=dms}}

[[Category:Beaches of Mendocino County, California]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Mendocino County, California]]

Fiddler’s Island

2015-02-17T19:26:49Z

Dave.Dunford: rm stops per MOS:CAPTION

[[File:The Thames Path on Fiddler's Island - geograph.org.uk - 1758537.jpg|thumb|The [[Thames Path]] on Fiddler's Island<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.thames-path.org.uk/thames_oxford_northmoor.html | title=Oxford to Northmoor | work=[http://www.thames-path.org.uk The Thames Path National Trail] | location=UK | accessdate=18 September 2012 }}</ref>]]

'''Fiddler's Island''' is an island in the [[River Thames]] at [[Oxford]] in [[England]]. It is situated south of [[Port Meadow]] on the reach above [[Osney Lock]].

The north part of the island sits between the River Thames and the top end of [[Castle Mill Stream]], a Thames backwater. '''Fiddler's Island Stream''' flows to the east of the southern part of the island. To the south of the island, there is a short stretch of water known as the [[Sheepwash Channel]] linking back to the Castle Mill Stream and the [[Oxford Canal]].<ref name="canalplan">{{cite web| url=http://canalplan.org.uk/waterway/edm8 | title=River Thames (Sheepwash Channel) | publisher=[http://canalplan.org.uk/ CanalPlanAC] | location=UK | accessdate=15 September 2012 }}</ref> The [[Thames Path]] runs the length of the complete island. At the northern end, the island has a row of trees along it. On the Castle Mill Stream side there is extensive mooring. The rainbow-shaped [[Medley Footbridge]] crosses the main stream of the Thames to the west at the northern end and a flat iron [[Bailey bridge]] crosses Castle Mill Stream further south, linking it to [[Port Meadow]] to the east. A small footbridge takes the Thames Path along the bank towards [[Osney Bridge]]. The northern part of Fiddler's Island is very thin.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://wikimapia.org/15699329/Fiddler-s-Island | title=Fiddler's Island (Oxford) (north) | publisher=[[Wikimapia]] | accessdate=18 September 2012 }}</ref> The southern part, connected by a footbridge, is wider.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://wikimapia.org/10611755/Fiddler-s-Island | title=Fiddler's Island (Oxford) (south) | publisher=Wikimapia | accessdate=18 September 2012 }}</ref> To the east is [[Cripley Meadow]], largely consisting of [[Cripley Meadow#Allotments|allotments]].

Fiddler's Island was authorised for [[public bathing]] by the [[Oxford City Council]] in 1852, probably the first place in Oxford to be approved by the council.<ref>{{cite book| url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?ei=ZtpZUPqpBeO90QX4-oD4Aw&id=_zZWAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22Fiddler%27s+Island%22 | title=The Victoria history of the county of Oxford | volume=Volume 4 | series=[[Victoria County History|Victoria history of the counties of England]] | editor1-first=Louis Francis | editor1-last=Salzman | editor2-first=William | editor2-last=Page | first=Alan | last=Crossley | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] for [[University of London]], [[Institute of Historical Research]] | year=1939 | page=428 }}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:FiddlersIsland01.JPG|The northern part of Fiddler's Island looking downstream from [[Medley Footbridge]]
File:Moorings on Fiddler's Island Stream - geograph.org.uk - 1760216.jpg|Moorings on Fiddler's Island in the [[Castle Mill Stream]]
File:The Thames Path footbridge from Fiddler's Island - geograph.org.uk - 1760198.jpg|The Thames Path footbridge on Fiddler's Island, looking north
File:Fiddler's Island - geograph.org.uk - 872832.jpg|Looking south across the Thames Path footbridge
File:Bridge over Fiddler's Island Stream - geograph.org.uk - 1758528.jpg|[[Bailey bridge]] from [[Port Meadow]] to Fiddler's Island
File:Bridge over Fiddler's Island Stream - geograph.org.uk - 1758542.jpg|View looking north of the two footbridges at the northern end of Fiddler's Island, with Port Meadow on the right
File:River Thames at Medley, Binsey - geograph.org.uk - 530958.jpg|View of the two footbridges with Medley Footbridge in the background in 1979
File:Fiddler's Island Bridge - April Snow 2008.jpg|Thames path footbridge on Fiddler's Island during early morning snow, April 2008
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Islands in the River Thames]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Start box}}
{{River island start|River=[[River Thames]]}}
{{River item line|upstream= '''-'''
|downstream=[[Osney|Osney Island]]}}
{{End box}}

