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Muluchiya

2019-03-13T08:52:20Z

DPL bot: Robot: removing dablinks template; fewer than 4 disambig links (see the FAQ)

{{Infobox prepared food
| name = Molokheya
| image = Molokheya_Egypt,_2012.JPG
| caption = [[Egypt]]ian molokhiya
| alternate_name = '''mloukhiya''', '''molokhia''', '''molohiya''', '''mulukhiyya''', '''malukhiyah''', or '''moroheiya'''
| country = [[Ancient Egypt]]<ref>{{cite|title=Ancient Egyptian Soup Recipe, Molokhia Soup|url=https://www.torial.com/en/ancient.egypt/portfolio/213752|}}</ref>
| region = [[Middle East]] and [[North Africa]]
| national_cuisine =
| creator =
| type = Stew
| course = Main course
| served =
| main_ingredient = [[Corchorus olitorius|Jute]]; [[Beef stock|beef]] or [[chicken stock]]
| minor_ingredient =
| variations =
| calories =
| similar_dish =
| other =
}}
[[File:Corchorus olitorius MHNT.BOT.2009.7.8.jpg|thumb|230px|Seeds - ''Corchorus olitorius'' - [[MHNT]]]]
{{nutritional value
| name=Jute, potherb, raw (''Corchorus olitorius'')
| kJ=142
| protein=4.65 g
| fat=0.25 g
| carbs=5.8 g
| calcium_mg=208
| iron_mg=4.76
| magnesium_mg=64
| phosphorus_mg=83
| potassium_mg=559
| zinc_mg=0.79
| manganese_mg=0.123
| vitC_mg=37
| thiamin_mg=0.133
| riboflavin_mg=0.546
| niacin_mg=1.26
| pantothenic_mg=0.072
| vitB6_mg=0.6
| folate_ug=123
| vitA_ug=278
| source_usda = 1
| note=[https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/2981?manu=&fgcd= Link to USDA Database entry]
}}

'''Mulukhiyah''' or '''mulukhiyyah''' ({{lang-ar|ملوخية}}) is the leaves of ''[[Corchorus olitorius]]'', commonly known as the Arab's mallow, Nalta jute, or tossa jute.<ref>{{GRIN | ''Corchorus olitorius'' | 11458 | accessdate = 21 April 2016}}</ref><ref name=Danukeisduke>[http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Corchorus_olitorius.html "Corchorus olitorius"], New Crop Resource Online Program, Center for New Crops & Plant Products, Purdue University</ref> It is used as a [[vegetable]]. It is popular in [[Middle Eastern cuisine|Middle East]], [[East African cuisine|East African]] and [[North African cuisine|North African]] countries. ''Mulukhiyah'' is rather bitter, and when boiled, the resulting liquid is a thick, highly [[mucilage|mucilaginous]] broth; it is often described as "slimy", rather like cooked [[okra]].<ref name=Koleisthebest>{{cite book|author=Chittaranjan Kole|title=Wild Crop Relatives: Genomic and Breeding Resources: Industrial Crops|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I_YC6skliE4C&pg=PA59|date=24 August 2011|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-642-21102-7|pages=54–56}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Rough Guides|title=Pocket Rough Guide Dubai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oivQAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA143|date=3 March 2014|publisher=Rough Guides Limited|isbn=978-1-4093-7122-9|page=143}}</ref> ''Mulukhiyah'' is generally eaten cooked, not raw, and is most frequently turned into a kind of [[soup]] or [[stew]], typically bearing the same name as the vegetable in the local language. Traditionally mulukhiyah is cooked with chicken or at least chicken stock for flavor and is served with white rice, accompanied with lemon or lime.

==Origins ==
While most scholars are of the opinion that mulukhiya's origins lie in [[Ancient Egypt]]<ref>{{cite|title=Molokhia – The soup that was once only the privy of the Pharaohs|url=https://foodsfromafrica.com/egyptian-recipe-molokhia/}}</ref><ref name="Cumo2013">{{cite book|author=Christopher Cumo|title=Encyclopedia of Cultivated Plants: From Acacia to Zinnia [3 Volumes]: From Acacia to Zinnia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ja7WAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA315|year=2013|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, CA|isbn=978-1-59884-775-8|page=315}}</ref>, there is evidence that India is the source of the related species ''[[Corchorus capsularis]]''<ref name="Grubben2004">{{cite book|author=G. J. H. Grubben|title=Vegetables|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6jrlyOPfr24C&pg=PA218|year=2004|publisher=PROTA|location=Wageningen, Netherlands|isbn=978-90-5782-147-9|page=218}}</ref>, which is also used for food as well as fiber.<ref name=Koleisthebest/><ref name=SE/>

===Egyptian cuisine===
As used in [[Egyptian cuisine]], ''{{transl|arz|molokhiya}}'', ({{IPA-arz|moloˈxejjæ}}) is prepared by removing the central spine from the leaves, and then chopping the leaves finely with [[garlic]] and [[coriander]]. The dish generally includes some sort of [[meat]]; in Egypt this is usually poultry such as [[chicken]], or [[domestic rabbit|rabbit]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.taste.com.au/kitchen/recipes/rabbit+molokhia,8279|title=Rabbit molokhia|author=NewsLifeMedia|work=taste.com.au}}</ref><ref name=DetailsofMulukhiya/>, but [[Lamb and mutton|lamb]] is preferred when available, particularly in [[Cairo]]. Cooks in [[Alexandria]] often opt to use [[shrimp]] in the soup, while [[Port Said]] is famous for using [[fish]].<ref name=Latimes/><ref name=Shihabrecipe/><ref name=AndersonRecipe/><ref name=DetailsofMulukhiya/>

''{{transl|arz|Molokhiya}}'' was consumed in [[ancient Egyptian cuisine]], where the name "{{transl|arz|molokhiya}}" is thought to have originated from.<ref name=DetailsofMulukhiya/><ref name=ME21/>

Many [[Egyptians]] consider {{transl|arz|molokhiya}} to be the national dish of Egypt, along with ''[[ful medames]]'' and ''[[kushari]]''.<ref name=DetailsofMulukhiya>{{cite book|author=James J. Heaphey|title=Legerdemain: The President's Secret Plan, the Bomb and What the French Never Knew|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o4zxAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=17 February 2019|edition=1|date=January 2008|publisher=History Publishing Co. LLC|location=[[Madison, Wisconsin]]|isbn=978-1-933909-35-6|pages=186—191}}</ref><ref name=ME21>{{cite book|author=Joseph R. Haiek|title=Mideast Business Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zzccAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=17 February 2019|edition=1|year=1977|publisher=Los Angeles Mideast business exchange|location=[[Los Angeles, United States of America]]|isbn=978-0-915652-02-0|pages=290—292}}</ref>

;Preparation
The Egyptian version differs in texture and preparation from the Syrian/Lebanese version. The molokhiya leaves are picked off the stem, with tall stemmed branches, and the leaves placed on a large sheet (cloth material) to be left to completely dry for later use.<ref name=ME21/>

;Cooking
The leaves are chopped fine, often with a [[mezzaluna]]. The leaves are then boiled in broth with large chunks of meat, such as boneless chicken, rabbit, beef or lamb (with bone).<ref name=AndersonRecipe>{{cite book|author=Lynne Christy Anderson|title=Breaking Bread: Recipes and Stories from Immigrant Kitchens|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fbMwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA273|date=September 2011|publisher=Univ of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-27143-2|pages=273–274}}</ref><ref name=DetailsofMulukhiya/> Coriander and garlic are fried separately in ghee to make the "takleya", and then added to the soup at the end while the takleya is still sizzling, to create a characteristic sound which people traditionally respond to with the ''shahka'' (Arabic: grasp for breath in fear or surprise).<ref name=Latimes>{{cite web |last1=Rochlin |first1=Margy |title=Why you should be eating molokhia and how to make this delicious superfood soup |url=https://www.latimes.com/food/dailydish/la-fo-co-molokhia-20181205-story.html |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |publisher=Los Angeles Times Communications LLC |accessdate=17 February 2019 |location=[[Los Angeles, United States of America]]}}</ref>

;Serving
The soup is served on white rice or with a side of Egyptian flatbread (''ʿeish baladi''). The dish is often accompanied with an assortment of pickled vegetables, known as ''torshi'' or ''mekhalel'' in Egypt.<ref name=AndersonRecipe/><ref name=SE>{{cite book|author1=Habeeb Salloum|author2=Leila Salloum Elias|author3=Muna Salloum|title=Scheherazade's Feasts: Foods of the Medieval Arab World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3-UvrmTZfqQC&pg=PA127|date=14 June 2013|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=0-8122-4477-X|pages=127–129}}</ref><ref name=DetailsofMulukhiya/><ref name=ME21/>

===Levantine cuisine===
The standard molokhia dish in the [[Levant]] is prepared by cooking a meat of some sort in a separate pot by boiling. Later onions and garlic are cooked to a simmer, then water and chicken stock cubes are added to form a broth. After boiling, the cooked chicken or meat and molokhia leaves are added and further cooked another 15 minutes. Also, in northern [[Lebanon]], a dish called ''mloukhiye b zeit'' is made using fresh leaves and shoots of the [[Corchorus olitorius|Nalta jute]] plant, cooked in olive oil, onions, garlic, tomatoes and chilli peppers; it is a popular summer side dish, especially in [[Miniyeh-Danniyeh District|Miniyeh-Danniyeh]] and [[Akkar District|Akkar]] districts.

Bedouins have an old tradition of cooking a different version of the dish. A whole chicken is cut open, the intestines removed, and the innards stuffed with herbs, spices and raw rice then sewn shut with thick thread. The chicken is then boiled to create the broth for the molokhia soup which, after preparation, is served as five separate components: The molokhia soup, [[Khubz|Arabic flat bread]], the chicken (stuffed with flavored rice), additional plain rice, and a small bowl with a mixture of lemon juice and sliced chilli. The soup is mixed with rice and lemon juice according to taste, while the chicken is eaten on a separate plate.

===Kenyan cuisine===
In [[Kenya]], the dish is known as ''mutere'' ([[Luragoli]]), ''murere'' ([[Luhya language|Luhya]]), ''apoth'' ([[Luo language|Luo]]), ''mrenda'' ([[Kikuyu language|Gikuyu]], [[Embu language|Embu]], [[Meru]]), and several other native language names. It is a very popular vegetable dish among communities in the Western region ([[Vihiga]], [[Kakamega]], [[Busia County|Busia]], Trans Nzoia and [[Bungoma]] Counties) and in Nyanza region ([[Kisumu]], [[Siaya]], [[Homa Bay]], [[Kisii County|Kisii]], [[Migori]] and Nyamira Counties). Both regions are in the area around [[Lake Victoria]]. The jute leaves are separated from the stems, washed, and then boiled in lightly salted water with ''ligadi'' (a raw form of soda (bicarbonate of soda), or ''munyu'' (traditional plant-based salt). The leaves are boiled with other leafy vegetables such as ''likuvi'' ([[Vigna unguiculata]] (cowpea) leaves) or ''mito'' ([[Crotalaria_longirostrata|Chipilín]]) to reduce their sliminess and help soften the other vegetable leaves. In some cases, after boiling for about thirty minutes, the vegetables are stewed with tomatoes and onions in oil. (There are several general ways to prepare the mutere and more ways in which it is served). Spices such as curry, pepper, masala, or coriander are optional. Mutere is served with [[ugali]] (a staple stuff, cooked cereal meal) and can be accompanied with meat or chicken.

===Tunisian cuisine===
[[File:ملوخية تونسية.JPG|thumb|230px|Tunisian mloukhiya stew with meat.]]

In [[Tunisia]], the dish is generally prepared quite differently from the Egyptian method. The leaves, already separated from the stems, are dried then ground to produce a very fine powder and stored in jars or other tightly closed containers. In Tunisian cooking, mulukhya, or mloukhiya, takes 5 to 7 hours to prepare, which is often done to halfway in the evening and completed in the morning. The powder is prepared with olive oil and some tomato paste into a sauce, not soup, and big chunks of chuck beef are often added halfway through cooking. The dark green sauce simmers on low heat and is left to thicken to the consistency of tomato sauce. The sauce is served in small deep plates with a piece of beef and eaten with preferably white hardy French or Italian bread. In certain regions where beef is not common, lamb is used but cooks for a much shorter time.

===Cypriot cuisine===
In [[Cyprus]] the dish is known as ''molohiya''. It is popular among the Turkish Cypriots. The Jute leaves are cultivated and grown in the spring months leading up to the summer, whereupon they are harvested and the leaves are separated from the stem and dried whole. They are cooked in a tomato based broth with onions and garlic. Lamb on the bone or Chicken with bone may also be added. For optimal results, lemon and potato are also used to help keep the consistency from becoming too mucilaginous or slimy. It is served with a nice broth consistency with sour dough bread.

===West African cuisines===
The leaf is a common food in many tropical [[West African cuisine|West African countries]]. It is believed that the "drip tips" on the leaves serve to shed excess water from the leaf from the heavy rains in the tropics.
In [[Sierra Leone]] it is called ''kren-kre'' (krain krain or crain crain), and is eaten in a [[palm oil]] sauce served with rice or cassava fufu (a traditional food made from cassava), or else is steamed and mixed into rice just before eating a non-palm oil sauce.
Among the Yorubas in south-west [[Nigeria]], it is called ''ewedu'' and served with cooked yam flour (''amala'').
In [[Liberia]] it is called ''palaver sauce'', and is served with rice or fufu. In [[The Gambia]] it is referred to as ''kereng-kereng'' and is typically used to make ''supakanja'' (a dish mostly served on Saturdays and made with okra, red palm oil, fish and meat).

=== Haitian cuisines ===
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2018}}
In [[Haiti]], the leafy green dish is commonly known as ''lalo'' and is traditionally cooked with or without meat. When considering meat, Haitians utilize beef or pork shoulder. Seafood such as blue crabs, shrimp or snow crab legs are also options. It is traditionally served with white rice.

== Nutrition ==

The leaves are rich in [[Folic acid]], [[beta-Carotene]], [[Iron]], [[Calcium]], [[Vitamin C]] and more than 32 vitamins, minerals and trace elements. The plant has a potent [[antioxidant]] activity with a significant [[α-tocopherol]] equivalent [[Vitamin E]].<ref name=Danukeisduke/><ref name="Cassinleaves">{{cite book|author=Barbara Cassin|title=L' Archipel des idées de Barbara Cassin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1JHlJ6_raYC&pg=PA253|date=10 July 2014|publisher=Les Editions de la MSH|isbn=978-2-7351-1699-7|pages=209–212}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Tung‐Shan |last2=Saad |first2=Sohair |title=Folic acid in Egyptian vegetables: The effect of drying method and storage on the folacin content of mulukhiyah (corchorus olitorius) |journal=[[Ecology of Food and Nutrition]] |date=31 August 2010 |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=249–255 |doi=10.1080/03670244.1981.9990646 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03670244.1981.9990646 |accessdate=17 February 2019}}</ref><ref name=Shihabrecipe>{{cite book|author=Sana Nimer Abu Shihab|title=Mediterranean Cuisine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7kgVTx41NbYC&pg=PA56|year=2012|publisher=Author House|isbn=978-1-4772-8309-7|pages=56–57}}</ref>

==Ancient references==
The word for the plant is found in ancient Mediterranean languages such as Arabic and Greek.<ref name="oed">{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=mallow&allowed_in_frame=0|title=mallow|author=Douglas Harper|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary|accessdate=February 3, 2012}}</ref> [[Cognate]]s of the word include [[Ancient Greek]] μαλάχη (''malákhē'') or μολόχη (''molókhē''), [[Modern Greek]] μολόχα (''molóha''), modern {{lang-ar|ملوخية}} (''mulukhiyah'') and modern {{lang-he|מלוחיה}} (''malukhia'').<ref name="oed"/><ref name="khalid">{{cite web|url=http://baheyeldin.com/egypt/molokheya-an-egyptian-national-dish.html|title=Molokheya: an Egyptian National Dish|author=Khalid|publisher=The Baheyeldin Dynasty|accessdate=September 10, 2011}}</ref>

[[Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah]] banned mulukhiyah sometime during his reign (996–1021 CE). It is claimed he thought that the dish would lead women to debauchery.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Cooking lessons in Cairo |newspaper=The National |accessdate=2015-05-28 |url=http://www.thenational.ae/lifestyle/food/cooking-lessons-in-cairo}}</ref> While the ban was eventually lifted after the end of his reign, the [[Druze]], who hold Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah in high regard, continue to respect the ban, and do not eat mulukhiyah of any kind to this day.{{cn|date=October 2018}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Jordan|Food}}
* [[List of African dishes]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Molokheya}}
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/womanshour/food/recipe7.shtml Mulukhiyya recipe]

{{Cuisine of Egypt}}
{{Levantine cuisine}}
{{Cuisine of Algeria}}
{{Cuisine of Lebanon}}
{{Cuisine of Cyprus}}

[[Category:Ancient dishes]]
[[Category:Egyptian cuisine]]
[[Category:Middle Eastern cuisine]]
[[Category:Algerian cuisine]]
[[Category:Arab cuisine]]
[[Category:Cypriot cuisine]]
[[Category:Fiber plants]]
[[Category:Grewioideae]]
[[Category:Jute]]
[[Category:Leaf vegetables]]
[[Category:Lebanese cuisine]]
[[Category:Jordanian cuisine]]
[[Category:Levantine cuisine]]
[[Category:Mediterranean cuisine]]
[[Category:National dishes]]
[[Category:Palestinian cuisine]]
[[Category:Syrian cuisine]]
[[Category:Turkish Cypriot cuisine]]
[[Category:Culinary dishes]]

Muluchiya

2019-03-09T08:51:40Z

DPL bot: Robot: adding dablinks template; 7 or more disambig links (see the FAQ)

{{dablinks|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox prepared food
| name = Molokheya
| image = Molokheya_Egypt,_2012.JPG
| caption = [[Egypt]]ian molokhiya
| alternate_name = '''mloukhiya''', '''molokhia''', '''molohiya''', '''mulukhiyya''', '''malukhiyah''', or '''moroheiya'''
| country = [[Ancient Egypt]]<ref>{{cite|title=Ancient Egyptian Soup Recipe, Molokhia Soup|url=https://www.torial.com/en/ancient.egypt/portfolio/213752|}}</ref>
| region = [[Middle East]] and [[North Africa]]
| national_cuisine =
| creator =
| type = Stew
| course = Main course
| served =
| main_ingredient = [[Corchorus olitorius|Jute]]; [[Beef stock|beef]] or [[chicken stock]]
| minor_ingredient =
| variations =
| calories =
| similar_dish =
| other =
}}
[[File:Corchorus olitorius MHNT.BOT.2009.7.8.jpg|thumb|230px|Seeds - ''Corchorus olitorius'' - [[MHNT]]]]
{{nutritional value
| name=Jute, potherb, raw (''Corchorus olitorius'')
| kJ=142
| protein=4.65 g
| fat=0.25 g
| carbs=5.8 g
| calcium_mg=208
| iron_mg=4.76
| magnesium_mg=64
| phosphorus_mg=83
| potassium_mg=559
| zinc_mg=0.79
| manganese_mg=0.123
| vitC_mg=37
| thiamin_mg=0.133
| riboflavin_mg=0.546
| niacin_mg=1.26
| pantothenic_mg=0.072
| vitB6_mg=0.6
| folate_ug=123
| vitA_ug=278
| source_usda = 1
| note=[https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/2981?manu=&fgcd= Link to USDA Database entry]
}}

'''Mulukhiyah''' or '''mulukhiyyah''' ({{lang-ar|ملوخية}}) is the leaves of ''[[Corchorus olitorius]]'', commonly known as the Arab's mallow, Nalta jute, or tossa jute.<ref>{{GRIN | ''Corchorus olitorius'' | 11458 | accessdate = 21 April 2016}}</ref><ref name=Danukeisduke>[http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Corchorus_olitorius.html "Corchorus olitorius"], New Crop Resource Online Program, Center for New Crops & Plant Products, Purdue University</ref> It is used as a [[vegetable]]. It is popular in [[Middle Eastern cuisine|Middle East]], [[East African cuisine|East African]] and [[North African cuisine|North African]] countries. ''Mulukhiyah'' is rather bitter, and when boiled, the resulting liquid is a thick, highly [[mucilage|mucilaginous]] broth; it is often described as "slimy", rather like cooked [[okra]].<ref name=Koleisthebest>{{cite book|author=Chittaranjan Kole|title=Wild Crop Relatives: Genomic and Breeding Resources: Industrial Crops|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I_YC6skliE4C&pg=PA59|date=24 August 2011|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-642-21102-7|pages=54–56}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Rough Guides|title=Pocket Rough Guide Dubai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oivQAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA143|date=3 March 2014|publisher=Rough Guides Limited|isbn=978-1-4093-7122-9|page=143}}</ref> ''Mulukhiyah'' is generally eaten cooked, not raw, and is most frequently turned into a kind of [[soup]] or [[stew]], typically bearing the same name as the vegetable in the local language. Traditionally mulukhiyah is cooked with chicken or at least chicken stock for flavor and is served with white rice, accompanied with lemon or lime.

==Origins ==
While most scholars are of the opinion that mulukhiya's origins lie in [[Ancient Egypt]]<ref>{{cite|title=Molokhia – The soup that was once only the privy of the Pharaohs|url=https://foodsfromafrica.com/egyptian-recipe-molokhia/}}</ref><ref name="Cumo2013">{{cite book|author=Christopher Cumo|title=Encyclopedia of Cultivated Plants: From Acacia to Zinnia [3 Volumes]: From Acacia to Zinnia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ja7WAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA315|year=2013|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, CA|isbn=978-1-59884-775-8|page=315}}</ref>, there is evidence that India is the source of the related species ''[[Corchorus capsularis]]''<ref name="Grubben2004">{{cite book|author=G. J. H. Grubben|title=Vegetables|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6jrlyOPfr24C&pg=PA218|year=2004|publisher=PROTA|location=Wageningen, Netherlands|isbn=978-90-5782-147-9|page=218}}</ref>, which is also used for food as well as fiber.<ref name=Koleisthebest/><ref name=SE/>

===Egyptian cuisine===
As used in [[Egyptian cuisine]], ''{{transl|arz|molokhiya}}'', ({{IPA-arz|moloˈxejjæ}}) is prepared by removing the central spine from the leaves, and then chopping the leaves finely with [[garlic]] and [[coriander]]. The dish generally includes some sort of [[meat]]; in Egypt this is usually poultry such as [[chicken]], or [[domestic rabbit|rabbit]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.taste.com.au/kitchen/recipes/rabbit+molokhia,8279|title=Rabbit molokhia|author=NewsLifeMedia|work=taste.com.au}}</ref><ref name=DetailsofMulukhiya/>, but [[Lamb and mutton|lamb]] is preferred when available, particularly in [[Cairo]]. Cooks in [[Alexandria]] often opt to use [[shrimp]] in the soup, while [[Port Said]] is famous for using [[fish]].<ref name=Latimes/><ref name=Shihabrecipe/><ref name=AndersonRecipe/><ref name=DetailsofMulukhiya/>

''{{transl|arz|Molokhiya}}'' was consumed in [[ancient Egyptian cuisine]], where the name "{{transl|arz|molokhiya}}" is thought to have originated from.<ref name=DetailsofMulukhiya/><ref name=ME21/>

Many [[Egyptians]] consider {{transl|arz|molokhiya}} to be the national dish of Egypt, along with ''[[ful medames]]'' and ''[[kushari]]''.<ref name=DetailsofMulukhiya>{{cite book|author=James J. Heaphey|title=Legerdemain: The President's Secret Plan, the Bomb and What the French Never Knew|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o4zxAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=17 February 2019|edition=1|date=January 2008|publisher=History Publishing Co. LLC|location=[[Madison, Wisconsin]]|isbn=978-1-933909-35-6|pages=186—191}}</ref><ref name=ME21>{{cite book|author=Joseph R. Haiek|title=Mideast Business Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zzccAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=17 February 2019|edition=1|year=1977|publisher=Los Angeles Mideast business exchange|location=[[Los Angeles, United States of America]]|isbn=978-0-915652-02-0|pages=290—292}}</ref>

;Preparation
The Egyptian version differs in texture and preparation from the Syrian/Lebanese version. The molokhiya leaves are picked off the stem, with tall stemmed branches, and the leaves placed on a large sheet (cloth material) to be left to completely dry for later use.<ref name=ME21/>

;Cooking
The leaves are chopped fine, often with a [[mezzaluna]]. The leaves are then boiled in broth with large chunks of meat, such as boneless chicken, rabbit, beef or lamb (with bone).<ref name=AndersonRecipe>{{cite book|author=Lynne Christy Anderson|title=Breaking Bread: Recipes and Stories from Immigrant Kitchens|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fbMwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA273|date=September 2011|publisher=Univ of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-27143-2|pages=273–274}}</ref><ref name=DetailsofMulukhiya/> Coriander and garlic are fried separately in ghee to make the "takleya", and then added to the soup at the end while the takleya is still sizzling, to create a characteristic sound which people traditionally respond to with the ''shahka'' (Arabic: grasp for breath in fear or surprise).<ref name=Latimes>{{cite web |last1=Rochlin |first1=Margy |title=Why you should be eating molokhia and how to make this delicious superfood soup |url=https://www.latimes.com/food/dailydish/la-fo-co-molokhia-20181205-story.html |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |publisher=Los Angeles Times Communications LLC |accessdate=17 February 2019 |location=[[Los Angeles, United States of America]]}}</ref>

;Serving
The soup is served on white rice or with a side of Egyptian flatbread (''ʿeish baladi''). The dish is often accompanied with an assortment of pickled vegetables, known as ''torshi'' or ''mekhalel'' in Egypt.<ref name=AndersonRecipe/><ref name=SE>{{cite book|author1=Habeeb Salloum|author2=Leila Salloum Elias|author3=Muna Salloum|title=Scheherazade's Feasts: Foods of the Medieval Arab World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3-UvrmTZfqQC&pg=PA127|date=14 June 2013|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=0-8122-4477-X|pages=127–129}}</ref><ref name=DetailsofMulukhiya/><ref name=ME21/>

===Levantine cuisine===
The standard molokhia dish in the [[Levant]] is prepared by cooking a meat of some sort in a separate pot by boiling. Later onions and garlic are cooked to a simmer, then water and chicken stock cubes are added to form a broth. After boiling, the cooked chicken or meat and molokhia leaves are added and further cooked another 15 minutes. Also, in northern [[Lebanon]], a dish called ''mloukhiye b zeit'' is made using fresh leaves and shoots of the [[Corchorus olitorius|Nalta jute]] plant, cooked in olive oil, onions, garlic, tomatoes and chilli peppers; it is a popular summer side dish, especially in [[Miniyeh-Danniyeh District|Miniyeh-Danniyeh]] and [[Akkar District|Akkar]] districts.

Bedouins have an old tradition of cooking a different version of the dish. A whole chicken is cut open, the intestines removed, and the innards stuffed with herbs, spices and raw rice then sewn shut with thick thread. The chicken is then boiled to create the broth for the molokhia soup which, after preparation, is served as five separate components: The molokhia soup, [[Khubz|Arabic flat bread]], the chicken (stuffed with flavored rice), additional plain rice, and a small bowl with a mixture of lemon juice and sliced chilli. The soup is mixed with rice and lemon juice according to taste, while the chicken is eaten on a separate plate.

===Kenyan cuisine===
In [[Kenya]], the dish is known as ''mutere'' ([[Luragoli]]), ''murere'' ([[Luhya]]), ''apoth'' ([[Luo]]), ''mrenda'' ([[Gikuyu]], [[Embu]], [[Meru]]), and several other native language names. It is a very popular vegetable dish among communities in the Western region ([[Vihiga]], [[Kakamega]], [[Busia]], Trans Nzoia and [[Bungoma]] Counties) and in Nyanza region ([[Kisumu]], [[Siaya]], [[Homa Bay]], [[Kisii]], [[Migori]] and Nyamira Counties). Both regions are in the area around [[Lake Victoria]]. The jute leaves are separated from the stems, washed, and then boiled in lightly salted water with ''ligadi'' (a raw form of soda (bicarbonate of soda), or ''munyu'' (traditional plant-based salt). The leaves are boiled with other leafy vegetables such as ''likuvi'' ([[Vigna unguiculata]] (cowpea) leaves) or ''mito'' ([[Crotalaria_longirostrata|Chipilín]]) to reduce their sliminess and help soften the other vegetable leaves. In some cases, after boiling for about thirty minutes, the vegetables are stewed with tomatoes and onions in oil. (There are several general ways to prepare the mutere and more ways in which it is served). Spices such as curry, pepper, masala, or coriander are optional. Mutere is served with [[ugali]] (a staple stuff, cooked cereal meal) and can be accompanied with meat or chicken.

===Tunisian cuisine===
[[File:ملوخية تونسية.JPG|thumb|230px|Tunisian mloukhiya stew with meat.]]

In [[Tunisia]], the dish is generally prepared quite differently from the Egyptian method. The leaves, already separated from the stems, are dried then ground to produce a very fine powder and stored in jars or other tightly closed containers. In Tunisian cooking, mulukhya, or mloukhiya, takes 5 to 7 hours to prepare, which is often done to halfway in the evening and completed in the morning. The powder is prepared with olive oil and some tomato paste into a sauce, not soup, and big chunks of chuck beef are often added halfway through cooking. The dark green sauce simmers on low heat and is left to thicken to the consistency of tomato sauce. The sauce is served in small deep plates with a piece of beef and eaten with preferably white hardy French or Italian bread. In certain regions where beef is not common, lamb is used but cooks for a much shorter time.

===Cypriot cuisine===
In [[Cyprus]] the dish is known as ''molohiya''. It is popular among the Turkish Cypriots. The Jute leaves are cultivated and grown in the spring months leading up to the summer, whereupon they are harvested and the leaves are separated from the stem and dried whole. They are cooked in a tomato based broth with onions and garlic. Lamb on the bone or Chicken with bone may also be added. For optimal results, lemon and potato are also used to help keep the consistency from becoming too mucilaginous or slimy. It is served with a nice broth consistency with sour dough bread.

===West African cuisines===
The leaf is a common food in many tropical [[West African cuisine|West African countries]]. It is believed that the "drip tips" on the leaves serve to shed excess water from the leaf from the heavy rains in the tropics.
In [[Sierra Leone]] it is called ''kren-kre'' (krain krain or crain crain), and is eaten in a [[palm oil]] sauce served with rice or cassava fufu (a traditional food made from cassava), or else is steamed and mixed into rice just before eating a non-palm oil sauce.
Among the Yorubas in south-west [[Nigeria]], it is called ''ewedu'' and served with cooked yam flour (''amala'').
In [[Liberia]] it is called ''palaver sauce'', and is served with rice or fufu. In [[The Gambia]] it is referred to as ''kereng-kereng'' and is typically used to make ''supakanja'' (a dish mostly served on Saturdays and made with okra, red palm oil, fish and meat).

=== Haitian cuisines ===
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2018}}
In [[Haiti]], the leafy green dish is commonly known as ''lalo'' and is traditionally cooked with or without meat. When considering meat, Haitians utilize beef or pork shoulder. Seafood such as blue crabs, shrimp or snow crab legs are also options. It is traditionally served with white rice.

== Nutrition ==

The leaves are rich in [[Folic acid]], [[beta-Carotene]], [[Iron]], [[Calcium]], [[Vitamin C]] and more than 32 vitamins, minerals and trace elements. The plant has a potent [[antioxidant]] activity with a significant [[α-tocopherol]] equivalent [[Vitamin E]].<ref name=Danukeisduke/><ref name="Cassinleaves">{{cite book|author=Barbara Cassin|title=L' Archipel des idées de Barbara Cassin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1JHlJ6_raYC&pg=PA253|date=10 July 2014|publisher=Les Editions de la MSH|isbn=978-2-7351-1699-7|pages=209–212}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Tung‐Shan |last2=Saad |first2=Sohair |title=Folic acid in Egyptian vegetables: The effect of drying method and storage on the folacin content of mulukhiyah (corchorus olitorius) |journal=[[Ecology of Food and Nutrition]] |date=31 August 2010 |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=249–255 |doi=10.1080/03670244.1981.9990646 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03670244.1981.9990646 |accessdate=17 February 2019}}</ref><ref name=Shihabrecipe>{{cite book|author=Sana Nimer Abu Shihab|title=Mediterranean Cuisine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7kgVTx41NbYC&pg=PA56|year=2012|publisher=Author House|isbn=978-1-4772-8309-7|pages=56–57}}</ref>

==Ancient references==
The word for the plant is found in ancient Mediterranean languages such as Arabic and Greek.<ref name="oed">{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=mallow&allowed_in_frame=0|title=mallow|author=Douglas Harper|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary|accessdate=February 3, 2012}}</ref> [[Cognate]]s of the word include [[Ancient Greek]] μαλάχη (''malákhē'') or μολόχη (''molókhē''), [[Modern Greek]] μολόχα (''molóha''), modern {{lang-ar|ملوخية}} (''mulukhiyah'') and modern {{lang-he|מלוחיה}} (''malukhia'').<ref name="oed"/><ref name="khalid">{{cite web|url=http://baheyeldin.com/egypt/molokheya-an-egyptian-national-dish.html|title=Molokheya: an Egyptian National Dish|author=Khalid|publisher=The Baheyeldin Dynasty|accessdate=September 10, 2011}}</ref>

[[Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah]] banned mulukhiyah sometime during his reign (996–1021 CE). It is claimed he thought that the dish would lead women to debauchery.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Cooking lessons in Cairo |newspaper=The National |accessdate=2015-05-28 |url=http://www.thenational.ae/lifestyle/food/cooking-lessons-in-cairo}}</ref> While the ban was eventually lifted after the end of his reign, the [[Druze]], who hold Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah in high regard, continue to respect the ban, and do not eat mulukhiyah of any kind to this day.{{cn|date=October 2018}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Jordan|Food}}
* [[List of African dishes]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Molokheya}}
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/womanshour/food/recipe7.shtml Mulukhiyya recipe]

{{Cuisine of Egypt}}
{{Levantine cuisine}}
{{Cuisine of Algeria}}
{{Cuisine of Lebanon}}
{{Cuisine of Cyprus}}

[[Category:Ancient dishes]]
[[Category:Egyptian cuisine]]
[[Category:Middle Eastern cuisine]]
[[Category:Algerian cuisine]]
[[Category:Arab cuisine]]
[[Category:Cypriot cuisine]]
[[Category:Fiber plants]]
[[Category:Grewioideae]]
[[Category:Jute]]
[[Category:Leaf vegetables]]
[[Category:Lebanese cuisine]]
[[Category:Jordanian cuisine]]
[[Category:Levantine cuisine]]
[[Category:Mediterranean cuisine]]
[[Category:National dishes]]
[[Category:Palestinian cuisine]]
[[Category:Syrian cuisine]]
[[Category:Turkish Cypriot cuisine]]
[[Category:Culinary dishes]]

Titanfall 2

2018-04-29T08:58:11Z

DPL bot: Robot: adding dablinks template; 7 or more disambig links (see the FAQ)

{{dablinks|date=April 2018}}
{{Use American English|date=April 2015}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox video game
| title = Titanfall 2
| image = Titanfall 2 box art.jpeg
| caption = Cover art showing protagonist Jack Cooper and his Titan BT-7274
| developer = [[Respawn Entertainment]]
| publisher = [[Electronic Arts]]
| director = Steve Fukuda
| producer = Drew McCoy
| designer = {{ubl|Todd Alderman |Mackey McCandlish}}
| programmer = Richard A. Baker
| artist = Joel Emslie
| writer = {{ubl|Steve Fukuda |Manny Hagopian |Jesse Stern}}
| composer = [[Stephen Barton]]
| engine = [[Source (game engine)|Source]]
| platforms = {{ubl|[[Microsoft Windows]]|[[PlayStation 4]]|[[Xbox One]]}}
| released = {{vgrelease|WW|{{start date|2016|10|28}}}}
| genre = [[First-person shooter]]
| modes = [[Single-player video game|Single-player]], [[Multiplayer video game|multiplayer]]
}}

'''''Titanfall 2''''' is a [[first-person shooter]] [[video game]] developed by [[Respawn Entertainment]] and published by [[Electronic Arts]]. It is the sequel to 2014's ''[[Titanfall]]'' and was released worldwide on October 28, 2016 for [[Microsoft Windows]], [[PlayStation 4]] and [[Xbox One]]. In ''Titanfall 2'', players control Titans, mecha-style exoskeletons, and their pilots, who are agile and equipped with an arsenal of skills ranging from wall-running to [[cloaking]]. Six new types of Titans were introduced to the game, with each having unique skills. Set in a [[sci-fi]] universe, the single-player campaign follows the story of Jack Cooper, a rifleman from Frontier Militia who bonds with his Titan BT-7274 after an accident. Together, they embark on a quest to stop the Interstellar Manufacturing Corporation (IMC) from launching a [[superweapon]].

Development of the game began in mid-2016 and the title had a two-year development cycle. The decision to add a single-player campaign to the game was made as the team wanted to expand the game's player base. The team came up with different ideas, known internally as "action blocks", and integrated them together to form a single coherent campaign. ''[[Gargantia on the Verdurous Planet]]'' and [[buddy cop film]]s, as well as video games ''[[Half-Life]]'' inspired the game's campaign and narrative. The team also overhauled the progression system and made subtle changes to the multiplayer to make the game fairer to players. A heavily modified version of [[Source (engine)|Source]] was used to power the game. [[Stephen Barton]] returned to compose the game's music.

At launch, the game received critical acclaim. The single-player campaign was praised for its design and execution, and the multiplayer modes for building upon the foundation of the original game. Despite the positive reception, ''Titanfall 2'' underperformed commercially, with most attributing the underwhelming performance to the game being released in a crowded release window. It was nominated for multiple year-end accolades, including [[List of Game of the Year awards|Game of the Year]] and Best Shooter awards from several [[Video game journalism|gaming publications]]. Respawn continued to support the game upon release, releasing several updates and free [[downloadable content]].

== Gameplay ==
[[File:Titanfall 2 gameplay screenshot.png|thumb|left|256px|In this gameplay screenshot, the player attaches the player character to a Titan using a [[grappling hook]].]]
Similar to its predecessor, ''Titanfall 2'' is a [[first-person shooter]] game in which players can control both a pilot and their Titans – mecha-style exoskeletons. The pilot has an arsenal of abilities which enhance their efficiency during combat. These abilities include [[cloaking device|cloaking]], [[Grappling hook|grappling]], and [[parkour]] – such as double-jumping and wall-running – with the aid of a jump kit.<ref name="PolyPre">{{cite web|url=http://www.polygon.com/2016/8/11/12439628/titanfall-2-single-player-campaign-revealed|title=Titanfall 2: First single-player campaign details|first=Michael|last=McWhertor|work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]|date=August 11, 2016|accessdate=August 12, 2016}}</ref> These movements can be [[combo (gaming)|chained]] together in order to travel between locations quickly.<ref name="samediff">{{cite web|url=http://www.gameinformer.com/games/titanfall_2/b/playstation4/archive/2016/06/20/whats-the-same-whats-different-in-titanfall-2-multiplayer.aspx|title=What's the Same, What's Different in Titanfall 2 Multiplayer|first=Matt|last=Bertz|work=[[Game Informer]]|date=June 20, 2016|accessdate=June 12, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnet.com/news/titanfall-2/|title=Titanfall 2's grappling hook is unreal (hands-on)|first=Sean|last=Hollister|work=[[CNet]]|date=June 12, 2016|accessdate=August 12, 2016}}</ref> The game introduces several new gameplay mechanics: a sliding mechanic, the pulse blade, which is a [[throwing knife]] that reveals the location of any nearby enemy, the holo-pilot, a holographic pilot that mimics players' action to confuse enemies, and a [[grappling hook]], which can be used to slingshot players to a building or an enemy it attaches to. The pilots have a large arsenal of gadgets and weapons, such as [[shotgun|shotguns]], [[submachine gun]]s, [[pistol]]s, and [[grenades]] to fight against enemies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pcgamer.com/best-titanfall-2-guns/|title=The best guns in Titanfall 2|first=James|last=Busby|work=[[PC Gamer]]|date=January 16, 2017|accessdate=May 28, 2017}}</ref> At close range, players can execute their opponents from behind.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vg247.com/2016/06/20/heres-four-minutes-of-titanfall-2-gameplay/|title=Here's four minutes of Titanfall 2 gameplay|first=Sherif|last=Saed|work=[[VG247]]|date=June 20, 2016|accessdate=August 12, 2016}}</ref>

Titans are significantly less mobile than the pilots, but they have stronger firearms and armor. Replacing the three classes featured in the first ''Titanfall'', seven Titans are introduced, namely Ion, Scorch, Northstar, Ronin, Tone and Legion. Ion uses a directed-energy arsenal. Scorch engaged in combat using area-denial incendiary weaponry, Northstar excels in long-range precision attacks, setting traps, and is the only Titan that has the ability to hover. Ronin specializes in close quarters combat, utilizing a shotgun and a sword. Tone focuses on midrange combat with its target locking weapons. Legion utilizes a minigun designed for defense and controlling combat zones. Finally, Monarch (added post-release via DLC), a Vanguard-class chassis that can upgrade itself on the fly.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gamespot.com/gallery/titanfall-2-every-single-titan-and-what-they-do/2900-959/4/|title=Titanfall 2: Every Single Titan and What They Do|first=Matt|last=Espineli |work=[[GameSpot]]|date=October 28, 2016|accessdate=May 28, 2017}}</ref> The Titans have their own sets of move sets which are different from that of the pilots. For instance, they can quickly dodge to evade attacks.<ref name="tips"/>

===Single-player===
Unlike its predecessor, ''Titanfall 2'' has a single-player story campaign with gameplay split between commanding the Titan and controlling the pilot.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.polygon.com/e3/2016/6/12/11913270/titanfall-2-interview-e3-2016|title=Titanfall 2 Brings Personality To Its Messive Mechs, And A Story For The Fans|first=Brian|last=Crecente|work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]|date=June 12, 2016|accessdate=August 12, 2016}}</ref> It features a linear story, but levels offer players multiple paths to explore.<ref name="GSpotPre">{{cite web|url=http://www.gamespot.com/articles/titanfall-2-single-player-campaign-revealed-shows-/1100-6442525/|title=Titanfall 2 Single-Player Campaign Revealed, Shows New Details|first=Mike|last=Mahardy|work=[[GameSpot]]|date=August 12, 2016|accessdate=August 12, 2016}}</ref> For most parts of the game, players are accompanied by the Titan BT-7274, which can change its weapon loadouts under players' command so that it can maximize its efficiency when combating different Titan variants. These loadouts are unlocked after players defeat an enemy [[boss (gaming)|boss]].<ref name="IGNRev"/> Players are allowed to use multiple ways to complete objectives and attack enemies, such as utilizing [[stealth game|stealth]], or using the long-ranged or short-ranged weapons provided in the game. Maps are sprawling, and there are multiple paths for players to choose from in order for them to reach their destination.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2016/09/29/titanfall-2-campaign-hands-on-preview-the-first-3-hours-are-intense|title=Titanfall 2 Campaign Hand-On Preview: The First 3 Hours Are Intense|first=Brian|last=Albert|work=[[IGN]]|date=September 29, 2016|accessdate=May 27, 2017}}</ref> In addition, the game features [[platform game|platform]] elements, which task players to make use of Cooper's parkour abilities to solve environmental puzzles, and travel to the previously inaccessible areas. Some weapons are level-specific, and can only be used in certain regions.<ref name="PolyPre"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2016/08/11/titanfall-2-single-player-campaign-is-surprising|title=Titanfall 2 Single Player Is Surprising|first=Brandin|last=Tyrrel|work=[[IGN]]|date=August 11, 2016|accessdate=August 12, 2016}}</ref> There are also level-specific gameplay mechanics. For instance, in the level "Effect and Cause", players are required to shift between modern times and the past with a temporal device.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kotaku.com/let-s-talk-about-titanfall-2-s-best-mission-1788777731|title=
The Mission That Proved Titanfall 2 Was Something Special|first=Kirk|last=Hamilton|work=[[Kotaku]]|date=November 25, 2016|accessdate=May 28, 2017}}</ref> Players can also select dialogue options and talk to the Titan at certain points of the campaign.<ref name="EuroGPre">{{cite web|url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2016-08-11-you-can-talk-to-the-titans-in-titanfall-2s-campaign|title=You can talk to the Titans in Titanfall 2's campaign|first=Martin|last=Robinson|work=[[Eurogamer]]|date=August 11, 2016|accessdate=August 12, 2016}}</ref> The single-player also features a training gauntlet, which acts as a [[tutorial]] for players. The faster they complete the gauntlet, a higher position will be obtained on a [[Glossary of video game terms|leaderboard]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vg247.com/2016/11/03/watch-someone-clear-titanfall-2s-training-gauntlet-in-20-6-seconds/|title=Watch someone clear Titanfall 2’s training Gauntlet in 20.6 seconds|first=Sherif|last=Saed|work=[[VG 247]]|date=November 3, 2016|accessdate=April 26, 2018}}</ref>

===Multiplayer===
The multiplayer mode introduces a Titan meter, which fills up slowly when the player is playing the game. It fills up faster when the players kills an opponent, inflicts damage on enemies, or completes certain objectives.<ref name="mashable"/><ref name="ignpre"/> When a certain percentage of the meter is filled up, the player can summon a Titan, which then descends from the sky.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://metro.co.uk/2016/06/20/titanfall-hands-on-preview-and-interview-its-very-different-to-anything-weve-done-in-the-past-5956319/|title=Titanfall 2 hands-on preview and interview – 'It's very different to anything we've done in the past'|work=[[Metro (magazine)|Metro]]|date=June 20, 2016|accessdate=August 12, 2016}}</ref> A Titan can crush opponents if it lands in top of one when summoned.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2016/06/13/e3-2016-titanfall-2-our-first-multiplayer-hands-on-is-fire|title=E3 2016: Titanfall 2: Our First Multiplayer Hand-On Is On Fire|first=Ryan|last=McCaffery|work=[[IGN]]|date=June 12, 2016|accessdate=May 28, 2017}}</ref> When the Titan meter is filled up completely while in a Titan, the Titan can use their core ability, which inflicts a lot more damage than typical attacks do.<ref name="tips"/> Players can rodeo an enemy's titan and steal its battery, which will cause damage to the Titan. The battery can also be taken and implemented on a friendly Titan, which will recharge its shield and fills up the Titan meter.<ref name="ignpre">{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2016/10/12/7-big-differences-between-titanfall-and-titanfall-2|title=7 Big Differences Between Titanfall and Titanfall 2|first=Miranda|last=Sanchez|work=[[IGN]]|date=October 12, 2016|accessdate=May 28, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2016-10-21-be-advised-titanfall-2s-multiplayer-is-looking-amazing|title=Be advised: Titanfall 2's multiplayer runs much deeper than the original|first=Jon|last=Denton|work=[[Eurogamer]]|date=October 24, 2016|accessdate=May 28, 2017}}</ref> Players can disembark from their Titan at any time, and it will continue to attack nearby opponents under "follow mode", in which the Titan follows the pilot as closely as it can; alternatively they can set it to "guard mode", in which it will stay put.<ref name="tips">{{cite web|url=http://kotaku.com/tips-for-playing-titanfall-2-1788446358|title=Tips For Playing Titanfall 2|first=Heather|last=Alexandra|work=[[Kotaku]]|date=November 1, 2016|accessdate=May 28, 2017}}</ref>

Players earn "merits" based on their performance in a multiplayer match, regardless of whether their team wins or loses. Merits are [[experience (gaming)|experience points]], through participating in the match or getting access to unlocks. Players need to accumulate merits in order to level up, which further unlocks more weapons, abilities and more. There are also other ways to earn merits, such as through surviving the evacuation phase when the players' team lost in a match. In addition, players earn Credits, a form of currency used to buy weapons, boosts, Titans, or abilities before they are unlocked. They can be earned through earning merits and completing challenges.<ref name="mashable">{{cite web|url=http://mashable.com/2016/10/31/titanfall-2-pvp-multiplayer-tips-tricks-guide/#hCm.GjG_i8qw|title=10 'Titanfall 2' tips for those who struggle with multiplayer|first=Adam|last=Rosenberg|work=[[Mashable]]|date=November 1, 2016|accessdate=May 28, 2017}}</ref> Customization options is expanded significantly in the game when compared to its predecessor. Players' outfits and weapons, as well as Titans' appearances and combat efficiency, can be extensively customized.<ref name="ignpre"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.playstationlifestyle.net/2016/10/21/titanfall-2-titan-customization-blowout-full-list-of-pilot-boosts-executions/#/slide/39|title=Titanfall 2 – Full List of Pilot Boosts & Executions, Titan Customization Blowout|first=Alex|last=Co|work=PlayStation LifeStyle|date=October 21, 2016|accessdate=May 28, 2017}}</ref> Boosts replace burn cards featured in the previous game. They are tactical abilities that enhance the players' combat efficiency. Each boost has their own specific access requirement. For instance, Ticks, which are explosive mines that track enemies, required 65% of the Titan meter filled, while Amped Weapons, in which players inflicts more damages with their firearms, required 80%. Players need to decide which boost they are going to use before a match begins, and they cannot swap their boost during the game.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gameinformer.com/b/features/archive/2016/10/28/12-tips-to-help-you-master-titanfall-2s-multiplayer.aspx|title=12 Tips To Help You Master Titanfall 2's Multiplayer|first=Javy|last= Gwaltney|work=[[Game Informer]]|date=October 30, 2016|accessdate=May 28, 2017}}</ref>

''Titanfall 2'' features a number of multiplayer modes at launch. These modes include:<ref name="tips"/>
* '''Amped Hardpoint''': In this mode, teams received points if they can hold control points for an extensive amount of time. The team that accumulates more points wins.
* '''Bounty Hunt''': Players are rewarded with money if they kill enemies opponents or [[artificial intelligence|AI]]-controlled grunts. Players need to return to specific points to deposit the money. Players can also steal opponents' money by killing them. The team that has the highest score wins.
* '''Pilot vs. Pilot''': A standard [[team deathmatch]] mode but players cannot summon any Titan.
* '''[[Capture the Flag]]''': Players are tasked to retrieve an enemy flag and bring it back to their team's own base while preventing opponents from stealing their own flag.
* '''Attrition''': A standard team deathmatch mode in which players can summon Titans. Points will be rewarded to a player's team when they kill a human-controlled enemy or an AI-controlled grunt. When a team gets enough points, the game will transition into another phase, in which the losing team needs to reach the evacuation zone and escape while the winning team needs to eliminate all opponents.
* '''Skirmish''': The mode is similar to Attrition, but there is no AI-controlled grunt and the scores needed for phase transitioning is lowered.
* '''Last Titan Standing''': A standard team deathmatch mode but players cannot eject from their titan.
* '''Free For All''': Players are tasked to kill each other in this mode. All other players will be marked as their opponents.
* '''Coliseum''': This is a one-versus-one multiplayer mode in which the player is tasked to eliminate the other player. Players can gain access to this mode through Coliseum tickets, which are earned through playing other multiplayer modes, buying them with credits or receiving them in gifts, granted when the player levels up a faction.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gamesradar.com/titanfall-2-has-a-1v1-me-bro-mode-brought-to-you-by-mtn-dew-and-doritos/|title=Titanfall 2 has a "1v1 me bro" mode brought to you by Mtn Dew and Doritos|first=Connor|last=Sheriden|work=[[GamesRadar]]|date=September 22, 2016|accessdate=May 28, 2017}}</ref>
* '''Titan Brawl''': A standard [[team deathmatch]] mode but players spawn with their titans and cannot eject or disembark from their titans.
* '''Frontier Defense''': A PvE multiplayer game mode where four players must face up to five waves against Enemies

Matchmaking is also enhanced, with the game automatically helping players to find a new match after the end of every match.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gamespot.com/articles/how-titanfall-2s-matchmaking-is-being-improved/1100-6442487/|title=How Titanfall 2's Matchmaking Is Being Improved|first=Chris|last=Pereira |date=August 9, 2016|accessdate=August 12, 2016|work=[[GameSpot]]}}</ref> The game also introduces a new features called "Networks", which allows players to form a group, similar to a [[guild]]. The game automatically groups both the player and other members of the network together in a match. Players can join more than one network, and can switch between joined networks in-game.<ref name="CNET">{{cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/titanfall-2-networks-interview-e3-2016/|title=Titanfall 2 may fix one of the biggest problems with team-based multiplayer games|first=Sean|last=Hollister|work=[[CNET]]|date=June 24, 2016|accessdate=August 12, 2016}}</ref> Each network has its own "happy hour". If the player plays the game during this period time, they will gain extra merits.<ref name="mashable"/>

==Synopsis==
===Setting===
The conflict of the game takes place in "The Frontier", a region of star systems far removed from the "Core Systems" where Earth is located. The Interstellar Manufacturing Corporation (IMC) and the Frontier Militia battle for control of the Frontier; the IMC seeks to exploit the Frontier's rich resources regardless of the consequences for planetary environments and civilian populations, while the Militia fight to expel the IMC and gain independence for the Frontier. In the wake of the [[Titanfall|Battle of Demeter]], the Militia is on the offensive; battling for resources and control of the Frontier planets. The IMC, though weakened by the lack of reinforcements from the core systems as a result of the destruction of the refueling facility by James MacAllan, are still a dominant fighting force attempting to drive the Militia out and put down any resistance to their control of the Frontier.

In the singleplayer campaign the player assumes control of Jack Cooper, a class three rifleman from the Frontier Militia, who is sent to the alien planet of Typhon and must ally with his former squadmate's Titan named BT-7274 to fight against both local alien creatures and human enemies from the IMC.<ref name="EuroGPre" />

=== Plot ===
Jack Cooper, a class three rifleman in the Militia, aspires to become a Titan Pilot for the Militia, and is receiving off-the-books training from Captain Tai Lastimosa in preparation for Cooper's candidacy. The two are part of a Militia force which attacks the IMC-held planet of Typhon. In the initial battle, the Apex Predators, a group of mercenaries contracted to the IMC and led by Blisk, mortally wound Lastimosa and incapacitate his Vanguard-class Titan, BT-7274. Lastimosa transfers control of BT to Cooper, and BT explains that Cooper has also inherited Lastimosa's mission, Special Operation 217: to rendezvous with Major Anderson and assist in the completion of their original assignment. Anderson's last known position is at an IMC laboratory. BT and Cooper are forced to take a detour through a manufacturing plant where they are ambushed and separated. Cooper fights through the factory alone until he is trapped in a combat simulation being run by the mercenary Ash, who is using captured Militia soldiers as test subjects to test the potency of IMC machine units. Cooper escapes, and after being reunited with BT, defeats Ash.

BT and Cooper continue on to the IMC laboratory only to find it destroyed, finding the corpses there artificially aged due to time-travel distortion. Anderson is present, though also deceased from a time-travel mishap. Cooper learns Anderson was gathering intelligence on a new IMC device, the 'Fold Weapon', which utilizes time-displacement technology to destroy entire planets. The planet Harmony, which houses the Militia headquarters, will be the first target. Fortunately for the Militia, the Fold Weapon is dependent upon a power source known as the Ark. Cooper and BT hijack an IMC communications array and broadcast a signal to the Militia fleet. The transmission contained sensor data on the Ark's electromagnetic signature so that the Militia could find and seize it.

After receiving the transmission, Militia's military unit, the Marauder Corps, leads an assault against the IMC-held installation where the Ark is being kept. Arriving too late to prevent it from being loaded onto an IMC transport, the Militia give chase in hijacked IMC ships. The mercenary Viper nearly kills BT and Cooper by throwing them off their transport, but freelance pilot Barker rescues them by catching them with his dropship. Cooper regroups with a friendly mercenary group called the Six Four, and the Pilots secure the IMC ship nearest to the Draconis, the transport carrying the Ark. Barker drops BT off with Cooper and they face off with Viper, who, after a short skirmish, falls out of the sky. BT and Cooper attempt to board the Draconis but are once again interrupted by Viper. In the battle, BT loses an arm, but Cooper kills Viper by shooting his exposed body after his titan's hatch is blown off.

Cooper and BT successfully get aboard the Draconis holding the Ark, and they secure it before the ship crashes. BT becomes incapacitated from damage sustained in his fight with Viper, and the duo are captured by Blisk and his second-in-command, Slone. BT surrenders the Ark to save Cooper, but is destroyed by Slone for trying to help Cooper escape. However, BT gives Cooper his data core before he dies, and Cooper used this data core to revive BT by installing it in a Vanguard chassis provided by Briggs after he escapes captivity. Reunited, Cooper and BT fight their way to the base where the Fold Weapon is being prepared for use against Harmony. They kill Slone, earning Blisk's respect; Blisk spares Cooper because the IMC never included killing Cooper in their contract and he doesn't work for free. He offers Cooper a place in the Apex Predators before departing. BT and Cooper then launch themselves into the Fold Weapon's superstructure where the Ark has already been installed. BT hurls Cooper free before sacrificing himself by killing himself, destroying the Ark and the Fold Weapon and the planet Complex.

The game ends with a monologue from Cooper, talking about having his status as a pilot affirmed and being inducted into the Marauder Corps, as well as reminiscing over his experiences with BT. The Titan neural link to Cooper's helmet flashes with the message "Jack?" encoded in binary.

== Development ==
The game was developed by [[Respawn Entertainment]], founded by [[Vince Zampella]]. Respawn entrusted a team of 90 people to develop the game.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mcvuk.com/development/divide-and-conquer-the-next-step-for-respawn|title=Divide and conquer: the next step for Respawn|first=Matthew|last=Jarvis|work=[[MCVUK]]|date=March 29, 2016|accessdate=April 25, 2018}}</ref> The original ''[[Titanfall]]'''s director, Steve Fukuda, producer, Drew McCoy, and composer [[Stephen Barton]] returned for the sequel. Production of the title began in mid 2014 and the game had a two year development cycle,<ref name="VBInt"/> with publisher [[Electronic Arts]] providing funding and marketing support.<ref name="EdgeTheMakingOf"/> Development of the game was completed on September 29, 2016, with Respawn confirming that the game had been declared [[Software release life cycle#Release to manufacturing (RTM)|gold]], indicating it was being prepared for duplication and release.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vg247.com/2016/09/29/titanfall-2-has-gone-gold/|title=Titanfall 2 has gone gold|first=Sherif|last=Saed|work=[[VG 247]]|date=September 29, 2016|accessdate=April 26, 2018}}</ref>

===Single-player===
{{quotebox|quote=“We wanted to make a single player [campaign] but what we didn’t want to do was literally grab those mechanics, pick them up and then plonk them down into a typical shooter because it wouldn’t work. In fact we tried that and it definitely didn’t work.”|width=33%|source=—Mohammed Alavi, senior designer for ''Titanfall 2''}}

''Titanfall'' had a low engagement with players post-release despite huge initial sales and Fukuda believed that the dwindling size of the community is mainly due to the game's lack of a single-player campaign.<ref name="EdgeTheMakingOf"/> Zampella added that the introduction of a single-player campaign was intended to expand the player base,<ref name="RollingStoneInt">{{cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/glixel/interviews/qa-titanfall-2-creator-on-what-makes-a-great-shooter-w450709|title=Q&A: 'Titanfall 2' Creator on What Makes a Great Shooter and Launching Against 'Call of Duty'|first=Chris |last=Suellentrop|work=[[Rolling Stone]]|date=November 16, 2016|accessdate=April 25, 2018}}</ref> and McCoy believed that the addition of a campaign can make the overall package more complete.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.polygon.com/2016/8/18/12533412/titanfall-2-single-player-demo-gamescom-2016|title=Titanfall 2's 'unexpected single-player' needs time to win over players|first=Allegra|last=Frank|work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]|date=August 18, 2016|accessdate=April 28, 2018}}</ref> The team's vision for the campaign was to make it different from other [[first-person shooter]]s, especially ''[[Call of Duty]]''.<ref name="EdgeTheMakingOf"/> This proved to be a challenge for the team since many of them worked in [[Infinity Ward]], the developer of ''Call of Duty'' before joining Respawn and they had become accustomed to making the campaign of that style. According to McCoy, the team initially tried to put all the mechanics from the first ''Titanfall'' to the campaign but it did not work out for the team.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.engadget.com/2016/08/19/titanfall-2-gamescom-2016/|title=Crafting a story for 'Titanfall 2'|first=Nick|last=Summers|work=[[Engadget]]|date=August 19, 2016|accessdate=April 25, 2018}}</ref> As a result, the team decided to host numerous [[game jam]]s within the studio, in which team members were free to create new designs and experiment with technology with little constraints other than the fact that they must adhere to ''Titanfall'''s existing mechanics. The team was tasked not to follow traditional shooter campaign's design conventions and were free to build prototypes for the campaign, which would then be integrated together to form a coherent campaign. These prototypes were internally referred to as "action blocks", which allowed the team to introduce "ideas after ideas" in the full game since these blocks were often independent of each other and had unique gameplay features. For instance, players would be time traveling in one level and assaulting Titans in the next. These blocks enabled the team to discover new ideas and found out the structure of the overall campaign, which was called internally as "211", in which every level consists of two parts involving Pilot combat, one part involving pilot movement and puzzle solving, and one part involving Titan combat.<ref name="EdgeTheMakingOf">{{cite web|url=https://www.gamesradar.com/the-making-of-titanfall-2-how-building-blocks-buddy-robots-and-half-life-led-to-one-of-the-freshest-fps-in-years/|title=The making of Titanfall 2: How building blocks, buddy robots, and Half-Life led to one of the freshest FPS in years|first=Alex|last=Wiltshire |date=October 13, 2017|accessdate=April 25, 2018|work=[[Edge (magazine)|Edge]]|publisher=[[GamesRadar]]}}</ref>

[[File:AH-64D Apache Longbow.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Military technologies such as the [[Boeing AH-64 Apache]] helicopter inspired the look of BT-7274.]]
The "action blocks" approach meant that the game's gameplay was designed before the story. The team intended to make the game similar to the ''[[Half-Life]]'' series, in which a mystery takes center stage of the story and that players will be hooked to continue exploring it, thus drawing them to complete the campaign. ''[[Portal (video game)|Portal]]'' also influenced the game's design.<ref name="RollingStoneInt"/> One of the major components of the campaign is the interactions between the player character Jack Cooper and his Titan BT-7274.<ref name="EdgeTheMakingOf"/> Fukuda described it as a "[[buddy]]" story, inspired by [[buddy cop film]]s like ''[[Lethal Weapon]]'' or ''[[Beverly Hills Cop]]'', as well as [[anime]] ''[[Gargantia on the Verdurous Planet]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/olliebarder/2017/04/19/respawn-finally-talks-about-the-obvious-mecha-anime-influences-in-titanfall-2/#3a5e99d42596|title=Respawn Finally Talks About The Obvious Mecha Anime Influences In 'Titanfall 2'|first=Ollie|last=Barder|work=[[Forbes]]|date=April 19, 2017|accessdate=April 25, 2018}}</ref> "BT" stood for "Buddy Titan", which is a name the team hated but Fukuda insisted on having. To increase the chemistry between the duo, the two characters have opposite personalities: Jack was enthusiastic, while BT is robotic and calm.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.redbull.com/au-en/titanfall-2-making-of-and-insight-news-red-bull-games|title=Titanfall 2’s Campaign is a Sci-Fi Buddy Cop Romp|first=Ben|last=Salter|work=[[Red Bull]]|date=September 14, 2016|accessdate=April 25, 2018}}</ref> Jack Cooper was difficult to write for the team since his personality may not align with player's choices or vision for the character.<ref name="TelegraphInterview"/> While the team intentionally avoided making BT similar to [[Optimus Prime]] and cute robots such as [[Wall-E]], they found BT's personality difficult to write, as they must find a balance between making it "a lovable partner and 20-foot-tall war machine". Early drafts made for BT's scripts were deemed too "bossy", and five writers too five months to rework it. To make BT more human, the team designed a large emotive eye for BT so that players would know where the titan is looking, and a small pair of robotic arms that allow it to interact with other characters in a more natural way. The front of BT is filled with colored paints which inform the players the Titan's head movement.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/10/18/13256052/titanfall-2-bt-mech-design-interview-respawn-entertainment|title=How The Team Behind Titanfall 2 Built A Titan You'll Actually Care About|first=Andrew|last=Webster|work=[[The Verge]]|date=October 16, 2018|accessdate=April 25, 2018}}</ref> Inspired by narrative games like ''[[BioShock]]'' and ''[[Uncharted]]'',<ref name="biggest challenge yet"/> the team added a design choice that let players communicate with BT, which enabled players to bond with the Titan without using any [[cutscene]]. This also provided players with more insights regarding the game's world,<ref name="RollingStoneInt"/> though some staff questioned the decision since ''Half-Life'' protagonist is silenced. To make player feel that Jack Cooper and BT are separate entities even when they are controlling the Titan, the team made several small graphical hints to remind players and that BT will still continue to talk to the player character.<ref name="TelegraphInterview"/> To create the unique physical appearance and the expression of BT, animator Shawn Lee Wilson was inspired by [[Akira Kurosawa]] films and [[Clint Eastwood]] and [[Sam Elliott]]'s cowboy roles. [[Apache helicopter]] and other military technologies also inspired BT's design. Lee Wilson provided motion capture for the Titan.<ref name="EdgeTheMakingOf"/>

While designing the game's single-player, one of the team's goals was to retaining the energy present in ''Titanfall''{{'}}s multiplayer.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/titanfall-2-single-player-campaign-revealed-shows-/1100-6442525/|title=Titanfall 2 Single-Player Campaign Revealed, Shows New Details|first=Mike|last=Mahardy|work=[[GameSpot]]|date=August 11, 2016|accessdate=April 25, 2018}}</ref> The team wanted to make the campaign more creative instead of simple having robots in the campaign, and that both the unique traits of pilots and Titans must be utilized and expanded upon. Therefore, the team decided to create both intricate environments for pilots' transversal and large open space for titan combat, instead of making a [[linear gameplay|corridor shooter]]. According to gameplay designer Mohammed Alavi, this granted players greater control and freedom over the character's movement.<ref name="TelegraphInterview">{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/gaming/what-to-play/titanfall-2-single-player-interview---you-are-going-to-be-doing/|title=Titanfall 2 interview - 'You are going to be doing things in our single-player that you have never done before'|first=Dan|last=Silver|work=[[The Telegraph]]|date=September 1, 2016|accessdate=April 25, 2018}}</ref> The team put a huge focus on [[platforming]], which was designed to further expand the use of the pilot movement sets. Many team members created action blocks dedicated to platforming, with ideas such as having players solving puzzles to find a new surface to wall-run on, and Titan being able to throw the pilot so that they could travel over long distance. The concept of Titan throwing pilots was ultimately discarded from gameplay and became part of a cinematic cutscene because the team had trouble implmenting it due to its lack of interactivity.<ref name="EdgeTheMakingOf"/> The game also features a wide variety of puzzles inspired by ''[[BioShock]]'' and ''Half-Life'', in which players maintain "a certain level of speed" while solving puzzles.<ref name="biggest challenge yet"/> There are also puzzles which change the game's pace and require players to stop to think of a solution.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.polygon.com/2016/10/11/13243948/titanfall-2-single-player-adventure-video|title=Titanfall 2’s campaign makes time for slow moments|first=Samit|last=Sarker|work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]|date=October 11, 2016|accessdate=April 25, 2018}}</ref>

The most acclaimed level "Effect and Cause", which involves time travel, was an action block created by designer Jake Keating. Keating was inspired by ''[[X-Men 2]]'''s [[Nightcrawler]] and documentary series ''[[Life After People]]''. Keating had the idea prior to the development of ''Titanfall'', and he experimented the idea with one of the multiplayer maps of ''Titanfall''. The action block was warmly welcomed by the entire development team, with some feeling that it has the potential to be the main feature throughout the entire game rather than confining it to one level. However, Keating insisted on limiting its use to one level so that the mechanic will not beoming boring for players.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://waypoint.vice.com/en_us/article/av3a7b/a-behind-the-scenes-look-at-the-best-mission-in-titanfall-2|title=A Behind-The-Scenes Look at the Best Mission in ‘Titanfall 2’|first=Patrick|last=Klepek|work=Waypoint|date=November 29, 2016|accessdate=April 25, 2018}}</ref> To make the level, the team created two building [[computer model]]s with one on top of another. As the player switch timeline, they are teleported from one building to another. Fukuda added that it was the landmark level the team looking for and that the level did not require demanding technology. However, he added that the level created additional workload to the team since the two buildings, each with different features and characteristics, need to be built twice.<ref name="EdgeTheMakingOf"/>

The game's single-player starts with simple missions before gradually introducing players to more complicated situations which demand more skills and precision.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://venturebeat.com/2016/10/27/titanfall-2-gradually-eases-players-into-grunt-combat/|title=Titanfall 2 gradually eases players into Grunt combat|first=Dean|last=Takahashi|work=[[VentureBeat]]|date=October 27, 2016|accessdate=April 25, 2018}}</ref> The game story also supplements this, as Jack Cooper transformed from a normal grunt of Frontier to a skillful pilot at the end.<ref name="EdgeTheMakingOf"/> The campaign was created as a stepping stone for inexperienced players by providing a more "relaxing" environment that teaches players' the basic gameplay mechanics, training them before they join the multiplayer matches.<ref name="can't get anywhere else">{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/gaming/what-to-play/titanfall-2-interview---we-think-were-offering-something-that-pe/|title=Titanfall 2 interview - "We are offering something that people are not going to get anywhere else"|first=Tom|last=Hoggins|work=[[The Telegraph]]|date=October 24, 2016|accessdate=April 25, 2018}}</ref>

===Multiplayer===
The team evaluated the multiplayer for ''Titanfall'' and listened to both feedback and analytical research from gaming journalists, and singled out two major concerns: there was not enough content for players, and that at times the game became too chaotic. The team slowed down the gameplay pace of multiplayer so that players can make decision actively thus relying less on [[reflex]]. The team also improved the game's map design by intorducing more verticality to each map. Fukuda described it as [[3D]] [[swiss cheese effect]]. The team also employed the strategy of "window pane", in which each map has three obvious paths: left, middle and right. This helped to make each map's environments more predictable to players.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shacknews.com/article/96446/titanfall-2-game-director-on-a-slower-paced-multiplayer|title=Titanfall 2 game director on a slower-paced multiplayer|first=Ozzie|last=Mejia|work=[[Shacknews]]|date=August 23, 2016|accessdate=April 25, 2018}}</ref> The game also features a brighter color pattern and environment when compared with both the first game and other military shooters,<ref name="biggest challenge yet">{{cite web|url=https://www.redbull.com/int-en/titanfall-2-interview-red-bull-games|title=Titanfall 2’s biggest challenge yet|first=Benjamin|last=Kratsch|work=Red Bull|date=August 16, 2016|accessdate=April 25, 2018}}</ref> with the team aiming for graphical quality that is "postcard-worthy".<ref name="vg247interview">{{cite web|url=https://www.vg247.com/2016/09/06/titanfall-2-interview-respawn-talks-the-challenges-of-creating-a-campaign/|title=Titanfall 2 Interview: Respawn talks the challenges of creating a campaign|first=Alex|last=Donaldson|work=[[VG 247]]|date=September 6, 2016|accessdate=April 25, 2018}}</ref> There were also a larger variety of environments featured in the multiplayer maps, ranging from industrial centers to outdoor maps with more foilage.<ref name="engine improvement">{{cite web|url=https://www.hardcoregamer.com/2016/06/14/e3-2016-respawn-talks-content-variety-reworked-engine-in-titanfall-2/212196/|title=E3 2016: Respawn Talks Content Variety, Reworked Engine in Titanfall 2|first=Kevin|last=Dunsmore|work=[[Hardcore Gamer]]|date=June 14, 2016|accessdate=April 25, 2018}}</ref>

The game also made various revisions to the game's multiplayer mode, but McCoy described these changes as "subtle" as the team focused more on adding slight modifications to existing mechanics. The Titans were redesigned so that players can "tell at a glance everything what [they] need to know" so that players can stay prepared in each combat encounter.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pcgamer.com/titanfall-2-interview-on-mechs-modes-and-the-new-campaign/|title=Titanfall 2 interview: on mechs, modes and the new campaign|first=Samuel|last=Roberts|work=[[PC Gamer]]|date=July 7, 2016|accessdate=April 25, 2018}}</ref> This also enabled players to have a clearer picture of the combat situations thus facilitating players to learn from each defeat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2016-06-23-respawn-talks-titanfall-2-and-that-call-of-duty-remaster|title=Respawn talks Titanfall 2 and that Call of Duty remaster|first=Tom|last=Phillips|work=[[Eurogamer]]|date=June 23, 2016|accessdate=April 25, 2018}}</ref> The team also introduced cosmetic modifications for the pilots and the six Titan class with distinct visual characteristics so that players can identify an opponent easily.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.polygon.com/e3/2016/6/12/11913270/titanfall-2-interview-e3-2016|title=Titanfall 2 Brings Personality To Its Massive Mech, And A Story For Fans|first=Brian|last=Crecente|work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]|date=June 12, 2016|accessdate=April 25, 2018}}</ref> The team also attempted to add more depth to the gameplay by introducing more Titans, gadgets and pilot abilities, which allow players to play in accordance to their own playstyle, while adding more variety to the game so that there were more things for players to discover and master.<ref name="VBInt">{{cite web|url=https://venturebeat.com/2016/10/21/how-respawn-crafted-better-mech-combat-and-single-player-play-in-titanfall-2/view-all/|title=How Respawn crafted better mech combat and single-player play in Titanfall 2|first=Dean|last=Takahashi|work=[[VentureBeat]]|date=October 21, 2016|accessdate=April 25, 2018}}</ref> The extensive customization options featured in the game and the class-based progression system aimed at retaining players so that players can "get the most out of the game".<ref name="can't get anywhere else"/> Unlike its predecessor, Titans need to be earned through certain gameplay actions. The principle behind such design was to make Titan gameplay more satisfying and rewarding.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://metro.co.uk/2016/06/20/titanfall-hands-on-preview-and-interview-its-very-different-to-anything-weve-done-in-the-past-5956319/|title=Titanfall 2 hands-on preview and interview – ‘It’s very different to anything we’ve done in the past’|work=[[Metro (magazine)|Metro]]|date=June 20, 2016|accessdate=April 25, 2018}}</ref>

===Technology===
The game utilized a heavily modified version of [[Valve Corporation]]'s [[Source (engine)|Source]] as it [[video game engine]]. Numerous improvements were made to the engine on aspects such as [[physically based rendering]], texture streaming system which was developed in house, [[high dynamic range]] and [[depth of field]]. The team also made audio changes, such as imtroducing sound occlusion and [[reverbation]].<ref name="engine improvement"/> According to John Haggerty, senior software engineer, the team broke part of the engine's code regarding level progression and saves when they were making the first game, and the programming team found it a huge challenge to fix and reinstate these codes to accommodate the sequel's single-player campaign. The team also made a scripting system from scratch, allowing designers to quickly assemble an action block.<ref name="EdgeTheMakingOf"/> The game's [[artificial intelligence]] was significantly enhanced, with new moveset and behaviors for pilots and titans in both single-player and multiplayer.<ref name="VBInt"/> As Respawn's first game developed for the [[PlayStation 4]], the engineer team spent more effort and time to get the game running on the platform.<ref name="engine improvement"/> A [[virtual reality]] version of the game was prototyped but it never went into full production, because according to Joe Emslie, the player would "vomit all over their controller."<ref name="CNET"/>

Combat [[animation]] can be interrupted by players movement, which grants players more direct control instead of needing to wait for the animation to end.<ref name="RollingStoneInt"/> Most ''Titanfall'''s pilots movesets returned in ''Titanfall 2'' but with some slight modifications. For instance, players no longer fall off as they are wall running near the tops of wall. Before players begin to wall run, the game's [[camera]] will also tilt slightly so that players can anticipate the movement.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/293282/Designer_Interview_Getting_Titanfalls_controls_just_right.php|title=Designer Interview: Getting Titanfall's controls just right|first=Alex|last=Wiltshire|date=March 9, 2017|accessdate=April 25, 2018|work=[[Gamasutra]]}}</ref>

==Release==
In May 2014, two months after the first game's release, publisher Electronic Arts announced that they would collaborate with Respawn Entertainment for more experiences set within the ''Titanfall'' universe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2014/05/06/ea-and-respawn-partner-on-new-titanfall-experiences|title=EA and Respawn Partnered On New Titanfall Experiences|first=Mitch|last=Dyer|work=[[IGN]]|date=May 6, 2014|accessdate=April 26, 2018}}</ref> A sequel was officially confirmed on March 12, 2015 by Zampella at the [[12th British Academy Games Awards]]. He also confirmed that the game would come to [[PlayStation 4]], unlike the first game.<ref name="DLC">{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2015/03/12/titanfall-2-confirmed-coming-to-xbox-one-ps4-and-pc|title=Titanfall 2 Confirmed, Coming to Xbox One, PS4 and PC|first=Luke|last=Karmali|work=[[IGN]]|date=March 12, 2015|accessdate=April 26, 2018}}</ref> EA opened their press conference at [[E3 2016|EA Play]] 2016 with ''Titanfall 2'', and announced that the game would be released worldwide on October 28, 2016,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2016/06/12/e3-2016-titanfall-2-release-date-revealed|title=E3 2016: Titanfall 2 Release Date Revealed|first=Andrew|last=Goldfarb|work=[[IGN]]|date=June 12, 2016|accessdate=April 26, 2018}}</ref> meaning that the title would have to compete with other [[triple-A]] [[first-person shooter]]s including ''[[Battlefield 1]]'', made by one of EA's studio [[EA DICE]], and [[Activision]]'s futuristic ''[[Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare]]'', developed by Zampella's old studio [[Infinity Ward]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gamerevolution.com/features/12644-battlefield-1-vs-infinite-warfare-vs-titanfall-2-which-fps-should-you-buy-this-year|title=Battlefield 1 vs Infinite Warfare vs Titanfall 2: Which FPS Should You Buy This Year?|first=Jonathon|last=Leack|work=[[Game Revolution]]|date=October 25, 2016|accessdate=April 26, 2018}}</ref> According to McCoy, the release date was confirmed by EA long ago and that the team could not change it.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vg247.com/2016/10/31/titanfall-2-release-date-was-locked-in-a-long-time-ago-no-changing-it-says-respawn/|title=Titanfall 2 release date was “locked in a long time ago, no changing it,” says Respawn|first=Sherif|last=Saed|work=[[VG 247]]|date=October 31, 2016|accessdate=April 26, 2018}}</ref> The game's Collector's Edition and Vanguard SRS Collectors Edition, which include additional content, were released on the same day as the standard edition.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vg247.com/2016/06/13/titanfall-2-deluxe-and-collectors-editions-now-available-for-preorder/|title=Titanfall 2: Deluxe and Collectors editions now available for preorder|first=James|last=O'Connor|work=[[VG 247]]|date=June 13, 2016|accessdate=April 26, 2018}}</ref> ''Titanfall 2'' was added to [[EA Access]] and [[Origin Access]] on July 7, 2017,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.destructoid.com/battlefield-1-and-titanfall-2-are-joining-ea-access-447562.phtml|title=Battlefield 1 and Titanfall 2 are joining EA Access|first=Jordon|last=Devore|work=[[Destructoid]]|date=July 7, 2017|accessdate=April 26, 2018}}</ref> while an Ultimate Edition, which bundles the base game and all the additional updates as well as some bonus content, were released on the same day.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pcgamer.com/titanfall-2-ultimate-edition-includes-maps-modes-weapons-and-more-freebies/|title=Titanfall 2 Ultimate Edition includes maps, modes, weapons, and more freebies|first=Andy|last=Chalk|work=[[PC Gamer]]|date=August 1, 2017|accessdate=April 26, 2018}}</ref>

EA partnered with several catering companies to promote the game. Players who purchased food or drink at any [[Buffalo Wild Wings]] restaurant would receive a free customization item and access to a multiplayer mode. Similarly, players who purchased [[Pepsi]]'s [[Mountain Dew]] or [[Doritos]] would be given a code granting them double XP, early access to a new multiplayer mode, a Titan, and Titan customization items.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gamespot.com/articles/how-to-get-titanfall-2-dlc-by-eating-and-drinking/1100-6442755/?ftag=GSS-05-10aaa0b|title=How to Get Titanfall 2 DLC by Eating and Drinking|first=Eddie|last=Makuch|work=[[GameSpot]]|date=August 17, 2016|accessdate=August 18, 2016}}</ref> EA also partnered with toys manufacturer [[McFarlane Toys]] to produce a toyline for the game which includes a 7-inches tall Jack Cooper figurine, and a 10-inches tall BT-7274 figurine.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/titanfall-2-figures-come-with-in-game-content-see-/1100-6440924/|title=Titanfall 2 Figures Come With In-Game Content, See Them Here|first=Mat|last=Paget|work=[[GameSpot]]|date=June 15, 2016|accessdate=April 26, 2018}}</ref> Respawn prepared two technical tests for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One users in August 2016, allowing players to try out some of the game's multiplayer modes and maps.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/titanfall-2-beta-dates-and-details-confirmed/1100-6442675/|title=Titanfall 2 Beta Dates and Details Confirmed|first=Chris|last=Pereira|date=August 16, 2016|accessdate=April 26, 2018}}</ref> Respawn made several major gameplay adjustments after hearing feedback from players participating in these tests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gamezone.com/news/titanfall-2-technical-test-feedback-bringing-major-gameplay-changes-3442771/|title=Titanfall 2 Technical Test feedback bringing major gameplay changes|work=GameZone|date=August 24, 2016|first=Tom|last=Caswell|accessdate=April 26, 2018}}</ref> The official ''Titanfall'' [[Twitter]] account, controlled by EA and not Respawn, also help promoted the game, resorting to suggesting the game to Twitter users who indicated that they were looking for games to play,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kotaku.com/titanfall-twitter-spams-random-people-who-tweet-they-wa-1791116692|title=Titanfall Twitter Spams Random People Who Tweet They Want New Games|first=Heather|last=Alexandra|date=December 1, 2017|accessdate=April 26, 2018}}</ref> to mocking its competitors.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.polygon.com/2016/11/4/13529026/titanfall-2-twitter-beef-ea-battlefield-call-of-duty|title=Respawn publicly distances itself from Titanfall’s official Twitter account|first=Samit|last=Sarker|work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]|date=November 4, 2016|accessdate=April 26, 2018}}</ref> Players who purchase ''Battlefield 1'' and this game also had exclusive access to a Titan skin inspired by [[World War One]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vg247.com/2016/10/24/this-cool-skin-will-be-waiting-for-you-in-titanfall-2-if-you-play-battlefield-1/|title=This cool skin will be waiting for you in Titanfall 2 if you play Battlefield 1|first=Sherif|last=Saed|work=[[VG 247]]|date=October 24, 2016|accessdate=April 26, 2018}}</ref>

At [[E3 2016]], Respawn announced that that all the updates and [[downloadable content]] prepared will be free for all players. Inspired by ''[[Evolve (video game)|Evolve]]'''s free maps model, the team hoped that this approach can make players more satisfied with the full-priced package.<ref name="DLC"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gamesradar.com/titanfall-2s-free-dlc-is-about-making-sure-gamers-are-happy-with-their-60-game/|title=Titanfall 2’s free DLC is about making sure gamers are ‘happy with their $60 game’|first=Leon|last=Hurley|work=[[GamesRadar]]|date=June 20, 2016|accessdate=April 26, 2016}}</ref> Respawn supported the game with multiple pieces of downloadable content in the first year after the game's release, including the following:

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! colspan=4 | Downloadable content
|-
! style="width:23%;"| Name
! style="width:16%;"| Release date
! style="width:70%;"| Notes
|-
| ''Angel City’s Most Wanted''
| November 30, 2016
| The ''Angel City’s Most Wanted'' is ''Titanfall'''s first downloadable content, which remastered the map "Angel City" from the first game, as well as a weapon called Wingman Elite Pistol. Other content include execution animations and Titan kits.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2016/11/23/first-free-titanfall-2-dlc-arrives-next-week|title=First Titanfall 2 DLC Arrives Next Week|first=Luke|last=Reilly|work=[[IGN]]|date=November 22, 2016|accessdate=April 26, 2018}}</ref>
|-
| ''Colony Reborn''
| March 30, 2017
| ''Colony Reborn'' introduced a remastered version of a ''Titanfall'' map, "Colony", a weapon R-101 Carbine, execution animations as well as cosmetics for multiplayer Titans including Northstar and Legion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pcgamer.com/titanfall-2-free-dlc-colony-reborn-is-coming-at-the-end-of-the-month/|title=Titanfall 2 free DLC 'Colony Reborn' is coming at the end of the month|first=Andy|last=Chalk|work=[[PC Gamer]]|date=March 23, 2017|accessdate=April 26, 2017}}</ref>
|-
| ''A Glitch in the Frontier''
| April 25, 2017
| ''A Glitch in the Frontier'' introduced two maps named "Glitch", and "Deck", which is a map dedicated to the Live Fire mode. The DLC also included several gameplay adjustments, a faction named MRVN, and a menu overhaul.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pcgamer.com/titanfall-2-dlc-a-glitch-in-the-frontier-goes-live-next-week/|title=Titanfall 2 DLC 'A Glitch in the Frontier' goes live next week|first=Andy|last=Chalk|work=[[PC Gamer]]|date=April 18, 2017|accessdate=April 26, 2018}}</ref>
|-
| ''Monarch's Reign''
| May 30, 2017
| ''Monarch's Reign'' introduced the Monarch Titan, which belonged to the Vanguard class, as well as new Titans skins. "Relic", a map from ''Titanfall'', was also remastered and included in the package.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2017-05-25-titanfall-2s-final-dlc-is-out-next-week|title=Titanfall 2's latest DLC is out next week, adds new Titan|first=Jeffery|last=Matulef|work=[[Eurogamer]]|date=May 25, 2017|accessdate=April 26, 2017}}</ref>
|-
| ''Operation Frontier Shield''
| July 25, 2017
| ''Operation Frontier Shield'' introduced a [[cooperative gameplay|cooperative multiplayer]] mode named Frontier Defense, in which four players fight against waves of AI-controlled enemies. It also added new maps into the game, including the remastered "Rise" map from the first game and "Township", a map for both the Pilot vs. Pilot mode and the Live Fire mode.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/next-free-titanfall-2-dlc-includes-4-player-horde-/1100-6451785/|title=Next Free Titanfall 2 DLC Includes 4-Player Horde Mode, Two New Maps|first=Alex|last=Newhouse|work=[[GameSpot]]|date=July 18, 2017|accessdate=April 26, 2018}}</ref>
|-
| ''Postcards from the Frontier''
| August 29, 2017
| ''Postcards from the Frontier'' added a Live Fire map named "Uma", three maps for the Frontier Defense mode, "Exoplanet", "Drydock" and "Angel City", as well as weapon cosmetics and warprints.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.videogamer.com/news/titanfall-2-receives-postcards-from-the-frontier-dlc|title=Titanfall 2 receives Postcards from the Frontier DLC|first=Chris|last=Hallam|work=VideoGamer.com|date=August 23, 2017|accessdate=April 26, 2018}}</ref>
|}

== Reception ==
{{Video game reviews
| MC = (PC) 86/100<ref name="MCPC">{{cite web |url=http://www.metacritic.com/game/pc/titanfall-2 |title=Titanfall 2 for PC Reviews |publisher=[[Metacritic]] |accessdate=November 5, 2016}}</ref> (PS4) 89/100<ref name="MCPS4">{{cite web |url=http://www.metacritic.com/game/playstation-4/titanfall-2 |title=Titanfall 2 for PlayStation 4 Reviews |publisher=[[Metacritic]] |accessdate=November 5, 2016}}</ref> (XONE) 87/100<ref name="MCXONE">{{cite web |url=http://www.metacritic.com/game/xbox-one/titanfall-2 |title=Titanfall 2 for Xbox One Reviews |publisher=[[Metacritic]] |accessdate=November 5, 2016}}</ref>
| Destruct = 8.5/10<ref name="DestructRev">{{cite web |last=Rowen |first=Nic |date=November 1, 2016 |url=https://www.destructoid.com/review-titanfall-2-396814.phtml |title=Review: Titanfall 2 |publisher=[[Destructoid]] |accessdate=November 1, 2016}}</ref>
| EuroG = Essential<ref name="EuroGRev">{{cite web|url=https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2016-10-28-titanfall-2-review|title=Titanfall 2 review|first=Jon|last=Denton|work=[[Eurogamer]]|date=October 28, 2016|accessdate=April 28, 2018}}</ref>
| GI = 9.5/10<ref name="GIRev">{{cite web |last=Gwaltney |first=Javy |date=October 24, 2016 |url=http://www.gameinformer.com/games/titanfall_2/b/playstation4/archive/2016/10/24/striking-a-fine-balance.aspx |title=Striking A Fine Balance - Titanfall 2 - PlayStation 4 |publisher=[[Game Informer]] |accessdate=October 24, 2016}}</ref>
| GameRev = {{Rating|4|5}}<ref name="GameRevRev">{{cite web |last=Paras |first=Peter |date=October 24, 2016 |url=http://www.gamerevolution.com/review/titanfall-2 |title=Titanfall 2 Review |publisher=[[Game Revolution]] |accessdate=October 24, 2016}}</ref>
| GSpot = 9/10<ref name="GSpotRev">{{cite web |last=Mahardy |first=Mike |date=October 24, 2016 |url=http://www.gamespot.com/reviews/titanfall-2-review/1900-6416561/ |title=Titanfall 2 Review |publisher=[[GameSpot]] |accessdate=October 24, 2016}}</ref>
| GRadar = {{Rating|4.5|5}}<ref name="GRadarRev">{{cite web |last=Houghton |first=David |date=October 24, 2016 |url=http://www.gamesradar.com/titanfall-2-review/ |title=Titanfall 2 review: 'The campaign's craft and creativity will blindside you' |publisher=[[GamesRadar]] |accessdate=October 24, 2016}}</ref>
| IGN = 9/10<ref name="IGNRev">{{cite web |last=Tyrrel |first=Brandin |date=October 28, 2016 |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2016/10/28/titanfall-2-review |title=Titanfall 2 Review |publisher=[[IGN]] |accessdate=October 28, 2016}}</ref>
| PCGUS = 91/100<ref name="PCGRev">{{cite web |last=Thursten |first=Chris |date=October 31, 2016 |url=https://www.pcgamer.com/titanfall-2-review/|title=Titanfall 2 review |publisher=[[PC Gamer]] |accessdate=October 31, 2016}}</ref>
| Poly = 7/10<ref name="PolyRev">{{cite web |last=Gies |first=Arthur |date=October 24, 2016 |url=http://www.polygon.com/2016/10/24/13377822/titanfall-2-review-xbox-one-PC-ps4-playstation-4 |title=Titanfall 2 review |publisher=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |accessdate=October 24, 2016}}</ref>
}}

===Critical reception===
The game's plot received mixed reviews. Nic Rowen from ''[[Destructoid]]'' found the game's plot to be unsurprising and "by the number" sci-fi plot. However, he was disappointed by the campaign five-hour length and noted that the emotional core of the story lacked development.<ref name="DestructRev"/> Javy Gwaltney from ''[[Game Informer]]'' compared the plot to a "buddy comedy", and remarked positively that BT is a relatable character.<ref name="GIRev"/> Peter Paras from [[Game Revolution]] praised the story for being an interesting one, despite commenting that the nine-chapter story is basic. He also liked the personality of BT, calling it a "straight-laced "I take what you say literally" thinking machine" and that the interactions with the Titan successfully added more context to the game's world and setting.<ref name="GameRevRev"/> Jon Denton from [[Eurogamer]] praised BT's character, saying that its lines were skillfully written.<ref name="EuroGRev"/> Mike Mahardy from [[GameSpot]] found the story to be poorly written and that it ended too abruptly.<ref name="GSpotRev"/> Arthur Gies from ''[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]'' noted that the narrative was subpar, with mediocre voice acting, "corny names" for characters, and insufficient context for players to truly remember the story.<ref name="PolyRev"/>

The game's gameplay received critical acclaim. Rowen described it as "frantic and exhilarating", and that the fluidity of gameplay further enhanced the quality of the single-player campaign.<ref name="DestructRev"/> Gwaltney shared similar thoughts, saying that no matter how players chose to approach a mission, combat or stealth, the experience offered was satisfying. Further more, he found controlling the Titan an interesting experience that resembles ''[[MechWarrior]]'' and ''[[Star Fox]]''.<ref name="GIRev"/> Mahardy similarly felt that player movement controls remains "invigorating", but he liked the Titan combat more for often presenting "David versus Goliath" scenarios. Mahardy described the game as a "thinking man" shooter, adding that the title required players to think tactically instead of simply having good reflex.<ref name="GSpotRev"/> David Houghton from [[GamesRadar]] praised the game's controls and movement options for turning many seemingly gameplay obstacles and barriers into opportunities for players to manipulate.<ref name="GRadarRev"/> Chris Thursten from ''[[PC Gamer]]'' praised the game's large variety of weapons and their sounds, and the "brilliant" freedom of movement.<ref name="PCGRev"/>

Rowen praised the level design, which he found to be one of the game "real stars". He was impressed by the variety of settings and set pieces featured in each level and praised the design for having tricky environments for transversal which encouraging free movements. He singled out "Effect and Cause" as one of the most imaginative levels featured in the game, comparing it favorably with ''[[Portal (video game)|Portal]]''.<ref name="DestructRev"/> Paras remarked that two chapters featured in the game were extremely impressive, and that they "[re-examine] level design in most action games". Thursten also enjoyed these levels, but added that not all levels share this level of creativity and that he wished some of the novel concepts introduced "stuck around longer" during his playtime.<ref name="PCGRev"/> Gwaltney liked the flexibility of the game's campaign, which provides players plenty of freedom to handle combat encounters. He also appreciated the inclusion of the game's puzzles, which requires players to "think outside the box".<ref name="GIRev"/> Both Paras and Houghton liked the levels for incorporating both elements of Pilot gameplay and Titan gameplay, with Paras saying that it added variety to the package,<ref name="GameRevRev"/> and Houghton saying that it improved the game's pacing, making the game very "exhilarating" to play.<ref name="GRadarRev"/> Mahardy admired the pacing, attributing its success to the fact that players can switch BT's loadouts to handle various combat situations, presenting a dynamic that is different from multiplayer.<ref name="GSpotRev"/> Brandin Tyrrel from [[IGN]] admired the game's sense of scale and map design, in which each level stage felt large but at the same time linear enough to direct players' progression.<ref name="IGNRev"/>

The game's multiplayer received critical acclaim. Rowen described it as "more than solid" and praised the more complex and extended progression system for rectifying ''Titanfall'''s lack of long-term appeal. While Titan's customization became more limited, he felt that this is a necessary change to make the Titan combat deeper and more rewarding. He noted that there were numerous "smart" gameplay adjustments and design changes that emphasize players' skills, but he was disappointed that there were not enough modes featuring AI opponents.<ref name="DestructRev"/> Gwaltney, however, felt that there were no significant changes to the multiplayer, but with sufficient subtle design adjustments making it more refined and improved than its predecessor, though he still found the progression system to be lacking in substance. He also appreciated the new gadgets, which make the game more tactical. He commented positively on the game modes' structure, which prompts all types of players to engage in teamwork.<ref name="GIRev"/> Paras criticized the multiplayer for being unforgiving, though he enjoyed some of the game modes, such as Bounty Hunt.<ref name="GameRevRev"/> Mahardy praised the six new Titans types for being easy to learn and difficult to master. As the six Titan types have distinct controls and attack schemes, Mahardy noted that combat resembles that of [[fighting game]] and [[multiplayer online battle arena]]s games.<ref name="GSpotRev"/> Tyrrel praised the overhauled rodeo mechanic, which promoted teamwork, and Boosts, which make the game more balanced.<ref name="IGNRev"/> Gies described some of the design changes as "odd" and "difficult to understand", including the rodeo mechanic which he found mostly useless. In addition, he criticized the maps for being too confined, which did not fit with the game's fast gameplay.<ref name="PolyRev"/>

Critics generally had a positive reception on the overall's package. Rowen admired the game for being an imaginative and creative shooter, one that no other competitors in the market can achieve.<ref name="DestructRev"/> Gwaltney described the game as a "must-play" and that unlike most other shooters, the game offered a complete package with both a fully-fledged single-player campaign and a refined multiplayer.<ref name="GIRev"/> Paras felt that ''Titanfall 2'' successfully delivered the promises made by the first game.<ref name="GameRevRev"/> Tyrrel also shared similar opinions, calling the game a rare and exceptional title that improved on every aspect of its predecessor.<ref name="IGNRev"/> Houghton called the game as the year's surprise, calling it one of the most "creative and rewarding FPS in recent memory".<ref name="GRadarRev"/> Thursten worried that ''Titanfall 2'' will suffer from the same fate as its predecessor for having a short lifespan due to poor release timing, but he noted that the single-player campaign was the game's true highlight.<ref name="PCGRev"/> Denton strongly recommended the game and gave the game the highest possible rating, but he shared the same concern as Thursten.<ref name="EuroGRev"/> The game received "generally positive reviews" upon release according to review aggregator [[Metacritic]], with the PlayStation 4 version attaining the highest score of 89 out of 100.<ref name="MCPS4"/> [[GamesRadar]] selected it as their [[game of the year]], while ''PC Gamer'' chose it as their shooter of the year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gamesradar.com/best-games-2016/3/|title=GamesRadar+'s Game of the Year 2016|publisher=[[GamesRadar]]|date=December 30, 2016|accessdate=April 28, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pcgamer.com/shooter-of-the-year-2016-titanfall-2/|title=Best Shooter 2016: Titanfall 2|work=[[PC Gamer]]|date=December 25, 2018|accessdate=April 28, 2018}}</ref>

=== Sales ===
Electronic Arts expected the game to sell approximately 9 to 10 million units in its first year of release.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.videogamer.com/ps4/titanfall_2/news/titanfall_2_to_sell_9-10_million_units_battlefield_1_15_million_says_ea.html|title=Titanfall 2 to sell 9-10 million units, Battlefield 1 15 million, says EA|first=James|last=Orry|work=VideoGamer.com|date=August 3, 2016|accessdate=August 3, 2016}}</ref> However, financial analysts predicted that the game's sales would be substantially disappointing due to EA's decision of releasing the game in late October, a period between the launch of EA's largely popular own ''[[Battlefield 1]]'', and Activision's ''[[Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare]]''. Despite that, EA expressed no concern about the release window, as they felt that the player base of ''Battlefield 1'' and ''Titanfall 2'' would not overlap.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gamespot.com/articles/titanfall-2-sales-will-be-substantially-disappoint/1100-6444884/|title=Titanfall 2 Sales Will Be "Substantially Disappointing," Analyst Says|first=Eddie|last=Makuch|work=[[GameSpot]]|date=October 28, 2016|accessdate=November 3, 2016}}</ref>

The game was the fourth best-selling retail game in the UK in its week of release, behind ''Battlefield 1'', ''[[The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim|The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim – Special Edition]]'', and ''[[FIFA 17]]''. Its first-week sales only reached a quarter of the launch-week sales of ''Titanfall'' despite ''Titanfall 2'' being a multi-platform release. Digital sales of the game were also down, only reaching a quarter of its predecessor's sales as well.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pcgamer.com/titanfall-2-tanks-on-uk-physical-sales-charts-despite-multiplatform-release/|title=Titanfall 2 tanks on UK physical sales charts, despite multiplatform release|first=Andy|last=Chalk|work=[[PC Gamer]]|date=November 3, 2016|accessdate=November 3, 2016}}</ref> According to the [[NPD Group]], the game was the ninth best-selling game in October 2016 and the fifth best-selling game in November 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://venturebeat.com/2016/12/15/november-2016-npd-pokemon-sun-and-moon-have-biggest-debut-in-franchise-history/|title=November 2016 NPD: Pokémon has its biggest debut in franchise history|first=Jeff|last=Grubb|work=[[VentureBeat]]|date=December 15, 2016|accessdate=April 28, 2018}}</ref> In their earnings call for the third quarter of the 2017 fiscal year, EA stated that the game's sales fell below expectations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://venturebeat.com/2017/01/31/ea-titanfall-2-didnt-meet-sales-expectations/|title=EA: Titanfall 2 didn’t meet sales expectations|first=Jeff|last=Grubb|work=[[VentureBeat]]|date=January 31, 2017|accessdate=April 28, 2018}}</ref> However, EA CEO Blake Jorgensen went on to say that the company was pleased with the positive reviews the game received and expected it to have strong sales into the next fiscal year.<Ref>[http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/ERTS/4818588412x0x926062/D62107D7-CCA4-49A5-8D8D-87D0AFAE7A7E/EA_Transcript_Q317.pdf "Q3 2017 Electronic Arts Inc Earnings Call on January 31, 2017."]</ref> According to Zampella, ''Titanfall 2'' sold well and was successful, but it could have sold even better.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/titanfall-2-should-have-sold-better-dev-says/1100-6452273/|title=Titanfall 2 Should Have Sold Better, Dev Says|first=Eddie|last=Makuch|work=[[GameSpot]]|date=August 3, 2017|accessdate=April 28, 2018}}</ref> In January 2017, financial firm [[Morgan Stanley]] estimated that the game had sold 4 million units.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://venturebeat.com/2017/01/23/morgan-stanley-raises-battlefield-1-sales-estimate-to-15-million/|title=Morgan Stanley raises Battlefield 1 sales estimate to 15 million|first=Jeff|last=Grubb|work=[[VentureBeat]]|date=January 23, 2017|accessdate=April 28, 2018}}</ref>

=== Accolades ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Award !! Category !! Result !! Ref
|-
| rowspan="8" style="text-align:center;" | 2016
| rowspan="3" | [[Game Critics Awards]] 2016
| Best of Show
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gamecriticsawards.com/nominees.html |title=Game Critics Awards 2016 Nominees |accessdate=October 25, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gamecriticsawards.com/winners.html |title=Game Critics Awards 2016 Winners |accessdate=October 25, 2016}}</ref>
|-
| Best Action Game
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Online Multiplayer
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Golden Joystick Awards]] 2016
| Critics' Choice
| {{Won}}
| align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gamesradar.com/overwatch-scoops-5-awards-firewatch-wins-best-indie-game-here-are-all-the-golden-joystick-2016-winners/|title=Overwatch scoops five awards, Firewatch wins Best Indie Game: Here are all the Golden Joystick 2016 winners|first=Connor|last= Sheridan|date=November 18, 2016|accessdate=April 28, 2018|work=[[GamesRadar]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[The Game Awards 2016]]
| Game of the Year
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gamespot.com/articles/all-the-2016-game-awards-nominees/1100-6445481/ |title = All the 2016 Game Awards Nominees |first=Eddie| last=Makuch| date=November 16, 2016| accessdate=November 18, 2016| work=[[GameSpot]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.polygon.com/2016/12/1/13784410/the-game-awards-winners|title = The Game Awards: Here’s the full winners list |first=Chelsea| last=Stark| date=December 1, 2016| accessdate=December 1, 2016| work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]|publisher=[[Vox Media]]}}</ref>
|-
| Best Game Direction
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Multiplayer
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Action Game
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="13"|2017
| [[Annie Awards]]
| Outstanding Achievement, Character Animation in a Video Game
| {{nom}}
| align="center"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Annie Awards Nominees|url=http://annieawards.org/nominees/|website=Annie Awards|accessdate=November 28, 2016}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4"|[[D.I.C.E. Awards]] 2017
| Outstanding Achievement in Original Music Composition
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2017/02/24/dice-2017-overwatch-wins-game-of-the-year-at-dice-awards-2017|title=DICE 2017: Overwatch Wins Game Of The Year At DICE 2017|first=Lucy|last=O'Brien|work=[[IGN]]|date=February 23, 2017|accessdate=April 28, 2018}}</ref>
|-
| Outstanding Technical Achievement
| {{nom}}
|-
| Action Game of the Year
| {{nom}}
|-
| Outstanding Achievement in Online Gameplay
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="5"|[[SXSW Gaming Awards]] 2017
| Video Game of the Year
| {{Nom}}
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/uncharted-4-wins-game-of-the-year-at-sxsw-awards/1100-6448819/|title=Uncharted 4 Wins Game Of The Year At SXSW Awards|first=Eddie|last=Makuch|work=[[GameSpot]]|date=March 19, 2017|accessdate=April 28, 2018}}</ref>
|-
| Most Memorable Character (for BT-7274)
| {{nom}}
|-
| Excellence in Multiplayer
| {{nom}}
|-
| Excellence in Visual Achievement
| {{nom}}
|-
| Excellence in SFX
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="3"| [[13th British Academy Games Awards]]
| Best Game
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="3"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2017/04/07/bafta-games-awards-2017-winners-revealed|title=BAFTA Game Awards 2017 Winners Revealed|first=Joe|last=Skrebels|work=[[IGN]]|date=April 7, 2017|accessdate=April 28, 2018}}</ref>
|-
| Game Design
| {{nom}}
|-
| Multiplayer
| {{nom}}
|}

==Sequel==
In October 2016, Zampella claimed that the team would like to deliver more experiences for the player set within the franchise, though a trilogy was not planned.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/more-titanfall-games-could-come-after-titanfall-2/1100-6444581/|title=More Titanfall Games Could Come After Titanfall 2|first=Eddie|last=Makuch|work=[[GameSpot]]|date=October 18, 2016|accessdate=April 28, 2018}}</ref> When publisher Electronic Arts acquired Respawn Entertainment, it was revealed that a new mainline ''Titanfall'' title was in development.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2017/11/09/ea-buys-titanfall-developer-respawn|title=EA Buys Respawn For $455 Million, New Titanfall Confirmed|first=Seth|last=G. Macy|work=[[IGN]]|date=November 9, 2017|accessdate=April 28, 2018}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
*[[Electronic Arts|EA Website]]

{{Respawn}}
{{Portal bar|Video games}}

[[Category:2016 video games]]
[[Category:Corporate warfare in fiction]]
[[Category:Electronic Arts games]]
[[Category:First-person shooter multiplayer online games]]
[[Category:First-person shooters]]
[[Category:Mecha video games]]
[[Category:Parkour video games]]
[[Category:PlayStation 4 games]]
[[Category:PlayStation 4 Pro enhanced games]]
[[Category:Powered exoskeletons in video games]]
[[Category:Respawn games]]
[[Category:Science fiction video games]]
[[Category:Source (game engine) games]]
[[Category:Video games developed in the United States]]
[[Category:Video games with downloadable content]]
[[Category:Windows games]]
[[Category:Xbox One games]]

Naxçıvantəpə

2018-02-25T08:56:50Z

DPL bot: Robot: adding dablinks template; 7 or more disambig links (see the FAQ)

{{dablinks|date=February 2018}}
{{grammar|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox ancient site
| name = Nakhchivan Tepe
| native_name = {{lang|az|Naxçıvan Təpə}} ([[Azerbaijan]])
| native_name_lang =
| alternate_name =
| image = Nakchivan 1.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Nakhchivan tepe settlement
| map =
| map_type = Azerbaijan
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| map_size =
| altitude_m = 
| altitude_ref =
| relief =
| coordinates = {{coord|39|10|53.7|N|45|25|54.1|E|display=inline}}
| gbgridref =
| map_dot_label =
| location = [[Nakhchivan]][[Azerbaijan]]
| region =
| type = Settlement
| part_of =
| length =
| width =
| area =
| volume =
| diameter =
| circumference =
| height =
| builder =
| material =
| built =
| abandoned =
| epochs = Eneolithic Period
| cultures = Ancient Turks
| dependency_of =
| occupants =
| event =
| discovered =
| excavations = 2017
| archaeologists = Vali Bakshaliyev
| condition =
| ownership = Agriculture and Livestock
| management =
| public_access =
| other_designation =
| website = 
| architectural_styles =
| architectural_details =
| notes =
}}

'''Nakhchivan Tepe''' — located at the right bank of Naxçıvançay.<ref>Vəli Baxşəliyev, Zeynəb Quliyeva, Turan Həşimova, Kamran Mehbaliyev, Elmar Baxşəliyev. Naxçivan təpə yaşayiş yerində arxeoloji tədqiqatlar. Naxçıvan, Əcəmi, 2018, 266 s.</ref>

==Researches==
[[Nakhchivan Tepe]] settlement situated in the territory of [[Nakhivan city]]. [[Archaeological]] research in Nakhchivan Tepe began in [[2017]] under direction [[Veli Bakhshaliyev]] by team [[Nakhchivan]] [[Branch]] [[Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences]].
Existence of connections between the cultures of [[South Caucasus]] and those of the [[Middle East]] (including Mesopotamia) has drawn the attention of researchers for many years. Researchers such as R.M. Munchayev,<ref>Мунчаев Р.М., Амиров Ш.Н. Взаимосвязи Кавказа и Месопотамии в VI-IV тыс. до н.э. Международная научная конференция, 11-12 сентября 2008, Баку: Чашыоглы, 2009, с.41-52.</ref> O.A. Abibullayev,<ref>Абибуллаев О.А. Энеолит и бронза на территории Нахичеванской АССР. Баку: Элм, 1982, c. 72.</ref>, I.G. Narimanov <ref>Нариманов И.Г. Обеидские племена Месопотамии в Азербайджане. Тезисы Всесоюзной археологической конференции. Баку, 1985, c. 271-277.</ref> T.I. Akhundov<ref>Achundov T. Sites des migrants venus du Proche-Orient en Transcaucasie, in Les cultures du Caucase (VIe - IIIe millénaires avant notre ère). Leurs relations avec le Proche Orient, B. Lyonnet ed., Éditions Re-cherche sur les Civilisations, CNRS Éditions: Paris, 2007, p. 95-122.</ref> and others spoke about the spread and distribution of cultures of from Middle East in South Caucasus. Although the existence of these connections was sometimes demonstrated by single finds, now however these connections are demonstrated by a complex of archaeological materials. One such monument is the settlement of Nakhchivan Tepe which is characterized by Dalma Tepe ceramics. We consider that is necessary to introduce to the scientific community the fact that this cultural assemblage has been revealed for the first time in the [[South Caucasus]], and also to define its place among the other [[Caucasian]] cultures.
On the basis of these explorations, it is possible to say that the first settlers of Nakhchivan Tepe used semi-dugout rooms, partly dug into the ground, and partly constructed from mud bricks. Rooms of this kind have also been uncovered in excavation of the settlement [[Ovçular Tepesi]] and Yeni Yol. Although abundant accumulations of ash were discovered, the remains of charcoal were found very seldom. This demonstrates that wood was used very seldom as a fuel.
A majority of archaeological materials from the site are pottery and chips of obsidian. [[Tools]] were also fund in a [[small]] quantity. Grinding [[stone]] are represented by one example. [[Flint]] products also are represented by one copy. Tools made of bone are represented by one copy. Among tools in genera., the majority are obsidian. Among the obsidian products, there are a few blades for sickles, which give some information on the character of the economy.
The pottery is generally characteristic of the first half of the [[V]] millennium [[BC]].
==Pottery==
The [[pottery]] is generally characterized by [[Dalma Tepe]] [[paint]]ed and [[impressed]] ceramics. Excluding single finds, an entire complex of such ceramics had not been revealed in the [[South Caucasus]]. Therefore, the pottery of the settlement of Nakhchivan Tepe has important value for studying the [[Chalcolithic Age]] culture of the [[South Caucasus]], including [[Azerbaijan]].
The ceramics can be divided into two periods, based on the stratigraphy of the settlement. However it should be noted that the two groups coincide to a certain degree in terms of the [[technology]] of production and ornamentation. The [[ceramic]]s were mainly produced by the coil method, and the application of two layers of [[potter]]'s clay to each other. The surfaces of some vessels were covered with a thin layer of clay. The [[research]] demonstrates that this was done in some cases to change the color, and in others, for ornament purposes. It is also possible to discuss the products ornamented with [[finger impressions]], which are sometimes are executed inaccurately and mixed together. The study demonstrates that the finger impressions remained after being stuck in the thin upper clay layer. We think that some researchers were right to connect [[Dalma Tepe]] ceramics with these [[ethnographic]] features. This method of coating was also used in the restoration and repair of ceramics. The [[pottery]] is generally made with chaff inclusions, and fired to different shades of red. Pottery with sand inclusion is represented by a single copy. [[Gray]] [[ware]]s are also represented by a single piece.
The pottery from the top [[horizon]] belongs to the [[first]] period. As has already been described, this horizon is characterized by rectangular architecture. The [[ceramic]] products of this horizon can be divided into six group. The first group is composed of plain pottery; the second group includes painted ceramics; the third group is the pottery painted in red without ornament; the fourth is ceramics with [[impressed]] ornament including [[fingertip impressions]]; the [[fifth]] group includes pottery decorated with a stamp from the edge of a tool; and the [[sixth]] group is that pottery decorated with edge ornament in the form of horizontal strips.
The study of bones of animals from this [[settlement]] has shown that the residents were generally were engaged in cattle and small cattle breeding.<ref>The Faunal remains are investigated by Remy Berthon.</ref> Hunting took a insignificant place in the economy. Bones of horses and dogs are represented by single examples. The botanical remains have so far been absent. In the settlement layers, the remains of charcoal are insignificant. And washing the ashy remains from the various hearth hasn’t yielded results yet. It is hoped that this type of research in the future will reveal information on the part of economy of ancient settlers to Nakhchivan Tepe. The pottery of the settlement of Nakhchivan Tepe can be dated the first half of the V millennium BC.<ref>Charcoal is analyzed on laboratory of the city Lesse of Italy.</ref> The analysis of coal from the lower horizon has shown 4945 BC.<ref>This work was supported by the Science Development Foundation under the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan - Grant № EİF-KETPL-2-2015-1(25)-56/47/5.</ref> As at the valley Nakhchivançay and Sirabçay, in 2010-2016 new monuments of Chalcolithic Age have been reported.<ref>Бахшалиев В.Б новые энеолитические памятники на территории нахчывана// Российская археология, 2014, № 2, c. 88-95; Бахшалиев В.Б. Новые материалы эпохи неолита и энеолита на территории Нахчывана // Российская археология, 2015, № 2, с. 136-145</ref> The settlement of Nakhchivan Tepe together with other settlements of the valley [[Nakhchivançay]] and [[Sirabçay]] allow us to specify a periodization the Chalcolithic Age monuments of South Caucasus including [[Azerbaijan]]. At the same time, the ceramic complex of the settlement Nakhchivan Tepe, which almost repeats that of Dalma Tepe, draws attention. The painted ceramics of the Dalma Tepe type are known from the settlement of [[Uzun Oba]] and [[Uçan Ağıl]]. [[Impressed ceramics]] have been attested at the settlement [[Uçan Ağıl]], by a single copy. In other settlements, this has not yet been discovered. Similar ceramics have been found in isolated copies also in monuments of Karabakh. Research demonstrates that that in the monuments located on the basin of the lake of Urmia generally use the Syunik obsidian.<ref>Khademi N., F., Abedi A., Glascock M. D., Eskandari N. and Khazaee M. Provenance of prehistoric obsidian artifacts from Kul Tepe, Northwestern Iran using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis // Journal of Archaeological Science, 2013, 40. p. 1956-1965.</ref> Among the settlements of [[Nakhchivan]], they generally used Gekche obsidian, from the lake basin in present-day Sevan. In spite of the fact that Syunik is closer to Nakhchivan than Gekçe, in Nakhichevan’s monuments the Syunik obsidian isn't as common, and by percent is in the second place. Apparently, the tribe occupying the [[Lake Urmia]] basin had communications with the obsidian deposits of the Zangezur Mountains by means of the tribes of Nakhchivan. It should be noted that recently, one stone hammer was found in the [[Nakhchivançay valley]], with remains of copper ore on it, which demonstrates that the connections between these tribes with Zangezur Mountain were not caused not only deposits of obsidian, but also by copper deposits. Dalma Tepe ceramics were explored for the first time at the settlement of the same name, at Charles Burney’s excavation in 1959, and then also in 1961 to Cuyler Young.<ref>Hamlin C. Dalma Tepe, Iran, 13, 1975, pp. 111–127.</ref> Other similar ceramics have been uncovered from the settlements of Hasanlu, Haji-Firuz,<ref>Voigt M.M. Hajji Firuz Tepe, Iran: The Neolithic Settlement. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 1983, p. 20.</ref> and Tepe Seavan.<ref>Solecki R. L. and Solecki R. S. Tepe Sevan: A Dalma period site in the Margavar valley, Azerbaijan, Iran, Bulletin of the Asia Institute of Pahlavi University, 3, 1973, pp. 98–117.</ref> The Dalma Tepe have been found, in the territory of Iran and Iraq, together with typical Halaf and Obeid ceramics. Similar ceramics were discovered on a survey of Zagros Mountains monuments, such as settlements of the Kangavar valley like Seh Gabi B and Godin Tepe, where Dalma Tepe period layers were found. Numerous Dalma Tepe ceramics were also found at the Mahidasht valley, among the surface materials of 16 settlements. Among these monuments is the Tepa Siahbid settlement as well as Choga Maran, which was investigated by a sounding, and Tepe Kuh<ref>This settlement some researchers it is called as Pushti Kuh (Henrickson, 1983, p. 436) or Kuhi Sefid (Henrickson and Vanda, 1987, s. 38)</ref> investigated by survey. Among superficial material at Tepe Kuh, ceramics like those from Dalma Tepe prevailed. Similar ceramics have also ben found in Iraq at the settlement of Jebel, Kerkuk , Tell Abad, Kheit Qasim and Yorgan Tepe. It should be noted that such ceramics also prevailed in the Kangavar valley, but that in the Mahidasht valley, the percent of Dalma Tepe ceramics decreased very sharply. Whereas in the Kangavar valley these ceramics comprised 68%, and Mahidasht the number was 24%.<ref>Henrickson. E. F. and Vitali. V. The Dalma Tradition: Prehistoric Inter-Regional Cultural Integration Highland Western Iran, Paleorient, Vol. 13, № 2, 1987, pp. 37-45.</ref> The research shows that this type of ceramics lessened to the south. Although it had earlier been assumed that the similar ceramics were widespread to the South and the West of the Urmia basin, now we understand that similar ceramics were also present in the north of Lake Urmia, and now in Nakhchivan. In the territory of Iranian Azerbaijan, this culture is also revealed from the settlement at [[Culfa Kültepe]], [[Ahranjan Tepe]], [[Lavin Tepe]], [[Ghosha Tepe]], [[Idir Tepe]] and [[Baruj Tepe]]. Now similar ceramics have been discovered in the territory of Southern Azerbaijan at more than [[100]] monuments. Some of these settlements belonged to settled population, while others to tribes living a nomadic way of life.<ref>Abedi A. Iranian Azerbaijan Pathway From The Zagros To The Caucasus, Anatolia And Northern Mesopotamia: Dava Göz, A New Neolithic And Chalcolithic Site In NW Iran. Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, Vol. 17, № 1 (2017) pp. 69-87.</ref> According to researchers, this culture blossomed in North Western Iran, and extended from here to the South and the West of Urmia basin. Chemical analysis of Dalma Tepe ceramics has shown that they were the product of local manufacture.
Thus it can be concluded that the area of formation and distribution of Dalma Tepe culture included Nakhchivan's territories. Undoubtedly, subsequent studies will clarify some questions of the nature of the mutual ties between the tribes of the basin of Urmia and Nakhchivan. We think that the issues related to the birthplace of Dalma Tepe culture will also be clarified.

==Gallery==
[[Image:N təpə boyalı keramika.jpg |150px]]
[[Image:Naxçıvan Təpə boyalı keramika13.jpg| 150px]]
[[Image:Naxçıvan Təpə boyalı keramika12.jpg| 200px]]
[[Image:Naxçıvan Boyalı Keramika.jpg| 200px]]

==References==

[[Category: Azerbaijani people]]
[[Category: Azerbaijan]]
[[Category:Ceramics]]

Laura Wyld, Baroness Wyld

2018-02-17T08:58:43Z

DPL bot: Robot: removing dablinks template; fewer than 4 disambig links (see the FAQ)

'''Laura Lee Wyld, Baroness Wyld''' is a British [[life peer]] and [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] member of the [[House of Lords]]. She served earlier as Head of the Prime Minister's Appointments Unit.

Wyld was nominated for a [[Life peer|life peerage]] as part of [[David Cameron]]'s [[2016 Prime Minister's Resignation Honours|Resignation Honours]] in 2016, but the creation of her peerage was set to be delayed until the start of the next parliamentary session.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/543973/resignation_peerages_2016.pdf|title=Resignation Peerages 2016|publisher=[[Cabinet Office]]|date=4 August 2016|accessdate=29 June 2017}}</ref> She was created '''Baroness Wyld''', of [[Gosforth]] in the [[City of Newcastle upon Tyne]], on 22 June 2017.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=61978|date=28 June 2017|page=12346}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{British life barons}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Wyld, Laura Wyld, Baroness}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Conservative Party (UK) life peers]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Cambridge]]

Laura Wyld, Baroness Wyld

2018-02-15T09:35:54Z

DPL bot: Robot: adding dablinks template; 7 or more disambig links (see the FAQ)

{{dablinks|date=February 2018}}
'''Laura Lee Wyld, Baroness Wyld''' is a British [[life peer]] and [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] member of the [[House of Lords]]. She served earlier as Head of the Prime Minister's Appointments Unit.

Wyld was nominated for a [[Life peer|life peerage]] as part of [[David Cameron]]'s [[2016 Prime Minister's Resignation Honours|Resignation Honours]] in 2016, but the creation of her peerage was set to be delayed until the start of the next parliamentary session.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/543973/resignation_peerages_2016.pdf|title=Resignation Peerages 2016|publisher=[[Cabinet Office]]|date=4 August 2016|accessdate=29 June 2017}}</ref> She was created '''Baroness Wyld''', of [[Gosforth]] in the [[City of Newcastle upon Tyne]], on 22 June 2017.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=61978|date=28 June 2017|page=12346}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{British life barons}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Wyld, Laura Wyld, Baroness}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Conservative Party (UK) life peers]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Cambridge]]

JC Gonzalez

2018-01-18T08:56:54Z

DPL bot: Robot: adding dablinks template; 7 or more disambig links (see the FAQ)

{{dablinks|date=January 2018}}
{{notability|BIO|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox person
|name = JC Gonzalez
|image = JC Gonzalez-NewYork-1383.jpg
|alt = ''The Knight of Pop Music''<ref>[[Annexed:alias in popular music]]</ref>
|caption = Gonzalez in his musical show in Miss Texan Latina.
|birth_name = Juan Camilo Gonzalez
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1990|03|08}}
|birth_place = [[Bogota D.C.]], [[Colombia]]
|residence = [[Los Angeles]], [[California]]
|education = [[Clements High School]]
|occupation = {{unbulleted list|[[Performance|Actor]]|[[Singer]]|[[Composer]]|[[Voice]]|[[Dance]]r}}
|style = [[Pop music|Pop]] [[Pop latino]] [[Dance-pop]] [[Balada]] [[R&B]] [[Hip-Hop]] [[Urban]] [[Pop rock]] [[Rock en español]]
|years_active = 2007{{ndash}}present
}}
'''Juan Camilo Gonzalez''' ([[Bogota]], [[Colombia]], March 8, 1990), better known professionally as JC Gonzalez, is a Colombian actor, singer, songwriter, voice and musician of hip-hop, R & B and pop in English and Spanish that fuses different rhythms musicals.
His [[popularity]] began in 2009, when he ventured into the world of [[entertainment]] by participating in television commercials and advertisements in Texas.<ref>"Colombiano Rumbo a Menudo" El Tiempo newspaper, Revista Carrusel http://www.eltiempo.com/carrusel published on November of 2007 accessed February 16 of 2016</ref> Gonzalez was also the candidate of "Making Menudo," an [[MTV]] series or [[reality show]] for which they selected twenty-five [[bilingual]] male singers in [[New York City|New York]], including Gonzalez, after his audition in a long process of selection in different cities throughout the [[United States]], [[Puerto Rico]] and [[Mexico]]. Gonzalez has also made appearances in film and television, such as [[Disney]], [[ABC]], [[NBC]] and [[MTV]].<ref>"From Breakbeats to Heartbreaks" in US Weekly http://www.usmagazine.com published in October 29 of 2007 accessed in February 18 of 2016</ref>

== First years ==
Gonzalez was born in [[Bogota, Colombia]] in 1990 and comes from a Colombian family. He is the eldest of his brothers, Silvia Carolina and Daniel Eduardo, who is the youngest of them. Despite coming from a non-musical background, he always showed great interest in [[acting]] and [[singing]] and [[music]]. Juan Camilo, for the time was classified as a hyperactive child, and therefore earned the nickname of "Terremoto".<ref>https://jcgonzalez.net/bio/</ref> His academic training was initiated in the kindergarten degree at the [[Gimnasio Los Caobos]] in [[Bogota, Colombia]] and it was there He began his first incursions into different [[musical]] and [[acting]] activities.<ref>{{cita publicación|apellidos1=Munoz|nombre1=Constanza|título=Entre los latinos con mayor potencial en la actuación|publicación=Cipres de Colombia|fecha=15 de mayo de 2013|volumen=12|página=17|url=http://www.revisterovirtual.com/Rabinovici/RevisteroVirtual/Cipres/EDU/URL/EDU_12.html|fechaacceso=10 de marzo de 2016}}</ref> At age seven, in 1998, he and his family moved to [[Houston]], [[Texas]], [[United States]], for the purpose of receiving medical treatment at [[Texas Medical Center]] Houston for Daniel Eduardo, his brother, who was born with a rare clinical syndrome called: [[Arthrogryposis Multiple Congenital]] (AMC), or simply [[Arthrogryposis]], a factor that made it possible for Juan Camilo to grow up in a mixture of two cultures: the Anglo-Saxon and the Hispanic, where he listened music in English such as [[Frank Sinatra]], [[Tom Jones (singer)|Tom Jones]], and in Spanish, ballads by [[Julio Iglesias]], [[Camilo Sesto]], [[Roberto Carlos]] or tropical genres such as those performed by [[Carlos Vives]], [[Juan Luis Guerra]], [[Gloria Estefan]], among others.
Throughout primary and secondary school, Gonzalez played soccer and American football. All this energy and lifestyle led Gonzalez to learn ethics and morals, both in life and at work. At a very young age to earn additional help, Gonzalez began mowing lawns, washing cars and caring for children throughout his neighborhood. He saved enough money to pay for his uniforms and swimming lessons in order to have a certificate that would guarantee him as a [[lifeguard]]. Later, he was a volunteer as a lifeguard at various locations in [[Fort Bend County]], [[Texas]].
Within his artistic preparation, Gonzalez chose to take acting classes full-time in the summer of 2006, with coach [[Chambers Stevens]] in [[Hollywood]]. He also participated in some bands from his local school and excelled in school plays such as "Once Upon a Mattress", "[[Children of Eden]]", [[Treasure Island]], "[[The Musical Comedy Murders]]" and "[[I Hate Hamlet]]". During his high school years he received acting classes in [[Houston]] with Deke Anderson. He has also been a dancer and has admired Latino groups like [[Menudo (band)|Menudo]] during his teenage years. At school, Gonzalez participated in various sports and was a member of the school's soccer and football team, excelling athletically, competing in state championships and graduating from high school at [[Clements High School]] in [[Sugar Land]], [[Texas]] on June 5, 2009.
After high school, Gonzalez decided to study [[psychology]] at the [[California State University]], where he also found more opportunities to act. Later Gonzalez left the university to concentrate more on his performance and the formation of his musical career. He began acting lessons with coach Diana Castle of "The Imagined Life", a prestigious acting academy.

== Career ==

==== Music ====
JC Gonzalez wanted to be a reporter when he was a child in [[Houston]], [[Texas]]. Gonzalez is one of the new Latin artists who have begun to be recognized internationally. His style of mixing hip hop, Latin pop, and the fusion of afro-pop / rap has begun to gain considerable success in [[Latin America]], generally associating it with popular Colombian music called [[cumbia]]. However, Gonzalez really uses the basic concepts of cumbia but with a melodic touch of hip hop, not limited to a single musical style, but tries to incorporate different styles such as [[hip hop]], [[rap]], [[reggaeton]], [[ballad]], [[salsa]], [[rock and roll]], and even [[jazz]], a sample of this is the song "Equation of Love", which has become one of his most acclaimed works. Gonzalez also did a remix of the song "El Perdón" by [[Enrique Iglesias]] and [[Nicky Jam]] with personal touches of rap as a clear example of his attempt to fuse different musical genres.<ref>"JC Gonzalez de actor a cantautor consagrado en Estados Unidos" http://www.las2orillas.co/jc-gonzalez-de-actor-a-cantautor-consagrado-en-estados-unidos/ by Juan Jose Fonseca published January 25, 2016 y accessed February 16, 2016</ref> Also in 2010 Gonzalez presented Kaya's music video, "I can not get you out of my mind", like lead with Kaya Rosenthal.

==== Television and cinema ====
Among his most recognized roles, is [[List_of_Parks_and_Recreation_characters#Jhonny|Jhonny]], a funny character he played in "[[Parks and Recreation]]" with [[List_of_Parks_and_Recreation_characters#Raul|Raul]] ([[Fred Armisen]]) in the episode [[Sister City (Parks and Recreation)|Sister City]].<ref name="9c57156b">https://www.webcitation.org/5wBkT8A4n?url=http://tv.ign.com/articles/103/1035767p1.html</ref> Gonzalez has a history since he was 16 in the world of acting, with credits that include pieces in [[Blue (web series)|Blue]] a dramatic series from the American website starring [[Julia Stiles]] and directed by [[Rodrigo Garcia (director)]], "[[Parks and Recreation]]", "[[11:11]]", and "[[Los Americans]]". Also, Gonzalez has participated in television commercials of different recognized brands such as [[Ford]], [[Honda]], [[AT&T]], among others, as well as a series of independent videos for his songs and his musical covers.

== First jobs ==
In January 2007, at the young age of 16, Gonzalez moved to Los Angeles, California, to study and seek more opportunities, during this time, he found the possibility of auditioning for "Making Menudo".<ref>[http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/la-et-menudo-pg-photogallery.html http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/la-et-menudo-pg-photogallery.html]</ref> [[Menudo (band)]] was a musical group of teenagers who sang in Spanish in the mid-70's directed by the producer [[Edgardo Diaz]], several started with this amazing band of Latin pop guys, which included [[Ricky Martin]], [[Ray Reyes]] and [[Draco Rosa]]. In 2007, the new owners of this Latin pop quintet, started with a project of new songs in Spanish and English. Gonzalez <ref>«Menudo recipe features Sugar Land teen JC González».http://blog.chron.com/tubular/2007/11/menudo-recipe-features-sugar-land-teen-jc-gonzalez/ By [[Joey Guerra]] on November 3, 2007 at 7:07 PM. Originally published Oct. 30 in the [[Houston Chronicle]]’s Yo! section. Accessed February 2 of 2016.</ref> was an aspirant of this project. He and other guys wanted to rescue the legendary band's energy by creating "[[Making Menudo]]", a program designed to reminisce about the golden years. Gonzalez did not pass the initial audition in [[Los Angeles]], [[California]],<ref>"The Making of the New Menudo", [[Los Angeles Times]], by Agustin Gurza published April 4 of 2008, accessed February 17 of 2016</ref> but after participating in some dance classes, he tried again, auditioning for the second time in Dallas, Texas. This audition was more successful, and was selected by the Puerto Rican singer [[Luis Fonsi]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gurza|first1=Agustin|title=Remaking the band: MTV revives Menudo|url=http://www.seattletimes.com/entertainment/remaking-the-band-mtv-revives-menudo/|accessdate=12 January 2016|publisher=The Seattle Times|date=15 April 2007}}</ref> and the radio announcer [[Daniel Luna]] as one of the twenty-five participants who would go to [[New York City|New York]] where they would be filmed in the "Road to Menudo" series race. The reality aired on MTV. "It seemed like something fun I wanted to try," Gonzalez told to [[Joey Guerra]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Guerra|first1=Joey|title=Menudo recipe features Sugar Land teen JC Gonzalez|url=http://blog.chron.com/tubular/2007/11/menudo-recipe-features-sugar-land-teen-jc-gonzalez/|accessdate=3 April 2016|publisher=Houston Chronicle|date=30 October 2007}}</ref> in his interview for his participation in this reality show.
Making Menudo provided the means for Gonzalez along with fourteen other artists to be trained in singing and dancing in [[South Beach]], [[Miami]], [[Florida]] for almost four months. The show was filmed during the summer under the watchful eye of [[Johnny Wright (music manager)|Johnny Wright]], who has overseen the careers of the [[Backstreet Boys]], [['N Sync]], [[Justin Timberlake]] and [[Janet Jackson]]<ref>{{cite web|last1=Guerra|first1=Joey|title=Three big helpings of Menudo, with a twist|url=http://blog.chron.com//tubular/2007/11/three-big-helpings-of-menudo-with-a-twist/|website=www.blog.chron.com|publisher=The Houston Chronicle|accessdate=5 April 2016}}</ref>. Gonzalez was part of the seven contestants, who received vocal training with [[David Coury]] and dance training with the choreographer [[Aníbal Marrero]]. Members of the cast of Menudo such as Carlos Olivero, Gonzalez and Trevor Brown appeared on stage with host Damien Fahey during the [[MTV]] [[Total Request Live]] at MTV in [[Times Square]] on October 23, 2007 in [[New York City]].<ref>"Survival of the cutest" http://www.peopleenespanol.com Published December 2007/ January 2008 consulted February 18 of 2016</ref>

== 2009-present ==
After his participation in "[[Making Menudo]]", Gonzalez focused on his acting career, managing to participate in several television programs, such as "Locked Up Abroad", broadcast by the Discovery Channel, "Hard Times," and "Parenthood."
He was also part of the cast of the well-known series Parks and Recreation, where he worked with Amy Poehler, Aziz Ansari, and Fred Armisen in the episode "Sister City," and acted as a Venezuelan intern<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ardila|first1=Euclides|title=JC Gonzalez brilla con su talento en Estados Unidos|url=http://www.vanguardia.com/entretenimiento/farandula/352459-jc-gonzalez-brilla-con-su-talento-en-estados-unidos|accessdate=29 March 2016|publisher=Vanguardia Liberal|date=28 March 2016}}</ref>

In 2010, Gonzalez worked with [[Ariana Grande]] on [[Victorious]], "[[Survival of the Hottest]]", an episode of an American comedy that originally aired on [[Nickelodeon]].
Gonzalez starred in "[[Los Americans]]," an Internet program that was launched in May 2011. In this program, Juan Camilo played a prominent role, playing the role of Pablo Valenzuela and working with great stars such as [[Esai Morales]], [[Yvonne DeLaRosa]], and [[Lupe Ontiveros]].
In 2013, Gonzalez starred with [[Julia Stiles]] in the web series [[Blue (web series)|Blue]], in the episode "What kind of name is blue?" <ref>"JC alterna con estrellas de Hollywood" Gente de Canaveral http://www.gentedecanaveral.com/2013/07/jc-alterna-con-estrellas-de-hollywood/ write by Laura Rojas published on July 22 of 2013 for separata Gente de Canaveral at [[Vanguardia Liberal]] newspaper of [[Bucaramanga]], consulted February 16 of 2016</ref> Even Gonzalez worked on other web series, such as "Ragdolls," also in 2013 and In 2015, Gonzalez took on the role of Jake in the NCIS: New Orleans program, from the episode "[[Blue Christmas]]".
Currently, Gonzalez is working on the release of his first album, "2MoonS".<ref>{{cita noticia|lastname1=Romero Salamanca|firstname1=Guillermo|título=JC Gonzalez es un cantante|url=https://issuu.com/viajar-miguelgriego/docs/viajar_en_baja__1_/42?ff=true&e=26680966%2F56314203|accessed January 05, 2018|editorial=Viajar Magazine| published November 28, 2017}}</ref> This album contains original songs, written in English and Spanish, with rhythms and melodies influenced by the Hispanic and Anglo-Saxon culture.

== Charitable activities ==
Gonzalez wrote the song "[[Safe Passage]]" and sang for the [[Thrive Integrative Wellness]] and [[Women of Watts & Beyond]] in [[California]], [[United States]] at several festivals in support of the fight against [[Domestic Violence]] and seeks with his support to be the one who speaks and sings for the survivors of intrafamily violence to raise awareness and echo people against domestic violence. Gonzalez also supports nonprofit associations to fight against prostate cancer, and other organizations to help prevent cancer. Since he was a child he participated in events at the [[Shriners Hospital]] in [[Houston]] to help children with similar conditions to his younger brother Daniel. Since 2001 he has served as a volunteer in different programs as he has always promoted and supported with his music projects in [[Texas]] and [[California]], which sensitizes and collects funds for different social causes.

==Film career==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Año
! Título
! Papel
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Making Menudo]]<ref>Menudo Inexplicably Making A Comeback On MTV by Katey Rich The MTV reality series consisting of 10 episodes http://www.cinemablend.com/television/Menudo-Inexplicably-Making-Comeback-MTV-6665.html</ref>''
| JC
| [[MTV]] Reality Shoe
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Locked Up Abroad]]''
| Lia McCord's brother
| Episode: Bangladesh [[National Geographic Channel]]
|-|-
| 2009
| ''[[Second Coming]]''
| Police officer (as Juan Camilo)
| Video
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Parks and Recreation]]''
| [[List_of_Parks_and_Recreation_characters#Jhonny|Jhonny]]
| Episode: "[[Sister City (Parks and Recreation)|Sister City]]"
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Love Fifteen]]''
| Cindy Lee's son
|Cindy Lee ([[Paola Turbay]])
|-
| 2010
| ''[[The Hard Times of RJ Berger]]'' TV Series
| dancer with knife
| Episode [[The Berger Cometh]]
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Victorious]]''
| Ben
| Episode: [[List of Victorious episodes#Survival of the Hottest|Survival of the Hottest]]
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Parenthood (2010 TV series)|Parenthood]]''
| Fraternity young man
| Episode: [[List_of_Parenthood_episodes#Orange Alert|Orange Alert]]
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Los Americans]]''
| Paul Valenzuela
| Episodes: The Truth Hurts; Happy Birthday; Going to Mexico; The Legacy and more episodes
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Big Time Rush]]''
| Costart
| Episode: Big Time Strike
|-
| 2012
| ''[[How to Rock]]''
| Football Player Bully
| Episode: How to Rock a Newscast, TV Series
|-
| 2012
| ''Slumber Party Slaughter''<ref>https://www.allmovie.com/movie/slumber-party-slaughter-v560734</ref>
| Randy
| Movie
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Blue (web series)]]''
| Harry
| Episode: [[Blue (web series)#What Kind Of A Name Is Blue?|What Kind Of A Name Is Blue?]] by [[Rodrigo García (director)]]
|-
| 2013
| ''RagDolls''
| Mateo
| Episodes: Bésame Mucho; The Sexy Bra; Undercover Date Agent; The Pot Shop
|-
| 2014
| ''[[11:11]]''
| Ryan
| Short movie
|-
| 2014
| ''[[I Didn't Do It]]''<ref>{{cite web|last1=McCandless|first1=Eric|title=JC Gonzalez|url=https://teeninfonet.com/2014/08/09/lindys-friends-cant-live-without-her-on-all-new-i-didnt-do-it-previews-here/jc-gonzalez/|website=TeenInfoNet |publisher=Serenity New |date=August 9, 2014 |accessdate =April 20, 2016}}</ref>
| Mike
| Episode: Lindy Nose Best
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Hot Flash: The Chronicles of Lara Tate - Menopausal Superhero]]''
| Cock Block
| Short movie
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Elena]]''
| Victor
| Short Movie
|-
| 2015
| ''[[NCIS: New Orleans]]''
| Jake
| Episode: "[[List_of_NCIS:_New_Orleans_episodes#Blue Christmas|Blue Christmas]]"<ref>Singh, Ruchi (December 10, 2015) [http://www.ibtimes.com.au/ncis-new-orleans-season-2-spoilers-ncis-team-investigates-series-burglaries-during-christmas-1491050, 'NCIS: New Orleans' Season 2 spoilers: The 'NCIS' team investigates a series of burglaries during Christmas] retrieved January 12, 2016.</ref>
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Good After Bad]]''
| Collin
| Short Movie
|}

=== Webisodes ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Paper
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Director
|-
| 2010
| ''Love 15''
| Son
|
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Los Americans]]''
| Paul Valenzuela
| Dennis E. Leoni
|}

== Jobs in commercials ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Comercial
! Paper
! Channel
|-
| [[Honda Fit]] (inglés/español)
| Principal
| National
|-
| [[Jack in the Box]] (Spanish)
| Principal
| National
|-
| [[HCCS]] Fall Commercial
| Principal
| Regional
|-
| Nerf Vulcan Hasbro
| Principal
| Regional
|-
| [[Academy]] Sporting Goods
| Principal
| Regional
|-
| [[Houston Community College]]
| Principal
| Regional (Institucional)
|-
| National
| Principal
| Online
|-
| Fiesta Rock
| Principal
| Regional
|-
| Connect EDU
| Principal
| En Línea
|-
| [[Nintendo Wii]]
| Principal
| National
|-
| [[KFC]]
| Principal
| Nacional
|-
| [[AT&T]]
| Principal
| Nacional
|-
| [[Ford Focus]]
| Principal
| Nacional
|}

===Songs===
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2"| Year
! rowspan="2"| Title
! colspan="2"| Position
! rowspan="2"|<center>Album
|-
|-
!align="center" width="40"|[[Canciones R&B/Hip-Hop|E.E.U.U R&B]]
!align="center" width="40"|[[Canciones Rap|E.E.U.U Rap]]
|-
|align="center" rowspan="1"|2015
|align="left" valign="top"|"Equation Of Love"
|align="center" valign="top"|—
|align="center" valign="top"|—
|align="left" rowspan="1"| Equation Of Love - Single
|-
|align="center" rowspan="1"|2015
|align="left" valign="top"|"Quiet Game"
|align="center" valign="top"|—
|align="center" valign="top"|—
|align="left" rowspan="1"| Quiet Game - Single
|-
|align="center" rowspan="1"|2015
|align="left" valign="top"|"Cupid"
|align="center" valign="top"|—
|align="center" valign="top"|—
|align="left" rowspan="1"| AwakIN
|-
|align="center" rowspan="1"|2015
|align="left" valign="top"|"Zoom"
|align="center" valign="top"|—
|align="center" valign="top"|—
|align="left" rowspan="1"| Zoom - Single
|-
|align="center" rowspan="1"|2015
|align="left" valign="top"|"Prendete"
|align="center" valign="top"|—
|align="center" valign="top"|—
|align="left" rowspan="1"| AwakIN
|-
|align="center" rowspan="1"|2016
|align="left" valign="top"|"Solitary Conversations"
|align="center" valign="top"|—
|align="center" valign="top"|—
|align="left" rowspan="1"| 2moonS
|-
|align="center" rowspan="1"|2016
|align="left" valign="top"|"Luchando"
|align="center" valign="top"|—
|align="center" valign="top"|—
|align="left" rowspan="1"| 2moonS
|-
|align="center" rowspan="1"|2016
|align="left" valign="top"|"Let me be me"
|align="center" valign="top"|—
|align="center" valign="top"|—
|align="left" rowspan="1"| 2moonS
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|JC Gonzalez}}
{{Portal|Biography|Colombia|Latin music|Music of Colombia}}
* {{Official website|http://www.jcgonzalez.net/|JC Gonzalez}} in English, French and Spanish.
* {{IMDb name|3507399|JC Gonzalez}}
* [http://www.tv.com/people/jc-gonzalez/ JC Gonzalez] at [[TV.com]]
{{Authority control}}
{{Parks and Recreation}}

{{Parks and Recreation Episodes}}

{{DISPLAYTITLE:Sister City (''Parks and Recreation'')}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gonzalez, JC}}
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Latin pop singers]]
[[Category:Colombian male singers]]
[[Category:Colombian singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Colombian pop singers]]
[[Category:Colombian philanthropists]]
[[Category:Singers from Bogotá]]
[[Category:Latin music songwriters]]
[[Category:Colombian child singers]]
[[Category:Colombian reggaeton artists]]
[[Category:Spanish expatriates in the United States]]
[[Category:Musicians from Houston]]
[[Category:Spanish dance musicians]]
[[Category:Spanish male singers]]
[[Category:Spanish people of American descent]]
[[Category:Spanish pop singers]]
[[Category:Spanish people of Puerto Rican descent]]
[[Category:Spanish people of Jewish descent]]
[[Category:Universal Music Latin Entertainment artists]]
[[Category:Spanish Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:20th-century Spanish singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Spanish singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Texas]]

Travel Town Museum

2017-08-29T09:42:07Z

DPL bot: adding dablinks template; 7 or more disambig links (see the FAQ)

{{dablinks|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox Museum
|name = '''Travel Town Museum'''
|image = 'Travel Town Museum' 49.jpg
|caption = Main shed
|established = {{Start date|1952|12|14}}
|founder = Charley Atkins
|location = 5200 Zoo Drive [[Los Angeles, California]] 90027 [[United States]]
|coordinates={{coord|34|9|16|N|118|18|27|W|display=inline,title|region:US-CA_type:landmark}}
|owner=Los Angeles Department of Recreation & Parks
|website = {{URL|http://www.traveltown.org}}
}}
'''Travel Town Museum''' is a [[railway museum]] dedicated on December 14, 1952, and located in the northwest corner of [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]], [[California]]'s [[Griffith Park]]. The history of railroad transportation in the western United States from 1880 to the 1930s is the primary focus of the museum's collection, with an emphasis on railroading in [[Southern California]] and the Los Angeles area.

== History ==
In the late 1940s, [[Charley Atkins]], a Recreation and Parks employee, and some rail enthusiasts had the idea that a full-size steam locomotive would be an attractive addition to the miniature railroad ride at [[Griffith Park]]. The City of Los Angeles Harbor Department had two small locomotives destined for scrap that seemed to be suitable for this purposse. With the support of former Recreation and Parks Department General Manager George Hjelte and Superintendent of Recreation William Frederickson, Atkins initiated contacts with major railroads in California to ask what equipment could donate. At that time, the steam locomotive era was drawing to a close, and Atkins found a good response. Travel Town was inaugurated on 14 December 1952. In 1965, Travel Town’s exhibits were re-grouped, and the park re-dedicated. Today, Travel Town is in a state of new growth and development.<ref>[http://www.visionsoftravel.org/travel-town-museum-griffith-park-los-angeles/ Travel Town Museum at Griffith Park: Los Angeles.]</ref>

==Railway collection==
The [[railroad museum]] portion contains 43 full-scale railroad engines, cars and other rolling stock.

== Exhibits ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|-
! scope="col" | Number
! scope="col" | Description
! scope="col" | Build Date
! scope="col" | Photo
! scope="col" | Original Operator
! scope="col" | Gauge
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
| #1369 || [[Heisler locomotive|Heisler]] || 1918 || [[File:'Travel Town Museum' 01.jpg|125px]] [[File:'Travel Town Museum' 02.jpg|125px]] [[File:'Travel Town Museum' 37.jpg|125px]] || [[Hetch Hetchy Railroad]] || {{Track gauge|4 ft 8.5 in}} ||
The [[Heisler locomotive]] was used for hauling timber from the forest to the mill in the [[Mother Lode]] country. It was built by the [[Heisler Locomotive Works]] in 1918 and was the 369th locomotive built by them, so it was assigned shop number 1369. Heisler built a total of over 600 locomotives in various sizes. This geared locomotive weights 75 tons and all 12 wheels on the three trucks are driving wheels. The large parts that protrude diagonally fon the sides of the locomotive just in front of the cab are the pistons. The pistons operate a crank shaft which rotates two drive shafts that turn all 12 wheels. The locomotive was originally built for the [[Hetch Hetchy Railroad]] to haul material for building the dam that supplies drinking water to [[San Francisco]]. In the mid 1920s the locomotive was sold to the Standard Lumber Company of [[Sonora, California]], which later became the Pickering Lumber Company. The locomotive stayed there until it was donated to Travel Town in 1952. It was donated by Pickering Lumber Co. [[Standard, California]] whil F.F. Momyer was their President. Its initial restauration was done as an Eagle Scout Service Project of Will Cosso and was completed on 25 June 2016 with the help of Arcadia Boy Scout Troop 111, Travel Town Volunteers, friend and family. Further restauration will continue.<ref name="display">Display board at the Travel Town Museum</ref>
|-
| #2 || [[Shay locomotive|Shay]]|| 1922 || [[File:'Travel Town Museum' 03.jpg|125px]] [[File:'Travel Town Museum' 04.jpg|125px]] [[File:'Travel Town Museum' 05.jpg|125px]] || [[Little River Redwood Company Railroad]] || {{Track gauge|4 ft 8.5 in}} || The oil fired 3-truck [[Shay locomotive|Shay]] with 12 geared wheels was built in 1922 by [[Lima Locomotive Works]] as #4 for the [[Little River Redwood Company Railroad]] in [[Crannell, California]]. The locomotive was sold in 1935 to the [[Camino, Placerville and Lake Tahoe Railroad|Camino, Placerville & Lake Tahoe Railroad]] and renumbered #2. It was used on an eight mile line owned by the [[Michigan-California Lumber Company]]. It was primarily a lumber-hauling line, carrying milled timber from the company's planing mill in Camino in the Sierra Nevada Mountains east of Sacramento to a connection with the Placerville Branch of the [[Southern Pacific]] at [[Placerville, California]]. It has a weight of 166,500 lb. The drivers are 36 inch in diameter and the cylinders are 12" x 15". It operated at 200 psi boiler pressure and delivered a tractive effort of 30,350 lbs.<ref name="rgusrail" />
|-
| #4439 || Switcher || 1918 || [[File:'Travel Town Museum' 07.jpg|125px]] || [[Union Pacific]] || {{Track gauge|4 ft 8.5 in}} ||The [[0-6-0]] switcher #4439 was one of 45 oil-fired S-5 class built for [[Union Pacific]] by [[Baldwin Locomotive Works]] in 1918. It was used in [[Cheyenne, Wyoming]] and later on the [[Los Angeles Harbor Belt]] line, until it was decommissioned due to an order of the [[Air Pollution Control Board]] in 1957. It was the last steam engine to work regularly in the Los Angeles region. It has a weight of 156,000 lbs and operated at 180 psi boiler pressure. I had a [[tractive effort]] of 24,680 lb. It has 51 inch drivers and 21" x 26" cylinders. It was donated by UP to the museum in 1957.<ref name="rgusrail" />
|-
| #6636 || Sleeping car ''Rose Bowl'' (previously ''Telegraph Hill'') || || [[File:'Travel Town Museum' 09.jpg|125px]] || [[Union Pacific]] || {{Track gauge|4 ft 8.5 in}} || The [[Union Pacific]] [[sleeping car]] #6636 ''Rose Bowl'' derailed in the night of 12 August 1939 during the [[1939 City of San Francisco derailment|1939 ''City of San Francisco'' derailment]], when the streamliner train ''City of San Francisco'' was approaching a bridge in [[Nevada]] at nearly 90 mph. Five passenger cars plunged into the river below the bridge, and three more down an embankment. Of the 13 cars in the train, all with fanciful names taken from San Francisco landmarks such as ''[[Knob Hill]]'' and ''[[Fisherman's Wharf]]'' five cars stayed on their wheels, including this [[roomette|all-roomette]] sleeping car originally named ''[[Telegraph Hill]]''. On that night, 24 people died and 121 were injured. This car was re-named ''[[Rose Bowl]]'' after repairs and was then placed on the ''City of Los Angeles'' train. It is the original ''Telegraph Hill'', a survivor of what stands as one of the most famous unsolved train accidents. Although found to be sabotage in a railroad hearing, no saboteurs were identified, and track conditions have always been questioned. The car was an 18 roomette built in 1937 by the [[Pullman Company]]. It had a weight of 20 tons, a length of 22 ft 6 in, and was traded in 1992 from the [[Railroads of Hawaii]].<ref name="display"/>
|-m
| || || || [[File:'Travel Town Museum' 10.jpg|125px]] || || {{Track gauge|4 ft 8.5 in}} ||
|-
| #1544 || ''Electra'' || 1902 || [[File:'Travel Town Museum' 11.jpg|125px]] || [[Pacifc Electric]] || {{Track gauge|4 ft 8.5 in}} || Electric locomotive ''Electra'' built in 1902 in [[Sausalito]] by the [[North Shore Railroad]]. It was used during the cleanup after [[1906 San Francisco earthquake|San Francisco's 1906 earthquake and fire]]. It was eventually purchased by the [[Pacific Electric Railroad]] and used as a work locomotive and switcher until 1952.<ref name="Joe"/>
|-
| #1543 || Electric car || 1911 || [[File:'Travel Town Museum' 12.jpg|125px]] || [[Southern Pacific]] || {{Track gauge|4 ft 8.5 in}} || Electric car #1543 built in 1911 for the [[Southern Pacific]]'s East Bay electric lines. The Interurban Electric Railway discontinued the service in 1941, but the [[United States Maritime Commission]] reassigned this car and similar ones to the [[Pacific Electric]] for wartime service. They were called ''blimps'' because of their size. Part of the car was temporarily in red IER and [[Pacific Electric Railroad|PE]] colors, but one side is in the green livery of the [[Los Angeles Metropolitan Transit Authority]], which operated it after 1958.<ref name="Joe"/>
|-
| || Wooden [[caboose]] || 1881 || [[File:'Travel Town Museum' 17.jpg|125px]] [[File:'Travel Town Museum' 16.jpg|125px]] [[File:'Travel Town Museum' 15.jpg|125px]] || || {{Track gauge|4 ft 8.5 in}} || The wooden caboose was built in 1881. The transportation of this piece of equipment was donated to the children of Los Angeles by the Belyea Truck Company.<ref name="plaques">Plaques on the caboose.</ref>
|-
| || || || [[File:'Travel Town Museum' 18.jpg|125px]] || || {{Track gauge|3 ft}} ||
|-
| #1 || Coach || || [[File:'Travel Town Museum' 20.jpg|125px]] [[File:'Travel Town Museum' 13.jpg|125px]] || [[Oahu Railway and Land Company|Oahu Railway & Land Company]] || {{Track gauge|3 ft}} ||
The wooden [[Oahu Railway and Land Company|Oahu Railway & Land Company]] Coach # 1 is completely paneled in [[mahogany]] and originally had ornate detail-work painted on the ceiling. The original seats were most likely plain, wooden benches, since the car was used principally for carrying passengers on short trips between the towns of Hawaii. The exterior was originally decorated with detailed scroll painting. The car had an early-design ''water closet'' with a 15 inch diameter hole cut into the floor board. Over the hole a funnel-shaped metal tube with a 10 inch opening at the top was placced, with a round seat on it, also made from metal.<ref name="display"/> The rolling stock from Hawaiian railroads at Travel Town was donated through the efforts of the local chapter of the Railway and Locomotive Historical Society, who made all the initial contacts in Hawaii in 1953. Beginning in 1955, the Oahu Railway and Land Company Locomotive #85 pulled Combination Car #36 and Coach #1 on excursion rides right on the tracks of Travel Town. The track paralleled the route along which the Ventura Freeway would be constructed 10 years later called the [[rystal Springs and Southwestern Railway|Crystal Springs & Southwestern Railway]]. The fares were 20 cents for adults, 10 cents for children. The operation was discontinued in 1961.<ref>[http://www.laparks.org/traveltown/roster-caboose/oahu1 Travel Town: Freight Cars & Cabooses, Oahu Railway & Land Company, Caboose #C1.] Retrieved on 28 August 2017.</ref>
|-
| #36 || Combination Car || || [[File:'Travel Town Museum' 21.jpg|125px]] || [[Oahu Railway and Land Company|Oahu Railway & Land Company]] || {{Track gauge|3 ft}} ||
A combination car carried passengers in one section and baggage, mail or both. It was commonly used on branch lines. Combination cars were usually on the ''head-end'' of a train the with the baggage and mail section towards the locomotive tender, to prevent security problems of people passing through the baggage or mail area, if the wante to rach the seating area. Generally the seating in a combination car was second class, and was not as nicely furnished as a regular coach on the same train. Thus, it was often used as a smoking section and became often the exclusive domain of men, as women rarely smoked in public before World War II. In certain states combination cars served those passengers, who were not allowed to travel in the main cars due to the [[Jim Crow laws]], by which segregation was implemented against people of color or those of lower socioeconomic classes. The car was build by the [[Oahu Railway and Land Company|Oahu Railway & Land Shops]]. It had a weight of 11.5 tons and a length of 42 ft 10 in.<ref name="display"/>
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| || American|| 1864 || [[File:'Travel Town Museum' 22.jpg|125px]] || [[Western Pacific Railroad]] || {{Track gauge|4 ft 8.5 in}} ||
The [[4-4-0]] (American) locomotive was built in 1864 for the original [[Western Pacific Railroad]]. It was taken over by the [[Central Pacific Railroad]] in 1869, which used it until 1914, when it went to the short line of [[Stockton Terminal and Eastern Railroad|Stockton, Terminal and Eastern]]. ST&E operated Number 1 until 1953.<ref name="Joe">Joe Thompson: [http://www.cable-car-guy.com/ptrain/html/ptrain_ttown.html Travel Town, Los Angeles.] July 2007.</ref>
|-
| || || || [[File:'Travel Town Museum' 23.jpg|125px]] || || {{Track gauge|4 ft 8.5 in}} ||
|-
| || || || [[File:'Travel Town Museum' 24.jpg|125px]] || || {{Track gauge|4 ft 8.5 in}} ||
|-
| #26 || Consolidation || 1909 || [[File:'Travel Town Museum' 26.jpg|125px]] [[File:'Travel Town Museum' 27.jpg|125px]] || [[Western Pacific]] || {{Track gauge|4 ft 8.5 in}} || The [[2-8-0]] (Consolidation) type steam locomotive is one of thirteen oil fired loccomotives of this type built by [[Alco]] in 1909 to haul freight on the [[Western Pacific]].
It worked for 45 years on the Western Pacific and was one of the last Alco Consolidations in use at the railroad. It was donated by the Western Pacific to the "Children of Los Angeles" in 1954. It is classified as a C-43 and has a legth of 69 ft 10 in long. The engine weighs 203,000 lbs and the tender 157,000. It has 20" x 30" cylinders and 57" drivers. With a 200 sq ft firebox, a 33.6 sq ft grate area and 2,292 sq ft of heating surface (including 733 sq ft superheating), it had a boiler pressure of 200 psi, delivering 43,300 lbs tractive effort.<ref name="rgusrail" />
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| || || || [[File:'Travel Town Museum' 29.jpg|125px]] || || {{Track gauge|4 ft 8.5 in}} ||
|-
| #664 || Consolidation || 1899 || [[File:'Travel Town Museum' 30.jpg|125px]] || [[Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway|AT&SF]] || {{Track gauge|4 ft 8.5 in}} ||
The [[2-8-0]] (Consolidation) type steam locomotive was is one of 45 built by [[Baldwin Locomotive Works]] in 1899 for the [[Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway]]. The original number was #891, but it was renumbered #664 in 1900. In 1910, it was loaned to the [[Pecos and Northern Texas Railway|Pecos & Northern Texas Railway]] for 12 months, but then returned to the AT&SF. It was used for freight trains on AT&SF's Northern, Southern, Panhandle, Plains and Gulf Divisions, and was still in active service, before it was donated to the museum in 1953. It has a weight of 161,500 lbs. Its cylinders are 21" x 28", the drivers are 57 inch and it is equipped with [[Stephenson valve gear]]. It has an oil burner with a 143 sq ft firebox, 29 sq ft grate and 1,790 sq ft of heating surface, and operated at a boiler pressure of 180 psi, delivering tractive effort of 33,100 lbs. The 98,000 lb tender held 9 tons of oil and 5,000 gallons of water.<ref name="rgusrail">[http://www.rgusrail.com/catt.html www.rgusrail.com]</ref>
|-
| #1 || EMD diesel-electric switcher || 1942 || [[File:'Travel Town Museum' 31.jpg|125px]] || [[United States Navy]] || {{Track gauge|4 ft 8.5 in}} ||
The 42-ton, 300 hp diesel-electric switcher #1 is one of three built by EMD in 1942 for the [[United States Navy]]. Eleven of these locomotives were built between 1940 and 1943. It hauled coal and supplies at the US Navy's Torpedo Station on [[Goat Island (Rhode Island)|Goat Island]], [[Rhode Island]] as well as at the [[North Island Naval Air Station]] in [[San Diego, California]]. In 1962, it was moved to the [[McDonnell-Douglas Aircraft Corporation]]'s Naval Weapons Industrial Reserve Plant at [[Torrance, California]], where it was used for additional 25 years. In March 1988, McDonnell-Douglas donated it to the Travel Town Museum and was used there as a switcher. It got the name "Charley Atkins" after the founder of the museum. It is unusual that two diesel engines are used to drive the electric DC generator from both sides, one with clockwise rotation and the other anticlockwise.<ref name="rgusrail"/>
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| #56 || [[Baldwin Locomotive Works|Baldwin]] diesel locomotive || 1955 || [[File:USA 2012 0238 - Los Angeles - Travel Town.jpg|125px]] || [[McCloud River Railroad]] || {{Track gauge|4 ft 8.5 in}} || [[California Western Railroad]] #56, which was built by [[Baldwin Locomotive Works|Baldwin]] in 1955 for the [[McCloud River Railroad]]. California Western operated it from 1970 until 1992. It was planned to be be used for a proposed line from Travel Town to the [[Los Angeles Zoo]], the Crystal Springs and Cahuenga Valley Railroad.<ref name="Joe"/>
|-
| || Electric car || 1890s || [[File:'Travel Town Museum' 32.jpg|125px]] || || || Four-wheeled electric car from [[Los Angeles]] built in the 1890s.
|-
| #21 || San Francisco Municipal Railway || c.a. 1880|| [[File:'Travel Town Museum' 63.jpg|125px]] [[File:'Travel Town Museum' 64.jpg|125px]] || [[San Francisco cable car system]] || {{Track gauge|3 ft 6 in}} || This [[San Francisco cable car system|San Francisco cable car]] is an example of an early in-town passenger car, called a ''California'' car, with some interior space inside a compartment and other benches open to the weather. This type of exposure was not practical in most areas of the United States apart from California. n 1952, even before Travel Town formally opened, founder [[Charly Atkins]] asked the Mayor of [[San Francisco]] for a cable car to display, but was told, with an apology, that cable cars could not be sold or given away. Three years later, a solution was found: A cable car was placed on loan as the centre piece of the 1953 [[International Flower Show]] in [[Los Angeles]]. Afterwards, it was moved on permanent loan to Trafel Town.<ref name="display"/>
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| #12 || Railway Post Office || ca. 1880 || [[File:'Travel Town Museum' 33.jpg|125px]] || [[Southern Pacific]] || {{Track gauge|3 ft}} || The wooden narrow-gaute 19th-century [[Southern Pacific]] Railway Post Office Car #12 was used for a variety of purposes by its owners as a [[caboose]], baggage car, railway postal car and most notably as a baggage-mail combination. It was built around 1880 by Carter Brothers and had a weight of 13 tons and a length of 43 ft. It was donated to the Travel Town Museum by [[Southern Pacific Railroad]].<ref name="display"/>
|-
| || || || [[File:'Travel Town Museum' 38.jpg|125px]] || || {{Track gauge|4 ft 8.5 in}} ||
|-
| || || || [[File:'Travel Town Museum' 39.jpg|125px]] || || {{Track gauge|4 ft 8.5 in}} ||
|-
| #1273 || Switcher || 1921 || [[File:'Travel Town Museum' 40.jpg|125px]] || || {{Track gauge|4 ft 8.5 in}} || The [[0-6-0]] locomotives #1273 is one of thirty-two 0-6-0 locomotives built by the [[Southern Pacific]] at its [[Sacramento]] workshops. Six more were built at the railroad's [[Los Angeles]] work shops. It was built in 1921. Classified as an S-12, it worked as a switcher in SP's Sacramento yards during its career. It was oil fired. Its weight is 153,000 lbs and it has 20" x 26" cylinders and 51 inch diameter drivers. With a 30 sq ft grate and total heating surface of 1,250 sq ft, including 255 sq ft superheating, it had a boiler pressure of 200 psi and tractive effort of 31,020 lbs. It was decomissioned in 1956, after it had logged over 1,500,000 miles during 35 years of service. The following year, it was donated to the Travel World Museum by Southern Pacific.<ref name="rgusrail"/>
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| #1000 || Mikado|| 1920 || [[File:'Travel Town Museum' 41.jpg|125px]] [[File:'Travel Town Museum' 44.jpg|125px]] || [[Hetch Hetchy Railroad]] || {{Track gauge|4 ft 8.5 in}} ||
The [[2-8-2]] (Mikado) type steam locomotive was built in 1920 by [[Alco]] as #4 for the [[Hetch Hetchy Railroad]]. It was used on its 68 mile long line, which was built by the City of San Francisco to construct the [[O'Shaughnessy Dam]] on the [[Tuolumne River]] in [[Hetch Hetchy Valley]], [[Yosemite, California]]. In 1924, it was sold to the [[Newaukum Valley Railroad]], a line owned and operated by the [[Carlisle Lumber Company]] in [[Washington state]], and was re-numbered #1000. The symmetric axle configuration of its 2-8-2 wheel arrangement permitted easy bi-directional operation, making it particularly suited for logging. In 1944, it was sold to the [[Santa Maria Valley Railroad]], which served
oil refineries in [[Santa Maria, Calicornia]], as well as hauling produce to the [[Southern Pacific]]'s mainline at [[Guadalupe, California]]. The Santa Maria Valley Railroad donated the locomotive to the Travel Town Museum in 1954, when it introduced diesel locomotives. The locomotive is oil fired, has a weight of 195,000 lbs and had a boiler pressure of 180 psi, delivering total tractive effort of 35,700 lbs. It has 48 inch drivers, and the cylinders are 20" x 28".<ref name="rgusrail"/>
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| #3025 || Atlantic|| 1904 || [[File:'Travel Town Museum' 43.jpg|125px]] [[File:'Travel Town Museum' 42.jpg|125px]] || [[Southern Pacific]] || {{Track gauge|4 ft 8.5 in}} ||
The [[4-4-2]] (Atlantic) type steam locomotive #3025 is one of 13 built for the [[Southern Pacific]] by [[Alco]] in 1904 and was classified as A-3. Its very large 81 inch diameter drivers were designed for achieving high speeds of more than 100 mph. The oil fired locomotive has 20" x 28" cylinders with an inside Stephenson link motion and a boiler pressure of 210 psi. It delivered a tractive effort of 24,680 lbs. It was the first standard gauge locomotive to go on display at Travel Town in 1952 after being donated to the museum by the Southern Pacific.<ref name="rgusrail"/>
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| #31 || Los Angeles Harbour Department || 1921 || [[File:'Travel Town Museum' 45.jpg|125px]] || [[Los Angeles Harbor Authority]] || {{Track gauge|4 ft 8.5 in}} ||
The [[0-4-0T]] saddle tank steam locomotive #31 was built in 1921 for the City of Los Angeles Harbor Authority by the [[Davenport Locomotive Works]] of [[Davenport, Iowa]]. It was oil fired and and has a weight of 42,000 lbs. The boiler pressure was 192 psi, The tractive effort was 11,080 lbs, and it has 11" x 16" cylinders and 28½" drivers. #31 was bought for the development of the Los Angeles Port of San Pedro, mainly on the island of [[Catalina]]. Its sister engine #32 is also exhibited in the Travel Town Museum, and another little saddle tank, #33. The locomotives hauled rock from a quarry to the shore of Catalina Island, but occasionally worked also on the main land. The construction of San Pedro Harbour commenced in 1899, and the area was annexed to Los Angeles in 1909. By the 1920s, it was the US West Coast's busiest seaport. and, in the early 1930s, a massive expansion was begun including constructing a two mile long outer breakwater and a smaller inner breakwater with docks for sea going vessels. The three engines continued in the development of the harbour until the early 1950s when dieselisation of the harbour motive power began. Destined for the scrap yard, #31 was identified as a candidate for the museum's collection and was donated by the Los Angeles Harbor Authority along with #32 in 1953.<ref name="rgusrail"/>
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| #32 || Saddle tank locomotive || 1914 || [[File:'Travel Town Museum' 47.jpg|125px]] || [[Los Angeles]] || {{Track gauge|4 ft 8.5 in}} ||
The [[0-4-0T]] saddle tank steam locomotive #32 is oil fired and has a weight of 38,000 lbs. It was built for the City of Los Angeles by [[Alco]] in 1914 and had a boiler pressure of 165 psi. It had a tractive effort of 8,230 lbs. It has 33 inch drivers and 11" x 16" cylinders. It was donated to the Travel Town Museum by the Los Angeles Harbor Authority together with #31 in 1953.<ref name="rgusrail"/>
|-
| || || || [[File:'Travel Town Museum' 08.jpg|125px]] || || {{Track gauge|4 ft 8.5 in}} ||
|-
| || || || [[File:'Travel Town Museum' 45.jpg|125px]] || || {{Track gauge|4 ft 8.5 in}} ||
|-
| || || || [[File:'Travel Town Museum' 46.jpg|125px]] || || {{Track gauge|4 ft 8.5 in}} ||
|-
| #163 || [[Southern Pacific]] Stock Car || || [[File:'Travel Town Museum' 55.jpg|125px]] [[File:'Travel Town Museum' 56.jpg|125px]] || [[Carson and Colorado Railroad|Carson & Colorado Railroad]] || {{Track gauge|3 ft}} || The wooden narrow-gauge stock car was originally used by on the [[Carson and Colorado Railroad|Carson & Colorado Railroad]] (C&C), incorporated in 1880. [[Southern Pacific]] acquired C&C's rolling stock in 1900, and in 1905 the railroad was reNevada and California Railway Company]]-organised under the name of [[Nevada & California Railway Company]]. It was used for the transportation of livestock and equipped with slatted sides and doors. <ref name="display"/>
|-
| #1 || [[Southern Pacific]] Box Car|| || [[File:'Travel Town Museum' 57.jpg|125px]] || [[Carson and Colorado Railroad|Carson & Colorado Railroad]] || {{Track gauge|3 ft}} || The wooden narrow-gauge box car was built by [[Carter Brothers]] in [[Newark, California]] on the east side of the [[San Francisco Bay]]. It ran through the desert of California and Nevada between [[Mina]] and [[Keeler]]. During negotiations for the initial right of way fo the [[Carson and Colorado Railroad|Carson & Colorado Railroad]] (C&C) a stretch of the line was to be built across the [[Schurz Indian Reservation]], and the railroad agreed to supply free transportation to the Schurz residents. However, this complimentary transportation was not provided in the passenger cars, but instead on top of the coach or the box car. <ref name="display"/>
|-
| || || || [[File:'Travel Town Museum' 58.jpg|125px]] || || {{Track gauge|3 ft}} ||
|-
| || || || [[File:'Travel Town Museum' 34.jpg|125px]] || || ||
|-
| || || || [[File:'Travel Town Museum' 50.jpg|125px]] || || ||
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| || || || [[File:'Travel Town Museum' 51.jpg|125px]] || || ||
|-
| || || || [[File:'Travel Town Museum' 52.jpg|125px]] || || {{Track gauge|16 in}} ||
|}

===Locomotives===
[[Image:STE No1.png|thumb|Stockton Terminal Eastern locomotive No. 1]]
The collection of 17 locomotives includes:
*[[AT&SF]] No. 664, an 1899 [[Baldwin Locomotive Works|Baldwin]] [[2-8-0|2-8-0 Consolidation]] [[steam locomotive]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.laparks.org/grifmet/tt/htmgallery/gallery_loco/atsf664.htm |title=atsf664 |publisher=Laparks.org |date= |accessdate=2012-01-06}}</ref>
*[[California Western Railroad|California Western]] No. 56, Ex [[McCloud Railway|McCloud River]] No. 33, a 1955 Baldwin RS-12 [[Diesel locomotive]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.laparks.org/grifmet/tt/htmgallery/gallery_loco/calwestern.htm |title=calwestern |publisher=Laparks.org |date= |accessdate=2012-01-06}}</ref>
*[[Camino, Placerville and Lake Tahoe Railroad|Camino-Placerville & Lake Tahoe]] No. 2, a 1922 [[Lima Locomotive Works|Lima]] three-truck {{RailGauge|4ft8.5in|allk=on}} [[Shay locomotive]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shaylocomotives.com/data/lima3354/sn-3172.htm |title=sn-3172 |publisher=Shaylocomotives.com |date= |accessdate=2012-01-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.laparks.org/grifmet/tt/htmgallery/gallery_loco/camino.htm |title=caminoplacerville |publisher=Laparks.org |date= |accessdate=2012-01-06}}</ref>
*Conrock No. 1, a 1925 [[American Locomotive Company|American (Cooke Works)]] [[0-6-0|0-6-0 switcher]] steam locomotive.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.laparks.org/grifmet/tt/htmgallery/gallery_loco/conrock.htm |title=conrock |publisher=Laparks.org |date= |accessdate=2012-01-06}}</ref>
*Los Angeles Harbor Department No. 31, a 1921 [[Davenport Locomotive Works|Davenport]] [[0-4-0|0-4-0T switcher]] steam locomotive.<ref name="laparks1">{{cite web|url=http://www.laparks.org/grifmet/tt/htmgallery/gallery_loco/laharbor.htm |title=laharbor |publisher=Laparks.org |date= |accessdate=2012-01-06}}</ref>
*Los Angeles Harbor Department No. 32, a 1914 [[American Locomotive Company|ALCO (Rogers Works)]] 0-4-0T switcher steam locomotive.<ref name="laparks1"/>
*[[Pacific Electric Railway|Pacific Electric]] No. 1544 "Electra", a 1902 [[North Shore Railroad (California)|North Shore]] [[AAR wheel arrangement#B-B|B-B]] [[electric locomotive]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.laparks.org/grifmet/tt/htmgallery/gallery_loco/pacific.htm |title=pacificelectra |publisher=Laparks.org |date= |accessdate=2012-01-06}}</ref>
*Pickering Lumber Company No. 2, a 1918 [[Heisler locomotive|Heisler Locomotive Works]] three truck [[Narrow gauge railway|narrow gauge]] Heisler steam locomotive.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.laparks.org/grifmet/tt/htmgallery/gallery_loco/pickering.htm |title=pickering |publisher=Laparks.org |date= |accessdate=2012-01-06}}</ref>
*[[Santa Maria Valley Railroad|Santa Maria Valley]] No. 1000, a 1920 [[American Locomotive Company|American (Schenectady Works)]] [[2-8-2|2-8-2 Mikado]] steam locomotive.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.laparks.org/grifmet/tt/htmgallery/gallery_loco/santamaria.htm |title=santamaria |publisher=Laparks.org |date= |accessdate=2012-01-06}}</ref>
*Sharp & Fellows Railroad Contractors No. 7, a 1902 [[American Locomotive Company|American (Dixon Works)]] [[2-6-2|2-6-2 Prairie]] steam locomotive.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.laparks.org/grifmet/tt/htmgallery/gallery_loco/sharpfellows.htm |title=sharpfellows |publisher=Laparks.org |date= |accessdate=2012-01-06}}</ref>
*[[Southern Pacific Transportation Company|Southern Pacific]] No. 20, an 1880 Baldwin 0-4-0 switcher steam locomotive,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.laparks.org/grifmet/tt/htmgallery/gallery_loco/south20.htm |title=southpacific20 |publisher=Laparks.org |date= |accessdate=2012-01-06}}</ref> currently undergoing refurbishment to operation as Southern Pacific No. 219.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.traveltown.org/projects/219.shtml |title=219 |publisher=Traveltown.org |date=2009-10-09 |accessdate=2012-01-06}}</ref>
*Southern Pacific No. 1273, a 1921 [[Southern Pacific Transportation Company|SP (Sacramento Shops)]] built 0-6-0 switcher steam locomotive.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.laparks.org/grifmet/tt/htmgallery/gallery_loco/south1273.htm |title=southpacific1273 |publisher=Laparks.org |date= |accessdate=2012-01-06}}</ref>
*Southern Pacific No. 3025, a 1904 American (Schenectady Works) [[4-4-2 (locomotive)|4-4-2 Atlantic]] steam locomotive.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.laparks.org/grifmet/tt/htmgallery/gallery_loco/south3025.htm |title=south3025 |publisher=Laparks.org |date= |accessdate=2012-01-06}}</ref>
*[[Stockton Terminal and Eastern No. 1]], an 1864 [[Norris Locomotive Works|Norris-Lancaster]] [[4-4-0|4-4-0 American]] steam locomotive (pictured).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.laparks.org/grifmet/tt/htmgallery/gallery_loco/stockton1.htm |title=stockton1 |publisher=Laparks.org |date=1910-09-05 |accessdate=2012-01-06}}</ref>
*Travel Town No. 1 "The Charley Atkins", Ex US Navy No. 56-00323, a 1941 EMD [[EMD Model 40|Model 40]], 300 [[horsepower]], Diesel locomotive.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.laparks.org/grifmet/tt/htmgallery/gallery_loco/charley.htm |title=charleyatkins |publisher=Laparks.org |date=1988-03-11 |accessdate=2012-01-06}}</ref>
*[[Union Pacific Railroad|Union Pacific]] No. 4439, a 1918 UP built 0-6-0 switcher steam locomotive.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.laparks.org/grifmet/tt/htmgallery/gallery_loco/union4439.htm |title=union4439 |publisher=Laparks.org |date= |accessdate=2012-01-06}}</ref>
*[[Western Pacific Railroad|Western Pacific]] No. 26, a 1909 American (Schenectady Works) 2-8-0 Consolidation steam locomotive.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.laparks.org/grifmet/tt/htmgallery/gallery_loco/western.htm |title=westernpacific |publisher=Laparks.org |date=1909-11-01 |accessdate=2012-01-06}}</ref>

===Freight cars and cabooses===
*AT&SF No. 999110, a 1926 [[American Car and Foundry Company|American Car & Foundry]] [[caboose]].
*2 Los Angeles Harbor Dept. Side-Dump [[Track ballast|ballast]] cars.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.laparks.org/grifmet/tt/htmgallery/gallery_freight/laharbor.htm |title=laharbor-ballastcars |publisher=Laparks.org |date= |accessdate=2012-01-06}}</ref>
*[[Oahu Railway and Land Company|Oahu Railway & Land]] No. 1, a 1900 [[Oahu Railway and Land Company|OR&L]] built caboose.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.laparks.org/grifmet/tt/htmgallery/gallery_freight/oahu1.htm |title=oahucaboose |publisher=Laparks.org |date= |accessdate=2012-01-06}}</ref>
*[[ARCO|Richfield Oil]] No. 670, a 1911 [[tank car]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.laparks.org/grifmet/tt/htmgallery/gallery_freight/oiltank.htm |title=oiltank |publisher=Laparks.org |date= |accessdate=2012-01-06}}</ref>
*Southern Pacific No. 1, a circa 1890 wooden [[boxcar]], in the Main Exhibit Hall.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.laparks.org/grifmet/tt/htmgallery/gallery_freight/south1.htm |title=southboxcar1 |publisher=Laparks.org |date= |accessdate=2012-01-06}}</ref>
*Southern Pacific No. 12, a circa 1890 [[Society for the Preservation of Carter Railroad Resources#Carter Brothers|Carter Brothers]] [[Baggage car|baggage]] and [[Railway post office|Mail]] car, in the Main Exhibit Hall.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.laparks.org/grifmet/tt/htmgallery/gallery_freight/southmail.htm |title=southrailwaymail |publisher=Laparks.org |date=1977-06-30 |accessdate=2012-01-06}}</ref>
*Southern Pacific No. 163, a circa 1890 [[Stock car (rail)|stock car]] (possibly built by the [[Virginia and Truckee Railroad|Virginia & Truckee (Nevada Shops)]]), in the Main Exhibit Hall.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.laparks.org/grifmet/tt/htmgallery/gallery_freight/south163.htm |title=southstockcar163 |publisher=Laparks.org |date= |accessdate=2012-01-06}}</ref>
*Southern Pacific No. 4049, a 1961 [[Paccar|Pacific Car & Foundry]] [[Caboose#Bay window caboose|bay window caboose]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.laparks.org/grifmet/tt/htmgallery/gallery_freight/union2117.htm |title=union2117 |publisher=Laparks.org |date= |accessdate=2012-01-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scsra.org/roster/sp_4049.html |title=Some Interesting Facts about SP Caboose 4049 |publisher=Scsra.org |date=1989-10-12 |accessdate=2012-01-06}}</ref>
*Southern Pacific No. 30036, a circa 1930 wood sided boxcar.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.traveltown.org/projects/boxcar.shtml |title=Boxcar |publisher=Traveltown.org |date=2009-10-09 |accessdate=2012-01-06}}</ref>
*[[Union Pacific Railroad|Union Pacific]] No. 2117, an 1881 wooden caboose.
*Western Pacific No. 754, a 1910 [[Haskell and Barker Car Company|Haskell and Barker]] caboose.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.laparks.org/grifmet/tt/htmgallery/gallery_freight/western754.htm |title=westernpacific |publisher=Laparks.org |date= |accessdate=2012-01-06}}</ref>

===Passenger cars===
[[File:Oahu Railway and Land Company equipment at Travel Town.jpg|thumb|OR&L equipment preserved at Travel Town]]
*AT&SF No. 3355, a 1928 [[Pullman Company]] Snack Car.
*Oahu Railway & Land No. 1, a circa 1900 OR&L built [[Passenger car (rail)|passenger coach]].
*Oahu Railway & Land No. 36, a 1900 OR&L built [[Combine car|Passenger/Mail combination car]].
*[[Pennsylvania Railroad]] No. 4418, a circa 1925 Pennsylvania Railroad built [[Dining car]].
*Southern Pacific No. 2513, a 1919 Pullman Company [[Passenger car (rail)|chair car]].
*Union Pacific No. 3669, a 1921 Pullman Dining car, also known as Union Pacific No. 369.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.traveltown.org/projects/diner.shtml |title=Diner |publisher=Traveltown.org |date=2009-10-09 |accessdate=2012-01-06}}</ref>
*Union Pacific No. LA-701 "The Little Nugget", a 1937 Pullman Dormitory/Club Car.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.traveltown.org/projects/nugget.shtml |title=Nugget |publisher=Traveltown.org |date=2009-10-09 |accessdate=2012-01-06}}</ref>
*Union Pacific "Hunters Point", a 1940 Pullman [[Sleeping car|sleeping Car]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.traveltown.org/projects/hunter.shtml |title=Hunter |publisher=Traveltown.org |date=2009-10-09 |accessdate=2012-01-06}}</ref>
*Union Pacific "Rose Bowl", a 1937 Pullman sleeping Car, also known as "Telegraph Hill".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.traveltown.org/projects/rosebowl.shtml |title=Rosebowl |publisher=Traveltown.org |date=2009-10-09 |accessdate=2012-01-06}}</ref>

===Trolleys, cable cars, and motorcars===
*AT&SF No. M-177, a 1929 motorized passenger [[Railcar]], incorporating an [[Electro-Motive Diesel|EMD]] engine into a Pullman carbody.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.traveltown.org/projects/m177.shtml |title=M177 |publisher=Traveltown.org |date=2009-10-09 |accessdate=2012-01-06}}</ref>
*[[Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority#History|Los Angeles Metropolitan Transit Authority]] (MTA) No. 1543, a 1911 American Car & Foundry Interurban Trolley Coach, known as a [[Pacific Electric|PE Big Red Car]] "Blimp" and bears both its final green MTA and earlier red PE paint liveries, each on one end and one side.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.laparks.org/grifmet/tt/htmgallery/gallery_urbans/mta1543.htm|title=mta1543|date=|publisher=Laparks.org|accessdate=2012-01-06}}</ref>
*[[Los Angeles Railway]], a circa 1880 Horse-drawn narrow gauge street-railway car.
*[[California Street Cable Railroad]] [[San Francisco Municipal Railway#History|California Street Cable Railway Co.]] No. 21, a 1906 John Hammond & Co. reversible, double ended "California Street" type Cable Car - needing no turntable on each end of the line, with combination open and enclosed "California" style seating sections.<ref>[http://www.cablecarmuseum.org/archive/cars/C2.htm "San Francisco California Street Cable Car Rosters."] San Francisco Cable Car Museum.</ref><ref name="thompson1">[http://www.cable-car-guy.com/html/ccsfcsc.html "California Street Cable Railroad"] by Joe Thompson.</ref> Borrowed by [[Universal Pictures]] for filming as a Chicago electric trolley car circa 1960's, it was painted #28.<ref name="thompson1"/>

===Maintenance-Of-Way equipment===
*U.S. Navy No. CSCV1887, 1942 [[American & Ohio Locomotive Crane Co.|American Hoist and Derrick]] self-propelled Diesel [[Crane (railroad)|wrecker crane]], Serial No. 1887.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.traveltown.org/projects/crane.shtml |title=Crane |publisher=Traveltown.org |date=2009-10-09 |accessdate=2012-01-06}}</ref>
*U.S. Navy No. 61-02011, (unknown year)(unknown builder) Boom Car, utility flat car for support of the wrecker crane.
*Track inspection [[Speeder]], motorized.
*Kalamazoo handcar, four-man pump-action powered.
*[[Velocipede#In railroad use|Velocipede]], one-man pump-action powered track inspection "bicycle" with outrigger.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/tom-margie/2692629897/ |title=Velocipede |publisher=Tom Margie |date=2008-04-21 |accessdate=2012-09-07}}</ref>

===Motor vehicles===
*[[Railway Express Agency]], 1945 [[International Harvester Co.]] & York Body Corp. Model K-5 Express Delivery Truck.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.traveltown.org/projects/rea.shtml |title=REA |publisher=Traveltown.org |date=2009-10-09 |accessdate=2012-01-06}}</ref>

==Additional railway museum collections and examples==
*Semaphore by Union Switch & Signal, Swissvale, Pennsylvania.
*Wig-Wag grade crossing signal (unknown builder, perhaps Pacific Electric signal shops) from Pacific Electric Railroad.
*Track Construction - Examples of three periods of {{RailGauge|4ft8.5in|allk=on}} track construction, and wheels on axle.
**Log sleepers (ties) nailed to (unknown weight) rail. Earliest method.
**Sleepers, uniform and square cut wood soaked in [[creosote]] preservative and surrounded by ballast, spiked to (unknown weight) 'T' rail which is joined with [[fishplates]].
**Concrete sleepers, spring clipped to (unknown weight) rail which is joined with welds.
*Track switches - Various examples of switch points methods, frogs and switch stands/signals.

