Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Kalifornische Steineiche

2006-03-08T14:21:35Z

DabMachine: disambiguation from Laurel to Bay laurel - (You can help!)

{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = Coast Live Oak
| image = Quercus agrifolia foliage.jpg
| image_width = 200px
| image_caption = Coast Live Oak foliage with new spring growth
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Fagales]]
| familia = [[Fagaceae]]
| genus = '''''[[Quercus]]'''''
| species = '''''Q. agrifolia'''''
| binomial = ''Quercus agrifolia''
| binomial_authority = [[Jules Aimé Battandier|Batt.]] & Trab.
}}

The '''Coast Live Oak''' (''Quercus agrifolia'') is an evergeen [[oak]], highly variable and often shrubby, found in the coastal regions of southwestern [[North America]] from [[Mendocino County]], [[California]] south to northern [[Baja California]] in [[Mexico]]. The dark green leaves are usually small, thick and spiny-toothed. This native of coastal California is the dominant overstory plant of the Coast Live Oak [[woodland]] habitat, often joined by bay [[Bay laurel|laurel]] and California [[buckeye]] north of [[Big Sur]]; moreover, Coast Live Oak has also become a common addition to [[landscaping]]. The stateliness of the Coast Live Oak has rendered it a subject of historical landscape [[painters]] throughout California modern history since the mid 1800s.

==Design characteristics==

The Coast Live Oak exhibits a highly esthetic multifurcate trunk and reaches a mature height of 20 to 30 meters. Some specimens may attain an age exceeding 250 years. Leaves range from two to five centimeters in length arranged six to 16 irregularly along stems; the leaf appears to be serrate, but it actually owns sharp thistly fibers that extend from the lateral leaf points. The tree's growth habit displays a broad roundish dense helmet appearance, especially aged 20 to 70 years. In later life the trunk and branches are more well defined and the leaf density less severe. [[Image:cloe06.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Coast Live Oak, Sonoma County]]
Outer layers of leaves are designed for maximum [[solar]] absorption, since they contain two to three layers of [[photosynthetic]] cells and are convex in shape. These outer leaves are deemed to be small in size to more efficiently re-radiate the heat gained from solar capture. Inner leaves are generally broader and thinner, having only a single layer of photosynthetic cells. The [[convex]] leaf shape may be useful for interior leaves which depend on capturing reflected light scattered in random directions from the outer canopy. The trunk structure, particularly for older individuals, may be highly contorted, massive and gnarled yielding an eery visage. This irregular shape let the tree escape widespread harvest for building timbers, and also led the early [[settlers]] to endow the Coast Live Oak with mystical qualities. Some of the largest trunk diameters may extend to three or four meters, such as the magnificent specimens at the [[Filoli]] estate in [[San Mateo County]]

[[Image:cloacorne.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Reddish brown acorns and leaves]]

==Uses for early settlers==

When migrating [[tribes]] descended from the [[ice bridge]] into coastal California between 10,000 and 3000 BC, at least twelve distinct cultures are known to have consumed Coast Live Oak [[acorns]] as a dietary staple. In the 18th century [[Spaniard]]s in the [[San Fernando Valley]] used the wood for charcoal to fire [[kiln]]s in making [[adobe]]. Later this form of charcoal would be utilized in the baking, [[gunpowder]] and [[electric power]] industries. In the 18th and 19th centuries [[shipbuilder]]s sought out the odd angular branches to make special joints. [[Pioneer]]s moving west would harvest small amounts of the tree for making farm implements and wagon wheels, but the greatest impact was the wholesale clearing of oak woodlands to erect sprawling cities such as [[San Diego]] and [[San Francisco]].

==Habitat and range==

Coast live oak is the only California native oak that actually thrives in the coastal environment, although it eschews the immediate shore locale; it enjoys the mild winter and summer climate afforded by ocean proximity, and it is somewhat tolerant of aerosol borne sea sa lt. The welcome coastal fog supplies further buffering from the rainless California summer heat. Coast Live Oak is often associated with the understory plants of [[toyon]], [[manzanita]] and [[poison oak]].

Normally the tree is found on well drained soils of coastal hills and plains, often near year round or [[perennial]] streams. It may be found in several natural communities including: Coast Live Oak woodland, [[Engelman Oak]] woodland, [[Valley oak]] woodland and both northern and southern mixed [[evergreen]] forests. While normally found within 100 kilometers of the [[Pacific Ocean]] at elevations less than 700 meters, in southern California it occasionally occurs at up to 1500 meters in altitude. The Coast live oak is sensitive to changes in grading and drainage; in particular, it is important to respect the root crown level and avoid adding soil near the trunk when construction or [[landscaping]] occurs. Also, if incorporating Coast live oak into a landscaping scheme with artificial irrigation, it is important not to water within the [[drip line]] of the Coast live oak.