{{coord|51.7635|-1.2799|type:isle_region:GB|display=title}}

[[Category:Islands of the River Thames]]
[[Category:Geography of Oxford]]

Fiddler’s Island

2015-02-17T19:26:04Z

Dave.Dunford: hyphen

[[File:The Thames Path on Fiddler's Island - geograph.org.uk - 1758537.jpg|thumb|The [[Thames Path]] on Fiddler's Island.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.thames-path.org.uk/thames_oxford_northmoor.html | title=Oxford to Northmoor | work=[http://www.thames-path.org.uk The Thames Path National Trail] | location=UK | accessdate=18 September 2012 }}</ref>]]

'''Fiddler's Island''' is an island in the [[River Thames]] at [[Oxford]] in [[England]]. It is situated south of [[Port Meadow]] on the reach above [[Osney Lock]].

The north part of the island sits between the River Thames and the top end of [[Castle Mill Stream]], a Thames backwater. '''Fiddler's Island Stream''' flows to the east of the southern part of the island. To the south of the island, there is a short stretch of water known as the [[Sheepwash Channel]] linking back to the Castle Mill Stream and the [[Oxford Canal]].<ref name="canalplan">{{cite web| url=http://canalplan.org.uk/waterway/edm8 | title=River Thames (Sheepwash Channel) | publisher=[http://canalplan.org.uk/ CanalPlanAC] | location=UK | accessdate=15 September 2012 }}</ref> The [[Thames Path]] runs the length of the complete island. At the northern end, the island has a row of trees along it. On the Castle Mill Stream side there is extensive mooring. The rainbow-shaped [[Medley Footbridge]] crosses the main stream of the Thames to the west at the northern end and a flat iron [[Bailey bridge]] crosses Castle Mill Stream further south, linking it to [[Port Meadow]] to the east. A small footbridge takes the Thames Path along the bank towards [[Osney Bridge]]. The northern part of Fiddler's Island is very thin.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://wikimapia.org/15699329/Fiddler-s-Island | title=Fiddler's Island (Oxford) (north) | publisher=[[Wikimapia]] | accessdate=18 September 2012 }}</ref> The southern part, connected by a footbridge, is wider.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://wikimapia.org/10611755/Fiddler-s-Island | title=Fiddler's Island (Oxford) (south) | publisher=Wikimapia | accessdate=18 September 2012 }}</ref> To the east is [[Cripley Meadow]], largely consisting of [[Cripley Meadow#Allotments|allotments]].

Fiddler's Island was authorised for [[public bathing]] by the [[Oxford City Council]] in 1852, probably the first place in Oxford to be approved by the council.<ref>{{cite book| url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?ei=ZtpZUPqpBeO90QX4-oD4Aw&id=_zZWAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22Fiddler%27s+Island%22 | title=The Victoria history of the county of Oxford | volume=Volume 4 | series=[[Victoria County History|Victoria history of the counties of England]] | editor1-first=Louis Francis | editor1-last=Salzman | editor2-first=William | editor2-last=Page | first=Alan | last=Crossley | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] for [[University of London]], [[Institute of Historical Research]] | year=1939 | page=428 }}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:FiddlersIsland01.JPG|The northern part of Fiddler's Island looking downstream from [[Medley Footbridge]].
File:Moorings on Fiddler's Island Stream - geograph.org.uk - 1760216.jpg|Moorings on Fiddler's Island in the [[Castle Mill Stream]].
File:The Thames Path footbridge from Fiddler's Island - geograph.org.uk - 1760198.jpg|The Thames Path footbridge on Fiddler's Island, looking north.
File:Fiddler's Island - geograph.org.uk - 872832.jpg|Looking south across the Thames Path footbridge.
File:Bridge over Fiddler's Island Stream - geograph.org.uk - 1758528.jpg|[[Bailey bridge]] from [[Port Meadow]] to Fiddler's Island.
File:Bridge over Fiddler's Island Stream - geograph.org.uk - 1758542.jpg|View looking north of the two footbridges at the northern end of Fiddler's Island, with Port Meadow on the right.
File:River Thames at Medley, Binsey - geograph.org.uk - 530958.jpg|View of the two footbridges with Medley Footbridge in the background in 1979.
File:Fiddler's Island Bridge - April Snow 2008.jpg|Thames path footbridge on Fiddler's Island during early morning snow, April 2008.
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Islands in the River Thames]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Start box}}
{{River island start|River=[[River Thames]]}}
{{River item line|upstream= '''-'''
|downstream=[[Osney|Osney Island]]}}
{{End box}}