==Train excursions==
Tickets can be purchased to ride the Travel Town Railroad, a {{RailGauge|16in|lk=on}} gauge [[Ridable miniature railway|miniature railway]] for two circles around the museum grounds.<ref>[http://www.griffithparktrainrides.com/content/travel-town-railroad The Griffith Park Train Rides - Travel Town Railroad]</ref> This railway originally ran a train known as the ''Melody Ranch Special'', which was once owned by [[Gene Autry]]. Its namesake originates from the Gene Autry film ''[[Melody Ranch]]''. The passenger coaches are now covered and the original steam engine (which was sabotaged beyond economical repair) has been replaced with ''Courage'', a chain-driven internal combustion motor housed within a façade representing a steam locomotive. This railroad is one of three miniature railway train rides within Griffith Park. The others are the {{RailGauge|18.5in}} gauge Griffith Park & Southern Railroad<ref>[http://www.griffithparktrainrides.com/content/griffith-park--southern-railroad The Griffith Park Train Rides - Griffith Park & Southern Railroad]</ref> and the {{RailGauge|7.5in|lk=on}} gauge miniature railway at the [[Los Angeles Live Steamers Railroad Museum]]. The latter is independently operated.

The Travel Town Museum at one time also ran the {{Track gauge|3ft|lk=on}} narrow gauge Crystal Springs & Southwestern Railroad starting in 1955, which utilized the museum's equipment acquired from the Oahu Railway and Land Company.<ref name="Broggie2014p197">{{Harvnb|Broggie|2014|p=197}}.</ref>

==Exhibit room==
*Artifacts, documents, and ephemera are on display such as menus and chinaware, recollections and timetables, regarding the history of railroading in the United States.

==Main exhibit hall==
Houses additional transportation examples and exhibits.
*Cut-away boiler demonstration exhibit.
*Hand drawn fire-hose cart.
*Horse-drawn wagons
**Piano Box buggy
**Coal Box buggy
**Milk delivery dray
**milk delivery van
**chariot from [[Ben-Hur (1959 film)|Ben-Hur]].
**[[Circus wagon|Circus Wagon]]
**Oil Delivery (tank) wagon
*Motor Vehicles & Automobiles.
**[[Packard]] Sedan, 9th series, circa 1932
**1948 Nash Ambassador Sedan
**1918 Mack Dump Truck
**Fire Engine
*"Holden's Corner" railway safety interactive Children's Discovery Center.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://traveltown.org/calendar.shtml |title=Calendar |publisher=Traveltown.org |date=2011-09-07 |accessdate=2012-01-06}}</ref>
*The "Little General" locomotive demonstration engine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.villageofsilverlakeohio.com/lgeneral.html |title=Village of silver lake Ohio |publisher=Village of silver lake Ohio |date= |accessdate=2012-01-06}}</ref>
*Viewing platform for the East Valley Lines model railroad club N scale layout.

==East Valley Lines==
Located behind a roll-up door in the main exhibit hall, the East Valley Lines Model Rail-Road N Gauge Club<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smokeandcinders.com/evl/evltesthome.html |title=East Valley Lines N scale model railroad club |publisher=Smokeandcinders.com |date= |accessdate=2012-01-06}}</ref> operates their extensive layout.

==Travel Town appearances in media==
Travel Town is near many television and movie studios, which has prompted those production companies to include scenes requiring railroad equipment to be shot at Travel Town since it opened.

A small sample of the thousands of Travel Town's screen appearances is represented below:
* ''[[Adam-12]]'' Episode 101 "Eyewitness" 1972
* ''[[Columbo (TV series)|Columbo]]'' "Identity Crisis" 1975
* ''[[CHiPs]]'' Episode 109
* The band [[Foreigner (band)|Foreigner]]'s music video "[[Cold as Ice (Foreigner song)|Cold as Ice]]" 1977 <ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lMqfWoFjgto</ref>
* ''[[Knight Rider (1982 TV series)|Knight Rider]] Episode 36 "Diamonds Aren't a Girl's Best Friend" 1983
* ''[[Quantum Leap (TV series)]]'' Episode 48 "A Hunting Will We Go" 1991
* [[Royal Crown Revue]]'s "Watts Local" music video was shot in several locations.
* ''[[Six Feet Under (TV series)|Six Feet Under]]'' Season 4 Episode 8 "Coming and Going"
* ''[[Ghost Whisperer]] Season 5, Episode 9 "Lost in the Shadows"
* "[[Kidsongs]]" "Play-along Songs", [[Down by the Station]] 1993 (Direct-to-Video only).

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Bibliography==
*{{Citation |last=Broggie |first=Michael |year=2014 |title=Walt Disney's Railroad Story: The Small-Scale Fascination That Led to a Full-Scale Kingdom |edition=4th |publisher=''[[The Donning Company|The Donning Company Publishers]]'' |isbn=978-1-57864-914-3 }}

==External links==
{{Portal|Trains|Greater Los Angeles}}
{{Commons}}
*[http://www.laparks.org/grifmet/tt/index.htm Travel Town Museum]
*[http://www.laparks.org/grifmet/tt/roster_locomotive.htm Roster of locomotives at the museum]
*[http://www.traveltown.org Travel Town Museum Foundation]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=SeEDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA141&lpg=PA81&dq=Popular+Mechanics+Science+installing+linoleum&source=bl&ots=qsgcX3mC0k&sig=5uzq7dFzwBL4NlAn6jl810wzujk&hl=en&sa=X&ei=DPAdUMLcFabRyAGC94D4CQ&sqi=2&ved=0CFcQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=Popular%20Mechanics%20Science%20installing%20linoleum&f=true "Paradise for Casey Jones Jr.] ''Popular Mechanics'', April 1956, pp. 142–143
* [http://www.rgusrail.com/catt.html www.rgusrail.com]

[[Category:1952 establishments in California]]
[[Category:Griffith Park]]
[[Category:Landmarks in Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Miniature railroads in the United States]]
[[Category:Museums established in 1952]]
[[Category:Museums in Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Open-air museums in California]]
[[Category:Railroad museums in California]]

Jin (Name)

2017-06-07T09:25:57Z

DPL bot: removing dablinks template; fewer than 4 disambig links (see the FAQ)

{{About|the surname Jin|other uses|Jin (disambiguation)}}
{{ infobox family name
| name = Jin
| image = File:Regular Style CJKV Radical 167 (0).svg
| image_size = 200
| caption =
| mc = Kim
| pronunciation =
| meaning = "gold"
| region = [[China]]
| language = Chinese
| related names = Gyim Kam Kym [[Kim (Korean name)|Kim]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Jin''' is the [[Hanyu pinyin]] transliteration of a number of [[Chinese surname]]s. The most common one, Jīn {{linktext|金}}, literally means "gold" and is 29th<ref>{{cite web|title=The Hundred Families Surnames|url=http://freepages.family.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~chinesesurname/hundred.html|work=The Origin of Hundred Surnames|publisher=Ronald Eng Young|accessdate=10 June 2012|author=Ronald Eng Young|language=English, Chinese|year=1996–2009}}</ref> in the list of "[[Hundred Family Surnames]]". As of 2006, it is ranked the [[List of common Chinese surnames|64th most common Chinese surname]].

The other, less common, surnames that are "Jin" in pinyin include Jìn ({{linktext|晋}}/{{linktext|晉}}) and Jìn ({{linktext|靳}}).

==金 (Jīn)==

===Mythology===

Jin is an ancient surname, dating back over 4,000 years. It was first mentioned during the period ruled by the [[Yellow Emperor]], a legendary Chinese sovereign and cultural hero, who is considered in [[Chinese mythology]] to be the ancestor of all [[Han Chinese]]. The legend behind the Jin surname is as follows:

<blockquote>The Yellow Emperor's son, Yi Zhi ([[Shaohao]]), eventually succeeded him. On the same day he was installed as leader, a golden [[Phoenix (mythology)|phoenix]] flew down and perched on top of a house exactly opposite of where he sat. His followers reckoned it was an auspicious beginning. They decided to use gold as the emblem of their tribe. Yi Zhi was retitled Jin Tian Shi ("golden skies") by his people, and headed the Jin Tian Tribe. Their settlement was located in [[Qufu]] (presently Qufu city in [[Shandong]] province). Yi Zhi died in 2515 BCE. Some of his descendants adopted Jin as their surnames and left off the words Tian Shi ("skies").<ref>{{cite web|title=Chinese surname No.29 Jin (gold)|url=http://groups.google.com/group/soc.culture.china/browse_thread/thread/c10cca68a6c5f75f/5fff5dde4b83d1c8?lnk=st&q=#5fff5dde4b83d1c8 soc.culture.china|work=Google groups - soc.culture.china|publisher=Google|accessdate=10 June 2012|author=CHUNG Yoon-Ngan|date=13 September 1996}}</ref></blockquote>

The surname also appeared in an area called [[Pengcheng]] (now known as Tong Shan Xian) during the [[Han Dynasty]], from 206[[Common Era|BCE]] to 220BCE.

===Origin of Surname Jīn (金)===
*Jīn Wang Sun (金王孫) was the first husband of [[Empress Wang Zhi]] during the [[Han Dynasty]].
*[[Jin Midi|Jīn Mi Di]] (金日磾) was with the [[Xiongnu]] people during the [[Han Dynasty]] and received the surname Jīn(金) from [[Han Wu Di]]. His father, Xiutu (休屠) was a [[general]]-feudal lord during the [[Xiongnu]] Dynasty. [[Jin Xuan]] (金旋) and [[Jin Yi (Han dynasty)|Jin Yi]] (金禕) were some of his descendants.
* [[Qiang people]] use the surnames Jīn (金), [[Chang (surname)|Chang]] (羌), [[Gong]] (功), and [[Ju (disambiguation)|Ju]]-[[Goo (disambiguation)|Goo]] (俱).
* Some of [[Qian Liu]]'s (錢鏐) descendents received the surname Jīn(金).{{citation needed|date=June 2012}}
* Jin was among the surnames granted to the [[Kaifeng Jews]] by an unnamed [[Song Dynasty]] emperor.
* During the [[Yuan Dynasty]], Chinese [[Liu]] (劉) clan received the surname Jīn (金), Jīn Fu Xiang (金覆祥).
* [[Mongols|Mongolian]] [[Ye (surname)|Ye]] (也) clan got surname Jīn (金) at [[Ming Dynasty]]
* [[Taiwanese aborigines]] received surname Jīn (金), [[Zhang (surname)|Zhang]], amongst others, during the [[Qing Dynasty]].
* [[Aisin Gioro]] clan got the surname Jīn (金), as "Aisin" means "gold" in [[Manchu language]], following the fall of the Qing Dynasty.
* Jin uses the same character as the [[Kim (Korean name)|Korean surname, "Kim"]]. Kim is Korea's most common surname and is also widely found amongst the [[ethnic Koreans in China]].{{citation needed|date=June 2012}}

===Notables with the surname 金===
* [[Jin Midi]] (金日磾)
* [[Jin Shengtan]] (金聖嘆) (born Jin Renrui 金人瑞)
* [[Jin Yuelin]] (金岳霖)
* [[Jin Di]] (金迪)
* [[Jin Jing]] (金晶)
* [[Jin Fengling]] (金鳳玲)
* [[Jin Jingdao]] (金敬道)
* [[Jin Liqun]] (金立群)
* [[Aloysius Jin Luxian|Jin Luxian]] (金鲁贤) bishop of Shanghai
* [[Jin Xing]] (金星)
* [[Jin Li]] (金力)
* [[Jin Renqing]] (金人慶)
* [[Jin Yubo]] (金煜博)
* [[Jin Zhiyang]] (金志扬)
* [[Elaine Jin]] (金燕玲)
* [[Ha Jin]] (born Jin Xuefei 金雪飛)

===Variants===
*[[Jin (disambiguation)|Gyim]], Kim in [[Middle Chinese]]
*Gam, [[Kam]] in [[Cantonese]]
*Gim, [[Kim (surname)|Kim]] in Korea

==靳 (Jìn)==
According to legend, Jìn ({{linktext|靳}}) family name originated from [[Zhu Rong]]. It was later a clan in the [[Chu (state)]]. Originally the name was Jian-Jin (篯), but was later changed to [[Jian]]-[[Qian (surname)|Qian]] (錢) and Jìn (靳).

===Notables with the surname 靳===
* [[Yue-Sai Kan]] (靳羽西)

==晋/晉 (Jìn)==
Jìn ({{linktext|晋}} family name originate from Táng Shū Yú (唐叔虞) the brother of [[King Wu of Zhou]], he founded the [[Jin (Chinese state)|state of Jin]] and his later descendants used the surname Jìn (晋).

===Notables with the surname 晋 ===
* [[Jin Xiaomei]] (晋小梅)

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Taiwan's Top 100 surnames}}
{{surname|Jin}}

[[Category:Chinese-language surnames]]

Jin (Name)

2017-06-06T21:21:12Z

DPL bot: adding dablinks template; 7 or more disambig links (see the FAQ)

{{dablinks|date=June 2017}}
{{About|the surname Jin|other uses|Jin (disambiguation)}}
{{ infobox family name
| name = Jin
| image = File:Regular Style CJKV Radical 167 (0).svg
| image_size = 200
| caption =
| mc = Kim
| pronunciation =
| meaning = "gold"
| region = [[China]]
| language = Chinese
| related names = Gyim Kam Kym [[Kim (Korean name)|Kim]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Jin''' is the [[Hanyu pinyin]] transliteration of a number of [[Chinese surname]]s. The most common one, Jīn {{linktext|金}}, literally means "gold" and is 29th<ref>{{cite web|title=The Hundred Families Surnames|url=http://freepages.family.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~chinesesurname/hundred.html|work=The Origin of Hundred Surnames|publisher=Ronald Eng Young|accessdate=10 June 2012|author=Ronald Eng Young|language=English, Chinese|year=1996–2009}}</ref> in the list of "[[Hundred Family Surnames]]". As of 2006, it is ranked the [[List of common Chinese surnames|64th most common Chinese surname]].

The other, less common, surnames that are "Jin" in pinyin include Jìn ({{linktext|晋}}/{{linktext|晉}}) and Jìn ({{linktext|靳}}).

==金 (Jīn)==

===Mythology===

Jin is an ancient surname, dating back over 4,000 years. It was first mentioned during the period ruled by the [[Yellow Emperor]], a legendary Chinese sovereign and cultural hero, who is considered in [[Chinese mythology]] to be the ancestor of all [[Han Chinese]]. The legend behind the Jin surname is as follows:

<blockquote>The Yellow Emperor's son, Yi Zhi ([[Shaohao]]), eventually succeeded him. On the same day he was installed as leader, a golden [[Phoenix (mythology)|phoenix]] flew down and perched on top of a house exactly opposite of where he sat. His followers reckoned it was an auspicious beginning. They decided to use gold as the emblem of their tribe. Yi Zhi was retitled Jin Tian Shi ("golden skies") by his people, and headed the Jin Tian Tribe. Their settlement was located in [[Qufu]] (presently Qufu city in [[Shandong]] province). Yi Zhi died in 2515 BCE. Some of his descendants adopted Jin as their surnames and left off the words Tian Shi ("skies").<ref>{{cite web|title=Chinese surname No.29 Jin (gold)|url=http://groups.google.com/group/soc.culture.china/browse_thread/thread/c10cca68a6c5f75f/5fff5dde4b83d1c8?lnk=st&q=#5fff5dde4b83d1c8 soc.culture.china|work=Google groups - soc.culture.china|publisher=Google|accessdate=10 June 2012|author=CHUNG Yoon-Ngan|date=13 September 1996}}</ref></blockquote>

The surname also appeared in an area called [[Pengcheng]] (now known as Tong Shan Xian) during the [[Han Dynasty]], from 206[[Common Era|BCE]] to 220BCE.

===Origin of Surname Jīn (金)===
*Jīn Wang Sun (金王孫) was the first husband of [[Empress Wang Zhi]] during the [[Han Dynasty]].
*[[Jin Midi|Jīn Mi Di]] (金日磾) was with the [[Xiongnu]] people during the [[Han Dynasty]] and received the surname Jīn(金) from [[Han Wu Di]]. His father, Xiutu (休屠) was a [[general]]-feudal lord during the [[Xiongnu]] Dynasty. [[Jin Xuan]] (金旋) and [[Jin Yi (Han dynasty)|Jin Yi]] (金禕) were some of his descendants.
* [[Qiang people]] use the surnames Jīn (金), [[Chang (surname)|Chang]] (羌), [[Gong]] (功), and [[Ju (disambiguation)|Ju]]-[[Goo (disambiguation)|Goo]] (俱).
* Some of [[Qian Liu]]'s (錢鏐) descendents received the surname Jīn(金).{{citation needed|date=June 2012}}
* Jin was among the surnames granted to the [[Kaifeng Jews]] by an unnamed [[Song Dynasty]] emperor.
* During the [[Yuan Dynasty]], Chinese [[Liu]] (劉) clan received the surname Jīn (金), Jīn Fu Xiang (金覆祥).
* [[Mongols|Mongolian]] [[Ye (surname)|Ye]] (也) clan got surname Jīn (金) at [[Ming Dynasty]]
* [[Taiwanese aborigines]] received surname Jīn (金), [[Zhang (surname)|Zhang]], amongst others, during the [[Qing Dynasty]].
* [[Aisin Gioro]] clan got the surname Jīn (金), as "Aisin" means "gold" in [[Manchu language]], following the fall of the Qing Dynasty.
* Jin uses the same character as the [[Kim (Korean name)|Korean surname, "Kim"]]. Kim is Korea's most common surname and is also widely found amongst the [[ethnic Koreans in China]].{{citation needed|date=June 2012}}

===Notables with the surname 金===
* [[Jin Midi]] (金日磾)
* [[Jin Shengtan]] (金聖嘆) (born Jin Renrui 金人瑞)
* [[Jin Yuelin]] (金岳霖)
* [[Jin Di]] (金迪)
* [[Jin Jing]] (金晶)
* [[Jin Fengling]] (金鳳玲)
* [[Jin Jingdao]] (金敬道)
* [[Jin Liqun]] (金立群)
* [[Aloysius Jin Luxian|Jin Luxian]] (金鲁贤) bishop of Shanghai
* [[Jin Xing]] (金星)
* [[Jin Li]] (金力)
* [[Jin Renqing]] (金人慶)
* [[Jin Yubo]] (金煜博)
* [[Jin Zhiyang]] (金志扬)
* [[Elaine Jin]] (金燕玲)
* [[Ha Jin]] (born Jin Xuefei 金雪飛)

===Variants===
*[[Jin (disambiguation)|Gyim]], Kim in [[Middle Chinese]]
*Gam, [[Kam]] in [[Cantonese]]
*Gim, [[Kim (surname)|Kim]] in Korea

==靳 (Jìn)==
According to legend, Jìn ({{linktext|靳}}) family name originated from [[Zhu Rong]]. It was later a clan in the [[Chu (state)]]. Originally the name was Jian-Jin (篯), but was later changed to [[Jian]]-[[Qian (surname)|Qian]] (錢) and Jìn (靳).

===Notables with the surname 靳===
* [[Yue-Sai Kan]] (靳羽西)

==晋/晉 (Jìn)==
Jìn ({{linktext|晋}} family name originate from Táng Shū Yú (唐叔虞) the brother of [[King Wu of Zhou]], he founded the [[Jin (Chinese state)|state of Jin]] and his later descendants used the surname Jìn (晋).

===Notables with the surname 晋 ===
* [[Jin Xiaomei]] (晋小梅)

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Taiwan's Top 100 surnames}}
{{surname|Jin}}

[[Category:Chinese-language surnames]]

HousingAnywhere

2016-08-30T21:00:59Z

DPL bot: adding dablinks template; 7 or more disambig links (see the FAQ)

{{dablinks|date=August 2016}}

{{Article for deletion/dated|page=HousingAnywhere|timestamp=20160830171531|year=2016|month=August|day=30|substed=yes|help=off}}


'''HousingAnywhere.com''' is an international online [[housing]] platform that focuses on the student housing market. The [[Rotterdam]] based [[Startup company|start-up]] was founded in 2009 by a group of [[Student|students]] including the primary founder [[Niels van Deuren]] at the [[Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University|Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://startupjuncture.com/2015/11/18/founder-niels-van-deuren-on-housing-anywheres-recipe-for-success-i-believe-in-focus-video/|title=Founder Niels van Deuren on Housing Anywhere’s recipe for success: ‘I believe in focus’ [video]|last=Saberi|first=Samir|date=2015-11-18|website=StartupJuncture|publisher=|access-date=2016-08-22}}</ref>.

== Company History ==
The student initiative Housing Anywhere (HousingAnywhere / HousingAnywhere.com) was conceptualised and introduced back in 2009. The initiative developed from a small [[student]] project to a [[global]] platform<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://magnet.me/a/company/housinganywhere/about?lang=en|title=About HousingAnywhere.com|last=|first=|date=|website=Magnet.me|publisher=|access-date=2016-08-22}}</ref>. It all began in 2009 when the founder, Niels van Deuren, was studying for a degree in International Business Administration at the [[Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University|Rotterdam School of Management]]. Included in his studies was a semester abroad at the [[National University of Singapore]], through which he realised a problem and a gap in the market of student housing<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/alisoncoleman/2014/10/12/going-dutch-sharing-economy-turns-student-project-into-a-global-business/#33efb7235631|title=Going Dutch: Sharing Economy Turns Student Project Into A Global Business|last=Coleman|first=Alison|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=2016-08-22}}</ref>. Van Deuren noticed the struggle to find housing in [[Singapore]], and in the meantime, also trying to sublet his room in [[Rotterdam]], and through this experience, the company Housing Anywhere was born<ref name=":0" />.

=== Growth and International expansion ===
Starting off on a small scale by seeking partnerships with [[Dutch]] universities, through which the [[university]] would promote the platform to their [[Student|students]], Housing Anywhere began to grow<ref name=":0" />. In 2011, the online platform began to expand internationally, by becoming active in some the main [[European]] [[countries]], including [[Spain]], [[France]], [[Germany]], and [[Denmark]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.henq.nl/portfolio/housinganywhere/|title=Housing Anywhere - henQ|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|language=en-US|access-date=2016-08-23}}</ref>. By the end of 2014 and in 2015, Housing Anywhere began operating, through partnerships with universities, in countries outside of [[Europe]], including [[Brazil]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://portal.eusoufamecos.net/pucrs-firma-convenio-de-housing-internacional/|title=PUCRS firma convênio de housing internacional {{!}} Eu Sou Famecos|last=|first=|date=|website=portal.eusoufamecos.net|publisher=|access-date=2016-08-23}}</ref>, [[Mexico]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uach.mx/noticias/2015/09/23/housing_anywhere/|title=Housing Anywhere Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua|last=Chihuahua|first=Universidad Autónoma de|date=|website=www.uach.mx|publisher=|access-date=2016-08-23}}</ref>, and the [[United States]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://summer.berkeley.edu/student-services/student-housing/non-ucb-housing-options|title=Housing options not affiliated with UCB {{!}} Berkeley Summer Sessions|last=|first=|date=|website=summer.berkeley.edu|publisher=|access-date=2016-08-23}}</ref>.

Currently Housing Anywhere is partnered with 120+ universities [[world wide]], active in 118, 500+ [[cities]], and offers more than 90,000 [[Room|rooms]] on the platform<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://housinganywhere.com/|title=Housing Anywhere|website=HousingAnywhere|access-date=2016-08-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://esnvalenciaupv.es/news/new-partner-housinganywhere|title=New Partner! HousingAnywhere {{!}} ESN Valencia UPV|website=esnvalenciaupv.es|access-date=2016-08-30}}</ref>.

== Funding and Investments ==
In it’s infant stage, Housing Anywhere was solely funded by the subscription fee which, universities paid for a [[membership]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mt.nl/646/gamechangers-2015-lijst/list/1353-housing-anywhere.html|title=Housing Anywhere|last=|first=|date=|website=MT.nl|publisher=|access-date=2016-08-24}}</ref>. In 2012, when Housing Anywhere began to grow rapidly, there was a need for more staff, and the founder, Van Deuren, experienced his first [[cash flow]] issues<ref name=":0" />. This led to their first funding round, in which Van Deuren raised €150,000<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.telegraaf.nl/dft/ondernemen/startervandeweek/24112732/__Woonruimte_in_21_landen__.html|title=HousingAnywhere.com geeft studenten 'n dak boven hun hoofd|last=|first=|date=2015-06-03|website=Telegraaf|publisher=|language=nl-NL|access-date=2016-08-24}}</ref>. In February 2015, Housing Anywhere received a 1 million dollar investment from [[henQ Invest]] and two other investors<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://startupjuncture.com/2015/02/11/rental-startup-housing-anywhere-secures-1-million/|title=Rental startup Housing Anywhere secures $1 million|last=|first=|date=2015-02-11|website=StartupJuncture|publisher=|access-date=2016-08-24}}</ref>. By the end of 2016, the company hopes to raise 3 million euros via [[Venture capital|Venture Capital]]<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.telegraaf.nl/dft/ondernemen/hoeishetnumet/25773982/__Hoe_is_het_nu_met..._Housing_Anywhere___.html|title=Hoe is het nu met... Starter van de Week Housing Anywhere?|last=|first=|date=2016-07-27|website=|publisher=|language=nl-NL|access-date=2016-08-25}}</ref>.

== Concept, Product & Business Model ==
The [[business model]] of Housing Anywhere is based on the [[sharing economy]]<ref name=":1" />. Students going [[Study abroad|abroad]], leaving an empty room in the city of their home university can advertise their room on the website, and students looking for a place can rent out these rooms via the platform<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.marseille.ixesn.fr/news/retrouvez-housing-anywhere-%25C3%25A0-marseille|title=News|last=|first=|date=|website=ESN Marseille|publisher=|access-date=2016-08-25}}</ref>. Additionally, by establishing partnerships with universities all over the world<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://housinganywhere.com/universities|title=Information for Universities|last=|first=|date=|website=HousingAnywhere|publisher=|access-date=2016-08-22}}</ref>, Housing Anywhere is able to create a [[network]], in which the platform asks for a subscription or membership fee to join the network. Lastly, although using the platform is free for students<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wu.ac.at/en/programs/incoming-students/exchange-semester/accommodation/private-accommodation/|title=Private Accommodation - Housing Anywhere|last=|first=|date=|website=WU (Vienna University of Economics and Business)|publisher=|language=en-GB|access-date=2016-08-24}}</ref>, when booking an [[accommodation]], Housing Anywhere charges a booking fee, for using their secure booking system<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://angel.co/housinganywhere-com-2|title=HousingAnywhere.com|last=|first=|date=|website=angel.co|publisher=|access-date=2016-08-25}}</ref><ref name=":1" />. This booking system includes a ‘not good, money back’ guarantee<ref name=":3" />, as a way to deal with [[scammers]] that might be on the platform.

== Competitive Industry ==
Housing Anywhere is often referred to as the [[Airbnb]] for short/mid-long term student [[housing]]<ref name=":0" />. What differentiates the two however, is their focus in the [[market]]. While Housing Anywhere focuses on longer term accommodation for students and more specifically [[International student|international students]], Airbnb focuses on [[vacation]] rental homes for shorter stay<ref name=":0" />.

Being what some might call a [[pioneer]] in the [[online]] student [[housing]] market, with a focus on international students<ref name=":2" />, Housing Anywhere has set an example and started a [[trend]] which many other [[Startup company|start-ups]] have now followed. These other start-ups include, [[nestpick]], [[Uniplaces]], and [[ErasmusInn]]<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.owler.com/iaApp/2680018/housinganywhere-competitors?onBoardingComplete=true|title=HousingAnywhere Company Profile|last=|first=|date=|website=www.owler.com|publisher=|access-date=2016-08-30}}</ref>. Among the competitors focusing on local students are [[Kamernet]], [[Wg-gesucht.de]], [[Spotahome]], and more<ref name=":4" />.

== References ==
<references />

== External Links ==
[https://housinganywhere.com/ HousingAnywhere Official Website]

[https://housinganywhere.com/ HousingAnywhere Blog]

[[Category:Websites]]
[[Category:Student housing]]
[[Category:Housing]]
__INDEX__
{{DEFAULTSORT:HousingAnywhere}}

Morris Ankrum

2016-05-18T20:39:32Z

DPL bot: removing dablinks template; fewer than 4 disambig links (see the FAQ)

{{Infobox person
| name = Morris Ankrum
| image = Morris Ankrum.gif
| caption =
| birthname = Morris Nussbaum
| birth_date = {{birth date|1896|8|27|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Danville, Illinois|Danville]], [[Vermilion County, Illinois|Vermilion County]] Illinois, US
| death_date = {{death date and age|1964|9|2|1896|8|27|mf=y}}
| death_place = [[Pasadena, California|Pasadena]], California, US
| death_cause = [[Trichinosis]]
| resting_place = Spring Hill Cemetery in Danville, Illinois
| alma_mater = [[University of Southern California]]
| occupation = Actor, lawyer, professor
| yearsactive = 1933–1964
| spouse = [[Joan Wheeler]] (1935–1964, his death) Gillian Gilbert (? - ?)
}}

'''Morris Ankrum''' (August 28, 1896 – September 2, 1964) was an American radio, television and film [[character actor]].

==Early life==
Born '''Morris Nussbaum''' in [[Danville, Illinois|Danville]] in [[Vermilion County, Illinois|Vermilion County]] in eastern [[Illinois]], Ankrum originally began a career in academics. After graduating from [[University of Southern California|The University of Southern California]] with a law degree, he went on to an associate professorship in [[economics]] at the [[University of California, Berkeley]]. While at Berkeley he became involved in the drama department and eventually began teaching [[drama]] and directing at the [[Pasadena Playhouse]].<ref name=bio>{{cite web|url=http://www.b-westerns.com/villan14.htm|title=Morris Ankrum (Stephen Morris)|publisher=The Old Corral|accessdate=2014-04-14}}</ref>

From 1923-39 he acted in several [[Broadway (theatre)|Broadway]] stage productions, including ''[[Gods of the Lightning]]'', ''The Big Blow'' and ''Within the Gates''.

==Film career==
Before signing with [[Paramount Pictures]] in the 1930s, Nussbaum had already changed his last name to Ankrum. Upon signing with the studio, he chose to use the name "Stephen Morris" before changing it to Morris Ankrum in 1939.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmovie.com/artist/morris-ankrum-p1840|title=Morris Ankrum|publisher=allmovie.com|accessdate=2014-04-14}}</ref>

Ankrum's stern visage and sharply defined features helped cast him in supporting roles as stalwart authority figures, including scientists, military men (particularly army officers), judges and even psychiatrists in more than 150 films, mostly [[B movie]]s. One standout role was in [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]]'s production of [[Tennessee Johnson]] (1942), a biographical film about [[Andrew Johnson]], the 17th U.S. president. As Sen. [[Jefferson Davis]], Ankrum movingly addresses the [[United States Senate]] upon his resignation to lead the [[Confederate States of America]] as that republic's first—and only—president. Ankrum's film career was extensive and spanned 30 years. His credits were largely concentrated in the [[Western (genre)|western]] and [[science-fiction]] genres.

Ankrum appeared in such westerns as ''[[Ride 'Em Cowboy]]'' in [[1942 in film|1942]], ''[[Vera Cruz (film)|Vera Cruz]]'' opposite [[Gary Cooper]] and [[Burt Lancaster]], ''[[Apache (film)|Apache]]'' (1954), and ''[[Cattle Queen of Montana]]'' with [[Barbara Stanwyck]] and [[Ronald Reagan]].<ref name=imdb>{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0030194/|title=Morris Ankrum|publisher=[[Internet Movie Data Base]]|accessdate=February 26, 2013}}</ref>

In the sci-fi genre, he appeared in ''[[Rocketship X-M]]'' (1950), ''[[Flight to Mars (film)|Flight to Mars]]'' (1951), as a Martian, ''[[Red Planet Mars]]'' (1952), playing the [[United States Secretary of Defense]]; the [[cult film|cult classic]] ''[[Invaders from Mars (1953 film)|Invaders From Mars]]'' (1953), playing a [[United States Army]] officer; and as an Army general in ''[[Earth vs. the Flying Saucers]]'' (1956). In 1957 he played a psychiatrist in the cult sci-fi classic ''[[Kronos (film)|Kronos]]'' and had military-officer roles in ''[[Beginning of the End (film)|Beginning of the End]]'' and ''[[The Giant Claw]]''.

==Later years==
By the end of 1958 Ankrum's film career had essentially ended, though he continued taking television roles. In the [[Television syndication|syndicated]] [[television series|series]] ''[[Stories of the Century]]'' Ankrum played outlaw [[Christopher Evans (outlaw)|Chris Evans]], who with his young associate [[John Sontag]], played by [[John Smith (actor)|John Smith]], turned to crime to thwart the [[Southern Pacific Transportation Company|Southern Pacific Railroad]], which Evans and Sontag held in the contempt consistent with the theme of [[Frank Norris]]' [[muckraker|muckraking]] [[novel]], ''[[The Octopus: A Story of California]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0710964/|title=''Stories of the Century'': "Sontag and Evans", February 8, 1955|publisher=Internet Movie Data Base|accessdate=September 15, 2012}}</ref>

Ankrum made 22 appearances on [[CBS]]'s ''[[Perry Mason (TV series)|Perry Mason]]'' as one of several judges who regularly presided over the murder trials of Mason's clients from the show's first season in 1957 until his death in 1964. The show ended two years later.

Ankrum appeared in western series such as ''[[The Adventures of Rin Tin Tin]]'', ''[[Bronco (TV series)|Bronco]]'', ''[[Maverick (TV series)|Maverick]]'', ''[[Tales of the Texas Rangers]]'', ''[[Cimarron City (TV series)|Cimarron City]]'', ''[[Rawhide (TV series)|Rawhide]]'' and ''[[The Rifleman]]''.

On October 15, 1957, Ankrum had a major part in the episode "Strange Land" of the [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]/[[Warner Brothers]] western ''[[Sugarfoot]]'', starring [[Will Hutchins]]. Ankrum played an embittered rancher named Cash Billings, who allows a hired gunman, Burr Fulton ( [[Rhodes Reason]]), to take over his spread, but Sugarfoot arrives to bring law and justice to the situation. Jan Chaney appears in the episode as Billings' daughter Anne, who takes a liking to Sugarfoot.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0712923/|title="The Strange Land", October 15, 1957|publisher=Internet Movie Data Base|accessdate=August 24, 2012}}</ref> Ankrum appeared again, as John Savage in 1959, in the ''Sugarfoot'' episode "The Wild Bunch".<ref name=imdb/> In 1961, he again played an embittered and this time paralyzed rancher, Cyrus Dawson, in the episode "Incident at Dawson Flats" of the ABC/WB western series, ''[[Cheyenne (1955 TV series)|Cheyenne]]'', with [[Clint Walker]] in the starring role, with other guest-starring parts for [[Jock Gaynor]], [[Joan O'Brien]], [[Gerald Mohr]], and [[Hampton Fancher]].

In the 1958-59 season Ankrum appeared 12 times in [[Richard Carlson (actor)|Richard Carlson]]'s syndicated western series ''[[Mackenzie's Raiders]]'', along with other cast "Raiders" [[Brett King]], [[Jack Ging]] and [[Louis Jean Heydt]]. In the series set on the [[Rio Grande]] border, Carlson plays [[Col.]] [[Ranald Mackenzie]], who faces troubles from assorted border [[outlaw]]s.<ref>Billy Hathorn, "Roy Bean, Temple Houston, Bill Longley, Ranald Mackenzie, Buffalo Bill, Jr., and the Texas Rangers: Depictions of West Texans in Series Television, 1955 to 1967", ''[[West Texas Historical Association|West Texas Historical Review]]'', Vol. 89 (2013), p. 113</ref>

Ankrum was cast in an episode of the 1959 CBS [[sitcom]] ''[[Dennis the Menace (1959 TV series)|Dennis the Menace]]''.<ref name=imdb/> He also made occasional uncredited appearances in several [[Roger Corman]] films. While busy in films and television, Ankrum was still involved in live theatre and continued to direct plays at the Pasadena Playhouse.<ref name=bio />

He and his second wife, [[Joan Wheeler]], had a child, David Ankrum, best known as Adam from [[Tabitha (TV series)|''Tabitha'']]. David Ankrum eventually became a [[Hollywood]] agent. [http://www.wedgespeaks.com/aboutme/bio.htm]

==Death==
On September 2, 1964, Ankrum died of [[trichinosis]]. At the time of his death, he was still involved with [[Raymond Burr]]'s ''Perry Mason'' series.<ref name=bio /> His final appearance on ''Perry Mason'', "The Case of the Sleepy Slayer," and his last film, ''[[Guns of Diablo]]'', in which he was cast as Ray Macklin, were released in 1964 and 1965, respectively, after Ankrum's death.<ref name=imdb/>

Ankrum's remains are interred at Spring Hill Cemetery in Danville, Illinois.

==Selected filmography==
{{div col|cols=4}}
*''Reunion in Vienna'' (1933)
*''The Return of Hopalong Cassidy'' (1936)
*''[[Knights of the Range]]'' (1940)
*''[[Light of the Western Stars]]'' (1940)
*''[[The Showdown (1940 film)|The Showdown]]'' (1940)
*''[[Three Men from Texas]]'' (1940)
*''[[Buck Benny Rides Again]]'' (1940)
*''[[Cherokee Strip]]'' (1940)
*''[[Hot Spot (1941 film)|Hot Spot]]'' (1941)
*''[[Road Agent (1941 film)|Road Agent]]'' (1941)
*''[[I Wake Up Screaming]]'' (1941)
*''[[The Roundup]]'' (1941)
*''[[In Old Colorado]]'' (1941)
*''[[Pirates on Horseback]]'' (1941)
*''[[Border Vigilantes]]'' (1941)
*''[[Wide Open Town]]'' (1941)
*''[[The Bandit Trail]]'' (1941)
*''[[Doomed Caravan]]'' (1941)
*''[[Reunion in France]]'' (1942)
*''[[Ride 'Em Cowboy]]'' (1942)
*''[[Time to Kill (1942 film)|Time to Kill]]'' (1942)
*''[[The Loves of Edgar Allan Poe]]'' (1942)
*''[[My Favorite Spy]]'' (1942)
*''[[Tennessee Johnson]]'' (1942)
*''[[The Omaha Trail]]'' (1942)
*''[[Tales of Manhattan]]'' (1942)
*''[[Ten Gentlemen from West Point]]'' (1942)
*''[[Roxie Hart (film)|Roxie Hart]]'' (1942)
*''[[Swing Fever]]'' (1943)
*''[[Let's Face It]]'' (1943)
*''[[Dixie Dugan]]'' (1943)
*''[[Secrets in the Dark]]'' (1943)
*''[[Gentle Annie (film)|Gentle Annie]]'' (1943)
*''[[I Dood It]]'' (1943)
*''[[The Heavenly Body]]'' (1943)
*''[[See Here, Private Hargrove]]'' (1943)
*''[[Best Foot Forward (film)|Best Foot Forward]]'' (1943)
*''[[The Thin Man Goes Home]]'' (1944)
*''[[Meet the People]]'' (1944)
*''[[Thirty Seconds over Tokyo]]'' (1944)
*''[[Rationing]]'' (1944)
*''[[Barbary Coast Gent]]'' (1944)
*''[[And Now Tomorrow]]'' (1944)
*''[[Marriage is a Private Affair]]'' (1944)
*''[[Adventure]]'' (1945)
*''[[The Hidden Eye]]'' (1945)
*''[[The Harvey Girls]]'' (1945)
*''[[The Postman Always Rings Twice (1946 film)|The Postman Always Rings Twice]]'' (1946) (uncredited)
*''[[Courage of Lassie]]'' (1946)
*''[[The Lady in the Lake]]'' (1946)
*''[[Little Mr. Jim]]'' (1946)
*''[[The Mighty McGurk]]'' (1947)
*''[[Desire Me]]'' (1947)
*''[[Undercover Maisie]]'' (1947)
*''[[Cynthia]]'' (1947)
*''[[Good News (1947 film)|Good News]]'' (1947)
*''[[The High Wall]]'' (1947)
*''[[The Sea of Grass]]'' (1947)
*''[[For the Love of Mary]]'' (1948)
*''[[Bad Men of Tombstone]]'' (1948)
*''[[Joan of Arc (1948 film)|Joan of Arc]]'' (1948)
*''[[Fighting Back (1948 film)|Fighting Back]]'' (1948)
*''[[We Were Strangers]]'' (1949)
*''[[Colorado Territory]]'' (1949)
*''[[Slattery's Hurricane]]'' (1949)
*''[[The Damned Don't Cry!]]'' (1950)
*''[[Rocketship X-M]]'' (1950)
*''[[Borderline (1950 film)|Borderline]]'' (1950)
*''[[The Redhead and the Cowboy]]'' (1950)
*''[[Short Grass]]'' (1950)
*''[[Southside 1-1000]]'' (1950)
*''[[In a Lonely Place]]'' (1950)
*''[[Chain Lightning (film)|Chain Lightning]]'' (1950)
*''[[Flight to Mars (film)|Flight to Mars]]'' (1951)
*''[[My Favorite Spy]]'' (1951)
*''[[Quincannon, Frontier Scout]]'' (1951)
*''[[The Lion Hunters]]'' (1951)
*''[[Along the Great Divide]]'' (1951)
*''[[Fighting Coast Guard]]'' (1951)
*''[[Tomorrow Is Another Day (1951 film)|Tomorrow Is Another Day]]'' (1951)
*''[[Red Planet Mars]]'' (1952)
*''[[Son of Ali Baba]]'' (1952)
*''[[Mutiny]]'' (1952)
*''[[The Steel Cage]]'' (1952)
*''[[Silver Star]]'' (1952)
*''[[Hiawatha (film)|Hiawatha]]'' (1952)
*''[[Fort Osage (film)|Fort Osage]]'' (1952)
*''[[Mexican Manhunt]]'' (1953)
*''[[The Man behind the Gun]]'' (1953)
*''[[Fort Vengeance]]'' (1953)
*''[[Three Young Texans]]'' (1953)
*''[[Arena]]'' (1953)
*''[[Sky Commando]]'' (1953)
*''[[The Moonlighter]]'' (1953)
*''[[The Eternal Sea]]'' (1953)
*''[[Devil's Canyon (1953 film)|Devil's Canyon]]'' (1953)
*''[[Invaders from Mars (1953 film)|Invaders From Mars]]'' (1953)
*''[[Apache (film)|Apache]]'' (1954)
*''[[Two Guns and a Badge]]'' (1954)
*''[[Southwest Passage]]'' (1954)
*''[[The Outlaw Stallion]]'' (1954)
*''[[Silver Lode (1954 film)|Silver Lode]]'' (1954)
*''[[Cattle Queen of Montana]]'' (1954)
*''[[Vera Cruz (film)|Vera Cruz]]'' (1954)
*''[[Taza, Son of Cochise]]'' (1954)
*''[[Drums Across the River]]'' (1954)
*''[[Crashout]]'' (1955)
*''[[Many Rivers to Cross]]'' (1955)
*''[[The Saracen Blade]]'' (1955)
*''[[Jupiter's Darling]]'' (1955)
*''[[Abbott and Costello Meet the Mummy]]'' (1955)
*''[[No Man's Woman (film)|No Man's Woman]]'' (1955)
* ''[[The Eternal Sea]]'' (1955)
*''[[Chief Crazy Horse (1955 film)|Chief Crazy Horse]]'' (1955)
*''[[Tennessee's Partner]]'' (1955)
*''[[Earth vs. the Flying Saucers]]'' (1956)
*''[[Down Liberty Road]]'' (short, 1956)
*''[[Walk the Proud Land]]'' (1956)
*''[[Omar Khayyam]]'' (1956)
*''[[Hell's Crossroads]]'' (1956)
*''[[The Desperadoes are in Town]]'' (1956)
*''[[Fury at Gunsight Pass]]'' (1956)
*''[[Death of a Scoundrel]]'' (1956)
*''[[Beginning of the End (film)|Beginning of the End]]'' (1957)
*''[[Drango]]'' (1957)
*''[[Kronos (film)|Kronos]]'' (1957)
*''[[The Giant Claw]]'' (1957)
*''[[Zombies of Mora Tau]]''(1957)
*''[[The Saga of Hemp Brown]]'' (1958)
*''[[Frontier Gun]]'' (1958)
*''[[From the Earth to the Moon]]'' (1958)
*''[[Twilight for the Gods]]'' (1958)
*''[[Young and Wild]]'' (1958)
*''[[Giant from the Unknown]]'' (1958)
*''[[How to Make a Monster (1958 film)|How to Make a Monster]]'' (1958)
*''[[Badman's Country]]'' (1959)
*''[[The Most Dangerous Man Alive]]'' (1961)
*''[[Tower of London (1962 film)|Tower of London]]'' (1962) (uncredited)
*''[[X (1963 film)|X]]'' (1963) (uncredited)
*''[[Guns of Diablo]]'' (1965)
{{div col end}}

===Television===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
*''[[Amos 'n' Andy]]'' (1 episode, 1951)
*''[[The Pepsi-Cola Playhouse]]'' (1 episode, 1953)
*''[[Cowboy G-Men]]'' (3 episodes, 1953)
*''[[The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp]]'' (1 episode, 1955)
*''[[Schlitz Playhouse of Stars]]'' (3 episodes, 1953–1955)
*''[[Four Star Playhouse]]'' (3 episodes, 1955–1956)
*''[[Cavalcade of America]]'' (2 episodes, 1953–1956)
*''[[Science Fiction Theatre]]'' (4 episodes, 1955–1956)
*''[[You Are There (series)|You Are There]]'' (1 episode, 1956)
*''[[The Adventures of Jim Bowie]]'' (1 episode, 1957)
*''[[Lassie (1954 TV series)|Lassie]]'' (1 episode, 1957)
*''[[Tombstone Territory]]'' (2 episodes, 1957 and 1959)
*''[[Sugarfoot]]'' (2 episodes, 1957 and 1959)
*''[[Maverick (TV series)|Maverick]]'' (2 episodes, 1957 and 1961)
*''[[Tales of Wells Fargo]] (2 episodes, 1957 and 1961)
*''[[The Veil]]'' (1 episode, 1958)
*''[[Have Gun - Will Travel]]'' (1 episode, 1958)
*''[[Sheriff of Cochise|U.S. Marshal]]'' (as Henry Colt in "Good Indian", 1958)
*''[[Mackenzie's Raiders]]'' (12 episodes, 1958-1959)
*''[[Sea Hunt]]'' (1 episode, 1958)
*''[[26 Men]]'' (2 episodes, 1958)
*''[[Wagon Train]]'' (as Michael Folsom in "The Tobias Jones Story", 1958)
*''[[The Adventures of Rin Tin Tin]]'' (6 episodes, including twice as Chief Red Eagle, 1955–1958)
{{col-break}}
*''[[Frontier Doctor]]'' (1 episode, 1959)
*''[[Lawman (TV series)|Lawman]]'' (as Ike Smith in "The Young Toughs", 1959)
*''[[Markham (TV series)|Markham]]'' (as Harold Burgess in "The Last Bullet", 1959)
*''[[Bat Masterson (TV series)|Bat Masterson]]'' (as Judge Dorset in "A Matter of Honor", 1959)
*''[[Death Valley Days]]'' (as Phillips in "The Talking Wire", 1959)
*''[[Riverboat (TV series)|Riverboat]]'' (as C.C. Thompson in "A Night at Trapper's Landing, 1959)
*''[[Tombstone Territory]]'' (2 episodes, 1957–1959)
*''[[Gunsmoke]]'' (as Merle in "The Bobsy Twins", 1960)
*''[[Dennis the Menace (1959 TV series)|Dennis the Menace]]'' (1 episode, 1960)
*''[[The Man from Blackhawk]]'' (1 episode, as Martin Randolph in "Portrait of Cynthia", 1960)
*''[[Cheyenne (TV western)|Cheyene]]'' (4 episodes, 1956–1961)
*''[[Rawhide (TV series)|Rawhide]]'' (2 episodes, 1959–1961)
*''[[The Rifleman]]'' (2 episodes, 1959–1961)
*''[[Bronco (TV series)|Bronco]]'' (5 episodes, 1958–1961)
*''[[The Barbara Stanwyck Show]]'' (as Walter Harwood in "Along the Barbary Coast, 1961)
*''[[Bonanza]]'' (as Mr. Mason in "The Gamble", 1962)
*''[[Kraft Suspense Theatre]]'' (1 episode, 1964)
*''[[Perry Mason (TV series)|Perry Mason]]'' (22 episodes, 1957–1964)
{{col-end}}

==References==

<references />

==External links==
{{Portal|Biography|Illinois|California|Law|Education|Radio|Theatre|Film|Television}}
*{{IMDb name|0030194}}
*{{Amg name|1840}}
*{{IBDB name|7808}}
*{{Find a Grave|6804504}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ankrus, Morris}}
[[Category:1896 births]]
[[Category:1964 deaths]]
[[Category:American male stage actors]]
[[Category:American male film actors]]
[[Category:American male radio actors]]
[[Category:American male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Illinois]]
[[Category:University of Southern California Law School alumni]]
[[Category:University of California, Berkeley faculty]]
[[Category:California lawyers]]
[[Category:American academics]]
[[Category:People from Danville, Illinois]]
[[Category:Male actors from Berkeley, California]]
[[Category:Male actors from Los Angeles, California]]
[[Category:20th-century American male actors]]

Morris Ankrum

2016-05-18T08:39:59Z

DPL bot: adding dablinks template; 7 or more disambig links (see the FAQ)

{{dablinks|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Morris Ankrum
| image = Morris Ankrum.gif
| caption =
| birthname = Morris Nussbaum
| birth_date = {{birth date|1896|8|27|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Danville, Illinois|Danville]], [[Vermilion County, Illinois|Vermilion County]] Illinois, US
| death_date = {{death date and age|1964|9|2|1896|8|27|mf=y}}
| death_place = [[Pasadena, California|Pasadena]], California, US
| death_cause = [[Trichinosis]]
| resting_place = Spring Hill Cemetery in Danville, Illinois
| alma_mater = [[University of Southern California]]
| occupation = Actor, lawyer, professor
| yearsactive = 1933–1964
| spouse = [[Joan Wheeler]] (1935–1964, his death) Gillian Gilbert (? - ?)
}}

'''Morris Ankrum''' (August 28, 1896 – September 2, 1964) was an American radio, television and film [[character actor]].

==Early life==
Born '''Morris Nussbaum''' in [[Danville, Illinois|Danville]] in [[Vermilion County, Illinois|Vermilion County]] in eastern [[Illinois]], Ankrum originally began a career in academics. After graduating from [[University of Southern California|The University of Southern California]] with a law degree, he went on to an associate professorship in [[economics]] at the [[University of California, Berkeley]]. While at Berkeley he became involved in the drama department and eventually began teaching [[drama]] and directing at the [[Pasadena Playhouse]].<ref name=bio>{{cite web|url=http://www.b-westerns.com/villan14.htm|title=Morris Ankrum (Stephen Morris)|publisher=The Old Corral|accessdate=2014-04-14}}</ref>

From 1923-39 he acted in several [[Broadway (theatre)|Broadway]] stage productions, including ''[[Gods of the Lightning]]'', ''The Big Blow'' and ''Within the Gates''.

==Film career==
Before signing with [[Paramount Pictures]] in the 1930s, Nussbaum had already changed his last name to Ankrum. Upon signing with the studio, he chose to use the name "Stephen Morris" before changing it to Morris Ankrum in 1939.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmovie.com/artist/morris-ankrum-p1840|title=Morris Ankrum|publisher=allmovie.com|accessdate=2014-04-14}}</ref>

Ankrum's stern visage and sharply defined features helped cast him in supporting roles as stalwart authority figures, including scientists, military men (particularly army officers), judges and even psychiatrists in more than 150 films, mostly [[B movie]]s. One standout role was in [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]]'s production of [[Tennessee Johnson]] (1942), a biographical film about [[Andrew Johnson]], the 17th U.S. president. As Sen. [[Jefferson Davis]], Ankrum movingly addresses the [[United States Senate]] upon his resignation to lead the [[Confederate States of America]] as that republic's first—and only—president. Ankrum's film career was extensive and spanned 30 years. His credits were largely concentrated in the [[Western (genre)|western]] and [[science-fiction]] genres.

Ankrum appeared in such westerns as ''[[Ride 'Em Cowboy]]'' in [[1942 in film|1942]], ''[[Vera Cruz (film)|Vera Cruz]]'' opposite [[Gary Cooper]] and [[Burt Lancaster]], ''[[Apache (film)|Apache]]'' (1954), and ''[[Cattle Queen of Montana]]'' with [[Barbara Stanwyck]] and [[Ronald Reagan]].<ref name=imdb>{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0030194/|title=Morris Ankrum|publisher=[[Internet Movie Data Base]]|accessdate=February 26, 2013}}</ref>

In the sci-fi genre, he appeared in ''[[Rocketship X-M]]'' (1950), ''[[Flight to Mars (film)|Flight to Mars]]'' (1951), as a Martian, ''[[Red Planet Mars]]'' (1952), playing the [[United States Secretary of Defense]]; the [[cult film|cult classic]] ''[[Invaders from Mars (1953 film)|Invaders From Mars]]'' (1953), playing a [[United States Army]] officer; and as an Army general in ''[[Earth vs. the Flying Saucers]]'' (1956). In 1957 he played a psychiatrist in the cult sci-fi classic ''[[Kronos (film)|Kronos]]'' and had military-officer roles in ''[[Beginning of the End (film)|Beginning of the End]]'' and ''[[The Giant Claw]]''.

==Later years==
By the end of 1958 Ankrum's film career had essentially ended, though he continued taking television roles. In the [[Television syndication|syndicated]] [[television series|series]] ''[[Stories of the Century]]'' Ankrum played outlaw [[Christopher Evans (outlaw)|Chris Evans]], who with his young associate [[John Sontag]], played by [[John Smith (actor)|John Smith]], turned to crime to thwart the [[Southern Pacific Transportation Company|Southern Pacific Railroad]], which Evans and Sontag held in the contempt consistent with the theme of [[Frank Norris]]' [[muckraker|muckraking]] [[novel]], ''[[The Octopus: A Story of California]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0710964/|title=''Stories of the Century'': "Sontag and Evans", February 8, 1955|publisher=Internet Movie Data Base|accessdate=September 15, 2012}}</ref>

Ankrum made 22 appearances on [[CBS]]'s ''[[Perry Mason (TV series)|Perry Mason]]'' as one of several judges who regularly presided over the murder trials of Mason's clients from the show's first season in 1957 until his death in 1964. The show ended two years later.

Ankrum appeared in western series such as ''[[The Adventures of Rin Tin Tin]]'', ''[[Bronco (TV series)|Bronco]]'', ''[[Maverick (TV series)|Maverick]]'', ''[[Tales of the Texas Rangers]]'', ''[[Cimarron City (TV series)|Cimarron City]]'', ''[[Rawhide (TV series)|Rawhide]]'' and ''[[The Rifleman]]''.

On October 15, 1957, Ankrum had a major part in the episode "Strange Land" of the [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]/[[Warner Brothers]] western ''[[Sugarfoot]]'', starring [[Will Hutchins]]. Ankrum played an embittered rancher named Cash Billings, who allows a hired gunman, Burr Fulton ( [[Rhodes Reason]]), to take over his spread, but Sugarfoot arrives to bring law and justice to the situation. Jan Chaney appears in the episode as Billings' daughter Anne, who takes a liking to Sugarfoot.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0712923/|title="The Strange Land", October 15, 1957|publisher=Internet Movie Data Base|accessdate=August 24, 2012}}</ref> Ankrum appeared again, as John Savage in 1959, in the ''Sugarfoot'' episode "The Wild Bunch".<ref name=imdb/> In 1961, he again played an embittered and this time paralyzed rancher, Cyrus Dawson, in the episode "Incident at Dawson Flats" of the ABC/WB western series, ''[[Cheyenne (1955 TV series)|Cheyenne]]'', with [[Clint Walker]] in the starring role, with other guest-starring parts for [[Jock Gaynor]], [[Joan O'Brien]], [[Gerald Mohr]], and [[Hampton Fancher]].

In the 1958-59 season Ankrum appeared 12 times in [[Richard Carlson (actor)|Richard Carlson]]'s syndicated western series ''[[Mackenzie's Raiders]]'', along with other cast "Raiders" [[Brett King]], [[Jack Ging]] and [[Louis Jean Heydt]]. In the series set on the [[Rio Grande]] border, Carlson plays [[Col.]] [[Ranald Mackenzie]], who faces troubles from assorted border [[outlaw]]s.<ref>Billy Hathorn, "Roy Bean, Temple Houston, Bill Longley, Ranald Mackenzie, Buffalo Bill, Jr., and the Texas Rangers: Depictions of West Texans in Series Television, 1955 to 1967", ''[[West Texas Historical Association|West Texas Historical Review]]'', Vol. 89 (2013), p. 113</ref>

Ankrum was cast in an episode of the 1959 CBS [[sitcom]] ''[[Dennis the Menace (1959 TV series)|Dennis the Menace]]''.<ref name=imdb/> He also made occasional uncredited appearances in several [[Roger Corman]] films. While busy in films and television, Ankrum was still involved in live theatre and continued to direct plays at the Pasadena Playhouse.<ref name=bio />

He and his second wife, [[Joan Wheeler]], had a child, David Ankrum, best known as Adam from [[Tabitha (TV series)|''Tabitha'']]. David Ankrum eventually became a [[Hollywood]] agent. [http://www.wedgespeaks.com/aboutme/bio.htm]

==Death==
On September 2, 1964, Ankrum died of [[trichinosis]]. At the time of his death, he was still involved with [[Raymond Burr]]'s ''Perry Mason'' series.<ref name=bio /> His final appearance on ''Perry Mason'', "The Case of the Sleepy Slayer," and his last film, ''[[Guns of Diablo]]'', in which he was cast as Ray Macklin, were released in 1964 and 1965, respectively, after Ankrum's death.<ref name=imdb/>

Ankrum's remains are interred at Spring Hill Cemetery in Danville, Illinois.

==Selected filmography==
{{div col|cols=4}}
*''Reunion in Vienna'' (1933)
*''The Return of Hopalong Cassidy'' (1936)
*''[[Knights of the Range]]'' (1940)
*''[[Light of the Western Stars]]'' (1940)
*''[[The Showdown]]'' (1940)
*''[[Three Men from Texas]]'' (1940)
*''[[Buck Benny Rides Again]]'' (1940)
*''[[Cherokee Strip]]'' (1940)
*''[[Hot Spot]]'' (1941)
*''[[Road Agent]]'' (1941)
*''[[I Wake Up Screaming]]'' (1941)
*''[[The Roundup]]'' (1941)
*''[[In Old Colorado]]'' (1941)
*''[[Pirates on Horseback]]'' (1941)
*''[[Border Vigilantes]]'' (1941)
*''[[Wide Open Town]]'' (1941)
*''[[The Bandit Trail]]'' (1941)
*''[[Doomed Caravan]]'' (1941)
*''[[Reunion in France]]'' (1942)
*''[[Ride 'Em Cowboy]]'' (1942)
*''[[Time to Kill]]'' (1942)
*''[[The Loves of Edgar Allan Poe]]'' (1942)
*''[[My Favorite Spy]]'' (1942)
*''[[Tennessee Johnson]]'' (1942)
*''[[The Omaha Trail]]'' (1942)
*''[[Tales of Manhattan]]'' (1942)
*''[[Ten Gentlemen from West Point]]'' (1942)
*''[[Roxie Hart (film)|Roxie Hart]]'' (1942)
*''[[Swing Fever]]'' (1943)
*''[[Let's Face It]]'' (1943)
*''[[Dixie Dugan]]'' (1943)
*''[[Secrets in the Dark]]'' (1943)
*''[[Gentle Annie]]'' (1943)
*''[[I Dood It]]'' (1943)
*''[[The Heavenly Body]]'' (1943)
*''[[See Here, Private Hargrove]]'' (1943)
*''[[Best Foot Forward (film)|Best Foot Forward]]'' (1943)
*''[[The Thin Man Goes Home]]'' (1944)
*''[[Meet the People]]'' (1944)
*''[[Thirty Seconds over Tokyo]]'' (1944)
*''[[Rationing]]'' (1944)
*''[[Barbary Coast Gent]]'' (1944)
*''[[And Now Tomorrow]]'' (1944)
*''[[Marriage is a Private Affair]]'' (1944)
*''[[Adventure]]'' (1945)
*''[[The Hidden Eye]]'' (1945)
*''[[The Harvey Girls]]'' (1945)
*''[[The Postman Always Rings Twice (1946 film)|The Postman Always Rings Twice]]'' (1946) (uncredited)
*''[[Courage of Lassie]]'' (1946)
*''[[The Lady in the Lake]]'' (1946)
*''[[Little Mr. Jim]]'' (1946)
*''[[The Mighty McGurk]]'' (1947)
*''[[Desire Me]]'' (1947)
*''[[Undercover Maisie]]'' (1947)
*''[[Cynthia]]'' (1947)
*''[[Good News]]'' (1947)
*''[[The High Wall]]'' (1947)
*''[[The Sea of Grass]]'' (1947)
*''[[For the Love of Mary]]'' (1948)
*''[[Bad Men of Tombstone]]'' (1948)
*''[[Joan of Arc (1948 film)|Joan of Arc]]'' (1948)
*''[[Fighting Back (1948 film)|Fighting Back]]'' (1948)
*''[[We Were Strangers]]'' (1949)
*''[[Colorado Territory]]'' (1949)
*''[[Slattery's Hurricane]]'' (1949)
*''[[The Damned Don't Cry!]]'' (1950)
*''[[Rocketship X-M]]'' (1950)
*''[[Borderline]]'' (1950)
*''[[The Redhead and the Cowboy]]'' (1950)
*''[[Short Grass]]'' (1950)
*''[[Southside 1-1000]]'' (1950)
*''[[In a Lonely Place]]'' (1950)
*''[[Chain Lightning (film)|Chain Lightning]]'' (1950)
*''[[Flight to Mars (film)|Flight to Mars]]'' (1951)
*''[[My Favorite Spy]]'' (1951)
*''[[Quincannon, Frontier Scout]]'' (1951)
*''[[The Lion Hunters]]'' (1951)
*''[[Along the Great Divide]]'' (1951)
*''[[Fighting Coast Guard]]'' (1951)
*''[[Tomorrow Is Another Day (1951 film)|Tomorrow Is Another Day]]'' (1951)
*''[[Red Planet Mars]]'' (1952)
*''[[Son of Ali Baba]]'' (1952)
*''[[Mutiny]]'' (1952)
*''[[The Steel Cage]]'' (1952)
*''[[Silver Star]]'' (1952)
*''[[Hiawatha (film)|Hiawatha]]'' (1952)
*''[[Fort Osage (film)|Fort Osage]]'' (1952)
*''[[Mexican Manhunt]]'' (1953)
*''[[The Man behind the Gun]]'' (1953)
*''[[Fort Vengeance]]'' (1953)
*''[[Three Young Texans]]'' (1953)
*''[[Arena]]'' (1953)
*''[[Sky Commando]]'' (1953)
*''[[The Moonlighter]]'' (1953)
*''[[The Eternal Sea]]'' (1953)
*''[[Devil's Canyon]]'' (1953)
*''[[Invaders from Mars (1953 film)|Invaders From Mars]]'' (1953)
*''[[Apache (film)|Apache]]'' (1954)
*''[[Two Guns and a Badge]]'' (1954)
*''[[Southwest Passage]]'' (1954)
*''[[The Outlaw Stallion]]'' (1954)
*''[[Silver Lode (1954 film)|Silver Lode]]'' (1954)
*''[[Cattle Queen of Montana]]'' (1954)
*''[[Vera Cruz (film)|Vera Cruz]]'' (1954)
*''[[Taza, Son of Cochise]]'' (1954)
*''[[Drums Across the River]]'' (1954)
*''[[Crashout]]'' (1955)
*''[[Many Rivers to Cross]]'' (1955)
*''[[The Saracen Blade]]'' (1955)
*''[[Jupiter's Darling]]'' (1955)
*''[[Abbott and Costello Meet the Mummy]]'' (1955)
*''[[No Man's Woman (film)|No Man's Woman]]'' (1955)
* ''[[The Eternal Sea]]'' (1955)
*''[[Chief Crazy Horse (1955 film)|Chief Crazy Horse]]'' (1955)
*''[[Tennessee's Partner]]'' (1955)
*''[[Earth vs. the Flying Saucers]]'' (1956)
*''[[Down Liberty Road]]'' (short, 1956)
*''[[Walk the Proud Land]]'' (1956)
*''[[Omar Khayyam]]'' (1956)
*''[[Hell's Crossroads]]'' (1956)
*''[[The Desperadoes are in Town]]'' (1956)
*''[[Fury at Gunsight Pass]]'' (1956)
*''[[Death of a Scoundrel]]'' (1956)
*''[[Beginning of the End (film)|Beginning of the End]]'' (1957)
*''[[Drango]]'' (1957)
*''[[Kronos (film)|Kronos]]'' (1957)
*''[[The Giant Claw]]'' (1957)
*''[[Zombies of Mora Tau]]''(1957)
*''[[The Saga of Hemp Brown]]'' (1958)
*''[[Frontier Gun]]'' (1958)
*''[[From the Earth to the Moon]]'' (1958)
*''[[Twilight for the Gods]]'' (1958)
*''[[Young and Wild]]'' (1958)
*''[[Giant from the Unknown]]'' (1958)
*''[[How to Make a Monster (1958 film)|How to Make a Monster]]'' (1958)
*''[[Badman's Country]]'' (1959)
*''[[The Most Dangerous Man Alive]]'' (1961)
*''[[Tower of London (1962 film)|Tower of London]]'' (1962) (uncredited)
*''[[X (1963 film)|X]]'' (1963) (uncredited)
*''[[Guns of Diablo]]'' (1965)
{{div col end}}

===Television===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
*''[[Amos 'n' Andy]]'' (1 episode, 1951)
*''[[The Pepsi-Cola Playhouse]]'' (1 episode, 1953)
*''[[Cowboy G-Men]]'' (3 episodes, 1953)
*''[[The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp]]'' (1 episode, 1955)
*''[[Schlitz Playhouse of Stars]]'' (3 episodes, 1953–1955)
*''[[Four Star Playhouse]]'' (3 episodes, 1955–1956)
*''[[Cavalcade of America]]'' (2 episodes, 1953–1956)
*''[[Science Fiction Theatre]]'' (4 episodes, 1955–1956)
*''[[You Are There (series)|You Are There]]'' (1 episode, 1956)
*''[[The Adventures of Jim Bowie]]'' (1 episode, 1957)
*''[[Lassie (1954 TV series)|Lassie]]'' (1 episode, 1957)
*''[[Tombstone Territory]]'' (2 episodes, 1957 and 1959)
*''[[Sugarfoot]]'' (2 episodes, 1957 and 1959)
*''[[Maverick (TV series)|Maverick]]'' (2 episodes, 1957 and 1961)
*''[[Tales of Wells Fargo]] (2 episodes, 1957 and 1961)
*''[[The Veil]]'' (1 episode, 1958)
*''[[Have Gun - Will Travel]]'' (1 episode, 1958)
*''[[Sheriff of Cochise|U.S. Marshal]]'' (as Henry Colt in "Good Indian", 1958)
*''[[Mackenzie's Raiders]]'' (12 episodes, 1958-1959)
*''[[Sea Hunt]]'' (1 episode, 1958)
*''[[26 Men]]'' (2 episodes, 1958)
*''[[Wagon Train]]'' (as Michael Folsom in "The Tobias Jones Story", 1958)
*''[[The Adventures of Rin Tin Tin]]'' (6 episodes, including twice as Chief Red Eagle, 1955–1958)
{{col-break}}
*''[[Frontier Doctor]]'' (1 episode, 1959)
*''[[Lawman (TV series)|Lawman]]'' (as Ike Smith in "The Young Toughs", 1959)
*''[[Markham (TV series)|Markham]]'' (as Harold Burgess in "The Last Bullet", 1959)
*''[[Bat Masterson (TV series)|Bat Masterson]]'' (as Judge Dorset in "A Matter of Honor", 1959)
*''[[Death Valley Days]]'' (as Phillips in "The Talking Wire", 1959)
*''[[Riverboat (TV series)|Riverboat]]'' (as C.C. Thompson in "A Night at Trapper's Landing, 1959)
*''[[Tombstone Territory]]'' (2 episodes, 1957–1959)
*''[[Gunsmoke]]'' (as Merle in "The Bobsy Twins", 1960)
*''[[Dennis the Menace (1959 TV series)|Dennis the Menace]]'' (1 episode, 1960)
*''[[The Man from Blackhawk]]'' (1 episode, as Martin Randolph in "Portrait of Cynthia", 1960)
*''[[Cheyenne (TV western)|Cheyene]]'' (4 episodes, 1956–1961)
*''[[Rawhide (TV series)|Rawhide]]'' (2 episodes, 1959–1961)
*''[[The Rifleman]]'' (2 episodes, 1959–1961)
*''[[Bronco (TV series)|Bronco]]'' (5 episodes, 1958–1961)
*''[[The Barbara Stanwyck Show]]'' (as Walter Harwood in "Along the Barbary Coast, 1961)
*''[[Bonanza]]'' (as Mr. Mason in "The Gamble", 1962)
*''[[Kraft Suspense Theatre]]'' (1 episode, 1964)
*''[[Perry Mason (TV series)|Perry Mason]]'' (22 episodes, 1957–1964)
{{col-end}}

==References==

<references />

==External links==
{{Portal|Biography|Illinois|California|Law|Education|Radio|Theatre|Film|Television}}
*{{IMDb name|0030194}}
*{{Amg name|1840}}
*{{IBDB name|7808}}
*{{Find a Grave|6804504}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ankrus, Morris}}
[[Category:1896 births]]
[[Category:1964 deaths]]
[[Category:American male stage actors]]
[[Category:American male film actors]]
[[Category:American male radio actors]]
[[Category:American male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Illinois]]
[[Category:University of Southern California Law School alumni]]
[[Category:University of California, Berkeley faculty]]
[[Category:California lawyers]]
[[Category:American academics]]
[[Category:People from Danville, Illinois]]
[[Category:Male actors from Berkeley, California]]
[[Category:Male actors from Los Angeles, California]]
[[Category:20th-century American male actors]]

Hexokinase 1

2015-10-19T20:50:52Z

DPL bot: adding dablinks template; 7 or more disambig links (see the FAQ)

{{dablinks|date=October 2015}}
{{PBB|geneid=3098}}
'''Hexokinase-1''' (HK1) is an [[enzyme]] that in humans is encoded by the ''HK1'' [[gene]] on chromosome 10. [[Hexokinase]]s [[phosphorylate]] [[glucose]] to produce [[glucose-6-phosphate]] (G6P), the first step in most glucose metabolism pathways. This gene encodes a ubiquitous form of hexokinase which localizes to the [[outer mitochondrial membrane|outer membrane of mitochondria]]. Mutations in this gene have been associated with [[hemolytic anemia]] due to hexokinase deficiency. [[Alternative splicing]] of this gene results in five transcript variants which encode different [[isoform]]s, some of which are tissue-specific. Each isoform has a distinct [[N-terminal|N-terminus]]; the remainder of the protein is identical among all the isoforms. A sixth transcript variant has been described, but due to the presence of several [[stop codon]]s, it is not thought to encode a protein. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2009]<ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: HK1 hexokinase 1| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=3098| accessdate = }}</ref>

== Structure ==

HK1 is one of four highly homologous hexokinase isoforms in mammalian cells.<ref name=pmid12432216>{{cite journal | vauthors = Murakami K, Kanno H, Tancabelic J, Fujii H | title = Gene expression and biological significance of hexokinase in erythroid cells | journal = Acta Haematologica | volume = 108 | issue = 4 | pages = 204–9 | date = 2002 | pmid = 12432216 | doi = 10.1159/000065656 }}</ref><ref name=pmid23068103>{{cite journal | vauthors = Okatsu K, Iemura S, Koyano F, Go E, Kimura M, Natsume T, Tanaka K, Matsuda N | title = Mitochondrial hexokinase HKI is a novel substrate of the Parkin ubiquitin ligase | journal = Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications | volume = 428 | issue = 1 | pages = 197–202 | date = Nov 2012 | pmid = 23068103 | doi = 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.10.041 }}</ref>

=== Gene ===

The ''HK1'' gene spans approximately 131 [[kilobase|kb]] and consists of 25 [[exon]]s. [[Alternative splicing]] of its 5’ exons produces different transcripts in different cell types: exons 1-5 and exon 8 (exons T1-6) are testis-specific exons; exon 6, located approximately 15 kb downstream of the testis-specific exons, is the [[erythroid]]-specific exon (exon R); and exon 7, located approximately 2.85 kb downstream of exon R, is the first 5’ exon for the ubiquitously expressed HK1 isoform. Moreover, exon 7 encodes the porin-binding domain (PBD) conserved in mammalian ''HK1'' genes. Meanwhile, the remaining 17 exons are shared among all HK1 isoforms.

In addition to exon R, a stretch of the proximal [[promoter]] that contains a GATA element, an SP1 site, CCAAT, and an Ets-binding motif is necessary for expression of HK-R in erythroid cells.<ref name=pmid12432216/>

=== Protein ===

This gene encodes a 100 kDa [[homodimer]] with a regulatory [[N-terminal]] domain (1-475), [[catalytic]] [[C-terminal]] domain (residues 476-917), and an [[alpha-helix]] connecting its two subunits.<ref name=pmid12432216/><ref name=pmid9493266>{{cite journal | vauthors = Aleshin AE, Zeng C, Bourenkov GP, Bartunik HD, Fromm HJ, Honzatko RB | title = The mechanism of regulation of hexokinase: new insights from the crystal structure of recombinant human brain hexokinase complexed with glucose and glucose-6-phosphate | journal = Structure | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | pages = 39–50 | date = Jan 1998 | pmid = 9493266 }}</ref><ref name=pmid10686099>{{cite journal | vauthors = Aleshin AE, Kirby C, Liu X, Bourenkov GP, Bartunik HD, Fromm HJ, Honzatko RB | title = Crystal structures of mutant monomeric hexokinase I reveal multiple ADP binding sites and conformational changes relevant to allosteric regulation | journal = Journal of Molecular Biology | volume = 296 | issue = 4 | pages = 1001–15 | date = Mar 2000 | pmid = 10686099 | doi = 10.1006/jmbi.1999.3494 }}</ref><ref name=pmid16892082>{{cite journal | vauthors = Robey RB, Hay N | title = Mitochondrial hexokinases, novel mediators of the antiapoptotic effects of growth factors and Akt | journal = Oncogene | volume = 25 | issue = 34 | pages = 4683–96 | date = Aug 2006 | pmid = 16892082 | doi = 10.1038/sj.onc.1209595 }}</ref> Both terminal domains are composed of a large subdomain and a small subdomain. The flexible region of the C-terminal large subdomain ([[amino acid|residues]] 766–810) can adopt various positions and is proposed to interact with the [[base]] of ATP. Moreover, glucose and G6P bind in close proximity at the N- and C-terminal domains and stabilize a common conformational state of the C-terminal domain.<ref name=pmid9493266/><ref name=pmid10686099/> According to one model, G6P acts as an [[allosteric]] inhibitor which binds the N-terminal domain to stabilize its closed conformation, which then stabilizes a conformation of the C-terminal flexible subdomain that blocks ATP. A second model posits that G6P acts as an active inhibitor that stabilizes the closed conformation and competes with ATP for the C-terminal binding site.<ref name=pmid9493266/> Meanwhile, the hydrophobic N-terminal lacks enzymatic activity but contains the G6P regulatory site and the PBD, which is responsible for the protein’s stability and binding to the [[outer mitochondrial membrane]] (OMM).<ref name=pmid12432216/><ref name=pmid9056853>{{cite journal | vauthors = Printz RL, Osawa H, Ardehali H, Koch S, Granner DK | title = Hexokinase II gene: structure, regulation and promoter organization | journal = Biochemical Society Transactions | volume = 25 | issue = 1 | pages = 107–12 | date = Feb 1997 | pmid = 9056853 }}</ref><ref name=pmid16892082/><ref name=pmid24018046>{{cite journal | vauthors = Schindler A, Foley E | title = Hexokinase 1 blocks apoptotic signals at the mitochondria | journal = Cellular Signalling | volume = 25 | issue = 12 | pages = 2685–92 | date = Dec 2013 | pmid = 24018046 | doi = 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.08.035 }}</ref>

== Function ==

As an isoform of hexokinase and a member of the sugar kinase family, HK1 [[catalyze]]s the [[rate-limiting]] and first obligatory step of glucose metabolism, which is the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of glucose to G6P.<ref name=pmid9493266/><ref name=pmid23068103/><ref name=pmid16892082/><ref name=pmid22018957>{{cite journal | vauthors = Regenold WT, Pratt M, Nekkalapu S, Shapiro PS, Kristian T, Fiskum G | title = Mitochondrial detachment of hexokinase 1 in mood and psychotic disorders: implications for brain energy metabolism and neurotrophic signaling | journal = Journal of Psychiatric Research | volume = 46 | issue = 1 | pages = 95–104 | date = Jan 2012 | pmid = 22018957 | doi = 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.09.018 }}</ref> Physiological levels of G6P can regulate this process by inhibiting HK1 as [[negative feedback]], though [[inorganic phosphate]] (Pi) can relieve G6P inhibition.<ref name=pmid9493266/><ref name=pmid9056853/><ref name=pmid16892082/> By phosphorylating glucose, HK1 effectively prevents glucose from leaving the cell and, thus, commits glucose to energy metabolism.<ref name=pmid9493266/><ref name=pmid24018046/><ref name=pmid9056853/><ref name=pmid16892082/> Moreover, its localization and attachment to the OMM promotes the coupling of glycolysis to mitochondrial [[oxidative phosphorylation]], which greatly enhances ATP production to meet the cell’s energy demands.<ref name=pmid22018957/><ref name=pmid24560881>{{cite journal | vauthors = Shan D, Mount D, Moore S, Haroutunian V, Meador-Woodruff JH, McCullumsmith RE | title = Abnormal partitioning of hexokinase 1 suggests disruption of a glutamate transport protein complex in schizophrenia | journal = Schizophrenia Research | volume = 154 | issue = 1-3 | pages = 1–13 | date = Apr 2014 | pmid = 24560881 | doi = 10.1016/j.schres.2014.01.028 }}</ref><ref name=pmid16892082/> Specifically, OMM-bound HK1 binds [[VDAC1]] to trigger opening of the [[mitochondrial permeability transition pore]] and release mitochondrial ATP to further fuel the glycolytic process.<ref name=pmid16892082/><ref name=pmid23068103/>

Another critical function for OMM-bound HK1 is cell survival and protection against [[oxidative damage]],<ref name=pmid22018957/> Activation of [[Akt]] [[kinase]] is mediated by HK1-VDAC1 coupling as part of the growth factor-mediated phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase (PI3)/Akt cell survival intracellular signaling pathway, thus preventing [[cytochrome c]] release and subsequent apoptosis.<ref name=pmid22018957/><ref name=pmid12432216/><ref name=pmid16892082/> Furthermore, HK1 has demonstrated anti-[[apoptotic]] activity by antagonizing [[Bcl-2]] proteins located at the OMM, which then inhibits [[TNF]]-induced apoptosis.<ref name=pmid12432216/><ref name=pmid24018046/>

In the [[prefrontal cortex]], HK1 putatively forms a protein complex with [[EAAT2]], [[Na+/K+ ATPase]], and [[aconitase]], which functions to remove [[glutamate]] from the perisynaptic space and maintain low basal levels in the [[synaptic cleft]].<ref name=pmid24560881/>

In particular, HK1 is the most ubiquitously expressed isoform out of the four hexokinases, and constitutively expressed expressed in most tissues, though it is majorly found in [[brain]], [[kidney]], and [[red blood cell]]s (RBCs).<ref name=pmid12432216/><ref name=pmid9493266/><ref name=pmid24018046/><ref name=pmid23068103/><ref name=pmid24560881/><ref name=pmid16892082/> Its high abundance in the [[retina]], specifically the the photoreceptor inner segment, outer plexiform layer, inner nuclear layer, inner plexiform layer, and ganglion cell layer, attests to its crucial metabolic purpose.<ref name=pmid25316723>{{cite journal | vauthors = Wang F, Wang Y, Zhang B, Zhao L, Lyubasyuk V, Wang K, Xu M, Li Y, Wu F, Wen C, Bernstein PS, Lin D, Zhu S, Wang H, Zhang K, Chen R | title = A missense mutation in HK1 leads to autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa | journal = Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science | volume = 55 | issue = 11 | pages = 7159–64 | date = Nov 2014 | pmid = 25316723 | doi = 10.1167/iovs.14-15520 }}</ref> It is also expressed in cells derived from [[hematopoietic]] [[stem cell]]s, such as RBCs, [[leukocyte]]s, and [[platelet]]s, as well as from erythroid-progenitor cells.<ref name=pmid12432216/> Of note, HK1 is the sole hexokinase isoform found in the cells and tissues which rely most heavily on glucose metabolism for their function, including brain, erythrocytes, platelets, leukocytes, and [[fibroblast]]s.<ref name=pmid21781351>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gjesing AP, Nielsen AA, Brandslund I, Christensen C, Sandbæk A, Jørgensen T, Witte D, Bonnefond A, Froguel P, Hansen T, Pedersen O | title = Studies of a genetic variant in HK1 in relation to quantitative metabolic traits and to the prevalence of type 2 diabetes | journal = BMC Medical Genetics | volume = 12 | pages = 99 | date = 25 July 2011 | pmid = 21781351 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2350-12-99 }}</ref> In rats, it is also the predominant hexokinase in fetal tissues, likely due to their constitutive glucose utilization.<ref name=pmid9056853/>

== Clinical significance ==

[[Mutations]] in this gene are associated with type 4H of [[Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease]], also known as Russe-type hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSNR).<ref>{{OMIM|605285}}</ref> Due to the crucial role of HK1 in glycolysis, hexokinase deficiency has been identified as a cause of erythroenzymopathies associated with [[hereditary nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia]] (HNSHA). Likewise, HK1 deficiency has resulted in [[cerebral]] [[white matter]] injury, malformations, and psychomotor retardation, as well as latent [[diabetes mellitus]] and pan[[myelopathy]].<ref name=pmid12432216/> Meanwhile, HK1 is highly expressed in [[cancer]]s, and its anti-apoptotic effects have been observed in highly glycolytic [[hepatoma]] cells.<ref name=pmid24018046/><ref name=pmid12432216/>

=== Neurodegenerative disorders ===

HK1 may be causally linked to [[mood disorder|mood]] and [[psychotic disorders]], including [[unipolar depression]] (UPD), [[bipolar disorder]] (BPD), and [[schizophrenia]] via both its roles in energy metabolism and cell survival. For instance, the accumulation of lactate in the brains of BPD and SCHZ patients potentially results from the decoupling of HK1 from the OMM, and by extension, glycolysis from mitochondrial oxidative, phosphorylation. In the case of SCHZ, decreasing HK1 attachment to the OMM in the [[parietal cortex]] resulted in decreased glutamate reuptake capacity and, thus, glutamate spillover from the [[synapse]]s. The released glutamate activates extrasynaptic glutamate receptors, leading to altered structure and function of glutamate circuits, synaptic [[plasticity]], frontal cortical dysfunction, and ultimately, the cognitive deficits characteristic of SCHZ.<ref name=pmid24560881/> Similarly, Hk1 mitochondrial detachment has been associated with [[hypothyroidism]], which involves abnormal brain development and increased risk for [[depression]], while its attachment leads to [[neural]] growth.<ref name=pmid22018957/> In [[Parkinson’s disease]], HK1 detachment from VDAC via [[Parkin]]-mediated [[ubiquitylation]] and degradation disrupts the MPTP on [[depolarized]] mitochondria, consequently blocking mitochondrial localization of Parkin and halting glycolysis.<ref name=pmid23068103/> Further research is required to determine the relative HK1 detachment needed in various cell types for different psychiatric disorders. This research can also contribute to developing therapies to target causes of the detachment, from gene mutations to interference by factors such as [[beta-amyloid]] peptide and [[insulin]].<ref name=pmid22018957/>

=== Retinitis pigmentosa ===

A [[heterozygous]] [[missense mutation]] in the ''HK1'' gene (a change at position 847 from glutamate to lysine) has been linked to [[retinitis pigmentosa]].<ref name=pmid25190649>{{cite journal | vauthors = Sullivan LS, Koboldt DC, Bowne SJ, Lang S, Blanton SH, Cadena E, Avery CE, Lewis RA, Webb-Jones K, Wheaton DH, Birch DG, Coussa R, Ren H, Lopez I, Chakarova C, Koenekoop RK, Garcia CA, Fulton RS, Wilson RK, Weinstock GM, Daiger SP | title = A dominant mutation in hexokinase 1 (HK1) causes retinitis pigmentosa | journal = Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science | volume = 55 | issue = 11 | pages = 7147–58 | date = Nov 2014 | pmid = 25190649 | doi = 10.1167/iovs.14-15419 }}</ref><ref name=pmid25316723/> Since this [[substitution mutation]] is located far from known functional sites and does not impair the enzyme’s glycolytic activity, it is likely that the mutation acts through another biological mechanism unique to the retina.<ref name=pmid25190649/> Notably, studies in mouse retina reveal interactions between Hk1, the mitochondrial metallochaperone Cox11, and the chaperone protein Ranbp2, which serve to maintain normal metabolism and function in the retina. Thus, the mutation may disrupt these interactions and lead to retinal degradation.<ref name=pmid25316723/> Alternatively, this mutation may act through the enzyme’s anti-apoptotic function, as disrupting the regulation of the hexokinase-mitochondria association by insulin receptors could trigger photoreceptor apoptosis and retinal degeneration.<ref name=pmid25190649/><ref name=pmid25316723/> In this case, treatments that preserve the hexokinase–mitochondria association may serve as a potential therapeutic approach.<ref name=pmid25316723/>

== Interactions ==

HK1 is known to [[protein-protein interaction|interact]] with:
*[[VDAC]],<ref name=pmid23068103/>
*[[Parkin]],<ref name=pmid23068103/>
*[[EAAT2]],<ref name=pmid24560881/>
*[[Na+/K+ ATPase]],<ref name=pmid24560881/> and
*[[Aconitase]].<ref name=pmid24560881/>

==Interactive pathway map==
{{GlycolysisGluconeogenesis_WP534|highlight=HK1}}

== References ==
{{reflist|33em}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin|33em}}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Daniele A, Altruda F, Ferrone M, Silengo L, Romeo G, Archidiacono N, Rocchi M | title = Mapping of human hexokinase 1 gene to 10q11----qter | journal = Human Heredity | volume = 42 | issue = 2 | pages = 107–10 | year = 1992 | pmid = 1572668 | doi = 10.1159/000154049 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Magnani M, Bianchi M, Casabianca A, Stocchi V, Daniele A, Altruda F, Ferrone M, Silengo L | title = A recombinant human 'mini'-hexokinase is catalytically active and regulated by hexose 6-phosphates | journal = The Biochemical Journal | volume = 285 ( Pt 1) | issue = 1 | pages = 193–9 | date = Jul 1992 | pmid = 1637300 | pmc = 1132765 | doi = }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Magnani M, Serafini G, Bianchi M, Casabianca A, Stocchi V | title = Human hexokinase type I microheterogeneity is due to different amino-terminal sequences | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 266 | issue = 1 | pages = 502–5 | date = Jan 1991 | pmid = 1985912 | doi = }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Adams V, Griffin LD, Gelb BD, McCabe ER | title = Protein kinase activity of rat brain hexokinase | journal = Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications | volume = 177 | issue = 3 | pages = 1101–6 | date = Jun 1991 | pmid = 2059200 | doi = 10.1016/0006-291X(91)90652-N }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Murakami K, Blei F, Tilton W, Seaman C, Piomelli S | title = An isozyme of hexokinase specific for the human red blood cell (HKR) | journal = Blood | volume = 75 | issue = 3 | pages = 770–5 | date = Feb 1990 | pmid = 2297576 | doi = }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Nishi S, Seino S, Bell GI | title = Human hexokinase: sequences of amino- and carboxyl-terminal halves are homologous | journal = Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications | volume = 157 | issue = 3 | pages = 937–43 | date = Dec 1988 | pmid = 3207429 | doi = 10.1016/S0006-291X(88)80964-1 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Rijksen G, Akkerman JW, van den Wall Bake AW, Hofstede DP, Staal GE | title = Generalized hexokinase deficiency in the blood cells of a patient with nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia | journal = Blood | volume = 61 | issue = 1 | pages = 12–8 | date = Jan 1983 | pmid = 6848140 | doi = }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Bianchi M, Magnani M | title = Hexokinase mutations that produce nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia | journal = Blood Cells, Molecules & Diseases | volume = 21 | issue = 1 | pages = 2–8 | year = 1995 | pmid = 7655856 | doi = 10.1006/bcmd.1995.0002 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Blachly-Dyson E, Zambronicz EB, Yu WH, Adams V, McCabe ER, Adelman J, Colombini M, Forte M | title = Cloning and functional expression in yeast of two human isoforms of the outer mitochondrial membrane channel, the voltage-dependent anion channel | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 268 | issue = 3 | pages = 1835–41 | date = Jan 1993 | pmid = 8420959 | doi = }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Aleshin AE, Zeng C, Fromm HJ, Honzatko RB | title = Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of human brain hexokinase | journal = FEBS Letters | volume = 391 | issue = 1-2 | pages = 9–10 | date = Aug 1996 | pmid = 8706938 | doi = 10.1016/0014-5793(96)00688-6 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Visconti PE, Olds-Clarke P, Moss SB, Kalab P, Travis AJ, de las Heras M, Kopf GS | title = Properties and localization of a tyrosine phosphorylated form of hexokinase in mouse sperm | journal = Molecular Reproduction and Development | volume = 43 | issue = 1 | pages = 82–93 | date = Jan 1996 | pmid = 8720117 | doi = 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2795(199601)43:1<82::AID-MRD11>3.0.CO;2-6 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Mori C, Nakamura N, Welch JE, Shiota K, Eddy EM | title = Testis-specific expression of mRNAs for a unique human type 1 hexokinase lacking the porin-binding domain | journal = Molecular Reproduction and Development | volume = 44 | issue = 1 | pages = 14–22 | date = May 1996 | pmid = 8722688 | doi = 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2795(199605)44:1<14::AID-MRD2>3.0.CO;2-W }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Murakami K, Piomelli S | title = Identification of the cDNA for human red blood cell-specific hexokinase isozyme | journal = Blood | volume = 89 | issue = 3 | pages = 762–6 | date = Feb 1997 | pmid = 9028305 | doi = }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Ruzzo A, Andreoni F, Magnani M | title = An erythroid-specific exon is present in the human hexokinase gene | journal = Blood | volume = 91 | issue = 1 | pages = 363–4 | date = Jan 1998 | pmid = 9414310 | doi = }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Travis AJ, Foster JA, Rosenbaum NA, Visconti PE, Gerton GL, Kopf GS, Moss SB | title = Targeting of a germ cell-specific type 1 hexokinase lacking a porin-binding domain to the mitochondria as well as to the head and fibrous sheath of murine spermatozoa | journal = Molecular Biology of the Cell | volume = 9 | issue = 2 | pages = 263–76 | date = Feb 1998 | pmid = 9450953 | pmc = 25249 | doi = 10.1091/mbc.9.2.263 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Aleshin AE, Zeng C, Bourenkov GP, Bartunik HD, Fromm HJ, Honzatko RB | title = The mechanism of regulation of hexokinase: new insights from the crystal structure of recombinant human brain hexokinase complexed with glucose and glucose-6-phosphate | journal = Structure | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | pages = 39–50 | date = Jan 1998 | pmid = 9493266 | doi = 10.1016/S0969-2126(98)00006-9 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Ruzzo A, Andreoni F, Magnani M | title = Structure of the human hexokinase type I gene and nucleotide sequence of the 5' flanking region | journal = The Biochemical Journal | volume = 331 ( Pt 2) | issue = 2 | pages = 607–13 | date = Apr 1998 | pmid = 9531504 | pmc = 1219395 | doi = }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Aleshin AE, Zeng C, Bartunik HD, Fromm HJ, Honzatko RB | title = Regulation of hexokinase I: crystal structure of recombinant human brain hexokinase complexed with glucose and phosphate | journal = Journal of Molecular Biology | volume = 282 | issue = 2 | pages = 345–57 | date = Sep 1998 | pmid = 9735292 | doi = 10.1006/jmbi.1998.2017 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Murakami K, Kanno H, Miwa S, Piomelli S | title = Human HKR isozyme: organization of the hexokinase I gene, the erythroid-specific promoter, and transcription initiation site | journal = Molecular Genetics and Metabolism | volume = 67 | issue = 2 | pages = 118–30 | date = Jun 1999 | pmid = 10356311 | doi = 10.1006/mgme.1999.2842 }}
{{refend}}

{{PDB Gallery|geneid=3098}}
{{Glycolysis enzymes}}
{{Portal|Mitochondria}}

Autovía A-23

2015-08-09T20:39:42Z

DPL bot: adding dablinks template; 7 or more disambig links (see the FAQ)

{{dablinks|date=August 2015}}
{{Unreferenced|date=November 2006}}
{{Infobox road
|country = ESP
|type = A
|route = 23
|alternate_name = Autovía Mudéjar
|map = Autoviaesp a23.png
|map_notes=[[Image:Tabliczka E07.svg|50px|E07]]
|length_km=440.1
|length_round=1
|terminus_a=[[Sagunto]]
|junction=
|terminus_b=[[Somport]]
}}

The '''Autovía A-23''' is a motorway in [[Aragon]], [[Spain]].

A-23 is an upgrade of the [[N-330 (Carretera)|N-330]] and [[N-234 (Carretera)|N-234]]. Presently, it starts in [[Huesca]] then heads south to [[Zaragoza]]. Thereafter it follows the [[Jiloca (river)|rio Jiloca]] south to [[Teruel]] through the Sierra d'Espada to the coast at [[Sagunt]]o. Plans call for the freeway to reach the French border at Somport. The freeway is also known as Autovía Valencia-Francia or Autovía Sagunto-Somport.
Eventually, once fully complete, it will serve as an important axis of connection between Valencia, Aragon, the Basque region and France through the Somport tunnel . It's nickname is the "spine of Aragon" since it runs along the north-south community intercommunicating the three capitals.

The A-23 runs through the corridors of the N-234 , between Sagunto and Retascón and the N-330 between Retascón and Jaca , though the whole layout of the road is new and independent of national roads except two small sections, one 10 km from Viver and Barracks (Ragudo rise) and another about 30 km complicated port to save the Pyrenean the Monrepós which is the most expensive portion of the entire highway, which is currently under construction.

==Name==
Its name is derived from, like almost all conversions of national roads to highways, the first two figures of the old name (N- 23 4> A- 23 ), and the letters A reference to a motorway belonging to the Ministry of Development .

The A-23 also has European nomenclature , as part of the European route E07 , which connects Pau , southern France , with Zaragoza .

In the French section, the route is called RN134, which connects Pau to Oloron-Sainte-Marie and Spain.

==History==

View passing through the toll Zuera
The A-23 is a highway "new" building, which follows the same route of two national roads, the N-234 between Sagunto and Daroca - Retascón, and the N-330 between Retascón and Jaca . Construction began in 1999 from the city of Sagunto and currently (2014) sections are under construction north of the province of Huesca.

The three Aragonese capitals are now linked by motorway [ edit ]
The three Aragonese capitals are from Thursday February 21, 2008 linked by motorway, with the commissioning of the last section was left open pending the A-23.

The new section Calamocha - Romans of the A-23 is 27.8 kilometers long, has four bonds and has come at a cost of 98.68 million euros.

The motorway between Zaragoza and Teruel, Huesca continues until, and is scheduled to arrive in Jaca and the French border, but the route also links from Zaragoza to the Cantabrian by the A-68 , and in the future with northern Navarre the Basque Country by the A-21 and Lleida by the A-22 .

==Issues==
The stretch between Zaragoza and Huesca presents problems for light trucks when strong gusts occur Cierzo .

In the section turolense occurred post-construction problems slopes detachment, Chirico and constant danger of affecting the circulation within a few months of being opened and in 2009 had to run resurfacing work to the problems identified waterlogging and subsidence .

The July 22, 2010, the plan to cut spending by the Ministry of Development for Spain, rescinds two of the sections under construction between Nueno and Jaca, and a third between Jaca and Santa Cilia de Jaca, in the A -21 ; and paralyzes the implementation of the remainder (see diagram sections) with a horizon of 1 to 4 years to retake the paralyzed sections, leaving the three sections terminated at zero, at the expense of making back all the procedures and relevant studies before start of construction. This is a general paralysis of the whole A-23 , A-21 , Huesca-Pamplona.

In today's Infrastructure Plan 2015 there is no new to continue the construction of this highway and add new routes to the same game. It is expected that by the 2020-2025 period can resume investments in some of the outstanding work done.

==Current Path==
Runs from the town Valencia of Sagunto to the town Huesca of Nueno , and Sabinanigo to Jaca .

434.84 kilometers of which, once completed, will have the motorway are in service 369.2 kilometers (14.2 named as Z-40); 40.5 in works; 10.2 with work contract terminated; 6.9 on tendering and bidding 8.04 pending works. Motorway will not be made in the 19 km North Jaca to the Somport tunnel, road improvement only and variations in the villages. Currently the time it takes to connect Sagunto to Somport is ~ 4 hours and 38 minutes.

==Sections==
{| class="wikitable"
! Designation!! Stretch!! State (2015)!! Kilometres
|----
| {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=autovia|id=A-23|link=A-23}} || [[Sagunto]]-[[Soneja]] || bgcolor=green | En servicio (1999) || 16,9
|----
| {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=autovia|id=A-23|link=A-23}} || [[Soneja]]-[[Segorbe]] || bgcolor=green | En servicio (1999) || 9,5
|----
|{{Identificador carretera española|tipo=autovia|id=A-23|link=A-23}} || Variante de Segorbe || bgcolor=green | En servicio (1999) || 3,6
|----
| {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=autovia|id=A-23|link=A-23}} || [[Segorbe]]-Río Palancia || bgcolor=green | En servicio (2005) || 6,6
|----
|{{Identificador carretera española|tipo=autovia|id=A-23|link=A-23}} || Río Palancia-[[Viver]] || bgcolor=green | En servicio (2006) || 10,2
|----
|{{Identificador carretera española|tipo=autovia|id=A-23|link=A-23}}|| [[Viver]]-[[Barracas (Castellón)|Barracas]] || bgcolor=green | En servicio (2006) || 14,2
|----
| {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=autovia|id=A-23|link=A-23}} || [[Barracas (Castellón)|Barracas]]-[[Sarrión]] || bgcolor=green | En servicio (2006) || 18,2
|----
|{{Identificador carretera española|tipo=autovia|id=A-23|link=A-23}}|| [[Sarrión]]- Escandón || bgcolor=green | En servicio (2005) || 20,6
|----
| {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=autovia|id=A-23|link=A-23}} || Escandón -[[Teruel]] || bgcolor=green | En servicio (2005) || 16,6
|----
| {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=autovia|id=A-23|link=A-23}} || [[Teruel]]-[[Santa Eulalia del Campo]] || bgcolor=green | En servicio (2005) || 26,8
|----
| {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=autovia|id=A-23|link=A-23}} || [[Santa Eulalia del Campo]]-[[Monreal del Campo]] || bgcolor=green | En servicio (2001) || 21,9
|----
| {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=autovia|id=A-23|link=A-23}} || [[Monreal del Campo]]-[[Calamocha]] || bgcolor=green | En servicio (2001) || 14,7
|----
| {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=autovia|id=A-23|link=A-23}} || [[Calamocha]]- [[Romanos (Zaragoza)|Romanos]] || bgcolor=green | En servicio (2008) || 27,8
|----
| {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=autovia|id=A-23|link=A-23}} || [[Romanos (Zaragoza)|Romanos]]-[[Mainar]] || bgcolor=green | En servicio (2007) || 11,8
|----
| {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=autovia|id=A-23|link=A-23}} || [[Mainar]]-[[Paniza]] || bgcolor=green | En servicio (2007) || 13
|----
| {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=autovia|id=A-23|link=A-23}} || [[Paniza]]-[[Gran Torrubia|Torrubia]] ([[Muel]]) || bgcolor=green | En servicio (2007) || 16,8
|----
| {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=autovia|id=A-23|link=A-23}} || [[Gran Torrubia|Torrubia]] ([[Muel]])-[[María de Huerva]] || bgcolor=green | En servicio (2006) || 13,1
|----
|{{Identificador carretera española|tipo=autovia|id=A-23|link=A-23}} || [[María de Huerva]]-[[Zaragoza]] Sur || bgcolor=green | En servicio (2005) || 11,6
|----
| {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=autovia|id=Z-40|link=Z-40}} || [[Zaragoza]] Sur-[[Zaragoza]] Este || bgcolor=green | En servicio (2008) || 14,2
|----
| {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=autovia|id=A-23|link=A-23}} || [[Zaragoza]] Este-[[Villanueva de Gállego]] || bgcolor=green | En servicio (1991) || 9,5
|----
| {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=autovia|id=A-23|link=A-23}} || [[Villanueva de Gállego]]-[[Zuera]] || bgcolor=green | En servicio (1998) || 17
|----
| {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=autovia|id=A-23|link=A-23}} || [[Zuera]]-[[Almudévar]] || bgcolor=green | En servicio (1998) || 22
|----
| {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=autovia|id=A-23|link=A-23}} || [[Almudévar]]-[[Huesca]] || bgcolor=green | En servicio (1997) || 21,7
|----
| {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=autovia|id=A-23|link=A-23}} || [[Huesca]]-[[Nueno]] || bgcolor=green | En servicio (2000) || 12,3
|----
| {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=autovia|id=A-23|link=A-23}} || [[Nueno]]-[[Congosto de Isuela]] || bgcolor=green | En servicio (2014) [http://www.fomento.gob.es/MFOM/LANG_CASTELLANO/GABINETE_COMUNICACION/NOTICIAS1/2014/JULIO/140730-03.htm] || 5
|----
| {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=nacional|id=N-330|link=auto}} || [[Congosto de Isuela]]-[[Arguis]] || bgcolor=orange| Obras paralizadas (reanudarán en 2015) (Construcciones FCC)[http://www.fomento.gob.es/MFOM/LANG_CASTELLANO/GABINETE_COMUNICACION/NOTICIAS1/2014/OCTUBRE/141010-03.htm] || 3,2
|----
|{{Identificador carretera española|tipo=autovia|id=A-23|link=A-23}} || [[Arguis]]-[[Alto de Monrepós]] || bgcolor=green | En servicio (2014)[http://www.fomento.gob.es/MFOM/LANG_CASTELLANO/GABINETE_COMUNICACION/NOTICIAS1/2014/OCTUBRE/141010-03.htm] || 3,2
|----
| {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=nacional|id=N-330|link=auto}} || [[Alto de Monrepós]]-[[Caldearenas]] || bgcolor=orange | Obras paralizadas (reanudarán en 2015) (Construcciones Acciona)[http://www.fomento.gob.es/MFOM/LANG_CASTELLANO/GABINETE_COMUNICACION/NOTICIAS1/2014/OCTUBRE/141010-03.htm] || 4,1
|----
| {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=nacional|id=N-330|link=auto}} || [[Caldearenas]]-[[Lanave]] || bgcolor=yellow | En obras ritmo muy lento (apertura sin fecha prevista) (Construcciones Ferrovial)[http://www.fomento.gob.es/MFOM/LANG_CASTELLANO/GABINETE_COMUNICACION/NOTICIAS1/2014/OCTUBRE/141010-03.htm] || 12
|----
| || [[Lanave]]-Embalse de [[Jabarrella]] || bgcolor=orange | Contrato de obras rescindido<ref name="Parada2010">Según el [http://www.fomento.es/NR/rdonlyres/BD8EBB62-047D-42C2-8639-8C79651C83BE/76288/Impactoajustepresupuestario.pdf anuncio del Ministerio de Fomento] del 22-7-2010.</ref> (Dragados) || 7
|----
| || Embalse de [[Jabarrella]]-[[Sabiñánigo]] Sur || bgcolor=orange | Contrato de obras rescindido Begar<ref name="Parada2010"/> (suspensión pagos de Begar en la primavera del 2010) || 2,2
|----
| {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=autovia|id=A-23|link=A-23}} || [[Sabiñánigo]] Sur-[[Sabiñánigo]] Este || bgcolor=green | En servicio (2014) [http://www.fomento.gob.es/MFOM/LANG_CASTELLANO/GABINETE_COMUNICACION/NOTICIAS1/2014/JULIO/140714-02.htm] || 3
|----
| {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=nacional|id=N-330|link=auto}} || [[Sabiñánigo]] Este-[[Sabiñánigo]] Oeste || bgcolor=cyan | Licitación de obras en 2016 || 6,9
|----
| {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=autovia|id=A-23|link=A-23}} || [[Sabiñánigo]] Oeste-[[Jaca (Huesca)|Jaca]] Este || bgcolor=green | En servicio (2012) || 9,6
|----
| {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=nacional|id=N-330|link=auto}} || Variante de Jaca (Jaca Este-Jaca Norte<ref>Incluye también el tramo Jaca Norte-Jaca Oeste, que formará parte de la A-21</ref>) || bgcolor=cyan | Proyecto terminado (pendiente licitación de obras) || 8,04
|----
| {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=nacional|id=N-330|link=auto}} || [[Jaca]] Oeste-[[Somport]] || bgcolor=red | Estudio informativo || 19
|----
| {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=nacional|id=N-330|link=N-330}}|| [[Túnel de Somport]]|| bgcolor=green | En servicio (2003) || 8,608
|}
</center>

*05/08/2015: Presupuestos 2016: http://www.sepg.pap.minhap.gob.es/Presup/PGE2016Proyecto/MaestroDocumentos/PGE-ROM/doc/HTM/N_16_A_V_2_R_1_210_1_117_1.HTM

== Route ==

=== Section Sagunto - Zaragoza ===
<center>
{| class="wikitable"
! Speed !! Scheme !! Exit !! Towards Zaragoza (ascending) !! Towards Sagunto (descending) !! Highway !! Notes
|----
| <center> || <center>[[Archivo:Fin Autovia enlace Autovía 2.png|50px]] || <center> || <center>Comienzo de la Autovía Mudéjar || <center>Fin de la Autovía Mudéjar || <center>{{Identificador carretera española|tipo=autovia|id=V-23|link=V-23}} || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 120 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Salida-entrada autovia.png|50px]] || <center>3 || <center>Petrés Castellón - Valencia || <center>Petrés Castellón - Valencia || <center>{{Identificador carretera española|tipo=autovia|id=AP-7|link=AP-7}} {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=autovia|id=A-7|link=A-7}} || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 120 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Salida-entrada autovia.png|50px]] || <center>5 || <center>Gilet || <center>Gilet || <center> || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 120 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Salida-entrada autovia.png|50px]] || <center>7 || <center>Albalat de Taronchers Estivella - Segart || <center>Albalat de Taronchers Estivella - Segart || <center> || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 120 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Área de Servicio Descendente.png|50px]] || <center> || <center>Área de Descanso || <center> || <center> || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 100 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Salida-entrada autovia.png|50px]] || <center>14 || <center>Serra - Torres-Torres Alfara de Algimia - Algimia de Alfara || <center>Serra - Torres-Torres Alfara de Algimia - Algimia de Alfara || <center> || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 100 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Autovía o autopista.png|50px]] || <center> || <center>[[Archivo:Indicador ProvinciaCastellón.png|100px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Indicador ProvinciaValencia.png|100px]] || <center> || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 100 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Salida-entrada autovia.png|50px]] || <center>18 || <center>Castellón Algar de Palancia - Vall d'Uxó || <center>Castellón Algar de Palancia - Vall de Uxó || <center> {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=nacional|id=N-225|link=N-225}} || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 100 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Salida-entrada autovia.png|50px]] || <center>21 - 22 || <center>Sot de Ferrer || <center>Sot de Ferrer || <center> || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 100 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Salida-entrada autovia.png|50px]] || <center>24 || <center>Soneja || <center>Soneja || <center> || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 100 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Salida-entrada autovia.png|50px]] || <center>26 || <center>Villatorgas || <center>Villatorgas || <center> || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 100 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Salida-entrada autovia.png|50px]] || <center>27 || <center>Geldo - Segorbe || <center>Geldo - Segorbe || <center> || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 100 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Salida-entrada autovia.png|50px]] || <center>31 || <center>Altura - Segorbe || <center>Altura - Segorbe || <center>{{Identificador carretera española|tipo=autonómica|id=CV-25|link=CV-25}} || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 120 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Salida-entrada autovia.png|50px]] || <center>33 || <center>Navajas || <center>Navajas || <center>{{Identificador carretera española|tipo=local|id=CV-216|link=CV-216}} || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 100 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Salida-entrada autovia desc.png|50px]] || <center>37 || <center>Jérica (sur) || <center> || <center>{{Identificador carretera española|tipo=nacional|id=N-234|link=N-234}} || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 120 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Salida-entrada autovia.png|50px]] || <center>42 || <center>Viver - Jérica Caudiel || <center>Viver - Jérica Caudiel || <center>{{Identificador carretera española|tipo=local|id=CV-195|link=CV-195}} || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 120 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Salida-entrada autovia.png|50px]] || <center>47 || <center>Viver || <center>Viver || <center>{{Identificador carretera española|tipo=nacional|id=N-234|link=N-234}} || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 100 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Salida-entrada autovia.png|50px]] || <center>57 || <center>Barracas - Puerto del Ragudo || <center>Barracas - Puerto del Ragudo || <center> || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 120 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Salida-entrada autovia.png|50px]] || <center>59 || <center>Barracas || <center>Barracas || <center> || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 120 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Autovía o autopista.png|50px]] || <center> || <center>[[Archivo:IndicadorCAAragón Teruel.png|100px]] || <center>[[Archivo:IndicadorCAValenciana Castellón.png|100px]] || <center> || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 120 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Salida-entrada autovia.png|50px]] || <center>63 || <center>San Agustin || <center>San Agustín || <center> || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 120 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Salida-entrada autovia.png|50px]] || <center>71 || <center>Olba Albentosa - Venta del Aire || <center>Olba Albentosa - Venta del Aire || <center>{{Identificador carretera española|tipo=nacional|id=N-234|link=N-234}} || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 120 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Salida-entrada autovia.png|50px]] || <center>73 || <center>Rubielos de Mora - Aramón Valdelinares Albentosa || <center>Rubielos de Mora - Aramón Valdelinares Albentosa || <center>{{Identificador carretera española|tipo=provincial|id=A-1515|link=A-1515}} {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=nacional|id=N-234|link=N-234}} || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 120 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Salida-entrada autovia.png|50px]] || <center>76 || <center>Mora de Rubielos - Aramón Valdelinares Manzanera || <center>Mora de Rubielos - Aramón Valdelinares Manzanera || <center>{{Identificador carretera española|tipo=autonómica|id=A-228|link=A-228}} {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=nacional|id=N-234|link=N-234}} || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 120 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Salida-entrada autovia.png|50px]] || <center>78 || <center>Sarrión || <center>Sarrión || <center>{{Identificador carretera española|tipo=nacional|id=N-234|link=N-234}} || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 120 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Salida-entrada autovia.png|50px]] || <center>89 || <center>Puebla de Valverde vía de servicio || <center>Puebla de Valverde vía de servicio || <center>{{Identificador carretera española|tipo=nacional|id=N-234|link=N-234}} || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 120 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Salida-entrada autovia.png|50px]] || <center>92 || <center>Puebla de V. - Mora de R. - Valdelinares C. de la Sierra - Aramón Javalambre || <center>Puebla de V. - Mora de R. - Valdelinares C. de la Sierra - Aramón Javalambre || <center>{{Identificador carretera española|tipo=autonómica|id=A-232|link=A-232}} {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=local|id=TE-620|link=TE-620}} || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 120 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Puerto montaña autovia.png|50px]] || <center> || <center>Puerto de Escandón - 1223 metros || <center>Puerto de Escandón - 1223 metros || <center> || <center>[[Archivo:Spain traffic signal p34.svg|37px]]
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 120 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Salida-entrada autovia.png|50px]] || <center>100 || <center>Formiche || <center>Formiche || <center>{{Identificador carretera española|tipo=local|id=TE-V-8011|link=TE-V-8011}} || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 120 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Salida-entrada autovia.png|50px]] || <center>105 || <center>Teruel Sur Cuenca || <center>Teruel Sur Cuenca || <center>{{Identificador carretera española|tipo=nacional|id=N-234|link=N-234}} {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=nacional|id=N-330|link=N-330}} || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 120 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Salida-entrada autovia.png|50px]] || <center>116 || <center>Teruel Centro - Alcañíz Cedrillas - Cantavieja || <center>Teruel Centro - Alcañíz Cedrillas - Cantavieja || <center>{{Identificador carretera española|tipo=nacional|id=N-420|link=N-420}} {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=autonómica|id=A-226|link=A-226}} || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 120 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Salida-entrada autovia.png|50px]] || <center>117 || <center>Cuenca Teruel Norte - P. La Paz - Alcañíz || <center>Cuenca Teruel Norte - P. la Paz - Alcañíz || <center>{{Identificador carretera española|tipo=nacional|id=N-330|link=N-330}} {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=nacional|id=N-420|link=N-420}} || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 120 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Salida-entrada autovia.png|50px]] || <center>124 || <center>Caudé Albarracín Aeropuerto || <center>Caudé Albarracín Aeropuerto || <center>{{Identificador carretera española|tipo=provincial|id=A-1512|link=A-1512}} || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 120 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Salida-entrada autovia.png|50px]] || <center>131 || <center>Cella Celadas || <center>Cella Celadas || <center>{{Identificador carretera española|tipo=provincial|id=A-2515|link=A-2515}} {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=local|id=TE-V-1001|link=TE-V-1001}} || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 120 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Salida-entrada autovia.png|50px]] || <center>137 || <center>Villarquemado || <center>Villarquemado || <center> || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 120 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Salida-entrada autovia.png|50px]] || <center>144 || <center>Santa Eulalia del Campo Alfambra || <center>Santa Eulalia del Campo Alfambra || <center>{{Identificador carretera española|tipo=provincial|id=A-1511|link=A-1511}} {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=local|id=TE-V-1008|link=TE-V-1008}} || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 120 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Salida-entrada autovia.png|50px]] || <center>150 || <center>Torrelacárcel - Aguatón Torremocha de Jiloca || <center>Torrelacárcel - Aguatón Torremocha de Jiloca || <center> || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 120 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Salida-entrada autovia.png|50px]] || <center>160 || <center>Villafranca del Campo Singra || <center>Villafranca del Campo Singra || <center> || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 120 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Salida-entrada autovia.png|50px]] || <center>165 || <center>Monreal del Campo Madrid - Alcolea del Pinar || <center>Monreal del Campo Madrid - Alcolea del Pinar || <center>{{Identificador carretera española|tipo=nacional|id=N-234|link=N-234}} {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=nacional|id=N-211|link=N-211}} || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 120 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Salida-entrada autovia.png|50px]] || <center>176 || <center>Caminreal Montalbán - Alcañíz || <center>Caminreal Montalbán - Alcañíz || <center>{{Identificador carretera española|tipo=nacional|id=N-211|link=N-211}} || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 120 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Salida-entrada autovia desc.png|50px]] || <center>180 || <center>Calamocha - Daroca || <center> || <center>{{Identificador carretera española|tipo=nacional|id=N-234|link=N-234}} || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 120 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Salida-entrada autovia desc.png|50px]] || <center>181 || <center> || <center>Calamocha (Sur) Tornos - Bello || <center>{{Identificador carretera española|tipo=nacional|id=N-234|link=N-234}} {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=autonómica|id=A-1507|link=A-1507}} || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 120 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Salida-entrada autovia.png|50px]] || <center>185 || <center>Navarrete-Calamocha Daroca Soria || <center>Navarrete-Calamocha Daroca Soria || <center>{{Identificador carretera española|tipo=provincial|id=A-1504|link=A-1504}} <center>{{Identificador carretera española|tipo=nacional|id=N-234|link=N-234}} <center>{{Identificador carretera española|tipo=nacional|id=N-330|link=N-330}} || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 120 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Salida-entrada autovia.png|50px]] || <center>202 || <center>Ferreruela de Huerva Báguena Burbáguena || <center>Ferreruela de Huerva Báguena Burbáguena || <center> || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 120 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Salida-entrada autovia.png|50px]] || <center>206 || <center>Lechón Anento || <center>Lechón Anento || <center> || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 120 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Salida-entrada autovia.png|50px]] || <center>210 || <center>Daroca - Nombrevilla - Romanos Calatayud || <center>Daroca - Nombrevilla - Romanos Calatayud || <center>{{Identificador carretera española|tipo=provincial|id=A-1506|link=A-1506}} <center>{{Identificador carretera española|tipo=nacional|id=N-234|link=N-234}} || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 120 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Salida-entrada autovia.png|50px]] || <center>215 || <center>Villarreal de Huerva - Villadoz Mainar || <center>Villarreal de Huerva - Villadoz Mainar || <center>{{Identificador carretera española|tipo=autonómica|id=A-2502|link=A-2502}} {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=nacional|id=N-330|link=N-330}} || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 120 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Puerto montaña autovia.png|50px]] || <center> || <center>Puerto de Paniza - 925 metros || <center>Puerto de Paniza - 925 metros || <center> || <center>[[Archivo:Spain traffic signal p34.svg|37px]]
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 120 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Salida-entrada autovia.png|50px]] || <center>232 || <center>La Almunia de Doña Godina Cariñena Sur - Paniza || <center>La Almunia de Doña Godina Cariñena Sur - Paniza || <center>{{Identificador carretera española|tipo=autonómica|id=A-220|link=A-220}} {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=nacional|id=N-330|link=N-330}} || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 120 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Salida-entrada autovia.png|50px]] || <center>240 || <center>Cariñena Norte || <center>Cariñena Norte || <center>{{Identificador carretera española|tipo=nacional|id=N-330|link=N-330}} || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 120 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Salida-entrada autovia.png|50px]] || <center>245 || <center>Longares Alfamén || <center>Longares Alfamén || <center>{{Identificador carretera española|tipo=provincial|id=A-1304|link=A-1304}} || <center>

|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 120 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Salida-entrada autovia.png|50px]] || <center>255 || <center>Muel Épila || <center>Muel Épila || <center>{{Identificador carretera española|tipo=provincial|id=A-1101|link=A-1506}} || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 120 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Salida-entrada autovia.png|50px]] || <center>262 || <center>Botorrita || <center>Botorrita || <center> || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 120 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Salida-entrada autovia.png|50px]] || <center>268 || <center>Cadrete María de Huerva || <center>Cadrete María de Huerva || <center>{{Identificador carretera española|tipo=nacional|id=N-330|link=N-330}} || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 120 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Salida-entrada autovia.png|50px]] || <center>274 || <center>Cuarte de Huerva || <center>Cuarte de Huerva || <center> || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Spain traffic signal r301-80.svg|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Intercambiador Autovía.png|50px]] || <center>276 || <center>{{Identificador carretera española|tipo=autovia|id=A-68|link=A-68}} Alcañiz - Castellón {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=autovia|id=A-2|link=A-2}} Madrid - Barcelona {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=provincial|id=E-804}} {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=autovia|id=AP-68|link=AP-68}} Logroño - Pamplona {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=provincial|id=E-07}} {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=autovia|id=A-23|link=A-23}} Huesca || <center> || <center>{{Identificador carretera española|tipo=autovia|id=Z-40|link=Z-40}} || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 100 autovia.png|40px]] || <center> || <center> || <center>Fin de la Autovía Mudéjar || <center>Continuación de la Autovía Mudéjar || <center>{{Identificador carretera española|tipo=autovia|id=Z-40|link=Z-40}} || <center>
|}
</center>

=== Section Zaragoza North - Nueno ===
<center>
{| class="wikitable"
! Speed !! Scheme !! Exit !! Towards Nueno (ascending) !! Towards Zaragoza (descending) !! Highway !! Notes
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 120 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Autovía o autopista.png|50px]] || <center> || <center>Comienzo de la Autovía Mudéjar || <center>Fin de la Autovía Mudéjar || <center>{{Identificador carretera española|tipo=autovia|id=Z-40|link=Z-40}} || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 120 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Intercambiador Autovía.png|50px]]|| <center>292 || <center> || <center>{{Identificador carretera española|tipo=autovia|id=A-68|link=A-68}} Alcañiz - Castellón {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=autovia|id=A-2|link=A-2}} Madrid - Barcelona {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=provincial|id=E-804}} {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=autovia|id=AP-68|link=AP-68}} Logroño - Pamplona || <center>{{Identificador carretera española|tipo=autovia|id=Z-40|link=Z-40}} || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 120 autovia.png|40px]] || <center><center>[[Archivo:Salida-entrada autovia.png|50px]] || <center>296 ||colspan="2"| <center>San Juan de Mozarrifar Polígono "Ciudad del Transporte"
|| <center> || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 120 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Salida-entrada autovia desc.png|50px]] || <center>298 || <center> || <center> Zaragoza {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=calle|id=Avenida de los Pirineos}} {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=turismo_m|id=Plaza del Pilar|link=Plaza del Pilar}} || <center>{{Identificador carretera española|tipo=nacional|id=N-330|link=N-330}} || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 120 autovia.png|40px]] || <center><center>[[Archivo:Salida-entrada autovia.png|50px]] || <center>299 ||colspan="2"| <center>Polígono "San Miguel" {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=turismo_m|id=Universidad de San Jorge|link=Universidad de San Jorge}} || <center> || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 120 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Salida-entrada autovia.png|50px]] || <center>301 ||colspan="2"| <center>Villanueva de Gállego Sur Polígono industrial || <center> || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 120 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Salida-entrada autovia.png|50px]] || <center>304 ||colspan="2"| <center>Villanueva de Gállego Norte Castejón de Valdejasa || <center>{{Identificador carretera española|tipo=provincial|id=A-1512|link=A-1512}} || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 120 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Salida-entrada autovia.png|50px]] || <center>314 ||colspan="2"| <center>Zuera Sur || <center> || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 120 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Salida-entrada autovia.png|50px]] || <center>316 ||colspan="2"| <center>Zuera Ejea de los Caballeros || <center> || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 120 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Salida-entrada autovia.png|50px]] || <center>318 ||colspan="2"| <center>Zuera Norte San Mateo de Gállego|| <center> || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 120 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Salida-entrada autovia.png|50px]] || <center>321 ||colspan="2"| <center>Ontinar Gurrea Vía de servicio|| <center> || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 120 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Salida-entrada autovia.png|50px]] || <center>328 ||colspan="2"| <center>El Temple Vía de servicio|| <center> || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 120 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Salida-entrada autovia.png|50px]] || <center>333 ||colspan="2"| <center>Gurrea San Jorge Vía de servicio || <center>{{Identificador carretera española|tipo=nacional|id=N-330a|link=N-330a}} || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 120 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Salida-entrada autovia.png|50px]] || <center>341 ||colspan="2"| <center>Almudévar Tardienta Alcalá de Gurrea || <center>{{Identificador carretera española|tipo=provincial|id=A-1211|link=A-1211}}{{Identificador carretera española|tipo=provincial|id=A-1207|link=A-1207}} || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 120 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Salida-entrada autovia.png|50px]] || <center>347 ||colspan="2"| <center>Vía de Servicio || <center> || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 120 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Salida-entrada autovia desc.png|50px]] || <center>356 || <center> || <center>Cuarte {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=turismo_m|id=Escuela Politécnica|link=Escuela Politécnica}} {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=turismo_m|id=Parque Tecnológico|link=Parque Tecnológico}} || <center> || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 120 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Salida-entrada autovia.png|50px]] || <center>357 || <center>Huesca Sur Cuarte {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=turismo_m|id=Escuela Politécnica|link=Escuela Politécnica}} {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=turismo_m|id=Parque Tecnológico|link=Parque Tecnológico}} ||<center>Huesca Sur || <center> || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 120 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Salida-entrada autovia.png|50px]] || <center>360 ||colspan="2"| <center>Huesca Centro Pamplona || <center>{{Identificador carretera española|tipo=autonómica|id=A-132|link=A-132}} || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 120 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Salida-entrada autovia.png|50px]] || <center>362 ||colspan="2"| <center>Barbastro - Lérida || <center>{{Identificador carretera española|tipo=nacional|id=N-240|link=N-240}} || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 120 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Salida-entrada autovia.png|50px]] || <center>364 || <center>Yéqueda Vía de Servicio || <center>Huesca Norte Yéqueda Vía de Servicio || <center> || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 120 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Salida-entrada autovia.png|50px]] || <center>368 ||colspan="2"| <center>Igriés Vía de Servicio || <center> || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 120 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Salida-entrada autovia.png|50px]] || <center>372 ||colspan="2"| <center>Arascués Nueno Vía de Servicio || <center> || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 120 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Salida-entrada autovia.png|50px]] || <center>375 ||colspan="2"| <center>Nueno Sabayés || <center> || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 90 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Tunel autovia.png|50px]] || <center> || <center> || <center>[[Archivo:Spain traffic signal s5.png|35px]] Túnel de Nueno L. 494 m || <center> || <center>
|----
| <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 80 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Fin autovía-carretera-autovía en construcción.png|50px]] || <center> || <center>Fin de la Autovía Mudéjar || <center>Comienzo de la Autovía Mudéjar || <center>{{Identificador carretera española|tipo=nacional|id=N-330|link=N-330}} || <center>
|}
</center>

=== Section Nueno - Jaca-Canfranc ===

<center>
{| class="wikitable"
!Via !! Speed !! Scheme !! Exit !! Towards Canfranc (ascending) !! Towards Nueno (descending) !! Highway !! Notes
|----
| <center> {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=nacional|id=N-330|link=N-330}} || <center> [[Archivo:Limite velocidad 80 autovia.png|40px]] || <center> [[Archivo:Carretera_autonomica.png|40px]] || <center> || colspan="2" | <center>Puerto de Monrepós - 1280 metros ''Tramo pendiente de desdoblar'' || <center> || <center> [[Archivo:Spain_traffic_signal_p34.svg|40px]]
|----
| <center> {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=nacional|id=N-330|link=N-330}} {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=autovia|id=A-23|link=A-23}} || <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 80 autovia.png|40px]] || <center> [[Archivo:Fin autovía-carretera nacional.png|50px]] || <center> || <center> [[Archivo:Spain traffic signal s1a.svg|35px]] ||<center> [[Archivo:Spain traffic signal s2a.svg|35px]] || <center> || <center>
|----
| <center> {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=autovia|id=A-23|link=A-23}} || <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 90 autovia.png|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Tunel autovia.png|50px]] <center> ||
| colspan="2" |<center> [[Archivo:Spain traffic signal s5.png|41x41px]] [[Túneles de Monrepós]] L. 1.484 m || || <center> Túneles
|----
| <center> {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=nacional|id=N-330|link=N-330}} {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=autovia|id=A-23|link=A-23}} || <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 120 autovia.png|40px]] || <center> [[Archivo:Fin autovía-carretera nacional.png|50px]] || <center> || <center> [[Archivo:Spain traffic signal s2a.svg|35px]] ||<center> [[Archivo:Spain traffic signal s1a.svg|35px]] || <center> || <center>
|----
| <center> {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=nacional|id=N-330|link=N-330}} || <center>[[Archivo:Spain traffic signal r301-80.svg|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Carretera_autonomica.png|40px]] <center> || || colspan="2" |<center>''Tramo pendiente de desdoblar'' || <center> || <center>
|----
| <center> {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=nacional|id=N-330|link=N-330}} {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=autovia|id=A-23|link=A-23}} || <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 120 autovia.png|40px]] || <center> [[Archivo:Fin autovía-carretera nacional.png|50px]]|| <center> || <center> [[Archivo:Spain traffic signal s1a.svg|35px]]||<center> [[Archivo:Spain traffic signal s2a.svg|35px]]|| <center> || <center>
|----
| <center> {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=autovia|id=A-23|link=A-23}} || <center> [[Archivo:Limite velocidad 120 autovia.png|40px]] || <center> [[Archivo:Salida-entrada_autovia.png|50px]]|| <center>403 || <center> Sabiñánigo Sur || <center> Sabiñánigo Sur || <center> {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=nacional|id=N-330|link=N-330}}|| <center>
|----
| <center> {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=autovia|id=A-23|link=A-23}} || <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 100 autovia.png|40px]] || <center> [[Archivo:Salida-entrada_autovia.png|50px]] || <center>406 || <center> Sabiñánigo Este Yebra de Basa Fiscal || <center> Sabiñánigo Este Yebra de Basa Fiscal || <center> {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=nacional|id=N-260|link=N-260}} || <center>
|----
| <center> {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=nacional|id=N-330|link=N-330}} || <center>[[Archivo:Spain traffic signal r301-80.svg|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Fin autovía-carretera nacional.png|50px]] <center> || || <center> [[Archivo:Spain traffic signal s2a.svg|35px]]|| <center> [[Archivo:Spain traffic signal s1a.svg|35px]]|| <center> ||
</center>
|----
| <center> {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=nacional|id=N-330|link=N-330}} || <center>[[Archivo:Spain traffic signal r301-80.svg|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Carretera_autonomica.png|40px]] <center> || || colspan="2" |<center>''Tramo pendiente de desdoblar'' || <center> || <center>
|----
| <center> {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=nacional|id=N-330|link=N-330}} {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=autovia|id=A-23|link=A-23}} || <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 120 autovia.png|40px]] || <center> [[Archivo:Fin autovía-carretera nacional.png|50px]]|| <center> || <center> [[Archivo:Spain traffic signal s1a.svg|35px]]||<center> [[Archivo:Spain traffic signal s2a.svg|35px]]|| <center> || <center>
|----
| <center> {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=autovia|id=A-23|link=A-23}} || <center> [[Archivo:Limite velocidad 120 autovia.png|40px]] || <center> [[Archivo:Salida-entrada_autovia.png|50px]]|| <center>417 || <center> Espuéndolas Martillué Vía de servicio Golf Badaguás|| <center>Espuéndolas Martillué Vía de servicio || <center> {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=nacional|id=N-330|link=N-330}}|| <center>
|----
| <center> {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=autovia|id=A-23|link=A-23}} || <center>[[Archivo:Limite velocidad 100 autovia.png|40px]] || <center> [[Archivo:Salida-entrada_autovia.png|50px]] || <center>424 || <center> Jaca Oeste Pamplona Golf Badaguás|| <center> Jaca Oeste Pamplona || <center> {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=nacional|id=N-330|link=N-330}} {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=nacional|id=N-330a|link=N-330}} || <center>
|----
| <center> {{Identificador carretera española|tipo=nacional|id=N-330|link=N-330}} || <center>[[Archivo:Spain traffic signal r301-80.svg|40px]] || <center>[[Archivo:Fin autovía-carretera nacional.png|50px]] <center> || || <center> [[Archivo:Spain traffic signal s2a.svg|35px]]|| <center> [[Archivo:Spain traffic signal s1a.svg|35px]]|| <center> ||
</center>
|}
</center>

[[Image:A-23 TERUEL.jpg|220px|thumb|A-23 in Teruel|right]]
[[Image:A-23 Autovia Mudejar en Huesca.jpg|220px|thumb|A-23 in Huesca|right]]

{{Motorways in Spain}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Autovia A-23}}
[[Category:Autopistas and autovías in Spain|A-23]]
[[Category:Transport in Aragon|A-23]]
[[Category:Transport in the Valencian Community|A-23]]

Atsuko Tanaka (Synchronsprecherin)

2015-07-09T08:41:33Z

DPL bot: adding dablinks template; 7 or more disambig links (see the FAQ)

{{dablinks|date=July 2015}}
{{BLP sources|date=June 2010}}
{{Infobox person
| image =
| name = Atsuko Tanaka
| native_name = 田中敦子
| native_name_lang = ja
| landscape = yes
| birthname =
| alias =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1962|11|14}}
| birth_place = [[Maebashi, Gumma]], Japan
| occupation = [[Seiyū|Voice actress]]
| spouse =
| children =
| credits = [[Motoko Kusanagi]] [[Chun-Li]] [[Lara Croft]] [[Bayonetta (character)|Bayonetta]] [[Poison (Final Fight)|Poison]]
| website =
}}
{{Nihongo|'''Atsuko Tanaka'''|田中敦子|Tanaka Atsuko|born November 14, 1962 in [[Maebashi, Gunma]]}} is a [[seiyū|Japanese voice actress]] who works for [[Ezaki Productions]].<ref name="Doi Hitoshi">{{Cite web|author=Doi, Hitoshi|url=http://www.usagi.org/doi/seiyuu/tanaka-atsuko/|title=Tanaka Atsuko|work=Seiyuu Database|date=November 29, 2010|accessdate=July 3, 2014}}</ref> Her most famous voice role is [[Motoko Kusanagi]] in the ''[[Ghost in the Shell]]'' franchise. She also voices Caster in the ''[[Fate/stay night]]'', Lisa Lisa in ''[[Jojo's Bizarre Adventure]]'', Viletta Vadin from ''[[Super Robot Wars]]'', Claudette in ''[[Queen's Blade]]'', Karura in ''[[Utawarerumono]]'', and Samari Ittan in ''[[Knights of Sidonia]]''. In video games, she voices [[Lara Croft]] in the Japanese dub of the ''[[Tomb Raider]]'' games, and [[Bayonetta (character)|Bayonetta]] in the film adaptation and ''[[Bayonetta 2]]''. In 2012, Biglobe voted her the sexiest voice.<ref>http://animephproject.com/2012/12/13/biglobe-poll-50-year-old-atsuko-tanaka-voted-seiyuu-with-the-sexiest-voices/</ref>

==Filmography==
===Anime===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! Year
! Series
! Role
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! class="unsortable"| Source<ref name="resume"/>
|-
| {{dts|1993|04|02|format=y}} || ''[[Mobile Suit Victory Gundam]]'' || Juca Meilasch ||   || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|1993|07|23|format=y}} || ''[[Lupin III|Lupin III: Voyage to Danger]]'' || Karen Korosky ||   || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|1994|04|09|format=y}} || ''[[Yamato Takeru (anime)|Yamato Takeru]]'' || Shaman ||   || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|1994|10|05|format=y}} || ''[[Blue Seed]]'' || Kanbayashi's Mother ||   || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|1994|10|13|format=y}} || ''[[Mahoujin Guru Guru]]'' || Bikein ||   || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|1994|10|16|format=y}} || ''[[Macross 7]]'' || Margarita ||   || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|1994|format=y}}–95 || ''[[My Sexual Harassment]]'' || Miyakawa Yumi ||   || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|1995|04|06|format=y}} || ''[[Fushigi Yuugi]]'' || Okuda Takiko, Soi ||   || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|1995|05|format=y}} || ''[[Princess Minerva]]'' || Cheloria Yurisis ||   || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|1995|06|07|format=y}} || ''[[Megami Paradise]]'' || Mamamega new ||   || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|1995|10|12|format=y}} || ''[[Virtua Fighter (anime)|Virtua Fighter]]'' || Eva ||   || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|1995|format=y}} || ''[[Black Jack (manga)|Black Jack]]'' || Abumaru ||   || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|1995|format=y}} || ''Toma Kishenden Oni'' || Carla ||   || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|1996|10|02|format=y}} || ''[[Brave Reideen|Reideen the Superior]]'' || Reiko Amakai ||   || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|1996|11|29|format=y}}–97 || ''[[Variable Geo (anime)|Variable Geo]]'' || Miranda Jahana ||   || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|1997|04|25|format=y}}–99 || ''[[Agent Aika]]'' || [[Agent Aika#Nina Hargen|Nina Hargen]] ||   || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|1997|09|30|format=y}} || ''[[Master of Mosquiton|Master of Mosquiton '99]]'' || Wolf Lady || TV series || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|1997|10|07|format=y}} || ''[[Berserk (anime)|Berserk]]'' || Sulan ||   || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|1998|04|01|format=y}} || ''[[Trigun]]'' || Claire ||   || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|1998|04|03|format=y}} || ''[[Cowboy Bebop]]'' || Coffee ||   || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|1998|04|04|format=y}} || ''[[Yu-Gi-Oh]]'' || Hajime Imori ||   || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|1998|04|05|format=y}} || ''[[Fancy Lala]]'' || Yumi Haneishi ||   || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|1998|08|08|format=y}} || ''[[Brain Powerd]]'' || Shiela Glass ||   || 
|-
| {{dts|1998|10|05|format=y}}–99 || ''[[Master Keaton]]'' || Kayoko Kida ||   || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|1998|10|06|format=y}}–1999 || ''[[Super Doll Licca-chan]]'' || Puru ||   || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|1999|01|07|format=y}} || ''[[Legend of Himiko]]'' || Fujina ||   || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|1999|04|07|format=y}} || ''[[Angel Links]]'' || Valeria Vertone ||   || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|1999|06|30|format=y}}–2000 || ''[[Great Teacher Onizuka]]'' || Nanako's Mother ||   || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|1999|09|14|format=y}} || ''[[Reign: The Conqueror]]'' || Cassandra ||   || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|2001|02|18|format=y}} || ''[[Salaryman Kintaro]]'' || Bian Linglong ||   || 
|-
| {{dts|2002|01|21|format=y}} || ''[[RahXephon]]'' || Sayoko Nanamori ||   || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|2002|03|30|format=y}} || ''[[WXIII: Patlabor the Movie 3]]'' || Misaki Saeko ||   || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|2002|10|01|format=y}} || ''[[Heat Guy J]]'' || Elisa Ryan ||   || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|2002|10|01|format=y}}–04 || ''[[Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex]]'' || Motoko Kusanagi || Also ''2nd Gig'' || <ref |-
name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|2003|01|06|format=y}} || ''[[Wolf's Rain]]'' || Jagara ||   || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|2004|03|17|format=y}} || ''[[Angelique (anime)|Angelique]]'' || Dexia ||   || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|2004|04|06|format=y}}–05 || ''[[Monster (manga)|Monster]]'' || Margot Langer ||   || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|2004|07|04|format=y}} || ''[[Agatha Christie's Great Detectives Poirot and Marple]]'' || Miss Lemon ||   || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|2005|07|22|format=y}} || ''[[Lupin III: Angel Tactics]]'' || Kaoru ||   || 
|-
| {{dts|2005|10|11|format=y}} || ''[[Noein]]'' || Miyuki Gotou ||   || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|2005|11|23|format=y}} || ''[[Fate/stay night]]'' || Caster ||   || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|2006|02|25|format=y}} || ''[[Ergo Proxy]]'' || Lacan ||   || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|2006|04|03|format=y}} || ''[[Utawarerumono]]'' || Karura ||   || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|2006|07|02|format=y}}–07 || ''[[Le Chevalier D'Eon]]'' || Queen Elizabeth of Russia ||   || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|2006|10|03|format=y}} || ''[[Shonen Onmyouji]]'' || Takaokami no Kami ||   || 
|-
| {{dts|2006|10|04|format=y}} || ''[[Super Robot Wars Original Generation: Divine Wars]]'' || Viletta Badim ||   || 
|-
| {{dts|2006|10|12|format=y}} || ''[[Hataraki Man]]'' || Maiko Kaji ||   || 
|-
| {{dts|2007|03|03|format=y}} || ''[[Moonlight Mile (anime)|Moonlight Mile]]'' || Fatma Toure Gutuu ||   || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|2007|06|14|format=y}} || ''[[Devil May Cry: The Animated Series]]'' || Trish ||   || 
|-
| {{dts|2008|10|02|format=y}} || ''[[Akane Iro ni Somaru Saka]]'' || Nagase ||   || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|2009|04|02|format=y}} || ''[[Queen's Blade: The Exiled Virgin]]'' || [[List of Queen's Blade characters#Claudette|Claudette]] ||   || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|2009|07|01|format=y}} || ''[[Umineko no Naku Koro ni]]'' || Kyrie Ushiromiya ||   || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|2009|09|24|format=y}} || ''Queen's Blade 2: The Evil Eye'' || Claudette ||   || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|2009|10|01|format=y}} || ''[[Nyan Koi!]]'' || Nyamsas ||   || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|2009|10|02|format=y}} || ''[[A Certain Scientific Railgun]]'' || Harumi Kiyama ||   || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|2009|10|15|format=y}}–10 || ''[[Kiddy Girl-and]]'' || Ellis ||   || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|2009|format=y}} || ''[[Aoi Bungaku Series]]'' || Madam || Ep. "Osamu Dazai's No Longer Human (Ningen Shikkaku)" || <ref>http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2009-09-22/madhouse-aoi-bungaku-posts-staff-cast-lineup</ref>
|-
| {{dts|2010|09|23|format=y}}–11 || ''[[Pokemon: Black and White]]'' || Aloe ||   || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|2010|10|01|format=y}} || ''[[Super Robot Wars Original Generation: The Inspector]]'' || Villeta Vadim ||   || 
|-
| {{dts|2010|10|06|format=y}}–13 || ''[[The World God Only Knows]]'' || [[List of The World God Only Knows characters#Yuri Nikaido|Yuri Nikdaido]] ||   || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|2012|03|16|format=y}} || ''[[Ozuma|Ozma]]'' || Bynas ||   || 
|-
| {{dts|2012|04|05|format=y}} || ''[[JoJo's Bizarre Adventure]]'' || Lisa Lisa ||   || 
|-
| {{dts|2012|10|04|format=y}} || ''[[Busou Shinki]]'' || Narrator ||   || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|2013|02|03|format=y}} || ''[[Dokidoki! Precure]]'' || Marmo ||   || 
|-
| {{dts|2013|07|06|format=y}} || ''[[Fate/Kaleid Liner Prisma Illya]]'' || Caster ||   || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|2014|04|10|format=y}}–15 || ''[[Knights of Sidonia]]'' || Samari Ittan || Also ''Battle for Planet Nine'' || <ref>http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2014-03-31/knights-of-sidonia-anime-6th-tv-ad-streamed</ref>
|-
| {{dts|2014|10|08||format=y}} || ''[[Parasyte -the maxim-]]'' || Ryoko Tamiya ||   || <ref>http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2014-10-04/animax-asia-will-simulcast-parasyte-the-maxim-tv-anime/.79495</ref>
|-
| {{dts|2015|04|05||format=y}} || ''[[The Heroic Legend of Arslan]]'' || Tahamine ||   || <ref>http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2015-03-29/30-second-the-heroic-legend-of-arslan-tv-spot-aired-before-april-premiere/.86496</ref>

|}




===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! Year
! Series
! Role
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! class="unsortable"| Source<ref name="resume"/>
|-
| {{dts|1995|11|18|format=y}} || ''[[Ghost in the Shell]]'' || [[Motoko Kusanagi]] ||   || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|2004|03|06|format=y}} || ''[[Ghost in the Shell 2: Innocence]]'' || Motoko Kusanagi ||   || 
|-
| {{dts|2009|06|20|format=y}} || ''[[Kawa no Hikari]]'' || Blue || TV movie special || <ref>{{cite web |title=アニメワールド / 川の光 |url=http://www9.nhk.or.jp/anime/kawanohikari/ |language=Japanese |accessdate=May 19, 2015 |publisher=NHK Broadcasting |trans-title=Anime World / Kawa no Hikari}}</ref>
|--
| {{dts|2012|03|03|format=y}} || ''[[Doraemon: Nobita and the Island of Miracles—Animal Adventure]]'' || Professor Kelly ||   || 
|-
| {{dts|2013|11|23|format=y}} || ''[[Bayonetta: Bloody Fate]]'' || Bayonetta ||   || <ref name="bay 2"/><ref>http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2013-09-18/bayonetta-game-gets-anime-film-by-gonzo-in-november</ref>
|-
| TBD || ''[[Kindaichi Case Files]]'' || Yurie Aizawa ||   || 
|-
| {{dts|2015|04|12|format=y}} || ''[[Sleep Tight My Baby, Cradled in the Sky]]'' || Yuri Aoshima || Limited theatrical release || <ref>http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2015-03-28/sleep-tight-my-baby-cradled-in-the-sky-cg-film-plays-in-japan/.86465</ref>
|}


===Video games===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! Year
! Series
! Role
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! class="unsortable"| Source<ref name="resume"/>
|-
|   || ''[[Angelique Special]]'' || Dia || PC FX || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|2014|10|24|format=y}} || ''[[Bayonetta 2]]'' || Bayonetta ||   || <ref name="bay 2">http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2014-09-05/bayonetta-2-heads-to-the-wii-u-on-october-24/.78407</ref>
|-
|   || ''[[B Senjou no Alice]]'' || Candoll || Playstation || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
|   || ''[[Cyber Formula Aratanaru Chousensha]]'' || nemesis (female) || Playstation || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
|   || ''[[Desire]]'' || Christy Shepard || Sega Saturn || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
|   || ''[[Dirge of Cerberus: Final Fantasy VII]]'' || [[Dirge of Cerberus: Final Fantasy VII#Tsviets|Rosso the Crimson]] || PS2 || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|1997|08|07|format=y}} || ''[[Doukyuusei 2]]'' || Narusawa Misako || Playstation, Sega Saturn || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
|   || ''[[Doukyuusei Mahjong]]'' || Shingyouji Reiko || Playstation || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
|   || ''[[Dragon Nest]]'' || Argenta || online || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
|   || ''[[EVE -burst error-]]'' || Aqua Lloyd || Sega Saturn || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|2014|11|27|format=y}} || ''[[Fate/hollow ataraxia]]'' || Caster ||   || <ref>http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2014-05-10/fate/hollow-ataraxia-slated-for-vita-on-november-27</ref>
|-
|   || ''[[Fate Tiger Colosseum Upper]]'' || Caster || PSP || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
|   || ''[[Fushigi no Kuni no Angelique]]'' || Dia || Win95, PC-FX, PlayStation, Sega Saturn || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
|   || ''[[Himikoden -Renge-]]'' || Fujina || Playstation || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
|   || ''[[Misa no Mahou Monogatari]]'' || Izabeal du Joleju || Playstation || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
|   || ''[[Night Trap]]'' || Lisa || Mega CD || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
|   || ''[[Philosoma]]'' || Michau || Playstation || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
|   || ''[[Quantum Gate I]]'' || Jenny || Playstation || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
|   || ''[[Refrain Love]]'' || Takamiya Sachiko || Playstation, Sega Saturn || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
|   || ''[[Seifuku Densetsu Pretty Fighter X]]'' || Shizaki Sorami || Sega Saturn || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
|   || ''[[Super Robot Taisen Original Generations]]'' || Viletta || PS3 || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
| {{dts|2002|format=y}} || ''[[Utawarerumono]]'' || [[List of Utawarerumono characters#Karurauatsuurei|Karura]] ||   || <ref name="uta2">http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2015-06-06/2nd-utawarerumono-game-gets-tv-anime-in-october/.88983</ref>
|-
| {{dts|2015|09|24|format=y}} || ''[[Utawarerumono: The False Mask]]'' || Karura ||   || <ref name="uta2"/>
|-
|   || ''[[Valkyrie Profile: Toga wo seoumono]]'' || Natalia || NDS || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
|   || ''[[Ys I&II Eternal Story]]'' || Sarah Tovah || PS2 || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
|   || ''[[Zenkoku Seifuku Bishoujo Grand Prix -Find Love-]]'' || ? || Sega Saturn || <ref name="doi"/>
|-
|   || ''[[Tomb Raider II]]'' || [[Lara Croft]] ||   || 
|-
|   || ''[[Tomb Raider III]]'' || Lara Croft ||   || 
|-
|   || ''[[Tomb Raider: The Last Revelation]]'' || Lara Croft ||   || 
|-
|   || ''[[Ratchet & Clank]]'' series ||   || 1,3,4,5 || 
|-
|   || ''[[My Summer Vacation (video game)|My Summer Vacation]]'' series ||   || 1,2 || 
|-
|}







===Dubbing===
====Live-action====
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! class="unsortable"| Source<ref name="resume"/>
|-
| ''A Dangerous Affair'' ||   || Voice dub for [[Monica Bellucci]] ||  
|-
| ''[[Irréversible]]'' || Alex M || Voice dub for Bellucci ||  
|-
| ''L'ultimo capodanno'' || Giulia || Voice dub for Bellucci ||  
|-
| ''[[Under Suspicion (2000 film)|Under Suspicion]]'' || Chantal Hearst || Voice dub for Bellucci ||  
|-
| ''[[How Much Do You Love Me?]]'' || Daniela || Voice dub for Bellucci ||  
|-
| ''[[Pearl Harbor (film)|Pearl Harbor]]'' ||   || Voice dub for [[Kate Beckingsale]] ||  
|-
| ''[[Van Helsing (film)|Van Helsing]]'' ||   || Voice dub for Beckingsale ||  
|-
| ''[[Underworld (film)|Underworld]]'' ||   || Voice dub for Beckingsale ||  
|-
| ''[[Underworld Evolution]]'' ||   || Voice dub for Beckingsale ||  
|-
| ''[[Gigli]]'' ||   || Voice dub for [[Jennifer Lopez]] ||  
|-
| ''[[Maid in Manhattan]]'' ||   || Voice dub for Lopez ||  
|-
| ''[[Unfinished Life]]'' ||   || Voice dub for Lopez ||  
|-
| ''[[Batman Forever]]'' || Dr. Chase Meridian || Voice dub for [[Nicole Kidman]] ||  
|-
| ''[[Malice (film)|Malice]]'' || Tracy Safian || Voice dub for Kidman ||  
|-
| ''[[The Peacemaker (1997 film)|The Peacemaker]]'' || Dr. Julia Kelly || Voice dub for Kidman ||  
|-
| ''[[The Portrait of a Lady (film)|The Portrait of a Lady]]'' || Isabel Archer || Voice dub for Kidman ||  
|-
| ''[[The Human Stain (film)|The Human Stain]]'' || Faunia Farley || Voice dub for Kidman ||  
|-
|| ''[[Fur (film)|Fur]]'' || Diane Arbus || Voice dub for Kidman ||  
|-
| ''[[The Mummy (1999 film)|The Mummy]]''|| Evelyn Carnahan || Voice dub for [[Rachel Weisz]] ||  
|-
| ''[[Stalingrad (film)|Stalingrad]]'' ||   || Voice dub for Weisz ||  
|-
| ''[[Sunshine (1999 film)|Sunshine]]'' || Greta || Voice dub for Weisz ||  
|-
| ''[[Runaway Jury]]'' || Marlee || Voice dub for Weisz ||  
|-
| ''[[The Hours]]'' ||   || Voice dub for [[Julianne Moore]] ||  
|-
| ''[[Shall We Dance? (2004 film)|Shall We Dance?]]'' ||   || 2004 film, Voice dub for Lopez ||  
|-
| ''[[JAG (TV series)|JAG]]'' ||   || Voice dub for [[Catherine Bell]] ||  
|-
| ''[[Seven (1995 film)|Seven]]'' ||   || Voice dub for [[Gwyneth Paltrow]] ||  
|-
| ''[[A Perfect Murder]]'' ||   || Voice dub for Paltrow ||  
|-
| ''[[Possession (2002 film)|Possession]]'' ||   || voice dub for Paltrow ||  
|-
| ''[[The Sixth Sense]]'' ||   || Voice dub for [[Olivia Williams]] ||  
|-
| ''[[The Postman (film)|The Postman]]'' ||   || Voice dub for Williams ||  
|-
| ''[[Speed 2]]'' ||   || Voice dub for [[Sandra Bullock]] ||  
|-
| ''[[Forces of Nature]]'' ||   || Voice dub for Bullock ||  
|-
| ''[[In Love and War]]'' ||   || Voice dub for Bullock ||  
|-
| ''[[Speed 2]]'' ||   || Voice dub for Bullock ||  
|-
| ''[[The Proposal (film)|The Proposal]]'' ||   || Voice dub for Bullock ||  
|-
| ''[[Crackerjack (1994 film)|Crackerjack]]'' ||   || Voice dub for [[Nastassja Kinski]] ||  
|-
| ''[[Terminal Velocity (film)|Terminal Velocity]]'' ||   || Voice dub for Kinski ||  
|-
| ''[[The Gift (2000 film)|The Gift]]'' ||   || Voice dub for [[Cate Blanchett]] ||  
|-
| ''[[Bandits (2001 film)|Bandits]]'' ||   || Voice dub for Blanchett ||  
|-
| ''[[The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou]]'' ||   || Voice dub for Blanchett ||  
|-
| ''[[Valentine's Day (film)|Valentine's Day]]'' ||   || Voice dub for [[Julia Roberts]] ||  
|-
| ''[[Conspiracy Theory (film)|Conspiracy Theory]]'' ||   || Voice dub for Roberts ||  
|-
| ''[[America's Sweethearts]]'' ||   || Voice dub for Roberts ||  
|-
| ''[[The Mexican]]'' ||   || Voice dub for Roberts ||  
|-
| ''[[Cold Case]]'' || Det. Lilly Rush || Voice dub for [[Kathryn Morris]] ||  
|-
| ''[[Batman & Robin]]'' ||   || Voice dub for [[Uma Thurman]] ||  
|-
| ''[[Gattaca]]'' ||   || Voice dub for Thurman ||  
|-
| ''[[Hollow Man]]'' || Linda McKay || Voice dub for [[Elisabeth Shue]] ||  
|-
| ''[[The Counselor]]'' ||   || Voice dub for [[Cameron Diaz]] ||  
|-
| ''[[Analyze This]]'' || Laura MacNamara || Voice dub for [[Lisa Kudrow]] ||  
|-
| ''[[Friends]]'' || Phoebe Buffay|| Voice dub for Kudrow ||  
|-
| ''[[King Kong (1976 film)|King Kong]]'' ||   || Voice dub for [[Jessica Lange]] ||  
|-
| ''[[Entrapment (film)|Entrapment]]'' ||   || Voice dub for [[Catherine Zeta-Jones]] ||  
|-
| ''[[Licence to Kill]]'' ||   || Voice dub for [[Carey Lowell]]'' ||  
|-
| ''[[Indecent Proposal]]'' ||   || voice dub for [[Demi Moore]] ||  
|-
| ''[[CSI]]'' ||   || Voice dub for Shue season 12 ||  
|-
| ''[[Elementary (TV series)|Elementary]]'' || Joan Watson || Voice dub for [[Lucy Liu]] ||  
|-
| ''[[24 (TV series)|24]]'' || Audrey ||   ||  
|-
| ''[[ER (TV series)|ER]]'' || Anna Deruamiko ||   ||  
|-
| ''[[Beverly Hills 90210]]'' || Tracy ||   ||  
|-
|}








==References==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="doi">{{cite web|url=http://www.usagi.org/doi/seiyuu/tanaka-atsuko/roles.html|title=Tanaka Atsuko roles|first=Hitoshi |last=Doi|authorlink=Hitoshi Doi | work=Hitoshi Doi's Seiyuu Database|accessdate=8 July 2015}}</ref>
<ref name="resume">http://www.mausu.net/talent/tpdb_view.cgi?UID=45</ref>
}}

==External links==
* [http://www.mausu.net/talent/tpdb_view.cgi?UID=45 Official agency profile] {{ja icon}}
*{{ann|people|547}}
*{{IMDb name|id=0848968}}
*[http://vgmdb.net/artist/4495 VGMDb profile]
*[http://www.kokaku-s.com/sac2nd/backstage/interview/001/index.html 2nd GIG interview] {{ja icon}}

{{Authority control}}


{{Persondata
|NAME = Tanaka, Atsuko
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
|SHORT DESCRIPTION = Voice actress
|DATE OF BIRTH = November 14, 1962
|PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Maebashi, Gunma]], [[Japan]]
|DATE OF DEATH =
|PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tanaka, Atsuko}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Japanese voice actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Maebashi]]

Kim Ung-yong

2015-07-05T09:08:31Z

DPL bot: adding dablinks template; 7 or more disambig links (see the FAQ)

{{dablinks|date=July 2015}}
{{copy edit}}
{{essay-like}}
{{Korean name|[[Kim (Korean name)|Kim]]}}
{{Infobox Korean name
| hangul = {{linktext|김|웅|용}}
| hanja = {{linktext|金|雄|鎔}}
| rr = Gim Ung-yong
}}
'''Kim Ung-yong''' (born March 7, 1963<ref name=Marquis/>) is a South [[Korean people|Korean]] civil engineer and former [[child prodigy]]. Kim was listed in the [[Guinness Book of World Records]] under "Highest [[IQ]]"; the book gave the boy's score as about 210.
<ref name="whatever">{{Cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,945865,00.html |title=What ever became of 'geniuses'? |newspaper=Time |date=December 19, 1977 |accessdate=2011-05-14 |quote=South Korea's Kim Ung-Yong, a 14-year-old prodigy who was speaking four languages and solving integral calculus problems at age four, is said to tip the mental scales at 210, worth a mention in the Guinness Book of World Records.}}</ref> Guinness retired the "Highest IQ" category in 1990 after concluding IQ tests were too unreliable to designate a single record holder.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Knight |first=Sam |title=Is a high IQ a burden as much as a blessing? |newspaper=Financial Times |date=10 April 2009 |url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/4add9230-23d5-11de-996a-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2h4SGOygh |publisher = Financial Times Ltd |accessdate=7 October 2013 }}</ref>

Kim was born in [[Hongje-dong]], [[Seoul]], [[South Korea]].<ref name=Marquis>{{cite encyclopedia |year=2012 |title=Kim, Ung-Yong |encyclopedia=Marquis Who's Who in America}}</ref> His father was Kim Soo-Sun,<ref name=Marquis/> a professor.<ref name=WashPost1967>{{cite news |title=Korean genius, 4, poses problem for high school |agency=AP |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=April 10, 1967}}</ref> He started speaking at the age of 6 months and was able to read Japanese, Korean, German, English and many other languages by his third birthday. When he was four years old, his father said he had memorized about 2000 words in both [[English language|English]] and [[German language|German]]. He was writing poetry in Korean and Chinese and wrote two very short books of essays and poems (less than 20 pages).<ref name=WashPost1967/> In age of 5, November 2, 1967, he showed in [[Fuji TV]] in Japan and amazed guests solving [[Differential Equation]]s. And in that show, he also wrote poems with different languages including [[English]], [[Mandarin]], [[Spanish]], [[Vietnamese]], [[Tagalog]], [[Japanese]] and [[Korean]].

An article was published about him in ''[[Look (American magazine)|Look]]'' magazine. After reading the article, a teacher {{citation needed|date=March 2013}} and students at [[Grant High School (Los Angeles)|Grant High School]] in Los Angeles began writing to him and in February 1967 his father applied for Kim to be enrolled at Grant High School.<ref name="WashPost1967" />

By four years old, he had scored more than 200 on an IQ test normally given to seven-year-olds.<ref name="WashPost1967" />{{Dubious |Contemporary IQ tests were not validated for such high scores |reason=The standard scoring tables of the Stanford-Binet IQ test and Wechsler test at that time did not go up to IQ scores that high, so let's discuss on talk page |date=November 2013}}

On November 5, 1977, Kim solved complicated differential and integral calculus problems on Japanese television.

In 1970, he audited classes in Colorado School of Mines, and studied as non-degree Ph.D student for thermo phosics and nuclear physics. In 1978, he served in NASA as senior researcher, untill he returned to South Korea in 1980.

Tired of US life, he returned Korea and entered [[Chungbuk National University]], and majored civil engineering and got Ph.D degree. He listed his name in [[Marquis Who's Who in the World]] 23rd ed and [[IBC]] chosen 21s top scientist 2000.

{{As of|2007}} he also serves as adjunct faculty at [[Chungbuk National University]]. In March 14, 2014, he became associate professor in [[Shinhan University]], and became vice president of [[North Kyeong-gi Development Research Center]].

Nowadays he his having happy life as normal father, having two sons, generally remaining silent. He argues that even his coworkers didn't know that he was well-known prodigy in his early childhood, since he never mentioned about it. In recent interview with [[MBC]] in September 8, 2012, a documentary about him was made and broadcasted, mentioning that "Is it really 'life' that follows fixed track given to you? Now, as it is, is true, and most happy moment." In this program, it is admitted that he was indeed much talented but they pointed out that media exaggerated and altered facts wrongly.

In September 30, 2014, he showed in a quiz show [[1 vs 100]] in [[KBS 2TV]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* ["Korean genius, 4, poses problem for high school". The Washington Post. AP. April 10, 1967.]
* [http://view.koreaherald.com/kh/view.php?ud=20101006000616&cpv=0 Record IQ is just another talent], article by Hwang Jurie, The Korea Herald, October 6, 2010
*{{Cite web|url=http://people.naver.com/search/people_detail.nhn?id=11549|work=Naver People|title=김웅용|accessdate=2007-06-09}}
*{{Cite web|url=http://people.empas.com/people/info/ki/mu/kimungyong/|work=Empas People|title=김웅용|accessdate=2007-06-09}}
* [http://www.superscholar.org/smartest-people/ Super Scholar]

{{Persondata
|NAME = Lee Wooje
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES = 이우제
|SHORT DESCRIPTION = South Korean engineer
|DATE OF BIRTH = 1962-03-08
|PLACE OF BIRTH = Seoul (?)(improper citation)(parents references needed as well)
|DATE OF DEATH =
|PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lee, Wooje}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:South Korean engineers]]
[[Category:People with eidetic memory]]
[[Category:People from Seoul]]

Mandodari

2015-05-09T12:56:16Z

DPL bot: adding dablinks template; 7 or more disambig links (see the FAQ)

{{dablinks|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| Image = Hanuman obtaining Mandodari's weapon.jpg
| Image_size = 250px
| Caption = Hanuman steals from Mandodari the weapon that leads to Ravana's death.
| Name = Mandodari
| Affiliation = [[Rakshasa]], ''Panchakanya''
| Devanagari = मन्दोदरी
| Sanskrit_Transliteration = Mandodarī
| Abode = [[Lanka]]
| Consort = [[Ravana]] [[Vibhishana]]
}}

'''''Mandodari'''''({{lang-sa|मन्दोदरी}} {{IAST|Mandodarī}}, lit. "soft-bellied"; [[Sinhala]]: මන්දෝදරි; [[Telugu]]: మండోదరి; [[Tamil]]: Montotari; [[Indonesian]], [[Javanese]] and [[Sundanese]]: Banondari; [[Khmer]]: Mandogiri; [[Malay]]: Mandudaki; [[Thai]]: Montho Thewi) is the [[queen consort]] of [[Ravana]], the king of [[Lanka]], according to the [[Hindu]] epic [[Ramayana]].

As with many characters in Indian legend, several versions of the main events of Mandodari's life are available, but all versions describe Mandodari as beautiful, pious and extremely righteous. She is extolled as one of the [[Panchakanya]]("five exalted ladies"), whose veneration is believed to dispel sin. She presents the model of a sublime ''pativratha,'' a woman who is completely devoted to her husband and is especially venerated because the object of her wifely veneration was [[Ravana]], a man with many unfortunate faults and evil tendencies, someone widely regarded as a [[demon]].

==Birth==

Mandodari was the daughter of [[Mayasura]](Maya), a ''daanava'' who is a greatly skilled architect and his wife Hema. The ''Uttara Ramayana'' narrates a story about the birth of Mandodari. [[Mayasura]](Maya), the son of sage [[Kashyapa]], is married to the [[apsara]](nymph/celestial courtesan) Hema. They have two sons, Mayavi and Dundubhi, but long for a daughter, so they start performing penances to seek the blessing of the God [[Shiva]].

Meanwhile, an [[apsara]] named Madhura arrives at [[Mount Kailash]], the abode of [[Shiva]], to pay her respects. Her actual purpose is to seduce him and she has come knowing that his wife, [[Parvati]], is away. Shiva rebuffs her, but Madhura persists, saying that it is her duty as a celestial courtesan to entertain him, and that for an ''apsara,'' music and dance are forms of worship. While Madhura is performing in Shiva's presence, Parvati suddenly returns and is taken aback. In a fit of rage, Parvati curse Madhura to turn into a frog. Shiva tells Parvati that the curse is unreasonable and that Madhura should be turned back into a beautiful woman after twelve years. That period of time is ample punishment to wash away the sin of any improper intentions that Madhura, a nymph, may have harbored in her heart. Parvati agrees and places the frog Madhura in a well. Shiva blesses Madhura, saying that although it is not in Madhura's fate to be his consort, her husband would be not just a great and valorous man, but also the foremost devotee of Shiva.

After twelve years, Madhura turns back from a frog into a girl, but she is now like a new-born girl, not a young woman and she has no memory of her past life. She cries out loudly from the well, which is dry at this time. Mayasura and Hema, who are performing penance nearby(with an aim to receive the gift of a daughter), hear the cry and find a small child in a dry well. They view this as the answer to their prayers. They name her "Mandodari" and bring her up as their own daughter.

==Marriage==

Mandodari grows up to be a beautiful and virtuous girl. Mayasura is a very gifted architect and Ravana, the king of Lanka, comes to his abode one day to ask him to build a new city for him. He meets Mandodari on this visit and falls in love with her. He seeks her hand from her father, who gladly agrees and Mandodari is given in marriage to Ravana with Vedic rites. In this way, the blessing of God Shiva comes true: Ravana is not only a great and valorous king, but also the foremost devotee of Shiva. Mayasura builds a dazzling new city, made of pure gold, as a gift to Ravana.

Mandodari bore Ravana three sons: [[Meghanada]], [[Atikaya]], and [[Akshayakumara]]. She proved an ideal and devoted wife, a true ''pativratha.'' Ravana had certain faults, such as pride and arrogance. As per prevailing custom, he had several wives in addition to Mandodari. Also, on at least one occasion, he seduced a woman who was not his wife, the virtuous [[Vedavati]]. Mandodari was aware of these transgressions and counseled him against them, but always remained loyal and faithful as an ideal wife. A righteous woman, Mandodari tries to lead Ravana to righteousness. She advises him to not to subdue the [[Navagraha]], the nine celestial beings that govern one's destiny, and not to seduce [[Vedavati]], who would be reborn as Sita and cause the destruction of Ravana. Ravana always ignored her advice.

Ravana kidnapped [[Sita]], the wife of [[Rama]], the exiled prince of [[Ayodhya]], who is an incarnation of the god [[Vishnu]]. Mandodari advises Ravana to return Sita to Rama, but to no avail. Mandodari knows this lust will bring the downfall of Ravana.

[[File:Sita at ashokavana.jpg|thumb|250px|Mandodari stops Ravana from slaying Sita (right).]]

Mandodari is described as a beautiful woman in Valmiki's Ramayana. When [[Hanuman]], the monkey messenger of Rama, comes to Lanka in search of Sita, he is stupefied by Mandodari's beauty when he enters Ravana's bed chambers and mistakes Mandodari for Sita. When Hanuman finally finds Sita, he finds Ravana threatening to kill Sita unless she marries him. Ravana raises his sword to behead Sita when she refuses. Mandodari saves Sita by holding Ravana's hand. Mandodari says that the murder of a woman is a heinous sin and thus Ravana should not kill Sita. She asks Ravana to entertain himself with his other wives and give up the idea of having Sita as his wife. Ravana spares Sita's life, but does not give up his wish to marry Sita. Though Mandodari considers Sita inferior to her in beauty and ancestry, Mandodari acknowledges Sita's devotion to Rama and compares her to goddesses like [[Sachi]] and [[Rohini]].

When all attempts for a peaceful return of Sita fail, Rama declares war on Ravana's Lanka. Before the final battle against Rama, Mandodari makes a last attempt to dissuade Ravana, but to no avail. Finally, Mandodari stands by her husband in the final battle like an obedient and faithful wife, though she also advises her son Meghanada, alias Indrajit("One who had conquered [[Indra]]; the god-king of heaven"), to not to fight Rama.

The ''Valmiki Ramayana'' narrates: When all of Ravana's sons and warriors die, Ravana organizes a [[yajna]]("fire sacrifice") to assure his victory. Rama sends a troop of monkeys headed by Hanuman and the monkey prince [[Angada]] to destroy this ''yajna''. The monkeys create havoc in Ravana's palace, but Ravana continues the ''yajna''. Angada drags Mandodari by her hair in front of Ravana. Mandodari pleads to her husband to save her and reminds him what Rama is doing for his wife. The enraged Ravana abandons the ''yajna'' and strikes Angada with his sword. With the ''yajna'' disturbed, Angada's purpose is served and he leaves Mandodari and escapes. Mandodari again implores Ravana to surrender Sita to Rama, but he refuses.

===Molestation===

Other Ramayana adaptations present more gruesome descriptions of the incident. The [[Krittivasi Ramayan]] narrates that the monkeys dragged Mandodari and tore off her clothes. In [[Bicitra Ramayana]], it is Hanuman who humiliates Mandodari. The [[Thai]] adaptation [[Ramakien]] narrates a rape-by-stealth of Mandodari. Hanuman disguised himself as Ravana and sleeps with Mandodari, thus destroying her chastity. Mandodari's wifely chastity was protecting Ravana from death, since the Gods were unwilling to see such a ''pativrata'' or chaste woman widowed. By sleeping with her, Hanuman destroys her chastity and enables the slaying of Ravana. This version of the Ramayana also says that upon discovering the fraud, Mandodari utters a curse upon Hanuman, saying that he will never be married and never enjoy the company of a chaste woman. Due to this, Hanuman is depicted in Indian legend as a perpetual celibate.

[[File:Ravana is grieved.jpg|thumb|250px|While preparations for Ravana's funeral are underway, Ravana's wives headed by Mandodari(with her back to the viewer, upbraiding her hair) lament his death.]]

Ravana fights the final duel with Rama. Rama fails to kill Ravana with his ordinary arrows, but finally kills with a magical arrow. While Valmiki's Ramayana narrates that the magical arrow was given to Rama by Indra, in other versions the magical arrow is hidden in Mandodari's bed chambers or under her bed. While Mandodari is engrossed in worshipping the goddess [[Parvati]] for Ravana's wellbeing, Hanuman comes to her disguised as a [[Brahmin]]. After winning her confidence, he tricks her into revealing the secret location of the arrow. Hanuman seizes the arrow and gives it to Rama, leading to Ravana's end. Mandodari appears at the death scene of Ravana in a disarrayed state and laments his death. In this battle, Mandodari loses her husband, her sons and her kinsmen.

After the death of Ravana, Rama advises Vibhishana to take Mandodari as his wife, even though he already has a wife. A theory suggests that Ravana's race may have had matrilineal families and thus, to restore order in the kingdom after Ravana's death, it was necessary for Vibhishana to marry the reigning queen to get the right to rule. Another theory suggests it may be a non-[[Aryan]] custom to marry the reigning queen. The marriage between Mandodari and Vibhishana is purely an "act of statesmanship", rather than a marriage based on their "mutual sexual interference". Mandodari may have agreed to marry Vibhishana, her younger brother-in-law, as this would lead the kingdom to prosperity and stability as allies of Rama's Ayodhya, and she would continue to have a say in governance. Another reason for the marriage is as an alternative to suicide for the widowed Mandodari, which is averted by Rama.

==Mother of Sita?==

[[File:Ravi Varma-Ravana Sita Jathayu.jpg|thumb|250px|Ravana abducts Rama's wife, Sita. According to some ''Ramayana'' adaptations, Ravana was abducting his own daughter from a union with Mandodari.]]

Though Valmiki's Ramayana does not record Mandodari as being the mother of Sita, some later adaptations of the Ramayana depict Mandodari as the mother of Sita or at least the cause of the latter's birth.

The [[Adbhuta Ramayana]] narrates: Ravana used to store the blood of sages he killed in a large pot. The sage Gritsamada was practicing penance to acquire the goddess Lakshmi as his daughter. He stored milk from Darbha grass and purified it with [[mantra]]s in a pot so that Lakshmi would inhabit it. Ravana poured the milk from this pot into his blood pot. Mandodari is frustrated seeing the evil deeds of Ravana, so she decides to commit suicide by drinking the contents of the blood-pot, which is described to be more poisonous than poison. Instead of dying, Mandodari gets pregnant with the incarnation of Lakshmi due to the power of Gritsamada's milk. Mandodari buries the foetus in [[Kurukshetra]], where it is discovered by Janaka, who named her Sita.

The [[Devi Bhagavata Purana]] says: When Ravana wants to marry Mandodari, Maya warns him that her horoscope indicated her first-born would destroy her clan and should be killed. Ignoring Maya's advice, Ravana buries his first child by Mandodari in a casket in Janaka's city, where it is discovered and grew up as Sita. [[Jain]] adaptations of the Ramayana like ''Vasudevahindi'', ''Uttara-purana'', and others also state that Sita is the daughter of Ravana and Mandodari and is abandoned when she is prophesied to be the cause of the end of Ravana and his family.

In the [[Malay]] ''Seri Rama'' and the [[Indonesian]]-[[Java]]nese ''Rama Keling'', Ravana wants to possess Mandodari, the mother of Rama, but instead marries a pseudo-Mandodari, who looks like the real one. Rama's father has a union with this pseudo-Mandodari, resulting in the birth of Sita, who is nominally Ravana's daughter.<ref>Shashi p. 243</ref>

According to the ''Ananda Ramayana'', king Padmaksha had a daughter named Padma - an incarnate of the goddess Lakshmi. When her marriage is organized, Rakshasas(demons) kill the king. The grief-stricken Padma jumps into fire. Ravana discovers her body, which had turned into five jewels, in the fire and takes it to Lanka sealed in a box. Mandodari opens the box and finds Padma inside it. She advises Ravana to cast off the box containing the ill-fated Padma, who led to the doom of her father. When the lid of the box is closed, Padma curses Ravana that she will return to Lanka and cause his doom. Ravana buries the box in the city of Janaka, who discovers Padma and brings her up as Sita.

