Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Gangster Disciples

2011-03-17T01:37:33Z

DWeissman: cleaned up a bit and removed vandalism

{{Infobox Criminal organization
| name = Gangster Disciples
| caption =
| founded on = late 1960s
| founding location = [[United States|U.S.]]
| founded by l; = [[David Barksdale]] and [[Larry Hoover]]<ref name="www.knowgangs.com"/>
| years active = late 1960s–present
| territory = Nationwide
| ethnic makeup = mostly African American
| membership = 25,000-55,000 43,500 in Chicago<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.justice.gov/ndic/pubs32/32146/appb.htm |title=Appendix B. Street Gangs - National Gang Threat Assessment 2009 |publisher=Justice.gov |date= |accessdate=2011-02-10}}</ref>
| criminal activities = [[Illegal drug trade|Drug trafficking]], [[robbery]], [[extortion]], [[murder]]
| allies = [[Folk Nation]], [[Crips]], [[Zoe Pound Gang]], [[Black Guerilla Family]], and [[Black Mafia Family]]
| rivals = [[People Nation]], [[Ku Klux Klan]], [[WPU (White Power United)]], and [[Nazis]]
}}

The '''Black Gangster Disciple Nation''' was formed on the South-side of [[Chicago]] in the late 1960s, by [[David Barksdale]], leader of the Black Disciples, and [[Larry Hoover]], leader of the Supreme Gangsters. The two groups united to form the Black Gangster Disciple Nation (BGDN).

The gang has made several attempts to legitimize their image. Some members dropped the "B" and began to call themselves GDs or Gangster Disciples. In the 1990s the Gangster Disciples entered into politics through the formation of the "Growth and Development" movement. Outside of Chicago some gangs will still go by the old name of BGD.<ref name="www.gangpreventionservices.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.gangpreventionservices.org/BGD.asp |title=> Black Gangster Disciples |publisher=Gang Prevention Services |date= |accessdate=2011-02-10}}</ref>

Gangster Disciples have been documented in the [[U.S. military]], found in both U.S. and overseas bases.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.military.com/news/article/gangs-increasing-in-military-fbi-says.html|title=Gangs Increasing in Military, FBI Says|date=30 June 2008|publisher=McClatchy-Tribune Information Services}}</ref> Graffiti characteristic of the Gangster Disciples has been reportedly seen in U.S. military bases in [[Iraq]] and [[Afghanistan]].

==Symbols, signs and emblems==
Like most major gangs, Gangster Disciples use a well-defined system of symbols to communicate alliances and rivalries. This system is a combination of symbols that represent the Gangster Disciple Nation or the Folk Nation as a whole and symbols that rivals use to represent their organization, typically inverted to show disrespect.

===Gangster Disciple [[symbology]]===

==Colors/apparel==
Gangster Disciples represent with the colors blue and black. There are indications that in some very rare and unusual cases, some GD members will adopt what some gang experts and historians refer to as "outlaw" or [[taboo]] [[doctrine]], and wear the otherwise-rival [[Vice lord]] color (red) which in a majority of other cases, would again, be counter to the blue, black, grey, silver and white colors normally associated with GD.<ref>kirby, kate c. ''the chicago crime commission gangbook''chicago2005</ref>{{Full}}{{Page needed|date=September 2010}} Gangster Disciples are known to wear [[Georgetown Hoyas]] clothing.

==Six pointed star==
The major [[symbol]] Gangster Disciples make use of is the six-pointed star (identical in appearance to the [[Star of David]]) The fact that this star is known as the Star of David pays homage to co-founder [[David Barksdale]], and the six points are said to represent Life, Love, Loyalty, Wisdom, Knowledge and Understanding. Despite there being no ostensible references to the country of [[Israel]] or Jewish religion in most open source literature on the subject of Gangster Disciples, some rival [[Vice lord]] members will at times refer to someone suspected of being an organizational infiltrator, mole, spy, supporter, or sympathizer, working as an undercover affiliate on behalf of Gangster Disciple, as being "Jewish." There have been other indications clearly suggesting that many GD members internally have aligned themselves with pseudo-Judaism principles just as rival Vice Lords have aligned themselves with pseudo-Islamic principles which is even further evidenced by the Vice Lord Oath in which [[Vice lord]] members swear allegiance to [[Allah]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://cryptome.org/gangs/vice.pdf |title= Vice Lord Nation |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date= |work= U.S. Department of Justice |publisher= [[National Drug Intelligence Center]] |accessdate= October 27, 2010}}</ref>