==Classification detail==

The Coast live oak is classified in the [[red oaks|red oak]] section (''Quercus'' sect. ''Lobatae''). Several hybrids between Coast live oak and other red oak species have been documented. Hybrids with [[Interior live oak]] (''Q. wislizenii'') are known in many areas in northern California. Coast live oak also hybridizes with [[Nuttall's scrub oak]] (''Q. dumosa'') and [[Shreve oak]] (''Q. parvula'' var. ''shrevii''). All these oak species show evidence of [[introgression]] with one another.

The name ''Quercus agrifolia'' literally means "field-leaved oak", and is generally thought to be an error by the describing botanist for ''"aquifolia"'', "holly-leaved". This species is sometimes known by the name "California Live Oak".

==Bibliography==

*Bruce M. Pavlik, Pamela Muick, Sharon Johnson and Marjorie Popper, ''Oaks of California'', Cachuma Press (1992) ISBN 0-9628505-1-9
*E.K. Balls ''Early Uses of California Plants'', University of California Press, Berkeley (1972)

==See also==

[[List of Quercus species]]

[[Category:Fagaceae]]
[[Category:Oaks]]
[[Category:Trees of California]]

Großer Preis von Japan 1994

2006-02-24T11:01:41Z

DabMachine: disambiguation from Tyrrell to Tyrrell Racing - (You can help!)

Results from the [[1994]] [[Formula One]] '''[[Japanese Grand Prix]]''' held at [[Suzuka Circuit|Suzuka]] on [[November 6]], 1994