==Assessment==

[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Reliëf op de aan Brahma gewijde tempel op de Candi Lara Jonggrang oftewel het Prambanan tempelcomplex TMnr 10016175.jpg|thumb|right|Queen Mandodari and the women of Lanka mourning the death of [[Ravana]]. She bring flower garland upon her husband body lied upon cremation wood. Bas-relief of 9th century [[Prambanan]] temple, Java, Indonesia]]

<blockquote>
{{IAST|Ahalyā draupadi kuntī tārā mandodari tathā 
pañcakanyā smarenityaṃ mahapātaka nāśanaṃ }}
 
Remembering ever the virgins five -[[Ahalya]], [[Draupadi]], [[Kunti]], [[Tara (Ramayana)|Tara]] and Mandodari 
Destroys the greatest of sins.<ref name="panchakanya">{{cite journal|last=Devika|first=V.R.|title=Women of substance: Ahalya|journal=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]|date = October 29, 2006|volume = 24|issue = 48|page = 52}}</ref>
</blockquote>

Hindus remember the ''panchakanya'' - the five virgins or maidens in this daily prayer, though none of them is considered an ideal woman who could be emulated.<ref>Mukherjee p. 36</ref><ref name = "Mukherjee48ff">Mukherjee pp. 48-9</ref> Mandodari, with Ahalya and Tara, belong to the ''Ramayana'', while the rest are from the ''[[Mahabharata]]''.<ref name="Bhattacharya">{{cite web|url=http://www.boloji.com/hinduism/panchkanya/pk01.htm|title=Panchkanya: Women of Substance|last=Bhattacharya|first=Pradip|date=1999–2010|publisher=Boloji Media Inc|accessdate=15 June 2010}}</ref> Among the five [[mahabhuta|elements]], Mandodari is equated to water, "turbulent on the surface and deep in her spiritual quest".<ref name="ayyer"/> The writer Dhanalakshmi Ayyer says:<ref name="ayyer"/>
<blockquote>
Her story is a reminder that the universal denigration of a group, based on the behaviour of a few, cannot cloud the greatness of the individual. Mandodari defies the stereotype of this racism. She is simple, unswerving, and self-effacing, driven by the light of knowledge which gives meaning to solid materialism in an age that is shrouded by impulse, passion, and desire. She is the instrument that awakens the mind and counsels reason when irrationality becomes the core being. That she goes unheard and unheeded does not change her path. To her, the [[dharmic]] part is inward-looking, while the role of the dutiful wife is the external self. Mandodari thought that her duty to her husband on issues of morals and values ended with her telling him what she thought of his actions. She neither put up any brave fight to stop him nor considered it her duty to do so.
</blockquote>

Mandodari's role is short in the Ramayana but very important. She is described as a pious and righteous royal lady.<ref name = "Mukherjee39"/><ref name="ayyer">{{cite journal|last=Ayyer|first=Dhanalakshmi |title=Women of substance: Mandodari : Pure as water|journal=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]|date = October 29, 2006|volume = 24|issue = 48|pages = 50–1}}</ref> Compared to the rest of the ''panchakanya'', Mukherjee considers Mandodari's life as "less colourful and eventful". He adds: "Mandodari seldom got prominence ... Her image lacks substance and fades quickly",<ref name = "Mukherjee39"/> though he stresses on her love and loyalty towards her husband.<ref name = "Mukherjee48ff"/> Pradip Bhattacharya, author of the book ''Panchkanya: Women of Substance'' notes that "there is hardly anything special that Valmiki (Ramayana) has written about her (Mandodari) except that she warns her husband to return Sita and has enough influence to prevent his raping her."<ref name="Bhattacharya"/>

==References==
; Notes
{{Reflist|2}}

; Books
* {{cite book|last=Lutgendorf|first=Philip|title=Hanuman's tale: the messages of a divine monkey|year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press |location=US}}
*{{cite book|author = Mani, Vettam|title = Puranic Encyclopaedia: A Comprehensive Dictionary With Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature|publisher = Motilal Banarsidass|year = 1975|location = Delhi|isbn = 0-8426-0822-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Mukherjee|first=Prabhati|title=Hindu Women: Normative Models |year=1999|publisher=Orient Blackswan|location=Calcutta|isbn=81-250-1699-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Shashi|first=S. S.|title=Encyclopaedia Indica: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh|series=Encyclopaedia Indica|volume=21-35|year=1998|publisher=Anmol Publications PVT. LTD}}
* {{cite book|last=Wheeler|first=James Talboys |title=The History of India from the Earliest Ages: The Rámáyana and the Brahmanic period|volume=II|year=1869|publisher=N. Trübner|location=London|url = http://books.google.co.in/books?id=C1DRAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA373&dq=mandodari+Angada&as_brr=3&cd=2#v=snippet&q=mandodari%20&f=false}}

{{Ramayana}}
{{Good article}}
[[Category:Rakshasa in the Ramayana]]

Mandodari is the daughter of [[Mayasura]], the King of the [[Asura]]s (demons), and the ''[[apsara]]'' Hema. Mandodari bears three sons: [[Meghanada]] (Indrajit), [[Atikaya]], and [[Akshayakumara]]. According to some Ramayana adaptations, Mandodari is also the mother of [[Rama]]'s wife [[Sita]], who is infamously kidnapped by Ravana. Despite her husband's faults, Mandodari loves him and advises him to follow the path of righteousness. Mandodari repeatedly advises Ravana to return Sita to Rama, but her advice falls on deaf ears. Her love and loyalty to Ravana are praised in the ''Ramayana''.

Different versions of the ''Ramayana'' record her ill-treatment at the hands of Rama's monkey generals. Some versions say they disturb a sacrifice by Ravana, and some that they destroy her chastity, which was the last protection for Ravana's life. [[Hanuman]] tricks her into disclosing the location of a magical arrow which Rama uses to kill Ravana. After Ravana's death, [[Vibhishana]]—Ravana's younger brother who joins forces with Rama and is responsible for Ravana's death—marries Mandodari on the advice of Rama.

Rodrigo Rodrigues

2015-04-08T08:37:06Z

DPL bot: adding dablinks template; 7 or more disambig links (see the FAQ)

{{dablinks|date=April 2015}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2015}}
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{{Infobox person
| name = Rodrigo Rodrigues
| image = Rodrigorodriguesatirishtimesthatreawards.jpg
| caption = Rodrigues receiving the Irish Times Theatre Award
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1976|12|13}}
| residence = [[London]], [[United Kingdom]]
| occupation = [[Actor]], [[Director]], [[Producer]], [[Set]] [[Designer]], [[Costume Designer]], [[Theatre]] [[Theorist]], [[Playwriter]]
| years_active = 1993–present
| height =
}}

'''Rodrigo''' '''Rodrigues''' (born December 13, 1976) is a Brazilian actor, director, producer, set and costume designer and [[Irish Times Theatre Awards]] [[winner]] <ref>{{cite news|last1=Giannasi|first1=Igor|title=Irish Times Theatre Award Winner|url=3 http://cultura.estadao.com.br/noticias/geral,brasileiro-faz-sucesso-na-irlanda-com-figurino-ecologico,547985|publisher=CulturaEstado|date=May 2010}}</ref> known for his capacity to create a strong variety of art promoting [[artist]] evolutions through [[scientific analysis]]. Rodrigues is the creator of the first scientific analysis and applicable technique for a wide range of facial expressions.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Giannasi|first1=Igor|title=Rodrigues wins the Irish Times Theatre Award|url=http://veja.abril.com.br/agencias/ae/diversao/detail/2010-05-06-1039089.shtml|publisher=VEJA|date=6 May 2010}}</ref> Rodrigues published as an author his book "Facial Expressions for Actors" which ever since serves as a guideline and manual to performing art institutions around the world, to study, explore, connect to, understand, and apply an incredible variety of human facial expressions whilst helping and guiding the artist to find ones own variety of expressions through scientific approaches and analysis as explained in his book. The book has been registered at the [[National Library of Brazil]] where his therein explained [[technique]] for [[facial expressions]] houses classified together with the "Ko [[Method]]", a unique and widespread acting method, founded by Rodrigo Rodrigues.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Vin|first1=Mays|title=HollywoodNews|url=http://www.hollywoodmoviemoney.com/movies/view/flight_of_the_earls|publisher=HollywoodMovieMoney|date=January 2007}}</ref>

==Early life==
Rodrigues was born in [[Sao Paulo]], [[Brazil]], to an afro-french father and brazilian mother with spanish, portugese and italian origins. At the age of 7 he was introduced to the performing arts through his mother during which time his interest and curiosity for the arts increased steadily.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Jimmy|first1=Jasoning|title=Rodrigo Rodrigues|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm2180294/?ref_=fn_al_nm_1|publisher=TalentNews|date=March 2015}}</ref> 11 years old, he began to regularly perform in plays at the school theatre. Rodrigo was 14 years old when he enrolled into various drama classes with "Clube Beneficente Cultural e Recreativo 28 de Setembro" being one of them. In 1993, he attended Drama school "Escola de Arte Dramatica de Jundiai" and graduated 2 years later with having performed a total amount of 400 hours of theater presentations equaling four shows a day, two hours between preperation and show, in a total of eight hours per day, during his time at School. He continued to attend full day Drama studies at "Teatro Escola Claudio Melo" while visiting courses at the Vocational Communication Design College "Escola Ana Pinto Duarte Paes" during each evening. Between 1997 and 1998 he completed his acting courses at" Teatro Escola Claudio Melo" with a total amount of 700 hours of stage work which included workshops with Esther Goes and [[Cleyde Yaconis]]. Around the same time Claudio da Veiga Lucchesi, Professor at the EAD / [[University of Sao Paolo]], trained Rodrigues in private workshops. in 1999, Rodrigues closed his Art Espace together with his company "RR Eventos" to continue and concentrate on his work and studies in the performing arts at the "Escola de Teatro Ewerton de Castro", directed by Ewerton de Castro. Within the same year he additionally visited acting workshops at The Studio "Beto Silverira". Continuing his studies and explorations in the arts he enrolled into "Indac Escola de Artes" with Flavia Pucci, a specifically themed japanese dance theatre, founded by [[Hijikata Tatsumi]] and [[Kazuo Ohno]], where he participated in the studies of Butoh`s technique. He went on to study film making at the Irish Film Academy and later spent a significant amount of time at [[Kazuo Ohno]] Dance Studio "Hodogaya" in [[Yokohama]], [[Japan]], to develop his studies in regards to the teachings of Butoh, which have been taught to Rodrigues by [[Kazuo Ohno]]`s son Yoshito Ohno in the presence of [[Kazuo Ohno]]. During his time there he was invited later to [[Kazuo Ohno]]`s house and when Rodrigues gave [[Kazuo Ohno]] a kiss on his forehead as a sign of appreciation it is being said that Rodrigues wasn`t able to sleep for three days in a row due to hyperactivity, restlessness and an incredible amount of Energy which Rodrigues received in the presence of [[Kazuo Ohno]].

==Career==

===Awards===
In 1994, Rodrigues received the award for [[best actor]] at the Monologue [[Festival]] for his perfomance in "Fafa Volte Para Seu Chico".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Henry|first1=Lacaso|title=Awards|url=https://bohemianconnection.wordpress.com/2010/03/01/irish-theatre-awards/|publisher=BohemianConnectNews|date=June 2010}}</ref> His mother , who at the time, had to raise 4 children on her own while struggling to cover the existential costs of her family, supported him by accompanying Rodrigo to the festival. Winning this award played a key role in the beginning of Rodrigo`s career, since only the [[winner]] of the festival was eligible to be granted a 4 - year acting [[scholarship]]. Rodrigues won although his script had been stolen 12 hours before the deadline for the Monologue Festival has been reached . The Jury has had ordered a friend of Rodrigues to pick up their scripts from Sao Paulo in order ,for each one of them to have a script, to perform yet instead of handing over Rodrigues his delegated script his friend decided to keep and perform Rodrigues`s script at the festival instead which left Rodrigues without a script 12 hours before the Festival began. Rodrigues, who at the time felt under an enormous amount of pressure to win the festival, due to scarce financial opportunities which have been present at the time for him and his family, wrote within 12 hours his own script and performed it in front of the jury, which led to him winning the festival as best actor. It is said that this experience generated a boost in Rodrigues`s confidence in his writing ability and may have been a milestone for young Rodrigues at the time. He forwarded a one hour play, a comedy, which he wrote, directed, produced and played on his own. Receiving the award at the Monologue Festival increased his confidence and inspired him to create his own art form, a feeling which influenced his life and career ever since.
At the Age of 22, Rodrigues received an [[award]] for "Best Play" at one of the most important cultural events within the state of Sao Paulo,"Mapa Cultural Paulista", which is known to bring out the most promising talents in Brazil, for his play "Mitos e Lendas", which he wrote, directed, produced and performed as well. The Festival took place at [[Teatro Sergio Cardoso]], and therefor became soon the most talked and admired show within the state of [[Sao Paolo]] while the theatre remained one of the most important and valuable theaters in [[Brazil]].
in 2009, he received the [[Irish Times Theatre Awards]] <ref>{{cite news|last1=Jasmine|first1=Tedison|title=International Talent|url=http://www.temmais.com/revistadesabado/interna_detalhe.aspx?editoria_id=3995&menu_id=20|publisher=Temmais|date=March 2011}}</ref> at the [[Smock Alley Theatre]] for Best Costume Designer in "[[The Trojan Women]]", which has been directed by Rodrigo Rodrigues and co-directed by Alan King.

===Acting===

====Theatre====
Since age 7, Rodrigo has performed and produced more than 50 plays in his career, including “As Bacantes” ,([[The Bacchae]]), by the [[Athenian]] playwrighter [[Euripides]], in which Rodrigues was directed by José Celso Martinez Corrêa, one of the most important and well known artists connected to Brazilian theater who is among the most well known and leading directors, actors , playwrighter and directors in [[Brazil]].
He starred in a pilot multimedia play “Action Movie” , directed by Darren Thornton who won the [[European Film Awards]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Jefferson|first1=Tilt|title=FilmNews|url=http://endb.ru/movies/5987075-paranoia|publisher=Endb|date=May 2005}}</ref> Rodrigo Rodrigues played Rico, the [[protagonist]], alongside Laurence Kinlan from [[Love/Hate (TV series)|Love/Hate]] , [[Ned Kelly]] and Gerry Lee.
Rodrigues also performed as the complex [[Tiresias]] (/taɪˈrisiəs/; Greek: Τειρεσίας, Teiresias), a blind [[prophet]] of [[Apollo]] in [[Thebes]], famous for [[clairvoyance]], in a play during which he has been directed by Ewerton de Castro.
He later went on to represent [[Antonin Artaud]] practicing [[Shamanism]] during the reopening of Teatro Politeama, in [[Jundiaí]] ,where 1216 people, who were present in and outside the theatre, stood up and applauded as Rodrigues entered the theatre while, in the same week, [[Academy Award]] Nominee [[Fernanda Montenegro]] and [[Paulo Autran]] also have been a part of the same reopening program.
He toured with the Big Telly Theatre Company through [[England]], during which time he played Sinbad at the Water show as well as in the musical [[Sinbad (musical)|Sinbad]], directed by Zoe Seaton and [[Paul Boyd (director)|Paul Boyd]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Jessica|first1=Lavigne|title=Sinbad-Cast|url=http://www.big-telly.com/archive/performance-work/sinbad/|publisher=BigTelly|date=July 2011}}</ref>
During the [[Dublin Fringe Festival]] Rodrigues performed as hindi character Gupta, the protagonist, in the play "The Indian Wants The Coombe", an adaptation of a play called "[[The Indian Wants the Bronx]]" by [[Israel Horovitz]]. He performed his character in hindi during this one hour play, which has been replayed and fully booked for 2 years in a row at the [[Dublin Fringe Festival]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Lisa|first1=Tewin|title=Theatrical Release|url=http://www.jornalfolhadaterra.com.br/cultura-realiza-curso-de-cinema/|publisher=JournalNews|date=April 2007}}</ref>
Rodrigues also performed "A Queda Para O Alto", [[Salome (play)|Salome]], a play, tragedy, by [[Oscar Wilde]], [[The Miser]], a five-act comedy in prose by French playwriter [[Molière]] as well as [[The Tempest (play)|The Tempest]], a play by [[William Shakespeare]], in which Rodrigues played the Spirit [[Ariel]] . Further credits include [[The Hostage (play)|The Hostage]] by [[Brendan Behan]] as Princess Grace and [[The Plague]] (French: La Peste), a novel by [[Albert Camus]], the narrator.

====Film & TV====
A serious artist, Rodrigo Rodrigues has had various roles in a wide range of productions where he contributed to as an actor, director, script writer and costume designer.
Rodrigues played the role of Philipe in [[Fair City]] and starred <ref>{{cite news|last1=Henry|first1=Fold|title=MovieCast|url=http://www.footagenetwork.com/movies/3320353-paranoia|publisher=FilmNetwork|date=June 2005}}</ref> in the role of a spanish ambassador alongside [[academy award]] nominee [[Stephen Rea]] in [[Flight of the Earls]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Reso|first1=Julian|title=Rodrigues In Flight Of The Earl with Oscar Nominee Stephen Rea|url=http://m.famousfix.com/p3985049/flight-of-the-earls/characters|publisher=Famefi|date=January 2007}}</ref>
He developed the concept and directed the music video for [[DJ Tocadisco]] and starred in music video [[Felix da Housecat]] which he also co-produced.
In Colin Downey`s film Paranoia,which has been screened at [[Cork Film Festival]] and won Best Photography at [[Portobello Film Festival]],<ref>{{cite news|last1=Roger|first1=Jameson|title=Portobello Film Festival|url=http://www.iftn.ie/news/?act1=record&only=1&aid=73&rid=1600&tpl=archnews&force=1|publisher=Iftn|date=August 2005}}</ref> Rodrigues starred alongside [[Rachel Rath]] and also went on to star in Waterfall, which went to [[Jameson Dublin International Film Festival]], where he played the role of Luis besides Tatiana Fellipo, [[Michael Parle]] and Cristopher Kavanagh.
In 2011, Rodrigues starred as Max in The Looking Glass (2011), a film by Colin Downey, alongside [[Natalia Kostrzewa]], Patrick O`Donell, [[Michael Parle]] and [[The Business (film)|The Business]]`s Eddie Webber.
In 2014, he was announced to play the role of Frank alongside [[East Enders]]`s [[Brian Croucher]] in Londinium (2015),<ref>{{cite news|last1=Tamara|first1=Gisel|title=Londfilms|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt4351540/?ref_=nm_flmg_act_2|publisher=LondonMovieNews|date=March 2015}}</ref> as Brian in 1603 (2015) besides Danny Darren and [[Bent (film)|Bent]]`s Crispian Belfrage,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Helene|first1=Irisov|title=1603-Cast|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt4359764/?ref_=nm_flmg_act_3|publisher=MovieCastNews|date=January 2015}}</ref> the role of Manga, a japanese character, in upcoming action film The Levellers (2015) starring next to [[Shane Hart]], Jadey Duffield, [[Paul J. Lane]] and [[Brian Croucher]] and as a Shaman in upcoming western film A Fistful Of Bullets, alongside [[Geoff Bell]], from [[Steven Spielberg]]`s [[War Horse (film)|War Horse]]. He also contributed as a costume designer to Londinium, 1603, The Levellers and A Fistfull Of Bullets.

===Teaching===
Between 1997 and 1999, Rodrigues opened "Espaco Cultural Porao", a cultural collage of art space containing 4 floors with available rooms to create and experiment with various art forms. The Public had free access to the library where prospective students where also given the possibility to subscribe to Rodrigues`s courses as well as further established professionals in the field of [[Butoh]] teachings such as Jefferson Primo and actress Flavia Pucci, who worked in "[[Meu Pe de Laranja Lima]]" and was widely known in [[Brazil]] and throughout acting communities as one of the most established teachers in accordance to the Butoh Studies in [[Sao Paulo]] as well as being one of the most well known and recognized pupils of Antunes Filho, at the time, who has been known to emerge and train the best actors in brazil. Both, Jefferson Primo as well as Flavia Pucci have been students of Antunes Filho.
In the premisses of the art space Rodrigues also founded and based his event company" RR Eventos e Producoes Artisticas" providing services for [[Jundiai]] City Council. At the time Rodrigues directed and performed as an actor in two theatre shows, presented one Educational TV show and 21 intern [[commercials]] for the same government, which of three commercials where commissioned by TV TEM Sorocaba, an affiliated Channel of the wide spread Brazilian Channel [[Rede Globo]], written and coordinated by Rose Cereser, who guided and supported Rodrigues with invaluable advices along his career, before he decided, in 1999, to close his art space and his event company in order to freely continue his acting work and studies in Sao Paulo.
In 2002, Rodrigues taught one of his own acting techniques, "Facial Expressions For Actors" to the students at [[The Gaiety School of Acting]] which included [[Aidan Turner]] from [[The Hobbit (film)|The Hobbit]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Linda|first1=Terence|title=NewActingWorkshop|url=http://www.filmmakersnetwork.ie/forums/showthread.php?6934-New-Acting-Workshop-Next-Week|publisher=FilmmakerNetwork|date=February 2011}}</ref> Rodrigues also managed and taught the students of his [[Irish Times Theatre Awards]] winning - Theatre Group "The Core Dublin". The Group used to meet at Film Base Dublin, the same publisher as [[Film Ireland]], where he introduced and taught the group [[Butoh]] [[techniques]] consisting of facial expressions for actors, costume making <ref>{{cite news|last1=Bernard|first1=Lech|title=Figurino Rodrigues|url=http://oartigo.com/por-um-palco-mais-ecologico/|publisher=Oartigo|date=June 2010}}</ref> and silence scream.

====Ko Method====

=====The Science of Acting=====
The Ko [[Method]] is a combination of Rodrigo Rodrigues`s techniques, based on the [[functions]] of the human body mechanism and objects, which train and allow to experiment partial movements of an individual to find its total understanding and interconnectivity within the [[totality]] of life's mechanism. The Ko Method serves as a straight forward and immediate method to give the actor a clear understanding of constructing a wide range of diverse [[characters]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Jason|first1=Henson|title=RodRise|url=http://=www.rodrigorodrigues.co.uk|publisher=RrNews|date=April 2014}}</ref> It demonstrates a vast blend of art and science to give a unique perspective and approach towards the understanding of the [[human body]]. It is based on the principles that all movements, materials and parts of any phenomena in relation with the [[Universe]], characters and objects become one. A [[scientific approach]] towards the study of [[universal]] [[understanding]].
The Ko Method has its own techniques which include, but are not limited to Facial Expressions For Actors, Physical Expressions, Ko Universe and Mind Connection, Silent Scream, Costume Making and Set Production.

=====Facial Expressions For Actors=====
[[facial expressions|Facial Expressions]] is one of Rodrigo Rodrigues`s techniques which belongs to his founded Ko Method.
It is a technique which follows the two-way road of [[knowledge]] and the road of [[reductionism]]. The Objective of this technique serves development purposes and is to learn dominating ones own [[reality]] in context to movement, explanations, wording and speech in the most simplistic way, in its [[totality]].
It relies on the [[scientific analysis]] that to have an adequate knowledge, an individual should not be delimitated or bound to a focalistic and reductionistic approach and that any given situation or circumstance does not exist in an isolated manner but happens within a certain group of [[interconnected]] phenomena.
The focalistic and reductionistic interpretation of reality in Rodrigues`s facial expression technique reflects the primary impressions that the apparent world offers while it stands in contradiction to the road of knowledge as explained in his book.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Tamer|first1=Lasa|title=Facial Expressions For Actors by Rodrigo Rodrigues|url=http://www.abril.com.br/noticias/diversao/brasileiro-faz-sucesso-irlanda-figurino-ecologico-1039078.shtml|publisher=Abril|date=July 2002}}</ref>
Rodrigues`s technique and approach in his book clarify the knowledge of facial expressions by producing an analysis of different points of the world from a [[global]] [[vision]] setting and perspective which is in search of something hidden, invisible in regards to the relations between these points of the world as they are not immediately “visible” and require some specific source of investigation and [[reasoning]].
Although contrary to the simple, focalistic and reductionistic interpretation and easy accessed knowledge of the apparent world, Rodrigues applied the study of the hidden knowledge of facial expression in conjunction with his acting career, fundamentally relating these points to the [[totality]] of the [[universe]].
Prior to his time at School-Theatre, Rodrigues observed that the understanding of an individuals expression longed for a hidden knowledge which inspired him many years ago to search for the development of concrete points in association with the understanding of [[human nature]]. Approaching art from a scientific point of view he is used to start from the objective idea that there are important understandings left out yet should be added to the infinitive art of representation,considering the relation of connection within the universe which walks hand in hand with science as he investigated a considerable amount of scientific points such as anatomy, dramaturgy and occasional points of life among others. He experimented his understandings, knowledge and own techniques on himself, on his own face and further volunteers, facilitating the evolution and realization of technological ideas which later resulted in [[empirical formula]]s.
Rodrigues`s construction of his work consists mainly of empirical and scientific studies of the unconsciousness of mankind within the universe, which implores for something to happen in a divided world where ingenious beings seem to form before science does often leading to the development of unfortunate and preconceived opinions towards the world. Rodrigues explained that a world enfolds a form of interpreting reality taken as a basis the first and ingenuous impression while obtaining knowledge by economic means, with the least effort possible and with scarse or often even no available methodological resources to nurture from. Rodrigues also stated that because of this mundane load that mankind, meaning the universe, brings along in repititious patterns he steadily continued to move forward towards something new . “The Wings of Imagination” remains an [[inspirational]] metapher from Rodrigues towards the development of a particularily sciencific scheme he longed to explore, namely the [[performing arts]], which led him to publish his first and one of a kind book in this field, "Facial Expression for Actors".
The book also explains the evolution of all his generated ideas which led to his exercises of partial facial expression as illustrated in the book “Facial Expressions for Actors”, where individuals, through development of factors like [[facial muscles]], reach the understanding and clarification of the universe and stated to have learned to access a state of [[equilibrium]] within ones own interpretation.

===Set and Costume Making - Paraty Studios===

“The Noise of the set and Costume is part of the play or script” - Rodrigo Rodrigues

In 2010, after Rodrigues won at the [[Irish Times Theatre Awards]], he acknowledged that a bigger space was necessary in order to implement more art experiments which led to him moving into the middle of the [[atlantic rainforest]] in [[Brazil]] where he spent three years working and concentrating on set and costume making. Living in the middle of the atlantic rainforest he found himself surrounded by waterfalls, cascades, spring waters and trees, which are hundreds of years old. He used [[recycled]] and [[organic]] materials to build a wide range of characters for a pilot film project. Rodrigues went on to create and founded, with the help of Fergal Fitzgerald, a new art space facility, called Paraty Studios, where a small community of [[Indigenous peoples in Brazil]], who live, since over 100 years, soley from their lands, joined and were now actively involved in the process of acting, costume and set making for Rodrigues's film pilot project “Currupira”.
His film project "Currupira" which stars brazilian icon [[Lisa Negri]], had been approved for funding by the [[Ministry of Culture (Brazil)|Ministry of Culture]] in Brazil and registered at the [[National Library of Brazil]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Janine|first1=Tomas|title=Ecologico|url=https://jornalismodigital2010.wordpress.com/2010/06/02/brasileiro-ganha-destaque-na-irlanda-com-figurino-feito-de-material-reciclavel/|publisher=Jomodigital|date=July 2011}}</ref>
During his three years in the [[jungle]] Rodrigues also dedicated most of his time to writing, experimenting, building characters, costumes and sets with space of 84 acres of land at his disposal. Towards the end of his time in the jungle, an impressive scenery had been built by Rodrigues, including wood cabins, multi-floor tree houses and stone pats . It was his dedication to building and his restless effort to carry necessary material on his back to access different locations on the land which made it possible for them to be built. After his film pilot had been completed, Rodrigues kept his inspirational art space for life, to which he often retunrs to as it is known to be a perfect place to breathe fresh air and getting inspired as ones creativy level increases due to its [[healthy environment]]. Rodrigues describes the place as a magical place and considers Paraty Studios as a starting and inspirational access point for ones [[creativity]] and for researching value in regards to all his work. Ever since Rodrigues also assists actors in creating the personality of their characters through creating according costumes for their roles.

His technique went on to become so well known that a wide range of the most influential media in Brazil, including [[Veja (magazine)|VEJA]] Magazine and [[ISTOE]], named his costume making technique - Figurino Ecologico Rodrigo Rodrigues / [[Ecological]] [[Costumes]]. It also has been said to confirm Rodrigues`s necessity to proof and remind the world that a [[healthy environment]] serves as the main [[catalyst]] for positive development in the evolution and interconnectivity of a [[balance]]d world in relation to the [[universe]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hana|first1=Jess|title=Ecological Costumes|url=http://www.portalbarueri.com/moda/brasileiro-leva-a-moda-para-a-irlanda-com-figurino-ecologico/|publisher=PortalBarueri|date=March 2010}}</ref>

==Filmography==

===Film===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Movies
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2005
| ''Paranoia''
| Kim
|
|-
| 2007
| ''Waterfall''
| Luis
|
|-
| 2007
| ''W.C.''
| Gentleman
|
|-
| 2011
| ''The Looking Glass''
| Max
|
|-
| 2015
| ''1603''
| Brian
| Filming
|-
| 2015
| ''Londinium''
| Frank
| Filming
|-
| 2015
| ''The Levellers''
| Manga
| Filming
|}

===Music===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Video
! Year
! Artist
! Single
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2006
| Harlot
| ''Felix da Housecat''
| Principal
|
|-
| 2007
| DJ Tocadisco
| ''Music Loud''
| (Director)
|
|-
| 2007
| LadyVeda
| ''Daddy''
| (Director)
|
|-
| 2013
| Guto e Gabriel
| ''Ingrata''
| (Director)
| <ref>{{cite news|last1=Jasmin|first1=Becher|title=IngVid|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lI1NThbYbgc|publisher=YtNews|date=March 2013}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|2180294}}
*{{Official website|http://www.rodrigorodrigues.co.uk/}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Rodrigues, Rodrigo
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 13 December 1976
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{Uncategorized|date=April 2015}}

Yakima-Krieg

2014-05-21T08:33:25Z

DPL bot: adding dablinks template; 7 or more disambig links (see the FAQ)

{{dablinks|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Yakima War
| partof =
| image =
| caption =
| date = 1855-1858
| place = [[Washington Territory]]
| coordinates =
| map_type =
| map_relief =
| latitude =
| longitude =
| map_size =
| map_marksize =
| map_caption =
| map_label =
| territory =
| result = United States victory
| status =
| combatants_header =
| combatant1 ={{flag|United States|1851}}
| combatant2 = [[Yakama]]
| combatant3 =
| commander1 = {{Flagicon|USA|1851}} [[Isaac Stevens]] {{Flagicon|USA|1851}} [[Joel Palmer]] {{Flagicon|USA|1851}} [[George Wright (general)|Colonel George Wright]]
| commander2 = [[Chief Kamiakin]] [[Leschi (Native American leader)|Chief Leschi]] [[Kanasket|Chief Kanaskat]]
| commander3 =
| units1 = Battalion of Territorial Volunteers [[9th Infantry Regiment (United States)|9th US Infantry]] [[3rd Air Defense Artillery Regiment (United States)|3rd US Artillery]] [[6th Infantry Regiment (United States)|6th US Infantry]] [[4th Infantry Regiment (United States)|4th US Infantry]]
| units2 = [[Yakama Nation|Yakama tribe]] [[Walla Walla tribe]] [[Umatilla tribe]] [[Nez Perce tribe]] [[Cayuse people|Cayuse tribe]]
| units3 =
| strength1 =
| strength2 =
| strength3 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| casualties3 =
| notes =
| campaignbox =
}}
{{Campaignbox Yakima War}}

The '''Yakima War''' (1855-1858) was a conflict between the [[United States]] and the [[Yakama]], a [[Sahaptian]]-speaking people of the Northwest Plateau, then part of [[Washington Territory]], and several of their tribal allies. It primarily took place in the southern interior of present-day [[Washington]], with isolated battles in [[western Washington]] and the northern [[Inland Northwest (United States)|Inland Empire]] sometimes separately referred to as the Puget Sound War and the Palouse War, respectively. This conflict is also referred to as the ''Yakima Native American War of 1855.''

== Background ==
Treaties between the [[United States]] and several Indian tribes in the [[Washington Territory]] resulted in reluctant tribal recognition of U.S. sovereignty over a vast amount of land in the [[Washington Territory]]. The tribes, in return for this recognition, were to receive [[United States v. Washington|half of the fish in the territory in perpetuity]], awards of money and provisions, and [[Indian reservation|reserved lands]] where white settlement would be prohibited.

While governor [[Isaac Stevens]] had guaranteed the inviolability of Native American territory following tribal ascension to the treaties, he lacked the legal authority to enforce it pending ratification of the agreements by the [[United States Senate]]. Meanwhile, the widely-publicized discovery of gold in Yakama territory prompted an influx of unruly [[prospectors]] who traveled, unchecked, across the newly defined tribal lands, to the growing consternation of Indian leaders. In 1855 two of these prospectors were killed by Qualchin, the nephew of [[Chief Kamiakin|Kamiakin]], after it was discovered they'd raped a Yakama woman.<ref name="CHRON">{{cite book |last=Sonneborn |first=Liz |date=2009 |title=Chronology of American Indian History |url= |location= |publisher=Infobase |page=159 |isbn=9781438109848 |accessdate= }}</ref>

== Outbreak of hostilities ==

===Death of Andrew Bolon===
[[File:BIA Agent Andrew Bolon.jpg|thumb|left|The murder of BIA agent Andrew Bolon is considered an immediate cause of the war.]]
On September 20, 1855, [[Bureau of Indian Affairs]] agent [[Andrew Bolon]], hearing of the death of the prospectors at the hands of Qualchin, departed for the scene on horseback to investigate but was intercepted by the Yakama chief Shumaway who warned him Qualchin was too dangerous to confront. Heeding Shumaway's warning, Bolon turned back and began the ride home. En route he came upon a group of Yakama traveling south and decided to ride along with them. One of the members of this group was Mosheel, Shumaway's son.<ref name="HL">{{cite web |url=http://historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&file_id=8118 |title=Yakama tribesmen slay Indian Subagent Andrew J. Bolon near Toppenish Creek on September 23, 1855 |last1=Wilma |first1=David |last2= |first2= |date=2007 |website=historylink.org |publisher=History Ink |accessdate=17 May 2014}}</ref> Mosheel decided to kill Bolon for reasons that are not entirely clear. Though a number of Yakama in the traveling party protested, their objections were overruled by Mosheel who invoked his regal status. Discussions about Bolon's fate took place over much of the day (Bolon, who did not speak Yakama, was unaware of the conspiracy unfolding among his traveling companions). During a rest stop, as Bolon and the Yakama were eating lunch, Mosheel and at least three other Yakama set upon him with knives. Bolon yelled out in a [[Chinookan languages|Chinook dialect]], "I did not come to fight you!" before being stabbed in the throat.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://washingtonhistoryonline.org/leschi/prelude/bolon-murder.htm |title= The Murder of A. J. Bolon |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date= |website=washingtonhistoryonline.org |publisher=Washington State History Museum |accessdate=}}</ref> Bolon's horse was then shot, and his body and personal effects burned.<ref name="OH">{{cite book |last= |first= |date=1918 |title=Oregon Historical Quarterly, volume 19 |url= |location= |publisher=W.H. Leeds, State Printer |page=341 |isbn= |accessdate= }}</ref>

===Battle of Toppenish Creek===
When Shumaway heard of Bolon's death he immediately sent an ambassador to inform the U.S. Army garrison at Fort Dalles, before calling for the arrest of his son, Mosheel, who he said should be turned-over to the territorial government to forestall the American retaliation he felt would likely occur. A Yakama council overruled the chief, however, siding with Shumaway's older brother, Kamiakin, who called for war preparations. Meanwhile, district commander [[Gabriel Rains]] had received Shumaway's ambassador and, in response to the news of Bolon's death, ordered Major Granville O. Haller to move out with an expeditionary column from Fort Dalles. Haller's force, was met and turned-back at the edge of Yakama territory by a large group of Yakama warriors. As Haller withdrew, his company was engaged and routed by the Yakama at the [[Battle of Toppenish Creek]].

As Haller was fighting at Toppenish Creek, Lt. William Slaughter, leading a company of men from [[Fort Steilacoom]] over [[Naches Pass]] and under orders to connect with Haller, discovered the [[Yakima Valley]] occupied by a much larger force of armed Yakama. Slaughter fell back to the White River and dispatched riders to inform the government of his observations.

==War spreads==

The death of Bolon, and the United States defeat at Toppenish Creek, caused panic across the territory with fears that an Indian uprising was in progress. The same news, however, emboldened the Yakama and uncommitted bands rallied to Kamiakin.

Rains appealed to Acting Governor [[Charles Mason]] (Isaac Stevens was still returning from [[Washington, D.C.]] where he had traveled to present the treaties to the Senate for ratification) for military aid, in response to which two companies of Washington militia were assigned to reinforce the 350 federal troops already under Rains' command. Meanwhile, Oregon Governor [[George Law Curry]] reluctantly mobilized a cavalry regiment of 800 men, three companies of which crossed into Washington territory in early November.<ref>{{cite book |last=Utley |first=Robert |date=1991 |title=Frontiersmen in Blue: The United States Army and the Indian, 1848-1865 |url= |location= |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |page=189-191 |isbn=0803295502 |accessdate= }}</ref> Now with more than 700 troops at his disposal, Rains marched on Kamiakin who had encamped at [[Union Gap]] with 300 warriors.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&file_id=5311 |title=Yakama Indian War begins on October 5, 1855 |last1=Becker |first1=Paula |last2= |first2= |date= |website=historylink.org |publisher=History Ink|accessdate=}}</ref>

=== Battle of Union Gap and the Raid on St. Joseph's Mission ===
[[File:St_Josephs_Mission_-_Tampico_Washington_-_cropped.png|thumb|left|250px|St. Joseph's Mission, shown here after being rebuilt in 1860, was razed by Washington militia following the Battle of Union Gap.]]
Rains closed with Kamiakin at [[Battle of Union Gap|Union Gap]] on November 9, 1855. Outnumbered more than two-to-one, the Yakama fought a delaying action as their families, who were accompanying the warriors, fled. After two days of light skirmishes, the main Yakama force followed their women and children in retreat and the battle concluded with only one casualty on either side. <ref name=Becker>{{cite web | url=http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&file_id=5285 | title=HistoryLink.org Essay 5285, St. Joseph's Mission on Ahtanum Creek | author=Becker, Paula | date=February 23, 2003 | accessdate=June 19, 2013}}</ref>

Rains continued to Saint Joseph's Mission which had been abandoned, the priests having joined the Yakama in flight. During a search of the grounds, Rains men discovered a barrel of gunpowder, leading them to erroneously believe the priests had been secretly arming the Yakama. A riot among the soldiers ensued and the mission was burned to the ground. With snow beginning to fall, Rains ordered a withdrawal, and the column returned to Fort Dalles.<ref name="Utley"/>

=== Uprising in Puget Sound and Battle of White River ===

As Rains was engaging the Yakama at Union Gap, Captain Maurice Maloney set-out from [[King County, Washington]] with two companies of militia and federal troops, intending to cross Naches Pass and attack the Yakama homeland from the rear. By the time Maloney arrived, however, the pass was blocked with snow. Meanwhile, the [[Puyallup tribe|Puyallup]] and Squaxon, availing themselves of the sudden absence of military forces in the Puget Sound, began raiding isolated settlements in [[western Washington]], forcing settlers in outlying areas to withdraw to the safety of [[Seattle]], [[Olympia]], and [[Fort Steilacoom]]. Defenses of the larger settlements held with only minor casualties on either side (among them Lt. Slaughter).

Meanwhile, Maloney, having been frustrated in his attempt to cross the [[Cascade Mountains]], began marching back to Seattle but was intercepted at the White River by a large contingent of up to 200 Indians. An all-day exchange of gunfire between the two sides left 30 Native warriors dead and Maloney's troops severely drained.

==Conflict of command==
[[File:George Law Curry in 1860s.jpg|thumb|The decision of Oregon governor George Law Curry to preemptively attack neutral tribes in the Walla Walla Valley widened the conflict.]]
In late November of 1855 Gen. [[John E. Wool]] arrived from [[California]] and assumed control of the [[United States]] side in the conflict, making his headquarters at [[Fort Vancouver]]. Wool believed Rains approach of scattering his forces to chase bands of Yakama around the territory would lead to an inevitable defeat. Wool planned to use the territorial militia to fortify the major settlements while the U.S. Army moved-in to occupy traditional Indian hunting and fishing grounds to starve the Yakama into surrender.

To Wool's chagrin, however, Oregon Governor Curry decided to launch a preemptive and largely unprovoked attack against the eastern tribes of the [[Walla Walla tribe|Walla Walla]], Palouse, [[Umatilla tribe|Umatilla]], and Cayuse who had, up to that point, remained cautiously neutral in the conflict (Curry, however, believed it was only a matter of time before the eastern tribes entered the war and sought to gain a strategic advantage by attacking first). Oregon militia, under Lt. Col. James Kelley, crossed into the [[Walla Walla Valley]] in December, skirmishing with the tribes and, eventually, arresting Peo-Mox-Mox and several other chiefs. The eastern tribes were now firmly involved in the conflict, a state-of-affairs Wool blamed squarely on Curry.

Meanwhile, on December 20, Washington Governor Isaac Stevens had finally made it back to the territory after a perilous journey that involved a final, mad dash across the hostile Walla Walla Valley. Dissatisfied with Wool's plan to wait until spring before resuming military operations, and personally perturbed at the lack of an escort afforded him due to the new defensive positions Wool had ordered the U.S. and territorial forces to assume, Stevens convened the Washington Legislature where he denounced Wool for "the criminal neglect of my safety." Stevens made plans to raise a regiment of volunteers under his personal command. Oregon Governor Curry joined his Washington counterpart in demanding Wool's dismissal.

=== Battle of Seattle ===

In late January of 1856, Governor Stevens arrived in Seattle aboard the [[U.S. National Geodetic Survey|USC&GS]] ''Active'' to reassure citizens of the town. Stevens declared that, "there are not fifty hostile Indians in this whole territory, and I believe that [[New York]] and [[San Francisco]] will as soon be attacked by the Indians as the town of Seattle." Even as Stevens' was speaking, however, a 6,000-man tribal army was moving on the unsuspecting town. As the governor's ship was sailing from the harbor - carrying Stevens back to Olympia - [[Duwamish]] tribesmen began streaming into Seattle requesting sanctuary from a large Yakama war party that was crossing [[Lake Washington]]. The threat was confirmed with the arrival of [[Princess Angeline]] who carried news from her father, [[Chief Seattle]], that an attack was imminent. [[Doc Maynard]] began the evacuation of women and children from the settler-aligned Duwamish, by boat, to the west side of Puget Sound while an unruly group of citizen volunteers, led by the [[United States Marine Corps|marine detachment]] of the nearby-anchored ''USS Decatur'', started construction on a makeshift [[blockhouse]].
[[File:"Battle of Seattle" (painting).jpg|thumb|left|300px|Seattleites evacuate to the town blockhouse as ''USS Decatur'' opens fire on advancing tribal forces.]]
On the evening of January 24, 1856, two scouts from the massing tribal forces, dressed in disguise and talking their way past American sentries, covertly entered Seattle on a reconnaissance mission

On the morning of January 25, 1856, American lookouts spotted a large group of Indians approaching the settlement under cover of trees. The [[USS Decatur|USS ''Decatur'']] began firing into the woods, prompting townspeople to evacuate to the blockhouse. Tribal forces - by some accounts composed of [[Yakama]], [[Walla Walla]], [[Klickitat]] and [[Puyallup]] - returned fire with small arms and began a fast advance on the settlement. Faced with unrelenting fire from ''Decatur'''s guns, however, the attackers were forced to withdraw and regroup, after which a decision was made to abandon the assault. Two Americans were killed in the fighting and an unknown number of Indians, reported by various accounts as between zero and 28, lost their lives.

=== The Cascades Massacre ===

The Cascades Massacre on March 26, 1856 was an attempt by tribes to repel white settlers who had usurped the land of Native Americans at the [[Cascades Rapids]]. The native attackers included warriors from the Yakama, [[Klickitat tribe|Klickitat]], and [[Cascades tribe|Cascades]] tribes. Fourteen settlers and three US soldiers died in the attack, the most losses for the invading forces during the Yakima War. The United States sent reinforcements the following day to drive out the original inhabitants. The Yakima people evaded prosecution, but nine Cascades, including Chief Chenoweth, were charged and executed for treason.<ref name=historylink>{{cite web|publisher=HistoryLink.org|title=Native Americans attack Americans at the Cascades of the Columbia on March 26, 1856|url=http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=5190}}</ref>

===Puget Sound War===
The U.S. Army arrived in the region in the summer of 1856. That August [[Robert S. Garnett]] supervised the construction of [[Fort Simcoe]] as a military post. Initially the conflict was limited to the Yakama, but eventually the Walla Walla and Cayuse were drawn into the war, and carried out a number of raids and battles against the American invaders.Perhaps the best known of these raids culminated in the [[Battle of Seattle (1856)|Battle of Seattle]], in which an unknown number of raiders briefly crossed the Cascade Range to engage settlers, Marines and the U.S. Navy before retiring.

===Coeur d'Alene War===
The last phase of the conflict, sometimes referred to as the [[Coeur d'Alene War]], occurred in 1858. General [[Newman S. Clarke]] commanded the [[Department of the Pacific]] and sent a force under Col. [[George Wright (general)|George Wright]] to deal with the recent fighting. At the [[Battle of Four Lakes]] near [[Spokane, Washington]] in September 1858, Wright inflicted a decisive defeat on the Native Americans. He called a council of all the local Native Americans at Latah Creek (southwest of Spokane). On September 23 he imposed a peace treaty, under which most of the tribes were to go to reservations.

== Aftermath ==
[[Chief Kamiakin|Kamiakin]] fled north to what was then the [[Colony of British Columbia]] (later a part of [[Canada]]). Twenty-four other chiefs were either hanged or shot. According to accounts by survivors, some of those who had surrendered, e.g. [[Qualchan]], were summarily executed by the United States Army.<ref name=moses>{{cite book
|author=various
|title=Mary Moses's Statement
|publisher=Ye Galleon Press
|year=1988|isbn=0-87770-453-8}}</ref> The Yakama people were forced onto a reservation south of the present city of [[Yakima, Washington|Yakima]].

== See also ==
*[[Bannock War]]
*[[Cayuse War]]
*[[Fort Dalles]]
*[[Fraser Canyon War]]
*[[Nez Perce War]]
*[[Okanagan Trail]]
*[[Rogue River War]]
*[[Spokane-Coeur d'Alene-Paloos War]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Literature ==
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=sOkNAAAAIAAJ&vq=Keyes&source=gbs_navlinks_s Hubert H. Bancroft, ''History Of Washington, Idaho, and Montana, 1845-1889''] San Francisco: The History Company, 1890. Chapter VI: Indian Wars 1855-1856, and V :Indian Wars 1856-1858
* Ray Hoard Glassley: ''Indian Wars of the Pacific Northwest'', Binfords & Mort, Portland, Oregon 1972 ISBN 0-8323-0014-4

== External links ==
* [http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=5311 "Yakama (Yakima) Indian War begins on October 5, 1855"], HistoryLink.org Essay 5311]
* [http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=8124 "Major Gabriel Rains and 700 soldiers and volunteers skirmish with Yakama warriors under Kamiakin at Union Gap on November 9, 1855"], HistoryLink.org Essay 8124]
* [http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=8118 "Yakama tribesmen slay Indian Subagent Andrew J. Bolon near Toppenish Creek on September 23, 1855"], HistoryLink.org Essay 8118]
* [http://nwda-db.wsulibs.wsu.edu/findaid/ark:/80444/xv85849 "Guide to the Yakima War (1856-1858)"], Washington State University Library

[[Category:Conflicts in 1855]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1856]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1857]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1858]]
[[Category:1855 in the United States]]
[[Category:Wars between the United States and Native Americans]]
[[Category:Native American history of Washington (state)]]
[[Category:History of Washington (state)]]
[[Category:Indian wars of the American Old West]]
[[Category:1856 in the United States]]
[[Category:1857 in the United States]]
[[Category:1858 in the United States]]

Photopolymer

2014-03-14T20:37:45Z

DPL bot: adding dablinks template; 7 or more disambig links (see the FAQ)

{{dablinks|date=March 2014}}
A '''photopolymer''' is a [[polymer]] that changes its properties when exposed to light, often in the [[ultraviolet]] or [[visible spectrum|visible]] region of the [[electromagnetic spectrum]].<ref name="Advanced Technologies" /> These changes are often manifested structurally, for example hardening of the material occurs as a result of [[cross-linking]] when exposed to light. An example is shown below depicting a mixture of [[monomer]]s, [[oligomer]]s, and [[photoinitiator]]s that conform into a hardened polymeric material through a process called [[curing]] <ref name="Photopolymerization 1984">{{cite journal|last=Phillips|first=Roger|title=Photopolymerization|journal=Journal of Photopolymerization|date=1984|volume=25|pages=79-82}}</ref>,<ref name="UV-curable inkjet inks">{{cite web|last=Burton|first=Jeff|title=A Primer on UV-Curable Inkjet Inks|url=http://www.signindustry.com/flatbed_UV/articles/2008-11-17-SGIA_Primer_on_UV-Curable_Inkjet_Inks.php3|publisher=Specialty Graphic Imaging Association}}</ref>.
A wide variety of technologically useful applications rely on photopolymers, for example some [[enamel paint|enamels]] and [[varnish|varnishes]] depend on photopolymer formulation for proper hardening upon exposure to light. In some instances, an enamel can cure in a fraction of a second when exposed to light, as opposed to thermally cured enamels which can require half an hour or longer. <ref name="Light-associated reactions of synthetic polymers" /> Curable materials are widely used for medical, printing, and [[photoresist]] technologies.
[[File:Photopolymer scheme1.jpg|right|650x650px|Photopolymer scheme1]]

Changes in structural and chemical properties can be induced internally by [[chromophores]] that the [[polymer]] subunit already posseses, or externally by addition of [[photosensitivity|photosensitive]] molecules. Typically a photopolymer consists of a mixture of multifunctional [[monomer]]s and [[oligomers]] in order to achieve the desired physical properties, and therefore a wide variety of [[monomer|monomers]] and [[oligomer|oligomers]] have been developed that can [[polymerization|polymerize]] in the presence of light either through internal or external [[initiation (chemistry)|initiation]]. Photopolymers undergo a process called [[curing]], where [[oligomers]] are [[cross-linked|cross-linked]] upon exposure to light, forming what is known as a [[Branching (polymer chemistry)|network polymer]]. The result of photo [[curing]] is the formation of a [[thermosetting polymer|thermoset]] network of polymers. One of the advantages of [[curing|photo-curing]] is that it can be done selectively using high energy light sources, for example [[lasers]], however, most systems are not readily activated by light, and in this case a [[photoinitiator]] is required. [[Photoinitiator]]s are compounds that upon radiation of light decompose into reactive species that activate [[polymerization]] of specific [[functional group|functional groups]] on the [[oligomers]].<ref name="Photoinitiators for Polymer Synthesis: Scope, Reactivity and Efficiency" /> An example of a mixture that undergoes [[cross-linking]] when exposed to light is shown below. The mixture consists of monomeric [[styrene]] and oligomeric [[acrylate]]s.<ref name=PCI>{{cite web|title=Radiation Chemistry in EB-and UV-Light Cured Inks|url=http://www.pcimag.com/articles/radiation-chemistry-in-eb-and-uv-light-cured-inks|publisher=Paint & Coatings Industry}}</ref>
[[File:Intro scheme1.jpg|center|intro scheme for photopolymerization]]
Most commonly, photopolymerized systems are typically [[curing|cured]] through UV radiation, since [[ultraviolet]] light is more energetic; however, the development of dye-based [[photoinitiator]] systems have allowed for the use of [[light|visible light]], having potential advantages of processes that are more simple and safe to handle.<ref name="Visible light photopolymerization">{{cite journal|last=Fouassier|first=J.P.|coauthors=Allonas, X., Burget, D.|title=Photopolyermziation reactions under visible lights: principle, mechanisms and examples of applications|journal=Progress in Organic Coatings|date=2003|volume=47|pages=16-36|doi=10.1016/S0300-9440(03)00011-0}}</ref> [[ultraviolet|UV]] [[curing]] in industrial processes has greatly expanded over the past several decades. Many traditional [[curing|thermally cured]] and [[solvent]]-based technologies can be replaced by photopolymerization technologies. The advantages of [[polymerization|photopolymerization]] over [[curing|thermally cured]] [[polymerization]] include high rates of [[polymerization]] and environmental benefits from elimination of [[volatile]] [[organic solvent]]s.<ref name="Advanced Technologies" />

There are two general routes for photoinitiation: [[free radical]] and [[ionic]].<ref name="Light-associated reactions of synthetic polymers" /> <ref name="Advanced Technologies">{{cite journal|last=Reichmanis|first=Elsa|coauthors=Crivello, James|title=Photopolymer Materials and Processes for Advanced Technologies|journal=Chem. Mater.|date=2014|volume=26|pages=533-548}}</ref> The general process involves doping a batch of neat polymer with small amounts of [[photoinitiator]], followed by selective radiation of light, resulting a highly [[branching (polymer chemistry)|cross-linked]] product. Many of these reactions do not require solvent which eliminates [[chain termination|termination]] path via reaction of initiators with [[solvent]] and impurities, in addition to decreasing the overall cost.<ref>{{cite book|last=Cowie|first=J.M.G.|title=Polymers: Chemistry and Physics of Modern Materials|date=2008|publisher=CRC Press: Taylor and Francis Group|page=76}}</ref>

=Mechanisms=
==Ionic Mechanism==
In [[ionic]] curing process, an [[ionic]] [[photoinitiator]] is used to activated the [[functional group]] of the [[oligomers]] that are going to participate in [[branching (polymer chemistry)|cross-linking]]. Typically [[polymerization|photopolymerization]] is a very selective process and it is crucial that the [[polymerization]] takes place only where it is desired to do so. In order to satisfy this liquid neat [[oligomers|oligomer]] can be doped with either [[anionic]] or [[cationic]] [[photoinitiator|photoinitiators]] that will [[initiation (chemistry)|initiate]] [[polymerization]] only when radiated with [[light]]. [[Monomer]]s, or [[functional group]]s, employed in cationic [[polymerization|photopolymerization]] include: [[styrene|styrenic]] compunds, [[vinyl ether]]s, N-vinyl [[carbazole]]s, [[lactones]], lactams, cyclic [[ethers]], cyclic [[acetal]]s, and cyclic [[siloxane]]s. The majority of ionic [[photoinitiator|photoinitiators]] fall under the [[cationic]] class, [[anionic]] [[photoinitiator]]s are considerably less investigated.<ref name="Photoinitiators for Polymer Synthesis: Scope, Reactivity and Efficiency" /> There are several classes of [[cationic]] initiators including: [[onium compounds|Onium salts]], [[organometallic chemistry|organometallic]] compounds and [[pyridinium]] salts.<ref name="Photoinitiators for Polymer Synthesis: Scope, Reactivity and Efficiency" /> As mentioned earlier, one of the drawbacks of the [[photoinitiator]]s used for [[polymerization|photopolymerization]] is that they tend to absorb in the short [[ultraviolet|UV region]].<ref name="Visible light photopolymerization" /> Photosensitizers, or [[chromophore]]s, that absorb in a much longer wavelength region can be employed to excite the [[photoinitiator]]s through an energy transfer.<ref name="Photoinitiators for Polymer Synthesis: Scope, Reactivity and Efficiency" /> Other modifications to these types of systems are [[free radical]] assisted [[cationic]] [[polymerization]]. In this case, a [[free radical]] is formed from another specie in solution that reacts with the [[photoinitiator]] in order to start [[polymerization]]. Although there are a diverse group of compounds activated by [[cationic]] [[photoinitiator]]s, the compounds that find most industrial uses contain [[epoxide]]s, oxetanes, and vinyl ethers. <ref>{{cite journal|last=Crivello|first=J.|coauthors=E. Reichmanis|title=Photopolymer Materials and Processes for Advanced Technologies|journal=Chemistry of Materials|date=2014|volume=26|pages=533-548}}</ref>One of the advantages to using [[cationic]] [[polymerization|photopolymerization]] is that once the [[polymerization]] has begun it is no longer sensitive to [[oxygen]] and does not require an [[inert]] atmosphere to perform well.<ref name="Advanced Technologies" />

[[File:Photolysis General.jpg|center|Photolysis of cationic photoinitiator]]

===Cationic Photoinitiators===
The proposed mechanism for [[cationic]] [[polymerization|photopolymerization]] begins with the [[photoexcitation]] of the initiator. Once excited, both [[homolysis|homolytic]] cleavage and dissociation of a counter [[anion]] takes place, generating [[radical ion|cationic radical]] (R), an aryl [[radical]](R') and unaltered counter [[anion]] (X). The abstraction of a [[lewis acid]], in figure above a [[hydrogen]], by the [[radical ion|cationic radical]] produces a very weakly bound [[hydrogen]] and a [[free radical]]. The [[lewis acid|acid]] is further [[deprotonation|deprotonated]] by the [[anion]](X) in solution generating a [[lewis acid]] with the starting [[anion]] (X) as a counter ion. It is thought that the acidic [[proton]] generated is what ultimitely initiates the [[polymerization]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Zhdankin|first=Viktor|title=Hypervalent Iodine Chemistry: Preparation, Structure, and Synthetic Applications of Polyvalent Iodine Compounds|date=2013|publisher=John Wiley & Sons Ltd|page=427}}</ref>
====Onium Salts====
Since there discovery in the 1970's aryl [[onium compounds|onium]] salts, more specifically [[halonium ion|iodonium]] and [[sulfonium]] salts, have received much attention and have found many industrial applications.Other, less common, onium salts not mentioned here include [[ammonium]] and [[phosphonium]] salts.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Crivello|first=J.|coauthors=E. Reichmanis|title=Photopolymer Materials and Processes for Advanced Technologies|journal=Chemistry of Materials|date=2014|volume=26|pages=533-548}}</ref>
[[File:Onium salts 2.jpg|center|Onium Salts]]
The typical [[onium compound]] used as a [[photoinitiator]] contains two or three [[arene]] groups for [[halonium ion|iodonium]] and [[sulfonium]] respectively. [[onium compounds|Onium salts]] generally absorb short wavelength light in the [[ultraviolet|UV region]] spanning from 225-300nm.<ref>{{cite book|last=Fouassier|first=Jean|title=Photoinitiators for Polymer Synthesis: Scope, Reactivity, and Efficiency|date=2012|publisher=John Wiley & Sons Ltd|page=293}}</ref> One characteristic that is crucial to the performance of the [[onium compounds|onium]] [[photoinitiator]]s is that the counter [[anion]] is non-[[nucleophile|nucleophilic]], . Since the [[Brønsted acid]] generated during the [[initiation (chemistry)|initiation]] step is considered the active initiator for [[polymerization]], there is a [[termination (chemistry)|termination]] route where the counter ion of the acid could act as the [[nucleophile]] instead of a functional groups on the oligomer. Common counter [[anion]]s include: {{chem|B|F|4|-}}, {{chem|P|F|6|-}}, {{chem|As|F|6|-}}, {{chem|Sb|F|6|-}}. There is a indirect relationship between the size of the counter ion and percent conversion.
====Organometallic====
Although less common, [[transition metal]] complexes can act as cationic [[photoinitiator]]s as well. In the general the mechanism is more simplistic than the [[onium compounds|onium]] ions previously described. Most [[photoinitiator]]s of this class consist of a metal salt with a non-nucleophilic counter anion. For example, [[ferrocene|ferrocinium]] salts have received much attentions from commercial applications. <ref>{{cite book|last=Meier|first=K|title=Proceedings of the RadCure Europe|date=1985|publisher=Basle Technical Paper}}</ref> The absorbtion band for [[ferrocene|ferrocinium]] salt derivatives are in a much longer, and sometimes [[visible spectrum|visible]], region. Upon radiations the metal center loses a [[ligand]](s) and the [[ligand]](s) are replaced by [[functional group]]s that begin the [[polymerization]]. Some of the drawbacks of this method is a greater sensitivity to [[oxygen]]. There are also several [[organometallic]] anionic [[photoinitiator]]s which react through a similar mechanism. For the [[anionic]] case, excitation of a metal center followed by either by [[heterolytic]] bond cleavage or [[electron transfer]] generating the active [[anionic]] [[photoinitiator|initiator]].<ref name="Photoinitiators for Polymer Synthesis: Scope, Reactivity and Efficiency" />

====Pyridinium Salts====
Generally [[pyridinium]] [[photoinitiator]]s are N-substituted [[pyridine]] derivatives, with a positive charge placed on the [[nitrogen]]. The counter ion is most cases is a non-nucleophilic anion. Upon radiation, [[homolysis|homolytic]] bond cleavage takes place generating a [[pyridinium]] [[radical ion|cationic radical]] and a neutral [[free radical]]. A [[hydrogen]], most cases, is abstracted from the [[oligomer]] by the [[pyridinium]] radical. The [[free radical]] generated from the [[hydrogen]] abstraction is then terminated by the [[free radical]] is solution. This results in a strong [[pyridinium]] acid that can initiate [[polymerization]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=TAKAHASHI|first=EIJI|coauthors=FUMIO SANDA, TAKESHI ENDO|title=Novel pyridinium salts as cationic thermal and photoinitiators and their photosensitization properties|journal=Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry|date=2002|volume=40|issue=8|page=1037}}</ref>

==Free Radical Mechanism==
Before the [[Radical polymerization|free radical]] nature of certain [[polymerization]]s was determined, certain [[monomers]] were observed to polymerize when exposed to light. The first to demonstrate the photoinduced free radical chain reaction of [[vinyl bromide]] was [[Ivan Ostromislensky]], a Russian chemist who also studied the polymerization of [[synthetic rubber]]. Subsequently many compounds were found to become dissociated by light and found immediate use as [[photoinitiator]]s in the polymerization industry.<ref name="Advanced Technologies" />
In the free radical mechanism of radiation curable systems light absorbed by a [[photoinitiator]] generates free-radicals which induce [[cross-linking]] reactions of a mixture of functionalized oligomers and monomers to generate the cured film <ref name="Photocurable Coatings">{{cite book|last=Hoyle|first=Charles|title=Radiation Curing of Polymeric Materials|date=1990|publisher=Am. Chem. Soc.|location=Washington, DC|pages=1-15}}</ref>
Photocurable materials that form through the free-radical mechanism undergo [[chain-growth polymerization]], which includes three basic steps: [[initiation]], [[chain propagation]], and [[chain termination]]. The three steps are depicted in the scheme below, where '''R•''' represents the radical that forms upon interaction with radiation during initiation, and '''M''' is a monomer.<ref name="Light-associated reactions of synthetic polymers">{{cite book|last=Ravve|first=A.|title=Light-Associated Reactions of Synthetic Polymers|date=2006|publisher=Springer Science+Business Media, LLC|location=Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA|isbn=0-387-31803-8}}</ref> The active monomer that is formed is then propagated to create growing polymeric chain radicals. In photocurable materials the propagation step involves reactions of the chain radicals with reactive double bonds of the prepolymers or oligomers. The termination reaction usually proceeds through [[kinetic chain length|combination]], in which two chain radicals are joined together, or through [[kinetic chain length|disproportionation]], which occurs when an atom (typically hydrogen) is transferred from one radical chain to another resulting in two polymeric chains.

[[File:Free rad mech1.jpg|center|Free rad mech1]]

Most composites that cure through radical chain growth contain a diverse mixture of oligomers and monomers with [[functionality]] that can range from 2-8 and molecular weights from 500-3000. In general, monomers with higher functionality result is a tighter crosslinking density of the finished material.<ref name="Photoinitiators for Polymer Synthesis: Scope, Reactivity and Efficiency">{{cite book|last=Fouassier|first=Jean Pierre|title=Photoinitiators for Polymer Synthesis: Scope, Reactivity and Efficiency|date=2012|publisher=Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA|location=Weinheim, Germany|isbn=9783527648245}}</ref> Typically these oligomers and monomers alone do not absorb sufficient energy for the commercial light sources used, therefore photoinitiators are included.<ref name="Photocurable Coatings" />,<ref name="Light-associated reactions of synthetic polymers" />

===Photoinitiators===
There are two types of free-radical photoinitators: A two component system where the radical is generated through '''abstraction''' of a hydrogen atom from a donor compound (also called co-initiator), and a one component system where two radicals are generated by '''cleavage'''. Examples of each type of free-radical photoinitiator is shown below.<ref name="Photocurable Coatings" />

[[File:Free-rad types of photoinitiators1.jpg|center|Free-rad types of photoinitiators1]]

[[Benzophenone]], [[Xanthones]], and [[Quinones]] are examples of abstraction type photoinitiators, with common donor compounds being aliphatic amines. The resulting '''R•''' species from the donor compound becomes the initiator for the free radical polymerization process, while the radical resulting from the starting photoinitiator (benzophenone in the example shown above) is typically unreactive.

Benzoin ethers, [[Acetophenones]], Benzoyl Oximes, and Acylphosphines are some examples of cleavage-type photoinitiators. Cleavage readily occurs for the species to give two radicals upon absorption of light, and both radicals generated can typically initiate polymerization. Cleavage type photoinitiators do not require a co-initiator, such as aliphatic amines. This can be beneficial since amines are also effective [[chain transfer]] species. Chain-transfer processes reduce the chain length and ultimately the crosslink density of the resulting film.

===Oligomers and Monomers===
The properties of a photocured material, such as flexibility, adhesion, and chemical resistance are provided by the functionalized oligomers present in the photocurable composite. Oligomers are typically [[epoxides]], [[urethane|urethanes]], [[polyethers]], or [[polyesters]], each of which provide specific properties to the resulting material. Each of these oligomers are typically functionallized by an [[acrylate]]. An example shown below is an epoxy oligomer that has been functionalized by [[acrylic acid]]. Acrylated epoxies are useful as coatings on metallic substrates, and result in glossy hard coatings. Acrylated urethane oligomers are typically abrasion resistant, tough, and flexible making ideal coatings for floors, paper, printing plates, and packaging materials. Acrylated polyethers and polyesters result in very hard solvent resistant films, however, polyethers are prone to UV degradation and therefore are rarely used in UV curable material. Often formulations are composed of several types of oligomers to achieve the desirable properties for a material.<ref name="Light-associated reactions of synthetic polymers" />
[[File:Acrylated epoxy oligomer.jpg|center|Acrylated epoxy oligomer]]

The monomers used in radiation curable systems help control the speed of cure, crosslink density, final surface properties of the film, and viscosity of the resin. Examples of monomers include [[styrene]], [[N-Vinylpyrrolidone]], and [[acrylates]]. Styrene is a low cost monomer and provides a fast cure, N-vinylpyrrolidone results in a material that is highly flexible when cured, has low toxicity, and acrylates are highly reactive, allowing for rapid cure rates, and are highly versatile with monomer functionality ranging from monofunctional to tetrafunctional. Like oligomers, several types of monomers can be employed to achieve the desirable properties of the final material.<ref name="Light-associated reactions of synthetic polymers" />

=Applications=
Photopolymerization is a widely used technology, used in applications ranging from imaging to biomedical uses. Below is a description of just some photopolymerization applications.

==Medical Uses==
Dentistry is one market where [[radical polymerization|free radical]] photopolymers have found wide usage as adhesives, sealant composites, and protective coatings. These [[dental composite|dental composites]] are based on a camphorquinone [[photoinitiator]] and a matrix containing [[methacrylate]] [[oligomer]]s with inorganic fillers such as [[silicon dioxide]]. [[Photocure|Photocurable]] adhesives are also used in the production of [[catheters]], [[hearing aid]]s, [[surgical mask]]s, medical filters, and blood analysis sensors.<ref name="Advanced Technologies" />
Photopolymers have also been explored for uses in drug delivery, tissue engineering and cell encapsulation systems.<ref name="photopolymerization of biomaterials">{{cite journal|last=Baroli|first=Biancamaria|title=Photopolymerization of biomaterials|journal=J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol.|date=2006|volume=81|pages=491-499|doi=10.1002/jctb.1468}}</ref> Photopolymerization processes for these applications are being developed to be carried out ''[[in vivo]]'' or ''[[ex vivo]]''. ''In vivo'' photopolymerization would provide the advantages of production and implantation with minimal invasive surgery.''Ex vivo'' photopolymerization would allow for fabrication of complex matrices, and versatility of formulation. Although photopolymers show promise for a wide range of new biomedical applications, biocompatibility with photopolymeric materials must still be addressed and developed.

==3D-Imaging==
[[Stereolithography]], [[digital imaging]], and [[3D printing| 3D inkjet printing]] are just a few [[3D imaging]] technologies that make use of photopolymers. [[3D imaging]] usually proceeds with [[Computer-aided technologies|CAD-CAM]] software, which creates a 3D image to be translated into a 3D plastic object. The image is cut in slices, where each slice is reconstructed through radiation [[curing]] of the liquid [[polymer]],converting the image into a solid object. Photopolymers used in 3D imaging processes must be designed to have a low volume shrinkage upon [[polymerization]] in order to avoid distortion of the solid object. Common monomers utilized for 3D imaging include multifunctional [[acrylate]]s and [[methacrylate]]s combined with a non-polymeric component in order to reduce volume shrinkage. A competing composite mixture of epoxide resins with cationic photoinitiators is becoming increasingly used since their volume shrinkage upon [[ring-opening polymerization]] is significantly below those of acrylates and methacrylates. [[Radical polymerization|Free-radical]] and [[cationic polymerization|cationic]] polymerizations composed of both epoxide and acrylate monomers have also been employed, gaining the high rate of polymerization from the acryilic monomer, and better mechanical properties from the epoxy matrix. <ref name="Advanced Technologies" />

==Photoresists==
[[Photoresist]]s are coatings, or [[oligomer]]s, that are deposited on a surface and are designed to change properties upon irradiation of [[light]]. These changes either [[polymerization|polymerize]] the liquid [[oligomer]]s into insoluble [[branching (polymer chemistry)|cross-linked]] network polymers or decompose the already solid polymers into liquid products. Polymers that form [[branching (polymer chemistry)|networks]] during [[polymerization|photopolymerization]] are referred to as [[photoresist|negative resist]]. Conversely, [[polymer]]s that decompose during [[polymerization|photopolymerization]] are referred to as [[photoresist|positive resists]]. Both [[photoresist|positive]] and [[photoresist|negative resists]] have found many applications including the design and production of micro fabicated chips. The ability to pattern the resist using a focused light source has driven the field of [[photolithography]].
[[File:Photoresist Image.png|center|450x450px|Differences between negative and positive photoresist]]
===Negative Resists===
As mentioned, [[photoresist|negative resists]] are photopolymers that become insoluble upon exposure to radiation. They have found a variety of commercial applications. Especially in the area of designing and printing small chips for electronics. A characterisitc found in most [[photoresist|negative tone resists]] is the presence of [[functional group|multifunctional]] branches on the [[polymer]]s used. Radiation of the [[polymer]]s in the presence of an [[photoinitiator|intiator]] results in the formation of chemically resistant [[branching (polymer chemistry)|network polymer]]. A common [[functional group]] used in [[photoresist|negative resist]] is [[epoxy]] [[functional group]]s. An example of a widely used [[polymer]] of this class is [[SU-8]]. [[SU-8]] was one of the first [[polymer]]s used in this field, and found applications in wire board printing.<ref>{{cite web|title=SU-8 Photosensitive Epoxy|url=http://www.cnm.es/projects/microdets/su8.htm|accessdate=2014}}</ref> In the presence of a [[cationic]] [[photoinitiator]] photopolymer [[SU-8]] forms [[branching (polymer chemistry)|networks]] with other [[polymer]]s in solution. Basic scheme shown below.

[[File:SU8.jpg|center|SU-8 photopolyermization]]

[[SU-8]] is an example of an [[intramolecular]] [[polymerization|photopolymerization]] forming a matrix of [[branching (polymer chemistry)|cross-linked]] material. [[photoresist|Negative resists]] can also be made using co-[[polymerization]]. In the event that you have two different [[monomer]]s, or [[oligomer]]s, in solution with multiple [[functional group|functionalities]] it is possible for the two to [[polymerization|polymerize]] and form a less soluble [[polymer]].

===Positive Resists===
As mentioned, [[photoresist|positive resist]] exposure to radiation changes the chemical structure such that it becomes a liquid or more soluble. These changes in chemical structure are often rooted in the cleavage of specific [[cross-link|linkers]] in the [[polymer]]. Once irradiated the "decomposed" [[polymer]]s can be washed away using a developer [[solvent]] leaving behind the [[polymer]] that was not exposed to [[light]]. This type of technology allows the production of very fine stencils for applications such as [[microelectronics]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Allcock|first=Harry|title=Introduction to Materials Chemistry|date=2008|publisher=Wiley and Sons|isbn=9780470293331|pages=248-258}}</ref> In order to have these types of qualities, [[photoresist|positive resist]] utilize [[polymer]]s with [[labile]] linkers in their back bone that can be cleaved upon irradiation or using a [[photoinitiator|photo-generated acid]] to [[hydrolyze]] bonds in the [[polymer]]. A [[polymer]] that decomposes upon irradiation to a liquid, or more soluble product is referred to as a [[photoresist|positive tone resist]]. Common [[functional group]]s that can be hydrolyzed by [[photoinitiator|photo-generated acid]] catalyst include [[polycarbonate]]s and [[polyester]]s.<ref>{{cite book|last=Thompson|first=Larry|title=Polymers for Microelectronics|date=1993|publisher=American Chemical Society}}</ref>

=References=
{{reflist}}

Mit einem Lied im Herzen

2014-03-11T20:43:55Z

DPL bot: adding dablinks template; 7 or more disambig links (see the FAQ)

{{dablinks|date=March 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| name = With a Song in My Heart
| image = With a Song in My Heart (1952 film) DVD cover art.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Walter Lang]]
| producer =
| writer = [[Lamar Trotti]]
| starring = [[Susan Hayward]] [[Rory Calhoun]]
| music =
| cinematography =
| editing = [[J. Watson Webb Jr.]]
| distributor = [[20th Century Fox]]
| released = April 4, 1952
| runtime =
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget =
| gross = $3.25 million<ref>Aubrey Solomon, ''Twentieth Century Fox: A Corporate and Financial History'', Scarecrow Press, 1989 p224</ref><ref>'Top Box-Office Hits of 1952', ''Variety'', January 7, 1953</ref>
}}

'''''With a Song in My Heart''''' is a 1952 biographical film which tells the story of actress and singer [[Jane Froman]], who was crippled by an airplane crash on February 22, 1943, when the [[Boeing 314]] [[Pan American World Airways|Pan American]] Clipper flying boat she was on suffered a crash landing in the [[Tagus River]] near [[Lisbon, Portugal]]. She entertained the troops in [[World War II]] despite having to walk with crutches. The film stars [[Susan Hayward]], [[Rory Calhoun]], [[David Wayne]], [[Thelma Ritter]], [[Robert Wagner]], [[Helen Westcott]] and [[Una Merkel]]. Froman herself supplied Hayward's singing voice.

The movie was written and produced by [[Lamar Trotti]] and directed by [[Walter Lang]]. The title song, "[[With a Song in My Heart (song)|With a Song in My Heart]]", (Rodgers and Hart, 1929) became famous in the [[United Kingdom|UK]] as the theme to the long-running [[BBC]] [[radio]] show, ''[[Family Favourites]]''.

==Soundtrack recording==

==Awards==
It won the [[Academy Award for Original Music Score]] and was nominated for [[Academy Award for Best Actress|Best Actress in a Leading Role]] (Susan Hayward), [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Actress in a Supporting Role]] (Thelma Ritter), [[Academy Award for Costume Design|Best Costume Design, Color]] and [[Academy Award for Best Sound|Best Sound, Recording]] ([[Thomas T. Moulton]]).<ref name="Oscars1953">{{Cite web|url=http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/legacy/ceremony/25th-winners.html |title=The 25th Academy Awards (1953) Nominees and Winners |accessdate=2011-08-20|work=oscars.org}}</ref>

The film won the Golden Globe award for best picture in the musical or comedy category, and Susan Hayward won the Golden Globe award for leading actress in a musical or comedy.

==Soundtrack songs from the film==
Although the film won the Academy Award for the Best Original Score, there were a number of American standards represented. All except three songs featured the voice of [[Jane Froman]]; and were superbly performed by [[Susan Hayward]].<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0045333/ Soundtracks from Film, IMDb]</ref>

* "[[Dixie]]" - 1859 song by [[Daniel Decatur Emmett]]
* "[[With a Song in My Heart]]" - Music by [[Richard Rodgers]]; lyrics by [[Lorenz Hart]]
* "Hoe That Corn" - Music by [[Max Showalter]]; lyrics by [[Jack Woodford]] (performed by Max Showalter and [[David Wayne]])
* "[[That Old Feeling]]" - Music by [[Sammy Fain]]; lyrics by [[Lew Brown]]
* "I'm Through With Love" - Music by [[Fud Livingston]] & [[Matty Malneck]]; lyrics by [[Gus Kahn]]
* "[[Get Happy]]" - Music by [[Harold Arlen]]; lyrics by [[Ted Koehler]]
* "Jim's Toasty Peanuts" - Music and lyrics by [[Ken Darby]]
* "The Right Kind" - Music by [[Alfred Newman]]; lyrics by [[Don George]] & [[Charles Henderson]]
* "Montparnasse" - Music by [[Alfred Newman (composer)]]; lyrics by Eliot Daniel (Sung by [[David Wayne]])
* "[[Blue Moon]]" - Music by [[Richard Rodgers]]; lyrics by [[Lorenz Hart]]
* "On the Gay White Way" - Music by [[Ralph Rainger]]; lyrics by [[Leo Robin]]
* "[[Home on the Range]]" - Music by [[Daniel E. Kelley]]; lyrics by [[Brewster M. Higley]]
* "[[Embraceable You]]" - Music by [[George Gershwin]]; lyrics by [[Ira Gershwin]]
* "[[Tea for Two]]" - Music by [[Vincent Youmans]]; lyrics by [[Irving Caesar]]
* "[[It's a Good Day]]" - Music and lyrics by [[Peggy Lee]] and [[Dave Barbour]]
* "They're Either Too Young or Too Old" - Music by [[Arthur Schwartz]]; lyrics by [[Frank Loesser]]
* "[[I'll Walk Alone]]" - Music by [[Jules Styne]]; lyrics by [[Sammy Cahn]]
'''Songs included in an "American Medley"'''
* "[[America the Beautiful]]" - Music by [[Samuel A. Ward]]; lyrics by [[Katharine Lee Bates]]
* "Wonderful Home Sweet Home" - Music and lyrics by [[Ken Darby]]
* "[[Give My Regards to Broadway]]" - Music and lyrics by [[George M. Cohan]]
* "[[Chicago (That Toddlin' Town)|Chicago]]" - Music and lyrics by [[Fred Fisher]]
* "[[California Here I Come]]" - Music by [[Joseph Mayer]]; lyrics by [[Al Jolson]] & [[Buddy G. DeSylva]]
* "[[Carry Me Back to Old Virginny]]" - Music and lyrics by [[James A. Bland]]
* "Stein Song" (University of Maine) - Music and lyrics by E.A. Fenstad & Lincoln Colcord
* "[[Back Home Again in Indiana]]" - Music by [[James F. Hanley]]; lyrics by [[Ballard MacDonald]]
* "[[Alabamy Bound]]" - Music by [[Ray Henderson]]; lyrics by [[Bud Green]] & [[Buddy G. DeSylva]]
* "[[Deep in the Heart of Texas]]" - Music by Don Swander; lyrics by June Hershey

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0045333/ ''With a Song in My Heart'' at IMDB]

{{GoldenGlobeBestMotionPictureMusicalComedy 1951-1960}}
{{Walter Lang}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:With A Song In My Heart (Film)}}
[[Category:1952 films]]
[[Category:20th Century Fox films]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Walter Lang]]
[[Category:Films shot in Technicolor]]
[[Category:Best Musical or Comedy Picture Golden Globe winners]]
[[Category:Films that won the Best Original Score Academy Award]]
[[Category:Aviation films]]
[[Category:1950s musical films]]

{{bio-film-stub}}
{{musical-film-stub}}

Punjabis

2014-02-25T20:46:12Z

DPL bot: removing dablinks template; fewer than 4 disambig links (see the FAQ)

{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2013}}
{{infobox ethnic group|
|group= Punjabi people
|native_name= '''ਪੰਜਾਬੀ/پنجابی'''
|image =
{{image array|perrow=5|width=65|height=80
| image1 = Har Gobind Khorana nobel.jpg | caption1 = [[Har Gobind Khorana]]
| image2 = Abdus Salam 2.jpg| caption2 = [[Abdus Salam]]
| image3 = Muhammad Zafarullah Khan .jpg| caption3 = [[Muhammad Zafrulla Khan|Muhammad Zafrullah Khan]]
| image4 = Liaquat Ali Khan.jpg | caption4 = [[Liaquat Ali Khan]]
| image5 = BullehShah.jpg | caption5 = [[Bulleh Shah]]
| image6 = Bhagat Singh 1929 140x190.jpg | caption6 = [[Bhagat Singh]]
| image7 = Sikh Gurus with Bhai Bala and Bhai Mardana.jpg | caption7 = [[Guru Nanak Dev]]
| image8 = Vinod_Khosla,_Web_2.0_Conference.jpg| caption8 = [[Vinod Khosla]]
| image9 = Amrita_Pritam_(1919_–_2005)_,_in_1948.jpg | caption9 = [[Amrita Pritam]]
| image10 = MaharajaRanjitSIngh - L Massard.gif | caption10 = [[Ranjit Singh]]
| image11 = Kalpana Chawla, NASA photo portrait in orange suit.jpg | caption11 = [[Kalpana Chawla]]
| image12 = Prime Minister Manmohan Singh in WEF ,2009 (cropped).jpg |caption12 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| image13 = Shahid Malik.jpg | caption13 = [[Shahid Malik]]
| image14 = Ayatollah.jpg | caption14 = [[Hassan Raza Ghadeeri]]
| image15 = Nikki Haley by Gage Skidmore.jpg | caption15 = [[Nikki Haley]]
| image16 = Gama1916.jpg | caption16 = [[The Great Gama]]
| image17 = Ahfaz_with_Faiz_Ahmad_Faiz.jpg | caption17 = [[Faiz Ahmad Faiz]]
| image18 = Vinod_Dham.jpg| caption18 = [[Vinod Dham]]
| image19 = Baronness_Sayeeda_Warsi_crop.jpg | caption19 = [[Sayeeda Warsi, Baroness Warsi|Sayeda Warsi]]
| image20 = Amir Khan.jpg | caption20 = [[Amir Khan (British boxer)|Amir Khan]]
| image21 = Pg before table of contents Hari Singh Nalwa -General Hari Singh Nalwa - Autar Singh Sandhu.jpg | caption21 = [[Hari Singh Nalwa]]
| image22 = Gulzar_at_Tera_Bayaan_Ghalib.jpg| caption22 = [[Gulzar]]
| image23 = Mittal.jpg | caption23 = [[Sunil Mittal]]
| image24 = Amrita_Cheema_-_World_Economic_Forum_on_Latin_America_2011.jpg | caption24 = [[Amrita Cheema]]
| image25 = | caption25 = [[Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan]]
| image26 = Princess_Sophia_in_1900s.jpeg| caption26 = [[Sophia Duleep Singh]]
}}
|pop= 120 million (estimated)
|region1={{flagu|Pakistan}}
|pop1= 81,379,615
|ref1=<ref>[http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/other_tables/pop_by_mother_tongue.pdf Pakistan 2008 census – Population by mother tongue]</ref>
|region2={{flagu|India}}
|pop2=33,102,477
|ref2=<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/ Indian Census]. Censusindia.gov.in (14 May 2012).</ref>
|region3={{flagu|United Kingdom}}
|pop3=2,300,000
|ref3=<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=74ZVFb37zuIC&pg=PA20 |title=Desh Pardesh |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers |year=1994 |pages=19–20 |author=Roger Ballard, Marcus Banks |isbn=978-1-85065-091-1}}</ref>
|region4={{flagu|United Arab Emirates}}
|pop4=720,000
|region5={{flagu|Canada}}
|pop5= 500,000
|ref5=<ref>[http://newseastwest.com/punjabi-second-largest-immigrant-language-spoken-in-canada/ Punjabi second largest immigrant language spoken in Canada – Newseastwest: The Indian diaspora, Bollywood]. Newseastwest (25 October 2012).</ref>
|region6={{flagu|United States}}
|pop6= 350,000
|ref6=<ref>[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/aug/05/sikh-temple-witnesses-hate-crime Sikhism in America: community is small and has faced harassment | World news]. theguardian.com.</ref>
|langs= {{hlist | [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] | [[Dialects of the Punjab]] | [[English language|English]] }}
|rels= {{hlist | [[Islam]]| [[Hinduism]] | [[Sikhism]] | [[Christianity]]<ref name="alislam.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.alislam.org/ |title=IslamAhmadiyya – Ahmadiyya Muslim Community – Al Islam Online – Official Website |publisher=Alislam.org |date=}}</ref> | Others }}
|related= {{hlist | [[Kashmiri people|Kashmiris]] | [[Hindkowans]] | [[Sindhi people|Sindhis]] | [[Saraiki people|Saraikis]] }}
}}

{{Punjabis}}
'''Punjabi people''' ({{lang-pa|{{Nastaliq|'''پنجابی'''}}}} ([[Shahmukhi]]), '''ਪੰਜਾਬੀ''' ([[Gurmukhi]]), '''पंजाबी''' ([[Devnagri]]), also spelled '''Panjabi people'''; are a sub-group of [[Indo-Aryan peoples]], originating from the [[Punjab region]], found between eastern [[Pakistan]] and northern [[India]]. Punjab literally means the '''land of five-rivers''' ([[Persian language|Persian]]:{{Nastaliq|پنج آب}} panj ("five") āb ("waters")), and is a [[xenonym]]/[[exonym]] that was introduced during the reign of the [[Mughal empire]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]]. Punjab is often referred to as the [[breadbasket]] in both Pakistan and India.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://in.reuters.com/article/2012/01/30/india-election-punjab-idINDEE80S02520120130 | work=Reuters | title=Punjab, bread basket of India, hungers for change | date=January 30, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Name * |url=http://water.columbia.edu/2012/03/07/columbia-water-center-released-new-whitepaper-restoring-groundwater-in-punjab-indias-breadbasket/ |title=Columbia Water Center Released New Whitepaper: "Restoring Groundwater in Punjab, India's Breadbasket" – Columbia Water Center also Chinese,Japanese,Koreans hate Indians like punjabis |publisher=Water.columbia.edu |date=2012-03-07 |accessdate=2013-07-12}}</ref>

The name ''Punjab'' was formally introduced by the [[Mughal empire|Mughals]] in the 17th century CE. But the coalescence of the various tribes, castes and other communities inhabiting the [[Punjab region|Punjab]] into a broader, common "Punjabi" identity occurred only from the 19th century CE, particularly after the annexation of the region by the [[British empire|British]]. Prior to the British annexation of the [[Punjab region|Punjab]] and their final drawing/fixing of its administrative boundaries, the sense and perception of a common "Punjabi" ethno-cultural identity and community did not exist, though the majority of the various communities of the [[Punjab region|Punjab]] had long shared linguistic, cultural and racial commonalities.

Traditionally, Punjabi identity was primarily linguistic, regardless of religious affiliation or heritage, referring to those for whom the [[Punjabi language]](s), was the first language and who resided in the [[Punjab region]]. As such, they more or less shared the same cultural background.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.krysstal.com/langfams_indoeuro.html |title=Languages : Indo-European Family |publisher=Krysstal.com |date= |accessdate=2013-07-12}}</ref>

The Punjabi people are a [[heterogeneous]] group and can be subdivided into a number of clans in both the East and West Punjab called ''[[Baradari (brotherhood)|biradari]]'' (literally meaning "brotherhood"), each traditionally more bound to their own clans than others.

==Geographic distribution==
[[File:Punjab map (topographic) with cities.png|thumb|left|The [[Punjab region]], with its rivers. The land of the Punjabi People]]

In Pakistan, Punjabis constitute the largest ethnic group, comprising more than 45% of the total population of the country. They reside predominantly in the province of Punjab, neighbouring [[Azad Kashmir]] in the region of Jammu and Kashmir and in [[Islamabad Capital Territory]]. Punjabis are also found in large communities in the largest city of Pakistan, [[Karachi]].

In India, Punjabis represent 2.85% of the population. The majority of Punjabi-speaking people in India, can be found in the Indian states of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], Haryana, [[Himachal Pradesh]], as well as in [[Delhi]] and the [[Union Territory]] of [[Chandigarh]]. Large communities of Punjabis are also found in the [[Jammu]] region of [[Jammu and Kashmir]] and the states of [[Rajasthan]], [[Uttarakhand]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]].

==History of Punjab==
{{Main|History of Punjab}}
Indigenous peoples flourished in this region, near the gateways to other continents, leading to a developed civilisation in 5th to 4th millennium BC,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.orientalarchitecture.com/pakistan/taxila/index.php |title=Taxila, Pakistan: Traditional and Historical Architecture |publisher=Orientalarchitecture.com |date=}}</ref> the ancient [[Indus Valley Civilization]].

The remains of the ancient Indo-Aryan city of [[Taxila]],<ref>{{cite web|author=Jona Lendering |url=http://www.livius.org/ta-td/taxila/taxila.htm |title=Taxila |publisher=Livius.org |date=28 May 2008}}</ref> and many ornaments that have been found in this region,suggests that,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.harappa.com/har/har0.html |title=Indus Valley Civilization |publisher=Harappa.com |date=1 February 2010}}</ref> one of the centers of [[Indus Valley Civilization]] was established at many parts of Punjab most notably were [[Taxila]] and [[Harappa]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.harappa.com/ |title=The Ancient Indus Valley and the British Raj in India and Pakistan |publisher=Harappa.com |date=}}</ref> [[Punjab region|Punjab]] became a center of early civilisation from around 3300 BC. According to Historians this region was ruled by many small kingdoms and tribes around 4th and 5th BC. The earliest known notable local king of this region was known as '''[[King Porus]]'''<ref name="livius.org">{{cite web|author=Jona Lendering |url=http://www.livius.org/pn-po/porus/porus.htm |title=Porus |publisher=Livius.org |date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.padfield.com/1993/alex.html |title=Alexander The Great in India at Jhelum with Porus, the Indian rajah |publisher=Padfield.com |date=}}</ref> and he fought a famous [[Battle of the Hydaspes]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theartofbattle.com/battle-of-hydaspes-river-326-bc.htm |title=Battle of Hydaspes River, 326 BC |publisher=The Art of Battle |date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=__start__ |url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XuxjoGJZmKQ |title=Battle of Hydaspes ( Jhelum Punjab)_Alexander vs Porus ( Local King in Punjab, Former North India) |publisher=YouTube |date=4 April 2012}}</ref> against Alexander, but later surrendered. His kingdom, known as '''[[Pauravas]]''', was situated between Hydaspes (modern [[Jhelum]] and Acesines (modern day [[Chenab]]).<ref name="livius.org"/> These kings fought local battles to gain more ground.[[Taxiles]] or '''[[Taxiles|Omphis]]''' another local North Indian king, wanted to defeat his eastern adversary [[King Porus|Porus]] in a turf war and he invited [[Alexander the great]] to defeat Porus. This marked the first intrusion of the West in the Indian subcontinent and North India in general. But such was the valor of Porus and his kingdom forces in Punjab, that despite being defeated, he was appreciated by [[Alexander the Great]] for his skill and valor and he was granted further territories in the North.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historyofmacedonia.org/AncientMacedonia/AlexandertheGreat.html |title=Alexander the Great (Alexander of Macedon) Biography |publisher=Historyofmacedonia.org |date=}}</ref> The other Indian kings did not like the fact that Porus was now an ally of Western forces. In less than ten years another Indian king '''[[Chandragupta Maurya]]'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wildfiregames.com/0ad/page.php?p=8542 |title=Biographies: Chandragupta Maurya :: 0 A.D. |publisher=Wildfire Games |date=}}</ref> defeated the forces and conquered the Northern Indian regions up to the Kabul river (in modern day [[Afghanistan]]). Despite the Greek & Macedonian rule in Northwest India, no trace of either the M170 or the M35 genetic markers associated with Greeks and Macedonians have been found in [[Punjab region|Punjab]]. The reason is that Alexander mostly ruled this land with the help of local allies like [[King Porus|Porus]].<ref name="Kivisild et al. 2003">{{Harvcoltxt|Kivisild et al.|2003}}</ref> Centuries later, areas of the Punjab region would be ruled by local kings followed by the [[Ghaznavids]], [[Ghurids]], [[Mughals]] and others. Islam arrived to Punjab when the [[Muslim]] [[Umayyad]] army led by [[Muhammad bin Qasim]] conquered Sindh in 711 AD, by defeating [[Raja Dahir]]. Some of the Muslims are said to have settled in the region and adopted the local culture. Centuries later, the Ghaznavids introduced Persian and Turkish culture in Punjab. The Ghorids and others spread the Persian culture to Northern India. In the meantime, these rulers from Central Asia also married local Punjabi women.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ab99 |title=History of the Moghul Empire |publisher=Historyworld.net |date=}}</ref>

[[File:CiviltàValleIndoMappa.png|thumb|right|250px|[[Harappa]] was the center of one of the Oldest Civilizations [[Indus Valley Civilization]] located in central [[Punjab region|Punjab]]. The [[Harappan architecture]] and Harrapan Civilization was one of the most developed in the old [[Bronze Age]].]]

The earliest written Punjabi dates to the writing of [[Sufi]] Muslim poets of the 11th Century; its literature spread Punjab's unique voice of peace and spirituality to the entire civilisation of the region.

When the Mughals were weakened, then under the command of [[Nader Shah]] of Persia the regions of North India and Punjab, were annexed into the [[Durrani Empire]] in 1747. Some believe that [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] was born in the family of the Durrani rulers of Multan. He invaded and conquered Punjab several times but his grandson ([[Zaman Shah Durrani]]) lost it to [[Ranjit Singh]], a Punjabi Sikh. He was born in 1780 to Maha Singh and Raj Kaur in [[Gujranwala]], Punjab. Ranjit took a leading role in organising a Sikh militia and got control of the Punjab region from Zaman Shah Durrani. Ranjit started a Punjabi military expedition to expand his territory.<ref>{{cite web|author=Category: The Sikh Empire [1799 – 1839] |url=http://www.thesikhencyclopedia.com/the-sikh-empire-1799-1839/army-of-maharaja-ranjit-singh |title=ARMY OF MAHARAJA RANJIT SINGH – The Sikh Empire [1799 – 1839] |publisher=Thesikhencyclopedia.com |date=14 April 2012}}</ref> Under his command the Sikh army began invading neighboring territories outside of Punjab. The [[Jamrud Fort]] at the entry of [[Khyber Pass]] was built by Ranjit Singh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.softserv-intl.com/oldPakistan/photos/photo6.html |title=Jamrud Fort 1870 |publisher=Softserv-intl.com |date=}}</ref> The Sikh Empire slowly began to weaken after the death of [[Hari Singh Nalwa]] at the [[Battle of Jamrud]] in 1837. Two years later, in 1839, Ranjit Singh died and his son took over control of the empire. By 1850 the British took over control of the Punjab region after defeating the Sikhs in the [[Anglo-Sikh wars]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefirstanglosikhwar.com/ |title=thefirstanglosikhwar.com |publisher=thefirstanglosikhwar.com |date=}}</ref><ref>http://www.sikh-heritage.co.uk/postgurus/Sikh%20Wars/sikhwars.htm</ref>

==Religious demographics of the contemporary Punjab==
Due to religious tensions, emigration between Punjabi people started far before the partition and dependable records.<ref>Jones. (2006). Socio-religious reform movements in british india (the new cambridge history of india). Cambridge University Press</ref><ref>Jones, R. (2007). The great uprising in india, 1857–58: Untold stories, indian and british (worlds of the east india company). Boydell Press.</ref> Slightly prior to the Partition of [[British India]], Punjab had a slightly majority [[Muslim]] population at about 53.2% in 1941, which was an increase from the previous years.<ref>http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal_11_1/6_krishan.pdf</ref> With the division of Punjab and the subsequent independence of Pakistan and later India, mass migrations of [[Muslims]] from Indian Punjab to Pakistan, and those of [[Sikhs]] and [[Hindus]] from [[Pakistan]] to Indian Punjab occurred.
Today, the majority of Pakistani Punjabis follow [[Islam]] with a small Christian minority, while the majority of Indian Punjabis are either [[Sikh]]s or [[Hindu]]s with a [[Muslim]] minority. Punjab is also the birthplace of [[Sikhism]] and the Islamic reform movement [[Ahmadiyya]].<ref name="alislam.org"/>

The [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]] that was created by the British after their annexation of northwest India at the conclusion of the [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]] is now divided into several units: [[Pakistani Punjab]], the Indian states of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], Haryana and [[Himachal Pradesh]] and the Indian Union territory of [[Chandigarh]].

Following the independence of Pakistan and the subsequent [[Partition of India|partition of British India]], a process of population exchange took place in 1947 as Muslims began to leave [[India]] and headed to the newly created Pakistan and Hindus and Sikhs left [[Pakistan]]<ref>.[http://www.cet.edu/earthinfo/sasia/SAhis.html South Asia: British India Partitioned]</ref> for the newly created state of India.<ref>Avari, B. (2007). India: The ancient past. ISBN 978-0-415-35616-9</ref> As a result of these population exchanges, both parts are now relatively homogeneous, where religion is concerned.

===Punjabi Hindus===
::''See Also: [[List of Punjabi Hindus]]''

In the pre-Islamic era, the population of Punjab mainly followed [[Hinduism]]. Today [[Punjabi Hindu]]s are mostly found in Indian Punjab and in neighbouring states like [[Haryana]], Himachal Pradesh and [[Delhi]], which together forms a part of the historical greater [[Punjab region]]. Many of the Hindu Punjabis from the Indian capital [[Delhi]] are immigrants and their descendants, from various parts of Western(Pakistani) Punjab. Some Punjabi Hindus can also be found in the surrounding areas as well as the recent cosmopolitan migrants in other big cities like [[Mumbai]]. There has also been continuous migration of Punjabi Hindus to western countries like USA, Canada and UK.

The Hindu Punjabis speak different dialects including [[Lahnda]], as well as [[Majhi dialect|Majhi]] (Standard Punjabi) and others like [[Doabi]] and [[Malwi]]. Some still have managed to retain the Punjabi dialects spoken in Western Punjab, but many have also adopted [[Hindi]]. The population of Hindu Punjabis is approximately 12 million in India. Many generals of [[Maharaja Ranjt Singh]] were Punjabi Hindus and many revolutionaries like [[Lala Lajpat Rai]], Sukhdev Thappar, and Bhai Pramanand.

===Punjabi Muslims===
[[File:Badshahi Mosque July 1 2005 pic32 by Ali Imran (1).jpg|thumb|upright|Badshahi Masjid - The largest mosque of the Mughal Empire built by emperor [[Aurangzeb]].]] The people of Punjab were mainly Hindus with a Buddhist minority, when the [[Umayyad]] Muslim army led by [[Muhammad bin Qasim]] from Syria, invaded Punjab and Sindh in 711 AD. Bin Qasim recorded that he was so overwhelmed by the gold in the [[Aditya]] Temple in the thriving trading city of Multan (known as ''Mulasthana'' then), that he recovered the expenses for his entire invasion.

During the reign of [[Mahmud of Ghazni]], non-Muslims were ordered to pay the [[jaziya]] tax, according to Islamic law.<ref name=Esposito>[[John Esposito|John Louis Esposito]], ''Islam the Straight Path'', Oxford University Press, Jan 15, 1998, p. 34.</ref><ref>Lewis (1984), pp. 10, 20</ref><ref>Ali, Abdullah Yusuf (1991). The Holy Quran. Medina: King Fahd Holy Qur-an Printing Complex, pg. 507</ref> The province became an important centre and Lahore was made into a second capital of the Turk [[Ghaznavid Empire]] based out of [[Ghazni]]. The [[Mughals]] controlled the region from 1524 until 1739 and would also lavish some parts of the province with building projects such as the [[Shalimar Gardens (Lahore)|Shalimar Gardens]] and the [[Badshahi Mosque]], both situated in Lahore. The [[Muslim]] establishment in the Punjab occurred over a period of several centuries lasting until towards the end of the [[British Raj]] and the partition of the Punjab province between [[Pakistan]] and [[India]] in August, 1947. The majority of Hindu and Sikh populations abandoned [[Pakistan]] for [[India]], while [[Pakistan]] received an influx of [[Muslim]] populations from [[India]].<ref>Peers, Gooptu. (2012). India and the british empire (oxford history of the british empire companion). Oxford University Press.</ref><ref>Bryant, G. (2013). The emergence of british power in india, 1600–1784 (worlds of the east india company). BOYE6.</ref> Today only few Muslims are found in Eastern Punjab, as most now live in Western Punjab in Pakistan.

===Punjabi Sikhs===
[[File:Ranjitsingh.gif|right||thumb|upright|Portrait of Maharaja Ranjit Singh]]

At the beginning of the fifteenth century, the religion of [[Sikhism]] was born, and during the Mughal period its [[Misl]]s gradually emerged as a formidable military force until assimilated under the expanding [[Sikh Empire]]. After fighting [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]], the Sikhs wrested control of the Punjab from his descendants and ruled in a [[Confederation|confederacy]], which later became the Sikh Empire of the Punjab under [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]]. A denizen of the city of [[Gujranwala]], the capital of Ranjit Singh's empire was Lahore.<ref>[http://www.heritage.gov.pk/html_Pages/sikh.htm Sikh Period – Government of Pakistan]. Heritage.gov.pk (14 August 1947).</ref> The Sikhs made architectural contributions to the city and the [[Lahore Fort]]. The Sikh empire was the first local power to rule the region since [[Muhammad of Ghor|Muhammed Ghori's]] defeat of [[Prithviraj III|Prithvi Raj Chauhan]] in 1192

===Punjabi Christians===
[[File:SadhuSundarSingh.jpg|left|thumb|[[Sadhu Sundar Singh]], an influential Punjabi Christian missionary from [[Ludhiana]] (1889–1929)]]
The death of Maharaja [[Ranjit Singh]] in the summer of 1839 brought political chaos and the subsequent battles of succession and the bloody infighting between the factions at court weakened the state. Relationships with neighbouring British territories then broke down, starting the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]]; this led to a British official being resident in Lahore and the annexation of territory south of the Satluj to British India.

In 1877, on [[Thomas the Apostle|St. Thomas' Day]] at [[Westminster Abbey]], London, [[Reverend|Rev]] [[Thomas Valpy French]] was appointed the first [[Anglican Bishop]] of [[Lahore]], a large [[diocese]] which included all of the [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]], then under British colonial rule, and remained so until 1887, during this period he also opened the Divinity College, Lahore in 1870.<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A07E2D6173EE73BBC4B52DFB7668383669FDE Churches and Ministers: Home and Foreign Events] [[New York Times]], 13 January 1878.</ref><ref>[http://anglicanhistory.org/india/pk/stock_french/06.html An Heroic Bishop] Chapter VI. His Fourth Pioneer Work: The Lahore Bishopric.</ref><ref>[http://anglicanhistory.org/india/stock_beginnings/11.html Beginnings in India] By Eugene Stock, D.C.L., London: Central Board of Missions and SPCK, 1917.</ref>
Rev Thomas Patrick Hughes served as a [[Church Missionary Society]] missionary at [[Peshawar]] (1864–84), and became an oriental scholar, and compiled a 'Dictionary of Islam' (1885).<ref>[http://www.mundus.ac.uk/cats/13/1027.htm British Library]. Mundus.ac.uk (18 July 2002).</ref>

[[Missionaries]] accompanied colonising forces from [[Portugal]], France, and Great Britain. Christianity was mainly brought by the [[British Raj|British rulers]] of India in the later 18th and 19th century. This is evidenced in cities established by the British, such as the port city of [[Karachi]], where the majestic [[Saint Patrick's Cathedral, Karachi|St. Patrick's Cathedral]], Pakistan's largest church stands, and the churches in the city of [[Rawalpindi]], where the British established a major military cantonment.

The total number of Punjabi Christians in Pakistan is approximately 2,800,000 and 300,000 in Indian Punjab. Of these, approximately half are Roman Catholic and half Protestant. Many of the modern Punjabi Christians are descended from converts during British rule, however, other modern Punjabi Christians have converted from their parents religion. The [[Chura]]s were largely converted to Christianity in [[North India]] during the [[British raj]]. The vast majority were converted from the [[Mazhabi|Mazhabi Sikh]] communities of Punjab, and to a lesser extent Hindu Churas; under the influence of enthusiastic British army officers and Christian missionaries. Consequently, since partition they are now divided between [[Pakistani Punjab]] and [[Indian Punjab]]. Large numbers of [[Mazhabi Sikh]]s were also converted in the [[Moradabad district]] and the [[Bijnor district]]<ref>Alter, J.P and J. Alter (1986) In the Doab and Rohilkhand: north Indian Christianity, 1815–1915. I.S.P.C.K publishing p183</ref> of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. [[Rohilkhand]] saw a mass conversion of its entire population of 4500 Mazhabi Sikhs into the [[Methodist Church]].<ref>Alter, J.P and J. Alter (1986) In the Doab and Rohilkhand: north Indian Christianity, 1815–1915. I.S.P.C.K publishing p196</ref> Sikh organisations became alarmed at the rate of conversions among the Mazhabi Sikhs and responded by immediately dispatching Sikh missionaries to counteract the conversions..

===Independence and its aftermath===
Until 1947, the province of Punjab was ruled by a coalition constituting of the [[Indian National Congress]], the Sikh-led [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] and the [[Unionist Muslim League]]. However, the growth of Muslim separatism led to the [[All India Muslim League]] becoming the dominant party in the 1946 elections. As Muslim separatism increased, the opposition from Punjabi Hindus and Sikhs increased substantially. Communal violence on the eve of Indian independence led to the dismissal of the coalition government, although the succeeding League ministry was unable to form a majority. Along with the province of Bengal, Punjab was partitioned on religious lines – the Muslim-majority West becoming part of the new Muslim state of Pakistan, and the Hindu and Sikh East remaining in India. Partition was accompanied by massive violence on both sides, claiming the lives of hundreds of thousands of people. West Punjab was virtually cleansed of its Hindu and Sikh populations, who were forced to leave for India, while Punjabi Muslims in the East and Delhi had to leave for Pakistan.

By the 1960s, Indian Punjab underwent reorganisation as Sikh demands for an autonomous state increased. The Hindu-majority areas were formed into the states of [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Haryana]] respectively, making Sikhs the majority in the state of Punjab itself. In the 1980s, Sikh separatism combined with popular anger against the [[Indian Army]]'s counter-insurgency operations (especially [[Operation Bluestar]]) led to violence and disorder in Indian Punjab, which only subsided in the 1990s. Political power in Indian Punjab is contested between the secular Congress party and the Sikh religious Akali Dal and its allies, the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. Indian Punjab remains one of the most prosperous of India's states and is considered the "breadbasket of India."

Pakistani Punjabis made up a majority of the West Pakistani population, and Punjab constituted 40% of West Pakistan's total area.

===Emigration===
The [[Punjabi diaspora]] from both India and Pakistan is substantial. Emigration from the Punjab began in the 19th century, with many Punjabis settling in Britain and Canada, where a large Punjabi population remains in the province of [[British Columbia]]. In the early 20th century, many Punjabis began settling in the United States, including independence activists who formed the [[Ghadar Party]]. A new wave of emigration began in the 1970s to Middle Eastern states such as the [[UAE]] and [[Saudi Arabia]], and onwards Britain and other European countries, Canada and the US

==Geographic distribution==

===Pakistani Punjabis===

Punjabis make up about 40% of the population of Pakistan. The Punjabis found in Pakistan belong to groups known as biradaris, which descend from a common male ancestor. In addition, Punjabi society is divided into two divisions, the zamindar groups or qoums, traditionally associated with farming and the moeens, who are traditionally artisans. Some zamindars are further divided into groups such as the [[Punjabi Rajput|Rajput]]s, [[Muslim Jat of Punjab|Jat]]s, [[Punjabi Shaikh|Shaikhs]] or (Muslim [[Khatri]]), [[Gujjar]]s, [[Gakhars]], [[Dogar]]s and [[Labana|Rahmani]] (Muslim Labana). Zamindar groups who claim [[Turko-Persian tradition|Turko-Persian]] or Arab ancestry include the [[Mughal (tribe)|Mughal]], [[Awan Pakistan|Awan]] and [[Arain]], comprising the main tribes in the north of the province, while [[Khagga]], [[Bodla]], [[Jhandir]], [[Daudpota]], [[Gardezi]], [[Syed]] and [[Quraishi]] are found in the south, all of whom claim [[Arab]] ancestry. People from neighbouring regions, such as [[Kashmiri Muslims|Kashmiris]], [[Punjabi Pathan|Pashtun]] and [[Punjabi Baloch|Baluch]], also form important element in the Punjabi population. The [[Niazi]] and [[Khogyani (tribe)|Khakwani]] Pashtun tribes are integrated into village life. They are usually referred to as Punjabis by other Pashtuns. They have big communities in [[Mianwali]], [[Bakkar]], [[Lahore]], [[Faisalabad]], [[Sahiwal]] and [[Toba Tek Singh]]. Major Moeen groups include the [[Lohar]], [[Khateek]], [[Rawal]], [[Chhimba Darzi]], [[Muslim Teli|Teli]], [[Malik (Julaha)|Julaha]], [[Mallaah]], [[Mirasi]], who are associated with a particular crafts or occupation.<ref>''Muslim peoples : a world ethnographic survey'' Richard V. Weekes, editor-in-chief Greenwood Press 1978</ref>

Punjabis have traditionally and historically been farmers and soldiers{{Citation needed|date=June 2012}}, which has transferred into modern times with their dominance of agriculture and military fields in Pakistan. In addition, Punjabis in Pakistan have been quite prominent politically, having had many elected members of parliament. As the most ardent supporters of a Pakistani state, the Punjabis in Pakistan have shown a strong predilection towards the adoption of the Urdu language but nearly all speak Punjabi, and still identify themselves as ethnic Punjabis. Religious homogeneity remains elusive as a predominant Islamic [[Sunni]]-[[Shi'a Islam|Shia]]-[[Ahmadiyya]] population and a Christian minority have not completely wiped out diversity since the partition of British India. A variety of related sub-groups exist in Pakistan and are often considered by many Pakistani Punjabis to be simply regional Punjabis including the [[Seraikis]] (who overlap and are often considered transitional with the [[Sindhi people|Sindhis]]).

The recent definition of Punjabi, in Pakistani Punjab, is not based on [[Race (classification of humans)|racial classification]], [[Common descent|common ansectory]] or [[endogamy]],<ref>{{cite web|author=Brian Schwimmer |url=http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~anthrop/tutor/marriage/endogamy.html |title=Endogamy |publisher=Home.cc.umanitoba.ca |date=}}</ref> but based on geographical and cultural basis and thus makes it a unique definition. In Pakistani Punjab, there is not a great emphasis on a single dialect of the language and Pakistani Punjabis speak many distinct [[Punjabi dialects|dialects]],<ref>[http://grammar.about.com/od/d/g/dialectterm.htm dialect – definition and examples of dialects in linguistics]. Grammar.about.com (15 July 2013).</ref><ref>[http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=95&menu=004 UCLA Language Materials Project: Language Profile]. Lmp.ucla.edu.</ref> which include [[Hindko]], [[Saraiki language|Seraiki]], [[Potwari language|Potohari or Pahari]] and still identify themselves as Punjabis. People from a few provinces of [[Pakistan]] have made Punjab their home in recent times and now their consecutive generations identify themselves as Punjabis. The largest community to assimilate in Punjabi culture and now identify themselves as Punjabis are [[Kashmiri people|Kashmiris]] which include noted personalities like [[Nawaz Sharif]], [[Shaikh Rasheed Ahmad|Sheikh Rasheed]], [[Hamid Mir]] and the most noted poet [[Muhammad Iqbal]], to name a few. The second largest community after Kashmiris are people of India, who identify themselves as Punjabis.' The other communities to assimilate in Punjabis include [[Baloch people|Baloch]] who can be found throughout Punjab, and [[Balti people|Baltis]]. The welcoming nature of Punjab have led to successful integration of almost all ethnic groups in Punjab over time. The Urdu, Punjabi and other language speakers who arrived in Punjab in 1947<ref>[http://bintphotobooks.blogspot.de/2011/04/great-migration-india-pakistan-1947.html Bint photoBooks on INTernet: The Great Migration India Pakistan 1947 Life Magazine Margaret Bourke-White Sunil Janah Photojournalism Photography]. Bintphotobooks.blogspot.de (11 April 2011).</ref><ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gn9ZwI9zqu4 Migration on India-Pakistan Partition of Punjab]. YouTube (25 January 2011).</ref> have now assimilated and their second and third generations identify themselves as Punjabis even though it is not the same in [[Sindh]] Pakistan where they form distinct ethnic groups.

{{See also|Languages of Pakistan}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Rank || State || Punjabi speakers || Percentage
|-
| — || '''Pakistan''' || '''76,335,300''' || '''44.15'''
|-
| 1 || [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] || 70,671,704 || 75.23
|-
| 2 || [[Sindh]] || 3,592,261 || 6.99
|-
| 3 || [[Islamabad]] || 1,343,625 || 71.62
|-
| 5 || [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]] || 318,745 || 2.52
|}

===Indian Punjabis===
[[File:Punjabi sardar.jpg|thumb|Indian Punjabi farmer.]]
The population of [[Punjab, India|Indian Punjab]] is divided into two major religious groups, the Sikhs and Hindus.Punjabis make around 2.85% of the population of India.

Like the Punjabi Muslim society, these various [[caste system in India|castes]] are associated with particular occupations or crafts.

Indian Punjab is also home to small groups of Muslims and Christian. Most of the [[East Punjab]]'s Muslims ''(in today's states of Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi and Chandigarh)'' left for West Punjab in 1947. However, a small community still exists today, mainly in [[Malerkotla]] and [[Qadian]] which was spared during partition, the only Muslim princely state among the seven that formed the erstwhile [[Patiala]] and East Punjab States Union (PEPSU). The other six ''(mostly Sikh)'' states were: Patiala, [[Nabha]], [[Jind]], [[Faridkot, India|Faridkot]], [[Kapurthala]] and [[Kalsia]].

The Punjab region within India maintains a strong influence on the perceived culture of India towards the rest of the world. Numerous Bollywood film productions use the Punjabi language in their songs and dialogue as well as traditional dances such as [[Bhangra (dance)|bhangra]]. Bollywood has been dominated by Punjabi artists including [[Raj Kapoor]], [[Dev Anand]], [[Vinod Khanna]], [[Dharmendra]], [[Shammi Kapoor]], [[Rishi Kapoor]], [[Lara Dutta]], [[Navalpreet Rangi]], [[Akshay Kumar]] and [[Kareena Kapoor]]. Prime Ministers of India including [[Gulzarilal Nanda]] and [[Inder Kumar Gujral]] in the past, and Dr. [[Manmohan Singh]] at present, are Punjabis, as are numerous players in the Indian cricket team both past and present including [[Bishen Singh Bedi]], [[Kapil Dev]], [[Mohinder Amarnath]], [[Navjot Sidhu]], [[Harbhajan Singh]], [[Yuvraj Singh]] and [[Yograj Singh]].

==The Punjabi diaspora==
{{Main|Punjabi diaspora}}
[[File:Punjabi Speaking World.png|thumb|right|380px|Punjabis around the world]]
The Punjabi people have emigrated in large numbers to many parts of the world. The United Kingdom has a significant number of Punjabis from both Pakistan and India as does Canada (specifically Vancouver and Toronto) and the United States, (specifically California's [[Central Valley (California)|Central Valley]]). The Middle East has a large immigrant community of Punjabis, in places such as the [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]] and [[Kuwait]]. There are large communities in East Africa including the countries of [[Kenya]], [[Uganda]] and [[Tanzania]]. Punjabis have also emigrated to Australia, New Zealand and Southeast Asia including [[Malaysia]], [[Thailand]], Singapore and Hong Kong.

===Punjabis by country===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Rank !! Country !! Population
|-
|1|| {{flagu|Pakistan}} ||88,109,600
|-
|2|| {{flagu|India}} ||33,102,477
|-
|3|| {{flagu|United Kingdom}} || 2,300,000
|-
|4|| {{flagu|United Arab Emirates}} || 720,000
|-
|5|| {{flagu|Canada}} || 500,000
|-
|6|| {{flagu|United States}} || 350,000
|-
|7|| {{flagu|Malaysia}} || 120,000
|-
|8|| {{flagu|Australia}} ||72,000
|-
|9|| {{flagu|Italy}} || 70,000
|-
|}

==Genetics of Indian Punjabis==
The majority of [[Indian people|Indian]] Punjabi population share similar genes with other north Indian populations including those from [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Kashmir]], but also show a significant relationship with west Eurasian groups. In a 2004 Stanford study conducted with a wide sampling from India, including 112 Punjabis, and selected other countries, displayed the following:

:Results show that Indian tribal and caste populations derive largely from the same genetic heritage of [[Pleistocene]] southern and western Asians and have received limited gene flow from external regions since the [[Holocene]].<ref>[http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/AJHG_2003_v72_p313-332.pdf The Genetic Heritage of the Earliest Settlers Persists Both in Indian Tribal and Caste Populations]</ref>

This study also found that roughly 42% of genetic markers in the Punjab were of West Asian origin, the highest amongst the sampled group of South Asians.{{Dubious|date=July 2009}}{{citation needed|date=August 2011}} Another study also showed that there has been limited gene flow in and out of north India, but the highest amount of genetic inflow from the west showed up in the Punjab region:

:Broadly, the average proportion of mtDNAs from West Eurasia among Indian caste populations is 17% (Table 2). In the northern States of India their share is greater, reaching over 30% in [[Kashmir]] and [[Gujarat]], nearly 43% in [[Indian Punjab]].<ref>[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=516768 Most of the extant mtDNA boundaries in South and Southwest Asia were likely shaped during the initial settlement of Eurasia by anatomically modern humans]. Pubmedcentral.nih.gov.</ref><ref>[http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2156/5/26 Most of the extant mtDNA boundaries in South and Southwest Asia were likely shaped during the initial settlement of Eurasia by anatomically modern humans]. Biomedcentral.com.</ref>

Some preliminary conclusions from these varying tests support a largely north Indian genetic base for most Punjabis accompanied by some of the highest degrees of west Asian admixture{{Citation needed|date=April 2013}} found in north India.

== Culture ==
{{Main|Punjabi culture}}
[[File:International border at Wagah - evening flag lowering ceremony.jpg|thumb|250px|right| The evening flag lowering ceremony at the India-Pakistan International Border near Wagah in Punjab.]]
Punjabi culture is the culture of the [[Punjab region]]. It is one of the oldest and richest cultures in world history, dating from ancient antiquity to the modern era. The Punjabi culture is the culture of the Punjabi people, who are now distributed throughout the world. The scope, history, sophistication and complexity of the culture are vast. Some of the main areas include Punjabi poetry, philosophy, spirituality, artistry, dance, music, cuisine, military weaponry, architecture, languages, traditions, values and history. Historically, the Punjab/Punjabis, in addition to their rural-agrarian lands and culture, have also enjoyed a unique urban cultural development in two great cities, [[Lahore]]<ref>For various notable Punjabis belonging to this venerable city, please also see [[List of families of Lahore]]</ref> and [[Amritsar]].<ref>Ian Talbot, 'Divided Cities: Lahore and Amritsar in the aftermath of Partition', Karachi:OUP, 2006, pp.1–4 ISBN 0-19-547226-8</ref>

===Language===
{{Main|Punjabi language}}

Punjabi is the most spoken language in [[Pakistan]] and 11th spoken language in India. According to the [[Ethnologue]] 2005 estimate,<ref name="ReferenceA">Ethnologue. 15th edition (2005).</ref> there are 88 million native speakers of the Punjabi language, which makes it the twelfth most widely spoken language in the world. According to the 2008 Census of Pakistan,<ref>According to [http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/other_tables/pop_by_mother_tongue.pdf statpak.gov.pk] 44.15% of the Pakistani people are native Punjabi speakers. This gives an approximate number of 76,335,300 Punjabi speakers in Pakistan.</ref> there are approximately 76,335,300 native speakers of Punjabi in Pakistan, and according to the [[Demographics of India#Linguistic demographic2001|Census of India]], there are over 29,102,477 Punjabi speakers in India.<ref>[[Census of India]], 2001</ref> Punjabi is also spoken as a [[minority language]] in several other countries where Punjabis have emigrated in large numbers, such as the United Kingdom (where it is the second most commonly used language<ref>[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199900/cmhansrd/vo000307/halltext/00307h02.htm "Punjabi Community".] The United Kingdom Parliament.</ref>) and Canada, in which Punjabi has now become the fourth most spoken language after English, French and Chinese, due to the rapid growth of immigrants from Pakistan and India.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Punjabi_is_Canadas_4th_most_top_language/articleshow/2782138.cms "Punjabi is 4th most spoken language in Canada"] ''The Times of India''</ref> There are also sizeable communities in the United States, [[Kenya]], [[Tanzania]], [[Uganda]], [[Persian Gulf]] countries, Hong Kong, [[Malaysia]], Singapore, Australia and New Zealand.

Punjabis are linguistically and culturally related to the other Indo-Aryan peoples of South Asia. There are an estimated 120 million Punjabis around the world. If regarded as an ethnic group, they are among the world's largest. In South Asia, they are the [[South Asian ethnic groups|second largest ethnic group]] after the Bengali People.

The main language of the Punjabi people is [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and its associated dialects, which differ depending on the region of Punjab the speaker is from; there are notable differences in the [[Lahnda languages]], spoken in the Pakistani Punjab. In the Pakistani Punjab Urdu is spoken by nearly all, and the vast majority still speak Punjabi, even though the language have no governmental support. In the Indian Punjab, most people speak Punjabi. English is sometimes used, and people may also speak [[Hindi]] and older people who lived in the undivided Punjab may be able to speak and write in [[Urdu]]. There is a significant [[hindi]] and other Indian languages influence in Punjabi. In India Sanskrit vocabulary have been adopted, due to the national status of Hindi language. The Punjabi languages have always absorbed numerous loanwords from surrounding areas and provinces (and from English).

===Cuisine===
{{Main|Punjabi cuisine}}

Punjabi cuisine has an immense range of dishes and has become world-leader in the field; so much so that many entrepreneurs that have invested in the sector have built large personal fortunes due to the popularity of Punjabi cuisine throughout the world. Punjabi cuisine uses very unique spices.

===Music of Punjab===
{{main|Music of Punjab}}

[[Bhangra (music)|Bhangra]] describes dance-oriented popular music with Punjabi rhythms, developed since the 1980s. The name refers to one of the traditional and folkloric Punjabi dances. Thus in bhangra music the emphasis is usually on the music (i.e. rhythm for dancing) and less on the singer and the lyrics. Bhangra music is appreciated all over the globe. [[Sufi music]] and [[Qawali]] are other important genres in Punjab.

===Punjabi dances===
{{Main|Punjabi dance}}

Owing to the long history of the [[Punjabi culture]] and of the Punjabi people, there are a large number of dances normally performed at times of celebration, the time of festivals known as Melas and the most prominent dances are at Punjabi weddings, where the elation is usually particularly intense. Punjabi dances are performed either by men or by women. The dances range from solo to group dances and also sometimes dances are done along with musical instruments like [[Dhol]], [[Flute]], Supp, Dhumri, Chimta etc.
"Bhangra" dance is the most famous aspect of Punjabi dance tradition.Its popularity has attained a level where a music is produced with the intent of aiding people to carry out this form of dancing.

===Punjabi wedding traditions===
{{Main|Punjabi wedding traditions}}
[[File:Punjabipeople.JPG|thumb|250px|Indian Punjabis at a wedding]]
Punjabi wedding traditions and ceremonies are conducted in Punjabi, and are a strong reflection of Punjabi culture. While the actual religious marriage ceremony among Muslims, Sikhs, Hindus, and Jains may be conducted in Arabic, Punjabi, Sanskrit, by the Kazi, Pandit or Granthi, there are also many commonalities in ritual, song, dance, food, make-up and dress. The Punjabi wedding has many rituals and ceremonies that have evolved since traditional times. Punjabi receptions of all sorts are known to be very energetic, filled with loud Bhangra music, people dancing,and a wide variety of Punjabi food. Alcohol consumption by the menfolk is part of the tradition amongst Hindu and some Sikh communities that allow it.

===Punjabi folk tales===
{{Main|Folk Tales in Punjab}}
The folk tales of Punjab include many stories<ref>[http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/steel/punjab/punjab.html Tales of the Punjab]. Digital.library.upenn.edu.</ref> which are passing through generations and includes folk stories like [[Heer Ranjha]], [[Mirza Sahiban]],<ref>[http://hrisouthasian.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=35%3Apeelu-the-first-narrator-of-the-legend-of-mirza-sahiban&catid=6%3Alovelegend&Itemid=13 Peelu: The First Narrator of the Legend of Mirza-SahibaN]. Hrisouthasian.org.</ref> [[Sohni Mahiwal]] etc. to name a few.

===Village life in Punjab===
{{Main|Village life in Punjab}}
The village life of land of five rivers is as entrancing as any other thing of this region. The village life is simple and people usually live in small communities and they live in peace and harmony with each other. Most villages are centred around extended families, sharing common patrilineal ancestry.

===Festivals in Punjab===
{{Main|Festivals in Punjab}}
[[Jashan-e-Baharan]], [[Basant]], [[Kanak katai da mela ( Wheat cutting celebrations )]] and many more.

===Traditional dresses worn in Punjab===
{{Main|Traditional dresses in Punjab}}

The Punjabi traditional clothing is very diverse and for various occasions various clothing is chosen. It includes [[Shalwar Kameez]], [[Kurta]], [[Achkan]] and [[Dhoti]] in men while in women there is wide range of clothing but mainly it comprises [[Shalwar Kameez]], [[Churidar]]s with [[Dupatta]] with traditional [[Paranda Ghari]] wore on the hair. [[Khaddi topi (Embroidered cap)]] is also wore by some women with dupatta on special occasions. Shalwar Kameez and [[Sherwani]] are for formal occasions and office work while Dhoti is mostly wore by people who are involved in farming throughout Punjab. The shorter version of Dhoti that is unique to Punjab is known as [[Chatki]] with close resemblance to [[Kilt]] but use of [[Chatki]] for formal occasions is very very rare and not many people are familiar with Chatkis. [[Jutti|Punjabi Jutti]] and [[Tillay wali Jutti]] is a very famous footwear for both men and women in Punjab. In men [[Pagri (turban)]] is also worn as a traditional cap in many occasions. [[Dupatta]] with embroidery of different styles with [[Matthay da Tikka]] is also very famous in Punjabi culture.

===Sports in Punjab===
{{Main|Sports in Punjab}}

The most famous indigenous sport among Punjabis is [[Kabaddi]] (a wrestling game), which in recent years has witnessing a growth from regional audience in towns and villages to an international platform. The commentary is maintained in the Punjabi language. The Kabaddi World Cup was first played in 2004. The Punjab government of India organized a Circle Style 2010 Kabaddi World Cup, as it is the form which is mostly played in Punjab.

A variety of indoor and outdoor sports are played across Punjab, among the most famous are [[Pehlwani|Kusti]] (a wrestling sport), Rasa Kashi (a rope pulling game), Patang (Kite Flying), [[Gulli-danda]] (tipcat) and Naiza Baazi or Tent pegging (a cavalry sport).

[[Gatka]], is also taken as a form of sports, and performed by the [[Sikhs]], as part of their religion.

[[Dog fights]] is considered a sport in the region, even though it against the law, and still very popular in rural Punjab.

Punjab being part of South Asia, the sport of [[cricket]] is very popular. This sport was introduced during the [[British Raj|British Raj of India]]. The list of Punjabi sportsmen in the field of cricket is long, and many others includes [[Harbhajan Singh]], [[Shoaib Akhtar]], [[Kapil Dev]], [[Wasim Akram]].

New forms of sports are also being introduced and adopted in particular by the large overseas Punjabis, such as [[Ice hockey]], [[Soccer]], [[Boxing]], [[Mixed martial arts]] as part of the globalization of sports.

==Prominent Punjabis==
{{Main|List of Punjabis|List of Punjabi poets|List of Punjabi authors|List of Punjabi singers|List of Punjabi language poets}}

==See also==
* [[Dialects of the Punjab]]
* [[Punjab region]]
* [[Punjabi culture]]
* [[Punjabi language]]
* [[Punjabi cuisine]]
* [[Music of Punjab]]
* [[Punjabi dance]]
* [[Punjabi folklore]]
* [[Punjabi press]]
* [[History of the Punjab]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References and further reading==
* Mohini Gupta, Encyclopaedia of Punjabi Culture & History – Vol. 1 (Window on Punjab) [Hardcover], ISBN 978-81-202-0507-9
* Iqbal Singh Dhillion, Folk Dances of Punjab ISBN 978-81-7116-220-8
* Punjabi Culture: Punjabi Language, Bhangra, Punjabi People, Karva Chauth, Kila Raipur Sports Festival, Lohri, Punjabi Dhabha, ISBN 978-1-157-61392-3
* Kamla C. Aryan, Cultural Heritage of Punjab ISBN 978-81-900002-9-1
* Shafi Aqeel, Popular Folk Tales from the Punjab ISBN 978-0-19-547579-1
* Online Book of Punjabi Folk Tales, http://archive.org/stream/KamalKahanisaeedBhuttaABookOnPunjabiFolktales/KamalKahaniReviewByHassnainGhayoor#page/n0/mode/2up
* Punjabi Wedding Songs http://itunes.apple.com/gb/app/boliyan-book/id464162568?mt=8
* Colloquial Panjabi: The Complete Course for Beginners (Colloquial Series) ISBN 978-0-415-10191-2
* A website dedicated to Punjabi Language ( Shahmukhi and Gurmukhi Scripts) http://www.apnaorg.com/
* Gilmartin, David. ''Empire and Islam: Punjab and the Making of Pakistan''. Univ of California Press (1988), ISBN 0-520-06249-3.
* Grewal, J.S. and Gordon Johnson. ''The Sikhs of the Punjab (The New Cambridge History of India)''. Cambridge University Press; Reprint edition (1998), ISBN 0-521-63764-3.
* Punjab Digital Library http://www.panjabdigilib.org
* [[Denzil Ibbetson]], ''Punjab Castes: Race, Castes and Tribes of the People of Punjab''. Cosmo Publications, ISBN 81-7020-458-5.
* Ibbetson, Denzil, (2002). ''Panjab castes''. Low Price Publications. ISBN 81-7536-290-1.
* Latif, Syed. ''History of the Panjab''. Kalyani (1997), ISBN 81-7096-245-5.
* Rose, H.A. Denzil Ibbetson, [[Edward Maclagan]] (reprint 1990). ''Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North West Frontier Province''. Asian Educational Services, India, ISBN 81-206-0505-5.
* Sekhon, Iqbal S. ''The Punjabis : The People, Their History, Culture and Enterprise''. Delhi, Cosmo, 2000, 3 Vols., ISBN 81-7755-051-9.
* Singh, Gurharpal. ''Ethnic Conflict in India : A Case-Study of Punjab''. Palgrave Macmillan (2000).
* Singh, Gurharpal (Editor) and Ian Talbot (Editor). ''Punjabi Identity: Continuity and Change''. South Asia Books (1996), ISBN 81-7304-117-2.
* Singh, Khushwant. ''A History of the Sikhs – Volume 1''.Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-562643-5
* Steel, Flora Annie. ''Tales of the Punjab : Told by the People (Oxford in Asia Historical Reprints)''. Oxford University Press, USA; New Ed edition (2002), ISBN 0-19-579789-2.
* Tandon, Prakash and Maurice Zinkin. ''Punjabi Century 1857–1947'', University of California Press (1968), ISBN 0-520-01253-4.
* {{loc}} [http://countrystudies.us/pakistan/32.htm Pakistan], [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/intoc.html India]
* [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2156/5/26 DNA boundaries in South and Southwest Asia, BMC Genetics 2004, 5:26]
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=pan Ethnologue Eastern Panjabi]
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=pnb Ethnologue Western Panjabi]
* [http://www.censusindia.gov.in/ Indian Census]
* [http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/other_tables/pop_by_mother_tongue.pdf Pakistan Census]
* [http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/AJHG_2003_v72_p313-332.pdf The Genetic Heritage of the Earliest Settlers Persists Both in Indian Tribal and Caste Populations, Am. J. Hum. Genet. 72:313–332, 2003]
* {{Cite book|last=Talib|first=Gurbachan|authorlink=Gurbachan Singh Talib|title= [[Muslim League Attack on Sikhs and Hindus in the Punjab 1947]]|year=1950|publisher=[[Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee]]|location=India}}[http://www.bharatvani.org/books/mla/ Online 1] [http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC03809888&id=9fQLAAAAIAAJ&q=Muslim+League+Attack+on+Sikhs+and+Hindus+in+the+Punjab+1947&dq=Muslim+League+Attack+on+Sikhs+and+Hindus+in+the+Punjab+1947&pgis=1 Online 2] [http://allaboutsikhs.com/books/gst/ Online 3] (A free copy of this book can be read from any 3 of the included "Online Sources" of this free "Online Book")
* The Legacy of The Punjab by R. M. Chopra, 1997, Punjabee Bradree, Calcutta.
* http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/2891/11/11_chapter%204.pdf

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Prone to spam|date=July 2013}}
{{Z148}}
* [http://asnic.utexas.edu/asnic/subject/peoplesandlanguages.html Peoples and Languages in Pre-Islamic Indus Valley]
* [http://asianbookcenter.com/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=25&products_id=524 Free Punjabi (Gurmukhi) Primer – Especially designed for those who know English]
* [[Ma Boli International Punjabi Film Festival , Vancouver]]
* [http://www.punjabilinks.com Punjabi Links]

{{Ethnic Groups of India|hide}}
{{Ethnic groups, Social groups (Caste) and tribes the Punjab}}
{{Punjab, Pakistan}}
{{Punjab, India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Punjabi People}}
[[Category:Punjabi people| ]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Punjabi tribes|Punjabi tribes]]
[[Category:Punjabi culture]]

Punjabis

2014-02-24T08:40:35Z

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{{dablinks|date=February 2014}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2013}}
{{infobox ethnic group|
|group= Punjabi people
|native_name= '''ਪੰਜਾਬੀ/پنجابی'''
|image =
{{image array|perrow=5|width=65|height=80
| image1 = Har Gobind Khorana nobel.jpg | caption1 = [[Har Gobind Khorana]]
| image2 = Abdus Salam 2.jpg| caption2 = [[Abdus Salam]]
| image3 = Muhammad Zafarullah Khan .jpg| caption3 = [[Muhammad Zafrulla Khan|Muhammad Zafrullah Khan]]
| image4 = Liaquat Ali Khan.jpg | caption4 = [[Liaquat Ali Khan]]
| image5 = BullehShah.jpg | caption5 = [[Bulleh Shah]]
| image6 = Bhagat Singh 1929 140x190.jpg | caption6 = [[Bhagat Singh]]
| image7 = Sikh Gurus with Bhai Bala and Bhai Mardana.jpg | caption7 = [[Guru Nanak Dev]]
| image8 = Vinod_Khosla,_Web_2.0_Conference.jpg| caption8 = [[Vinod Khosla]]
| image9 = Amrita_Pritam_(1919_–_2005)_,_in_1948.jpg | caption9 = [[Amrita Pritam]]
| image10 = MaharajaRanjitSIngh - L Massard.gif | caption10 = [[Ranjit Singh]]
| image11 = Kalpana Chawla, NASA photo portrait in orange suit.jpg | caption11 = [[Kalpana Chawla]]
| image12 = Prime Minister Manmohan Singh in WEF ,2009 (cropped).jpg |caption12 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| image13 = Shahid Malik.jpg | caption13 = [[Shahid Malik]]
| image14 = Ayatollah.jpg | caption14 = [[Hassan Raza Ghadeeri]]
| image15 = Nikki Haley by Gage Skidmore.jpg | caption15 = [[Nikki Haley]]
| image16 = Gama1916.jpg | caption16 = [[The Great Gama]]
| image17 = Ahfaz_with_Faiz_Ahmad_Faiz.jpg | caption17 = [[Faiz Ahmad Faiz]]
| image18 = Vinod_Dham.jpg| caption18 = [[Vinod Dham]]
| image19 = Baronness_Sayeeda_Warsi_crop.jpg | caption19 = [[Sayeeda Warsi, Baroness Warsi|Sayeda Warsi]]
| image20 = Amir Khan.jpg | caption20 = [[Amir Khan (British boxer)|Amir Khan]]
| image21 = Pg before table of contents Hari Singh Nalwa -General Hari Singh Nalwa - Autar Singh Sandhu.jpg | caption21 = [[Hari Singh Nalwa]]
| image22 = Gulzar_at_Tera_Bayaan_Ghalib.jpg| caption22 = [[Gulzar]]
| image23 = Mittal.jpg | caption23 = [[Sunil Mittal]]
| image24 = Amrita_Cheema_-_World_Economic_Forum_on_Latin_America_2011.jpg | caption24 = [[Amrita Cheema]]
| image25 = | caption25 = [[Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan]]
| image26 = Princess_Sophia_in_1900s.jpeg| caption26 = [[Sophia Duleep Singh]]
}}
|pop= 120 million (estimated)
|region1={{flagu|Pakistan}}
|pop1= 81,379,615
|ref1=<ref>[http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/other_tables/pop_by_mother_tongue.pdf Pakistan 2008 census – Population by mother tongue]</ref>
|region2={{flagu|India}}
|pop2=33,102,477
|ref2=<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/ Indian Census]. Censusindia.gov.in (14 May 2012).</ref>
|region3={{flagu|United Kingdom}}
|pop3=2,300,000
|ref3=<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=74ZVFb37zuIC&pg=PA20 |title=Desh Pardesh |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers |year=1994 |pages=19–20 |author=Roger Ballard, Marcus Banks |isbn=978-1-85065-091-1}}</ref>
|region4={{flagu|United Arab Emirates}}
|pop4=720,000
|region5={{flagu|Canada}}
|pop5= 500,000
|ref5=<ref>[http://newseastwest.com/punjabi-second-largest-immigrant-language-spoken-in-canada/ Punjabi second largest immigrant language spoken in Canada – Newseastwest: The Indian diaspora, Bollywood]. Newseastwest (25 October 2012).</ref>
|region6={{flagu|United States}}
|pop6= 350,000
|ref6=<ref>[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/aug/05/sikh-temple-witnesses-hate-crime Sikhism in America: community is small and has faced harassment | World news]. theguardian.com.</ref>
|langs= {{hlist | [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] | [[Dialects of the Punjab]] | [[English language|English]] }}
|rels= {{hlist | [[Islam]]| [[Hinduism]] | [[Sikhism]] | [[Christianity]]<ref name="alislam.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.alislam.org/ |title=IslamAhmadiyya – Ahmadiyya Muslim Community – Al Islam Online – Official Website |publisher=Alislam.org |date=}}</ref> | Others }}
|related= {{hlist | [[Kashmiri people|Kashmiris]] | [[Hindkowans]] | [[Sindhi people|Sindhis]] | [[Saraiki people|Saraikis]] }}
}}

{{Punjabis}}
'''Punjabi people''' ({{lang-pa|{{Nastaliq|'''پنجابی'''}}}} ([[Shahmukhi]]), '''ਪੰਜਾਬੀ''' ([[Gurmukhi]]), '''पंजाबी''' ([[Devnagri]]), also spelled '''Panjabi people'''; are a sub-group of [[Indo-Aryan peoples]], originating from the [[Punjab region]], found between eastern [[Pakistan]] and northern [[India]]. Punjab literally means the '''land of five-rivers''' ([[Persian language|Persian]]:{{Nastaliq|پنج آب}} panj ("five") āb ("waters")), and is a [[xenonym]]/[[exonym]] that was introduced during the reign of the [[Mughal empire]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]]. Punjab is often referred to as the [[breadbasket]] in both Pakistan and India.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://in.reuters.com/article/2012/01/30/india-election-punjab-idINDEE80S02520120130 | work=Reuters | title=Punjab, bread basket of India, hungers for change | date=January 30, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Name * |url=http://water.columbia.edu/2012/03/07/columbia-water-center-released-new-whitepaper-restoring-groundwater-in-punjab-indias-breadbasket/ |title=Columbia Water Center Released New Whitepaper: "Restoring Groundwater in Punjab, India's Breadbasket" – Columbia Water Center also Chinese,Japanese,Koreans hate Indians like punjabis |publisher=Water.columbia.edu |date=2012-03-07 |accessdate=2013-07-12}}</ref>

The name ''Punjab'' was formally introduced by the [[Mughal empire|Mughals]] in the 17th century CE. But the coalescence of the various tribes, castes and other communities inhabiting the [[Punjab region|Punjab]] into a broader, common "Punjabi" identity occurred only from the 19th century CE, particularly after the annexation of the region by the [[British empire|British]]. Prior to the British annexation of the [[Punjab region|Punjab]] and their final drawing/fixing of its administrative boundaries, the sense and perception of a common "Punjabi" ethno-cultural identity and community did not exist, though the majority of the various communities of the [[Punjab region|Punjab]] had long shared linguistic, cultural and racial commonalities.

Traditionally, Punjabi identity was primarily linguistic, regardless of religious affiliation or heritage, referring to those for whom the [[Punjabi language]](s), was the first language and who resided in the [[Punjab region]]. As such, they more or less shared the same cultural background.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.krysstal.com/langfams_indoeuro.html |title=Languages : Indo-European Family |publisher=Krysstal.com |date= |accessdate=2013-07-12}}</ref>

The Punjabi people are a [[heterogeneous]] group and can be subdivided into a number of clans in both the East and West Punjab called ''[[Baradari (brotherhood)|biradari]]'' (literally meaning "brotherhood"), each traditionally more bound to their own clans than others.

==Geographic distribution==
[[File:Punjab map (topographic) with cities.png|thumb|left|The [[Punjab region]], with its rivers. The land of the Punjabi People]]

In Pakistan, Punjabis constitute the largest ethnic group, comprising more than 45% of the total population of the country. They reside predominantly in the province of Punjab, neighbouring [[Azad Kashmir]] in the region of Jammu and Kashmir and in [[Islamabad Capital Territory]]. Punjabis are also found in large communities in the largest city of Pakistan, [[Karachi]].

In India, Punjabis represent 2.85% of the population. The majority of Punjabi-speaking people in India, can be found in the Indian states of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], Haryana, [[Himachal Pradesh]], as well as in [[Delhi]] and the [[Union Territory]] of [[Chandigarh]]. Large communities of Punjabis are also found in the [[Jammu]] region of [[Jammu and Kashmir]] and the states of [[Rajasthan]], [[Uttarakhand]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]].

==History of Punjab==
{{Main|History of Punjab}}
Indigenous peoples flourished in this region, near the gateways to other continents, leading to a developed civilisation in 5th to 4th millennium BC,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.orientalarchitecture.com/pakistan/taxila/index.php |title=Taxila, Pakistan: Traditional and Historical Architecture |publisher=Orientalarchitecture.com |date=}}</ref> the ancient [[Indus Valley Civilization]].

The remains of the ancient Indo-Aryan city of [[Taxila]],<ref>{{cite web|author=Jona Lendering |url=http://www.livius.org/ta-td/taxila/taxila.htm |title=Taxila |publisher=Livius.org |date=28 May 2008}}</ref> and many ornaments that have been found in this region,suggests that,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.harappa.com/har/har0.html |title=Indus Valley Civilization |publisher=Harappa.com |date=1 February 2010}}</ref> one of the centers of [[Indus Valley Civilization]] was established at many parts of Punjab most notably were [[Taxila]] and [[Harappa]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.harappa.com/ |title=The Ancient Indus Valley and the British Raj in India and Pakistan |publisher=Harappa.com |date=}}</ref> [[Punjab region|Punjab]] became a center of early civilisation from around 3300 BC. According to Historians this region was ruled by many small kingdoms and tribes around 4th and 5th BC. The earliest known notable local king of this region was known as '''[[King Porus]]'''<ref name="livius.org">{{cite web|author=Jona Lendering |url=http://www.livius.org/pn-po/porus/porus.htm |title=Porus |publisher=Livius.org |date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.padfield.com/1993/alex.html |title=Alexander The Great in India at Jhelum with Porus, the Indian rajah |publisher=Padfield.com |date=}}</ref> and he fought a famous [[Battle of the Hydaspes]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theartofbattle.com/battle-of-hydaspes-river-326-bc.htm |title=Battle of Hydaspes River, 326 BC |publisher=The Art of Battle |date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=__start__ |url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XuxjoGJZmKQ |title=Battle of Hydaspes ( Jhelum Punjab)_Alexander vs Porus ( Local King in Punjab, Former North India) |publisher=YouTube |date=4 April 2012}}</ref> against Alexander, but later surrendered. His kingdom, known as '''[[Pauravas]]''', was situated between Hydaspes (modern [[Jhelum]] and Acesines (modern day [[Chenab]]).<ref name="livius.org"/> These kings fought local battles to gain more ground.[[Taxiles]] or '''[[Taxiles|Omphis]]''' another local North Indian king, wanted to defeat his eastern adversary [[King Porus|Porus]] in a turf war and he invited [[Alexander the great]] to defeat Porus. This marked the first intrusion of the West in the Indian subcontinent and North India in general. But such was the valor of Porus and his kingdom forces in Punjab, that despite being defeated, he was appreciated by [[Alexander the Great]] for his skill and valor and he was granted further territories in the North.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historyofmacedonia.org/AncientMacedonia/AlexandertheGreat.html |title=Alexander the Great (Alexander of Macedon) Biography |publisher=Historyofmacedonia.org |date=}}</ref> The other Indian kings did not like the fact that Porus was now an ally of Western forces. In less than ten years another Indian king '''[[Chandragupta Maurya]]'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wildfiregames.com/0ad/page.php?p=8542 |title=Biographies: Chandragupta Maurya :: 0 A.D. |publisher=Wildfire Games |date=}}</ref> defeated the forces and conquered the Northern Indian regions up to the Kabul river (in modern day [[Afghanistan]]). Despite the Greek & Macedonian rule in Northwest India, no trace of either the M170 or the M35 genetic markers associated with Greeks and Macedonians have been found in [[Punjab region|Punjab]]. The reason is that Alexander mostly ruled this land with the help of local allies like [[King Porus|Porus]].<ref name="Kivisild et al. 2003">{{Harvcoltxt|Kivisild et al.|2003}}</ref> Centuries later, areas of the Punjab region would be ruled by local kings followed by the [[Ghaznavids]], [[Ghurids]], [[Mughals]] and others. Islam arrived to Punjab when the [[Muslim]] [[Umayyad]] army led by [[Muhammad bin Qasim]] conquered Sindh in 711 AD, by defeating [[Raja Dahir]]. Some of the Muslims are said to have settled in the region and adopted the local culture. Centuries later, the Ghaznavids introduced Persian and Turkish culture in Punjab. The Ghorids and others spread the Persian culture to Northern India. In the meantime, these rulers from Central Asia also married local Punjabi women.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ab99 |title=History of the Moghul Empire |publisher=Historyworld.net |date=}}</ref>

[[File:CiviltàValleIndoMappa.png|thumb|right|250px|[[Harappa]] was the center of one of the Oldest Civilizations [[Indus Valley Civilization]] located in central [[Punjab region|Punjab]]. The [[Harappan architecture]] and Harrapan Civilization was one of the most developed in the old [[Bronze Age]].]]

The earliest written Punjabi dates to the writing of [[Sufi]] Muslim poets of the 11th Century; its literature spread Punjab's unique voice of peace and spirituality to the entire civilisation of the region.

When the Mughals were weakened, then under the command of [[Nader Shah]] of Persia the regions of North India and Punjab, were annexed into the [[Durrani Empire]] in 1747. Some believe that [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] was born in the family of the Durrani rulers of Multan. He invaded and conquered Punjab several times but his grandson ([[Zaman Shah Durrani]]) lost it to [[Ranjit Singh]], a Punjabi Sikh. He was born in 1780 to Maha Singh and Raj Kaur in [[Gujranwala]], Punjab. Ranjit took a leading role in organising a Sikh militia and got control of the Punjab region from Zaman Shah Durrani. Ranjit started a Punjabi military expedition to expand his territory.<ref>{{cite web|author=Category: The Sikh Empire [1799 – 1839] |url=http://www.thesikhencyclopedia.com/the-sikh-empire-1799-1839/army-of-maharaja-ranjit-singh |title=ARMY OF MAHARAJA RANJIT SINGH – The Sikh Empire [1799 – 1839] |publisher=Thesikhencyclopedia.com |date=14 April 2012}}</ref> Under his command the Sikh army began invading neighboring territories outside of Punjab. The [[Jamrud Fort]] at the entry of [[Khyber Pass]] was built by Ranjit Singh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.softserv-intl.com/oldPakistan/photos/photo6.html |title=Jamrud Fort 1870 |publisher=Softserv-intl.com |date=}}</ref> The Sikh Empire slowly began to weaken after the death of [[Hari Singh Nalwa]] at the [[Battle of Jamrud]] in 1837. Two years later, in 1839, Ranjit Singh died and his son took over control of the empire. By 1850 the British took over control of the Punjab region after defeating the Sikhs in the [[Anglo-Sikh wars]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefirstanglosikhwar.com/ |title=thefirstanglosikhwar.com |publisher=thefirstanglosikhwar.com |date=}}</ref><ref>http://www.sikh-heritage.co.uk/postgurus/Sikh%20Wars/sikhwars.htm</ref>

==Religious demographics of the contemporary Punjab==
Due to religious tensions, emigration between Punjabi people started far before the partition and dependable records.<ref>Jones. (2006). Socio-religious reform movements in british india (the new cambridge history of india). Cambridge University Press</ref><ref>Jones, R. (2007). The great uprising in india, 1857–58: Untold stories, indian and british (worlds of the east india company). Boydell Press.</ref> Slightly prior to the Partition of [[British India]], Punjab had a slightly majority [[Muslim]] population at about 53.2% in 1941, which was an increase from the previous years.<ref>http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal_11_1/6_krishan.pdf</ref> With the division of Punjab and the subsequent independence of Pakistan and later India, mass migrations of [[Muslims]] from Indian Punjab to Pakistan, and those of [[Sikhs]] and [[Hindus]] from [[Pakistan]] to Indian Punjab occurred.
Today, the majority of Pakistani Punjabis follow [[Islam]] with a small Christian minority, while the majority of Indian Punjabis are either [[Sikh]]s or [[Hindu]]s with a [[Muslim]] minority. Punjab is also the birthplace of [[Sikhism]] and the Islamic reform movement [[Ahmadiyya]].<ref name="alislam.org"/>

The [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]] that was created by the British after their annexation of northwest India at the conclusion of the [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]] is now divided into several units: [[Pakistani Punjab]], the Indian states of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], Haryana and [[Himachal Pradesh]] and the Indian Union territory of [[Chandigarh]].

Following the independence of Pakistan and the subsequent [[Partition of India|partition of British India]], a process of population exchange took place in 1947 as Muslims began to leave [[India]] and headed to the newly created Pakistan and Hindus and Sikhs left [[Pakistan]]<ref>.[http://www.cet.edu/earthinfo/sasia/SAhis.html South Asia: British India Partitioned]</ref> for the newly created state of India.<ref>Avari, B. (2007). India: The ancient past. ISBN 978-0-415-35616-9</ref> As a result of these population exchanges, both parts are now relatively homogeneous, where religion is concerned.

===Punjabi Hindus===
::''See Also: [[List of Punjabi Hindus]]''

In the pre-Islamic era, the population of Punjab mainly followed [[Hinduism]]. Today [[Punjabi Hindu]]s are mostly found in Indian Punjab and in neighbouring states like [[Haryana]], Himachal Pradesh and [[Delhi]], which together forms a part of the historical greater [[Punjab region]]. Many of the Hindu Punjabis from the Indian capital [[Delhi]] are immigrants and their descendants, from various parts of Western(Pakistani) Punjab. Some Punjabi Hindus can also be found in the surrounding areas as well as the recent cosmopolitan migrants in other big cities like [[Mumbai]]. There has also been continuous migration of Punjabi Hindus to western countries like USA, Canada and UK.

The Hindu Punjabis speak different dialects including [[Lahnda]], as well as [[Majhi dialect|Majhi]] (Standard Punjabi) and others like [[Doabi]] and [[Malwi]]. Some still have managed to retain the Punjabi dialects spoken in Western Punjab, but many have also adopted [[Hindi]]. The population of Hindu Punjabis is approximately 12 million in India. Many generals of [[Maharaja Ranjt Singh]] were Punjabi Hindus and many revolutionaries like [[Lala Lajpat Rai]], Sukhdev Thappar, and Bhai Pramanand.

===Punjabi Muslims===
[[File:Badshahi Mosque July 1 2005 pic32 by Ali Imran (1).jpg|thumb|upright|Badshahi Masjid - The largest mosque of the Mughal Empire built by emperor [[Aurangzeb]].]] The people of Punjab were mainly Hindus with a Buddhist minority, when the [[Umayyad]] Muslim army led by [[Muhammad bin Qasim]] from Syria, invaded Punjab and Sindh in 711 AD. Bin Qasim recorded that he was so overwhelmed by the gold in the [[Aditya]] Temple in the thriving trading city of Multan (known as ''Mulasthana'' then), that he recovered the expenses for his entire invasion.

During the reign of [[Mahmud of Ghazni]], non-Muslims were ordered to pay the [[jaziya]] tax, according to Islamic law.<ref name=Esposito>[[John Esposito|John Louis Esposito]], ''Islam the Straight Path'', Oxford University Press, Jan 15, 1998, p. 34.</ref><ref>Lewis (1984), pp. 10, 20</ref><ref>Ali, Abdullah Yusuf (1991). The Holy Quran. Medina: King Fahd Holy Qur-an Printing Complex, pg. 507</ref> The province became an important centre and Lahore was made into a second capital of the Turk [[Ghaznavid Empire]] based out of [[Ghazni]]. The [[Mughals]] controlled the region from 1524 until 1739 and would also lavish some parts of the province with building projects such as the [[Shalimar Gardens (Lahore)|Shalimar Gardens]] and the [[Badshahi Mosque]], both situated in Lahore. The [[Muslim]] establishment in the Punjab occurred over a period of several centuries lasting until towards the end of the [[British Raj]] and the partition of the Punjab province between [[Pakistan]] and [[India]] in August, 1947. The majority of Hindu and Sikh populations abandoned [[Pakistan]] for [[India]], while [[Pakistan]] received an influx of [[Muslim]] populations from [[India]].<ref>Peers, Gooptu. (2012). India and the british empire (oxford history of the british empire companion). Oxford University Press.</ref><ref>Bryant, G. (2013). The emergence of british power in india, 1600–1784 (worlds of the east india company). BOYE6.</ref> Today only few Muslims are found in Eastern Punjab, as most now live in Western Punjab in Pakistan.

===Punjabi Sikhs===
[[File:Ranjitsingh.gif|right||thumb|upright|Portrait of Maharaja Ranjit Singh]]

At the beginning of the fifteenth century, the religion of [[Sikhism]] was born, and during the Mughal period its [[Misl]]s gradually emerged as a formidable military force until assimilated under the expanding [[Sikh Empire]]. After fighting [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]], the Sikhs wrested control of the Punjab from his descendants and ruled in a [[Confederation|confederacy]], which later became the Sikh Empire of the Punjab under [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]]. A denizen of the city of [[Gujranwala]], the capital of Ranjit Singh's empire was Lahore.<ref>[http://www.heritage.gov.pk/html_Pages/sikh.htm Sikh Period – Government of Pakistan]. Heritage.gov.pk (14 August 1947).</ref> The Sikhs made architectural contributions to the city and the [[Lahore Fort]]. The Sikh empire was the first local power to rule the region since [[Muhammad of Ghor|Muhammed Ghori's]] defeat of [[Prithviraj III|Prithvi Raj Chauhan]] in 1192

===Punjabi Christians===
[[File:SadhuSundarSingh.jpg|left|thumb|[[Sadhu Sundar Singh]], an influential Punjabi Christian missionary from [[Ludhiana]] (1889–1929)]]
The death of Maharaja [[Ranjit Singh]] in the summer of 1839 brought political chaos and the subsequent battles of succession and the bloody infighting between the factions at court weakened the state. Relationships with neighbouring British territories then broke down, starting the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]]; this led to a British official being resident in Lahore and the annexation of territory south of the Satluj to British India.

In 1877, on [[Thomas the Apostle|St. Thomas' Day]] at [[Westminster Abbey]], London, [[Reverend|Rev]] [[Thomas Valpy French]] was appointed the first [[Anglican Bishop]] of [[Lahore]], a large [[diocese]] which included all of the [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]], then under British colonial rule, and remained so until 1887, during this period he also opened the Divinity College, Lahore in 1870.<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A07E2D6173EE73BBC4B52DFB7668383669FDE Churches and Ministers: Home and Foreign Events] [[New York Times]], 13 January 1878.</ref><ref>[http://anglicanhistory.org/india/pk/stock_french/06.html An Heroic Bishop] Chapter VI. His Fourth Pioneer Work: The Lahore Bishopric.</ref><ref>[http://anglicanhistory.org/india/stock_beginnings/11.html Beginnings in India] By Eugene Stock, D.C.L., London: Central Board of Missions and SPCK, 1917.</ref>
Rev Thomas Patrick Hughes served as a [[Church Missionary Society]] missionary at [[Peshawar]] (1864–84), and became an oriental scholar, and compiled a 'Dictionary of Islam' (1885).<ref>[http://www.mundus.ac.uk/cats/13/1027.htm British Library]. Mundus.ac.uk (18 July 2002).</ref>

[[Missionaries]] accompanied colonising forces from [[Portugal]], France, and Great Britain. Christianity was mainly brought by the [[British Raj|British rulers]] of India in the later 18th and 19th century. This is evidenced in cities established by the British, such as the port city of [[Karachi]], where the majestic [[Saint Patrick's Cathedral, Karachi|St. Patrick's Cathedral]], Pakistan's largest church stands, and the churches in the city of [[Rawalpindi]], where the British established a major military cantonment.

The total number of Punjabi Christians in Pakistan is approximately 2,800,000 and 300,000 in Indian Punjab. Of these, approximately half are Roman Catholic and half Protestant. Many of the modern Punjabi Christians are descended from converts during British rule, however, other modern Punjabi Christians have converted from their parents religion. The [[Chura]]s were largely converted to Christianity in [[North India]] during the [[British raj]]. The vast majority were converted from the [[Mazhabi|Mazhabi Sikh]] communities of Punjab, and to a lesser extent Hindu Churas; under the influence of enthusiastic British army officers and Christian missionaries. Consequently, since partition they are now divided between [[Pakistani Punjab]] and [[Indian Punjab]]. Large numbers of [[Mazhabi Sikh]]s were also converted in the [[Moradabad district]] and the [[Bijnor district]]<ref>Alter, J.P and J. Alter (1986) In the Doab and Rohilkhand: north Indian Christianity, 1815–1915. I.S.P.C.K publishing p183</ref> of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. [[Rohilkhand]] saw a mass conversion of its entire population of 4500 Mazhabi Sikhs into the [[Methodist Church]].<ref>Alter, J.P and J. Alter (1986) In the Doab and Rohilkhand: north Indian Christianity, 1815–1915. I.S.P.C.K publishing p196</ref> Sikh organisations became alarmed at the rate of conversions among the Mazhabi Sikhs and responded by immediately dispatching Sikh missionaries to counteract the conversions..

===Independence and its aftermath===
Until 1947, the province of Punjab was ruled by a coalition constituting of the [[Indian National Congress]], the Sikh-led [[Shiromani Akali Dal]] and the [[Unionist Muslim League]]. However, the growth of Muslim separatism led to the [[All India Muslim League]] becoming the dominant party in the 1946 elections. As Muslim separatism increased, the opposition from Punjabi Hindus and Sikhs increased substantially. Communal violence on the eve of Indian independence led to the dismissal of the coalition government, although the succeeding League ministry was unable to form a majority. Along with the province of Bengal, Punjab was partitioned on religious lines – the Muslim-majority West becoming part of the new Muslim state of Pakistan, and the Hindu and Sikh East remaining in India. Partition was accompanied by massive violence on both sides, claiming the lives of hundreds of thousands of people. West Punjab was virtually cleansed of its Hindu and Sikh populations, who were forced to leave for India, while Punjabi Muslims in the East and Delhi had to leave for Pakistan.

By the 1960s, Indian Punjab underwent reorganisation as Sikh demands for an autonomous state increased. The Hindu-majority areas were formed into the states of [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Haryana]] respectively, making Sikhs the majority in the state of Punjab itself. In the 1980s, Sikh separatism combined with popular anger against the [[Indian Army]]'s counter-insurgency operations (especially [[Operation Bluestar]]) led to violence and disorder in Indian Punjab, which only subsided in the 1990s. Political power in Indian Punjab is contested between the secular Congress party and the Sikh religious Akali Dal and its allies, the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. Indian Punjab remains one of the most prosperous of India's states and is considered the "breadbasket of India."

Pakistani Punjabis made up a majority of the West Pakistani population, and Punjab constituted 40% of West Pakistan's total area.

===Emigration===
The [[Punjabi diaspora]] from both India and Pakistan is substantial. Emigration from the Punjab began in the 19th century, with many Punjabis settling in Britain and Canada, where a large Punjabi population remains in the province of [[British Columbia]]. In the early 20th century, many Punjabis began settling in the United States, including independence activists who formed the [[Ghadar Party]]. A new wave of emigration began in the 1970s to Middle Eastern states such as the [[UAE]] and [[Saudi Arabia]], and onwards Britain and other European countries, Canada and the US

==Geographic distribution==

===Pakistani Punjabis===

Punjabis make up about 40% of the population of Pakistan. The Punjabis found in Pakistan belong to groups known as biradaris, which descend from a common male ancestor. In addition, Punjabi society is divided into two divisions, the zamindar groups or qoums, traditionally associated with farming and the moeens, who are traditionally artisans. Some zamindars are further divided into groups such as the [[Punjabi Rajput|Rajput]]s, [[Muslim Jat of Punjab|Jat]]s, [[Punjabi Shaikh|Shaikhs]] or (Muslim [[Khatri]]), [[Gujjar]]s, [[Gakhars]], [[Dogar]]s and [[Labana|Rahmani]] (Muslim Labana). Zamindar groups who claim [[Turko-Persian tradition|Turko-Persian]] or Arab ancestry include the [[Mughal (tribe)|Mughal]], [[Awan Pakistan|Awan]] and [[Arain]], comprising the main tribes in the north of the province, while [[Khagga]], [[Bodla]], [[Jhandir]], [[Daudpota]], [[Gardezi]], [[Syed]] and [[Quraishi]] are found in the south, all of whom claim [[Arab]] ancestry. People from neighbouring regions, such as [[Kashmiri Muslims|Kashmiris]], [[Punjabi Pathan|Pashtun]] and [[Punjabi Baloch|Baluch]], also form important element in the Punjabi population. The [[Niazi]] and [[Khogyani (tribe)|Khakwani]] Pashtun tribes are integrated into village life. They are usually referred to as Punjabis by other Pashtuns. They have big communities in [[Mianwali]], [[Bakkar]], [[Lahore]], [[Faisalabad]], [[Sahiwal]] and [[Toba Tek Singh]]. Major Moeen groups include the [[Lohar]], [[Khateek]], [[Rawal]], [[Chhimba Darzi]], [[Muslim Teli|Teli]], [[Malik (Julaha)|Julaha]], [[Mallaah]], [[Mirasi]], who are associated with a particular crafts or occupation.<ref>''Muslim peoples : a world ethnographic survey'' Richard V. Weekes, editor-in-chief Greenwood Press 1978</ref>

Punjabis have traditionally and historically been farmers and soldiers{{Citation needed|date=June 2012}}, which has transferred into modern times with their dominance of agriculture and military fields in Pakistan. In addition, Punjabis in Pakistan have been quite prominent politically, having had many elected members of parliament. As the most ardent supporters of a Pakistani state, the Punjabis in Pakistan have shown a strong predilection towards the adoption of the Urdu language but nearly all speak Punjabi, and still identify themselves as ethnic Punjabis. Religious homogeneity remains elusive as a predominant Islamic [[Sunni]]-[[Shi'a Islam|Shia]]-[[Ahmadiyya]] population and a Christian minority have not completely wiped out diversity since the partition of British India. A variety of related sub-groups exist in Pakistan and are often considered by many Pakistani Punjabis to be simply regional Punjabis including the [[Seraikis]] (who overlap and are often considered transitional with the [[Sindhi people|Sindhis]]).

The recent definition of Punjabi, in Pakistani Punjab, is not based on [[Race (classification of humans)|racial classification]], [[Common descent|common ansectory]] or [[endogamy]],<ref>{{cite web|author=Brian Schwimmer |url=http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~anthrop/tutor/marriage/endogamy.html |title=Endogamy |publisher=Home.cc.umanitoba.ca |date=}}</ref> but based on geographical and cultural basis and thus makes it a unique definition. In Pakistani Punjab, there is not a great emphasis on a single dialect of the language and Pakistani Punjabis speak many distinct [[Punjabi dialects|dialects]],<ref>[http://grammar.about.com/od/d/g/dialectterm.htm dialect – definition and examples of dialects in linguistics]. Grammar.about.com (15 July 2013).</ref><ref>[http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=95&menu=004 UCLA Language Materials Project: Language Profile]. Lmp.ucla.edu.</ref> which include [[Hindko]], [[Saraiki language|Seraiki]], [[Potwari language|Potohari or Pahari]] and still identify themselves as Punjabis. People from a few provinces of [[Pakistan]] have made Punjab their home in recent times and now their consecutive generations identify themselves as Punjabis. The largest community to assimilate in Punjabi culture and now identify themselves as Punjabis are [[Kashmiri people|Kashmiris]] which include noted personalities like [[Nawaz Sharif]], [[Shaikh Rasheed Ahmad|Sheikh Rasheed]], [[Hamid Mir]] and the most noted poet [[Muhammad Iqbal]], to name a few. The second largest community after Kashmiris are people of India, who identify themselves as Punjabis.' The other communities to assimilate in Punjabis include [[Baloch people|Baloch]] who can be found throughout Punjab, and [[Balti people|Baltis]]. The welcoming nature of Punjab have led to successful integration of almost all ethnic groups in Punjab over time. The Urdu, Punjabi and other language speakers who arrived in Punjab in 1947<ref>[http://bintphotobooks.blogspot.de/2011/04/great-migration-india-pakistan-1947.html Bint photoBooks on INTernet: The Great Migration India Pakistan 1947 Life Magazine Margaret Bourke-White Sunil Janah Photojournalism Photography]. Bintphotobooks.blogspot.de (11 April 2011).</ref><ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gn9ZwI9zqu4 Migration on India-Pakistan Partition of Punjab]. YouTube (25 January 2011).</ref> have now assimilated and their second and third generations identify themselves as Punjabis even though it is not the same in [[Sindh]] Pakistan where they form distinct ethnic groups.

{{See also|Languages of Pakistan}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Rank || State || Punjabi speakers || Percentage
|-
| — || '''Pakistan''' || '''76,335,300''' || '''44.15'''
|-
| 1 || [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]] || 70,671,704 || 75.23
|-
| 2 || [[Sindh]] || 3,592,261 || 6.99
|-
| 3 || [[Islamabad]] || 1,343,625 || 71.62
|-
| 5 || [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]] || 318,745 || 2.52
|}

===Indian Punjabis===
[[File:Punjabi sardar.jpg|thumb|Indian Punjabi farmer.]]
The population of [[Punjab, India|Indian Punjab]] is divided into two major religious groups, the Sikhs and Hindus.Punjabis make around 2.85% of the population of India.

Like the Punjabi Muslim society, these various [[caste system in India|castes]] are associated with particular occupations or crafts.

Indian Punjab is also home to small groups of Muslims and Christian. Most of the [[East Punjab]]'s Muslims ''(in today's states of Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi and Chandigarh)'' left for West Punjab in 1947. However, a small community still exists today, mainly in [[Malerkotla]] and [[Qadian]] which was spared during partition, the only Muslim princely state among the seven that formed the erstwhile [[Patiala]] and East Punjab States Union (PEPSU). The other six ''(mostly Sikh)'' states were: Patiala, [[Nabha]], [[Jind]], [[Faridkot, India|Faridkot]], [[Kapurthala]] and [[Kalsia]].

The Punjab region within India maintains a strong influence on the perceived culture of India towards the rest of the world. Numerous Bollywood film productions use the Punjabi language in their songs and dialogue as well as traditional dances such as [[Bhangra (dance)|bhangra]]. Bollywood has been dominated by Punjabi artists including [[Raj Kapoor]], [[Dev Anand]], [[Vinod Khanna]], [[Dharmendra]], [[Shammi Kapoor]], [[Rishi Kapoor]], [[Lara Dutta]], [[Navalpreet Rangi]], [[Akshay Kumar]] and [[Kareena Kapoor]]. Prime Ministers of India including [[Gulzarilal Nanda]] and [[Inder Kumar Gujral]] in the past, and Dr. [[Manmohan Singh]] at present, are Punjabis, as are numerous players in the Indian cricket team both past and present including [[Bishen Singh Bedi]], [[Kapil Dev]], [[Mohinder Amarnath]], [[Navjot Sidhu]], [[Harbhajan Singh]], [[Yuvraj Singh]] and [[Yograj Singh]].

==The Punjabi diaspora==
{{Main|Punjabi diaspora}}
[[File:Punjabi Speaking World.png|thumb|right|380px|Punjabis around the world]]
The Punjabi people have emigrated in large numbers to many parts of the world. The United Kingdom has a significant number of Punjabis from both Pakistan and India as does Canada (specifically Vancouver and Toronto) and the United States, (specifically California's [[Central Valley (California)|Central Valley]]). The Middle East has a large immigrant community of Punjabis, in places such as the [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]] and [[Kuwait]]. There are large communities in East Africa including the countries of [[Kenya]], [[Uganda]] and [[Tanzania]]. Punjabis have also emigrated to Australia, New Zealand and Southeast Asia including [[Malaysia]], [[Thailand]], Singapore and Hong Kong.

===Punjabis by country===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Rank !! Country !! Population
|-
|1|| {{flagu|Pakistan}} ||88,109,600
|-
|2|| {{flagu|India}} ||33,102,477
|-
|3|| {{flagu|United Kingdom}} || 2,300,000
|-
|4|| {{flagu|United Arab Emirates}} || 720,000
|-
|5|| {{flagu|Canada}} || 500,000
|-
|6|| {{flagu|United States}} || 350,000
|-
|7|| {{flagu|Malaysia}} || 120,000
|-
|8|| {{flagu|Australia}} ||72,000
|-
|9|| {{flagu|Italy}} || 70,000
|-
|}

==Genetics of Indian Punjabis==
The majority of [[Indian people|Indian]] Punjabi population share similar genes with other north Indian populations including those from [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Kashmir]], but also show a significant relationship with west Eurasian groups. In a 2004 Stanford study conducted with a wide sampling from India, including 112 Punjabis, and selected other countries, displayed the following:

:Results show that Indian tribal and caste populations derive largely from the same genetic heritage of [[Pleistocene]] southern and western Asians and have received limited gene flow from external regions since the [[Holocene]].<ref>[http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/AJHG_2003_v72_p313-332.pdf The Genetic Heritage of the Earliest Settlers Persists Both in Indian Tribal and Caste Populations]</ref>

This study also found that roughly 42% of genetic markers in the Punjab were of West Asian origin, the highest amongst the sampled group of South Asians.{{Dubious|date=July 2009}}{{citation needed|date=August 2011}} Another study also showed that there has been limited gene flow in and out of north India, but the highest amount of genetic inflow from the west showed up in the Punjab region:

:Broadly, the average proportion of mtDNAs from West Eurasia among Indian caste populations is 17% (Table 2). In the northern States of India their share is greater, reaching over 30% in [[Kashmir]] and [[Gujarat]], nearly 43% in [[Indian Punjab]].<ref>[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=516768 Most of the extant mtDNA boundaries in South and Southwest Asia were likely shaped during the initial settlement of Eurasia by anatomically modern humans]. Pubmedcentral.nih.gov.</ref><ref>[http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2156/5/26 Most of the extant mtDNA boundaries in South and Southwest Asia were likely shaped during the initial settlement of Eurasia by anatomically modern humans]. Biomedcentral.com.</ref>

Some preliminary conclusions from these varying tests support a largely north Indian genetic base for most Punjabis accompanied by some of the highest degrees of west Asian admixture{{Citation needed|date=April 2013}} found in north India.

== Culture ==
{{Main|Punjabi culture}}
[[File:International border at Wagah - evening flag lowering ceremony.jpg|thumb|250px|right| The evening flag lowering ceremony at the India-Pakistan International Border near Wagah in Punjab.]]
Punjabi culture is the culture of the [[Punjab region]]. It is one of the oldest and richest cultures in world history, dating from ancient antiquity to the modern era. The Punjabi culture is the culture of the Punjabi people, who are now distributed throughout the world. The scope, history, sophistication and complexity of the culture are vast. Some of the main areas include Punjabi poetry, philosophy, spirituality, artistry, dance, music, cuisine, military weaponry, architecture, languages, traditions, values and history. Historically, the Punjab/Punjabis, in addition to their rural-agrarian lands and culture, have also enjoyed a unique urban cultural development in two great cities, [[Lahore]]<ref>For various notable Punjabis belonging to this venerable city, please also see [[List of families of Lahore]]</ref> and [[Amritsar]].<ref>Ian Talbot, 'Divided Cities: Lahore and Amritsar in the aftermath of Partition', Karachi:OUP, 2006, pp.1–4 ISBN 0-19-547226-8</ref>

===Language===
{{Main|Punjabi language}}

Punjabi is the most spoken language in [[Pakistan]] and 11th spoken language in India. According to the [[Ethnologue]] 2005 estimate,<ref name="ReferenceA">Ethnologue. 15th edition (2005).</ref> there are 88 million native speakers of the Punjabi language, which makes it the twelfth most widely spoken language in the world. According to the 2008 Census of Pakistan,<ref>According to [http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/other_tables/pop_by_mother_tongue.pdf statpak.gov.pk] 44.15% of the Pakistani people are native Punjabi speakers. This gives an approximate number of 76,335,300 Punjabi speakers in Pakistan.</ref> there are approximately 76,335,300 native speakers of Punjabi in Pakistan, and according to the [[Demographics of India#Linguistic demographic2001|Census of India]], there are over 29,102,477 Punjabi speakers in India.<ref>[[Census of India]], 2001</ref> Punjabi is also spoken as a [[minority language]] in several other countries where Punjabis have emigrated in large numbers, such as the United Kingdom (where it is the second most commonly used language<ref>[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199900/cmhansrd/vo000307/halltext/00307h02.htm "Punjabi Community".] The United Kingdom Parliament.</ref>) and Canada, in which Punjabi has now become the fourth most spoken language after English, French and Chinese, due to the rapid growth of immigrants from Pakistan and India.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Punjabi_is_Canadas_4th_most_top_language/articleshow/2782138.cms "Punjabi is 4th most spoken language in Canada"] ''The Times of India''</ref> There are also sizeable communities in the United States, [[Kenya]], [[Tanzania]], [[Uganda]], [[Persian Gulf]] countries, Hong Kong, [[Malaysia]], Singapore, Australia and New Zealand.

Punjabis are linguistically and culturally related to the other Indo-Aryan peoples of South Asia. There are an estimated 120 million Punjabis around the world. If regarded as an ethnic group, they are among the world's largest. In South Asia, they are the [[South Asian ethnic groups|second largest ethnic group]] after the Bengali People.

The main language of the Punjabi people is [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and its associated dialects, which differ depending on the region of Punjab the speaker is from; there are notable differences in the [[Lahnda languages]], spoken in the Pakistani Punjab. In the Pakistani Punjab Urdu is spoken by nearly all, and the vast majority still speak Punjabi, even though the language have no governmental support. In the Indian Punjab, most people speak Punjabi. English is sometimes used, and people may also speak [[Hindi]] and older people who lived in the undivided Punjab may be able to speak and write in [[Urdu]]. There is a significant [[hindi]] and other Indian languages influence in Punjabi. In India Sanskrit vocabulary have been adopted, due to the national status of Hindi language. The Punjabi languages have always absorbed numerous loanwords from surrounding areas and provinces (and from English).

===Cuisine===
{{Main|Punjabi cuisine}}

Punjabi cuisine has an immense range of dishes and has become world-leader in the field; so much so that many entrepreneurs that have invested in the sector have built large personal fortunes due to the popularity of Punjabi cuisine throughout the world. Punjabi cuisine uses very unique spices.

===Music of Punjab===
{{main|Music of Punjab}}

[[Bhangra (music)|Bhangra]] describes dance-oriented popular music with Punjabi rhythms, developed since the 1980s. The name refers to one of the traditional and folkloric Punjabi dances. Thus in bhangra music the emphasis is usually on the music (i.e. rhythm for dancing) and less on the singer and the lyrics. Bhangra music is appreciated all over the globe. [[Sufi music]] and [[Qawali]] are other important genres in Punjab.

===Punjabi dances===
{{Main|Punjabi dance}}

Owing to the long history of the [[Punjabi culture]] and of the Punjabi people, there are a large number of dances normally performed at times of celebration, the time of festivals known as Melas and the most prominent dances are at Punjabi weddings, where the elation is usually particularly intense. Punjabi dances are performed either by men or by women. The dances range from solo to group dances and also sometimes dances are done along with musical instruments like [[Dhol]], [[Flute]], Supp, Dhumri, Chimta etc.
"Bhangra" dance is the most famous aspect of Punjabi dance tradition.Its popularity has attained a level where a music is produced with the intent of aiding people to carry out this form of dancing.

===Punjabi wedding traditions===
{{Main|Punjabi wedding traditions}}
[[File:Punjabipeople.JPG|thumb|250px|Indian Punjabis at a wedding]]
Punjabi wedding traditions and ceremonies are conducted in Punjabi, and are a strong reflection of Punjabi culture. While the actual religious marriage ceremony among Muslims, Sikhs, Hindus, and Jains may be conducted in Arabic, Punjabi, Sanskrit, by the Kazi, Pandit or Granthi, there are also many commonalities in ritual, song, dance, food, make-up and dress. The Punjabi wedding has many rituals and ceremonies that have evolved since traditional times. Punjabi receptions of all sorts are known to be very energetic, filled with loud Bhangra music, people dancing,and a wide variety of Punjabi food. Alcohol consumption by the menfolk is part of the tradition amongst Hindu and some Sikh communities that allow it.

===Punjabi folk tales===
{{Main|Folk Tales in Punjab}}
The folk tales of Punjab include many stories<ref>[http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/steel/punjab/punjab.html Tales of the Punjab]. Digital.library.upenn.edu.</ref> which are passing through generations and includes folk stories like [[Heer Ranjha]], [[Mirza Sahiban]],<ref>[http://hrisouthasian.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=35%3Apeelu-the-first-narrator-of-the-legend-of-mirza-sahiban&catid=6%3Alovelegend&Itemid=13 Peelu: The First Narrator of the Legend of Mirza-SahibaN]. Hrisouthasian.org.</ref> [[Sohni Mahiwal]] etc. to name a few.

===Village life in Punjab===
{{Main|Village life in Punjab}}
The village life of land of five rivers is as entrancing as any other thing of this region. The village life is simple and people usually live in small communities and they live in peace and harmony with each other. Most villages are centred around extended families, sharing common patrilineal ancestry.

===Festivals in Punjab===
{{Main|Festivals in Punjab}}
[[Jashan-e-Baharan]], [[Basant]], [[Kanak katai da mela ( Wheat cutting celebrations )]] and many more.