==The pitchfork==
The second most well known symbol of the Gangster Disciples is the three pointed [[pitch fork]], which is also the basis of their representative hand-sign. A pair of pitchforks may be seen in GD graffiti crossed behind a six pointed star, with the tines of the fork always placed in a vertical position. Since two forks with three tines each make a total of six, this again makes reference to the six-pointed star. The number six plays prominently into most GD symbols.

==Graffiti==
Gangster Disciple graffiti is also known to contain:
* The M's stand for money mac and murder.
* Heart with wings, each wing having 3 feathers (for a total of 6), typically placed around a six-pointed star. Can be used to represent love for lost members of the organization, or members who are incarcerated.
* Inverted shepherd's cane. The cane is a symbol of the Chicago-based [[Vice Lords]], a powerful faction in the [[People Nation]] and a top rival of the Gangster Disciples. The cane can be incorporated into the handle of crossed pitchforks, so that the upward facing half is a fork and the downward pointing half is a cane. This both represents the Gangster Disciple Nation and shows disrespect to the Vice Lords.
* Inverted [[pyramid]]. The pyramid is a [[Peoples Nation]] symbol, especially for the [[Black P Stones]].
* Inverted cross, with hash marks between the bars. Symbol of the [[Latin Kings (gang)]].

Any of these can be incorporated into drawings, onto notes, into a private alphabet, or displayed in various forms on clothing and private or public property.<ref>{{cite web|url= |title= Street Gangs — Chicago Based or Influenced: Folk Nation Sets |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date= |work= Gang and Security Threat Group Awareness Report |publisher= [[Florida Department of Corrections]] |accessdate= June 2, 2010}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://foia.fbi.gov/foiaindex/gangsterdisciples.htm FBI Freedom of Information/Privacy Act gang profile]
*[http://www.army.com/blog/item/491 Gangs Using Military For Training, Experts Say]. From [http://www.army.com/ Army.com]
*[http://www.ngcrc.com/bdprofile.html GANG THREAT ANALYSIS: The Black Disciples]
*[http://cryptome.org/gangs/vice.pdf Pseudo-Islamic Principles vs. Pseudo-Judaism Principles]

[[Category:Gangs in Chicago, Illinois]]
[[Category:Street gangs]]
[[Category:African American gangs]]

[[pl:Gangster Disciples]]

Increase Mather

2007-12-31T21:33:25Z

DWeissman:

{{Infobox Person
| name = Increase Mather
| image = Increase_Mather.jpg
| image_size = 220px
| caption = Increase Mather in 1688, when he was in [[London]]. Portrait by John van der Spriett
| birth_date = {{birth date|1639|6|21|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Dorchester, Massachusetts]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1723|8|23|1639|6|21|mf=y}}
| death_place = [[Boston, Massachusetts]]
| occupation = [[Minister (religion)|Minister]]
| spouse = Maria Cotton and Ann Cotton
}}

The [[Reverend]] '''Increase Mather''' ([[June 21]] [[1639]] – [[August 23]] [[1723]]) was a major figure in the early history of the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] and [[Province of Massachusetts Bay]] (now the [[United States state|Federal state]] of [[Massachusetts]]). He was a [[Puritanism|Puritan]] [[Minister (religion)|minister]] who was involved with the government of the colony, the administration of [[Harvard College]], and most notoriously, the [[Salem witch trials]]. He was the father of the influential [[Cotton Mather]].