{{coord|51.7635|-1.2799|type:isle_region:GB|display=title}}

[[Category:Islands of the River Thames]]
[[Category:Geography of Oxford]]

Calke Abbey

2015-01-21T13:11:47Z

Dave.Dunford: fix infobox & ref

{{Infobox building
| name = Calke Abbey
| image = Calke Abbey - geograph.org.uk - 1704721.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Calke Abbey
| former_names =
| alternate_names =
| map_type = Derbyshire
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location within Derbyshire
| building_type =
| architectural_style = [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]], [[Baroque]]
| location = [[Ticknall]], [[Derbyshire]]
| owner = [[Harpur Baronets]] (Harpur and Harpur-Crewe Families)
[[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|The National Trust]]
| location_country = [[England]], [[United Kingdom]]
| iso_region = GB
| coordinates_display = inline,title
| latd = 52
| latm = 47
| lats = 59
| latNS = N
| longd = 1
| longm = 27
| longs = 21
| longEW = W
| altitude =
| architect =
| structural_engineer =
| services_engineer =
| civil_engineer =
| other_designers =
| quantity_surveyor =
| designations = [[Grade I listed]]<ref name="NHLE">{{NHLE| num=1031839 |desc=Calke Abbey |grade=I |accessdate=20 January 2015}}</ref>
| main_contractor =
|construction_start_date= 1701
|completion_date= 1704
| awards =
| parking =
| url =
| references =
}}
'''Calke Abbey''' is a [[Grade I listed building|Grade I listed]]<ref name="NHLE" /> [[English country house|country house]] near [[Ticknall]], [[Derbyshire]], England, in the care of the charitable [[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/Details/Default.aspx?id=82818&mode=quick |title=Images of England, architectural description |publisher=Imagesofengland.org.uk |date= |accessdate=2011-11-22}}</ref>

The site was an [[Augustinian]] [[priory]] from the 12th century until its [[Dissolution of the Monasteries|dissolution]] by [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]]. The present building, named Calke Abbey in 1808, was never actually an [[abbey]], but is a [[Baroque]] mansion built between 1701 and 1704.

The house was owned by the [[Harpur Baronets|Harpur family]] for nearly 300 years until it was passed to the Trust in 1985 in lieu of [[Inheritance tax|death duties]]. Today, the house is open to the public and many of its rooms are deliberately displayed in the state of decline in which the house was handed to the Trust.

==History==
[[File:Walled Garden At Calke Abbey - geograph.org.uk - 1155739.jpg|thumb|The garden]]
[[File:Wenceslas Hollar - Seals of the Le Harpur family.jpg|thumb|Seals of the Le Harpur family by [[Wenceslas Hollar]]]]

'''Calke Priory''' was found by [[Richard d'Avranches, 2nd Earl of Chester]] sometime between 1115 and 1120 and was dedicated to [[St Giles]]; d'Avranches had inherited from his [[Hugh d'Avranches, 1st Earl of Chester|father]] vast estates in both [[England]] and [[Normandy]], of which Calke and many of the surrounding villages were part.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite book|last=Garnett|first=Oliver|title=Calke Abbey: The National Trust Guidebook|year=2000|publisher=The National Trust}}</ref>
 
Calke Priory was initially an independent community, but after the death of [[Ranulf de Gernon, 4th Earl of Chester]] in 1153, it (along with most of his [[Derbyshire]] estates) became part of the [[Dowry]] of his widow, [[Maud of Gloucester, Countess of Chester|Maud of Gloucester]].<ref name=autogenerated1 />
Maud initially granted nearby [[St. Wystan's Church, Repton]] to the canons at Calke Priory, but subsequently had a new priory, dedicated to the Holy Trinity, built at [[Repton]]. In 1172 she moved the Canons from Calke to the new [[Repton#Priory and public school|Repton Priory]], with Calke then becoming a subordinate "cell" to [[Repton#Priory and public school|Repton Priory]].<ref name=autogenerated1 />

Nothing is known of the priory during the 14th and 15th centuries, however, historian Oliver Garnett suggests the priory may have served more as the centre of an agricultural estate than as a religious establishment during this time.<ref name=autogenerated1 />

[[Repton#Priory and public school|Repton Priory]] was dissolved in 1538, and its land confiscated by [[The Crown]].<ref name=autogenerated1 /> The cannons had, however, anticipated the dissolution and so had begun to lease out some of their estates: Calke was one of these, leased on 29 August 1537 to John Prest (or Priest) for 99 years.<ref name=autogenerated1 />