===Traditional dresses worn in Punjab===
{{Main|Traditional dresses in Punjab}}

The Punjabi traditional clothing is very diverse and for various occasions various clothing is chosen. It includes [[Shalwar Kameez]], [[Kurta]], [[Achkan]] and [[Dhoti]] in men while in women there is wide range of clothing but mainly it comprises [[Shalwar Kameez]], [[Churidar]]s with [[Dupatta]] with traditional [[Paranda Ghari]] wore on the hair. [[Khaddi topi (Embroidered cap)]] is also wore by some women with dupatta on special occasions. Shalwar Kameez and [[Sherwani]] are for formal occasions and office work while Dhoti is mostly wore by people who are involved in farming throughout Punjab. The shorter version of Dhoti that is unique to Punjab is known as [[Chatki]] with close resemblance to [[Kilt]] but use of [[Chatki]] for formal occasions is very very rare and not many people are familiar with Chatkis. [[Jutti|Punjabi Jutti]] and [[Tillay wali Jutti]] is a very famous footwear for both men and women in Punjab. In men [[Pagri (turban)]] is also worn as a traditional cap in many occasions. [[Dupatta]] with embroidery of different styles with [[Matthay da Tikka]] is also very famous in Punjabi culture.

===Sports in Punjab===
{{Main|Sports in Punjab}}

The most famous indigenous sport among Punjabis is [[Kabaddi]] (a wrestling game), which in recent years has witnessing a growth from regional audience in towns and villages to an international platform. The commentary is maintained in the Punjabi language. The Kabaddi World Cup was first played in 2004. The Punjab government of India organized a Circle Style 2010 Kabaddi World Cup, as it is the form which is mostly played in Punjab.

A variety of indoor and outdoor sports are played across Punjab, among the most famous are [[Pehlwani|Kusti]] (a wrestling sport), Rasa Kashi (a rope pulling game), Patang (Kite Flying), [[Gulli-danda]] (tipcat) and Naiza Baazi or Tent pegging (a cavalry sport).

[[Gatka]], is also taken as a form of sports, and performed by the [[Sikhs]], as part of their religion.

[[Dog fights]] is considered a sport in the region, even though it against the law, and still very popular in rural Punjab.

Punjab being part of South Asia, the sport of [[cricket]] is very popular. This sport was introduced during the [[British Raj|British Raj of India]]. The list of Punjabi sportsmen in the field of cricket is long, and many others includes [[Harbhajan Singh]], [[Shoaib Akhtar]], [[Kapil Dev]], [[Wasim Akram]].

New forms of sports are also being introduced and adopted in particular by the large overseas Punjabis, such as [[Ice hockey]], [[Soccer]], [[Boxing]], [[Mixed martial arts]] as part of the globalization of sports.

==Prominent Punjabis==
{{Main|List of Punjabis|List of Punjabi poets|List of Punjabi authors|List of Punjabi singers|List of Punjabi language poets}}

==See also==
* [[Dialects of the Punjab]]
* [[Punjab region]]
* [[Punjabi culture]]
* [[Punjabi language]]
* [[Punjabi cuisine]]
* [[Music of Punjab]]
* [[Punjabi dance]]
* [[Punjabi folklore]]
* [[Punjabi press]]
* [[History of the Punjab]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References and further reading==
* Mohini Gupta, Encyclopaedia of Punjabi Culture & History – Vol. 1 (Window on Punjab) [Hardcover], ISBN 978-81-202-0507-9
* Iqbal Singh Dhillion, Folk Dances of Punjab ISBN 978-81-7116-220-8
* Punjabi Culture: Punjabi Language, Bhangra, Punjabi People, Karva Chauth, Kila Raipur Sports Festival, Lohri, Punjabi Dhabha, ISBN 978-1-157-61392-3
* Kamla C. Aryan, Cultural Heritage of Punjab ISBN 978-81-900002-9-1
* Shafi Aqeel, Popular Folk Tales from the Punjab ISBN 978-0-19-547579-1
* Online Book of Punjabi Folk Tales, http://archive.org/stream/KamalKahanisaeedBhuttaABookOnPunjabiFolktales/KamalKahaniReviewByHassnainGhayoor#page/n0/mode/2up
* Punjabi Wedding Songs http://itunes.apple.com/gb/app/boliyan-book/id464162568?mt=8
* Colloquial Panjabi: The Complete Course for Beginners (Colloquial Series) ISBN 978-0-415-10191-2
* A website dedicated to Punjabi Language ( Shahmukhi and Gurmukhi Scripts) http://www.apnaorg.com/
* Gilmartin, David. ''Empire and Islam: Punjab and the Making of Pakistan''. Univ of California Press (1988), ISBN 0-520-06249-3.
* Grewal, J.S. and Gordon Johnson. ''The Sikhs of the Punjab (The New Cambridge History of India)''. Cambridge University Press; Reprint edition (1998), ISBN 0-521-63764-3.
* Punjab Digital Library http://www.panjabdigilib.org
* [[Denzil Ibbetson]], ''Punjab Castes: Race, Castes and Tribes of the People of Punjab''. Cosmo Publications, ISBN 81-7020-458-5.
* Ibbetson, Denzil, (2002). ''Panjab castes''. Low Price Publications. ISBN 81-7536-290-1.
* Latif, Syed. ''History of the Panjab''. Kalyani (1997), ISBN 81-7096-245-5.
* Rose, H.A. Denzil Ibbetson, [[Edward Maclagan]] (reprint 1990). ''Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North West Frontier Province''. Asian Educational Services, India, ISBN 81-206-0505-5.
* Sekhon, Iqbal S. ''The Punjabis : The People, Their History, Culture and Enterprise''. Delhi, Cosmo, 2000, 3 Vols., ISBN 81-7755-051-9.
* Singh, Gurharpal. ''Ethnic Conflict in India : A Case-Study of Punjab''. Palgrave Macmillan (2000).
* Singh, Gurharpal (Editor) and Ian Talbot (Editor). ''Punjabi Identity: Continuity and Change''. South Asia Books (1996), ISBN 81-7304-117-2.
* Singh, Khushwant. ''A History of the Sikhs – Volume 1''.Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-562643-5
* Steel, Flora Annie. ''Tales of the Punjab : Told by the People (Oxford in Asia Historical Reprints)''. Oxford University Press, USA; New Ed edition (2002), ISBN 0-19-579789-2.
* Tandon, Prakash and Maurice Zinkin. ''Punjabi Century 1857–1947'', University of California Press (1968), ISBN 0-520-01253-4.
* {{loc}} [http://countrystudies.us/pakistan/32.htm Pakistan], [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/intoc.html India]
* [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2156/5/26 DNA boundaries in South and Southwest Asia, BMC Genetics 2004, 5:26]
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=pan Ethnologue Eastern Panjabi]
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=pnb Ethnologue Western Panjabi]
* [http://www.censusindia.gov.in/ Indian Census]
* [http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/other_tables/pop_by_mother_tongue.pdf Pakistan Census]
* [http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/AJHG_2003_v72_p313-332.pdf The Genetic Heritage of the Earliest Settlers Persists Both in Indian Tribal and Caste Populations, Am. J. Hum. Genet. 72:313–332, 2003]
* {{Cite book|last=Talib|first=Gurbachan|authorlink=Gurbachan Singh Talib|title= [[Muslim League Attack on Sikhs and Hindus in the Punjab 1947]]|year=1950|publisher=[[Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee]]|location=India}}[http://www.bharatvani.org/books/mla/ Online 1] [http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC03809888&id=9fQLAAAAIAAJ&q=Muslim+League+Attack+on+Sikhs+and+Hindus+in+the+Punjab+1947&dq=Muslim+League+Attack+on+Sikhs+and+Hindus+in+the+Punjab+1947&pgis=1 Online 2] [http://allaboutsikhs.com/books/gst/ Online 3] (A free copy of this book can be read from any 3 of the included "Online Sources" of this free "Online Book")
* The Legacy of The Punjab by R. M. Chopra, 1997, Punjabee Bradree, Calcutta.
* http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/2891/11/11_chapter%204.pdf

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Prone to spam|date=July 2013}}
{{Z148}}
* [http://asnic.utexas.edu/asnic/subject/peoplesandlanguages.html Peoples and Languages in Pre-Islamic Indus Valley]
* [http://asianbookcenter.com/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=25&products_id=524 Free Punjabi (Gurmukhi) Primer – Especially designed for those who know English]
* [[Ma Boli International Punjabi Film Festival , Vancouver]]
* [http://www.punjabilinks.com Punjabi Links]

{{Ethnic Groups of India|hide}}
{{Ethnic groups, Social groups (Caste) and tribes the Punjab}}
{{Punjab, Pakistan}}
{{Punjab, India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Punjabi People}}
[[Category:Punjabi people| ]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Punjabi tribes|Punjabi tribes]]
[[Category:Punjabi culture]]

Markiplier

2013-12-25T20:42:11Z

DPL bot: adding dablinks template; 7 or more disambig links (see the FAQ)

{{dablinks|date=December 2013}}
{{BLP primary sources|date=December 2013}}

{{Infobox person
| full name = Mark Edward Fischbach
| image = File:Mark_Fischbach_Comic_Con_2013.jpg
| caption = Fischbach at [[San Diego Comic-Con International]] 2013.
| birth_name = Mark Edward Fischbach
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1989|6|28}}
| birth_place = [[Honolulu, Hawaii|Honolulu]], [[Hawaii]], U.S.
| nationality = [[United States|American]]
| occupation = Actor, voice actor, comedian, internet personality, video game commentator
| residence = [[Cincinnati, Ohio|Cincinnati]], [[Ohio]]
| years_active = 2012 - present
| known_for = ''[[Minecraft|Drunk Minecraft]]'' ''[[Surgeon Simulator 2013|Surgeon Sim 2013]]'' gameplay ''[[Slender: The Eight Pages|Slender: T8P]]'' gameplay
| website = {{url|youtube.com/markiplierGAME|markiplier.com}}
| module = {{Infobox person/Internet info
| web alias = Markiplier Wilfred Warfstache
| signature phrase = "Hello, everyone! My name is Markiplier, and welcome to..." "I will see you... in the next video. BYE BYE!"
| website = {{url|youtube.com/markiplierGAME|markiplier.com}}
}}
}}
'''Mark Edward Fischbach''' (born June 28, 1989), more prominently known by his [[YouTube]] channel handle '''Markiplier''', is a American actor, voice actor, comedian, internet personality, and video game commentator. Originally from [[Honolulu, Hawaii|Honolulu]], [[Hawaii]], Fischbach is currently based in [[Cincinnati, Ohio|Cincinnati]], [[Ohio]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Sl-1X58ObY|title=Draw My Life - Markiplier|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=December 23, 2013}}</ref>. As of December 24, 2013, his channel has over 1,240,000 subscribers<ref name=channel>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/user/markiplierGAME|title=Markiplier|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=December 23, 2013}}</ref>, more than 262,000,000 total views, and is the 404th most subscribed channel on YouTube.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vidstatsx.com/youtube-top-500-most-subscribed-channels|title=Top 500 Most Subscribed Channels|publisher=VidStatsX|accessdate=December 23, 2013}}</ref> Fischbach specializes in [[Let's Play|Let's Play gameplay commentary]] videos, commonly of the [[horror]]/[[action]] video game genre.

==Career==
===Internet videos===
Fischbach first joined YouTube on May 26, 2012, creating a channel under the name of markiplier. Fischbach's first uploaded video, titled "''[[Amnesia: The Dark Descent|Amnesia]]'' Reaction Compilation", consists of Fischbach's reactions while commentating on the horror video game, ''Amnesia: The Dark Descent''. As of December 25, 2013, the video has garnered over 455,000 views.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tHPu7Ihz0uc|title=Amnesia Reaction Compilation|work=Markiplier|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=December 23, 2013}}</ref> Since then, Fischbach has renamed his channel markiplierGAME, and has diversified the subjects of his commentaries.

====Prominent video game commentaries====
=====''[[Slender|Slender: The Eight Pages]]''=====
Some of Fischbach's most popular videos are those of his ''Slender'' gameplay commentaries <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/user/markiplierGAME/videos?flow=grid&sort=p&view=0|title=Markiplier - Uploads: Most Popular|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=December 23, 2013}}</ref>. He has covered many various ‘’Slender’’ variations, including ''[[Prison]]'', ''[[Claustrophobia]]'', ''[[Hospice]]'', ''[[7th Street]]'', ''[[Mansion]]'', and more. After multiple attempts, he dedicated a few of his videos to a serious playthrough of ''[[Slender: Haunt]]'', which he eventually completed. He has yet to complete the original ''Slender: The Eight Pages'', ''[[Slender: The Arrival]]'', ''[[Carnival]]'', or ''[[Christmas Special]]''. ''Christmas Special'', Fischbach says, is truly horrifying in its own way, while also "destroying his childhood".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rYoJlZX5mG0|title=Slender: Christmas Special|work=Markiplier|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=December 23, 2013}}</ref>

=====''[[Minecraft|Drunk Minecraft]]''=====
Fischbach’s first episode of ''Drunk Minecraft'' was uploaded to his channel on the 8th of August, 2012, and rapidly became a fan favorite, as well as his most extensive series. The series is mainly centered around Fischbach, along with his two friends Bob, also known as [[muyskerm]], & Wade, also known as [[Lordminion777]], playing ''[[Minecraft]]'' while intoxicated. Its first season consisted of 32 episodes, and ran until early December 2012. After multiple requests, Fischbach uploaded the first episode of its second season on the 21st of March 2013. During the run of the second season, Fischbach, Bob & Wade added objectives to complete competitively, in order to become the "winner" of the episode. It has not been announced how long the second season will run for; however, Fischbach revealed during a Q&A session that ''Drunk Minecraft'' would be interrupted, as ''Drunk Minecraft'' member, Bob, moved away with the intention of finishing law school. The series returned on October 27, 2013, with an episode titled "DON'T KILL THE CHICKEN."

=====''[[Amnesia: The Dark Descent]]''=====
Often citing ''Amnesia: The Dark Descent'' as a truly terrifying game, Fischbach has dedicated many of his videos to gameplay commentary of both ''Amnesia: The Dark Descent'', and customized stories made for the game.

So far, his most acclaimed custom story playthroughs are of ''[[The Things in the Night]]'' and ''[[The Great Work]]'', as well as the game's sequel, ''[[Amnesia: A Machine for Pigs]]''.

=====''[[SCP - Containment Breach]]''=====
Fischbach's ''SCP - Containment Breach'' playthrough is easily one of his most extensive; as of December 2013, he has uploaded 47 episodes, combined with modded variations. These modded variations include a ''Slender: The Eight Pages'' mod, as well as one dedicated to [[My Little Pony]]. He has also played a fan-made mod of the game, with which all in-game textures, sound effects, and audio tracks had been replaced with references to Fischbach's channel. After the release of version 0.7.1, Fischbach resumed filming gameplay videos of ‘’SCP - Containment Breach’’. He had previously stated that ''SCP'' had given him difficulty focusing, and scared him more than most horror video games he had played. After another halt, Fischbach resumed again, with the release of version 0.8.

=====Indie horror games=====
Fischbach has played various indie horror games, having dedicated an entire playlist to them. He often takes suggestions from his subscribers, as well as finding them out himself.

Though he has received requests to play games built using [[RPGMaker]], such as ''[[Ib]]'' or ''[[Mad Father]]'', he has stated that he feels that such games are "silly, and aren't really his style". However, due to positive comments and reviews of the [[role-playing game]], ''[[The Witch's House]]'', Fischbach decided to begin a playthrough. Since ''The Witch's House'', Fischbach has played ''[[Paranoiac]]'' and ''Mad Father'', and has asked his subscribers for more suggestions.

Various indie games Fischbach has played include, but are not limited to:

''[[Hide]]'', ''[[Stalked]]'', ''[[One Late Night]]'', ''[[Evil]]'', ''[[Hyde]]'', ''[[Slendytubbies]]'', ''[[Inside]]'', ''[[The Corridor]]'', ''[[Maze]]'', ''[[Hylophobia]]'', ''[[The Rake: Return to Asylum]]'', ''[[The House]]'', ''[[The House 2]]'', ''[[Where Am I]]'', ''[[Bunny Man: Lost Souls]]'', ''[[Labyrinth]]'', ''[[The Rake: Hostel]]'', ''[[Which]]'', ''[[1916]]'', ''[[Imscared]]'', ''[[Resolute Dark]]'', ''[[Forest]]'', ''[[Lasting]]'', ''[[Exmortis]]'', ''[[Mental Hospital]]'', ''[[Illusion]]'', ''[[Pesadelo]]'', ''[[Inculcation]]'', ''[[Sonic.exe]]'', ''[[Dark Ocean]]'', ''[[Fibrillation]]'', ''[[Dream of the Bloodmoon]]'', and ''[[The Grudge]]''.

====Collaborations====

In addition to his own commentary videos, Fischbach has worked together with a wide range of other YouTube personalities, collaborating on commentaries. At first, he began collaborating with fellow video game commentator and Let's Player, [[Yamimash]], playing multiple ''[[Garry's Mod]]'' custom horror maps and an indie game called ''Slendytubbies''. He has also collaborated with YouTubers [[Mangaminx]] and [[CinnamonToastKen]], playing ''[[Castle Crashers]]'', a 2D [[beat 'em up]] video game.

He has also played ''[[Trouble in Terrorist Town]]'' and ''[[Prop Hunt]]'', both ''Garry's Mod'' custom maps, with YouTubers Mangaminx, [[Cryaotic]], [[Pewdiepie]], [[Seananners]], [[CaptainSparklez]], Yamimash, and Wade and Bob from ''Drunk Minecraft''.

Fischbach has also collaborated with YouTube [[sketch comedy]] duo [[Cyndago]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.ccom/user/Cyndago|title=Cyndago|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=December 23, 2013}}</ref>. to produce multiple skits; most notable are "The Warfstache Affair", "The Opinion Minions", and "Danger in Fiction".

==Charity work==

Fischbach has hosted numerous charity [[streaming media|livestreams]] on [[Twitch]], a livestreaming video platform. Over the course of 2012-2013, Fischbach has raised and donated $8,000 towards the [[Cancer Research Foundation]], and $4,000 towards [[Living Beyond Breast Cancer]], as well as many other non-livestream charity drives. During his most recent livestream event, held on May 18th, 2013, Fischbach and his community were able to raise over $20,000 for the [[American Cancer Society]] charity in under 9 hours. In total, Fischbach, with the continuous support of his subscribers, has raised $207,221.43.

==Other work==
Fischbach also provides voiceovers for various episodes of the YouTube channel [[LORE]], and is a member of [[The Game Station]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/user/TheGameStation|title=TheGameStation|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=December 23, 2013}}</ref> now re-branded as [[Polaris]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/user/Polaris|title=Polaris|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=December 23, 2013}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

Olivia Grant

2013-11-12T21:10:35Z

DPL bot: removing dablinks template; fewer than 4 disambig links (see the FAQ)

{{multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=November 2013}}
{{COI|date=November 2013}}
{{weasel|date=November 2013}}
}}
{{copy edit|for=too much bold, tone|date=November 2013}}

<gallery>
[[File:OGPIC.jpg|framed|right|Olivia Grant at British Independent Film Awards]]
</gallery>
{{other people|Olivia Grant}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Olivia Grant
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1983|9|20}}
| birth_place = [[London]], [[England]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| othername =
| yearsactive = 1986-present
| spouse =
| website =
}}
'''Olivia Grant''' (born 20 September 1983)<ref name="IMDB">[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm2372275/bio IMDB Page – Biography]</ref> is an [[English people|English]] [[actress]]. Her first film role was in ''[[Stardust (2007 film)|Stardust]]'' (2007), in which she was cast within weeks of graduating from Oxford.<ref name="DM1"/> She is best known for portraying Lady Adelaide Midwinter in BBC's ''[[Lark Rise to Candleford (TV series)|Lark Rise to Candleford]],'' Grace Darling in BBC3's ''[[Personal Affairs]],'' Hermoine Roddice in [[Women in Love (TV series)]], Henrietta Armistead in [[Garrow's Law]] and Ava Knox in the HBO/Cinemax co-production [[Strike Back (TV series)]]

Born in London,<ref name="IMDB"/> Grant is the daughter of Irene Whilton, a costume designer, and Kenneth Grant, a district judge.<ref name="DM1">{{cite web |title='I promised my granny I wouldn’t do nudity': Olivia Grant on her starring role |url= http://www.dailymail.co.uk/home/you/article-1194967/I-promised-granny-I-wouldn-t-nudity-Olivia-Grant-starring-role.html |author=Slater, Lydia |publisher=''[[Daily Mail#Supplements and features|Daily Mail]]'' |date=27 June 2009 |accessdate=2009-06-29}}</ref> Grant originally trained to be a ballet dancer, becoming a Junior Associate with the Royal Ballet.<ref name="SWM1">{{cite web |title=Olivia Grant: Acting up|url= http://www.southwestmag.co.uk/profiles-acting-up--30203|author=Smith, Vicky |publisher=''South West Mag'' |accessdate=2009-06-29}}</ref> She later studied at [[Guildhall School of Music and Drama]], planning to become a professional opera singer.<ref name="SWM1"/> After attending [[St Paul's Girls' School]] in [[Hammersmith]], London <ref name="SWM1"/> Grant read English Literature at [[Brasenose College, Oxford]], where she became involved with the [[Oxford University Dramatic Society]]. She currently lives in Chelsea<ref name="DM1"/> and writes a weekly blog for ''[[InStyle]]'' magazine (http://blogs.instyle.co.uk/).

==Career==
'''Olivia Grant''' was born on 20th [[September]] 1983 in South West [[London]]. Training originally in classical ballet, Olivia was awarded a place as a Junior Associate of [[the Royal Ballet School]] at the age of 10 and she performed with The Royal Ballet at [[Covent Garden Opera House]] and [[the Birmingham Royal Ballet]] at [[Sadler's Wells]].

Olivia then obtained a place at the highly academic [[St Paul's Girl's School]] where she combined her studies with extra-curricula performing; winning a place as a Junior Associate at the prestigious [[Guildhall School of Music and Drama]] whilst still at school. At [[Oxford University]] ([[Brasenose College]],) she then studied English Literature whilst fully immersing herself in the dramatic life of the University performing in up to two plays a term in parts such as Isabella in Shakespeare's [[Measure for Measure]], Anna in Patrick Marber's [[Closer (play)|Closer]] and Natasha in Chekhov's [[Three Sisters (play)|Three Sisters]] at the [[Oxford Playhouse]].

In her final year at Oxford she was invited by the [[Royal Shakespeare Company]] producer [[Thelma Holt]] and the [[Cameron Mackintosh Fund]] to take part in a showcase at the Old Vic Studios where her performance of one of Juliet Stevenson's monologues from [[Anthony Minghella's]] film script [[Truly Madly Deeply]] led to her being contacted by top acting agents in the run up to her finals. Within weeks of graduating Olivia was cast in the [[Paramount Pictures|Paramount]] Blockbuster '''[[Stardust (2007 film)|Stardust]]''' (dir. [[Matthew Vaughn]]) in a role which saw her magically transformed from a boy to a girl to a goat by an evil witch Lamia (played by [[Michelle Pfeiffer]]) and found her rehearsing at [[Pinewood studios]] with the attendant star-studded cast including, amongst others, [[Clare Danes]] and [[Robert De Niro.]]

One corset led to another and Olivia was immediately cast as one of the leads, [[Lady Adelaide Midwinter]], in the hugely popular BBC1's flagship period drama series '''[[Lark Rise to Candleford]]''' spending six months filming in the Wiltshire countryside amongst a stellar cast including [[Dawn French]], [[Julia Sawalha]] and [[Ben Miles]] in which she was described as "Sumptuous" by James Walton in the [[Daily Telegraph]] and "Captivating" in the [[Metro (magazine)|Metro]]. After finishing the first series she was then cast as the lead Grace Darling in the contemporary BBC3 comedy-drama series ''[[Personal Affairs]]'' in which she played a secret lesbian in the hilariously exuberant script written by Gabbie Asher in which she was described as "Utterly convincing" by Lydia Slater of the [[Daily Mail]].

Olivia was then cast opposite [[Rhys Ifans]] in the feature '''[[Mr Nice]]''' (dir. [[Bernard Rose (director)|Bernard Rose]]) the biopic about the drug-smuggler-turned-author [[Howard Marks]] in which she plays one of Howard's coterie at [[Balliol College Oxford]] in the Swinging Sixties. She also collaborated again with the director [[Charles Palmer (director)|Charlie Palmer]] on the ITV classic series '''[[Poirot]]''' with [[David Suchet]], [[Geoffrey Palmer (actor)|Geoffrey Palmer]] and [[Anna Massey]] in which she plays the undercover spy Annabel Larkin and was invited by the BBC to reprise her role as Lady Adelaide in Series 3 of BBC1's '''[[Lark Rise to Candleford]]'''. She then played opposite fellow Oxford alumni [[Rosamund Pike]] and [[Rory Kinnear]] in [[BBC4's]] production of '''[[Women In Love]]''' as [[Hermione Roddice]] shot in South Africa before playing the lead role of Sophia in '''The Picture''' at [[The Salisbury Playhouse]] and the character of Diane Ablo in the Independent film The Devil Went Down To Islington in the same year.

Last year has seen Olivia's career gather considerable momentum filming opposite [[Rupert Graves]] as his character's new mistress in the [[BAFTA]] nominated [[BBC]] period drama '''[[Garrow's Law]],''' spending the summer filming in Malta on the independent feature film '''Gozo''' opposite [[Ophelia Lovibond]] and appearing in the flagship [[ITV (TV channel)|ITV]] crime drama series '''[[Endeavour (TV series)|Endeavour]]''' as Helen Cartwright. Most recently she returned to South Africa to shoot the Emmy nominated [[HBO]]/[[Cinemax]] co-production '''[[Strikeback]]''' playing [[Charles Dances']] daughter Ava Knox, played the character of Jennifer in the Indie feature '''Copenhagen''', filmed on the Syco Films and Vertigo co-production '''[[Pudsey]]''' due for release 2014 and played opposite [[Charlie Cox]] in the BBC Worldwide's Cold War Television Movie '''[[Legacy]]''' due for release this November.

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
|rowspan="1"| 1986 || ''[[Brush Strokes]]'' || Susie<ref name="BFI">[http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/individual/501270?view=credit BFI | Film & TV Database | GRANT, Olivia - Filmography]</ref> - ''Episode 1.7'' || [[Situation comedy|Sitcom]]
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2007 || ''[[Stardust (2007 film)|Stardust]]'' || Girl Bernard || [[Feature film]]
|-
| ''[[Fishtales]]'' || Angela || [[Feature film]]
|-
|rowspan="1"| 2008 || ''[[Lark Rise to Candleford (TV series)|Lark Rise to Candleford]]'' || Lady Adelaide Midwinter (10 episodes)|| [[TV series]]
|-
|rowspan="1"| 2009 || ''[[Personal Affairs]]'' || Grace Darling || [[Comedy drama]] [[TV series]]
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2010 || ''Mr Nice'' || Alice || [[Feature film]]
|-
| ''Frankie Teardrop'' || Diane || [[Short subject|Short film]]
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2011|| ''[[Garrows Law]] || Lady Henrietta Armistead || [[TV series]]
|-
| ''[[Women in Love (TV series)]]'' || Lady Hermione Rodice || [[TV series]]
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2012|| ''[[Strike Back (TV series)]] || Ava Knox || [[TV series]]
|-
| ''[[Women in Love (TV series)]]'' || Lady Hermione Rodice || [[TV series]]
|-
|rowspan="5"| 2013|| ''[[Endeavour (TV series)]] || Helen Cartwright || [[TV series]]
|-
| ''[[Gozo]]'' || Christie || [[Feature film]]
|-
| ''[[Copenhagen]]'' || Jennifer || [[Feature film]]
|-
| ''[[Legacy (TV series)]]'' || Eva Pym || [[TV series]]
|-
| ''[[The Devil Went Down To Islington]]'' || Diane Ableau || [[Feature film]]
|-
|rowspan="1"| 2014|| ''[[Pudsey: The Movie]]'' || Leading Lady || [[Feature film]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|2372275|name=Olivia Grant}}

{{Authority control|VIAF=177087271}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Sheppard, Jacob
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = British actor
| DATE OF BIRTH =20 September 1983
| PLACE OF BIRTH =[[London]], [[England]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Grant, Olivia}}
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from London]]
[[Category:English television actresses]]
[[Category:English film actresses]]
[[Category:Alumni of Brasenose College, Oxford]]
[[Category:People educated at St Paul's Girls' School]]
[[Category:Alumni of the Guildhall School of Music and Drama]]

Olivia Grant

2013-11-11T08:52:52Z

DPL bot: adding dablinks template; 7 or more disambig links (see the FAQ)

{{dablinks|date=November 2013}}
<gallery>
[[File:OGPIC.jpg|framed|right|Olivia Grant at British Independent Film Awards]]
</gallery>
{{other people|Olivia Grant}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Olivia Grant
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1983|9|20}}
| birth_place = [[London]], [[England]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| othername =
| yearsactive = 1986-present
| spouse =
| website =
}}
'''Olivia Grant''' (born 20 September 1983)<ref name="IMDB">[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm2372275/bio IMDB Page – Biography]</ref> is an [[English people|English]] [[actress]]. Her first film role was in ''[[Stardust (2007 film)|Stardust]]'' (2007), in which she was cast within weeks of graduating from Oxford.<ref name="DM1"/> She is best known for portraying Lady Adelaide Midwinter in BBC's ''[[Lark Rise to Candleford (TV series)|Lark Rise to Candleford]],'' Grace Darling in BBC3's ''[[Personal Affairs]],'' Hermoine Roddice in [[Women in Love (TV series)]], Henrietta Armistead in [[Garrow's Law]] and Ava Knox in the HBO/Cinemax co-production [[Strike Back (TV series)]]

Born in London,<ref name="IMDB"/> Grant is the daughter of Irene Whilton, a costume designer, and Kenneth Grant, a district judge.<ref name="DM1">{{cite web |title='I promised my granny I wouldn’t do nudity': Olivia Grant on her starring role |url= http://www.dailymail.co.uk/home/you/article-1194967/I-promised-granny-I-wouldn-t-nudity-Olivia-Grant-starring-role.html |author=Slater, Lydia |publisher=''[[Daily Mail#Supplements and features|Daily Mail]]'' |date=27 June 2009 |accessdate=2009-06-29}}</ref> Grant originally trained to be a ballet dancer, becoming a Junior Associate with the Royal Ballet.<ref name="SWM1">{{cite web |title=Olivia Grant: Acting up|url= http://www.southwestmag.co.uk/profiles-acting-up--30203|author=Smith, Vicky |publisher=''South West Mag'' |accessdate=2009-06-29}}</ref> She later studied at [[Guildhall School of Music and Drama]], planning to become a professional opera singer.<ref name="SWM1"/> After attending [[St Paul's Girls' School]] in [[Hammersmith]], London <ref name="SWM1"/> Grant read English Literature at [[Brasenose College, Oxford]], where she became involved with the [[Oxford University Dramatic Society]]. She currently lives in Chelsea<ref name="DM1"/> and writes a weekly blog for ''[[InStyle]]'' magazine (http://blogs.instyle.co.uk/).

==Career==
'''Olivia Grant''' was born on 20th [[September]] 1983 in South West [[London]]. Training originally in classical ballet, Olivia was awarded a place as a Junior Associate of [[the Royal Ballet School]] at the age of 10 and she performed with The Royal Ballet at [[Covent Garden Opera House]] and [[the Birmingham Royal Ballet]] at [[Sadler's Wells]].

Olivia then obtained a place at the highly academic [[St Paul's Girl's School]] where she combined her studies with extra-curricula performing; winning a place as a Junior Associate at the prestigious [[Guildhall School of Music and Drama]] whilst still at school. At [[Oxford University]] ([[Brasenose College]],) she then studied English Literature whilst fully immersing herself in the dramatic life of the University performing in up to two plays a term in parts such as Isabella in Shakespeare's [[Measure for Measure]], Anna in Patrick Marber's [[Closer]] and Natasha in Chekhov's [[Three Sisters]] at the [[Oxford Playhouse]].

In her final year at Oxford she was invited by the [[Royal Shakespeare Company]] producer [[Thelma Holt]] and the [[Cameron Mackintosh Fund]] to take part in a showcase at the Old Vic Studios where her performance of one of Juliet Stevenson's monologues from [[Anthony Minghella's]] film script [[Truly Madly Deeply]] led to her being contacted by top acting agents in the run up to her finals. Within weeks of graduating Olivia was cast in the [[Paramount]] Blockbuster '''[[Stardust]]''' (dir. [[Matthew Vaughn]]) in a role which saw her magically transformed from a boy to a girl to a goat by an evil witch Lamia (played by [[Michelle Pfeiffer]]) and found her rehearsing at [[Pinewood studios]] with the attendant star-studded cast including, amongst others, [[Clare Danes]] and [[Robert De Niro.]]

One corset led to another and Olivia was immediately cast as one of the leads, [[Lady Adelaide Midwinter]], in the hugely popular BBC1's flagship period drama series '''[[Lark Rise to Candleford]]''' spending six months filming in the Wiltshire countryside amongst a stellar cast including [[Dawn French]], [[Julia Sawalha]] and [[Ben Miles]] in which she was described as "Sumptuous" by James Walton in the [[Daily Telegraph]] and "Captivating" in the [[Metro]]. After finishing the first series she was then cast as the lead Grace Darling in the contemporary BBC3 comedy-drama series ''[[Personal Affairs]]'' in which she played a secret lesbian in the hilariously exuberant script written by Gabbie Asher in which she was described as "Utterly convincing" by Lydia Slater of the [[Daily Mail]].

Olivia was then cast opposite [[Rhys Ifans]] in the feature '''[[Mr Nice]]''' (dir. [[Bernard Rose]]) the biopic about the drug-smuggler-turned-author [[Howard Marks]] in which she plays one of Howard's coterie at [[Balliol College Oxford]] in the Swinging Sixties. She also collaborated again with the director [[Charlie Palmer]] on the ITV classic series '''[[Poirot]]''' with [[David Suchet]], [[Geoffrey Palmer]] and [[Anna Massey]] in which she plays the undercover spy Annabel Larkin and was invited by the BBC to reprise her role as Lady Adelaide in Series 3 of BBC1's '''[[Lark Rise to Candleford]]'''. She then played opposite fellow Oxford alumni [[Rosamund Pike]] and [[Rory Kinnear]] in [[BBC4's]] production of '''[[Women In Love]]''' as [[Hermione Roddice]] shot in South Africa before playing the lead role of Sophia in '''The Picture''' at [[The Salisbury Playhouse]] and the character of Diane Ablo in the Independent film The Devil Went Down To Islington in the same year.

Last year has seen Olivia's career gather considerable momentum filming opposite [[Rupert Graves]] as his character's new mistress in the [[BAFTA]] nominated [[BBC]] period drama '''[[Garrow's Law]],''' spending the summer filming in Malta on the independent feature film '''Gozo''' opposite [[Ophelia Lovibond]] and appearing in the flagship [[ITV]] crime drama series '''[[Endeavour]]''' as Helen Cartwright. Most recently she returned to South Africa to shoot the Emmy nominated [[HBO]]/[[Cinemax]] co-production '''[[Strikeback]]''' playing [[Charles Dances']] daughter Ava Knox, played the character of Jennifer in the Indie feature '''Copenhagen''', filmed on the Syco Films and Vertigo co-production '''[[Pudsey]]''' due for release 2014 and played opposite [[Charlie Cox]] in the BBC Worldwide's Cold War Television Movie '''[[Legacy]]''' due for release this November.

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
|rowspan="1"| 1986 || ''[[Brush Strokes]]'' || Susie<ref name="BFI">[http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/individual/501270?view=credit BFI | Film & TV Database | GRANT, Olivia - Filmography]</ref> - ''Episode 1.7'' || [[Situation comedy|Sitcom]]
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2007 || ''[[Stardust (2007 film)|Stardust]]'' || Girl Bernard || [[Feature film]]
|-
| ''[[Fishtales]]'' || Angela || [[Feature film]]
|-
|rowspan="1"| 2008 || ''[[Lark Rise to Candleford (TV series)|Lark Rise to Candleford]]'' || Lady Adelaide Midwinter (10 episodes)|| [[TV series]]
|-
|rowspan="1"| 2009 || ''[[Personal Affairs]]'' || Grace Darling || [[Comedy drama]] [[TV series]]
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2010 || ''Mr Nice'' || Alice || [[Feature film]]
|-
| ''Frankie Teardrop'' || Diane || [[Short subject|Short film]]
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2011|| ''[[Garrows Law]] || Lady Henrietta Armistead || [[TV series]]
|-
| ''[[Women in Love (TV series)]]'' || Lady Hermione Rodice || [[TV series]]
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2012|| ''[[Strike Back (TV series)]] || Ava Knox || [[TV series]]
|-
| ''[[Women in Love (TV series)]]'' || Lady Hermione Rodice || [[TV series]]
|-
|rowspan="5"| 2013|| ''[[Endeavour (TV series)]] || Helen Cartwright || [[TV series]]
|-
| ''[[Gozo]]'' || Christie || [[Feature film]]
|-
| ''[[Copenhagen]]'' || Jennifer || [[Feature film]]
|-
| ''[[Legacy (TV series)]]'' || Eva Pym || [[TV series]]
|-
| ''[[The Devil Went Down To Islington]]'' || Diane Ableau || [[Feature film]]
|-
|rowspan="1"| 2014|| ''[[Pudsey: The Movie]]'' || Leading Lady || [[Feature film]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|2372275|name=Olivia Grant}}

{{Authority control|VIAF=177087271}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Sheppard, Jacob
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = British actor
| DATE OF BIRTH =20 September 1983
| PLACE OF BIRTH =[[London]], [[England]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Grant, Olivia}}
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from London]]
[[Category:English television actresses]]
[[Category:English film actresses]]
[[Category:Alumni of Brasenose College, Oxford]]
[[Category:People educated at St Paul's Girls' School]]
[[Category:Alumni of the Guildhall School of Music and Drama]]

Jin (Name)

2013-08-27T21:28:20Z

DPL bot: adding dablinks template; 7 or more disambig links (see the FAQ)

{{dablinks|date=August 2013}}

{{About|the surname Jin|other uses|Jin (disambiguation)}}

{{Infobox surname
| name = Jin (金)
| image =
| image_size = 200
| caption =
| pronunciation =
| language =
| languageorigin =
| origin =
| derivation =
| meaning = [[Gold]], [[Steel]]
| variant = [[Kim (surname)|Kim]] [[Gyim]] Gim Gam [[Kam]] [[Cam]] Gum Kum Kym
| cognate = [[Yíng (surname)]] (嬴)
| derivative = [[Jin (surname)|Jin]] [[Jian]] [[Qian (surname)|Qian]]
| seealso = [[Jin Midi]] (金日磾) [[Kim (Korean name)]] (金) [[Aisin Gioro]] (愛新覺羅)
| family =
}}

'''Jin''' ({{linktext|金}}) is a [[Chinese people|Chinese]] family name, or surname. The name literally means "gold" and is 29th<ref>{{cite web|title=The Hundred Families Surnames|url=http://freepages.family.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~chinesesurname/hundred.html|work=The Origin of Hundred Surnames|publisher=Ronald Eng Young|accessdate=10 June 2012|author=Ronald Eng Young|language=English and Chinese|year=1996-2009}}</ref> in the list of "[[Hundred Family Surnames]]". The name is also used in [[Vietnam]], [[Cambodia]], [[Korea]] (Koreans romanize the name as '''[[Kim]]''') and in Hong Kong, where it is written in Cantonese as '''[[Kam]]''', in Middle Chinese as [[Kym]], [[Kim]]. As of 2006, it is ranked the [[List of common Chinese surnames|64th most common Chinese surname]].

==金 (Jin)==
===Mythology===
Jin is an ancient surname, dating back over 4,000 years. a legendary Chinese sovereign and cultural hero, who is considered in [[Chinese mythology]] to be the ancestor of all Han Chinese. The surname also appeared in an area called [[Pengcheng]] (now known as Tong Shan Xian) during the Han Dynasty, from 206[[Common Era|BCE]] to 220BCE. The legend behind the Jin surname is as follows:

<blockquote>Yi Zhi the [[Shaohao]], eventually succeeded him. On the same day he was installed as leader, a golden [[Phoenix (mythology)|phoenix]] flew down and perched on top of a house exactly opposite of where he sat. His followers reckoned it was an auspicious beginning. They decided to use gold as the emblem of their tribe. Yi Zhi was retitled Jin Tian Shi (金天氏, "golden skies") by his people, and headed the Jin Tian Tribe. Their settlement was located in [[Qufu]] (presently Qufu city in [[Shandong]] province). Yi Zhi died in 2515 BCE. Some of his descendants adopted Jin as their surnames and left off the words Tian Shi ("skies").<ref>{{cite web|title=Chinese surname No.29 Jin (gold)|url=http://groups.google.com/group/soc.culture.china/browse_thread/thread/c10cca68a6c5f75f/5fff5dde4b83d1c8?lnk=st&q=#5fff5dde4b83d1c8 soc.culture.china|work=Google groups - soc.culture.china|publisher=Google|accessdate=10 June 2012|author=CHUNG Yoon-Ngan|date=13|month=September|year=1996}}</ref></blockquote>

===Origin of Chinese Surname Jin (金)===
* [[Jin Midi|Jin Mi Di]] (金日磾) was prince of [[Suibu (tribe)|Suibu]] (須卜) tribe in [[Xiongnu]], his descendants is [[Jin Xuan]] (金旋), a couple of [[Liu]] (劉) family of [[Han Zhao]]
* by [[Mythology]], [[Jin]] (金) family originate from [[Shaohao]] (少昊) the origin of [[Yíng (surname)|Ying]] (嬴) family, a couple of [[Xu]] (徐) family
* during the [[Three Kingdoms]], [[Qiang people]] use the surnames Jin (金)
* during the [[Tang Dynasty]], The [[Silla]] Royal [[Kim]] (金) family emigrate to [[China]]
* The descendents of [[Qian Liu]] (錢鏐) get surname to [[Jin]] (金) with same meaning, form of [[Qian (surname)|Qian]] (錢)
* Jin (金) was among the surnames granted to [[Europe|European]] the [[Kaifeng Jews]] by an unnamed [[Song Dynasty]] emperor
* during the [[Jin Dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin Dynasty]], old [[Mohe]] (靺鞨) the [[Juechen]] (女眞) use surname Jin (金), connect to [[Qing Dynasty]]
* during the [[Yuan Dynasty]], [[Mongolian]] [[Baron]] get surname [[Jin]] (金) in [[Vietnam]], [[Korea]]
* during the [[Yuan Dynasty]], [[Mongolia|Mongolian]] [[Liu]] (劉) family get surname to Jin (金)
* after fall of [[Yuan Dynasty]], [[Mongols|Mongolian]] [[Royal]] the [[Ye (surname)|Ye]] (也) family get surname Jin (金)
* during the [[Qing Dynasty]], [[Taiwanese aborigines]] the [[Gaoshan|Gaoshan people]] (高山族) get surname Jin (金)
* [[Aisin Gioro]] family get the surname Jin (金), as "Aisin" means "gold" in [[Manchu language]], following the fall of the [[Qing Dynasty]]
* [[Korean in China]] use surname Jin (金), surname Jin is very Popular and National surname of almost [[Native]] [[Korea|Korean]] [[Citizen]]

===Notables people with 金===
* [[Jin Midi]] (金日磾), Prince of [[Suibu (tribe)|Suibu]] (須卜) tribe in [[Xiongnu]] Kingdom
* [[Jin Xuan]] (金旋), Administrator of [[Wuling]], descendants of [[Jin Midi]] (金日磾)
* [[Jin Yi]] (金禕), son of [[Jin Xuan]] (金旋), descendants of [[Jin Midi]] (金日磾)
* [[Jin Wangsun]] (金王孫), husband of [[Empress Wang Zhi]] in [[Xian]]
* [[Jin Shengtan]] (金聖嘆) (born Jin Renrui 金人瑞)
* [[Jin Yuelin]] (金岳霖)
* [[Jin Di]] (金迪)
* [[Jin Jing]] (金晶)
* [[Jin Fengling]] (金鳳玲)
* [[Jin Jingdao]] (金敬道)
* [[Jin Liqun]] (金立群)
* [[Jin Xing]] (金星)
* [[Jin Li]] (金力)
* [[Jin Renqing]] (金人慶)
* [[Jin Yubo]] (金煜博)
* [[Jin Zhiyang]] (金志扬)
* [[Elaine Jin]] (金燕玲)
* [[Ha Jin]] (born Jin Xuefei 金雪飛)
* [[Jin Sha]] (金莎), Chinese famale Singer

==靳 (Jin)==
Jin ({{linktext|靳}}) family name originate from [[Zhuanxu]] the Gaoyang (高揚), Originally the dialeact was Jian, later changed to [[Qian (surname)|Qian]], [[Jin (surname)|Jin]] (靳). [[Zhuanxu]] the Gaoyang (高揚) is origin of [[Yíng (surname)|Ying]] (嬴) family, also [[Mi (surname)|Mi]] (羋) family of [[Chu (Chinese surname)|Chu]].

==晉 (Jin)==
Jin ({{linktext|晉}} family name originate from Tang Shu Yu (唐叔虞) the The brother of [[King Wu of Zhou]], he founded the [[Jin (Chinese state)|state of Jin]] and his later descendants used the surname Jin (晉).

===Notables with the surname 晉===
* [[Jin Xiaomei]] (晉小梅)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Chinese-language surnames]]

Jin (Name)

2013-08-26T21:22:39Z

DPL bot: removing dablinks template; fewer than 4 disambig links (see the FAQ)

{{About|the surname Jin|other uses|Jin (disambiguation)}}

{{Infobox surname
| name = Jin (金)
| image =
| image_size = 200
| caption =
| pronunciation =
| language =
| languageorigin =
| origin =
| derivation =
| meaning = [[Gold]], [[Steel]], [[Money]], Valuable
| variant = [[Kim (surname)|Kim]] [[Gyim]] Gim Gam [[Kam]] [[Cam]] Gum Kum Kym
| cognate =
| derivative = [[Jin (surname)|Jin]] [[Jian]] [[Qian (surname)|Qian]]
| seealso = [[Yíng (surname)]] (嬴) [[Kim (Korean name)]] (金) [[Aisin Gioro]] (愛新覺羅)
| family =
}}

'''Jin''' ({{linktext|金}}) is a [[Chinese people|Chinese]] family name, or surname. The name literally means "gold" and is 29th<ref>{{cite web|title=The Hundred Families Surnames|url=http://freepages.family.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~chinesesurname/hundred.html|work=The Origin of Hundred Surnames|publisher=Ronald Eng Young|accessdate=10 June 2012|author=Ronald Eng Young|language=English and Chinese|year=1996-2009}}</ref> in the list of "[[Hundred Family Surnames]]". The name is also used in [[Vietnam]], [[Cambodia]], [[Korea]] (Koreans romanize the name as '''Kim''') and in Hong Kong, where it is written in Cantonese as '''Kam'''. As of 2006, it is ranked the [[List of common Chinese surnames|64th most common Chinese surname]].

==金 (Jin)==
Jin is an ancient surname, dating back over 4,000 years. a legendary Chinese sovereign and cultural hero, who is considered in [[Chinese mythology]] to be the ancestor of all Han Chinese. The surname also appeared in an area called [[Pengcheng]] (now known as Tong Shan Xian) during the Han Dynasty, from 206[[Common Era|BCE]] to 220BCE. The legend behind the Jin surname is as follows:

<blockquote>Yi Zhi the [[Shaohao]], eventually succeeded him. On the same day he was installed as leader, a golden [[Phoenix (mythology)|phoenix]] flew down and perched on top of a house exactly opposite of where he sat. His followers reckoned it was an auspicious beginning. They decided to use gold as the emblem of their tribe. Yi Zhi was retitled Jin Tian Shi (金天氏, "golden skies") by his people, and headed the Jin Tian Tribe. Their settlement was located in [[Qufu]] (presently Qufu city in [[Shandong]] province). Yi Zhi died in 2515 BCE. Some of his descendants adopted Jin as their surnames and left off the words Tian Shi ("skies").<ref>{{cite web|title=Chinese surname No.29 Jin (gold)|url=http://groups.google.com/group/soc.culture.china/browse_thread/thread/c10cca68a6c5f75f/5fff5dde4b83d1c8?lnk=st&q=#5fff5dde4b83d1c8 soc.culture.china|work=Google groups - soc.culture.china|publisher=Google|accessdate=10 June 2012|author=CHUNG Yoon-Ngan|date=13|month=September|year=1996}}</ref></blockquote>

===Origin of Chinese Surname Jin (金)===
* Jin (金) family originate from [[Shaohao]] (少昊) the origin of [[Yíng (surname)|Ying]] (嬴) family
* [[Jin Midi|Jin Mi Di]] (金日磾) was prince of [[Suibu (tribe)|Suibu]] (須卜) tribe in [[Xiongnu]] Kingdom, his descendants is [[Jin Xuan]] (金旋), [[Jin Yi]] (金禕)
* during the [[Three Kingdoms]], [[Qiang people]] use the surnames Jin (金)
* during the [[Eastern Wei]], [[Runan County]] (汝南) Jin (金) family was founded
* during the [[Tang Dynasty]], The [[Silla]] Jin (金) family emigrate to [[China]]
* The descendents of [[Qian Liu]] (錢鏐) get surname to [[Jin (surname)|Jin]] (金) with same meaning, form of [[Qian (surname)|Qian]] (錢)
* Jin (金) was among the surnames granted to [[Europe|European]] the [[Kaifeng Jews]] by an unnamed [[Song Dynasty]] emperor
* during the [[Yuan Dynasty]], [[Mongolia|Mongolian]] [[Liu]] (劉) family get surname to Jin (金)
* [[Mongols|Mongolian]] royal [[Ye (surname)|Ye]] (也) family get surname Jin (金) during the early [[Ming Dynasty]]
* during the [[Qing Dynasty]], [[Taiwanese aborigines]] the [[Gaoshan|Gaoshan people]] (高山族) get surname Jin (金)
* [[Aisin Gioro]] family get the surname Jin (金), as "Aisin" means "gold" in [[Manchu language]], following the fall of the [[Qing Dynasty]]
* [[Korean in China]] use surname Jin (金), surname Jin is very Popular and National surname of almost [[Native]] [[Korea|Korean]] [[Citizen]]

===Notables people with 金===
* [[Jin Midi]] (金日磾), Prince of [[Suibu (tribe)|Suibu]] (須卜) tribe in [[Xiongnu]] Kingdom
* [[Jin Xuan]] (金旋), Administrator of [[Wuling Commandery]], descendants of [[Jin Midi]] (金日磾)
* [[Jin Yi]] (金禕), son of [[Jin Xuan]] (金旋), descendants of [[Jin Midi]] (金日磾)
* [[Jin Wangsun]] (金王孫), husband of [[Empress Wang Zhi]] in [[Xian]]
* [[Jin Shengtan]] (金聖嘆) (born Jin Renrui 金人瑞)
* [[Jin Yuelin]] (金岳霖)
* [[Jin Di]] (金迪)
* [[Jin Jing]] (金晶)
* [[Jin Fengling]] (金鳳玲)
* [[Jin Jingdao]] (金敬道)
* [[Jin Liqun]] (金立群)
* [[Jin Xing]] (金星)
* [[Jin Li]] (金力)
* [[Jin Renqing]] (金人慶)
* [[Jin Yubo]] (金煜博)
* [[Jin Zhiyang]] (金志扬)
* [[Elaine Jin]] (金燕玲)
* [[Ha Jin]] (born Jin Xuefei 金雪飛)
* [[Jin Sha]] (金莎), Chinese famale Singer

==靳 (Jin)==
Jin ({{linktext|靳}}) family name originate from [[Zhuanxu]] the Gaoyang (高揚), Originally the dialeact was Jian, later changed to [[Qian (surname)|Qian]], [[Jin (surname)|Jin]] (靳). [[Zhuanxu]] the Gaoyang (高揚) is origin of [[Yíng (surname)|Ying]] (嬴) family, also [[Mi (surname)|Mi]] (羋) family of [[Chu (Chinese surname)|Chu]].

==晉 (Jin)==
Jin ({{linktext|晉}} family name originate from Tang Shu Yu (唐叔虞) the The brother of [[King Wu of Zhou]], he founded the [[Jin (Chinese state)|state of Jin]] and his later descendants used the surname Jin (晉).

===Notables with the surname 晉===
* [[Jin Xiaomei]] (晉小梅)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Chinese-language surnames]]

Jin (Name)

2013-08-24T21:31:17Z

DPL bot: adding dablinks template; 7 or more disambig links (see the FAQ)

{{dablinks|date=August 2013}}
{{About|the surname Jin|other uses|Jin (disambiguation)}}
{{ infobox family name
| name = Jin
| image =
| image_size = 200
| caption =
| mc = Kim
| pronunciation =
| meaning = gold
| region = [[China]]
| language = Chinese
| related names = Gyim Kam Kym [[Kim (Korean name)|Kim]]
| footnotes = [[Ying (surame)]] (嬴)
}}

'''Jin''' ({{linktext|金}}) is a [[Chinese people|Chinese]] family name, or surname. The name literally means "gold" and is 29th<ref>{{cite web|title=The Hundred Families Surnames|url=http://freepages.family.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~chinesesurname/hundred.html|work=The Origin of Hundred Surnames|publisher=Ronald Eng Young|accessdate=10 June 2012|author=Ronald Eng Young|language=English and Chinese|year=1996-2009}}</ref> in the list of "[[Hundred Family Surnames]]". The name is also used in [[Vietnam]], [[Cambodia]], [[Korea]] (Koreans romanize the name as '''Kim''') and in Hong Kong, where it is written in Cantonese as '''Kam'''. As of 2006, it is ranked the [[List of common Chinese surnames|64th most common Chinese surname]].

==金 (Jin)==
Jin is an ancient surname, dating back over 4,000 years. a legendary Chinese sovereign and cultural hero, who is considered in [[Chinese mythology]] to be the ancestor of all [[Han Chinese]]. The legend behind the Jin surname is as follows:

<blockquote>The Yellow Emperor's son, Yi Zhi ([[Shaohao]]), eventually succeeded him. On the same day he was installed as leader, a golden [[Phoenix (mythology)|phoenix]] flew down and perched on top of a house exactly opposite of where he sat. His followers reckoned it was an auspicious beginning. They decided to use gold as the emblem of their tribe. Yi Zhi was retitled Jin Tian Shi ("golden skies") by his people, and headed the Jin Tian Tribe. Their settlement was located in [[Qufu]] (presently Qufu city in [[Shandong]] province). Yi Zhi died in 2515 BCE. Some of his descendants adopted Jin as their surnames and left off the words Tian Shi ("skies").<ref>{{cite web|title=Chinese surname No.29 Jin (gold)|url=http://groups.google.com/group/soc.culture.china/browse_thread/thread/c10cca68a6c5f75f/5fff5dde4b83d1c8?lnk=st&q=#5fff5dde4b83d1c8 soc.culture.china|work=Google groups - soc.culture.china|publisher=Google|accessdate=10 June 2012|author=CHUNG Yoon-Ngan|date=13|month=September|year=1996}}</ref></blockquote>

The surname also appeared in an area called [[Pengcheng]] (now known as Tong Shan Xian) during the [[Han Dynasty]], from 206[[Common Era|BCE]] to 220BCE.

===Origin of Chinese Surname Jin (金)===
* Jin (金) is [[Yíng (surname)]] (嬴) from [[Shaohao]] (少昊), [[Jin Wang Sun]] (金王孫) was the husband of [[Empress Wang Zhi]] in [[Xian]] during the Han Dynasty.
* [[Jin Midi|Jin Mi Di]] (金日磾) was prince of [[Xiongnu]] during the [[Han Dynasty]], [[Jin Xuan]] (金旋), [[Jin Yi]] (金禕) is his descendants.
* during the [[Three Kingdoms]], [[Qiang people]] use the surnames Jin (金)
* during the [[Eastern Wei]], [[Runan County]] (汝南) Jin (金) family get surname Jin (金)
* during the [[Tang Dynasty]], The [[Silla]] Jin (金) family emigrate to [[China]]
* The descendents of [[Qian Liu]] (錢鏐) get surname to [[Jin]] (金) with same meaning, form {{citation needed|date=June 2012}}
* Jin was among the surnames granted to the [[Kaifeng Jews]] by an unnamed [[Song Dynasty]] emperor
* during the [[Yuan Dynasty]], [[Mongolian]] [[Liu]] (劉) family get surname to Jin (金)
* [[Mongols|Mongolian]] royal [[Ye (surname)|Ye]] (也) family get surname Jin (金) during the early [[Ming Dynasty]]
* during the [[Qing Dynasty]], [[Taiwanese aborigines]] the [[Gaoshan|Gaoshan people]] (高山族) get surname Jin (金)
* [[Aisin Gioro]] family get the surname Jin (金), as "Aisin" means "gold" in [[Manchu language]], following the fall of the [[Qing Dynasty]]
* [[Korean in China]] use surname Jin (金), family name Jin is very [[Popular]] and [[National]] surname of almost [[Native]] [[Korean]] [[Citizen]]

===Notables people with 金===
* [[Jin Midi]] (金日磾), Prince of [[Xiongnu]]
* [[Jin Shengtan]] (金聖嘆) (born Jin Renrui 金人瑞)
* [[Jin Yuelin]] (金岳霖)
* [[Jin Di]] (金迪)
* [[Jin Jing]] (金晶)
* [[Jin Fengling]] (金鳳玲)
* [[Jin Jingdao]] (金敬道)
* [[Jin Liqun]] (金立群)
* [[Jin Xing]] (金星)
* [[Jin Li]] (金力)
* [[Jin Renqing]] (金人慶)
* [[Jin Yubo]] (金煜博)
* [[Jin Zhiyang]] (金志扬)
* [[Elaine Jin]] (金燕玲)
* [[Ha Jin]] (born Jin Xuefei 金雪飛)
* [[Jin Sha]] (金莎), Chinese famale Singer

==靳 (Jin)==
Jin ({{linktext|靳}}) family name originated from [[Zhu Rong]] or his father [[Zhuanxu]] the [[Gaoyang]] (高揚), Originally the name was Jian-Jin (篯), but was later changed to [[Jian]], [[Qian (surname)|Qian]] (錢) and [[Jin]] (靳). [[Zhuanxu]] the [[Gaoyang]] (高揚) is posterity of and origin of [[Yíng (surname)]] (嬴).

==晉 (Jin)==
Jin ({{linktext|晉}} is surname of The brother of [[Zhou Dynasty]] ruler the [[King Wu of Zhou]], is Tang Shu Yu (唐叔虞). He founded the [[Jin (Chinese state)|state of Jin]] and his later descendants used the surname Jin (晉).

===Notables with the surname 晉===
* [[Jin Xiaomei]] (晉小梅)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Chinese-language surnames]]

Save-Korridor

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| BILDPFAD_KARTE=
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| TEXT_KARTE=
}}
{{BS-header|Route}}
{{BS-table}}
{{BS|CONTg|||[[Ljubljana-Zagreb railway|Line to Ljubljana]]}}
{{BS|ABZrg|||Line to [[Kumrovec]]}}
{{BS|BHF|446.1|[[Savski Marof]]}}
{{BS|HST|443.9|[[Brdovec]]}}
{{BS|HST|441.5|[[Zaprešić Savska]]}}
{{BS|ABZrg|||Line to [[Zabok]]}}
{{BS|BHF|439.6|[[Zaprešić]]}}
{{BS|HST|435.8|[[Podsused Stop]]}}
{{BS|HST|434.0|[[Podsused Tv.]]}}
{{BS|HST|432.9|[[Gajnice]]}}
{{BS|HST|431.1|[[Vrapče]]}}
{{BS|HST|428.7|[[Kustošija]]}}
{{BS|BHF|426.6|[[Zagreb West Station]]}}
{{BS|ABZgr+r|||Lines to [[Zagreb-Sisak-Novska railway|Sisak]] and [[Zagreb-Rijeka railway|Karlovac]]}}
{{BS|BHF|424.4|'''[[Zagreb Central Station]]'''}}
{{BS|HST|428.1|[[Maksimir]]}}
{{BS2|BS2c1|BS2+r||}}
{{BS2|KDSTa|BRÜCKE||Zagreb East Station}}
{{BS2|BS2l|BS2r||}}
{{BS|DST|429.2|[[Zagreb Borongaj]]}}
{{BS|HST|430.2|[[Trnava]]}}
{{BS|HST|431.3|[[Čulinec]]}}
{{BS|ABZgr+r|||Freight line to Zagreb RK|}}
{{BS|BHF|435.0|[[Sesvete]]}}
{{BS|HST|439.8|[[Sesvetski Kraljevec]]}}
{{BS|BHF|{{BSkm|445.2|84.2}}|[[Dugo Selo]]}}
{{BS|ABZlf|||[[Zagreb-Gyékényes railway|Line to Koprivnica]]}}
{{BS|HST|81.2|[[Ostrna]]}}
{{BS|PSL|74.6|[[Prečec]]}}
{{BS|HST|73.8|[[Prečec Stop]]}}
{{BS|BHF|66.7|[[Ivanić Grad]]}}
{{BS|HST|61.5|[[Deanovec]]}}
{{BS|HST|58.3|[[Širinec]]}}
{{BS|HST|54.2|[[Novoselec]]}}
{{BS|HST|47.9|[[Ludina]]}}
{{BS|HST|41.7|[[Popovača]]}}
{{BS|HST|38.0|[[Voloder]]}}
{{BS|HST|34.5|[[Moslavačka Gračenica]]}}
{{BS|HST|30.2|[[Repušnica]]}}
{{BS|BHF|26.4|[[Kutina]]}}
{{BS|HST|20.9|[[Ilova]]}}
{{BS|BHF|17.3|[[Banova Jaruga]]}}
{{BS|ABZlf|||Line to [[Lipik]]|}}
{{BS|HST|10.1|[[Lipovljani]]}}
{{BS|HST|6.7|[[Stara Subocka]]}}
{{BS|ABZlg|||[[Zagreb-Sisak-Novska railway|Line from Sisak]]}}
{{BS|BHF|{{BSkm|0.0|307.0}}|'''[[Novska]]'''}}
{{BS|HST|296.6|[[Rajić]]}}
{{BS|HST|291.9|[[Lađevac]]}}
{{BS|BHF|287.1|[[Okučani]]}}
{{BS|HST|280.0|[[Dragalić]]}}
{{BS|BHF|272.9|[[Nova Gradiška]]}}
{{BS|HST|266.0|[[Zapolje]]}}
{{BS|HST|260.8|[[Staro Petrovo Selo]]}}
{{BS|HST|256.1|[[Vrbova]]}}
{{BS|BHF|250.4|[[Nova Kapela-Batrina]]}}
{{BS|ABZlf||Line to [[Našice]]|}}
{{BS|HST|244.7|[[Lužani-Malino]]}}
{{BS|HST|241.6|[[Orlovac]]}}
{{BS|HST|238.3|[[Brodski Stupnik]]}}
{{BS|HST|236.8|[[Kuti]]}}
{{BS|HST|234.4|[[Stari Slatnik]]}}
{{BS|HST|229.3|[[Sibinj]]}}
{{BS|HST|227.5|[[Slobodnica]]}}
{{BS|BHF|220.7|'''[[Slavonski Brod]]'''}}
{{BS|HST|211.9|[[Donja Vrba]]}}
{{BS|HST|209.4|[[Zadubravlje]]}}
{{BS|HST|206.7|[[Garčin]]}}
{{BS|HST|201.8|[[Staro Topolje]]}}
{{BS|HST|198.1|[[Andrijevci]]}}
{{BS|HST|193.2|[[Perkovci]]}}
{{BS|ABZlg|||line to [[Slavonski Šamac]] and [[Sarajevo]]}}
{{BS|BHF|187.8|[[Strizivojna]]–[[Vrpolje]]}}
{{BS|ABZlf|||line to [[Osijek railway station|Osijek]]}}
{{BS|HST|177.0|[[Stari Mikanovci]]}}
{{BS|HST|171.1|[[Vođinci]]}}
{{BS|HST|166.7|[[Ivankovo]]}}
{{BS2|BS2+l|BS2+r|160.7||[[Jarmina]]}}
{{BS2|STR|DST||[[Vinkovci]] rail yard}}
{{BS2|BS2l|BS2r||}}
{{BS|ABZlg|||Line to [[Županja]]}}
{{BS|BHF|155.9|'''[[Vinkovci]]'''}}
{{BS|ABZlf|||Line to [[Osijek railway station|Osijek]]}}
{{BS|ABZlf|||Line to [[Vukovar]]}}
{{BS|ABZrf|||Line to [[Brčko]]}}
{{BS|HST|150.7|[[Mirkovci]]}}
{{BS|HST|145.7|[[Novi Jankovci]]}}
{{BS|DST|145.4|[[Jankovci]]}}
{{BS|HST|142.7|[[Srijemske Laze]]}}
{{BS|HST|140.7|[[Slakovci]]}}
{{BS|HST|138.2|[[Orolik]]}}
{{BS|HST|134.6|[[Đeletovci]] Stop}}
{{BS|DST|134.2|[[Đeletovci]]}}
{{BS|HST|132.1|[[Vinkovački Banovci]]}}
{{BS|HST|130.5|[[Banovci, Vukovar-Syrmia County|Šidski Banovci]]}}
{{BS|HST|128.5|[[Ilača]]}}
{{BS|BHF|123.5|[[Tovarnik]]}}
{{BS|GRENZE|119.5||Croatia-Serbia border}}
{{BS|BHF|114.0|[[Šid]]}}
{{BS|HST|110.3|[[Gibarac]]}}
{{BS|HST|106.7|[[Bačinci]]}}
{{BS|BHF|102.6|[[Kukujevci-Erdevik]]}}
{{BS|HST|96.8|[[Kuzmin]]}}
{{BS|HST|91.7|[[Martinci]]}}
{{BS|HST|83.7|[[Lačarak]]}}
{{BS|BHF|79.3|'''[[Sremska Mitrovica]]'''}}
{{BS|BHF|71.0|[[Voganj]]}}
{{BS|BHF|62.5|[[Ruma]]}}
{{BS|ABZrf|||Line to [[Zvornik]]}}
{{BS|HST|57.4|[[Kraljevci]]}}
{{BS|BHF|51.3|[[Putinci]]}}
{{BS|BHF|43.3|[[Golubinci]]}}
{{BS|ABZgl+l|||Line to [[Novi Sad]]}}
{{BS|BHF|34.1|[[Stara Pazova]]}}
{{BS|HST|31.4|[[Vojka]]}}
{{BS|BHF|26.4|[[Nova Pazova]]}}
{{BS|BHF|19.5|[[Batajnica]]}}
{{BS|BHF|12.8|[[Zemunsko Polje]]}}
{{BS|BHF|8.8|[[Zemun]]}}
{{BS|HST|6.3|[[Tošin Bunar]]}}
{{BS|BHF|4.1|[[New Belgrade]]}}
{{BS2|BS2+l|BS2+r|1.8||Savski Most}}
{{BS2|WBRÜCKE|WBRÜCKE|||[[Sava]] river bridges}}
{{BS2|KRZo|ABZgr+r|||[[Belgrade–Bar railway|Line to Podgorica]]}}
{{BS2|TUNNEL2|ABZlf|||Line to [[Pančevo]]}}
{{BS2|BS2l|BS2c3|O2=KBHFe|0.0|'''[[Belgrade–Glavna railway station|Belgrade Central Station]]'''}}
{{BS|BHF||[[Prokop]]}}
{{BS|TUNNELa||}}
{{BS|tABZqlr|||[[Belgrade–Bar railway|Line to Podgorica]], Line to [[Pančevo]]}}
|}
|}
{{commonscat|Zagreb-Belgrade railway}}
The '''Zagreb–Belgrade railway''' ([[Croatian language|Croatian]] and [[Serbian language|Serbian]]: ''Pruga Zagreb-Beograd'') is a {{convert|424|km|sing=on}} long railway line in [[Croatia]] and [[Serbia]], connecting the cities of [[Zagreb]] and [[Beograd]]. Its route follows the [[Sava]] river valley.<ref name="hzns">[http://www.hzinfra.hr/network-statement02 2014 HŽ network statement]</ref> It is integral part of railway [[Pan-European Corridor X]], running from [[Salzburg]] and [[ljubljana]] towards [[Skopje]] and [[Thessaloniki]]. It was the route of the [[Orient Express]] service from 1919 to 1977.<ref name="Seat61">{{cite web | url = http://www.seat61.com/OrientExpress.htm#.UUAFExw9TTo | title = A history of the Orient Express | accessdate = 2013-03-13 | last = Smith | first = Mark | work = Seat Sixty One | publisher = http://www.seat61.com/}}</ref> It is electrified and mostly double-tracked.<ref name="hzns" /><ref>[http://www.vibilia.rs/srpski/izvestaj/0303/e-700120.htm]</ref>

==History==
Electrification was finished in 1970. It was the first fully-electrified line in Croatia with 25 kV 50 AC system (Zagreb-Rijeka was electrified earlier, but with older 3 kV DC system).<ref>[http://www.casopis-gradjevinar.hr/assets/Uploads/JCE_64_2012_10_R2_Sanacija_i_obnova.pdf Nadilo, Branko. ''Radovi uvjetovani voznim redom''. Građevinar, 10/2012]</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image:Zagreb Glavni kolodvor 1.JPG
Image:BeogradStanica.jpg
Image:Novi zeleznicki most beograd.JPG
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Ljubljana-Zagreb railway]]
*[[Pan-European Corridor X]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Railway lines in Croatia]]
[[Category:Railway lines in Serbia]]

Mustafa Arif Deymer

2013-07-31T09:31:13Z

DPL bot: adding dablinks template; 7 or more disambig links (see the FAQ)

{{dablinks|date=July 2013}}
{{Armenian Genocide}}
'''Witnesses and testimony of the Armenian Genocide''' provide an important and valuable insight into the events during and after the [[Armenian Genocide]]. The Armenian Genocide was prepared and carried out by the Ottoman government in 1915 and the following years. As a result of the genocide, Armenians living in their ancestral homeland (at the time Ottoman Empire) were deported and systematically killed. The Republic of Turkey today denies the allegations of genocide, although the systematic massacres are recognized as genocide by most scholars.

The genocide happened in front of many journalists, diplomats, soldiers, physicians, writers, missionaries, and others.{{sfn|Winter|2003|p=2}} Hundreds of these witnesses from a number of European countries, including Germany, Austria, Italy and the United States who have experienced the events firsthand provided testimonies that are considered highly valued by historians as reliable reports of the tragedy.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hovannisian|first=Richard|title=The Armenian Genocide: Cultural and Ethical Legacies|year=2007|publisher=Transaction Publishers|location=New Brunswick, N.J.|isbn=9781412835923|page=50|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=CB4Bh0-zrgoC|authorlink=Richard Hovannisian}}</ref><ref name=alayarian /><ref>{{cite web|title=Armenian Genocide|url=http://worldwithoutgenocide.org/genocides-and-conflicts/armenian-genocide|publisher=World Without Genocide}}</ref> The eyewitness accounts of non-Armenian diplomats, missionaries and others provide significant evidence about the events and particularly the systematic nature of the deportations and subsequent massacres.<ref>{{cite book|last=Totten|first=Samuel|title=Pioneers of Genocide Studies|year=2013|publisher=Transaction Publishers|location=New Brunswick, N.J.|isbn=9781412849746|page=38|edition=1st pbk. printing|coauthors=Jacobs, Steven Leonard}}</ref> Among these, missionaries experienced the events first hand and were instrumental in spreading the news about the massacres worldwide.<ref name=abccharney /> Some missionaries had also provided detailed information about the events to heads of state such as [[Woodrow Wilson]].{{sfn|Winter|2003|p=104}} Many of the missionaries provided clandestine relief and often times saved the lives of many Armenians.<ref name=abccharney />
{{quote box
| width = 22%
| align = left
| quote = "It may look amazing, but the reality that what happened in 1915 was a mass murder was accepted by everybody having lived in that period, and was never the object of an argument."
| source =  —[[Taner Akcam]]<ref>{{cite news|last=Akcam|first=Taner|title=1915 Legends and Realities|newspaper=Radikal|date=25 May 2003|language=Turkish}}</ref>
}}

Other eyewitness accounts are from survivors of the Armenian Genocide themselves.<ref>{{cite book|last=Miller|first=Donald E. Miller, Lorna Touryan|title=Survivors an oral history of the Armenian genocide|year=1993|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=0520923278|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=M6uf1NoTsdMC&dq}}</ref> Today, there are only a "handful" of survivors alive.<ref>{{cite news|title=Liu Honors Armenian Genocide Survivors|url=http://www.qgazette.com/news/2008-04-30/features/027.html|newspaper=Queens Gazette|date=2008-04-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Bohjalian|first=Chris|title=The last of the Armenian genocide survivors|url=http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/opinion/analysis/The-last-of-the-Armenian-genocide-survivors-210613011.html|newspaper=Winnipeg Free Press|date=06/9/2013|authorlink=Chris Bohjalian}}</ref> Many of these accounts have been tape-recorded decades after the events.<ref name=tottens /> Hundreds of these testimonies and eyewitness accounts will be incorporated into the [[USC Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education]] as part of archival research project for the 100th anniversary of the Armenian Genocide.<ref>{{cite news|title=Armenian Genocide Testimonies to be Incorporated into USC Shoah Foundation Visual History Archive|url=http://sfi.usc.edu/news/2013/06/armenian-genocide-testimonies-be-incorporated-usc-shoah-foundation-visual-history|newspaper=USCShoah Foundation News|date=July 19, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=USC Armenian Studies to Salute Shoah Foundation for Genocide Digitization Project|url=http://asbarez.com/100703/usc-armenian-studies-to-salute-shoah-foundation-for-genocide-digitization-project/|newspaper=Asbarez|date=February 1, 2012}}</ref>

As asserted by Armenian historian Richard Hovanissian, "eyewitness accounts of decisive events may be as valuable as official dispatches and reports. It is in such version especially that the human element becomes manifest, affording insights not to be found in documents."<ref name=tottens>{{cite book|last=Totten|first=edited by Samuel|title=Centuries of genocide : essays and eyewitness accounts|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|isbn=0415871913|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=6XYp-z5aP4MC&pg|edition=4th ed.|coauthors=Parsons, William S.}}</ref> Some survivor accounts have been turned into films such as [[Aurora Mardiganian]]s' survivor story in the film [[Ravished Armenia]].<ref name=balakiantigris />

In regards to the significance of eyewitness testimony, Genocide scholar Samuel Totten stated:
<blockquote>First-person accounts by victims and others are capable of breaking through the numbing mass of numbers in that they provide the thoughts, the passions and the voices of those who experienced and/or witnessed the terrible calamity now referred to as genocide. And while first-person accounts serve many purposes among the most significant is the fact that authentic accounts constitute valuable testimony as to what it means to be caught up in the maelstrom of hatred and savagery that is genocide.<ref name=tottens /></blockquote>

The report of the US Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire [[Henry Morgenthau, Sr.]] is recognized to be one of the main eyewitnesses of the genocide. Morgenthau published his memoirs about the Armenian massacres in a 1918 book ''[[Ambassador Morgenthau's Story]]''. The book gives detailed documentation of the events and describes his appeals to stop the massacres.{{sfn|Payaslian|2005|p=55}}<ref name=barton />

Morgenthau's account and other books that provide testimonies to the events have been showcased around the world by the Armenian Genocide Museum-Institute in [[Yerevan]], [[Armenia]] through temporary exhibitions.<ref name=museumexhibit>{{cite web|title=BOOK AS A WITNESS OF THE GENOCIDE|url=http://www.genocide-museum.am/eng/Temporary-Exhibition-2012.php|publisher=Armenian Genocide Museum-Institute}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Norwegian Missionary’s Diary Contains Eyewitness Accounts of Genocide, Says Demoyan|url=http://asbarez.com/101737/|newspaper=Asbarez|date=March 16, 2012}}</ref>

==Notable witnesses and testimonies==
The following is a list of notable contemporaneous reports, testimonies and eyewitness accounts of the Armenian Genocide as stated by diplomats, missionaries, military generals, and others from different nationalities:{{ref|reference_name_A|[note]}}
{| class="wikitable"
| width="12%" | <center>'''Person'''</center>
| width="28%" | <center>'''Occupation'''</center>
| width="30%" | <center>'''Quotes, testimonies'''</center>
|-
| <center>'''[[Henry Morgenthau, Sr.]]''' [[File:Henry_Morgenthau_crop.jpg|170x170px]] {{Flagicon|US}} [[US|American]]</center>
| <center>'''[[United States Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire]]''', 1913-1916</center>
Henry Morgenthau is regarded as one of the most prominent American that denounced and condemned the Armenian Genocide.<ref name=balakiantigris>{{cite book|last = Balakian|first = Peter|authorlink =Peter Balakian |title = The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America's Response|publisher = HarperCollins|location= New York|year = 2003|pages=219–221|isbn =0-06-055870-9}}</ref> Throughout his career as an ambassador, Morgenthau had establish contacts with many Young Turk politicians and especially Talat Pasha, the "mastermind"<ref>{{cite news|last=Akcam|first=Taner|title=Akcam: Talat Pasha Has Been Avenged|url=http://www.armenianweekly.com/2012/02/08/akcam-talat-pasha-has-been-avenged/|newspaper=The Armenian Weekly|date=February 8, 2012}}</ref><ref name=emmanuel /> of the Armenian Genocide.<ref name=morgenthauANI /> During the deportations and subsequent massacres of Armenians, Morgenthau repeatedly tried to intervene with Talat Pasha and pleaded on their behalf to save them.<ref name=morgenthauANI>{{cite web|title=Morgenthau, Ambassador Henry, Sr.|url=http://www.armenian-genocide.org/morgenthau.html|publisher=Armenian National Institute}}</ref> Early in 1915, when Morgenthau raised his concerns about the deportations of Armenians to Turkish authorities, the authorities expressed their "annoyance" over the concerns.{{sfn|Payaslian|2005|p=55}} Morgenthau, who coordinated much of the activity of the American consuls throughout the Empire, received from them reports nearly every day about the deportations and subsequent massacres that were taking place. Morgenthau estimated that a million Armenians were deported and referred to the deportations as a "death warrant to a whole race".{{sfn|Payaslian|2005|p=84}} When returning to the United States, Morgenthau helped support funds that helped the refugees and survivors of the Genocide.<ref name=morgenthauANI /> In 1918, Morgenthau wrote about his accounts in a book entitled, ''Ambassador Morgenthau's Story''. The book dedicates a chapter to the plight of the Armenians called "Murder of a Nation" where he described the deportations and the atrocities as a "cold-blooded, calculating state policy."<ref name=morgenthauANI />
|[[File:Morgenthausstorychapter24.ogg|thumb|Audio recording of Chapter 24, "The Murder of a Nation", from ''Ambassador Morgenthau's Story''.]]
"The real purpose of the deportation was robbery and destruction; it really represented a new method of massacre. When the Turkish authorities gave the orders for these deportations, they were merely giving the death warrant to a whole race; they understood this well, and, in their conversations with me, they made no particular attempt to conceal the fact."<ref>{{cite book|last=Morgenthau, Sr.|first=Henry|title=Ambassador Morgenthau's Story|year=1918|publisher=Doubleday, Page & Company|page=309|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=sQwMAAAAYAAJ&dq}}</ref>

"I am confident that the whole history of the human race contains no such horrible episode as this. The great massacres and persecutions of the past seem almost insignificant when compared to the sufferings of the Armenian race in 1915."<ref name=alayarian /><ref>{{cite book|last=Khater|first=Akram Fouad|title=Sources in the history of the modern Middle East|publisher=Wadsworth/Cengage Learning|location=Boston, MA|isbn=0618958533|page=148|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=cI48B54Wv7gC&pg|edition=2nd ed.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Jonassohn|first=Frank Chalk & Kurt|title=The history and sociology of genocide : analyses and case studies|year=1990|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven|isbn=0300044461|page=261|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=UgzAi1DD75wC&dq}}</ref>

“They have drawn from the fields the male population and thereby destroyed their agricultural communities. They have annihilated or displaced at least two thirds of the Armenian population and thereby deprived themselves of a very intelligent and useful race.”{{sfn|Payaslian|2005|p=87}}

"Deportation of and excesses against peaceful Armenians is increasing and from harrowing reports of eye witnesses it appears that a campaign of race extermination is in progress under a pretext of reprisal against rebellion."<ref>Confidential telegram, Ambassador Morgenthau to Secretary of State, Constantinople, 16 July 1915, United States Official records on the Armenian Genocide 1915-1917, pp. 55, document NA/RG59/867.4016/76</ref>
|-
|<center>'''[[Mustafa Kemal Ataturk]]''' [[File:Atatürk.jpg|170x170px]] {{Flagicon|Turkey}} [[Turkey|Turkish]]</center>
|<center>'''First President of Turkey and Founder of the Republic of Turkey'''</center>
There is much debate as to whether Ataturk fully acknowledged the systematic nature of the massacres in 1915.<ref name=ulgen>{{cite journal|last=Ulgen|first=Fatma|title=Reading Mustafa Kemal Ataturk on the Armenian Genocide of 1915|journal=Patterns of Prejudice|year=2010|volume=44|issue=4|issn=14617331}}</ref> Ataturk himself is chiefly held responsible for the massacres of 5,000 – 12,000 Armenians in Marash in 1922 spelling the end of the remaining Armenian population in the region.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ataturk, Mustafa Kemal|url=http://www.armenian-genocide.org/kemal.html|work=Information about the Armenian Genocide|publisher=Armenian National Institute|accessdate=21 May 2013}}</ref><ref>''Documents on British Foreign Policy'', vol. vii, p. 303.</ref><ref>Kerr. ''The Lions of Marash'', p. 196.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Kinross|first=Lord|title=Ataturk: a biography of Mustafa Kemal, father of modern Turkey|year=1992|publisher=Quill/Morrow|location=New York|isbn=9780688112837|page=235|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=4yxaAAAAYAAJ&q|edition=1st Quill ed.|accessdate=21 May 2013|quote=In the whole operation some seven or eight thousand Armenians lost their lives, a massacre which, accompanied by others in the neighbouring areas, caused consternation in the capitals of Europe.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Alayarian|first=Aida|title=Consequences of Denial: The Armenian Genocide|year=2008|publisher=Karnac Books|isbn=1780493835|page=18|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=h_bPP5K_1LcC}}</ref> When referring to the massacres of Armenians, Ataturk consistently uses the term "shameful act" to describe the events.<ref name=akcam /> Ataturk, who often neglected to talk about the massacres, stated in a speech to parliament delivered on April 24, 1920 stating: "I don't wish to talk about the beginning stages of the World War, and what the Allied powers are talking about is certainly not the shameful act that belongs to that distant past."<ref name=ulgen /> Ataturk has also employed words such as ''atrocity'' (mezalim), ''mistreatment'' (suimuamelat), ''disaster'' (fecayii), and rarely ''murders'' (cinayat/cinayet) to describe the events.<ref name=ulgen />
|"These leftovers from the former Young Turk Party, who should have been made to account for the lives of millions of our Christian subject who were ruthlessly driven en masse from their homes and massacred, have been restive under Republican rule. They have hitherto lived on plunder, robbery and bribery, and become inimical to any idea or suggestion to enlist in useful labor and earn their living by the honest sweat of their brow."<ref>{{cite news|title=Kemal Promises More Hangings of Political Antagonists in Turkey|url=http://www.zoryaninstitute.org/docs/Kemal%20Ataturk%20Admits%20Reality.pdf|newspaper=Los Angeles Examiner|date=August 1, 1926}}</ref>

“The World War I massacres against the Armenians (Ermenilere karşi kitliam) [was] a shameful act (fazahat).”<ref>{{cite book|last=Akçam|first=Taner|title=From empire to republic : Turkish nationalism and the Armenian genocide|year=2004|publisher=Zed Books|location=New York|isbn=184277526X|page=200|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=_ultAAAAMAAJ&q|edition=2. impr.}}</ref><ref name=vahakn1 />

Ottoman naval officer and statesman [[Rauf Orbay]] mentioned in his memoirs during a discussion with [[James Harbord]]:
“Kemal used the 800,000 figure to describe the number of Armenian victims. He, in fact, ‘disapproved of the Armenian massacres.’ (Ermeni kitlini o da takbih ediyordu).”<ref>{{cite book|title=Rauf Orbay'ın hatıraları, 1914-1945|year=2005|publisher=Temel Yayınları|isbn=9754100861|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=XjVaPQAACAAJ&dq|editor=Osman S. Kocahanoğlu|language=Turkish}}</ref>
|-
|<center>'''[[Faiz El-Ghusein]]''' [[File:Fairiz1.jpg|170x170px]] {{Flagicon|Arab}} [[Arabia|Arab]]
|<center>'''Sheikh and member of Ottoman parliament'''</center>
Faiz El-Ghusein was exiled to [[Diyarbakir]] under the suspicion of supporting the [[Arab Revolt]].<ref name=herald>{{cite journal|title=Armenian Documents|journal=Armenian Herald|year=1918|page=326|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-ZQiAQAAMAAJ&dq|publisher=Armenian National Union of America}}</ref> While in Diyarbakir, El-Ghusein witnessed the massacres of Armenians in and around the area.<ref name=fayezalghu>{{cite web|title=Arab Eyewitness Fayez Alghussein About the Armenian Genocide|url=http://www.genocide-museum.am/eng/eye_witnesses2.php|publisher=Armenian Genocide Museum}}</ref> El-Ghusein wrote much of what he witnessed in his book ''[[s:Martyred Armenia|Martyred Armenia]]'' which provides an eyewitness account of the massacres and exposes its systematic nature.<ref name=herald /><ref name=faizel /> The account was originally published in Arabic in 1916 under the title "Massacres in Armenia" but was changed to Martyred Armenia under its English translation.<ref name=fayezalghu /> In the forward of the book, El-Ghusein states, "The war must needs come to an end after a while, and it will then be plain to readers of this book that all I have written is the truth, and that it contains only a small part of the atrocities committed by the Turks against the hapless Armenian people."<ref name=faizel />
|<center>[[File:Martyredarmeniasection3.ogg|thumb|Audio recording of Section 3 of Martyred Armenia, by [[Fa'iz El-Ghusein]].]]</center>
"As to their preparations, the flags, bombs and the like, even assuming there to be some truth in the statement, it does not justify the annihilation of the whole people, men and women, old men and children, in a way which revolts all humanity and more especially Islam and the whole body of Moslems, as those unacquainted with the true facts might impute these deeds to Mohammedan fanaticism."<ref name=faizel>{{cite book|last=el-Ghusein|first=Fâ'iz|title=Martyred Armenia|year=1918|publisher=Doran|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=fUY4AAAAMAAJ&dq}}</ref>

"Annihilation seemed to be the sole means of deliverance; they found their opportunity in a time of war, and they proceeded to this atrocious deed, which they carried out with every circumstance of brutality — a deed which is contrary to the law of Islam."<ref name=faizel/>
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|<center>'''Reşit Akif Paşa''' [[File:Resitakif.jpg|170x170px]] {{Flagicon|Turkey}} [[Turkey|Turkish]]</center>
|<center>'''''[[Wāli|Vali]]'' of [[Sivas Vilayet|Sivas]], Council of State, and cabinet minister in the Ottoman government'''
The speech of Reşit Akif Paşa made an important speech in the Ottoman parliament on November 21, 1918.<ref name=akcam>{{cite book|last=Akcam|first=Taner|title=A shameful act: the Armenian genocide and the question of Turkish responsibility|year=2007|publisher=Metropolitan Books/Holt|location=New York, NY|isbn=080508665X|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=E-_XTh0M4swC&dq|edition=1st Holt pbk. ed.}}</ref> The speech had outlined the process in which official statements made use of vague terminology when ordering deportation only to be clarified by special orders ordering "massacres" sent directly from the Committee of Union and Progress headquarters and often times the residence of Talat Pasha himself.<ref name=dadrian />
|"During my few days of service in this government I've learned of a few secrets and have come across something interesting. The deportation order was issued through official channels by the minister of the interior and sent to the provinces. Following this order the [CUP] Central Committee circulated its own ominous order to all parties to allow the gangs to carry out their wretched task. Thus the gangs were in the field, ready for their atrocious slaughter."<ref name=dadrian>{{cite book|last=Dadrian|first=Vahakn N.|title=The history of the Armenian genocide : ethnic conflict from the Balkans to Anatolia to the Caucasus|year=2004|publisher=Berghahn Books|location=New York|isbn=1571816666|page=384|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ZCVJMAVoMM0C&dq|edition=6th rev. ed.}}</ref>

"The 'mission' in the circular was: to attack the convoys and massacre the population... I am ashamed as a Muslim, I am ashamed as an Ottoman statesman. What a stain on the reputation of the Ottoman Empire, these criminal people..."<ref name=robertfiskindepedent>{{cite news|last=Fisk|first=Robert|title=Let me denounce genocide from the dock|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/commentators/fisk/robert-fisk-let-me-denounce-genocide-from-the-dock-420011.html|newspaper=The Indepedent|date=14 October 2006}}</ref>
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|<center>'''[[Ahmet Riza]]''' [[File:Young Turk Revolution - First president of the Chamber of Deputies.png|170x170px]] {{Flagicon|Turkey}} [[Turkey|Turkish]]
|<center>'''Young Turk politician and President of the first Ottoman parliament'''</center>
Ahmet Riza had opposed the [[Tehcir_Law|Temporary Law of Deportation]] because he claimed the bill was unconstitutional since it was never voted on and was never approved by the Ottoman parliament.<ref name=dadrian /><ref name=CPowell>{{cite book|last=Powell|first=Christopher|title=Barbaric civilization a critical sociology of genocide|year=2011|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press|location=Montreal [Que.]|isbn=0773585567|page=260|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=v3Qm4pWlVNsC&dq}}</ref> Rize submitted a draft bill which called for the suspension of the deportations until after the war and proposed to provide security for the deportees.<ref name=dadrian /><ref name=CPowell /> The bill, however, was never passed.<ref name=dadrian /><ref name=CPowell /> Nevertheless, the arguments and issues exposed by Riza showed that no member of parliament was informed about the deportation bill.<ref name=dadrian /> Riza expressed his objections to the Temporary Law on Abandoned Goods bill in a session in parliament on a November 30, 1915.<ref name=dadrian />
|"It is unlawful to designate the Armenian assets as "abandoned goods" for the Armenians, the proprietors, did not abandon their properties voluntarily; they were forcibly, compulsorily removed from their domiciles and exiled. Now the government through its efforts is selling their goods…Nobody can sell my property if I am unwilling to sell it. Article 21 of the Constitution forbids it. If we are a constitutional regime functioning in accordance with constitutional law we can’t do this. This is atrocious. Grab my arm, eject me from my village, then sell my goods and properties, such a thing can never be permissible. Neither the conscience of the Ottomans nor the law can allow it."<ref name=dadrian />

"Let's face it, we Turks savagely killed off the Armenians."<ref name=robertfisk>{{cite book|last=Fisk|first=Robert|title=The age of the warrior selected essays|year=2008|publisher=Nation Books|location=New York|isbn=078673180X|page=57|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=DAfEfUiBukgC&dq}}</ref><ref name=robertfiskindepedent />

In a statement in the Ottoman Parliament, Rize referred to the [[Special Organization (Ottoman Empire)|Special Organization]] as "murderers and criminals".<ref name=dadrian />
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|<center>'''[[Giacomo Gorrini]]''' [[File:Ggorrini.jpg|170x170px]] {{Flagicon|Italy}} [[Italian]]
|<center>'''Italian Consul of Trabzon''', 1911-1915</center>
During World War I he openly denounced the Armenian Genocide through press articles and interviews and didn't hesitate to describe the policies of massacre perpetrated against the Armenian. He said if everyone had seen what he had, the condemnation of those acts would have been universal especially on the side of the Christian powers. He was in touch with American Ambassador Morgenthau and the Vatican Cardinal [[Angelo Dolci]], and this way he managed to save 50,000 Armenians from deportation and mass murder.<ref name=gariwo>{{cite news|title=Giacomo Gorrini|url=http://www.gariwo.net/eng/armenia/gorrini.htm|newspaper=Gariwo}}</ref> In 1911-1915, he served as Italian Consul in Trabzon and was an eyewitness to the massacres in and around the area.<ref name=gariwo /> In August 1915, with Italy's participation in the war effort and their subsequent declaration of war against the Ottoman Empire, Gorrini was forced to leave his office.<ref name=gariwo />
|"The local authorities, and indeed the Moslem population in general, tried to resist, to mitigate it, to make omissions, to hush it up. But the orders of the Central Government were categorically confirmed, and all were compelled to resign themselves and obey. It was a real extermination and slaughter of the innocents, an unheard-of thing, a black page stained with the flagrant violation of the most sacred rights of humanity... There were about 14,000 Armenians at Trebizond — Gregorians, Catholics, and Protestants. They had never caused disorders or given occasion for collective measures of police. When I left Trebizond, not a hundred of them remained."<ref>{{cite book|last=Walker|first=Christopher|title=Armenia, the survival of a nation|year=1980|publisher=Croom Helm|page=216}}</ref>
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|<center>'''[[Walter M. Geddes]]''' [[File:WalterGeddes.jpg|170x170px]] {{Flagicon|US}} [[US|American]]
|<center>'''American businessman'''</center>
Walter Mackintosh Geddes provided a detailed account of the situation of the [[Armenians|Armenian]] deportees in the [[Syrian Desert]]. While in [[Aleppo]], he witnessed thousands die of exposure and starvation.{{sfn|Oren|2011|p=337}} Upon returning from Aleppo back to Smyrna, Geddes remarked "the sights that I saw on my return trip were worse than those on my trip going".<ref name=blight>{{cite book|last=Horton|first=George|title=The Blight of Asia|year=2008|publisher=Gomidas Institute|isbn=1903656796|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=eNJERwAACAAJ&dq|edition=2}}</ref> Greatly saddened and affected by the scenes he witnessed,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kieser|first=Hans-Lukas|title=America and the Armenian Genocide of 1915|journal=Slavic Review|year=2005|month=Autumn|volume=64|issue=3|page=655|issn=00376779|quote=The motive for the 'deportation' of the Armenians was 'to exterminate the race', as several Turks openly said during the war to foreigners in the provinces of Asia Minor, among them a deeply dismayed Walter M. Geddes.}}</ref> he ultimately committed suicide on November 7, 1915.{{sfn|Winter|2003|pp=180–181}}
|"Several Turks[,] whom I interviewed, told me that the motive of this exile was to exterminate the race".{{sfn|Winter|2003|pp=183}}

"The destination of all these Armenians is Aleppo. Here they are kept crowded in all available vacant houses, khans, Armenian churches, courtyards and open lots. Their condition in Aleppo is beyond description. I personally visited several of the places where they were kept and found them starving and dying by the hundreds every day."<ref name=viscount>{{cite book|last=Bryce|first=with a preface by Viscount|title=The treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire documents presented to Viscount Grey of Fallodon ; laid before the Houses of Parliament as an official paper and now published by permission|year=2008|publisher=Textor-Verl.|location=Frankfurt, M.|isbn=3938402156|page=460|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Up6V6UFMCqAC&dq|edition=[Digsimile der Erstausg.] Hodder and Stoughton, London, 1916.}}</ref>
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|<center>'''[[Paul Wolff Metternich|Paul Wolff-Metternich]]''' [[File:Paul Wolff Metternich.jpg|170x170px]] {{Flagicon|Germany}} [[German]]
|<center>'''German Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire''', 1915-1916</center>
Unlike most of his companions in the German consulate, Metternich sought out to openly condemn the Turkish and German governments for collaborating and conspiring against the Armenians.{{sfn|Charney|1994|p=100}} He was particularly bothered by the German media which he accused of encouraging the ongoing measures against Armenians. He was quoted as saying, "Their successes are due to our work, to our officers, to our canons and to our money. Without our help, the inflated frog is bound to collapse".{{sfn|Charney|1994|p=100}} Metternich was among the few German diplomats in the Ottoman Empire who openly held Talat Pasha responsible of the massacres and "the soul of the Armenian persecutions."{{sfn|Charney|1994|p=100}}
|"In its attempt to carry out its purpose to resolve the Armenian question by the destruction of the Armenian race, the Turkish government has refused to be deterred neither by our representations, nor by those of the American Embassy, nor by the delegate of the Pope, nor by the threats of the Allied Powers, nor in deference to the public opinion of the West representing one-half of the world."<ref name=alayarian>{{cite book|last=Alayarian|first=Aida|title=Consequences of denial : the Armenian genocide|year=2008|publisher=Karnac Books|location=London|isbn=1855755653|page=171|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=aqw4_HORjFwC&dq}}</ref>

"In the implementation of its scheme to settle the Armenian Question through annihilation of the Armenian race, the Turkish government did not allow itself to be distracted".{{sfn|Charney|1994|p=101}}
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|<center>'''[[George Horton]]''' [[File:George-horton.jpg|170x170px]] {{Flagicon|US}} [[US|American]]
|<center>'''American Consul of Izmir''', 1911–1917
George Horton is particularly remembered for his book ''[http://www.pahh.com/horton/ The Blight of Asia]'', which describes the systematic [[ethnic cleansing]] of the Christian population up until the [[Great Fire of Smyrna]].<ref name=hortonblight /> Becoming American Consul of Izmir once again during the time of the Great Fire of Smyrna, Horton became an eyewitness to the destruction of the city and notes that the goal of the Ottoman government was to get rid of all Christian peoples in the Empire.<ref name=hortonblight /> Horton believed that Mustafa Kemal Ataturk continued the policies of the Young Turks.<ref name=hortonblight /><ref>{{cite news|last=Halo|first=Thea|title=This was genocide, but Armenians were not its only victims: Forgetting the Christians who were slaughtered is nearly as bad as denying it happened|newspaper=The Guardian|date=31 Oct 2006|page=35|quote=According to US Consul General George Horton, Greek businesses were boycotted and Turks were encouraged to kill Greeks and drive them out, reminiscent of Kristallnacht in Nazi Germany 24 years later. Thousands were slaughtered or sent to islands in the Aegean Sea. Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk) picked up where the Young Turks left off.}}</ref>
|"The murder of the Armenian race had been practically consummated during the years 1915-1916, and the prosperous and populous Greek colonies, with the exception of Smyrna itself, had been ferociously destroyed."<ref name=hortonblight>{{cite book|last=Horton|first=George|title=The Blight of Asia: An Account of the Systematic Extermination of Christian Populations by Mohammedans and the Culpability of Certain Great Powers|year=2008|publisher=Gomidas Inst.|isbn=1903656796|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=eNJERwAACAAJ&dq|editor=James W. Gerard}}</ref>

"The Turks were now making a thorough and systematic job of killing Armenian men. The squads of soldiers were chiefly engaged in hunting down and killing Armenians."<ref name=hortonblight />

“I have also other statements from eye-witnesses, not natives of this country, of the highest standing in the religious and educational world, which leads me to believe that what is now taking place in Armenian Turkey, surpasses in deliberate and long protracted horror and in extent anything that has hitherto happened in the history of the world.”{{sfn|Winter|2003|p=183}}

"From what all these people worthy of the highest credence tell me, from 800,000 to 1,000,000 human beings are now going through this process of slow and hideous torture, and the movement instead of waning is increasing in ferocity, so that before it is finally over, in the neighborhood of 2,000,000 people will be affected, a very large percentage of whom will certainly perish as they are driven along for weeks and months without food or shelter and without the means of procuring these."{{sfn|Winter|2003|p=179}}
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|<center>'''[[Rafael de Nogales Méndez]]''' [[File:Rafael de Nogales Mendez.png|170x170px]] {{Flagicon|Venezuela}} [[Venezuelan]]
|<center>'''Venuezalan officer in the Ottoman army'''</center>
Nogales Méndez was hired by the Ottoman army as a mercenary while serving for the German army. During his service in the Ottoman army during World War I, Nogales Méndez witnessed the massacres of Christians in and around the eastern provinces of the Ottoman Empire.<ref name=ungor />{{sfn|Winter|2003|p=66}} Nogales Méndez visited [[Diyarbakir]] during this time and spoke with Mehmed Reshid, the "Butcher of Diyarbakir".<ref name=anderson>{{cite book|last=Anderson|first=Perry|title=The new old world|year=2011|publisher=Verso|location=London|isbn=9781844677214|edition=pbk. ed.|accessdate=15 February 2013|page=459|quote=Resit Bey, the butcher of Diyarbakir}}</ref> Reshid mentioned to Nogales Méndez that he received a telegram directly from Talat Pasha ordering him to "Burn-Destroy-Kill".<ref name=ungor>{{cite book|last=Üngör|first=Ugur Ümit|title=The making of modern Turkey: nation and state in Eastern Anatolia, 1913-1950|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=0199655227|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7yx_5WysUbMC&dq}}</ref>
|"At dawn I was awakened by the noise of shots and volleys. The Armenians had attacked the town. Immediately I mounted my horse and, followed by some armed men, went to see what was happening. Judge of my amazement to discover that the aggressors had not been the Armenians, after all, but the civil authorities themselves! Supported by the Kurds and the rabble of the vicinity, they were attacking and sacking the Armenian quarter, I succeeded at last, without serious accident, in approaching the Beledie reis of the town, who was directing the orgy; whereupon I ordered him to stop the massacre. He astounded me by replying that he was doing nothing more than carry out an unequivocal order emanating from the Governor-General of the province to exterminate all Armenian males of twelve years of age and over."<ref name=mendez>{{cite book|last=Lee|first=Rafael de Nogales ; translated from the Spanish by Muna|title=Four years beneath the crescent|year=2003|publisher=Sterndale Classics|location=London|isbn=1903656192|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=DaQTAAAACAAJ&dq}}</ref>

"The civil authorities of the Sultan kill noiselessly and preferably by night, like vampires. Generally they choose as their victim's sepulchre deep lakes in which there are no indiscreet currents to bear the corpse to shore, or lonely mountain caves where dogs and jackals aid in erasing all traces of their crime. Among them I noticed some Kurds belonging to a group of several hundred which, on the following morning, was to help in killing off all the Armenians still in possession of some few positions and edifices around the town. Seeing that the enemy's fire was dwindling down, and unable to endure any longer the odor of scorched flesh from the Armenian corpses scattered among the smoking ruins of the church."<ref name=mendez />
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|<center>'''[[Halide Edip]]''' [[File:Halide-edip-adivar-b3.jpg|170x170px]] {{Flagicon|Turkey}} [[Turkey|Turkish]]
|<center>'''Turkish novelist, nationalist, and feminist political leader'''</center>
In 1916-1917, Halide Edip acted as Ottoman inspector for schools in [[Damascus]], [[Beirut]], and [[Mount Lebanon]]. According to a teacher who worked briefly under her, Halide Edip "was at the head of an orphanage of 1,000 children in the mountains who were mostly Armenian children. She said, 'Their names are changed (to Moslem names) but they are children; they don't know what religion means. Now, they must be fed and clothed and kept safe.' She didn't say what would be afterwards."<ref>Fisher, http://www.gomidas.org/gida/index_and_%20documents/RG256.htm/docs/RG256%20813.pdf</ref> Halide Edip's account of her inspectorship emphasizes her humanitarian efforts and her struggles to come to terms with the violence of the situation. The account of one acquaintance, however, accuses her of "calmly planning with [Cemal Pasha] forms of human tortures for Armenian mothers and young women" and taking on "the task of making Turks of their orphaned children."<ref>{{cite news|title=The Turkish Jeanne D'Arc: An Armenian Picture of Remarkable Halide Edib Hanoum|url=http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9B05E6DD1139EF3ABC4F52DFBF668389639EDE|newspaper=New York Times|date=September 17, 1922}}</ref> A U.S. High Commissioner refers to her as a "chauvinist" and someone who is "trying to rehabilitate Turkey."<ref>[[Mark Lambert Bristol]], undated confidential report, cited in Hovannisian, page 122; page 141, note 29.</ref> On the other hand, German historian Hilmar Kaiser says: "And even if you’re a Turkish nationalist, that doesn’t make you a killer. There were people who were famous Turkish nationalists like Halide Edip; she advocated assimilation of Armenians, but she very strongly opposed any kind of murder."<ref>[http://todayszaman.com/news-170297-historian-challenges-politically-motivated-1915-arguments.html "Historian challenges politically motivated 1915 arguments"], ''Today's Zaman'', March 22, 2009.</ref>
|“We slaughtered the innocent Armenian population…We tried to extinguish the Armenians through methods that belong to the medieval times”.<ref>{{cite news|last=Insel|first=Ahmet|title="This Conduct Was a Crime Against Humanity": An Evaluation of the Initiative to Apologize to the Armenians|url=http://www.birikimdergisi.com/birikim/article.aspx?mid=548&article=%22This%20Conduct%20Was%20a%20Crime%20Against%20Humanity%22:%20An%20Evaluation%20of%20the%20Initiative%20to%20Apologize%20to%20the%20Armenians|newspaper=Birikim}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Eye Witnesses Tell The Story|journal=Greek America|year=1998|volume=4|issue=1-7|page=36|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=8PUMAQAAMAAJ&q|publisher=Cosmos Communications Group}}</ref>

In a discussion with Djemal Pasha about Armenian children undergoing [[Turkification]] in Turkish orphanages:
"Why do you allow Armenian children to be called by Moslem names? It looks like turning the Armenians into Moslems, and history some day will revenge it on the coming generation of Turks." 
"You are an idealist," [Cemal Pasha] answered gravely,"...Do you believe that by turning a few hundred Armenian boys and girls Moslem I think I benefit my race? You have seen the Armenian orphanages in Damascus run by Armenians. There is no room in those; there is no money to open another Armenian orphanage. This is a Moslem orphanage, and only Moslem orphans are allowed. When I hear of wandering and starving children, I sent them to Aintoura. I have to keep them alive. I do not care how. I cannot bear to see them die in the streets." 
"Afterward?" I asked. 
"Do you mean after the war?" he asked. "After the war they will go back to their people. I hope none is too small to realize his race." 
"I will never have anything to do with such an orphanage." 
He shook his head. "You will," he said; "if you see them in misery and suffering, you will go to them and not think for a moment about their names and religion..."<ref>{{cite book|last=Edip|first=Halide|title=Memoirs of Halidé Edib|year=2005|publisher=Gorgias Press|location=Piscataway, NJ|isbn=1593333056|pages=428–430|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=mQeqeYLVMJQC&vq|edition=1st Gorgias Press ed.|coauthors=Adak], many illustrations from photographs ; [introduced by Hülya}}</ref>
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|<center>'''[[Abdülmecid II]]''' [[File:Portrait Caliph Abdulmecid II.jpg|170x170px]] {{Flagicon|Turkey}} [[Turkey|Turkish]]</center>
|<center>'''Last Caliph of Islam from the Ottoman Dynasty from 1922 to 1924'''</center>
Abdülmecid II was the last Caliph of Islam from the Ottoman Dynasty and Heir-Apparent to the Ottoman Throne. He is often noted for his intervention and confrontation with Enver Pasha before the latter's support of initiating the deportations and subsequent massacres.<ref name=dadrian /> In an interview with a Istanbul Special Correspondent of a newspaper based in London, Abdülmecid II describes the encounter.
|"I refer to those awful massacres. They are the greatest stain that has ever disgraced our nation and race. They were entirely the work of Talat and Enver. I heard some days before they began that they were intended. I went to Istanbul and insisted on seeing Enver. I asked him if it was true that they intended to recommence the massacres which had been our shame and disgrace under Abdul Hamid. The only reply I could get from him was: 'It is decided. It is the program.'”<ref name=vahakn1>{{cite book|last=Dadrian|first=Vahakn N.|title=Documentation of the Armenian Genocide in Turkish Sources|year=1991|publisher=Institute on the Holocaust and Genocide|page=111|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-YUhAQAAIAAJ&q}}</ref><ref name=alayarian /><ref name=najmuddin />
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|<center>'''[[Jakob Künzler]]''' [[File:JKunzler.jpg|170x170px]] {{Flagicon|Switzerland}} [[Swiss]]</center>
|<center>'''Surgeon and Orientalist'''</center>
Jakob Künzler was known as the "Father of Armenian Orphans."<ref name=reporterjak /> With an invitation from Protestant missionary [[Johannes Lepsius]], he visited Urfa and was his assistant. With the start of World War I, Künzler was heavily preoccupied by providing medical assistance to the needy.<ref name=kunzler>{{cite web|title=Jakob Künzler - 140|url=http://www.genocide-museum.am/eng/24.09.2011.php|publisher=Armenian Genocide Museum}}</ref> During his time in the Ottoman Empire, Künzler with his wife Elisabeth helped the destitute and wounded Armenian orphans in the Syrian desert.<ref name=reporterjak /> He was especially involved with the Near East Foundation and is known to have saved thousands of Armenian lives.<ref name=kunzler /> In his memoirs, ''In the Land of Blood and Tears'', Künzler recounts the massacres he had witnessed in Ottoman Turkey and especially in Urfa.<ref name=museumjakob>{{cite web|title=The book by Jakob Küntzler “In the Country of Blood and Tears” in Armenian|url=http://www.genocide-museum.am/eng/24.04.2011-book.php|publisher=Armenian Genocide Museum}}</ref>
|"...two Turkish officials who appeared in Urfa. The rumor was that they hurried out in order to drive forward the extermination of the Armenian people with all their might, and they had the sanction of the highest state authority for doing so. They ordered on this basis, scarcely the moment they arrived in Urfa, the killing of all gathered prisoners. 'Why should we feed them any longer?' they said."<ref>Jako Kunzler, Dreissig, Jahre Dienst am Orient, (Basel: Emil Birkhauser and Cie, 1933), p.53</ref>

"I resolved to serve that people as a true brother. Ever since, I have come to deeply believe that all barbaric schemes to destroy the Armenian people will always be destined to fail."<ref name=reporterjak />

"After after what I experienced, I had felt that I had been summoned from the Heavens, the Lord had shown me the path [and] led me to a people, who, despite all adversities and miseries, had resolved to remain faithful to their God and the Lord...Isn't this the same people who just a couple of years ago [1894-1896] had been subjected to horrible massacres? Their villages razed, plundered, and tens of thousands massacred? And yet, this very people, with resolute faith in God, continue to remain hopeful that better days are yet to come and that they will be more felicitous. God dispatched me to such a people so that I can attend to their wounds as their true brother."<ref name=reporterjak>{{cite news|title=Armenian Cultural Foundation to celebrate the legacy of Swiss humanitarian Jakob Künzler|newspaper=Armenian Reporter|date=November 24, 2007}}</ref>
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|<center>'''[[Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein]]''' [[File:Kress von Kressenstein 1916.jpg|170x170px]] {{Flagicon|Germany}} [[German]]</center>
|<center>'''German General and head of Ottoman army operations in the Caucasus'''</center>
Kressenstein reported that the policy that was implemented by the Turkish government as a "military necessity" was in actuality a policy to "justify the murder of hundreds and thousands of human beings."<ref name=kevorkian>{{cite book|last=Kévorkian|first=Raymond H.|title=The Armenian genocide : a complete history|year=2010|publisher=I. B. Tauris|location=London|isbn=1848855613|page=703|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=JY4RifQksFMC&dq|edition=Reprinted.}}</ref> He also noted that the refusal of providing aid to the Armenian refugees was "proof" in itself that the Turkish authorities had the "resolve to destroy the Armenians."<ref name=kevorkian />
|"The Turkish policy of causing starvation is an all too obvious proof for the Turkish resolve to destroy the Armenians."<ref name=dadrian />
|-
|<center>'''[[James Harbord]]''' [[File:James Harbord.jpg|170x170px]] {{Flagicon|US}} [[US|American]]</center>
|<center>'''Lieutenant General in the United States Army '''</center>
James Harbord was sent to the Caucasus to lead an American Military Mission to Armenia in order to provide detailed information about the country to the United States. Upon returning to the United States, Harbord wrote the [http://armenianhouse.org/harbord/conditions-near-east.htm Conditions in the Near East: Report of the American Military Mission to Armenia], which was a summary of the expedition that provided various details of the mission. The report includes maps, statistics, and a historical analyses of the country and its population. In addition to such details, Harbord collected evidence and information regarding the massacres of Armenians and was an eyewitness to them.<ref name=hovannisiancultural />
|"The dead, from this wholesale attempt on the race, are variously estimated at from five hundred thousand to a million, the usual figure being about eight hundred thousand. Driven on foot under a hot sun, robbed of their clothing and such petty articles as they carried, prodded by bayonets if they lagged, starvation, typhus, and dysentery left thousands dead by the trail side."<ref name=harbord>{{cite book|last=Harbord|first=James|title=Conditions in the Near East: Report of the American Military Mission to Armenia|year=1920|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|location=Washington D.C.|page=7|url=http://ia700501.us.archive.org/23/items/conditionsinnear00unit/conditionsinnear00unit.pdf}}</ref>

"Massacres and deportations were organized in the spring of 1915 under definite system, the soldiers going from town to town. The official reports of the Turkish Government show 1,100,000 as having been deported. Young men were first summoned to the government building in each village and then marched out and killed. The women, the old men, and children were, after a few days, deported to what Talat Pasha called "agricultural colonies," from the high, cool, breeze-swept plateau of Armenia to the malarial flats of the Euphrates and the burning sands of Syria and Arabia...Mutilation, violation, torture, and death have left their haunting memories in a hundred beautiful Armenian valleys, and the traveler in that region is seldom free from the evidence of this most colossal crime of all ages."<ref name=hovannisiancultural>{{cite book|title=The Armenian genocide cultural and ethical legacies|year=2008|publisher=Transaction Publishers|location=New Brunswick, N.J.|isbn=141280891X|page=123|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=pDTnlYtAKAMC&dq|editor=Richard Hovannisian}}</ref>
|-
|<center>'''Mehmet Celal Bey''' [[File:Mehmed_Celal_Bey.jpg|170x170px]] {{Flagicon|Turkey}} [[Turkish]]</center>
|<center>'''Governor of Aleppo and Konya'''</center>
During his time as governor of Aleppo, Mehmet Celal Bey did not believe that the deportations were meant to "annihilate" the Armenians: "I admit, I did not believe that these orders, these actions revolved around the annihilation of the Armenians. I never imagined that any government could take upon itself to annihilate its own citizens in this manner, in effect destroying its human capital, which must be seen as the country's greatest treasure. I presumed that the actions being carried out were measures deriving from a desire to temporarily remove the Armenians from the theater of war and taken as the result of wartime exigencies."<ref name=taneryoungturks>{{cite book|last=Akçam|first=Taner|title=The Young Turks' Crime Against Humanity the Armenian Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing in the Ottoman Empire.|year=2012|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton|isbn=1400841844|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=V_C3AKGSBqkC&dq}}</ref> Celal Bey had later admitted that he was mistaken and that the goal was "to attempt to annihilate" the Armenians.<ref name=taneryoungturks /> When defying to orders of deportation, Celal Bey was removed from his post as governor of Aleppo and transferred to Konya.<ref name=akcam /> Celal Bey was known for saving thousands of lives during the Armenian Genocide and is often called Turkish [[Oscar Schindler]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Türk Schindler'i: Vali Celal Bey|url=http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/id/25120326/|newspaper=NTVMSNBC|date=August 4, 2010|language=Turkish}}</ref>
|Mehmet Celal Bey compared himself to “a person sitting by the side of a river, with absolute no means of saving anyone. Blood was flowing in the river and thousands of innocent children, irreproachable old people, helpless women, strong young men, were streaming down this river towards oblivion. Anyone I could save with my bare hands I saved, and the others, I think they streamed down the river never to return.”<ref>{{cite book|last=Donef|first=Racho|title=Righteous Muslims during the Genocide of 1915|year=2010|location=Sydney|url=http://www.atour.com/library/authors/pdf/DrRachoDonef-RighteousMuslimsDuringTheGenocideOf1915.pdf|month=November}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Bedrosyan|first=Raffi|title=The Real Turkish Heroes of 1915|url=http://www.armenianweekly.com/2013/07/29/the-real-turkish-heroes-of-1915/|newspaper=The Armenian Weekly|date=July 29, 2013}}</ref>
|-
|<center>'''[[Maria Jacobsen]]''' [[File:MariaJacobsen.jpg|170x170px]] {{Flagicon|Denmark}} [[Danish]]</center>
|<center>'''Christian missionary'''</center>
Maria Jacobsen wrote the ''Diaries of a Danish Missionary: Harpoot, 1907–1919'', which according to Armenian Genocide scholar [[Ara Sarafian]], is a "documentation of the utmost significance" for research of the Armenian Genocide.<ref name=Reporter>{{cite journal|title=Danish Photo Exhibit Documents Armenian Life In Ottoman Harpoot and Mezreh; Diaries of Maria Jacobsen to Be Issued|journal=Armenian Reporter|date=13|year=2001|month=October|volume=34|issue=2|page=22|issn=10741453}}</ref> Jacobsen will later be known for having saved thousands of Armenians during the aftermath of the Armenian Genocide through various relief efforts.<ref name=nefissa>{{cite book|last=Naguib|first=edited by Nefissa|title=Interpreting welfare and relief in the Middle East|year=2008|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=9004164367|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=hKvNuDr115QC|edition=[Online-Ausg.].|coauthors=Okkenhaug, Inger Marie}}</ref><ref name=Reporter />
|"It is quite obvious that the purpose of their departure is the extermination of the Armenian people."<ref>{{cite book|last=Naguib|first=edited by Nefissa|title=Interpreting welfare and relief in the Middle East|year=2008|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=9004164367|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=hKvNuDr115QC|edition=[Online-Ausg.].|coauthors=Okkenhaug, Inger Marie}}</ref><ref name=diary123>{{cite book|last=Ed.|first=Maria Jacobsen. Transl. by Kirsten Vind.|title=Diaries of a Danish missionary : Harpoot, 1907 - 1919|year=2001|publisher=Gomidas Inst.|location=Princeton, NJ [u.a.]|isbn=1903656079|coauthors=Sarafian, with an introd. by Ara}}</ref>

"Conditions now are completely different from what they were during the massacres of 20
years ago. What could be done then is impossible now. The Turks know very well about the war raging in Europe, and that the Christian nations are too busy to take care of Armenians, so they take advantage of the times to destroy their “enemies”."<ref name=diary123 /><ref name=missionjournal>{{cite journal|last=Okkenhaug|first=Inger Marie|title=Scandinavian Missionaries, Gender and Armenian Refugees during World War I. Crisis and Reshaping of Vocation|journal=Social Sciences and Missions|year=2010|volume=23|issue=1|pages=63–93|url=http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/10.1163/187489410x488521?showFullText=pdf}}</ref>
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|<center>'''[[Oscar S. Heizer]]''' [[File:OscarHeizerStanding.jpg|155x160px]] {{Flagicon|US}} [[US|American]]</center>
|<center>'''American Consul in Trabzon'''</center>
While serving as American Consul in Trabzon, Oscar S. Heizer witnessed the [[Armenian Genocide]] and often risked his own life to save the lives of Armenians.<ref>{{cite web|last=Stanton|first=Gregory|title=The Cost of Denial|url=http://www.genocidewatch.org/aboutus/thecostofdenial.html|publisher=Genocide Watch}}</ref>{{sfn|Winter|2003|p=162}} Being one of the first to report massacres,<ref>Pryce-Jones, D. (2003). Remembering Genocide. National Review, 55(23), 47-48. </ref> Heizer's initial reporting to the American consulate in Constantinople said that it was permissible "whenever the parents so desire" to leave children - girls up to the age of 15 and boys up to the age of ten - in the "orphanages by the Turks."<ref name=akcam /> Heizer also describes how some children were assimilated into Muslim Turks in a matter of weeks.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Bartov|editor1-first=Omer|title=In God's name: genocide and religion in the twentieth century|year=2001|publisher=Berghahn Books|location=New York|isbn=1571812148|editor2-last=Mack|editor2-first= Phyllis}}</ref><ref name=rubenstein>{{cite book|last=Rubenstein|first=Richard L.|title=Jihad and genocide|year=2010|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|location=Lanham, Md.|isbn=0742562034|edition=1st pbk.}}</ref> Often writing about the systematic drowning of Armenians in the Black Sea, Heizer exposed the direct link and collaboration between the central Ottoman government and local members of the Committee of Union and Progress.<ref>{{cite book|last=Aya|first=Şükrü Server|title=The genocide of truth|year=2008|publisher=Istanbul Commerce University Publications|location=Eminönü, Istanbul|isbn=9789756516249}}</ref>
|"This plan did not suit Nail Bey...Many of the children were loaded into boats and taken out to sea and thrown overboard. I myself saw where 16 bodies were washed ashore and buried by a Greek woman near the Italian monastery."<ref name=dadrian /><ref>April 11, 1919 report. U.S. National Archives. R.G. 59. 867. 4016/411.</ref>{{sfn|Kiernan|2008|p=412}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Bartov|first=edited by Omer|title=In God's name : genocide and religion in the twentieth century|year=2001|publisher=Berghahn Books|location=New York|isbn=1571813020|page=220|coauthors=Mack, Phyllis}}</ref>

"It is impossible to convey an idea of the consternation and despair the publication of this proclamation has produced upon the people. I have seen strong, proud, wealthy men weep like children while they told me that they had given their boys and girls to Persian and Turkish neighbors. Even a strong man, without the necessary outfit and food would likely to perish on such a trip....The People are helpless but are making preparations to start on the perilous journey."<ref name=richard>{{cite book|title=Looking Backward, Moving Forward: Confronting the Armenian Genocide|year=2003|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=1412827671|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Is9CxfshuYsC&dq|editor=Richard G. Hovannisian}}</ref>
|-
|<center>'''[[Hans Freiherr von Wangenheim]]''' [[File:Hans von Wangenheim.jpg|170x170px]] {{Flagicon|Germany}} [[German]]
|<center>'''German Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire''', 1912-1915</center>
During the deportations and as World War I was going on, all of the diplomats representing Allied powers were expelled from the country. Due to the German-Turkish alliance, Germans along with Austrians remained. While major newspapers were talking about the massacres, von Wangenheim was at first reluctant to talk about the massacres, but he eventually conceded by saying that there "no longer was doubt that the Porte was trying to exterminate the Armenian race in the Turkish Empire."<ref name=fromkin>{{cite book|last=Fromkin|first=David|title=A Peace to End All Peace, 20th Anniversary Edition: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of|year=2010|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=1429988525|page=213|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=OV0i1mJdNSwC&dq}}</ref> While von Wangenheim did not go further in his formal testimony against the massacres, his successors and others in the German diplomatic staff reacted more strongly.
|"On the other hand, the German Government cannot disguise the dangers created by these rigorous measures and notably by the mass expatriations which include the guilty and the innocent indiscriminately, especially when these measures are accompanied by acts of violence, such as massacre and pillage."

"The manner in which the matter of relocation is being handled demonstrate that the government is in fact pursuing the goal of annihilating the Armenian race in Turkey."{{sfn|Charney|1994|p=99}}
|-
|<center>'''Mustafa Arif''' {{Flagicon|Turkey}} [[Turkey|Turkish]]
|<center>'''Interior Minister of the Ottoman Empire''', 1917-1918</center>
Mustafa Arif served as Interior Minister succeeding Talat Pasha after the latter had stepped down from office.<ref name=akcam /> In regards to the massacres, Arif was especially known for establishing a governmental commission that examined the events. On March 18, 1919, the commission concluded that 800,000 Armenian died during World War I. The figure became reputable after other Turkish historians such as [[:tr:Yusuf Hikmet Bayur|Yusuf Hikmet Bayur]] used the figure in their research and writing.<ref name=akcam />
|"Surely a few Armenians aided and abetted our enemy, and a few Armenian Deputies committed crimes against the Turkish nation...it is incumbent upon a government to pursue the guilty ones. Unfortunately, our wartime leaders, imbued with a spirit of brigandage, carried out the law of deportation in a manner that could surpass the proclivities of the most bloodthirsty bandits. They decided to exterminate the Armenians, and they did exterminate them."<ref name=najmuddin>{{cite book|last=Najmuddin; Najmuddin|first=Dilshad; Shahzad|title=Armenia: A Resume with Notes on Seth's Armenians in India|year=2006|publisher=Trafford Publishing|isbn=1466954612|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=CxTI-mEXNdIC&dq}}</ref><ref name=vahakn1 />

"The atrocities committed against the Armenians reduced our country to a gigantic slaughterhouse."<ref name=dolabjian>{{cite news|last=Dolabjian|first=Vartkes S.|title=Even Turkish sources point to 1915 genocide|newspaper=The Gazette|date=11 Jan 1999|location=Montreal, Canada|page=B2}}</ref>
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|<center>'''Einar af Wirsén''' [[File:Carl Einar Ture af Wirsén.jpg|170x170px]] {{Flagicon|Sweden}} [[Swedish]]
|<center>'''Swedish Military Attaché'''</center>
Einar af Wirsén wrote much about the Armenian Genocide in his memoirs ''Minnen från fred och krig'' ("Memories from Peace and War").<ref name=swedish>{{cite book|last=Thure af Wirsén|first=Einar|title=Minnen från fred och krig|year=1942|publisher=A. Bonnier|location=Stockholm|language=Swedish}}</ref> In his memoirs, Wirsén dedicated a chapter to the massacres entitled ''Mordet på en nation'' ("The Murder of a Nation").<ref name=swedish /> He believed that the deportations were a way of concealing the massacres.<ref name=avedian /> The memoirs provide an important analysis of the deportations and massacres from a country who was not involved in World War I.<ref name=avedian /><ref>{{cite journal|last=Siney|first=Marion C.|title=Swedish neutrality and economic warfare in World War I|journal=Conspectus of History|year=1975|volume=1|issue=2|url=http://libx.bsu.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/ConspectusH&CISOPTR=410&REC=1}}</ref>
|"Officially, these had the goal to move the entire Armenian population to the steppe regions of Northern Mesopotamia and Syria, but in reality they aimed to exterminate [utrota] the Armenians, whereby the pure Turkish element in Asia Minor would achieve a dominating position".<ref name=avedian>{{cite journal|last=Avedian|first=Vahagn|title=The Armenian Genocide 1915 From a Neutral Small State’s Perspective: Sweden|url=http://www.armenica.org/material/master_thesis_vahagn_avedian.pdf|publisher=Historiska institutionen Uppsala universitet}}</ref>

"The annihilation of the Armenian nation in Asia Minor must revolt all human feelings ... The way the Armenian problem was solved was hair-raising. I can still see in front of me Talaat's cynical expression, when he emphasized that the Armenian question was solved".<ref name=avedian />
|-
|<center>'''[[Henry H. Riggs]]''' [[File:HenryRiggs.jpg|170x170px]] {{Flagicon|US}} [[US|American]]
|<center>'''Christian missionary and president of [[Euphrates College]]'''</center>
Henry H. Riggs was stationed in [[Kharpert]] during the [[Armenian Genocide]]. His book ''Days of Tragedy in Armenia: Personal Experiences in Harpoot, 1915-1917'', considered to be one of the most detail accounts of the Armenian Genocide in the English language,<ref name=balakiantigris /> provides an important eyewitness account of the events.<ref name=guardian />{{sfn|Riggs|1996|p=224}} Riggs himself concluded that the deportation of Armenians was part of an extermination program organized by the Ottoman government.{{sfn|Riggs|1996|p=vii}}<ref name=guardian>{{cite news|last=Pascal|first=Julia|title=A people killed twice|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/theguardian/2001/jan/27/weekend7.weekend2|newspaper=Guardian|date=26 January 2001}}</ref>{{sfn|Riggs|1996|p=46}}<ref name=barton>{{cite book|last=Barton|first=comp. by James L.|title="Turkish atrocities" : statements of American missionaries on the destruction of Christian communities in Ottoman Turkey, 1915-1917|year=1998|publisher=Gomidas Inst.|location=Ann Arbor, Mich.|isbn=1884630049|page=212|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=66lCvqqLGpUC&dq}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=TURKS BURY ARMENIAN BABIES ALIVE IN WORK OF EXTERMINATION. Rev. Henry H. Riggs, Missionary Worker, Tells of Wholesale Methods of Murder|url=http://cdsun.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/cornell?a=d&d=CDS19171018.2.54#|newspaper=Cornell Daily Sun|date=18 October 1917}}</ref>
|"The attack on the Armenian people, which soon developed into a systematic attempt to exterminate the race, was a cold-blooded, unprovoked, deliberate act, planned and carried out without popular approval, by the military masters of Turkey."{{sfn|Riggs|1996|p=46}}

"Very good evidence exists for the belief that both there and Ras-ul-Ain, also in the same desert, the people were massacred wholesale as soon as they left the villages where they had been quartered. At the beginning of the period under discussion, that is, at the beginning of 1916, there were in exile in that district something like 485,000 Armenians. Fifteen months later, after the last deportation had been completed, not more than 113,000 out of that throng could be located. Out of the 372,000 who had perished most had died from starvation and disease, but many thousands were also massacred at the last moment, when apparently the Turkish government had tired of the pretense of carrying out the theory of deportation."{{sfn|Riggs|1996|p=176}}
|-
|<center>'''[[Mustafa Yamulki]]''' [[File:Mustafa_Yamulki.jpg|170x170px]] {{Flagicon|Turkey}} [[Turkish]]
|<center>'''Ottoman military officer and head judge of the [[Turkish Courts-Martial of 1919–1920]]'''
Also known as "Nemrud" Mustafa Pasha, Mustafa Yamulki was the head judge of the Turkish Courts-Martial of 1919-1920 since the day of its creation on February 1919.<ref name=kevorkian /> The Courts-Martial's was later known for condemning Talat, Enver, Cemal, and others to death for their role in the massacres against Armenians.<ref>{{cite book|last=Herzig|first=edited by Edmund|title=The Armenians past and present in the making of national identity|year=2005|publisher=RoutledgeCurzon|location=Abingdon, Oxon, Oxford|isbn=0203004930|coauthors=Kurkchiyan, Marina}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Andreopoulos|first=ed. by George J.|title=Genocide : conceptual and historical dimensions|year=1997|publisher=Univ. of Pennsylvania Press|location=Philadelphia, Pa.|isbn=0812216164|edition=1. paperback print.}}</ref> "Nemrud" Mustafa Pasha had a reputation for being honest and was instrumental in exposing the crimes and corruption scandals of the Ottoman empire during World War I.<ref name=kevorkian /> Due to his open accusations against the massacres, "Nemrud" Mustafa Pasha was sentenced to three months imprisonment.<ref name=kevorkian /> The sentences he gave which condemned various Turkish officials for conducting massacre were overturned.<ref name=kevorkian />
|"Our fellow countrymen committed unheard of crimes, resorted to all conceivable methods of despotism, organised deportations and massacres, poured gas over babies and burned them, raped women and girls in front of their parents who were bound hand and foot, took girls in front of their parents and fathers, appropriated personal property and real estate, drove people to Mesopotamia and treated them inhumanly on the way...they put thousands of innocent people into boats that were sunk at sea...they put Armenians in the most unbearable conditions any other nation had ever known in its history."<ref>{{cite book|last=Kateb|first=Vahe|title=The Armenian genocide as reported in the Australian press|year=1983|publisher=Armenian National Committee|page=111|url=http://books.google.com/books/about/The_Armenian_genocide_as_reported_in_the.html?id=X9ttAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>
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|<center>'''[[Richard von Kühlmann]]''' [[File:Richard von Kühlmann cph,3b32192.jpg|170x170px]] {{Flagicon|Germany}} [[German]]
|<center>'''German Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire''', 1916-1917</center>
Like his predecessor Hans Freiherr von Wangenheim, Kühlmann was initially reluctant to expose the massacres against the Armenian population.{{sfn|Charney|1994|p=101}} Kühlmann, who held sympathetic beliefs toward Turkish nationalism, repeatedly used the term "alleged" and excused the Turkish government for the massacres. Kühlmann, in defense of the Turkish government and the German-Turkish World War alliance, stated that the policies against the Armenians was a matter of "internal politics".{{sfn|Charney|1994|p=101}} However, Kühlmann eventually conceded in calling the massacres "a large scale destruction of Armenians."{{sfn|Charney|1994|p=101}}
|"The destruction of the Armenians was undertaken on a massive scale. This policy of extermination will for a long time stain the name of Turkey."{{sfn|Charney|1994|p=101}}
|-
|<center>'''[[Vehip Pasha]]''' [[File:Vehib_Pasha.jpg|150x160px]] {{Flagicon|Turkey}} [[Turkish]]
|<center>'''General in the Ottoman Army and commander of the Ottoman [[Third_Army_(Ottoman_Empire)|Third Army]] during the [[Caucasus Campaign]]'''</center>
Vehip Pasha assumed the commandment of the Third Army in February 1916 from [[Mahmud Kâmil Pasha]], after much of the deportations concluded.<ref name=akcam />{{sfn|Kiernan|2008|p=413}} During his post, Vehip Pasha received an order to send 2,000 Armenians as labor battalions for the construction of the [[Baghdad Railway|Baghdad-Berlin Railway]]. However, Vehip Pasha was "outraged" after receiving word that the Armenians he had sent were massacred.{{sfn|Kiernan|2008|p=413}} Vehip Pasha set up a court-martial for the man in charge of the transfer and massacre, Nuri Efendi.{{sfn|Kiernan|2008|p=413}} During the court-martial, Nuri Efendi blamed the governor of Sivas, Ahmet Muammer, for the massacres. Ahmet Muammer was eventually relieved by Talat Pasha who subsequently positioned him outside of Vehip Pasha's supervision.{{sfn|Kiernan|2008|p=413}} Though Vehip Pasha is largely known for his commandment during the Caucasus Campaign in 1918, he also condemned the massacres against Armenians that happened prior to his appointment as commander of the Third Army in 1916.<ref name=dadrian />
|“The massacre and destruction of the Armenians and the plunder and pillage of their goods were the results of decision reached by Ittihad’s [the Young Turks] Central Committee…The atrocities were carried out under a program that was determined upon and involved a definite case of premeditation. It was [also] ascertained that these atrocities and crimes were encouraged by the district attorneys whose dereliction of judicial duties in face of their occurrence and especially their remaining indifferent renders them accessories to these crimes.”<ref name=dadrian />{{sfn|Kiernan|2008|p=413-14}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Balakian|first=Peter|title=Black dog of fate : a memoir|year=1997|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York, NY|isbn=046500704X|page=171|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-0jhAAAAMAAJ&q|edition=1. ed.}}</ref>
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|<center>'''[[:tr:Ahmet Refik Altınay|Ahmet Refik]]''' [[File:Ahmet-Refik-Altinay.jpg|170x170px]] {{Flagicon|Turkey}} [[Turkish]]
|<center>'''Turkish historian, poet, and writer'''</center>
After World War I, Ahmet Refik wrote ''Two committees two massacres'' (İki Komite iki Kitâl), an account of the massacres during the War. Though Refik writes about massacres conducted on both sides, he concludes that the massacres against the Armenians was an attempt by the Turkish government to "destroy the Armenians".<ref name=dadrian />
|“The criminal gangs who were released from the prisons, after a week's training at the War Ministry's training grounds, were sent off to the Caucasian front as the brigands of the Special Organization, perpetrating the worst crimes against the Armenians.”<ref name=dadrian />

“In a situation such as this, a just government which is confident of its force would have punished those who rebelled against the government. But the Ittihadists, wanted to annihilate the Armenians and in this manner eliminate the Eastern Question.”<ref>{{cite book|last=Refik|first=Ahmet|title=İki komite, iki kıtâl|year=1999|publisher=Bedir Yayınevi|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=o09xtgAACAAJ&dq|language=Turkish}}</ref><ref name=dadrian />
|-
|<center>'''[[Johann Heinrich von Bernstorff|Johann von Bernstorff]]''' [[File:Johann Heinrich von Bernstorff 1908.jpg|170x170px]] {{Flagicon|Germany}} [[German]]
|<center>'''German Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire''', 1917-1918</center>
Just like the rest of the German diplomats who served in the Ottoman Empire during World War I, Johann von Bernstorff, who at the time was the German ambassador to the United States in 1915, attempted to conceal the massacres by saying that they were mere "allegations" and "inventions".{{sfn|Charney|1994|p=102}} However, when he assumed his position as ambassador to the Ottoman Empire in 1917, Bernstorff conceded in believing that the policy against the Armenians that of exterminating the race.{{sfn|Charney|1994|p=102}} Bernstorff provided a detailed account of the massacres in his memoirs entitled, ''Memoirs of Count Bernstorff''. In his memoirs, Bernstorff describes his discussion with Talat Pasha after much of the massacres concluded and wrote that Talat Pasha said, “What on earth do you want? The question is settled, there are no more Armenians.”
|“When I kept on pestering him about the Armenian question, he once said with a smile: ‘What on earth do you want? The question is settled, there are no more Armenians’”<ref name=bernstorff>{{cite book|last=A.|first=Bernstorff|title=Memoirs of Count Bernstorff|year=2011|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|isbn=1169935257|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=pXXztgAACAAJ&dq}}</ref>

"In Armenia the Turks had been systematically trying to exterminate the Christian population."<ref name=bernstorff />
|-
|<center>'''[[Halil Kut]] [[File:Halil_Kut.png|170x170px]] {{Flagicon|Turkey}} [[Turkish]]
|<center>'''Ottoman regional governor and military commander'''</center>
Halil Kut was the uncle of [[Enver Pasha]], one of the "masterminds" of the Armenian Genocide.<ref name=emmanuel>{{cite book|last=Nelson|first=edited by Emmanuel S.|title=A - C.|year=2005|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, Conn|isbn=0313330603|page=205|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=tWH3wNV5HpQC&dq|edition=1. publ.|quote=The masterminds of the genocide, Talaat, Jamal, and Enver Pashas, were tried and sentenced to death in absentia by local Turkish courts for crimes committed against the Armenians.}}</ref> Kut himself had conducted "the massacre" of Armenian battalions as stated by the German Vice-consul of Erzurum and later testified by a soldier who had been under his command by saying, "Halil had the entire Armenian population (men, women and children) in the areas of Bitlis, Mus, and Beyazit also massacred without pity. My company received a similar order. Many of the victims were buried alive in especially prepared ditches."{{sfn|Kiernan|2008|p=413}} Others, such as German vice-consul of Erzurum Max Erwin von Scheubner-Richter, reported that "Halil Bey's campaign in northern Persia included the massacre of his Armenian and Syrian battalions and the expulsion of the Armenian, Syrian, and Persian population out of Persia..."<ref name=gaunt />
|Halil Kut wrote in his memoirs having killed:
“300,000 Armenians, it can be more or less. I didn't count.”{{sfn|Kiernan|2008|p=413}}

In the summer of 1918, in front of many Armenians in Yerevan, Halil Kut declared:
“I have endeavored to wipe out the Armenian nation to the last individual.”{{sfn|Kiernan|2008|p=413}}{{sfn|Winter|2003|p=65}}<ref name=dadrian /><ref>{{cite book|last=Pritchard|first=Maria|title=Genocide|publisher=RW Press|isbn=1909284270|page=1971|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=NO5wsTGExYcC&dq}}</ref>
|-
|<center>'''[[Ernst II, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg|Prince Ernst Hohenlohe-Langenburg]]''' [[File:Ernst II, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg.jpg|170x170px]] {{Flagicon|Germany}} [[German]]
|<center>'''German Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire''', July 20 - October 2, 1915</center>
Ernst Hohenlohe-Langenburg served on a temporary basis as ambassador but was equally distressed over the massacres, much like his counterpart Metternich.{{sfn|Lewy|2005|p=194}} Hohenlohe-Langenburg encouraged the German government to disassociate themselves from the Ottoman government and its policies of "extermination" against the Armenians. He also encouraged the German diplomatic staff to voice their opposition against the massacres and condemn them.<ref name=gaunt>{{cite book|last=Gaunt|first=David|title=Massacres, resistance, protectors: muslim-christian relations in Eastern Anatolia during world war I|year=2006|publisher=Gorgias|location=Piscataway, NJ|isbn=1593333013|pages=77-78|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=4mug9LrpLKcC&dq|edition=1st Gorgias Press ed.}}</ref>
|"The systematic butchery of the uprooted and deported Armenians have assumed such a scope...it was not only tolerated but openly promoted by the government. It meant the extermination of the Armenians. Despite government assurances to the contrary, everything points to the goal of the destruction of the Armenian people."{{sfn|Charney|1994|p=100}}

"Despite governmental assurances to the contrary, everything points to the goal of the destruction of the Armenian people".{{sfn|Charney|1994|p=100}}
|-
|<center>'''Aage Meyer Benedictsen''' [[File:Aage_meyer_benedictsen.jpg|170x170px]] {{Flagicon|Denmark}} [[Danish]]
|<center>'''Ethnographer, historian, and Christian missionary'''</center>
Aage Meyer Benedictsen, who visited the Ottoman Empire and witnessed the conditions of the Armenians, organized a relief effort from Denmark for the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kauffeldt|first=Jonas|title=Danes, Orientalism and Modern Middle East Perspectives from the Nordic Periphery|year=2006|publisher=The Florida State University|isbn=0542851350|url=http://diginole.lib.fsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2805&context=etd}}</ref> Among his supporters was [[Karen Jeppe]], who will eventually participate in relief efforts herself for the victims and particularly the orphans.<ref>Armenien und die Schweiz – Geschichte der Schweizerischen Armenierhilfe by Karl Meyer, Bern: Blaukreuz-Verlag 1974, pp. 94, 110</ref> Benedictsen was informed about the events and had made appeals to stop the massacres while openly accusing Ottoman officials for the events.<ref name=MATTHIAS /> Benedictsen in 1925 wrote Armenia: A Peoples Life and Struggle for Two Millenia (Armenien: Et Folks Liv og Kamp gennem to Aartusinder).<ref>{{cite book|last=Benedictsen|first=Åge Meyer|title=Armenien: Et Folks Liv Og Kamp Gennem to Aartusinder|year=1925|publisher=De Danske Armeniervenner|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=B0P-mQEACAAJ&dq}}</ref>
|Regarding the massacres, Benedictsen wrote that it was a “shattering crime, probably the largest in the history of the world: The attempt, planned and executed in cold blood, to murder a whole people, the Armenian, during the World War.”<ref name=MATTHIAS>{{cite journal|last=BJØRNLUND|first=MATTHIAS|title=Karen Jeppe, Aage Meyer Benedictsen, and the Ottoman Armenians: National survival in imperial and colonial settings|journal=Haigazian Armenological Review|year=2008|volume=28|pages=9-43}}</ref>
|-
|<center>'''[[Jesse B. Jackson]]''' [[File:JesseBJackson.jpg|170x170px]] {{Flagicon|US}} [[US|American]]
|<center>'''American Consul in Aleppo''', 1908-1923</center>
According to Jackson the Armenian massacres were "carefully planned" and a “gigantic plundering scheme as well as a final blow to extinguish the race.”{{sfn|Winter|2003|p=84}} In September 1915 he estimated one million Armenian killed in a year.{{sfn|Forsythe|2009|p=98}} Jackson later became a leading figure in the relief effort of Armenian refugees and is known for having saved thousands of Armenians during the genocide.<ref>{{cite news|title=SAVED BY AMERICAN CONSUL. Armenian Refugees Hope Others Will Be Saved from Slavery.|newspaper=New York Times|date=January 18, 1916|page=4|quote=The Armenians say that it was solely owing to the energetic action of the American Consul at Aleppo, who adopted a strong attitude with the Turkish military authorities, that thousands of Armenian lives at Aleppo and in the surrounding regions were saved.}}</ref>
|He remarked that the outrages "upon a defenseless and inoffensive people that demand nothing more than to be given a chance to eke out at the best a miserable existence" and continue by saying, "it is without doubt a carefully planned scheme to thoroughly extinguish the Armenian race."{{sfn|Lewy|2005|p=191}}

One of the most terrible sights ever seen in Aleppo was the arrival early in August, 1915, of some 5,000 terribly emaciated, dirty, ragged and sick women and children, 3,000 in one day and 2,000 the following day. These people were the only survivors of the thrifty and well to do Armenian population of the province of Sivas, where the Armenian population had once been over 300,000.{{sfn|Winter|2003|p=244}}
|-
|<center>'''Per Gustaf August Cosswa Anckarsvärd''' [[File:Per August Cossva Anckarsvärd - from Svenskt Porträttgalleri II.png|170x170px]] {{Flagicon|Sweden}} [[Swedish]]
|<center>'''Swedish Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire''', 1915-1920</center>
Anckarsvärd was an ambassador who traveled frequently throughout the Empire and established many contacts. During the massacres, Anckarsvärd highlighted the aim of the Young Turk government and its policies to "exterminate the Armenian nation".<ref name=avedian /> When reporting to the Swedish Foreign Ministry, Anckarsvärd used terms such as "the annihilation Armenian nation", "wipe out the Armenian nation," "extermination of the Armenians", and etc. to describe the events.<ref>{{cite web|title=Eyewitnesses: Diplomats and Military|url=http://www.genocide1915.org/ogonvittnen_diplomater.html|publisher=Genocide1915}}</ref>
|"The persecutions of the Armenians have reached hair-raising proportions and all points to the fact that the Young Turks want to seize the opportunity, since due to different reasons there are no effective external pressure to be feared, to once and for all put an end to the Armenian question. The means for this are quite simple and consist of the extermination (utrotandet) of the Armenian nation."<ref name=avedian />

"[The deportations] can not be any other issue than an annihilation war against the Greek nation in Turkey and as measures hereof they have been implementing forced conversions to Islam, in obvious aim to, that if after the end of the war there again would be a question of European intervention for the protection of the Christians, there will be as few of them left as possible."<ref name=avedian />

"It is obvious that the Turks are taking the opportunity to, now during the war, annihilate [utplåna] the Armenian nation so that when the peace comes no Armenian question longer exists".<ref name=avedian />
|-
|<center>'''[[Leslie Davis|Leslie A. Davis]]''' [[File:Leslie_davis_xl.jpg|170x170px]] {{Flagicon|US}} [[US|American]]
|<center>'''American Consul in Harput''', 1914 to 1917</center>
When serving as American Consul in Harput, Leslie A. Davis was an eyewitness to the massacres.<ref name=abccharney>{{cite book|last=Charny|first=Israel W.|title=Encyclopedia of genocide|year=2000|publisher=ABC-Clio|location=Oxford|isbn=0-87436-928-2|page=67|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=8Q30HcvCVuIC&dq|edition=Repr|coauthors=Tutu, editor in chief ; forewords by Archbishop Desmond; Wiesenthal, Simon}}</ref> Davis summarized what he witnessed and reported it to the United States State Department.<ref name=abccharney /> Leslie A. Davis referred to Harput as the "slaughterhouse province" during the Armenian Genocide which became book under the same title.<ref name=slaughterhouse>{{cite book|last=Davis|first=Leslie A.|title=The slaughterhouse province : an American diplomat's report on the Armenian genocide, 1915-1917|year=1990|publisher=A.D. Caratzas|location=New Rochelle, N.Y.|isbn=0892414588|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=UIztAAAAMAAJ&q|edition=2. print.|coauthors=Blair, notes by Susan K.|editor=Susan Blair}}</ref>
|“Any doubt that may have been expressed in previous reports as to the Government’s intentions in sending away the Armenians have been removed and any hope that may have been expressed as to the possibility of some of them surviving have been destroyed. It has been no secret that the plan was to destroy the Armenian race as a race…”<ref>United States Official records on the Armenian Genocide 1915-1917, pp. 461, doc. NA/RG59/867.4016/269</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=U.S. Official Records|url=http://www.anca.org/genocide/records.php|publisher=Armenian National Committee of America}}</ref>
|-
|<center>'''[[Fridtjof Nansen]]''' [[File:Fridtjof_Nansen_LOC_03377u-3.jpg|170x170px]] {{Flagicon|Norway}} [[Norwegian]]
|<center>'''Norwegian explorer, scientist, statesman, author and Nobel winner'''</center>
Though Fridtjof Nansen is renowned in Norway for his explorations and scientific writings, he is also famous for supporting the plight of the Armenians during the Armenian Genocide.<ref name=nansenmuseum>{{cite web|title=Fridtjof Nansen – 150|url=http://www.genocide-museum.am/eng/11.10.2011.php|publisher=Armenian Genocide Museum}}</ref> Nansen supported Armenian refugees in acquiring the [[Nansen passport]], which allowed them to travel freely to various countries.<ref name=nansenmuseum /> Nansen wrote the book, ''Armenia and the Near East'' in 1923 which describes his sympathies to the plight of the Armenians in the wake of losing its independence to the Soviet Union.<ref>{{cite news|last=Abalyan|first=Karine|title=Fridtjof Nansen and the Armenians|url=http://massispost.com/archives/4686|newspaper=Massis Post|date=October 17, 2011}}</ref> The book was translated in many languages including Norwegian, English, French, German, Russian and Armenian. After visiting Armenia, Nansen wrote two additional books called “Gjennern Armenia” (“Across Armenia”), published in 1927 and “Gjennern Kaukasus til Volga” (“Through Caucasus to Volga”).<ref>{{cite web|title=FRIDTJOF NANSEN|url=http://armenianhouse.org/nansen/nansen-en.html|publisher=ArmeniaHouse}}</ref>
|“The massacres that started in 1915 have nothing to compare with the history of mankind. The massacres by Abdul Hamid are minor in comparison to what today's Turks have done.”<ref>{{cite journal|title=Fridtjof Nansen|journal=Armenian Mind|year=1999|volume=3|issue=1|page=171|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=JjQMAQAAMAAJ&q|publisher=Armenian Philosophical Academy}}</ref>
|-
|<center>'''Eitan Belkind''' [[File:Eitanbelkind.jpg|170x170px]] {{Flagicon|Israel}} [[Israeli]]
|<center>'''Founding member of [[Nili|NILI]]</center>
Eitan Belkind was one of the founding members of NILI, an organization that fought against the Ottoman Empire through the support of the British forces.<ref name=belkind>{{cite web|title="That's How It Was" Narrated by Eitan Belkind, member of the NILI|url=http://www.genocide-museum.am/eng/eye_witnesses1.php|publisher=Armenian Genocide Museum}}</ref> Belkind joined the Ottoman army and transferred to the headquarters of Cemal Pasha in Syria.{{sfn|Auron|2000|p=181}} During his time in Syria, while secretly trying to garner support from the British, Belkind witnessed the massacres against Armenians and wrote of them in his memoirs ''So It Was'' published decades later.{{sfn|Auron|2000|p=181}}
|"The Armenian camp was one kilometer away from our house. The screaming continued all night. We asked what was happening, they told us that children were being taken from their mothers to live in dormitories and continue their education. However in the morning when we set off and crossed the bridge across Euphrates, I was shocked to see the river red with blood and beheaded corpses of children floating on the water. The scene was horrible, as there was nothing we could do."<ref name=belkind123>{{cite book|title="So It Was": the Storv of a NILI Member (Tel Aviv, Ministry of Defense, 1977) pp.111- 112,|year=1977|publisher=Israeli Ministry of Defense Publishers|language=Hebrew}}</ref>{{sfn|Auron|2000|p=183}}

"In my trips in the south of Syria and Iraq I saw with my own eyes the extermination of the Armenian nation, I watched the atrocious murders, and saw children’s heads cut off and watched the burning of innocent people whose only wrongdoing was to be Armenian."<ref name=belkind123 /><ref name=belkind />
|-
|<center>'''[[Max Erwin von Scheubner-Richter]]''' [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 119-1930-01, Max Erwin v. Scheubner-Richter.jpg|170x170px]] {{Flagicon|Germany}} [[German]]
|<center>'''German Vice-consul in Erzurum'''</center>
Max Erwin von Scheubner-Richter is considered one of the most outspoken individuals against the deportations and subsequent massacres of Armenians.<ref name=smythe>{{cite book|last=Smythe|first=Dana Renee|title=Remembering the forgotten genocide: Armenia in the First World War|year=2001|publisher=East Tennessee State University|isbn=0493302433|page=81|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=loYlAQAAMAAJ&dq}}</ref> He was against the initial orders from German ambassador Vangenheim to limit the accusations of the anti-Armenian measures to friendly advice.{{sfn|Hull|2013|p=289}} Scheubner-Richter believed that the Armenians had no capabilities to start an uprising against the Ottoman government since all of the able bodied men were arrested and sent to labor battalions.<ref name=leverkun>{{cite book|last=Vartparonian|first=Paul Leverkuehn; translated by Alasdair Lean; with a preface by Jorge|title=A German officer during the Armenian genocide: a biography of Max von Scheubner-Richter|year=2008|publisher=Taderon Press for the Gomidas Institute|location=London|isbn=1903656818|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=_hItAQAAIAAJ&q|coauthors=Kaiser, a historical introduction by Hilmar}}</ref> Scheubner-Richter, who attempted to save the lives of as many Armenians as he could, believed that the deportations were based on "racial hatred” and that none can survive such a journey.{{sfn|Charney|1994|p=107}}<ref name=leverkun /> He concluded that the deportations were a policy of "annihilation".<ref>{{cite news|last=Herwig|first=Holger|title=Documenting a 'shameful act': Turkish emigre historian writes on armenian genocide|newspaper=The Gazette|date=10 Feb 2007|location=Montreal|page=J5|quote=Interestingly, Max von Scheubner-Richter as German vice-consul at Erzerum in 1915 reported the Ottoman policy of "annihilation" of the Armenians to his government; as a Nazi ideologue, he died at Adolf Hitler's side during the infamous "Beer Hall putsch" of November 1923.}}</ref> When Scheubner-Richter returned to Germany, he assisted [[Johannes Lepsius]] in saving Armenians and stated that their condition was not "human" anymore.<ref name=leverkun /> It is believed that [[Adolf Hitler]] was informed about the details of the Armenian Genocide through the details and eyewitness accounts provided Scheubner-Richter.<ref name=reporter123>{{cite news|last=Videlier|first=Philippe|title=Turkey and Its Deniers|newspaper=The Armenian Reporter|date=11 Nov 2006|location=Paramus, NJ|pages=3-4|quote=t is indisputable, nevertheless, that the Führer was perfectly well informed about the fact of the extermination of the Armenians in 1915, for he had among his immediate entourage an eyewitness, von Scheubner-Richter, the former consular agent at Erzurum, a bigwig of the National-Socialist Party, who was picked off by a policeman's bullet at Hitler's side during the abortive putsch in Munich in 1923.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Matsdorf|first=W. S.|title=The Armenian Genocide|newspaper=The Jerusalem Post|date=Jan. 24, 1989|page=04|quote=Hitler will have heard the details from his close collaborator Max Erwin von Scheubner-Richter, who was the German Vice-Consul in Erzerum in 1915 and filed numerous reports about the terrible misery, senseless expulsion and the anti-Armenian outrages.}}</ref><ref name=magazine>{{cite journal|last=Graber|first=Gerry S|title=History: Two Days in April; A New Look at Germany's Role in the Genocide|journal=AIM: Armenian International Magazine|date=April 30, 1991|volume=2|issue=4|page=43|issn=10503471|quote=But we must recall that among those who fell while marching at Hitler's side in the failed Nazi Putsch in Munich on Nov. 9, 1923, was Max Erwin von Scheubner-Richter, from whom Hitler undoubtedly learned what little he knew of the Armenian experience.}}</ref> Hitler is later quoted as saying, "Who still talks nowadays of the extermination of the Armenians?" before invading Poland on August 22, 1939.<ref name=reporter123 />
|"The partisans of Ittihad are unabashedly conceding that their ultimate aim [Endziel] is the total annihilation (ganzliche Ausrottung) of the Armenians of Turkey, adding, "After the war we no longer will have any Armenians in Turkey."{{sfn|Charney|1994|p=107}}

"The Turkish government has used the situation offered by the war and the Armenian revolt in Van, Musch, Karahissar, and other towns forcefully to resettle the Anatolian Armenians in Mesopotamia. These government measures have unfolded in such a form that is identical to the extermination of the Armenians. Only by a forceful policy of extermination, a powerful destruction of the entire people, can the Turkish government achieve its desired goal, the ‘solution’ of the Armenian question."<ref name=smythe />

"The order of Kamil Pasha to deport all Armenians from Erzurum is not legitimate from a military point of view and in my opinion is founded on racial hatred."{{sfn|Charney|1994|p=107}}

"I have conducted a series of conversations with competent and influential Turkish personages, and these are my impressions: A large segment of the Ittihadist party maintains the viewpoint that the Turkish empire should be based only on the principle of Islam and Pan-Turkism. Its non-Muslim and non-Turkish inhabitants should either be forcibly islamized, or otherwise they ought to be destroyed. These gentleman believe that the time is propitious for the realization of this plan. The first item on this agenda concerns the liquidation of the Armenians. Ittihad will dangle before the eyes of the allies the specter of an alleged revolution prepared by the Armenian Dashnak party. Moreover, local incidents of the social unrest and acts of Armenian self-defense will deliberately be provoked and inflated and will be used as pretexts to effect the deportations. Once en route, however, the convoys will be attacked and exterminated by Kurdish and Turkish brigands, and in part by gendarmes, who will be instigated for that purpose by Ittihad."{{sfn|Charney|1994|p=107}}<ref name=dolabjian /><ref name=vonvoss>{{cite book|last=Lean|first=edited by Huberta von Voss ; translated by Alasdair|title=Portraits of hope: Armenians in the contemporary world|year=2007|publisher=Berghahn Books|location=New York|isbn=1845452577|page=50|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=r3vbswx_1TEC&dq|edition=1st English ed.}}</ref>
|-
|<center>'''[[Marquis Johann von Pallavicini|Johann von Pallavicini]]''' [[File:Pallavicini János.jpg|170x170px]] {{Flagicon|Austria}} [[Austrian]]
|<center>'''Austro-Hungarian Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire''', 1906-1918</center>
During [[World War I]], Johann von Pallavicini successfully worked for bringing the [[Ottoman Empire]] into the war on the side of the [[Central Powers]]. Due to his long tenure and being the dean of the diplomatic corps in Constantinople, he was considered to wield a large influence over events in the Ottoman Empire. However, his role with regard to the [[Armenian genocide|Armenian Question]] has been debated by historians over the years and criticism has been raised that he did not protest loudly enough.<ref>Donald Bloxham writes for example: "While Wangenheim issued notes of diplomatic protest, and his successor Paul Wolff-Metternich, backed by the Foreign Office, made enough noise about the killings on Germany's behalf for the CUP to demand his removal from office, Pallavicini remained ''in situ'' throughout the war, preferring instead to have periodic 'friendly words' with the CUP leaders." (Donald Bloxham, ''The Great Game of Genocide: Imperialism, Nationalism, and the Destruction of the Ottoman Armenians'', Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2005, p. 125)</ref> The reports that he sent to Vienna clearly show that he was aware of the nature of the Ottoman initiative and that it involved a "centrally planned and organised extermination".<ref>Vahakn N. Dadrian, ''The History of the Armenian Genocide: Ethnic Conflict from the Balkans to Anatolia to the Caucasus'', Oxford, Berghahn Books, 1995, p. 424. For excerpts of Marquis von Pallavicini's reports, see Israel W. Charny (ed.), ''The Widening Circle of Genocide'', New Brunswick, Rutgers State University, 1994, p. 102f.</ref> Already in June 1915, he wrote to Vienna that "the Armenian population is not only being subjected to the greatest misery but also to a total extermination (''einer gänzlichen Ausrottung'')".<ref>Israel W. Charny (ed.), ''op. cit.'', p. 102.</ref> To his defence, however, records also show that he did protest but to no avail.<ref>Christopher J. Walker notes that, "By the end of June Wangenheim and his Austro-Hungarian colleague, Count Johann Pallavicini, decided to act together. On 1 July Pallavicini told Talaat that the mass deportations 'seemed hardly justified'. [...] The Porte, however, typically for a government in the grip of a racial frenzy, did nothing to either Austrian or German requests. Pallavicini noted, 'Evidently there is a determination to render the Armenian element, which has become so suspect here, harmless once and for all'." (Christopher J. Walker, ''Armenia: The Survival of a Nation'', London, Routledge, 2nd edn., 1990, p. 232f.)</ref>
|"The Armenian population which is being expelled from its homeland is not only being subjected to the greatest misery but also to a total extermination."{{sfn|Charney|1994|p=102}}

"The manner in which the Armenian are being deported for resettlement purposes is tantamount to death a verdict for the affected people."{{sfn|Charney|1994|p=102}}

"The time will come when Turkey will have to account for this policy of extermination."{{sfn|Charney|1994|p=103}}
|-
|<center>'''Hafiz Mehmet''' [[File:Hafız Mehmet Bey.jpg|170x170px]] {{Flagicon|Turkey}} [[Turkish]]
|<center>'''Trabzon Deputy and Justice Minister in the Republic of Turkey'''</center>
A lawyer by profession,<ref>{{cite news|title=A New Publication on The Court Martial of the Young Turk Leaders|newspaper=The Armenian Reporter|date=05 July 1997|page=20|quote=What is even more significant is that Deputy Hafiz Mehmed was a lawyer by profession! In the Trabzon verdict, the Turkish Military Tribunal's panel of judges declared that "the male and female infants were taken to barges and boats in batches to be drowned."}}</ref> Hafiz Mehmet stated that he and other local politicians in Trabzon had known about the systematic massacres against the Armenians.<ref name=ashgate>{{cite book|title=The Criminal Law of Genocide: International Comparative and Contextual Aspects|year=2013|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|isbn=1409495914|page=5|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=tK_pHoNlUYIC&dq|editor=Ralph Henham, Paul Behrens}}</ref> Mehmet stated that the policy was conducted mainly through the Special Organization.<ref name=ashgate /> Hafiz Mehmet repeatedly protested the decision of the local government and particularly Vali [[Cemal Azmi]]s' decision of drowning Armenians in the [[Black Sea]] in [[Trabzon_during_the_Armenian_Genocide|Trabzon as part of the Armenian Genocide]].{{sfn|Winter|2003|p=96}} Mehmet protested to Interior Minister Talat Pasha, but was unsuccessful in bringing the massacres to an end.<ref>{{cite book|last=Derogy|first=Jacques|title=Resistance and Revenge: The Armenian Assassination of the Turkish Leaders Responsible for the 1915 Massacres and Deportations|year=1990|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=1412833167|page=32|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=gpL9QKCJ2L8C&dq}}</ref>
|"God will punish us for what we did [Allah bize belasını verecektir]...the matter is too obvious to be denied. I personally witnessed this Armenian occurrence in the port city of Ordu [about 155 km west of Trabzon]. Under the pretext of sending off to Samsun, another port city on the Black Sea [about 255 km west of Trabzon], the district’s governor loaded the Armenians into barges and had them thrown overboard. I have heard that the governor-general applied this procedure [throughout the province]. Even though I reported this at the Interior Ministry immediately upon my return to Istanbul...I was unable to initiate any action against the latter; I tried for some three years to get such action instituted but in vain."<ref>{{cite news|last=Akcam|first=Taner|title=My Turkishness in Revolt|newspaper=The Armenian Reporter|date=10 Feb 2007|pages=1-2}}</ref>{{sfn|Winter|2003|p=81}}<ref name=vonvoss />
|-
|<center>'''Joseph Pomiankowsi''' {{Flagicon|Austria}} [[Austrian]]
|<center>'''Divisional General and Vice Marshal, Austrian Military Attaché and Military Plenipotentiary to the Ottoman Empire'''</center>
Joseph Pomiankowsi had a keen insight into the functioning of the Ottoman government and was familiar with the decisions and activities of the Young Turk party. In his memoirs Pomiankowski wrote, "I had ample opportunity to get to know the land and the people of Turkey. During the war, however, I was from start to finish eyewitness of practically all the decisions and activities of the Turkish government."<ref name=dadrian /> In 1909, Pomiankowski stated that the Young Turk government planned to "exterminate" non-Mulim conquered peoples.<ref name=dadrian />
|"The Van uprising certainly was an act of desperation. The local Armenians realized that general massacres against the Armenians had already started and they would be the next target. In the course of the summer 1915 the Turkish government with inexorable consequence brought its bloody task of extermination of an entire nation to an end."{{sfn|Charney|1994|p=116}}

"The barbaric order to deport and resettle in the northern desert regions of Arabia, i.e., Mesopotamia, where the Euphrates flows, the entire Armenian population of Asia Minor in reality entailed the extermination [Ausrottung] of Asia Minor's Armenian population.<ref name=dadrian />
|-
|<center>'''[[Otto von Lossow]]''' [[File:Major v. Lossow.jpg|170x170px]] {{Flagicon|Germany}} [[German]]
|<center>'''Major General, German Military Plenipotentiary in the Ottoman Empire'''</center>
Otto von Lossow became the German military attaché in Istanbul in the Ottoman Empire, where he assisted the Ottoman Army and the German military mission in planning the ongoing response to Allied landings in Gallipoli. He remained in the Ottoman Empire for the rest of the war, becoming in April 1916 the "German Military Plenipotentiary at the Imperial Embassy in Constantinople."
|"The Turks have embarked upon the "total extermination of the Armenians in Transcaucasia...The aim of Turkish policy is, as I have reiterated, the taking of possession of Armenian districts and the extermination of the Armenians. Talaat's government wants to destroy all Armenians, not just in Turkey but also outside Turkey. On the basis of all the reports and news coming to me here in Tiflis there hardly can be any doubt that the Turks systematically are aiming at the extermination of the few hundred thousand Armenians whom they left alive until now."<ref name=dadrian />{{sfn|Charney|1994|p=123}}
|-
|<center>'''[[Şerif Pasha]]''' [[File:Turkish statesman denounces atrocities.png|170x170px]] {{Flagicon|Turkey}} [[Turkish]]
|<center>'''Ottoman statesman and ambassador to Sweden'''
Mehmed Şerif Pasha was the brother-in-law of Prime Minister [[Said Halim Pasha]] and was a prominent member of the Young Turk government.<ref name=newyorktimes /> In a [[New York Times]] article dated October 10, 1915, Şerif Pasha condemned the massacres and declared that the Young Turk government had the intentions of "exterminating" the Armenians for a long time.<ref name=newyorktimes>{{cite news|title=TURKISH STATESMAN DENOUNCES ATROCITIES: Cherif Pasha Says Young Turks Long Planned to Exterminate the Armenian.|url=http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=F1081EFA3F5512738FDDA90994D8415B858DF1D3|newspaper=New York Times|date=October 10, 1915|quote=II-19:3,4}}</ref>
|"To be sure, the state of mind of the Unionists was not revealed to the civilized world until they had openly taken sides with Germany; but for more than six years I have been at exposing them in the Mecheroutiette (his newspaper, published first in Constantinople and then in Paris) and indifferent journals and reviews, warning France and England of the plot against them and against certain nationalities within the Ottoman borders, notably the Armenians, that was being hatched."<ref name=newyorktimes />

"Alas! at the thought that a people so gifted, which has served as the fructifying soil for the renovation of the Ottoman Empire, is on the point of disappearing from history-not enslaved, as were the Jews by the Assyrians, but annihilated-even the most hardened heart must bleed: and I desire, through the medium of your estimable journal, to express to this race which is being a assassinated my anger toward the butchers and my immense pity for the victim's."<ref name=newyorktimes />
|-
|}

==Notes==
*{{note|reference_name_A|note}} The list excludes eyewitness accounts and survivor stories of ethnic Armenian victims and is limited to notable accounts of various diplomats, missionaries, politicians, and other notable figures regardless of their nationality.

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|last=Winter|first=J. M.|year=2003|title=America and the Armenian Genocide of 1915|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780511163821|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=pnLSRXAXTfcC&|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Oren|first=Michael B.|title=Power, Faith, and Fantasy: America in the Middle East: 1776 to the Present|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=0393341526|year=2011|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=IM0DectF0_8C&dq|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Charney|first=Israel|title=The Widening Circle of Genocide|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|isbn=1412839653|year=1994|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=I2chrSJCW54C&dq|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Riggs|first=Henry H.|year=1996|title=Days of Tragedy in Armenia: Personal Experiences in Harpoot, 1915-1917|publisher=Gomidas Institute|isbn=1884630014|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=2d2eSGCwrZYC&q|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Lewy|first=Guenter|year=2005|title=The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey: A Disputed Genocide|publisher=University of Utah Press|isbn=0874808499|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=w0Dm4Nl5k08C&dq|authorlink=Guenter Lewy|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Payaslian|first=Simon|title=United States Policy Toward the Armenian Question and the Armenian Genocide|year=2005|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=9781403978400|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=0MtO-6wRiHUC&dq|authorlink=Simon Payaslian|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Auron|first=Yair|title=The Banality of Indifference: Zionism and the Armenian Genocide|year=2000|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=1412844681|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=nnUR4hSTb8gC&dq|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Kiernan|first=Ben|title=Blood and Soil: Modern Genocide 1500-2000|year=2008|publisher=Melbourne University Publishing|isbn=052285477X|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=R5p7cRyK748C&dq|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Hull|first=Isabelle V.|title=Absolute Destruction:
Military Culture and the Practices of War in Imperial Germany|year=2013|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=080146708X|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=V_4rITDiSWgC&dq|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Forsythe|first=David P.|title=Encyclopedia of Human Rights, Volume 1|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2009|isbn=0195334027|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=1QbX90fmCVUC&dq|ref=harv}}

==Further reading==
*Miller, Donald E. and Lorna Touryan Miller. Survivors: An Oral History of the Armenian Genocide. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.
*Svazlian, Verjine. The Armenian Genocide: Testimonies of the Eyewitness Survivors. Yerevan: “Gitutiun” Publishing House of the NAS RA, 2000. [http://www.armeniapedia.org/wiki/The_Armenian_Genocide:_Testimonies_of_the_Eye-Witness_Survivors Complete text (Armenian)]
*Svazlian, Verjine. The Armenian Genocide and Historical Memory. Translated by Tigran Tsulikian. Yerevan: Gitutiun Publishing House, 2004.
*Dadrian, Vahakn N. Documentation of the Armenian Genocide in Turkish Sources. Jerusalem: Institute on the Holocaust and Genocide, 1991.
*United States Official Documents on the Armenian Genocide, 1915–1917, compiled by Ara Safarian. Princeton, N.J.: Gomidas Institute, 2004.
*Keith David Watenpaugh, The League of Nations Rescue of Armenian Genocide Survivors and the Making of Modern Humanitarianism, 1920-1927, American Historical Review, December 2010.
*Barton, James L. Turkish Atrocities: Statements of American Missionaries on the Destruction of Christian Communities in Ottoman Turkey, 1915-1917. Compiled by the Gomidas Institute, 1998.
*Totten, Samuel. First-person accounts of genocidal acts committed in the twentieth century: an annotated bibliography. Greenwood Press, 1991.

==External links==
*[http://www.genocide-museum.am/eng/eye_witnesses.php Eye-witnesses published by the Armenian Genocide Museum-Institute in Yerevan, Armenia]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dm-DXeKoaOQ Twenty Voices: Full length film featuring interviews with eyewitnesses and survivor stories. (YouTube video)]
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ej0sCaEsVmE Interview with an eyewitness to the Armenian Genocide - 104 year-old Armenian woman from the film Grandma's Tattoos presented by Al-Jazeera.]
*[http://vimeo.com/13754424 Excerpts featuring survivor witnesses from the documentary film by Carlo Massa: “Destination: nowhere” (Vimeo video)]

[[Category:Armenian Genocide]]
[[Category:Witnesses of the Armenian Genocide]]

Yíng (Familienname)

2013-07-11T21:20:13Z

DPL bot: removing dablinks template; fewer than 4 disambig links (see the FAQ)

{{cleanup|reason=language|date=June 2013}}

{{Infobox surname
| name = Ying
| image =
| image_size =
| caption = Ying surname
| pronunciation =
| language = Chinese
| languageorigin = [[Old Chinese]]
| origin =
| derivation = [[Shaohao]] (少昊) [[Gao_Yao_(Xia_Dynasty)|Gaoyao]] (皋陶) [[Yi (husbandman)|Boyi]] (伯益) [[Feizi]] (非子) [[Ying Zheng]] (嬴政)
| meaning = Be Full (嬴)
| variant = Young/[[Yong]]/[[Yang (surname)|Yang]]/[[Wang (surname)|Wang]]
| cognate = [[Jin (surname)]] [[Li (surname)]] [[Xu (surname)]] [[Zhao (surname)]]
| derivative = Ing/In/[[Yin (surname)|Yin]]
| seealso = [[Qin (state)]] [[Qi Dynasty]] [[Former Qin]]
| family = [[Chinese language|Chinese]]
}}

'''Ying''' 嬴 is a Chinese surname. It is the royal house name of the early [[Qin (state)]], and [[Qin Dynasty]]. [[Qin Shi Huang|Ying Zheng]], the first emperor of the unified Chinese empire. He is the only person that carries two titles '''King of Qin state''' and '''First Emperor of Chinese Empire'''.

Zhao family is one kind of Ying tribe
There are 14 clan names in [[China]] derived the same ancestral name '''Ying''' 嬴, they are:
Famous member of the Ying group are from the '''Zhao family''':

==the origin of Ying family ==
old Chinese has [[two]] surname of the Sub surname and [[Root]] surname. the Sub surname same a [[family]] name in Modern China. [[Root]] surname is [[Tribe]] name in Ancient China, or [[title]] of Royal family in old Chinese Dynasty. [[Yíng (Chinese surname)|Ying]] (嬴) is root surname.

[[Shaohao]] have a Child the [[Gao_Yao_(Xia_Dynasty)|Gaoyao]], also Gaoyao (皋陶) have a child a [[Yi (husbandman)|Boyi]] (伯益). Boyi (伯益) has Job for [[flood control]] and get surname Ying (嬴) at early [[Xia Dynasty]] period. [[Yu the Great]] give a the state of [[Dengfeng]] to the son of Boyi (伯益), thus started the [[Ying (state)|State of Ying]] (英). also, other the children of Boyi (伯益) became feudal lord of [[Liu (state)]] (六), [[Xuchang|Xu (Chinese state)]] (許) by order of [[Yu the Great]]. later [[Yíng (Chinese surname)|Ying]] (赢) tribe founded in state of Ying (英), Liu (六), Xu (許) in [[Henan]].
<ref>[https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E7%9B%8A story of 伯益]</ref>
<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Yao_(Xia_Dynasty)] gao yao</ref>
<ref>[http://www.baike.com/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E7%9B%8A story of 伯益]</ref>
<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yi_(husbandman) boyi]</ref>

Ying tribe is poerful feudal lord in at last [[Shang Dynasty]] period. [[Feilian]] (蜚廉) the [[Yíng (Chinese surname)|Ying]] (皋) family is the General and feudal lord of [[Shang Dynasty]] the [[King Zhou of Shang]] period. after fall of [[Shang Dynasty]], Ying tribe move to [[Shanxi]] and [[Gansu]].
<ref>[http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9C%9A%E5%BB%89 蜚廉]</ref>
<ref>[http://www.internet.hk/doc-view-29937.html story of 蜚廉]</ref>

[[Yíng (Chinese surname)|Ying]] (皋) family, Feizi (非子, Biza) get the [[Qin County]] (秦邑) in [[Shanxi]] from Government of [[Zhou Dynasty]] the [[King_Xiao_of_Zhou]] period, therefore started the [[Qin Dynasty]].<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feizi</ref>

old Chinese [[Yīng (surname)|Ying]] tribe the [[Bai people]], [[Xu people]], [[Qiang people]], and some [[Nomad]] Chinese founded in territory in [[Qin (state)]]. also, in the [[Qin (state)]] the [[Duke Mu of Qin]] period, [[Xirong (people)|Xirong]] people join a [[Qin (state)]] for army of [[Qin (state)]].<ref>[http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B1%E4%BD%99 由余]</ref> the [[Yíng (Chinese surname)|Ying]] royal family of [[Qin (state)]] get various surname from any surname of the Citizen in [[Qin (state)]].

after the [[Duke Zhuang of Qin]], [[Longxi]] of [[Gansu]] and that around is territory of [[Qin (state)]]. that place merge to territory of [[Xiongnu|Xiongnu Dynasty]] after fall of [[Qin Dynasty]]. in the [[Han Dynasty]] period, [[Emperor Wu of Han]] again get a territory of [[Gansu]] and [[Silk Road]].

after fall of [[Qin Dynasty]], [[Yíng (Chinese surname)|Ying]] family with Citizen of [[Qin Dynasty]] remain in [[Longxi]] of [[Gansu]]. also, some Ying family emigrated to the state of [[Xiongnu]]. thus [[Xiongnu]] people called Qin or [[Jin (surname)|Jin people]] about Citizen of [[Qin Dynasty]], they some became feudal lord of [[Xiongnu|Xiongnu Dynasty]].

==='Ying' Pronunciation in Chinese===

[[File:Zh-yíng.ogg|'Ying' Pronunciation in Chinese]]

==surname, Ying==
*[[Yíng (Chinese surname)|Ying (surame)]] (嬴) from [[Yi (husbandman)|Boyi]]
*[[Jin (surname)]] (金) from [[Shaohao]], based in [[Xian]]
*[[Qi (surname)]] (祁) from [[Shaohao]], based in [[Xian]]
*[[Xu (surname)]] (徐) from [[Qin (state)]]
*[[Li (surname)]] (李) from [[Gaoyao]], based on [[Longxi]]
*[[Li (surname)]] (李) the [[Li Shiji]] from [[Xu (surname)]] (徐) the [[Xu Shiji]]
*[[Gao (surname)]] (高) from [[Xu (surname)]] (徐)
*[[Yan (surname)]] (嚴) from Qin (state), based in [[Xian]]
*[[Zhang (surname)]] (張) from [[Zhang Yi (Warring States Period)|Zhang Yi]]
*[[Qin (surname)]] (秦) from Qin (state), based in [[Xian]]
*[[Liang (surname)]] (梁), Dialect the Yang
*[[Yang (surname)]] (楊) of seond, based in [[Xian]]
*[[Xiao (surname)]] (蕭) of first, saw at [[Liao Dynasty]]
*[[Zhao (surname)]] (赵)
*[[Fei (surname)]] (费)
*[[Pei (surname)]] (裴)
*[[Ma (surname)]] (马)
*[[Ge (surname)]] (葛)
*[[Gu (surname)]] (谷)
*[[Mou (surname)]] (缪)
*[[Zhong (surname)]] (钟)
*[[Qu (surname)]] (瞿)

==See also==
*[[Feizi]]
*[[Feilian]]
*[[Duke Zhuang of Qin]]
*[[King Zhuangxiang of Qin]]
*[[Qin Shi Huang Di]]

==Chinese Race Subline==
*[[Feng (surname)]]
*[[Si (surname)]]
*[[Zi (surname)]]
*[[Ji (surname)]]
*[[Gui (surname)]]
*[[Xiong (surname)]]
*[[Jiang (surname)]]
*[[Liu (surname)]]
*[[Li (surname)]]
*[[Jin (surname)]]

==references==
<references />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ying (Chinese surname)}}
[[Category:Surnames]]
[[Category:Chinese-language surnames]]

Yíng (Familienname)

2013-06-12T09:38:52Z

DPL bot: adding dablinks template; 7 or more disambig links (see the FAQ)

{{dablinks|date=June 2013}}
{{Infobox surname
| name = Ying (嬴)
| image =
| image_size =
| caption = Ying surname
| pronunciation =
| language = Chinese
| languageorigin = [[Old Chinese]]
| origin =
| derivation = [[Shaohao]] (少昊) [[Gao_Yao_(Xia_Dynasty)|Gaoyao]] (皋陶) [[Yi (husbandman)|Boyi]] (伯益) [[Feizi]] (非子) [[Ying Zheng]] (嬴政)
| meaning = Be Full
| variant = [[Young]]/[[Yong]]/[[Yang]]/[[Wang]]
| cognate = [[Jin (surname)]] [[Li (surname)]] [[Xu (surname)]] [[Zhao (surname)]]
| derivative = [[Ing]]/[[In]]/[[Yin]]
| seealso = [[Qin (state)]] [[Qi Dynasty]] [[Former Qin]]
| family = [[Han Chinese]]
}}

'''Ying''' 嬴 is a Chinese surname. It is the royal house name of the early [[Qin (state)]], and [[Qin Dynasty]]. [[Qin Shi Huang|Zhao Zheng]], the first emperor of the unified Chinese empire. He is the only person that carries two titles '''King of Qin state''' and '''First Emperor of Chinese Empire'''.