==Biography==
===Early life===
Mather was born in [[Dorchester, Massachusetts]]<ref name="colombia">{{cite web | title = Mather, Increase. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05. | publisher = Bartleby.com | url = http://www.bartelby.net/65/ma/Mather-I.html | accessdate = 2006-10-12}}</ref> on [[June 21]], [[1639]] to Rev. [[Richard Mather]] and Kathrine Holt Mather<ref name="harv">{{cite web | title = Mather, Increase, 1639-1723. Papers of Increase Mather: an inventory | publisher = Harvard University | url = http://oasis.harvard.edu:10080/oasis/deliver/~hua28004 | accessdate = 2006-10-12 }}</ref> following their participation in the [[Great Migration (Puritan)|Great Migration]] from England due to [[nonconformity]] with the [[Church of England]].<ref name="dorch">{{cite web | title = Dorchester Atheneum: Richard Mather | author = Dorchester Atheneum | url = http://www.dorchesteratheneum.org/page.php?id=70 | accessdate = 2006-10-12 }}</ref> He was the youngest of six<ref name="bio">{{cite book | title = The Twentieth Century Biographical Dictionary of Notable Americans | publisher = The Biographical Society | location = Boston | date = 1904 | volume = VII | accessdate = 2006-12-17 }} — The relevant excerpt can be seen here: http://members.tripod.com/clipclop/LM/mather/richard.html (Warning: Ads)</ref> brothers: Samuel, Nathaniel, Eleazar, Joseph, Timothy.<ref name="bio" />

His parents were highly religious<ref name="hd">{{cite web | title = A Brief Biographical Sketch of the Reverend Increase Mather | author = Andrew Mitchell | format = [[Microsoft Word]] (.DOC) | url = http://www.hillsdale.edu/Academics/downloads/andrewmitchellincreasebio_1.doc | accessdate = 2006-10-12 }}</ref>, and three of his brothers (Samuel, Nathaniel and Eleazar) also became ministers<ref name="1911rm">{{cite web | title = Richard Mather - LoveToKnow1911 | publisher = Encyclopedia Britannica | url = http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Richard_Mather | accessdate = 2006-10-12 }}</ref>.

====Education====
In 1651 Mather was admitted to Harvard where he roomed with and studied under [[John Norton]].<ref name="hd" /><ref name="harv" /> When he graduated (1656) with a [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]]<ref name="harv" />, he began to train for the [[Christian ministry|ministry]] and gave his first sermon on his eighteenth birthday<ref name="ref1911">{{cite web | title = Increase Mather - LoveToKnow1911 | publisher = Encyclopedia Britannica | url = http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Increase_Mather | accessdate = 2006-10-12}}</ref>. He quickly left Massachusetts and went to [[Ireland]], where he studied at [[Trinity College, Dublin|Trinity College]] in [[Dublin]] for a [[Master of Arts (postgraduate)|M.A.]].<ref name="hd" /> He graduated with it in [[1659]]<ref name="colombia" /> and spent the next 3 years as a [[chaplain]] attached to a garrison in the [[Channel Islands]]<ref name="hd" />.

Harvard was to later award him the first [[honorary degree]] in the [[New World]], a [[Doctor of Sacred Theology|S.T.D.]], in [[1692]]<ref name="harv" />.

===Establishing himself in Massachusetts===
In [[1661]], with the advent of the [[English Restoration]] and resurgence of [[Anglicanism]], Increase returned to Massachusetts, where he married Maria Cotton.<ref name="hd" /> She was his stepsister<ref name="hd" /> by virtue of his father's marriage to Sarah Hankredge, the widow of [[John Cotton (puritan)|John Cotton]] and mother of Maria.<ref name="ref1911" /> She gave birth to [[Cotton Mather]] in February, [[1663]].<ref name="hd" />

He published in 1676 [http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libraryscience/31/ ''A Brief History of the Warr with the Indians in New-England''], a contemporary account of [[King Philip's War]].

He was [[ordination|ordained]] as minister of the North Church (the original Old North meetinghouse, not to be confused with the Anglican/Episcopal [[Old North Church]]), whose congregation included many of the [[upper class]] and governing class,<ref name="hd" /> on [[May 27]] [[1664]]. He held this post until he died.<ref name="colombia" /> By virtue of his position he quickly became one of the most influential people in the colony, both religiously and politically.<ref name="hd" />

====Harvard====
In [[June 11]], [[1685]] he became the Acting President of [[Harvard University]] (then Harvard College) and steadily advanced: A little over a year later on [[July 23]] [[1686]] he was appointed the [[Rector]]. On [[June 27]], [[1692]] he became the [[President of Harvard University|President of Harvard]], a position which he held until [[September 6]], [[1701]].<ref name="harv" />