== Classification ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
! Pos !! No !! Driver !! Team !! Laps !! Time/Retired !! Grid !! Points
|-
! 1
| 0
| {{flagicon|UK}} '''[[Damon Hill]]'''
| '''[[WilliamsF1|Williams]]-[[Renault Sport|Renault]]'''
| 50
| 55:54.4
| 2
| '''10'''
|-
! 2
| 5
| {{flagicon|Germany}} '''[[Michael Schumacher]]'''
| '''[[Benetton Formula|Benetton]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]'''
| 50
| 3.365
| 1
| '''6'''
|-
! 3
| 27
| {{flagicon|France}} '''[[Jean Alesi]]'''
| '''[[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]'''
| 50
| 52.045
| 7
| '''4'''
|-
! 4
| 2
| {{flagicon|UK}} '''[[Nigel Mansell]]'''
| '''[[WilliamsF1|Williams]]-[[Renault Sport|Renault]]'''
| 50
| 56.074
| 4
| '''3'''
|-
! 5
| 15
| {{flagicon|UK}} '''[[Eddie Irvine]]'''
| '''[[Jordan Grand Prix|Jordan]]-[[Hart (racing)|Hart]]'''
| 50
| +1:42.107
| 6
| '''2'''
|-
! 6
| 30
| {{flagicon|Germany}} '''[[Heinz-Harald Frentzen]]'''
| '''[[Sauber]]-[[Mercedes-Benz|Mercedes]]'''
| 50
| +1:59.863
| 3
| '''1'''
|-
! 7
| 7
| {{flagicon|Finland}} [[Mika Häkkinen]]
| [[Team McLaren|McLaren]]-[[Peugeot]]
| 50
| +2:02.985
| 8
|  
|-
! 8
| 9
| {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Christian Fittipaldi]]
| [[Arrows|Footwork]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]
| 49
| +1 Lap
| 18
|  
|-
! 9
| 20
| {{flagicon|France}} [[Eric Comas]]
| [[Larrousse]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]
| 49
| +1 Lap
| 22
|  
|-
! 10
| 11
| {{flagicon|Finland}} [[Mika Salo]]
| [[Lotus Cars|Lotus]]-[[Mugen Motorsports|Mugen]]-[[Honda]]
| 49
| +1 Lap
| 25
|  
|-
! 11
| 26
| {{flagicon|France}} [[Olivier Panis]]
| [[Prost (racing team)|Ligier]]-[[Renault Sport|Renault]]
| 49
| +1 Lap
| 19
|  
|-
! 12
| 31
| {{flagicon|Australia}} [[David Brabham]]
| [[Simtek]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]
| 48
| +2 Laps
| 24
|  
|-
! 13
| 12
| {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Alex Zanardi|Alessandro Zanardi]]
| [[Lotus Cars|Lotus]]-[[Mugen Motorsports|Mugen]]-[[Honda]]
| 48
| +2 Laps
| 17
|  
|-
! Ret
| 4
| {{flagicon|UK}} [[Mark Blundell]]
| [[Tyrrell Racing|Tyrrell]]-[[Yamaha Motor Corporation|Yamaha]]
| 26
| Engine
| 13
|  
|-
! Ret
| 14
| {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Rubens Barrichello]]
| [[Jordan Grand Prix|Jordan]]-[[Hart (racing)|Hart]]
| 16
| Gearbox
| 10
|  
|-
! Ret
| 8
| {{flagicon|UK}} [[Martin Brundle]]
| [[Team McLaren|McLaren]]-[[Peugeot]]
| 13
| Spun off
| 9
|  
|-
! Ret
| 10
| {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Gianni Morbidelli]]
| [[Arrows|Footwork]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]
| 13
| Spun off
| 12
|  
|-
! Ret
| 28
| {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Gerhard Berger]]
| [[Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari]]
| 10
| Ignition
| 11
|  
|-
! Ret
| 25
| {{flagicon|France}} [[Franck Lagorce]]
| [[Prost (racing team)|Ligier]]-[[Renault Sport|Renault]]
| 10
| Collision
| 20
|  
|-
! Ret
| 23
| {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Pierluigi Martini]]
| [[Minardi]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]
| 10
| Collision
| 16
|  
|-
! Ret
| 24
| {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Michele Alboreto]]
| [[Minardi]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]
| 10
| Spun off
| 21
|  
|-
! Ret
| 6
| {{flagicon|UK}} [[Johnny Herbert]]
| [[Benetton Formula|Benetton]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]
| 3
| Spun off
| 5
|  
|-
! Ret
| 3
| {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Ukyo Katayama]]
| [[Tyrrell Racing|Tyrrell]]-[[Yamaha Motor Corporation|Yamaha]]
| 3
| Spun off
| 14
|  
|-
! Ret
| 32
| {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Taki Inoue]]
| [[Simtek]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]
| 3
| Spun off
| 26
|  
|-
! Ret
| 6
| {{flagicon|Finland}} [[Jyrki Järvilehto]]
| [[Sauber]]-[[Mercedes-Benz|Mercedes]]
| 0
| Engine
| 15
|  
|-
! Ret
| 19
| {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Hideki Noda]]
| [[Larrousse]]-[[Ford Motor Company|Ford]]
| 0
| Spun off
| 23
|  
|-
! DNQ
| 34
| {{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Bertrand Gachot]]
| [[Pacific]]-[[Ilmor]]
|  
|
|
|  
|}

== Notes ==
*Fastest Lap: Damon Hill 1m 56.597s

{{F1 race report|
Name_of_race = [[Japanese Grand Prix]] |
Year_of_race = 1994 |
Previous_race_in_season = [[1994 European Grand Prix]] |
Next_race_in_season = [[1994 Australian Grand Prix]] |
Previous_year's_race = [[1993 Japanese Grand Prix]] |
Next_year's_race = [[1995 Japanese Grand Prix]]
}}

[[Category:1994 in sports|Japanese Grand Prix]]
[[Category:Formula One race reports]]
[[Category:Japanese Grand Prix]]

[[es:Gran Premio de Japón de 1994]]
[[sv:Japans Grand Prix 1994]]

Ian Smith (Cricketspieler, 1925)

2006-02-22T16:37:47Z

DabMachine: disambiguation from Natal to KwaZulu-Natal Province - (You can help!)

{{Infobox Historic Cricketer |
flag = South_africa_flag_300.png |
nationality = South African |
country = South Africa |
country abbrev = RSA |
name = Ian Smith |
picture = Cricket_no_pic.png |
batting style = Right-hand bat |
bowling style = Legbreak |
tests = 9 |
test runs = 39 |
test bat avg = 3.89 |
test 100s/50s = -/- |
test top score = 11* |
test balls = 1655 |
test wickets = 12 |
test bowl avg = 64.08 |
test 5s = - |
test 10s = - |
test best bowling = 4/143 |
test catches/stumpings = 3/- |
FCs = 97 |
FC runs = 547 |
FC bat avg = 10.32 |
FC 100s/50s = -/- |
FC top score = 37 |
FC balls = - |
FC wickets = 365 |
FC bowl avg = 22.55 |
FC 5s = 26 |
FC 10s = 8 |
FC best bowling = 9/88 |
FC catches/stumpings = 37/- |
debut date = 7 June |
debut year = 1947 |
last date = 23 December |
last year = 1957 |
source = http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/player/47213.html}}