Zhao famaily is one kind of Ying tribe
There are 14 clan names in [[China]] derived the same ancestral name '''Ying''' 嬴, they are:
Famous member of the Ying group are from the '''Zhao family''':

==origin of Qin Shi Huang Di the Ying ==
[[Shaohao]] have a Chind the [[Gao_Yao_(Xia_Dynasty)]], also Gaoyao (皋陶) have a child a [[Yi (husbandman)|Boyi]] (伯益). the sons of [[Boyi]] (伯益) became feudal lord of [[Ying (state)]] (英), [[Liu (state)]] (六), [[Xu (Chinese state)]] (許) by order of [[Yu the Great]]. later [[Ying]] (赢) tribe founded in state of Ying (英), Liu (六), Xu (許) in [[Henan]].<ref>https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E7%9B%8A</ref><ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao_Yao_(Xia_Dynasty)</ref><ref>http://www.baike.com/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E7%9B%8A</ref><ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yi_(husbandman)</ref>

Ying tribe is poerful feudal lord in at last [[Shang Dynasty]] period. [[Feilian]] (蜚廉) the [[Ying]] (皋) family is the General and feudal lord of [[Shang Dynasty]] the [[King Zhou of Shang]] period. after fall of [[Shang Dynasty]], Ying tribe move to [[Shanxi]] and [[Gansu]].<ref>http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%9C%9A%E5%BB%89</ref><ref>http://www.internet.hk/doc-view-29937.html</ref>

[[Ying]] (皋) family, Feizi (非子, Biza) get the [[Qin County]] (秦邑) in [[Shanxi]] from Government of [[Zhou Dynasty]] the [[King_Xiao_of_Zhou]] period, therefore statrted a [[Qin Dynasty]].<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feizi</ref>

Various [[Chinese]] join to Citizen of [[Qin (state)]]. <ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Mu_of_Qin</ref> also, [[Bai people]], [[Xu|Xu people]], [[Qiang people]], some [[Nomad]] people Lived in territory in [[Qin (state)]]. in the [[Qin (state)]] the [[Duke Mu of Qin]] period, You Yu (由余) the [[Xirong]] people join a [[Qin (state)]], became Citizen of [[Qin (state)]].<ref>http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B1%E4%BD%99</ref> the royal of [[Qin (state)]] get from any surname in Citizen of [[Qin (state)]].

after fall of [[Qin Dynasty]], some [[Ying]] family with Citizen of [[Qin Dynasty]] emigrate to [[Longxi]] of [[Gansu]], and the state of [[Xiongnu]]. [[Xiongnu]] people called Qin or [[Jin|Jin people]] about Citizen of [[Qin Dynasty]], some became feudal lord of [[Xiongnu|Xiongnu Dynasty]].<ref>Book of the Later Han</ref>

===='Ying' Pronunciation in Chinese====

[[File:Zh-yíng.ogg|'Ying' Pronunciation in Chinese]]

==surname, Ying==
*[[Jin (surname)]] (金) from [[Shaohao]], based in [[Xian]]
*[[Qi (surname)]] (祁) from [[Shaohao]], based in [[Xian]]
*[[Xu (surname)]] (徐) from [[Qin (state)]]
*[[Li (surname)]] (李) from [[Gaoyao]], based on [[Longxi]]
*[[Li (surname)]] (李) the [[Li Shiji]] from [[Xu (surname)]] (徐) the [[Xu Shiji]]
*[[Gao (surname)]] (高) from [[Xu (surname)]] (徐)
*[[Yan (surname)]] (嚴) from Qin (state), based in [[Xian]]
*[[Zhang (surname)]] (張) from [[Zhang Yi (Warring States Period)|Zhang Yi]]
*[[Qin|Qin (surname)]] (秦) from Qin (state), based in [[Xian]]
*[[Liang (surname)]] (梁), Dialect the [[Yang]]
*[[Yang (surname)]] (楊)
*[[Zhao (surname)]] (赵)
*[[Huang (surname)]] (黄)
*[[Fei (surname)]] (费)
*[[Pei (surname)]] (裴)
*[[Ma (surname)]] (马)
*[[Ge (surname)]] (葛)
*[[Gu (surname)]] (谷)
*[[Mou (surname)]] (缪)
*[[Zhong (surname)]] (钟)
*[[Qu (surname)]] (瞿)

==See also==
*[[Feizi]]
*[[Feilian]]
*[[King Zhuangxiang of Qin]]
*[[Qin Shi Huang Di]]
*[[Zhao (surname)]]
*[[Zhao (state)]]
*[[Zhao Gao]]

==Chinese Race Subline==

*[[Si (surname)]] of the [[Xia Dynasty]]
*[[Zi (surname)]] of the [[Shang Dynasty]]
*[[Ji (surname)]] of the [[Zhou Dynasty]]
*[[Jiang (surname)]] of the [[Qi (state)]]
*[[Gui (surname)]] of the [[Chen (state)]]
*[[Xiong (surname)]] of the [[Chu (state)]]
*[[Liu (surname)]] of the [[Han Dynasty]]
==references==
<references />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ying (Chinese surname)}}
[[Category:Surnames]]
[[Category:Chinese-language surnames]]

Yíng (Familienname)

2013-06-06T21:32:13Z

DPL bot: adding dablinks template; 7 or more disambig links (see the FAQ)

{{dablinks|date=June 2013}}
{{no footnotes|date=September 2012}}

{{Royal house|
|surname =House of Ying (嬴)
|estate =China
|coat of arms =
|country =[[Qin Dynasty]]
|parent house =
|titles = [[King of Qin]]
|founder =[[Zhuanxu]]
|final ruler =[[Qin Er Shi]]
|current head =
|founding year = 778 BC
|deposition = Surrender to [[Liu Bang]] 207 BCE
|nationality =[[Han Chinese]]
|cadet branches = [[Zhao (surname)|Zhao clan]]（赵氏） - China,
}}

'''Ying''' 嬴 is a Chinese surname. It is the royal house name of the early [[Qin (state)]].

There are 14 clan names in [[China]] derived the same ancestral name '''Ying''' 嬴, they are:
Famous member of the Ying group are from the '''Zhao clan''': [[Qin Shi Huang|Zhao Zheng]], the first emperor of the unified Chinese empire. He is the only person that carries two titles '''King of Qin state''' and '''First Emperor of Chinese Empire'''.

==origin of Qin Shi Huang Di the Ying ==
[[Shaohao]] have a Chind the [[Gaoyao]], also Gaoyao (皋陶) have a child a [[Boyi]] (伯益). the sons of [[Boyi]] (伯益) became feudal lord of [[Ying (state)]] (英), [[Liu (state)]] (六), [[Xu (Chinese state)]] (許) by order of [[Yu the Great]]. later [[Ying]] (赢) tribe founded in state of Ying (英), Liu (六), Xu (許) in [[Henan]].

Ying tribe is poerful feudal lord in at last [[Shang Dynasty]] period. [[Feilian]] (蜚廉) the [[Ying]] (皋) family is the General and feudal lord of [[Shang Dynasty]] the [[King Zhou of Shang]] period. after fall of [[Shang Dynasty]], Ying tribe move to [[Shanxi]] and [[Gansu]].

Feizi (非子, Biza) the [[Ying]] (皋) family became feudal lord of [[Qin County]] (秦邑) in [[Shanxi]] at [[Zhou Dynasty]] the [[King_Xiao_of_Zhou]] period, therefore statrted a [[Qin Dynasty]].

also, Citizen of Qin Dynasty is [[Political]] [[Ying]] family. [[Bai people]], [[Xu|Xu people]], [[Qiang people]], [[Nomad]] people Lived in territory in [[Qin Dynasty]], they too
[[Ying]] tribe. middle [[Qin (state)]] period, Various [[Nomad]] tribe merge to Citizen of [[Qin (state)]] for army of [[Qin]]. in the [[Qin (state)]] the [[Duke Mu of Qin]] period, You Yu (由余) the [[Xirong]] people join a [[Qin (state)]], became Citizen of [[Qin (state)]]. the royal of [[Qin (state)]] take from any surname in Citizen of [[Qin (state)]].

after fall of [[Qin Dynasty]], some [[Ying]] family with Citizen of [[Qin Dynasty]] emigrate to [[Longxi]] of [[Gansu]], and the state of [[Xiongnu]]. [[Xiongnu]] people called Qin or [[Jin|Jin people]] about Citizen of [[Qin Dynasty]], some became feudal lord of [[Xiongnu|Xiongnu Dynasty]].

===='Ying' Pronunciation in Chinese====

[[File:Zh-yíng.ogg|'Ying' Pronunciation in Chinese]]

==surname, Ying==
*[[Jin (surname)]] (金) from [[Shaohao]], based in [[Xian]]
*[[Qi (surname)]] (祁) from [[Shaohao]], based in [[Xian]]
*[[Xu (surname)]] (徐) from [[Qin (state)]]
*[[Li (surname)]] (李) from [[Gaoyao]], based on [[Longxi]]
*[[Li (surname)]] (李) the [[Li Shiji]] from [[Xu (surname)]] the [[Xu Shiji]]
*[[Gao (surname)]] (高) from [[Xu (surname)]] (徐)
*[[Gao (surname)]] (高) from [[Zhuanxu]] the [[Gao Yang]] (高陽)
*[[Yan (surname)]] (嚴) from Qin (state), based in [[Xian]]
*[[Qin|Qin (surname)]] (秦) from Qin (state), based in [[Xian]]
*[[Jiang (surname)]] (江), Dialect the [[Kang]]
*[[Liang (surname)]] (梁), Dialect the [[Yang]]
*[[Yang (surname)]] (楊)
*[[Zhao (surname)]] (赵)
*[[Huang (surname)]] (黄)
*[[Fei (surname)]] (费)
*[[Pei (surname)]] (裴)
*[[Lian (surname)]] (廉)
*[[Ma (surname)]] (马)
*[[Ge (surname)]] (葛)
*[[Gu (surname)]] (谷)
*[[Mou (surname)]] (缪)
*[[Zhong (surname)]] (钟)
*[[Qu (surname)]] (瞿)

==See also==
*[[Feizi]]
*[[Feilian]]
*[[King Zhuangxiang of Qin]]
*[[Qin Shi Huang Di]]
*[[Zhao (surname)]]
*[[Zhao (state)]]
*[[Zhao Gao]]

==Chinese Race Subline==

*[[Xi (surname)]] of the [[Xia Dynasty]]
*[[Zi (surname)]] of the [[Shang Dynasty]]
*[[Ji (surname)]] of the [[Zhou Dynasty]]
*[[Jiang (surname)]] of the [[Qi (state)]]
*[[Gui (surname)]] of the [[Chen (state)]]
*[[Xiong (surname)]] of the [[Chu (state)]]
*[[Liu (surname)]] of the [[Han Dynasty]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ying (Chinese surname)}}
[[Category:Surnames]]
[[Category:Chinese-language surnames]]

Emmett J. Scanlan

2013-06-04T10:37:39Z

DPL bot: removing dablinks template; fewer than 4 disambig links (see the FAQ)

{{Infobox person
| name = Emmett J. Scanlan
| image = Emmett J Scanlan.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1979|1|31}}<ref>http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1631384/.html</ref>
| birth_place = [[Dublin]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]
| occupation = [[Actor]]
| yearsactive = 2004-present
| website =
}}
'''Emmett J. Scanlan''' (born 31st January 1979<ref name="rte"/>) is an Irish actor from [[Dublin]]. He is best known for playing the villains, Brendan Brady in ''[[Hollyoaks]]'' and Charlie Barnum in ''Charlie Casanova''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.charliecasanovathemovie.com/cast___crew.html |title=www.charliecasanovathemovie.com |publisher=www.charliecasanovathemovie.com |date= |accessdate=2012-01-28}}</ref>

In 2008 and 2009, Scanlan appeared in the [[Justin Timberlake]]-produced MTV series [[The Phone (U.S. TV series)|''The Phone'']] as "The Operator".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nypost.com/seven/04202009/tv/jt__is_that_you_calling__165339.htm|title=JT, is That you Calling?|publisher=New York Post|author=Linda Stasi | date=2009-04-20}}</ref> He also featured in [[RTÉ Two]]'s fly on-the-wall documentary series, ''[[Hollywood Trials]]''.<ref name="rte">{{cite web|url=http://www.rte.ie/tv/hollywoodtrials/emmettscanlan.html|title=RTÉ Television - Hollywood Trials: Emmett Scanlan|publisher=RTÉ}}</ref>

He appears alongside [[Gillian Anderson]] and fellow ''[[Hollyoaks]]'' actors [[Bronagh Waugh]], [[Gerard McCarthy]] and [[Karen Hassan]] in the BBC2 drama [[The Fall (TV series)|''The Fall'']] starting in May of 2013.

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Lapse (film)|Lapse]]'' || Guy || Post-Production
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Black Coffee (2012 film)|Black Coffee]]'' || Him || Short film
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Big Top (film)|Big Top]]'' || Lead role || Short film
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Analogue Love]]'' || Guy || Feature film
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Legends of Valhalla: Thor]]'' || Sindri || voice
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Charlie Casanova]]'' || Charlie Barnum || feature film
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Blood (2010 film)|BLOOD]]'' || Guy || Feature film
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Glassjaw (film)|Glassjaw]]'' || Christian Connolly || Short film
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Imperfect Couple]]'' || Him || Short film
|-
| 2010 || ''[[The Inside (film)|The Inside]]'' || Hughie ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[The Rise of the Bricks]]'' || Ste ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Savage (2009 film)|Savage]]'' || Gym changing room guy 1 ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[3 Crosses]]'' || Jonnie Linski ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[The Bet (2008 Short film)|The Bet]]'' || Anthony ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Freakdog]]'' || Stranger || Feature film
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Colour From The Dark]]'' || Luigi ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Trapped (2008 film)|Trapped]]'' || Prison Officer McMahon ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Christian Blake]]'' || Floyd ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Pass Them On]]'' || James Collins || Short
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Mebollix]]'' || Copier man || Short
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Studs (2006 film)|Studs]]'' || Jake ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Triple Bill]]'' || Jack || Short film
|-
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 2013 || ''[[The Fall (TV series)|The Fall]]'' || Glen Martin || 4 episodes
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Hollyoaks Later]]'' || [[Brendan Brady]] || 5 episodes
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Hollyoaks: King of Hearts]]'' || [[Brendan Brady]] || 1 episode
|-
| 2010-2013 || ''[[Hollyoaks]]'' || [[Brendan Brady]] ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Mariana (TV series)|Mariana]]'' || Leonard Dalton ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[The Guards (TV series)|The Guards]]'' || Diarmuid O'Briain ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Mattie (TV series)|Mattie]]'' || Paul ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[The Phone (UK TV series)|The Phone]]'' || The Operator ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Marú]]'' || John Cousins ||
|-
| 2008-2009 || ''[[The Clinic (TV series)|The Clinic]]'' || Jimmy Rice ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[The Roaring Twenties (TV series)|The Roaring Twenties]]'' || Pierre Leguin ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Paddywhackery]]'' || Stephen ||
|-
| 2004 || ''[[The Big Bow Wow]]'' || Robert ||
|-
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%"
|-
! Year
! Result
! Award
! Category
! Film or series
! Character
|-
| rowspan="6"|2013
| {{Won}}
| [[British Soap Awards]]
| Best Onscreen Partnership (with [[Kieron Richardson]])<ref name="digitalspy">{{cite news|title=British Soap Awards 2013 - winners in full|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/news/a482584/british-soap-awards-2013-winners-in-full.html|publisher=digitalspy.co.uk|date=18 May 2013|accessdate=19 May 2013}}</ref>
| ''[[Hollyoaks]]''
| Brendan Brady (with Ste Hay)
|-
| {{Shortlisted}}*
| [[British Soap Awards]]
| Best Actor <ref name="digitalspy" />
| ''[[Hollyoaks]]''
| Brendan Brady
|-
| {{Shortlisted}}*
| [[British Soap Awards]]
| Villain of the Year <ref name="digitalspy" />
| ''[[Hollyoaks]]''
| Brendan Brady
|-
| {{nom}}
| [[British Soap Awards]]
| Best Exit <ref name="digitalspy" />
| ''[[Hollyoaks]]''
| Brendan Brady
|-
| {{nom}}
| [[National Television Awards]]
| Most Popular Serial Drama Performance
| ''[[Hollyoaks]]''
| Brendan Brady
|-
| {{Won}}
| [[All About Soap]] Awards
| Forbidden Romance (with [[Kieron Richardson]])<ref>{{cite news|title='Hollyoaks' leads 2013 All About Soap Award winners|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s13/hollyoaks/news/a468013/hollyoaks-leads-2013-all-about-soap-award-winners.html|publisher=digitalspy.co.uk|date=24 March 2013|accessdate=19 May 2013}}</ref>
| ''[[Hollyoaks]]''
| Brendan Brady (with Ste Hay)
|-
| rowspan="6"|2012
| {{Shortlisted}}*
| [[TV Choice]] Awards
| Best Soap Actor
| ''[[Hollyoaks]]''
| Brendan Brady
|-
| {{Shortlisted}}*
| [[British Soap Awards]]
| Best Actor <ref>{{cite news|title=British Soap Awards 2012 - winners in full|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/news/a378918/british-soap-awards-2012-winners-in-full.html|publisher=digitalspy.co.uk|date=19 April 2012|accessdate=19 May 2013}}</ref>
| ''[[Hollyoaks]]''
| Brendan Brady
|-
| {{Won}}
| [[Inside Soap Awards]]
| Best Actor <ref name="insidesoapawards">{{cite web|url=http://www.rte.ie/ten/2012/0925/insidesoapawards.html|title=Ireland's Scanlan wins Best Soap Actor|publisher=RTÉ Ten|date=25 September 2012|accessdate=25 September 2012}}</ref>
| ''[[Hollyoaks]]''
| Brendan Brady
|-
| {{Won}}
| [[Inside Soap Awards]]
| Best Bad Boy <ref name="insidesoapawards" />
| ''[[Hollyoaks]]''
| Brendan Brady
|-
| {{nom}}*
| [[National Television Awards]]
| Outstanding Serial Drama Performance
| ''[[Hollyoaks]]''
| Brendan Brady
|-
| {{nom}}
| [[Irish Film & Television Awards]]
| Rising Star Award
|
|
|-
| rowspan="10"|2011
| {{Won}}
| [[British Soap Awards]]
| Villain of the Year
| ''[[Hollyoaks]]''
| Brendan Brady
|-
| {{Won}}
| [[British Soap Awards]]
| Best Newcomer
| ''[[Hollyoaks]]''
| Brendan Brady
|-
| {{Shortlisted}}*
| [[British Soap Awards]]
| Best Actor
| ''[[Hollyoaks]]''
| Brendan Brady
|-
| {{Nominated}}
| [[British Soap Awards]]
| Best Onscreen Partnership (with [[Kieron Richardson]])
| ''[[Hollyoaks]]''
| Brendan Brady (with Ste Hay)
|-
| {{Won}}
| [[Inside Soap Awards]]
| Best Newcomer
| ''[[Hollyoaks]]''
| Brendan Brady
|-
| {{Shortlisted}}*
| [[TV Choice]] Awards
| Best Soap Actor
| ''[[Hollyoaks]]''
| Brendan Brady
|-
| {{Shortlisted}}*
| [[TV Choice]] Awards
| Best Soap Newcomer
| ''[[Hollyoaks]]''
| Brendan Brady
|-
| {{nom}}*
| [[National Television Awards]]
| Best Newcomer
| ''[[Hollyoaks]]''
| Brendan Brady
|-
| {{Won}}
| [[ÉCU The European Independent Film festival]]
| Best Actor
| ''Charlie Casanova''
| Charlie Barnum
|-
| {{Won}}
| [[Melbourne Underground Film Festival]]
| Best Actor <ref>{{cite news|title=Irish Film ‘Charlie Casanova’ Wins Three Top Awards At Melbourne Film Festival|url=http://www.iftn.ie/news/?act1=record&only=1&aid=73&rid=4285348&tpl=archnews&force=1|publisher=iftn.ie|date=14 September 2012|accessdate=19 May 2013}}</ref>
| ''Charlie Casanova''
| Charlie Barnum
|-
|}
*(*) means there were two main rounds of nominations for that category. Shortlisted means he made it to the second and final round of voting.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons cat}}
* {{IMDB name|1631384|Emmett J. Scanlan}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Scanlan, Emmett J.
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = An actor from Ireland
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1979
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Ireland, [[Dublin]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Scanlan, Emmett J.}}
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Irish film actors]]
[[Category:Irish television actors]]
[[Category:People from Dublin (city)]]

Ohio State Buckeyes (Footballteam)

2013-05-30T21:29:09Z

DPL bot: adding dablinks template; 7 or more disambig links (see the FAQ)

{{dablinks|date=May 2013}}
{{Infobox NCAA football school
| CurrentSeason = 2012 Ohio State Buckeyes football team
| TeamName = Ohio State Buckeyes football
| Image = Ohio State Buckeyes logo.svg
| ImageSize = 150px
| HeadCoachDisplay = Urban Meyer
| HeadCoachLink = Urban Meyer
| HeadCoachYear = 1st
| HCWins = 12
| HCLosses = 0
| HCTies =
| OtherStaff =
| Stadium = Ohio Stadium
| StadiumBuilt = 1922
| StadCapacity = 102,329
| StadSurface = FieldTurf
| Location = Columbus, Ohio
| ConferenceDisplay= Big Ten
| ConferenceLink = Big Ten Conference
| ConfDivision = Leaders
| FirstYear = 1890
| AthlDirectorDisp = Gene Smith
| AthlDirectorLink = Gene Smith (athletic director)
| Radio = Ohio State Football Radio Network
| Announcers = [[Paul Keels]] (Play By Play) [[Jim Lachey]] (Color) [[Marty Bannister]] (Sideline)
| WebsiteName = OhioStateBuckeyes.com
| WebsiteURL = http://ohiostatebuckeyes.com/
| ATWins = 837
| ATLosses = 316
| ATTies = 53
| ATPercentage = .716
| BowlWins = 19
| BowlLosses = 23
| BowlTies =
| NatlTitles = 7 (1942, 1954, 1957, 1961, 1968, 1970, 2002)
| ConfTitles = 36 (2 [[Ohio Athletic Conference|OAC]], 34 [[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]])
| DivTitles = 1 (Big Ten Leaders, 2012)
| Heismans = 7
| AllAmericans = {{American college football All-Americans|Ohio St.}}
| uniform = Image:BigTen-Uniform-OSU.png
| Color1 = Scarlet
| Color1Hex = 990000
| Color2 = Gray
| Color2Hex = 999999
| FightSong =[[Carmen Ohio]] (Alma Mater) [[Across the Field]] and [[Buckeye Battle Cry]]
| MascotDisplay = Brutus Buckeye
| MascotLink = Brutus Buckeye
| MarchingBand = [[The Ohio State University Marching Band]]
| PagFreeLabel = Outfitter
| PagFreeValue = [[Nike, Inc.]]
| PagFreeLabel = Rivals
| PagFreeValue = [[Michigan Wolverines football|Michigan Wolverines]] [[Penn State Nittany Lions football|Penn State Nittany Lions]] [[Illinois Fighting Illini football|Illinois Fighting Illini]]
}}
'''The Ohio State Buckeyes football''' team is a [[College football|collegiate football team]] that competes as part of the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association]] (NCAA) Division I [[Division I (NCAA)|Football Bowl Subdivision]], representing [[The Ohio State University]] in the Leaders Division of the [[Big Ten Conference]]. Ohio State has played their home games at [[Ohio Stadium]] in [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]], [[Ohio]] since 1922.<ref>{{cite web | title = Ohio Stadium | publisher = Ohio State Buckeyes| url = http://www.ohiostatebuckeyes.com/facilities/ohio-stadium.html | accessdate = 2012-06-10}}</ref>

The Buckeyes claim seven [[College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS|national championships]]<ref name="Yearly Results">{{cite web | title = Ohio State Buckeyes Football Results by Year | publisher = Ohio State Buckeyes.com | url = http://grfx.cstv.com/schools/osu/graphics/pdf/m-footbl/10_p102to131.pdf | accessdate = 2012-06-10}}</ref> along with 36 conference championships and ten undefeated seasons. Ohio State is second among all Big Ten programs in terms of conference championships (34) and has an overall record of 460-195-28 in conference play.<ref>{{cite web | title = Ohio State Opponents | publisher = College Football Data Warehouse| url = http://www.cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/div_ia/bigten/ohio_state/opponents.php | accessdate = 2012-06-10}}</ref> With 837 wins in over 123 seasons of football, Ohio State ranks fifth among all programs in terms of total wins and is fifth all-time in win–loss records in the NCAA.<ref name="NCAA History">{{cite web | title = Football Bowl Subdivision Records| publisher = NCAA| url = http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/football_records/DI/2008/FBS%20compiled.pdf | accessdate = 2012-06-10}}</ref> In 2009, [[ESPN]] ranked Ohio State as the third most prestigious college football program in history behind only [[USC Trojans football|Southern California, (USC)]], and [[Oklahoma Sooners football|Oklahoma]].<ref>http://sports.espn.go.com/ncf/news/story?id=3849468</ref>

Football was introduced to the university by George Cole and [[Alexander S. Lilley]] in 1890. Lilley led the Buckeyes to a record of three wins and five losses over his two seasons as head coach. Ohio State was a [[NCAA Division I FBS independent schools|football independent]] from 1890 to 1901 before joining the [[Ohio Athletic Conference]] (OAC) as a charter member in 1902.<ref name="Yearly Results"/> The Buckeyes won two conference championships while members of the OAC and in 1912 became members of the [[Big Ten Conference]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Big Ten History | publisher = Big Ten Conference| url = http://www.bigten.org/trads/big10-trads.html | accessdate = 2012-06-10}}</ref> The school saw its first real success in football and in the Big Ten under head coach [[John Wilce]], who spent sixteen years at the university and won three conference championships, with a [[Rose Bowl Game|Rose Bowl]] appearance in [[1928 Rose Bowl|1928]]. Ohio State won two more Big Ten titles under head coach [[Francis Schmidt]] and would win their first national championship in [[1942 college football season|1942]] under legendary head coach [[Paul Brown]].<ref name="Yearly Results"/>

Following [[World War II]], Ohio State saw sparse success on the football field with three separate coaches and in 1951 would hire [[Woody Hayes]] to coach the team. Under his guidance Ohio State won thirteen Big Ten championships and national championships in [[1954 college football season|1954]], [[1957 college football season|1957]], [[1961 college football season|1961]], [[1968 college football season|1968]] and [[1970 college football season|1970]]. During his tenure Ohio State appeared Rose Bowl eight times, with the Buckeyes winning four of them.<ref name="Yearly Results"/> Following Hayes' dismissal in 1978, [[Earle Bruce]] became the head coach, leading the Buckeyes to a conference championship and a Rose Bowl appearance in his first season. Bruce coached for the Buckeyes from 1979 to 1987 and was replaced in 1988 by [[John Cooper (American football)|John Cooper]].<ref name="Yearly Results"/> Under Cooper and Bruce the Buckeyes won seven conference championships. [[Jim Tressel]] was hired as head coach in 2001 and quickly gave Ohio State its seventh national championship in [[2002 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|2002]] with a win in the [[2003 Fiesta Bowl|Fiesta Bowl]].<ref>{{cite web | title = 2003 Fiesta Bowl | publisher = FiestaBowl.org| url = http://www.fiestabowl.org/tostitos-fiesta-bowl/tostitos-fiesta-bowl-game-history/game-results-recaps/32nd-annual-fiesta-bowl.php | accessdate = 2012-06-10}}</ref> Ohio State won seven Big Ten championships under Tressel and appeared in eight [[Bowl Championship Series]] games, winning five of them. Through the 2011 season, Ohio State has compiled an official overall record of 837 wins, 316 losses, 53 ties and has appeared in 43 [[bowl game]]s, with the most recent coming in [[2012 Gator Bowl]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Gator Bowl win over Ohio State boosts Florida Gators’ outlook | publisher = Miami Herald | url = http://www.miamiherald.com/2012/01/03/2570866/gator-bowl-win-over-ohio-state.html | accessdate = 2012-06-10}}</ref>

In late 2010, it was found that five Buckeye players had improperly sold memorabilia to the owner of a tattoo parlor. The players were to be suspended for the first five games of the 2011-2012 season. Tressell decided against calls to suspend the players for the [[2011 Sugar Bowl]], which the Buckeyes went on to win 31-26 over Arkansas and their fifth BCS bowl victory since hiring Tressel. In March 2011, it was discovered that Tressel had prior knowledge of the violations committed by his players, and he was suspended for the first five games of the 2011 season. After facing months of intense criticism and damning reports, Tressel resigned (later changed to 'retired') as head coach on May 31, 2011. [[Luke Fickell]], assistant coach and former Buckeye player, was hired as the interim coach for the 2011-2012 season. Tressel left Ohio State as its third-winningest coach and won or shared 7 Big Ten titles.

On November 28, 2011, two-time National Championship winning coach and native Ohioan [[Urban Meyer]] became head coach,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://espn.go.com/college-football/story/_/id/7291653/ohio-state-buckeyes-introduce-urban-meyer-coach | title = Ohio State Buckeyes introduce Urban Meyer as coach - ESPN | accessdate = 2011-12-24 | date = 2011-11-29 | work = [[ESPN]]}}</ref> and in his first year led the Buckeyes to a perfect 12-0 record, winning the 2012 [[Big Ten Football Championship Game|Big Ten Leaders Division]], though sanctions kept them from the 2012 Big Ten Football Championship Game and postseason bowl games.<ref name="2011 Sanctions">[http://www.buckeyextra.com/content/stories/2011/12/20/ncaa-report.html NCAA: Ohio State banned from postseason play next season]</ref>

==History==
{{main|History of Ohio State Buckeyes football}}
{{see also|List of Ohio State Buckeyes football seasons}}

===1890–1933: beginnings===
In the spring of 1890 George Cole, an undergraduate, persuaded [[Alexander S. Lilley]] to coach a football team at the Ohio State University. The Buckeyes first game, played on May 3, 1890, at [[Delaware, Ohio]], against [[Ohio Wesleyan University]], was a victory.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jack Park|title=The Official Ohio State Football Encyclopedia|publisher=Sports Publishing LLC|isbn= 1-58261-006-1|year=2002|page=10}}</ref>

OSU's first home game took place at 2:30 p.m. on November 1, 1890. The Ohio State University played the [[The College of Wooster|University of Wooster]] on this site, which was then called Recreation Park. Just east of historic German Village, the park occupied the north side of Schiller (now Whittier) between Ebner and Jaeger in what is now Schumacher Place. The weather was perfect, and the crowd cheered loudly. Nonetheless, OSU lost to Wooster, 64–0. Wooster, physically fit for the game, showed OSU that training is critical to winning. Thus, the tradition of training continues.

[[File:1916 Ohio Field.jpg|350px|thumb|[[Chic Harley]] runs around the end in the 1916 Big Ten Championship game between Northwestern & Ohio St.]]Over the next eight years, under a number of coaches, the team played to a cumulative record of 31 wins, 39 losses, and 2 ties. The first game against the [[University of Michigan]], in [[Ann Arbor, Michigan|Ann Arbor]], was a 34-0 loss in 1897, a year that saw the low point in Buckeye football history with a 1–7–1 record. Jack Ryder was Ohio State's first paid coach, earning $150 per season, and lost his first game, against [[Oberlin College]] and [[John Heisman]], on October 15, 1892.<ref>Walsh, Christopher (2009). ''Ohio State Football Football Huddleup'', Triumph Books (Random House, Inc.), ISBN 978-1-60078-186-5, p. 69.</ref>

In 1899 the university hired John Eckstorm to bring professional coaching skills to the program and immediately went undefeated.<ref name="Spring08">[http://ohiostatebuckeyes.com/fls/17300/pdf/fb/guide/08_Spring_p100to129.pdf?SPSID=87751&SPID=10408&DB_OEM_ID=17300 Ohio State Spring Football 2008 - Part 2], OSU Athletics, Spring 2008.</ref> In 1901, however, [[Center (American football)|center]] John Segrist was fatally injured in a game and the continuation of football at Ohio State was in serious question. Although the school's athletic board let the team decide its future, Eckstorm resigned.<ref>Park, p.28</ref> In 1912 football underwent a number of developments that included joining the [[Big Ten Conference|Western Conference]], making football as part of a new Department of Athletics, and hiring [[Lynn St. John|Lynn W. St. John]] to be [[athletic director]].

[[Chic Harley]] attended East High in Columbus and was one of the greatest players to attend an Ohio high school. He passed, ran, received, punted, kicked and played defense. Harley came to Ohio State in 1916 and Columbus fans instantly fell in love with the Chic. Harley and the Buckeyes won the very first Big Ten championship in school history in 1916 when the Buckeyes finished 7–0. He would repeat in 1917 finshing 8–0–1, giving the Buckeyes a second outright title. In 1918, he left to be a pilot in the air force for [[World War I]]. With Harley's return in 1919, the Buckeyes would only lose one game—to Illinois. Chic Harley left OSU with a career record of 22–1–1. At the time, OSU played at the small [[Ohio Field]] and Harley brought such record crowds it became necessary to open [[Ohio Stadium]] in 1922. The stadium was built entirely on fan donations and several stadium drives around the city where Harley would often appear. In 1951, when the [[College Football Hall of Fame]] opened, Harley was inducted as an inaugural member.

Ohio State's very first rival was [[Kenyon College]], a small liberal arts college in [[Gambier, Ohio|Gambier]], roughly 50 miles to the northeast. The Buckeyes first played them in their first season in 1890 on Nov. 27, Kenyon won the first two meetings; however, Ohio State won 15 in a row and the rivalry diminished. Kenyon made it their season goal to defeat OSU. After the Bucks joined the Big Ten they stopped playing Kenyon. The all-time record stands at 18-6, OSU.

===1934–1950: the rise of a powerhouse===
[[File:Paul Brown (American football coach).jpg|right|thumb|175px|Former head coach [[Paul Brown]], who led the Buckeyes to their first national championship in 1942.]]
In hiring [[Francis Schmidt]] in March 1934 to coach its football team, Ohio State moved its program to a "big-time" level of competition. Schmidt was a well-established coach and an acknowledged offensive innovator. His offensive schemes were a "wide-open" style called "razzle-dazzle" and led him to be the first Buckeye football coach granted a multi-year contract. Schmidt's first four seasons saw victories over archrival Michigan, all by shut-out. The 1935 squad went 7-1, its sole loss was to [[University of Notre Dame|Notre Dame]], 18-13, in the first contest between the programs. However Schmidt's remaining seasons were less successful, except in 1939 when the Buckeyes won the Big Ten championship, and his popularity faded for a number of reasons.<ref>Park, p.166.</ref> On December 17, 1940, he resigned.

Ohio State hired the coach of [[Massillon Washington High School]] football team, [[Paul Brown]], to succeed Schmidt. Brown's Tigers had just won their sixth straight state championship. Brown immediately changed Ohio State's style of offense, planned and organized his program in great detail, and delegated to his assistant coaches using highly structured practices. In 1942, Ohio State lost 22 veteran players to military service as the United States joined [[World War II]], and with a team of mostly sophomores went on to lose only once in winning its first national championship. Brown accepted a commission in the [[United States Navy]] in 1944 and directed his assistant Carroll Widdoes to head the team in his absence. The 1944 team fielded 31 [[First year|freshmen]] but went undefeated and untied, including a victory over Paul Brown's Great Lakes Navy team. Ohio State finished second in the national rankings behind [[United States Military Academy#Other sports|Army]] and [[Les Horvath]] became the first Buckeye to be awarded the [[Heisman Trophy]]. Also prominent on the 1942–44 teams was the first Buckeye [[African American]] star, [[Bill Willis]].

Brown chose not to return to Ohio State after the war, going into professional football instead. Widdoes, despite having the highest two-year winning percentage of any Buckeye coach, asked to return to an assistant's position. Offensive coordinator [[Paul Bixler]] and Widdoes switched positions, and Bixler endured a mediocre 4–3–2 season. Bixler resigned and talk of Ohio State being a "graveyard of coaches" became commonplace, a reputation that lingered for decades.<ref name="SIbix">{{cite news | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/football/ncaa/specials/preview/2006/teams/ten/ohiost.html| title = 2006 Team previews- Ohio State| work = | publisher = SI.com| accessdate = 20 August 2006}}</ref>

[[Wes Fesler]] became head coach in 1947 but finished last in the Big Ten for the only time in team history. Ohio State improved greatly in 1948, winning 6 and losing 3, then in 1949 enjoyed a successful season due to the play of sophomore [[Vic Janowicz]]. Ohio State received the [[Rose Bowl (game)|Rose Bowl]] invitation, where they came from behind to defeat [[California Golden Bears|California]]. In 1950 Fesler, rumored to be resigning because of pressures associated with the position and abuse of his family by anonymous critics, returned to coach the Buckeyes, who won six games in a row to move into the top ranking in the AP poll. However the season fell apart as the Buckeyes lost to Michigan during a [[blizzard]], a game that came to be known as the "[[Snow Bowl (1950)|Snow Bowl]]". Two weeks later, citing concerns about his health and family, Fesler resigned.

===1951–1978: the Woody Hayes era===
[[File:Woody Hayes.jpg|right|thumb|225px|Former head coach [[Woody Hayes]], who coached the team to more victories than any other OSU coach, including five National Championships]]
[[File:Archie Griffin.jpg|right|thumb|225px|Former Buckeyes RB [[Archie Griffin]], the only 2-time [[Heisman Trophy]] winner in college football history (1974-75)]]

[[Woody Hayes|Wayne Woodrow "Woody" Hayes]] beat out Paul Brown,<ref>Park, p.275</ref> among others, to be named head coach on February 18, 1951. He instituted a demanding practice regimen and was both aggressive and vocal in enforcing it, alienating many players accustomed to Fesler's laid-back style. The 1951 Buckeyes won 4, lost 3, and tied 2, leaving many to question the ability of the new coach. In 1952 the team improved to 6-3, and recorded their first victory over Michigan in eight years, but after a 1953 loss to Michigan, critics called for the replacement of Hayes.

In 1954 the Buckeyes were picked to finish no higher than 10th in the Big Ten. Hayes, however, had the talents of [[Howard "Hopalong" Cassady]], and a historic goal-line stand against Michigan propelled Ohio State to a perfect season. Hayes led the powerhouse Buckeyes to a shared national championship (his first and the team's second). In 1955 the team again won the Big Ten, set an attendance record, and won in Ann Arbor for the first time in 18 years, while Hopalong Cassady was securing the Heisman Trophy. Ohio State passed only three times against Michigan (the sole reception was the only completion in the final three games of the year), leading to characterization of Hayes' style of offensive play as "three yards and a cloud of dust".

In a 1955 article in ''[[Sports Illustrated]]'', Hayes admitted making small personal loans to financially needy players.<ref name="sishaplen">{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://www.buckeye50.com/Drive_Drive_Down_the_field_15_to_11.html| title = #11—Iowa at Ohio State—November 11, 1957| work = | publisher = The Buckeye 50 Yard Line| accessdate = 2 October 2006 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20061127011223/http://www.buckeye50.com/Drive_Drive_Down_the_field_15_to_11.html  |archivedate = 27 November 2006}}</ref> The article resulted in a furor over possible violations of [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] rules, and the faculty council, followed by the Big Ten and NCAA, conducted lengthy investigations. Big Ten Commissioner Kenneth "Tug" Wilson found Hayes and the program guilty of violations and placed it on a year's probation in 1956. In 1957 Ohio State won all of its remaining games after an opening loss to claim the Big Ten championship, win the Rose Bowl over [[University of Oregon|Oregon]], and share a national championship title with [[Auburn University|Auburn]], for which Hayes was named [[Paul "Bear" Bryant Award|Coach of the Year]].

In 1961 the team went undefeated to be named national champions by the [[Football Writers Association of America|FWAA]] but a growing conflict between academics and athletics over Ohio State's reputation as a "football school" resulted in a faculty council vote to decline an invitation to the Rose Bowl, resulting in much public protest and debate.<ref>Park, pp. 340 and 342.</ref> Over the next 6 seasons Ohio State finished no higher than 2nd, and had a losing season in 1966, and public speculation that Hayes would be replaced as coach grew to its highest point since 1953.

In 1968 Ohio State defeated the number one-ranked [[Purdue Boilermakers]] and continued to an undefeated season including a 50-14 rout of Michigan and a Rose Bowl victory over the [[USC Trojans]] that resulted in the national championship. The Class of 1970 became known as the "super sophomores" in 1968, and might have gone on to three consecutive national championships except for what may have been the most bitter loss in Buckeye history. The winning streak reached 22 games as Ohio State traveled to Michigan. The Buckeyes were 17-point favorites but directed by first-year coach [[Bo Schembechler]], Michigan shocked the Buckeyes in a 24-12 upset.


The 1969 loss to Michigan initiated what came to be known as "The Ten Year War," in which the rivalry, which pitted some of OSU’s and UM’s strongest teams ever, rose to the uppermost level of all sports and the competition between Schembechler and Hayes became legendary.<ref name="maisel">{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://proxy.espn.go.com/ncf/columns/story?columnist=maisel_ivan&id=1667333| title = UM-OSU more than just a game| format = | work = | publisher = ESPN| accessdate = 13 October 2006}}</ref> Four times between 1970 and 1975, Ohio State and Michigan were both ranked in the top five of the AP Poll before their matchup. The Wolverines entered every game during those years undefeated and won only once, a 10-7 victory in Ann Arbor on November 20, 1971.

Both teams used the annual game as motivation for entire seasons and after the initial win by Michigan, played dead even at four wins and a tie apiece. Hayes had the upper hand during the first part of the war, in which Ohio State won the conference championship and went to the Rose Bowl four straight years, while Michigan won the final three. It was also an era in which through television Ohio State football again came to the forefront of national attention.

Hayes set the tone in spring practice in 1970, placing a rug at the entrance to the Buckeye dressing room emblazoned with the words: "1969 MICH 24 OSU 12 — 1970 MICH:__ OSU:__" as a constant reminder of their objective.<ref>Park, p.391. Park has a picture of the rug.</ref> The "super sophomores", now seniors, used a strong fullback-oriented offense to smash their way through the season undefeated, struggling only with Purdue the week before the Michigan game. The return match in Columbus found both teams undefeated and untied, a "first" in the history of the rivalry, with Michigan ranked fourth and Ohio State fifth. Ohio State combined a powerful defense that held Michigan to only 37 yards rushing, a rushing offense employing two tight ends as blockers, and a 26-yard touchdown pass from Kern to Bruce Jankowski to win 20-9. The Buckeyes returned to the Rose Bowl to be upset by [[Stanford Cardinal|Stanford]] 27-17. The "super sophomores" had garnered a record of 27-2, the best winning percentage of any three-year period in team history, and won or shared the Big Ten title all three years. The [[National Football Foundation]] named Ohio State its national champion for 1970.

1971 was less successful than the preceding seasons, but the middle four years of the 10-year war saw the greatest success for Hayes against Michigan, although the teams fell short of repeating their 1968 national championship. [[Archie Griffin]] began his college football career in 1972, taking advantage of new NCAA eligibility rules that allowed freshmen to compete at the varsity level. In his second game, sent in against [[North Carolina Tarheels|North Carolina]] late in the first quarter, Griffin set a new Buckeye rushing record with 239 yards and led the team in rushing for the season with 867.

The following season Hayes installed an [[I-formation]] attack with Griffin at tailback and fellow sophomore [[Cornelius Greene]] at quarterback. The Buckeyes went undefeated with a powerful offense and equally impenetrable defense, achieving an average margin of victory of 31 points a game. The only blemish on their record was a 10-10 tie with Michigan after both teams had entered the game unbeaten. (The tie was more galling for the Wolverines, however, as the Big Ten selected Ohio State to represent the conference in the Rose Bowl.) Despite soundly defeating defending national champion [[University of Southern California|USC]], however, the tie with Michigan resulted in the Buckeyes finishing second to [[Notre Dame Fighting Irish|Notre Dame]] in the final [[Associated Press|AP]] rankings. Griffin, [[Randy Gradishar]], [[Van DeCree]], and [[John Hicks]] were named All-Americans; Hicks, an offensive tackle, not only won both the [[Outland Trophy|Outland]] and [[Lombardi Award|Lombardi Trophies]], but placed second in the [[Heisman Trophy]] competition.

1974 and 1975 were seasons of both elation and frustration. The Buckeyes twice more defeated Michigan and went to two Rose Bowls, but lost both. The 1974 team seemed bound for another national championship when it was derailed by a loss to unranked [[Michigan State Spartans|Michigan State]] (Ohio State lost only twice in the regular season during Griffin's 4-year career, both to the Spartans), and the next year the #1-ranked Bucks lost 23-10 to 11th-ranked [[UCLA]] in the 1976 Rose Bowl. In all the Buckeyes were 40-5-1 from 1972–75, winning the Big Ten all four years and never losing to Michigan, but each loss and the tie were crucial in failing to win another championship. Archie Griffin, however, received the [[Heisman Trophy]] for both years, off-setting much of the frustration, and amassed 5,589 yards in his career.{{citation needed|date=June 2012}}

The falloff in success of Hayes' last three years was not great. His teams forged records of 9-2-1, 9-3, and 7-4-1, and made bowl appearances in all three years (the rules had changed to allow appearances in other than the Rose Bowl). However frustrations in losing three straight years to Michigan, and other factors, resulted in growing criticism of Hayes and his methods, particularly his on-the-field fits of temper. Even so his downfall was sudden and shocking when near the end of the nationally-televised [[Gator Bowl]], Hayes punched [[Clemson Tigers|Clemson]] [[middle guard]] Charlie Bauman after Bauman intercepted a pass to kill Ohio State's last chance to win. Hayes was fired after the game by Ohio State president Harold Enarson and athletic director Hugh Hindman.{{citation needed|date=June 2012}}

===1979–1987: Bruce era===
Hayes was replaced by a former protégé, [[Earle Bruce]]. Bruce inherited a strong team led by sophomore quarterback [[Art Schlichter]] but that had also lost eleven starters, and the 1979 squad exceeded pre-season expectations, ending the 3-year loss drought against Michigan and going to the [[Rose Bowl Game|Rose Bowl]] with an opportunity once again to be national champions. The Buckeyes lost both by a single point, 17-16, but Bruce was named [[Paul "Bear" Bryant Award|Coach of the Year]]. His success was hailed by those in the media who saw it as a rebuke of Hayes and the start of a "new era".<ref name="earle">{{cite news | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,946372-1,00.html| title = Making 'Em Forget Woody| work = | publisher = Time Magazine| accessdate = 11 December 2006 | date=1979-11-12}}</ref>

1980, however, saw the start of a trend that eventually brought criticism to Bruce, when Ohio State finished with a 9-3 record, the first of six consecutive years at 9-3. Though each of these seasons, and the 10-3 season that followed them, culminated in a bowl game, Ohio State did not appear to be any closer to a national championship than during the end of the Hayes era. Bruce's teams were not without impact players, however. All-Americans and future [[National Football League]] stars included [[Keith Byars]], [[Cris Carter]], [[Chris Spielman]], [[John E. Frank|John Frank]], [[Jim Lachey]], [[Tom Tupa]], [[Marcus Marek]], and [[Pepper Johnson]]. His program was also known for the number of notable assistant coaches on staff, including [[Jim Tressel]], [[Glen Mason]], [[Pete Carroll]], [[Nick Saban]], [[Urban Meyer]] and [[Dom Capers]].

The 1980 team was selected as the top-ranked team of the pre-season AP poll and opened the season with four games at home, but were shocked in the fourth game by UCLA, shut out 17-0. The team rebounded to win its next six easily, but then were shut down by a ball-control Michigan team that allowed the Buckeyes only 23 minutes with the ball, then lost again to [[Penn State Nittany Lions|Penn State]] in the [[Fiesta Bowl]].

In 1981, Ohio State opened strong, including a victory at [[Stanford Cardinal|Stanford]] in which senior Art Schlichter out-dueled [[John Elway]], but then lost back-to-back games to [[Florida State Seminoles|Florida State]] and [[Wisconsin Badgers|Wisconsin]] (their first victory over the Buckeyes in 22 games). The Buckeyes continued to struggle on defense, losing a third time, at [[Minnesota Golden Gophers|Minnesota]]. Victories over Michigan to gain a share of the Big Ten championship and over [[Navy Midshipmen football|Navy]] in the [[Liberty Bowl]] salvaged the season.

For the first time since 1922 the Buckeyes lost three in a row in Ohio Stadium in 1982, including rematches with Stanford and Florida State, and for the second year in a row to Wisconsin, but then won seven straight, the last over [[Brigham Young University#Football|BYU]] in the [[Holiday Bowl]]. Sophomore running back Keith Byars had a stand-out season in 1983, rushing for 1,199 yards, and Ohio State defeated the [[Oklahoma Sooners]] in [[Norman, Oklahoma|Norman]], but three losses in conference meant a 4th-place finish. 1984 witnessed what Bruce called "the greatest comeback after the worst start" when Ohio State fell behind Illinois 24-0 at home but roared back on 274 yards rushing and five touchdowns by Byars to win 45-38. Ohio State also defeated Michigan to win an outright Big Ten championship. Byars led the nation in rushing and scoring but finished second in Heisman balloting.

Byars broke his toe just prior to the start of the 1985 season, ending his Heisman hopes and seriously handicapping the Buckeye attack. He returned against Purdue with Ohio State at 4-1 and scored twice, but then re-injured his foot the next week against Minnesota. Iowa was top-ranked nationally when they came into Ohio Stadium favored to end the longest home winning streak in the country, and were the first #1 team the Buckeyes faced since Purdue in 1968. Ohio State's defense dominated with four interceptions to win 22-13.

In 1986 Bruce received a 3-year contract, the first for the modern program but the team opened with two losses, which had not occurred in over 90 years. The Buckeyes then won 9 in a row before Michigan took a close game when kicker Matt Frantz missed a field goal with a minute to play. After the season Bruce was offered the position of head coach at the University of Arizona with a 5-year contract but was persuaded to stay at his [[alma mater]] by Athletic Director Rick Bay. Hopes for a standout season in 1987 suffered a serious setback when All-American wide receiver [[Cris Carter]] was dropped from the team for signing with an agent. Indiana defeated Ohio State for the first time since 1951, 31-10, in a game that came to be known as the "darkest day", and Ohio State lost three conference games in a row going into the Michigan game.

On the Monday of Michigan week, after a weekend of rumors and speculation, Ohio State President [[Edward Harrington Jennings|Edward Jennings]] fired Bruce but tried to keep the dismissal secret until after the end of the season. Bay, who had been instrumental in keeping Bruce at Ohio State, disregarded Jennings' orders and announced the firing and his own resignation in protest. Jennings made his own situation worse by refusing to give a reason for the firing and the circumstances have been the subject of controversy since.<ref>Park, pp. 537-538</ref> The Buckeyes enjoyed an emotional come-from-behind victory over Michigan in Ann Arbor after the entire team wore [[headband]]s bearing the word "EARLE", then declined an invitation to play in the [[Sun Bowl]].

===1988–2000: Cooper era===
[[File:Eddie George.jpg|right|thumb|175px|Former Buckeyes RB [[Eddie George]], who won the 1995 [[Heisman Trophy]].]]
[[John Cooper (coach)|John Cooper]] was hired as the 21st football head coach at Ohio State before the end of 1987 and before he had coached his last game at [[Arizona State University]]. Cooper's coaching record at ASU and at [[University of Tulsa|Tulsa]] prior to that stood out among his credentials, as did a victory over Michigan in the 1987 Rose Bowl.

Cooper's thirteen years as Buckeye head coach are largely remembered in the litany of negative statistics associated with him: a notorious 2-10-1 record against Michigan, a 3-8 record in bowl games, a 5-year losing streak to Illinois to start his term and a 6-7 record overall, and blowing a 15 point 3rd quarter lead in a 28-24 loss to unranked Michigan State when the Buckeyes were the top-ranked team in the nation and en route to a national championship. However his record also has many positives: back-to-back victories over Notre Dame, two finishes second-ranked in the polls, and three Big Ten championships (albeit shared). Cooper also recruited 15 players who were first-round draft picks in the [[National Football League]].<ref name="coopbio">{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://ohiostatebuckeyes.cstv.com/sports/m-footbl/mtt/cooper_john01.html| title = John Cooper Profile| work = | publisher = TOSU Football Official Site| accessdate = 19 December 2006}}</ref>

Both 1988 and 1989 began identically: an impressive season-opening win followed by an embarrassing loss to a highly-regarded team ([[Pitt Panthers|Pitt]] and [[USC Trojans|USC]]); a rebound win against two other highly-regarded programs ([[LSU Tigers|LSU]] and [[Boston College Eagles|Boston College]]) followed by a loss to Illinois in the conference opener. However 1988 saw Ohio State lose its first three conference games and a close game at home against Michigan for a 4-6-1 record, its first losing season in 22 years. In 1989 the Buckeyes won 6 consecutive Big Ten games before losing its last two to go 8-4. The most noteworthy victory occurred in [[Minneapolis]] when Ohio State overcame a 31-0 deficit to Minnesota to win 41-37.

1990 continued the pattern with a 2-win 2-loss start and an overall 7-4-1 record that included an embarrassing loss to [[Air Force Falcons football|Air Force]] in the [[Liberty Bowl]]. 1991 was 9-4, notable primarily as the season that sophomore running back [[Robert Smith (football)|Robert Smith]] quit the team. 1992, with senior [[Kirk Herbstreit]] at quarterback, was 8-3-1, but the losing string to Michigan was broken with a 13-13 tie. Persistent rumors that Cooper would resign or be fired were laid to rest when University President [[Gordon Gee]] announced he would be back in 1993.<ref name="coop">{{cite news | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE1DE133CF935A35751C1A964958260&n=Top%2fReference%2fTimes%20Topics%2fOrganizations%2fO%2fOhio%20State%20University| title = Cooper Will Be Back| format = | work = | publisher = New York Times| accessdate = 19 December 2006 | date=1992-12-06}}</ref>

The next 6 seasons were very successful, winning ten or more games in 5 of the 6 and sharing the conference championship in three. [[Eddie George]] won the [[Heisman Trophy]] in 1995 after a tremendous senior season, Ohio State defeated Notre Dame in 1995 and 1996, and won half its bowl games. But in three seasons (1993, 1995, and 1996) the Buckeyes entered the Michigan game undefeated, with the possibility of a national championship in at least one, and lost all three to underdog Wolverine teams. Ohio State had won 62 games and lost only 12, but a third of those were to Michigan.

After renewing his contract and becoming a member of the "million dollar coaching club",<ref name="cop$$$">{{cite news | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C01EFD9133CF932A35750C0A96F958260&n=Top%2fReference%2fTimes%20Topics%2fOrganizations%2fO%2fOhio%20State%20University| title = Coach Joining $1 Million Club| format = | work = | publisher = New York Times| accessdate = 19 December 2006 | date=1999-03-01}}</ref> Cooper started sophomore Austin Moherman against the [[Miami Hurricanes]] in the nationally-televised [[Kickoff Classic]] and was soundly beaten. That presaged a mediocre season in which the Buckeyes finished 6-6, ending their successful 90's run. The 2000 team was more successful, going 8-4, but criticism of Cooper among fans had risen to a clamor again and touched on many areas of the program beyond specific game records. The negative publicity rose to a peak in the days leading up to Ohio State's matchup with [[South Carolina Gamecocks|South Carolina]] in the [[Outback Bowl]], when wide receiver Reggie Germany was suspended for having a 0.0 [[GPA]], team captain [[Matt Wilhelm]] publicly criticized fellow player [[Ken-Yon Rambo]], and one Buckeye lineman sued another.<ref name="reggie&co">{{cite news | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/football/college/2000/bowls/outback/| title = Getting a Little Payback| format = | work = | publisher = CNN-Sports Illustrated| accessdate = 19 December 2006}}</ref>

In January 2001, the Ohio State University dismissed Cooper. His loss in the Outback Bowl to a team that had not even won a single game the year before was a factor in his subsequent firing, as was negative publicity regarding player behavior before and during the game. Other contributing factors included the record against Michigan (which was actually considered by most people to be the biggest reason for his firing), a reputation of inability to win "big games", the lack of a national championship, the perception of him as an outsider by many alumni, the poor bowl game record, and finally a perceived lack of discipline on the team.

===2001–2011: the Jim Tressel era===
[[File:Jim tressel.jpg|right|thumb|190px|Former head coach [[Jim Tressel]], who won the Buckeyes' most recent National Championship in 2002.]]
Ohio State quickly sought a replacement for Cooper and after a nationwide search hired Jim Tressel. With four NCAA [[Division I (NCAA)#Football Championship Subdivision|Division I-AA]] National Championships at [[Youngstown State University]], Tressel, formerly an assistant coach for Earle Bruce, was an Ohioan who was considered to be appreciative of Buckeye football traditions. Although there were some doubts as to whether or not Tressel could repeat his earlier success at the Division 1A level, most fans and alumni met the coaching change with enthusiasm. On the day of his hiring, Jim Tressel, speaking to fans and students at a Buckeye basketball game, made a prophetic implication that he would lead the Buckeyes to beat Michigan in Ann Arbor the following November.<ref name="310days">{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://www.michigandaily.com/news/2001/07/23/Sports/Tressel.Eyes.Finally.Bucking.The.Wolverines-1408404.shtml | title = Tressel Eyes Finally Bucking the Wolverines| work = | publisher = The Michigan Daily| accessdate = 11 December 2006}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

[[File:Troy Smith Ravens.jpg|thumb|150px|Former Buckeyes QB [[Troy Smith]] (shown as a member of the NFL's [[Baltimore Ravens]]), the 2006 [[Heisman Trophy]] winner]]Tressel's first season was difficult as the Buckeyes finished 7-5 (all but one loss was by a touchdown or less), but he made good on his promise, beating Michigan in Ann Arbor. While its fans were optimistic about the chance for success of the 2002 team, most observers were surprised by Ohio State's [[2002 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|National Championship]].<ref name="surprised">{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://www.covers.com/articles/articles.aspx?theArt=99132&tid=30| title = BCS National Title Game Bowl preview| format = | work = | publisher = Covers.com| accessdate = 13 January 2007}}</ref><ref>
{{cite book
| author=Paul Keels
| chapter= Chapter 1 Expectations
| title=Paul Keels Tales from the Buckeyes' Championship Season
| editor=
| publisher=Sports Publishing LLC
| isbn= 1-58261-539-X
| year=2003| page=6}}</ref> Ohio State used strong defense, ball-control play-calling, and field position tactics to win numerous close games, a style of play characterized as "Tresselball",<ref name="tresselball">{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://proxy.espn.go.com/ncf/columns/story?columnist=maisel_ivan&id=1662661| title = Tresselball just keeps winning| format = | work = | publisher = ESPN| accessdate = 19 December 2006}}</ref> and disparaged by detractors as "the Luckeyes".<ref name="luckeyes">{{cite news | last = Ridenour| first = Marla| authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-8169824_ITM| title = Ohio State must shake Luckeyes image| format = | work = | publisher = Akron Beacon-Journal| accessdate = 19 December 2006 | date=August 27, 2003}}</ref> The 2006 and 2007 regular seasons ended with just one combined loss and consecutive appearances in the national championship game. The Buckeyes lost both by wide margins. On January 1, 2010, the Buckeyes defeated the Oregon Ducks in The Rose Bowl Game by a score of 26-17. This ended a 3 game BCS losing streak for Ohio State, having lost 2 National Championships and one Tostitos Fiesta Bowl. [[Terrelle Pryor]] was named MVP of the contest with 2 touchdown passes for a career-high 266 passing yards. In addition, he had more total yards than the entire Oregon Ducks team.

In December 2010 it was announced that five student-athletes on the Ohio State University football team will be suspended from the first five games of the 2011 season for NCAA violations. The punishments stem from an incident in which at least some of the Buckeye players received tattoos for their autographs, according to news reports. Other violations committed by the players included the selling of several items given to them by the University, such as championship rings.<ref name=history>{{cite news| url=http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2010/12/23/5-ohio-state-football-players-suspended/?hpt=T1 | work=CNN | title=Terrelle Pryor, 5 other Ohio State football players suspended – This Just In}}</ref>

On January 4, 2011, Ohio State completed its season with a 31-26 win over Arkansas in the Sugar Bowl. The Sugar Bowl win would have marked Ohio State's first bowl victory over a Southeastern Conference opponent in ten attempts, but the win was later vacated due to NCAA violations.<ref name=SEC>{{cite news| url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2011/writers/andy_staples/01/05/sugar.bowl.ohiostate.arkansas/index.html | work=CNN | title=Buckeyes, Big Ten show they can rival both SEC's teams and ethics | date=January 5, 2011}}</ref> Ohio State ended up with an 0-1 record for the 2010 season after vacating wins for NCAA violations.

On March 8, 2011 Jim Tressel was suspended for 2 games, and fined $250,000 for not informing the university and the NCAA that he had information that 5 of his players received improper benefits from a tattoo shop in downtown Columbus. Among those 5 players, including Mike Adams, Dan Herron, DeVier Posey, Solomon Thomas, Jordan Whiting, was quarterback [[Terrelle Pryor]]. The 5 players are suspended for the first 5 games of the 2011 season. Coach Tressel's suspension was also later increased to 5 games by the University. The NCAA filed a letter of allegations in late April, 2011 with Ohio State University alleging that Tressel lied to the NCAA in December, 2010 when he claimed to have no knowledge of the players activities with the tattoo shop. Furthermore, he is alleged to have knowingly used ineligible players during the 2010 season. On May 30, 2011 Jim Tressel resigned as head coach.<ref name="Dohrmann, George 2011, pp. 40-48">[http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1186822/index.htm Dohrmann, George, "The Fall of Jim Tressel"], ''[[Sports Illustrated]]'', 6 June 2011, pp. 40-48.</ref>

A 6 June 2011 story in ''[[Sports Illustrated]]'' reported that at least 28 players, including [[Rob Rose (American football)|Rob Rose]], T. J. Downing, Louis Irizarry, Chris Vance, C. J. Barnett, Dorien Bell, Jamaal Berry, Bo DeLande, Zach Domicone, Storm Klein, [[Etienne Sabino]], John Simon, Nathan Williams, [[Jermale Hines]], Devon Torrence, [[Donald Washington]], [[Thaddeus Gibson]], Jermil Martin, Lamaar Thomas, and [[Doug Worthington]] traded team memorabilia or used equipment for tattoos or other merchandise or services between 2002 and 2010. The report alleged that Tressel had violated NCAA bylaw 10.1 - unethical conduct, three times by not acting when told of the tattoo improprieties, by signing a statement saying he knew of no violations, and for withholding information on what was going on from university officials.<ref name="Dohrmann, George 2011, pp. 40-48"/>

===2011: Luke Fickell===
On July 8, 2011, Ohio State University decided to vacate all victories from the 2010 football season as self-imposed punishment for major NCAA violations.<ref>http://www.dispatch.com/live/content/sports/stories/2011/07/08/0708-ohio-state-pleads-case-to-ncaa.html</ref> Former coach Jim Tressel received more than $52,000 from the university and won't have to pay a $250,000 fine for his involvement in the scandal. His status is also changed from 'Resigned' to "Retired" in keeping with his wishes to "remain a Buckeye for life."<ref>http://www.dispatch.com/live/content/sports/stories/2011/07/08/0708-ohio-state-tressel.html</ref> Ohio State named [[Luke Fickell]] as interim head coach following Tressel's resignation, and Fickell coached the 2011 Buckeyes to a 6-7 record; going 6-6 in the regular season and losing in the [[2012 Gator Bowl|Gator Bowl]].

===2012–present: Urban Meyer===
[[File:Urban Meyer at the White House 4-23-09 1.JPG|right|thumb|225px|Current head coach [[Urban Meyer]], who in his first year led the Buckeyes to a perfect 12-0 record and the 2012 Leaders Division Championship.]]
On November 28, 2011, former [[Florida Gators football|University of Florida]] head coach and [[ESPN]] college football analyst [[Urban Meyer]] accepted the position of Buckeyes head coach.<ref>http://espn.go.com/college-football/story/_/id/7289592/urban-meyer-joins-ohio-state-buckeyes-coach-1-year-hiatus-sources-say</ref> Meyer assumed head coaching responsibilities following the Buckeyes' January [[2012 Gator Bowl]] appearance. Meyer's first season at Ohio State did not include a postseason contest, as the Buckeyes were sanctioned with a one-year bowl ban on December 20, 2011. The NCAA sanctions also included the loss of three scholarships each year for the following three years and three years' probation to end on December 19, 2014. Ohio State was required to vacate all wins from the 2010 season, the 2010 Big Ten Conference championship and their win in the [[2011 Sugar Bowl]], The school's share of the Sugar Bowl proceeds were forfeited as well.<ref name="2011 Sanctions"/>

In Meyer's first year, the Buckeyes went a perfect 12-0, winning the 2012 [[Big Ten Football Championship Game|Big Ten Leaders Division]], though the previously mentioned sanctions kept them from playing in the 2012 Big Ten Football Championship Game and a postseason bowl game.<ref name="2011 Sanctions"/>

The Buckeyes played their 2013 Spring game at [[Paul Brown Stadium]] in [[Cincinnati]], home of the [[Cincinnati Bengals|Bengals]] on April 13, 2013.<ref>http://www.newsnet5.com/dpp/sports/college_sports/osu/buckeyes-look-to-play-2013-spring-game-in-cincinnati</ref><ref>http://www.bengals.com/stadium/osu-spring.html</ref>

==Home venues==
* [[Recreation Park (Columbus)]] (1890–97)
* [[Ohio Field]] (1898–1921)
* [[Ohio Stadium]] (1922–present)

==Traditions==
Ohio State football is rich in traditions.<ref>Park, p.1</ref> The following are football traditions in chronological order of longevity:
*'''Senior tackle'''
Begun in 1913 by head coach [[John Wilce]], seniors on the team are recognized at the last practice of the season, either before the Michigan game or before departing Columbus to play in a [[bowl game]], and hit the [[Glossary of American football#B|blocking sled]] a final time.<ref name="gameday">{{cite book| author=Todd Lamb, editor| title=Ohio State Football Gameday| publisher=The Ohio State Athletics Communications Office| year=2002|pages=42–43}}</ref>
*'''Illibuck'''
The winner of the Ohio State-[[Illinois Fighting Illini|Illinois]] game has been awarded the Illibuck trophy since 1925.<ref name="gameday"/> Until 1927 the teams played for a live turtle, however, since the 1928 season the trophy is a carved wooden likeness of a turtle.
*'''Gold pants'''
A [[gold]] miniature [[Charm bracelet|charm]] depicting a pair of football pants is given to all players and coaches following a victory over the Michigan Wolverines. The tradition began as the result of a comment to reporters by newly hired head coach [[Francis Schmidt]] on March 2, 1934: "How about Michigan? They put their pants on one leg at a time, the same as we do!" The first gold pants, which were a creation of Simon Lazarus (president of the [[Lazarus (department store)|Lazarus]] chain of department stores) and Herbert Levy,<ref>Snook, "Charlie Ream 1934-1937", p.3</ref> were awarded that year for a 34-0 defeat of the Wolverines.<ref>Park, p.141</ref>
*'''Captain's Breakfast'''
1934 also saw the first gathering of former team [[Captain (sports)|captains]] for breakfast on the Sunday following the [[Homecoming]] game. The event began when local businessman Walter Jeffrey invited twenty former captains to the [[Scioto Country Club]] to honor them, and continues to welcome new captains and award them [[mug]]s bearing their names and season.<ref name="gameday"/><ref>Park, p.145</ref>
*'''Buckeye Grove'''
Begun in 1934, each player who wins "first-team [[All-America]]" honors is recognized by the planting of a buckeye tree and installation of a plaque in Buckeye Grove, now located near the southwestern corner of Ohio Stadium next to Morrill Tower. Trees are planted in ceremonies held prior to the Spring Game. All 126 Buckeye All-Americans dating back to 1914 have been so honored.
*'''Michigan Week'''
Since 1935 the annual game against Michigan has been the final meeting of the regular season for both teams. The week prior to "The Game", known as Michigan Week, is characterized by scheduled school spirit and public service events, such as rallies, [[Touch football (American)|touch football]] games, and [[Blood donation|blood drives]];<ref name="offlscumwk">{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://ohiounion.osu.edu/bmw/| title = Beat Michigan Week| format = | work = | publisher = The Ohio State University Union| accessdate = 26 July 2006}}</ref> and by massive displays of school colors and banners in much of Ohio. In an unofficial culmination to Michigan Week, since 1990 on the Thursday night before "The Game" students have participated in the "Mirror Lake jump", an unofficial gathering at Mirror Lake, a pond between Pomerene Hall and [[Ohio State University#Campus|The Oval]], in which masses of students jump into the water.<ref name="mirlakjmp">{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://www.bright.net/~beeryde/ref/osuhistory/mirrorlake2.htm| title = How the Mirror Lake Jump Came to Be| work = | publisher = The Lantern 17 Nov 2005| accessdate = 26 July 2006}}</ref>
*'''[[Block O]]'''[[Image:BlockO.JPG|thumb|150px|Block O in a game in the south stands]]
Since 1938 the registered student organization Block O has been the "Official Cheering Section" of the Buckeyes. ''"Known for spreading spirit, starting cheers and performing card stunts, Block 'O' was founded...by Clancy Isaac ''."<ref name="osufbtrad">{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://ohiostatebuckeyes.cstv.com/trads/osu-m-footbl-trad.html| title = Football Traditions| work = | publisher = TOSU Football Official Site| accessdate = 27 July 2006}}</ref> They occupy Section 39A in the South [[grandstand]] of [[Ohio Stadium]], next to the band.<ref name="blocko">{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://blocko.org.ohio-state.edu/| title = Block "O"| format = | work = | publisher = The Ohio State University| accessdate = 26 July 2006}}</ref><ref name="tressblocko">{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://www.coachtressel.com/tradition/block_O.asp| title = Tradition-Block O| format = | work = | publisher = Coach Tressel.com| accessdate = 26 July 2006 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20060627193207/http://www.coachtressel.com/tradition/block_O.asp  |archivedate = 27 June 2006}}</ref>
*'''Victory Bell'''
The Victory Bell is rung after every Ohio State victory by members of [[Alpha Phi Omega]], a tradition that began after the Bucks beat [[California Golden Bears|California]] October 2, 1954. Reputedly the ringing can be heard five miles away "on a calm day." Located 150 feet high in the southeast tower of Ohio Stadium, the bell was a gift of the classes of 1943, 1944 and 1945, and weighs 2,420 pounds.<ref name="gameday"/> The bell is rung for 15 minutes following a victory and for 30 minutes following a victory over Michigan.
*'''[[Brutus Buckeye]]'''
Beginning in 1965, Brutus Buckeye has appeared at all Ohio State football games as the live [[mascot]] of the Buckeyes. In 2007 he was inducted into the Mascot Hall of Fame and is now one of the most recognized mascots in the United States.
*'''''Hang on Sloopy'''''
First played at the [[Illinois Fighting Illini football|Illinois]] game of October 9, 1965, the [[Rock music|rock]] song ''[[Hang on Sloopy]]'' is now played by the marching band before the start of the fourth quarter, with fans performing an O-H-I-O chant in the intervals between the [[refrain]]s. The song is also played to encourage the team's defensive players when opponents are moving the ball on offense late in a game. This is also played before the fourth quarter at [[Cleveland Browns]] and [[Cincinnati Bengals]] games, as well as during [[Cleveland Indians]], [[Cincinnati Reds]], [[Cleveland Cavaliers]], and [[Columbus Blue Jackets]] games.<ref name="gameday"/>
*'''Buckeye Leaves'''
Since 1967, the helmets of Ohio State players have been adorned with white decals approximately the size of a [[Quarter (United States coin)|quarter]] depicting a [[Aesculus glabra|buckeye leaf]], awarded for making significant plays and for consistency of performance.<ref name="gameday"/> In the 1970s, the decals were approximately the size of a [[Dollar coin (United States)|Silver Dollar]] until the 1979 Season. Most believe that this practice began in 1968 when The Buckeyes switched to their present [[Silver]] Helmet design since the decals have become identified with that helmet.
*'''Mirror Lake'''
Before the Ohio State/Michigan game at the end of the season, OSU students typically jump into [[Mirror Lake (Ohio)|Mirror Lake]], located on campus, the Thursday night before the game. The tradition is thought to bring good luck to the football team the following gameday.<ref>[http://media.www.thelantern.com/media/storage/paper333/news/2005/11/17/Campus/How-The.Mirror.Lake.Jump.Came.To.Be-1108362.shtml The Lantern article on the Mirror Lake jump.]</ref>
*'''Tunnel of Pride'''
The Tunnel of Pride began with the 1994 Michigan game when all former players who were in attendance formed a tunnel through which the team ran to take the field, and Ohio State beat its rival that day, 22–6. [[Rex Kern]], quarterback of the [[Rose Bowl (game)|1968 National Championship]] team, and then Director of Athletics [[Andy Geiger]] together used the concept as a means of connecting current Buckeyes with those who played before them. The Tunnel of Pride was next formed for the 1995 [[Notre Dame Fighting Irish football|Notre Dame]] game, which the Buckeyes also won. In each home game against Michigan since, the tradition has been repeated.<ref name="gameday"/><ref name="tunpride">{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://www.coachtressel.com/tradition/tunnel_of_pride.asp| title = Tunnel of Pride| format = | work = | publisher = Coach Tressel.com| accessdate = 26 July 2006 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20060623001409/http://www.coachtressel.com/tradition/tunnel_of_pride.asp  |archivedate = 23 June 2006}}</ref>
*'''''Carmen Ohio'''''
Instituted by Coach Tressel in 2001, at the conclusion of all home games the coaches, players and cheerleaders gather in the south [[end zone]] next to the marching band to sing the university's alma mater, ''[[Carmen Ohio]]'', to the [[student section]].<ref name="carmenotrad">{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://www.coachtressel.com/tradition/carmen_ohio.asp| title = Tradition-Carmen Ohio| format = | work = | publisher = Coach Tressel.com| accessdate = 26 July 2006 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20060623001053/http://www.coachtressel.com/tradition/carmen_ohio.asp  |archivedate = 23 June 2006}}</ref>
*'''The Hive and pre-game circle'''
Tressel brought to the Buckeye football program two pre-game traditions he developed at Youngstown State. Prior to its warmup routine before every football game, the team exits the locker room as a unit in a controlled manner, linked arm-in-arm in a group known as "The Hive". After warmups the team returns to the locker room, and when it next appears, runs onto the field and forms a circle of players around the strength coach, then they go through their warmup routine.<ref name="hive">{{cite web | last = Porentas| first = John| coauthors = | year = | url = http://the-ozone.net/football/2007/MSU/hiveandcircle.htm| title = Roots of Tressel Traditions May be Lost, but the Traditions Carry on at OSU | work = | publisher = The O-Zone | accessdate = 17 October 2007}}</ref>

===Marching band===
[[File:Script Ohio.jpg|thumb|175px|<center>Script Ohio]]
{{main|The Ohio State University Marching Band}}
The Marching Band, often referred to as "The Best Damn Band In The Land" or by the acronym '''TBDBITL'''<ref>[http://www.tbdbitl.com/ TBDBITL Alumni Club], accessed January 22, 2008.</ref> is the most visible and possibly best-known tradition of Ohio State football.<ref>{{cite book| author=Leeann Parker, editor| title=Ohio State Football Gameday| publisher=The Ohio State Athletics Communications Office| year=2001|page=45}}</ref> Home games are preceded by three much-anticipated traditions, and a fourth, "dotting the 'i'" of [[The Ohio State University Marching Band#Script Ohio|Script Ohio]], enjoys a reputation all its own:<ref name="gameday"/>
*[[The Ohio State University Marching Band#Skull Session|Skull Session]]
*[[The Ohio State University Marching Band#Ramp Entrance|Ramp entrance]]
*[[The Ohio State University Marching Band#The Back Bend|The Back Bend]]
*[[The Ohio State University Marching Band#Script Ohio|Script Ohio]]

==Rivalries==
{{main|Michigan–Ohio State football rivalry|Illinois–Ohio State football rivalry|Ohio State–Penn State football rivalry}}
[[Image:Michigan Stadium opening 3c27311.png|thumb|300px|<center>An early Ohio State-Michigan game in [[Michigan Stadium]]]]
While its rivalry with the University of Michigan is its most renowned and intense, Ohio State has two other series marked by their longevity, both [[Big Ten Conference]] rivals, those of [[Indiana Hoosiers football|Indiana]] and [[Illinois Fighting Illini|Illinois]]. The series versus Indiana began as a non-conference matchup, with Indiana going undefeated at 4-0-1. In conference, however, the Buckeyes (despite losing the opening conference game) are 65-8-4 through the 2006 season, the most wins against any opponent. Illinois also began with non-conference games (0-1-1) but became the longest continuous series in 2002 when the schools played in their 89th consecutive year. (That record was tied by Michigan in 2007.) Through 2009 Ohio State's record against the Illini is 62-30-4. In 2007, Ohio State was given their only defeat of the regular season by the Illini.

When Penn State was added to the conference football play in 1993, every member was given two designated rivals, teams to be played every year, with the other conference teams rotated out of the schedule at regular intervals. For geographic convenience, the Big Ten named Penn State as Ohio State's new designated rival in addition to Michigan, and Illinois was set to be paired with in-state rival [[Northwestern Wildcats football|Northwestern]] and neighboring Indiana, and in doing so undermined Ohio State's historical rivalry with Illinois.

With Nebraska's entry to the Big Ten and the establishment of division play in football, Ohio State and Illinois will again play every season in the Leaders Division beginning in 2011. Michigan is the Buckeyes' permanent cross-division rival from the Legends Division.

==Coaches==
{{See also|List of Ohio State Buckeyes head football coaches}}
The Buckeyes have had 24 coaches in their 121-year history. [[Woody Hayes]] is the coach who has won the most national championships at five. [[Paul Brown]] and [[Jim Tressel]] also each have one for seven total.

===Current coaching staff===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Position
|-
|[[Urban Meyer]]||Head Coach
|-
|[[Tom Herman (coach)|Tom Herman]]||Offensive Coordinator/Quarterbacks
|-
|[[Luke Fickell]]||Co-Defensive Coordinator/Linebackers
|-
|[[Everett Withers]]||Assistant Head Coach, Co-Defensive Coordinator and Safeties
|-
|Stan Drayton||Running Backs
|-
|[[Mike Vrabel]]||Defensive Line
|-
|Zach Smith|| Wide Receivers
|-
|Ed Wariner ||Offensive Line
|-
|Tim Hinton||Tight Ends/Fullbacks
|-
|Kerry Coombs||Special Teams Coordinator/Cornerbacks
|-
|Mickey Mariotti ||Strength and Conditioning
|}

==Championships==

===National championships===
The following is a list of Ohio State's recognized national championships:
{| border= "0" width="90%"
| valign="top" |
{| cellpadding="1" border="1" cellspacing="0" width="90%"
!bgcolor=#990000 |Year
!bgcolor=#990000 |Coach
!bgcolor=#990000 |Selector
!bgcolor=#990000 |Record
!bgcolor=#990000 |Big Ten Record
!bgcolor=#990000 |Bowl
|-align="center"
| [[1942 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1942]] || [[Paul Brown]] || [[AP Poll|AP]] || 9–1 || 6–1 || –
|-align="center"
| [[1954 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1954]] || [[Woody Hayes]] || AP || 10–0 || 7–0 || Won [[1955 Rose Bowl|Rose Bowl]]
|-align="center"
| [[1957 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1957]] || Woody Hayes || [[Football Writers Association of America|FWAA]], [[United Press International|UPI]] || 9–1 || 7–0 || Won [[1958 Rose Bowl|Rose Bowl]]
|-align="center"
| [[1961 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1961]] || Woody Hayes || FWAA || 8–0–1|| 6–0 || –
|-align="center"
| [[1968 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1968]] || Woody Hayes || AP, FWAA, [[National Football Foundation|NFF]], UPI || 10–0 || 7–0 || Won [[1969 Rose Bowl|Rose Bowl]]
|-align="center"
| [[1970 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1970]] ||Woody Hayes || NFF || 9–1 || 7–0 || Lost [[1971 Rose Bowl|Rose Bowl]]
|-align="center"
| [[2002 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|2002]] || [[Jim Tressel]] || [[Bowl Championship Series|BCS]], AP, USA Today/ESPN, NFF, FWAA || 14–0 || 8–0 ||Won [[2003 Fiesta Bowl|Fiesta Bowl]]
|-align="center"
| colspan=3 bgcolor=#999999| '''National Championships'''
| colspan=3 bgcolor=#999999| '''7'''
|}
|}
Ohio State also has also been awarded titles unrecognized by both the NCAA and the University in: 1933, 1944, 1969, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1998

===Undefeated seasons===
{| border="0" width="90%"
| valign="top" |
{| cellpadding="1" border="1" cellspacing="0" width="80%"
!bgcolor=#990000 |Year
!bgcolor=#990000 |Record
!bgcolor=#990000 |Big Ten Record
!bgcolor=#990000 |Coach
|- align="center"
| [[1899 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1899]] || 9–0–1 || – || [[John B. Eckstorm]]
|- align="center"
| [[1916 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1916]] || 7–0 || 4–0 || [[John Wilce]]
|- align="center"
| [[1917 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1917]] || 8–0–1 || 4–0 || John Wilce
|- align="center"
| [[1944 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1944]] || 9–0 || 6–0 || [[Carroll Widdoes]]
|- align="center"
| [[1954 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1954]] || 10–0 || 7–0 || [[Woody Hayes]]
|- align="center"
| [[1961 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1961]] || 8–0–1 || 6–0 || Woody Hayes
|- align="center"
| [[1968 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1968]] || 10–0 || 7–0 || Woody Hayes
|- align="center"
| [[1973 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1973]] ||10–0–1 || 7–0 || Woody Hayes
|- align="center"
| [[2002 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|2002]] || 14–0 || 8–0 || [[Jim Tressel]]
|- align="center"
| [[2012 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|2012]] || 12–0 || 8–0 || [[Urban Meyer]]
|- align="center"
| colspan=3 bgcolor=#999999| '''Undefeated Seasons'''
| colspan=3 bgcolor=#999999| '''10'''
|- align="center"
| colspan=3 bgcolor=#999999| '''Perfect Seasons''' (no losses or ties)
| colspan=3 bgcolor=#999999| '''6'''
|-
|}
|}

===Conference championships===
Ohio State joined the Big Ten in 1913; before that they were a member of the [[Ohio Athletic Conference]] and won two OAC titles. Ohio State has won a championship in the Big Ten 34 times, second most in the conference and third most conference titles of any school in any conference.

{| border="0" width="90%" valign="top" cellpadding="1" border="1" cellspacing="0" width="80%"
!bgcolor=#990000 | Year
!bgcolor=#990000 |Conference
!bgcolor=#990000 |Coach
!bgcolor=#990000 |Record
!bgcolor=#990000 |Conference Record
|- align="center"
| 1906 || [[Ohio Athletic Conference|OAC]] || [[Albert E. Herrnstein]] || 8–1 || 4–0
|- align="center"
| 1912 || OAC || [[John R. Richards|John Richards]] || 6–3 || 4–0
|- align="center"
| 1916 || [[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]] || [[John Wilce]] || 7–0 || 4–0
|- align="center"
| [[1917 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1917]] || Big Ten || John Wilce || 8–0–1 || 4–0
|- align="center"
| [[1920 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1920]] || Big Ten ||John Wilce || 7–1 || 5–0
|- align="center"
| [[1935 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1935]] § || Big Ten || [[Francis Schmidt]] || 7–1 || 5–0
|- align="center"
| [[1939 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1939]] || Big Ten || Francis Schmidt || 6–2 || 5–1
|- align="center"
| [[1942 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1942]] || Big Ten || [[Paul Brown]] || 9–1 || 5–1
|- align="center"
| [[1944 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1944]] || Big Ten || [[Carroll Widdoes]] ||9–0 || 6–0
|- align="center"
| [[1949 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1949]] § || Big Ten || [[Wes Fesler]] || 7–1–2 || 4–1-1
|- align="center"
| [[1954 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1954]] || Big Ten || [[Woody Hayes]] || 10–0 || 7–0
|- align="center"
| [[1955 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1955]] || Big Ten || Woody Hayes || 7–2 || 6–0
|- align="center"
| [[1957 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1957]] || Big Ten || Woody Hayes || 9–1 || 7–0
|- align="center"
| [[1961 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1961]] || Big Ten || Woody Hayes || 8–0–1 || 6–0
|- align="center"
| [[1968 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1968]] || Big Ten || Woody Hayes || 10–0 || 7–0
|- align="center"
| [[1969 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1969]] § || Big Ten || Woody Hayes || 8–1 || 6–1
|- align="center"
| [[1970 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1970]] || Big Ten || Woody Hayes || 9–1 || 7–0
|- align="center"
| [[1972 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1972]] § || Big Ten || Woody Hayes || 9–2 || 7–1
|- align="center"
| [[1973 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1973]] § || Big Ten || Woody Hayes || 10–0–1 || 7–0-1
|- align="center"
| [[1974 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1974]] § || Big Ten || Woody Hayes || 10–2 || 7–1
|- align="center"
| [[1975 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1975]] || Big Ten ||Woody Hayes || 11–1 || 8–0
|- align="center"
| [[1976 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1976]] § || Big Ten || Woody Hayes || 9–2–1 || 7–1
|- align="center"
| [[1977 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1977]] § || Big Ten || Woody Hayes || 9–3 || 6–2
|- align="center"
| [[1979 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1979]] || Big Ten || [[Earle Bruce]] || 11–1 || 8–0
|- align="center"
| [[1981 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1981]] § || Big Ten || Earle Bruce || 9–3 || 6–2
|- align="center"
| [[1984 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1984]] || Big Ten || Earle Bruce || 9–3 || 7–2
|- align="center"
| [[1986 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1986]] § || Big Ten || Earle Bruce || 10–3 || 7–1
|- align="center"
| [[1993 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1993]] § || Big Ten || [[John Cooper (American football)|John Cooper]] || 10–1–1 || 6–1–1
|- align="center"
| [[1996 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1996]] § || Big Ten || John Cooper || 11–1 || 7–1
|- align="center"
| [[1998 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1998]] § || Big Ten ||John Cooper || 11–1 || 7–1
|- align="center"
| [[2002 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|2002]] § || Big Ten || [[Jim Tressel]] || 14–0 || 8–0
|- align="center"
| [[2005 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|2005]] § || Big Ten || Jim Tressel || 10–2 || 7–1
|- align="center"
| [[2006 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|2006]] || Big Ten || Jim Tressel || 12–1 || 8–0
|- align="center"
| [[2007 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|2007]] || Big Ten || Jim Tressel || 11–2 || 7–1
|- align="center"
| [[2008 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|2008]] § || Big Ten || Jim Tressel || 10–3 || 7–1
|- align="center"
| [[2009 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|2009]] || Big Ten || Jim Tressel || 11–2 || 7–1
|- align="center"
| colspan=3 bgcolor=#999999| '''Conference Champions'''
| colspan=3 bgcolor=#999999| '''36'''
|}
* *Ohio State vacated 12 victories (7 in conference) and their share of the Big Ten Championship from the 2010 season.

§ – Conference co-champions

==All-time records==

===Results by year===
{{main|List of Ohio State Buckeyes football seasons}}
{|class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
|- style="background:#DDDDDD; text-align:center"
!| Year || Overall || Conference || Standing|| Bowl|| CP# || AP° || Head Coach|| Michigan
|-style="background: "
|[[1890 college football season|1890]]
|[[1890 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1–3]]
|'''[[NCAA Division I FBS independent schools|Independent]]'''
|
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Alexander S. Lilley|Alexander Lilley]]
|style="color:#AAAAAA; text-align:center" | No Game
|-style="background: "
|[[1891 college football season|1891]]
|2–2
|'''[[NCAA Division I FBS independent schools|Independent]]'''
|
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Alexander S. Lilley|Alexander Lilley]]
|style="color:#AAAAAA; text-align:center" | No Game
|-style="background: "
|[[1892 college football season|1892]]
|5–3
|'''[[NCAA Division I FBS independent schools|Independent]]'''
|
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Frederick Bushnell "Jack" Ryder|Jack Ryder]]
|style="color:#AAAAAA; text-align:center" | No Game
|-style="background: "
|[[1893 college football season|1893]]
|4–5
|'''[[NCAA Division I FBS independent schools|Independent]]'''
|
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Frederick Bushnell "Jack" Ryder|Jack Ryder]]
|style="color:#AAAAAA; text-align:center" | No Game
|-style="background: "
|[[1894 college football season|1894]]
|6–5
|'''[[NCAA Division I FBS independent schools|Independent]]'''
|
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Frederick Bushnell "Jack" Ryder|Jack Ryder]]
|style="color:#AAAAAA; text-align:center" | No Game
|-style="background: "
|[[1895 college football season|1895]]
|4–4–2
|'''[[NCAA Division I FBS independent schools|Independent]]'''
|
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Frederick Bushnell "Jack" Ryder|Jack Ryder]]
|style="color:#AAAAAA; text-align:center" | No Game
|-style="background: "
|[[1896 college football season|1896]]
|5–5–1
|'''[[NCAA Division I FBS independent schools|Independent]]'''
|
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Charles A. Hickey|Charles Hickey]]
|style="color:#AAAAAA; text-align:center" | No Game
|-style="background: "
|[[1897 college football season|1897]]
|1–7–1
|'''[[NCAA Division I FBS independent schools|Independent]]'''
|
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[David Farragut Edwards|David Edwards]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background: "
|[[1898 college football season|1898]]
|3–5
|'''[[NCAA Division I FBS independent schools|Independent]]'''
|
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Frederick Bushnell "Jack" Ryder|Jack Ryder]]
|style="color:#AAAAAA; text-align:center" | No Game
|-style="background: "
|[[1899 college football season|1899]]
|[[1899 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|9–0–1]]
|'''[[NCAA Division I FBS independent schools|Independent]]'''
|
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[John B. Eckstorm|John Eckstorm]]
|style="color:#AAAAAA; text-align:center" | No Game
|-style="background: "
|[[1900 college football season|1900]]
|8–1–1
|'''[[NCAA Division I FBS independent schools|Independent]]'''
|
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[John B. Eckstorm|John Eckstorm]]
|style="text-align:center" | '''Tie'''
|-style="background: "
|[[1901 college football season|1901]]
|5–3–1
|'''[[NCAA Division I FBS independent schools|Independent]]'''
|
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[John B. Eckstorm|John Eckstorm]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background: "
|[[1902 college football season|1902]]
|6–2–2
|2–1 '''[[Ohio Athletic Conference|OAC]]'''
|2nd
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Perry Hale]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background: "
|[[1903 college football season|1903]]
|8–3
|3–1 '''[[Ohio Athletic Conference|OAC]]'''
|2nd
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Perry Hale]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background: "
|[[1904 college football season|1904]]
|[[1904 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|6–5]]
|2–1 '''[[Ohio Athletic Conference|OAC]]'''
|2nd
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Edwin Sweetland]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background: "
|[[1905 college football season|1905]]
|8–2–2
|2–0–1 '''[[Ohio Athletic Conference|OAC]]'''
|2nd
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Edwin Sweetland]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:#ff9"
|[[1906 college football season|1906]]
|8–1
|3–0 '''[[Ohio Athletic Conference|OAC]]'''
|1st
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Albert E. Herrnstein|Albert Herrnstein]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background: "
|[[1907 college football season|1907]]
|7–2–1
|5–1–1 '''[[Ohio Athletic Conference|OAC]]'''
|Unknown
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Albert E. Herrnstein|Albert Herrnstein]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background: "
|[[1908 college football season|1908]]
|6–4
|4–3 '''[[Ohio Athletic Conference|OAC]]'''
|Unknown
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Albert E. Herrnstein|Albert Herrnstein]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background: "
|[[1909 college football season|1909]]
|7–3
|5–2 '''[[Ohio Athletic Conference|OAC]]'''
|Unknown
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Albert E. Herrnstein|Albert Herrnstein]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background: "
|[[1910 college football season|1910]]
|6–1–3
|4–1–2 '''[[Ohio Athletic Conference|OAC]]'''
|Unknown
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Howard Jones (American football coach)|Howard Jones]]
|style="color:black; text-align:center" | '''Tie'''
|-style="background: "
|[[1911 college football season|1911]]
|5–3–2
|4–1–2 '''[[Ohio Athletic Conference|OAC]]'''
|4th
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Harry Vaughan (American football)|Harry Vaughan]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:#ff9"
|[[1912 college football season|1912]]
|6–3
|5–0 '''[[Ohio Athletic Conference|OAC]]'''
|1st
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[John R. Richards|John Richards]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background: "
|[[1913 college football season|1913]]
|[[1913 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|4–2–1]]
|1–2 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|T–6th
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[John Wilce]]
|style="color:#AAAAAA; text-align:center" | No Game
|-style="background: "
|[[1914 college football season|1914]]
|[[1914 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|5–2]]
|2–2 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|T–4th
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[John Wilce]]
|style="color:#AAAAAA; text-align:center" | No Game
|-style="background: "
|[[1915 college football season|1915]]
|[[1915 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|5–1–1]]
|2–1–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|T–3rd
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[John Wilce]]
|style="color:#AAAAAA; text-align:center" | No Game
|-style="background:#ff9"
|[[1916 college football season|1916]]
|[[1916 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|7–0]]
|4–0 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|1st
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[John Wilce]]
|style="color:#AAAAAA; text-align:center" | No Game
|-style="background:#ff9"
|[[1917 college football season|1917]]
|[[1917 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|8–0–1]]
|4–0 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|1st
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[John Wilce]]
|style="color:#AAAAAA; text-align:center" | No Game
|-style="background:"
|[[1918 college football season|1918]]
|[[1918 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|3–3]]
|0–3 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|T–8th
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[John Wilce]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1919 college football season|1919]]
|[[1919 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|6–1]]
|3–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|2nd
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[John Wilce]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:#ff9"
|[[1920 college football season|1920]]
|[[1920 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|7–1]]
|5–0 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|1st
|'''L''' [[1921 Rose Bowl|Rose]]
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[John Wilce]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1921 college football season|1921]]
|[[1921 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|5–2]]
|4–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|T–2nd
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[John Wilce]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1922 college football season|1922]]
|[[1922 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|3–4]]
|1–4 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|8th
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[John Wilce]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1923 college football season|1923]]
|[[1923 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|3–4–1]]
|1–4 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|8th
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[John Wilce]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1924 college football season|1924]]
|[[1924 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|2–3–3]]
|1–3–2 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|7th
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[John Wilce]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1925 college football season|1925]]
|[[1925 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|4–3–1]]
|1–3–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|8th
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[John Wilce]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1926 college football season|1926]]
|[[1926 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|7–1]]
|3–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|3rd
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[John Wilce]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1927 college football season|1927]]
|[[1927 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|4–4]]
|2–3 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|6th
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[John Wilce]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1928 college football season|1928]]
|[[1928 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|5–2–1]]
|3–2 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|4th
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[John Wilce]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1929 college football season|1929]]
|[[1929 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|4–3–1]]
|2–2–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|T–5th
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Sam Willaman]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1930 college football season|1930]]
|[[1930 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|5–2–1]]
|2–2–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|T–4th
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Sam Willaman]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1931 college football season|1931]]
|[[1931 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|6–3]]
|4–2 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|4th
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Sam Willaman]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1932 college football season|1932]]
|[[1932 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|4–1–3]]
|2–1–2 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|4th
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Sam Willaman]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1933 college football season|1933]]
|[[1933 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|7–1]]
|4–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|2nd
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Sam Willaman]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1934 college football season|1934]]
|[[1934 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|7–1]]
|5–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|2nd
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Francis Schmidt]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:#ff9"
|[[1935 college football season|1935]]
|[[1935 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|7–1]]
|5–0 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|T–1st
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Francis Schmidt]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1936 college football season|1936]]
|[[1936 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|5–3]]
|4–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|T–2nd
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Francis Schmidt]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1937 college football season|1937]]
|[[1937 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|6–2]]
|5–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|2nd
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" | 13
|[[Francis Schmidt]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1938 college football season|1938]]
|[[1938 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|4–3–1]]
|3–2–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|6th
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Francis Schmidt]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:#ff9"
|[[1939 college football season|1939]]
|[[1939 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|6–5]]
|5–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|1st
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" | 15
|[[Francis Schmidt]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1940 college football season|1940]]
|[[1940 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|4–4]]
|3–3 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|T–4th
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Francis Schmidt]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1941 college football season|1941]]
|[[1941 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|6–1–1]]
|3–1–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|T–2nd
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" | 13
|[[Paul Brown]]
|style="text-align:center" | '''Tie'''
|-style="background:#fc6"
|[[1942 college football season|1942]]
|[[1942 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|9–1]]
|5–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|1st
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" | 1
|[[Paul Brown]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1943 college football season|1943]]
|[[1943 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|3–6]]
|1–4 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|7th
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Paul Brown]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:#ff9"
|[[1944 college football season|1944]]
|[[1944 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|9–0]]
|6–0 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|1st
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" | 2
|[[Carroll Widdoes]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1945 college football season|1945]]
|[[1945 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|7–2]]
|5–2 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|3rd
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" | 14
|[[Carroll Widdoes]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1946 college football season|1946]]
|[[1946 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|4–3–2]]
|2–3–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|T–6th
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Paul Bixler]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1947 college football season|1947]]
|[[1947 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|2–6–1]]
|1–4–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|9th
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Wesley Fesler|Wes Fesler]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1948 college football season|1948]]
|[[1948 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|6–3]]
|3–3 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|4th
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Wesley Fesler|Wes Fesler]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:#ff9"
|[[1949 college football season|1949]]
|[[1949 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|7–1–2]]
|4–1–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|T–1st
|'''W''' [[1950 Rose Bowl|Rose]]
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" | 6
|[[Wesley Fesler|Wes Fesler]]
|style="text-align:center" | '''Tie'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1950 college football season|1950]]
|[[1950 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|6–3]]
|5–2 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|2nd
|
| style="text-align:center" | 10
| style="text-align:center" | 14
|[[Wesley Fesler|Wes Fesler]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1951 college football season|1951]]
|[[1951 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|4–3–2]]
|2–2–2 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|5th
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Woody Hayes]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1952 college football season|1952]]
|[[1952 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|6–3]]
|5–2 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|3rd
|
| style="text-align:center" | 15
| style="text-align:center" | 17
|[[Woody Hayes]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1953 college football season|1953]]
|[[1953 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|6–3]]
|4–3 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|4th
|
| style="text-align:center" | 20
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Woody Hayes]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:#fc6"
|[[1954 college football season|1954]]
|[[1954 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|10–0]]
|7–0 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|1st
|'''W''' [[1955 Rose Bowl|Rose]]
| style="text-align:center" | 2
| style="text-align:center" | 1
|[[Woody Hayes]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:#ff9"
|[[1955 college football season|1955]]
|[[1955 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|7–2]]
|6–0 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|1st
|
| style="text-align:center" | 6
| style="text-align:center" | 5
|[[Woody Hayes]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1956 college football season|1956]]
|[[1956 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|6–3]]
|4–2 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|T–4th
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" | 15
|[[Woody Hayes]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:#fc6"
|[[1957 college football season|1957]]
|[[1957 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|9–1]]
|7–0 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|1st
|'''W''' [[1958 Rose Bowl|Rose]]
| style="text-align:center" | 1
| style="text-align:center" | 2
|[[Woody Hayes]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1958 college football season|1958]]
|[[1958 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|6–1–2]]
|4–1–2 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|3rd
|
| style="text-align:center" | 7
| style="text-align:center" | 8
|[[Woody Hayes]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1959 college football season|1959]]
|[[1959 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|3–5–1]]
|2–4–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|T–8th
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Woody Hayes]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1960 college football season|1960]]
|[[1960 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|7–2]]
|5–2 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|3rd
|
| style="text-align:center" | 8
| style="text-align:center" | 8
|[[Woody Hayes]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:#fc6"
|[[1961 college football season|1961]]
|[[1961 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|8–0–1]]
|6–0 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|1st
|
| style="text-align:center" | 2
| style="text-align:center" | 2
|[[Woody Hayes]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1962 college football season|1962]]
|[[1962 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|6–3]]
|4–2 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|T–3rd
|
| style="text-align:center" | 13
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Woody Hayes]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1963 college football season|1963]]
|[[1963 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|5–3–1]]
|4–1–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|T–2nd
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Woody Hayes]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1964 college football season|1964]]
|[[1964 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|7–2]]
|5–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|2nd
|
| style="text-align:center" | 9
| style="text-align:center" | 9
|[[Woody Hayes]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1965 college football season|1965]]
|[[1965 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|7–2]]
|6–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|2nd
|
| style="text-align:center" | 11
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Woody Hayes]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1966 college football season|1966]]
|[[1966 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|4–5]]
|3–4 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|6th
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Woody Hayes]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1967 college football season|1967]]
|[[1967 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|6–3]]
|5–2 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|4th
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Woody Hayes]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:#fc6"
|[[1968 college football season|1968]]
|[[1968 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|10–0]]
|7–0 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|1st
|'''W''' [[1969 Rose Bowl|Rose]]
| style="text-align:center" | 1
| style="text-align:center" | 1
|[[Woody Hayes]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:#ff9"
|[[1969 college football season|1969]]
|[[1969 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|8–1]]
|6–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|T–1st
|
| style="text-align:center" | 5
| style="text-align:center" | 4
|[[Woody Hayes]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:#fc6"
|[[1970 college football season|1970]]
|[[1970 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|9–1]]
|7–0 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|1st
|'''L''' [[1971 Rose Bowl|Rose]]
| style="text-align:center" | 2
| style="text-align:center" | 5
|[[Woody Hayes]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1971 college football season|1971]]
|[[1971 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|6–4]]
|5–3 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|3rd
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Woody Hayes]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:#ff9"
|[[1972 college football season|1972]]
|[[1972 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|9–2]]
|7–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|T–1st
|'''L''' [[1973 Rose Bowl|Rose]]
| style="text-align:center" | 3
| style="text-align:center" | 9
|[[Woody Hayes]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:#ff9"
|[[1973 college football season|1973]]
|[[1973 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|10–0–1]]
|7–0–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|T–1st
|'''W''' [[1974 Rose Bowl|Rose]]
| style="text-align:center" | 3
| style="text-align:center" | 2
|[[Woody Hayes]]
|style="color:black; text-align:center" | '''Tie'''
|-style="background:#ff9"
|[[1974 college football season|1974]]
|[[1974 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|10–2]]
|7–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|T–1st
|'''L''' [[1975 Rose Bowl|Rose]]
| style="text-align:center" | 3
| style="text-align:center" | 4
|[[Woody Hayes]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:#ff9"
|[[1975 college football season|1975]]
|[[1975 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|11–1]]
|8–0 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|1st
|'''L''' [[1976 Rose Bowl|Rose]]
| style="text-align:center" | 4
| style="text-align:center" | 4
|[[Woody Hayes]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:#ff9"
|[[1976 college football season|1976]]
|[[1976 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|9–2–1]]
|7–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|T–1st
|'''W''' [[1977 Orange Bowl|Orange]]
| style="text-align:center" | 5
| style="text-align:center" | 6
|[[Woody Hayes]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:#ff9"
|[[1977 college football season|1977]]
|[[1977 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|9–3]]
|7–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|T–1st
|'''L''' [[1978 Sugar Bowl|Sugar]]
| style="text-align:center" | 12
| style="text-align:center" | 11
|[[Woody Hayes]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1978 college football season|1978]]
|[[1978 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|7–4–1]]
|6–2 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|4th
|'''L''' [[1978 Gator Bowl|Gator]]
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Woody Hayes]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:#ff9"
|[[1979 college football season|1979]]
|[[1979 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|11–1]]
|8–0 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|1st
|'''L''' [[1980 Rose Bowl|Rose]]
| style="text-align:center" | 4
| style="text-align:center" | 4
|[[Earle Bruce]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1980 college football season|1980]]
|[[1980 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|9–3]]
|7–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|T–2nd
|'''L''' [[Fiesta Bowl|Fiesta]]
| style="text-align:center" | 15
| style="text-align:center" | 15
|[[Earle Bruce]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:#ff9"
|[[1981 college football season|1981]]
|[[1981 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|9–3]]
|6–2 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|T–1st
|'''W''' [[Liberty Bowl|Liberty]]
| style="text-align:center" | 12
| style="text-align:center" | 15
|[[Earle Bruce]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1982 college football season|1982]]
|[[1982 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|9–3]]
|7–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|2nd
|'''W''' [[1982 Holiday Bowl|Holiday]]
| style="text-align:center" | 12
| style="text-align:center" | 12
|[[Earle Bruce]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1983 college football season|1983]]
|[[1983 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|9–3]]
|6–3 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|4th
|'''W''' [[1984 Fiesta Bowl|Fiesta]]
| style="text-align:center" | 8
| style="text-align:center" | 9
|[[Earle Bruce]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:#ff9"
|[[1984 college football season|1984]]
|[[1984 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|9–3]]
|7–2 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|1st
|'''L''' [[1985 Rose Bowl|Rose]]
| style="text-align:center" | 12
| style="text-align:center" | 13
|[[Earle Bruce]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1985 college football season|1985]]
|[[1985 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|9–3]]
|5–3 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|T–4th
|'''W''' [[Florida Citrus Bowl|Citrus]]
| style="text-align:center" | 11
| style="text-align:center" | 14
|[[Earle Bruce]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:#ff9"
|[[1986 college football season|1986]]
|[[1986 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|10–3]]
|7–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|T–1st
|'''W''' [[Cotton Bowl Classic|Cotton]]
| style="text-align:center" | 6
| style="text-align:center" | 7
|[[Earle Bruce]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1987 college football season|1987]]
|[[1987 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|6–4–1]]
|4–4 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|5th
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Earle Bruce]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1988 college football season|1988]]
|[[1988 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|4–6–1]]
|2–5–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|T–7th
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[John Cooper (American football)|John Cooper]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1989 college football season|1989]]
|[[1989 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|8–4]]
|6–2 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|T–3rd
|'''L''' [[1990 Hall of Fame Bowl|Hall of Fame]]
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" | 24
|[[John Cooper (American football)|John Cooper]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1990 college football season|1990]]
|[[1990 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|7–4–1]]
|5–2–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|5th
|'''L''' [[Liberty Bowl|Liberty]]
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[John Cooper (American football)|John Cooper]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1991 college football season|1991]]
|[[1991 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|8–4]]
|5–3 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|T–3rd
|'''L''' [[1992 Hall of Fame Bowl|Hall of Fame]]
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[John Cooper (American football)|John Cooper]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1992 college football season|1992]]
|[[1992 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|8–3–1]]
|5–2–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|2nd
|'''L''' [[Florida Citrus Bowl|Citrus]]
| style="text-align:center" | 18
| style="text-align:center" | 18
|[[John Cooper (American football)|John Cooper]]
|style="color:black; text-align:center" | '''Tie'''
|-style="background:#ff9"
|[[1993 college football season|1993]]
|[[1993 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|10–1–1]]
|6–1–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|T–1st
|'''W''' [[1993 Holiday Bowl|Holiday]]
| style="text-align:center" | 10
| style="text-align:center" | 11
|[[John Cooper (American football)|John Cooper]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1994 college football season|1994]]
|[[1994 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|9–4]]
|6–2 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|2nd
|'''L''' [[1994 Florida Citrus Bowl|Citrus]]
| style="text-align:center" | 9
| style="text-align:center" | 14
|[[John Cooper (American football)|John Cooper]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1995 college football season|1995]]
|[[1995 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|11–2]]
|7–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|2nd
|'''L''' [[1995 Florida Citrus Bowl|Citrus]]
| style="text-align:center" | 8
| style="text-align:center" | 6
|[[John Cooper (American football)|John Cooper]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:#ff9"
|[[1996 college football season|1996]]
|[[1996 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|11–1]]
|7–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|T–1st
|'''W''' [[1997 Rose Bowl|Rose]]
| style="text-align:center" | 2
| style="text-align:center" | 2
|[[John Cooper (American football)|John Cooper]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1997 college football season|1997]]
|[[1997 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|10–3]]
|6–2 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|T-2nd
|'''L''' [[1998 Sugar Bowl|Sugar]]
| style="text-align:center" | 12
| style="text-align:center" | 12
|[[John Cooper (American football)|John Cooper]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:#ff9"
|[[1998 college football season|1998]]
|[[1998 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|11–1]]
|7–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|T–1st
|'''W''' [[1999 Sugar Bowl|Sugar]] †
| style="text-align:center" | 2
| style="text-align:center" | 2
|[[John Cooper (American football)|John Cooper]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1999 college football season|1999]]
|[[1999 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|6–6]]
|3–5 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|T–8th
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[John Cooper (American football)|John Cooper]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:"
|[[2000 college football season|2000]]
|[[2000 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|8–4]]
|5–3 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|4th
|'''L''' [[2001 Outback Bowl|Outback]]
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[John Cooper (American football)|John Cooper]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:"
|[[2001 college football season|2001]]
|[[2001 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|7–5]]
|5–3 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|3rd
|'''L''' [[2002 Outback Bowl|Outback]]
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Jim Tressel]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:#fc6"
|[[2002 college football season|2002]]
|[[2002 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|14–0]]
|8-0 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|[[2002 Big Ten Conference football season|T–1st]]
|'''W''' [[2003 Fiesta Bowl|Fiesta]] †
| style="text-align:center" | 1
| style="text-align:center" | 1
|[[Jim Tressel]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:"
|[[2003 college football season|2003]]
|[[2003 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|11–2]]
|6–2 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|[[2003 Big Ten Conference football season|T–2nd]]
|'''W''' [[2004 Fiesta Bowl|Fiesta]] †
| style="text-align:center" | 4
| style="text-align:center" | 4
|[[Jim Tressel]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:"
|[[2004 college football season|2004]]
|[[2004 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|8–4]]
|4–4 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|[[2004 Big Ten Conference football season|T–5th]]
|'''W''' [[2004 Alamo Bowl|Alamo]]
| style="text-align:center" | 19
| style="text-align:center" | 20
|[[Jim Tressel]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:#ff9"
|[[2005 college football season|2005]]
|[[2005 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|10–2]]
|7–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|[[2005 Big Ten Conference football season|T–1st]]
|'''W''' [[2006 Fiesta Bowl|Fiesta]] †
| style="text-align:center" | 4
| style="text-align:center" | 4
|[[Jim Tressel]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:#ff9"
|[[2006 college football season|2006]]
|[[2006 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|12–1]]
|8–0 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|[[2006 Big Ten Conference football season|1st]]
|'''L''' [[2007 BCS National Championship Game|BCS NCG]] †
| style="text-align:center" | 2
| style="text-align:center" | 2
|[[Jim Tressel]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:#ff9"
|[[2007 college football season|2007]]
|[[2007 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|11–2]]
|7–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|[[2007 Big Ten Conference football season|1st]]
|'''L''' [[2008 BCS National Championship Game|BCS NCG]] †
| style="text-align:center" | 4
| style="text-align:center" | 5
|[[Jim Tressel]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:#ff9"
|[[2008 college football season|2008]]
|[[2008 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|10–3]]
|7–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|[[2008 Big Ten Conference football season|T-1st]]
|'''L''' [[2009 Fiesta Bowl|Fiesta]] †
| style="text-align:center" | 11
| style="text-align:center" | 9
|[[Jim Tressel]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:#ff9"
|[[2009 college football season|2009]]
|[[2009 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|11–2]]
|7–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|[[2009 Big Ten Conference football season|1st]]
|'''W''' [[2010 Rose Bowl|Rose]] †
| style="text-align:center" | 5
| style="text-align:center" | 5
|[[Jim Tressel]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:#ff9"
|[[2010 college football season|2010]]
|[[2010 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|12–1]]‡
|7–1‡ '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|[[2010 Big Ten Conference football season|T–1st]]‡
|'''W''' [[2011 Sugar Bowl|Sugar]]†‡
| style="text-align:center" | 5
| style="text-align:center" | 5
|[[Jim Tressel]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''‡
|-style="background:"
|[[2011 NCAA Division I FBS football season|2011]]
|[[2011 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|6–7]]
|3–5 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|[[2011 Big Ten Conference football season|4th, Leaders]]
|'''L''' [[2012 Gator Bowl|Gator]]
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Luke Fickell]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-
| colspan="5" |'''Table Key'''
*# Final ranking in the [[Coaches' Poll]] (1950-''Present'')
*° Final ranking in the [[AP Poll]] (1936-''Present'')
*† [[Bowl Championship Series|BCS]] Bowl Game
*Unknown No conference standings due to lack of data
*‡ 2010 wins, including Sugar Bowl victory and conference championship vacated
| colspan="4"|
{| style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"
|- style="background: #fc6; width:175px; text-align: center"
| National Championship
|- style="background: #ff9; width:175px; text-align: center"
| Conference Championship
|- style="background: #bff; width:175px; text-align: center"
| Division Championship
|}
|}

===All-time bowl games===
{|
|-
| valign="top" |
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center; font-size:100%"
!| Date played !! colspan="2" | Winning team !! colspan="2" | Losing team !! Bowl
|-
| January 1, 1921 || [[California Golden Bears football|California]] || 28 || '''[[1921 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || '''0''' || [[1921 Rose Bowl]]
|-
| January 1, 1950 || '''[[1949 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || '''17''' || [[California Golden Bears football|California]] || 14 || [[1950 Rose Bowl]]
|- align="center"
| January 1, 1955 || '''[[1954 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || '''20''' || [[USC Trojans football|USC]] || 7 || [[1955 Rose Bowl]]
|- align="center"
| January 1, 1958 || '''[[1957 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || '''10''' || [[Oregon Ducks football|Oregon]] || 7 || [[1958 Rose Bowl]]
|- align="center"
| January 1, 1969 || '''[[1968 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || '''27''' || [[USC Trojan football|USC]] || 16 || [[1969 Rose Bowl]]
|- align="center"
| January 1, 1971 || [[Stanford Cardinal football|Stanford]] || 27 || '''[[1970 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || '''17''' || [[1971 Rose Bowl]]
|-
| January 1, 1973 || [[USC Trojans football|USC]] || 42 || '''[[1972 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || '''17''' || [[1973 Rose Bowl]]
|-
| January 1, 1974 || '''[[1973 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || '''42''' || [[USC Trojans football|USC]] || 21 || [[1974 Rose Bowl]]
|-
| January 1, 1975 || [[USC Trojans football|USC]] || 18 || '''[[1974 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || '''17''' || [[1975 Rose Bowl]]
|-
| January 1, 1976 || [[UCLA Bruins football|UCLA]] || 23 || '''[[1975 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || '''10''' || [[1976 Rose Bowl]]
|-
| January 1, 1977 || '''[[1976 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || '''27''' || [[Colorado Buffaloes football|Colorado]] || 10 || [[1977 Orange Bowl]]
|-
| January 2, 1978 || [[Alabama Crimson Tide football|Alabama]] || 35 || '''[[1977 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || '''6''' || 1978 Sugar Bowl
|-
| December 29, 1978 || [[Clemson Tigers football|Clemson]] || 17 || '''[[1978 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || '''15''' || [[1978 Gator Bowl]]
|-
| January 1, 1980 || [[USC Trojans football|USC]] || 17 || '''[[1979 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || '''16''' || [[1980 Rose Bowl]]
|-
| December 20, 1980 || [[Penn State Nittany Lions football|Penn State]] || 31 || '''[[1980 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || '''19''' || 1980 Fiesta Bowl
|-
| December 30, 1981 || '''[[1981 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || '''31''' || [[Navy Midshipmen football|Navy]] || 28 || 1981 Liberty Bowl
|-
| December 17, 1982 || '''[[1982 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || '''47''' || [[BYU Cougars football|BYU]] || 17 || [[1982 Holiday Bowl]]
|-
| January 1, 1984 || '''[[1983 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]] || '''28''' || [[Pittsburgh Panthers football|Pittsburgh]] || 23 || [[1984 Fiesta Bowl]]
|-
| January 1, 1985 || [[USC Trojans football|USC]] || 20 || '''[[1984 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || '''17''' || [[1985 Rose Bowl]]
|-
| December 28, 1985 || '''[[1985 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || '''10''' || [[BYU Cougars football|BYU]] || 7 || 1985 Citrus Bowl
|-
| January 1, 1987 || '''[[1986 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || '''28''' || [[Texas A&M Aggies football|Texas A&M]] || 12 || 1987 Cotton Bowl Classic
|-
| January 1, 1990 || [[Auburn Tigers football team|Auburn]] || 31 || '''[[1989 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || '''14''' || [[1990 Hall of Fame Bowl]]
|-
| December 27, 1990 || [[Air Force Falcons football|Air Force]] || 23 || '''[[1990 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || 11 || 1990 Liberty Bowl
|-
| January 1, 1992 || [[Syracuse Orange football|Syracuse]] || 24 || '''[[1991 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || '''17''' || [[1992 Hall of Fame Bowl]]
|-
| January 1, 1993 || [[Georgia Bulldogs football|Georgia]] || 21 || '''[[1992 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || '''14''' || 1993 Citrus Bowl
|-
| December 30, 1993 || '''[[1993 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || '''28''' || [[BYU Cougars football|BYU]] || 21 || [[1993 Holiday Bowl]]
|-
| January 2, 1995 || [[Alabama Crimson Tide football|Alabama]] || 24 || '''[[1994 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || '''17''' || [[1995 Florida Citrus Bowl]]
|-
| January 2, 1996 || [[Tennessee Volunteers football|Tennessee]] || 20 || '''[[1994 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || '''14''' || [[1996 Florida Citrus Bowl]]
|-
| January 1, 1997 || '''[[1996 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || '''20''' || [[Arizona State Sun Devils football|Arizona State]] || 17 || [[1997 Rose Bowl]]
|-
| January 1, 1998 || [[Florida State Seminoles football|Florida State]] || 31 || '''[[1997 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || '''14''' || [[1998 Sugar Bowl]]
|-
| January 1, 1999 || '''[[1998 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || '''24''' || [[Texas A&M Aggies football|Texas A&M]] || 14 || [[1999 Sugar Bowl]]
|-
| January 1, 2001 || [[South Carolina Gamecocks football|South Carolina]] || 24 || '''[[2000 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || '''7''' || [[2001 Outback Bowl]]
|-
| January 1, 2002 || [[South Carolina Gamecocks football|South Carolina]] || 31 || '''[[2001 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || '''28''' || [[2002 Outback Bowl]]
|- align="center"
| January 3, 2003 || '''[[2002 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || '''31''' || [[Miami Hurricanes football|Miami (FL)]] || 24 || [[2003 Fiesta Bowl]]
|-
| January 2, 2004 || '''[[2003 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || '''35''' || [[Kansas State Wildcats football|Kansas State]] || 28 || [[2004 Fiesta Bowl]]
|-
| December 29, 2004 || '''[[2004 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || '''33''' || [[Oklahoma State Cowboys football|Oklahoma State]] || 7 || [[2004 Alamo Bowl]]
|-
| January 2, 2006 || '''[[2005 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || '''34''' || [[2005 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team|Notre Dame]] || 20 || [[2006 Fiesta Bowl]]
|-
| January 8, 2007 || [[2006 Florida Gators football team|Florida]] || 41 || '''[[2006 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]] || '''14''' || [[2007 BCS National Championship Game|2007 BCS NCG]]
|-
| January 7, 2008 || [[2007 LSU Tigers football team|LSU]] || 38 || '''[[2007 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || '''24''' || [[2008 BCS National Championship Game|2008 BCS NCG]]
|-
| January 5, 2009 || [[2008 Texas Longhorns football team|Texas]] || 24 || '''[[2008 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || '''21''' || [[2009 Fiesta Bowl]]
|-
| January 1, 2010 || '''[[2009 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || '''26''' || [[2009 Oregon Ducks football team|Oregon]] || 17 || [[2010 Rose Bowl]]
|-
| January 5, 2011 || '''[[2010 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]†''' || '''31''' || [[2010 Arkansas Razorbacks football team|Arkansas]] || 26 || [[2011 Sugar Bowl]]
|-
| January 2, 2012 || [[2011 Florida Gators football team|Florida]] || 24 || '''[[2011 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]] || '''17''' || [[2012 Gator Bowl]]
|}
†''Win vacated''
|}

===All-time Big Ten records===
'''This table reflects the results of Big Ten matchups, i.e., games when both OSU and its opponent were members of the conference.''' Ohio State began Big Ten play in 1913. Examples of excluded results are Chicago after 1939, Michigan between 1907-1916, Michigan State before 1953, Penn State before 1993, and Nebraska before 2011. ''(See [[Big ten#History|Big Ten History]] for further information).''

'''Ohio State's vacated wins from 2010 are NOT included.''' ''(See [[2010 Ohio State Buckeyes football team]] for further information.)'' '''Penn State's victories over Ohio State that were vacated from 1998-2011 are included, as they still count as losses for Ohio State.''' ''(See [[Penn State child sex abuse scandal#NCAA and Big Ten sanctions|NCAA and Big Ten sanctions for Penn State]] and [[Wikipedia:WikiProject College football/Vacated victories|Wikipedia's explanation for vacated victories in the NCAA]] as well for further information).''

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|- align="center"
!!colspan=1 bgcolor=#990000| '''Team'''
!!colspan=1 bgcolor=#990000| '''Big Ten''' '''Wins'''
!!colspan=1 bgcolor=#990000| '''Big Ten''' '''Losses'''
!!colspan=1 bgcolor=#990000| '''Big Ten''' '''Ties'''
!!colspan=1 bgcolor=#990000| '''Winning''' '''Percentage'''
!!colspan=1 bgcolor=#990000| '''Streak'''
!!colspan=1 bgcolor=#990000| '''First Big Ten''' '''Meeting'''
!!colspan=1 bgcolor=#990000| '''Last''' '''Meeting'''
|- align="center"
| [[Chicago Maroons football|Chicago Maroons]] || 10 || 2 || 2 || {{Winning percentage|10|2|2}} || Won 8 || 1920 || 1939
|- align="center"
| [[Illinois Fighting Illini football|Illinois Fighting Illini]] || 64 || 29 || 3 || {{Winning percentage|64|29|3}} || Won 4 || 1914 || 2012
|- align="center"
| [[Indiana Hoosiers football|Indiana Hoosiers]] || 68 || 8 || 4 || {{Winning percentage|68|8|4}} || Won 17 || 1913 || 2012
|- align="center"
| [[Iowa Hawkeyes football|Iowa Hawkeyes]] || 45 || 14 || 3 || {{Winning percentage|45|14|3}} || Won 3 || 1922 || 2010
|- align="center"
| [[Michigan Wolverines football|Michigan Wolverines]] || 44 || 46 || 4 || {{Winning percentage|44|46|4}} || Won 1 || 1918 || 2012
|- align="center"
| [[Michigan State Spartans football|Michigan State Spartans]] || 28 || 11 || 0 || {{Winning percentage|27|11|0}} || Won 1 || 1953 || 2012
|- align="center"
| [[Minnesota Golden Gophers football|Minnesota Golden Gophers]] || 42 || 7 || 0 || {{Winning percentage|42|7|0}} || Won 7 || 1921 || 2010
|- align="center"
| [[Nebraska Cornhuskers football|Nebraska Cornhuskers]] || 1 || 1 || 0 || {{Winning percentage|1|1|0}} || Won 1 || 2011 || 2012
|- align="center"
| [[Northwestern Wildcats football|Northwestern Wildcats]] || 59 || 14 || 1 || {{Winning percentage|59|14|1}} || Won 4 || 1913 || 2008
|- align="center"
| [[Penn State Nittany Lions football|Penn State Nittany Lions]] || 12 || 7 || 0 || {{Winning percentage|12|7|0}} || Won 1 || 1993 || 2012
|- align="center"
| [[Purdue Boilermakers football|Purdue Boilermakers]] || 38 || 14 || 2 || {{Winning percentage|38|14|2}} || Won 1 || 1919 || 2012
|- align="center"
| [[Wisconsin Badgers football|Wisconsin Badgers]] || 55 || 18 || 5 || {{Winning percentage|54|18|5}} || Won 2 || 1913 || 2012
|-
|-align="center"
|-class="sortbottom"
|-align="center"
!! colspan=1 bgcolor=#999999| 
!! colspan=1 bgcolor=#999999| '''466'''
!! colspan=1 bgcolor=#999999| '''171'''
!! colspan=1 bgcolor=#999999| '''24'''
!! colspan=1 bgcolor=#999999| '''{{Winning percentage|473|171|24}}'''
!! colspan=3 bgcolor=#999999| 
|}
All Data from College Football Data Warehouse<ref>http://www.cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/div_ia/bigten/ohio_state/opponents.php</ref>
''Updated through the [[2012 NCAA Division I FBS football season]].''

==Individual awards and achievements==
Through the 2006 season Ohio State players have by a significant margin won more trophies than any other NCAA Division 1A program. Ohio State players have won 34 of the listed major awards, with the next closest being 26 (Oklahoma). Ohio State is the only university to have received each of the awards at least once. Of the five awards created prior to 1980 (Heisman, Lombardi, Maxwell, Outland, and Walter Camp), Ohio State has received the most with 25 (Notre Dame follows with 23).

===Retired numbers===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
| colspan="3" style= "background: #990000; color: #fff" | '''Ohio State Buckeyes retired numbers'''
|-
! width=40px style="background: #999999; color: #000000" | No.
! width=180px style="background: #999999; color: #000000" |Player
! width=80px style="background: #999999; color: #000000" |Position
|-
| '''22''' || [[Les Horvath]] || [[Running back|RB]], [[Quarterback|QB]]
|-
| '''27''' || [[Eddie George]] || [[Running back|RB]]
|-
| '''31''' || [[Vic Janowicz]] || [[Halfback (American football)|HB]]
|-
| '''40''' || [[Howard "Hopalong" Cassady]] || [[Halfback (American football)|HB]]
|-
| '''45''' || [[Archie Griffin]] || [[Running back|RB]]
|-
| '''47''' || [[Chic Harley]] || [[Halfback (American football)|HB]] [[Quarterback|QB]], [[End (American football)|E]], [[Placekicker|K]]
|-
| '''99''' || [[Bill Willis]] || [[Lineman (American football)|DL]]
|-
|}

===Heisman Trophy winners===
Ohio State players have won the [[Heisman Trophy]] seven times, which ties Notre Dame (7) for the most awards for any school. [[Archie Griffin]] is the only two-time recipient in the history of the award.
{| border="0" width="90%"
| valign="left" |
{| cellpadding="1" border="1" cellspacing="0" width="75%"
!bgcolor=#990000 |Season
!bgcolor=#990000 |Name
!bgcolor=#990000 |Pos.
!bgcolor=#990000 |Class
!bgcolor=#990000 |Points
|- align="center"
| [[1944 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1944]] || [[Les Horvath]] || Quarterback/ Running Back || Senior || 412
|- align="center"
| [[1950 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1950]] || [[Vic Janowicz]] || Running Back || Junior || 633
|- align="center"
| [[1955 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1955]] || [[Howard "Hopalong" Cassady]] || Running Back || Senior || 2219
|- align="center"
| [[1974 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1974]] || [[Archie Griffin]] || Running Back || Junior || 1920
|- align="center"
| [[1975 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1975]] || [[Archie Griffin]] || Running Back || Senior || 1800
|- align="center"
| [[1995 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1995]] || [[Eddie George]] || Running Back || Senior || 1460
|- align="center"
| [[2006 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|2006]] || [[Troy Smith]] || Quarterback || Senior || 2540
|- align="center"
| colspan=2 bgcolor=#999999| '''Heisman Trophy Winners'''
| colspan=4 bgcolor=#999999| '''7'''
|}
|}

===Lombardi Award===
Ohio State players have won the [[Lombardi Award]] six times. '''Orlando Pace''' is the only two-time recipient in the history of the award.
* 1970: [[Jim Stillwagon]]
* 1973: [[John Hicks]]
* 1987: [[Chris Spielman]]
* 1995: [[Orlando Pace]]
* 1996: [[Orlando Pace]]
* 2005: [[A. J. Hawk]]
I

===Maxwell Award===
Four Ohio State players have won the [[Maxwell Award]]:
* 1955: Howard Cassady
* 1961: [[Bob Ferguson (American football)|Bob Ferguson]]
* 1975: Archie Griffin
* 1995: Eddie George

===Outland Trophy===
Four Ohio State players have won the [[Outland Trophy]]:
* 1956: [[Jim Parker (American football)|Jim Parker]]
* 1970: [[Jim Stillwagon]]
* 1973: [[John Hicks]]
* 1996: Orlando Pace

===Walter Camp Award===
Three Ohio State players have won the [[Walter Camp Award]]:
* 1974, 1975: Archie Griffin
* 1995: Eddie George
* 2006: Troy Smith

===Other awards===
* Eddie George received the '''[[Doak Walker Award]]''' in 1995
* [[Terry Glenn]] received the '''[[Fred Biletnikoff Award]]''' in 1995
* [[Andy Katzenmoyer]] received the '''[[Dick Butkus Award]]''' in 1997
* [[Antoine Winfield]] received the '''[[Jim Thorpe Award]]''' in 1998
* [[LeCharles Bentley]] received the '''[[Dave Rimington Trophy]]''' in 2001
* [[B. J. Sander]] received the '''[[Ray Guy Award]]''' in 2003
* [[Mike Nugent]] received the '''[[Lou Groza Award]]''' in 2004
* James Laurinaitis received the '''[[Bronko Nagurski Trophy]]''' in 2006
* Troy Smith received the '''[[Davey O'Brien Award]]''' in 2006
* James Laurinaitis received the '''[[Dick Butkus Award]]''' in 2007
* [[Malcolm Jenkins]] received the '''[[Jim Thorpe Award]]''' in 2008
* [[James Laurinaitis]] received the '''[[Lott Trophy]] ''' in 2008

===All-American and All-Conference honors===
Through 2006 129 Buckeyes have been named first team All-Americans since 1914. Of those, {{American college football All-Americans|Ohio St.|ref=Y}} have been consensus picks. 234 have been named to the All-Big Ten team, and 15 have won the [[Chicago Tribune Silver Football]], the Big Ten's [[Most Valuable Player]] award, including Troy Smith for 2006. The [[Athletic director|Athletic Directors]] of the Big Ten Conference voted Eddie George '''Big Ten-[[Jesse Owens]]''' '''Athlete of the Year''' for 1996.

On November 22, 2006, ten Buckeyes were named to either the Coaches or Conference media All-Big Ten First Team selections for the 2006 season, and seven were named to both. [[Troy Smith]] was named Big Ten Offensive Player of the Year. Four other Buckeyes received Second Team honors.

===List of All-Americans===
All records per OSU Athletics.<ref>[http://www.ohiostatebuckeyes.com/fls/17300//pdf/fb/m-footbl-all-american.pdf?SPSID=87751&SPID=10408&DB_OEM_ID=17300 Ohio State First-Team All-Americans], OSU Athletics, Spring 2008.</ref>

====1910s====
*1914: Boyd Cherry (E)
*1916: [[Chic Harley]] (B), Robert Karch (T)
*1917: Charles Bolen (E), Harold Courtney (E), Chic Harley (B), Kelley VanDyne (C)
*1918: Clarence MacDonald (E)
*1919: Chic Harley (B), [[Gaylord Stinchcomb]] (B)

====1920s====
*1920: Iolas Huffman (G), Gaylord Stinchcomb (B)
*1921: Iolas Huffman (G), Cyril Myers (E)
*1923: Harry Workman (QB)
*1924: [[Cookie Cunningham|Harold Cunningham]] (E)
*1925: Edwin Hess (G)
*1926: Edwin Hess (G), [[Marty Karow]] (HB), [[Leo Raskowski]] (T)
*1927: Leo Raskowski (T)
*1928: [[Wes Fesler]] (E)
*1929: Wes Fesler (E)

====1930s====
*1930: Wes Fesler (E), Lew Hinchman (HB)
*1931: Carl Cramer (QB), Lew Hinchman (HB)
*1932: Joseph Gailus (G), [[Sid Gillman]] (E), Lew Hinchman (HB), Ted Rosequist (T)
*1933: Joseph Gailus (G)
*1934: Regis Monahan (G), Merle Wendt (E)
*1935: [[Gomer Jones]] (C), Merle Wendt (E)
*1936: Charles Hamrick (T), Inwood Smith (G), Merle Wendt (E)
*1937: Carl Kaplanoff (T), Jim McDonald (QB), Ralph Wolf (C), [[Gust Zarnas]] (G)
*1939: Vic Marino (G), Esco Sarkkinen (E), [[Don Scott (American football)|Don Scott]] (HB)

====1940s====
*1940:Don Scott (C)
*1942: [[Bob Shaw (American football)|Robert Shaw]] (E), [[Charles Csuri]] (T), [[Lin Houston]] (G), Paul Sarringhaus (HB), Gene Fekete (E)
*1943: [[Bill Willis]] (T)
*1944: Jack Dugger (E), Bill Willis (T), William Hackett (G), [[Les Horvath]] (QB/HB)
*1945: [[Warren Amling]] (G), [[Ollie Cline]] (FB), Russell Thomas (T)
*1946: Warren Amling (G), Cecil Souders (E)

====1950s====
*1950: Robert Momsen (T), Robert McMullogh (C), [[Vic Janowicz]] (HB)
*1952: Mike Takacs (G)
*1954: Dean Dugger (E), [[Howard "Hopalong" Cassady|Howard Cassady]] (HB), Jim Reichenbach (G)
*1955: [[Jim Parker (American football)|Jim Parker]] (G), Howard Cassady (HB)
*1956: Jim Parker (G)
*1957: [[Aurealius Thomas]] (G)
*1958: [[Jim Houston]] (E), [[Jim Marshall (American football)|Jim Marshall]] (T), [[Bob White (American football)|Bob White]] (E)
*1959: Jim Houston (E)

====1960s====
*1960: [[Bob Ferguson (American football)|Bob Ferguson]] (FB)
*1961: Bob Ferguson (FB)
*1964: Jim Davidson (T), Ike Kelley (LB), Arnie Chonko (DB)
*1965: [[Doug Van Horn]] (G), Ike Kelley (LB)
*1966: Ray Pryor (C)
*1968: [[Dave Foley (American football)|Dave Foley]] (OT), [[Rufus Mayes]] (OT)
*1969: [[Jim Stillwagon]] (G), [[Rex Kern]] (QB), [[Jim Otis]] (FB), [[Ted Provost]] (CB), [[Jack Tatum]] (CB)

====1970s====
*1970: Jan White (TE), Jim Stillwagon (MG), [[John Brockington]] (FB), Jack Tatum (CB), [[Mike Sensibaugh]] (S), Tim Anderson (CB)
*1971: [[Tom DeLeone]] (C)
*1972: [[John Hicks (American football)|John Hicks]] (OT), [[Randy Gradishar]] (LB)
*1973: John Hicks (OT), Randy Gradishar (LB), Van DeCree (DE), [[Archie Griffin]] (TB)
*1974: Van Ness DeCree (DE), Kurt Schumacher (OT), Steve Myers (C), Pete Cusick (DT), Archie Griffin (TB), [[Neal Colzie]] (CB), [[Tom Skladany]] (P)
*1975: Ted Smith (OG), Archie Griffin (TB), [[Timothy R. Fox|Tim Fox]] (S), Tom Skladany (P)
*1976: [[Bob Brudzinski]] (DE), [[Chris Ward (American football)|Chris Ward]] (OT), Tom Skladany (P)
*1977: Chris Ward (OT), Aaron Brown (NG), [[Tom Cousineau]] (LB), Ray Griffin (S)
*1978: Tom Cousineau (LB)
*1979: Ken Fritz (OG), [[Art Schlichter]] (QB)

====1980s====
*1982: Marcus Marek (LB)
*1984: [[Jim Lachey]] (OG), [[Keith Byars]] (TB)
*1985: [[Pepper Johnson]] (LB)
*1986: [[Cris Carter]] (SE), [[Chris Spielman]] (LB)
*1987: Chris Spielman (LB), [[Tom Tupa]] (P)
*1988: [[Jeff Uhlenhake]] (C)

====1990s====
*1991: [[Steve Tovar]] (LB)
*1992: Steve Tovar (LB)
*1993: [[Korey Stringer]] (OT), [[Dan Wilkinson]] (DT)
*1994: Korey Stringer (OT)
*1995: [[Eddie George]] (TB), [[Terry Glenn]] (FL), [[Orlando Pace]] (OT), [[Mike Vrabel]] (DE)
*1996: Orlando Pace (OT), [[Shawn Springs]] (CB), Mike Vrabel (DE)
*1997: [[Andy Katzenmoyer]] (LB), [[Rob Murphy (football player)|Rob Murphy]] (OG), [[Antoine Winfield]] (CB)
*1998: [[David Boston]] (SE), [[Damon Moore]] (SS), Rob Murphy (OG), Antoine Winfield (CB)
*1999: [[Na'il Diggs]] (LB)

====2000s====
*2000: [[Mike Doss]] (SS)
*2001: [[LeCharles Bentley]] (C), Mike Doss (SS)
*2002: Mike Doss (SS), [[Andy Groom]] (P), [[Mike Nugent]] (PK), [[Matt Wilhelm]] (LB)
*2003: [[Will Allen (safety)|Will Allen]] (DB)
*2004: Mike Nugent (PK), [[A. J. Hawk]] (LB)
*2005: A. J. Hawk (LB)
*2006: [[Troy Smith]] (QB), [[James Laurinaitis]] (LB), [[Quinn Pitcock]] (DL)
*2007: James Laurinaitis (LB), [[Chris Wells (American football)|Chris Wells]] (RB)
*2008: James Laurinaitis (LB), Malcolm Jenkins (CB)

====2010s====
*2012: Bradley Roby (CB)

===Team season MVPs===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
1930: [[Wes Fesler]] - (E) - [[Chicago Tribune Silver Football|Big Ten MVP]] 
1931: Robert Haubrich - (OT) 
1932: Lew Hinchman - (HB) 
1933: Mickey Vuchinich - (FB) 
1934: [[Gomer Jones]] - (C) 
1935: Gomer Jones - (C) 
1936: Ralph Wolf - (C) 
1937: Ralph Wolf - (C) 
1938: Jim Langhurst - (FB) 
1939: [[Steve Andrako]] - (C) 
1940: [[Don Scott (American football)|Don Scott]] - (C) 
1941: [[Jack Graf]] - (FB) - [[Chicago Tribune Silver Football|Big Ten MVP]] 
1942: [[Charles Csuri|Chuck Csuri]] - (OT) 
1943: [[Gordon Appleby]] - (C) 
1944: [[Les Horvath]] - (QB) - [[Chicago Tribune Silver Football|Big Ten MVP]] 
1945: [[Ollie Cline]] - (FB) - [[Chicago Tribune Silver Football|Big Ten MVP]] 
1946: [[Cecil Souders]] - (E) 
1947: Dave Templeton - (G) 
1948: Joe Whisler - (FB) 
1949: Jack Lininger - (C) 
1950: [[Vic Janowicz]] - (HB) - [[Chicago Tribune Silver Football|Big Ten MVP]] 
1951: [[Vic Janowicz]] - (HB) 
1952: [[Fred Bruney]] - (HB) 
1953: George Jacoby - (T) 
1954: [[Howard Cassady]] - (HB) 
1955: Howard Cassady - (HB) - [[Chicago Tribune Silver Football|Big Ten MVP]] 
1956: [[Jim Parker (American football)|Jim Parker]] - (G) 
1957: [[Bill Jobko]] - (G) 
1958: [[Jim Houston]] - (E) 
1959: Jim Houston - (E) 
1960: [[Tom Matte]] - (QB) 
1961: [[Bob Ferguson (American football)|Bob Ferguson]] - (FB) 
1962: [[Billy Armstrong (American football)|Billy Armstrong]] - (C) 
1963: [[Matt Snell]] - (FB) 
1964: Ed Orazen - (DL) 
1965: [[Doug Van Horn]] - (OG) 
1966: Ray Pryor - (C) 
1967: Dirk Worden - (LB) 
1968: Mark Stier - (LB) 
1969: [[Jim Otis]] - (FB) 
{{col-2}}
1970: [[Jim Stillwagon]] - (DL) 
1971: [[Tom DeLeone]]- (C) 
1972: George Hasenohrl - (DL) 
1973: [[Archie Griffin]] - (RB) - [[Chicago Tribune Silver Football|Big Ten MVP]] 
1974: Archie Griffin - (RB) - [[Chicago Tribune Silver Football|Big Ten MVP]] 
1975: [[Cornelius Greene]] - (QB) - [[Chicago Tribune Silver Football|Big Ten MVP]] 
1976: [[Bob Brudzinski]] - (DE) 
1977: Dave Adkins - (LB) 
1978: [[Tom Cousineau]] - (LB) 
1979: [[Jim Laughlin]] - (LB) 
1980: [[Calvin Murray (American football)|Calvin Murray]] - (TB) 
1981: [[Art Schlichter]] - (QB) - [[Chicago Tribune Silver Football|Big Ten MVP]] 
1982: [[Tim Spencer (American football)|Tim Spencer]] - (RB) 
1983: [[John E. Frank|John Frank]] - (TE) 
1984: [[Keith Byars]] - (RB) - [[Chicago Tribune Silver Football|Big Ten MVP]] 
1985: [[Jim Karsatos]] - (QB) 
1986: [[Cris Carter]] - (WR) 
1987: [[Chris Spielman]] - (LB) 
1988: [[Jeff Uhlenhake]] - (C) 
1989: [[Derek Isaman]] - (LB) 
1990: [[Jeff Graham]] - (WR) 
1991: [[Carlos Snow]] - (TB) 
1992: [[Kirk Herbstreit]] - (QB) 
1993: [[Raymont Harris]] - (TB) 
1994: [[Korey Stringer]] - (OT) 
1995: [[Eddie George]] - (TB) - [[Chicago Tribune Silver Football|Big Ten MVP]] 
1996: [[Orlando Pace]] - (OT) - [[Chicago Tribune Silver Football|Big Ten MVP]] 
1997: [[Antoine Winfield]] - (DB) 
1998: [[Joe Germaine]] - (QB) - [[Chicago Tribune Silver Football|Big Ten MVP]] 
1999: [[Ahmed Plummer]] - (DB) 
2000: [[Derek Combs]] - (TB) 
2001: [[Jonathan Wells (American football)|Jonathan Wells]] - (TB) 
2002: [[Craig Krenzel]] - (QB) / [[Chris Gamble]] - (WR/DB) 
2003: [[Michael Jenkins (American football)|Michael Jenkins]] - (WR) 
2004: [[Mike Nugent]] - (PK) 
2005: [[A. J. Hawk]] - (LB) 
2006: [[Troy Smith]] - (QB) - [[Chicago Tribune Silver Football|Big Ten MVP]] 
2007: [[Chris Wells (American football)|Chris Wells]] - (TB) 
2008: [[Chris Wells (American football)|Chris Wells]] - (TB) 
2009: [[Kurt Coleman]] - (SS) 
2010: [[Dane Sanzenbacher]] - (WR) 
2011: [[Daniel Herron]] - (TB) 
2012: [[Braxton Miller]]-(QB) - [[Chicago Tribune Silver Football|Big Ten MVP]] 
{{col-end}}

===All-Century Team===
{{see also|Ohio State Football All-Century Team}}

===Ohio State's All-Time Team===
Chosen in 2001 by Athlon Sports. [http://www.athlonsports.com/college-football/4227/ohio-state-all-time-team]
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
'''Offense''' 
'''WR''' [[Santonio Holmes]] 2003-05 
'''WR''' [[Cris Carter]] 1984-86 
'''WR''' [[Terry Glenn]] 1993-95 
'''WR''' [[David Boston]] 1996-98 
'''TE''' [[John E. Frank|John Frank]] 1980-83 
'''OL''' [[Jim Parker (American football)|Jim Parker]] 1954-56 
'''OL''' [[Korey Stringer]] 1992-94 
'''OL''' [[Gomer Jones]] 1934-35 
'''OL''' [[John Hicks (American football)|John Hicks]] 1970, 72-73 
'''OL''' [[Orlando Pace]] 1994-96 
'''QB''' [[Troy Smith]] 2002-06 
'''RB''' Howard "Hopalong" Cassady 1952-55 
'''RB''' [[Archie Griffin]] 1972-75 
'''RB''' [[Eddie George]] 1992-95 
'''K''' [[Mike Nugent]] 
{{col-2}}
'''Defense''' 
'''DL''' [[Will Smith]] 
'''DL''' Bill Willis 1942-44 
'''DL''' [[Jim Stillwagon]] 1968-70 
'''DL''' [[Dan Wilkinson]] 1992-93 
'''DL''' [[Mike Vrabel]] 1993-96 
'''NT''' [[Scott 'Iceberg' Kinghorn]] 1945-46 exp team 
'''LB''' [[Tom Cousineau]] 1975-78 
'''LB''' [[Chris Spielman]] 1984-87 
'''LB''' [[Andy Katzenmoyer]] 1996-98 
'''LB''' James Laurinaitis 2005-08 
'''LB''' [[AJ Hawk]] 2002-05 
'''DB''' Vic Janowicz 1949-51 
'''DB''' [[Jack Tatum]] 1968-70 
'''DB''' [[Chris Gamble]] 2001-03 
'''DB''' [[Malcolm Jenkins]] 2005-08 
'''DB''' [[Antoine Winfield]] 1995-98 
'''P''' [[Tom Skladany]] 1973-1976 
{{col-end}}

===NCAA Coach of the Year===
Three Ohio State head coaches have received the '''[[Paul "Bear" Bryant Award]]''' as NCAA Coach of the Year a total of five times:
* [[Woody Hayes]] 1957, 1968, 1975
* [[Earle Bruce]] 1979
* [[Jim Tressel]] 2002
In addition, two coaches were voted "National Coach of the Year" before the inception of the Bryant Award. [[Carroll Widdoes]], acting head coach after [[Paul Brown]] had entered the [[United States Navy]], was voted the honor in 1944. Brown himself was voted the honor in 1942 for winning the [[NCAA Division I-A national football championship|National Championship]] but declined in favor of [[Georgia Institute of Technology]]'s [[William Alexander (coach)|Bill Alexander]].

===Academic awards and achievements===

====Rhodes Scholarship====
On December 6, 1985, Mike Lanese was awarded a [[Rhodes Scholarship]] to the [[University of Oxford]].

====College Sports Information Directors of America Academic All-Americans====

'''Academic All-American Hall of Fame''' 
Class of 1992 [[Randy Gradishar]]

'''Academic All-American Player of the Year''' 
2003: [[Craig Krenzel]] (Quarterback)

'''Academic All-Americans'''
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
1952: John Borton (Quarterback) 
1954: Dick Hilnski (Tackle) 
1958: [[Bob White (American football)|Bob White]] (Fullback) 
1961: Tom Perdue (End) 
1965: Bill Ridder (Middle Guard) 
1966: [[Dave Foley (American football)|Dave Foley]] (Offensive Tackle) 
1967: Dave Foley (Offensive Tackle) 
1968: Dave Foley (Offensive Tackle) 
1969: Bill Urbanik (Defensive Tackle) 
1971: Rick Simon (Offensive Tackle) 
1973: [[Randy Gradishar]] (Linebacker) 
1974: [[Brian Baschnagel]] (Running Back) 
1975: Brian Baschnagel (Running Back) 
1976: [[Pete Johnson (American football)|Pete Johnson]] (Fullback) 
1977: [[Jeff Logan]] (Running Back) 
1980: Marcus Marek (Linebacker) 
1982: Joe Smith (Offensive Tackle) 
1982: [[John E. Frank|John Frank]] (Tight End) 
1983: John Frank (Tight End) 
1983: Dave Crecelius (Defensive Tackle)
{{col-2}}
1984: Dave Crecelius (Defensive Tackle) 
1984: Mike Lanese (Wide Receiver) 
1984: Anthony Tiuliani (Defensive Tackle) 
1985: Mike Lanese (Wide Receiver) 
1987: [[Joe Staysniak]] (Offensive Tackle) 
1989: Joe Staysniak (Offensive Tackle) 
1990: Greg Smith (Defensive Line) 
1992: Len Hartman (Offensive Guard) 
1992: Greg Smith (Defensive Line) 
1995: Greg Bellisari (Linebacker) 
1996: Greg Bellisari (Linebacker) 
1998: Jerry Rudzinski (Linebacker) 
1999: [[Ahmed Plummer]] (Cornerback) 
2002: [[Craig Krenzel]] (Quarterback) 
2003: Craig Krenzel (Quarterback) 
2006: [[Anthony Gonzalez]] (Wide Receiver) 
2006: Stan White, Jr (Fullback) 
2007: [[Brian Robiskie]] (Wide Receiver) 
2008: Brian Robiskie (Wide Receiver)
{{col-end}}

====National Football Foundation and College Hall of Fame====
'''[[Draddy Trophy|Vincent dePaul Draddy Trophy]]''' ("Academic Heisman")
*1995 [[Bobby Hoying]]
*2003 [[Craig Krenzel]]

'''National Scholar-Athlete Awards'''
Ohio State's eighteen NFF Scholar-Athlete Awards rank second only to [[University of Nebraska system|Nebraska]]'s twenty among all college football programs.
*1965 [[Willard Sander]]
*1968 David Foley
*1970 [[Rex Kern]]
*1973 [[Randy Gradishar]]
*1975 [[Brian Baschnagel]]
*1979 [[Jim Laughlin]]
*1982 Joe Smith
*1983 [[John E. Frank|John Frank]]
*1984 [[Dave Crecelius]]
*1985 [[Mike Lanese]]
*1989 [[Joe Staysniak]]
*1990 [[Greg Frey]]
*1992 Greg Smith
*1994 [[Joey Galloway]]
*1995 [[Bobby Hoying]]
*1996 [[Greg Bellisari]]
*1999 [[Ahmed Plummer]]

'''College Football Hall of Fame'''
Beginning with Chic Harley and Howard Jones in the 1951 inaugural class, Ohio State has had 30 former players and coaches inducted into the [[College Football Hall of Fame]]

*1951 [[Chic Harley]]
*1951 [[Howard Jones (American football coach)|Howard Jones]]
*1954 [[Wes Fesler]]
*1954 [[John Wilce]]
*1969 [[Les Horvath]]
*1971 [[Bill Willis]]
*1971 [[Francis Schmidt]]
*1973 [[Gaylord Stinchcomb]]
*1974 [[Jim Parker (American football)|Jim Parker]]
*1975 [[Gust Zarnas]]
*1976 [[Vic Janowicz]]
*1977 [[Jim Daniell]]
*1978 [[Gomer Jones]]
*1979 [[Hopalong Cassady]]
*1983 [[Woody Hayes]]
*1984 [[Warren Amling]]
*1986 [[Archie Griffin]]
*1989 [[Aurealius Thomas]]
*1991 [[Jim Stillwagon]]
*1996 [[Bob Ferguson (American football)|Bob Ferguson]]
*1998 [[Randy Gradishar]]
*2001 [[John Hicks]]
*2002 [[Earle Bruce]]
*2004 [[Jack Tatum]]
*2005 [[Jim Houston]]
*2007 [[Rex Kern]]
*2008 [[John Cooper (American football)|John Cooper]]
*2009 [[Chris Spielman]]
*2011 [[Eddie George]]
*2013 [[Orlando Pace]]

==Individual school records==
{{see also|Ohio State Buckeyes football yearly statistical leaders}}

===Rushing records===
* Most rushing attempts, career: 924, [[Archie Griffin]] (1972–75)
* Most rushing attempts, season: 336, [[Keith Byars]] (1984)
* Most rushing attempts, game: 44, [[Champ Henson]] (November 18, 1972 at [[Northwestern Wildcats football|Northwestern]])
* Most rushing yards, career: 5,589, [[Archie Griffin]] (1972–75)
* Most rushing yards, season: 1,927, [[Eddie George]] (1995)
* Most rushing yards, game: 314, [[Eddie George]] (November 11, 1995 vs. [[Illinois Fighting Illini football|Illinois]])
* Most rushing yards against Michigan, game: 222, [[Chris Wells (American football)|Chris Wells]] (November 17, 2007)
* Most rushing touchdowns, career: 56, [[Pete Johnson (American football)|Pete Johnson]] (1973–76)
* Most rushing touchdowns, season: 25, Pete Johnson (1975)
* Most rushing touchdowns, game: 5, Pete Johnson (September 27, 1975 vs. [[North Carolina Tar Heels football|North Carolina]]) and Keith Byars (October 13, 1984 vs. Illinois)
* Longest run from scrimmage: 89 yards, Gene Fekete (November 7, 1942 vs. [[Pittsburgh Panthers football|Pittsburgh]]) and Dan "Boom" Herron (November 27, 2010 vs. Michigan)
* Most games with at least 100 rushing yards, career: 34, [[Archie Griffin]] (1972–75)
* Most games with at least 100 rushing yards, season: 12, [[Eddie George]] (1995)
* Most games with at least 200 rushing yards, career: 5 [[Eddie George]] (1992–95)
* Most games with at least 200 rushing yards, season: 3, [[Eddie George]] (1995)

===Passing records===
* Most passing attempts, career: 934, [[Art Schlichter]] (1978–81)
* Most passing attempts, season: 384, [[Joe Germaine]] (1998)
* Most passing attempts, game: 52, Art Schlichter (October 3, 1981 vs. [[Florida State Seminoles football|Florida State]])
* Most passing completions, career: 498, [[Bobby Hoying]] (1992–95)
* Most passing completions, season: 230, [[Joe Germaine]] (1998)
* Most passing completions, game: 31, Art Schlichter (October 3, 1981 vs. Florida State) and Joe Germaine (October 31, 1998 at [[Indiana Hoosiers football|Indiana]])
* Most passing yards, career: 7,547, Art Schlichter (1978–81)
* Most passing yards, season: 3,330, [[Joe Germaine]] (1998)
* Most passing yards, game: 458, Art Schlichter (October 3, 1981 vs. Florida State)
* Most passing touchdowns, career: 57, [[Bobby Hoying]] (1992–95) and [[Terrelle Pryor]] (2008–2010)
* Most passing touchdowns, season: 30, [[Troy Smith]] (2006)
* Most passing touchdowns, game: 5, John Borton (October 18, 1952 vs. [[Washington State Cougars football|Washington State]]) and twice by [[Bobby Hoying]] (October 22, 1994 vs. [[Purdue Boilermakers football|Purdue]] and September 23, 1995 at [[Pittsburgh Panthers football|Pittsburgh]])
*Longest pass completion: 86 yards, Art Schlichter to Calvin Murray (September 22, 1979 vs. Washington State)
*Longest interception returned for touchdown 102 yards Matt Henrey (November 10, 1990 vs. Iowa)
* Most games with at least 200 passing yards, career: 16, [[Bobby Hoying]] (1992–95)
* Most games with at least 200 passing yards, season: 11, [[Bobby Hoying]] (1995) and Joe Germaine (1998)
* Most games with at least 300 passing yards, career: 8, [[Joe Germaine]] (1996–98)
* Most games with at least 300 passing yards, season: 7, [[Joe Germaine]] (1998)

===Receiving records===
* Most receptions, career: 191, [[David Boston]] (1996–98)
* Most receptions, season: 85, David Boston (1998)
* Most receptions, game: 14, David Boston (October 11, 1997 at [[Penn State Nittany Lions football|Penn State]])
* Most receiving yards, career: 2,898, [[Michael Jenkins (American football)|Michael Jenkins]] (2000–03)
* Most receiving yards, season: 1,435, David Boston (1998)
* Most receiving yards, game: 253, [[Terry Glenn]] (September 23, 1995 at [[Pittsburgh Panthers football|Pittsburgh]])
* Most touchdown receptions, career: 34, David Boston (1996–98)
* Most touchdown receptions, season: 17, Terry Glenn (1995)
* Most touchdown receptions, game: 4, Bob Grimes (October 18, 1952 vs. [[Washington State Cougars football|Washington State]]) and Terry Glenn (September 23, 1995 at Pittsburgh) and Dane Sanzenbacher (September 25, 2010 vs. [[Eastern Michigan Eagles football|Eastern Michigan]])
* Longest pass reception: 86 yards, Calvin Murray from Art Schlichter (September 22, 1979 vs. Washington State)
* Most games with at least 100 receiving yards, career: 14, David Boston (1996–98)
* Most games with at least 100 receiving yards, season: 9, David Boston (1998)
* Yards per Reception: 26.4, [[Jim Houston]] (1957–59)

===Kickoff return records===
* Most kickoff returns, career: 72, Maurice Hall (2001–04)
* Most kickoff returns, season: 31, [[Ken-Yon Rambo]] (1999)
* Most kickoff returns, game: 7, [[Vince Workman]] (November 7, 1987 at [[Wisconsin Badgers football|Wisconsin]])
* Most kickoff return yards, career: 1,642, Maurice Hall (2001–04)
* Most kickoff return yards, season: 653, Ken-Yon Rambo (1999)
* Most kickoff return yards, game: 213, [[Carlos Snow]] (September 17, 1988 at [[Pittsburgh Panthers football|Pittsburgh]])
* Most kickoff return touchdowns, career: 2, Dean Sensanbaugher (1943–47) and Lenny Willis (1974)
* Longest kickoff return: 103 yards, Dean Sensanbaugher (October 9, 1943 at Great Lakes)

===Punt return records===
* Most punt returns, career: 98, [[David Boston]] (1996–98)
* Most punt returns, season: 47, David Boston (1997) ''(also a [[Big Ten Conference]] record)''
* Most punt returns, game: 9, Tom Campana (October 16, 1971 at [[Indiana Hoosiers football|Indiana]])
* Most punt return yards, career: 959, David Boston (1996–98)
* Most punt return yards, season: 679, [[Neal Colzie]] (1973) ''(also a [[Big Ten Conference]] record)''
* Most punt return yards, game: 170, Neal Colzie (November 10, 1973 vs. [[Michigan State Spartans football|Michigan State]])
* Most punt return touchdowns, career: 6, [[Ted Ginn, Jr.]] (2004–06) ''(also a [[Big Ten Conference]] record)''
* Longest punt return: 90 yards, Brian Hartline (October 13, 2007 vs. [[Kent State Golden Flashes|Kent State]])

==Buckeyes in the NFL==
{| class="infobox bordered" style="width: 25em; text-align: left; font-size: 100%;"
|+ style="font-size: larger;" |
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:#990000" align=center|Buckeyes in the NFL
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:#990000" align=center|NFL Draft selections
|-
! Total selected:
| align=center|329
|-
! First picks in draft:
| align=center|3
|-
! 1st Round:
| align=center|68
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:#990000" align=center| NFL achievements
|-
! Total Players:
| align=center|308
|-
! In the [[Super Bowl]]:
| align=center|54
|-
! [[Pro Football Hall of Fame|Hall of Famers]]:
| align=center|7
|-
|}
40 former Ohio State players are currently active on rosters of [[National Football League]] teams: [[Mike Adams (offensive tackle)]] [[Will Allen (safety)|Will Allen]], [[Kirk Barton]], [[Alex Boone]], [[Bobby Carpenter (American football)|Bobby Carpenter]], [[Nate Clements]], [[Na'il Diggs]], [[Marcus Freeman (linebacker)|Marcus Freeman]], [[Chris Gamble]], [[Ted Ginn, Jr.]], [[Thaddeus Gibson]], [[Anthony Gonzalez]], [[Larry Grant (American football)|Larry Grant]], [[Brian Hartline]], [[Ben Hartsock]], [[A. J. Hawk]], [[Santonio Holmes]], [[Kevin Houser]], [[Malcolm Jenkins]], [[Michael Jenkins (American football)|Michael Jenkins]], [[James Laurinaitis]], [[Nick Mangold]], [[Donnie Nickey]], [[Mike Nugent]], [[Orlando Pace]], [[Kenny Peterson]], [[Ryan Pickett]], [[Jay Richardson]], [[Brian Robiskie]], [[Rob Sims]], [[Antonio Smith (cornerback)|Antonio Smith]], [[Will Smith (American football)|Will Smith]], [[Shawn Springs]], [[Donald Washington]], [[Beanie Wells|Chris Wells]], [[Donte Whitner]], [[Matt Wilhelm]], [[Antoine Winfield]], [[Ashton Youboty]], [[Jake Ballard]], [[Kurt Coleman]] and [[Dane Sanzenbacher]].

Former notable NFL players who played at Ohio State include: [[Lou Groza]], [[Dante Lavelli]], [[Jim Parker (American football)|Jim Parker]], [[Bill Willis]], [[Paul Warfield]], [[Jim Marshall (American football)|Jim Marshall]], [[Jim Houston]], [[Jack Tatum]], [[Randy Gradishar]], [[Dick Schafrath]], [[Jim Lachey]], [[Tom Tupa]], [[Chris Spielman]], [[Robert Smith (football player)|Robert Smith]], [[Korey Stringer]], [[Raymont Harris]], [[Cris Carter]], and [[Eddie George]]. Carter, Groza, Lavelli, Parker, Warfield, and Willis have been inducted into the [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]].

In the [[2004 NFL Draft]], 14 Buckeyes were drafted, a record number for any school in a single draft.