He was rarely present on campus or in the town,<ref name="colombia" /> especially during his term of Rector as he was out of the Colony for all but two years of his term in that office.<ref name="harv" /> Despite his absences he did make some changes: reimplementation of [[Greek language|Greek]] and [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] instruction, replacement of classical Roman authors with [[Bible|Biblical]] and Christian authors in [[ethics]] classes, enactment of requirements that students attend classes regularly, live and eat on campus and that seniors not [[hazing|haze]] other students.<ref name="harv" />

===Involvement in politics===
While politics and Puritan religion were closely related during Increase's life time, his first direct involvement with politics occurred as a result of [[James II of England]]'s manipulation of the New England governments. In [[1686]] James revoked the [[Charter of Massachusetts]] in the process of creating the [[responsible government|unresponsible]] [[Dominion of New England]].<ref name="colombia" />.

The Dominion was headed by [[Edmund Andros]], who not only disliked puritanism and was [[arrogance|haughty]]<ref name="harv" />, but ruled as a near absolute dictator: [[Town meeting]]s were outlawed, leaving the Dominion without consent of the government was outlawed, marriage was removed from the clergy and the [[Old South Church]] was temporarily appropriated for [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] services.<ref name="ish">{{cite web | title = Interactive State House | work = Governors of Massachusetts | publisher = [[Commonwealth of Massachusetts]] | url = http://www.mass.gov/statehouse/massgovs/eandros.htm | accessdate = 2006-12-14 }}</ref> Also disliked by the Puritan [[status quo]] was the [[1687]] [[Declaration of Indulgence]], prohibiting discrimination against [[Roman Catholicism|Catholics]].<ref name="hd" /> When Mather successfully roused opposition to the charter revokation, he was nearly framed for [[treason]]. He then traveled to [[London]] (eluding spies out to catch him) to petition the King.<ref name="ref1911" />

While engaged in petitioning he published pieces to build popular support for his positions, such as ''A Narrative of the Miseries of New-England, By Reason of an [[dictatorship|Arbitrary Government]] Erected there Under Sir Edmund Andros'' (1688) and ''A Brief Relation for the Confirmation of Charter Privileges'' (1691).<ref name="ref1911" />

While there he attempted to get the old charter restored<ref name="colombia" /> and a royal charter for Harvard<ref name="harv" />; however, he abandoned that course and changed his petitions to a new charter not lacking any of the rights previously granted.<ref name="harv" /> Following the [[Glorious Revolution]] and subsequent overthrow of Andros, a new charter was granted to the colony.<ref name="harv" /> The 1692 charter was a major departure from its predecessor, granting sweeping [[home rule]], establishing an elective [[legislature]], enfranchising all [[fee simple|freeholders]] (previously only men admitted to a congregation could vote), and uniting the Massachusetts Bay Colony and [[Plymouth Colony]].<ref name="harv" /> Following Andros' deposition and arrest<ref name="ish" />, he had [[William Phips]] appointed as Royal Governor and they returned to Massachusetts, arriving on [[May 14]] 1692.<ref name="UMKC">{{cite web | title = Biography of Increase Mather | url = http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/salem/ASA_INC.HTM | accessdate = 2006-10-12 }}</ref>

Following his return, the administration of Harvard grew increasingly insistent that he reside nearer to the institution. Not wanting to leave his Second Church, he didn't, eventually resigning the Presidency.<ref name="harv" />.

===Involvement in the Salem witch trials===
As an influential member of the community, Increase was involved in the notorious witch hysteria of [[Salem, Massachusetts]]. As the court of [[oyer and terminer]] was beginning to hear cases of suspected witchcraft, Increase published "The Return of Several Ministers Consulted", which urged moderation in the use and credence of "[[spectral evidence]]".<ref name="va">{{cite web | title = Salem Witch Trials: Increase Mather | author = Mathew Madden | url = http://www.iath.virginia.edu/salem/people/i_mather.html | accessdate = 2006-10-12 }}</ref> In June and July 1692 as the trials and executions began to increase, Increase made a number of sermons interpreted as a plea to cool the heated atmosphere.<ref name="va" /> In September he published ''Cases of Conscience Concerning Evil Spirits Personating Men, Witchcrafts, infallible Proofs of Guilt in such as are accused with that Crime'' (more commonly known as just "Cases of conscience concerning evil spirits"), which defended the judges and trials, but strongly denounced the spectral evidence used by them. It contained his famous version of [[Blackstone's formulation]], that "It were better that Ten Suspected Witches should escape, than that one Innocent Person should be Condemned". Afterwards, his reputation was not improved by his involvement and association with the trials, nor by his subsequent refusal to denounce them. His refusal to repudiate was likely because of his longtime friendship with the judges involved.<ref name="UMKC" /> He was also [[slander and libel|defamed]]<ref name="UMKC" /> by Robert Calef in his harshly critical ''More Wonders of the Invisible World''<ref name="va-rc">{{cite web | title = MORE WONDERS of the INVISIBLE WORLD | publisher = University of Virginia | url = http://etext.virginia.edu/salem/witchcraft/speccol/calef/calef.html | accessdate = 2006-12-09 }}</ref> (referred to as ''More Wonders of the Spiritual World'' by the [[Encyclopedia Britannica Eleventh Edition]]<ref name="ref1911" />).