===Post-Dissolution===

John Prest (or Priest) was granted the lease to Calke Priory for 99 years, having prepaid for the first 59.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> He was a member of the [[London Grocers Company]] and lived at Calke until his death in 1546.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> The house then passed to his widow, then through his daughter Frances to her husband William Bradborne.<ref name=autogenerated1 />
 
The lease was granted by [[The Crown]] to [[John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland|John Dudley, Earl of Warwick (later Duke of Northumberland)]], after which the estate passed through various freehold and leasehold owners before eventually being acquired by Richard Wendsley in 1575.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> Wendsley had twice been MP for Derbyshire and is known to have constructed a new house on the estate which he resided in; this is the Elizabethan House which forms the core of the house that still exists today, and of which parts are still visible within the house's courtyard.<ref name=autogenerated1 />
 Little was known about how this Elizabethan House looked until repair-work on the current house was undertaken by the National Trust in 1988.<ref name=autogenerated1 />
The house was built around a courtyard with the South range serving as the entrance front, with a gatehouse; two projections in the foundations at the North-East and North-West reveal the locations of 2 stair-turrets.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> The work also revealed a later 17th-century arcaded [[loggia]] which were built next to both the stair-turrets.<ref name=autogenerated1 />
 The east and west ranges of this house were not parallel; something that has distinctly affected the shape and layout of the current house.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> This discrepancy could either reflect the different phases of construction within the Elizabethan house or the layout and alignment of the walls of the original priory buildings.<ref name=autogenerated1 />

In 1585, Wendsley sold the estate to three-time MP for Derby, Robert Bainbridge.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> He was an "extreme protestant" who was imprisoned in 1586 in the Beauchamp Tower of [[The Tower of London]] (where he engraved his name which can still be seen today) for refusing to accept [[Elizabeth I]]'s Church Settlement.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> Historian Oliver Garnett suggests that Bainbridge may have chosen to live at Calke as the parish was not under the control of a bishop: meaning he could worship as a [[Puritan]] without interference.<ref name=autogenerated1 />
 Following Robert's death, Calke passed to his son, another Robert. This Robert sold the estate in 1622 to Sir Henry Harpur, for £5,350 (approximately £513,600 in modern terms<ref>[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/currency/results.asp#mid Currency converter | The National Archives]</ref>).<ref name=autogenerated1 />

===The Harpurs===

In 1622 the estate was bought by [[Harpur Baronets|Sir Henry Harpur, 1st baronet (c. 1579–1639)]].<ref name=autogenerated1 />
The Harpur family had become established in the middle of the previous century; descendants of Richard Harpur who was a successful lawyer who had risen to become a judge at the [[Court of Common Pleas (England)|Court of Common Pleas]] at [[Westminster]] and then Chief Justice of the [[County Palatine of Lancaster]].<ref name=autogenerated1 />
He and his descendants acquired, through wealth and marriage, estates in [[Staffordshire]] (centred on [[Alstonfield]]) and [[Derbyshire]] (centred on [[Swarkestone]]).<ref name=autogenerated1 />

The house was rebuilt by [[Harpur Baronets|Sir John Harpur]], 4th baronet (1680–1741) between 1701 and 1704.<ref>[http://bygonederbyshire.co.uk/articles/Calke_Abbey ]{{dead link|date=November 2011}}</ref> The house and estate were owned by successive Harpur baronets and were ultimately inherited by [[Sir Vauncey Harpur-Crewe, 10th Baronet|Sir Vauncey Harpur-Crewe]] (1846–1924), 10th (and last) baronet who was devoted to his collection of natural history specimens. When he died, his eldest daughter, Hilda Harpur-Crewe (1877-1949) sold some of his collection of birds, butterflies and fishes to pay death duties. She was succeeded by her nephew, Charles Jenney (1917–81), who was the eldest son of Frances Harpur-Crewe, the fourth daughter of Sir Vauncey. Charles changed his name to Charles Harpur-Crewe. His sudden death led to crippling [[Inheritance tax|death duties]] (£8m of an estate worth £14m) and in 1985 the estate was transferred to the [[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]] by his younger brother Henry Harpur-Crewe (1921–91).<ref>[http://www.savebritainsheritage.org/calke.htm ]{{dead link|date=November 2011}}</ref>

==Present day==
[[File:Down the Garden Path - geograph.org.uk - 1275000.jpg|thumb||Down the Garden Path]]
Set in the midst of a [[Landscape garden|landscape park]], Calke Abbey is presented by the [[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]] as an illustration of the [[English country house]] in decline. A massive amount of remedial work but no restoration has been done and interiors are almost as they were found in 1985 so the decay of the building and its interiors has been halted but not reversed. Before the National Trust's work of the late 1980s everything had remained untouched since the 1880s.