===Players selected in NFL Drafts===
With two first-round selections in 2007, the Buckeyes have the second most first-round selections all-time in the history of the [[NFL Draft]], one fewer than USC (67).<ref name="2007nfl">{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://ohiostatebuckeyes.cstv.com/sports/m-footbl/spec-rel/043007aaa.html| title = Eight Buckeyes in NFL Draft| work = | publisher = TOSU Football Official Site| accessdate = 1 May 2007}}</ref> The Buckeyes had another first round selection in 2008, two more in 2009, and one in 2011. The following are the lists of Ohio State players selected in the NFL Draft since 1955.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1955 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 2 || align=center|23 || [[Chicago Bears]] ||[[Bobby Watkins]] || Halfback
|-
| 4 || align=center|46 || [[Philadelphia Eagles]] ||[[Dean Dugger]] || End
|-
| 7 || align=center|74 || [[Chicago Cardinals]] ||[[Dave Leggett]] || Quarterback
|-
| 13 || align=center|153 || [[Philadelphia Eagles]] ||[[Jerry Krisher]] || Center
|-
| 13 || align=center|157 || [[Cleveland Browns]] ||[[John Borton]] || Quarterback
|-
| 15 || align=center|170 || [[Chicago Cardinals]] ||[[Dick Brubaker]] || End
|-
| 28 || align=center|328 || [[Baltimore Colts]] ||[[Bob Meyer]] || Tackle
|-
| 28 || align=center|330 || [[Pittsburgh Steelers]] ||[[Dave Williams]] || Offensive Guard
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1956 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 1 || align=center|3 || [[Detroit Lions]] ||[[Howard "Hopalong" Cassady]] || Halfback
|-
| 4 || align=center|41 || [[Washington Redskins]] ||[[Fran Machinsky]] || Defensive Tackle
|-
| 9 || align=center|106 || [[Chicago Bears]] ||[[Ken Vargo]] || Center
|-
| 22 || align=center|261 || [[New York Giants]] ||[[Jerry Harkrader]] || Back
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1957 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 1 || align=center|8 || [[Baltimore Colts]] ||[[Jim Parker]] || Offensive Guard
|-
| 2 || align=center|16 || [[Pittsburgh Steelers]] ||[[Bill Michael]] || Defensive Tackle
|-
| 11 || align=center|124 || [[Green Bay Packers]] ||[[Jim Roseboro]] || Back
|-
| 11 || align=center|125 || [[Cleveland Browns]] ||[[Bill Cummings]] || Defensive Tackle
|-
| 13 || align=center|146 || [[Philadelphia Eagles]] ||[[Hubert Bobo]] || Linebacker
|-
| 16 || align=center|185 || [[Baltimore Colts]] ||[[Joe Cannavino]] || Runningback
|-
| 18 || align=center|212 || [[San Francisco 49ers]] ||[[Dick Guy]] || Offensive guard
|-
| 22 || align=center|257 || [[Pittsburgh Steelers]] ||[[Aurelius Thomas]] || Offensive Guard
|-
| 27 || align=center|319 || [[Cleveland Browns]] ||[[Andy Okulovich]] || Back
|-
| 27 || align=center|320 || [[San Francisco 49ers]] ||[[Don Vivic]] || Back
|-
| 30 || align=center|351 || [[L.A. Rams]] ||[[Lee Williams]] || Back
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1958 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 7 || align=center|80 || [[L.A. Rams]] ||[[Bill Jobko]] || Offensive Guard
|-
| 8 || align=center|94 || [[New York Giants]] ||[[Don Sutherin]] || Defensive Back
|-
| 11 || align=center|132 || [[Cleveland Browns]] ||[[Russ Bowermaster]] || End
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1959 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 1 || align=center|7 || [[Chicago Bears]] ||[[Don Clark]] || Runningback
|-
| 1 || align=center|8 || [[San Francisco 49ers]] ||[[Dan James]] || Center
|-
| 2 || align=center|23 || [[Cleveland Browns]] ||[[Dick Schafrath]] || Offensive Guard
|-
| 5 || align=center|58 || [[Cleveland Browns]] ||[[Dick LeBeau]] || Defensive Back
|-
| 20 || align=center|231 || [[Chicago Cardinals]] ||[[Jerry Lee Murphy]] || Tackle
|-
| 23 || align=center|275 || [[New York Giants]] ||[[Frank Kremblas (quarterback)|Frank Kremblas]] || Quarterback
|-
| 25 || align=center|298 || [[Cleveland Browns]] ||[[Ernie Spycholski]] || Tackle
|-
| 26 || align=center|307 || [[Pittsburgh Steelers]] ||[[John Scott]] || Tackle
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1960 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 1 || align=center|8 || [[Cleveland Browns]] ||[[Jim Houston]] || Defensive End
|-
| 4 || align=center|44 || [[Cleveland Browns]] ||[[Jim Marshall]] || Defensive End
|-
| 8 || align=center|91 || [[Cleveland Browns]] ||[[Bob White]] || Fullback
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1961 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 1 || align=center|7 || [[History of the Baltimore Colts|Baltimore Colts]] ||[[Tom Matte]] || Runningback
|-
| 13 || align=center|179 || [[New York Giants]] ||[[Jerry Fields]] || Runningback
|-
| 14 || align=center|188 || [[Chicago Bears]] ||[[Jim Tyrer]] || Offensive Tackle
|-
| 15 || align=center|200 || [[L.A. Rams]] ||[[Ernie Wright]] || Offensive Tackle
|-
| 18 || align=center|241 || [[Washington Redskins]] ||[[George Tolford]] || Offensive Tackle
|-
| 20 || align=center|269 || [[Washington Redskins]] ||[[Mike Ingram]] || Offensive Guard
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1962 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 1 || align=center|5 || [[Pittsburgh Steelers]] ||[[Bob Ferguson (American football)|Bob Ferguson]] || Runningback
|-
| 1 || align=center|31 || [[Boston Patriots]] ||[[Mike Ingram]] || Offensive Guard
|-
| 3 || align=center|34 || [[St. Louis Cardinals]] ||[[Chuck Bryant]] || Tight End
|-
| 6 || align=center|81 || [[Cleveland Browns]] ||[[Same Tidmore]] || Defensive End
|-
| 7 || align=center|95 || [[Cleveland Browns]] ||[[John Havlicek]] || Wide Receiver
|-
| 20 || align=center|273 || [[Chicago Bears]] ||[[Jack Roberts (tackle)|Jack Roberts]] || Defensive Tackle
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1963 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 1 || align=center|5 || [[History of the Baltimore Colts|Baltimore Colts]] ||[[Bob Vogel]] || Offensive Tackle
|-
| 1 || align=center|12 || [[Detroit Lions]] ||[[Daryl Sanders]] || Offensive Tackle
|-
| 5 || align=center|66 || [[San Francisco 49ers]] ||[[Gary Moller]] || Offensive Guard
|-
| 7 || align=center|91 || [[Washington Redskins]] ||[[Dave Francis]] || Runningback
|-
| 13 || align=center|177 || [[Cleveland Browns]] ||[[Dave Katterhenrich]] || Runningback
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1964 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 1 || align=center|11 || [[Cleveland Browns]] ||[[Paul Warfield]] || Halfback
|-
| 4 || align=center|49 || [[New York Jets]] ||[[Matt Snell]] || Runningback
|-
| 10 || align=center|138 || [[Cleveland Browns]] ||[[Dick Van Raaphorst]] || Kicker
|-
| 14 || align=center|191 || [[Pittsburgh Steelers]] ||[[Tom Jenkins]] || Offensive Guard
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1965 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 1 || align=center|8 || [[Buffalo Bills]] ||[[Jim Davidson (American football)|Jim Davidson]] || Tackle
|-
| 3 || align=center|32 || [[Cleveland Browns]] ||[[Bo Scott]] || Runningback
|-
| 19 || align=center|265 || [[Cleveland Browns]] ||[[Ed Orazen]] || Offensive Guard
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1966 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 3 || align=center|38 || [[Washington Redskins]] ||[[Tom Barrington]] || Runningback
|-
| 4 || align=center|55 || [[Detroit Lions]] ||[[Doug Van Horn]] || Offensive Guard
|-
| 17 || align=center|249 || [[Philadelphia Eagles]] ||[[Ike Kelly]] || Linebacker
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1967 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 3 || align=center|58 || [[Denver Broncos]] ||[[Mike Current]] || Offensive Tackle
|-
| 7 || align=center|179 || [[History of the Baltimore Colts|Baltimore Colts]] ||[[Bob Rein]] || Wide Receiver
|-
| 12 || align=center|300 || [[Washington Redskins]] ||[[Ron Sepic]] || Wide Receiver
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1968 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 3 || align=center|81 || [[Green Bay Packers]] ||[[Dick Himes]] || Offensive Tackle
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1969 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 1 || align=center|14 || [[Chicago Bears]] ||[[Rufus Mayes]] || Offensive Tackle
|-
| 1 || align=center|26 || [[New York Jets]] ||[[Dave Foley]] || Offensive Tackle
|-
| 10 || align=center|239 || [[Cincinnati Bengals]] ||[[Steve Howell]] || Tight End
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1970 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 2 || align=center|38 || [[St. Louis Cardinals]] ||[[Chuck Hutchison]] || Offensive Guards
|-
| 7 || align=center|162 || [[L.A. Rams]] ||[[Ted Provost]] || Defensive Back
|-
| 9 || align=center|218 || [[New Orleans Saints]] ||[[Jim Otis]] || Runningback
|-
| 10 || align=center|241 || [[Cincinnati Bengals]] ||[[Nick Roman]] || Linebacker
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1971 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 1 || align=center|9 || [[Green Bay Packers]] ||[[John Brockington]] || Runningback
|-
| 1 || align=center|19 || [[Oakland Raiders]] ||[[Jack Tatum]] || Defensive Back
|-
| 1 || align=center|23 || [[San Francisco 49ers]] ||[[William Tim Anderson]] || Defensive Back
|-
| 1 || align=center|24 || [[Minnesota Vikings]] ||[[Leo Hayden]] || Runningback
|-
| 2 || align=center|29 || [[Buffalo Bills]] ||[[Jan White]] || Tight End
|-
| 5 || align=center|124 || [[Green Bay Packers]] ||[[Jim Stillwagon]] || Linebacker
|-
| 7 || align=center|165 || [[Denver Broncos]] ||[[Doug Adams (American football)|Doug Adams]] || Linebacker
|-
| 8 || align=center|191 || [[Kansas City Chiefs]] ||[[Mike Sensibaugh]] || Defensive Back
|-
| 8 || align=center|196 || [[Cleveland Browns]] ||[[Larry Zelina]] || Runningback
|-
| 10 || align=center|250 || [[Kansas City Chiefs]] ||[[Bruce Jankowski]] || Wide Receiver
|-
| 10 || align=center|260 || [[History of the Baltimore Colts|Baltimore Colts]] ||[[Rex Kern]] || Quarterback
|-
| 15 || align=center|376 || [[Chicago Bears]] ||[[Ron Maciejowski]] || Quarterback
|-
| 16 || align=center|405 || [[Cincinnati Bengals]] ||[[Mark Debevc]] || Linebacker
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1972 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 5 || align=center|106 || [[Cincinnati Bengals]] ||[[Tom Deleone]] || Center
|-
| 9 || align=center|225 || [[L.A. Rams]] ||[[Harry Howard (American football)|Harry Howard]] || Defensive Back
|-
| 12 || align=center|312 || [[Dallas Cowboys]] ||[[Jimmy Harris (wide receiver)|Jimmy Harris]] || Wide Receiver
|-
| 13 || align=center|316 || [[St. Louis Cardinals]] ||[[Tom Campana]] || Defensive Back
|-
| 16 || align=center|409 || [[Cleveland Browns]] ||[[Richard Wakefield]] || Wide Receiver
|-
| 17 || align=center|438 || [[History of the Baltimore Colts|Baltimore Colts]] ||[[Stan White (linebacker)|Stan White]] || Linebacker
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1973 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 8 || align=center|194 || [[New York Jets]] ||[[Rick Seifert]] || Defensive Back
|-
| 8 || align=center|198 || [[New York Giants]] ||[[George Hasenohrl]] || Defensive Tackle
|-
| 8 || align=center|203 || [[Detroit Lions]] ||[[John Bledsoe]] || Runningback
|-
| 9 || align=center|218 || [[Washington Redskins]] ||[[Rich Galbos]] || Runningback
|-
| 17 || align=center|435 || [[Detroit Lions]] ||[[Earl Belgrave]] || Tackle
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1974 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 1 || align=center|3 || [[New York Giants]] ||[[John Hicks]] || Offensive Guard
|-
| 1 || align=center|13 || [[New Orleans Saints]] ||[[Rick Middleton]] || Linebacker
|-
| 1 || align=center|14 || [[Denver Broncos]] ||[[Randy Gradishar]] || Linebacker
|-
| 4 || align=center|93 || [[Oakland Raiders]] ||[[Morris Bradshaw]] || Wide Receiver
|-
| 8 || align=center|203 || [[Buffalo Bills]] ||[[Greg Hare]] || Quarterback
|-
| 9 || align=center|224 || [[Cleveland Browns]] ||[[Dan Scott]] || Offensive Guard
|-
| 10 || align=center|243 || [[Pittsburgh Steelers]] ||[[Jim Kregel]] || Offensive Guard
|-
| 12 || align=center|304 || [[Atlanta Falcons]] ||[[Vic Koegel]] || Linebacker
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1975 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 1 || align=center|12 || [[New Orleans Saints]] ||[[Kurt Schumacher]] || Offensive Tackle
|-
| 1 || align=center|20 || [[L.A. Rams]] ||[[Doug France]] || Offensive Tackle
|-
| 1 || align=center|24 || [[Oakland Raiders]] ||[[Neal Colzie]] || Defensive Back
|-
| 3 || align=center|66 || [[New England Patriots]] ||[[Pete Cusick]] || Defensive Tackle
|-
| 4 || align=center|88 || [[Green Bay Packers]] ||[[Steve Luke]] || Defensive Back
|-
| 4 || align=center|89 || [[Minnesota Vikings]] ||[[Harold "Champ" Henson]] || Runningback
|-
| 4 || align=center|100 || [[Miami Dolphins]] ||[[Bruce Elia]] || Linebacker
|-
| 5 || align=center|119 || [[Cleveland Browns]] ||[[Jim Cope]] || Linebacker
|-
| 11 || align=center|261 || [[History of the Baltimore Colts|Baltimore Colts]] ||[[Dave Hazel]] || Wide Receiver
|-
| 11 || align=center|275 || [[Detroit Lions]] ||[[Steve Myers]] || Offensive Guard
|-
| 12 || align=center|291 || [[Chicago Bears]] ||[[Doug Plank]] || Defensive Back
|-
| 14 || align=center|354 || [[Philadelphia Eagles]] ||[[Larry O'Rourke]] || Defensive Tackle
|-
| 17 || align=center|430 || [[New York Jets]] ||[[Mike Bartoszek]] || Tight End
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1976 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 1 || align=center|21 || [[New England Patriots]] ||[[Timothy R. Fox|Tim Fox]] || Safety
|-
| 1 || align=center|24 || [[Cincinnati Bengals]] ||[[Archie Griffin]] || Runningback
|-
| 3 || align=center|66 || [[Chicago Bears]] ||[[Brian Baschnagel]] || Wide Receiver
|-
| 4 || align=center|118 || [[Minnesota Vikings]] ||[[Leonard Willis]] || Wide Receiver
|-
| 7 || align=center|205 || [[Cincinnati Bengals]] ||[[Ken Kuhn]] || Linebacker
|-
| 8 || align=center|213 || [[New Orleans Saints]] ||[[Craig Cassady]] || Defensive Back
|-
| 10 || align=center|287 || [[Cincinnati Bengals]] ||[[Tom Claban]] || Kicker
|-
| 11 || align=center|318 || [[Dallas Cowboys]] ||[[Cornelius Greene]] || Quarterback
|-
| 13 || align=center|375 || [[Pittsburgh Steelers]] ||[[Larry Cain]] || Tight End
|-
| 16 || align=center|441 || [[Atlanta Falcons]] ||[[Pat Curto]] || Linebacker
|-
| 17 || align=center|482 || [[Cincinnati Bengals]] ||[[Scott Dannelley]] || Offensive Guard
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1977 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 1 || align=center|23 || [[L.A. Rams]] ||[[Bob Brudzinski]] || Linebacker
|-
| 2 || align=center|46 || [[Cleveland Browns]] ||[[Tom Skladany]] || Punter
|-
| 2 || align=center|49 || [[Cincinnati Bengals]] ||[[Pete Johnson]] || Runningback
|-
| 8 || align=center|210 || [[New York Jets]] ||[[Ed Thompson]] || Linebacker
|-
| 9 || align=center|238 || [[Chicago Bears]] ||[[Nick Buonamici]] || Defensive Tackle
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1978 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 1 || align=center|4 || [[New York Jets]] ||[[Chris Ward (American football)|Chris Ward]] || Offensive Tackle
|-
| 2 || align=center|35 || [[Cincinnati Bengals]] ||[[Ray Griffin]] || Defensive Back
|-
| 7 || align=center|185 || [[Chicago Bears]] ||[[Herman Jones]] || Wide Receiver
|-
| 7 || align=center|191 || [[History of the Baltimore Colts|Baltimore Colts]] ||[[Jeff Logan]] || Runningback
|-
| 8 || align=center|209 || [[Atlanta Falcons]] ||[[David Atkins]] || Linebacker
|-
| 10 || align=center|252 || [[Tampa Bay Buccaneers]] ||[[Aaron Brown]] || Linebacker
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1979 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 1 || align=center|1 || [[Buffalo Bills]] ||[[Tom Cousineau]] || Linebacker
|-
| 5 || align=center|136 || [[Dallas Cowboys]] ||[[Ron Springs]] || Runningback
|-
| 6 || align=center|150 || [[History of the Baltimore Colts|Baltimore Colts]] ||[[Jim Moore (American football)|Jim Moore]] || Offensive Tackle
|-
| 9 || align=center|229 || [[Kansas City Chiefs]] ||[[Joe Robinson (American football)|Joe Robinson]] || Offensive Tackle
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1980 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 4 || align=center|91 || [[Atlanta Falcons]] ||[[Jim Laughlin]] || Linebacker
|-
| 6 || align=center|156 || [[Chicago Bears]] ||[[Mike Guess]] || Defensive Back
|-
| 10 || align=center|277 || [[Pittsburgh Steelers]] ||[[Ken Fritz]] || Offensive Guard
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1981 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 2 || align=center|53 || [[Dallas Cowboys]] ||[[Doug Donley]] || Wide Receiver
|-
| 4 || align=center|86 || [[New York Jets]] ||[[Al Washington]] || Linebacker
|-
| 4 || align=center|95 || [[Chicago Bears]] ||[[Todd Bell]] || Defensive Back
|-
| 4 || align=center|110 || [[Philadelphia Eagles]] ||[[Calvin Murray]] || Runningback
|-
| 5 || align=center|131 || [[San Diego Chargers]] ||[[Keith Ferguson]] || Linebacker
|-
| 6 || align=center|163 || [[Dallas Cowboys]] ||[[Vince Skillings]] || Defensive Back
|-
| 10 || align=center|274 || [[Atlanta Falcons]] ||[[Robert Murphy (American football)|Robert Murphy]] || Defensive Back
|-
| 12 || align=center|331 || [[Philadelphia Eagles]] ||[[Ray Ellis]] || Defensive Back
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1982 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 1 || align=center|4 || [[History of the Baltimore Colts|Baltimore Colts]] ||[[Art Schlichter]] || Quarterback
|-
| 4 || align=center|105 || [[Philadelphia Eagles]] ||[[Anthony Griggs]] || Linebacker
|-
| 12 || align=center|317 || [[St. Louis Cardinals]] ||[[Bob Atha]] || Kicker
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1983 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 11 || align=center|304 || [[Cincinnati Bengals]] ||[[Gary Williams]] || Wide Receiver
|-
| 11 || align=center|306 || [[Miami Dolphins]] ||[[Joe Lukens]] || Offensive Guard
|-
| 11 || align=center|307 || [[San Diego Chargers]] ||[[Tim Spencer (American football)|Tim Spencer]] || Runningback
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1984 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 1 || align=center|27 || [[New York Giants]] ||[[William Roberts (American football)|William Roberts]] || Offensive Guard
|-
| 2 || align=center|56 || [[San Francisco 49ers]] ||[[John E. Frank|John Frank]] || Tight End
|-
| 6 || align=center|165 || [[Miami Dolphins]] ||[[Rowland Tatum]] || Linebacker
|-
| 10 || align=center|271 || [[Chicago Bears]] ||[[Shaun Gayle]] || Defensive Back
|-
| 10 || align=center|274 || [[L.A. Rams]] ||[[Joe Dooley]] || Center
|-
| 12 || align=center|310 || [[Tampa Bay Buccaneers]] ||[[Thad Jemison]] || Wide Receiver
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1985 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 1 || align=center|12 || [[San Diego Chargers]] ||[[Jim Lachey]] || Offensive Tackle
|-
| 3 || align=center|59 || [[Minnesota Vikings]] ||[[Kirk Lowdermilk]] || Center
|-
| 6 || align=center|147 || [[Cleveland Browns]] ||[[Mark Krerowicz]] || Offensive Guard
|-
| Undrafted || [[Chicago Bears]] ||[[Mike Tomczak]] || Quarterback
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1986 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 1 || align=center|10 || [[Philadelphia Eagles]] ||[[Keith Byars]] || Runningback
|-
| 2 || align=center|51 || [[New York Giants]] ||[[Pepper Johnson]] || Linebacker
|-
| 7 || align=center|176 || [[Philadelphia Eagles]] ||[[Byron Lee]] || Linebacker
|-
| 7 || align=center|193 || [[Miami Dolphins]] ||[[Larry Kolic]] || Linebacker
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1987 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 4 || align=center|Supplement Draft || [[Philadelphia Eagles]] ||[[Chris Carter (wide receiver)|Chris Carter]] || Wide Receiver
|-
| 6 || align=center|157 || [[Cincinnati Bengals]] ||[[Sonny Gordon]] || Defensive Back
|-
| 7 || align=center|173 || [[San Diego Chargers]] ||[[Jamie Holland]] || Wide Receiver
|-
| 9 || align=center|234 || [[New Orleans Saints]] ||[[Scott Leach]] || Linebacker
|-
| 12 || align=center|322 || [[Miami Dolphins]] ||[[Jim Karsatos]] || Quarterback
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1988 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 1 || align=center|16 || [[Miami Dolphins]] ||[[Eric Kumerow]] || Outside Linebacker
|-
| 2 || align=center|29 || [[Detroit Lions]] ||[[Chris Spielman]] || Inside Linebacker
|-
| 3 || align=center|56 || [[Atlanta Falcons]] ||[[Alex Higdon]] || Tight End
|-
| 3 || align=center|68 || [[Phoenix Cardinals]] ||[[Tom Tupa]] || Quarterback\Punter
|-
| 4 || align=center|85 || [[Detroit Lions]] ||[[William White (American football)|William White]] || Defensive Back
|-
| 6 || align=center|156 || [[Miami Dolphins]] ||[[George Cooper (running back)|George Cooper]] || Running Back
|-
| 7 || align=center|185 || [[Seattle Seahawks]] ||[[Ray Jackson]] || Defensive Back
|-
| 10 || align=center|277 || [[Washington Redskins]] ||[[Henry Brown (American football)|Henry Brown]] || Defensive End
|-
| Undrafted || [[L.A. Raiders]] ||[[Rory Graves]] || Offensive Tackle
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1989 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 5 || align=center|121 || [[Miami Dolphins]] ||[[Jeff Uhlenhake]] || Center
|-
| 5 || align=center|127 || [[Green Bay Packers]] ||[[Vince Workman]] || Runningback
|-
| 9 || align=center|226 || [[Detroit Lions]] ||[[Derek MaCcready]] || Defensive End
|-
| 12 || align=center|335 || [[Minnesota Vikings]] ||[[Everett Ross]] || Wide Receiver
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1990 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 5 || align=center|111 || [[Denver Broncos]] ||[[Jeff Davidson]] || Offensive Guard
|-
| 7 || align=center|185 || [[San Diego Chargers]] ||[[Joe Staysniak]] || Offensive Guard
|-
| 9 || align=center|243 || [[Washington Redskins]] ||[[Tim Moxley]] || Offensive Guard
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1991 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 1 || align=center|19 || [[Green Bay Packers]] ||[[Vinnie Clark]] || Cornerback
|-
| 2 || align=center|46 || [[Pittsburgh Steelers]] ||[[Jeff Graham]] || Wide Receiver
|-
| 11 || align=center|300 || [[Kansas City Chiefs]] ||[[Bobby Olive]] || Wide Receiver
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1992 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 1 || align=center|22 || [[Chicago Bears]] ||[[Alonzo Spellman]] || Defensive End
|-
| 7 || align=center|188 || [[Pittsburgh Steelers]] ||[[Scottie Graham]] || Runningback
|-
| 8 || align=center|211 || [[New York Giants]] ||[[Kent Graham]] || Quarterback
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1993 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 1 || align=center|21 || [[Minnesota Vikings]] ||[[Robert Smith (American football)|Robert Smith]] || Runningback
|-
| 2 || align=center|38 || [[Atlanta Falcons]] ||[[Roger Harper]] || Safety
|-
| 3 || align=center|59 || [[Cincinnati Bengals]] ||[[Steve Tovar]] || Linebacker
|-
| 8 || align=center|210 || [[Denver Broncos]] ||[[Brian Stablein]] || Wide Receiver
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1994 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 1 || align=center|1 || [[Cincinnati Bengals]] ||[[Dan Wilkinson]] || Defensive Tackle
|-
| 3 || align=center|66 || [[Cincinnati Bengals]] ||[[Jeff Cothran]] || Runningback
|-
| 4 || align=center|114 || [[Chicago Bears]] ||[[Raymont Harris]] || Fullback
|-
| 6 || align=center|186 || [[New York Giants]] ||[[Jason Winrow]] || Offensive Guard
|-
| 7 || align=center|212 || [[Denver Broncos]] ||[[Butler By'not'e]] || Cornerback
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1995 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 1 || align=center|8 || [[Seattle Seahawks]] ||[[Joey Galloway]] || Wide Receiver
|-
| 1 || align=center|24 || [[Minnesota Vikings]] ||[[Korey Stringer]] || Offensive Tackle
|-
| 1 || align=center|30 || [[Cleveland Browns]] ||[[Craig Powell (American football)|Craig Powell]] || Linebacker
|-
| 3 || align=center|67 || [[Houston Oilers]] ||[[Chris Sanders (wide receiver)|Chris Sanders]] || Wide Receiver
|-
| 3 || align=center|76 || [[Buffalo Bills]] ||[[Marlon Kerner]] || Cornerback
|-
| 3 || align=center|77 || [[Atlanta Falcons]] ||[[Lorenzo Styles]] || Linebacker
|-
| 3 || align=center|98 || [[San Diego Chargers]] ||[[Preston Harrison]] || Linebacker
|-
| 5 || align=center|167 || [[Arizona Cardinals]] ||[[Tito Paul]] || Cornerback
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1996 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 1 || align=center|7 || [[New Enland Patriots]] ||[[Terry Glenn]] || Wide Receiver
|-
| 1 || align=center|14 || [[Houston Oilers]] ||[[Eddie George]] || Running Back
|-
| 3 || align=center|85 || [[Philadelphia Eagles]] ||[[Bobby Hoying]] || Quarterback
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1997 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 1 || align=center|1 || [[St. Louis Rams]] ||[[Orlando Pace]] || Offensive Tackle
|-
| 2 || align=center|33 || [[New Orleans Saints]] ||[[Rob Kelly (American Football)|Rob Kelly]] || Safety
|-
| 3 || align=center|84 || [[Arizona Cardinals]] ||[[Ty Howard]] || Cornerback
|-
| 3 || align=center|91 || [[Pittsburgh Steelers]] ||[[Mike Vrabel]] || Defensive End
|-
| 4 || align=center|129 || [[Dallas Cowboys]] ||[[Nicky Sualua]] || Fullback
|-
| 6 || align=center|189 || [[Carolina Panthers]] ||[[Matt Finkes]] || Defensive End
|}

none were selected in the 1998 draft

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1999 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 1 || align=center|8 || [[Arizona Cardinals]] ||[[David Boston]] || Wide Receiver
|-
| 1 || align=center|23 || [[Buffalo Bills]] ||[[Antoine Winfield]] || Cornerback
|-
| 1 || align=center|28 || [[New England Patriots]] ||[[Andy Katzenmoyer]] || Linebacker
|-
| 2 || align=center|49 || [[New York Giants]] ||[[Joe Montgomery]] || Running Back
|-
| 4 || align=center|101 || [[St. Louis Rams]] ||[[Joe Germaine]] || Quarterback
|-
| 4 || align=center|128 || [[Philadelphia Eagles]] ||[[Damon Moore]] || Strong Safety
|-
| 6 || align=center|192 || [[Miami Dolphins]] ||[[Brent Bartholomew]] || Punter
|-
| 6 || align=center|196 || [[Green Bay Packers]] ||[[Dee Miller]] || Wide Receiver
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 2000 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 1 || align=center|24 || [[San Francisco 49ers]] ||[[Ahmed Plummer]] || Cornerback
|-
| 4 || align=center|98 || [[Green Bay Packers]] ||[[Na'il Diggs]] || Linebacker
|-
| 4 || align=center|126 || [[Green Bay Packers]] ||[[Gary Berry]] || Safety
|-
| 5 || align=center|144 || [[Dallas Cowboys]] ||[[Michael Wiley (American football)|Michael Wiley]] || Running back
|-
| 7 || align=center|223 || [[Chicago Bears]] ||[[James Cotton]] || Defensive End
|-
| 7 || align=center|228 || [[New Orleans Saints]] ||[[Kevin Houser]] || Long Snapper
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 2001 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 1 || align=center|21 || [[Buffalo Bills]] ||[[Nate Clements]] || Cornerback
|-
| 1 || align=center|29 || [[St. Louis Rams]] ||[[Ryan Pickett]] || Defensive Tackle
|-
| 6 || align=center|181 || [[Pittsburgh Steelers]] ||[[Rodney Bailey]] || Defensive End
|-
| 7 || align=center|214 || [[Buffalo Bills]] ||[[Reggie Germany]] || Wide Receiver
|-
| 7 || align=center|228 || [[Oakland Raiders]] ||[[Derek Combs]] || Cornerback
|-
| 7 || align=center|229 || [[Oakland Raiders]] ||[[Ken-Yon Rambo]] || Wide Receiver
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 2002 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 2 || align=center|44 || [[New Orleans Saints]] ||[[LeCharles Bently]] || Center
|-
| 3 || align=center|75 || [[Dallas Cowboys]] ||[[Derek Ross]] || Cornerback
|-
| 4 || align=center|99 || [[Houston Texans]] ||[[Jonathan Wells (American football)|Jonathan Wells]] || Running Back
|-
| 4 || align=center|122 || [[Cleveland Browns]] ||[[Darnell Sanders]] || TightEnd
|-
| 4 || align=center|129 || [[Dallas Cowboys]] ||[[Jamar Martin]] || FullBack
|-
| 5 || align=center|167 || [[St. Louis Rams]] ||[[Courtland Bullard]] || Linebacker
|-
| 6 || align=center|179 || [[Dallas Cowboys]] ||[[Tyson Walter]] || Center
|-
| 6 || align=center|205 || [[St. Louis Rams]] ||[[Steve Bellisari]] || Quarterback
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 2003 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 2 || align=center|58 || [[Indianapolis Colts]] ||[[Mike Doss]] || Safety
|-
| 3 || align=center|79 || [[Green Bay Packers]] ||[[Kenny Peterson]] || Defensive Tackle
|-
| 3 || align=center|86 || [[New Orleans Saints]] ||[[Cie Grant]] || Linebacker
|-
| 4 || align=center|112 || [[San Diego Chargers]] ||[[Matt Wilhelm]] || Linebacker
|-
| 5 || align=center|154 || [[Tennessee Titans]] ||[[Donnie Nickey]] || Safety
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 2004 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 1 || align=center|18 || [[New Orleans Saints]] ||[[Will Smith (American football)|Will Smith]] || Defensive End
|-
| 1 || align=center|28 || [[Carolina Panthers]] ||[[Chris Gamble]] || Cornerback
|-
| 1 || align=center|29 || [[Atlanta Falcons]] ||[[Michael Jenkins (American football)|Michael Jenkins]] || Wide Receiver
|-
| 3 || align=center|68 || [[Indianapolis Colts]] ||[[Ben Hartsock]] || Tight End
|-
| 3 || align=center|74 || [[Buffalo Bills]] || [[Tim Anderson (American football)|Tim Anderson]] || Defensive Tackle
|-
| 3 || align=center|87 || [[Green Bay Packers]] || [[B.J. Sander]] || Punter
|-
| 3 || align=center|88 || [[Minnesota Vikings]] || [[Darrion Scott]] || Defensive End
|-
| 4 || align=center|100 || [[Arizona Cardinals]] || [[Alex Stepanovich]] || Center
|-
| 4 || align=center|111 || [[Tampa Bay Buccaneers]] || [[Will Allen (safety)|Will Allen]] || Free Safety
|-
| 5 || align=center|148 || [[Chicago Bears]] || [[Craig Krenzel]] || Quarterback
|-
| 5 || align=center|163 || [[Carolina Panthers]] || [[Drew Carter]] || Wide Receiver
|-
| 5 || align=center|165 || [[Tennessee Titans]] || [[Robert Reynolds (American football)|Rob Reynolds]] || Linebacker
|-
| 7 || align=center|209 || [[San Diego Chargers]] || [[Shane Olivea]] || Offensive Tackle
|-
| 7 || align=center|227 || [[Philadelphia Eagles]] || [[Adrien Clarke]] || Guard
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 2005 NFL Draft selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 2 || align=center|47 || [[New York Jets]] ||[[Mike Nugent]] || Kicker
|-
| 3 || align=center|80 || [[Minnesota Vikings]] ||[[Dustin Fox]] || Cornerback
|-
| 3 || align=center|101 || [[Denver Broncos]] ||[[Maurice Clarett]] || Running Back
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 2006 NFL Draft selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 1 || align=center|5 || [[Green Bay Packers]] ||[[A.J. Hawk]] || Linebacker
|-
| 1 || align=center|8 || [[Buffalo Bills]] ||[[Donte Whitner]] || Safety
|-
| 1 || align=center|18 || [[Dallas Cowboys]] ||[[Bobby Carpenter (American football)|Bobby Carpenter]] || Linebacker
|-
| 1 || align=center|25 || [[Pittsburgh Steelers]] ||[[Santonio Holmes]] || Wide Receiver
|-
| 1 || align=center|29 || [[New York Jets]] || [[Nick Mangold]] || Center
|-
| 3 || align=center|70 || [[Buffalo Bills]] || [[Ashton Youboty]] || Cornerback
|-
| 3 || align=center|76 || [[New York Jets]] || [[Anthony Schlegel]] || Linebacker
|-
| 4 || align=center|121 || [[Carolina Panthers]] || [[Nate Salley]] || Safety
|-
| 4 || align=center|128 || [[Seattle Seahawks]] || [[Rob Sims]] || Guard
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 2007 NFL Draft selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 1 || align=center|9 || [[Miami Dolphins]] ||[[Ted Ginn, Jr.]] || Wide Receiver
|-
| 1 || align=center|32 || [[Indianapolis Colts]] ||[[Anthony Gonzalez]] || Wide Receiver
|-
| 3 || align=center|18 || [[Indianapolis Colts]] ||[[Quinn Pitcock]] || Defensive End
|-
| 4 || align=center|107 || [[New Orleans Saints]] ||[[Antonio Pittman]] || Running Back
|-
| 5 || align=center|138 || [[Oakland Raiders]] || [[Jay Richardson]] || Defensive Tackle
|-
| 5 || align=center|169 || [[Indianapolis Colts]] || [[Roy Hall (wide receiver)|Roy Hall]] || Wide Receiver
|-
| 5 || align=center|174 || [[Baltimore Ravens]] || [[Troy Smith]] || Quarterback
|-
| 6 || align=center|198 || [[Atlanta Falcons]] || [[Doug Datish]] || Center
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 2008 NFL Draft selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 1 || align=center|6 || [[New York Jets]] ||[[Vernon Gholston]] || Defensive Line
|-
| 7 || align=center|214 || [[San Francisco 49ers]] ||[[Larry Grant (American football)|Larry Grant]] || Linebacker
|-
| 7 || align=center|247 || [[Chicago Bears]] ||[[Kirk Barton]] || Offensive Tackle
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 2009 NFL Draft selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 1 || align=center|14 || [[New Orleans Saints]] ||[[Malcolm Jenkins]] || Cornerback
|-
| 1 || align=center|31 || [[Arizona Cardinals]] ||[[Chris Wells (American football)|Chris Wells]] || Running back
|-
| 2 || align=center|35 || [[St. Louis Rams]] ||[[James Laurinaitis]] || Linebacker
|-
| 2 || align=center|36 || [[Cleveland Browns]] ||[[Brian Robiskie]] || Wide receiver
|-
| 4 || align=center|102 || [[Kansas City Chiefs]] ||[[Donald Washington]] || Defensive Back
|-
| 4 || align=center|108 || [[Miami Dolphins]] ||[[Brian Hartline]] || Wide receiver
|-
| 5 || align=center|154 || [[Chicago Bears]] ||[[Marcus Freeman (linebacker)|Marcus Freeman]] || Linebacker
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 2010 NFL Draft selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 4 || align=center|116 || [[Pittsburgh Steelers]] ||[[Thaddeus Gibson]] || Defensive End
|-
| 7 || align=center|242 || [[Pittsburgh Steelers]] ||[[Doug Worthington]] || Defensive Tackle
|-
| 7 || align=center|244 || [[Philadelphia Eagles]] ||[[Kurt Coleman]] || Strong Safety
|-
| 7 || align=center|252 || [[Miami Dolphins]] ||[[Austin Spitler]] || Linebacker
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 2011 NFL Draft selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 1 || align=center|31 || [[Pittsburgh Steelers]] ||[[Cameron Heyward]] || Defensive Line
|-
| 4 || align=center|113 || [[Oakland Raiders]] ||[[Chimdi Chekwa]] || Cornerback
|-
| 5 || align=center|158 || [[St. Louis Rams]] ||[[Jermale Hines]] || Safety
|-
| 6 || align=center|193 || [[Philadelphia Eagles]] ||[[Brian Rolle]] || Linebacker
|-
| 6 || align=center|200 || [[Minnesota Vikings]] ||[[Ross Homan]] || Linebacker
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 2012 NFL Draft selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 2 || align=center|56 || [[Pittsburgh Steelers]] ||[[Mike Adams (offensive tackle)|Mike Adams]] || Offensive Tackle
|-
| 3 || align=center|68 || [[Houston Texans]] ||[[DeVier Posey]] || Wide Receiver
|-
| 6 || align=center|191 || [[Cincinnati Bengals]] ||[[Dan Herron]] || Running Back
|-
| 6 || align=center|197 || [[New England Patriots]] ||[[Nate Ebner]] || Safety
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 2013 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 2 || align=center|49 || [[New York Giants]] ||[[Johnathan Hankins]] || Defensive Tackle
|-
| 4 || align=center|129 || [[Baltimore Ravens]] ||[[John Simon (defensive lineman)|John Simon]] || Defensive End
|-
| 7 || align=center|240 || [[Cincinnati Bengals]] ||[[Reid Fragel]] || Offensive Tackle
|-
|}

===Pro Football Hall of Fame===
Beginning with Paul Brown in 1967, Ohio State has had 9 former players or coaches enshrined into the [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]] tied for third most, only behind Notre Dame (10) and USC (11).

*1967 [[Paul Brown]]
*1973 [[Jim Parker (American football)|Jim Parker]]
*1974 [[Lou Groza]]
*1975 [[Dante Lavelli]]
*1977 [[Bill Willis]]
*1983 [[Sid Gillman]]
*1983 [[Paul Warfield]]
*2010 [[Dick LeBeau]]
*2013 [[Cris Carter]]

==Radio and TV==
The Ohio State football radio network comprises roughly 60 stations statewide (with a couple of stations in nearby border states). The flagship stations are [[WBNS (AM)|WBNS AM 1460]] and [[WBNS (FM)|WBNS FM 97.1]] in Columbus. In Ohio's major cities, the games are heard on [[WKNR|WKNR AM 850]] ([[Cleveland]]), [[WDJO|WDJO AM 1480]] ([[Cincinnati]]), and [[WLQR|WLQR AM 1470]]/[[WLQR-FM|WLQR FM 106.5]] ([[Toledo, OH|Toledo]]).

The announcers are [[Paul Keels]] on play by play, former Buckeye LT [[Jim Lachey]] as color analyst, sideline reporter Marty Bannister, and Skip Mosic as producer/halftime host.

[[WBNS-TV]] channel 10 in Columbus ([[CBS]]) is the long standing "official TV home" of the Buckeyes, airing the official coach's show ''Game Time with Urban Meyer'' (simulcast statewide on [[FS Ohio]]).

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book
| author=Jack Park
| chapter=
| title=The Official Ohio State Football Encyclopedia
| editor=
| publisher=Sports Publishing LLC
| isbn= 1-58261-006-1
| year=2002| pages=}}
*{{cite book
| author=Jim Tressel
| chapter=
| title=What It Means To Be A Buckeye
| editor=Jeff Snook
| publisher=Triumph Books
| isbn= 1-57243-602-6
| year=2003| pages=}}
*{{cite book
| author=Greenberg, S.; Ratermann, D.
| chapter=
| title=I Remember Woody
| editor=
| publisher=Triumph Books
| isbn= 1-57243-674-3
| year=2004| pages=}}
*{{cite book
| author=Robert Vare
| chapter=
| title=Buckeye: A Study of Coach Woody Hayes and the Ohio State Football Machine
| editor=
| publisher=Harper's Magazine Press
| isbn= 0-06-129150-1
| year=1974| pages=}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|1=http://www.ohiostatebuckeyes.com/sports/m-footbl/osu-m-footbl-body.html}}
* [http://www.ohiostatebuckeyes.com/sports/m-footbl/spec-rel/radio-network.html Radio network]

{{Ohio State Buckeyes football navbox}}
{{Ohio State University|athletics}}
{{Big Ten Conference football navbox}}

{{coord|40.001389|-83.019722|type:landmark_region:US-OH|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ohio State Buckeyes Football}}
[[Category:Ohio State Buckeyes football|*]]
[[Category:Sports clubs established in 1890]]

Emmett J. Scanlan

2013-05-30T21:26:19Z

DPL bot: adding dablinks template; 7 or more disambig links (see the FAQ)

{{dablinks|date=May 2013}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Emmett J. Scanlan
| image = Emmett J Scanlan.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1979|1|31}}<ref>http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1631384/.html</ref>
| birth_place = [[Dublin]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]
| occupation = [[Actor]]
| yearsactive = 2004-present
| website =
}}
'''Emmett J. Scanlan''' (born 31st January 1979<ref name="rte"/>) is an Irish actor from [[Dublin]]. He is best known for playing the villains, Brendan Brady in ''[[Hollyoaks]]'' and Charlie Barnum in ''Charlie Casanova''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.charliecasanovathemovie.com/cast___crew.html |title=www.charliecasanovathemovie.com |publisher=www.charliecasanovathemovie.com |date= |accessdate=2012-01-28}}</ref>

In 2008 and 2009, Scanlan appeared in the [[Justin Timberlake]]-produced MTV series [[The Phone (U.S. TV series)|''The Phone'']] as "The Operator".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nypost.com/seven/04202009/tv/jt__is_that_you_calling__165339.htm|title=JT, is That you Calling?|publisher=New York Post|author=Linda Stasi | date=2009-04-20}}</ref> He also featured in [[RTÉ Two]]'s fly on-the-wall documentary series, ''[[Hollywood Trials]]''.<ref name="rte">{{cite web|url=http://www.rte.ie/tv/hollywoodtrials/emmettscanlan.html|title=RTÉ Television - Hollywood Trials: Emmett Scanlan|publisher=RTÉ}}</ref>

He appears alongside [[Gillian Anderson]] and fellow ''[[Hollyoaks]]'' actors [[Bronagh Waugh]], [[Gerard McCarthy]] and [[Karen Hassan]] in the BBC2 drama [[The Fall (TV series)|''The Fall'']] starting in May of 2013.

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Lapse]]'' || Guy || Post-Production
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Black Coffee]]'' || Him || Short film
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Big Top]]'' || Lead role || Short film
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Analogue Love]]'' || Guy || Feature film
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Legends of Valhalla: Thor]]'' || Sindri || voice
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Charlie Casanova]]'' || Charlie Barnum || feature filmm
|-
| 2010 || ''[[BLOOD]]'' || Guy || Feature film
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Glassjaw]]'' || Christian Connolly || Short film
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Imperfect Couple]]'' || Him || Short film
|-
| 2010 || ''[[The Inside]]'' || Hughie ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[The Rise of the Bricks]]'' || Ste ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Savage]]'' || Gym changing room guy 1 ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[3 Crosses]]'' || Jonnie Linski ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[The Bet]]'' || Anthony ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Freakdog]]'' || Stranger || Feature film
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Colour From The Dark]]'' || Luigi ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Trapped]]'' || Prison Officer McMahon ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Christian Blake]]'' || Floyd ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Pass Them On]]'' || James Collins || Short
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Mebollix]]'' || Copier man || Short
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Studs]]'' || Jake ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Triple Bill]]'' || Jack || Short film
|-
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 2013 || ''[[The Fall]] '' || Glen Martin || 5 episodes
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Hollyoaks Later]] '' || Brendan Brady || 5 episodes
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Hollyoaks: King of Hearts]]'' || Brendan Brady || 1 episode
|-
| 2010-2013 || ''[[Hollyoaks]] '' || Brendan Brady ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Mariana]]'' || Leonard Dalton ||
|-
| 2010 || '' [[ The Guards ]] '' || Diarmuid O'Briain ||
|-
| 2009 || '' [[Mattie]] '' || Paul ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[The Phone]]'' || The Operator ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Marú]]'' || John Cousins ||
|-
| 2008-2009 || ''[[The Clinic]]'' || Jimmy Rice ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[The Roaring Twenties]]'' || Pierre Leguin ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Paddywhackery]]'' || Stephen ||
|-
| 2004 || ''[[The Big Bow Wow]]'' || Robert ||
|-
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%"
|-
! Year
! Result
! Award
! Category
! Film or series
! Character
|-
| rowspan="6"|2013
| {{Won}}
| [[British Soap Awards]]
| Best Onscreen Partnership (with [[Kieron Richardson]])<ref name="digitalspy">{{cite news|title=British Soap Awards 2013 - winners in full|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/news/a482584/british-soap-awards-2013-winners-in-full.html|publisher=digitalspy.co.uk|date=18 May 2013|accessdate=19 May 2013}}</ref>
| ''[[Hollyoaks]]''
| Brendan Brady (with Ste Hay)
|-
| {{Shortlisted}}*
| [[British Soap Awards]]
| Best Actor <ref name="digitalspy" />
| ''[[Hollyoaks]]''
| Brendan Brady
|-
| {{Shortlisted}}*
| [[British Soap Awards]]
| Villain of the Year <ref name="digitalspy" />
| ''[[Hollyoaks]]''
| Brendan Brady
|-
| {{nom}}
| [[British Soap Awards]]
| Best Exit <ref name="digitalspy" />
| ''[[Hollyoaks]]''
| Brendan Brady
|-
| {{nom}}
| [[National Television Awards]]
| Most Popular Serial Drama Performance
| ''[[Hollyoaks]]''
| Brendan Brady
|-
| {{Won}}
| [[All About Soap]] Awards
| Forbidden Romance (with [[Kieron Richardson]])<ref>{{cite news|title='Hollyoaks' leads 2013 All About Soap Award winners|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s13/hollyoaks/news/a468013/hollyoaks-leads-2013-all-about-soap-award-winners.html|publisher=digitalspy.co.uk|date=24 March 2013|accessdate=19 May 2013}}</ref>
| ''[[Hollyoaks]]''
| Brendan Brady (with Ste Hay)
|-
| rowspan="6"|2012
| {{Shortlisted}}*
| [[TV Choice]] Awards
| Best Soap Actor
| ''[[Hollyoaks]]''
| Brendan Brady
|-
| {{Shortlisted}}*
| [[British Soap Awards]]
| Best Actor <ref>{{cite news|title=British Soap Awards 2012 - winners in full|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/news/a378918/british-soap-awards-2012-winners-in-full.html|publisher=digitalspy.co.uk|date=19 April 2012|accessdate=19 May 2013}}</ref>
| ''[[Hollyoaks]]''
| Brendan Brady
|-
| {{Won}}
| [[Inside Soap Awards]]
| Best Actor <ref name="insidesoapawards">{{cite web|url=http://www.rte.ie/ten/2012/0925/insidesoapawards.html|title=Ireland's Scanlan wins Best Soap Actor|publisher=RTÉ Ten|date=25 September 2012|accessdate=25 September 2012}}</ref>
| ''[[Hollyoaks]]''
| Brendan Brady
|-
| {{Won}}
| [[Inside Soap Awards]]
| Best Bad Boy <ref name="insidesoapawards" />
| ''[[Hollyoaks]]''
| Brendan Brady
|-
| {{nom}}*
| [[National Television Awards]]
| Outstanding Serial Drama Performance
| ''[[Hollyoaks]]''
| Brendan Brady
|-
| {{nom}}
| [[Irish Film & Television Awards]]
| Rising Star Award
|
|
|-
| rowspan="10"|2011
| {{Won}}
| [[British Soap Awards]]
| Villain of the Year
| ''[[Hollyoaks]]''
| Brendan Brady
|-
| {{Won}}
| [[British Soap Awards]]
| Best Newcomer
| ''[[Hollyoaks]]''
| Brendan Brady
|-
| {{Shortlisted}}*
| [[British Soap Awards]]
| Best Actor
| ''[[Hollyoaks]]''
| Brendan Brady
|-
| {{Nominated}}
| [[British Soap Awards]]
| Best Onscreen Partnership (with [[Kieron Richardson]])
| ''[[Hollyoaks]]''
| Brendan Brady (with Ste Hay)
|-
| {{Won}}
| [[Inside Soap Awards]]
| Best Newcomer
| ''[[Hollyoaks]]''
| Brendan Brady
|-
| {{Shortlisted}}*
| [[TV Choice]] Awards
| Best Soap Actor
| ''[[Hollyoaks]]''
| Brendan Brady
|-
| {{Shortlisted}}*
| [[TV Choice]] Awards
| Best Soap Newcomer
| ''[[Hollyoaks]]''
| Brendan Brady
|-
| {{nom}}*
| [[National Television Awards]]
| Best Newcomer
| ''[[Hollyoaks]]''
| Brendan Brady
|-
| {{Won}}
| [[ÉCU The European Independent Film festival]]
| Best Actor
| ''Charlie Casanova''
| Charlie Barnum
|-
| {{Won}}
| [[Melbourne Underground Film Festival]]
| Best Actor <ref>{{cite news|title=Irish Film ‘Charlie Casanova’ Wins Three Top Awards At Melbourne Film Festival|url=http://www.iftn.ie/news/?act1=record&only=1&aid=73&rid=4285348&tpl=archnews&force=1|publisher=iftn.ie|date=14 September 2012|accessdate=19 May 2013}}</ref>
| ''Charlie Casanova''
| Charlie Barnum
|-
|}
*(*) means there were two main rounds of nominations for that category. Shortlisted means he made it to the second and final round of voting.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons cat}}
* {{IMDB name|1631384|Emmett J. Scanlan}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Scanlan, Emmett J.
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = An actor from Ireland
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1979
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Ireland, [[Dublin]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Scanlan, Emmett J.}}
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Irish film actors]]
[[Category:Irish television actors]]
[[Category:People from Dublin (city)]]

Ohio State Buckeyes (Footballteam)

2013-05-28T21:44:11Z

DPL bot: adding dablinks template; 7 or more disambig links (see the FAQ)

{{dablinks|date=May 2013}}
{{Infobox NCAA football school
| CurrentSeason = 2012 Ohio State Buckeyes football team
| TeamName = Ohio State Buckeyes football
| Image = Ohio State Buckeyes logo.svg
| ImageSize = 150px
| HeadCoachDisplay = Urban Meyer
| HeadCoachLink = Urban Meyer
| HeadCoachYear = 1st
| HCWins = 12
| HCLosses = 0
| HCTies =
| OtherStaff =
| Stadium = Ohio Stadium
| StadiumBuilt = 1922
| StadCapacity = 102,329
| StadSurface = FieldTurf
| Location = Columbus, Ohio
| ConferenceDisplay= Big Ten
| ConferenceLink = Big Ten Conference
| ConfDivision = Leaders
| FirstYear = 1890
| AthlDirectorDisp = Gene Smith
| AthlDirectorLink = Gene Smith (athletic director)
| Radio = Ohio State Football Radio Network
| Announcers = [[Paul Keels]] (Play By Play) [[Jim Lachey]] (Color) [[Marty Bannister]] (Sideline)
| WebsiteName = OhioStateBuckeyes.com
| WebsiteURL = http://ohiostatebuckeyes.com/
| ATWins = 837
| ATLosses = 316
| ATTies = 53
| ATPercentage = .716
| BowlWins = 19
| BowlLosses = 23
| BowlTies =
| NatlTitles = 7 (1942, 1954, 1957, 1961, 1968, 1970, 2002)
| ConfTitles = 36 (2 [[Ohio Athletic Conference|OAC]], 34 [[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]])
| DivTitles = 1 (Big Ten Leaders, 2012)
| Heismans = 7
| AllAmericans = {{American college football All-Americans|Ohio St.}}
| uniform = Image:BigTen-Uniform-OSU.png
| Color1 = Scarlet
| Color1Hex = 990000
| Color2 = Gray
| Color2Hex = 999999
| FightSong =[[Carmen Ohio]] (Alma Mater) [[Across the Field]] and [[Buckeye Battle Cry]]
| MascotDisplay = Brutus Buckeye
| MascotLink = Brutus Buckeye
| MarchingBand = [[The Ohio State University Marching Band]]
| PagFreeLabel = Outfitter
| PagFreeValue = [[Nike, Inc.]]
| PagFreeLabel = Rivals
| PagFreeValue = [[Michigan Wolverines football|Michigan Wolverines]] [[Penn State Nittany Lions football|Penn State Nittany Lions]] [[Illinois Fighting Illini football|Illinois Fighting Illini]]
}}
'''The Ohio State Buckeyes football''' team is a [[College football|collegiate football team]] that competes as part of the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association]] (NCAA) Division I [[Division I (NCAA)|Football Bowl Subdivision]], representing [[The Ohio State University]] in the Leaders Division of the [[Big Ten Conference]]. Ohio State has played their home games at [[Ohio Stadium]] in [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]], [[Ohio]] since 1922.<ref>{{cite web | title = Ohio Stadium | publisher = Ohio State Buckeyes| url = http://www.ohiostatebuckeyes.com/facilities/ohio-stadium.html | accessdate = 2012-06-10}}</ref>

The Buckeyes claim seven [[College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS|national championships]]<ref name="Yearly Results">{{cite web | title = Ohio State Buckeyes Football Results by Year | publisher = Ohio State Buckeyes.com | url = http://grfx.cstv.com/schools/osu/graphics/pdf/m-footbl/10_p102to131.pdf | accessdate = 2012-06-10}}</ref> along with 36 conference championships and ten undefeated seasons. Ohio State is second among all Big Ten programs in terms of conference championships (34) and has an overall record of 460-195-28 in conference play.<ref>{{cite web | title = Ohio State Opponents | publisher = College Football Data Warehouse| url = http://www.cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/div_ia/bigten/ohio_state/opponents.php | accessdate = 2012-06-10}}</ref> With 837 wins in over 123 seasons of football, Ohio State ranks fifth among all programs in terms of total wins and is fifth all-time in win–loss records in the NCAA.<ref name="NCAA History">{{cite web | title = Football Bowl Subdivision Records| publisher = NCAA| url = http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/football_records/DI/2008/FBS%20compiled.pdf | accessdate = 2012-06-10}}</ref> In 2009, [[ESPN]] ranked Ohio State as the third most prestigious college football program in history behind only [[USC Trojans football|Southern California, (USC)]], and [[Oklahoma Sooners football|Oklahoma]].<ref>http://sports.espn.go.com/ncf/news/story?id=3849468</ref>

Football was introduced to the university by George Cole and [[Alexander S. Lilley]] in 1890. Lilley led the Buckeyes to a record of three wins and five losses over his two seasons as head coach. Ohio State was a [[NCAA Division I FBS independent schools|football independent]] from 1890 to 1901 before joining the [[Ohio Athletic Conference]] (OAC) as a charter member in 1902.<ref name="Yearly Results"/> The Buckeyes won two conference championships while members of the OAC and in 1912 became members of the [[Big Ten Conference]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Big Ten History | publisher = Big Ten Conference| url = http://www.bigten.org/trads/big10-trads.html | accessdate = 2012-06-10}}</ref> The school saw its first real success in football and in the Big Ten under head coach [[John Wilce]], who spent sixteen years at the university and won three conference championships, with a [[Rose Bowl Game|Rose Bowl]] appearance in [[1928 Rose Bowl|1928]]. Ohio State won two more Big Ten titles under head coach [[Francis Schmidt]] and would win their first national championship in [[1942 college football season|1942]] under legendary head coach [[Paul Brown]].<ref name="Yearly Results"/>

Following [[World War II]], Ohio State saw sparse success on the football field with three separate coaches and in 1951 would hire [[Woody Hayes]] to coach the team. Under his guidance Ohio State won thirteen Big Ten championships and national championships in [[1954 college football season|1954]], [[1957 college football season|1957]], [[1961 college football season|1961]], [[1968 college football season|1968]] and [[1970 college football season|1970]]. During his tenure Ohio State appeared Rose Bowl eight times, with the Buckeyes winning four of them.<ref name="Yearly Results"/> Following Hayes' dismissal in 1978, [[Earle Bruce]] became the head coach, leading the Buckeyes to a conference championship and a Rose Bowl appearance in his first season. Bruce coached for the Buckeyes from 1979 to 1987 and was replaced in 1988 by [[John Cooper (American football)|John Cooper]].<ref name="Yearly Results"/> Under Cooper and Bruce the Buckeyes won seven conference championships. [[Jim Tressel]] was hired as head coach in 2001 and quickly gave Ohio State its seventh national championship in [[2002 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|2002]] with a win in the [[2003 Fiesta Bowl|Fiesta Bowl]].<ref>{{cite web | title = 2003 Fiesta Bowl | publisher = FiestaBowl.org| url = http://www.fiestabowl.org/tostitos-fiesta-bowl/tostitos-fiesta-bowl-game-history/game-results-recaps/32nd-annual-fiesta-bowl.php | accessdate = 2012-06-10}}</ref> Ohio State won seven Big Ten championships under Tressel and appeared in eight [[Bowl Championship Series]] games, winning five of them. Through the 2011 season, Ohio State has compiled an official overall record of 837 wins, 316 losses, 53 ties and has appeared in 43 [[bowl game]]s, with the most recent coming in [[2012 Gator Bowl]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Gator Bowl win over Ohio State boosts Florida Gators’ outlook | publisher = Miami Herald | url = http://www.miamiherald.com/2012/01/03/2570866/gator-bowl-win-over-ohio-state.html | accessdate = 2012-06-10}}</ref>

In late 2010, it was found that five Buckeye players had improperly sold memorabilia to the owner of a tattoo parlor. The players were to be suspended for the first five games of the 2011-2012 season. Tressell decided against calls to suspend the players for the [[2011 Sugar Bowl]], which the Buckeyes went on to win 31-26 over Arkansas and their fifth BCS bowl victory since hiring Tressel. In March 2011, it was discovered that Tressel had prior knowledge of the violations committed by his players, and he was suspended for the first five games of the 2011 season. After facing months of intense criticism and damning reports, Tressel resigned (later changed to 'retired') as head coach on May 31, 2011. [[Luke Fickell]], assistant coach and former Buckeye player, was hired as the interim coach for the 2011-2012 season. Tressel left Ohio State as its third-winningest coach and won or shared 7 Big Ten titles.

On November 28, 2011, two-time National Championship winning coach and native Ohioan [[Urban Meyer]] became head coach,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://espn.go.com/college-football/story/_/id/7291653/ohio-state-buckeyes-introduce-urban-meyer-coach | title = Ohio State Buckeyes introduce Urban Meyer as coach - ESPN | accessdate = 2011-12-24 | date = 2011-11-29 | work = [[ESPN]]}}</ref> and in his first year led the Buckeyes to a perfect 12-0 record, winning the 2012 [[Big Ten Football Championship Game|Big Ten Leaders Division]], though sanctions kept them from the 2012 Big Ten Football Championship Game and postseason bowl games.<ref name="2011 Sanctions">[http://www.buckeyextra.com/content/stories/2011/12/20/ncaa-report.html NCAA: Ohio State banned from postseason play next season]</ref>

==History==
{{main|History of Ohio State Buckeyes football}}
{{see also|List of Ohio State Buckeyes football seasons}}

===1890–1933: beginnings===
In the spring of 1890 George Cole, an undergraduate, persuaded [[Alexander S. Lilley]] to coach a football team at the Ohio State University. The Buckeyes first game, played on May 3, 1890, at [[Delaware, Ohio]], against [[Ohio Wesleyan University]], was a victory.<ref>{{cite book|author=Jack Park|title=The Official Ohio State Football Encyclopedia|publisher=Sports Publishing LLC|isbn= 1-58261-006-1|year=2002|page=10}}</ref>

OSU's first home game took place at 2:30 p.m. on November 1, 1890. The Ohio State University played the [[The College of Wooster|University of Wooster]] on this site, which was then called Recreation Park. Just east of historic German Village, the park occupied the north side of Schiller (now Whittier) between Ebner and Jaeger in what is now Schumacher Place. The weather was perfect, and the crowd cheered loudly. Nonetheless, OSU lost to Wooster, 64–0. Wooster, physically fit for the game, showed OSU that training is critical to winning. Thus, the tradition of training continues.

[[File:1916 Ohio Field.jpg|350px|thumb|[[Chic Harley]] runs around the end in the 1916 Big Ten Championship game between Northwestern & Ohio St.]]Over the next eight years, under a number of coaches, the team played to a cumulative record of 31 wins, 39 losses, and 2 ties. The first game against the [[University of Michigan]], in [[Ann Arbor, Michigan|Ann Arbor]], was a 34-0 loss in 1897, a year that saw the low point in Buckeye football history with a 1–7–1 record. Jack Ryder was Ohio State's first paid coach, earning $150 per season, and lost his first game, against [[Oberlin College]] and [[John Heisman]], on October 15, 1892.<ref>Walsh, Christopher (2009). ''Ohio State Football Football Huddleup'', Triumph Books (Random House, Inc.), ISBN 978-1-60078-186-5, p. 69.</ref>

In 1899 the university hired John Eckstorm to bring professional coaching skills to the program and immediately went undefeated.<ref name="Spring08">[http://ohiostatebuckeyes.com/fls/17300/pdf/fb/guide/08_Spring_p100to129.pdf?SPSID=87751&SPID=10408&DB_OEM_ID=17300 Ohio State Spring Football 2008 - Part 2], OSU Athletics, Spring 2008.</ref> In 1901, however, [[Center (American football)|center]] John Segrist was fatally injured in a game and the continuation of football at Ohio State was in serious question. Although the school's athletic board let the team decide its future, Eckstorm resigned.<ref>Park, p.28</ref> In 1912 football underwent a number of developments that included joining the [[Big Ten Conference|Western Conference]], making football as part of a new Department of Athletics, and hiring [[Lynn St. John|Lynn W. St. John]] to be [[athletic director]].

[[Chic Harley]] attended East High in Columbus and was one of the greatest players to attend an Ohio high school. He passed, ran, received, punted, kicked and played defense. Harley came to Ohio State in 1916 and Columbus fans instantly fell in love with the Chic. Harley and the Buckeyes won the very first Big Ten championship in school history in 1916 when the Buckeyes finished 7–0. He would repeat in 1917 finshing 8–0–1, giving the Buckeyes a second outright title. In 1918, he left to be a pilot in the air force for [[World War I]]. With Harley's return in 1919, the Buckeyes would only lose one game—to Illinois. Chic Harley left OSU with a career record of 22–1–1. At the time, OSU played at the small [[Ohio Field]] and Harley brought such record crowds it became necessary to open [[Ohio Stadium]] in 1922. The stadium was built entirely on fan donations and several stadium drives around the city where Harley would often appear. In 1951, when the [[College Football Hall of Fame]] opened, Harley was inducted as an inaugural member.

Ohio State's very first rival was [[Kenyon College]], a small liberal arts college in [[Gambier, Ohio|Gambier]], roughly 50 miles to the northeast. The Buckeyes first played them in their first season in 1890 on Nov. 27, Kenyon won the first two meetings; however, Ohio State won 15 in a row and the rivalry diminished. Kenyon made it their season goal to defeat OSU. After the Bucks joined the Big Ten they stopped playing Kenyon. The all-time record stands at 18-6, OSU.

===1934–1950: the rise of a powerhouse===
[[File:Paul Brown (American football coach).jpg|right|thumb|175px|Former head coach [[Paul Brown]], who led the Buckeyes to their first national championship in 1942.]]
In hiring [[Francis Schmidt]] in March 1934 to coach its football team, Ohio State moved its program to a "big-time" level of competition. Schmidt was a well-established coach and an acknowledged offensive innovator. His offensive schemes were a "wide-open" style called "razzle-dazzle" and led him to be the first Buckeye football coach granted a multi-year contract. Schmidt's first four seasons saw victories over archrival Michigan, all by shut-out. The 1935 squad went 7-1, its sole loss was to [[University of Notre Dame|Notre Dame]], 18-13, in the first contest between the programs. However Schmidt's remaining seasons were less successful, except in 1939 when the Buckeyes won the Big Ten championship, and his popularity faded for a number of reasons.<ref>Park, p.166.</ref> On December 17, 1940, he resigned.

Ohio State hired the coach of [[Massillon Washington High School]] football team, [[Paul Brown]], to succeed Schmidt. Brown's Tigers had just won their sixth straight state championship. Brown immediately changed Ohio State's style of offense, planned and organized his program in great detail, and delegated to his assistant coaches using highly structured practices. In 1942, Ohio State lost 22 veteran players to military service as the United States joined [[World War II]], and with a team of mostly sophomores went on to lose only once in winning its first national championship. Brown accepted a commission in the [[United States Navy]] in 1944 and directed his assistant Carroll Widdoes to head the team in his absence. The 1944 team fielded 31 [[First year|freshmen]] but went undefeated and untied, including a victory over Paul Brown's Great Lakes Navy team. Ohio State finished second in the national rankings behind [[United States Military Academy#Other sports|Army]] and [[Les Horvath]] became the first Buckeye to be awarded the [[Heisman Trophy]]. Also prominent on the 1942–44 teams was the first Buckeye [[African American]] star, [[Bill Willis]].

Brown chose not to return to Ohio State after the war, going into professional football instead. Widdoes, despite having the highest two-year winning percentage of any Buckeye coach, asked to return to an assistant's position. Offensive coordinator [[Paul Bixler]] and Widdoes switched positions, and Bixler endured a mediocre 4–3–2 season. Bixler resigned and talk of Ohio State being a "graveyard of coaches" became commonplace, a reputation that lingered for decades.<ref name="SIbix">{{cite news | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/football/ncaa/specials/preview/2006/teams/ten/ohiost.html| title = 2006 Team previews- Ohio State| work = | publisher = SI.com| accessdate = 20 August 2006}}</ref>

[[Wes Fesler]] became head coach in 1947 but finished last in the Big Ten for the only time in team history. Ohio State improved greatly in 1948, winning 6 and losing 3, then in 1949 enjoyed a successful season due to the play of sophomore [[Vic Janowicz]]. Ohio State received the [[Rose Bowl (game)|Rose Bowl]] invitation, where they came from behind to defeat [[California Golden Bears|California]]. In 1950 Fesler, rumored to be resigning because of pressures associated with the position and abuse of his family by anonymous critics, returned to coach the Buckeyes, who won six games in a row to move into the top ranking in the AP poll. However the season fell apart as the Buckeyes lost to Michigan during a [[blizzard]], a game that came to be known as the "[[Snow Bowl (1950)|Snow Bowl]]". Two weeks later, citing concerns about his health and family, Fesler resigned.

===1951–1978: the Woody Hayes era===
[[File:Woody Hayes.jpg|right|thumb|225px|Former head coach [[Woody Hayes]], who coached the team to more victories than any other OSU coach, including five National Championships]]
[[File:Archie Griffin.jpg|right|thumb|225px|Former Buckeyes RB [[Archie Griffin]], the only 2-time [[Heisman Trophy]] winner in college football history (1974-75)]]

[[Woody Hayes|Wayne Woodrow "Woody" Hayes]] beat out Paul Brown,<ref>Park, p.275</ref> among others, to be named head coach on February 18, 1951. He instituted a demanding practice regimen and was both aggressive and vocal in enforcing it, alienating many players accustomed to Fesler's laid-back style. The 1951 Buckeyes won 4, lost 3, and tied 2, leaving many to question the ability of the new coach. In 1952 the team improved to 6-3, and recorded their first victory over Michigan in eight years, but after a 1953 loss to Michigan, critics called for the replacement of Hayes.

In 1954 the Buckeyes were picked to finish no higher than 10th in the Big Ten. Hayes, however, had the talents of [[Howard "Hopalong" Cassady]], and a historic goal-line stand against Michigan propelled Ohio State to a perfect season. Hayes led the powerhouse Buckeyes to a shared national championship (his first and the team's second). In 1955 the team again won the Big Ten, set an attendance record, and won in Ann Arbor for the first time in 18 years, while Hopalong Cassady was securing the Heisman Trophy. Ohio State passed only three times against Michigan (the sole reception was the only completion in the final three games of the year), leading to characterization of Hayes' style of offensive play as "three yards and a cloud of dust".

In a 1955 article in ''[[Sports Illustrated]]'', Hayes admitted making small personal loans to financially needy players.<ref name="sishaplen">{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://www.buckeye50.com/Drive_Drive_Down_the_field_15_to_11.html| title = #11—Iowa at Ohio State—November 11, 1957| work = | publisher = The Buckeye 50 Yard Line| accessdate = 2 October 2006 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20061127011223/http://www.buckeye50.com/Drive_Drive_Down_the_field_15_to_11.html  |archivedate = 27 November 2006}}</ref> The article resulted in a furor over possible violations of [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] rules, and the faculty council, followed by the Big Ten and NCAA, conducted lengthy investigations. Big Ten Commissioner Kenneth "Tug" Wilson found Hayes and the program guilty of violations and placed it on a year's probation in 1956. In 1957 Ohio State won all of its remaining games after an opening loss to claim the Big Ten championship, win the Rose Bowl over [[University of Oregon|Oregon]], and share a national championship title with [[Auburn University|Auburn]], for which Hayes was named [[Paul "Bear" Bryant Award|Coach of the Year]].

In 1961 the team went undefeated to be named national champions by the [[Football Writers Association of America|FWAA]] but a growing conflict between academics and athletics over Ohio State's reputation as a "football school" resulted in a faculty council vote to decline an invitation to the Rose Bowl, resulting in much public protest and debate.<ref>Park, pp. 340 and 342.</ref> Over the next 6 seasons Ohio State finished no higher than 2nd, and had a losing season in 1966, and public speculation that Hayes would be replaced as coach grew to its highest point since 1953.

In 1968 Ohio State defeated the number one-ranked [[Purdue Boilermakers]] and continued to an undefeated season including a 50-14 rout of Michigan and a Rose Bowl victory over the [[USC Trojans]] that resulted in the national championship. The Class of 1970 became known as the "super sophomores" in 1968, and might have gone on to three consecutive national championships except for what may have been the most bitter loss in Buckeye history. The winning streak reached 22 games as Ohio State traveled to Michigan. The Buckeyes were 17-point favorites but directed by first-year coach [[Bo Schembechler]], Michigan shocked the Buckeyes in a 24-12 upset.


The 1969 loss to Michigan initiated what came to be known as "The Ten Year War," in which the rivalry, which pitted some of OSU’s and UM’s strongest teams ever, rose to the uppermost level of all sports and the competition between Schembechler and Hayes became legendary.<ref name="maisel">{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://proxy.espn.go.com/ncf/columns/story?columnist=maisel_ivan&id=1667333| title = UM-OSU more than just a game| format = | work = | publisher = ESPN| accessdate = 13 October 2006}}</ref> Four times between 1970 and 1975, Ohio State and Michigan were both ranked in the top five of the AP Poll before their matchup. The Wolverines entered every game during those years undefeated and won only once, a 10-7 victory in Ann Arbor on November 20, 1971.

Both teams used the annual game as motivation for entire seasons and after the initial win by Michigan, played dead even at four wins and a tie apiece. Hayes had the upper hand during the first part of the war, in which Ohio State won the conference championship and went to the Rose Bowl four straight years, while Michigan won the final three. It was also an era in which through television Ohio State football again came to the forefront of national attention.

Hayes set the tone in spring practice in 1970, placing a rug at the entrance to the Buckeye dressing room emblazoned with the words: "1969 MICH 24 OSU 12 — 1970 MICH:__ OSU:__" as a constant reminder of their objective.<ref>Park, p.391. Park has a picture of the rug.</ref> The "super sophomores", now seniors, used a strong fullback-oriented offense to smash their way through the season undefeated, struggling only with Purdue the week before the Michigan game. The return match in Columbus found both teams undefeated and untied, a "first" in the history of the rivalry, with Michigan ranked fourth and Ohio State fifth. Ohio State combined a powerful defense that held Michigan to only 37 yards rushing, a rushing offense employing two tight ends as blockers, and a 26-yard touchdown pass from Kern to Bruce Jankowski to win 20-9. The Buckeyes returned to the Rose Bowl to be upset by [[Stanford Cardinal|Stanford]] 27-17. The "super sophomores" had garnered a record of 27-2, the best winning percentage of any three-year period in team history, and won or shared the Big Ten title all three years. The [[National Football Foundation]] named Ohio State its national champion for 1970.

1971 was less successful than the preceding seasons, but the middle four years of the 10-year war saw the greatest success for Hayes against Michigan, although the teams fell short of repeating their 1968 national championship. [[Archie Griffin]] began his college football career in 1972, taking advantage of new NCAA eligibility rules that allowed freshmen to compete at the varsity level. In his second game, sent in against [[North Carolina Tarheels|North Carolina]] late in the first quarter, Griffin set a new Buckeye rushing record with 239 yards and led the team in rushing for the season with 867.

The following season Hayes installed an [[I-formation]] attack with Griffin at tailback and fellow sophomore [[Cornelius Greene]] at quarterback. The Buckeyes went undefeated with a powerful offense and equally impenetrable defense, achieving an average margin of victory of 31 points a game. The only blemish on their record was a 10-10 tie with Michigan after both teams had entered the game unbeaten. (The tie was more galling for the Wolverines, however, as the Big Ten selected Ohio State to represent the conference in the Rose Bowl.) Despite soundly defeating defending national champion [[University of Southern California|USC]], however, the tie with Michigan resulted in the Buckeyes finishing second to [[Notre Dame Fighting Irish|Notre Dame]] in the final [[Associated Press|AP]] rankings. Griffin, [[Randy Gradishar]], [[Van DeCree]], and [[John Hicks]] were named All-Americans; Hicks, an offensive tackle, not only won both the [[Outland Trophy|Outland]] and [[Lombardi Award|Lombardi Trophies]], but placed second in the [[Heisman Trophy]] competition.

1974 and 1975 were seasons of both elation and frustration. The Buckeyes twice more defeated Michigan and went to two Rose Bowls, but lost both. The 1974 team seemed bound for another national championship when it was derailed by a loss to unranked [[Michigan State Spartans|Michigan State]] (Ohio State lost only twice in the regular season during Griffin's 4-year career, both to the Spartans), and the next year the #1-ranked Bucks lost 23-10 to 11th-ranked [[UCLA]] in the 1976 Rose Bowl. In all the Buckeyes were 40-5-1 from 1972–75, winning the Big Ten all four years and never losing to Michigan, but each loss and the tie were crucial in failing to win another championship. Archie Griffin, however, received the [[Heisman Trophy]] for both years, off-setting much of the frustration, and amassed 5,589 yards in his career.{{citation needed|date=June 2012}}

The falloff in success of Hayes' last three years was not great. His teams forged records of 9-2-1, 9-3, and 7-4-1, and made bowl appearances in all three years (the rules had changed to allow appearances in other than the Rose Bowl). However frustrations in losing three straight years to Michigan, and other factors, resulted in growing criticism of Hayes and his methods, particularly his on-the-field fits of temper. Even so his downfall was sudden and shocking when near the end of the nationally-televised [[Gator Bowl]], Hayes punched [[Clemson Tigers|Clemson]] [[middle guard]] Charlie Bauman after Bauman intercepted a pass to kill Ohio State's last chance to win. Hayes was fired after the game by Ohio State president Harold Enarson and athletic director Hugh Hindman.{{citation needed|date=June 2012}}

===1979–1987: Bruce era===
Hayes was replaced by a former protégé, [[Earle Bruce]]. Bruce inherited a strong team led by sophomore quarterback [[Art Schlichter]] but that had also lost eleven starters, and the 1979 squad exceeded pre-season expectations, ending the 3-year loss drought against Michigan and going to the [[Rose Bowl Game|Rose Bowl]] with an opportunity once again to be national champions. The Buckeyes lost both by a single point, 17-16, but Bruce was named [[Paul "Bear" Bryant Award|Coach of the Year]]. His success was hailed by those in the media who saw it as a rebuke of Hayes and the start of a "new era".<ref name="earle">{{cite news | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,946372-1,00.html| title = Making 'Em Forget Woody| work = | publisher = Time Magazine| accessdate = 11 December 2006 | date=1979-11-12}}</ref>

1980, however, saw the start of a trend that eventually brought criticism to Bruce, when Ohio State finished with a 9-3 record, the first of six consecutive years at 9-3. Though each of these seasons, and the 10-3 season that followed them, culminated in a bowl game, Ohio State did not appear to be any closer to a national championship than during the end of the Hayes era. Bruce's teams were not without impact players, however. All-Americans and future [[National Football League]] stars included [[Keith Byars]], [[Cris Carter]], [[Chris Spielman]], [[John E. Frank|John Frank]], [[Jim Lachey]], [[Tom Tupa]], [[Marcus Marek]], and [[Pepper Johnson]]. His program was also known for the number of notable assistant coaches on staff, including [[Jim Tressel]], [[Glen Mason]], [[Pete Carroll]], [[Nick Saban]], [[Urban Meyer]] and [[Dom Capers]].

The 1980 team was selected as the top-ranked team of the pre-season AP poll and opened the season with four games at home, but were shocked in the fourth game by UCLA, shut out 17-0. The team rebounded to win its next six easily, but then were shut down by a ball-control Michigan team that allowed the Buckeyes only 23 minutes with the ball, then lost again to [[Penn State Nittany Lions|Penn State]] in the [[Fiesta Bowl]].

In 1981, Ohio State opened strong, including a victory at [[Stanford Cardinal|Stanford]] in which senior Art Schlichter out-dueled [[John Elway]], but then lost back-to-back games to [[Florida State Seminoles|Florida State]] and [[Wisconsin Badgers|Wisconsin]] (their first victory over the Buckeyes in 22 games). The Buckeyes continued to struggle on defense, losing a third time, at [[Minnesota Golden Gophers|Minnesota]]. Victories over Michigan to gain a share of the Big Ten championship and over [[Navy Midshipmen football|Navy]] in the [[Liberty Bowl]] salvaged the season.

For the first time since 1922 the Buckeyes lost three in a row in Ohio Stadium in 1982, including rematches with Stanford and Florida State, and for the second year in a row to Wisconsin, but then won seven straight, the last over [[Brigham Young University#Football|BYU]] in the [[Holiday Bowl]]. Sophomore running back Keith Byars had a stand-out season in 1983, rushing for 1,199 yards, and Ohio State defeated the [[Oklahoma Sooners]] in [[Norman, Oklahoma|Norman]], but three losses in conference meant a 4th-place finish. 1984 witnessed what Bruce called "the greatest comeback after the worst start" when Ohio State fell behind Illinois 24-0 at home but roared back on 274 yards rushing and five touchdowns by Byars to win 45-38. Ohio State also defeated Michigan to win an outright Big Ten championship. Byars led the nation in rushing and scoring but finished second in Heisman balloting.

Byars broke his toe just prior to the start of the 1985 season, ending his Heisman hopes and seriously handicapping the Buckeye attack. He returned against Purdue with Ohio State at 4-1 and scored twice, but then re-injured his foot the next week against Minnesota. Iowa was top-ranked nationally when they came into Ohio Stadium favored to end the longest home winning streak in the country, and were the first #1 team the Buckeyes faced since Purdue in 1968. Ohio State's defense dominated with four interceptions to win 22-13.

In 1986 Bruce received a 3-year contract, the first for the modern program but the team opened with two losses, which had not occurred in over 90 years. The Buckeyes then won 9 in a row before Michigan took a close game when kicker Matt Frantz missed a field goal with a minute to play. After the season Bruce was offered the position of head coach at the University of Arizona with a 5-year contract but was persuaded to stay at his [[alma mater]] by Athletic Director Rick Bay. Hopes for a standout season in 1987 suffered a serious setback when All-American wide receiver [[Cris Carter]] was dropped from the team for signing with an agent. Indiana defeated Ohio State for the first time since 1951, 31-10, in a game that came to be known as the "darkest day", and Ohio State lost three conference games in a row going into the Michigan game.

On the Monday of Michigan week, after a weekend of rumors and speculation, Ohio State President [[Edward Harrington Jennings|Edward Jennings]] fired Bruce but tried to keep the dismissal secret until after the end of the season. Bay, who had been instrumental in keeping Bruce at Ohio State, disregarded Jennings' orders and announced the firing and his own resignation in protest. Jennings made his own situation worse by refusing to give a reason for the firing and the circumstances have been the subject of controversy since.<ref>Park, pp. 537-538</ref> The Buckeyes enjoyed an emotional come-from-behind victory over Michigan in Ann Arbor after the entire team wore [[headband]]s bearing the word "EARLE", then declined an invitation to play in the [[Sun Bowl]].

===1988–2000: Cooper era===
[[File:Eddie George.jpg|right|thumb|175px|Former Buckeyes RB [[Eddie George]], who won the 1995 [[Heisman Trophy]].]]
[[John Cooper (coach)|John Cooper]] was hired as the 21st football head coach at Ohio State before the end of 1987 and before he had coached his last game at [[Arizona State University]]. Cooper's coaching record at ASU and at [[University of Tulsa|Tulsa]] prior to that stood out among his credentials, as did a victory over Michigan in the 1987 Rose Bowl.

Cooper's thirteen years as Buckeye head coach are largely remembered in the litany of negative statistics associated with him: a notorious 2-10-1 record against Michigan, a 3-8 record in bowl games, a 5-year losing streak to Illinois to start his term and a 6-7 record overall, and blowing a 15 point 3rd quarter lead in a 28-24 loss to unranked Michigan State when the Buckeyes were the top-ranked team in the nation and en route to a national championship. However his record also has many positives: back-to-back victories over Notre Dame, two finishes second-ranked in the polls, and three Big Ten championships (albeit shared). Cooper also recruited 15 players who were first-round draft picks in the [[National Football League]].<ref name="coopbio">{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://ohiostatebuckeyes.cstv.com/sports/m-footbl/mtt/cooper_john01.html| title = John Cooper Profile| work = | publisher = TOSU Football Official Site| accessdate = 19 December 2006}}</ref>

Both 1988 and 1989 began identically: an impressive season-opening win followed by an embarrassing loss to a highly-regarded team ([[Pitt Panthers|Pitt]] and [[USC Trojans|USC]]); a rebound win against two other highly-regarded programs ([[LSU Tigers|LSU]] and [[Boston College Eagles|Boston College]]) followed by a loss to Illinois in the conference opener. However 1988 saw Ohio State lose its first three conference games and a close game at home against Michigan for a 4-6-1 record, its first losing season in 22 years. In 1989 the Buckeyes won 6 consecutive Big Ten games before losing its last two to go 8-4. The most noteworthy victory occurred in [[Minneapolis]] when Ohio State overcame a 31-0 deficit to Minnesota to win 41-37.

1990 continued the pattern with a 2-win 2-loss start and an overall 7-4-1 record that included an embarrassing loss to [[Air Force Falcons football|Air Force]] in the [[Liberty Bowl]]. 1991 was 9-4, notable primarily as the season that sophomore running back [[Robert Smith (football)|Robert Smith]] quit the team. 1992, with senior [[Kirk Herbstreit]] at quarterback, was 8-3-1, but the losing string to Michigan was broken with a 13-13 tie. Persistent rumors that Cooper would resign or be fired were laid to rest when University President [[Gordon Gee]] announced he would be back in 1993.<ref name="coop">{{cite news | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE1DE133CF935A35751C1A964958260&n=Top%2fReference%2fTimes%20Topics%2fOrganizations%2fO%2fOhio%20State%20University| title = Cooper Will Be Back| format = | work = | publisher = New York Times| accessdate = 19 December 2006 | date=1992-12-06}}</ref>

The next 6 seasons were very successful, winning ten or more games in 5 of the 6 and sharing the conference championship in three. [[Eddie George]] won the [[Heisman Trophy]] in 1995 after a tremendous senior season, Ohio State defeated Notre Dame in 1995 and 1996, and won half its bowl games. But in three seasons (1993, 1995, and 1996) the Buckeyes entered the Michigan game undefeated, with the possibility of a national championship in at least one, and lost all three to underdog Wolverine teams. Ohio State had won 62 games and lost only 12, but a third of those were to Michigan.

After renewing his contract and becoming a member of the "million dollar coaching club",<ref name="cop$$$">{{cite news | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C01EFD9133CF932A35750C0A96F958260&n=Top%2fReference%2fTimes%20Topics%2fOrganizations%2fO%2fOhio%20State%20University| title = Coach Joining $1 Million Club| format = | work = | publisher = New York Times| accessdate = 19 December 2006 | date=1999-03-01}}</ref> Cooper started sophomore Austin Moherman against the [[Miami Hurricanes]] in the nationally-televised [[Kickoff Classic]] and was soundly beaten. That presaged a mediocre season in which the Buckeyes finished 6-6, ending their successful 90's run. The 2000 team was more successful, going 8-4, but criticism of Cooper among fans had risen to a clamor again and touched on many areas of the program beyond specific game records. The negative publicity rose to a peak in the days leading up to Ohio State's matchup with [[South Carolina Gamecocks|South Carolina]] in the [[Outback Bowl]], when wide receiver Reggie Germany was suspended for having a 0.0 [[GPA]], team captain [[Matt Wilhelm]] publicly criticized fellow player [[Ken-Yon Rambo]], and one Buckeye lineman sued another.<ref name="reggie&co">{{cite news | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/football/college/2000/bowls/outback/| title = Getting a Little Payback| format = | work = | publisher = CNN-Sports Illustrated| accessdate = 19 December 2006}}</ref>

In January 2001, the Ohio State University dismissed Cooper. His loss in the Outback Bowl to a team that had not even won a single game the year before was a factor in his subsequent firing, as was negative publicity regarding player behavior before and during the game. Other contributing factors included the record against Michigan (which was actually considered by most people to be the biggest reason for his firing), a reputation of inability to win "big games", the lack of a national championship, the perception of him as an outsider by many alumni, the poor bowl game record, and finally a perceived lack of discipline on the team.

===2001–2011: the Jim Tressel era===
[[File:Jim tressel.jpg|right|thumb|190px|Former head coach [[Jim Tressel]], who won the Buckeyes' most recent National Championship in 2002.]]
Ohio State quickly sought a replacement for Cooper and after a nationwide search hired Jim Tressel. With four NCAA [[Division I (NCAA)#Football Championship Subdivision|Division I-AA]] National Championships at [[Youngstown State University]], Tressel, formerly an assistant coach for Earle Bruce, was an Ohioan who was considered to be appreciative of Buckeye football traditions. Although there were some doubts as to whether or not Tressel could repeat his earlier success at the Division 1A level, most fans and alumni met the coaching change with enthusiasm. On the day of his hiring, Jim Tressel, speaking to fans and students at a Buckeye basketball game, made a prophetic implication that he would lead the Buckeyes to beat Michigan in Ann Arbor the following November.<ref name="310days">{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://www.michigandaily.com/news/2001/07/23/Sports/Tressel.Eyes.Finally.Bucking.The.Wolverines-1408404.shtml | title = Tressel Eyes Finally Bucking the Wolverines| work = | publisher = The Michigan Daily| accessdate = 11 December 2006}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

[[File:Troy Smith Ravens.jpg|thumb|150px|Former Buckeyes QB [[Troy Smith]] (shown as a member of the NFL's [[Baltimore Ravens]]), the 2006 [[Heisman Trophy]] winner]]Tressel's first season was difficult as the Buckeyes finished 7-5 (all but one loss was by a touchdown or less), but he made good on his promise, beating Michigan in Ann Arbor. While its fans were optimistic about the chance for success of the 2002 team, most observers were surprised by Ohio State's [[2002 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|National Championship]].<ref name="surprised">{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://www.covers.com/articles/articles.aspx?theArt=99132&tid=30| title = BCS National Title Game Bowl preview| format = | work = | publisher = Covers.com| accessdate = 13 January 2007}}</ref><ref>
{{cite book
| author=Paul Keels
| chapter= Chapter 1 Expectations
| title=Paul Keels Tales from the Buckeyes' Championship Season
| editor=
| publisher=Sports Publishing LLC
| isbn= 1-58261-539-X
| year=2003| page=6}}</ref> Ohio State used strong defense, ball-control play-calling, and field position tactics to win numerous close games, a style of play characterized as "Tresselball",<ref name="tresselball">{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://proxy.espn.go.com/ncf/columns/story?columnist=maisel_ivan&id=1662661| title = Tresselball just keeps winning| format = | work = | publisher = ESPN| accessdate = 19 December 2006}}</ref> and disparaged by detractors as "the Luckeyes".<ref name="luckeyes">{{cite news | last = Ridenour| first = Marla| authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-8169824_ITM| title = Ohio State must shake Luckeyes image| format = | work = | publisher = Akron Beacon-Journal| accessdate = 19 December 2006 | date=August 27, 2003}}</ref> The 2006 and 2007 regular seasons ended with just one combined loss and consecutive appearances in the national championship game. The Buckeyes lost both by wide margins. On January 1, 2010, the Buckeyes defeated the Oregon Ducks in The Rose Bowl Game by a score of 26-17. This ended a 3 game BCS losing streak for Ohio State, having lost 2 National Championships and one Tostitos Fiesta Bowl. [[Terrelle Pryor]] was named MVP of the contest with 2 touchdown passes for a career-high 266 passing yards. In addition, he had more total yards than the entire Oregon Ducks team.

In December 2010 it was announced that five student-athletes on the Ohio State University football team will be suspended from the first five games of the 2011 season for NCAA violations. The punishments stem from an incident in which at least some of the Buckeye players received tattoos for their autographs, according to news reports. Other violations committed by the players included the selling of several items given to them by the University, such as championship rings.<ref name=history>{{cite news| url=http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2010/12/23/5-ohio-state-football-players-suspended/?hpt=T1 | work=CNN | title=Terrelle Pryor, 5 other Ohio State football players suspended – This Just In}}</ref>

On January 4, 2011, Ohio State completed its season with a 31-26 win over Arkansas in the Sugar Bowl. The Sugar Bowl win would have marked Ohio State's first bowl victory over a Southeastern Conference opponent in ten attempts, but the win was later vacated due to NCAA violations.<ref name=SEC>{{cite news| url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2011/writers/andy_staples/01/05/sugar.bowl.ohiostate.arkansas/index.html | work=CNN | title=Buckeyes, Big Ten show they can rival both SEC's teams and ethics | date=January 5, 2011}}</ref> Ohio State ended up with an 0-1 record for the 2010 season after vacating wins for NCAA violations.

On March 8, 2011 Jim Tressel was suspended for 2 games, and fined $250,000 for not informing the university and the NCAA that he had information that 5 of his players received improper benefits from a tattoo shop in downtown Columbus. Among those 5 players, including Mike Adams, Dan Herron, DeVier Posey, Solomon Thomas, Jordan Whiting, was quarterback [[Terrelle Pryor]]. The 5 players are suspended for the first 5 games of the 2011 season. Coach Tressel's suspension was also later increased to 5 games by the University. The NCAA filed a letter of allegations in late April, 2011 with Ohio State University alleging that Tressel lied to the NCAA in December, 2010 when he claimed to have no knowledge of the players activities with the tattoo shop. Furthermore, he is alleged to have knowingly used ineligible players during the 2010 season. On May 30, 2011 Jim Tressel resigned as head coach.<ref name="Dohrmann, George 2011, pp. 40-48">[http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1186822/index.htm Dohrmann, George, "The Fall of Jim Tressel"], ''[[Sports Illustrated]]'', 6 June 2011, pp. 40-48.</ref>

A 6 June 2011 story in ''[[Sports Illustrated]]'' reported that at least 28 players, including [[Rob Rose (American football)|Rob Rose]], T. J. Downing, Louis Irizarry, Chris Vance, C. J. Barnett, Dorien Bell, Jamaal Berry, Bo DeLande, Zach Domicone, Storm Klein, [[Etienne Sabino]], John Simon, Nathan Williams, [[Jermale Hines]], Devon Torrence, [[Donald Washington]], [[Thaddeus Gibson]], Jermil Martin, Lamaar Thomas, and [[Doug Worthington]] traded team memorabilia or used equipment for tattoos or other merchandise or services between 2002 and 2010. The report alleged that Tressel had violated NCAA bylaw 10.1 - unethical conduct, three times by not acting when told of the tattoo improprieties, by signing a statement saying he knew of no violations, and for withholding information on what was going on from university officials.<ref name="Dohrmann, George 2011, pp. 40-48"/>

===2011: Luke Fickell===
On July 8, 2011, Ohio State University decided to vacate all victories from the 2010 football season as self-imposed punishment for major NCAA violations.<ref>http://www.dispatch.com/live/content/sports/stories/2011/07/08/0708-ohio-state-pleads-case-to-ncaa.html</ref> Former coach Jim Tressel received more than $52,000 from the university and won't have to pay a $250,000 fine for his involvement in the scandal. His status is also changed from 'Resigned' to "Retired" in keeping with his wishes to "remain a Buckeye for life."<ref>http://www.dispatch.com/live/content/sports/stories/2011/07/08/0708-ohio-state-tressel.html</ref> Ohio State named [[Luke Fickell]] as interim head coach following Tressel's resignation, and Fickell coached the 2011 Buckeyes to a 6-7 record; going 6-6 in the regular season and losing in the [[2012 Gator Bowl|Gator Bowl]].

===2012–present: Urban Meyer===
[[File:Urban Meyer at the White House 4-23-09 1.JPG|right|thumb|225px|Current head coach [[Urban Meyer]], who in his first year led the Buckeyes to a perfect 12-0 record and the 2012 Leaders Division Championship.]]
On November 28, 2011, former [[Florida Gators football|University of Florida]] head coach and [[ESPN]] college football analyst [[Urban Meyer]] accepted the position of Buckeyes head coach.<ref>http://espn.go.com/college-football/story/_/id/7289592/urban-meyer-joins-ohio-state-buckeyes-coach-1-year-hiatus-sources-say</ref> Meyer assumed head coaching responsibilities following the Buckeyes' January [[2012 Gator Bowl]] appearance. Meyer's first season at Ohio State did not include a postseason contest, as the Buckeyes were sanctioned with a one-year bowl ban on December 20, 2011. The NCAA sanctions also included the loss of three scholarships each year for the following three years and three years' probation to end on December 19, 2014. Ohio State was required to vacate all wins from the 2010 season, the 2010 Big Ten Conference championship and their win in the [[2011 Sugar Bowl]], The school's share of the Sugar Bowl proceeds were forfeited as well.<ref name="2011 Sanctions"/>

In Meyer's first year, the Buckeyes went a perfect 12-0, winning the 2012 [[Big Ten Football Championship Game|Big Ten Leaders Division]], though the previously mentioned sanctions kept them from playing in the 2012 Big Ten Football Championship Game and a postseason bowl game.<ref name="2011 Sanctions"/>

The Buckeyes played their 2013 Spring game at [[Paul Brown Stadium]] in [[Cincinnati]], home of the [[Cincinnati Bengals|Bengals]] on April 13, 2013.<ref>http://www.newsnet5.com/dpp/sports/college_sports/osu/buckeyes-look-to-play-2013-spring-game-in-cincinnati</ref><ref>http://www.bengals.com/stadium/osu-spring.html</ref>

==Home venues==
* [[Recreation Park (Columbus)]] (1890–97)
* [[Ohio Field]] (1898–1921)
* [[Ohio Stadium]] (1922–present)

==Traditions==
Ohio State football is rich in traditions.<ref>Park, p.1</ref> The following are football traditions in chronological order of longevity:
*'''Senior tackle'''
Begun in 1913 by head coach [[John Wilce]], seniors on the team are recognized at the last practice of the season, either before the Michigan game or before departing Columbus to play in a [[bowl game]], and hit the [[Glossary of American football#B|blocking sled]] a final time.<ref name="gameday">{{cite book| author=Todd Lamb, editor| title=Ohio State Football Gameday| publisher=The Ohio State Athletics Communications Office| year=2002|pages=42–43}}</ref>
*'''Illibuck'''
The winner of the Ohio State-[[Illinois Fighting Illini|Illinois]] game has been awarded the Illibuck trophy since 1925.<ref name="gameday"/> Until 1927 the teams played for a live turtle, however, since the 1928 season the trophy is a carved wooden likeness of a turtle.
*'''Gold pants'''
A [[gold]] miniature [[Charm bracelet|charm]] depicting a pair of football pants is given to all players and coaches following a victory over the Michigan Wolverines. The tradition began as the result of a comment to reporters by newly hired head coach [[Francis Schmidt]] on March 2, 1934: "How about Michigan? They put their pants on one leg at a time, the same as we do!" The first gold pants, which were a creation of Simon Lazarus (president of the [[Lazarus (department store)|Lazarus]] chain of department stores) and Herbert Levy,<ref>Snook, "Charlie Ream 1934-1937", p.3</ref> were awarded that year for a 34-0 defeat of the Wolverines.<ref>Park, p.141</ref>
*'''Captain's Breakfast'''
1934 also saw the first gathering of former team [[Captain (sports)|captains]] for breakfast on the Sunday following the [[Homecoming]] game. The event began when local businessman Walter Jeffrey invited twenty former captains to the [[Scioto Country Club]] to honor them, and continues to welcome new captains and award them [[mug]]s bearing their names and season.<ref name="gameday"/><ref>Park, p.145</ref>
*'''Buckeye Grove'''
Begun in 1934, each player who wins "first-team [[All-America]]" honors is recognized by the planting of a buckeye tree and installation of a plaque in Buckeye Grove, now located near the southwestern corner of Ohio Stadium next to Morrill Tower. Trees are planted in ceremonies held prior to the Spring Game. All 126 Buckeye All-Americans dating back to 1914 have been so honored.
*'''Michigan Week'''
Since 1935 the annual game against Michigan has been the final meeting of the regular season for both teams. The week prior to "The Game", known as Michigan Week, is characterized by scheduled school spirit and public service events, such as rallies, [[Touch football (American)|touch football]] games, and [[Blood donation|blood drives]];<ref name="offlscumwk">{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://ohiounion.osu.edu/bmw/| title = Beat Michigan Week| format = | work = | publisher = The Ohio State University Union| accessdate = 26 July 2006}}</ref> and by massive displays of school colors and banners in much of Ohio. In an unofficial culmination to Michigan Week, since 1990 on the Thursday night before "The Game" students have participated in the "Mirror Lake jump", an unofficial gathering at Mirror Lake, a pond between Pomerene Hall and [[Ohio State University#Campus|The Oval]], in which masses of students jump into the water.<ref name="mirlakjmp">{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://www.bright.net/~beeryde/ref/osuhistory/mirrorlake2.htm| title = How the Mirror Lake Jump Came to Be| work = | publisher = The Lantern 17 Nov 2005| accessdate = 26 July 2006}}</ref>
*'''[[Block O]]'''[[Image:BlockO.JPG|thumb|150px|Block O in a game in the south stands]]
Since 1938 the registered student organization Block O has been the "Official Cheering Section" of the Buckeyes. ''"Known for spreading spirit, starting cheers and performing card stunts, Block 'O' was founded...by Clancy Isaac ''."<ref name="osufbtrad">{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://ohiostatebuckeyes.cstv.com/trads/osu-m-footbl-trad.html| title = Football Traditions| work = | publisher = TOSU Football Official Site| accessdate = 27 July 2006}}</ref> They occupy Section 39A in the South [[grandstand]] of [[Ohio Stadium]], next to the band.<ref name="blocko">{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://blocko.org.ohio-state.edu/| title = Block "O"| format = | work = | publisher = The Ohio State University| accessdate = 26 July 2006}}</ref><ref name="tressblocko">{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://www.coachtressel.com/tradition/block_O.asp| title = Tradition-Block O| format = | work = | publisher = Coach Tressel.com| accessdate = 26 July 2006 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20060627193207/http://www.coachtressel.com/tradition/block_O.asp  |archivedate = 27 June 2006}}</ref>
*'''Victory Bell'''
The Victory Bell is rung after every Ohio State victory by members of [[Alpha Phi Omega]], a tradition that began after the Bucks beat [[California Golden Bears|California]] October 2, 1954. Reputedly the ringing can be heard five miles away "on a calm day." Located 150 feet high in the southeast tower of Ohio Stadium, the bell was a gift of the classes of 1943, 1944 and 1945, and weighs 2,420 pounds.<ref name="gameday"/> The bell is rung for 15 minutes following a victory and for 30 minutes following a victory over Michigan.
*'''[[Brutus Buckeye]]'''
Beginning in 1965, Brutus Buckeye has appeared at all Ohio State football games as the live [[mascot]] of the Buckeyes. In 2007 he was inducted into the Mascot Hall of Fame and is now one of the most recognized mascots in the United States.
*'''''Hang on Sloopy'''''
First played at the [[Illinois Fighting Illini football|Illinois]] game of October 9, 1965, the [[Rock music|rock]] song ''[[Hang on Sloopy]]'' is now played by the marching band before the start of the fourth quarter, with fans performing an O-H-I-O chant in the intervals between the [[refrain]]s. The song is also played to encourage the team's defensive players when opponents are moving the ball on offense late in a game. This is also played before the fourth quarter at [[Cleveland Browns]] and [[Cincinnati Bengals]] games, as well as during [[Cleveland Indians]], [[Cincinnati Reds]], [[Cleveland Cavaliers]], and [[Columbus Blue Jackets]] games.<ref name="gameday"/>
*'''Buckeye Leaves'''
Since 1967, the helmets of Ohio State players have been adorned with white decals approximately the size of a [[Quarter (United States coin)|quarter]] depicting a [[Aesculus glabra|buckeye leaf]], awarded for making significant plays and for consistency of performance.<ref name="gameday"/> In the 1970s, the decals were approximately the size of a [[Dollar coin (United States)|Silver Dollar]] until the 1979 Season. Most believe that this practice began in 1968 when The Buckeyes switched to their present [[Silver]] Helmet design since the decals have become identified with that helmet.
*'''Mirror Lake'''
Before the Ohio State/Michigan game at the end of the season, OSU students typically jump into [[Mirror Lake (Ohio)|Mirror Lake]], located on campus, the Thursday night before the game. The tradition is thought to bring good luck to the football team the following gameday.<ref>[http://media.www.thelantern.com/media/storage/paper333/news/2005/11/17/Campus/How-The.Mirror.Lake.Jump.Came.To.Be-1108362.shtml The Lantern article on the Mirror Lake jump.]</ref>
*'''Tunnel of Pride'''
The Tunnel of Pride began with the 1994 Michigan game when all former players who were in attendance formed a tunnel through which the team ran to take the field, and Ohio State beat its rival that day, 22–6. [[Rex Kern]], quarterback of the [[Rose Bowl (game)|1968 National Championship]] team, and then Director of Athletics [[Andy Geiger]] together used the concept as a means of connecting current Buckeyes with those who played before them. The Tunnel of Pride was next formed for the 1995 [[Notre Dame Fighting Irish football|Notre Dame]] game, which the Buckeyes also won. In each home game against Michigan since, the tradition has been repeated.<ref name="gameday"/><ref name="tunpride">{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://www.coachtressel.com/tradition/tunnel_of_pride.asp| title = Tunnel of Pride| format = | work = | publisher = Coach Tressel.com| accessdate = 26 July 2006 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20060623001409/http://www.coachtressel.com/tradition/tunnel_of_pride.asp  |archivedate = 23 June 2006}}</ref>
*'''''Carmen Ohio'''''
Instituted by Coach Tressel in 2001, at the conclusion of all home games the coaches, players and cheerleaders gather in the south [[end zone]] next to the marching band to sing the university's alma mater, ''[[Carmen Ohio]]'', to the [[student section]].<ref name="carmenotrad">{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://www.coachtressel.com/tradition/carmen_ohio.asp| title = Tradition-Carmen Ohio| format = | work = | publisher = Coach Tressel.com| accessdate = 26 July 2006 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20060623001053/http://www.coachtressel.com/tradition/carmen_ohio.asp  |archivedate = 23 June 2006}}</ref>
*'''The Hive and pre-game circle'''
Tressel brought to the Buckeye football program two pre-game traditions he developed at Youngstown State. Prior to its warmup routine before every football game, the team exits the locker room as a unit in a controlled manner, linked arm-in-arm in a group known as "The Hive". After warmups the team returns to the locker room, and when it next appears, runs onto the field and forms a circle of players around the strength coach, then they go through their warmup routine.<ref name="hive">{{cite web | last = Porentas| first = John| coauthors = | year = | url = http://the-ozone.net/football/2007/MSU/hiveandcircle.htm| title = Roots of Tressel Traditions May be Lost, but the Traditions Carry on at OSU | work = | publisher = The O-Zone | accessdate = 17 October 2007}}</ref>

===Marching band===
[[File:Script Ohio.jpg|thumb|175px|<center>Script Ohio]]
{{main|The Ohio State University Marching Band}}
The Marching Band, often referred to as "The Best Damn Band In The Land" or by the acronym '''TBDBITL'''<ref>[http://www.tbdbitl.com/ TBDBITL Alumni Club], accessed January 22, 2008.</ref> is the most visible and possibly best-known tradition of Ohio State football.<ref>{{cite book| author=Leeann Parker, editor| title=Ohio State Football Gameday| publisher=The Ohio State Athletics Communications Office| year=2001|page=45}}</ref> Home games are preceded by three much-anticipated traditions, and a fourth, "dotting the 'i'" of [[The Ohio State University Marching Band#Script Ohio|Script Ohio]], enjoys a reputation all its own:<ref name="gameday"/>
*[[The Ohio State University Marching Band#Skull Session|Skull Session]]
*[[The Ohio State University Marching Band#Ramp Entrance|Ramp entrance]]
*[[The Ohio State University Marching Band#The Back Bend|The Back Bend]]
*[[The Ohio State University Marching Band#Script Ohio|Script Ohio]]

==Rivalries==
{{main|Michigan–Ohio State football rivalry|Illinois–Ohio State football rivalry|Ohio State–Penn State football rivalry}}
[[Image:Michigan Stadium opening 3c27311.png|thumb|300px|<center>An early Ohio State-Michigan game in [[Michigan Stadium]]]]
While its rivalry with the University of Michigan is its most renowned and intense, Ohio State has two other series marked by their longevity, both [[Big Ten Conference]] rivals, those of [[Indiana Hoosiers football|Indiana]] and [[Illinois Fighting Illini|Illinois]]. The series versus Indiana began as a non-conference matchup, with Indiana going undefeated at 4-0-1. In conference, however, the Buckeyes (despite losing the opening conference game) are 65-8-4 through the 2006 season, the most wins against any opponent. Illinois also began with non-conference games (0-1-1) but became the longest continuous series in 2002 when the schools played in their 89th consecutive year. (That record was tied by Michigan in 2007.) Through 2009 Ohio State's record against the Illini is 62-30-4. In 2007, Ohio State was given their only defeat of the regular season by the Illini.

When Penn State was added to the conference football play in 1993, every member was given two designated rivals, teams to be played every year, with the other conference teams rotated out of the schedule at regular intervals. For geographic convenience, the Big Ten named Penn State as Ohio State's new designated rival in addition to Michigan, and Illinois was set to be paired with in-state rival [[Northwestern Wildcats football|Northwestern]] and neighboring Indiana, and in doing so undermined Ohio State's historical rivalry with Illinois.

With Nebraska's entry to the Big Ten and the establishment of division play in football, Ohio State and Illinois will again play every season in the Leaders Division beginning in 2011. Michigan is the Buckeyes' permanent cross-division rival from the Legends Division.

==Coaches==
{{See also|List of Ohio State Buckeyes head football coaches}}
The Buckeyes have had 24 coaches in their 121-year history. [[Woody Hayes]] is the coach who has won the most national championships at five. [[Paul Brown]] and [[Jim Tressel]] also each have one for seven total.

===Current coaching staff===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name !! Position
|-
|[[Urban Meyer]]||Head Coach
|-
|[[Tom Herman (coach)|Tom Herman]]||Offensive Coordinator/Quarterbacks
|-
|[[Luke Fickell]]||Co-Defensive Coordinator/Linebackers
|-
|[[Everett Withers]]||Assistant Head Coach, Co-Defensive Coordinator and Safeties
|-
|Stan Drayton||Running Backs
|-
|[[Mike Vrabel]]||Defensive Line
|-
|Zach Smith|| Wide Receivers
|-
|Ed Wariner ||Offensive Line
|-
|Tim Hinton||Tight Ends/Fullbacks
|-
|Kerry Coombs||Special Teams Coordinator/Cornerbacks
|-
|Mickey Mariotti ||Strength and Conditioning
|}

==Championships==

===National championships===
The following is a list of Ohio State's recognized national championships:
{| border= "0" width="90%"
| valign="top" |
{| cellpadding="1" border="1" cellspacing="0" width="90%"
!bgcolor=#990000 |Year
!bgcolor=#990000 |Coach
!bgcolor=#990000 |Selector
!bgcolor=#990000 |Record
!bgcolor=#990000 |Big Ten Record
!bgcolor=#990000 |Bowl
|-align="center"
| [[1942 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1942]] || [[Paul Brown]] || [[AP Poll|AP]] || 9–1 || 6–1 || –
|-align="center"
| [[1954 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1954]] || [[Woody Hayes]] || AP || 10–0 || 7–0 || Won [[1955 Rose Bowl|Rose Bowl]]
|-align="center"
| [[1957 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1957]] || Woody Hayes || [[Football Writers Association of America|FWAA]], [[United Press International|UPI]] || 9–1 || 7–0 || Won [[1958 Rose Bowl|Rose Bowl]]
|-align="center"
| [[1961 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1961]] || Woody Hayes || FWAA || 8–0–1|| 6–0 || –
|-align="center"
| [[1968 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1968]] || Woody Hayes || AP, FWAA, [[National Football Foundation|NFF]], UPI || 10–0 || 7–0 || Won [[1969 Rose Bowl|Rose Bowl]]
|-align="center"
| [[1970 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1970]] ||Woody Hayes || NFF || 9–1 || 7–0 || Lost [[1971 Rose Bowl|Rose Bowl]]
|-align="center"
| [[2002 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|2002]] || [[Jim Tressel]] || [[Bowl Championship Series|BCS]], AP, USA Today/ESPN, NFF, FWAA || 14–0 || 8–0 ||Won [[2003 Fiesta Bowl|Fiesta Bowl]]
|-align="center"
| colspan=3 bgcolor=#999999| '''National Championships'''
| colspan=3 bgcolor=#999999| '''7'''
|}
|}
Ohio State also has also been awarded titles unrecognized by both the NCAA and the University in: 1933, 1944, 1969, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1998

===Undefeated seasons===
{| border="0" width="90%"
| valign="top" |
{| cellpadding="1" border="1" cellspacing="0" width="80%"
!bgcolor=#990000 |Year
!bgcolor=#990000 |Record
!bgcolor=#990000 |Big Ten Record
!bgcolor=#990000 |Coach
|- align="center"
| [[1899 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1899]] || 9–0–1 || – || [[John B. Eckstorm]]
|- align="center"
| [[1916 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1916]] || 7–0 || 4–0 || [[John Wilce]]
|- align="center"
| [[1917 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1917]] || 8–0–1 || 4–0 || John Wilce
|- align="center"
| [[1944 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1944]] || 9–0 || 6–0 || [[Carroll Widdoes]]
|- align="center"
| [[1954 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1954]] || 10–0 || 7–0 || [[Woody Hayes]]
|- align="center"
| [[1961 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1961]] || 8–0–1 || 6–0 || Woody Hayes
|- align="center"
| [[1968 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1968]] || 10–0 || 7–0 || Woody Hayes
|- align="center"
| [[1973 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1973]] ||10–0–1 || 7–0 || Woody Hayes
|- align="center"
| [[2002 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|2002]] || 14–0 || 8–0 || [[Jim Tressel]]
|- align="center"
| [[2012 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|2012]] || 12–0 || 8–0 || [[Urban Meyer]]
|- align="center"
| colspan=3 bgcolor=#999999| '''Undefeated Seasons'''
| colspan=3 bgcolor=#999999| '''10'''
|- align="center"
| colspan=3 bgcolor=#999999| '''Perfect Seasons''' (no losses or ties)
| colspan=3 bgcolor=#999999| '''6'''
|-
|}
|}

===Conference championships===
Ohio State joined the Big Ten in 1913; before that they were a member of the [[Ohio Athletic Conference]] and won two OAC titles. Ohio State has won a championship in the Big Ten 34 times, second most in the conference and third most conference titles of any school in any conference.

{| border="0" width="90%" valign="top" cellpadding="1" border="1" cellspacing="0" width="80%"
!bgcolor=#990000 | Year
!bgcolor=#990000 |Conference
!bgcolor=#990000 |Coach
!bgcolor=#990000 |Record
!bgcolor=#990000 |Conference Record
|- align="center"
| 1906 || [[Ohio Athletic Conference|OAC]] || [[Albert E. Herrnstein]] || 8–1 || 4–0
|- align="center"
| 1912 || OAC || [[John R. Richards|John Richards]] || 6–3 || 4–0
|- align="center"
| 1916 || [[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]] || [[John Wilce]] || 7–0 || 4–0
|- align="center"
| [[1917 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1917]] || Big Ten || John Wilce || 8–0–1 || 4–0
|- align="center"
| [[1920 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1920]] || Big Ten ||John Wilce || 7–1 || 5–0
|- align="center"
| [[1935 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1935]] § || Big Ten || [[Francis Schmidt]] || 7–1 || 5–0
|- align="center"
| [[1939 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1939]] || Big Ten || Francis Schmidt || 6–2 || 5–1
|- align="center"
| [[1942 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1942]] || Big Ten || [[Paul Brown]] || 9–1 || 5–1
|- align="center"
| [[1944 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1944]] || Big Ten || [[Carroll Widdoes]] ||9–0 || 6–0
|- align="center"
| [[1949 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1949]] § || Big Ten || [[Wes Fesler]] || 7–1–2 || 4–1-1
|- align="center"
| [[1954 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1954]] || Big Ten || [[Woody Hayes]] || 10–0 || 7–0
|- align="center"
| [[1955 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1955]] || Big Ten || Woody Hayes || 7–2 || 6–0
|- align="center"
| [[1957 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1957]] || Big Ten || Woody Hayes || 9–1 || 7–0
|- align="center"
| [[1961 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1961]] || Big Ten || Woody Hayes || 8–0–1 || 6–0
|- align="center"
| [[1968 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1968]] || Big Ten || Woody Hayes || 10–0 || 7–0
|- align="center"
| [[1969 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1969]] § || Big Ten || Woody Hayes || 8–1 || 6–1
|- align="center"
| [[1970 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1970]] || Big Ten || Woody Hayes || 9–1 || 7–0
|- align="center"
| [[1972 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1972]] § || Big Ten || Woody Hayes || 9–2 || 7–1
|- align="center"
| [[1973 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1973]] § || Big Ten || Woody Hayes || 10–0–1 || 7–0-1
|- align="center"
| [[1974 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1974]] § || Big Ten || Woody Hayes || 10–2 || 7–1
|- align="center"
| [[1975 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1975]] || Big Ten ||Woody Hayes || 11–1 || 8–0
|- align="center"
| [[1976 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1976]] § || Big Ten || Woody Hayes || 9–2–1 || 7–1
|- align="center"
| [[1977 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1977]] § || Big Ten || Woody Hayes || 9–3 || 6–2
|- align="center"
| [[1979 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1979]] || Big Ten || [[Earle Bruce]] || 11–1 || 8–0
|- align="center"
| [[1981 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1981]] § || Big Ten || Earle Bruce || 9–3 || 6–2
|- align="center"
| [[1984 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1984]] || Big Ten || Earle Bruce || 9–3 || 7–2
|- align="center"
| [[1986 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1986]] § || Big Ten || Earle Bruce || 10–3 || 7–1
|- align="center"
| [[1993 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1993]] § || Big Ten || [[John Cooper (American football)|John Cooper]] || 10–1–1 || 6–1–1
|- align="center"
| [[1996 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1996]] § || Big Ten || John Cooper || 11–1 || 7–1
|- align="center"
| [[1998 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1998]] § || Big Ten ||John Cooper || 11–1 || 7–1
|- align="center"
| [[2002 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|2002]] § || Big Ten || [[Jim Tressel]] || 14–0 || 8–0
|- align="center"
| [[2005 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|2005]] § || Big Ten || Jim Tressel || 10–2 || 7–1
|- align="center"
| [[2006 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|2006]] || Big Ten || Jim Tressel || 12–1 || 8–0
|- align="center"
| [[2007 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|2007]] || Big Ten || Jim Tressel || 11–2 || 7–1
|- align="center"
| [[2008 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|2008]] § || Big Ten || Jim Tressel || 10–3 || 7–1
|- align="center"
| [[2009 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|2009]] || Big Ten || Jim Tressel || 11–2 || 7–1
|- align="center"
| colspan=3 bgcolor=#999999| '''Conference Champions'''
| colspan=3 bgcolor=#999999| '''36'''
|}
* *Ohio State vacated 12 victories (7 in conference) and their share of the Big Ten Championship from the 2010 season.

§ – Conference co-champions

==All-time records==

===Results by year===
{{main|List of Ohio State Buckeyes football seasons}}
{|class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
|- style="background:#DDDDDD; text-align:center"
!| Year || Overall || Conference || Standing|| Bowl|| CP# || AP° || Head Coach|| Michigan
|-style="background: "
|[[1890 college football season|1890]]
|[[1890 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1–3]]
|'''[[NCAA Division I FBS independent schools|Independent]]'''
|
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Alexander S. Lilley|Alexander Lilley]]
|style="color:#AAAAAA; text-align:center" | No Game
|-style="background: "
|[[1891 college football season|1891]]
|2–2
|'''[[NCAA Division I FBS independent schools|Independent]]'''
|
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Alexander S. Lilley|Alexander Lilley]]
|style="color:#AAAAAA; text-align:center" | No Game
|-style="background: "
|[[1892 college football season|1892]]
|5–3
|'''[[NCAA Division I FBS independent schools|Independent]]'''
|
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Frederick Bushnell "Jack" Ryder|Jack Ryder]]
|style="color:#AAAAAA; text-align:center" | No Game
|-style="background: "
|[[1893 college football season|1893]]
|4–5
|'''[[NCAA Division I FBS independent schools|Independent]]'''
|
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Frederick Bushnell "Jack" Ryder|Jack Ryder]]
|style="color:#AAAAAA; text-align:center" | No Game
|-style="background: "
|[[1894 college football season|1894]]
|6–5
|'''[[NCAA Division I FBS independent schools|Independent]]'''
|
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Frederick Bushnell "Jack" Ryder|Jack Ryder]]
|style="color:#AAAAAA; text-align:center" | No Game
|-style="background: "
|[[1895 college football season|1895]]
|4–4–2
|'''[[NCAA Division I FBS independent schools|Independent]]'''
|
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Frederick Bushnell "Jack" Ryder|Jack Ryder]]
|style="color:#AAAAAA; text-align:center" | No Game
|-style="background: "
|[[1896 college football season|1896]]
|5–5–1
|'''[[NCAA Division I FBS independent schools|Independent]]'''
|
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Charles A. Hickey|Charles Hickey]]
|style="color:#AAAAAA; text-align:center" | No Game
|-style="background: "
|[[1897 college football season|1897]]
|1–7–1
|'''[[NCAA Division I FBS independent schools|Independent]]'''
|
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[David Farragut Edwards|David Edwards]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background: "
|[[1898 college football season|1898]]
|3–5
|'''[[NCAA Division I FBS independent schools|Independent]]'''
|
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Frederick Bushnell "Jack" Ryder|Jack Ryder]]
|style="color:#AAAAAA; text-align:center" | No Game
|-style="background: "
|[[1899 college football season|1899]]
|[[1899 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|9–0–1]]
|'''[[NCAA Division I FBS independent schools|Independent]]'''
|
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[John B. Eckstorm|John Eckstorm]]
|style="color:#AAAAAA; text-align:center" | No Game
|-style="background: "
|[[1900 college football season|1900]]
|8–1–1
|'''[[NCAA Division I FBS independent schools|Independent]]'''
|
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[John B. Eckstorm|John Eckstorm]]
|style="text-align:center" | '''Tie'''
|-style="background: "
|[[1901 college football season|1901]]
|5–3–1
|'''[[NCAA Division I FBS independent schools|Independent]]'''
|
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[John B. Eckstorm|John Eckstorm]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background: "
|[[1902 college football season|1902]]
|6–2–2
|2–1 '''[[Ohio Athletic Conference|OAC]]'''
|2nd
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Perry Hale]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background: "
|[[1903 college football season|1903]]
|8–3
|3–1 '''[[Ohio Athletic Conference|OAC]]'''
|2nd
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Perry Hale]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background: "
|[[1904 college football season|1904]]
|[[1904 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|6–5]]
|2–1 '''[[Ohio Athletic Conference|OAC]]'''
|2nd
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Edwin Sweetland]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background: "
|[[1905 college football season|1905]]
|8–2–2
|2–0–1 '''[[Ohio Athletic Conference|OAC]]'''
|2nd
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Edwin Sweetland]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:#ff9"
|[[1906 college football season|1906]]
|8–1
|3–0 '''[[Ohio Athletic Conference|OAC]]'''
|1st
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Albert E. Herrnstein|Albert Herrnstein]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background: "
|[[1907 college football season|1907]]
|7–2–1
|5–1–1 '''[[Ohio Athletic Conference|OAC]]'''
|Unknown
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Albert E. Herrnstein|Albert Herrnstein]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background: "
|[[1908 college football season|1908]]
|6–4
|4–3 '''[[Ohio Athletic Conference|OAC]]'''
|Unknown
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Albert E. Herrnstein|Albert Herrnstein]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background: "
|[[1909 college football season|1909]]
|7–3
|5–2 '''[[Ohio Athletic Conference|OAC]]'''
|Unknown
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Albert E. Herrnstein|Albert Herrnstein]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background: "
|[[1910 college football season|1910]]
|6–1–3
|4–1–2 '''[[Ohio Athletic Conference|OAC]]'''
|Unknown
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Howard Jones (American football coach)|Howard Jones]]
|style="color:black; text-align:center" | '''Tie'''
|-style="background: "
|[[1911 college football season|1911]]
|5–3–2
|4–1–2 '''[[Ohio Athletic Conference|OAC]]'''
|4th
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Harry Vaughan (American football)|Harry Vaughan]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:#ff9"
|[[1912 college football season|1912]]
|6–3
|5–0 '''[[Ohio Athletic Conference|OAC]]'''
|1st
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[John R. Richards|John Richards]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background: "
|[[1913 college football season|1913]]
|[[1913 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|4–2–1]]
|1–2 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|T–6th
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[John Wilce]]
|style="color:#AAAAAA; text-align:center" | No Game
|-style="background: "
|[[1914 college football season|1914]]
|[[1914 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|5–2]]
|2–2 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|T–4th
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[John Wilce]]
|style="color:#AAAAAA; text-align:center" | No Game
|-style="background: "
|[[1915 college football season|1915]]
|[[1915 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|5–1–1]]
|2–1–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|T–3rd
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[John Wilce]]
|style="color:#AAAAAA; text-align:center" | No Game
|-style="background:#ff9"
|[[1916 college football season|1916]]
|[[1916 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|7–0]]
|4–0 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|1st
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[John Wilce]]
|style="color:#AAAAAA; text-align:center" | No Game
|-style="background:#ff9"
|[[1917 college football season|1917]]
|[[1917 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|8–0–1]]
|4–0 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|1st
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[John Wilce]]
|style="color:#AAAAAA; text-align:center" | No Game
|-style="background:"
|[[1918 college football season|1918]]
|[[1918 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|3–3]]
|0–3 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|T–8th
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[John Wilce]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1919 college football season|1919]]
|[[1919 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|6–1]]
|3–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|2nd
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[John Wilce]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:#ff9"
|[[1920 college football season|1920]]
|[[1920 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|7–1]]
|5–0 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|1st
|'''L''' [[1921 Rose Bowl|Rose]]
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[John Wilce]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1921 college football season|1921]]
|[[1921 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|5–2]]
|4–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|T–2nd
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[John Wilce]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1922 college football season|1922]]
|[[1922 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|3–4]]
|1–4 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|8th
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[John Wilce]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1923 college football season|1923]]
|[[1923 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|3–4–1]]
|1–4 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|8th
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[John Wilce]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1924 college football season|1924]]
|[[1924 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|2–3–3]]
|1–3–2 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|7th
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[John Wilce]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1925 college football season|1925]]
|[[1925 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|4–3–1]]
|1–3–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|8th
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[John Wilce]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1926 college football season|1926]]
|[[1926 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|7–1]]
|3–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|3rd
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[John Wilce]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1927 college football season|1927]]
|[[1927 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|4–4]]
|2–3 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|6th
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[John Wilce]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1928 college football season|1928]]
|[[1928 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|5–2–1]]
|3–2 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|4th
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[John Wilce]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1929 college football season|1929]]
|[[1929 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|4–3–1]]
|2–2–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|T–5th
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Sam Willaman]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1930 college football season|1930]]
|[[1930 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|5–2–1]]
|2–2–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|T–4th
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Sam Willaman]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1931 college football season|1931]]
|[[1931 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|6–3]]
|4–2 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|4th
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Sam Willaman]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1932 college football season|1932]]
|[[1932 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|4–1–3]]
|2–1–2 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|4th
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Sam Willaman]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1933 college football season|1933]]
|[[1933 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|7–1]]
|4–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|2nd
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Sam Willaman]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1934 college football season|1934]]
|[[1934 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|7–1]]
|5–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|2nd
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Francis Schmidt]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:#ff9"
|[[1935 college football season|1935]]
|[[1935 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|7–1]]
|5–0 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|T–1st
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Francis Schmidt]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1936 college football season|1936]]
|[[1936 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|5–3]]
|4–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|T–2nd
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Francis Schmidt]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1937 college football season|1937]]
|[[1937 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|6–2]]
|5–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|2nd
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" | 13
|[[Francis Schmidt]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1938 college football season|1938]]
|[[1938 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|4–3–1]]
|3–2–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|6th
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Francis Schmidt]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:#ff9"
|[[1939 college football season|1939]]
|[[1939 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|6–5]]
|5–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|1st
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" | 15
|[[Francis Schmidt]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1940 college football season|1940]]
|[[1940 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|4–4]]
|3–3 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|T–4th
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Francis Schmidt]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1941 college football season|1941]]
|[[1941 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|6–1–1]]
|3–1–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|T–2nd
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" | 13
|[[Paul Brown]]
|style="text-align:center" | '''Tie'''
|-style="background:#fc6"
|[[1942 college football season|1942]]
|[[1942 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|9–1]]
|5–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|1st
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" | 1
|[[Paul Brown]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1943 college football season|1943]]
|[[1943 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|3–6]]
|1–4 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|7th
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Paul Brown]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:#ff9"
|[[1944 college football season|1944]]
|[[1944 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|9–0]]
|6–0 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|1st
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" | 2
|[[Carroll Widdoes]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1945 college football season|1945]]
|[[1945 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|7–2]]
|5–2 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|3rd
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" | 14
|[[Carroll Widdoes]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1946 college football season|1946]]
|[[1946 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|4–3–2]]
|2–3–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|T–6th
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Paul Bixler]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1947 college football season|1947]]
|[[1947 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|2–6–1]]
|1–4–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|9th
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Wesley Fesler|Wes Fesler]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1948 college football season|1948]]
|[[1948 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|6–3]]
|3–3 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|4th
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Wesley Fesler|Wes Fesler]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:#ff9"
|[[1949 college football season|1949]]
|[[1949 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|7–1–2]]
|4–1–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|T–1st
|'''W''' [[1950 Rose Bowl|Rose]]
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" | 6
|[[Wesley Fesler|Wes Fesler]]
|style="text-align:center" | '''Tie'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1950 college football season|1950]]
|[[1950 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|6–3]]
|5–2 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|2nd
|
| style="text-align:center" | 10
| style="text-align:center" | 14
|[[Wesley Fesler|Wes Fesler]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1951 college football season|1951]]
|[[1951 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|4–3–2]]
|2–2–2 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|5th
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Woody Hayes]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1952 college football season|1952]]
|[[1952 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|6–3]]
|5–2 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|3rd
|
| style="text-align:center" | 15
| style="text-align:center" | 17
|[[Woody Hayes]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1953 college football season|1953]]
|[[1953 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|6–3]]
|4–3 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|4th
|
| style="text-align:center" | 20
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Woody Hayes]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:#fc6"
|[[1954 college football season|1954]]
|[[1954 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|10–0]]
|7–0 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|1st
|'''W''' [[1955 Rose Bowl|Rose]]
| style="text-align:center" | 2
| style="text-align:center" | 1
|[[Woody Hayes]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:#ff9"
|[[1955 college football season|1955]]
|[[1955 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|7–2]]
|6–0 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|1st
|
| style="text-align:center" | 6
| style="text-align:center" | 5
|[[Woody Hayes]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1956 college football season|1956]]
|[[1956 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|6–3]]
|4–2 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|T–4th
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" | 15
|[[Woody Hayes]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:#fc6"
|[[1957 college football season|1957]]
|[[1957 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|9–1]]
|7–0 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|1st
|'''W''' [[1958 Rose Bowl|Rose]]
| style="text-align:center" | 1
| style="text-align:center" | 2
|[[Woody Hayes]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1958 college football season|1958]]
|[[1958 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|6–1–2]]
|4–1–2 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|3rd
|
| style="text-align:center" | 7
| style="text-align:center" | 8
|[[Woody Hayes]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1959 college football season|1959]]
|[[1959 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|3–5–1]]
|2–4–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|T–8th
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Woody Hayes]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1960 college football season|1960]]
|[[1960 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|7–2]]
|5–2 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|3rd
|
| style="text-align:center" | 8
| style="text-align:center" | 8
|[[Woody Hayes]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:#fc6"
|[[1961 college football season|1961]]
|[[1961 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|8–0–1]]
|6–0 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|1st
|
| style="text-align:center" | 2
| style="text-align:center" | 2
|[[Woody Hayes]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1962 college football season|1962]]
|[[1962 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|6–3]]
|4–2 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|T–3rd
|
| style="text-align:center" | 13
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Woody Hayes]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1963 college football season|1963]]
|[[1963 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|5–3–1]]
|4–1–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|T–2nd
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Woody Hayes]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1964 college football season|1964]]
|[[1964 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|7–2]]
|5–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|2nd
|
| style="text-align:center" | 9
| style="text-align:center" | 9
|[[Woody Hayes]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1965 college football season|1965]]
|[[1965 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|7–2]]
|6–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|2nd
|
| style="text-align:center" | 11
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Woody Hayes]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1966 college football season|1966]]
|[[1966 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|4–5]]
|3–4 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|6th
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Woody Hayes]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1967 college football season|1967]]
|[[1967 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|6–3]]
|5–2 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|4th
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Woody Hayes]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:#fc6"
|[[1968 college football season|1968]]
|[[1968 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|10–0]]
|7–0 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|1st
|'''W''' [[1969 Rose Bowl|Rose]]
| style="text-align:center" | 1
| style="text-align:center" | 1
|[[Woody Hayes]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:#ff9"
|[[1969 college football season|1969]]
|[[1969 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|8–1]]
|6–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|T–1st
|
| style="text-align:center" | 5
| style="text-align:center" | 4
|[[Woody Hayes]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:#fc6"
|[[1970 college football season|1970]]
|[[1970 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|9–1]]
|7–0 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|1st
|'''L''' [[1971 Rose Bowl|Rose]]
| style="text-align:center" | 2
| style="text-align:center" | 5
|[[Woody Hayes]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1971 college football season|1971]]
|[[1971 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|6–4]]
|5–3 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|3rd
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Woody Hayes]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:#ff9"
|[[1972 college football season|1972]]
|[[1972 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|9–2]]
|7–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|T–1st
|'''L''' [[1973 Rose Bowl|Rose]]
| style="text-align:center" | 3
| style="text-align:center" | 9
|[[Woody Hayes]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:#ff9"
|[[1973 college football season|1973]]
|[[1973 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|10–0–1]]
|7–0–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|T–1st
|'''W''' [[1974 Rose Bowl|Rose]]
| style="text-align:center" | 3
| style="text-align:center" | 2
|[[Woody Hayes]]
|style="color:black; text-align:center" | '''Tie'''
|-style="background:#ff9"
|[[1974 college football season|1974]]
|[[1974 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|10–2]]
|7–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|T–1st
|'''L''' [[1975 Rose Bowl|Rose]]
| style="text-align:center" | 3
| style="text-align:center" | 4
|[[Woody Hayes]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:#ff9"
|[[1975 college football season|1975]]
|[[1975 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|11–1]]
|8–0 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|1st
|'''L''' [[1976 Rose Bowl|Rose]]
| style="text-align:center" | 4
| style="text-align:center" | 4
|[[Woody Hayes]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:#ff9"
|[[1976 college football season|1976]]
|[[1976 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|9–2–1]]
|7–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|T–1st
|'''W''' [[1977 Orange Bowl|Orange]]
| style="text-align:center" | 5
| style="text-align:center" | 6
|[[Woody Hayes]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:#ff9"
|[[1977 college football season|1977]]
|[[1977 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|9–3]]
|7–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|T–1st
|'''L''' [[1978 Sugar Bowl|Sugar]]
| style="text-align:center" | 12
| style="text-align:center" | 11
|[[Woody Hayes]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1978 college football season|1978]]
|[[1978 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|7–4–1]]
|6–2 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|4th
|'''L''' [[1978 Gator Bowl|Gator]]
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Woody Hayes]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:#ff9"
|[[1979 college football season|1979]]
|[[1979 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|11–1]]
|8–0 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|1st
|'''L''' [[1980 Rose Bowl|Rose]]
| style="text-align:center" | 4
| style="text-align:center" | 4
|[[Earle Bruce]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1980 college football season|1980]]
|[[1980 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|9–3]]
|7–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|T–2nd
|'''L''' [[Fiesta Bowl|Fiesta]]
| style="text-align:center" | 15
| style="text-align:center" | 15
|[[Earle Bruce]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:#ff9"
|[[1981 college football season|1981]]
|[[1981 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|9–3]]
|6–2 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|T–1st
|'''W''' [[Liberty Bowl|Liberty]]
| style="text-align:center" | 12
| style="text-align:center" | 15
|[[Earle Bruce]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1982 college football season|1982]]
|[[1982 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|9–3]]
|7–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|2nd
|'''W''' [[1982 Holiday Bowl|Holiday]]
| style="text-align:center" | 12
| style="text-align:center" | 12
|[[Earle Bruce]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1983 college football season|1983]]
|[[1983 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|9–3]]
|6–3 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|4th
|'''W''' [[1984 Fiesta Bowl|Fiesta]]
| style="text-align:center" | 8
| style="text-align:center" | 9
|[[Earle Bruce]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:#ff9"
|[[1984 college football season|1984]]
|[[1984 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|9–3]]
|7–2 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|1st
|'''L''' [[1985 Rose Bowl|Rose]]
| style="text-align:center" | 12
| style="text-align:center" | 13
|[[Earle Bruce]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1985 college football season|1985]]
|[[1985 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|9–3]]
|5–3 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|T–4th
|'''W''' [[Florida Citrus Bowl|Citrus]]
| style="text-align:center" | 11
| style="text-align:center" | 14
|[[Earle Bruce]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:#ff9"
|[[1986 college football season|1986]]
|[[1986 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|10–3]]
|7–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|T–1st
|'''W''' [[Cotton Bowl Classic|Cotton]]
| style="text-align:center" | 6
| style="text-align:center" | 7
|[[Earle Bruce]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1987 college football season|1987]]
|[[1987 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|6–4–1]]
|4–4 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|5th
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Earle Bruce]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1988 college football season|1988]]
|[[1988 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|4–6–1]]
|2–5–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|T–7th
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[John Cooper (American football)|John Cooper]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1989 college football season|1989]]
|[[1989 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|8–4]]
|6–2 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|T–3rd
|'''L''' [[1990 Hall of Fame Bowl|Hall of Fame]]
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" | 24
|[[John Cooper (American football)|John Cooper]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1990 college football season|1990]]
|[[1990 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|7–4–1]]
|5–2–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|5th
|'''L''' [[Liberty Bowl|Liberty]]
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[John Cooper (American football)|John Cooper]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1991 college football season|1991]]
|[[1991 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|8–4]]
|5–3 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|T–3rd
|'''L''' [[1992 Hall of Fame Bowl|Hall of Fame]]
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[John Cooper (American football)|John Cooper]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1992 college football season|1992]]
|[[1992 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|8–3–1]]
|5–2–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|2nd
|'''L''' [[Florida Citrus Bowl|Citrus]]
| style="text-align:center" | 18
| style="text-align:center" | 18
|[[John Cooper (American football)|John Cooper]]
|style="color:black; text-align:center" | '''Tie'''
|-style="background:#ff9"
|[[1993 college football season|1993]]
|[[1993 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|10–1–1]]
|6–1–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|T–1st
|'''W''' [[1993 Holiday Bowl|Holiday]]
| style="text-align:center" | 10
| style="text-align:center" | 11
|[[John Cooper (American football)|John Cooper]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1994 college football season|1994]]
|[[1994 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|9–4]]
|6–2 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|2nd
|'''L''' [[1994 Florida Citrus Bowl|Citrus]]
| style="text-align:center" | 9
| style="text-align:center" | 14
|[[John Cooper (American football)|John Cooper]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1995 college football season|1995]]
|[[1995 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|11–2]]
|7–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|2nd
|'''L''' [[1995 Florida Citrus Bowl|Citrus]]
| style="text-align:center" | 8
| style="text-align:center" | 6
|[[John Cooper (American football)|John Cooper]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:#ff9"
|[[1996 college football season|1996]]
|[[1996 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|11–1]]
|7–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|T–1st
|'''W''' [[1997 Rose Bowl|Rose]]
| style="text-align:center" | 2
| style="text-align:center" | 2
|[[John Cooper (American football)|John Cooper]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1997 college football season|1997]]
|[[1997 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|10–3]]
|6–2 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|T-2nd
|'''L''' [[1998 Sugar Bowl|Sugar]]
| style="text-align:center" | 12
| style="text-align:center" | 12
|[[John Cooper (American football)|John Cooper]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:#ff9"
|[[1998 college football season|1998]]
|[[1998 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|11–1]]
|7–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|T–1st
|'''W''' [[1999 Sugar Bowl|Sugar]] †
| style="text-align:center" | 2
| style="text-align:center" | 2
|[[John Cooper (American football)|John Cooper]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:"
|[[1999 college football season|1999]]
|[[1999 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|6–6]]
|3–5 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|T–8th
|
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[John Cooper (American football)|John Cooper]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:"
|[[2000 college football season|2000]]
|[[2000 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|8–4]]
|5–3 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|4th
|'''L''' [[2001 Outback Bowl|Outback]]
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[John Cooper (American football)|John Cooper]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:"
|[[2001 college football season|2001]]
|[[2001 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|7–5]]
|5–3 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|3rd
|'''L''' [[2002 Outback Bowl|Outback]]
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Jim Tressel]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:#fc6"
|[[2002 college football season|2002]]
|[[2002 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|14–0]]
|8-0 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|[[2002 Big Ten Conference football season|T–1st]]
|'''W''' [[2003 Fiesta Bowl|Fiesta]] †
| style="text-align:center" | 1
| style="text-align:center" | 1
|[[Jim Tressel]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:"
|[[2003 college football season|2003]]
|[[2003 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|11–2]]
|6–2 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|[[2003 Big Ten Conference football season|T–2nd]]
|'''W''' [[2004 Fiesta Bowl|Fiesta]] †
| style="text-align:center" | 4
| style="text-align:center" | 4
|[[Jim Tressel]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-style="background:"
|[[2004 college football season|2004]]
|[[2004 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|8–4]]
|4–4 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|[[2004 Big Ten Conference football season|T–5th]]
|'''W''' [[2004 Alamo Bowl|Alamo]]
| style="text-align:center" | 19
| style="text-align:center" | 20
|[[Jim Tressel]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:#ff9"
|[[2005 college football season|2005]]
|[[2005 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|10–2]]
|7–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|[[2005 Big Ten Conference football season|T–1st]]
|'''W''' [[2006 Fiesta Bowl|Fiesta]] †
| style="text-align:center" | 4
| style="text-align:center" | 4
|[[Jim Tressel]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:#ff9"
|[[2006 college football season|2006]]
|[[2006 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|12–1]]
|8–0 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|[[2006 Big Ten Conference football season|1st]]
|'''L''' [[2007 BCS National Championship Game|BCS NCG]] †
| style="text-align:center" | 2
| style="text-align:center" | 2
|[[Jim Tressel]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:#ff9"
|[[2007 college football season|2007]]
|[[2007 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|11–2]]
|7–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|[[2007 Big Ten Conference football season|1st]]
|'''L''' [[2008 BCS National Championship Game|BCS NCG]] †
| style="text-align:center" | 4
| style="text-align:center" | 5
|[[Jim Tressel]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:#ff9"
|[[2008 college football season|2008]]
|[[2008 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|10–3]]
|7–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|[[2008 Big Ten Conference football season|T-1st]]
|'''L''' [[2009 Fiesta Bowl|Fiesta]] †
| style="text-align:center" | 11
| style="text-align:center" | 9
|[[Jim Tressel]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:#ff9"
|[[2009 college football season|2009]]
|[[2009 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|11–2]]
|7–1 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|[[2009 Big Ten Conference football season|1st]]
|'''W''' [[2010 Rose Bowl|Rose]] †
| style="text-align:center" | 5
| style="text-align:center" | 5
|[[Jim Tressel]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''
|-style="background:#ff9"
|[[2010 college football season|2010]]
|[[2010 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|12–1]]‡
|7–1‡ '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|[[2010 Big Ten Conference football season|T–1st]]‡
|'''W''' [[2011 Sugar Bowl|Sugar]]†‡
| style="text-align:center" | 5
| style="text-align:center" | 5
|[[Jim Tressel]]
|style="color:#990000; text-align:center" | '''Win'''‡
|-style="background:"
|[[2011 NCAA Division I FBS football season|2011]]
|[[2011 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|6–7]]
|3–5 '''[[Big Ten Conference|Big Ten]]'''
|[[2011 Big Ten Conference football season|4th, Leaders]]
|'''L''' [[2012 Gator Bowl|Gator]]
| style="text-align:center" |
| style="text-align:center" |
|[[Luke Fickell]]
|style="color:blue; text-align:center" | '''Loss'''
|-
| colspan="5" |'''Table Key'''
*# Final ranking in the [[Coaches' Poll]] (1950-''Present'')
*° Final ranking in the [[AP Poll]] (1936-''Present'')
*† [[Bowl Championship Series|BCS]] Bowl Game
*Unknown No conference standings due to lack of data
*‡ 2010 wins, including Sugar Bowl victory and conference championship vacated
| colspan="4"|
{| style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"
|- style="background: #fc6; width:175px; text-align: center"
| National Championship
|- style="background: #ff9; width:175px; text-align: center"
| Conference Championship
|- style="background: #bff; width:175px; text-align: center"
| Division Championship
|}
|}

===All-time bowl games===
{|
|-
| valign="top" |
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center; font-size:100%"
!| Date played !! colspan="2" | Winning team !! colspan="2" | Losing team !! Bowl
|-
| January 1, 1921 || [[California Golden Bears football|California]] || 28 || '''[[1921 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || '''0''' || [[1921 Rose Bowl]]
|-
| January 1, 1950 || '''[[1949 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || '''17''' || [[California Golden Bears football|California]] || 14 || [[1950 Rose Bowl]]
|- align="center"
| January 1, 1955 || '''[[1954 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || '''20''' || [[USC Trojans football|USC]] || 7 || [[1955 Rose Bowl]]
|- align="center"
| January 1, 1958 || '''[[1957 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || '''10''' || [[Oregon Ducks football|Oregon]] || 7 || [[1958 Rose Bowl]]
|- align="center"
| January 1, 1969 || '''[[1968 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || '''27''' || [[USC Trojan football|USC]] || 16 || [[1969 Rose Bowl]]
|- align="center"
| January 1, 1971 || [[Stanford Cardinal football|Stanford]] || 27 || '''[[1970 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || '''17''' || [[1971 Rose Bowl]]
|-
| January 1, 1973 || [[USC Trojans football|USC]] || 42 || '''[[1972 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || '''17''' || [[1973 Rose Bowl]]
|-
| January 1, 1974 || '''[[1973 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || '''42''' || [[USC Trojans football|USC]] || 21 || [[1974 Rose Bowl]]
|-
| January 1, 1975 || [[USC Trojans football|USC]] || 18 || '''[[1974 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || '''17''' || [[1975 Rose Bowl]]
|-
| January 1, 1976 || [[UCLA Bruins football|UCLA]] || 23 || '''[[1975 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || '''10''' || [[1976 Rose Bowl]]
|-
| January 1, 1977 || '''[[1976 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || '''27''' || [[Colorado Buffaloes football|Colorado]] || 10 || [[1977 Orange Bowl]]
|-
| January 2, 1978 || [[Alabama Crimson Tide football|Alabama]] || 35 || '''[[1977 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || '''6''' || 1978 Sugar Bowl
|-
| December 29, 1978 || [[Clemson Tigers football|Clemson]] || 17 || '''[[1978 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || '''15''' || [[1978 Gator Bowl]]
|-
| January 1, 1980 || [[USC Trojans football|USC]] || 17 || '''[[1979 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || '''16''' || [[1980 Rose Bowl]]
|-
| December 20, 1980 || [[Penn State Nittany Lions football|Penn State]] || 31 || '''[[1980 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || '''19''' || 1980 Fiesta Bowl
|-
| December 30, 1981 || '''[[1981 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || '''31''' || [[Navy Midshipmen football|Navy]] || 28 || 1981 Liberty Bowl
|-
| December 17, 1982 || '''[[1982 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || '''47''' || [[BYU Cougars football|BYU]] || 17 || [[1982 Holiday Bowl]]
|-
| January 1, 1984 || '''[[1983 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]] || '''28''' || [[Pittsburgh Panthers football|Pittsburgh]] || 23 || [[1984 Fiesta Bowl]]
|-
| January 1, 1985 || [[USC Trojans football|USC]] || 20 || '''[[1984 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || '''17''' || [[1985 Rose Bowl]]
|-
| December 28, 1985 || '''[[1985 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || '''10''' || [[BYU Cougars football|BYU]] || 7 || 1985 Citrus Bowl
|-
| January 1, 1987 || '''[[1986 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || '''28''' || [[Texas A&M Aggies football|Texas A&M]] || 12 || 1987 Cotton Bowl Classic
|-
| January 1, 1990 || [[Auburn Tigers football team|Auburn]] || 31 || '''[[1989 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || '''14''' || [[1990 Hall of Fame Bowl]]
|-
| December 27, 1990 || [[Air Force Falcons football|Air Force]] || 23 || '''[[1990 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || 11 || 1990 Liberty Bowl
|-
| January 1, 1992 || [[Syracuse Orange football|Syracuse]] || 24 || '''[[1991 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || '''17''' || [[1992 Hall of Fame Bowl]]
|-
| January 1, 1993 || [[Georgia Bulldogs football|Georgia]] || 21 || '''[[1992 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || '''14''' || 1993 Citrus Bowl
|-
| December 30, 1993 || '''[[1993 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || '''28''' || [[BYU Cougars football|BYU]] || 21 || [[1993 Holiday Bowl]]
|-
| January 2, 1995 || [[Alabama Crimson Tide football|Alabama]] || 24 || '''[[1994 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || '''17''' || [[1995 Florida Citrus Bowl]]
|-
| January 2, 1996 || [[Tennessee Volunteers football|Tennessee]] || 20 || '''[[1994 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || '''14''' || [[1996 Florida Citrus Bowl]]
|-
| January 1, 1997 || '''[[1996 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || '''20''' || [[Arizona State Sun Devils football|Arizona State]] || 17 || [[1997 Rose Bowl]]
|-
| January 1, 1998 || [[Florida State Seminoles football|Florida State]] || 31 || '''[[1997 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || '''14''' || [[1998 Sugar Bowl]]
|-
| January 1, 1999 || '''[[1998 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || '''24''' || [[Texas A&M Aggies football|Texas A&M]] || 14 || [[1999 Sugar Bowl]]
|-
| January 1, 2001 || [[South Carolina Gamecocks football|South Carolina]] || 24 || '''[[2000 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || '''7''' || [[2001 Outback Bowl]]
|-
| January 1, 2002 || [[South Carolina Gamecocks football|South Carolina]] || 31 || '''[[2001 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || '''28''' || [[2002 Outback Bowl]]
|- align="center"
| January 3, 2003 || '''[[2002 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || '''31''' || [[Miami Hurricanes football|Miami (FL)]] || 24 || [[2003 Fiesta Bowl]]
|-
| January 2, 2004 || '''[[2003 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || '''35''' || [[Kansas State Wildcats football|Kansas State]] || 28 || [[2004 Fiesta Bowl]]
|-
| December 29, 2004 || '''[[2004 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || '''33''' || [[Oklahoma State Cowboys football|Oklahoma State]] || 7 || [[2004 Alamo Bowl]]
|-
| January 2, 2006 || '''[[2005 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || '''34''' || [[2005 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team|Notre Dame]] || 20 || [[2006 Fiesta Bowl]]
|-
| January 8, 2007 || [[2006 Florida Gators football team|Florida]] || 41 || '''[[2006 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]] || '''14''' || [[2007 BCS National Championship Game|2007 BCS NCG]]
|-
| January 7, 2008 || [[2007 LSU Tigers football team|LSU]] || 38 || '''[[2007 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || '''24''' || [[2008 BCS National Championship Game|2008 BCS NCG]]
|-
| January 5, 2009 || [[2008 Texas Longhorns football team|Texas]] || 24 || '''[[2008 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || '''21''' || [[2009 Fiesta Bowl]]
|-
| January 1, 2010 || '''[[2009 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]''' || '''26''' || [[2009 Oregon Ducks football team|Oregon]] || 17 || [[2010 Rose Bowl]]
|-
| January 5, 2011 || '''[[2010 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]]†''' || '''31''' || [[2010 Arkansas Razorbacks football team|Arkansas]] || 26 || [[2011 Sugar Bowl]]
|-
| January 2, 2012 || [[2011 Florida Gators football team|Florida]] || 24 || '''[[2011 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]] || '''17''' || [[2012 Gator Bowl]]
|}
†''Win vacated''
|}

===All-time Big Ten records===
'''This table reflects the results of Big Ten matchups, i.e., games when both OSU and its opponent were members of the conference.''' Ohio State began Big Ten play in 1913. Examples of excluded results are Chicago after 1939, Michigan between 1907-1916, Michigan State before 1953, Penn State before 1993, and Nebraska before 2011. ''(See [[Big ten#History|Big Ten History]] for further information).''

'''Ohio State's vacated wins from 2010 are NOT included.''' ''(See [[2010 Ohio State Buckeyes football team]] for further information.)'' '''Penn State's victories over Ohio State that were vacated from 1998-2011 are included, as they still count as losses for Ohio State.''' ''(See [[Penn State child sex abuse scandal#NCAA and Big Ten sanctions|NCAA and Big Ten sanctions for Penn State]] and [[Wikipedia:WikiProject College football/Vacated victories|Wikipedia's explanation for vacated victories in the NCAA]] as well for further information).''

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|- align="center"
!!colspan=1 bgcolor=#990000| '''Team'''
!!colspan=1 bgcolor=#990000| '''Big Ten''' '''Wins'''
!!colspan=1 bgcolor=#990000| '''Big Ten''' '''Losses'''
!!colspan=1 bgcolor=#990000| '''Big Ten''' '''Ties'''
!!colspan=1 bgcolor=#990000| '''Winning''' '''Percentage'''
!!colspan=1 bgcolor=#990000| '''Streak'''
!!colspan=1 bgcolor=#990000| '''First Big Ten''' '''Meeting'''
!!colspan=1 bgcolor=#990000| '''Last''' '''Meeting'''
|- align="center"
| [[Chicago Maroons football|Chicago Maroons]] || 10 || 2 || 2 || {{Winning percentage|10|2|2}} || Won 8 || 1920 || 1939
|- align="center"
| [[Illinois Fighting Illini football|Illinois Fighting Illini]] || 64 || 29 || 3 || {{Winning percentage|64|29|3}} || Won 4 || 1914 || 2012
|- align="center"
| [[Indiana Hoosiers football|Indiana Hoosiers]] || 68 || 8 || 4 || {{Winning percentage|68|8|4}} || Won 17 || 1913 || 2012
|- align="center"
| [[Iowa Hawkeyes football|Iowa Hawkeyes]] || 45 || 14 || 3 || {{Winning percentage|45|14|3}} || Won 3 || 1922 || 2010
|- align="center"
| [[Michigan Wolverines football|Michigan Wolverines]] || 44 || 46 || 4 || {{Winning percentage|44|46|4}} || Won 1 || 1918 || 2012
|- align="center"
| [[Michigan State Spartans football|Michigan State Spartans]] || 28 || 11 || 0 || {{Winning percentage|27|11|0}} || Won 1 || 1953 || 2012
|- align="center"
| [[Minnesota Golden Gophers football|Minnesota Golden Gophers]] || 42 || 7 || 0 || {{Winning percentage|42|7|0}} || Won 7 || 1921 || 2010
|- align="center"
| [[Nebraska Cornhuskers football|Nebraska Cornhuskers]] || 1 || 1 || 0 || {{Winning percentage|1|1|0}} || Won 1 || 2011 || 2012
|- align="center"
| [[Northwestern Wildcats football|Northwestern Wildcats]] || 59 || 14 || 1 || {{Winning percentage|59|14|1}} || Won 4 || 1913 || 2008
|- align="center"
| [[Penn State Nittany Lions football|Penn State Nittany Lions]] || 12 || 7 || 0 || {{Winning percentage|12|7|0}} || Won 1 || 1993 || 2012
|- align="center"
| [[Purdue Boilermakers football|Purdue Boilermakers]] || 38 || 14 || 2 || {{Winning percentage|38|14|2}} || Won 1 || 1919 || 2012
|- align="center"
| [[Wisconsin Badgers football|Wisconsin Badgers]] || 55 || 18 || 5 || {{Winning percentage|54|18|5}} || Won 2 || 1913 || 2012
|-
|-align="center"
|-class="sortbottom"
|-align="center"
!! colspan=1 bgcolor=#999999| 
!! colspan=1 bgcolor=#999999| '''466'''
!! colspan=1 bgcolor=#999999| '''171'''
!! colspan=1 bgcolor=#999999| '''24'''
!! colspan=1 bgcolor=#999999| '''{{Winning percentage|473|171|24}}'''
!! colspan=3 bgcolor=#999999| 
|}
All Data from College Football Data Warehouse<ref>http://www.cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/div_ia/bigten/ohio_state/opponents.php</ref>
''Updated through the [[2012 NCAA Division I FBS football season]].''

==Individual awards and achievements==
Through the 2006 season Ohio State players have by a significant margin won more trophies than any other NCAA Division 1A program. Ohio State players have won 34 of the listed major awards, with the next closest being 26 (Oklahoma). Ohio State is the only university to have received each of the awards at least once. Of the five awards created prior to 1980 (Heisman, Lombardi, Maxwell, Outland, and Walter Camp), Ohio State has received the most with 25 (Notre Dame follows with 23).

===Retired numbers===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
| colspan="3" style= "background: #990000; color: #fff" | '''Ohio State Buckeyes retired numbers'''
|-
! width=40px style="background: #999999; color: #000000" | No.
! width=180px style="background: #999999; color: #000000" |Player
! width=80px style="background: #999999; color: #000000" |Position
|-
| '''22''' || [[Les Horvath]] || [[Running back|RB]], [[Quarterback|QB]]
|-
| '''27''' || [[Eddie George]] || [[Running back|RB]]
|-
| '''31''' || [[Vic Janowicz]] || [[Halfback (American football)|HB]]
|-
| '''40''' || [[Howard "Hopalong" Cassady]] || [[Halfback (American football)|HB]]
|-
| '''45''' || [[Archie Griffin]] || [[Running back|RB]]
|-
| '''47''' || [[Chic Harley]] || [[Halfback (American football)|HB]] [[Quarterback|QB]], [[End (American football)|E]], [[Placekicker|K]]
|-
| '''99''' || [[Bill Willis]] || [[Lineman (American football)|DL]]
|-
|}

===Heisman Trophy winners===
Ohio State players have won the [[Heisman Trophy]] seven times, which ties Notre Dame (7) for the most awards for any school. [[Archie Griffin]] is the only two-time recipient in the history of the award.
{| border="0" width="90%"
| valign="left" |
{| cellpadding="1" border="1" cellspacing="0" width="75%"
!bgcolor=#990000 |Season
!bgcolor=#990000 |Name
!bgcolor=#990000 |Pos.
!bgcolor=#990000 |Class
!bgcolor=#990000 |Points
|- align="center"
| [[1944 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1944]] || [[Les Horvath]] || Quarterback/ Running Back || Senior || 412
|- align="center"
| [[1950 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1950]] || [[Vic Janowicz]] || Running Back || Junior || 633
|- align="center"
| [[1955 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1955]] || [[Howard "Hopalong" Cassady]] || Running Back || Senior || 2219
|- align="center"
| [[1974 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1974]] || [[Archie Griffin]] || Running Back || Junior || 1920
|- align="center"
| [[1975 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1975]] || [[Archie Griffin]] || Running Back || Senior || 1800
|- align="center"
| [[1995 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1995]] || [[Eddie George]] || Running Back || Senior || 1460
|- align="center"
| [[2006 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|2006]] || [[Troy Smith]] || Quarterback || Senior || 2540
|- align="center"
| colspan=2 bgcolor=#999999| '''Heisman Trophy Winners'''
| colspan=4 bgcolor=#999999| '''7'''
|}
|}

===Lombardi Award===
Ohio State players have won the [[Lombardi Award]] six times. '''Orlando Pace''' is the only two-time recipient in the history of the award.
* 1970: [[Jim Stillwagon]]
* 1973: [[John Hicks]]
* 1987: [[Chris Spielman]]
* 1995: [[Orlando Pace]]
* 1996: [[Orlando Pace]]
* 2005: [[A. J. Hawk]]
I

===Maxwell Award===
Four Ohio State players have won the [[Maxwell Award]]:
* 1955: Howard Cassady
* 1961: [[Bob Ferguson (American football)|Bob Ferguson]]
* 1975: Archie Griffin
* 1995: Eddie George

===Outland Trophy===
Four Ohio State players have won the [[Outland Trophy]]:
* 1956: [[Jim Parker (American football)|Jim Parker]]
* 1970: [[Jim Stillwagon]]
* 1973: [[John Hicks]]
* 1996: Orlando Pace

===Walter Camp Award===
Three Ohio State players have won the [[Walter Camp Award]]:
* 1974, 1975: Archie Griffin
* 1995: Eddie George
* 2006: Troy Smith

===Other awards===
* Eddie George received the '''[[Doak Walker Award]]''' in 1995
* [[Terry Glenn]] received the '''[[Fred Biletnikoff Award]]''' in 1995
* [[Andy Katzenmoyer]] received the '''[[Dick Butkus Award]]''' in 1997
* [[Antoine Winfield]] received the '''[[Jim Thorpe Award]]''' in 1998
* [[LeCharles Bentley]] received the '''[[Dave Rimington Trophy]]''' in 2001
* [[B. J. Sander]] received the '''[[Ray Guy Award]]''' in 2003
* [[Mike Nugent]] received the '''[[Lou Groza Award]]''' in 2004
* James Laurinaitis received the '''[[Bronko Nagurski Trophy]]''' in 2006
* Troy Smith received the '''[[Davey O'Brien Award]]''' in 2006
* James Laurinaitis received the '''[[Dick Butkus Award]]''' in 2007
* [[Malcolm Jenkins]] received the '''[[Jim Thorpe Award]]''' in 2008
* [[James Laurinaitis]] received the '''[[Lott Trophy]] ''' in 2008

===All-American and All-Conference honors===
Through 2006 129 Buckeyes have been named first team All-Americans since 1914. Of those, {{American college football All-Americans|Ohio St.|ref=Y}} have been consensus picks. 234 have been named to the All-Big Ten team, and 15 have won the [[Chicago Tribune Silver Football]], the Big Ten's [[Most Valuable Player]] award, including Troy Smith for 2006. The [[Athletic director|Athletic Directors]] of the Big Ten Conference voted Eddie George '''Big Ten-[[Jesse Owens]]''' '''Athlete of the Year''' for 1996.

On November 22, 2006, ten Buckeyes were named to either the Coaches or Conference media All-Big Ten First Team selections for the 2006 season, and seven were named to both. [[Troy Smith]] was named Big Ten Offensive Player of the Year. Four other Buckeyes received Second Team honors.

===List of All-Americans===
All records per OSU Athletics.<ref>[http://www.ohiostatebuckeyes.com/fls/17300//pdf/fb/m-footbl-all-american.pdf?SPSID=87751&SPID=10408&DB_OEM_ID=17300 Ohio State First-Team All-Americans], OSU Athletics, Spring 2008.</ref>

====1910s====
*1914: Boyd Cherry (E)
*1916: [[Chic Harley]] (B), Robert Karch (T)
*1917: Charles Bolen (E), Harold Courtney (E), Chic Harley (B), Kelley VanDyne (C)
*1918: Clarence MacDonald (E)
*1919: Chic Harley (B), [[Gaylord Stinchcomb]] (B)

====1920s====
*1920: Iolas Huffman (G), Gaylord Stinchcomb (B)
*1921: Iolas Huffman (G), Cyril Myers (E)
*1923: Harry Workman (QB)
*1924: [[Cookie Cunningham|Harold Cunningham]] (E)
*1925: Edwin Hess (G)
*1926: Edwin Hess (G), [[Marty Karow]] (HB), [[Leo Raskowski]] (T)
*1927: Leo Raskowski (T)
*1928: [[Wes Fesler]] (E)
*1929: Wes Fesler (E)

====1930s====
*1930: Wes Fesler (E), Lew Hinchman (HB)
*1931: Carl Cramer (QB), Lew Hinchman (HB)
*1932: Joseph Gailus (G), [[Sid Gillman]] (E), Lew Hinchman (HB), Ted Rosequist (T)
*1933: Joseph Gailus (G)
*1934: Regis Monahan (G), Merle Wendt (E)
*1935: [[Gomer Jones]] (C), Merle Wendt (E)
*1936: Charles Hamrick (T), Inwood Smith (G), Merle Wendt (E)
*1937: Carl Kaplanoff (T), Jim McDonald (QB), Ralph Wolf (C), [[Gust Zarnas]] (G)
*1939: Vic Marino (G), Esco Sarkkinen (E), [[Don Scott (American football)|Don Scott]] (HB)

====1940s====
*1940:Don Scott (C)
*1942: [[Bob Shaw (American football)|Robert Shaw]] (E), [[Charles Csuri]] (T), [[Lin Houston]] (G), Paul Sarringhaus (HB), Gene Fekete (E)
*1943: [[Bill Willis]] (T)
*1944: Jack Dugger (E), Bill Willis (T), William Hackett (G), [[Les Horvath]] (QB/HB)
*1945: [[Warren Amling]] (G), [[Ollie Cline]] (FB), Russell Thomas (T)
*1946: Warren Amling (G), Cecil Souders (E)

====1950s====
*1950: Robert Momsen (T), Robert McMullogh (C), [[Vic Janowicz]] (HB)
*1952: Mike Takacs (G)
*1954: Dean Dugger (E), [[Howard "Hopalong" Cassady|Howard Cassady]] (HB), Jim Reichenbach (G)
*1955: [[Jim Parker (American football)|Jim Parker]] (G), Howard Cassady (HB)
*1956: Jim Parker (G)
*1957: [[Aurealius Thomas]] (G)
*1958: [[Jim Houston]] (E), [[Jim Marshall (American football)|Jim Marshall]] (T), [[Bob White (American football)|Bob White]] (E)
*1959: Jim Houston (E)

====1960s====
*1960: [[Bob Ferguson (American football)|Bob Ferguson]] (FB)
*1961: Bob Ferguson (FB)
*1964: Jim Davidson (T), Ike Kelley (LB), Arnie Chonko (DB)
*1965: [[Doug Van Horn]] (G), Ike Kelley (LB)
*1966: Ray Pryor (C)
*1968: [[Dave Foley (American football)|Dave Foley]] (OT), [[Rufus Mayes]] (OT)
*1969: [[Jim Stillwagon]] (G), [[Rex Kern]] (QB), [[Jim Otis]] (FB), [[Ted Provost]] (CB), [[Jack Tatum]] (CB)

====1970s====
*1970: Jan White (TE), Jim Stillwagon (MG), [[John Brockington]] (FB), Jack Tatum (CB), [[Mike Sensibaugh]] (S), Tim Anderson (CB)
*1971: [[Tom DeLeone]] (C)
*1972: [[John Hicks (American football)|John Hicks]] (OT), [[Randy Gradishar]] (LB)
*1973: John Hicks (OT), Randy Gradishar (LB), Van DeCree (DE), [[Archie Griffin]] (TB)
*1974: Van Ness DeCree (DE), Kurt Schumacher (OT), Steve Myers (C), Pete Cusick (DT), Archie Griffin (TB), [[Neal Colzie]] (CB), [[Tom Skladany]] (P)
*1975: Ted Smith (OG), Archie Griffin (TB), [[Timothy R. Fox|Tim Fox]] (S), Tom Skladany (P)
*1976: [[Bob Brudzinski]] (DE), [[Chris Ward (American football)|Chris Ward]] (OT), Tom Skladany (P)
*1977: Chris Ward (OT), Aaron Brown (NG), [[Tom Cousineau]] (LB), Ray Griffin (S)
*1978: Tom Cousineau (LB)
*1979: Ken Fritz (OG), [[Art Schlichter]] (QB)

====1980s====
*1982: Marcus Marek (LB)
*1984: [[Jim Lachey]] (OG), [[Keith Byars]] (TB)
*1985: [[Pepper Johnson]] (LB)
*1986: [[Cris Carter]] (SE), [[Chris Spielman]] (LB)
*1987: Chris Spielman (LB), [[Tom Tupa]] (P)
*1988: [[Jeff Uhlenhake]] (C)

====1990s====
*1991: [[Steve Tovar]] (LB)
*1992: Steve Tovar (LB)
*1993: [[Korey Stringer]] (OT), [[Dan Wilkinson]] (DT)
*1994: Korey Stringer (OT)
*1995: [[Eddie George]] (TB), [[Terry Glenn]] (FL), [[Orlando Pace]] (OT), [[Mike Vrabel]] (DE)
*1996: Orlando Pace (OT), [[Shawn Springs]] (CB), Mike Vrabel (DE)
*1997: [[Andy Katzenmoyer]] (LB), [[Rob Murphy (football player)|Rob Murphy]] (OG), [[Antoine Winfield]] (CB)
*1998: [[David Boston]] (SE), [[Damon Moore]] (SS), Rob Murphy (OG), Antoine Winfield (CB)
*1999: [[Na'il Diggs]] (LB)

====2000s====
*2000: [[Mike Doss]] (SS)
*2001: [[LeCharles Bentley]] (C), Mike Doss (SS)
*2002: Mike Doss (SS), [[Andy Groom]] (P), [[Mike Nugent]] (PK), [[Matt Wilhelm]] (LB)
*2003: [[Will Allen (safety)|Will Allen]] (DB)
*2004: Mike Nugent (PK), [[A. J. Hawk]] (LB)
*2005: A. J. Hawk (LB)
*2006: [[Troy Smith]] (QB), [[James Laurinaitis]] (LB), [[Quinn Pitcock]] (DL)
*2007: James Laurinaitis (LB), [[Chris Wells (American football)|Chris Wells]] (RB)
*2008: James Laurinaitis (LB), Malcolm Jenkins (CB)
*2012: Bradley Roby (CB)

===Team season MVPs===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
1930: [[Wes Fesler]] - (E) - [[Chicago Tribune Silver Football|Big Ten MVP]] 
1931: Robert Haubrich - (OT) 
1932: Lew Hinchman - (HB) 
1933: Mickey Vuchinich - (FB) 
1934: [[Gomer Jones]] - (C) 
1935: Gomer Jones - (C) 
1936: Ralph Wolf - (C) 
1937: Ralph Wolf - (C) 
1938: Jim Langhurst - (FB) 
1939: [[Steve Andrako]] - (C) 
1940: [[Don Scott (American football)|Don Scott]] - (C) 
1941: [[Jack Graf]] - (FB) - [[Chicago Tribune Silver Football|Big Ten MVP]] 
1942: [[Charles Csuri|Chuck Csuri]] - (OT) 
1943: [[Gordon Appleby]] - (C) 
1944: [[Les Horvath]] - (QB) - [[Chicago Tribune Silver Football|Big Ten MVP]] 
1945: [[Ollie Cline]] - (FB) - [[Chicago Tribune Silver Football|Big Ten MVP]] 
1946: [[Cecil Souders]] - (E) 
1947: Dave Templeton - (G) 
1948: Joe Whisler - (FB) 
1949: Jack Lininger - (C) 
1950: [[Vic Janowicz]] - (HB) - [[Chicago Tribune Silver Football|Big Ten MVP]] 
1951: [[Vic Janowicz]] - (HB) 
1952: [[Fred Bruney]] - (HB) 
1953: George Jacoby - (T) 
1954: [[Howard Cassady]] - (HB) 
1955: Howard Cassady - (HB) - [[Chicago Tribune Silver Football|Big Ten MVP]] 
1956: [[Jim Parker (American football)|Jim Parker]] - (G) 
1957: [[Bill Jobko]] - (G) 
1958: [[Jim Houston]] - (E) 
1959: Jim Houston - (E) 
1960: [[Tom Matte]] - (QB) 
1961: [[Bob Ferguson (American football)|Bob Ferguson]] - (FB) 
1962: [[Billy Armstrong (American football)|Billy Armstrong]] - (C) 
1963: [[Matt Snell]] - (FB) 
1964: Ed Orazen - (DL) 
1965: [[Doug Van Horn]] - (OG) 
1966: Ray Pryor - (C) 
1967: Dirk Worden - (LB) 
1968: Mark Stier - (LB) 
1969: [[Jim Otis]] - (FB) 
{{col-2}}
1970: [[Jim Stillwagon]] - (DL) 
1971: [[Tom DeLeone]]- (C) 
1972: George Hasenohrl - (DL) 
1973: [[Archie Griffin]] - (RB) - [[Chicago Tribune Silver Football|Big Ten MVP]] 
1974: Archie Griffin - (RB) - [[Chicago Tribune Silver Football|Big Ten MVP]] 
1975: [[Cornelius Greene]] - (QB) - [[Chicago Tribune Silver Football|Big Ten MVP]] 
1976: [[Bob Brudzinski]] - (DE) 
1977: Dave Adkins - (LB) 
1978: [[Tom Cousineau]] - (LB) 
1979: [[Jim Laughlin]] - (LB) 
1980: [[Calvin Murray (American football)|Calvin Murray]] - (TB) 
1981: [[Art Schlichter]] - (QB) - [[Chicago Tribune Silver Football|Big Ten MVP]] 
1982: [[Tim Spencer (American football)|Tim Spencer]] - (RB) 
1983: [[John E. Frank|John Frank]] - (TE) 
1984: [[Keith Byars]] - (RB) - [[Chicago Tribune Silver Football|Big Ten MVP]] 
1985: [[Jim Karsatos]] - (QB) 
1986: [[Cris Carter]] - (WR) 
1987: [[Chris Spielman]] - (LB) 
1988: [[Jeff Uhlenhake]] - (C) 
1989: [[Derek Isaman]] - (LB) 
1990: [[Jeff Graham]] - (WR) 
1991: [[Carlos Snow]] - (TB) 
1992: [[Kirk Herbstreit]] - (QB) 
1993: [[Raymont Harris]] - (TB) 
1994: [[Korey Stringer]] - (OT) 
1995: [[Eddie George]] - (TB) - [[Chicago Tribune Silver Football|Big Ten MVP]] 
1996: [[Orlando Pace]] - (OT) - [[Chicago Tribune Silver Football|Big Ten MVP]] 
1997: [[Antoine Winfield]] - (DB) 
1998: [[Joe Germaine]] - (QB) - [[Chicago Tribune Silver Football|Big Ten MVP]] 
1999: [[Ahmed Plummer]] - (DB) 
2000: [[Derek Combs]] - (TB) 
2001: [[Jonathan Wells (American football)|Jonathan Wells]] - (TB) 
2002: [[Craig Krenzel]] - (QB) / [[Chris Gamble]] - (WR/DB) 
2003: [[Michael Jenkins (American football)|Michael Jenkins]] - (WR) 
2004: [[Mike Nugent]] - (PK) 
2005: [[A. J. Hawk]] - (LB) 
2006: [[Troy Smith]] - (QB) - [[Chicago Tribune Silver Football|Big Ten MVP]] 
2007: [[Chris Wells (American football)|Chris Wells]] - (TB) 
2008: [[Chris Wells (American football)|Chris Wells]] - (TB) 
2009: [[Kurt Coleman]] - (SS) 
2010: [[Dane Sanzenbacher]] - (WR) 
2011: [[Daniel Herron]] - (TB) 
2012: [[Braxton Miller]]-(QB) - [[Chicago Tribune Silver Football|Big Ten MVP]] 
{{col-end}}

===All-Century Team===
{{see also|Ohio State Football All-Century Team}}

===Ohio State's All-Time Team===
Chosen in 2001 by Athlon Sports. [http://www.athlonsports.com/college-football/4227/ohio-state-all-time-team]
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
'''Offense''' 
'''WR''' [[Santonio Holmes]] 2003-05 
'''WR''' [[Cris Carter]] 1984-86 
'''WR''' [[Terry Glenn]] 1993-95 
'''WR''' [[David Boston]] 1996-98 
'''TE''' [[John E. Frank|John Frank]] 1980-83 
'''OL''' [[Jim Parker (American football)|Jim Parker]] 1954-56 
'''OL''' [[Korey Stringer]] 1992-94 
'''OL''' [[Gomer Jones]] 1934-35 
'''OL''' [[John Hicks (American football)|John Hicks]] 1970, 72-73 
'''OL''' [[Orlando Pace]] 1994-96 
'''QB''' [[Troy Smith]] 2002-06 
'''RB''' Howard "Hopalong" Cassady 1952-55 
'''RB''' [[Archie Griffin]] 1972-75 
'''RB''' [[Eddie George]] 1992-95 
'''K''' [[Mike Nugent]] 
{{col-2}}
'''Defense''' 
'''DL''' [[Will Smith]] 
'''DL''' Bill Willis 1942-44 
'''DL''' [[Jim Stillwagon]] 1968-70 
'''DL''' [[Dan Wilkinson]] 1992-93 
'''DL''' [[Mike Vrabel]] 1993-96 
'''NT''' [[Scott 'Iceberg' Kinghorn]] 1945-46 exp team 
'''LB''' [[Tom Cousineau]] 1975-78 
'''LB''' [[Chris Spielman]] 1984-87 
'''LB''' [[Andy Katzenmoyer]] 1996-98 
'''LB''' James Laurinaitis 2005-08 
'''LB''' [[AJ Hawk]] 2002-05 
'''DB''' Vic Janowicz 1949-51 
'''DB''' [[Jack Tatum]] 1968-70 
'''DB''' [[Chris Gamble]] 2001-03 
'''DB''' [[Malcolm Jenkins]] 2005-08 
'''DB''' [[Antoine Winfield]] 1995-98 
'''P''' [[Tom Skladany]] 1973-1976 
{{col-end}}

===NCAA Coach of the Year===
Three Ohio State head coaches have received the '''[[Paul "Bear" Bryant Award]]''' as NCAA Coach of the Year a total of five times:
* [[Woody Hayes]] 1957, 1968, 1975
* [[Earle Bruce]] 1979
* [[Jim Tressel]] 2002
In addition, two coaches were voted "National Coach of the Year" before the inception of the Bryant Award. [[Carroll Widdoes]], acting head coach after [[Paul Brown]] had entered the [[United States Navy]], was voted the honor in 1944. Brown himself was voted the honor in 1942 for winning the [[NCAA Division I-A national football championship|National Championship]] but declined in favor of [[Georgia Institute of Technology]]'s [[William Alexander (coach)|Bill Alexander]].

===Academic awards and achievements===

====Rhodes Scholarship====
On December 6, 1985, Mike Lanese was awarded a [[Rhodes Scholarship]] to the [[University of Oxford]].

====College Sports Information Directors of America Academic All-Americans====

'''Academic All-American Hall of Fame''' 
Class of 1992 [[Randy Gradishar]]

'''Academic All-American Player of the Year''' 
2003: [[Craig Krenzel]] (Quarterback)

'''Academic All-Americans'''
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
1952: John Borton (Quarterback) 
1954: Dick Hilnski (Tackle) 
1958: [[Bob White (American football)|Bob White]] (Fullback) 
1961: Tom Perdue (End) 
1965: Bill Ridder (Middle Guard) 
1966: [[Dave Foley (American football)|Dave Foley]] (Offensive Tackle) 
1967: Dave Foley (Offensive Tackle) 
1968: Dave Foley (Offensive Tackle) 
1969: Bill Urbanik (Defensive Tackle) 
1971: Rick Simon (Offensive Tackle) 
1973: [[Randy Gradishar]] (Linebacker) 
1974: [[Brian Baschnagel]] (Running Back) 
1975: Brian Baschnagel (Running Back) 
1976: [[Pete Johnson (American football)|Pete Johnson]] (Fullback) 
1977: [[Jeff Logan]] (Running Back) 
1980: Marcus Marek (Linebacker) 
1982: Joe Smith (Offensive Tackle) 
1982: [[John E. Frank|John Frank]] (Tight End) 
1983: John Frank (Tight End) 
1983: Dave Crecelius (Defensive Tackle)
{{col-2}}
1984: Dave Crecelius (Defensive Tackle) 
1984: Mike Lanese (Wide Receiver) 
1984: Anthony Tiuliani (Defensive Tackle) 
1985: Mike Lanese (Wide Receiver) 
1987: [[Joe Staysniak]] (Offensive Tackle) 
1989: Joe Staysniak (Offensive Tackle) 
1990: Greg Smith (Defensive Line) 
1992: Len Hartman (Offensive Guard) 
1992: Greg Smith (Defensive Line) 
1995: Greg Bellisari (Linebacker) 
1996: Greg Bellisari (Linebacker) 
1998: Jerry Rudzinski (Linebacker) 
1999: [[Ahmed Plummer]] (Cornerback) 
2002: [[Craig Krenzel]] (Quarterback) 
2003: Craig Krenzel (Quarterback) 
2006: [[Anthony Gonzalez]] (Wide Receiver) 
2006: Stan White, Jr (Fullback) 
2007: [[Brian Robiskie]] (Wide Receiver) 
2008: Brian Robiskie (Wide Receiver)
{{col-end}}

====National Football Foundation and College Hall of Fame====
'''[[Draddy Trophy|Vincent dePaul Draddy Trophy]]''' ("Academic Heisman")
*1995 [[Bobby Hoying]]
*2003 [[Craig Krenzel]]

'''National Scholar-Athlete Awards'''
Ohio State's eighteen NFF Scholar-Athlete Awards rank second only to [[University of Nebraska system|Nebraska]]'s twenty among all college football programs.
*1965 [[Willard Sander]]
*1968 David Foley
*1970 [[Rex Kern]]
*1973 [[Randy Gradishar]]
*1975 [[Brian Baschnagel]]
*1979 [[Jim Laughlin]]
*1982 Joe Smith
*1983 [[John E. Frank|John Frank]]
*1984 [[Dave Crecelius]]
*1985 [[Mike Lanese]]
*1989 [[Joe Staysniak]]
*1990 [[Greg Frey]]
*1992 Greg Smith
*1994 [[Joey Galloway]]
*1995 [[Bobby Hoying]]
*1996 [[Greg Bellisari]]
*1999 [[Ahmed Plummer]]

'''College Football Hall of Fame'''
Beginning with Chic Harley and Howard Jones in the 1951 inaugural class, Ohio State has had 30 former players and coaches inducted into the [[College Football Hall of Fame]]

*1951 [[Chic Harley]]
*1951 [[Howard Jones (American football coach)|Howard Jones]]
*1954 [[Wes Fesler]]
*1954 [[John Wilce]]
*1969 [[Les Horvath]]
*1971 [[Bill Willis]]
*1971 [[Francis Schmidt]]
*1973 [[Gaylord Stinchcomb]]
*1974 [[Jim Parker (American football)|Jim Parker]]
*1975 [[Gust Zarnas]]
*1976 [[Vic Janowicz]]
*1977 [[Jim Daniell]]
*1978 [[Gomer Jones]]
*1979 [[Hopalong Cassady]]
*1983 [[Woody Hayes]]
*1984 [[Warren Amling]]
*1986 [[Archie Griffin]]
*1989 [[Aurealius Thomas]]
*1991 [[Jim Stillwagon]]
*1996 [[Bob Ferguson (American football)|Bob Ferguson]]
*1998 [[Randy Gradishar]]
*2001 [[John Hicks]]
*2002 [[Earle Bruce]]
*2004 [[Jack Tatum]]
*2005 [[Jim Houston]]
*2007 [[Rex Kern]]
*2008 [[John Cooper (American football)|John Cooper]]
*2009 [[Chris Spielman]]
*2011 [[Eddie George]]
*2013 [[Orlando Pace]]

==Individual school records==
{{see also|Ohio State Buckeyes football yearly statistical leaders}}

===Rushing records===
* Most rushing attempts, career: 924, [[Archie Griffin]] (1972–75)
* Most rushing attempts, season: 336, [[Keith Byars]] (1984)
* Most rushing attempts, game: 44, [[Champ Henson]] (November 18, 1972 at [[Northwestern Wildcats football|Northwestern]])
* Most rushing yards, career: 5,589, [[Archie Griffin]] (1972–75)
* Most rushing yards, season: 1,927, [[Eddie George]] (1995)
* Most rushing yards, game: 314, [[Eddie George]] (November 11, 1995 vs. [[Illinois Fighting Illini football|Illinois]])
* Most rushing yards against Michigan, game: 222, [[Chris Wells (American football)|Chris Wells]] (November 17, 2007)
* Most rushing touchdowns, career: 56, [[Pete Johnson (American football)|Pete Johnson]] (1973–76)
* Most rushing touchdowns, season: 25, Pete Johnson (1975)
* Most rushing touchdowns, game: 5, Pete Johnson (September 27, 1975 vs. [[North Carolina Tar Heels football|North Carolina]]) and Keith Byars (October 13, 1984 vs. Illinois)
* Longest run from scrimmage: 89 yards, Gene Fekete (November 7, 1942 vs. [[Pittsburgh Panthers football|Pittsburgh]]) and Dan "Boom" Herron (November 27, 2010 vs. Michigan)
* Most games with at least 100 rushing yards, career: 34, [[Archie Griffin]] (1972–75)
* Most games with at least 100 rushing yards, season: 12, [[Eddie George]] (1995)
* Most games with at least 200 rushing yards, career: 5 [[Eddie George]] (1992–95)
* Most games with at least 200 rushing yards, season: 3, [[Eddie George]] (1995)

===Passing records===
* Most passing attempts, career: 934, [[Art Schlichter]] (1978–81)
* Most passing attempts, season: 384, [[Joe Germaine]] (1998)
* Most passing attempts, game: 52, Art Schlichter (October 3, 1981 vs. [[Florida State Seminoles football|Florida State]])
* Most passing completions, career: 498, [[Bobby Hoying]] (1992–95)
* Most passing completions, season: 230, [[Joe Germaine]] (1998)
* Most passing completions, game: 31, Art Schlichter (October 3, 1981 vs. Florida State) and Joe Germaine (October 31, 1998 at [[Indiana Hoosiers football|Indiana]])
* Most passing yards, career: 7,547, Art Schlichter (1978–81)
* Most passing yards, season: 3,330, [[Joe Germaine]] (1998)
* Most passing yards, game: 458, Art Schlichter (October 3, 1981 vs. Florida State)
* Most passing touchdowns, career: 57, [[Bobby Hoying]] (1992–95) and [[Terrelle Pryor]] (2008–2010)
* Most passing touchdowns, season: 30, [[Troy Smith]] (2006)
* Most passing touchdowns, game: 5, John Borton (October 18, 1952 vs. [[Washington State Cougars football|Washington State]]) and twice by [[Bobby Hoying]] (October 22, 1994 vs. [[Purdue Boilermakers football|Purdue]] and September 23, 1995 at [[Pittsburgh Panthers football|Pittsburgh]])
*Longest pass completion: 86 yards, Art Schlichter to Calvin Murray (September 22, 1979 vs. Washington State)
*Longest interception returned for touchdown 102 yards Matt Henrey (November 10, 1990 vs. Iowa)
* Most games with at least 200 passing yards, career: 16, [[Bobby Hoying]] (1992–95)
* Most games with at least 200 passing yards, season: 11, [[Bobby Hoying]] (1995) and Joe Germaine (1998)
* Most games with at least 300 passing yards, career: 8, [[Joe Germaine]] (1996–98)
* Most games with at least 300 passing yards, season: 7, [[Joe Germaine]] (1998)

===Receiving records===
* Most receptions, career: 191, [[David Boston]] (1996–98)
* Most receptions, season: 85, David Boston (1998)
* Most receptions, game: 14, David Boston (October 11, 1997 at [[Penn State Nittany Lions football|Penn State]])
* Most receiving yards, career: 2,898, [[Michael Jenkins (American football)|Michael Jenkins]] (2000–03)
* Most receiving yards, season: 1,435, David Boston (1998)
* Most receiving yards, game: 253, [[Terry Glenn]] (September 23, 1995 at [[Pittsburgh Panthers football|Pittsburgh]])
* Most touchdown receptions, career: 34, David Boston (1996–98)
* Most touchdown receptions, season: 17, Terry Glenn (1995)
* Most touchdown receptions, game: 4, Bob Grimes (October 18, 1952 vs. [[Washington State Cougars football|Washington State]]) and Terry Glenn (September 23, 1995 at Pittsburgh) and Dane Sanzenbacher (September 25, 2010 vs. [[Eastern Michigan Eagles football|Eastern Michigan]])
* Longest pass reception: 86 yards, Calvin Murray from Art Schlichter (September 22, 1979 vs. Washington State)
* Most games with at least 100 receiving yards, career: 14, David Boston (1996–98)
* Most games with at least 100 receiving yards, season: 9, David Boston (1998)
* Yards per Reception: 26.4, [[Jim Houston]] (1957–59)

===Kickoff return records===
* Most kickoff returns, career: 72, Maurice Hall (2001–04)
* Most kickoff returns, season: 31, [[Ken-Yon Rambo]] (1999)
* Most kickoff returns, game: 7, [[Vince Workman]] (November 7, 1987 at [[Wisconsin Badgers football|Wisconsin]])
* Most kickoff return yards, career: 1,642, Maurice Hall (2001–04)
* Most kickoff return yards, season: 653, Ken-Yon Rambo (1999)
* Most kickoff return yards, game: 213, [[Carlos Snow]] (September 17, 1988 at [[Pittsburgh Panthers football|Pittsburgh]])
* Most kickoff return touchdowns, career: 2, Dean Sensanbaugher (1943–47) and Lenny Willis (1974)
* Longest kickoff return: 103 yards, Dean Sensanbaugher (October 9, 1943 at Great Lakes)

===Punt return records===
* Most punt returns, career: 98, [[David Boston]] (1996–98)
* Most punt returns, season: 47, David Boston (1997) ''(also a [[Big Ten Conference]] record)''
* Most punt returns, game: 9, Tom Campana (October 16, 1971 at [[Indiana Hoosiers football|Indiana]])
* Most punt return yards, career: 959, David Boston (1996–98)
* Most punt return yards, season: 679, [[Neal Colzie]] (1973) ''(also a [[Big Ten Conference]] record)''
* Most punt return yards, game: 170, Neal Colzie (November 10, 1973 vs. [[Michigan State Spartans football|Michigan State]])
* Most punt return touchdowns, career: 6, [[Ted Ginn, Jr.]] (2004–06) ''(also a [[Big Ten Conference]] record)''
* Longest punt return: 90 yards, Brian Hartline (October 13, 2007 vs. [[Kent State Golden Flashes|Kent State]])

==Buckeyes in the NFL==
{| class="infobox bordered" style="width: 25em; text-align: left; font-size: 100%;"
|+ style="font-size: larger;" |
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:#990000" align=center|Buckeyes in the NFL
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:#990000" align=center|NFL Draft selections
|-
! Total selected:
| align=center|329
|-
! First picks in draft:
| align=center|3
|-
! 1st Round:
| align=center|68
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:#990000" align=center| NFL achievements
|-
! Total Players:
| align=center|308
|-
! In the [[Super Bowl]]:
| align=center|54
|-
! [[Pro Football Hall of Fame|Hall of Famers]]:
| align=center|7
|-
|}
40 former Ohio State players are currently active on rosters of [[National Football League]] teams: [[Mike Adams (offensive tackle)]] [[Will Allen (safety)|Will Allen]], [[Kirk Barton]], [[Alex Boone]], [[Bobby Carpenter (American football)|Bobby Carpenter]], [[Nate Clements]], [[Na'il Diggs]], [[Marcus Freeman (linebacker)|Marcus Freeman]], [[Chris Gamble]], [[Ted Ginn, Jr.]], [[Thaddeus Gibson]], [[Anthony Gonzalez]], [[Larry Grant (American football)|Larry Grant]], [[Brian Hartline]], [[Ben Hartsock]], [[A. J. Hawk]], [[Santonio Holmes]], [[Kevin Houser]], [[Malcolm Jenkins]], [[Michael Jenkins (American football)|Michael Jenkins]], [[James Laurinaitis]], [[Nick Mangold]], [[Donnie Nickey]], [[Mike Nugent]], [[Orlando Pace]], [[Kenny Peterson]], [[Ryan Pickett]], [[Jay Richardson]], [[Brian Robiskie]], [[Rob Sims]], [[Antonio Smith (cornerback)|Antonio Smith]], [[Will Smith (American football)|Will Smith]], [[Shawn Springs]], [[Donald Washington]], [[Beanie Wells|Chris Wells]], [[Donte Whitner]], [[Matt Wilhelm]], [[Antoine Winfield]], [[Ashton Youboty]], [[Jake Ballard]], [[Kurt Coleman]] and [[Dane Sanzenbacher]].

Former notable NFL players who played at Ohio State include: [[Lou Groza]], [[Dante Lavelli]], [[Jim Parker (American football)|Jim Parker]], [[Bill Willis]], [[Paul Warfield]], [[Jim Marshall (American football)|Jim Marshall]], [[Jim Houston]], [[Jack Tatum]], [[Randy Gradishar]], [[Dick Schafrath]], [[Jim Lachey]], [[Tom Tupa]], [[Chris Spielman]], [[Robert Smith (football player)|Robert Smith]], [[Korey Stringer]], [[Raymont Harris]], [[Cris Carter]], and [[Eddie George]]. Carter, Groza, Lavelli, Parker, Warfield, and Willis have been inducted into the [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]].

In the [[2004 NFL Draft]], 14 Buckeyes were drafted, a record number for any school in a single draft.