===Later life and death===
Following Maria's death in August 1714, he remarried.<ref name="hd" /> On [[September 27]] [[1722]] he [[loss of consciousness|fainted]] and was bedridden thereafter.<ref name="hd" /> In August of 1723 he suffered [[bladder failure]]<ref name="hd" /> and died three weeks later on [[August 23]], [[1723]] in [[Boston]].<ref name="mhs">{{cite web | title = MHS Increase Mather Papers, 1659-1721 Guide to the Microfilm Edition | publisher = The [[Massachusetts Historical Society]] | url = http://www.masshist.org/findingaids/doc.cfm?fa=fa0239 | 2006-10-21 }}</ref>

==Beliefs==
Throughout his life Mather was a staunch Puritan, opposing anything openly contradictory to, mutually exclusive with, or potentially "distracting" from his religious beliefs. He supported suppression of [[intoxication]], unnecessary effort on Sundays and [[Sumptuary law|ostentatious clothing]]. He was initially opposed to the [[Half-Way Covenant]] but later supported it.<ref name="ref1911" /> He firmly believed in the direct appearance of God's disfavor in everyday life, e.g. the weather, political situations, attacks by "Indians", fires and floods, etc.<ref name="UMKC" /><ref name="ref1911" />

He was strenuous in attempting to keep people to his idea of morality,<ref name="harv" /> making strong use of [[jeremiad]]s to try and prevent indifference and especially to try and get government officials to enforce public morality.<ref name="hd" />

During his tenure at Harvard he regularly stamped out any relaxation of Puritan strictness, such as [[latitudinarianism]], which had flourished during his overseas absence.<ref name="harv" />

Following his acceptance of the Covenant, [[Solomon Stoddard]] and others attempted to further liberalize Puritanism by [[baptism]] of children who had nonmember parents<ref name="harv" /> and admittance of all but the openly immoral to services.<ref name="ref1911" /> To try and stop this, he had a [[synod]] called in an attempt to outlaw similar measures. A declaration was adopted, but never made binding.<ref name="ref1911" /> Following this, reform-minded members were sent to the body and it took on a less conservative tone, bitterly disappointing Mather.<ref name="hd" />

==Given name==
The stated reason for his [[first name]] was "...the never-to-be-forgotten [[wikt:increase|increase]], of every sort, wherewith God favoured the country about the time of his nativity."<ref name="ref1911" />