'''Vivian Ian Smith''' (born [[February 23]], [[1925]], [[Durban]], [[KwaZulu-Natal Province|Natal]]) is a former [[South Africa|South African]] [[cricket]]er who played in 9 [[Test cricket|Tests]] from 1947 to 1957.

{{SouthAfrica-cricketbio-stub}}
[[Category:1925 births|Smith, Ian]]
[[Category:Living people|Smith, Ian]]
[[Category:Natal cricketers|Smith, Ian]]
[[Category:South African Test cricketers|Smith, Ian]]
[[Category:South African bowlers|Smith, Ian]]
[[Category:South African cricketers|Smith, Ian]]

Eyâlet Anatolien

2006-02-22T16:05:21Z

DabMachine: disambiguation from Bursa to Bursa, Turkey - (You can help!)

The '''Province of Anatolia''' ([[Turkish language|Turkish]]: ''Anadolu'') was one of two the core provinces in the early years of the [[Ottoman Empire]]. It was controlled directly by the [[sultan]] from [[Constantinople]] ([[Istanbul]]). Consisting of western Anatolia, its capital was [[Bursa, Turkey|Bursa]]. This province was the Ottoman heartland, during the early reign of [[Bayezid I]] established as a formal province.

[[Category:Provinces of the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:Ottoman Empire]]

Robert Knolles

2006-02-21T16:15:46Z

DabMachine: disambiguation from Battle of Poitiers to Battle of Poitiers (1356) - (You can help!)

'''Sir Robert Knolles''' (died [[1407]]) was an important [[England|English]] [[soldier]] of the [[Hundred Years' War]], who, operating with the tacit support of [[the Crown]], succeeded in taking the only two major [[France|French]] cities, other than [[Calais]] and [[Poitiers]], to fall to [[Edward III of England|Edward III]]. His methods, however, earned him infamy as a freebooter and a ravager: the ruined gables of burned buildings came to be known as "Knolly's Miters".

Born in [[Cheshire]], Knolles first appears as the captain of several [[castle]]s throughout [[Brittany]] in the mid-fourteenth century, including [[Fougeray]], [[Gravelle]] and [[Chateaublanc]]. He then contributed himself and 800 men to the [[1356]] [[chevauchee]] of [[Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster]] through [[Normandy]], a diversionary campaign to draw King [[John II of France]] north and thus leave the [[Black Prince]] free to embark on the famous Poitiers campaign. With France in disarray after the [[Battle of Poitiers (1356)|Battle of Poitiers]], King [[Charles II of Navarre]] assumed command of the rebellion in Paris, and Knolles joined up with the army of Philip of Navarre (Charles' younger brother) as they temporarily held the capital against the [[Dauphin]] in [[1358]].

Knolles' finest hours were to come that Autumn when he led a Great Company of 2,000-3,000 Anglo-Gascons into the [[Loire Valley]], establishing several forward garrisons at important towns like [[Chateauneuf]]. He then advanced into the [[Nivernais]], which was unsuccessfully defended for [[Margaret III of Flanders]] by the Archpriest [[Arnaud de Cervole]], the adventurer who had raised the first Great Company the previous year.

In [[1359]] Knolles reached [[Auxerre]], which fell after a two month siege on [[March 10]]. After the city had surrendered, Knolles was [[knighted]] by two subordinates, previously he had formally only been ranked as a [[squire]]. The sack of Auxerre proceeded with little violence and destruction, Knolles and his soldiers were professionals who intended to maximize their profit. The city was carefully ransacked for valuables and the citizens assessed for ransom. At the end a huge ransom was extorted for not destroying the city, although this was only partly paid. The following month he returned to Chateauneuf to plot the invasion of the [[Rhône River|Rhône Valley]] with [[Hugh Calveley]]. Marching south, a forward base was established on the [[Allier River]] at [[Pont-du-Chateau]], from where they launched the invasion of the [[Velay]]. Knolles then reunited with Calveley to besiege the important city of [[Le Puy-en-Velay|Le Puy]], which fell in July 1359. As they continued to the [[Pope|Papal]] city of [[Avignon]], their path was barred by the army of [[Thomas de la Marche]], Deputy for [[Louis II, Duke of Bourbon]], at which point both English commanders retreated and dissolved their companies.