===Players selected in NFL Drafts===
With two first-round selections in 2007, the Buckeyes have the second most first-round selections all-time in the history of the [[NFL Draft]], one fewer than USC (67).<ref name="2007nfl">{{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://ohiostatebuckeyes.cstv.com/sports/m-footbl/spec-rel/043007aaa.html| title = Eight Buckeyes in NFL Draft| work = | publisher = TOSU Football Official Site| accessdate = 1 May 2007}}</ref> The Buckeyes had another first round selection in 2008, and two more in 2009. The following are the lists of Ohio State players selected in the NFL Draft since 1961.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1961 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 1 || align=center|7 || [[Baltimore Colts]] ||[[Tom Matte]] || Runningback
|-
| 13 || align=center|179 || [[New York Giants]] ||[[Jerry Fields]] || Runningback
|-
| 14 || align=center|188 || [[Chicago Bears]] ||[[Jim Tyrer]] || Offensive Tackle
|-
| 15 || align=center|200 || [[L.A. Rams]] ||[[Ernie Wright]] || Offensive Tackle
|-
| 18 || align=center|241 || [[Washington Redskins]] ||[[George Tolford]] || Offensive Tackle
|-
| 20 || align=center|269 || [[Washington Redskins]] ||[[Mike Ingram]] || Offensive Guard
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1962 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 1 || align=center|5 || [[Pittsburgh Steelers]] ||[[Bob Ferguson]] || Runningback
|-
| 1 || align=center|31 || [[Boston Patriots]] ||[[Mike Ingram]] || Offensive Guard
|-
| 3 || align=center|34 || [[St. Louis Cardinals]] ||[[Chuck Bryant]] || Tight End
|-
| 6 || align=center|81 || [[Cleveland Browns]] ||[[Same Tidmore]] || Defensive End
|-
| 7 || align=center|95 || [[Cleveland Browns]] ||[[John Havlicek]] || Wide Receiver
|-
| 20 || align=center|273 || [[Chicago Bears]] ||[[Jack Roberts]] || Defensive Tackle
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1963 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 1 || align=center|5 || [[Baltimore Colts]] ||[[Bob Vogel]] || Offensive Tackle
|-
| 1 || align=center|12 || [[Detroit Lions]] ||[[Daryl Sanders]] || Offensive Tackle
|-
| 5 || align=center|66 || [[San Francisco 49ers]] ||[[Gary Moller]] || Offensive Guard
|-
| 7 || align=center|91 || [[Washington Redskins]] ||[[Dave Francis]] || Runningback
|-
| 13 || align=center|177 || [[Cleveland Browns]] ||[[Dave Katterhenrich]] || Runningback
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1964 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 1 || align=center|11 || [[Cleveland Browns]] ||[[Paul Warfield]] || Halfback
|-
| 4 || align=center|49 || [[New York Jets]] ||[[Matt Snell]] || Runningback
|-
| 10 || align=center|138 || [[Cleveland Browns]] ||[[Dick Van Raaphorst]] || Kicker
|-
| 14 || align=center|191 || [[Pittsburgh Steelers]] ||[[Tom Jenkins]] || Offensive Guard
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1965 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 1 || align=center|8 || [[Buffalo Bills]] ||[[Jim Davidson]] || Tackle
|-
| 3 || align=center|32 || [[Cleveland Browns]] ||[[Bo Scott]] || Runningback
|-
| 19 || align=center|265 || [[Cleveland Browns]] ||[[Ed Orazen]] || Offensive Guard
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1966 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 3 || align=center|38 || [[Washington Redskins]] ||[[Tom Barrington]] || Runningback
|-
| 4 || align=center|55 || [[Detroit Lions]] ||[[Doug Van Horn]] || Offensive Guard
|-
| 17 || align=center|249 || [[Philadelphia Eagles]] ||[[Ike Kelly]] || Linebacker
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1967 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 3 || align=center|58 || [[Denver Broncos]] ||[[Mike Current]] || Offensive Tackle
|-
| 7 || align=center|179 || [[Baltimore Colts]] ||[[Bob Rein]] || Wide Receiver
|-
| 12 || align=center|300 || [[Washington Redskins]] ||[[Ron Sepic]] || Wide Receiver
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1968 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 3 || align=center|81 || [[Green Bay Packers]] ||[[Dick Himes]] || Offensive Tackle
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1969 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 1 || align=center|14 || [[Chicago Bears]] ||[[Rufus Mayes]] || Offensive Tackle
|-
| 1 || align=center|26 || [[New York Jets]] ||[[Dave Foley]] || Offensive Tackle
|-
| 10 || align=center|239 || [[Cincinnati Bengals]] ||[[Steve Howell]] || Tight End
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1970 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 2 || align=center|38 || [[St. Louis Cardinals]] ||[[Chuck Hutchison]] || Offensive Guards
|-
| 7 || align=center|162 || [[L.A. Rams]] ||[[Ted Provost]] || Defensive Back
|-
| 9 || align=center|218 || [[New Orleans Saints]] ||[[Jim Otis]] || Runningback
|-
| 10 || align=center|241 || [[Cincinnati Bengals]] ||[[Nick Roman]] || Linebacker
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1971 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 1 || align=center|9 || [[Green Bay Packers]] ||[[John Brockington]] || Runningback
|-
| 1 || align=center|19 || [[Oakland Raiders]] ||[[Jack Tatum]] || Defensive Back
|-
| 1 || align=center|23 || [[San Francisco 49ers]] ||[[William Tim Anderson]] || Defensive Back
|-
| 1 || align=center|24 || [[Minnesota Vikings]] ||[[Leo Hayden]] || Runningback
|-
| 2 || align=center|29 || [[Buffalo Bills]] ||[[Jan White]] || Tight End
|-
| 5 || align=center|124 || [[Green Bay Packers]] ||[[Jim Stillwagon]] || Linebacker
|-
| 7 || align=center|165 || [[Denver Broncos]] ||[[Doug Adams]] || Linebacker
|-
| 8 || align=center|191 || [[Kansas City Chiefs]] ||[[Mike Sensibaugh]] || Defensive Back
|-
| 8 || align=center|196 || [[Cleveland Browns]] ||[[Larry Zelina]] || Runningback
|-
| 10 || align=center|250 || [[Kansas City Chiefs]] ||[[Bruce Jankowski]] || Wide Receiver
|-
| 10 || align=center|260 || [[Baltimore Colts]] ||[[Rex Kern]] || Quarterback
|-
| 15 || align=center|376 || [[Chicago Bears]] ||[[Ron Maciejowski]] || Quarterback
|-
| 16 || align=center|405 || [[Cincinnati Bengals]] ||[[Mark Debevc]] || Linebacker
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1972 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 5 || align=center|106 || [[Cincinnati Bengals]] ||[[Tom Deleone]] || Center
|-
| 9 || align=center|225 || [[L.A. Rams]] ||[[Harry Howard]] || Defensive Back
|-
| 12 || align=center|312 || [[Dallas Cowboys]] ||[[Jimmy Harris]] || Wide Receiver
|-
| 13 || align=center|316 || [[St. Louis Cardinals]] ||[[Tom Campana]] || Defensive Back
|-
| 16 || align=center|409 || [[Cleveland Browns]] ||[[Richard Wakefield]] || Wide Receiver
|-
| 17 || align=center|438 || [[Baltimore Colts]] ||[[Stan White]] || Linebacker
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1973 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 8 || align=center|194 || [[New York Jets]] ||[[Rick Seifert]] || Defensive Back
|-
| 8 || align=center|198 || [[New York Giants]] ||[[George Hasenohrl]] || Defensive Tackle
|-
| 8 || align=center|203 || [[Detroit Lions]] ||[[John Bledsoe]] || Runningback
|-
| 9 || align=center|218 || [[Washington Redskins]] ||[[Rich Galbos]] || Runningback
|-
| 17 || align=center|435 || [[Detroit Lions]] ||[[Earl Belgrave]] || Tackle
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1974 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 1 || align=center|3 || [[New York Giants]] ||[[John Hicks]] || Offensive Guard
|-
| 1 || align=center|13 || [[New Orleans Saints]] ||[[Rick Middleton]] || Linebacker
|-
| 1 || align=center|14 || [[Denver Broncos]] ||[[Randy Gradishar]] || Linebacker
|-
| 4 || align=center|93 || [[Oakland Raiders]] ||[[Morris Bradshaw]] || Wide Receiver
|-
| 8 || align=center|203 || [[Buffalo Bills]] ||[[Greg Hare]] || Quarterback
|-
| 9 || align=center|224 || [[Cleveland Browns]] ||[[Dan Scott]] || Offensive Guard
|-
| 10 || align=center|243 || [[Pittsburgh Steelers]] ||[[Jim Kregel]] || Offensive Guard
|-
| 12 || align=center|304 || [[Atlanta Falcons]] ||[[Vic Koegel]] || Linebacker
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1975 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 1 || align=center|12 || [[New Orleans Saints]] ||[[Kurt Schumacher]] || Offensive Tackle
|-
| 1 || align=center|20 || [[L.A. Rams]] ||[[Doug France]] || Offensive Tackle
|-
| 1 || align=center|24 || [[Oakland Raiders]] ||[[Neal Colzie]] || Defensive Back
|-
| 3 || align=center|66 || [[New England Patriots]] ||[[Pete Cusick]] || Defensive Tackle
|-
| 4 || align=center|88 || [[Green Bay Packers]] ||[[Steve Luke]] || Defensive Back
|-
| 4 || align=center|89 || [[Minnesota Vikings]] ||[[Harold "Champ" Henson]] || Runningback
|-
| 4 || align=center|100 || [[Miami Dolphins]] ||[[Bruce Elia]] || Linebacker
|-
| 5 || align=center|119 || [[Cleveland Browns]] ||[[Jim Cope]] || Linebacker
|-
| 11 || align=center|261 || [[Baltimore Colts]] ||[[Dave Hazel]] || Wide Receiver
|-
| 11 || align=center|275 || [[Detroit Lions]] ||[[Steve Myers]] || Offensive Guard
|-
| 12 || align=center|291 || [[Chicago Bears]] ||[[Doug Plank]] || Defensive Back
|-
| 14 || align=center|354 || [[Philadelphia Eagles]] ||[[Larry O'Rourke]] || Defensive Tackle
|-
| 17 || align=center|430 || [[New York Jets]] ||[[Mike Bartoszek]] || Tight End
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1976 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 1 || align=center|21 || [[New England Patriots]] ||[[Timothy R. Fox|Tim Fox]] || Safety
|-
| 1 || align=center|24 || [[Cincinnati Bengals]] ||[[Archie Griffin]] || Runningback
|-
| 3 || align=center|66 || [[Chicago Bears]] ||[[Brian Baschnagel]] || Wide Receiver
|-
| 4 || align=center|118 || [[Minnesota Vikings]] ||[[Leonard Willis]] || Wide Receiver
|-
| 7 || align=center|205 || [[Cincinnati Bengals]] ||[[Ken Kuhn]] || Linebacker
|-
| 8 || align=center|213 || [[New Orleans Saints]] ||[[Craig Cassady]] || Defensive Back
|-
| 10 || align=center|287 || [[Cincinnati Bengals]] ||[[Tom Claban]] || Kicker
|-
| 11 || align=center|318 || [[Dallas Cowboys]] ||[[Cornelius Greene]] || Quarterback
|-
| 13 || align=center|375 || [[Pittsburgh Steelers]] ||[[Larry Cain]] || Tight End
|-
| 16 || align=center|441 || [[Atlanta Falcons]] ||[[Pat Curto]] || Linebacker
|-
| 17 || align=center|482 || [[Cincinnati Bengals]] ||[[Scott Dannelley]] || Offensive Guard
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1977 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 1 || align=center|23 || [[L.A. Rams]] ||[[Bob Brudzinski]] || Linebacker
|-
| 2 || align=center|46 || [[Cleveland Browns]] ||[[Tom Skladany]] || Punter
|-
| 2 || align=center|49 || [[Cincinnati Bengals]] ||[[Pete Johnson]] || Runningback
|-
| 8 || align=center|210 || [[New York Jets]] ||[[Ed Thompson]] || Linebacker
|-
| 9 || align=center|238 || [[Chicago Bears]] ||[[Nick Buonamici]] || Defensive Tackle
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1978 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 1 || align=center|4 || [[New York Jets]] ||[[Chris Ward (American football)|Chris Ward]] || Offensive Tackle
|-
| 2 || align=center|35 || [[Cincinnati Bengals]] ||[[Ray Griffin]] || Defensive Back
|-
| 7 || align=center|185 || [[Chicago Bears]] ||[[Herman Jones]] || Wide Receiver
|-
| 7 || align=center|191 || [[History of the Baltimore Colts|Baltimore Colts]] ||[[Jeff Logan]] || Runningback
|-
| 8 || align=center|209 || [[Atlanta Falcons]] ||[[David Atkins]] || Linebacker
|-
| 10 || align=center|252 || [[Tampa Bay Buccaneers]] ||[[Aaron Brown]] || Linebacker
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1979 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 1 || align=center|1 || [[Buffalo Bills]] ||[[Tom Cousineau]] || Linebacker
|-
| 5 || align=center|136 || [[Dallas Cowboys]] ||[[Ron Springs]] || Runningback
|-
| 6 || align=center|150 || [[History of the Baltimore Colts|Baltimore Colts]] ||[[Jim Moore (American football)|Jim Moore]] || Offensive Tackle
|-
| 9 || align=center|229 || [[Kansas City Chiefs]] ||[[Joe Robinson (American football)|Joe Robinson]] || Offensive Tackle
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1980 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 4 || align=center|91 || [[Atlanta Falcons]] ||[[Jim Laughlin]] || Linebacker
|-
| 6 || align=center|156 || [[Chicago Bears]] ||[[Mike Guess]] || Defensive Back
|-
| 10 || align=center|277 || [[Pittsburgh Steelers]] ||[[Ken Fritz]] || Offensive Guard
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1981 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 2 || align=center|53 || [[Dallas Cowboys]] ||[[Doug Donley]] || Wide Receiver
|-
| 4 || align=center|86 || [[New York Jets]] ||[[Al Washington]] || Linebacker
|-
| 4 || align=center|95 || [[Chicago Bears]] ||[[Todd Bell]] || Defensive Back
|-
| 4 || align=center|110 || [[Philadelphia Eagles]] ||[[Calvin Murray]] || Runningback
|-
| 5 || align=center|131 || [[San Diego Chargers]] ||[[Keith Ferguson]] || Linebacker
|-
| 6 || align=center|163 || [[Dallas Cowboys]] ||[[Vince Skillings]] || Defensive Back
|-
| 10 || align=center|274 || [[Atlanta Falcons]] ||[[Robert Murphy (American football)|Robert Murphy]] || Defensive Back
|-
| 12 || align=center|331 || [[Philadelphia Eagles]] ||[[Ray Ellis]] || Defensive Back
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1982 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 1 || align=center|4 || [[History of the Baltimore Colts|Baltimore Colts]] ||[[Art Schlichter]] || Quarterback
|-
| 4 || align=center|105 || [[Philadelphia Eagles]] ||[[Anthony Griggs]] || Linebacker
|-
| 12 || align=center|317 || [[St. Louis Cardinals]] ||[[Bob Atha]] || Kicker
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1983 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 11 || align=center|304 || [[Cincinnati Bengals]] ||[[Gary Williams]] || Wide Receiver
|-
| 11 || align=center|306 || [[Miami Dolphins]] ||[[Joe Lukens]] || Offensive Guard
|-
| 11 || align=center|307 || [[San Diego Chargers]] ||[[Tim Spencer (American football)|Tim Spencer]] || Runningback
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1984 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 1 || align=center|27 || [[New York Giants]] ||[[William Roberts (American football)|William Roberts]] || Offensive Guard
|-
| 2 || align=center|56 || [[San Francisco 49ers]] ||[[John E. Frank|John Frank]] || Tight End
|-
| 6 || align=center|165 || [[Miami Dolphins]] ||[[Rowland Tatum]] || Linebacker
|-
| 10 || align=center|271 || [[Chicago Bears]] ||[[Shaun Gayle]] || Defensive Back
|-
| 10 || align=center|274 || [[L.A. Rams]] ||[[Joe Dooley]] || Center
|-
| 12 || align=center|310 || [[Tampa Bay Buccaneers]] ||[[Thad Jemison]] || Wide Receiver
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1985 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 1 || align=center|12 || [[San Diego Chargers]] ||[[Jim Lachey]] || Offensive Tackle
|-
| 3 || align=center|59 || [[Minnesota Vikings]] ||[[Kirk Lowdermilk]] || Center
|-
| 6 || align=center|147 || [[Cleveland Browns]] ||[[Mark Krerowicz]] || Offensive Guard
|-
| Undrafted || [[Chicago Bears]] ||[[Mike Tomczak]] || Quarterback
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1986 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 1 || align=center|10 || [[Philadelphia Eagles]] ||[[Keith Byars]] || Runningback
|-
| 2 || align=center|51 || [[New York Giants]] ||[[Pepper Johnson]] || Linebacker
|-
| 7 || align=center|176 || [[Philadelphia Eagles]] ||[[Byron Lee]] || Linebacker
|-
| 7 || align=center|193 || [[Miami Dolphins]] ||[[Larry Kolic]] || Linebacker
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1987 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 4 || align=center|Supplement Draft || [[Philadelphia Eagles]] ||[[Chris Carter (wide receiver)|Chris Carter]] || Wide Receiver
|-
| 6 || align=center|157 || [[Cincinnati Bengals]] ||[[Sonny Gordon]] || Defensive Back
|-
| 7 || align=center|173 || [[San Diego Chargers]] ||[[Jamie Holland]] || Wide Receiver
|-
| 9 || align=center|234 || [[New Orleans Saints]] ||[[Scott Leach]] || Linebacker
|-
| 12 || align=center|322 || [[Miami Dolphins]] ||[[Jim Karsatos]] || Quarterback
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1988 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 1 || align=center|16 || [[Miami Dolphins]] ||[[Eric Kumerow]] || Outside Linebacker
|-
| 2 || align=center|29 || [[Detroit Lions]] ||[[Chris Spielman]] || Inside Linebacker
|-
| 3 || align=center|56 || [[Atlanta Falcons]] ||[[Alex Higdon]] || Tight End
|-
| 3 || align=center|68 || [[Phoenix Cardinals]] ||[[Tom Tupa]] || Quarterback\Punter
|-
| 4 || align=center|85 || [[Detroit Lions]] ||[[William White (American football)|William White]] || Defensive Back
|-
| 6 || align=center|156 || [[Miami Dolphins]] ||[[George Cooper (running back)|George Cooper]] || Running Back
|-
| 7 || align=center|185 || [[Seattle Seahawks]] ||[[Ray Jackson]] || Defensive Back
|-
| 10 || align=center|277 || [[Washington Redskins]] ||[[Henry Brown (American football)|Henry Brown]] || Defensive End
|-
| Undrafted || [[L.A. Raiders]] ||[[Rory Graves]] || Offensive Tackle
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1989 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 5 || align=center|121 || [[Miami Dolphins]] ||[[Jeff Uhlenhake]] || Center
|-
| 5 || align=center|127 || [[Green Bay Packers]] ||[[Vince Workman]] || Runningback
|-
| 9 || align=center|226 || [[Detroit Lions]] ||[[Derek MaCcready]] || Defensive End
|-
| 12 || align=center|335 || [[Minnesota Vikings]] ||[[Everett Ross]] || Wide Receiver
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1990 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 5 || align=center|111 || [[Denver Broncos]] ||[[Jeff Davidson]] || Offensive Guard
|-
| 7 || align=center|185 || [[San Diego Chargers]] ||[[Joe Staysniak]] || Offensive Guard
|-
| 9 || align=center|243 || [[Washington Redskins]] ||[[Tim Moxley]] || Offensive Guard
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1991 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 1 || align=center|19 || [[Green Bay Packers]] ||[[Vinnie Clark]] || Cornerback
|-
| 2 || align=center|46 || [[Pittsburgh Steelers]] ||[[Jeff Graham]] || Wide Receiver
|-
| 11 || align=center|300 || [[Kansas City Chiefs]] ||[[Bobby Olive]] || Wide Receiver
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1992 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 1 || align=center|22 || [[Chicago Bears]] ||[[Alonzo Spellman]] || Defensive End
|-
| 7 || align=center|188 || [[Pittsburgh Steelers]] ||[[Scottie Graham]] || Runningback
|-
| 8 || align=center|211 || [[New York Giants]] ||[[Kent Graham]] || Quarterback
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1993 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 1 || align=center|21 || [[Minnesota Vikings]] ||[[Robert Smith (American football)|Robert Smith]] || Runningback
|-
| 2 || align=center|38 || [[Atlanta Falcons]] ||[[Roger Harper]] || Safety
|-
| 3 || align=center|59 || [[Cincinnati Bengals]] ||[[Steve Tovar]] || Linebacker
|-
| 8 || align=center|210 || [[Denver Broncos]] ||[[Brian Stablein]] || Wide Receiver
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1994 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 1 || align=center|1 || [[Cincinnati Bengals]] ||[[Dan Wilkinson]] || Defensive Tackle
|-
| 3 || align=center|66 || [[Cincinnati Bengals]] ||[[Jeff Cothran]] || Runningback
|-
| 4 || align=center|114 || [[Chicago Bears]] ||[[Raymont Harris]] || Fullback
|-
| 6 || align=center|186 || [[New York Giants]] ||[[Jason Winrow]] || Offensive Guard
|-
| 7 || align=center|212 || [[Denver Broncos]] ||[[Butler By'not'e]] || Cornerback
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1995 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 1 || align=center|8 || [[Seattle Seahawks]] ||[[Joey Galloway]] || Wide Receiver
|-
| 1 || align=center|24 || [[Minnesota Vikings]] ||[[Korey Stringer]] || Offensive Tackle
|-
| 1 || align=center|30 || [[Cleveland Browns]] ||[[Craig Powell (American football)|Craig Powell]] || Linebacker
|-
| 3 || align=center|67 || [[Houston Oilers]] ||[[Chris Sanders (wide receiver)|Chris Sanders]] || Wide Receiver
|-
| 3 || align=center|76 || [[Buffalo Bills]] ||[[Marlon Kerner]] || Cornerback
|-
| 3 || align=center|77 || [[Atlanta Falcons]] ||[[Lorenzo Styles]] || Linebacker
|-
| 3 || align=center|98 || [[San Diego Chargers]] ||[[Preston Harrison]] || Linebacker
|-
| 5 || align=center|167 || [[Arizona Cardinals]] ||[[Tito Paul]] || Cornerback
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1996 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 1 || align=center|7 || [[New Enland Patriots]] ||[[Terry Glenn]] || Wide Receiver
|-
| 1 || align=center|14 || [[Houston Oilers]] ||[[Eddie George]] || Running Back
|-
| 3 || align=center|85 || [[Philadelphia Eagles]] ||[[Bobby Hoying]] || Quarterback
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1997 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 1 || align=center|1 || [[St. Louis Rams]] ||[[Orlando Pace]] || Offensive Tackle
|-
| 2 || align=center|33 || [[New Orleans Saints]] ||[[Rob Kelly (American Football)|Rob Kelly]] || Safety
|-
| 3 || align=center|84 || [[Arizona Cardinals]] ||[[Ty Howard]] || Cornerback
|-
| 3 || align=center|91 || [[Pittsburgh Steelers]] ||[[Mike Vrabel]] || Defensive End
|-
| 4 || align=center|129 || [[Dallas Cowboys]] ||[[Nicky Sualua]] || Fullback
|-
| 6 || align=center|189 || [[Carolina Panthers]] ||[[Matt Finkes]] || Defensive End
|}

none were selected in the 1998 draft

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 1999 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 1 || align=center|8 || [[Arizona Cardinals]] ||[[David Boston]] || Wide Receiver
|-
| 1 || align=center|23 || [[Buffalo Bills]] ||[[Antoine Winfield]] || Cornerback
|-
| 1 || align=center|28 || [[New England Patriots]] ||[[Andy Katzenmoyer]] || Linebacker
|-
| 2 || align=center|49 || [[New York Giants]] ||[[Joe Montgomery]] || Running Back
|-
| 4 || align=center|101 || [[St. Louis Rams]] ||[[Joe Germaine]] || Quarterback
|-
| 4 || align=center|128 || [[Philadelphia Eagles]] ||[[Damon Moore]] || Strong Safety
|-
| 6 || align=center|192 || [[Miami Dolphins]] ||[[Brent Bartholomew]] || Punter
|-
| 6 || align=center|196 || [[Green Bay Packers]] ||[[Dee Miller]] || Wide Receiver
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 2000 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 1 || align=center|24 || [[San Francisco 49ers]] ||[[Ahmed Plummer]] || Cornerback
|-
| 4 || align=center|98 || [[Green Bay Packers]] ||[[Na'il Diggs]] || Linebacker
|-
| 4 || align=center|126 || [[Green Bay Packers]] ||[[Gary Berry]] || Safety
|-
| 5 || align=center|144 || [[Dallas Cowboys]] ||[[Michael Wiley (American football)|Michael Wiley]] || Running back
|-
| 7 || align=center|223 || [[Chicago Bears]] ||[[James Cotton]] || Defensive End
|-
| 7 || align=center|228 || [[New Orleans Saints]] ||[[Kevin Houser]] || Long Snapper
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 2001 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 1 || align=center|21 || [[Buffalo Bills]] ||[[Nate Clements]] || Cornerback
|-
| 1 || align=center|29 || [[St. Louis Rams]] ||[[Ryan Pickett]] || Defensive Tackle
|-
| 6 || align=center|181 || [[Pittsburgh Steelers]] ||[[Rodney Bailey]] || Defensive End
|-
| 7 || align=center|214 || [[Buffalo Bills]] ||[[Reggie Germany]] || Wide Receiver
|-
| 7 || align=center|228 || [[Oakland Raiders]] ||[[Derek Combs]] || Cornerback
|-
| 7 || align=center|229 || [[Oakland Raiders]] ||[[Ken-Yon Rambo]] || Wide Receiver
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 2002 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 2 || align=center|44 || [[New Orleans Saints]] ||[[LeCharles Bently]] || Center
|-
| 3 || align=center|75 || [[Dallas Cowboys]] ||[[Derek Ross]] || Cornerback
|-
| 4 || align=center|99 || [[Houston Texans]] ||[[Jonathan Wells (American football)|Jonathan Wells]] || Running Back
|-
| 4 || align=center|122 || [[Cleveland Browns]] ||[[Darnell Sanders]] || TightEnd
|-
| 4 || align=center|129 || [[Dallas Cowboys]] ||[[Jamar Martin]] || FullBack
|-
| 5 || align=center|167 || [[St. Louis Rams]] ||[[Courtland Bullard]] || Linebacker
|-
| 6 || align=center|179 || [[Dallas Cowboys]] ||[[Tyson Walter]] || Center
|-
| 6 || align=center|205 || [[St. Louis Rams]] ||[[Steve Bellisari]] || Quarterback
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 2003 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 2 || align=center|58 || [[Indianapolis Colts]] ||[[Mike Doss]] || Safety
|-
| 3 || align=center|79 || [[Green Bay Packers]] ||[[Kenny Peterson]] || Defensive Tackle
|-
| 3 || align=center|86 || [[New Orleans Saints]] ||[[Cie Grant]] || Linebacker
|-
| 4 || align=center|112 || [[San Diego Chargers]] ||[[Matt Wilhelm]] || Linebacker
|-
| 5 || align=center|154 || [[Tennessee Titans]] ||[[Donnie Nickey]] || Safety
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 2004 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 1 || align=center|18 || [[New Orleans Saints]] ||[[Will Smith (American football)|Will Smith]] || Defensive End
|-
| 1 || align=center|28 || [[Carolina Panthers]] ||[[Chris Gamble]] || Cornerback
|-
| 1 || align=center|29 || [[Atlanta Falcons]] ||[[Michael Jenkins (American football)|Michael Jenkins]] || Wide Receiver
|-
| 3 || align=center|68 || [[Indianapolis Colts]] ||[[Ben Hartsock]] || Tight End
|-
| 3 || align=center|74 || [[Buffalo Bills]] || [[Tim Anderson (American football)|Tim Anderson]] || Defensive Tackle
|-
| 3 || align=center|87 || [[Green Bay Packers]] || [[B.J. Sander]] || Punter
|-
| 3 || align=center|88 || [[Minnesota Vikings]] || [[Darrion Scott]] || Defensive End
|-
| 4 || align=center|100 || [[Arizona Cardinals]] || [[Alex Stepanovich]] || Center
|-
| 4 || align=center|111 || [[Tampa Bay Buccaneers]] || [[Will Allen (safety)|Will Allen]] || Free Safety
|-
| 5 || align=center|148 || [[Chicago Bears]] || [[Craig Krenzel]] || Quarterback
|-
| 5 || align=center|163 || [[Carolina Panthers]] || [[Drew Carter]] || Wide Receiver
|-
| 5 || align=center|165 || [[Tennessee Titans]] || [[Robert Reynolds (American football)|Rob Reynolds]] || Linebacker
|-
| 7 || align=center|209 || [[San Diego Chargers]] || [[Shane Olivea]] || Offensive Tackle
|-
| 7 || align=center|227 || [[Philadelphia Eagles]] || [[Adrien Clarke]] || Guard
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 2005 NFL Draft selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 2 || align=center|47 || [[New York Jets]] ||[[Mike Nugent]] || Kicker
|-
| 3 || align=center|80 || [[Minnesota Vikings]] ||[[Dustin Fox]] || Cornerback
|-
| 3 || align=center|101 || [[Denver Broncos]] ||[[Maurice Clarett]] || Running Back
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 2006 NFL Draft selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 1 || align=center|5 || [[Green Bay Packers]] ||[[A.J. Hawk]] || Linebacker
|-
| 1 || align=center|8 || [[Buffalo Bills]] ||[[Donte Whitner]] || Safety
|-
| 1 || align=center|18 || [[Dallas Cowboys]] ||[[Bobby Carpenter (American football)|Bobby Carpenter]] || Linebacker
|-
| 1 || align=center|25 || [[Pittsburgh Steelers]] ||[[Santonio Holmes]] || Wide Receiver
|-
| 1 || align=center|29 || [[New York Jets]] || [[Nick Mangold]] || Center
|-
| 3 || align=center|70 || [[Buffalo Bills]] || [[Ashton Youboty]] || Cornerback
|-
| 3 || align=center|76 || [[New York Jets]] || [[Anthony Schlegel]] || Linebacker
|-
| 4 || align=center|121 || [[Carolina Panthers]] || [[Nate Salley]] || Safety
|-
| 4 || align=center|128 || [[Seattle Seahawks]] || [[Rob Sims]] || Guard
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 2007 NFL Draft selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 1 || align=center|9 || [[Miami Dolphins]] ||[[Ted Ginn, Jr.]] || Wide Receiver
|-
| 1 || align=center|32 || [[Indianapolis Colts]] ||[[Anthony Gonzalez]] || Wide Receiver
|-
| 3 || align=center|18 || [[Indianapolis Colts]] ||[[Quinn Pitcock]] || Defensive End
|-
| 4 || align=center|107 || [[New Orleans Saints]] ||[[Antonio Pittman]] || Running Back
|-
| 5 || align=center|138 || [[Oakland Raiders]] || [[Jay Richardson]] || Defensive Tackle
|-
| 5 || align=center|169 || [[Indianapolis Colts]] || [[Roy Hall (wide receiver)|Roy Hall]] || Wide Receiver
|-
| 5 || align=center|174 || [[Baltimore Ravens]] || [[Troy Smith]] || Quarterback
|-
| 6 || align=center|198 || [[Atlanta Falcons]] || [[Doug Datish]] || Center
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 2008 NFL Draft selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 1 || align=center|6 || [[New York Jets]] ||[[Vernon Gholston]] || Defensive Line
|-
| 7 || align=center|214 || [[San Francisco 49ers]] ||[[Larry Grant (American football)|Larry Grant]] || Linebacker
|-
| 7 || align=center|247 || [[Chicago Bears]] ||[[Kirk Barton]] || Offensive Tackle
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 2009 NFL Draft selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 1 || align=center|14 || [[New Orleans Saints]] ||[[Malcolm Jenkins]] || Cornerback
|-
| 1 || align=center|31 || [[Arizona Cardinals]] ||[[Chris Wells (American football)|Chris Wells]] || Running back
|-
| 2 || align=center|35 || [[St. Louis Rams]] ||[[James Laurinaitis]] || Linebacker
|-
| 2 || align=center|36 || [[Cleveland Browns]] ||[[Brian Robiskie]] || Wide receiver
|-
| 4 || align=center|102 || [[Kansas City Chiefs]] ||[[Donald Washington]] || Defensive Back
|-
| 4 || align=center|108 || [[Miami Dolphins]] ||[[Brian Hartline]] || Wide receiver
|-
| 5 || align=center|154 || [[Chicago Bears]] ||[[Marcus Freeman (linebacker)|Marcus Freeman]] || Linebacker
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 2010 NFL Draft selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 4 || align=center|116 || [[Pittsburgh Steelers]] ||[[Thaddeus Gibson]] || Defensive End
|-
| 7 || align=center|242 || [[Pittsburgh Steelers]] ||[[Doug Worthington]] || Defensive Tackle
|-
| 7 || align=center|244 || [[Philadelphia Eagles]] ||[[Kurt Coleman]] || Strong Safety
|-
| 7 || align=center|252 || [[Miami Dolphins]] ||[[Austin Spitler]] || Linebacker
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 2011 NFL Draft selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 1 || align=center|31 || [[Pittsburgh Steelers]] ||[[Cameron Heyward]] || Defensive Line
|-
| 4 || align=center|113 || [[Oakland Raiders]] ||[[Chimdi Chekwa]] || Cornerback
|-
| 5 || align=center|158 || [[St. Louis Rams]] ||[[Jermale Hines]] || Safety
|-
| 6 || align=center|193 || [[Philadelphia Eagles]] ||[[Brian Rolle]] || Linebacker
|-
| 6 || align=center|200 || [[Minnesota Vikings]] ||[[Ross Homan]] || Linebacker
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 2012 NFL Draft selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 2 || align=center|56 || [[Pittsburgh Steelers]] ||[[Mike Adams (offensive tackle)|Mike Adams]] || Offensive Tackle
|-
| 3 || align=center|68 || [[Houston Texans]] ||[[DeVier Posey]] || Wide Receiver
|-
| 6 || align=center|191 || [[Cincinnati Bengals]] ||[[Dan Herron]] || Running Back
|-
| 6 || align=center|197 || [[New England Patriots]] ||[[Nate Ebner]] || Safety
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+ 2013 NFL Draft Selections
|-
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Round'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Pick #'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Team'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Player'''
|bgcolor="#990000" |'''Position'''
|-align="center"
|-
| 2 || align=center|49 || [[New York Giants]] ||[[Johnathan Hankins]] || Defensive Tackle
|-
| 4 || align=center|129 || [[Baltimore Ravens]] ||[[John Simon (defensive lineman)|John Simon]] || Defensive End
|-
| 7 || align=center|240 || [[Cincinnati Bengals]] ||[[Reid Fragel]] || Offensive Tackle
|-
|}

===Pro Football Hall of Fame===
Beginning with Paul Brown in 1967, Ohio State has had 9 former players or coaches enshrined into the [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]] tied for third most, only behind Notre Dame (10) and USC (11).

*1967 [[Paul Brown]]
*1973 [[Jim Parker (American football)|Jim Parker]]
*1974 [[Lou Groza]]
*1975 [[Dante Lavelli]]
*1977 [[Bill Willis]]
*1983 [[Sid Gillman]]
*1983 [[Paul Warfield]]
*2010 [[Dick LeBeau]]
*2013 [[Cris Carter]]

==Radio and TV==
The Ohio State football radio network comprises roughly 60 stations statewide (with a couple of stations in nearby border states). The flagship stations are [[WBNS (AM)|WBNS AM 1460]] and [[WBNS (FM)|WBNS FM 97.1]] in Columbus. In Ohio's major cities, the games are heard on [[WKNR|WKNR AM 850]] ([[Cleveland]]), [[WDJO|WDJO AM 1480]] ([[Cincinnati]]), and [[WLQR|WLQR AM 1470]]/[[WLQR-FM|WLQR FM 106.5]] ([[Toledo, OH|Toledo]]).

The announcers are [[Paul Keels]] on play by play, former Buckeye LT [[Jim Lachey]] as color analyst, sideline reporter Marty Bannister, and Skip Mosic as producer/halftime host.

[[WBNS-TV]] channel 10 in Columbus ([[CBS]]) is the long standing "official TV home" of the Buckeyes, airing the official coach's show ''Game Time with Urban Meyer'' (simulcast statewide on [[FS Ohio]]).

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book
| author=Jack Park
| chapter=
| title=The Official Ohio State Football Encyclopedia
| editor=
| publisher=Sports Publishing LLC
| isbn= 1-58261-006-1
| year=2002| pages=}}
*{{cite book
| author=Jim Tressel
| chapter=
| title=What It Means To Be A Buckeye
| editor=Jeff Snook
| publisher=Triumph Books
| isbn= 1-57243-602-6
| year=2003| pages=}}
*{{cite book
| author=Greenberg, S.; Ratermann, D.
| chapter=
| title=I Remember Woody
| editor=
| publisher=Triumph Books
| isbn= 1-57243-674-3
| year=2004| pages=}}
*{{cite book
| author=Robert Vare
| chapter=
| title=Buckeye: A Study of Coach Woody Hayes and the Ohio State Football Machine
| editor=
| publisher=Harper's Magazine Press
| isbn= 0-06-129150-1
| year=1974| pages=}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|1=http://www.ohiostatebuckeyes.com/sports/m-footbl/osu-m-footbl-body.html}}
* [http://www.ohiostatebuckeyes.com/sports/m-footbl/spec-rel/radio-network.html Radio network]

{{Ohio State Buckeyes football navbox}}
{{Ohio State University|athletics}}
{{Big Ten Conference football navbox}}

{{coord|40.001389|-83.019722|type:landmark_region:US-OH|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ohio State Buckeyes Football}}
[[Category:Ohio State Buckeyes football|*]]
[[Category:Sports clubs established in 1890]]

Liste der Buslinien in London

2013-05-28T12:32:02Z

DPL bot: adding dablinks template; 7 or more disambig links (see the FAQ)

{{dablinks|date=May 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2013}}
{{inc-transport}}
[[File:Greater London UK district map (blank).svg|thumb|London Buses operates within [[Greater London]], with some routes spilling into the [[Home Counties]].]]
[[File:London bus routes 53, 11 and 88.jpg|thumb|Three London Double Decker buses ([[London Buses route 53|53]], [[London Buses route 11|11]] and [[London Buses route 88|88]]).]]
[[File:First London bus DN33509 (LK08 FMA) 2008 Alexander Dennis Enviro400 integral, route 23, 10 June 2011.jpg|thumb|A double-decker London bus on route [[London Buses route 23|23.]]]]

This is a '''list of [[Transport for London]] (TfL) contracted [[London Buses|bus routes in London]]''', United Kingdom, as well as commercial services that enter the [[Greater London]] area (except [[Coach (vehicle)|coaches]]). The major operators in the London area are [[Go-Ahead London]] and [[Arriva London]]. Other operators in London are [[Metroline]], [[Stagecoach London]], [[London United Busways|London United]], [[Abellio (London & Surrey)|Abellio London]], [[First Centrewest]], [[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]], [[First Capital]], [[Arriva Shires & Essex]], [[Arriva Southern Counties]], [[Transdev London Sovereign|London Sovereign]], [[Quality Line]], [[Abellio Surrey]], [[CT Plus]], [[First Berkshire & The Thames Valley]], [[Uno (bus company)|Uno]], [[London United Busways|London United]], [[Carousel Buses]], [[Bear Buses]], [[TWH Bus & Coach]], [[Blue Triangle]], [[Green Line Coaches]], [[Edward Thomas (bus company)|Edward Thomas]], [[Red Rose Travel]], [[Sullivan Buses]] and [[Imperial Buses]].

There are also several operators based outside [[London]] that run services either wholly or partly within the area. These services connect London with parts of [[Buckinghamshire]], [[Essex]], [[Hertfordshire]], [[Berkshire]], [[Kent]], [[Surrey]] and [[Sussex]].

==Classification of route numbers==
In Victorian times, passengers could only recognise the buses of different fleets and routes by the coaches' distinctive livery colours and line name, with painted signs on the sides showing the two termini to indicate the route. Then, in 1906, George Samuel Dicks of the London Motor Omnibus Company decided that, as the line name 'Vanguard' had proved to be very popular, he would name all lines 'Vanguard' and number the company's five different routes 1 through to 5. Other operators soon saw the advantage, in that a unique route number was easier for the travelling public to remember, and so the practice of using route numbers soon spread.<ref>Charles Klapper (1984) [http://books.google.com/books?id=9_U9AAAAIAAJ&lpg=PA64&ots=iP6eiELB0I&dq=George%20%20Dicks%20vanguard%20motor%20bus%20company&pg=PA64#v=onepage&q=George%20%20Dicks%20vanguard%20motor%20bus%20company&f=false The Golden Age of Buses]. Page 64. Routledge, London ISBN 0-7102-0232-6, ISBN 978-0-7102-0232-1</ref>

===Historic classification===
Historically, bus routes run by London Transport were grouped by the type of service that they provided.

The 1924 London Traffic Act imposed a numbering scheme known as the Bassom Scheme, named after [[Chief Constable#Metropolitan Police|Chief Constable]] [[A.E. Bassom]] of the [[Metropolitan Police]] who devised it. Variant and short workings used letter suffixes. The numbers reflected the company that operated the route.

The numbering was revised in 1934 after [[London Passenger Transport Board|London Transport]] was formed:<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/notesandqueries/query/0,,-197292,00.html | location=London | work=The Guardian}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Route Number
! Type of Service
|-
| 1–199
| "[[Greater London|Central Area]]" red double-decker services
|-
| 200–289
| "Central Area" red single-decker services
|-
| 290–299
| "Central Area" night routes
|-
| 300–399
| "Country Area" north of the [[River Thames]] (rural services were operated by [[London Country Bus Services]] after 1970)
|-
| 400–499
| "Country Area" south of the [[River Thames]]
|-
| 500–699
| [[Trolleybus]]es
|-
| 701–799
| [[Green Line Coaches]]
|-
| 800–899
| "Country Area" "New Towns" routes
|}

===Current classification===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Route Number
! Type of Service
|-
| 1–599
| Day routes, including 24-hour services.
|-
| 600–699
| Schoolday services, normally operating only one return journey per day.
|-
| 700–899
| Not used for local bus services - numbers reserved for regional and national coach services.
|-
| 900–999
| Mobility Services, normally operating one returning journey per week.
|-
| N-prefixed routes
| Night routes.
|-
| X-prefixed routes
| Express routes.
|-
| Other letter-prefixed routes
| Local day routes, including 24-hour services, with the letter(s) denoting the town the bus travels through.
|}

===Key===
{| class="wikitable"
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"| 24-hour bus services
| style="background:D8 BF D8;"| Route has variable final destinations or starting points
|-
|† || Transport for London services that cross the Greater London boundary. Standard ticketing applies throughout.

|}

==List of routes==
All routes operate in both directions unless detailed.

===1–99===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
| style="width:10%;"| '''Route'''
| style="width:30%;"| '''Start'''
| style="width:30%;"| '''End'''
| style="width:20%;"| '''Operator'''
| style="width:10%;"| '''Performance'''
|-
|[[London Buses route 1|1]]
|[[Tottenham Court Road tube station|Tottenham Court Road Station]]
|[[Canada Water]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-1.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 2|2]]
|[[Marylebone]]
|[[West Norwood]]
|[[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-2.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 3|3]]
|[[Oxford Circus]]
|[[Crystal Palace, London|Crystal Palace]]
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-3.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 4|4]]
|[[Waterloo tube station|Waterloo Station]]
|[[Archway, London|Archway]]
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-4.pdf]
|-
|5
|[[Canning Town station|Canning Town Station]]
|[[Romford Market]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-5.pdf]
|-
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[London Buses route 6|6]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Aldwych]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Willesden]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-6.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 7|7]]
|[[Russell Square]]
|[[East Acton]]
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-7.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 8|8]]
|[[Oxford Circus]]
|[[Bow, London|Bow Church]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-8.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 9|9]]
|[[Aldwych]]
|[[Hammersmith]]
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-9.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 9 (Heritage)|9 (Heritage)]]
|[[Trafalgar Square]]
|[[Kensington]]
|[[First Centrewest]] ([[Tower Transit]] from 22 June 2013)<ref name=londonbusroutes>[http://www.londonbusroutes.net/changes.htm#]</ref>
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-9H.pdf]
|-
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[London Buses route 10|10]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Kings Cross, London|Kings Cross]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Hammersmith]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-10.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 11|11]]
|[[Liverpool Street station|Liverpool Street Station]]
|[[Fulham|Fulham Broadway]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-11.pdf]
|-
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[London Buses route 12|12]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Oxford Circus tube station|Oxford Circus Station]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Dulwich|Dulwich Library]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-12.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 13|13]]
|[[Aldwych]]
|[[Golders Green tube station|Golders Green Station]]
|[[Transdev London Sovereign|London Sovereign]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-13.pdf]
|-
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[London Buses route 14|14]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Warren Street tube station|Warren Street Station]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Putney Heath]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-14.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 15|15]]
|[[Regent Street]]
|[[Blackwall DLR station|Blackwall Station]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-15.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 15 (Heritage)|15 (Heritage)]]
|[[Trafalgar Square]]
|[[Tower Hill]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-15H.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 16|16]]
|[[London Victoria station|Victoria Station]]
|[[Cricklewood]]
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-16.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 17|17]]
|[[London Bridge]]
|[[Archway, London|Archway]]
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-17.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 18|18]]
|[[Euston railway station|Euston Station]]
|[[Sudbury, London|Sudbury]]
|[[First Centrewest]] (Metroline from 22 June 2013) <ref name=londonbusroutes />
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-18.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 19|19]]
|[[Battersea Bridge]]
|[[Finsbury Park station|Finsbury Park Station]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-19.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 20|20]]
|[[Walthamstow Central station|Walthamstow Central Station]]
|[[Debden tube station|Debden Station]] †
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-20.pdf]
|-
|21
|[[Newington Green]]
|[[Lewisham]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-21.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 22|22]]
|[[Piccadilly Circus tube station|Piccadilly Circus Station]]
|[[Putney Common]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-22.pdf]
|-
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[London Buses route 23|23]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Liverpool Street station|Liverpool Street Station]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Westbourne Park tube station|Westbourne Park Station]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[First Centrewest]] ([[Tower Transit]] from 22 June 2013) <ref name=londonbusroutes />
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-23.pdf]
|-
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[London Buses route 24|24]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Pimlico]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Hampstead Heath]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-24.pdf]
|-
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[London Buses route 25|25]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Oxford Circus]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Ilford]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[First Capital]] ([[Tower Transit]] from 22 June 2013) <ref name=londonbusroutes />
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-25.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 26|26]]
|[[London Waterloo station|Waterloo Station]]
|[[Hackney Wick]]
|[[First Capital]] ([[Tower Transit]] from 22 June 2013) <ref name=londonbusroutes />
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-26.pdf]
|-
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[London Buses route 27|27]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Chalk Farm]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|Chiswick Business Park
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-27.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 28|28]]
|[[Wandsworth]]
|[[Kensal Rise]]
|[[First Centrewest]] ([[Tower Transit]] from 22 June 2013) <ref name=londonbusroutes />
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-28.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 29|29]]
|[[Trafalgar Square]]
|[[Wood Green tube station|Wood Green Station]]
|[[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-29.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 30|30]]
|[[Marble Arch]]
|[[Hackney Wick]]
|[[First Capital]] ([[Tower Transit]] from 22 June 2013) <ref name=londonbusroutes />
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-30.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 31|31]]
|[[Camden Town]]
|[[White City, London|White City]]
|[[First Centrewest]] ([[Tower Transit]] from 22 June 2013) <ref name=londonbusroutes />
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-31.pdf]
|-
||32
|[[Kilburn Park]]
|[[Edgware]]
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-32.pdf]
|-
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[London Buses route 33|33]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Hammersmith]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Fulwell, London|Fulwell]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-33.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 34|34]]
|[[Walthamstow Central station|Walthamstow Central Station]]
|[[Barnet|Barnet Church]]
|[[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-34.pdf]
|-
||35
|[[Shoreditch]]
|[[Clapham Junction railway station|Clapham Junction Station]]
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-35.pdf]
|-
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[London Buses route 36|36]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Queen's Park, London|Queen's Park]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[New Cross Gate]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-36.pdf]
|-
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[London Buses route 37|37]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Peckham]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Putney Heath]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-37.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 38|38]]
|[[London Victoria station|Victoria Station]]
|[[Lower Clapton|Clapton Pond]]
|[[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-38.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 39|39]]
|[[Clapham Junction railway station|Clapham Junction Station]]
|[[Putney Bridge tube station|Putney Bridge Station]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-39.pdf]
|-
|40
|[[Aldgate]]
|[[Dulwich Library]]
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-40.pdf]
|-
|41
|[[Archway, London|Archway]]
|[[Tottenham Hale]]
|[[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-41.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 42|42]]
|[[Liverpool Street station|Liverpool Street Station]]
|[[Denmark Hill]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-42.pdf]
|-
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[London Buses route 43|43]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[London Bridge station|London Bridge Station]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Friern Barnet]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-43.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 44|44]]
|[[London Victoria station|Victoria Station]]
|[[Tooting railway station|Tooting Station]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-44.pdf]
|-
|45
|[[Kings Cross, London|Kings Cross]]
|[[Clapham Park]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-45.pdf]
|-
|46
|[[St Bartholomew's Hospital]]
|[[Lancaster Gate tube station|Lancaster Gate Station]]
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-46.pdf]
|-
|47
|[[Shoreditch]]
|[[Bellingham, London|Bellingham]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-47.pdf]
|-
|48
|[[London Bridge station|London Bridge Station]]
|[[Walthamstow Central station|Walthamstow Central Station]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-48.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 49|49]]
|[[Clapham Junction]]
|[[Westfield London|White City]]
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-49.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 50|50]]
|[[Stockwell tube station|Stockwell Station]]
|[[Croydon]]
|[[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-50.pdf]
|-
||[[London Buses route 51|51]]
|[[Woolwich]]
|[[Orpington railway station|Orpington Station]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-51.pdf]
|-
| style="background:#B0 E0 E6;"|[[London Buses route 52|52]]
| style="background:#B0 E0 E6;"|[[London Victoria station|Victoria Station]]
| style="background:#B0 E0 E6;"|[[Willesden]]
| style="background:#B0 E0 E6;"|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-52.pdf]
|-
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[London Buses route 53|53]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Whitehall]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Plumstead]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-53.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 54|54]]
|[[Woolwich]]
|[[Elmers End]]
|[[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-54.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 55|55]]
|[[Oxford Circus]]
|[[Leyton]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-55.pdf]
|-
|56
|[[St Bartholomew's Hospital]]
|[[Whipps Cross University Hospital|Whipps Cross]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-56.pdf]
|-
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[London Buses route 57|57]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Clapham Park]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Kingston upon Thames|Kingston]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-57.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 58|58]]
|[[East Ham]]
|[[Walthamstow]]
|[[First Capital]] ([[Tower Transit]] from 22 June 2013) <ref name=londonbusroutes />
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-58.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 59|59]]
|[[Kings Cross, London|King's Cross]]
|[[Streatham Hill]]
|[[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-59.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 60|60]]
|[[Streatham railway station|Streatham Station]]
|[[Old Coulsdon]]
|[[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-60.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 61|61]]
|[[Bromley North railway station|Bromley North Station]]
|[[Chislehurst]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-61.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 62|62]]
|[[Marks Gate]]
|[[Barking|Gascoigne Estate]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-62.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 63|63]]
|[[Kings Cross, London|Kings Cross]]
|[[Honor Oak]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-63.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 64|64]]
|[[Thornton Heath]]
|[[New Addington]]
|[[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-64.pdf]
|-
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[London Buses route 65|65]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Ealing Broadway station|Ealing Broadway]]
| style="background:D8 BF D8;"|[[Kingston upon Thames|Kingston]] [[Chessington]] (Nights only)
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-65.pdf]
|-
|66
|[[Leytonstone]]
|[[Romford]]
|[[Arriva Southern Counties]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-66.pdf]
|-
|67
|[[Aldgate]]
|[[Wood Green]]
|[[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-67.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 68|68]]
|[[Euston railway station|Euston Station]]
|[[West Norwood]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-68.pdf]
|-
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|69
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Canning Town station|Canning Town Station]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Walthamstow]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-69.pdf]
|-
|70
|[[South Kensington]]
|[[Acton, London|Acton]]
|[[First Centrewest]] ([[Tower Transit]] from 22 June 2013) <ref name=londonbusroutes />
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-70.pdf]
|-
|71
|[[Kingston upon Thames|Kingston]]
|[[Chessington World of Adventures]]
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-71.pdf]
|-
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|72
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[East Acton]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Roehampton]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-72.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 73|73]]
|[[London Victoria station|Victoria Station]]
|[[Stoke Newington]]
|[[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-73.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 74|74]]
|[[Baker Street]]
|[[Putney]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-74.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 75|75]]
|[[Lewisham]]
|[[Croydon]]
|[[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-75.pdf]
|-
|76
|[[Waterloo, London|Waterloo]]
|[[Tottenham]]
|[[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-76.pdf]
|-
|77
|[[London Waterloo station|Waterloo Station]]
|[[Tooting railway station|Tooting Station]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-77.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 78|78]]
|[[Shoreditch]]
|[[Nunhead]]
|[[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-78.pdf]
|-
|79
|[[Edgware]]
|[[Alperton]]
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-79.pdf]
|-
|80
|[[Hackbridge]]
|[[Belmont, Sutton|Belmont]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-80.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 81|81]]
|[[Hounslow]]
|[[Slough]] †
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-81.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 82|82]]
|[[London Victoria station|Victoria Station]]
|[[North Finchley]]
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-82.pdf]
|-
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[London Buses route 83|83]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Golders Green]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Ealing Hospital]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[First Centrewest]] (Metroline from 22 June 2013) <ref name=londonbusroutes />
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-83.pdf]
|-
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|85
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Putney Bridge tube station|Putney Bridge Station]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Kingston upon Thames|Kingston]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-85.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 86|86]]
|[[Stratford, London|Stratford]]
|[[Romford railway station|Romford Station]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-86.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 87|87]]
|[[Aldwych]]
|[[Wandsworth]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-87.pdf]
|-
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[London Buses route 88|88]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Camden Town]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Clapham Common]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-88.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 89|89]]
|[[Lewisham]]
|[[Slade Green]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-89.pdf]
|-
|90
|[[Northolt]]
|[[Feltham]]
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-90.pdf]
|-
|91
|[[Trafalgar Square]]
|[[Crouch End]]
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-91.pdf]
|-
|92
|[[St. Raphael's Estate|St. Raphael's North]]
|[[Ealing Hospital]]
|[[First Centrewest]] (Metroline from 22 June 2013) <ref name=londonbusroutes />
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-92.pdf]
|-
| style="background:#B0 E0 E6;"|[[London Buses route 93|93]]
| style="background:#B0 E0 E6;"|[[Putney Bridge tube station|Putney Bridge Station]]
| style="background:#B0 E0 E6;"|[[Cheam|North Cheam]]
| style="background:#B0 E0 E6;"|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-93.pdf]
|-
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[London Buses route 94|94]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Piccadilly Circus]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Acton, London|Acton Green]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-94.pdf]
|-
|95
|[[Shepherd's Bush]]
|[[Southall]]
|[[First Centrewest]] (Metroline from 22 June 2013) <ref name=londonbusroutes />
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-95.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 96|96]]
|[[Woolwich]]
|[[Bluewater (shopping centre)|Bluewater]] †
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-96.pdf]
|-
|97
|[[Stratford City]]
|[[Chingford]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-97.pdf]
|-
|98
|[[Holborn]]
|[[Willesden]]
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-98.pdf]
|-
|99
|[[Woolwich]]
|[[Bexleyheath]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-99.pdf]
|}

===100–199===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
| style="width:10%;"| '''Route'''
| style="width:30%;"| '''Start'''
| style="width:30%;"| '''End'''
| style="width:20%;"| '''Operator'''
| style="width:10%;"| '''Performance'''
|-
|100
|[[Elephant & Castle]]
|[[Shadwell]]
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-100.pdf]
|-
|101
|[[Wanstead]]
|[[Gallions Reach Shopping Park]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-101.pdf]
|-
| style="background:#B0 E0 E6;"|[[London Buses route 102|102]]
| style="background:#B0 E0 E6;"|[[Edmonton Green Shopping Centre]]
| style="background:#B0 E0 E6;"|[[Brent Cross]] (No night service) [[Golders Green]]
| style="background:#B0 E0 E6;"|[[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-102.pdf]
|-
|103
|[[Rainham, London|Rainham]]
|[[Romford]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-103.pdf]
|-
|104
|[[Stratford, London|Stratford]]
|[[Manor Park, London|Manor Park]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-104.pdf]
|-
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[London Buses route 105|105]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Greenford station|Greenford Station]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[London Heathrow Airport|Heathrow Airport]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-105.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 106|106]]
|[[Whitechapel]]
|[[Finsbury Park station|Finsbury Park Station]]
|[[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-106.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 107|107]]
|[[New Barnet]]
|[[Edgware]]
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-107.pdf]
|-
| style="background:#B0 E0 E6;"|[[London Buses route 108|108]]
| style="background:#B0 E0 E6;"|[[Stratford, London|Stratford]]
| style="background:#B0 E0 E6;"|[[Lewisham]]
| style="background:#B0 E0 E6;"|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-108.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 109|109]]
|[[Brixton]]
|[[Croydon]]
|[[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-109.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 110|110]]
|[[West Middlesex Hospital]]
|[[Twickenham]]
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-110.pdf]
|-
| style="background:#B0 E0 E6;"|[[London Buses route 111|111]]
| style="background:#B0 E0 E6;"|[[Kingston upon Thames|Kingston]]
| style="background:#B0 E0 E6;"|[[Heathrow Airport]]
| style="background:#B0 E0 E6;"|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-111.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 112|112]]
|[[Ealing Broadway station|Ealing Broadway Station]]
|[[Brent Cross]]
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-112.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 113|113]]
|[[Marble Arch]]
|[[Edgware]]
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-113.pdf]
|-
|114
|[[Mill Hill Broadway railway station|Mill Hill Broadway]]
|[[Ruislip tube station|Ruislip Station]]
|[[Transdev London Sovereign|London Sovereign]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-114.pdf]
|-
|115
|[[Aldgate]]
|[[East Ham]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-115.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 116|116]]
|[[Hounslow]]
|[[Ashford, Surrey|Ashford Hospital]] †
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-116.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 117|117]]
|[[West Middlesex Hospital]]
|[[Staines]] †
|Abellio London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-117.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 118|118]]
|[[Brixton]]
|[[Morden tube station|Morden Station]]
|Go-Ahead London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-118.pdf]
|-
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|119
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Croydon]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Bromley North railway station|Bromley North Station]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-119.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 120|120]]
|[[Northolt]]
|[[Hounslow]]
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-120.pdf]
|-
|121
|[[Turnpike Lane tube station|Turnpike Lane Station]]
|[[Enfield Lock]]
|Arriva London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-121.pdf]
|-
|122
|[[Plumstead railway station|Plumstead Station]]
|[[Crystal Palace, London|Crystal Palace]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-122.pdf]
|-
|123
|[[Wood Green]]
|[[Ilford]]
|Arriva London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-123.pdf]
|-
|124
|[[Catford]]
|[[Eltham]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-124.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 125|125]]
|[[Finchley Central tube station|Finchley Central]]
|[[Winchmore Hill]]
|Arriva London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-125.pdf]
|-
|126
|[[Eltham]]
|[[Bromley South railway station|Bromley South Station]]
|[[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-126.pdf]
|-
|127
|[[Tooting]]
|[[Purley, London|Purley]]
|[[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-127.pdf]
|-
| style="background:#B0 E0 E6;"|128
| style="background:#B0 E0 E6;"|[[Clayhall|Claybury Broadway]]
| style="background:#B0 E0 E6;"|[[Romford]]
| style="background:#B0 E0 E6;"|Arriva London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-128.pdf]
|-
|129
|[[Greenwich]]
|[[North Greenwich tube station|North Greenwich Station]]
|Go-Ahead London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-129.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 130|130]]
|[[Norwood Junction railway station|Norwood Junction Station]]
|[[New Addington]]
|Metrobus
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-130.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 131|131]]
|[[Tooting Broadway tube station|Tooting Broadway Station]]
|[[Kingston upon Thames|Kingston]]
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-131.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 132|132]]
|[[North Greenwich tube station|North Greenwich Station]]
|[[Bexleyheath]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-132.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 133|133]]
|[[Liverpool Street station|Liverpool Street Station]]
|[[Streatham]]
|[[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-133.pdf]
|-
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[London Buses route 134|134]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Tottenham Court Road tube station|Tottenham Court Road Station]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[North Finchley]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|Metroline
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-134.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 135|135]]
|[[Old Street station|Old Street Station]]
|[[Crossharbour DLR station|Crossharbour Station]]
|[[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-135.pdf]
|-
|136
|[[Peckham]]
|[[Grove Park, Lewisham|Grove Park]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-136.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 137|137]]
|[[Oxford Circus]]
|[[Streatham Hill]]
|Arriva London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-137.pdf]
|-
|138
|[[Bromley North railway station|Bromley North Station]]
|[[Coney Hall]]
|Metrobus
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-138.pdf]
|-
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[London Buses route 139|139]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[London Waterloo station|Waterloo Station]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[West Hampstead]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|Metroline
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-139.pdf]
|-
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[London Buses route 140|140]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Harrow Weald]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[London Heathrow Airport|Heathrow Airport]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|Metroline
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-140.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 141|141]]
|[[London Bridge station|London Bridge Station]]
|[[Palmers Green]]
|Arriva London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-141.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 142|142]]
|[[Brent Cross]]
|[[Watford Junction railway station|Watford Junction]] †
|[[Arriva Shires & Essex]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-142.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 143|143]]
|[[Archway, London|Archway]]
|[[Brent Cross]]
|Metroline
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-143.pdf]
|-
|144
|[[Muswell Hill]]
|[[Edmonton, London|Edmonton]]
|Arriva London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-144.pdf]
|-
|145
|[[Leytonstone]]
|[[Dagenham]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-145.pdf]
|-
|146
|[[Bromley North railway station|Bromley North Station]]
|[[Downe]]
|Metrobus
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-146.pdf]
|-
|147
|[[Canning Town]]
|[[Ilford]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-147.pdf]
|-
| style="background:#B0 E0 E6;"|148
| style="background:#B0 E0 E6;"|[[Camberwell Green]]
| style="background:#B0 E0 E6;"|[[Westfield London|White City]]
| style="background:#B0 E0 E6;"|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-148.pdf]
|-
| style="background:#B0 E0 E6;"|[[London Buses route 149|149]]
| style="background:#B0 E0 E6;"|[[Edmonton Green station|Edmonton Green Station]]
| style="background:#B0 E0 E6;"|[[London Bridge]]
| style="background:#B0 E0 E6;"|Arriva London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-149.pdf]
|-
|150
|[[Becontree Heath]]
|[[Chigwell|Chigwell Row]] †
|Arriva London Go-Ahead London (School Journeys)
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-150.pdf]
|-
|151
|[[Worcester Park]]
|[[Wallington, London|Wallington]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-151.pdf]
|-
|152
|[[Pollards Hill]]
|[[New Malden]]
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-152.pdf]
|-
|153
|[[Liverpool Street station|Liverpool Street Station]]
|[[Finsbury Park]]
|[[CT Plus]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-153.pdf]
|-
|154
|[[Morden tube station|Morden Station]]
|[[West Croydon station|West Croydon]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-154.pdf]
|-
|155
|[[Elephant & Castle]]
|[[St George's Hospital]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-155.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 156|156]]
|[[Vauxhall]]
|[[Wimbledon, London|Wimbledon]]
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-156.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 157|157]]
|[[Crystal Palace, London|Crystal Palace]]
|[[Morden]]
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-157.pdf]
|-
|158
|[[Stratford, London|Stratford]]
|[[Chingford|Chingford Mount]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-158.pdf]
|-
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[London Buses route 159|159]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Paddington Basin]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Streatham]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-159.pdf]
|-
|160
|[[Catford]]
|[[Sidcup railway station|Sidcup Station]]
|[[Arriva Southern Counties]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-160.pdf]
|-
|161
|[[North Greenwich tube station|North Greenwich Station]]
|[[Chislehurst]]
|[[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-161.pdf]
|-
|162
|[[Eltham railway station|Eltham Station]]
|[[Beckenham Junction station|Beckenham Junction Station]]
|[[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-162.pdf]
|-
|163
|[[Wimbledon, London|Wimbledon]]
|[[Morden]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-163.pdf]
|-
|164
|[[Wimbledon, London|Wimbledon]]
|[[Sutton, London|Sutton]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-164.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 165|165]]
|Abbey Wood Lane
|[[Romford]]
|First Capital (Stagecoach London from 28 September 2013) <ref name=Lots>[http://www.lots.org.uk/] ''lots.org.uk''</ref>
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-165.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 166|166]]
|[[West Croydon station|West Croydon]]
|[[Banstead]] † [[Epsom|Epsom Hospital]] †
|Arriva London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-166.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 167|167]]
|[[Ilford]]
|[[Debden, Epping Forest|Debden]] †
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-167.pdf]
|-
|168
|[[Old Kent Road]]
|[[Hampstead Heath]]
|Arriva London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-168.pdf]
|-
|169
|[[Barking]]
|[[Clayhall]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-169.pdf]
|-
|170
|[[London Victoria station|Victoria Station]]
|[[Roehampton]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-170.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 171|171]]
|[[Holborn]]
|[[Bellingham, London|Bellingham]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-171.pdf]
|-
|172
|[[St Paul's Cathedral|St. Paul's]]
|[[Brockley|Brockley Rise]]
|[[Abellio London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-172.pdf]
|-
|173
|[[King George Hospital, London|King George Hospital]]
|[[Beckton]]
|[[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-173.pdf]
|-
|174
| style="background:#D8 BF D8;"|[[Dagenham]]
|[[Harold Hill]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-174.pdf]
|-
|175
| style="background:#D8 BF D8;"|[[Dagenham]]
|[[Chase Cross]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-175.pdf]
|-
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[London Buses route 176|176]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Tottenham Court Road tube station|Tottenham Court Road Station]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Penge]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-176.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 177|177]]
|[[Peckham]]
|[[Thamesmead]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-177.pdf]
|-
|178
|[[Lewisham]]
|[[Woolwich]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-178.pdf]
|-
|179
|[[Ilford]]
|[[Chingford]]
|First Capital (Stagecoach London from 19 October 2013) <ref name=Lots />
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-179.pdf]
|-
|180
|[[Lewisham]]
|[[Thamesmead|Belvedere Industrial Estate]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-180.pdf]
|-
|181
|[[Lewisham]]
|[[Grove Park, Lewisham|Grove Park]]
|Metrobus
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-181.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 182|182]]
|[[Harrow Weald]]
|[[Brent Cross]]
|Metroline
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-182.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 183|183]]
|[[Golders Green]]
|[[Pinner]]
|[[Transdev London Sovereign|London Sovereign]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-183.pdf]
|-
|184
|[[Turnpike Lane bus station|Turnpike Lane Station]]
|[[Barnet]]
|Arriva London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-184.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 185|185]]
|[[London Victoria station|Victoria Station]]
|[[Lewisham]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-185.pdf]
|-
|186
|[[Brent Cross]]
|[[Northwick Park Hospital]]
|Metroline
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-186.pdf]
|-
|187
|[[Finchley Road]]
|[[Central Middlesex Hospital]]
|First Centrewest (Metroline from 22 June 2013) <ref name=londonbusroutes />
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-187.pdf]
|-
| style="background:#B0 E0 E6;"|[[London Buses route 188|188]]
| style="background:#B0 E0 E6;"|[[Euston railway station|Euston Station]]
| style="background:#B0 E0 E6;"|[[Russell Square]]
| style="background:#B0 E0 E6;"|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-188.pdf]
|-
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|189
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Oxford Circus]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Brent Cross]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|Metroline
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-189.pdf]
|-
|190
|[[West Brompton]]
|[[Richmond, London|Richmond]]
|Metroline
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-190.pdf]
|-
|191
|[[Brimsdown railway station|Brimsdown Station]]
|[[Edmonton, London|Edmonton]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-191.pdf]
|-
|192
|[[Tottenham Hale station|Tottenham Hale Station]]
|[[Enfield Town|Enfield]]
|Arriva London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-192.pdf]
|-
|193
|[[Queen's Hospital]]
|[[County Park Estate]]
|First Capital
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-193.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 194|194]]
|[[Lower Sydenham]]
|[[West Croydon station|West Croydon]]
|Arriva London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-194.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 195|195]]
|[[Brentford]] ''County Court''
|Charville Lane Estate
|[[First Centrewest]] (Metroline from 22 June 2013) <ref name=londonbusroutes />
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-195.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 196|196]]
|[[Elephant & Castle]]
|[[South Norwood|Norwood Junction]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-196.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 197|197]]
|[[Peckham]]
|[[Croydon]]
|Arriva London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-197.pdf]
|-
|198
|[[Thornton Heath]]
|[[Shrublands]]
|Arriva London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-198.pdf]
|-
|199
|[[Canada Water tube station|Canada Water Station]]
|[[Bellingham, London|Bellingham]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-199.pdf]
|}

===200–299===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
| style="width:10%;"| '''Route'''
| style="width:30%;"| '''Start'''
| style="width:30%;"| '''End'''
| style="width:20%;"| '''Operator'''
| style="width:10%;"| '''Performance'''
|-
|200
|[[Mitcham]]
|[[Raynes Park]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-200.pdf]
|-
|201
|[[Herne Hill]]
|[[Morden]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-201.pdf]
|-
|202
|[[Blackheath, London|Blackheath]]
|[[Crystal Palace, London|Crystal Palace]]
|Metrobus
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-202.pdf]
|-
|203
|[[Hounslow]]
|[[Staines]] †
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-203.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 204|204]]
|[[Edgware]]
|[[Sudbury, London|Sudbury]]
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-204.pdf]
|-
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[London Buses route 205|205]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Bow Church]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Paddington]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-205.pdf]
|-
|206
|[[Kilburn Park]]
|[[Wembley Park]]
|[[First Centrewest]] (Metroline from 22 June 2013) <ref name=londonbusroutes />
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-206.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 207|207]]
|[[White City, London|White City]]
|[[Hayes, Hillingdon|Hayes-by-pass]]
|[[First Centrewest]] (Metroline from 22 June 2013) <ref name=londonbusroutes />
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-207.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 208|208]]
|[[Lewisham]]
|[[Orpington]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-208.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 209|209]]
|[[Hammersmith]]
|[[Mortlake]]
|Metroline
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-209.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 210|210]]
|[[Brent Cross]]
|[[Finsbury Park, London|Finsbury Park]]
|Metroline
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-210.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 211|211]]
|[[London Waterloo station|Waterloo]]
|[[Hammersmith]]
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-211.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 212|212]]
|[[Walthamstow]]
|[[Chingford]]
|[[CT Plus]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-212.pdf]
|-
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|213
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Sutton, London|Sutton]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Kingston upon Thames|Kingston]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-213.pdf]
|-
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[London Buses route 214|214]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Moorgate]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Highgate]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|Metroline
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-214.pdf]
|-
|215
|[[Walthamstow]]
| style="background:#D8 BF D8;"| [[Chingford|Yardley Lane Estate]] [[Lee Valley Park|Lea Valley Camp Site]] (Summer only)†
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-215.pdf]
|-
|216
|[[Kingston upon Thames|Kingston]]
|[[Staines]] †
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-216.pdf]
|-
|217
|[[Turnpike Lane tube station|Turnpike Lane Station]]
|[[Waltham Cross]] †
|Metroline
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-217.pdf]
|-
|219
|[[Clapham Junction]]
|[[Wimbledon, London|Wimbledon]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-219.pdf]
|-
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[London Buses route 220|220]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Wandsworth]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Willesden Junction station|Willesden Junction Station]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|Transdev London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-220.pdf]
|-
|221
|[[Turnpike Lane tube station|Turnpike Lane Station]]
|[[Edgware]]
|Arriva London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-221.pdf]
|-
|222
|[[Hounslow]]
|[[Uxbridge]]
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-222.pdf]
|-
|223
|[[Wembley]]
|[[Harrow, London|Harrow]]
|[[First Centrewest]] (Metroline from 22 June 2013) <ref>http://www.londonbusroutes.net/changes.htm#7</ref>
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-223.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 224|224]]
|[[Wembley]]
|[[St. Raphael's Estate]]
|[[First Centrewest]] (Metroline from 22 June 2013) <ref name=londonbusroutes />
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-224.pdf]
|-
|225
|[[Canada Water]]
|[[Hither Green]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-225.pdf]
|-
|226
|[[Ealing Broadway station|Ealing Broadway Station]]
|[[Golders Green]]
|[[First Centrewest]] (Metroline from 22 June 2013) <ref name=londonbusroutes />
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-226.pdf]
|-
|227
|[[Bromley North railway station|Bromley North Station]]
|[[Crystal Palace, London|Crystal Palace]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-227.pdf]
|-
|228
|[[Central Middlesex Hospital]]
|[[Maida Hill]]
|[[First Centrewest]] (Metroline from 22 June 2013) <ref name=londonbusroutes />
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-228.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 229|229]]
|[[Thamesmead]]
|[[Queen Mary's Hospital]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-229.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 230|230]]
|[[Wood Green]]
|[[Upper Walthamstow]]
|[[Stagecoach London]] (Arriva London from 22 June 2013) <ref name=Lots />
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-230.pdf]
|-
|231
|[[Turnpike Lane tube station|Turnpike Lane Station]]
|[[Enfield Chase]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-231.pdf]
|-
|232
|[[Turnpike Lane tube station|Turnpike Lane Station]]
|[[St. Raphael's Estate]]
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-232.pdf]
|-
|233
|[[Eltham]]
|[[Swanley]] †
|[[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-233.pdf]
|-
|234
|[[Barnet]]
|[[Highgate Wood]]
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-234.pdf]
|-
|235
|[[Brentford]]
|[[Sunbury Village]] †
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-235.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 236|236]]
|[[Hackney Wick]]
|[[Finsbury Park, London|Finsbury Park]]
|First Capital ([[Tower Transit]] from 22 June 2013) <ref name=londonbusroutes />
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-236.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 237|237]]
|[[White City, London|White City]]
|[[Hounslow Heath]]
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-237.pdf]
|-
|238
|[[Barking]]
|[[Stratford, London|Stratford]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-238.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 240|240]]
|[[Edgware]]
|[[Golders Green]]
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-240.pdf]
|-
|241
|[[Canning Town]]
|[[Stratford City]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-241.pdf]
|-
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|242
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Tottenham Court Road tube station|Tottenham Court Road Station]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Homerton University Hospital|Homerton Hospital]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|Arriva London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-242.pdf]
|-
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[London Buses route 243|243]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[London Waterloo station|Waterloo Station]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Wood Green]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|Arriva London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-243.pdf]
|-
|244
|[[Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woolwich|Queen Elizabeth Hospital]]
|[[Abbey Wood]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-244.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 245|245]]
|[[Golders Green]]
|[[Alperton]] ''Sainsbury's''
|[[First Centrewest]] (Metroline from 22 June 2013) <ref name=londonbusroutes />
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-245.pdf]
|-
|246
|[[Bromley North railway station|Bromley North Station]]
| style="background:#D8 BF D8;"|[[Westerham]] † [[Chartwell]] (summer Sundays) †
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-246.pdf]
|-
|247
|[[Barkingside]]
|[[Romford]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-247.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 248|248]]
|[[Romford]]
|[[Cranham]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-248.pdf]
|-
|249
|[[Clapham Common]]
|[[Anerley railway station|Anerley Station]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-249.pdf]
|-
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|250
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Brixton]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Croydon]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|Arriva London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-250.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 251|251]]
|[[Arnos Grove tube station|Arnos Grove Station]]
|[[Edgware]]
|[[Transdev London Sovereign|London Sovereign]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-251.pdf]
|-
|252
|[[Collier Row]]
|[[Hornchurch]]
|First Capital ([[Stagecoach London]] from 28 September 2013)
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-252.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 253|253]]
|[[Euston railway station|Euston Station]]
|[[Hackney Central railway station|Hackney Central Station]]
|Arriva London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-253.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 254|254]]
|[[Aldgate]]
|[[Holloway, London|Holloway]]
|Arriva London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-254.pdf]
|-
|255
|[[Streatham Hill]]
|[[Pollards Hill]]
|Arriva London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-255.pdf]
|-
|256
|[[Noak Hill]]
|[[St George's Hospital, Havering|St George's Hospital]]
|[[Arriva Southern Counties]] [[Stagecoach London]] (School Journeys) ([[Stagecoach London]] from 28 September 2013) <ref>http://www.londonbusroutes.net/changes.htm#55</ref>
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-256.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 257|257]]
|[[Stratford, London|Stratford]]
|[[Walthamstow Central station|Walthamstow Central Station]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-257.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 258|258]]
|[[South Harrow]]
|[[Watford Junction railway station|Watford Junction]] †
|Arriva Shires & Essex
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-258.pdf]
|-
|259
|[[Kings Cross, London|Kings Cross]]
|[[Edmonton Green Shopping Centre]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-259.pdf]
|-
|260
|[[Golders Green]]
|[[White City, London|White City]]
|Metroline
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-260.pdf]
|-
|261
|[[Lewisham]]
|[[Princess Royal Hospital (Haywards Heath)|Princess Royal Hospital]]
|[[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]] ([[Stagecoach London]] from 30 November 2013) <ref name=Lots />
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-261.pdf]
|-
|262
|[[Beckton]]
|[[Stratford, London|Stratford]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-262.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 263|263]]
|[[Barnet]]
|[[Holloway, London|Holloway]]
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-263.pdf]
|-
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|264
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[St George's Hospital]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Croydon]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|Arriva London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-264.pdf]
|-
|265
|[[Putney Bridge tube station|Putney Bridge Station]]
|[[Tolworth]]
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-265.pdf]
|-
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[London Buses route 266|266]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Hammersmith]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Brent Cross]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[First Centrewest]] ([[Tower Transit]] from 22 June 2013) <ref name=londonbusroutes />
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-266.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 267|267]]
|[[Hammersmith]]
|[[Fulwell, London|Fulwell]]
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-267.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 268|268]]
|[[Golders Green tube station|Golders Green Station]]
|[[Finchley Road]] ''02 Centre''
|[[Arriva Shires & Essex]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-268.pdf]
|-
|269
|[[Bromley North railway station|Bromley North Station]]
|[[Bexleyheath]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-269.pdf]
|-
|270
|[[Mitcham]]
|[[Putney Bridge tube station|Putney Bridge Station]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-270.pdf]
|-
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[London Buses route 271|271]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Highgate]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Moorgate]] ''Finsbury Square''
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-271.pdf]
|-
|272
|[[Shepherd's Bush]]
|[[Chiswick]]
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-272.pdf]
|-
|273
|[[Lewisham]]
|[[Petts Wood railway station|Petts Wood Station]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-273.pdf]
|-
|274
|[[Angel tube station|Angel Station]]
|[[Lancaster Gate tube station|Lancaster Gate Station]]
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-274.pdf]
|-
|275
|[[St James Street railway station|St James Street Station]]
|[[Barkingside]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-275.pdf]
|-
|276
|[[Stoke Newington Common]]
|[[Newham General Hospital|Newham Hospital]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-276.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 277|277]]
|[[Highbury & Islington station|Highbury & Islington Station]]
|[[Leamouth]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-277.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 279|279]]
|[[Manor House tube station|Manor House Station]]
|[[Waltham Cross]] †
|[[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-279.pdf]
|-
|280
|[[St George's Hospital]]
|[[Belmont railway station (Sutton)|Belmont Station]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-280.pdf]
|-
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[London Buses route 281|281]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Hounslow]] ''Bus Station''
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Tolworth]] ''Ewell Road''
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-281.pdf]
|-
|282
|[[Ealing Hospital]]
|[[Mount Vernon Hospital]]
|[[First Centrewest]] (Metroline from 22 June 2013) <ref name=londonbusroutes />
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-282.pdf]
|-
|283
|[[East Acton]] ''Brunel Road''
| style="background:#D8 BF D8;"|[[Barnes, London|Barnes]] ''Pond'' [[Barnes, London|Barnes]] ''[[London Wetland Centre|Wetland Centre]]'' (daytime)
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-283.pdf]
|-
|284
|[[Lewisham]]
|[[Grove Park, Lewisham|Grove Park]]
|[[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-284.pdf]
|-
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[London Buses route 285|285]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Kingston upon Thames|Kingston]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[London Heathrow Airport|Heathrow Airport]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-285.pdf]
|-
|286
|[[Greenwich]]
|[[Queen Mary's Hospital]]
|[[Arriva Southern Counties]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-286.pdf]
|-
|287
|[[Barking]]
|[[Rainham, London|Rainham]] ''Abbey Wood Lane''
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-287.pdf]
|-
|288
|[[Queensbury, London|Queensbury]]
|[[Broadfields Estate]]
|[[Arriva Shires & Essex]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-288.pdf]
|-
|289
|[[Elmers End]]
|[[Purley, London|Purley]]
|[[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-289.pdf]
|-
|290
|[[Twickenham railway station|Twickenham Station]]
|[[Staines]] †
|[[Abellio London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-290.pdf]
|-
|291
|[[Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woolwich|Queen Elizabeth Hospital]]
|[[Plumstead]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-291.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 292|292]]
|[[Borehamwood]] †
|[[Colindale]]
|[[Transdev London Sovereign|London Sovereign]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-292.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 293|293]]
|[[Morden]]
|[[Epsom|Epsom Hospital]] †
|[[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-293.pdf]
|-
|294
|[[Noak Hill]]
|[[Havering Country Park|Havering Park]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-294.pdf]
|-
| style="background:#B0 E0 E6;"|295
| style="background:#B0 E0 E6;"|[[Clapham Junction railway station|Clapham Junction Station]]
| style="background:#B0 E0 E6;"|[[Ladbroke Grove]] ''Sainsbury's''
| style="background:#B0 E0 E6;"|[[First Centrewest]] ([[Tower Transit]] from 22 June 2013) <ref name=londonbusroutes />
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-295.pdf]
|-
|296
|[[Ilford]]
|[[Romford]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-296.pdf]
|-
| style="background:#B0 E0 E6;"|[[London Buses route 297|297]]
| style="background:#B0 E0 E6;"|[[Ealing Broadway station|Ealing Broadway Station]]
| style="background:#B0 E0 E6;"|[[Willesden]] ''Bus Garage''
| style="background:#B0 E0 E6;"|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-297.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 298|298]]
|[[Arnos Grove tube station|Arnos Grove Station]]
|[[Potters Bar]] †
|[[Sullivan Buses]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-298.pdf]
|-
|299
|[[Muswell Hill]]
|[[Cockfosters tube station|Cockfosters Station]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-299.pdf]
|}

===300–399===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
| style="width:10%;"| '''Route'''
| style="width:30%;"| '''Start'''
| style="width:30%;"| '''End'''
| style="width:20%;"| '''Operator'''
| style="width:10%;"| '''Performance'''
|-
|300
|[[Canning Town]]
|[[East Ham]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-300.pdf]
|-
|302
|[[Kensal Rise]]
|[[Mill Hill]]
|Metroline
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-302.pdf]
|-
|303
|[[Colindale]]
|[[Edgware]]
|Arriva Shires & Essex
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-303.pdf]
|-
|305
|[[Kingsbury]]
|[[Edgware]]
|Arriva Shires & Essex
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-305.pdf]
|-
|307
|[[Barnet]]
|[[Brimsdown]]
|Arriva London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-307.pdf]
|-
|308
|[[Clapton Park]]
|[[Wanstead]]
|First Capital ([[Tower Transit]] from 22 June 2013) <ref name=londonbusroutes />
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-308.pdf]
|-
|309
|[[London Chest Hospital]]
|[[Canning Town]]
|CT Plus
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-309.pdf]
|-
|312
|[[Norwood Junction railway station|Norwood Junction]]
|[[South Croydon]]
|Arriva London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-312.pdf]
|-
|313
|[[Chingford railway station|Chingford]]
|[[Potters Bar]] †
|Arriva London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-313.pdf]
|-
|314
|[[Eltham|Eltham Station]]
|[[New Addington]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-314.pdf]
|-
|315
|[[Balham, London|Balham]]
|[[West Norwood]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-315.pdf]
|-
|316
|[[Westfield London|White City]]
|[[Cricklewood]]
|Metroline
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-316.pdf]
|-
|317
|[[Enfield Town|Enfield]]
|[[Waltham Cross]] †
|Arriva Shires & Essex
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-317.pdf]
|-
|318
|[[North Middlesex Hospital]]
|[[Stamford Hill]]
|Arriva London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-318.pdf]
|-
|319
|[[Sloane Square]]
|[[Streatham Hill]]
|Arriva London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-319.pdf]
|-
|320
|[[Catford Bridge railway station|Catford Bridge Station]]
|[[Biggin Hill]]
|Metrobus
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-320.pdf]
|-
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|321
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[New Cross]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Foots Cray]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-321.pdf]
|-
|322
|[[Clapham Common]]
|[[Crystal Palace, London|Crystal Palace]]
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-322.pdf]
|-
|323
|[[Mile End]]
|[[Canning Town]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-323.pdf]
|-
|324
|[[Stanmore]]
|[[Brent Cross]] ''Tesco''
|[[Transdev London Sovereign|London Sovereign]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-324.pdf]
|-
|325
|[[Prince Regent DLR station|Prince Regent Station]]
|[[East Beckton]]
|[[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-325.pdf]
|-
|326
|[[Brent Cross]]
|[[Barnet]]
|Metroline
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-326.pdf]
|-
|327
|[[Waltham Cross]] †
|''Circular route via Elsinge Estate and Turkey Street''
|Arriva London ([[Go-Ahead London]] from 8 June 2013) <ref name=Lots />
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-327.pdf]
|-
|[[London buses route 328|328]]
|[[Chelsea, London|Chelsea]]
|[[Golders Green]]
|[[First Centrewest]] ([[Tower Transit]] from 29 June 2013) <ref name=londonbusroutes />
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-328.pdf]
|-
|329
|[[Turnpike Lane tube station|Turnpike Lane]]
|[[Enfield Town|Enfield]]
|Arriva London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-329.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 330|330]]
|[[Canning Town]]
|[[Wanstead Park railway station|Wanstead Park Station]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-330.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 331|331]]
|[[Ruislip]]
|[[Uxbridge]]
|[[First Centrewest]] (Metroline from 22 June 2013) <ref name=londonbusroutes />
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-331.pdf]
|-
|332
|[[Brent Park]]
|[[Paddington]]
|Metroline
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-332.pdf]
|-
|333
|[[Elephant & Castle railway station|Elephant & Castle Station]]
|[[Tooting]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-333.pdf]
|-
|336
|[[Catford]]
|[[Locksbottom]]
|Metrobus
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-336.pdf]
|-
|337
|[[Clapham Junction railway station|Clapham Junction Station]]
|[[Richmond, London|Richmond]]
|Go-Ahead London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-337.pdf]
|-
|339
|[[Shadwell]]
|[[Stratford City]]
|First Capital ([[Tower Transit]] from 22 June 2013) <ref name=londonbusroutes />
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-339.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 340|340]]
|[[Edgware]]
|[[Harrow, London|Harrow Bus Station]]
|Arriva Shires & Essex
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-340.pdf]
|-
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|341
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[County Hall, London|County Hall]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Lea Valley]] ''Tesco''
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|Arriva London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-341.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 343|343]]
|[[London Bridge station|London Bridge Station]]
|[[New Cross Gate]]
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-343.pdf]
|-
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|344
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Liverpool Street station|Liverpool Street Station]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Clapham Junction railway station|Clapham Junction Station]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-344.pdf]
|-
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|345
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[South Kensington]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Peckham]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-345.pdf]
|-
|346
|[[Upminster]]
|[[Upminster Park Estate]]
|[[Arriva Southern Counties]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-346.pdf]
|-
|347
|[[Romford]]
|[[Ockendon railway station|Ockendon Station]] †
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-347.pdf]
|-
|349
|[[Stamford Hill]]
|[[Ponders End]]
|Arriva London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-349.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 350|350]]
|[[Hayes, Hillingdon|Hayes]]
|[[London Heathrow Terminal 5|Heathrow Airport, Terminal 5]]
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-350.pdf]
|-
|352
|[[Lower Sydenham]]
|[[Bromley North railway station|Bromley North]]
|Metrobus
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-352.pdf]
|-
|353
|[[Addington Village Interchange]]
|Ramsden Estate
|[[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-353.pdf]
|-
|354
|[[Penge]]
|[[Bromley North railway station|Bromley North Station]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-354.pdf]
|-
|355
|[[Brixton]]
|[[Mitcham]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-355.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 356|356]]
|[[Sydenham|Upper Sydenham]]
|[[Shirley, London|Shirley]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-356.pdf]
|-
|357
| style="background:#D8 BF D8;"|[[Whipps Cross University Hospital]] (Sundays) [[Whipps Cross]]
|[[Chingford Hatch]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-357.pdf]
|-
|358
|[[Crystal Palace, London|Crystal Palace]]
|[[Orpington railway station|Orpington Station]]
|Metrobus
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-358.pdf]
|-
|359
|[[Addington Village Interchange]]
|[[Selsdon]]
|Metrobus
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-359.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 360|360]]
|[[Elephant & Castle railway station|Elephant & Castle Station]]
|[[Royal Albert Hall]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-360.pdf]
|-
|362
|[[King George Hospital, London|King George Hospital]]
|[[Grange Hill tube station|Grange Hill]] †
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-362.pdf]
|-
|363
|[[Elephant & Castle railway station|Elephant & Castle Station]]
|[[Crystal Palace, London|Crystal Palace]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-363.pdf]
|-
|364
|[[Ilford]]
|[[Dagenham|Dagenham East]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-364.pdf]
|-
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|365
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[South Hornchurch|Mardyke Estate]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Havering Country Park|Havering Park]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|First Capital (Stagecoach London from 28 September 2013) <ref name=Lots />
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-365.pdf]
|-
|366
|[[Beckton|Beckton Bus Station]]
|[[Redbridge, London|Redbridge]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-366.pdf]
|-
|367
|[[Bromley North railway station|Bromley North Station]]
|[[West Croydon station|West Croydon]]
|Metrobus
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-367.pdf]
|-
|368
|[[Barking]]
|[[Chadwell Heath]]
|[[First Capital]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-368.pdf]
|-
|370
|[[Romford]]
|[[Lakeside Shopping Centre|Lakeside]] †
|Arriva Southern Counties
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-370.pdf]
|-
|371
|[[Richmond, London|Richmond]]
|[[Kingston upon Thames|Kingston]]
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-371.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 372|372]]
|[[Hornchurch]]
|[[Lakeside Shopping Centre|Lakeside]] †
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-372.pdf]
|-
|375
|[[Romford railway station|Romford Station]]
|[[Passingford Bridge]]
|[[Arriva Southern Counties]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-375.pdf]
|-
|376
|[[Beckton]]
|[[East Ham]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-376.pdf]
|-
|377
|[[Ponders End]]
|[[Oakwood, London|Oakwood]]
|Arriva London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-377.pdf]
|-
|379
|[[Chingford]]
|[[Chingford|Yardley Lane Estate]]
|Arriva London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-379.pdf]
|-
|380
|[[Lewisham]]
|[[Belmarsh (HM Prison)|Belmarsh Prison]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-380.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 381|381]]
|[[County Hall, London|County Hall]]
|[[Peckham]]
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-381.pdf]
|-
|382
|[[Southgate tube station|Southgate]]
|[[Mill Hill East tube station|Mill Hill East]]
|Arriva London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-382.pdf]
|-
|383
|[[Barnet]]
|[[Woodside Park tube station|Woodside Park Station]]
|Metroline
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-383.pdf]
|-
|384
|[[Barnet]]
|[[Cockfosters tube station|Cockfosters]]
|Metroline
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-384.pdf]
|-
|385
|[[Chingford|Chingford Station]]
|[[Chingford|South Chingford]]
|CT Plus
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-385.pdf]
|-
|386
|[[Blackheath, London|Blackheath Village]]
|[[Woolwich]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-386.pdf]
|-
|387
| style="background:#D8 BF D8;"|Barking Reach [[Creekmouth]]
|[[King George Hospital, London|King George Hospital]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-387.pdf]
|-
|388
|[[Blackfriars, London|Blackfriars]]
|[[Hackney Wick]]
|[[CT Plus]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-388.pdf]
|-
|389
|[[Barnet]]
|''Circular via Western Way''
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-389.pdf]
|-
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|390
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Notting Hill Gate]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Archway, London|Archway]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-390.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 391|391]]
|[[Sands End]]
|[[Richmond, London|Richmond]]
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-391.pdf]
|-
|393
|[[Chalk Farm]]
|[[Upper Clapton|Clapton]]
|[[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-393.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 394|394]]
|[[Islington]] ''Police Station''
|[[Homerton University Hospital]]
|[[CT Plus]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-394.pdf]
|-
|395
|Westway Cross ''Retail Park''
|[[Harrow bus station|Harrow Bus Station]]
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-395.pdf]
|-
|396
|[[Ilford]]
|[[King George Hospital, London|King George Hospital]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-396.pdf]
|-
|397
|[[Chingford|South Chingford]]
|[[Debden, Epping Forest|Debden]] †
|[[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-397.pdf]
|-
|398
|[[Ruislip]]
|[[Wood End, Northolt|Wood End]]
|[[Transdev London Sovereign|London Sovereign]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-398.pdf]
|-
|399
|[[Barnet]]
|''Circular via [[Hadley Wood railway station|Hadley Wood Station]]''
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-399.pdf]
|}

===400–499===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
| style="width:10%;"| '''Route'''
| style="width:30%;"| '''Start'''
| style="width:30%;"| '''End'''
| style="width:20%;"| '''Operator'''
| style="width:10%;"| '''Performance'''
|-
|401
|[[Thamesmead]]
|[[Bexleyheath]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-401.pdf]
|-
|403
|[[West Croydon station|West Croydon]]
|[[Warlingham]] †
|[[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-403.pdf]
|-
|404
|[[Coulsdon]]
|[[Caterham-on-the-Hill]] †
|[[Quality Line]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-404.pdf]
|-
|405
|[[West Croydon station|West Croydon]]
|[[Redhill, Surrey|Redhill]] †
|[[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]] [[Arriva London]] (School Journeys)
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-405.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 406|406]]
|[[Kingston upon Thames|Kingston]]
|[[Epsom]] †
|[[Quality Line]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-406.pdf]
|-
|407
|[[Sutton, London|Sutton]]
|[[Caterham railway station|Caterham]] †
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-407.pdf]
|-
|410
|[[Crystal Palace, London|Crystal Palace]]
|[[Wallington, London|Wallington]]
|[[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-410.pdf]
|-
|411
|[[Kingston upon Thames|Kingston]]
|[[Molesey|West Molesey]] †
|[[Quality Line]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-411.pdf]
|-
|412
|[[West Croydon station|West Croydon]]
|[[Purley, London|Purley Hospital]]
|[[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-412.pdf]
|-
|413
|[[Morden tube station|Morden]]
|[[Sutton, London|Sutton]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-413.pdf]
|-
|414
|[[Putney Bridge tube station|Putney Bridge Station]]
|[[Maida Hill]]
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-414.pdf]
|-
|415
|[[Elephant & Castle]]
|[[Tulse Hill railway station|Tulse Hill Station]]
|[[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-415.pdf]
|-
|417
|[[Clapham Common]]
|[[Crystal Palace, London|Crystal Palace]]
|[[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-417.pdf]
|-
|418
|[[Kingston upon Thames|Kingston]]
|[[Epsom]] †
|[[Quality Line]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-418.pdf]
|-
|419
|[[Hammersmith]]
|[[Richmond, London|Richmond]]
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-419.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 422|422]]
|[[North Greenwich tube station|North Greenwich Station]]
|[[Bexleyheath]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-422.pdf]
|-
|423
|[[London Heathrow Terminal 5|Heathrow Airport, Terminal 5]]
|[[Hounslow]]
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-423.pdf]
|-
|424
|[[Fulham]]
|[[Putney Heath]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-424.pdf]
|-
|425
|[[Upper Clapton|Clapton]]
|[[Stratford station|Stratford Station]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]] ([[Tower Transit]] from 6 July 2013) <ref>http://www.londonbusroutes.net/changes.htm#89</ref>
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-425.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 427|427]]
|[[Acton, London|Acton]] ''Old Town Hall''
|[[Uxbridge]]
|[[First Centrewest]] (Metroline from 22 June 2013) <ref name=londonbusroutes />
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-427.pdf]
|-
|428
|[[Erith]]
|[[Bluewater (shopping centre)|Bluewater]] †
|Arriva Southern Counties
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-428.pdf]
|-
|430
|[[South Kensington]]
|[[Roehampton]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-430.pdf]
|-
|432
|[[Brixton]]
|[[Anerley railway station|Anerley]]
|[[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-432.pdf]
|-
|434
|[[Coulsdon|Rickman Hill]]
|[[Whyteleafe South railway station|Whyteleafe South]] ''Wapses Lodge Roundabout'' †
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio London]] ([[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]] from 31 August 2013) <ref name=Lots />
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-434.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 436|436]]
|[[Paddington]]
|[[Lewisham]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-436.pdf]
|-
|440
|[[Stonebridge Park station|Stonebridge Park Station]]
|[[Gunnersbury]]
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-440.pdf]
|-
|444
|[[Turnpike Lane]]
|[[Chingford]]
|Arriva London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-444.pdf]
|-
|450
|[[Sydenham|Lower Sydenham]]
|[[West Croydon station|West Croydon]]
|Arriva London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-450.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 452|452]]
|[[Kensal Rise]]
|[[Wandsworth Road railway station|Wandsworth Road Station]]
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-452.pdf]
|-
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[London Buses route 453|453]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Marylebone station|Marylebone Station]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Deptford|Deptford Broadway]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-453.pdf]
|-
|455
|[[Purley, London|Purley]]
|[[Wallington, London|Wallington]]
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-455.pdf]
|-
|460
|[[North Finchley]]
|[[Willesden]]
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-460.pdf]
|-
|462
|[[Ilford]]
|[[Hainault]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-462.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 463|463]]
|[[Streatham|Eastfields]]
|[[Coulsdon]]
|Quality Line
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-463.pdf]
|-
|464
|[[New Addington]]
|[[Tatsfield]] †
|[[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-464.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 465|465]]
|[[Kingston upon Thames|Kingston]]
|[[Dorking]] †
|[[Quality Line]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-465.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 466|466]]
|[[Addington, London|Addington Village Interchange]]
|[[Caterham-on-the-Hill]] †
|[[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-466.pdf]
|-
|467
|[[Hook, London|Hook]]
|[[Epsom]] †
|[[Quality Line]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-467.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 468|468]]
|[[Elephant & Castle railway station|Elephant & Castle]]
|[[South Croydon]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-468.pdf]
|-
|469
|[[Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woolwich|Queen Elizabeth Hospital]]
|[[Erith]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-469.pdf]
|-
|470
|[[Colliers Wood]]
|[[Epsom]] †
|[[Quality Line]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-470.pdf]
|-
| style="background:#B0 E0 E6;"|472
| style="background:#B0 E0 E6;"|[[North Greenwich tube station|North Greenwich Station]]
| style="background:#B0 E0 E6;"|[[Thamesmead]]
| style="background:#B0 E0 E6;"|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-472.pdf]
|-
|473
|[[Stratford, London|Stratford]]
|[[London City Airport]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-473.pdf]
|-
| style="background:#B0 E0 E6;"|474
| style="background:#B0 E0 E6;"|[[Canning Town]]
| style="background:#B0 E0 E6;"|[[Manor Park, London|Manor Park]]
| style="background:#B0 E0 E6;"|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-474.pdf]
|-
|476
|[[Northumberland Park railway station|Northumberland Park]]
|[[Euston railway station|Euston]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-476.pdf]
|-
|481
|[[West Middlesex Hospital]]
|[[Kingston upon Thames|Kingston]]
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-481.pdf]
|-
|482
|[[Southall]]
|[[London Heathrow Terminal 5|Heathrow Airport, Terminal 5]]
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-482.pdf]
|-
|484
|[[Camberwell Green]]
|[[Lewisham]]
|Abellio London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-484.pdf]
|-
|485
|[[Hammersmith]]
|[[Wandsworth]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-485.pdf]
|-
|486
|[[North Greenwich tube station|North Greenwich Station]]
|[[Bexleyheath]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-486.pdf]
|-
|487
|[[Willesden Junction station|Willesden Junction]]
|[[South Harrow]]
|[[First Centrewest]] (Metroline from 22 June 2013) <ref name=londonbusroutes />
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-487.pdf]
|-
|488
|[[Dalston Junction railway station|Dalston Junction Station]]
|[[Bromley-by-Bow]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-488.pdf]
|-
|490
|[[Richmond, London|Richmond]]
|[[London Heathrow Terminal 5|Heathrow Airport, Terminal 5]]
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-490.pdf]
|-
|491
|[[North Middlesex Hospital]]
|[[Waltham Cross]]
|[[Arriva London]] ([[Go-Ahead London]] from 1 June 2013) <ref name=Lots />
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-491.pdf]
|-
|492
|[[Sidcup]]
|[[Bluewater (shopping centre)|Bluewater]] †
|[[Arriva Southern Counties]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-492.pdf]
|-
|493
|[[Tooting Broadway]]
|[[Richmond, London|Richmond]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-493.pdf]
|-
|496
|[[Romford]]
|[[Harold Wood]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-496.pdf]
|-
|498
|[[Queen's Hospital]]
|[[Brentwood, Essex|Brentwood]]
|[[First Capital]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-498.pdf]
|-
|499
|[[Gallows Corner]]
|''loop service via [[Becontree Heath]] ''
|[[Arriva Southern Counties]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-499.pdf]
|}

===500–599===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
| style="width:10%;"| '''Route'''
| style="width:30%;"| '''Start'''
| style="width:30%;"| '''End'''
| style="width:20%;"| '''Operator'''
| style="width:10%;"| '''Performance'''
|-
|[[London Buses route 507|507]]
|[[London Victoria station|Victoria Station]]
|[[London Waterloo station|Waterloo Station]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-507.pdf]
|-
|[[London Buses route 521|521]]
|[[London Waterloo station|Waterloo Station]]
|[[London Bridge]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-521.pdf]
|-
|549
|[[South Woodford]]
|[[Loughton]] †
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-549.pdf]
|-
|573
|[[London City Airport]]
|Circular via [[North Woolwich]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|
|}

===600–699===

The majority of routes in this sequence are run for schools to reduce overcrowding on regular bus services. Their timetables are subject to short notice alteration and re-routing in accordance with school requirements. A notable exception is route [[London Buses route 607|607]], which is a [[limited-stop|limited stop]] service operating in [[West (London sub region)|West London]], whose number is "inherited" from the period (15 November 1936 – 8 November 1960), when this route was served by [[trolleybus]]es.<ref>{{cite web |title=David Bradley online |url=http://www.trolleybus.net/gb607.htm |accessdate=11 July 2009}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
| style="width:10%;"| '''Route'''
| style="width:20%;"| '''Start'''
| style="width:20%;"| '''End'''
| style="width:20%;"| '''Educational Establishment'''
| style="width:10%;"| '''Operator'''
| style="width:10%;"| '''Performance'''
|-
|601
|[[Thamesmead]]
|[[Dartford|Dartford Heath]] †
|Wilmington Hall School
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|
|-
|602
|[[Thamesmead]]
|[[Bexleyheath]]
|Townley Grammar School for Girls
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|
|-
|603
|[[Swiss Cottage tube station|Swiss Cottage Station]]
|[[Muswell Hill]]
|
|Metroline
|
|-
|605
|[[Edgware tube station|Edgware Station]]
|[[Mill Hill]]
|[[Mill Hill County High School]]
|London Sovereign
|
|-
|606
|[[Queensbury, London|Queensbury]]
|[[Barnet]]
|Ravenscroft School
|[[Metroline]]
|
|-
|[[London Buses route 607|607]]
|[[White City, London|White City]]
|[[Uxbridge]]
|
|[[First Centrewest]] (Metroline from 22 June 2013) <ref name=londonbusroutes />
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-607.pdf]
|-
|608
|Gallows Corner
|Shenfield High School †
|Shenfield High School
|First Capital
|
|-
|609
|[[Hammersmith]]
|[[Mortlake]]
|Harrodian School
|[[Metroline]]
|
|-
|611
|[[Stonebridge Park station|Stonebridge Park]]
|[[East Finchley]]
||[[Bishop Douglass School]]
|Metroline
|
|-
|612
|[[Selsdon]]
|[[Wallington, London|Wallington]]
|Wallington County Grammar School, [[Riddlesdown High School]], [[The John Fisher School]], Wallington High for Girls
|Metrobus (Arriva London from 31 August 2013) <ref>http://www.londonbusroutes.net/changes.htm#94</ref>
|
|-
|613
|[[Worcester Park railway station|Worcester Park]]
|[[Sutton, London|Sutton Common]]
|Glenthorne High School
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|
|-
|616
|[[Winchmore Hill]]
|[[Edmonton Green Shopping Centre]]
|The Latymer School
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|
|-
|617
|[[Turnpike Lane tube station|Turnpike Lane Station]]
|[[Turkey Street railway station|Turkey Street]]
|[[St Ignatius' College]]
|[[Arriva London]]
|
|-
|621
|[[Lewisham]]
|[[Eltham]]
|Crown Woods School
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|
|-
|624
|[[Woolwich]]
|[[Grove Park, Lewisham|Grove Park]]
|Crown Woods School
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|
|-
|625
|[[Plumstead Common]]
|[[Chislehurst]]
|
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|
|-
|626
|[[Finchley]]
|[[Potters Bar]] †
|Dame Alice Owen's School
|Metroline (Sullivan Buses from 31 August 2013)<ref>http://www.londonbusroutes.net/changes.htm#96</ref>
|
|-
|627
|Woodcote Green
|[[Cheam]]
|Wallington High School
|Arriva London
|
|-
|628
|[[Southgate, London|Southgate]]
|[[Kingsbury]] ''[[Jews' Free School|JFS]] ''
|[[Jews' Free School|JFS]]
|Sullivan Buses
|
|-
|629
|[[Wood Green]]
|[[Turkey Street railway station|Turkey Street]]
|[[St Ignatius' College]]
|Arriva London
|
|-
|631
|[[Golders Green]]
|[[Henrietta Barnett School]]
|[[Henrietta Barnett School]]
|[[Arriva Shires & Essex]]
|
|-
|632
|[[Colindale tube station|Colindale Station]]
|[[Kilburn Park tube station|Kilburn Park]]
|
|Metroline
|
|-
|634 (Discontinued from 20 July 2013) <ref>http://www.londonbusroutes.net/changes.htm#97</ref>
|[[Muswell Hill]]
|[[Barnet]]
|
|Arriva London
|
|-
|635
|[[Brentford]]
|[[Sunbury-on-Thames|Sunbury Cross]] †
|St. Paul's School
|London United
|
|-
|636
|Kemnal College
|[[Grove Park, Lewisham|Grove Park]]
|Kemnal College,Eltham College
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|
|-
|637
|Kemnal College
|[[Grove Park, Lewisham|Grove Park]]
|Eltham College, Kemnal College,
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|
|-
|638
|Kemnal College
|[[Coney Hall]]
|Beaverwood School, Kemnal College, Coopers Technology College, Eltham College
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|
|-
|639
|[[Clapham Junction]]
|[[Putney]]
|John Paul II School
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|
|-
|640
|[[South Harrow tube station|South Harrow Station]]
|[[Harrow Weald]]
|Whitmore High School, Salvatorian College, Sacred Heart College, Bentley Wood School
|Arriva Shires & Essex
|
|-
|641
|[[Teddington School]]
|[[Molesey|West Molesey]] †
|Teddington School
|Quality Line
|
|-
|642
|[[West Hendon]]
|[[Stanmore]]
|London Academy
|[[Arriva Shires & Essex]]
|
|-
|643
|[[Brent Cross]]
|[[East Finchley]]
|[[Christ's College Finchley]]
|Metroline
|
|-
|646
|[[Noak Hill]]
|[[Cranham]]
|
|First Capital
|
|-
|647
|[[Romford]]
|[[Harold Hill]]
|Harold Hill Community School
|[[Arriva London]]
|
|-
|648
|[[Romford]]
|[[Cranham]]
|
|First Capital
|
|-
|649
|[[Romford]]
|Emerson Park
|Campion School
|Go-Ahead London
|
|-
|650
|Romford
|Emerson Park
|Emerson Park School
|Go-Ahead London
|
|-
|651
|[[Romford]]
|[[Collier Row|North Romford]]
| Bower Park School
|Go-Ahead London
|
|-
|652
|[[Rainham, London|Rainham]]
|[[Upminster]]
|Sanders Drapers School [[Havering Sixth Form College]]
|[[First Capital]]
|
|-
|653
|[[Kingsbury]] ''[[Jews' Free School|JFS]]''
|[[Muswell Hill]]
|[[Jews' Free School|JFS]]
|Sullivan Buses
|
|-
|654
|[[Selsdon]]
|[[Ramsden, Greater London|Ramsden]]
|The Priory School,Ravens Wood School
|Metrobus
|
|-
|655
|[[Mitcham]]
|[[Raynes Park]]
|Raynes Park High School
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|
|-
|656
|[[Gallows Corner]]
|[[Emerson Park]]
|Emerson Park School
|First Capital
|
|-
|657
|[[Chingford|South Chingford]]
|[[Woodford, London|Woodford Wells]]
|[[Trinity Catholic High School, Woodford Green|Trinity Catholic High School]], [[Bancroft's School]]
|Arriva London
|
|-
|658
|Woolwich
|Crown Woods School
|Crown Woods School
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|
|-
|660
|[[Bellingham, London|Bellingham]]
|[[Eltham]]
|Crown Woods School
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|
|-
|661
|[[Mottingham]]
|[[Petts Wood]]
|Eltham College & Cooper School
|Go-Ahead London
|
|-
|664
|[[New Addington]]
|[[Biggin Hill]]
|[[Charles Darwin School]] Ravens Wood School
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|
|-
|665
|[[Surbiton]]
|[[New Malden]]
|Holy Cross School
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|
|-
|667
|[[Ilford]]
|[[Chigwell]] †
|West Hatch School
|First Capital
|
|-
|669
|[[Erith]]
|[[Albany Park, Bexley|Albany Park]]
|Cleeve Park School
|Go-Ahead London
|
|-
|670
|[[Clapham Junction railway station|Clapham Junction]]
|[[Putney]]
|John Paul II School
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|
|-
|671
|[[Chessington South railway station|Chessington S. Sta.]]
|[[Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames|Kingston]]
|Tiffin Girls' School
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|
|-
|672
|[[Woolwich]]
|[[Thamesmead]]
|Woolwich Polytechnic School
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|
|-
|673
|[[Beckton]]
|[[Becontree]]
|Warren School
|Go-Ahead London
|
|-
|674
|[[Romford]]
|[[Harold Hill]]
|
|Go-Ahead London
|
|-
|675
|[[St James Street railway station|St James Station]]
|[[Woodford, London|Woodford]]
|Woodbridge High School
|CT Plus
|
|-
|678
|[[Beckton]]
|[[Stratford, London|Stratford]]
|[[St Angela's Ursuline School]] [[St Bonaventure's Catholic Comprehensive School|St. Bonaventure's Comprehensive School]]
|[[Arriva London]]
|
|-
|679
|[[Goodmayes]]
|[[Chingford]]
|[[Woodford County High School (London)|Woodford County High]], [[Trinity Catholic High School, Woodford Green|Trinity Catholic High School]]
|First Capital
|
|-
|681
|[[Hounslow]]
|[[Teddington]]
|Teddington School
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|
|-
|683
|[[Friern Barnet]]
|[[Kingsbury]] ''[[Jews' Free School|JFS]]''
|[[Jews' Free School|JFS]]
|Sullivan Buses
|
|-
|685
|[[Selsdon]]
|[[Hamsey Green]] †
|Warlingham Secondary School
|Arriva London
|
|-
|686
|[[Romford]]
|[[Harold Hill]]
|[[St. Edward's School]]
|[[First Capital]] <ref>http://www.londonbusroutes.net/changes.htm#97</ref>
|
|-
|687
|Dagenham Park Secondary School
|[[Barking station|Barking Station]]
|Dagenham Park Secondary School
|Stagecoach London
|
|-
|688
|[[Southgate, London|Southgate]]
|[[Kingsbury]] ''[[Jews' Free School|JFS]]''
|[[Jews' Free School|JFS]]
|Sullivan Buses
|
|-
|690
|[[Clapham Common]]
|[[West Norwood]]
|Burntwood School
|Arriva London
|
|-
|691
|[[Ham, London|Ham]]
|[[Surbiton]]
|Hollyfield School
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|
|-
|692
|[[Winchmore Hill]]
|[[Potters Bar]]
|Dame Alice Owen's School
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|
|-
|696
|[[Hayes, Hillingdon|Hayes]]
|Bishop Ramsey School
|Bishop Ramsey School
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|
|-
|697
|[[Ickenham]]
|Kinghill Avenue
|The Douay Martyrs School
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|
|-
|698
|[[Ickenham]]
|[[West Drayton]]
|The Douay Martyrs School
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|
|-
|699
|[[Winchmore Hill]]
|[[Potters Bar]] †
|Dame Alice Owen's School
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|
|}

===900–999===
These are Mobility Bus Routes. These routes provide a once a week return journey to a local shopping centre where there is no alternative route in the main bus network. The prevalence of low-floor buses across London has reduced somewhat the number of Mobility Bus services.

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
| '''Route'''
| '''Start'''
| '''End'''
| '''Day of Operation'''
| '''Operator'''
|-
|931
|[[Crystal Palace, London|Crystal Palace]]
|[[Lewisham]]
|Fridays only
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio London]]
|-
|965
|[[Tolworth]]
|[[Kingston upon Thames|Kingston]]
|Mondays and Fridays only
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|-
|969
|[[Whitton, London|Whitton]]
|[[Roehampton Vale]]
|Tuesdays and Fridays only
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio London]]
|}

===Letter prefixes===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
| style="width:10%;"| '''Route'''
| style="width:20%;"| '''Start'''
| style="width:20%;"| '''End'''
| style="width:20%;"| '''Operator'''
| style="width:10%;"| '''Performance'''
| style="width:20%;"| '''Letter code'''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://red-rf.com/rf-543 |title=The Reshaping Plan |work=Red-RF.com |accessdate=29 August 2010}}</ref>
|-
|[[London Buses route A10|A10]]
|[[London Heathrow Airport|Heathrow Airport]]
|[[Uxbridge]]
|[[First Centrewest]] (Metroline from 22 June 2013) <ref name=londonbusroutes />
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-A10.pdf]
|Airport
|-
|B11
|[[Thamesmead]]
|[[Bexleyheath]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-B11.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Bexley|Bexley]]
|-
|B12
|[[Joydens Wood]] †
|[[Erith]]
|[[Arriva Southern Counties]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-B12.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Bexley|Bexley]]
|-
|B13
|[[New Eltham]]
|[[Bexleyheath]]
|[[Arriva Southern Counties]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-B13.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Bexley|Bexley]]
|-
|B14
|[[Bexleyheath]]
|[[Orpington railway station|Orpington Station]]
|[[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-B14.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Bexley|Bexley]]
|-
|B15
|[[Horn Park]]
|[[Bexleyheath]]
|[[Arriva Southern Counties]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-B15.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Bexley|Bexley]]
|-
|B16
|[[Kidbrooke railway station|Kidbrooke]]
|[[Bexleyheath]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-B16.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Bexley|Bexley]]
|-
|[[London Buses route C1|C1]]
|[[Victoria, London|Victoria]]
|[[White City, London|White City]]
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-C1.pdf]
|[[Chelsea, London|Chelsea]]
|-
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[London Buses route C2|C2]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Victoria, London|Victoria]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Parliament Hill Fields]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Abellio London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-C2.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Camden|Camden]]
|-
|[[London Buses route C3|C3]]
|[[Earls Court]]
|[[Clapham Junction railway station|Clapham Junction]]
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-C3.pdf]
|[[Chelsea, London|Chelsea]]
|-
|C10
|[[Victoria, London|Victoria]]
|[[Canada Water]]
|Abellio London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-C10.pdf]
|[[Chelsea, London|Chelsea]]
|-
|C11
|[[Archway, London|Archway]]
|[[Brent Cross]]
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-C11.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Camden|Camden]]
|-
|D3
|[[Barts and The London NHS Trust|London Chest Hospital]]
|[[Isle of Dogs]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-D3.pdf]
|[[London Docklands|Docklands]]
|-
|D6
|[[Hackney Central]]
|[[Isle of Dogs]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-D6.pdf]
|[[London Docklands|Docklands]]
|-
|D7
|[[Mile End]]
|[[Poplar, London|Poplar]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-D7.pdf]
|[[London Docklands|Docklands]]
|-
|D8
|[[Isle of Dogs]]
|[[Stratford City]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-D8.pdf]
|[[London Docklands|Docklands]]
|-
|[[London Buses route E1|E1]]
|[[Ealing Broadway station|Ealing Broadway Station]]
|[[Greenford]]
|[[First Centrewest]] (Metroline from 22 June 2013) <ref name=londonbusroutes />
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-E1.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Ealing|Ealing]]
|-
|[[London Buses route E2|E2]]
|[[Greenford]]
|[[Brentford]]
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-E2.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Ealing|Ealing]]
|-
|[[London Buses route E3|E3]]
|[[Chiswick]]
|[[Greenford]]
|[[First Centrewest]] (Metroline from 22 June 2013) <ref>http://www.londonbusroutes.net/changes.htm#7</ref>
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-E3.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Ealing|Ealing]]
|-
|E5
|[[Southall]]
|[[Perivale]]
|First Centrewest (Metroline from 22 June 2013) <ref name=londonbusroutes />
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-E5.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Ealing|Ealing]]
|-
|[[London Buses route E6|E6]]
|[[Greenford]]
|[[Bulls Bridge]]
|Metroline
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-E6.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Ealing|Ealing]]
|-
|E7
|[[Ealing Broadway station|Ealing Broadway Station]]
|[[Ruislip]]
|First Centrewest (Metroline from 22 June 2013) <ref name=londonbusroutes />
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-E7.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Ealing|Ealing]]
|-
|[[London Buses route E8|E8]]
|[[Ealing Broadway station|Ealing Broadway Station]]
|[[Brentford]]
|Metroline
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-E8.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Ealing|Ealing]]
|-
|E9
|[[Ealing Broadway station|Ealing Broadway Station]]
|[[Yeading]]
|First Centrewest (Metroline from 22 June 2013) <ref name=londonbusroutes />
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-E9.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Ealing|Ealing]]
|-
|E10
|[[Ealing Broadway station|Ealing Broadway Station]]
|[[Northolt]]
|First Centrewest (Metroline from 22 June 2013) <ref name=londonbusroutes />
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-E10.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Ealing|Ealing]]
|-
|E11
|[[Ealing]]
|[[Greenford]]
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-E11.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Ealing|Ealing]]
|-
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[London Buses route EL1|EL1]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Thames View Estate]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Ilford]]
| style="background:B0 E0 E6;"|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-EL1.pdf]
|[[East London Transit]]
|-
|[[East London Transit|EL2]]
|[[Dagenham Dock railway station|Dagenham Dock Station]]
|[[Ilford]] '
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-EL2.pdf]
|[[East London Transit]]
|-
|G1
|[[Shaftesbury Estate]]
|[[Norbury]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-G1.pdf]
|[[St George's Hospital]]
|-
|[[London Buses route H2|H2]]
|[[Golders Green]]
|''Circular via [[Hampstead Garden Suburb]]''
|Arriva Shires & Essex
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-H2.pdf]
|[[Hampstead]]
|-
|H3
|[[Golders Green]]
|[[East Finchley|Hill Top]]
|Arriva Shires & Essex
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-H3.pdf]
|[[Hampstead]]
|-
|H9
|[[Harrow, London|Harrow]] ''circular''
|''anticlockwise via [[Northwick Park Hospital]]''
|[[Transdev London Sovereign|London Sovereign]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-H9.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Harrow|Harrow]]
|-
|H10
|[[Harrow, London|Harrow]] ''circular''
|''clockwise via [[South Harrow]]''
|[[Transdev London Sovereign|London Sovereign]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-H10.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Harrow|Harrow]]
|-
|H11
|[[Harrow, London|Harrow]]
|[[Mount Vernon Hospital]]
|[[Transdev London Sovereign|London Sovereign]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-H11.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Harrow|Harrow]]
|-
|[[London Buses route H12|H12]]
|[[Stanmore]]
|[[South Harrow]]
|[[Metroline]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-H12.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Harrow|Harrow]]
|-
|[[London Buses route H13|H13]]
|[[Ruislip|Ruislip Lido]]
|[[Northwood Hills]]
|[[Transdev London Sovereign|London Sovereign]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-H13.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Harrow|Harrow]]
|-
|H14
|[[Northwick Park Hospital]]
|[[Hatch End]]
|[[Transdev London Sovereign|London Sovereign]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-H14.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Harrow|Harrow]]
|-
|H17
|[[Wembley|Wembley Central]]
|[[Harrow, London|Harrow]]
|[[Transdev London Sovereign|London Sovereign]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-H17.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Harrow|Harrow]]
|-
|H18
|[[Harrow, London|Harrow]] ''circular''
|''clockwise via [[North Harrow]]''
|[[Arriva Shires & Essex]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-H18.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Harrow|Harrow]]
|-
|H19
|[[Harrow, London|Harrow]] ''circular''
|''anticlockwise via [[Kenton]]''
|[[Arriva Shires & Essex]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-H19.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Harrow|Harrow]]
|-
|H20
|[[Hounslow]]
|[[Ivybridge]]
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-H20.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Hounslow|Hounslow]]
|-
|[[London Buses route H22|H22]]
|[[Richmond, London|Richmond]]
|[[Hounslow]]
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-H22.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Hounslow|Hounslow]]
|-
|H25
|[[Hanworth]]
|[[Hatton Cross tube station|Hatton Cross Station]]
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-H25.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Hounslow|Hounslow]]
|-
|H26
|[[Feltham]]
|[[Hatton Cross tube station|Hatton Cross Station]]
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-H26.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Hounslow|Hounslow]]
|-
|H28
|[[Osterley]]
|[[Bulls Bridge]]
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-H28.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Hounslow|Hounslow]]
|-
|[[London Buses route H32|H32]]
|[[Hounslow]]
|[[Southall]]
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-H32.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Hounslow|Hounslow]]
|-
|[[London Buses route H37|H37]]
|[[North Sheen]]
|[[Hounslow]]
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-H37.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Hounslow|Hounslow]]
|-
|[[London Buses route H91|H91]]
|[[Hammersmith]]
|[[Hounslow west tube station|Hounslow West Station]]
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-H91.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Hounslow|Hounslow]]
|-
|H98
|[[Hayes End]]
|[[Hounslow]]
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-H98.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Hounslow|Hounslow]]
|-
|[[London Buses route K1|K1]]
|[[New Malden]]
|[[Kingston upon Thames|Kingston]]
|[[London United Busways|London United]] ([[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio London]] from 29 June 2013)
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-K1.pdf]
|[[Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames|Kingston]]
|-
|[[London Buses route K2|K2]]
|[[Kingston Hospital]]
|[[Hook, London|Hook]]
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-K2.pdf]
|[[Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames|Kingston]]
|-
|[[London Buses route K3|K3]]
|[[Roehampton|Roehampton Vale]]
|[[Esher]] †
|[[London United Busways|London United]] ([[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio London]] from 29 June 2013)
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-K3.pdf]
|[[Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames|Kingston]]
|-
|[[London Buses route K4|K4]]
|[[Hook, London|Hook]]
|[[Kingston Hospital]]
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-K4.pdf]
|[[Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames|Kingston]]
|-
|K5
|[[Morden]]
|[[Ham, London|Ham]]
|[[Quality Line]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-K5.pdf]
|[[Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames|Kingston]]
|-
|P4
|[[Brixton]]
|[[Lewisham]]
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-P4.pdf]
|[[Peckham]]
|-
|P5
|[[Elephant & Castle railway station|Elephant & Castle]]
|[[Nine Elms]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-P5.pdf]
|[[Peckham]]
|-
|P12
|[[Surrey Quays]]
|[[Brockley|Brockley Rise]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-P12.pdf]
|[[Peckham]]
|-
|P13
|[[New Cross Gate]]
|[[Streatham]]
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-P13.pdf]
|[[Peckham]]
|-
|R1
|[[Green Street Green]]
|[[St Paul's Cray]]
|[[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-R1.pdf]
|[[Orpington|Orpington (Roundabout)]]
|-
|R2
|[[Petts Wood railway station|Petts Wood Station]]
|[[Biggin Hill Valley]]
|[[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-R2.pdf]
|[[Orpington|Orpington (Roundabout)]]
|-
|R3
|[[Princess Royal University Hospital]]
|[[Chelsfield Village]]
|[[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-R3.pdf]
|[[Orpington|Orpington (Roundabout)]]
|-
|R4
|[[Princess Royal University Hospital]]
|Pauls Cray Hill
|[[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-R4.pdf]
|[[Orpington|Orpington (Roundabout)]]
|-
|R5
|[[Orpington railway station|Orpington Station]]n''circular''
|''clockwise via [[Knockholt]]''
|[[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]] ([[Stagecoach London]] from 7 December 2013) <ref name=Lots />
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-R5.pdf]
|[[Orpington|Orpington (Roundabout)]]
|-
|R6
|[[Orpington railway station|Orpington Station]]
|[[St Mary Cray railway station|St. Mary Cray Station]]
|[[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-R6.pdf]
|[[Orpington|Orpington (Roundabout)]]
|-
|R7
|[[Orpington]]
|[[Bickley railway station|Bickley Station]]
|[[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]] ([[Stagecoach London]] from 7 December 2013) <ref name=Lots />
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-R7.pdf]
|[[Orpington|Orpington (Roundabout)]]
|-
|R8
|[[Orpington railway station|Orpington Station]]
|[[Biggin Hill]]
|[[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-R8.pdf]
|[[Orpington|Orpington (Roundabout)]]
|-
|R9
|[[Orpington railway station|Orpington Station]]
|Ramsden Estate
|[[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-R9.pdf]
|[[Orpington|Orpington (Roundabout)]]
|-
|R10
|[[Orpington railway station|Orpington Station]] ''circular''
|''anticlockwise via [[Cudham]]''
|[[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]] ([[Stagecoach London]] from 7 December 2013) <ref name=Lots />
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-R10.pdf]
|[[Orpington|Orpington (Roundabout)]]
|-
|R11
|[[Green Street Green]]
|[[Queen Mary's Hospital]]
|[[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-R11.pdf]
|[[Orpington|Orpington (Roundabout)]]
|-
|R68
| [[Hampton Court]] †
|[[Kew]]
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-R68.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Richmond upon Thames|Richmond]]
|-
|R70
|[[Hampton, London|Hampton]] (''Circular'')
|[[Richmond, London|Richmond]]
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-R70.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Richmond upon Thames|Richmond]]
|-
|[[London Buses route RV1|RV1]]
|[[Covent Garden]]
|[[Tower Bridge]]
|[[First Capital]] ([[Tower Transit]] from 22 June 2013) <ref name=londonbusroutes />
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-RV1.pdf]
|Riverside
|-
|[[London Buses route S1|S1]]
|[[Mitcham]]
|[[Banstead]] †
|[[Quality Line]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-S1.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Sutton|Sutton]]
|-
|S3
|[[Belmont, Sutton|Belmont]]
|[[Malden Manor railway station|Malden Manor Station]]
|Quality Line
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-S3.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Sutton|Sutton]]
|-
|S4
|[[Roundshaw]]
|[[Sutton, London|Sutton]]
|Quality Line
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-S4.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Sutton|Sutton]]
|-
|T31
|[[New Addington]]
|[[Forestdale, London|Forestdale]]
|[[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-T31.pdf]
|[[London Tramlink|Tramlink]] feeder
|-
|T32 (Discontinued from 4 April 2015)<ref>http://www.londonbusroutes.net/changes.htm#102</ref>
|[[New Addington]]
|[[Addington Village Interchange]]
|[[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-T32.pdf]
|[[London Tramlink|Tramlink]] feeder
|-
|[[London Buses route T33|T33]]
|[[West Croydon station|West Croydon]]
|[[Addington Village Interchange]]
|[[Abellio London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-T33.pdf]
|[[London Tramlink|Tramlink]] feeder
|-
|U1
|[[Ruislip]]
|[[West Drayton railway station|West Drayton Station]]
|[[First Centrewest]] (Metroline from 22 June 2013) <ref name=londonbusroutes />
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-U1.pdf]
|[[Uxbridge]]
|-
|U2
|[[Uxbridge]]
|[[Brunel University]]
|[[First Centrewest]] (Metroline from 22 June 2013) <ref name=londonbusroutes />
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-U2.pdf]
|[[Uxbridge]]
|-
|U3
|[[Uxbridge]]
|[[Heathrow Airport]]
|[[First Centrewest]] (Metroline from 22 June 2013) <ref name=londonbusroutes />
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-U3.pdf]
|[[Uxbridge]]
|-
|U4
|[[Uxbridge]]
|Prologis Park
|[[First Centrewest]] (Metroline from 22 June 2013) <ref name=londonbusroutes />
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-U4.pdf]
|[[Uxbridge]]
|-
|U5
|[[Uxbridge]]
|[[Hayes and Harlington railway station|Hayes and Harlington Station]]
|[[First Centrewest]] (Metroline from 22 June 2013) <ref name=londonbusroutes />
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-U5.pdf]
|[[Uxbridge]]
|-
|U7
|[[Uxbridge]]
|[[Hayes, Hillingdon|Hayes]]
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-U7.pdf]
|[[Uxbridge]]
|-
|U9
|[[Uxbridge]]
|[[Harefield Hospital]]
|[[Abellio London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-U9.pdf]
|[[Uxbridge]]
|-
|U10
|[[Uxbridge]]
|[[Ruislip]]
|[[First Centrewest]] (Metroline from 22 June 2013) <ref name=londonbusroutes />
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-U10.pdf]
|[[Uxbridge]]
|-
|W3
|[[Finsbury Park, London|Finsbury Park]]
|[[Northumberland Park, London|Northumberland Park]]
|[[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-W3.pdf]
|[[Wood Green]]
|-
|W4
|[[Oakthorpe Park]]
|Ferry Lane Estate
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-W4.pdf]
|[[Wood Green]]
|-
|W5
|[[Archway, London|Archway]]
|[[Harringay]]
|[[CT Plus]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-W5.pdf]
|[[Wood Green]]
|-
|W6
|[[Southgate, London|Southgate]]
|[[Edmonton Green Shopping Centre]]
|[[Arriva London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-W6.pdf]
|[[Wood Green]]
|-
|[[London Buses route W7|W7]]
|[[Finsbury Park]]
|[[Muswell Hill]]
|Metroline
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-W7.pdf]
|[[Wood Green]]
|-
|W8
|[[Edmonton, London|Edmonton]]
|[[Chase Farm Hospital]]
|Metroline
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-W8.pdf]
|[[Wood Green]]
|-
|W9{{Anchor|W9}}
|[[Southgate, London|Southgate]]
|[[Chase Farm Hospital]]
|Metroline
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-W9.pdf]
|[[Wood Green]]
|-
|W10
|[[Enfield Town]]
|[[Crews Hill]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-W10.pdf]
|[[Wood Green]]
|-
|W11
|[[Walthamstow]]
|[[Chingford|Chingford Hall Estate]]
|Arriva London
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-W11.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Waltham Forest|Waltham Forest]]
|-
|W12
|[[Walthamstow]]
|[[Wanstead]]
|[[CT Plus]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-W12.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Waltham Forest|Waltham Forest]]
|-
|W13
|[[Leytonstone]]
|[[Woodford, London|Woodford Wells]]
|[[CT Plus]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-W13.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Waltham Forest|Waltham Forest]]
|-
|W14
|[[Leyton]]
|[[Woodford Bridge]]
|First Capital ([[Tower Transit]] from 22 June 2013) <ref name=londonbusroutes />
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-W14.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Waltham Forest|Waltham Forest]]
|-
|W15
|[[Hackney Central]]
|[[Walthamstow|Cogan Avenue Estate]]
|First Capital ([[Tower Transit]] from 22 June 2013) <ref name=londonbusroutes />
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-W15.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Waltham Forest|Waltham Forest]]
|-
|W16
|[[Leytonstone]]
|[[Chingford|Chingford Mount]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-W16.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Waltham Forest|Waltham Forest]]
|-
|W19
| style="background:#D8 BF D8;"|Argall Avenue ([[St James Street railway station|St James Street Station]] after 20:00)
|[[Ilford]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-W19.pdf]
|[[London Borough of Waltham Forest|Waltham Forest]]
|-
|[[London Buses route X26|X26]]
|[[West Croydon station|West Croydon]]
|[[London Heathrow Airport|Heathrow Airport]]
|[[Quality Line]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-X26.pdf]
|Express route
|-
|[[London Buses route X68|X68]]
|[[Russell Square]]
|[[West Croydon station|West Croydon]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-X68.pdf]
|Express route
|}

===Night only routes (N-prefixed)===
{{main|List of night buses in London}}

Night bus routes are often related to the day numerical equivalent, normally running the same route but with an extension at either end of the service. This is normally to provide a night service to destinations served by tube or train during the day.

However, in a few cases, services have a route number that has no relation to its daytime equivalent, such as the [[London Buses route N5|N5]], which operates in a different part of London to [[London Buses route 5|day route 5]].

There are also 24-hour routes. Route [[London Buses route 65|65]] is classed as a 24-hour service, but unusually has an extension to its night service, rather than the night service being designated N65.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="width:10%;"| '''Route'''
| style="width:30%;"| '''Start'''
| style="width:30%;"| '''End'''
| style="width:20%;"| '''Operator'''
| style="width:10%;"| '''Performance'''
|-
| N1 || [[Tottenham Court Road]] || [[Thamesmead]] || [[Go-Ahead London]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N1.pdf]
|-
| N2 || [[Trafalgar Square]] || [[Crystal Palace]] || [[Arriva London]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N2.pdf]
|-
| N3 || [[Bromley North]] || [[Oxford Circus]] || [[Abellio London]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N3.pdf]
|-
| N5 || [[Edgware]] || [[Trafalgar Square]] || [[Metroline]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N5.pdf]
|-
| N7 || [[Russell Square]] || [[Northolt]] || [[Metroline]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N7.pdf]
|-
| N8 || [[Hainault]] || [[Oxford Circus]] || [[Stagecoach London]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N8.pdf]
|-
| N9 || [[Heathrow Terminal 5]] || [[Aldwych]] || [[London United]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N9.pdf]
|-
| N11 || [[Liverpool Street Station]] || [[Ealing Broadway]] || [[Go-Ahead London]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N11.pdf]
|-
| N13 || [[North Finchley]] || [[Aldwych]] || [[London Sovereign]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N13.pdf]
|-
| N15 || [[Romford]] || [[Regent Street]] || [[Stagecoach London]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N15.pdf]
|-
| N16 || [[Edgware]] || [[Victoria]] || [[Metroline]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N16.pdf]
|-
| N18 || [[Trafalgar Square]] || [[Harrow Weald]] || [[First Centrewest]] (Metroline from 22 June 2013) <ref name=londonbusroutes />|| [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N18.pdf]
|-
| N19 || [[Clapham Junction]] || [[Finsbury Park]] || [[Go-Ahead London]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N19.pdf]
|-
| N20 || [[Trafalgar Square]] || [[Barnet]] || [[Metroline]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N20.pdf]
|-
| N21 || [[Trafalgar Square]] || [[Bexleyheath]] || [[Go-Ahead London]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N21.pdf]
|-
| N22 || [[Fulwell]] || [[Piccadilly Circus]] || [[Go-Ahead London]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N22.pdf]
|-
| N26 || [[Chingford]] || [[Trafalgar Square]] || [[First Capital]] ([[Tower Transit]] from 22 June 2013)<ref name=londonbusroutes>[http://www.londonbusroutes.net/changes.htm#]</ref>|| [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N26.pdf]
|-
| N28 || [[Camden Town]] || [[Wandsworth]] || [[First Centrewest]] ([[Tower Transit]] from 22 June 2013)<ref name=londonbusroutes>[http://www.londonbusroutes.net/changes.htm#]</ref>|| [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N28.pdf]
|-
| N29 || [[Trafalgar Square]] || [[Enfield Town]] || [[Arriva London]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N29.pdf]
|-
| N31 || [[Camden Town]] || [[Clapham Junction]] || [[First Centrewest]] ([[Tower Transit]] from 22 June 2013)<ref name=londonbusroutes>[http://www.londonbusroutes.net/changes.htm#]</ref>|| [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N31.pdf]
|-
| N35 || [[Clapham Junction]] || [[Tottenham Court Road]] || [[Abellio London]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N35.pdf]
|-
| N38 || [[Walthamstow Central]] || [[Victoria]] || [[Arriva London]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N38.pdf]
|-
| N41 || [[Tottenham Hale]] || [[Trafalgar Square]] || [[Arriva London]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N41.pdf]
|-
| N44 || [[Sutton]] || [[Aldwych]] || [[Go-Ahead London]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N44.pdf]
|-
| N47 || [[St Mary Cray]] || [[Trafalgar Square]] || [[Stagecoach London]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N47.pdf]
|-
| N55 || [[Oxford Circus]] || [[Woodford Wells]] || [[Stagecoach London]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N55.pdf]
|-
| N63 || [[Crystal Palace]] || [[Kings Cross]] || [[Go-Ahead London]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N63.pdf]
|-
| N64 || [[New Addington]] || [[Thornton Heath Pond]] || [[Metrobus]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N64.pdf]
|-
| N68 || [[Old Coulsdon]] || [[Tottenham Court Road]] || [[Go-Ahead London]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N68.pdf]
|-
| N73 || [[Walthamstow]] || [[Victoria]] || [[Arriva London]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N73.pdf]
|-
| N74 || [[Baker Street]] || [[Roehampton]] || [[Go-Ahead London]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N74.pdf]
|-
| N76 || [[Northumberland Park]] || [[Waterloo]] || [[Arriva London]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N76.pdf]
|-
| N86 || [[Harold Hill]] || [[Stratford]] || [[Stagecoach London]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N86.pdf]
|-
| N87 || [[Aldwych]] || [[Kingston]] || [[Go-Ahead London]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N87.pdf]
|-
| N89 || [[Trafalgar Square]] || [[Erith]] || [[Go-Ahead London]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N89.pdf]
|-
| N91 || [[Trafalgar Square]] || [[Cockfosters]] || [[Metroline]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N91.pdf]
|-
| N97 || [[Trafalgar Square]] || [[Hammersmith]] || [[London United]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N97.pdf]
|-
| N98 || [[Stanmore]] || [[Holborn]] || [[Metroline]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N98.pdf]
|-
| N109 || [[Croydon]] || [[Oxford Circus]] || [[Arriva London]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N109.pdf]
|-
| N113 || [[Edgware]] || [[Trafalgar Square]] || [[Metroline]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N113.pdf]
|-
| N133 || [[Mitcham]] || [[Liverpool Street Station]] || [[Arriva London]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N133.pdf]
|-
| N136 || [[Oxford Circus]] || [[Chislehurst]] || [[Stagecoach London]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N136.pdf]
|-
| N137 || [[Crystal Palace]] || [[Oxford Circus]] || [[Arriva London]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N137.pdf]
|-
| N155 || [[Morden]] || [[Aldwych]] || [[Go-Ahead London]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N155.pdf]
|-
| N171 || [[Hither Green]] || [[Tottenham Court Road Station]] || [[Go-Ahead London]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N171.pdf]
|-
| N207 || [[Uxbridge]] || [[Holborn]] || [[First Centrewest]] (Metroline from 22 June 2013) <ref name=londonbusroutes />|| [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N207.pdf]
|-
| N253 || [[Aldgate]] || [[Tottenham Court Road Station]] || [[Arriva London]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N253.pdf]
|-
| N279 || [[Trafalgar Square]] || [[Waltham Cross]] || [[Arriva London]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N279.pdf]
|-
| N343 || [[New Cross Gate]] || [[Trafalgar Square]] || [[Abellio London]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N343.pdf]
|-
| N381 || [[Peckham]] || [[Trafalgar Square]] || [[Abellio London]] || [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N381.pdf]
|-
| N550 || [[Canning Town]] || [[Trafalgar Square]] || [[Stagecoach London]] (Tower Transit from 31 August 2013) <ref>http://www.londonbusroutes.net/changes.htm#142</ref>|| [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N550.pdf]
|-
| N551 || [[Gallions Reach DLR station|Gallions Reach Station]] || [[Trafalgar Square]] || [[Go-Ahead London]] (Tower Transit from 31 August 2013) <ref>http://www.londonbusroutes.net/changes.htm#142</ref>|| [http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/businessandpartners/buses/boroughreports/routes/performance-route-N551.pdf]
|}

===Other routes within the London area===
These bus routes are operated with a ''London Service Permit'' issued by [[Transport for London]], and are generally routes from towns just outside the [[Greater London]] boundary to destinations within. The exceptions are the 812, MB1 and 938, which run entirely within the boundary. Another exception is the [[Green Line bus route 724|724]], which although run by a coach company, it is a bus route.

Coach services are not included in this list.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|'''Route'''
|'''Start'''
|'''End'''
|'''Operator'''
|-
|8
|[[Mount Vernon Hospital]]
|[[Abbots Langley]]
|[[Arriva Shires & Essex]] Redline Buses
|-
|33
|[[Chigwell|Chigwell Row]]
|Debden Park High School
|[[TWH Bus & Coach]]
|-
|51
|[[Staines]]
| style="background:D8 BF D8;"|Brooklands Tesco [[Addlestone]] (Sundays)
|[[First Berkshire & The Thames Valley]]
|-
|58
|[[Uxbridge tube station|Uxbridge Station]]
|[[Britwell]]
|[[First Berkshire & The Thames Valley]]
|-
|60
|[[Eton Wick]]
|[[London Heathrow Terminal 5|Heathrow Airport Terminal 5]]
|[[First Berkshire & The Thames Valley]]
|-
|61
|[[Eton College]]
|[[London Heathrow Terminal 5|Heathrow Airport Terminal 5]]
|[[First Berkshire & The Thames Valley]]
|-
|71
|[[Slough]]
|[[London Heathrow Terminal 5|Heathrow Airport Terminal 5]]
|[[First Berkshire & The Thames Valley]]
|-
|75
|[[Heathrow Airport]]
| style="background:D8 BF D8;"|[[Slough]] [[Maidenhead]] (hourly)
|[[First Berkshire & The Thames Valley]]
|-
|76
|[[Heathrow Airport]]
|[[Cippenham]]
|[[First Berkshire & The Thames Valley]]
|-
|77
|[[London Heathrow Terminal 5|Heathrow Airport Terminal 5]]
|[[Clewer]] and [[Dedworth]]
|[[First Berkshire & The Thames Valley]]
|-
|78
|[[London Heathrow Terminal 5|Heathrow Airport Terminal 5]]
| style="background:D8 BF D8;"|[[Britwell]] [[Burnham, Buckinghamshire|Burnham]] (late evenings/Sundays)
|[[First Berkshire & The Thames Valley]]
|-
|[[Hertfordshire bus route 84|84]]
| style="background:#D8 BF D8;"|[[New Barnet railway station|New Barnet Station]]
| style="background:#D8 BF D8;"|[[St Albans]] ''St Peters Street''
|[[Metroline]]
|-
|265
|[[Brentwood, Essex|Brentwood]]
|[[Lakeside Shopping Centre]]
|[[First Capital]]
|-
|268 (School Journeys)
|[[Brentwood, Essex|Brentwood]]
|[[Grays]]
|[[TWH Bus & Coach]]
|-
|269
|[[Brentwood, Essex|Brentwood]]
|[[Grays]]
|[[TWH Bus & Coach]]
|-
|305
|[[Uxbridge tube station|Uxbridge Station]]
|[[High Wycombe]]
|[[Arriva Shires & Essex]]
|-
|402
|[[Bromley North]]
|[[Tunbridge Wells]]
|[[Arriva Kent & Sussex]]
|-
|409
|[[Caterham railway station|Caterham Valley]]
|[[Selsdon]]/[[Croydon]] (peak-hours only)
|[[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]]
|-
|420
|[[Sutton, London|Sutton]]
|[[Redhill, Surrey|Redhill]]
|[[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]]
|-
|441
|[[Heathrow Airport]]
|[[Englefield Green]]
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio Surrey]]
|-
|458
|[[Kingston upon Thames|Kingston]]
|[[Staines]]
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio Surrey]]
|-
|459
|[[Kingston upon Thames|Kingston]]
|[[Woking]]
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio Surrey]]
|-
|461
|[[Kingston upon Thames|Kingston]]
|[[Chertsey]]
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio Surrey]]
|-
|477
|[[Bluewater (shopping centre)|Bluewater]]
|[[Orpington]]
|[[Arriva Southern Counties]]
|-
|[[Essex bus route 505|505]]
|[[Chingford railway station|Chingford Station]]
|[[Harlow]]
|[[Arriva Shires & Essex]]
|-
|513
|[[Kingston upon Thames]]
|[[Byfleet]]/[[Downside, Surrey|Downside]]
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio Surrey]]
|-
|514
|[[Kingston upon Thames]]
|[[Hersham]]
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio Surrey]]
|-
|515
|[[Kingston upon Thames]]
|[[Guildford]]
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio Surrey]]
|-
|515A
|[[Kingston upon Thames]]
|[[Guildford]]
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio Surrey]]
|-
|555
|[[Harlow]]
|Upshire
|[[TWH Bus & Coach]]
|-
|555
|[[Heathrow Airport]]
|[[Walton-on-Thames railway station|Walton-on-Thames Station]]
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio Surrey]]
|-
|557
|[[Hatton Cross]]
|[[Woking]]
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio Surrey]]
|-
|575
|[[Epping]]
|[[Romford]]
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|-
|581
|[[Uxbridge tube station|Uxbridge Station]]
| style="background:D8 BF D8;"|[[Denham, Buckinghamshire|Higher Denham]] [[Uxbridge tube station|Uxbridge Station]] (Some journeys)
|[[Carousel Buses]]
|-
|582
|[[Windsor, Berkshire|Windsor]]
|[[Denham railway station|Denham Station]]
|[[Carousel Buses]]
|-
|610
|[[Enfield Town|Enfield]]
|[[Hatfield, Hertfordshire|Hatfield Business Park]]
|[[Uno (bus company)|Uno]]
|-
|[[Uno buses route 614|614]]
|[[Queensbury tube station|Queensbury Station]]
|[[Hatfield, Hertfordshire|Hatfield Business Park]]
|[[Uno (bus company)|Uno]]
|-
|615
|[[Stanmore]]
|[[Hatfield, Hertfordshire|Hatfield Business Park]]
|[[Uno (bus company)|Uno]]
|-
|644
|[[Wembley Park]]
|[[Hatfield, Hertfordshire|Hatfield Business Park]]
|[[Uno (bus company)|Uno]]
|-
|655
|Egham College
|Sunbury Cross
|Bear Buses
|-
|[[Green Line bus route 724|724]]
|[[Harlow]]
|[[Heathrow Terminal 5]]
|[[Green Line Coaches]]
|-
|801
|[[Kingston upon Thames|North Kingston]]
|[[Surbiton|Hinchley Wood]]
|[[Atbus]]
|-
|[[London buses route 812|812]]
|[[Hoxton]]
|[[Clerkenwell]]
|[[CT Plus]] ([[Islington London Borough Council]])
|-
|813
|[[Feltham]]
|[[Shepperton]]
|Bear Buses
|-
|938
|[[Bexleyheath]]
|[[Erith]] ''Morrisons''
|Bexley Accessible Transport Scheme
|-
|MB1
|[[Dagenham Heathway]]
|[[Dagenham]] ''Mecca Bingo''
|[[TWH Bus & Coach]]
|-
|R21
|[[Mount Vernon Hospital]]
| style="background:D8 BF D8;"|[[Uxbridge]] (only twice per day) [[Maple Cross]]
|[[Red Rose Travel]]
|-
|X5
|[[Harlow]]
|style="background:D8 BF D8;"|[[Loughton tube station|Loughton Station]] [[Romford railway station|Romford Station]] (Saturday only)
|[[TWH Bus & Coach]]
|-
|}

==Former routes==
This list shows some old routes that used to operate but do not exist anymore.

Please '''do not''' include services that are withdrawn '''before 1994''', this list will be too long.

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
| '''Route'''
| '''Start'''
| '''End'''
| '''Date of launch'''
| '''Date of withdrawal'''
| '''Operator'''
| '''Replaced by'''
|-
|2A
|[[Crystal Palace, London|Crystal Palace]]
|[[Brixton railway station|Brixton Station]]
|19 May 1954
|29 January 1994
|South London Buses
|[[London Buses route 2|2]]
|-
|9A
|[[Mortlake]]
|[[Kensington]]
|1992
|1997
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|[[London Buses route 209|209]]
|-
|15B
|[[East Ham]]
|[[Aldgate]]
|1989
|18 September 1999
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|115
|-
|16A
|[[Brent Cross]]
|[[Marble Arch]]
|31 January 1976
|10 October 1997
|[[Metroline]]
|
|-
|22A
|[[London Bridge]]
|Clapton Park Estate
|1972
|1998
|[[London Country South East|Kentish Bus]]
|[[London Buses route 149|149]] 242
|-
|22B
|[[Tottenham Court Road tube station|Tottenham Court Road Station]]
|[[Homerton Hospital]]
|1987
|28 February 1998
|[[London Country South East|Kentish Bus]]
|242
|-
|36B
|[[London Victoria station|Victoria Station]]
|[[Grove Park, Lewisham|Grove Park]]
|1958
|12 March 1994
|[[Selkent]]
|136
|-
|45A
|[[South Kensington]]
|[[London Central#Peckham (PM)|Peckham Garage]]
|10 November 1990
|2 September 1995
|[[London Central]]
|345
|-
|59 (1985)
|[[Farringdon, London|Farringdon Street]]
|[[Streatham Hill]] ''[[Arriva London#Brixton (BN)|Brixton Garage]]''
|1985
|29 January 1994
|South London Buses
|
|-
|68A
|[[Elephant and Castle]]
|[[Arriva London#Croydon (C)|South Croydon Garage]]
|1994
|27 March 1999
|[[Arriva London]]
|[[London Buses route 468|468]]
|-
|77A
|[[Wandsworth]]
|[[Aldwych]]
|3 May 1950
|3 June 2006
|[[London General]]
|[[London Buses route 87|87]]
|-
|84A
|[[Turnpike Lane tube station|Turnpike Lane Station]]
|Barnet Church
|1982
|27 January 1996
|[[London Buses]]
|184
|-
|87
|[[Barking]] ''Town Centre''
|[[Romford Market]]
|Pre 1950
|25 March 2006
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|5
|-
|97A
|[[Chingford railway station|Chingford Station]]
|[[Walthamstow Central station|Walthamstow Central Station]]
|1981
|19 February 2000
|[[First Capital]]
|357
|-
|115 (1984)
|[[Balham]]
|[[Forest Hill, London|Forest Hill]]
|1984
|1995
|South London Buses
|315 P13
|-
|129
|[[Becontree Heath]]
|Claybury Broadway
|Pre 1950
|26 June 2004
|[[East Thames Buses]]
|128 150
|-
|135
|[[Archway Station]]
|[[Marble Arch]]
|21 November 1987
|2 September 2000
|Metroline
|[[London Buses route 88|88]]
|-
|137A
|[[Crystal Palace, London|Crystal Palace]]
|[[Clapham Common]]
|1991
|1999
|[[Arriva London]]
|417
|-
|161A
|[[Petts Wood railway station|Petts Wood Station]]
|[[Woolwich]]
|1953
|1994
|[[Selkent]]
|162
|-
|171A
|[[County Hall, London|County Hall]]
|[[Northumberland Park, London|Northumberland Park]] ''Tesco's''
|1986
|1998
|Leaside Buses
|[[London Buses route 243|243]] 341
|-
|184 (1951)
|[[New Cross]]
|[[Trafalgar Square]]
|1951
|1994
|[[London Central]]
|
|-
|228 (Pre 1950)
|[[Chislehurst]]
|[[Eltham]]
|Pre 1950
|1996
|[[London Country South East|Kentish Bus]]
|160 321
|-
|235 (1968)
|[[Leytonstone tube station|Leytonstone Station]]
|[[Woodford Wells]]
|7 September 1968
|26 July 1996
|[[Grey Green]]
|W13
|-
|239
|[[Clapham Junction]]
|[[London Victoria station|Victoria]]
|12 May 1990
|15 February 2008
|[[Go-Ahead London]]
|170
|-
|243A
|[[Wood Green]]
|[[Liverpool Street station|Liverpool Street]]
|1961
|2000
|[[Arriva London]]
|[[London Buses route 243|243]]
|-
|272 (1974)
|[[Woolwich]]
|[[Thamesmead]]
|1974
|1999
|[[London Country South East|Kentish Bus]]
|244 472
|-
|306
|[[Crystal Palace, London|Crystal Palace]]
|[[Blackheath, London|Blackheath]]
|1992
|1996
|[[Selkent]]
|202
|-
|351
|[[Bromley North railway station|Bromley North Station]]
|[[Penge]]
|2 March 1991
|24 June 2002
|[[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]]
|354
|-
|354 (1986)
|[[Bromley North railway station|Bromley North Station]]
|[[Croydon]]
|16 August 1986
|19 May 2000
|[[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]]
|314 [[London Buses route T33|T33]]
|-
|357
|[[Croydon]]
|[[Orpington]]
|1983
|1995
|[[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]]
|353 354 (1986)
|-
|369
|[[Ilford]]
|[[Thames View Estate]]
|20 March 1993
|20 February 2010
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[[London Buses route EL1|EL1]] [[London Buses route EL2|EL2]]
|-
|374
|[[Romford]]
|[[Harold Hill]]
|20 March 1993
|15 October 2005
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|174
|-
|393 (1989)
|[[Hackbridge]]
|[[Morden tube station|Morden Station]]
|1989
|1996
|[[London General]]
|80 151
|-
|395
|[[Limehouse]]
|[[Surrey Quays]]
|9 October 1999
|29 April 2006
|[[First Capital]]
|
|-
|435
|[[Southall]] ''Town Hall''
|[[London Heathrow Airport|Heathrow Airport]] ''Cargo Area''
|25 June 2005
|22 March 2008
|[[First Centrewest]]
|482
|-
|494
|[[West Croydon station|West Croydon]] ''Bus Station''
|[[Shirley, London|Shirley]] ''Monks Orchard''
|10 June 2000
|11 June 2005
|[[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]]
|367
|-
|501
|[[London Waterloo station|Waterloo]]
|[[London Bridge]]
|1968
|31 May 2002
|[[London General]] (Red Arrow)
|[[London Buses route 521|521]]
|-
|505
|[[London Waterloo station|Waterloo]]
|[[Shoreditch]]
|1989
|19 August 2000
|[[London General]] (Red Arrow)
|35 [[London Buses route 243|243]]
|-
|604
|[[West Norwood]]
|[[Stanley Technical High School]]
|5 September 2005
|20 July 2007
|[[Arriva London]]
|
|-
|620
|[[Biggin Hill Valley]]
|[[Charles Darwin School]]
|5 January 2002
|21 July 2006
|[[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]]
|[[London Buses route 664|664]]
|-
|630
|[[New Addington]]
|[[All Saints Catholic School, West Wickham|All Saints Catholic School]]
|
|20 July 2007
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|
|-
|689
|[[Clapham Common]]
|[[West Norwood]]
|
|2 September 2011
|Arriva London
|
|-
|726
|[[Bromley South railway station|Bromley South Station]]
|[[Heathrow Airport]]
|
|16 Apr 2005
|[[Tellings Golden Miller]]
|227 289 [[London Buses route X26|X26]]
|-
|746
|[[Bromley]]
|[[Tunbridge Wells]]
|1994
|1995
|[[Metrobus (South East England)|Metrobus]]
|402
|-
|805
|[[Heathrow Airport]]
|[[Northolt]]
|
|25 June 2005
|Bharat Travel
|435
|-
|917
|South Croydon
|West Croydon
|
|2011
|[[Abellio London]]
|[[London Buses route 64|64]] [[London Buses route T33|T33]]
|-
|941
|[[Bedfont Green]]
|[[Hampton Hill]]
|
|29 February 2012
|[[Abellio (UK bus company)|Abellio London]]
|
|-
|953
|Scrattons Farm
|[[Chase Cross]]
|
|7 November 2012
|[[First Capital]]
|
|-
|958
|[[Ilford]] ''Hainualt Street''
|[[Woodford, London|Woodford]] ''King's Avenue''
|
|14 June 2011
|[[First Capital]]
|
|-
|972
|[[Neasden]] ''Birchen Grove''
|[[Colindale]] ''ASDA''
|
|22 October 2010
|First Centrewest
|324
|-
|980
|[[Colindale]]
|[[Brent Cross]]
|31 July 1991
|
|
|
|-
|E4
|Windmill Park
|[[Perivale]]
|27 March 1993
|24 May 1997
|Ealing Buses Line
|
|-
|H1
|[[Golders Green]]
|[[Henrietta Barnett School]]
|
|18 May 2013
|[[Arriva Shires & Essex]]
|631
|-
|H15
|Harrow Weald ''Oxhey Lane''
|Northwick Park Hospital
|
|4 September 1999
|[[Metroline]]
|[[London Buses route 182|182]]
|-
|H21
|[[Bedfont|Bedfont Green]]
|[[Sunbury-on-Thames|Sunbury]] ''Tesco''
|
|2 December 2005
|[[Tellings Golden Miller]]
|
|-
|H23
|[[London Heathrow Airport|Heathrow Airport]] ''Cargo Area''
|[[Hounslow]] ''Bus Station''
|28 April 1990
|22 March 2008
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|423
|-
|H30
|[[Hatton Cross tube station|Hatton Cross Station]]
|[[Heathrow Airport Central bus station|Heathrow Central Bus Station]]
|1 November 1998
|1 May 2004
|Airlinks
|
|-
|H40
|[[Chiswick]] ''Grove Park''
|[[Park Royal]] ''Asda''
|9 November 1991
|26 May 2002
|[[London United]]
|272 440
|-
|H50
|[[Hayes & Harlington railway station|Hayes & Harlington Station]]
|[[West Drayton]]
|3 February 2001
|22 March 2008
|[[Travel London]]
|[[London Buses route 350|350]]
|-
|K6
|[[Kingston upon Thames|Kingston]]
|[[Roehampton|Roehampton Vale]] ''ASDA''
|2 December 1989
|25 July 1998
|Westlink
|485
|-
|P2
|Peckham, Bus Garage
|[[Lewisham Shopping Centre]]
|1992
|1994
|[[London Central]]
|484 P13
|-
|PR1
|[[Ealing Broadway]]
|[[Willesden Junction station|Willesden Junction Station]]
|
|24 March 2007
|[[First Centrewest]]
|[[London Buses route 226|226]] PR2
|-
|PR2
|[[Wembley Park]] ''The Paddocks''
|[[Willesden Junction station|Willesden Junction Station]]
|
|15 October 2011
|[[First Centrewest]]
|206 [[London Buses route 224|224]]
|-
|R62
|[[Hampton, London|Hampton]] ''Sainsbury's''
|[[West Middlesex University Hospital|West Middlesex Hospital]]
|1992
|6 May 2006
|[[Tellings Golden Miller]]
|481
|-
|R69
|[[Richmond, London|Richmond]]
|[[Hammersmith]]
|7 April 1990
|11 November 2000
|[[London United Busways|London United]]
|419
|-
|S2
|[[Stratford, London|Stratford]]
|[[Upper Clapton|Clapton]] ''Nightingale Road''
|
|5 July 2008
|[[First Capital]]
|425 488
|-
|N10
|[[King's Cross, London|King's Cross]]
|[[Richmond, London|Richmond]]
|29 September 2001
|30 January 2010
||[[First Centrewest]]
|[[London Buses route 10|10]] [[London Buses route 33|33]]
|-
|N25
|[[Oxford Circus]]
|[[Harold Hill]]
|
|26 June 2004
|[[First Capital]]
|[[London Buses route 25|25]] [[London Buses route N8|N8]] [[London Buses route N86|N86]]
|-
|N50
|Gallions Reach
|[[Trafalgar Square]]
|
|30 August 2008
|[[Stagecoach London]]
|[[London Buses route N550|N550]] [[London Buses route N551|N551]]
|-
|N52
|[[London Victoria station|Victoria Station]]
|[[Willesden]]
|
|8 December 2012
|[[Metroline]]
|[[London Buses route 52|52]]
|-
|N75
|[[Croydon]]
|[[Lewisham]]
|
|19 May 2007
||[[Stagecoach London]]
|
|-
|N77
|[[Tolworth]]
|[[Aldwych]]
|
|3 June 2006
||[[London General]]
|[[London Buses route N87|N87]] [[London Buses route 281|281]]
|-
|N81
|[[London Victoria station|Victoria]]
|[[Bexleyheath]]
|
|28 June 2002
||[[London Central]]
|[[London Buses route N89|N89]]
|-
|N84
|[[Trafalgar Square]]
|[[New Cross Gate]]
|
|27 February 2001
||[[London Central]]
|[[London Buses route N343|N343]]
|-
|N159
|[[New Addington]]
|[[Marble Arch]]
|
|28 August 2010
||[[Arriva London]]
|[[London Buses route 159|159]] [[London Buses route N64|N64]] [[London Buses route N109|N109]]
|-
|N213
|[[West Croydon station|West Croydon]]
|[[Kingston upon Thames|Kingston]]
|
|4 July 2009
||[[Go-Ahead London]]
|213
|}

==See also==
*[[List of night buses in London]]
*[[East London Transit]]
*[[:Category:London bus operators]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*Atkin, Michael. [http://www.guardian.co.uk/notesandqueries/query/0,,-197292,00.html "THIS SCEPTRED ISLE"], ''The Guardian'' 
*Carr, Ken, ''The London Bus Guide''. Boreham: Visions International Entertainment, 2011. ISBN 978-0-9570058-0-8.

==External links==
*[http://www.londonbusesbyadam.zenfolio.com London Bus Routes Zenfolio]
*[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/buses/ London Buses]
*[http://www.londonbusroutes.net/index.htm Comprehensive London Bus Routes website, including upcoming and implemented changes]
*[http://www.busesatwork.co.uk London Bus Routes]
*[http://www.ftud.net From The Upper Deck, photography project]
{{London Bus Routes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Bus Routes In London}}
[[Category:Bus routes in London| ]]
[[Category:London transport-related lists|Bus]]
[[Category:Transport in Epping Forest]]
[[Category:Transport in Thurrock]]
[[Category:Lists of bus routes in the United Kingdom|London]]

William Williams Pantycelyn

2013-05-19T20:08:46Z

DPL bot: adding dablinks template; 7 or more disambig links (see the FAQ)

{{dablinks|date=May 2013}}
[[Image:WilliamWilliamsPantycelyn.jpg|thumb|right|200px|William Williams.]]
'''William Williams Pantycelyn'''<ref>Glyn Tegai Hughes, Meic Stephens & R. Brinley Jones (edrs.), Writers of Wales - Wiliams Pantycelyn, University Press of Wales on behalf of the Welsh Arts Council, 1983. p.2</ref> (c. February 11, 1717<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/20100702002301/http://www.cyberhymnal.org/bio/w/i/l/williams_w.htm William Williams' biography at CyberHymnal.org]</ref> – 11 January 1791), also known as '''Williams Williams''', '''William Pantycelyn''', and '''Pantycelyn''', is generally acknowledged as [[Wales]]' most famous [[hymn]] writer. As a writer of both [[poetry]] and [[prose]], he is today considered one of the greatest literary figures of [[Wales]]. He was, however, equally distinguished in the world of [[religion]], as one of the key leaders of the 18th century [[Welsh Methodist revival]], along with [[Howell Harris]] and [[Daniel Rowland]].

==Life==
[[Image:William_William_Gravestone.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Gravestone of William Williams]]
Williams was born near [[Beulah]], now in [[Powys]], in 1716, the son of John and Dorothy Williams. John, who died in 1742, had a small farm at [[Pantycelyn]] ("Holly Hollow"), in the [[Cwm cyn Nos]] ('Valley before Night') in mid-Wales, between [[Abergwesyn]] and [[Beulah]]. The family were [[Nonconformism|Nonconformist]]. William Williams was educated locally.

He had intended to become a doctor, but this changed in 1737, when he had a religious [[vocation]] while listening to the [[evangelical]] reformer[[Howell Harris]] preaching in [[Talgarth]].

For much of his life, Williams lived in the parish of [[Llanfair-ar-y-bryn]], near the town of [[Llandovery]] ([[Llanymddyfri]]). He died there in 1791, at the age of 74, and is buried in the churchyard. He is also commemorated by a memorial chapel in Llandovery.

==Religious Figure==

William Williams felt called to the [[priesthood]] and in 1740, despite his family's links with Nonconformist branch of [[Christianity]], he took [[deacon]]'s orders in the [[state religion|Established]] church, the [[Anglican Church]]. The Anglican administration within [[Wales]] is known formally as the [[Church in Wales]].

He first appointment was as [[curate]] to [[Theophilus Evans]] (1693–1767) in the parishes of [[Llanwrtyd]], [[Abergwesyn|Llanfihangel Abergwesyn]] and [[Abergwesyn|Llanddewi Abergwesyn]].
Around this time he became involved in the [[Methodist]] movement and in June 1742 his disapproving parishioners reported his activities to the Archdeacon's Court, in [[Brecon]]. Methodism was originally a reformist faction within the [[Church of England]] and was not intended to be a separatist movement or Church. It was, nevertheless, seen as a threat to the Anglican establishment and in 1743, when Williams duly applied for [[ordination]] as a [[priest]], his Methodist [[connexion]] was the sufficient cause to have the application refused. His choice was between a comfortable but conformist career in the Anglican Church or the economically precarious but spiritually rich life of a Methodist preacher outside of the Church. He would devote his life to Methodism.

The key years in the foundation of Methodism were between 1739, when the brothers[[Charles Wesley]] and [[John Wesley]], both themselves Anglican priests, broke with the [[Moravian]] church and set up their own first chapel in [[Bristol]], and 1743, when they drew up their ''General Rules''. This was, unfortunately, the very time that Williams was beginning his own career in the Church and explains the hostility he experienced both from his congregation and from the hierarchy. Williams paid a higher price for his beliefs than did the Wesleys. Williams was shut out of the Establishment at the start of his career, whilst the Wesleys had already been ordained, and although they might have barred themselves from the promotion to the[[episcopacy]], both their views and their company remained acceptable to the Establishment, religious and [[lay]], in London.

Charles Wesley declared that his own Methodism was not incompatible with his Anglicanism and was buried as an Anglican. John Wesley's doctrine was more favourable to [[Arminianism]] than to [[Calvinism]]. The brothers wished to reform some practices within Anglicanism, but were not seeking to take their faction toward a full [[Protestant]] [[Reformation]]. In Wales, however, there was more support for Calvinist teaching. Some time after the death of Williams Pantycelyn, this schism between the doctrine of the English, or [[Wesleyan Methodists]], and that of the Welsh, or [[Calvinistic Methodists]], would lead to a formal split. Between 1811 and 1823, the Welsh Calvinist Methodists would become the [[Presbyterian Church of Wales]]. Had he lived a little longer, Williams Pantycelyn would no doubt have approved these moves because, as a Methodist, he himself became a firm advocate of Calvinist Reformation doctrine and frequently invoked stern warnings against [[Arminianism]], [[Arianism]], [[Socinianism]], [[Sandemanianism]] and other teachings. [''See:'' G.T. Hughes: p.7].

Williams Pantycelyn travelled throughout Wales preaching the doctrine of Calvinist Methodism. He needed to be not only a theologian and an advocate for the new [[Connexion]], but also and organiser and administrator. His converts would almost certainly be excluded from their previous place of worship and the new adherents would need new meeting-places and organisation into new congregations, with new community-leaders and new preachers. Williams had to organise, and then maintain, these ''seiadau'' as he went around the country. Each successful visit to a new locality in turn required a new ''seiat''. Although he was not alone in his mission, the work-load and mental burden must have been considerable. By the same token, it must have been deeply rewarding to see the community grow and thrive over the years and to reflect on the alternative life he had forsaken, as the priest of some obscure rural Anglican parish in mid-Wales.

Together with [[Howell Harris]] and [[Daniel Rowland]], William Williams 'Pantycelyn' is acknowledged as a leader of the [[Methodist Revival]] in Wales in the 18th century.

==Literary Figure==

William Williams Pantycelyn was not merely an important figure in the religious life in Wales, he was also one of the most important influences on Welsh language culture, not just in his own lifetime, but on into the 19th and 20th centuries. He is particularly known as a [[hymnist]].

Williams' virtuosity as a hymn-writer earned him the accolade: '''Y pêr ganiedydd''' (''The Sweet Songster'').

William Williams was also known by the [[bardic name]] of '''Pantycelyn'''. Pant-y-celyn, or 'Holly Hollow', was the name of his farm.

Many surnames in Wales derive from [[patronymics]] rather than places of origin. Many people therefore share a limited number of surnames, and even the full name can sound similar, so it was common practice to add a [[nickname]] to help distinguish between people with similar names. For some people, this might be a reference to their occupation within the village, but for those with a literary reputation, whose name would be known across the land, it was common practice to take, or be awarded, a [[sobriquet]]. This could be like a [[nom de plume]] but it could also be an accolade. A [[bardic name]] is a particular accolade, as it is adopted when inducted into the Orders of distinguished bards and writers.

The sobriquet could be added to the surname, as in: *William Williams Pantycelyn (as a literary accolade similar to calling a distinguished military figure: Montgomery of Alamein); or instead of the original surname, as in: *William Pantycelyn (preserving a distinction between the literary persona and the private persona; although it is not an exact parallel, Lady Mallowan continued to write murder-mysteries as (Dame) Agatha Christie, but wrote non-fiction as Agatha Christie Mallowan); or the name might stand alone as in: *'Pantycelyn' (in the same that the literary name 'Le Carre' is widely understood without further elaboration).

===Hymns===

He wrote some of his work in [[English language|English]], but the great majority is in his native [[Welsh language|Welsh]].

He published his first work in 1744: this was the first part of ''Aleluia'', a collection of hymns in Welsh.

This was followed by further collections:
*1751: ''Hosanna i Fab Dafydd'' (Hosannah to the Son of David).
*1759: ''Rhai hymnau a chaniadau duwiol'' (Some godly hymns and songs).
*1762: ''Caniadau y rhai sydd ar y môr o wydr'' (The songs of those on the crystal sea).
*1763: ''Ffarwel weledig, groesaw anweledig bethau'' (Farewell seen, and welcome unseen things).
*1771: ''Gloria in excelsis''.
*1774: ''Ychydig hymnau'' (A few hymns).
*1782: ''Rhai hymnau newyddion'' (Some new hymns).

He also published two collections of English hymns:
*1759: ''Hosannah to the son of David''.
*1772: ''Gloria in excelsis''.

Possibly his best known hymn is:
*''[[Cwm Rhondda|Arglwydd, arwain trwy'r anialwch]]'' (in English, ''Lord, lead me through the wilderness'').

*This has been adapted as the English-language hymn: [[Cwm Rhondda|''Guide Me, O Thou Great Jehovah'']], or: ''[[Cwm Rhondda|Guide Me, O Thou Great Redeemer]]'''. It is usually sung to the tune by [[John Hughes]]: ''[[Cwm Rhondda]] ''.

===Poetry===

His hymns were not his only major contribution to the success of Calvinistic Methodism. He wrote two long poems on [[theological]] and religious themes:
*1756: ''Golwg ar deyrnas Crist'' (A view of Christ's kingdom). The history of salvation and God's grace in Christ.
*1764: ''Bywyd a marwolaeth Theomemphus'' (Life and death of Theomemphus). The religious experience of conversion and [[Christian]] living.

He also wrote a series of elegies in memory of various Methodist and other Christian leaders, including: [[Griffith Jones]] of [[Llanddowror]], Howel Davies (the [[Pembrokeshire]] preacher), [[George Whitefield]], and [[Daniel Rowland]].

===Prose works===

Williams wrote original prose works and also translated others from [[English language|English]]. Most were intended to assist the members of the Methodist fellowships he established.

He wrote about the 1762 Revival:
*1762: ''Llythyr Martha Philopur at y Parchedig Philo Evangelius eu hathro'' (Martha Philopur's letter to the Reverend Philo Evangelius her teacher), followed by:
*1763: ''Atteb Philo-Evangelius i Martha Philopur'' (Philo-Evangelius's reply to Martha Philopur).
These works were intended to defend and teach the significance of the 1762 revival at [[Llangeitho]].
The 1762 revival was a very powerful one which manifested its power physically. As a result, Methodists in Wales were very often known as [[Methodist Jumpers|Jumpers.

He wrote practical guides for a Christian life:
*1777: ''Doctor Nuptarum neu gyfarwyddwr priodas'' (Teacher of the Nuptials or the marriage guide), and:
*1777: ''Drws y society profiad'' (A gateway to the experience meeting).
These were for the converts who were members of the ''seiadau'' or societies.

===Other works===
*1762: ''Pantheologia, Neu Hanes Holl Grefyddau'r Byd'' (Pantheologia, or a History of all the World's Religions).
*1767: ''Crocodil Afon yr Aifft'' (Crocodile of the River of Egypt).
*1768: ''Hanes Bywyd a Marwolaeth Tri Wyr o Sodom a'r Aifft'' (A history of the life and death of three men of Sodom and Egypt).

==References==
{{reference}}

==Sources==
*Hughes, Glyn Tegai (1983), ''Williams Pantycelyn''. Writers of Wales series. Cardiff : University of Wales Press on behalf of the Welsh Arts Council. ''In English.''
*Roberts, Gomer Morgan (1949,1958), ''Y pêr ganiedydd : Pantycelyn''. 2 vols. Aberystwyth : Gwasg Aberystwyth. ''In Welsh.''
*'Williams, William (1717–1791)'. In Meic Stephens (ed.) (1998), ''The new companion to the literature of Wales''. Cardiff : University of Wales Press. ISBN 0-7083-1383-3.
*E. Wyn James, 'The Evolution of the Welsh Hymn', in ''Dissenting Praise'', ed. I. Rivers & D. L. Wykes (OUP, 2011)
*Eifion Evans, ''Bread of Heaven: The Life and Work of William Williams, Pantycelyn'' (Bridgend: Bryntirion Press, 2010)
*Parish of the Buzzards, Bidgood, Gold Leaf Publishing. 2000

An extensive bibliography is to be found in Derec Llwyd Morgan (ed.), ''Meddwl a Dychymyg Williams Pantycelyn'' (Llandysul: Gwasg Gomer, 1991)

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
* [http://www.llgc.org.uk/index.php?id=272& Williams Pantycelyn] at the [[National Library of Wales]]. ''Gives access to a digital version of a manuscript in Williams's hand, NLW MS 77A''.
* [http://www.100welshheroes.com/en/biography/williamwilliams William Williams at 100 Welsh Heroes]
* [http://ehymnbook.org/w00/w00076.html Hymns in eHymnBook by William Williams]

{{Authority control|VIAF=70325554}}
{{Persondata 
| NAME = Williams, William
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Welsh hymnwriter
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1717
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH = 11 January 1791
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}

{{Methodism footer}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Williams, William (Pantycelyn)}}
[[Category:1717 births]]
[[Category:1791 deaths]]
[[Category:Calvinist hymnwriters|Williams, William]]
[[Category:Welsh-language writers]]
[[Category:People from Carmarthenshire|Williams, William]]
[[Category:Welsh Christian leaders|Williams, William]]
[[Category:Welsh-language poets]]
[[Category:Welsh poets]]
[[Category:Welsh writers]]
[[Category:Calvinistic Methodists]]
[[Category:Methodist hymnwriters]]
[[Category:Welsh translators]]
[[Category:Welsh Methodists]]
[[Category:Methodist ministers]]
[[Category:English–Welsh translators]]
[[Category:Translators to Welsh]]
[[Category:Welsh hymnwriters]]
[[Category:Christian revivalists|Williams, William]]

Wiedererlangungs-Übersetzung

2013-01-06T09:35:58Z

DPL bot: removing dablinks template; fewer than 4 disambig links (see the FAQ)

{{multiple issues
|notability=September 2011
|refimprove=June 2009
|primary sources=June 2009
}}
{{Bible translation infobox | translation_title = Recovery Version
| full_name=Recovery Version of the Bible
| abbreviation = RcV
| NT_published = 1985
| complete_bible_published = 2003
| author_info = The editorial section of the [[Living Stream Ministry]]
| textual_basis ='''NT:''' [[Novum Testamentum Graece]] (Nestle-Aland 26th edition)
'''OT:''' [[Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia]] (BHS; revised 1990 edition) with [[Septuagint]] influence. Further consultation to the ancient translations of the OT into [[Aramaic]], [[Greek]], [[Syriac]], and [[Latin]] for clarification of the Hebrew text.
| translation_type = formal equivalence
| NT_version_revised= 1991
| version_revised=
| publisher=Living Stream Ministry
| reading_level=
| copyright= © 2003 Living Stream Ministry
| copies_printed=
| genesis_1:1-3=In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. But the earth became waste and emptiness, and darkness was on the surface of the deep, and the Spirit of God was brooding upon the surface of the waters. And God said, Let there be light; and there was light.
| john_3:16=For God so loved the world that He gave His only begotten Son, that everyone who believes into Him would not perish, but would have eternal life.
|}}
{{BibleHistory}}

The '''Recovery Version''' is a [[study Bible]].
The primary translation of the Recovery Version is in [[English language|English]], and there are also partial and complete editions in other languages, including [[Chinese language|Chinese]] (恢復本), [[French language|French]] (Version Recouvrement), [[German language|German]], [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] (Alkitab Versi Pemulihan), [[Japanese language|Japanese]] (回復訳), [[Korean language|Korean]] (회복역 성경), [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] (Versão Restauração), [[Russian language|Russian]] (Восстановительный перевод), [[Spanish language|Spanish]] (Versión Recobro), and [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] (Salin sa Pagbabawi). The Recovery Version New Testament with footnotes was first published in 1985, the Old Testament with study outlines was later published in 1999, and the entire Holy Bible with footnotes was published in 2003.

==Translation Methodology==
The Recovery Version is based primarily on the Nestle Aland Greek text as found in Novum Testamentum Graece (26th edition).<ref name="a">{{cite web|title = Translating the Bible |publisher = Living Stream Ministry |url = http://www.recoveryversion.org/translation.html |access date: 3 Jan 2013}}</ref>

==Features==
* An outline of each book, both at the beginning of the book and embedded within the text
* Introductory information giving a brief historical background of each book
* The subject of each book providing an overview of the book
* Footnotes and cross-references
* Charts and color maps

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* [http://www.recoveryversion.org/ The Recovery Version English]
* [http://www.livingstream.com/ The Living Stream Ministry]
* [http://www.bfa.org/ Bibles for America - Distributors of free Christian literature]
* [http://www.biblesforeurope.org/ Bibles for Europe - Distributors of free Christian literature]
* [http://www.readhisword.com/ ReadHisWord.com] - Online Bible reading scheduler and progress tracker using the Recovery Version
* [http://www.recoveryversion.com.tw/ The Recovery Version Chinese]
* [http://yasperin.or.id/ yasperin.or.id] - Alkitab Versi Pemulihan Indonesia - Yayasan Perpustakaan Injil - Yasperin

{{English Bible translation navbox}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Recovery Version Of The Bible}}
[[Category:Bible versions and translations]]
[[Category:1999 books]]
[[Category:1999 in religion]]

[[id:Alkitab Versi Pemulihan]]
[[ja:回復訳聖書]]
[[zh:聖經恢復本]]

Wiedererlangungs-Übersetzung

2013-01-05T09:18:23Z

DPL bot: adding dablinks template; 7 or more disambig links (see the FAQ)

{{dablinks|date=January 2013}}
{{multiple issues
|notability=September 2011
|refimprove=June 2009
|primary sources=June 2009
}}
{{Bible translation infobox | translation_title = Recovery Version
| full_name=Recovery Version of the Bible
| abbreviation = RcV
| NT_published = 1985
| complete_bible_published = 2003
| author_info = The editorial section of the [[Living Stream Ministry]]
| textual_basis ='''NT:''' [[Novum Testamentum Graece]] (Nestle-Aland 26th edition)
'''OT:''' [[Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia]] (BHS; revised 1990 edition) with [[Septuagint]] influence. Further consultation to the ancient translations of the OT into [[Aramaic]], [[Greek]], [[Syriac]], and [[Latin]] for clarification of the Hebrew text.
| translation_type = formal equivalence
| NT_version_revised= 1991
| version_revised=
| publisher=Living Stream Ministry
| reading_level=
| copyright= © 2003 Living Stream Ministry
| copies_printed=
| genesis_1:1-3=In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. But the earth became waste and emptiness, and darkness was on the surface of the deep, and the Spirit of God was brooding upon the surface of the waters. And God said, Let there be light; and there was light.
| john_3:16=For God so loved the world that He gave His only begotten Son, that everyone who believes into Him would not perish, but would have eternal life.
|}}
{{BibleHistory}}

The '''Recovery Version''' is a [[study Bible]].
The primary translation of the Recovery Version is in [[English]], and there are also partial and complete editions in other languages, including [[Chinese]] (恢復本), [[French]] (Version Recouvrement), [[German]], [[Indonesian]] (Alkitab Versi Pemulihan), [[Japanese]] (回復訳), [[Korean]] (회복역 성경), [[Portuguese]] (Versão Restauração), [[Russian]] (Восстановительный перевод), [[Spanish]] (Versión Recobro), and [[Tagalog]] (Salin sa Pagbabawi). The Recovery Version New Testament with footnotes was first published in 1985, the Old Testament with study outlines was later published in 1999, and the entire Holy Bible with footnotes was published in 2003.