To the side of the house is a large quadrangle of buildings forming the old stable yard and farm, complete with old carriages and farm implements. The outbuildings incorporate a brewhouse that was linked to the main house by a tunnel.

The Trust manages the surrounding landscape park with an eye to nature conservation. It contains such features as a [[walled garden]], with a flower garden and a former physic garden, now managed as a [[kitchen garden]]. The ancient deer park of the Calke Abbey Estate is a designated [[Site of Special Scientific Interest]]<ref name="sssi">{{cite web|title=SSSI citation: Calke Park|publisher=Natural England|url={{sssi link|1005792}}|accessdate=19 August 2013}}</ref> and [[national nature reserves in England|national nature reserve]],<ref name="nnr">{{cite web |url=http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/ourwork/conservation/designations/nnr/1082721.aspx |title=Calke Park NNR |publisher=Natural England |accessdate=19 August 2013}}</ref> particularly noted for its rare [[wood pasture]] habitat and associated deadwood invertebrate fauna.

Some years after Calke was handed over to the National Trust to settle death duties, an heir was discovered: Andrew Johnson, a distant cousin of the Harpur family. Johnson was a wealthy resident of Vermont and the owner of important stands of timber and of a lumber business,<ref>{{cite web|author=www.madriverweb.com |url=http://www.vermontlumber.com/history.php |title=A Johnson Co, LLC, Forestry |publisher=Vermontlumber.com |date= |accessdate=2011-11-22}}</ref> though the popular press in Britain referred to him as a "lumberjack".<ref>e.g. ''[[Daily Mail]]'' and ''[[Daily Mirror]]'', 7 May 1999</ref> Johnson was given the use of an apartment in the Abbey, which he and his family have used on occasional visits.

The limestone quarries on the estate near [[Ticknall]] are the end point of the railway that took limestone to the [[Ashby Canal]] at Willesley basin and one of the tunnels can be seen restored and running under the drive. It closed in 1915.

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="5">
File:Calke Abbey - geograph.org.uk - 1428133.jpg|Calke Abbey
File:Ha-ha at Calke Abbey - geograph.org.uk - 1428143.jpg|The [[Ha-ha]] at Calke Abbey
Image:Middle Lodge, Calke Park - geograph.org.uk - 277877.jpg|Middle Lodge (One of the Gatehouses)
Image:Ticknall Lodge - geograph.org.uk - 277876.jpg|[[Ticknall]] Lodge (another gatehouse)
Image:The Drawing Room , Calke Abbey.jpg|The [[Drawing room]]
File:The Breakfast Room , Calke Abbey.jpg|The Dining Room
File:The Dining Room , Calke Abbey.jpg|The Dining Room
File:Portable Shower , Calke Abbey.jpg|Portable Shower
File:Main Staircase , Calke Abbey.jpg|Main Staircase, Calke Abbey
Image:Walled garden at Calke Abbey.JPG|The Walled Garden and Head Gardener's House
Image:The Stables, Calke Abbey - geograph.org.uk - 280501.jpg|The Stables
File:Interior, Calke Abbey Stables - geograph.org.uk - 494096.jpg|Interior, Calke Abbey Stables
Image:Calke Abbey Church - geograph.org.uk - 1704728.jpg|St. Gile's Church; Calke Abbey's Private Chapel

File:Fireplace in the Butlers pantry , Calke Abbey.jpg|Fireplace in the Butlers pantry

</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/calke-abbey/ Calke Abbey information at National Trust]
*[http://youandyesterday.com/articles/Joining_the_gardeners_at_Calke_Abbey A National Trust volunteer gardener's account of his time working at Calke, including meeting the Vermont heir]

{{Derbyshire Places of interest}}
{{Monasteries in Derbyshire |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Gardens in Derbyshire]]
[[Category:Augustinian monasteries in England]]
[[Category:Monasteries in Derbyshire]]
[[Category:Country houses in Derbyshire]]
[[Category:National Trust properties in Derbyshire]]
[[Category:Grade I listed buildings in Derbyshire]]
[[Category:Historic house museums in Derbyshire]]
[[Category:1700s architecture]]
[[Category:Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Derbyshire]]
[[Category:Grade I listed houses]]