Knolles returned to Brittany an even richer man than he had set out and remained active, invading [[Maine]] in [[1360]], participating in [[John V, Duke of Brittany|John de Montfort]]'s noteworthy siege of [[Auray]] in July [[1364]], and joining the Black Prince's [[Castillian campaign]] of [[1367]].

He also founded Trinity Hospital, [[Pontefract]] and helped to suppress the [[Peasants' Revolt]].

[[Category: 1407 deaths|Knolles, Robert]]
[[Category: Hundred Years' War|Knolles, Robert]]
[[Category: Soldiers|Knolles, Robert]]

Journey to the Centre of the Earth

2006-02-19T22:10:31Z

DabMachine: disambiguation from A&M to A&M Records - (You can help!)

{{ Album infobox | 
| Name = Journey To The Centre Of The Earth
| Type = [[Album (music)|Album]]
| Artist = [[Rick Wakeman]]
| Cover = Journey_Wakeman_Album.jpg
| Background = orange
| Released = [[1974]]
| Recorded = [[1974]], [[Royal Festival Hall]], [[London]]
| Genre = [[Rock (music)|Rock]], [[Progressive Rock]]
| Length = 40:07
| Label = [[A&M Records|A&M]] (USA)
| Producer = ?
| Reviews = <nowiki></nowiki>
* [[All Music Guide]] [[Image:4 out of 5.png|4&frac1/5]] [http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:5snsa9wgb238 link]
| Last album = '''''[[The Six Wives of Henry VIII (album)]]''''' <br /> (1973)
| This album = ''Journey To The Centre Of The Earth'' <br /> (1974)
| Next album = '''''[[Lisztomania]]''''' <br /> (1975)
}}
'''''Journey To The Centre Of The Earth''''' is [[Rick Wakeman]]'s second solo album, released in 1974. It is loosely based on [[Jules Verne]]'s novel [[Journey To The Center Of The Earth]]. It was recorded at the Royal Festival Hall in London, England in 1974.

It is said that Rick had to sell many of his belongings and mortgage his house to record this. It was originally written to be longer, but certain parts had to be cut and overdubbed since the Orchestra was expensive and Rick couldn't afford to re-record those parts; hence certain lyric sections being out of order.
After the recording, A&M did not wish to produce the album, so Rick convinced A&M USA to do it.

This album is available as several live performances, and also several DVDs. It is often released with some or all of the following tracks (Though not in any particular order): Catherine Parr, Guinevere, Journey to the Centre of the Earth, Catherine Howard, Merlin (Or Merlyn The Magician), Anne Boleyn, Reprise from The Forest, Forrest, Journey, and The Lost Journey Documentary.

This is widely considered [one of] Rick's best solo works. The title song, ''Journey To The Center Of The Earth'', consists of many orchestral arrangements and also some progressive rock arrangements. The lyrics are based on Jules Verne's book, as mentioned above. Rick's synthesizer wizardry is displayed with the many synthesizer solos and sections within the song. Some parts of the song were used in the movie, ''Journey To The Center Of The Earth''. Depending on the recording, the song is generally between 30 and 40 minutes long. An edition released on the first disc of ''The Yes Story: The Gold Collection'' (a [[Yes (band)|Yes]] compilation) clocked in at 31:52.

[[Edvard Grieg]]'s "In The Hall Of The Mountain King" can be heard near the end with synthesizer, orchestra, overdriven guitar, and all bells and whistles. Wakeman credits him in the liner notes, as he puts it, "''Because I stole a few bars''".

==Tracks==
# The Journey/Recollection
# The Battle/The Forest

==Personnel==
* Rick Wakeman (Synthesizers)
* Garry Pickford-Hopkins, Ashley Holt (vocals)
* David Hemmings (Narrations)
* Mike Egan (Guitar)
* Roger Newell (Bass)
* Barney James (drums)
* The London Symphony Orchestra
* The English Chamber Choir
* David Measham (Conductor)

==External links==
* [http://www.rwcc.com/title_detail.asp?int_titleID=148 Live DVD]
* [http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:5snsa9wgb238 All Music Review of Original Release]
[[Category:1974 albums]]
[[Category:Concept albums]]
[[Category:Rick Wakeman albums]]