== Works ==
Among his more than 125 published works, the following are most notable:
* ''The Mystery of Israel’s Salvation'' (1669)
* ''The Life and Death of That Reverend Man of God, Mr. Richard Mather'' (1670)
* ''Wo to Drunkards: Two sermons Testifying against the Sin of Drunkenness'' (1673)
* ''The Day of Trouble Is Near'' (1674)
* ''A Discourse concerning the Subject of Baptisme'' (1675)
* ''The Wicked Mans Portion'' (1675)
* ''A Brief History of the Warr With the Indians in New-England'' (1676) [http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libraryscience/31/ Online text]
* ''An Earnest Exhortation To the Inhabitants of New-England'' (1676) [http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/etas/31/ Online text]
* ''A Relation of the Troubles which Have Hapned in New-England by Reason of the Indians There from the Year 1614 to the Year 1675'' (1677)
* ''A Discourse concerning the Danger of Apostasy'' (1679)
* ''The Divine Right of Infant-Baptisme Asserted and Proved from Scripture and Antiquity'' (1680)
* ''A Confession of Faith Owned and Consented unto by the Elders and Messengers of the Churches Assembled at Boston'' (1680)
* ''Heavens Alarm to the World'' (1681)
* ''Diatriba de signo Filii Hominis, et de secundo Messiæadventu; ubi de modo futuræ judæorum conversionis; nec non de signis novissimi diei, disseritur'' (1682)
* ''Kometographia, or, A Discourse concerning Comets'' (1683)
* ''An Essay for the Recording of Illustrious Providences'' (1684)
* ''An Arrow against Profane and Promiscuous Dancing Drawn out of the Quiver of Scriptures'' (1684)
* ''The Mystery of Christ Opened and Applyed in Several Sermons concerning the Person, Office, and Glory of Jesus Christ'' (1686)
* ''De successu evangelij apud Indos in Novâ-Angliâ epistola'' (1688)
* ''A Narrative of the Miseries of New-England, by Reason of an Arbitrary Government Erected There under Sir Edmond Andross'' (1688)
* ''Cases of Conscience Concerning Evil Spirits Personating Men'' (1693) [http://etext.virginia.edu/salem/witchcraft/speccol/mather/mather.html Online text]
* ''A Further Account of the Tryals of the New-England Witches'' (1693) [http://dlxs2.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=witch;idno=wit111 Online text]
* ''Angelographia, or, A Discourse concerning the Nature and Power of the Holy Angels'' (1696)
* ''The Order of the Gospel, Professed and Practised by the Churches of Christ in New-England'' (1700)
* ''The Blessed Hope, and the Glorious Appearing of the Great God our Saviour, Jesus Christ'' (1701)
* ''Ichabod: or, The Glory Departing'' (1702)
* ''Soul-saving Gospel Truths'' (1703)
* ''A Discourse concerning Earthquakes'' (1706)
* ''A Dissertation concerning the Future Conversion of the Jewish Nation'' (1709)
* ''Meditations on the Glory of the Heavenly World'' (1711)
* ''A Disquisition concerning Ecclesiastical Councils'' (1716)

== Works About ==
* Kenneth B. Murdock. ''Increase Mather: The Foremost American Puritan.'' Cambridge, Mass., 1925.
* Michael G. Hall. ''The Last American Puritan: The Life of Increase Mather.'' Wesleyan, 1992.
* Thomas James Holmes. ''Increase Mather: a Bibliography of his Works.'' Cleveland, 1931.
* Robert Middlekauf. ''The Mathers: Three Generations of Puritan Intellectuals, 1596-1728.'' New York, 1971.
* Mason I. Lowance. ''Increase Mather.'' New York, 1974.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
*[[Salem witch trials]]
*[[List of unusual personal names]]

{{start box}}
{{s-aca}}
{{succession box
| before = [[John Rogers (Harvard)|John Rogers]]
| title = [[President of Harvard University|President of Harvard College]]
| years = 1685–1686, ''acting''</br>1686–1692, '''[[Rector]]'''<br/>1692–1701
| after = [[Samuel Willard]], ''acting''
}}
{{s-ecc}}
{{succession box
| before = [[John Mayo]]
| title = [[Old North Church]]
| years = 1673–1723
| after = [[Cotton Mather]]
}}
{{end box}}

{{salem}}



{{Persondata
| NAME = Increase Mather
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Increaſe Mather
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Puritan minister
| DATE OF BIRTH = [[June 21]] [[1639]]
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Dorchester, Massachusetts]]
| DATE OF DEATH = [[August 23]], [[1723]]
| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Boston, Massachusetts]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mather, Increase}}
[[Category:1639 births]]
[[Category:1723 deaths]]
[[Category:Massachusetts colonial people]]
[[Category:Presidents of Harvard University]]
[[Category:American colonial people]]
[[Category:American theologians]]
[[Category:Calvinist ministers and theologians]]
[[Category:Religious history of the United States]]
[[Category:English Americans]]
[[Category:American sermon writers]]
[[Category:People of the Salem witch trials]]
[[Category:Massachusetts colonial-era clergy]]

[[fr:Increase Mather]]
[[sv:Increase Mather]]