Calke Abbey

2015-01-21T13:09:52Z

Dave.Dunford: Link to NHLE

{{Infobox building
| name = Calke Abbey
| image = Calke Abbey - geograph.org.uk - 1704721.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| caption = Calke Abbey
| former_names =
| alternate_names =
| map_type = Derbyshire
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location within Derbyshire
| building_type =
| architectural_style = [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]], [[Baroque]]
| location = [[Ticknall]], [[Derbyshire]]
| owner = [[Harpur Baronets]] (Harpur and Harpur-Crewe Families)
[[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|The National Trust]]
| location_country = [[England]], [[United Kingdom]]
| iso_region = GB
| coordinates_display = inline,title
| latd = 52
| latm = 47
| lats = 59
| latNS = N
| longd = 1
| longm = 27
| longs = 21
| longEW = W
| altitude =
| architect =
| structural_engineer =
| services_engineer =
| civil_engineer =
| other_designers =
| quantity_surveyor =
| designation = Grade I listed<ref name="NHLE">{{NHLE| num=1031839 |desc=Calke Abbey |grade=I |accessdate=20 January 2015}}</ref>
| main_contractor =
|construction_start_date= 1701
|completion_date= 1704
| awards =
| parking =
| url =
| references =
}}
'''Calke Abbey''' is a [[Grade I listed building|Grade I listed]]<ref name="NHLE /> [[English country house|country house]] near [[Ticknall]], [[Derbyshire]], England, in the care of the charitable [[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/Details/Default.aspx?id=82818&mode=quick |title=Images of England, architectural description |publisher=Imagesofengland.org.uk |date= |accessdate=2011-11-22}}</ref>

The site was an [[Augustinian]] [[priory]] from the 12th century until its [[Dissolution of the Monasteries|dissolution]] by [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]]. The present building, named Calke Abbey in 1808, was never actually an [[abbey]], but is a [[Baroque]] mansion built between 1701 and 1704.

The house was owned by the [[Harpur Baronets|Harpur family]] for nearly 300 years until it was passed to the Trust in 1985 in lieu of [[Inheritance tax|death duties]]. Today, the house is open to the public and many of its rooms are deliberately displayed in the state of decline in which the house was handed to the Trust.

==History==
[[File:Walled Garden At Calke Abbey - geograph.org.uk - 1155739.jpg|thumb|The garden]]
[[File:Wenceslas Hollar - Seals of the Le Harpur family.jpg|thumb|Seals of the Le Harpur family by [[Wenceslas Hollar]]]]

'''Calke Priory''' was found by [[Richard d'Avranches, 2nd Earl of Chester]] sometime between 1115 and 1120 and was dedicated to [[St Giles]]; d'Avranches had inherited from his [[Hugh d'Avranches, 1st Earl of Chester|father]] vast estates in both [[England]] and [[Normandy]], of which Calke and many of the surrounding villages were part.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite book|last=Garnett|first=Oliver|title=Calke Abbey: The National Trust Guidebook|year=2000|publisher=The National Trust}}</ref>
 
Calke Priory was initially an independent community, but after the death of [[Ranulf de Gernon, 4th Earl of Chester]] in 1153, it (along with most of his [[Derbyshire]] estates) became part of the [[Dowry]] of his widow, [[Maud of Gloucester, Countess of Chester|Maud of Gloucester]].<ref name=autogenerated1 />
Maud initially granted nearby [[St. Wystan's Church, Repton]] to the canons at Calke Priory, but subsequently had a new priory, dedicated to the Holy Trinity, built at [[Repton]]. In 1172 she moved the Canons from Calke to the new [[Repton#Priory and public school|Repton Priory]], with Calke then becoming a subordinate "cell" to [[Repton#Priory and public school|Repton Priory]].<ref name=autogenerated1 />

Nothing is known of the priory during the 14th and 15th centuries, however, historian Oliver Garnett suggests the priory may have served more as the centre of an agricultural estate than as a religious establishment during this time.<ref name=autogenerated1 />

[[Repton#Priory and public school|Repton Priory]] was dissolved in 1538, and its land confiscated by [[The Crown]].<ref name=autogenerated1 /> The cannons had, however, anticipated the dissolution and so had begun to lease out some of their estates: Calke was one of these, leased on 29 August 1537 to John Prest (or Priest) for 99 years.<ref name=autogenerated1 />

===Post-Dissolution===

John Prest (or Priest) was granted the lease to Calke Priory for 99 years, having prepaid for the first 59.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> He was a member of the [[London Grocers Company]] and lived at Calke until his death in 1546.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> The house then passed to his widow, then through his daughter Frances to her husband William Bradborne.<ref name=autogenerated1 />
 
The lease was granted by [[The Crown]] to [[John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland|John Dudley, Earl of Warwick (later Duke of Northumberland)]], after which the estate passed through various freehold and leasehold owners before eventually being acquired by Richard Wendsley in 1575.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> Wendsley had twice been MP for Derbyshire and is known to have constructed a new house on the estate which he resided in; this is the Elizabethan House which forms the core of the house that still exists today, and of which parts are still visible within the house's courtyard.<ref name=autogenerated1 />
 Little was known about how this Elizabethan House looked until repair-work on the current house was undertaken by the National Trust in 1988.<ref name=autogenerated1 />
The house was built around a courtyard with the South range serving as the entrance front, with a gatehouse; two projections in the foundations at the North-East and North-West reveal the locations of 2 stair-turrets.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> The work also revealed a later 17th-century arcaded [[loggia]] which were built next to both the stair-turrets.<ref name=autogenerated1 />
 The east and west ranges of this house were not parallel; something that has distinctly affected the shape and layout of the current house.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> This discrepancy could either reflect the different phases of construction within the Elizabethan house or the layout and alignment of the walls of the original priory buildings.<ref name=autogenerated1 />

In 1585, Wendsley sold the estate to three-time MP for Derby, Robert Bainbridge.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> He was an "extreme protestant" who was imprisoned in 1586 in the Beauchamp Tower of [[The Tower of London]] (where he engraved his name which can still be seen today) for refusing to accept [[Elizabeth I]]'s Church Settlement.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> Historian Oliver Garnett suggests that Bainbridge may have chosen to live at Calke as the parish was not under the control of a bishop: meaning he could worship as a [[Puritan]] without interference.<ref name=autogenerated1 />
 Following Robert's death, Calke passed to his son, another Robert. This Robert sold the estate in 1622 to Sir Henry Harpur, for £5,350 (approximately £513,600 in modern terms<ref>[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/currency/results.asp#mid Currency converter | The National Archives]</ref>).<ref name=autogenerated1 />

===The Harpurs===

In 1622 the estate was bought by [[Harpur Baronets|Sir Henry Harpur, 1st baronet (c. 1579–1639)]].<ref name=autogenerated1 />
The Harpur family had become established in the middle of the previous century; descendants of Richard Harpur who was a successful lawyer who had risen to become a judge at the [[Court of Common Pleas (England)|Court of Common Pleas]] at [[Westminster]] and then Chief Justice of the [[County Palatine of Lancaster]].<ref name=autogenerated1 />
He and his descendants acquired, through wealth and marriage, estates in [[Staffordshire]] (centred on [[Alstonfield]]) and [[Derbyshire]] (centred on [[Swarkestone]]).<ref name=autogenerated1 />

The house was rebuilt by [[Harpur Baronets|Sir John Harpur]], 4th baronet (1680–1741) between 1701 and 1704.<ref>[http://bygonederbyshire.co.uk/articles/Calke_Abbey ]{{dead link|date=November 2011}}</ref> The house and estate were owned by successive Harpur baronets and were ultimately inherited by [[Sir Vauncey Harpur-Crewe, 10th Baronet|Sir Vauncey Harpur-Crewe]] (1846–1924), 10th (and last) baronet who was devoted to his collection of natural history specimens. When he died, his eldest daughter, Hilda Harpur-Crewe (1877-1949) sold some of his collection of birds, butterflies and fishes to pay death duties. She was succeeded by her nephew, Charles Jenney (1917–81), who was the eldest son of Frances Harpur-Crewe, the fourth daughter of Sir Vauncey. Charles changed his name to Charles Harpur-Crewe. His sudden death led to crippling [[Inheritance tax|death duties]] (£8m of an estate worth £14m) and in 1985 the estate was transferred to the [[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]] by his younger brother Henry Harpur-Crewe (1921–91).<ref>[http://www.savebritainsheritage.org/calke.htm ]{{dead link|date=November 2011}}</ref>

==Present day==
[[File:Down the Garden Path - geograph.org.uk - 1275000.jpg|thumb||Down the Garden Path]]
Set in the midst of a [[Landscape garden|landscape park]], Calke Abbey is presented by the [[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]] as an illustration of the [[English country house]] in decline. A massive amount of remedial work but no restoration has been done and interiors are almost as they were found in 1985 so the decay of the building and its interiors has been halted but not reversed. Before the National Trust's work of the late 1980s everything had remained untouched since the 1880s.

To the side of the house is a large quadrangle of buildings forming the old stable yard and farm, complete with old carriages and farm implements. The outbuildings incorporate a brewhouse that was linked to the main house by a tunnel.

The Trust manages the surrounding landscape park with an eye to nature conservation. It contains such features as a [[walled garden]], with a flower garden and a former physic garden, now managed as a [[kitchen garden]]. The ancient deer park of the Calke Abbey Estate is a designated [[Site of Special Scientific Interest]]<ref name="sssi">{{cite web|title=SSSI citation: Calke Park|publisher=Natural England|url={{sssi link|1005792}}|accessdate=19 August 2013}}</ref> and [[national nature reserves in England|national nature reserve]],<ref name="nnr">{{cite web |url=http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/ourwork/conservation/designations/nnr/1082721.aspx |title=Calke Park NNR |publisher=Natural England |accessdate=19 August 2013}}</ref> particularly noted for its rare [[wood pasture]] habitat and associated deadwood invertebrate fauna.

Some years after Calke was handed over to the National Trust to settle death duties, an heir was discovered: Andrew Johnson, a distant cousin of the Harpur family. Johnson was a wealthy resident of Vermont and the owner of important stands of timber and of a lumber business,<ref>{{cite web|author=www.madriverweb.com |url=http://www.vermontlumber.com/history.php |title=A Johnson Co, LLC, Forestry |publisher=Vermontlumber.com |date= |accessdate=2011-11-22}}</ref> though the popular press in Britain referred to him as a "lumberjack".<ref>e.g. ''[[Daily Mail]]'' and ''[[Daily Mirror]]'', 7 May 1999</ref> Johnson was given the use of an apartment in the Abbey, which he and his family have used on occasional visits.

The limestone quarries on the estate near [[Ticknall]] are the end point of the railway that took limestone to the [[Ashby Canal]] at Willesley basin and one of the tunnels can be seen restored and running under the drive. It closed in 1915.

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="5">
File:Calke Abbey - geograph.org.uk - 1428133.jpg|Calke Abbey
File:Ha-ha at Calke Abbey - geograph.org.uk - 1428143.jpg|The [[Ha-ha]] at Calke Abbey
Image:Middle Lodge, Calke Park - geograph.org.uk - 277877.jpg|Middle Lodge (One of the Gatehouses)
Image:Ticknall Lodge - geograph.org.uk - 277876.jpg|[[Ticknall]] Lodge (another gatehouse)
Image:The Drawing Room , Calke Abbey.jpg|The [[Drawing room]]
File:The Breakfast Room , Calke Abbey.jpg|The Dining Room
File:The Dining Room , Calke Abbey.jpg|The Dining Room
File:Portable Shower , Calke Abbey.jpg|Portable Shower
File:Main Staircase , Calke Abbey.jpg|Main Staircase, Calke Abbey
Image:Walled garden at Calke Abbey.JPG|The Walled Garden and Head Gardener's House
Image:The Stables, Calke Abbey - geograph.org.uk - 280501.jpg|The Stables
File:Interior, Calke Abbey Stables - geograph.org.uk - 494096.jpg|Interior, Calke Abbey Stables
Image:Calke Abbey Church - geograph.org.uk - 1704728.jpg|St. Gile's Church; Calke Abbey's Private Chapel

File:Fireplace in the Butlers pantry , Calke Abbey.jpg|Fireplace in the Butlers pantry

</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/calke-abbey/ Calke Abbey information at National Trust]
*[http://youandyesterday.com/articles/Joining_the_gardeners_at_Calke_Abbey A National Trust volunteer gardener's account of his time working at Calke, including meeting the Vermont heir]

{{Derbyshire Places of interest}}
{{Monasteries in Derbyshire |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Gardens in Derbyshire]]
[[Category:Augustinian monasteries in England]]
[[Category:Monasteries in Derbyshire]]
[[Category:Country houses in Derbyshire]]
[[Category:National Trust properties in Derbyshire]]
[[Category:Grade I listed buildings in Derbyshire]]
[[Category:Historic house museums in Derbyshire]]
[[Category:1700s architecture]]
[[Category:Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Derbyshire]]
[[Category:Grade I listed houses]]