==Translation Methodology==
The Recovery Version is based primarily on the Nestle Aland Greek text as found in Novum Testamentum Graece (26th edition).<ref name="a">{{cite web|title = Translating the Bible |publisher = Living Stream Ministry |url = http://www.recoveryversion.org/translation.html |access date: 3 Jan 2013}}</ref>

==Features==
* An outline of each book, both at the beginning of the book and embedded within the text
* Introductory information giving a brief historical background of each book
* The subject of each book providing an overview of the book
* Footnotes and cross-references
* Charts and color maps

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* [http://www.recoveryversion.org/ The Recovery Version English]
* [http://www.livingstream.com/ The Living Stream Ministry]
* [http://www.bfa.org/ Bibles for America - Distributors of free Christian literature]
* [http://www.biblesforeurope.org/ Bibles for Europe - Distributors of free Christian literature]
* [http://www.readhisword.com/ ReadHisWord.com] - Online Bible reading scheduler and progress tracker using the Recovery Version
* [http://www.recoveryversion.com.tw/ The Recovery Version Chinese]
* [http://yasperin.or.id/ yasperin.or.id] - Alkitab Versi Pemulihan Indonesia - Yayasan Perpustakaan Injil - Yasperin

{{English Bible translation navbox}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Recovery Version Of The Bible}}
[[Category:Bible versions and translations]]
[[Category:1999 books]]
[[Category:1999 in religion]]

[[id:Alkitab Versi Pemulihan]]
[[ja:回復訳聖書]]
[[zh:聖經恢復本]]

Clan Hay

2012-12-05T09:30:48Z

DPL bot: removing dablinks template; fewer than 4 disambig links (see the FAQ)

{{Infobox clan
|image badge =
|clan name =Clan Hay
|chiefs crest =Issuing out of a crest coronet a falcon volant Proper, armed, jessed and belted Or
|chiefs motto =SERVA JUGUM
|chiefs slogan ="A Hay! A Hay!"
|district =
|origins =Norman
|gaelic names =''MacGaraidh''
|image arms =Earl of Erroll arms.svg
|plant badge =[[Mistletoe]]
|animal =[[Falcon]]{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}}
|pipe music =
|chiefs name =The Rt. Hon. [[Merlin Hay, 24th Earl of Erroll|Merlin Sereld Hay]]
|chiefs title =The 24th [[Earl of Erroll]]
|chiefs gaelic title=
|seat = Woodbury Hall.<ref>[http://www.clanchiefs.org/p/chiefs.html clanchiefs.org]. clanchiefs.org. Retrieved on 19 September 2011.</ref>
|historic seat =[[Slains Castle]]
|septs = * [[File:Earl of Erroll arms.svg|30px]]Hay, de la Haye, MacHay, O'Hea, Hayson, Hayes, Hays, MacGaradh, MacGarra, McArra, MacGarrow, Garra, Garrad, Garrow, O'Garra, O'Garrow, Leish, [[File:Hay of Leith arms.jpg|30px]]Leith, Des Hay, Peebles Hayton, Gifford, Hayston, Haydock, Haytor, Hayden, Hayens, Haylees, Haynes, Hayse, Deshays, [[File:Hay of Alderston arms.jpg|30px]]Alderston, Kellour, [[File:Hay of Laxfirth arms.svg|30px]]Laxfirth, [[File:Hay of Locherworth arms.jpg|30px]]Locherworth, [[File:Lord Hay of Yester arms.svg|30px]]Yester, Drumelizior, Hayfield, Ay, Aye, Ayer, Haywood, Hayter, Haylor, Hayburn, Hayward, Hayne, Haynie, [[File:Hay of Smithfleld and Haystoun arms.svg|30px]]Haystoun, Hey, Haye, Heyes, De Hay, da Hay, de Haya, da Haya, Dellahay, de la Hay, Hea, O'Hay Aue, Peeples Gifford, Beagrie, [[File:Marquess of Tweeddale arms.svg|30px]]Tweeddale, Delgatie, [[File:Earl of Erroll arms.svg|30px]]Erroll, [[File:Hay of Kinnoul arms.jpg|30px]]Kinnoull, Slains, Turriff, Dupplin, de Plessis, Arroll, Conn, Con, Hayhoe, Hayson, Hayhow, Hawson, D'Aye, D/Ay Peoples, Hey – (Holland, Europe), Hej – (from Hey)

<center>{{Expand list|date=March 2011}}</center>
|branches = * [[File:Earl of Erroll arms.svg|30px]]Hay of [[Errol, Perth and Kinross|Erroll]] ([[Lord Hay]]; [[Lord Slains]]; [[Earl of Erroll]]; [[Lord High Constable of Scotland]])
** [[File:Hay of Leys arms.svg|30px]]Hay of [[Errol, Perth and Kinross|Leys]]<ref name="google504">A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Commoners of Great Britain; p.504; By John Burke; Published by Colburn, 1836; [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FOVsAAAAMAAJ link]</ref><ref name="google504"/>
*** [[File:Hay of Pitfour arms.svg|30px]]Hay of [[Pitfour]]<ref>A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Commoners of Great Britain; p.507; By John Burke; Published by Colburn, 1836; [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FOVsAAAAMAAJ link]</ref>
*** [[File:No coat of arms sm.png|30px]]Hay of [[Kinfauns, Perth and Kinross|Kinfauns]] ([[Baron Hay of Kinfauns]], [[Viscount Dupplin|Viscount Duplin]], [[File:Hay of Kinnoul arms.jpg|30px]] [[Earl of Kinnoull]])<ref>A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Commoners of Great Britain; p.507-508; By John Burke; Published by Colburn, 1836; [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FOVsAAAAMAAJ link]</ref>
**** [[File:No coat of arms sm.png|30px]]Hay of [[Cromlix]] ([[Lord Cromlix]]; [[Viscount of Innerpaphrie]]; [[Earl of Inverness]]; [[Duke of Inverness]] in the [[Jacobite Peerage]])
**** [[File:Hay of Seggieden arms.png|30px]]Hay of [[Seggieden]]<ref>A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Commoners of Great Britain; p.509; By John Burke; Published by Colburn, 1836; [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FOVsAAAAMAAJ link]</ref>
** [[File:Marquess of Tweeddale arms.svg|30px]]Hay of [[Tweeddale]] ([[Baron Tweeddale]]; [[File:Lord Hay of Yester arms.svg|30px]] [[Lord Hay of Yester]]; [[Viscount of Walden]]; [[Earl of Gifford]]; [[Earl of Tweeddale]]; [[Marquess of Tweeddale]])<ref>The Scots peerage: founded on Wood's ed. of Sir Robert Douglas's Peerage of Scotland; containing an historical and genealogical account of the nobility of that kingdom; vol VIII; p. 416; by Paul, James Balfour, Sir, 1846–1931; Edinburgh: D. Douglas; Not in copyright [http://www.archive.org/stream/scotspeeragefoun08pauluoft link]</ref>
*** [[File:Hay of Linplum arms.svg|30px]]Hay of [[Linplum]] ([[Hay baronets|Baronet of Linplum]])
**** [[File:Hay of Alderston arms.jpg|30px]]Hay of [[Alderston]] ([[Hay baronets|Baronet of Alderston]])
***** [[File:No coat of arms sm.png|30px]]Hay of [[Restalrig]] ([[Hay baronets|Baronet of Restalrig]] in the [[Jacobite Peerage]])
*** [[File:No coat of arms sm.png|30px]]Hay of [[Seton House]] and of [[Mapes Hill House]]<ref>The Scots peerage: founded on Wood's ed. of Sir Robert Douglas's Peerage of Scotland; containing an historical and genealogical account of the nobility of that kingdom; vol VIII; p. 467; by Paul, James Balfour, Sir, 1846–1931; Edinburgh: D. Douglas; Not in copyright [http://www.archive.org/stream/scotspeeragefoun08pauluoft link]</ref>
*** [[File:No coat of arms sm.png|30px]]Hay of [[Belhaven, Scotland|Belton]]<ref>The Scots peerage: founded on Wood's ed. of Sir Robert Douglas's Peerage of Scotland; containing an historical and genealogical account of the nobility of that kingdom; vol VIII; p. 454; by Paul, James Balfour, Sir, 1846–1931; Edinburgh: D. Douglas; Not in copyright [http://www.archive.org/stream/scotspeeragefoun08pauluoft link]</ref>
*** [[File:Hay of Newhall arms.svg|30px]]Hay of [[Newhall]]{{dn|date=November 2012}}<ref>The Scots peerage: founded on Wood's ed. of Sir Robert Douglas's Peerage of Scotland; containing an historical and genealogical account of the nobility of that kingdom; vol VIII; p. 460; by Paul, James Balfour, Sir, 1846–1931; Edinburgh: D. Douglas; Not in copyright [http://www.archive.org/stream/scotspeeragefoun08pauluoft link]</ref>
*** [[File:No coat of arms sm.png|30px]]Hay of [[Spott]] and [[Lawfield]]<ref>The Scots peerage: founded on Wood's ed. of Sir Robert Douglas's Peerage of Scotland; containing an historical and genealogical account of the nobility of that kingdom; vol VIII; p. 456; by Paul, James Balfour, Sir, 1846–1931; Edinburgh: D. Douglas; Not in copyright [http://www.archive.org/stream/scotspeeragefoun08pauluoft link]</ref>
*** [[File:No coat of arms sm.png|30px]]Hay of [[Drumelzier]]<ref>The Scots peerage: founded on Wood's ed. of Sir Robert Douglas's Peerage of Scotland; containing an historical and genealogical account of the nobility of that kingdom; vol VIII; p. 449; by Paul, James Balfour, Sir, 1846–1931; Edinburgh: D. Douglas; Not in copyright [http://www.archive.org/stream/scotspeeragefoun08pauluoft link]</ref>
**** [[File:No coat of arms sm.png|30px]]Hay of [[Duns Castle]]<ref>The Scots peerage: founded on Wood's ed. of Sir Robert Douglas's Peerage of Scotland; containing an historical and genealogical account of the nobility of that kingdom; vol VIII; p. 450; by Paul, James Balfour, Sir, 1846–1931; Edinburgh: D. Douglas; Not in copyright [http://www.archive.org/stream/scotspeeragefoun08pauluoft link]</ref>
**** [[File:No coat of arms sm.png|30px]]Hay of [[Nunraw]]<ref>The Scots peerage: founded on Wood's ed. of Sir Robert Douglas's Peerage of Scotland; containing an historical and genealogical account of the nobility of that kingdom; vol VIII; p. 451; by Paul, James Balfour, Sir, 1846–1931; Edinburgh: D. Douglas; Not in copyright [http://www.archive.org/stream/scotspeeragefoun08pauluoft link]</ref>
*** [[File:Hay of Smithfleld and Haystoun arms.svg|30px]]Hay of [[Haystoun]] ([[Hay baronets|Baronet of Smithfield and Haystoun]])<ref>The Scots peerage: founded on Wood's ed. of Sir Robert Douglas's Peerage of Scotland; containing an historical and genealogical account of the nobility of that kingdom; vol VIII; p. 435; by Paul, James Balfour, Sir, 1846–1931; Edinburgh: D. Douglas; Not in copyright [http://www.archive.org/stream/scotspeeragefoun08pauluoft link]</ref>
* [[File:No coat of arms sm.png|30px]]Hay of [[Lochloy]]<ref>The Highland Clans By Iain Moncreiffe of that Ilk, Iain Moncreiffe, David Hicks; p. 188; Published by Barrie & Jenkins, 1982; [http://books.google.co.uk/books?lr=&as_brr=0&id=WQlCAAAAIAAJ&dq=hay+of+lochloy&q=hay+of+lochloy&pgis=1 link]</ref>
* [[File:No coat of arms sm.png|30px]]Hay of [[Delgatie]]
** [[File:Hay of Park arms.svg|30px]]Hay of Park ([[Hay baronets|Baronet of Park]])
* [[File:No coat of arms sm.png|30px]]Hay of [[Cardeny]]
* [[File:No coat of arms sm.png|30px]]Hay of [[Hayfield (disambiguation)|Hayfield]]
* [[File:No coat of arms sm.png|30px]]Dalrymple-Hay of [[Dalrymple-Hay baronets|Park Place]] ([[Dalrymple-Hay baronets]])

<center>{{Expand list|date=March 2011}}</center>
}}

[[File:Hay tartan (Vestiarium Scoticum).png|thumb|right|One of the Hay tartans. From [[Vestiarium Scoticum]].]]

'''Clan Hay''' is a [[Scottish clan]] that has played an important part in the history and politics of Scotland. Members of the clan are to be found in most parts of Scotland and in many other parts of the world. However, the North East of Scotland, i.e. Aberdeenshire [[Aberdeenshire (historic)]], [[Banffshire]], [[Morayshire]] and Nairnshire [[Nairn (boundaries)]], is the heart of Hay country with other significant concentrations of Hays being found in [[Perthshire]], especially around [[Perth, Scotland|Perth]], in the [[Scottish Borders]], and in [[Shetland]].

==Origin of the name==

The family name is derived from that of several villages called ''La Haye'' in the [[Cotentin peninsula]] of [[Normandy]], France.<ref name="Black,p350">Black 1946, p.350</ref><ref name="Townsend, p949">Townsend 1970, p.949</ref> The word, ''haye'' comes from ''haia'', a [[hedge (barrier)|hedge]], which in modern French is ''haie''.<ref name="Black,p350"/> It can also mean "[[stockade]]",<ref name="Townsend, p949"/> but it may have been used here because this part of Normandy is characterized by centuries-old interlocking [[hedgerow]]s ([[bocage]]).<ref>Keegan 1983, p.152</ref> The French, ''de la Haye'',<ref>sometimes written as ''de la Haya'' or ''de la Hay''</ref> appears in Latin documents as ''de Haya''<ref name="Townsend, p949"/><ref>sometimes as de Haia</ref><ref name="Whyte, p88">Whyte 1996, p.88</ref> The name has evolved into English as ''Hay''<ref name="Townsend, p949"/><ref name="Whyte, p88"/> and rendered into Gaelic as ''Garadh''.<ref name="Townsend, p949"/><ref name="Whyte, p88"/><ref>or Garaidh</ref> According to George Fraser Black, the Gaelic form of ''Hay'', ''MacGaradh'', was merely an invention of John Hay Allan, also known as [[John Sobieski Stuart]], author of the dubious ''[[Vestiarium Scoticum]]''.<ref>{{Cite document |title=The Surnames of Scotland: Their Origin, Meaning, and History |last==Black |first=George Fraser |publisher=[[New York Public Library]] |location=New York |year=1946 |pages=494–495 |postscript= }}</ref>

==Legend of Luncarty==
There are two ways to approach the origins of Clan Hay. The first is the Legend of Luncarty, which is an important Hay tradition, while the second is based on historical research, albeit that inconsistencies tend to occur after so many centuries.
[[Hector Boece]], the Scottish academic, wrote the first known account of the Luncarty legend in his ''Scotorium Historia'', which was initially published in 1525, with a second edition being published posthumously in 1575.<ref name="Sutton, 2010">Sutton,2010</ref> There are numerous versions of the legend that are based upon Boece’s work but which include various embellishments. In contrast, [[George Buchanan]]’s account in his ''Rerum Scoticarum Historia'', published in 1582 and derived from Boece’s work, omits any reference to the hawk’s flight delineating the land grant.<ref>Sutton, 2003, 2009</ref> In 2010, Sutton published a hypertext edition, in both Latin and English, of Boece’s 1575 edition of the Historia, thus providing ready access to his original account of the legend.<ref name="Sutton, 2010"/> The version of the legend quoted below is from [[John Burke (genealogist)]]'s "Peerage",1832 edition.<ref>{{cite book |title=A General and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire |last=Burke |first=John |page=443 |publisher=H. Colburn and R. Bentley |year=1832 |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Cq8KAAAAYAAJ}}</ref>

"The traditional origin of the noble house of Hay is thus related:—In the reign of [[Kenneth III]], anno 980, the [[Danes (Germanic tribe)|Danes]], who had invaded Scotland, having prevailed, at the battle of [[Luncarty]], near [[Perth, Scotland|Perth]], were pursuing the flying Scots, from the field, when a countryman and his two sons appeared in a narrow pass, through which the vanquished were hurrying, and impeded for a moment their flight. ''"What,"'' said the rustic, ''"had you rather be slaughtered by your merciless foes, than die honorably in the field; come, rally, rally!"'' and he headed the fugitives, brandishing his ploughshare, and crying out, that help was at hand: the Danes, believing that a fresh army was falling upon them, fled in confusion, and the Scots thus recovered the laurel which they had lost, and freed their country from servitude. The battle being won, the old man, afterwards known by the name of Hay, was brought to the king, who, assembling a parliament at [[Scone, Scotland|Scone]], gave to the said Hay and his sons, as a just reward for their valour, so much land on the [[river Tay]], in the district of [[Gowrie]], as a falcon from a man's hand flew over till it settled; which being six miles in length, was afterwards called [[Errol, Perth and Kinross|Errol]]; and the king being desirous to elevate Hay and his sons from their humble rank in life, to the order of nobility, his majesty assigned them a [[coat of arms]], which was [[argent]], three [[escutcheon (heraldry)|escutcheons]], [[gules]], to intimate that the father and two sons had been the three fortunate shields of Scotland."

The reliability of the legend has often been challenged. For instance,the Scottish historian [[John Hill Burton]] strongly suspected the battle of Luncarty to be an invention of Hector Boece,<ref name="publishing415">A Complete Guide to Heraldry; p.415; By Arthur Charles Fox Davies, and Graham Johnston; Published by Kessinger Publishing, 2004; ISBN 978-1-4179-0630-7, ISBN 978-1-4179-0630-7; [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0EBiwcy4x5EC link]</ref><ref>[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bYM9AAAAcAAJ&dq=John%20Hill%20Burton%20Luncarty&pg=PA364#v=onepage&q&f=false The History of Scotland from Agricola's Invasion to the Revolution of 1688, Vol 1], By John Hill Burton; p.364-365, Will. Blackwood and Sons, 1867</ref> In fact, Burton was incorrect. Walter Bower,<ref>{{cite book|last=S Taylor, DER Watt, B Scott, eds|title=Scotichronicon by Walter Bower in Latin and English.Vol.5|year=1990|publisher=Aberdeen University Press|location=Aberdeen|pages=341–343}}</ref> writing in his [[Scotichronicon]] around 1440, some 87 years before Boece first published his ''Scotorum Historia'', refers to the battle briefly as follows:
''“that remarkable battle of Luncarty, in which the Norsemen with their king were totally destroyed”.''
Bower does not quote specific sources concerning the battle, but, two sentences later, he refers in a general way to ancient writings that he has consulted. The term Norsemen would include Danes.

Regarding the legend, Sir James Balfour Paul, noting that armorial bearings did not occur in Scotland till long after 980 (when the battle is said to have taken place), referred to Hector Boece as "an incorrigible old liar" in this and other stories.[27].<ref>A Complete Guide to Heraldry; p.415; By Arthur Charles Fox Davies, and Graham Johnston; Published by Kessinger Publishing,</ref> [[Cosmo Innes]], further noting that surnames did not occur in Scotland till long after 980, states that the name Hay has as origin a place name in [[Normandy]].<ref name="publishing415"/> This last point is discussed in the section, Origin of the Name, of this article.

All of this occurred before recorded history, but in support of this romantic tale, to this day the farm where the battle took place is known as Denmarkfield, where relics of an ancient battle have been discovered, and the stone were the falcon is said to have alighted is called the “Hawkstane”(hawkstone).<ref name="smokymountaingames.org">{{cite web|url=http://smokymountaingames.org/about/honored-clan/ |title=Honored Clan | Smoky Mountain Highland Games |publisher=Smokymountaingames.org |date= |accessdate=2012-11-07}}</ref>

The Hero of Luncarty was not named Hay. Indeed, he lived before surnames were in common use in Scotland. The first Scottish Hay was William II de la Haya who was Pincera or Cup Bearer to King Malcolm IV in 1160. William II was descended from William I, Le Sieur de la Haya who came to England from the barony of La Haye du Puits in Normandy with William the Conqueror in 1066. William de la Haya’s son, William II, received the Barony of Erroll from King William the Lion in 1178 and is regarded as the first Chief of Clan Hay. He married an heiress of old Scoto-Pictish stock, Eva of Pitmilly, believed to be a descendant of the Hero of Luncarty. Thus, the legend of Luncarty was incorporated into Clan Hay, with the clan’s motto being “Serva Jugum” (Keep the Yoke), and the Arms of its chief featuring two peasant supporters, three blood-red shields, three ox yokes and a falcon as major devices.<ref name="smokymountaingames.org"/>

[[File:Peter Drummond-Murray of Mastrick.jpg|thumb|left|180px|[[Slains Pursuivant]], Peter Drummond-Murray of Mastrick, is the [[private officer of arms]] of the Chief of Clan Hay]]

==History==

===William II de Haya===
{{Main| William II de Haya}}

Clan Hay descends from the Norman family of de la Haye (de Haya). The progenitors of the Scottish clan were [[William II de Haya]] and his wife, Eva of [[Pitmilly]], a Celtic heiress.<ref>While Eva is usually referred to as a Celtic heiress,her parentage and, therefore, her ethnicity, have not been established.</ref> William II de Haya was the son of William I de Haya and his Norman wife, Juliana de Soulis, sister to [[Ranulf I de Soules]]. He was the first recorded Hay in Scotland, is known to have been in the Scottish court in 1160, was [[cup-bearer]] to [[Malcolm IV of Scotland]] and [[William I of Scotland]], and was made the first Baron of Erroll by William I. He died soon after 1201 and was succeeded by his eldest son, David.

===Connection to the de La Haye of Normandy===

The origins of the Hays of Erroll were investigated around 1954 by Wagner<ref>Wagner 1954,1955</ref> who presented evidence, based largely on heraldry, that the Scottish Hays were descended from de La Haye of [[La Haye-Bellefond|La Haye-Hue]] in the [[Cotentin]] Peninsula of Normandy. That evidence begins with a seal used by David de Haya (Haia), the son of William II de Haya, on a charter around 1230. It shows the arms of argent three inescutcheons gules, i.e., a silver shield containing three smaller red shields, and are the same arms presently used by the Earl of Erroll. They bear no resemblance to those of the de La Haye of England, but they are the same as those used by Jean de La Haye-Hue in Normandy around 1368–1375. The de La Haye of La Haye Hue can be traced back to the 12th century, that is, when William II de Haya was first known to be in Scotland. Wagner therefore concluded that the Hays of Erroll and the Hayes of La Haye were related. He also pointed out that the Hays were linked to the powerful Normandy family of Soulis [[Ranulf I de Soules]] in that La Haye-Hue, now called La Haye-Bellefond, is located just across the small Soules River from [[Soulles]], the seat of that family. Secondly, the Soulis name, rare in England, and the more common Hay, are both found in the records of Dover castle in the early 13th century.

A third point, which Wagner did not mention, is that William I de Haya married Juliana de Soulis and these two were the parents of William II de Haya.<ref>Reg. of Coupar ii, 284.Referenced in Balfour 1906, pp.555–7</ref>

===Successors of William II de Haya===

David De Haya, who wedded Helen, daughter of [[Gille Brigte, Earl of Strathearn|Gilbert (or Gille Brigte)]], [[Earl of Strathearn]], and had:<ref name="google504"/>
* 1 Gilbert, who succeeded his father at Erroll, was ancestor of the Noble house of the [[Earl of Erroll|Earls Errol]], which ended in heiresses in 1717: the youngest of whom espoused the [[Earl of Kilmarnock]], and her descendant is now Earl Of Errol.<ref name="google504"/>

* 2 William De Haya, obtained from his brother Gilbert, in 1235, a grant of two [[carucate]]s of land, in Errol, called [[Errol, Perth and Kinross|Leys]]; which grant was afterwards confirmed, in 1451, by William, Earl of Errol, to Edmund Hay, of Leys, the lineal descendant of this William. This branch would later changed their name to Hay-Balfour of Leys in the county of [[Perthshire|Perth]], and of [[Randerston]], in [[Fife]]. According to [[John Burke (genealogist)|John Burk]], the Hay-Balfours of Leys are the ''"[[heir male|male representative]] of the noble family of Hay"''.<ref name="google504"/>

* 3 David, [[parson]] of Erroll.<ref>The Scots peerage: founded on Wood's ed. of Sir Robert Douglas's Peerage of Scotland; containing an historical and genealogical account of the nobility of that kingdom; p. 556; by Paul, James Balfour, Sir, 1846–1931; Edinburgh: D. Douglas; Not in copyright
[http://www.archive.org/stream/scotspeeragefoun03pauluoft link]</ref>

Gilbert, who succeeded his father at Erroll, was [[Sheriff]] of [[Perth, Scotland|Perth]] before 1262. He was appointed one of the regents and guardians to King [[Alexander III of Scotland|Alexander III]]. He married Idonea, daughter of [[William Comyn, jure uxoris Earl of Buchan|William Comyn]], [[Earl of Buchan]], and had a son, Nicolas.<ref>The Scots peerage: founded on Wood's ed. of Sir Robert Douglas's Peerage of Scotland; containing an historical and genealogical account of the nobility of that kingdom; p. 557-558; by Paul, James Balfour, Sir, 1846–1931; Edinburgh: D. Douglas; Not in copyright
[http://www.archive.org/stream/scotspeeragefoun03pauluoft link]</ref>

===Wars of Scottish Independence===
His son, Nicolas de Haya of Erroll was [[Sheriff]] of [[Perth, Scotland|Perth]] before 1288. He swore fealty to King [[Edward I]] on 12 July 1296. He was summoned by Edward I to attend parliament at [[St. Andrews]] in 1303–04. He had four sons:<ref>The Scots peerage: founded on Wood's ed. of Sir Robert Douglas's Peerage of Scotland; containing an historical and genealogical account of the nobility of that kingdom; p. 558-559; by Paul, James Balfour, Sir, 1846–1931; Edinburgh: D. Douglas; Not in copyright
[http://www.archive.org/stream/scotspeeragefoun03pauluoft link]</ref>

* 1 Gilbert<ref name="archive559">The Scots peerage: founded on Wood's ed. of Sir Robert Douglas's Peerage of Scotland; containing an historical and genealogical account of the nobility of that kingdom; p. 559; by Paul, James Balfour, Sir, 1846–1931; Edinburgh: D. Douglas; Not in copyright
[http://www.archive.org/stream/scotspeeragefoun03pauluoft link]</ref>
* 2 Nicolas, parson of [[Fossoway]], then [[Dean (religion)|Dean]] of [[Dunkeld]]<ref name="archive559"/>
* 3 John, parson of Erroll<ref name="archive559"/>
* 4 Hugh, one of the companions of [[Robert the Bruce]], and probably the same Hugh who, in 1296, swore fealty to Edward I.<ref name="archive559"/>

The son, [[Gilbert de la Hay|Gilbert de Haya of Erroll]], swore fealty to Edward I at [[Aberdeen]] in 1296. However, in 1306 he joined Robert the Bruce and continued faithfully to him throughout the [[Wars of Scottish Independence|War of Independence]]. In consequence Edward I declared Gilbert a traitor, but Robert the Bruce rewarded him with a charter over the lands of [[Slains]] in [[Aberdeenshire]] and the office of [[Lord High Constable of Scotland|Constable of the realm of Scotland]]. Gilbert de la Hay was also a signatory to the Declaration of Arbroath, 1320 .<ref>The Scots peerage: founded on Wood's ed. of Sir Robert Douglas's Peerage of Scotland; containing an historical and genealogical account of the nobility of that kingdom; p. 559-560; by Paul, James Balfour, Sir, 1846–1931; Edinburgh: D. Douglas; Not in copyright
[http://www.archive.org/stream/scotspeeragefoun03pauluoft link]</ref>

===16th century and Anglo Scottish Wars===
During the [[Anglo-Scottish Wars]] the Clan Hay suffered very heavy casualties in the [[Battle of Flodden]] in 1513. Another Hay, also named Sir Gilbert, was a Scottish knight who fought for [[Joan of Arc]] during the [[Hundred Years' War]].

Following the [[Scottish Reformation|Reformation]], the Hays remained loyal to Catholicism and thus were allies to [[Mary, Queen of Scots]], who appointed George Hay, the 7th Earl of Erroll, Lord Lieutenant of all central Scotland. [[Francis Hay, 9th Earl of Erroll]], was involved in a conspiracy with King [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]] of Spain, to overthrow [[Elizabeth I of England|Queen Elizabeth]] of England, convert King [[James VI]] to Catholicism and thus make Britain a Catholic stronghold. With the defeat of the [[Spanish Armada]], however, the conspiracy came to nothing.

===17th century and Civil War===
During the Civil War James Hay led his forces as Royalists against the Covenanters at the [[Battle of Aberdeen]] in 1644 where they were victorious.

===18th century and Jacobite Uprisings===

Following the [[Acts of Union 1707|Act of Union]] in 1707, the Hays were sympathetic to the Jacobite cause. The ruins of their fortress of [[Slains Castle]], on the northeast coast of Scotland, was a frequent meeting place for Jacobite conspirators. In 1745, the Clan Hay supported [[Bonnie Prince Charlie]] and assisted in financing his rebellion.

With the collapse of Jacobotism, the Hays became loyal British subjects, and many Hays were involved in expanding the [[British Empire]].

[[File:MistletoeInSilverBirch.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Mistletoe is the clan's plant badge]]

==Clan profile==

* [[Scottish Gaelic|Gaelic]] Names: ''MacGaraidh'' (Surname) & ''Clann 'icGaraidh'' (Collective).
* [[Motto]]: ''Serva Jugum'' (Keep the yoke).
* [[Slogan]]: "A Hay! A Hay! A Hay!".
* Pipe Music: "Delgatie Castle".
* [[Clan crest|Crest]]: Issuing out of a Crest Coronet, a falcon volant Proper, armed, jessed, and belled Or.
* [[Clan badge]]: [[Mistletoe]].
* Animal Symbol: [[Falcon]].
* [[Coat of arms|Chief's Arms]]: Argent, three escutcheons Gules

==Chief==

* [[Merlin Hay, 24th Earl of Erroll|Merlin Sereld Victor Gilbert Hay]], the [[Earl of Erroll|24th Earl of Erroll]], the [[Lord Hay]], the [[Lord Slains]], [[Baronet]] and [[Chief of the Name and Arms]] of Hay<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.burkes-peerage.net/familyhomepage.aspx?FID=0&FN=ERROLL|title=burkes peerage}}</ref>

==Peerage==
* [[Hay of Erroll]]:
** 1449: 1st Baron Hay of [[Earl of Erroll|Erroll]] (Sir [[Willian Hay, 1st Earl of Erroll|William Hay]], ? – 1462)
** 1453: 1st [[Earl of Erroll]] (Sir [[Willian Hay, 1st Earl of Erroll|William Hay]], ? – 1462)
*** 1462: 2nd [[Earl of Erroll]] ([[Nicholas Hay, 2nd Earl of Erroll|Nicholas Hay]], ? – 1470)
*** 1470: 3rd [[Earl of Erroll]] ([[William Hay, 3rd Earl of Erroll|William Hay]], ? – 1507)
*** 1507: 4th [[Earl of Erroll]] ([[William Hay, 4th Earl of Erroll|William Hay]], ? – 1513)
*** 1513: 5th [[Earl of Erroll]] ([[William Hay, 5th Earl of Erroll|William Hay]], ? – 1541)
*** 1541: 6th [[Earl of Erroll]] ([[William Hay, 6th Earl of Erroll|William Hay]], 1521 – 1541)
*** 1541: 7th [[Earl of Erroll]] ([[George Hay, 7th Earl of Erroll|George Hay]], ? – 1573)
*** 1573: 8th [[Earl of Erroll]] ([[Andrew Hay, 8th Earl of Erroll|Andrew Hay]], ? – 1585)
*** 1585: 9th [[Earl of Erroll]] ([[Francis Hay, 9th Earl of Erroll|Francis Hay]], 30 April 1564 – 16 July 1631)
*** 16 July 1631: 10th [[Earl of Erroll]] ([[William Hay, 10th Earl of Erroll|William Hay]], ? – 1636)
*** 1636: 11th [[Earl of Erroll]] ([[Gilbert Hay, 11th Earl of Erroll|Gilbert Hay]], ? – 1675)
*** 1675: 12th [[Earl of Erroll]] ([[John Hay, 12th Earl of Erroll|John Hay]], ? – 1704)
*** 1704: 13th [[Earl of Erroll]] ([[Charles Hay, 13th Earl of Erroll|Charles Hay]], ? – 1717)
*** 1717: 14th [[Earl of Erroll|Countess of Erroll]] ([[Mary Hay, 14th Countess of Erroll|Mary Hay]], ? – 19 August 1758)
*** 19 August 1758: 15th [[Earl of Erroll]] ([[James Hay, 15th Earl of Erroll|James Hay]], 20 April 1726 – 3 July 1778)
*** 3 July 1778: 16th [[Earl of Erroll]] ([[George Hay, 16th Earl of Erroll|George Hay]], 1767 – 1798)
*** 1798: 17th [[Earl of Erroll]] ([[William Hay, 17th Earl of Erroll|William Hay]], 1772 – 1819)
*** 1819: 18th [[Earl of Erroll]] ([[William Hay, 18th Earl of Erroll|William George Hay]], 1801 – 1846)
*** 1846: 19th [[Earl of Erroll]] ([[William Hay, 19th Earl of Erroll|William Harry Hayl]], 1823 – 1891)
*** 1891: 20th [[Earl of Erroll]] ([[Charles Hay, 20th Earl of Erroll|Charles Gore Hay]], 1852 – 1927)
*** 1927: 21th [[Earl of Erroll]] ([[Victor Hay, 21st Earl of Erroll|Victor Alexander Sereld Hay]], 1876 – 1928)
*** 1928: 22th [[Earl of Erroll]] ([[Josslyn Hay, 22nd Earl of Erroll|Josslyn Victor Hay]], 1901 – 1941)
*** 1941: 23th [[Earl of Erroll|Countess of Erroll]] ([[Diana Hay, 23rd Countess of Erroll|Diana Denyse Hay]], 5 January 1926 – 16 May 1978)
*** 16 May 1978: 24th [[Earl of Erroll]] ([[Merlin Hay, 24th Earl of Erroll|Merlin Sereld Victor Gilbert Hay]], 20 April 1948 – in life)

* [[Hay of Kinfauns]]:
** 4 May 1627: 1st Lord Hay of [[Kinfauns Castle|Kinfauns]] ([[George Hay, 1st Earl of Kinnoull|George Hay]], 1571 – 16 December 1634)
** 4 May 1627: 1st [[Viscount Dupplin]] ([[George Hay, 1st Earl of Kinnoull|George Hay]], 1571 – 16 December 1634)
** 25 May 1633: 1st [[Earl of Kinnoull]] ([[George Hay, 1st Earl of Kinnoull|George Hay]], 1571 – 16 December 1634)
*** 16 December 1634: 2nd [[Earl of Kinnoull]] ([[George Hay, 2nd Earl of Kinnoull|George Hay]], ? – 1644)
*** ...
*** 1709: 7th [[Earl of Kinnoull]] ([[Thomas Hay, 7th Earl of Kinnoull|Thomas Hay]], 1660 – 1719)
*** ...
*** 1938: 15th [[Earl of Kinnoull]] [[Arthur Hay, 15th Earl of Kinnoull|Arthur William George Patrick Hay]], [[1935 - in life)

* [[Hay of Cromlix]]:
** 5 October 1718: 1st [[Earl of Inverness]] ([[John Hay of Cromlix|John Hay]], 1691 – 1740)
** 5 October 1718: 1st [[Viscount of Innerpaphrie]] ([[John Hay of Cromlix|John Hay]], 1691 – 1740)
** 5 October 1718: 1st [[Lord Cromlix and Erne]] ([[John Hay of Cromlix|John Hay]], 1691 – 1740)

* [[Hay of Pedwardine]]:
** 31 December 1711: 1st Baron Hay of [[Pedwardine]] ([[George Hay, 8th Earl of Kinnoull|George Hay]], ? – 29 July 1758)

* [[Hay of Sawley]]:
** 29 June 1615: 1st Baron Hay of [[Earl of Carlisle|Sawley]] ([[James Hay, 1st Earl of Carlisle|James Hay]], 1580 – 25 April 1636)
** 1622: 1st [[Earl of Carlisle]] ([[James Hay, 1st Earl of Carlisle|James Hay]], 1580 – 25 April 1636)
*** 25 April 1636 2nd [[Earl of Carlisle]] ([[James Hay, 2nd Earl of Carlisle|James Hay]], 1612 – 30 October 1660)

* [[Hay of Yester]]:
** 29 January 1488: 1st Lord Hay of [[Yester]] ([[John Hay, 1st Lord Hay of Yester|John Hay]], 1450 – October 1508)
*** October 1508: 2nd Lord Hay of Yester ([[John Hay, 2nd Lord Hay of Yester|John Hay]], ? – 9 September 1513)
*** 9 September 1513: 3rd Lord Hay of Yester ([[John Hay, 3rd Lord Hay of Yester|John Hay]], ? – 1543)
*** 1543: 4th Lord Hay of Yester ([[John Hay, 4th Lord Hay of Yester|John Hay]], ? – 1557)
*** 1557: 5th Lord Hay of Yester ([[Lord_Hay_of_Yester#Lords_Hay_of_Yester_.281488.29|William Hay]], ? – August 1586)
*** August 1586: 6th Lord Hay of Yester ([[William Hay, 6th Lord Hay of Yester|William Hay]], ? – 10 May 1591)
*** 10 May 1591: 7th Lord Hay of Yester ([[James Hay, 7th Lord Hay of Yester|James Hay]], ? – 3 February 1609)
*** 3 February 1609: 8th Lord Hay of Yester ([[John Hay, 1st Earl of Tweeddale|John Hay]], 1593 – 1653)
** 1646: 1st [[Earl of Tweeddale]] ([[John Hay, 1st Earl of Tweeddale|John Hay]], 1593 – 1653)
*** 1653: 2nd [[Earl of Tweeddale]] ([[John Hay, 1st Marquess of Tweeddale|John Hay]], 1626 – 1697)
** 1694: 1st [[Marquess of Tweeddale]] ([[John Hay, 1st Marquess of Tweeddale|John Hay]], 1626 – 1697)
*** 1697: 2nd [[Marquess of Tweeddale]] ([[John Hay, 2nd Marquess of Tweeddale|John Hay]] 1645 – 1713)
**** 1714: 1st Lord of Hay of Newhall (William Hay, 1689 – 31 October 1723)
***** 31 October 1723: 2nd Lord of Hay of Newhall (John Hay, ? – 1743)
***** 1743: 3rd Lord of Hay of Newhall (George Hay, ? – 1787)
***** 1787: 4th Lord of Hay of Newhall (William Hay, ? – ?)
***** 17..: 5th Lord of Hay of Newhall (Edward Hay, ? – ?)
***** 17..: 6th Lord of Hay of Newhall (John Hay Mackenzie, ? – 1749)
***** 1749: 7th Lord of Hay of Newhall ([[George Hay, 8th Marquess of Tweeddale|George Hay]], ? – 1876)
*** ...
*** 2005: 14th [[Marquess of Tweeddale]] ([[Charles Hay, 14th Marquess of Tweeddale|Charles David Montagu Hay]] 1947 – in life)
** 1694: 1st [[Earl of Gifford]]
** 1694: 1st [[Viscount of Walden]]
** 1881: 1st [[Baron Tweeddale, of Yester in the County of Haddington]]

<center>{{Expand list|date=March 2012}}</center>

==Castles==
* [[Delgatie Castle]], [[Aberdeenshire (unitary)|Aberdeen]], Scotland was given to the Clan Hay after the [[Battle of Bannockburn]] in 1314.
* [[File:Earl of Erroll arms.svg|30px]] [[Slains Castle]] was owned by the chiefs of Clan Hay from 1597 to 1916.<ref>[http://www.aboutaberdeen.com/slainscastle.php Slains Castle Cruden Bay]. Aboutaberdeen.com (16 June 2007). Retrieved on 19 September 2011.</ref>
** [[File:Earl of Erroll arms.svg|30px]]([[Old Slains Castle]], [[Aberdeenshire]], Scotland)
** [[File:Earl of Erroll arms.svg|30px]]([[New Slains Castle]], [[Aberdeenshire]], Scotland)
* [[Dupplin Castle]], [[Perth, Scotland|Perth]], Scotland
* [[Duns Castle]], [[Berwickshire]], Scotland
* [[Inshoch Castle]], [[Nairnshire]], Scotland
* [[File:Hay of Megginch arms.svg|30px]] [[Megginch Castle]], [[Perth, Scotland|Perth]], Scotland
* [[Neidpath Castle]], [[Peebles]], Scotland
* [[File:Hay of Park arms.svg|30px]] [[Park Castle]], [[Galloway]], Scotland
* [[File:Lord Hay of Yester arms.svg|30px]] [[Yester Castle]], [[East Lothian]], Scotland

<center>{{Expand list|date=March 2011}}</center>

==Roll of arms==
{|
|-
| [[File:Earl of Erroll arms.svg|70px|center|Arms of The Earl of Erroll]]<center>Earl of Erroll</center>
|
| [[File:Hay of Leys arms.svg|70px|center|Arms of The Hay of Leys]]<center>Hay of Leys</center>
|
| [[File:Hay of Seafield arms.svg|70px|center|Arms of Hay of Seafield]]<center>Hay of Seafield</center>
|
| [[File:Hay of Fudie arms.svg|70px|center|Arms of the Hay of Fudie]]<center>Hay of Fudie</center>
|
| [[File:Hay of Cardenie arms.svg|70px|center|Arms of the Hay of Cardenie]]<center>Hay of Cardenie</center>
|
|-
| [[File:Hay of Urie arms.jpg|70px|center|Arms of The Hay of Urie]]<center>Hay of Urie</center>
|
| [[File:Hay of Alderston arms.jpg|70px|center|Arms of The Hay of Alderston]]<center>Hay of Alderston</center>
|
| [[File:Hay of Dalgety arms.svg|70px|center|Arms of The Hay of Dalgety]]<center>Hay of Dalgety</center>
|
| [[File:Hay of Megginch arms.svg|70px|center|Arms of The Hay of Megginch]]<center>Hay of Megginch</center>
|
| [[File:Hay of Leith arms.jpg|70px|center|Arms of The Hay of Leith]]<center>Hay of Leith</center>
|
|-
| [[File:Hay of Park arms.svg|70px|center|Arms of the Hay of Park]]<center>Hay of Park</center>
|
| [[File:Hay of Naughton arms.svg|70px|center|Arms of the Hay of Naughton]]<center>Hay of Naughton</center>
|
| [[File:Hay of Strowie arms.svg|70px|center|Arms of the Hay of Strowie]]<center>Hay of Strowie</center>
|
| [[File:Hay of Pitfour arms.svg|70px|center|Arms of The Hay of Pitfour]]<center>Hay of Pitfour</center>
|
| [[File:Hay of Newhall arms.svg|70px|center|Arms of The Hay of Newhall]]<center>Hay of Newhall</center>
|
|-
| [[File:Hay of Laxfirth arms.svg|70px|center|Arms of the Hay of Laxfirth]]<center>Hay of Laxfirth</center>
|
| [[File:Hay of Letham arms.svg|70px|center|Arms of the Hay of Letham]]<center>Hay of Letham</center>
|
|-
| [[File:Hay of Boyne arms.jpg|70px|center|Arms of the Hay of Boyne]]<center>Hay of Boyne</center>
|
| [[File:Hay of Locherworth arms.jpg|70px|center|Arms of the Hay of Locherworth]]<center>Hay of Locherworth</center>
|
| [[File:Hay of Broxmouth arms.jpg|70px|center|Arms of the Hay of Broxmouth]]<center>Hay of Broxmouth</center>
|
|-
| [[File:Marquess of Tweeddale arms.svg|70px|center|Arms of the Marquess of Tweeddale]]<center>Marquess of Tweeddale</center>
|
| [[File:Lord Hay of Yester arms.svg|70px|center|Arms of the Lord Hay of Yester]]<center>Lord Hay of Yester</center>
|
| [[File:Hay of Linplum arms.svg|70px|center|Arms of the Hay of Linplum]]<center>Hay of Linplum</center>
|
| [[File:Hay of Smithfleld and Haystoun arms.svg|70px|center|Arms of the Hay of Smithfleld and Haystoun]]<center>Hay of Smithfleld and Haystoun</center>
|
|-
| [[File:Hay of Kinnoul arms.jpg|70px|center|Arms of the Hay of Kinnoull]]<center>Hay of Kinnoull</center>
|
| [[File:Kent Hay Atkins arms.jpg|70px|center|Arms of the Kent Hay Atkins]]<center>Kent Hay Atkins</center>
|-
| [[File:Hay of Leys arms.png|70px|center|Arms of the Hay of Leys]]<center>Hay of Leys</center>
|
| [[File:Hay of Pitfour arms.png|70px|center|Arms of the Hay of Pitfour]]<center>Hay of Pitfour</center>
|
| [[File:Hay of Seggieden arms.png|70px|center|Arms of the Hay of Seggieden]]<center>Hay of Seggieden </center>
|-
| [[File:Hay arms.png|70px|center|Arms of the Hay]]<center>Hay </center>
|
| [[File:Hay of Errol arms.png|70px|center|Arms of the Hay of Errol]]<center>Hay of Errol</center>
|
| [[File:Hay of Tweeddale arms.png|70px|center|Arms of the Hay of Tweeddale]]<center>Hay of Tweeddale</center>
|
|}

<center>{{Expand list|date=March 2011}}</center>

==Tartans==
Low country pairtes (Lowland Clans)

{| border="1" cellpadding="2"
|-
!Plate
!Clan/Tartan Name Year
!Modern thread count derived from plate
![[File:Vestiarum Scoticum.jpg|40px]] [[Vestiarium Scoticum]] Plate #
! [[Scottish Tartans Society]] World Register #
! [[Scottish Tartans Authority]] International Tartan Index #
|-
| [[File:Hay Clan Tartan WR1555.png|70px]] || Haye Hay 1842 || R6 HG4 YT2 HG36 R2 HG2 R2 HG12 R48 HG4 R2 K2 R2 W6 R2 K2 R2 HG4 R48 HG12 R2 HG2 R2 HG36 YT2 HG4 || 51<ref>[http://resources.scottishtartans.org/images/Hay.jpg John Sobieski Stuart, "Vestiarium Scoticum: from the Manuscript formerly in the Library of the Scots College at Douay. With an Introduction and Notes", William Tait, Edinburgh, 1842 – Plate n° 51]. None. Retrieved on 19 September 2011.</ref> || WR 1555<ref>[http://www.scottish-tartans-world-register.com/tartan.aspx?record=1555 The Scottish Tartans Society – World Register n° WR 1555]. Scottish-tartans-world-register.com. Retrieved on 19 September 2011.</ref> || ITI 1555<ref>[http://www.tartansauthority.com/tartan-ferret/display/1555/hay-clan&tartan_name=hay&tartan_name_search= The Scottish Tartans Authority – International Tartan Index n° ITI 1555]. Tartans Authority. (15 June 2010). Retrieved on 19 September 2011.</ref>
|-
| [[File:Hay or Leith Clan Tartan WR1215.png|70px]] || Hay or Leith Hay & Leith Hay of Leith Leith c 1880 || K10 R3 Y3 K6 R48 HG6 R2 Y2 R6 HG40 CW2 K38 R2 DP40 R6 Y2 R2 DP6 R48 K6 Y2 R3 K10 || x || WR 1215<ref>[http://www.scottish-tartans-world-register.com/tartan.aspx?record=1215 The Scottish Tartans Society – World Register n° WR 1215]. Scottish-tartans-world-register.com. Retrieved on 19 September 2011.</ref> || ITI 1215<ref>[http://www.tartansauthority.com/tartan-ferret/display/1215/hay-and-leith-1800&tartan_name=hay&tartan_name_search= The Scottish Tartans Authority – International Tartan Index n° ITI 1212]. Tartans Authority. (15 June 2010). Retrieved on 19 September 2011.</ref>
|-
| [[File:Hay or Leith Clan Tartan WR2013.png|70px]] || Hay or Leith || x || x || WR 2013<ref>[http://www.scottish-tartans-world-register.com/tartan.aspx?record=2013 The Scottish Tartans Society – World Register n° WR 2013]. Scottish-tartans-world-register.com. Retrieved on 19 September 2011.</ref> || ITI
|-
| [[File:Hay or Stewart Clan Tartan WR1850.png|70px]] || Hay or Stewart pre 1838 || W4 R6 K6 R12 HG24 K6 W6 K6 Y4 K20 W58 R10 W18 R10 W58 K20 Y4 K6 W6 K6 HG24 R12 K6 R6 || x || WR 1850<ref>[http://www.scottish-tartans-world-register.com/tartan.aspx?record=1850 The Scottish Tartans Society – World Register n° WR 1850]. Scottish-tartans-world-register.com. Retrieved on 19 September 2011.</ref> || ITI 1850<ref>[http://www.tartansauthority.com/tartan-ferret/display/1850/hay-or-stewart&tartan_name=hay&tartan_name_search= The Scottish Tartans Authority – International Tartan Index n° ITI 1850]. Tartans Authority. (15 June 2010). Retrieved on 19 September 2011.</ref>
|-
| [[File:Hay White Dress Trade Tartan WR1556.png|70px]] || Hay White Dress pre 1950 || R6 G4 Y4 G28 R4 G6 R4 G6 WW34 G4 WW4 K4 R4 WW6 R4 K4 WW4 G4 WW34 G6 R4 G6 R4 G28 Y4 G4 || x || WR 1556<ref>[http://www.scottish-tartans-world-register.com/tartan.aspx?record=1556 The Scottish Tartans Society – World Register n° WR 1556]. Scottish-tartans-world-register.com. Retrieved on 19 September 2011.</ref> || ITI 1556<ref>[http://www.tartansauthority.com/tartan-ferret/display/1556/hay-white-dress&tartan_name=hay&tartan_name_search= The Scottish Tartans Authority – International Tartan Index n° ITI 1556]. Tartans Authority. (15 June 2010). Retrieved on 19 September 2011.</ref>
|-
| || Hay & Leith Hay of Leith 1880 || K6 R4 Y4 K2 R40 K4 R6 Y4 R6 HG60 WW4 K50 R4 K50 WW4 HG60 R6 Y4 R6 K4 R40 K2 Y4 R4 || x || WR || ITI 6921<ref>[http://www.tartansauthority.com/tartan-ferret/display/6921/hay-and-leith-1880-clans-originaux&tartan_name=hay&tartan_name_search= The Scottish Tartans Authority – International Tartan Index n° ITI 6921]. Tartans Authority. (15 June 2010). Retrieved on 19 September 2011.</ref>
|-
| || Hay Htg pre 2002 || T8 G6 T2 G6 T6 G80 B14 G6 B4 G6 B40 T4 B4 G8 B4 T4 B40 G6 B4 G6 B14 G80 T6 G6 T2 G6 || x || WR || ITI 3106<ref>[http://www.tartansauthority.com/tartan-ferret/display/3106/hay-htg-trial&tartan_name=hay&tartan_name_search= The Scottish Tartans Authority – International Tartan Index n° ITI 3106]. Tartans Authority. (15 June 2010). Retrieved on 19 September 2011.</ref>
|}

<center>{{Expand list|date=March 2011}}</center>

==See also==
* [[Scottish clan]]
* [[Earl of Erroll|The Earls of Erroll]]
* [[Errol, Perth and Kinross|The lands of Errol]]
* [[Hay baronets]]

==References==

{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

<references/>

{{cite book
| last = Balfour
| first = J.P.
| title =The Scots Peerage, Vol.III
| publisher=D. Douglas
| year = 1906
| location =Edinburgh
| url =
| id =
| isbn = }}

{{cite book
| last = Black
| first = G.F.
| title = The surnames of Scotland; their origin, meaning and history
| publisher=New York Public Library
| year = 1946
| location = New York
| url =
| id =
| isbn = }}

{{cite book
| last = Keegan
| first = J.
| title = Six Armies in Normandy
| publisher=Penguin Books Ltd
| year = 1983
| location = Harmondsworth, U.K.
| url =
| id =
| isbn = }}

{{cite web
| last = Sutton
| first = Dana F.
| authorlink =
| last2 =
| first2 =
| authorlink2 =
| title =George Buchanan,Rerum Scoticarum Historia (1582). A hypertext critical edition.
| year =2003, revised 2007
| url =http://www.philological.bham.ac.uk/scot Hist/
| accessdate = 7/12/2010
| postscript = }}

{{cite web
| last = Sutton
| first =Dana F.
| authorlink =
| last2 =
| first2 =
| authorlink2 =
| title = Hector Boethius, ''Scotorum Historia'' (1575 version). A hypertext critical edition.
| year = 2010
| url =http://www.philological.bham.ac.uk/boece/
| accessdate =7/12/2010
| postscript = }}

{{cite book
| last =Townsend
| first = P (editor)
| title = Burke's Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage
| publisher=Burke's Peerage Limited
| year = 1970
| location = London
| url =
| id =
| isbn = }}

{{cite journal
| last =Wagner
| first = A.R.
| title = The origin of the Hays of Erroll
| journal=The Genealogist's Magazine
| volume = 11 and 12
| pages = 535–540 and 1–6
| date = 1954 and 1955
| url =
| id =
}}

{{cite book
| last = Whyte
| first = D
| title = Sottish surnames
| publisher=Birlinn Limited
| year = 1996
| location = Edinburgh
| url =
| id =
| isbn = }}

==External links==
* [http://www.clanhay.org/ Clan Hay Society – Official Website (beginning 2010)]
* [http://www.clanhay.net/ Clan Hay Society (formerly Official Clan Hay Website – circa 1998–2010)]
* [http://www.clanhay.net/usa/ Clan Hay Society – American Branch]
* [http://www.clanhay.net/canada/ Clan Hay Society – Canada Branch]
* [http://www.clanhaypipeband.be/ The Clan Hay Pipe Band]
* [http://www.ftdna.com/public/hay The Hay DNA Project]
* [http://forum.clanhay.net Clan Hay Forum (open public forum)]
* [http://www.clanchiefs.org/p/?init=clanfinder&id=Hay Clan Hay page in The Standing Council of Scottish Chiefs Website]
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20091022145907/http://geocities.com/skildsoom/unique.html Clan Hay page in Armoria Familia Website]
* [http://haygenealogy.com/hay/wph-hay/hayhistory.html The Hay Family in Scotland]
* [http://www.leighrayment.com Peerage ao Hay families]
* [http://www.myfamilysilver.com/crestfinder-search/hay-family-crest Hay family crest]
* [http://www.araltas.com/features/hayes Hay's roll of arms]

{{Scottish clans}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2012}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hay}}
[[Category:Articles with inconsistent citation formats]]
[[Category:Scottish clans]]
[[Category:Scoto-Norman clans]]

[[de:Clan Hay]]
[[sco:Clan Hay]]

Punjabis

2012-11-25T10:37:04Z

DPL bot: removing dablinks template; fewer than 4 disambig links (see the FAQ)

{{infobox ethnic group|
|group= ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Punjabis پنجابی पंजाबी
|image = [[File:Har Gobind Khorana nobel.jpg|75px]][[File:Sikh Gurus with Bhai Bala and Bhai Mardana.jpg|75px]][[File:Wasim Akram.jpg|75px]][[File:RanjitSingh by ManuSaluja.jpg|75px]][[File:Amrita Sher-Gil, painter, (1913-1941).jpg|75px]][[File:BullehShah.jpg|75px]] [[File:Bhagat Singh 1929 140x190.jpg|75px]] [[File:Abdus salam.gif|75px]][[File:Mittal.jpg|75px]][[File:Manmohansingh04052007.jpg|75px]][[File:Kalpana Chawla, NASA photo portrait in orange suit.jpg|75px]][[File:Amir Khan.jpg|75px]][[File:Gama1916.jpg|75px]][[File:Mishal Husain.jpg|75px]][[File:Vinod Dham.jpg|75px]][[File:Bobby Jindal by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|75px]][[File:NikkiHaley.jpg|75px]][[File:Sunny Leone 2012.jpg|75px]]

|caption = 
1st: [[Wasim Akram]]{{•}}[[Guru Nanak Dev]]{{•}}[[Har Gobind Khorana]] 
2nd: [[Bulleh Shah]]{{•}}[[Amrita Sher-Gil]]{{•}}[[Ranjit Singh]] 
3rd: {{•}}[[Abdus Salam]]{{•}}[[Bhagat Singh]] 
4rd: [[Amir Khan (boxer)]]{{•}}[[Kalpana Chawla]]{{•}}[[Manmohan singh]] 
5th: [[Vinod Dham]]{{•}}[[Mishal Husain]]{{•}}[[The Great Gama]] 
6th: [[Sunny Leone]]{{•}}[[Nikki Haley]]{{•}}[[Bobby Jindal]]{{•}}
 
{{Main|List of Punjabi people}}
|pop= 120 million (estimated)
|region1={{flag|Pakistan}}
|pop1=76,335,300
|ref1= <ref>[http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/other_tables/pop_by_mother_tongue.pdf Pakistan 2008 census - Population by mother tongue]</ref>
|region2={{flag|India}}
|pop2=29,102,477
|ref2=<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/ Indian Census]</ref>
|region3={{flag|USA}}
|pop3=2,300,000
|ref3=<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=74ZVFb37zuIC&pg=PA20 |title=Desh Pardesh |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers |year=1994 |pages=19–20 |author=Roger Ballard, Marcus Banks |isbn=978-1-85065-091-1}}</ref>
|region4={{flag|Canada}}
|pop4=800,000
|ref4=<ref>[http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/topics/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?TPL=RETR&ALEVEL=3&APATH=3&CATNO=&DETAIL=0&DIM=&DS=99&FL=0&FREE=0&GAL=0&GC=99&GK=NA&GRP=1&IPS=&METH=0&ORDER=1&PID=92333&PTYPE=88971,97154&RL=0&S=1&ShowAll=No&StartRow=1&SUB=801&Temporal=2006&Theme=80&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= 2006 Census: Ethnic Origin]</ref>
|region5={{flag|United Kingdom}}
|pop5=720,000
|region6={{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
|pop6=640,000
|region7={{flag|Australia}}
|pop7=620,000
|region8={{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
|pop8=260,000
|region9={{flag|Hong Kong}}
|pop9=185,000
|region10={{flag|Malaysia}}
|pop10=140,000
|region11={{flag|South Africa}}
|pop11=120,000
|langs= [[Punjabi language|Punjabi (with many Dialects)]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
|rels= • [[File:Allah-green.svg|18px]] [[Islam]] • [[File:Khanda1.svg|15px]] [[Sikhism]] • [[File:Om.svg|15px]] [[Hinduism]] • [[Christianity]] • • [[Ahmadiyya|Ahmedis]]<ref name="alislam.org">http://www.alislam.org/</ref>
•[[Deism]]<ref name="deism.com">http://www.deism.com/introdeismurdopakistani.htm</ref> • Others
|related=• [[Sindhi people]] • [[Gujjars|Gujjar]] • [[Hindko]]wans • [[Seraikis]] • [[Hazaras]] • [[Awan (tribe)|Awans]] • [[Kashmiris]] •
}}

{{Punjabis}}
'''Punjabi people''' ({{lang-pa|{{Nastaliq|'''پنجابی'''}}}} ([[Shahmukhi]]), '''ਪੰਜਾਬੀ''' ([[Gurmukhi]]), '''पंजाबी''' ([[Devanagri]]), also spelled '''Panjabi people'''; are an [[ethnicity|ethnic]] group, originating from the [[Punjab region]], found between [[Pakistan]] and [[India]]. Punjab literally means the '''land of five-rivers''' (Persian: panj-āb; "five waters") and is also referred to as the [[breadbasket]] of [[Pakistan]] and [[India]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://in.reuters.com/article/2012/01/30/india-election-punjab-idINDEE80S02520120130 | work=Reuters | title=Punjab, bread basket of India, hungers for change | date=January 30, 2012}}</ref><ref>http://water.columbia.edu/2012/03/07/columbia-water-center-released-new-whitepaper-restoring-groundwater-in-punjab-indias-breadbasket/</ref> Punjabis are an [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] ethnic group of [[North Indian]] origin; which in modern day besides the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Pakistani Punjab]] and [[Punjab, India|Indian Punjab]], also constitutes people from parts of the following regions: [[Haryana]], [[Kashmir]] and [[Rajasthan]]. Traditionally, Punjabi identity was primarily linguistic, regardless of religious affiliation, heritage or race, referring to those for whom the [[Punjabi language]](s) was the first language and who resided in the [[Punjab region]], and therefor also shared the same culture background.<ref>http://www.krysstal.com/langfams_indoeuro.html</ref> However, in recent times, the definition has been broadened to include people of Punjabi origin, even if they no longer speak the Punjabi language(s), as many have adopted other languages, within and abroad.

The present day Punjab region, has been the location of some of the oldest civilizations in the world, the [[Indus Valley Civilization|the Indus Valley Civilization]]. Following independence from [[British Empire|Britain]], the Punjab region was divided between the two nations on religious basis.

Punjabi's are besides national and religious affiliation, broken down into [[clans]] and/or [[castes]], many of which are shared across religious lines and shared with other ethnic groups of [[South Asia]].

==Geographic distribution==
[[File:Sikh Empire.JPG|thumb|right|250px|[[Ranjit Singh|The Empire of Ranjit Singh]]. Punjab at its territorial peak. Punjab stretched into territories west from [[Indus]] and in north into the mountainous region, [[Kashmir]]]]

In Pakistan, Punjabis are the largest ethnic group, comprising more than 44.15% of the total population of the country. They reside predominantly in the province of Punjab, neighboring [[Azad Kashmir]] in ([[Pakistan-administered Kashmir]] and [[Islamabad Capital Territory|Islamabad, Capital Territory]]. Punjabis are also found in large communities in the largest city of Pakistan, [[Karachi]].
In India, Punjabis represent 2.4% of the population. The majority of Punjabi-speaking people in India, can be found in the Indian states of [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], as well as in [[Delhi]] and the [[Union Territory]] of [[Chandigarh]]. Large communities of Punjabis are also found in the [[Jammu]] region of [[Jammu and Kashmir]] and the states of [[Rajasthan]], [[Uttarakhand]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]].

==History==

{{Main|History of Punjab}}

===Brief ancient history===

[[File:CiviltàValleIndoMappa.png|thumb|right|250px|[[Harappa]] was the center of one of the Oldest Civilizations [[Indus Valley Civilization]] located in central [[Punjab region|Punjab]]. The [[Harappan architecture]] and Harrapan Civilization was one of the most developed in the old [[Bronze Age]].]]

Indigenous peoples flourished in this region, near the gateways to other continents, leading to a developed civilization in 5th to 4th millennium BC,<ref>http://www.orientalarchitecture.com/pakistan/taxila/index.php</ref> the ancient [[Indus Valley Civilization]].

The remains of the ancient city [[Taxila]],<ref>http://www.livius.org/ta-td/taxila/taxila.htm</ref> and many ornaments have been found in this regions which suggests that <ref>http://www.harappa.com/har/har0.html</ref> centered at [[Harappa]]<ref>http://www.harappa.com/</ref> in [[Punjab region|Punjab]] became a center of early civilization from around 3300 BC. According to Historians this region was ruled by many small kingdoms and tribes around 4th and 5th BC. The earliest known notable local king of this region was known as '''[[King Porus]]'''<ref name="livius.org">http://www.livius.org/pn-po/porus/porus.htm</ref><ref>http://www.padfield.com/1993/alex.html</ref> and he fought famous [[Battle of the Hydaspes]]<ref>http://www.theartofbattle.com/battle-of-hydaspes-river-326-bc.htm</ref><ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XuxjoGJZmKQ</ref> against Alexander but later surrendered. His kingdom known as '''[[Pauravas]]''' was situated between Hydaspes (modern [[Jhelum]] and Acesines (modern day [[Chenab]]).<ref name="livius.org"/> These kings fought local battles to gain more ground.[[Taxiles]] or '''[[Taxiles|Omphis]]''' another local North Indian king was ruling and he wanted to defeat his eastern adversary [[Porus]] in a turf war and he invited Alexander the great to defeat Porus and this marks the intrusion of [[West]] in Indian subcontinent and North India in general. But such was the valor of Porus and his kingdom forces in Punjab that despite being defeated was appreciated by [[Alexander the Great]] for his skill and valor and he was granted further territories in North.<ref>http://www.historyofmacedonia.org/AncientMacedonia/AlexandertheGreat.html</ref> The other Indian kings did not like that Porus is now an ally of Western forces and the relative of Porus also later named as Porus became the king of [[Pauravas]] continue fighting with Macedonian forces and then in less than ten years another Indian king '''[[Chandragupta Maurya]]'''<ref>http://wildfiregames.com/0ad/page.php?p=8542</ref> defeated the forces and conquered regions up to Kabul river. Despite the Greek rule in Northwest India, no trace of either the M170 or the M35 genetic markers associated with Greeks and Macedonians have been found in [[Punjab region|Punjab]] and this region show strong peculiar characteristics of North Indians and the reason is that Alexander mostly ruled this land with the help of local allies like [[King Porus|Porus]].<ref name="Kivisild et al. 2003">{{Harvcoltxt|Kivisild et al.|2003}}</ref> Later own this region was ruled by local Indian kings and then North Indian region and [[Afghanistan]] were ruled by [[Ghaznavids]] and later on by [[Mughals]]. The [[Mughals]] were assimilated in local cultures<ref>http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ab99</ref> and embrace Islam and all of them married local women.

The earliest written Punjabi dates to the 11th Century; its literature spread Punjab's unique voice to the greater Northern Hindu civilization.

When the Mughals were weakened then under the command of [[Nader Shah]] of Persia the regions of North India and Punjab were annexed into the [[Durrani Empire]] in 1747. But this rule was challenged by locals and later on all Punjabi Muslims who became the allies of [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] were defected because of his atrocities as he slaughtered thousands of Non-Muslims especially Sikhs and also subjugated Punjabi Muslis as well and as a result Durrani empire was ended in 1772 in less than 40 years. Later on Great warrior of Punjab also known as '''Lion of Punjab''' known as [[Ranjit Singh]] was born in [[Gujranwala]] he
started conquests to reclaim the Punjabi lands from invaders and he recruited local Punjabis and established a formidable army<ref>http://www.thesikhencyclopedia.com/the-sikh-empire-1799-1839/army-of-maharaja-ranjit-singh</ref> and under his command not only Sikhs but Punjabi Muslims were united and he started a conquest of Reclaiming the lands of Punjab and also as a retribution of Afghan Empire he attacked Peshawar<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nowshera</ref> and defeated all Pukhtoon tribes up to Khyber Pass and formed the secular [[Sikh Empire]] and later as a result of Wars between Sikh Empire and British out of which the most famous were [[First Anglo-Sikh War]]<ref>http://www.thefirstanglosikhwar.com/</ref> and the [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]]<ref>http://www.sikh-heritage.co.uk/postgurus/Sikh%20Wars/sikhwars.htm</ref> the Sikh Empire came to an end but until the Britishers came no Pukhtoon tribe was able to recapture Peshawar from Sikh Punjabi forces. The famous '''[[Jamrud Fort]]'''<ref>http://www.softserv-intl.com/oldPakistan/photos/photo6.html</ref> at the entry of [[Khyber Pass]] was built by [[Ranjit Singh]] and his forces were never defeated there. The Ranjit Singh reign was the most high time of Punjab and Punjabi prowess was proved during that time and led to the rule of Punjabis in this region.

[[File:Map of Vedic India.png|thumb|right|250px|Map of early Iron Age Vedic India. Realms or tribes are labelled black, Foreign tribes mentioned in early Vedic texts purple, Vedic [[shakha]]s in green. Rivers are labelled blue. The [[Thar desert]] is marked orange.]]

===New Demographics of Punjab===
The original [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]] under British rule is now divided into several units: [[West Punjab]] (now in Pakistan), the Indian states of [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], [[Haryana]] and [[Himachal Pradesh]] and the Indian Union territory of [[Chandigarh]]. The regions of [[Azad Kashmir]] and [[Jammu]]{{Citation needed|date=June 2012}} have also been historically associated with the Punjab.

Punjab is a Persian term meaning the land of the 5 rivers, the names of these rivers are as follows:

# ([[Jhelum River|Jhelum]])
# ([[Chenab]]),
# ([[Ravi River|Ravi]]),
# ([[Sutlej]]),
# ([[Beas River|Beas]]),

The modern name of the Vipasa,'Beas' is thought to be a corruption of [[Veda Vyasa]], the author of the [[Mahabharata]].

The region came to be known as ''Punjab'' only in the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] period. It was one of the cradles of [[Indian subcontinent|Indian]] civilization and [[Hinduism]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2012}}

Following the independence of Pakistan and the subsequent [[Partition of India|partition of British India]], a process of population exchange took place in 1947 as Muslims left [[East Punjab]] and headed to the newly created Pakistan, and Hindus and Sikhs left [[West Punjab]]<ref>.[http://www.cet.edu/earthinfo/sasia/SAhis.html South Asia: British India Partitioned]</ref> for the newly created state of India. As a result of these population exchanges, both parts are now relatively homogeneous, where religion is concerned.
[[File:Taxila Pakistan juillet 2004.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Taxila Pakistan is a [[World Heritage Site]]]]

===Punjabi Buddhist===
A large population of Punjabis followed [[Buddhism]]{{Citation needed|date=August 2012}}, but many of them became Hindus from 100 CE onwards.{{Citation needed|date=August 2012}} The Kingdom of Gandhara lasted from the 6th century BCE to the 11th century CE. It attained its height from the 1st century to the 5th century under the Buddhist Kushan Emperors.

===Punjabi Jain===
Jainism has been present in Punjab since ancient times. This is where [[Alexander the Great]] encountered [[Gymnosophists]] and [[Xuanzang]] met both Digambara and Swetambara monks.<ref>Life and Culture in Ancient India: From the Earliest Times to 1000 A.D. By Bhanwarlal Nathuram Luniya, 1978, Pub.
Lakshmi Narain Agarwal</ref> The Bhabra community has had a close historical association with Jainism. It is believed to be connected with the Bhavadar or Bhavada Gachchha to which the legendary Jain [[Acharya]] [[Vikramāditya|Kalakacharya]] belonged to. The original home region of the Bhabras is now in Pakistan. While practically all the Bhabras have left Pakistan region, many cities still have sections named after Bhabras. In modern Delhi, the majority of Jains in Rup Nagar area are from Punjab.

===Punjabi Hindus===
Punjabi Hindus speak Punjabi and its different dialects like Lahnda(which includes Multani and Seraiki) and standard Punjabi dialects like Doabi, Majhi and Malwi.

Today [[Punjabi Hindu]]s are mostly found in Indian Punjab and in neighbouring states like [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Delhi]] which together form the greater punjab region. Many of the Hindu Punjabi's from the Indian capital [[Delhi]], are immigrants and their descendants from various parts of Western(Pakistani) Punjab. Some still retain the Punjabi dialects spoken in Western Punjab, but many have adopted Hindi. Some Punjabi Hindus can also be found in the surrounding areas as well as the recent cosmopolitan migrants in big cities like Mumbai. There has also been continuous migration of Punjabi Hindus to western countries like USA, Canada and UK.

Punjabi Hindus represent about 37% of Punjab's population as most of them converted to Sikhism as they have been following their tradition of raising the eldest born as a Sikh and also dude to political purposes. There was a massive conversionof Punjabi Hindu Jats from 1850's to 1930's in order to get into the army as British rulers easily accepted Sikhs due too the fact that Sikhs ruled the Punjab region with the assistance and support of Punjabi Hindus. An example is Bhagat SIngh whose family was a Punjabi Hindu and converted to Sikhism.However these conversions weren't forceful aas Punjabi Hindus don't really differentiate themselves from Punjabi Sikhs. The population of Hindu Punjabis is approximately 13 million in India. The most common castes among Hindu Punjabis are Khatri (Kshatriya in Sanskrit), Arora, Brahmin, Baniya, Rajput and Saini

Many generals of Maharaja Ranjt Singh were Punjabi Hindus and many revolutionaries like [[Lala Lajpat Rai]], Sukhdev Thappar, Bhai Mati Das and Bhai Pramanand. Punjabis represent around 35% of the Inidan army( Punjabi Sikhs represent around 15 % of all ranks in the Indian army and the rest of the Punjabis( Mainly Punjabi Hindus) represent 20% ).

For more information, go to [[List of Punjabi Hindus]]

===Arrival of Islam - Punjabi Muslims===
[[File:BullehShah.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Bulleh Shah]] the Sufi Muslim Scholar, Poet]]
The people of Punjab were mainly Hindus with a Buddhist minority, when the [[Umayyad]] Muslim army led by [[Muhammad bin Qasim]] from Syria, conquered the Punjab and Sindh in 711. Bin Qasim recorded that he so was overwhelmed by the gold in the [[Aditya]] Temple in the thriving trading city of Multan (known as ''Mulasthana'' then), that he recovered the expenses for his entire invasion. Muslims became the majorty population of Punjab, only few are found in Eastern Punjabi today, as most live in Western Punjab.

During the reign of [[Mahmud of Ghazni]], non-Muslims were ordered to pay the [[jaziya]] tax and rights according to Islamic law.<ref name=Esposito>[[John Esposito|John Louis Esposito]], ''Islam the Straight Path'', Oxford University Press, Jan 15, 1998, p. 34.</ref><ref>Lewis (1984), pp. 10, 20</ref><ref>Ali, Abdullah Yusuf (1991). The Holy Quran. Medina: King Fahd Holy Qur-an Printing Complex, pg. 507</ref> The province became an important centre and Lahore was made into a second capital of the Turk [[Ghaznavid Empire]] based out of [[Ghazni]].

[[File:Badshahi Mosque July 1 2005 pic32 by Ali Imran (1).jpg|thumb|upright|Badshahi Masjid - The largest mosque of the Mughal Empire built by emperor [[Aurangzeb]].]]
The [[Mughals]] controlled the region from 1524 until 1739 and would also lavish the province with building projects such as the [[Shalimar Gardens (Lahore)|Shalimar Gardens]] and the [[Badshahi Mosque]], both situated in Lahore. Muslim soldiers, traders, architects, theologians and Sufis flocked from the rest of the Muslim world to the Islamic [[Sultanate]] in South Asia and some may have settled in the Punjab. Under the Muslims Punjab became the most dynamic region of South Asia. Following the decline of the Mughals, this created a power vacuum with a more unstable region until [[British Indian]] was created. [[Afsharid dynasty|Shah of Iran]] and founder of the Afsharid dynasty in [[Persia]], [[Nader Shah]] crossed the [[Indus]] and sacked the province in 1739. Later, the Afghan conqueror [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]], a pashtun born in Punjab, in the city of [[Multan]] made the Punjab a part of his [[Durrani Empire]] lasting until 1762. He was in close combat with the both the rising Sikh and Hindu Maratha armies.

===Creation of Sikh Religion - Punjabi Sikhs===
[[File:Ranjitsingh.gif|right||thumb|upright|Portrait of Maharaja Ranjit Singh]]

At the beginning of the fifteenth century, the religion of [[Sikhism]] was born, and during the Mughal period its [[Misl]]s gradually emerged as a formidable military force until assimilated under the expanding [[Sikh Empire]]. the religion became martial as many Hindu Punjabis sent their eldest son to join the Khalsa army to combat the mughals.All Sikh Gurus were Punjabi Hindus and even the Panj Pyaare (after whom the FIVE K's were invented) were also Punjabi Hindus. After fighting [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]], the Sikhs wrested control of the Punjab from his descendants and ruled in a [[Confederation|confederacy]], which later became the Sikh Empire of the Punjab under [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh]]. A denizen of the city of [[Gujranwala]], the capital of Ranjit Singh's empire was Lahore.<ref>[http://www.heritage.gov.pk/html_Pages/sikh.htm Sikh Period - Government of Pakistan]</ref> The Sikhs made architectural contributions to the city and the [[Lahore Fort]]. The Sikh empire was the first local power to rule the region since [[Muhammad of Ghor|Muhammed Ghori's]] defeat of [[Prithviraj III|Prithvi Raj Chauhan]] in 1192.

===British - Punjabi Christian===
[[File:Raja Lal Singh, of First Anglo-Sikh War, 1846.jpg|right|thumb|[[Raja Lal Singh]], who led Sikh forces against the British during the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]], 1846]]
The Maharaja's death in the summer of 1839 brought political chaos and the subsequent battles of succession and the bloody infighting between the factions at court weakened the state. Relationships with neighbouring British territories then broke down, starting the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]]; this led to a British official being resident in Lahore and the annexation of territory south of the Satluj to British India.

In 1877, on [[Thomas the Apostle|St. Thomas' Day]] at [[Westminster Abbey]], [[London]], [[Reverend|Rev]] [[Thomas Valpy French]] was appointed the first [[Anglican Bishop]] of [[Lahore]], a large [[diocese]] which included all of the [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]], then under British colonial rule, and remained so until 1887, during this period he also opened the Divinity College, Lahore in 1870.<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A07E2D6173EE73BBC4B52DFB7668383669FDE Churches and Ministers: Home and Foreign Events][[New York Times]], January 13, 1878.</ref><ref>[http://anglicanhistory.org/india/pk/stock_french/06.html An Heroic Bishop] Chapter VI. His Fourth Pioneer Work: The Lahore Bishopric.</ref><ref>[http://anglicanhistory.org/india/stock_beginnings/11.html Beginnings in India] By Eugene Stock, D.C.L., London: Central Board of Missions and SPCK, 1917.</ref>
Rev Thomas Patrick Hughes served as a [[Church Missionary Society]] missionary at [[Peshawar]] (1864–84), and became an oriental scholar, and compiled a 'Dictionary of Islam' (1885).<ref>[http://www.mundus.ac.uk/cats/13/1027.htm British Library]</ref>

[[Missionaries]] accompanied colonizing forces from [[Portugal]], [[France]], and [[Great Britain]]. Christianity was mainly brought by the [[British Raj|British rulers]] of India in the later 18th and 19th century. This is evidenced in cities established by the British, such as the port city of [[Karachi]], where the majestic [[Saint Patrick's Cathedral, Karachi|St. Patrick's Cathedral]], Pakistan's largest church stands, and the churches in the city of [[Rawalpindi]], where the British established a major military cantonment.

The total number of Punjabi Christians in Pakistan is approximately 2,800,000 and 300,000 in Indian Punjab. Of these, approximately half are Roman Catholic and half Protestant. All of the modern Punjabi Christians in are descended from converts during British rule. The Churas were largely converted to Christianity in [[North India]] during the [[British raj]]. The vast majority were converted from the [[Mazhabi|Mazhabi Sikh]] communities of Punjab, and to a lesser extent Hindu Churas; under the influence of enthusiastic British army officers and Christian missionaries. Consequently, since partition they are now divided between [[Pakistani Punjab]] and [[Indian Punjab]]. Large numbers of Mazhabi Sikhs were also converted in the [[Moradabad district]] and the [[Bijnor district]] <ref>Alter, J.P and J. Alter (1986) In the Doab and Rohilkhand: north Indian Christianity, 1815-1915. I.S.P.C.K publishing p183</ref> of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. [[Rohilkhand]] saw a mass conversion of its entire population of 4500 Mazhabi Sikhs into the [[Methodist Church]].<ref>Alter, J.P and J. Alter (1986) In the Doab and Rohilkhand: north Indian Christianity, 1815-1915. I.S.P.C.K publishing p196</ref> Sikh organisations became alarmed at the rate of conversions among the Mazhabi Sikhs and responded by immediately dispatching Sikh missionaries to counteract the conversions.

===Independence and its aftermath===
In 1947 the Punjab province of [[British India]] was divided along religious lines into [[West Punjab]] and [[East Punjab]]. The western Punjabis voted to join the new country of Pakistan, while the easterners Punjabis joined India. This led to massive rioting, as elements from both sides committed atrocities against fleeing refugees.

The undivided Punjab, of which Punjab (Pakistan) forms the major region today, was home to a large minority population of Punjabi Sikhs and Hindus, and in the same way large minorities were found in parts of eastern Punjab.<ref>''The Punjab in 1920s – A Case study of Muslims'', Zarina Salamat, Royal Book Company, [[Karachi]], 1997. table 45, pp. 136. ISBN 969-407-230-1</ref>

==Geographic distribution==

===Pakistani Punjabis===
[[File:Punjabi Gur Maker.jpg|thumb|Punjabi farmer]]
Punjabis make up more than 40% of the population of Pakistan. The Punjabis found in Pakistan belong to groups known as biradaris, which descend from a common male ancestor. In addition, Punjabi society is divided into two divisions, the zamindar groups or qoums, traditionally associated with farming and the moeens, who are traditionally artisans. Some zamindars are further divided into groups such as the [[Punjabi Rajput|Rajput]], [[Aheer]]s, [[Haral]]s, [[Ghosi (tribe)]], [[Muslim Jat of Punjab|Jat]], [[Punjabi Shaikh|Shaikhs]] or (Muslim [[Khatri]]), [[Khattar]], [[Kamboh]]s, [[Gujjar]]s, [[Dogar]]s and [[Labana|Rahmani]] (Muslim Labana). Zamindar groups with [[Turko-Persian tradition|Turko-Persian]] or Arab ancestry include the [[Mughal (tribe)|Mughal]], [[Gakhars]], [[Awan Pakistan|Awan]] and [[Arain]], comprising the main tribes in the north of the province, while [[Khagga]], [[Bodla]], [[Jhandir]], [[Daudpota]], [[Gardezi]], [[Syed]] and [[Quraishi]] are found in the south, all of whom claim [[Arab]] ancestry. Immigrants from neighbouring regions, such as the [[Kashmiri Muslims|Kashmiri]], [[Punjabi Pathan|Pashtun]] and [[Punjabi Baloch|Baluch]], also form important element in the Punjabi population. Pashtun tribes like the [[Niazi]]s and the [[Khogyani (tribe)|Khakwanis]], are integrated into Punjabi village life. Especially the members of the Niazi tribe, who see themselves as Punjabis first. They have big communities in [[Mianwali]], [[Bakkar]], [[Lahore]], [[Faisalabad]], [[Sahiwal]] and [[Toba Tek Singh]]. Major Moeen groups include the [[Lohar]], [[Khateek]], [[Rawal]], [[Chhimba Darzi]], [[Muslim Teli|Teli]], [[Malik (Julaha)|Julaha]], [[Mallaah]], [[Mirasi]], who are associated with a particular crafts or occupation.<ref>''Muslim peoples : a world ethnographic survey'' Richard V. Weekes, editor-in-chief Greenwood Press 1978</ref>

Punjabis have traditionally and historically been farmers and soldiers{{Citation needed|date=June 2012}}, which has transferred into modern times with their dominance of agriculture and military fields in Pakistan. In addition, Punjabis in Pakistan have been quite prominent politically, having had many elected Members of Parliament. As the most ardent supporters of a Pakistani state, the Punjabis in Pakistan have shown a strong predilection towards the adoption of the Urdu language but nearly all speak Punjabi, and still identify themselves as ethnic Punjabis for the most part. Religious homogeneity remains elusive as a predominant Islamic [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]-[[Shi'a Islam|Shia]] population and a Christian minority have not completely wiped out diversity since the partition of British India. A variety of related sub-groups exist in Pakistan and are often considered by many Pakistani Punjabis to be simply regional Punjabis including the [[Seraikis]] (who overlap and are often considered transitional with the [[Sindhi people|Sindhis]]).
[[File:Bhangra Dance punjab.jpg|thumb|Punjabis from Pakistani Punjab dancing]]

The recent definition of Punjabi, in Pakistani Punjab, is not based on [[Race (classification of humans)|racial classification]], [[Common descent|common ansectory]] or [[endogamy]],<ref>http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~anthrop/tutor/marriage/endogamy.html</ref> but based on geographical and cultural basis and thus makes it a unique definition. In Pakistani Punjab, there is not a great emphasis on a single dialect of the language and Pakistani Punjabis speak many distinct [[Punjabi dialects|dialects]],<ref>http://grammar.about.com/od/d/g/dialectterm.htm</ref><ref>http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=95&menu=004</ref> which include [[Hindko]], [[Saraiki language|Seraiki]], [[Potwari language|Potohari or Pahari]] and still identify themselves as Punjabis. People from a few provinces of [[Pakistan]] have made Punjab their home in recent times and now their consecutive generations identify themselves as Punjabis. The largest community to assimilate in Punjabi culture and now identify themselves as Punjabis are [[Kashmiri people|Kashmiris]] which include noted personalities like [[Nawaz Sharif]], [[Shaikh Rasheed Ahmad|Sheikh Rasheed]], [[Hamid Mir]] and the most noted poet [[Muhammad Iqbal]], to name a few. The second largest community after Kashmiris are people of India, who identify themselves as Punjabis.' The other communities to assimilate in Punjabis include [[Baloch people|Baloch]] who can be found throughout Punjab, and [[Balti people|Baltis]]. The welcoming nature of Punjab have led to successful integration of almost all ethnic groups in Punjab over time. The Urdu, Punjabi and other language speakers who arrived in Punjab in 1947<ref>http://bintphotobooks.blogspot.de/2011/04/great-migration-india-pakistan-1947.html</ref><ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gn9ZwI9zqu4</ref> have now assimilated and their second and third generations identify themselves as Punjabis even tough it is not the same in [[Sindh]] Pakistan where they form distinct ethnic groups.

{{See also|Languages of Pakistan}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Rank || State || Punjabi speakers || Percentage
|-
| — || '''Pakistan''' || '''76,335,300''' || '''44.15'''
|-
| 1 || [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]] || 70,671,704 || 75.23
|-
| 2 || [[Sindh]] || 3,592,261 || 6.99
|-
| 3 || [[Islamabad]] || 1,343,625 || 71.62
|-
| 5 || [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]] || 318,745 || 2.52
|-

===Indian Punjabis===
[[File:Punjabi sardar.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Indian Punjabi farmer.]]
[[File:Pind 50.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Indian Punjabi Woman in Kitchen]]
The population of [[Punjab (India)|Indian Punjab]] is divided into two major religious groups, the Sikhs and Hindus.Punjabis make around 2.5% of the population of India. It is further sub-divided into various [[tribal|tribal groups]], [[social groups|social groups (caste)]] and economic groups. Major sub-groups in India include the [[Khatris]], Kalals/[[Ahluwalia]]s, [[Punjabi Banias|Bania]], [[Saini]] [[Sikh]]s, [[Saini]] [[Hindu]]s, [[Punjabi Brahmins|Brahmin]], [[Chamar]], [[Chhimba]], [[Chura]], [[Jatt]]s, [[Kamboj]], [[Khatri]], [[Labana]]s, [[Lohar]], [[Mahtam]], [[Mazhabi]], [[Nai (caste)|Nais]], [[Punjabi Rajput|Rajput]], [[Ramgarhia]], [[Ramdasia]], [[Sood]]s and [[Tarkhan]]s etc. All these subgroups are hardworking and well educated and living with unity, peace and harmony with each other.

[[File:Mohenjo-daro Priesterkönig.jpeg|thumb|upright|[[Mature Harappan]] "Priest King" statue, [[Mohenjo-daro]], wearing Sindhi [[Ajrak]], late Mature Harappan period, National Museum, Karachi, Pakistan]]Most Indian Punjabi people are related to Pakistani Punjabi people, although not identical their DNA and ancestry is more related to each other then any other group-for Punjabis of either country.Indian Punjabis tend to be darker on average to Pakistani Punjabis who have more Arab blood in them. They are only distantly related to the tribes of north west Pakistan (who are ethnically Afghani), as the DNA is majorly different as well as physical appearance. For example, many Punjabi people are dark skinned and resemble the people of India, however Pashtun people and people of neighbouring [[afghanistan]] are light skinned in colour and hair, and are more Iranian and Arab looking than Punjabi people. The other theory is that, after the Islamic invasion of Sindh, all the tribes there broke off and came down lower into India and established their kingdoms; hence the name ''Rajput'' (son of a king). The Huna were defeated in 528 AD by [[Yasodharman]] and in 532 a coalition of Hindu kings drove the Huna out of Northern India.<ref>http://www.worldhistorymaps.info/History/CentralAsia.html</ref> Genetic analysis of Rajput clans found a close connection with the Punjabi [[Khatri]]/[[Kamboj]]/[[Tarkhan (Punjab)]], [[Ahluwalia]], [[Lohar]] clans, indicating that the Rajputs are not outsiders as most tend to believe and [[Khatri]] (not including [[Khukhrain]]s and [[Arora]]s)/[[Tarkhan (Punjab)]], [[Ahluwalia]], [[Lohar]] are a sub-category of the ancient tribe of [[Kambojas]] which migrated from [[Central Asia]], [[Caucasus]] and [[Siberia]] and settled in [[Punjab region]], [[Kashmir]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Sindh]] and [[Balochistan]].<ref>{{cite journal|pmid=6242530}}</ref>

Like Punjabi Muslim society, these various [[caste system in India|caste]]s are associated with particular occupations or crafts. Communities such as the [[Jatt]] and [[Rajput]] from a [[Zamindar]] background are essentially farmers along with Kamboj Sikh and Saini Sikhs, while the Arora, [[Punjabi Bania|Bania]], Bhatia are associated to trade. Other groups are associated with particular crafts, include Lohar who were historically ironsmiths, while Tarkhans were carpenters and the Nai were barbers.<ref>''The Punjabis : The People, Their History, Culture and Enterprise''</ref>

Indian Punjab is also home to small groups of Muslims and Christian. Most of the [[East Punjab]]'s Muslims ''(in today's states of Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi and Chandigarh)'' left for West Punjab in 1947. However, a small community still exists today, mainly in [[Malerkotla]] which was spared during partition, the only Muslim princely state among the seven that formed the erstwhile [[Patiala]] and East Punjab States Union (PEPSU). The other six ''(mostly Sikh)'' states were: Patiala, [[Nabha]], [[Jind]], [[Faridkot, India|Faridkot]], [[Kapurthala]] and [[Kalsia]].

The Punjab region within India maintains a strong influence on the perceived culture of India towards the rest of the world. Numerous Bollywood film productions use the Punjabi language in their songs and dialogue as well as traditional dances such as [[Bhangra (dance)|bhangra]]. Bollywood has been dominated by Punjabi artists including [[Raj Kapoor]], [[Dev Anand]], [[Vinod Khanna]], [[Sunil Saini]] [[Dharmendra]], [[Shammi Kappoor]], [[Rishi Kapoor]], [[Lara Dutta]], [[Akshay Kumar]] and [[Kareena Kapoor]]. Prime Ministers of India including [[Gulzarilal Nanda]] and [[Inder Kumar Gujral]] in the past, and Dr. [[Manmohan Singh]] at present, are Punjabis, as are numerous players in the Indian cricket team both past and present including [[Bishen Singh Bedi]], [[Kapil Dev]], [[Mohinder Amarnath]], [[Navjot Sidhu]], [[Harbhajan Singh]], [[Yuvraj Singh]], [[Yograj Singh]].

==The Punjabi diaspora==
{{Main|Punjabi diaspora}}
[[File:Punjabi Speaking World.png|thumb|right|380px|Punjabis around the world]]
The Punjabi people have emigrated in large numbers to many parts of the world. The United Kingdom has a significant number of Punjabis from both Pakistan and India as does Canada (specifically Vancouver and Toronto) and the United States, (specifically California's [[Central Valley (California)|Central Valley]]). The Middle East has a large immigrant community of Punjabis, in places such as the [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]] and [[Kuwait]]. There are large communities in East Africa including the countries of [[Kenya]], [[Uganda]] and [[Tanzania]]. Punjabis have also emigrated to Australia, New Zealand and Southeast Asia including [[Malaysia]], [[Thailand]], [[Singapore]] and [[Hong Kong]].

===Punjabis by country===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Rank !! Country !! First language
|-
|1|| {{flag|Pakistan}} || 76,335,300
|-
|2|| {{flag|India}} || 29,109,672
|-
|3|| {{flag|United Kingdom}} || 2,300,000
|-
|4|| {{flag|Canada}} || 800,000
|-
|5|| {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} || 720,000
|-
|6|| {{flag|United States}} || 640,000
|-
|7|| {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} || 620,000
|-
|8|| {{flag|Hong Kong}} || 260,000
|-
|9|| {{flag|Malaysia}} || 185,000
|-
|10|| {{flag|South Africa}} || 140,000
|-
|11|| {{flag|Burma}} || 120,000
|-
|12|| {{flag|France}} || 90,000
|-
|13|| {{flag|Italy}} || 80,000
|-
|14|| {{flag|Thailand}} || 75,000
|-
|15|| {{flag|Japan}} || 75,000 {{Citation needed|date=September 2010}}
|-
|16|| {{flag|Mauritius}} || 70,000
|-
|17|| {{flag|Singapore}} || 70,000
|-
|18|| {{flag|Oman}} || 68,000
|-
|19|| {{flag|Libya}} || 65,000
|-
|20|| {{flag|Bahrain}} || 60,000
|-
|21|| {{flag|Kenya}} || 55,000
|-
|22|| {{flag|Australia}} || 50,000
|-
|23|| {{flag|Tanzania}} || 45,000
|-
|24|| {{flag|Kuwait}} || 40,000
|-
|25|| {{flag|Norway}} || 25,000
|-
|26|| {{flag|Denmark}} || 15,000
|-
|}

==Diversity==
The Punjab region is diverse, due to its location near Central Asia. It has been prone to numerous [[Human migration|migrations]] and the resulting settlers have left imprints upon the local Punjabi population that remain present in the numerous sub-groups. The Punjabi people are a [[heterogeneous]] group and can be subdivided into a number of ethnic clan groups in both the East and West Punjab called ''[[Baradari (brotherhood)|biradari]]'' (literally meaning a tribe, clan, group, or fraternity), each having their own subtle differences.

==Genetics==
The majority of Punjabi population share similar genes with other northern Indian populations, but also show a significant relationship with west Eurasian groups. In a 2004 Stanford study conducted with a wide sampling from India, including 112 Punjabis, and selected other countries, displayed the following:

:Results show that Indian tribal and caste populations derive largely from the same genetic heritage of [[Pleistocene]] southern and western Asians and have received limited gene flow from external regions since the [[Holocene]].<ref>[http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/AJHG_2003_v72_p313-332.pdf The Genetic Heritage of the Earliest Settlers Persists Both in Indian Tribal and Caste Populations]</ref>

This study also found that roughly 42% of genetic markers in the Punjab were of West Asian origin, the highest amongst the sampled group of South Asians.{{Dubious|date=July 2009}}{{citation needed|date=August 2011}} Another study also showed that there has been limited gene flow in and out of north India, but the highest amount of genetic inflow from the west showed up in the Punjab region:

:Broadly, the average proportion of mtDNAs from West Eurasia among Indian caste populations is 17% (Table 2). In the northern States of India their share is greater, reaching over 30% in [[Kashmir]] and [[Gujarat]], nearly 43% in [[Indian Punjab]].<ref>http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=516768</ref><ref>[http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2156/5/26 Most of the extant mtDNA boundaries in South and Southwest Asia were likely shaped during the initial settlement of Eurasia by anatomically modern humans]</ref>

Some preliminary conclusions from these varying tests support a largely north Indian genetic base for most Punjabis accompanied by some of the highest degrees of west Asian admixture found in north India.

==Culture and society==
{{Main|Punjabi culture}}
[[File:International border at Wagah - evening flag lowering ceremony.jpg|thumb|250px|right| The evening flag lowering ceremony at the India-Pakistan International Border near Wagah in Punjab.]]
[[File:Pind 39.jpg|thumb|right|Punjabi Sikh Farmer preparing [[Cattle feeding|Cattle Feed]]]]
Punjabi culture is the culture of the [[Punjab region]]. It is one of the oldest and richest cultures in world history, dating from ancient antiquity to the modern era. The Punjabi culture is the culture of the Punjabi people who are now distributed throughout the world. The scope, history, sophistication and complexity of the culture are vast. Some of the main areas include Punjabi Philosophy, poetry, spirituality, education, artistry, dance, music, cuisine, science, technology, military warfare, architecture, traditions, values and history. Historically, the Punjab/Punjabis, in addition to their rural-agrarian lands and culture, have also enjoyed a unique urban cultural development in two great cities, [[Lahore]]<ref>For various notable Punjabis belonging to this venerable city, please also see [[List of families of Lahore]]</ref> and [[Amritsar]].<ref>Ian Talbot, 'Divided Cities: Lahore and Amritsar in the aftermath of Partition', Karachi:OUP, 2006, pp.1-4 ISBN 0-19-547226-8</ref>

===Religion===
{{Section OR|date=July 2012}}
Punjab is one of the most tolerant and diverse in terms of religion in South Asia. Also many prominent scholars in the past have made inroads in Punjabi population who not only stressed the need of organized religion like [[Islam]] and [[Sikhism]] but also talked about wisdom, knowledge and science and other [[Theism|Theists]] ideologies at the same time. For this reason Punjabis are diverse in their religious thoughts and many religious and philosophical movements initiated here in the past.

The majority of Punjabis in Pakistan are Muslims and majority of Indian Punjabis are Hindus and Sikhs. Punjab is the birthplace of [[Sikhism]] which has adherents in [[India]], [[Pakistan]] and in many parts of the world. The [[Ahmadiyya|Ahmadiyya Community]]<ref name="alislam.org"/> was also founded in Punjab and their founder was born here.

In Pakistani Punjab more than 3 percent of the population are Christians<ref>http://www.cwspa.org/resources/research-and-surveys</ref> and churches could be found in almost every city. Punjabis also follow [[Sufism]], [[Quranism]]<ref>http://www.toluislam.com/</ref> and some follow [[Deism]]<ref name="deism.com"/> and a small minority is Atheist and Agnostic<ref>https://e-paa.org/</ref><ref>http://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/8194/what-do-pakistani-atheists-mean-for-pakistan/</ref> as well.

===Language===

{{Main|Punjabi language}}

==Linguistic==
[[File:Dialects Of Punjabi.jpg|right||250px|[[Punjabi dialects]]]]
Punjabi, with its many [[Punjabi dialects|dialects]], is the most spoken language in Pakistan and fourth most common language in India. According to the [[Ethnologue]] 2005 estimate,<ref name="ReferenceA">Ethnologue. 15th edition (2005).</ref> there are 88 million native speakers of the Punjabi language, which makes it the twelfth most widely spoken language in the world. According to the 2008 Census of Pakistan,<ref>According to [http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/other_tables/pop_by_mother_tongue.pdf statpak.gov.pk] 44.15% of the Pakistani people are native Punjabi speakers. This gives an approximate number of 76,335,300 Punjabi speakers in Pakistan.</ref> there are approximately 76,335,300 native speakers of Punjabi in Pakistan, and according to the [[Demographics of India#Linguistic demographic2001|Census of India]], there are over 29,102,477 Punjabi speakers in India.<ref>[[Census of India]], 2001</ref> Punjabi is also spoken as a [[minority language]] in several other countries where Punjabis have emigrated in large numbers, such as the United Kingdom (where it is the second most commonly used language<ref>[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199900/cmhansrd/vo000307/halltext/00307h02.htm "Punjabi Community".] The United Kingdom Parliament.</ref>) and Canada, in which Punjabi has now become the fourth most spoken language after English, French and Chinese, due to the rapid growth of immigrants from Pakistan and India.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Punjabi_is_Canadas_4th_most_top_language/articleshow/2782138.cms "Punjabi is 4th most spoken language in Canada"] ''The Times of India''</ref> There are also sizable communities in the United States, [[Kenya]], [[Tanzania]], [[Uganda]], [[Persian Gulf]] countries, Hong Kong, [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], Australia and New Zealand.

Punjabis are linguistically and culturally related to the other Indo-Aryan peoples of South Asia. There are an estimated 120 million Punjabis around the world. If regarded as an ethnic group, they are among the [[List of ethnic groups by population|worlds' largest]]. In South Asia, they are the [[South Asian ethnic groups|second largest ethnic group]] after the Bengali People.

The main language of the Punjabi people is [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and its associated dialects, which differ depending on the region of Punjab the speaker is from; there are notable differences in the [[Lahnda languages]], spoken in the Pakistani Punjab. In the Pakistani Punjab Urdu is spoken by nearly all, and the vast majority still speak Punjabi, even though the language have no governmental support. In the Indian Punjab, most people speak Punjabi. English is sometimes used, and people may also speak [[Hindi]] and older people who lived in the undivided Punjab may be able to speak and write in [[Urdu]]. There is a significant [[hindi]] and other Indian languages influence in Punjabi. In India Sanskrit vocabulary have been adopted, due to the national status of Hindi language. The Punjabi languages have always absorbed numerous loanwords from surrounding areas and provinces (and from English).

===Cuisine===

{{Main|Punjabi cuisine}}

Punjabi cuisine has an immense range of dishes and has become world-leader in the field; so much so that many entrepreneurs that have invested in the sector have built large personal fortunes due to the popularity of Punjabi cuisine throughout the world. Punjabi Cuisine uses very unique spices, which make the food utterly mouthwatering.

===Music===

===Punjabi dances===

{{Main|Punjabi dance}}

Owing to the long history of the [[Punjabi culture]] and of the Punjabi people, there are a large number of dances normally performed at times of celebration, the time of festivals known as Melas and the most prominent dances are at Punjabi weddings, where the elation is usually particularly intense. Punjabi dances are performed either by men or by women. The dances range from solo to group dances and also sometimes dances are done along with musical instruments like [[Dhol]], [[Flute]], Supp, Dhumri, Chimta etc.
"Bhangra" dance is the most famous aspect of Punjabi dance tradition.Its popularity has attained a level where a music is produced with the intent of aiding people to carry out this form of dancing.

===Films of Punjab===

{{Main|Films of Punjab}}
{{Main|Documentary Films of Punjab}}

Punjabi Films are doing great job these days, New topics are being conceived in Punjabi Cinema. Same as Documentary FIlms are also becoming a Great part of Punjabi Cinema. Simran Kaler has invented a new term in Documentary Films "Docuempathy Films) Punjab is proud of this Invention.

===Marriage===

{{Main|Punjabi wedding traditions}}

Punjabi wedding traditions and ceremonies are traditionally conducted in Punjabi and are a strong reflection of Punjabi culture. While the actual religious marriage ceremony among Muslims, Sikhs, Hindus, and Jains may be conducted in Arabic, Punjabi, Sanskrit, by the Kazi, Pandit or Granthi, there are commonalities in ritual, song, dance, food, and dress. The Punjabi wedding has many rituals and ceremonies that have evolved since traditional times. Punjabi receptions of all sorts are known to be very energetic, filled with loud Bhangra music, people dancing, and a wide variety of Punjabi food.

===Sports===

{{Main|Sports in Punjab}}

The people of Punjab are known to have keen interest in sports. A variety of indoor and outdoor sports are played in Punjab. The sports been played here include [[Cricket]], [[Hockey]], [[Kabaddi]], [[Boxing]], [[Basketball]] Horse racing, [[Gulli-danda]], [[Kho kho]], Naiza Baazi ([[Tent pegging]]), [[Greyhound racing]], Bandar Killa, Chuppan Chupai ([[Hide-and-seek]]), Stapu ([[Hopscotch]]), Bantay ([[Marble (toy)|Marbles]]), pugan pugai, [[French cricket]], [[Kings (card game)]], Yassu Panju, [[Snooker]], Pitho Garam, Baraf Paani ([[Tag (game)]], [[Dodgeball]], chiri uri kawa ura, [[Carrom]], [[Ludo (board game)]] and sometimes one form of martial arts known as [[Gatka]] is also taken as a form of sports.

===Punjabi folk tales===

{{Main|Folk Tales in Punjab}}
The folk tales of Punjab include many stories<ref>http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/steel/punjab/punjab.html</ref> which are passing through generations and includes folk stories like [[Heer Ranjha]], [[Mirza Sahiban]],<ref>http://hrisouthasian.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=35%3Apeelu-the-first-narrator-of-the-legend-of-mirza-sahiban&catid=6%3Alovelegend&Itemid=13</ref> [[Sohni Mahiwal]] etc. to name a few.

===Village life in Punjab===

{{Main|Village life in Punjab}}
The village life of land of five rivers is as entrancing as any other thing of this region. The village life is simple and people usually live in small communities and they live in peace and harmony with each other. But that is a thing of past now. In recent times with increasing population and decreasing resources, intolerance among the community is on the increase. Gone are the days when people were friends with each other, now they are competitors.<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7aAdVenXVXs</ref>

===Festivals in Punjab===

{{Main|Festivals in Punjab}}

===Traditional dresses wore in Punjab===

{{Main|Traditional dresses in Punjab}}

==Prominent Punjabis==
{{Main|List of Punjabis|List of Punjabi poets|List of Punjabi authors|List of Punjabi singers|List of Punjabi language poets}}

==See also==
* [[Punjab region]]
* [[Punjabi culture]]
* [[Punjabi language]]
* [[Punjabi cuisine]]
* [[Music of Punjab]]
* [[Punjabi dance]]
* [[Punjabi folklore]]
* [[Punjabi press]]
* [[History of the Punjab]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References and further reading==
* Mohini Gupta, Encyclopaedia of Punjabi Culture & History - Vol. 1 (Window on Punjab) [Hardcover], ISBN 978-81-202-0507-9
* Iqbal Singh Dhillion, Folk Dances of Punjab ISBN 978-81-7116-220-8
* Punjabi Culture: Punjabi Language, Bhangra, Punjabi People, Karva Chauth, Kila Raipur Sports Festival, Lohri, Punjabi Dhabha, ISBN 978-1-157-61392-3
* Kamla C. Aryan, Cultural Heritage of Punjab ISBN 978-81-900002-9-1
* Shafi Aqeel, Popular Folk Tales from the Punjab ISBN 978-0-19-547579-1
* Online Book of Punjabi Folk Tales, http://archive.org/stream/KamalKahanisaeedBhuttaABookOnPunjabiFolktales/KamalKahaniReviewByHassnainGhayoor#page/n0/mode/2up
* Punjabi Wedding Songs http://itunes.apple.com/gb/app/boliyan-book/id464162568?mt=8
* Colloquial Panjabi: The Complete Course for Beginners (Colloquial Series) ISBN 978-0-415-10191-2
* A website dedicated to Punjabi Language ( Shahmukhi and Gurmukhi Scripts) http://www.apnaorg.com/
* Gilmartin, David. ''Empire and Islam: Punjab and the Making of Pakistan''. Univ of California Press (1988), ISBN 0-520-06249-3.
* Grewal, J.S. and Gordon Johnson. ''The Sikhs of the Punjab (The New Cambridge History of India)''. Cambridge University Press; Reprint edition (1998), ISBN 0-521-63764-3.
* Punjab Digital Library http://www.panjabdigilib.org
* [[Denzil Ibbetson]], ''Punjab Castes: Race, Castes and Tribes of the People of Punjab''. Cosmo Publications, ISBN 81-7020-458-5.
* Ibbetson, Denzil, (2002). ''Panjab castes''. Low Price Publications. ISBN 81-7536-290-1.
* Latif, Syed. ''History of the Panjab''. Kalyani (1997), ISBN 81-7096-245-5.
* Rose, H.A. Denzil Ibbetson, [[Edward Maclagan]] (reprint 1990). ''Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North West Frontier Province''. Asian Educational Services, India, ISBN 81-206-0505-5.
* Sekhon, Iqbal S. ''The Punjabis : The People, Their History, Culture and Enterprise''. Delhi, Cosmo, 2000, 3 Vols., ISBN 81-7755-051-9.
* Singh, Gurharpal. ''Ethnic Conflict in India : A Case-Study of Punjab''. Palgrave Macmillan (2000).
* Singh, Gurharpal (Editor) and Ian Talbot (Editor). ''Punjabi Identity: Continuity and Change''. South Asia Books (1996), ISBN 81-7304-117-2.
* Singh, Khushwant. ''A History of the Sikhs - Volume 1''.Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-562643-5
* Steel, Flora Annie. ''Tales of the Punjab : Told by the People (Oxford in Asia Historical Reprints)''. Oxford University Press, USA; New Ed edition (2002), ISBN 0-19-579789-2.
* Tandon, Prakash and Maurice Zinkin. ''Punjabi Century 1857-1947'', University of California Press (1968), ISBN 0-520-01253-4.
* {{loc}} [http://countrystudies.us/pakistan/32.htm Pakistan], [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/intoc.html India]
* [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2156/5/26 DNA boundaries in South and Southwest Asia, BMC Genetics 2004, 5:26]
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=pan Ethnologue Eastern Panjabi]
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=pnb Ethnologue Western Panjabi]
* [http://www.censusindia.gov.in/ Indian Census]
* [http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/other_tables/pop_by_mother_tongue.pdf Pakistan Census]
* [http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/AJHG_2003_v72_p313-332.pdf The Genetic Heritage of the Earliest Settlers Persists Both in Indian Tribal and Caste Populations, Am. J. Hum. Genet. 72:313–332, 2003]
* {{Cite book|last=Talib|first=Gurbachan|authorlink=Gurbachan Singh Talib|title= [[Muslim League Attack on Sikhs and Hindus in the Punjab 1947]]|year=1950|publisher=[[Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee]]|location=India}}[http://www.bharatvani.org/books/mla/ Online 1] [http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC03809888&id=9fQLAAAAIAAJ&q=Muslim+League+Attack+on+Sikhs+and+Hindus+in+the+Punjab+1947&dq=Muslim+League+Attack+on+Sikhs+and+Hindus+in+the+Punjab+1947&pgis=1 Online 2] [http://allaboutsikhs.com/books/gst/ Online 3] (A free copy of this book can be read from any 3 of the included "Online Sources" of this free “Online Book”)
* The Legacy of The Punjab by R. M. Chopra, 1997, Punjabee Bradree, Calcutta.
*http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/2891/11/11_chapter%204.pdf

==External links==
{{Commons category}}

* [http://asnic.utexas.edu/asnic/subject/peoplesandlanguages.html Peoples and Languages in Pre-Islamic Indus Valley]
* [http://asianbookcenter.com/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=25&products_id=524 Free Punjabi (Gurmukhi) Primer - Especially designed for those who know English]
* [http://www.punjabilinks.com Punjabi Links]

{{Ethnic Groups of India|hide}}
{{Ethnic groups, Social groups (Caste) and tribes the Punjab}}
{{Punjab, Pakistan}}
{{Punjab, India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Punjabi People}}
[[Category:Punjabi people| ]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Punjabi tribes| ]]
[[Category:Punjabi culture]]
[[Category:Muslim communities]]

[[ar:بنجاب (عرق)]]
[[bn:পাঞ্জাবি জাতি]]
[[bg:Пенджабци]]
[[fa:پنجابی‌ها]]
[[ko:펀자브인]]
[[hi:पंजाबी समुदाय]]
[[hr:Pandžapci]]
[[id:Punjabi]]
[[ka:პენჯაბელები]]
[[ja:パンジャーブ人]]
[[no:Punjabier]]
[[pa:ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਲੋਕ]]
[[pnb:پنجابی لوک]]
[[pl:Pendżabczycy]]
[[ru:Панджабцы]]
[[simple:Punjabi people]]
[[sr:Панџапци]]
[[sh:Pendžapci]]
[[ta:பஞ்சாபி மக்கள்]]
[[zh:旁遮普人]]

Punjabis

2012-11-17T09:33:13Z

DPL bot: adding dablinks template; 7 or more disambig links (see the FAQ)

{{dablinks|date=November 2012}}
{{infobox ethnic group|
|group= ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Punjabis پنجابی पंजाबी
|image = [[File:Har Gobind Khorana nobel.jpg|75px]][[File:Sikh Gurus with Bhai Bala and Bhai Mardana.jpg|75px]][[File:Wasim Akram.jpg|75px]][[File:RanjitSingh by ManuSaluja.jpg|75px]][[File:Amrita Sher-Gil, painter, (1913-1941).jpg|75px]][[File:BullehShah.jpg|75px]] [[File:Bhagat Singh 1929 140x190.jpg|75px]] [[File:Abdus salam.gif|75px]][[File:Mittal.jpg|75px]][[File:Manmohansingh04052007.jpg|75px]][[File:Kalpana Chawla, NASA photo portrait in orange suit.jpg|75px]][[File:Amir Khan.jpg|75px]][[File:Gama1916.jpg|75px]][[File:Mishal Husain.jpg|75px]][[File:Vinod Dham.jpg|75px]][[File:Bobby Jindal by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|75px]][[File:NikkiHaley.jpg|75px]][[File:Sunny Leone 2012.jpg|75px]]

|caption = 
1st: [[Har Gobind Khorana]]{{•}}[[Guru Nanak Dev]]{{•}}[[Amrita Pritam]] 
2nd: [[Vinod Dham]]{{•}}[[Wasim Akram]]{{•}}[[Ranjit Singh]] 
3rd: [[Amrita Sher-Gil]]{{•}}[[Bulleh Shah]]{{•}}[[Bhagat Singh]] 
4rd: [[Abdus Salam]]{{•}}{{•}}[[Manmohan singh]] 
5th: [[Kalpana Chawla]] {{•}}{{•}}[[The Great Gama]] 
6th: [[Mishal Husain]] {{•}} [[Muhammad Khan]] {{•}}[[Bobby Jindal]] {{•}}[[Nikki Haley]]{{•}}[[Sunny Leone]]
 
{{Main|List of Punjabi people}}
|pop= 120 million (estimated)
|region1={{flag|Pakistan}}
|pop1=76,335,300
|ref1= <ref>[http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/other_tables/pop_by_mother_tongue.pdf Pakistan 2008 census - Population by mother tongue]</ref>
|region2={{flag|India}}
|pop2=29,102,477
|ref2=<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/ Indian Census]</ref>
|region3={{flag|USA}}
|pop3=2,300,000
|ref3=<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=74ZVFb37zuIC&pg=PA20 |title=Desh Pardesh |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers |year=1994 |pages=19–20 |author=Roger Ballard, Marcus Banks |isbn=978-1-85065-091-1}}</ref>
|region4={{flag|Canada}}
|pop4=800,000
|ref4=<ref>[http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/topics/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?TPL=RETR&ALEVEL=3&APATH=3&CATNO=&DETAIL=0&DIM=&DS=99&FL=0&FREE=0&GAL=0&GC=99&GK=NA&GRP=1&IPS=&METH=0&ORDER=1&PID=92333&PTYPE=88971,97154&RL=0&S=1&ShowAll=No&StartRow=1&SUB=801&Temporal=2006&Theme=80&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= 2006 Census: Ethnic Origin]</ref>
|region5={{flag|United Kingdom}}
|pop5=720,000
|region6={{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
|pop6=640,000
|region7={{flag|Australia}}
|pop7=620,000
|region8={{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
|pop8=260,000
|region9={{flag|Hong Kong}}
|pop9=185,000
|region10={{flag|Malaysia}}
|pop10=140,000
|region11={{flag|South Africa}}
|pop11=120,000
|langs= [[Punjabi language|Punjabi (with many Dialects)]], [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
|rels= • [[File:Allah-green.svg|18px]] [[Islam]] • [[File:Khanda1.svg|15px]] [[Sikhism]] • [[File:Om.svg|15px]] [[Hinduism]] • [[Christianity]] • • [[Ahmadiyya|Ahmedis]]<ref name="alislam.org">http://www.alislam.org/</ref>
•[[Deism]]<ref name="deism.com">http://www.deism.com/introdeismurdopakistani.htm</ref> • Others
|related=• [[Sindhi people]] • [[Gujjars|Gujjar]] • [[Hindko]]wans • [[Seraikis]] • [[Hazaras]] • [[Awan (tribe)|Awans]] • [[Kashmiris]] •
}}

'''Punjabi people''' ({{lang-pa|{{Nastaliq|'''پنجابی'''}}}} ([[Shahmukhi]]), '''ਪੰਜਾਬੀ''' ([[Gurmukhi]]), '''पंजाबी''' ([[Devanagri]]), also spelled '''Panjabi people'''; are an [[ethnicity|ethnic]] group, originating from the [[Punjab region]], found between [[Pakistan]] and [[India]]. Punjab literally means the '''land of five-rivers''' (Persian: panj-āb; "five waters") and is also referred to as the [[breadbasket]] of [[Pakistan]] and [[India]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://in.reuters.com/article/2012/01/30/india-election-punjab-idINDEE80S02520120130 | work=Reuters | title=Punjab, bread basket of India, hungers for change | date=January 30, 2012}}</ref><ref>http://water.columbia.edu/2012/03/07/columbia-water-center-released-new-whitepaper-restoring-groundwater-in-punjab-indias-breadbasket/</ref> Punjabis are an [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] ethnic group of [[North Indian]] origin; which in modern day besides the [[Punjab, Pakistan|Pakistani Punjab]] and [[Punjab, India|Indian Punjab]], also constitutes people from parts of the following regions: [[Haryana]], [[Kashmir]] and [[Rajasthan]]. Traditionally, Punjabi identity was primarily linguistic, regardless of religious affiliation, heritage or race, referring to those for whom the [[Punjabi language]](s) was the first language and who resided in the [[Punjab region]], and therefor also shared the same culture background.<ref>http://www.krysstal.com/langfams_indoeuro.html</ref> However, in recent times, the definition has been broadened to include people of Punjabi origin, even if they no longer speak the Punjabi language(s), as many have adopted other languages, within and abroad.

The present day Punjab region, has been the location of some of the oldest civilizations in the world, the [[Indus Valley Civilization|the Indus Valley Civilization]]. Following independence from [[British Empire|Britain]], the Punjab region was divided between the two nations on religious basis.

Punjabi's are besides national and religious affiliation, broken down into [[clans]] and/or [[castes]], many of which are shared across religious lines and shared with other ethnic groups of [[South Asia]].

==Geographic distribution==
[[File:Sikh Empire.JPG|thumb|right|250px|[[Ranjit Singh|The Empire of Ranjit Singh]]. Punjab at its territorial peak. Punjab stretched into territories west from [[Indus]] and in north into the mountainous region, [[Kashmir]]]]

In Pakistan, Punjabis are the largest ethnic group, comprising more than 44.15% of the total population of the country. They reside predominantly in the province of Punjab, neighboring [[Azad Kashmir]] in ([[Pakistan-administered Kashmir]] and [[Islamabad Capital Territory|Islamabad, Capital Territory]]. Punjabis are also found in large communities in the largest city of Pakistan, [[Karachi]].
In India, Punjabis represent 2.4% of the population. The majority of Punjabi-speaking people in India, can be found in the Indian states of [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], as well as in [[Delhi]] and the [[Union Territory]] of [[Chandigarh]]. Large communities of Punjabis are also found in the [[Jammu]] region of [[Jammu and Kashmir]] and the states of [[Rajasthan]], [[Uttarakhand]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]].

==History==

{{Main|History of Punjab}}

===Brief ancient history===

[[File:CiviltàValleIndoMappa.png|thumb|right|250px|[[Harappa]] was the center of one of the Oldest Civilizations [[Indus Valley Civilization]] located in central [[Punjab region|Punjab]]. The [[Harappan architecture]] and Harrapan Civilization was one of the most developed in the old [[Bronze Age]].]]

Indigenous peoples flourished in this region, near the gateways to other continents, leading to a developed civilization in 5th to 4th millennium BC,<ref>http://www.orientalarchitecture.com/pakistan/taxila/index.php</ref> the ancient [[Indus Valley Civilization]].

The remains of the ancient city [[Taxila]],<ref>http://www.livius.org/ta-td/taxila/taxila.htm</ref> and many ornaments have been found in this regions which suggests that <ref>http://www.harappa.com/har/har0.html</ref> centered at [[Harappa]]<ref>http://www.harappa.com/</ref> in [[Punjab region|Punjab]] became a center of early civilization from around 3300 BC. According to Historians this region was ruled by many small kingdoms and tribes around 4th and 5th BC. The earliest known notable local king of this region was known as '''[[King Porus]]'''<ref name="livius.org">http://www.livius.org/pn-po/porus/porus.htm</ref><ref>http://www.padfield.com/1993/alex.html</ref> and he fought famous [[Battle of the Hydaspes]]<ref>http://www.theartofbattle.com/battle-of-hydaspes-river-326-bc.htm</ref><ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XuxjoGJZmKQ</ref> against Alexander but later surrendered. His kingdom known as '''[[Pauravas]]''' was situated between Hydaspes (modern [[Jhelum]] and Acesines (modern day [[Chenab]]).<ref name="livius.org"/> These kings fought local battles to gain more ground.[[Taxiles]] or '''[[Taxiles|Omphis]]''' another local North Indian king was ruling and he wanted to defeat his eastern adversary [[Porus]] in a turf war and he invited Alexander the great to defeat Porus and this marks the intrusion of [[West]] in Indian subcontinent and North India in general. But such was the valor of Porus and his kingdom forces in Punjab that despite being defeated was appreciated by [[Alexander the Great]] for his skill and valor and he was granted further territories in North.<ref>http://www.historyofmacedonia.org/AncientMacedonia/AlexandertheGreat.html</ref> The other Indian kings did not like that Porus is now an ally of Western forces and the relative of Porus also later named as Porus became the king of [[Pauravas]] continue fighting with Macedonian forces and then in less than ten years another Indian king '''[[Chandragupta Maurya]]'''<ref>http://wildfiregames.com/0ad/page.php?p=8542</ref> defeated the forces and conquered regions up to Kabul river. Despite the Greek rule in Northwest India, no trace of either the M170 or the M35 genetic markers associated with Greeks and Macedonians have been found in [[Punjab region|Punjab]] and this region show strong peculiar characteristics of North Indians and the reason is that Alexander mostly ruled this land with the help of local allies like [[King Porus|Porus]].<ref name="Kivisild et al. 2003">{{Harvcoltxt|Kivisild et al.|2003}}</ref> Later own this region was ruled by local Indian kings and then North Indian region and [[Afghanistan]] were ruled by [[Ghaznavids]] and later on by [[Mughals]]. The [[Mughals]] were assimilated in local cultures<ref>http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ab99</ref> and embrace Islam and all of them married local women.

The earliest written Punjabi dates to the 11th Century; its literature spread Punjab's unique voice to the greater Northern Hindu civilization.

When the Mughals were weakened then under the command of [[Nader Shah]] of Persia the regions of North India and Punjab were annexed into the [[Durrani Empire]] in 1747. But this rule was challenged by locals and later on all Punjabi Muslims who became the allies of [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] were defected because of his atrocities as he slaughtered thousands of Non-Muslims especially Sikhs and also subjugated Punjabi Muslis as well and as a result Durrani empire was ended in 1772 in less than 40 years. Later on Great warrior of Punjab also known as '''Lion of Punjab''' known as [[Ranjit Singh]] was born in [[Gujranwala]] he
started conquests to reclaim the Punjabi lands from invaders and he recruited local Punjabis and established a formidable army<ref>http://www.thesikhencyclopedia.com/the-sikh-empire-1799-1839/army-of-maharaja-ranjit-singh</ref> and under his command not only Sikhs but Punjabi Muslims were united and he started a conquest of Reclaiming the lands of Punjab and also as a retribution of Afghan Empire he attacked Peshawar<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nowshera</ref> and defeated all Pukhtoon tribes up to Khyber Pass and formed the secular [[Sikh Empire]] and later as a result of Wars between Sikh Empire and British out of which the most famous were [[First Anglo-Sikh War]]<ref>http://www.thefirstanglosikhwar.com/</ref> and the [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]]<ref>http://www.sikh-heritage.co.uk/postgurus/Sikh%20Wars/sikhwars.htm</ref> the Sikh Empire came to an end but until the Britishers came no Pukhtoon tribe was able to recapture Peshawar from Sikh Punjabi forces. The famous '''[[Jamrud Fort]]'''<ref>http://www.softserv-intl.com/oldPakistan/photos/photo6.html</ref> at the entry of [[Khyber Pass]] was built by [[Ranjit Singh]] and his forces were never defeated there. The Ranjit Singh reign was the most high time of Punjab and Punjabi prowess was proved during that time and led to the rule of Punjabis in this region.

[[File:Map of Vedic India.png|thumb|right|250px|Map of early Iron Age Vedic India. Realms or tribes are labelled black, Foreign tribes mentioned in early Vedic texts purple, Vedic [[shakha]]s in green. Rivers are labelled blue. The [[Thar desert]] is marked orange.]]

===New Demographics of Punjab===
The original [[Punjab Province]] under British rule is now divided into several units: [[West Punjab]] (now in Pakistan), the Indian states of [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], [[Haryana]] and [[Himachal Pradesh]] and the Indian Union territory of [[Chandigarh]]. The regions of [[Azad Kashmir]] and [[Jammu]]{{Citation needed|date=June 2012}} have also been historically associated with the Punjab.

Punjab is a Persian term meaning the land of the 5 rivers, the names of these rivers are as follows:

# ([[Jhelum River|Jhelum]])
# ([[Chenab]]),
# ([[Ravi River|Ravi]]),
# ([[Sutlej]]),
# ([[Beas River|Beas]]),

The modern name of the Vipasa,'Beas' is thought to be a corruption of [[Veda Vyasa]], the author of the [[Mahabharata]].

The region came to be known as ''Punjab'' only in the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] period. It was one of the cradles of [[Indian subcontinent|Indian]] civilization and [[Hinduism]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2012}}

Following the independence of Pakistan and the subsequent [[Partition of India|partition of British India]], a process of population exchange took place in 1947 as Muslims left [[East Punjab]] and headed to the newly created Pakistan, and Hindus and Sikhs left [[West Punjab]]<ref>.[http://www.cet.edu/earthinfo/sasia/SAhis.html South Asia: British India Partitioned]</ref> for the newly created state of India. As a result of these population exchanges, both parts are now relatively homogeneous, where religion is concerned.
[[File:Taxila Pakistan juillet 2004.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Taxila Pakistan is a [[World Heritage Site]]]]

===Punjabi Buddhist===
A large population of Punjabis followed [[Buddhism]]{{Citation needed|date=August 2012}}, but many of them became Hindus from 100 CE onwards.{{Citation needed|date=August 2012}} The Kingdom of Gandhara lasted from the 6th century BCE to the 11th century CE. It attained its height from the 1st century to the 5th century under the Buddhist Kushan Emperors.

===Punjabi Hindus===
Punjabi Hindus speak Punjabi and its different dialects like Lahnda(which includes Multani and Seraiki) and standard Punjabi dialects like Doabi, Majhi and Malwi.

Today [[Punjabi Hindu]]s are mostly found in Indian Punjab and in neighbouring states like [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Delhi]] which together form the greater punjab region. Many of the Hindu Punjabi's from the Indian capital [[Delhi]], are immigrants and their descendants from various parts of Western(Pakistani) Punjab. Some still retain the Punjabi dialects spoken in Western Punjab, but many have adopted Hindi. Some Punjabi Hindus can also be found in the surrounding areas as well as the recent cosmopolitan migrants in big cities like Mumbai. There has also been continuous migration of Punjabi Hindus to western countries like USA, Canada and UK.

Punjabi Hindus have their unique culture which resembles closely the culture of Sikhs in many ways yet differing in lot of other ways. Punjabi Hindus usually have a relatively liberal lifestyle and are well known for their lavish wedding parties. Like other Hindus they are also divided into castes. The most common are Scheduled Castes such [[Chamar]] (12% of Indian Punjab population) & [[Balmiki]] (10% of Indian Punjab population) and other Scheduled Castes (11% of Indian Punjab population), Khatris, Sainis, Rajputs, Brahmans, Baniyas, Mahajans etc. Punjabi Hindus go to Hindu temples for worship but will also visit Sikh Gurudwara. In many Punjabi Hindu families, the eldest born is raised as a Sikh.{{Citation needed|date=March 2012}} Marriages between Hindus and Sikhs are possible, especially if both the groom and the bride are from same caste. For example, a Saini Hindu can easily marry to a Saini Sikh, a Khatri Hindu can easily marry to Khatri Sikh. Hinduism and Sikh religion are both indic religions with a lot of similarities, but also some difference. Therefore within one family both Hindus and Sikhs can be found among Indian Punjabis.Sikhism traces its roots from Hinduism and Islam. Both Hindus and Muslims in Punjab were converted to Sikhism in order to end disputes between Hindus and Muslims. However after the execution of Guru Angad Dev, Sikhism turned out to be a martial religion trying to combat the Mughals who followed Islam. Later onwards when Guru Gobind Singh created the Khalsa, each Punjabi Hindu gave his eldest son to the Khalsa army. This was very common among all Punjabi Hindu families regardless of caste. All the Sikh Gurus were [[Punjabi Hindu]] [[Khatri]] and even the Panj Pyaare(Bhai Daya Singh(Bhai Daya Ram) was a [[Hindu]] [[Punjabi]] [[Khatri]] from Lahore, Bhai Himat Singh(Himat Chand Kahar) a [[Punjabi Hindu]] [[Khatri]] [[Mehra]] was from [[Patiala]], Bhai Sahib Singh(Sahib Chand) from Hoshiarpur, Bhai Mohkam Singh( Mohkam Chand) from Ambala and Bhai Dharam Singh( Dharam Das) from a [[Punjabi Hindu]] [[Jat]] family in Saharanpur).

Punjabi Hindus represent about 32% of Punjab's population as most of them converted to Sikhism as they have been following their tradition of raising the eldest born as a Sikh and also dude to political purposes. There was a massive conversionof Punjabi Hindu Jats from 1850's to 1930's in order to get into the army as British rulers easily accepted Sikhs due too the fact that Sikhs ruled the Punjab region with the assistance and support of Punjabi Hindus. An example is Bhagat SIngh whose family was a Punjabi Hindu and converted to Sikhism.However these conversions weren't forceful aas Punjabi Hindus don't really differentiate themselves from Punjabi Sikhs.

Many generals of Maharaja Ranjt Singh were Punjabi Hindus and many revolutionaries like [[Lala Lajpat Rai]], [[Sukhdev Thappar]], Bhai Mati Das and Bhai Pramanand. Punjabis represent around 35% of the Inidan army( Punjabi Sikhs represent around 15 % of all ranks in the Indian army and the rest of the Punjabis( Mainly Punjabi Hindus) represent 20% ).

For more information, go to [[List of Punjabi Hindus]]

===Arrival of Islam - Punjabi Muslims===
[[File:BullehShah.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Bulleh Shah]] the Sufi Muslim Scholar, Poet]]
The people of Punjab were mainly Hindus with a Buddhist minority, when the [[Umayyad]] Muslim army led by [[Muhammad bin Qasim]] from Syria, conquered the Punjab and Sindh in 711. Bin Qasim recorded that he so was overwhelmed by the gold in the [[Aditya]] Temple in the thriving trading city of Multan (known as ''Mulasthana'' then), that he recovered the expenses for his entire invasion. Muslims became the majorty population of Punjab, only few are found in Eastern Punjabi today, as most live in Western Punjab.

During the reign of [[Mahmud of Ghazni]], non-Muslims were ordered to pay the [[jaziya]] tax and rights according to Islamic law.<ref name=Esposito>[[John Esposito|John Louis Esposito]], ''Islam the Straight Path'', Oxford University Press, Jan 15, 1998, p. 34.</ref><ref>Lewis (1984), pp. 10, 20</ref><ref>Ali, Abdullah Yusuf (1991). The Holy Quran. Medina: King Fahd Holy Qur-an Printing Complex, pg. 507</ref> The province became an important centre and Lahore was made into a second capital of the Turk [[Ghaznavid Empire]] based out of [[Ghazni]].

[[File:Badshahi Mosque July 1 2005 pic32 by Ali Imran (1).jpg|thumb|upright|Badshahi Masjid - The largest mosque of the Mughal Empire built by emperor [[Aurangzeb]].]]
The [[Mughals]] controlled the region from 1524 until 1739 and would also lavish the province with building projects such as the [[Shalimar Gardens (Lahore)|Shalimar Gardens]] and the [[Badshahi Mosque]], both situated in Lahore. Muslim soldiers, traders, architects, theologians and Sufis flocked from the rest of the Muslim world to the Islamic [[Sultanate]] in South Asia and some may have settled in the Punjab. Under the Muslims Punjab became the most dynamic region of South Asia. Following the decline of the Mughals, this created a power vacuum with a more unstable region until [[British Indian]] was created. [[Afsharid dynasty|Shah of Iran]] and founder of the Afsharid dynasty in [[Persia]], [[Nader Shah]] crossed the [[Indus]] and sacked the province in 1739. Later, the Afghan conqueror [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]], a pashtun born in Punjab, in the city of [[Multan]] made the Punjab a part of his [[Durrani Empire]] lasting until 1762. He was in close combat with the both the rising Sikh and Hindu Maratha armies.

===Creation of Sikh Religion - Punjabi Sikhs===
[[File:Ranjitsingh.gif|right||thumb|upright|Portrait of Maharaja Ranjit Singh]]

At the beginning of the fifteenth century, the religion of [[Sikhism]] was born, and during the Mughal period its [[Misl]]s gradually emerged as a formidable military force until assimilated under the expanding [[Sikh Empire]]. the religion became martial as many Hindu Punjabis sent their eldest son to join the Khalsa army to combat the mughals.All Sikh Gurus were Punjabi Hindus and even the Panj Pyaare (after whom the FIVE K's were invented) were also Punjabi Hindus. After fighting [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]], the Sikhs wrested control of the Punjab from his descendants and ruled in a [[Confederation|confederacy]], which later became the Sikh Empire of the Punjab under [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh]]. A denizen of the city of [[Gujranwala]], the capital of Ranjit Singh's empire was Lahore.<ref>[http://www.heritage.gov.pk/html_Pages/sikh.htm Sikh Period - Government of Pakistan]</ref> The Sikhs made architectural contributions to the city and the [[Lahore Fort]]. The Sikh empire was the first local power to rule the region since [[Muhammad of Ghor|Muhammed Ghori's]] defeat of [[Prithviraj III|Prithvi Raj Chauhan]] in 1192.

===British - Punjabi Christian===
[[File:Raja Lal Singh, of First Anglo-Sikh War, 1846.jpg|right|thumb|[[Raja Lal Singh]], who led Sikh forces against the British during the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]], 1846]]
The Maharaja's death in the summer of 1839 brought political chaos and the subsequent battles of succession and the bloody infighting between the factions at court weakened the state. Relationships with neighbouring British territories then broke down, starting the [[First Anglo-Sikh War]]; this led to a British official being resident in Lahore and the annexation of territory south of the Satluj to British India.

In 1877, on [[Thomas the Apostle|St. Thomas' Day]] at [[Westminster Abbey]], [[London]], [[Reverend|Rev]] [[Thomas Valpy French]] was appointed the first [[Anglican Bishop]] of [[Lahore]], a large [[diocese]] which included all of the [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]], then under British colonial rule, and remained so until 1887, during this period he also opened the Divinity College, Lahore in 1870.<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A07E2D6173EE73BBC4B52DFB7668383669FDE Churches and Ministers: Home and Foreign Events][[New York Times]], January 13, 1878.</ref><ref>[http://anglicanhistory.org/india/pk/stock_french/06.html An Heroic Bishop] Chapter VI. His Fourth Pioneer Work: The Lahore Bishopric.</ref><ref>[http://anglicanhistory.org/india/stock_beginnings/11.html Beginnings in India] By Eugene Stock, D.C.L., London: Central Board of Missions and SPCK, 1917.</ref>
Rev Thomas Patrick Hughes served as a [[Church Missionary Society]] missionary at [[Peshawar]] (1864–84), and became an oriental scholar, and compiled a 'Dictionary of Islam' (1885).<ref>[http://www.mundus.ac.uk/cats/13/1027.htm British Library]</ref>

[[Missionaries]] accompanied colonizing forces from [[Portugal]], [[France]], and [[Great Britain]]. Christianity was mainly brought by the [[British Raj|British rulers]] of India in the later 18th and 19th century. This is evidenced in cities established by the British, such as the port city of [[Karachi]], where the majestic [[Saint Patrick's Cathedral, Karachi|St. Patrick's Cathedral]], Pakistan's largest church stands, and the churches in the city of [[Rawalpindi]], where the British established a major military cantonment.

The total number of Punjabi Christians in Pakistan is approximately 2,800,000 and 300,000 in Indian Punjab. Of these, approximately half are Roman Catholic and half Protestant. All of the modern Punjabi Christians in are descended from Sikh, Muslim and Hindu converts during British rule.

===Independence and its aftermath===
In 1947 the Punjab province of [[British India]] was divided along religious lines into [[West Punjab]] and [[East Punjab]]. The western Punjabis voted to join the new country of Pakistan, while the easterners Punjabis joined India. This led to massive rioting, as elements from both sides committed atrocities against fleeing refugees.

The undivided Punjab, of which Punjab (Pakistan) forms the major region today, was home to a large minority population of Punjabi Sikhs and Hindus, and in the same way large minorities were found in parts of eastern Punjab.<ref>''The Punjab in 1920s – A Case study of Muslims'', Zarina Salamat, Royal Book Company, [[Karachi]], 1997. table 45, pp. 136. ISBN 969-407-230-1</ref>

==Geographic distribution==

===Pakistani Punjabis===
[[File:Punjabi Gur Maker.jpg|thumb|Punjabi farmer]]
Punjabis make up more than 40% of the population of Pakistan. The Punjabis found in Pakistan belong to groups known as biradaris, which descend from a common male ancestor. In addition, Punjabi society is divided into two divisions, the zamindar groups or qoums, traditionally associated with farming and the moeens, who are traditionally artisans. Some zamindars are further divided into groups such as the [[Punjabi Rajput|Rajput]], [[Aheer]]s, [[Haral]]s, [[Ghosi (tribe)]], [[Muslim Jat of Punjab|Jat]], [[Punjabi Shaikh|Shaikhs]] or (Muslim [[Khatri]]), [[Khattar]], [[Kamboh]]s, [[Gujjar]]s, [[Dogar]]s and [[Labana|Rahmani]] (Muslim Labana). Zamindar groups with [[Turko-Persian tradition|Turko-Persian]] or Arab ancestry include the [[Mughal (tribe)|Mughal]], [[Gakhars]], [[Awan Pakistan|Awan]] and [[Arain]], comprising the main tribes in the north of the province, while [[Khagga]], [[Bodla]], [[Jhandir]], [[Daudpota]], [[Gardezi]], [[Syed]] and [[Quraishi]] are found in the south, all of whom claim [[Arab]] ancestry. Immigrants from neighbouring regions, such as the [[Kashmiri Muslims|Kashmiri]], [[Punjabi Pathan|Pashtun]] and [[Punjabi Baloch|Baluch]], also form important element in the Punjabi population. Pashtun tribes like the [[Niazi]]s and the [[Khogyani (tribe)|Khakwanis]], are integrated into Punjabi village life. Especially the members of the Niazi tribe, who see themselves as Punjabis first. They have big communities in [[Mianwali]], [[Bakkar]], [[Lahore]], [[Faisalabad]], [[Sahiwal]] and [[Toba Tek Singh]]. Major Moeen groups include the [[Lohar]], [[Khateek]], [[Rawal]], [[Chhimba Darzi]], [[Muslim Teli|Teli]], [[Malik (Julaha)|Julaha]], [[Mallaah]], [[Mirasi]], who are associated with a particular crafts or occupation.<ref>''Muslim peoples : a world ethnographic survey'' Richard V. Weekes, editor-in-chief Greenwood Press 1978</ref>

Punjabis have traditionally and historically been farmers and soldiers{{Citation needed|date=June 2012}}, which has transferred into modern times with their dominance of agriculture and military fields in Pakistan. In addition, Punjabis in Pakistan have been quite prominent politically, having had many elected Members of Parliament. As the most ardent supporters of a Pakistani state, the Punjabis in Pakistan have shown a strong predilection towards the adoption of the Urdu language but nearly all speak Punjabi, and still identify themselves as ethnic Punjabis for the most part. Religious homogeneity remains elusive as a predominant Islamic [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]-[[Shi'a Islam|Shia]] population and a Christian minority have not completely wiped out diversity since the partition of British India. A variety of related sub-groups exist in Pakistan and are often considered by many Pakistani Punjabis to be simply regional Punjabis including the [[Seraikis]] (who overlap and are often considered transitional with the [[Sindhi people|Sindhis]]).
[[File:Bhangra Dance punjab.jpg|thumb|Punjabis from Pakistani Punjab dancing]]

The recent definition of Punjabi, in Pakistani Punjab, is not based on [[Race (classification of humans)|racial classification]], [[Common descent|common ansectory]] or [[endogamy]],<ref>http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~anthrop/tutor/marriage/endogamy.html</ref> but based on geographical and cultural basis and thus makes it a unique definition. In Pakistani Punjab, there is not a great emphasis on a single dialect of the language and Pakistani Punjabis speak many distinct [[Punjabi dialects|dialects]],<ref>http://grammar.about.com/od/d/g/dialectterm.htm</ref><ref>http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=95&menu=004</ref> which include [[Hindko]], [[Saraiki language|Seraiki]], [[Potwari language|Potohari or Pahari]] and still identify themselves as Punjabis. People from a few provinces of [[Pakistan]] have made Punjab their home in recent times and now their consecutive generations identify themselves as Punjabis. The largest community to assimilate in Punjabi culture and now identify themselves as Punjabis are [[Kashmiri people|Kashmiris]] which include noted personalities like [[Nawaz Sharif]], [[Shaikh Rasheed Ahmad|Sheikh Rasheed]], [[Hamid Mir]] and the most noted poet [[Muhammad Iqbal]], to name a few. The second largest community after Kashmiris are people of India, who identify themselves as Punjabis.' The other communities to assimilate in Punjabis include [[Baloch people|Baloch]] who can be found throughout Punjab, and [[Balti people|Baltis]]. The welcoming nature of Punjab have led to successful integration of almost all ethnic groups in Punjab over time. The Urdu, Punjabi and other language speakers who arrived in Punjab in 1947<ref>http://bintphotobooks.blogspot.de/2011/04/great-migration-india-pakistan-1947.html</ref><ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gn9ZwI9zqu4</ref> have now assimilated and their second and third generations identify themselves as Punjabis even tough it is not the same in [[Sindh]] Pakistan where they form distinct ethnic groups.

{{See also|Languages of Pakistan}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Rank || State || Punjabi speakers || Percentage
|-
| — || '''Pakistan''' || '''76,335,300''' || '''44.15'''
|-
| 1 || [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]] || 70,671,704 || 75.23
|-
| 2 || [[Sindh]] || 3,592,261 || 6.99
|-
| 3 || [[Islamabad]] || 1,343,625 || 71.62
|-
| 5 || [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]] || 318,745 || 2.52
|-

===Indian Punjabis===
[[File:Punjabi sardar.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Indian Punjabi farmer.]]
[[File:Pind 50.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Indian Punjabi Woman in Kitchen]]
The population of [[Punjab (India)|Indian Punjab]] is divided into two major religious groups, the Sikhs and Hindus. It is further sub-divided into various [[tribal|tribal groups]], [[social groups|social groups (caste)]] and economic groups. Major sub-groups in India include the [[Khatris]], Kalals/[[Ahluwalia]]s, [[Punjabi Banias|Bania]], [[Saini]] [[Sikh]]s, [[Saini]] [[Hindu]]s, [[Punjabi Brahmins|Brahmin]], [[Chamar]], [[Chhimba]], [[Chura]], [[Jatt]]s, [[Kamboj]], [[Khatri]], [[Labana]]s, [[Lohar]], [[Mahtam]], [[Mazhabi]], [[Nai (caste)|Nais]], [[Punjabi Rajput|Rajput]], [[Ramgarhia]], [[Ramdasia]], [[Sood]]s and [[Tarkhan]]s etc. All these subgroups are hardworking and well educated and living with unity, peace and harmony with each other.

[[File:Mohenjo-daro Priesterkönig.jpeg|thumb|upright|[[Mature Harappan]] "Priest King" statue, [[Mohenjo-daro]], wearing Sindhi [[Ajrak]], late Mature Harappan period, National Museum, Karachi, Pakistan]]Most Indian Punjabi people are related to Pakistani Punjabi people, sharing the same DNA and ancestry. They are not related to the tribes of north west Pakistan (who are ethnically afghani), as the DNA is completely different as well as physical appearance. For example, many Punjabi people are dark skinned and resemble the people of India, however Pashtun people and people of neighbouring [[afghanistan]] are light skinned in colour and hair, and are more Iranian and Arab looking than Punjabi people. The other theory is that, after the Islamic invasion of Sindh, all the tribes there broke off and came down lower into India and established their kingdoms; hence the name ''Rajput'' (son of a king). The Huna were defeated in 528 AD by [[Yasodharman]] and in 532 a coalition of Hindu kings drove the Huna out of Northern India.<ref>http://www.worldhistorymaps.info/History/CentralAsia.html</ref> Genetic analysis of Rajput clans found a close connection with the Punjabi [[Khatri]]/[[Kamboj]]/[[Tarkhan (Punjab)]], [[Ahluwalia]], [[Lohar]] clans, indicating that the Rajputs are not outsiders as most tend to believe and [[Khatri]] (not including [[Khukhrain]]s and [[Arora]]s)/[[Tarkhan (Punjab)]], [[Ahluwalia]], [[Lohar]] are a sub-category of the ancient tribe of [[Kamboja]]s which migrated from [[Central Asia]], [[Caucasus]] and [[Siberia]] and settled in [[Punjab region]], [[Kashmir]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Sindh]] and [[Balochistan]].<ref>{{cite journal|pmid=6242530}}</ref>

Like Punjabi Muslim society, these various [[caste system in India|caste]]s are associated with particular occupations or crafts. Communities such as the [[Jatt]] and [[Rajput]] from a [[Zamindar]] background are essentially farmers along with Kamboj Sikh and Saini Sikhs, while the Arora, [[Punjabi Bania|Bania]], Bhatia are associated to trade. Other groups are associated with particular crafts, include Lohar who were historically ironsmiths, while Tarkhans were carpenters and the Nai were barbers.<ref>''The Punjabis : The People, Their History, Culture and Enterprise''</ref>

Indian Punjab is also home to small groups of Muslims and Christian. Most of the [[East Punjab]]'s Muslims ''(in today's states of Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi and Chandigarh)'' left for West Punjab in 1947. However, a small community still exists today, mainly in [[Malerkotla]] which was spared during partition, the only Muslim princely state among the seven that formed the erstwhile [[Patiala]] and East Punjab States Union (PEPSU). The other six ''(mostly Sikh)'' states were: Patiala, [[Nabha]], [[Jind]], [[Faridkot, India|Faridkot]], [[Kapurthala]] and [[Kalsia]].

The Punjab region within India maintains a strong influence on the perceived culture of India towards the rest of the world. Numerous Bollywood film productions use the Punjabi language in their songs and dialogue as well as traditional dances such as [[Bhangra (dance)|bhangra]]. Bollywood has been dominated by Punjabi artists including [[Raj Kapoor]], [[Dev Anand]], [[Vinod Khanna]], [[Sunil Saini]] [[Dharmendra]], [[Shammi Kappoor]], [[Rishi Kapoor]], [[Lara Dutta]], [[Akshay Kumar]] and [[Kareena Kapoor]]. Prime Ministers of India including [[Gulzarilal Nanda]] and [[Inder Kumar Gujral]] in the past, and Dr. [[Manmohan Singh]] at present, are Punjabis, as are numerous players in the Indian cricket team both past and present including [[Bishen Singh Bedi]], [[Kapil Dev]], [[Mohinder Amarnath]], [[Navjot Sidhu]], [[Harbhajan Singh]], [[Yuvraj Singh]], [[Yograj Singh]].

==The Punjabi diaspora==
{{Main|Punjabi diaspora}}
[[File:Punjabi Speaking World.png|thumb|right|380px|Punjabis around the world]]
The Punjabi people have emigrated in large numbers to many parts of the world. The United Kingdom has a significant number of Punjabis from both Pakistan and India as does Canada (specifically Vancouver and Toronto) and the United States, (specifically California's [[Central Valley (California)|Central Valley]]). The Middle East has a large immigrant community of Punjabis, in places such as the [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]] and [[Kuwait]]. There are large communities in East Africa including the countries of [[Kenya]], [[Uganda]] and [[Tanzania]]. Punjabis have also emigrated to Australia, New Zealand and Southeast Asia including [[Malaysia]], [[Thailand]], [[Singapore]] and [[Hong Kong]].

===Punjabis by country===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Rank !! Country !! First language
|-
|1|| {{flag|Pakistan}} || 76,335,300
|-
|2|| {{flag|India}} || 29,109,672
|-
|3|| {{flag|United Kingdom}} || 2,300,000
|-
|4|| {{flag|Canada}} || 800,000
|-
|5|| {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} || 720,000
|-
|6|| {{flag|United States}} || 640,000
|-
|7|| {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} || 620,000
|-
|8|| {{flag|Hong Kong}} || 260,000
|-
|9|| {{flag|Malaysia}} || 185,000
|-
|10|| {{flag|South Africa}} || 140,000
|-
|11|| {{flag|Burma}} || 120,000
|-
|12|| {{flag|France}} || 90,000
|-
|13|| {{flag|Italy}} || 80,000
|-
|14|| {{flag|Thailand}} || 75,000
|-
|15|| {{flag|Japan}} || 75,000 {{Citation needed|date=September 2010}}
|-
|16|| {{flag|Mauritius}} || 70,000
|-
|17|| {{flag|Singapore}} || 70,000
|-
|18|| {{flag|Oman}} || 68,000
|-
|19|| {{flag|Libya}} || 65,000
|-
|20|| {{flag|Bahrain}} || 60,000
|-
|21|| {{flag|Kenya}} || 55,000
|-
|22|| {{flag|Australia}} || 50,000
|-
|23|| {{flag|Tanzania}} || 45,000
|-
|24|| {{flag|Kuwait}} || 40,000
|-
|25|| {{flag|Norway}} || 25,000
|-
|26|| {{flag|Denmark}} || 15,000
|-
|}

==Diversity==
The Punjab region is diverse, due to its location near Central Asia. It has been prone to numerous [[Human migration|migrations]] and the resulting settlers have left imprints upon the local Punjabi population that remain present in the numerous sub-groups. The Punjabi people are a [[heterogeneous]] group and can be subdivided into a number of ethnic clan groups in both the East and West Punjab called ''[[biradari]]'' (literally meaning a tribe, clan, group, or fraternity), each having their own subtle differences.

==Genetics==
The majority of Punjabi population share similar genes with other northern Indian populations, but also show a significant relationship with west Eurasian groups. In a 2004 Stanford study conducted with a wide sampling from India, including 112 Punjabis, and selected other countries, displayed the following:

:Results show that Indian tribal and caste populations derive largely from the same genetic heritage of [[Pleistocene]] southern and western Asians and have received limited gene flow from external regions since the [[Holocene]].<ref>[http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/AJHG_2003_v72_p313-332.pdf The Genetic Heritage of the Earliest Settlers Persists Both in Indian Tribal and Caste Populations]</ref>

This study also found that roughly 42% of genetic markers in the Punjab were of West Asian origin, the highest amongst the sampled group of South Asians.{{Dubious|date=July 2009}}{{citation needed|date=August 2011}} Another study also showed that there has been limited gene flow in and out of north India, but the highest amount of genetic inflow from the west showed up in the Punjab region:

:Broadly, the average proportion of mtDNAs from West Eurasia among Indian caste populations is 17% (Table 2). In the northern States of India their share is greater, reaching over 30% in [[Kashmir]] and [[Gujarat]], nearly 43% in [[Indian Punjab]].<ref>http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=516768</ref><ref>[http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2156/5/26 Most of the extant mtDNA boundaries in South and Southwest Asia were likely shaped during the initial settlement of Eurasia by anatomically modern humans]</ref>

Some preliminary conclusions from these varying tests support a largely north Indian genetic base for most Punjabis accompanied by some of the highest degrees of west Asian admixture found in north India.

==Culture and society==
{{Main|Punjabi culture}}
[[File:International border at Wagah - evening flag lowering ceremony.jpg|thumb|250px|right| The evening flag lowering ceremony at the India-Pakistan International Border near Wagah in Punjab.]]
[[File:Pind 39.jpg|thumb|right|Punjabi Sikh Farmer preparing [[Cattle feeding|Cattle Feed]]]]
Punjabi culture is the culture of the [[Punjab region]]. It is one of the oldest and richest cultures in world history, dating from ancient antiquity to the modern era. The Punjabi culture is the culture of the Punjabi people who are now distributed throughout the world. The scope, history, sophistication and complexity of the culture are vast. Some of the main areas include Punjabi Philosophy, poetry, spirituality, education, artistry, dance, music, cuisine, science, technology, military warfare, architecture, traditions, values and history. Historically, the Punjab/Punjabis, in addition to their rural-agrarian lands and culture, have also enjoyed a unique urban cultural development in two great cities, [[Lahore]]<ref>For various notable Punjabis belonging to this venerable city, please also see [[List of families of Lahore]]</ref> and [[Amritsar]].<ref>Ian Talbot, 'Divided Cities: Lahore and Amritsar in the aftermath of Partition', Karachi:OUP, 2006, pp.1-4 ISBN 0-19-547226-8</ref>

===Religion===
{{Section OR|date=July 2012}}
Punjab is one of the most tolerant and diverse in terms of religion in South Asia. Also many prominent scholars in the past have made inroads in Punjabi population who not only stressed the need of organized religion like [[Islam]] and [[Sikhism]] but also talked about wisdom, knowledge and science and other [[Theism|Theists]] ideologies at the same time. For this reason Punjabis are diverse in their religious thoughts and many religious and philosophical movements initiated here in the past.

The majority of Punjabis in Pakistan are Muslims and majority of Indian Punjabis are Hindus and Sikhs. Punjab is the birthplace of [[Sikhism]] which has adherents in [[India]], [[Pakistan]] and in many parts of the world. The [[Ahmadiyya|Ahmadiyya Community]]<ref name="alislam.org"/> was also founded in Punjab and their founder was born here.

In Pakistani Punjab more than 3 percent of the population are Christians<ref>http://www.cwspa.org/resources/research-and-surveys</ref> and churches could be found in almost every city. Punjabis also follow [[Sufism]], [[Quranism]]<ref>http://www.toluislam.com/</ref> and some follow [[Deism]]<ref name="deism.com"/> and a small minority is Atheist and Agnostic<ref>https://e-paa.org/</ref><ref>http://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/8194/what-do-pakistani-atheists-mean-for-pakistan/</ref> as well.

===Language===

{{Main|Punjabi language}}

==Linguistic==
[[File:Dialects Of Punjabi.jpg|right||250px|[[Punjabi dialects]]]]
Punjabi, with its many [[Punjabi dialects|dialects]], is the most spoken language in Pakistan and fourth most common language in India. According to the [[Ethnologue]] 2005 estimate,<ref name="ReferenceA">Ethnologue. 15th edition (2005).</ref> there are 88 million native speakers of the Punjabi language, which makes it the twelfth most widely spoken language in the world. According to the 2008 Census of Pakistan,<ref>According to [http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/other_tables/pop_by_mother_tongue.pdf statpak.gov.pk] 44.15% of the Pakistani people are native Punjabi speakers. This gives an approximate number of 76,335,300 Punjabi speakers in Pakistan.</ref> there are approximately 76,335,300 native speakers of Punjabi in Pakistan, and according to the [[Demographics of India#Linguistic demographic2001|Census of India]], there are over 29,102,477 Punjabi speakers in India.<ref>[[Census of India]], 2001</ref> Punjabi is also spoken as a [[minority language]] in several other countries where Punjabis have emigrated in large numbers, such as the United Kingdom (where it is the second most commonly used language<ref>[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199900/cmhansrd/vo000307/halltext/00307h02.htm "Punjabi Community".] The United Kingdom Parliament.</ref>) and Canada, in which Punjabi has now become the fourth most spoken language after English, French and Chinese, due to the rapid growth of immigrants from Pakistan and India.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Punjabi_is_Canadas_4th_most_top_language/articleshow/2782138.cms "Punjabi is 4th most spoken language in Canada"] ''The Times of India''</ref> There are also sizable communities in the United States, [[Kenya]], [[Tanzania]], [[Uganda]], [[Persian Gulf]] countries, Hong Kong, [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], Australia and New Zealand.

Punjabis are linguistically and culturally related to the other Indo-Aryan peoples of South Asia. There are an estimated 120 million Punjabis around the world. If regarded as an ethnic group, they are among the [[List of ethnic groups by population|worlds' largest]]. In South Asia, they are the [[South Asian ethnic groups|second largest ethnic group]] after the Bengali People.

The main language of the Punjabi people is [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and its associated dialects, which differ depending on the region of Punjab the speaker is from; there are notable differences in the [[Lahnda languages]], spoken in the Pakistani Punjab. In the Pakistani Punjab Urdu is spoken by nearly all, and the vast majority still speak Punjabi, even though the language have no governmental support. In the Indian Punjab, most people speak Punjabi. English is sometimes used, and people may also speak [[Hindi]] and older people who lived in the undivided Punjab may be able to speak and write in [[Urdu]]. There is a significant [[hindi]] and other Indian languages influence in Punjabi. In India Sanskrit vocabulary have been adopted, due to the national status of Hindi language. The Punjabi languages have always absorbed numerous loanwords from surrounding areas and provinces (and from English).

===Cuisine===

{{Main|Punjabi cuisine}}

Punjabi cuisine has an immense range of dishes and has become world-leader in the field; so much so that many entrepreneurs that have invested in the sector have built large personal fortunes due to the popularity of Punjabi cuisine throughout the world. Punjabi Cuisine uses very unique spices, which make the food utterly mouthwatering.

===Music===

===Punjabi dances===

{{Main|Punjabi dance}}

Owing to the long history of the [[Punjabi culture]] and of the Punjabi people, there are a large number of dances normally performed at times of celebration, the time of festivals known as Melas and the most prominent dances are at Punjabi weddings, where the elation is usually particularly intense. Punjabi dances are performed either by men or by women. The dances range from solo to group dances and also sometimes dances are done along with musical instruments like [[Dhol]], [[Flute]], Supp, Dhumri, Chimta etc.
"Bhangra" dance is the most famous aspect of Punjabi dance tradition.Its popularity has attained a level where a music is produced with the intent of aiding people to carry out this form of dancing.

===Films of Punjab===

{{Main|Films of Punjab}}
{{Main|Documentary Films of Punjab}}

Punjabi Films are doing great job these days, New topics are being conceived in Punjabi Cinema. Same as Documentary FIlms are also becoming a Great part of Punjabi Cinema. Simran Kaler has invented a new term in Documentary Films "Docuempathy Films) Punjab is proud of this Invention.

===Marriage===

{{Main|Punjabi wedding traditions}}

Punjabi wedding traditions and ceremonies are traditionally conducted in Punjabi and are a strong reflection of Punjabi culture. While the actual religious marriage ceremony among Muslims, Sikhs, Hindus, and Jains may be conducted in Arabic, Punjabi, Sanskrit, by the Kazi, Pandit or Granthi, there are commonalities in ritual, song, dance, food, and dress. The Punjabi wedding has many rituals and ceremonies that have evolved since traditional times. Punjabi receptions of all sorts are known to be very energetic, filled with loud Bhangra music, people dancing, and a wide variety of Punjabi food.

===Sports===

{{Main|Sports in Punjab}}

The people of Punjab are known to have keen interest in sports. A variety of indoor and outdoor sports are played in Punjab. The sports been played here include [[Cricket]], [[Hockey]], [[Kabaddi]], [[Boxing]], [[Basketball]] Horse racing, [[Gulli-danda]], [[Kho kho]], Naiza Baazi ([[Tent pegging]]), [[Greyhound racing]], Bandar Killa, Chuppan Chupai ([[Hide-and-seek]]), Stapu ([[Hopscotch]]), Bantay ([[Marble (toy)|Marbles]]), pugan pugai, [[French cricket]], [[Kings (card game)]], Yassu Panju, [[Snooker]], Pitho Garam, Baraf Paani ([[Tag (game)]], [[Dodgeball]], chiri uri kawa ura, [[Carrom]], [[Ludo (board game)]] and sometimes one form of martial arts known as [[Gatka]] is also taken as a form of sports.

===Punjabi folk tales===

{{Main|Folk Tales in Punjab}}
The folk tales of Punjab include many stories<ref>http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/steel/punjab/punjab.html</ref> which are passing through generations and includes folk stories like [[Heer Ranjha]], [[Mirza Sahiban]],<ref>http://hrisouthasian.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=35%3Apeelu-the-first-narrator-of-the-legend-of-mirza-sahiban&catid=6%3Alovelegend&Itemid=13</ref> [[Sohni Mahiwal]] etc. to name a few.

===Village life in Punjab===

{{Main|Village life in Punjab}}
The village life of land of five rivers is as entrancing as any other thing of this region. The village life is simple and people usually live in small communities and they live in peace and harmony with each other. But that is a thing of past now. In recent times with increasing population and decreasing resources, intolerance among the community is on the increase. Gone are the days when people were friends with each other, now they are competitors.<ref>http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7aAdVenXVXs</ref>

===Festivals in Punjab===

{{Main|Festivals in Punjab}}

===Traditional dresses wore in Punjab===

{{Main|Traditional dresses in Punjab}}

==Prominent Punjabis==
{{Main|List of Punjabis|List of Punjabi poets|List of Punjabi authors|List of Punjabi singers|List of Punjabi language poets}}

==See also==
* [[Punjab region]]
* [[Punjabi culture]]
* [[Punjabi language]]
* [[Punjabi cuisine]]
* [[Music of Punjab]]
* [[Punjabi dance]]
* [[Punjabi folklore]]
* [[Punjabi press]]
* [[History of the Punjab]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References and further reading==
* Mohini Gupta, Encyclopaedia of Punjabi Culture & History - Vol. 1 (Window on Punjab) [Hardcover], ISBN 978-81-202-0507-9
* Iqbal Singh Dhillion, Folk Dances of Punjab ISBN 978-81-7116-220-8
* Punjabi Culture: Punjabi Language, Bhangra, Punjabi People, Karva Chauth, Kila Raipur Sports Festival, Lohri, Punjabi Dhabha, ISBN 978-1-157-61392-3
* Kamla C. Aryan, Cultural Heritage of Punjab ISBN 978-81-900002-9-1
* Shafi Aqeel, Popular Folk Tales from the Punjab ISBN 978-0-19-547579-1
* Online Book of Punjabi Folk Tales, http://archive.org/stream/KamalKahanisaeedBhuttaABookOnPunjabiFolktales/KamalKahaniReviewByHassnainGhayoor#page/n0/mode/2up
* Punjabi Wedding Songs http://itunes.apple.com/gb/app/boliyan-book/id464162568?mt=8
* Colloquial Panjabi: The Complete Course for Beginners (Colloquial Series) ISBN 978-0-415-10191-2
* A website dedicated to Punjabi Language ( Shahmukhi and Gurmukhi Scripts) http://www.apnaorg.com/
* Gilmartin, David. ''Empire and Islam: Punjab and the Making of Pakistan''. Univ of California Press (1988), ISBN 0-520-06249-3.
* Grewal, J.S. and Gordon Johnson. ''The Sikhs of the Punjab (The New Cambridge History of India)''. Cambridge University Press; Reprint edition (1998), ISBN 0-521-63764-3.
* Punjab Digital Library http://www.panjabdigilib.org
* [[Denzil Ibbetson]], ''Punjab Castes: Race, Castes and Tribes of the People of Punjab''. Cosmo Publications, ISBN 81-7020-458-5.
* Ibbetson, Denzil, (2002). ''Panjab castes''. Low Price Publications. ISBN 81-7536-290-1.
* Latif, Syed. ''History of the Panjab''. Kalyani (1997), ISBN 81-7096-245-5.
* Rose, H.A. Denzil Ibbetson, [[Edward Maclagan]] (reprint 1990). ''Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North West Frontier Province''. Asian Educational Services, India, ISBN 81-206-0505-5.
* Sekhon, Iqbal S. ''The Punjabis : The People, Their History, Culture and Enterprise''. Delhi, Cosmo, 2000, 3 Vols., ISBN 81-7755-051-9.
* Singh, Gurharpal. ''Ethnic Conflict in India : A Case-Study of Punjab''. Palgrave Macmillan (2000).
* Singh, Gurharpal (Editor) and Ian Talbot (Editor). ''Punjabi Identity: Continuity and Change''. South Asia Books (1996), ISBN 81-7304-117-2.
* Singh, Khushwant. ''A History of the Sikhs - Volume 1''.Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-562643-5
* Steel, Flora Annie. ''Tales of the Punjab : Told by the People (Oxford in Asia Historical Reprints)''. Oxford University Press, USA; New Ed edition (2002), ISBN 0-19-579789-2.
* Tandon, Prakash and Maurice Zinkin. ''Punjabi Century 1857-1947'', University of California Press (1968), ISBN 0-520-01253-4.
* {{loc}} [http://countrystudies.us/pakistan/32.htm Pakistan], [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/intoc.html India]
* [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2156/5/26 DNA boundaries in South and Southwest Asia, BMC Genetics 2004, 5:26]
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=pan Ethnologue Eastern Panjabi]
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=pnb Ethnologue Western Panjabi]
* [http://www.censusindia.gov.in/ Indian Census]
* [http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/other_tables/pop_by_mother_tongue.pdf Pakistan Census]
* [http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/AJHG_2003_v72_p313-332.pdf The Genetic Heritage of the Earliest Settlers Persists Both in Indian Tribal and Caste Populations, Am. J. Hum. Genet. 72:313–332, 2003]
* {{Cite book|last=Talib|first=Gurbachan|authorlink=Gurbachan Singh Talib|title= [[Muslim League Attack on Sikhs and Hindus in the Punjab 1947]]|year=1950|publisher=[[Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee]]|location=India}}[http://www.bharatvani.org/books/mla/ Online 1] [http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC03809888&id=9fQLAAAAIAAJ&q=Muslim+League+Attack+on+Sikhs+and+Hindus+in+the+Punjab+1947&dq=Muslim+League+Attack+on+Sikhs+and+Hindus+in+the+Punjab+1947&pgis=1 Online 2] [http://allaboutsikhs.com/books/gst/ Online 3] (A free copy of this book can be read from any 3 of the included "Online Sources" of this free “Online Book”)
* The Legacy of The Punjab by R. M. Chopra, 1997, Punjabee Bradree, Calcutta.
*http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/2891/11/11_chapter%204.pdf

==External links==
{{Commons category}}

* [http://asnic.utexas.edu/asnic/subject/peoplesandlanguages.html Peoples and Languages in Pre-Islamic Indus Valley]
* [http://asianbookcenter.com/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=25&products_id=524 Free Punjabi (Gurmukhi) Primer - Especially designed for those who know English]
* [http://www.punjabilinks.com Punjabi Links]

{{Ethnic Groups of India|hide}}
{{Ethnic groups, Social groups (Caste) and tribes the Punjab}}
{{Punjab, Pakistan}}
{{Punjab, India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Punjabi People}}
[[Category:Punjabi people| ]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Punjabi tribes| ]]
[[Category:Punjabi culture]]
[[Category:Muslim communities]]

[[ar:بنجاب (عرق)]]
[[bn:পাঞ্জাবি জাতি]]
[[bg:Пенджабци]]
[[fa:پنجابی‌ها]]
[[ko:펀자브인]]
[[hi:पंजाबी समुदाय]]
[[hr:Pandžapci]]
[[id:Punjabi]]
[[ka:პენჯაბელები]]
[[ja:パンジャーブ人]]
[[no:Punjabier]]
[[pa:ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਲੋਕ]]
[[pnb:پنجابی لوک]]
[[pl:Pendżabczycy]]
[[ru:Панджабцы]]
[[simple:Punjabi people]]
[[sr:Панџапци]]
[[sh:Pendžapci]]
[[ta:பஞ்சாபி மக்கள்]]
[[zh:旁遮普人]]

Dan Korneff

2012-11-13T21:39:05Z

DPL bot: adding dablinks template; 7 or more disambig links (see the FAQ)

{{dablinks|date=November 2012}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
|name = Dan Korneff
|image = Dan Korneff.jpg
|caption =
|background = non_vocal_instrumentalist
|origin = [[United States|U.S.]]
|instrument = [[Drums]]
|genre = [[rock music|Rock]], [[alternative rock]], [[emo]], [[pop punk]], [[post-hardcore]], [[hard rock]]
|occupation = [[Mixer]], [[record producer]], [[audio engineer]], [[musician]]
|years_active = 2001–present
|label =
|associated_acts =
}}

'''Dan Korneff''' is an [[United States|American]] [[Record producer|producer]], [[mixer]], and [[engineer]] based in [[Long Island]], [[NY]]. He has worked with a number of prominent rock bands, most notably [[My Chemical Romance]], [[Paramore]], [[Papa Roach]], and [[Breaking Benjamin]].<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.alterthepress.com/2012/07/veara-recording-new-album.html |author=Ableson, Jon |title=Veara Recording New Album w/ Dan Korneff |accessdate=11-10-2012}}</ref>

==Selected discography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Artist
! Title
! Label
! Role
|-
| 2012
| [[Our Last Night]]
| ''[[Age of Ignorance]]''<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web|url=http://www.artistdirect.com/artist/credits/dan-korneff/2731362 |title=ARTISTdirect |accessdate=11-10-12}}</ref>
| [[Epitaph Records]]
| Engineer, Digital Editing, Mixing
|-
| 2012
| [[Pierce the Veil]]
| ''[[Collide with the Sky]]''<ref name=autogenerated11">{{cite web|url=http://www.noisecreep.com/2012/05/04/cinco-de-mayo-tips/ |author=Ramirez, Carlos|title=Five Cinco de Mayo Tips From Jaime Preciado of Pierce the Veil|accessdate=11-13-2012}}</ref>
| Fearless Records
| Producer, Mixer, Engineer, Digital Editing
|-
| 2012
| Lions Lions
| ''To Carve Our Names''<ref name="autogenerated5" />
| Hollywood Waste
| Engineer, Digital Editing
|-
| 2012
| [[Evans Blue]]<ref name="autogenerated10">{{cite web|url=http://hardrockhideout.com/2012/01/09/evans-blue-set-to-release-new-album-graveyard-of-empires-april-17th/|title=Evans Blue Set to Relase New Album “Graveyard of Empires” April 17th|author=Rockitt, Rob|accessdate=11-13-2012}}</ref>
| Graveyard of Empires<ref name="autogenerated2" />
| Self-Released
| Mixer
|-
| 2012
| [[Overkill]]
| ''[[The Electric Age]]''<ref name="autogenerated2" />
| eOne
| Digital Editing
|-
| 2012
| [[Cavo]]
| ''[[Thick as Thieves (Cavo album)|Thick as Thieves]]''<ref name="autogenerated5" />
| [[Eleven Seven Music]]
| Producer, Engineer, Mixer, Arranger, Digital Engineer
|-
| 2012
| [[Anthony Green (musician)|Anthony Green]]
| ''[[Beautiful Things (album)|Beautiful Things]]''<ref name="autogenerated2" />
| [[Photo Finish Records]]
| Mixing, Additional Production
|-
| 2011
| [[Four Year Strong]]
| ''[[In Some Way, Shape or Form]]''<ref name="autogenerated5" />
| [[Universal Republic]]
| Engineer, Digital Editing, Mixing
|-
| 2011
| [[Emery (band)|Emery]]
| ''Ten Years''<ref name="autogenerated3" />
| [[Tooth & Nail Records]]
| Mixer
|-
| 2011
| [[Mayday Parade]]
| ''[[Mayday Parade (album)|Mayday Parade]]''<ref name="autogenerated5" />
| MDP Records
| Mixer
|-
| 2011
| [[Madina Lake]]
| ''World War III''
| [[Razor & Tie]]
| Mixer
|-
| 2011
| [[Lamb of God]]
| ''Ashes of the Wake/Sacrament''<ref name="autogenerated2" />
| [[Epic Records]]
| Digital Editing
|-
| 2011
| [[Breaking Benjamin]]
| ''Shallow Bay: The Best of Breaking Benjamin''<ref name="autogenerated5" />
| [[Hollywood Records]]
| Engineer, Mixing, Digital Editing
|-
| 2011
| [[The Downtown Fiction]]
| ''Let's Be Animals''<ref name="autogenerated2" />
| [[Photo Finish Records]]
| Mixer
|-
| 2011
| [[Forever the Sickest Kids]]
| ''Forever the Sickest Kids''<ref name="autogenerated2" />
| [[Universal Motown Records]]
| Engineer, Mixing, Digital Editing
|-
| 2010
| [[Crystal Bowersox]]
| ''Farmer's Daughter''<ref name="autogenerated3" />
| [[Jive Records]]
| Engineer, Mixing, Digital Editing, Drums
|-
| 2010
| [[A Day to Remember]]
| ''What Separates Me From You''<ref name="autogenerated5" />
| [[Victory Records]]
| Mixer
|-
| 2010
| [[All That Remains]]
| ''For We Are Many''
| [[Razor & Tie]]
| Mix Radio Single
|-
| 2010
| [[Atom Smash]]
| ''Love is in the Missile''<ref name="autogenerated2" />
| [[Jive Records]]
| Engineer, Mixing, Programming, Digital Editing
|-
| 2010
| [[The Pretty Reckless]]
| ''Light Me Up''<ref name="autogenerated5" />
| [[Interscope Records]]
| Mixing
|-
| 2010
| [[Papa Roach]]
| ''Time for Annihilation: On the Record and on the Road''<ref name="autogenerated3" />
| [[Eleven Seven Music]]
| Engineer, Mixing, Digital Editing
|-
| 2010
| [[12 Stones]]
| ''The Only Easy Day Was Yesterday''<ref name="autogenerated5" />
| [[Wind-Up Records]]
| Engineer, Mixing, Digital Editing
|-
| 2010
| [[Hawk Nelson]]
| ''Hawkology: A Hawk Nelson Anthology''<ref name="autogenerated3" />
| CMJ Records
| Engineer, Mixing, Digital Editing
|-
| 2010
| [[Our Last Night]]
| ''We Will All Evolve''<ref name="autogenerated5" />
| Epitaph Records
| Mixing
|-
| 2010
| [[Drowning Pool]]
| ''Drowning Pool''<ref name="autogenerated5" />
| [[Eleven Seven Music]]
| Engineer, Mixer, Digital Editing, Programming, Drum Tech
|-
| 2010
| [[Emery (band)|Emery]]
| ''Are You Listening?''<ref name="autogenerated3" />
| [[Tooth & Nail Records]]
| Mixer
|-
| 2010
| [[Overkill]]
| ''Ironbound''<ref name="autogenerated2" />
| [[Koch Records]]
| Digital Editing
|-
| 2010
| [[Juke Kartel]]
| ''Levolution''<ref name="autogenerated5" />
| MRI Associated Labels
| Mixer
|-
| 2009
| [[Morningwood]]
| ''Diamonds & Studs''<ref name="autogenerated3" />
| Morningwood Records
| Mixer
|-
| 2009
| [[Mayday Parade]]
| ''Anywhere But Here''<ref name="autogenerated5"/>
| [[Atlantic Records]]
| Engineer, Digital Editing, Mixer
|-
| 2009
| [[Breaking Benjamin]]
| ''[[Dear Agony]]''<ref name="autogenerated5">{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/dan-korneff-mn0000952479 |title=Allmusic.com: Dan Korneff |accessdate=11/10/2012}}</ref>
| [[Hollywood Records]]
| Engineer, Mixing, Digital Editing
|-
| 2009
| [[Cavo]]
| ''Bright Nights Dark Days''<ref name="autogenerated3" />
| [[Reprise Records]]
| Engineer, Mixing, Digital Editing
|-
| 2009
| [[There For Tomorrow]]
| A Little Faster
| Hopeless Records
| Mixer
|-
| 2009
| [[Emery (band)|Emery]]
| ''...In Shallow Seas We Sail''<ref name="autogenerated5" />
| [[Tooth & Nail]]
| Mixer
|-
| 2009
| [[Madina Lake]]
| ''Attics to Eden''
| [[Roadrunner Records]]
| Engineer, Digital Editing, Mixing, Programming
|-
| 2009
| [[Chiodos]]
| ''Punk Goes Pop, Vol. 2''<ref name="autogenerated5" />
| [[Fearless Records]]
| Mixer
|-
| 2009
| [[Hedley]]
| ''The Show Must Go''<ref name="autogenerated3" />
| [[Universal Music Canada]]
| Engineer, Digital Editing, Mixer, Keyboards, Programming
|-
| 2008
| [[Kaiser Chiefs]]
| ''Off With Their Head''
| [[B-Unique]]/[[Universal Motown]]
| Radio Mix
|-
| 2008
| The Urgency
| ''The Urgency''<ref name="autogenerated5" />
| [[Mercury Records]]
| Engineer, Digital Editing, Mixer, Programming
|-
| 2008
| [[You Me at Six]]
| ''Take Off Your Colours''
| [[Slam Dunk Records]]
| Radio Mix
|-
| 2008
| [[Emery (band)|Emery]]
| ''While Broken Hearts Prevail''<ref name="autogenerated5"/>
| [[Tooth & Nail]]
| Mixer
|-
| 2008
| [[Ill Niño]]
| ''Roadkillers: Dir en Grey Selection''<ref name="autogenerated3" />
| [[Roadrunner Records]]
| Engineer, Mixer, Digital Editing
|-
| 2008
| [[Underoath]]
| ''Lost in the Sound of Separation''
| [[Tooth & Nail]]
| Mixing
|-
| 2008
| [[Capital Lights]]
| ''This is an Outrage!''
| TNL
| Mixing
|-
| 2008
| [[Allison (band)|Allison]]
| Memorama
| Sony Music Distribution
| Mixing
|-
| 2008
| [[My Chemical Romance]]
| ''The Black Parade Is Dead!''<ref name="autogenerated5" />
| [[Reprise Records]]
| Mixer
|-
| 2008
| [[Your Vegas]]
| ''Town and Two Cities''<ref name="autogenerated3" />
| [[Universal Republic]]
| Engineer, Digital Editing
|-
| 2008
| [[Run Kid Run]]
| ''Love at the Core''
| [[Tooth & Nail]]
| Mixing
|-
| 2008
| [[Underwater]]
| ''Forces''<ref name="autogenerated5" />
| Megaforce
| Engineer, Digital Editing, Mixing
|-
| 2008
| [[Hawk Nelson]]
| ''Hawk Nelson Is My Friend''<ref name="autogenerated3" />
| BEC Recordings
| Engineer, Digital Editing, Mixing
|-
| 2008
| [[Search the City]]
| ''A Fire So Big the Heavens Can See It''
| [[Tooth & Nail]]
| Mixing
|-
| 2008
| [[Course of Nature]]
| ''Damaged''<ref name="autogenerated5" />
| Silent Majority Group
| Engineer, Digital Editing, Mixing
|-
| 2008
| [[Ill Niño]]
| ''Enigma''<ref name="autogenerated3" />
| [[Cement Shoes Records]]
| Digital Editing
|-
| 2008
| [[Cinematic Sunrise]]
| ''A Coloring Storybook and Long Playing Record''<ref name="autogenerated5" />
| Equal Vision
| Mixer
|-
| 2008
| God or Julie
| ''This Road Before''<ref name="autogenerated3" />
| Trash Box Records
| Engineer, Digital Editing, Mixing
|-
| 2007
| [[Bloodsimple]]
| ''Red Harvest''<ref name="autogenerated2" />
| [[Reprise Records]]
| Mixer
|-
| 2007
| [[Emery (band)|Emery]]
| ''I'm Only a Man''<ref name="autogenerated5" />
| TNL Records
| Mixer
|-
| 2007
| [[Kids in the Way]]
| A Love Hate Masquerade<ref name="autogenerated5" />
| [[Flicker Records]]
| Mixer
|-
| 2007
| [[Chiodos]]
| ''Bone Palace Ballet''<ref name="autogenerated3" />
| [[Warner Brothers Records]]
| Mixer
|-
| 2007
| [[Paramore]]
| ''Riot!''<ref name="autogenerated2" />
| [[Atlantic Records]]
| Explosions, Engineer, Mixing, Digital Editing
|-
| 2007
| [[Flatfoot 56]]
| ''Jungle of the Midwest Sea''<ref name="autogenerated5" />
| [[Flicker Records]]
| Mixer
|-
| 2007
| [[The Almost]]
| ''Southern Weather''<ref name="autogenerated3" />
| [[Virgin Records]]
| Mixer
|-
| 2007
| [[The Dive]]
| ''The Truth About Us''<ref name="autogenerated3" />
| Dive Records
| Mixer, Digital Editing
|-
| 2006
| [[Ill Niño]]
| ''The Undercover Sessions''<ref name="autogenerated5" />
| [[Cement Shoes Records]]
| Digital Editing
|-
| 2006
| [[Pillar]]
| ''The Reckoning''
| [[Flicker Records]]
| Mixing
|-
| 2006
| [[Ill Niño]]
| ''Best of Ill Niño''<ref name="autogenerated5" />
| [[Roadrunner Records]]
| Mixer
|-
| 2006
| [[Ima Robot]]<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=http://www.discogs.com/artist/Dan+Korneff#t=Credits_Technical&q=&p=1 |title=Dan Korneff, Discogs.com |accessdate=11-10-2012}}</ref>
| ''Monument to the Masses''
| [[Virgin Records]]
| Engineer, Digital Editing, Mixing
|-
| 2006
| Maximum Penalty
| ''Life & Times''<ref name="autogenerated2" />
| Reaper Records
| Producer, Digital Editing, Mixing, Engineer
|-
| 2006
| [[Breaking Benjamin]]
| ''Phobia''<ref name="autogenerated2" />
| [[Hollywood Records]]
| Engineer, Digital Editing
|-
| 2006
| [[The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus]]
| ''Don't You Fake It''<ref name="autogenerated2" />
| [[Virgin Records]]
| Engineer, Digital Editing, Programming, Mixer
|-
| 2006
| [[Roman Candle]]
| ''The Wee Hours Revue''<ref name="autogenerated5" />
| [[V2 Records]]
| Engineer
|-
| 2006
| [[Dropping Daylight]]
| ''Brace Yourself''<ref name="autogenerated5" />
| [[Octone Records]]
| Digital Editing
|-
| 2006
| [[Hawthorne Heights]]
| ''If Only You Were Lonely''<ref name="autogenerated5" />
| [[Ferret Music]]
| Radio Mix
|-
| 2006
| [[In Flames]]
| ''Come Clarity''
| [[Ferret Music]]
| Radio Mix
|-
| 2006
| [[Fivespeed]]
| ''Morning Over Midnight''<ref name="autogenerated5" />
| [[Virgin Records]]
| Engineer, Mixer, Digital Editing
|-
| 2006
| Say When
| ''I'm With the Band''<ref name="autogenerated5" />
| Self-Released
| Mixer
|-
| 2005
| [[Lamb of God]]
| ''Killadelphia''<ref name="autogenerated2" />
| [[Epic Records]]
| Digital Editing
|-
| 2005
| [[My Chemical Romance]]
| '' Tony Hawk's American Wasteland''<ref name="autogenerated5" />
| [[Vagrant Records]]
| Mixer
|-
| 2004
| [[Vicious Circle]]
| ''The Art of Agony''
| Orchard Records
| Producer, Mixing, Digital Editing, Engineer
|-
| 2004
| [[E-Town Concrete]]
| ''Made for War''
| Ironbound Recordings
| Producer, Mixing, Digital Editing, Engineer
|-
| 2004
| [[Future Leaders of the World]]
| ''LVL IV''
| [[Epic Records]]
| Mixing
|-
| 2004
| [[Lamb of God]]
| ''Ashes of the Wake''
| [[Legacy Records]]
| Mixing
|-
| 2004
| [[Ari Hest]]
| ''Someone to Tell''
| [[Columbia Records]]
| Mixing
|-
| 2004
| [[Candiria]]
| ''What Doesn't Kill You...''
| Type A Records
| Engineer, Digital Editing, Mixing, Electronic Percussion, MIDI Synthesizer
|-
| 2004
| [[Breaking Benjamin]]
| ''We Are Not Alone''
| [[Hollywood Records]]
| Engineer, Digital Editing, Mixing
|-
| 2004
| [[Parmalee]]
| ''Inside''
| Deep South Records
| Engineer, Digital Editing, Mixing
|-
| 2004
| [[Chris Stamey]]
| ''Travels in the South''
| [[Yep Roc Records]]/Orange
| Engineer
|-
| 2004
| [[Killswitch Engage]]
| ''The End of Heartache
| [[Roadrunner Records]]
| Mixing
|-
| 2004
| [[Crossfade (band)|Crossfade]]
| ''Crossfade''
| [[Columbia Records]]
| Mix Radio Single
|}

==Accomplishments==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Band
! Album/Single
! RIAA Certification
! Peak Chart Position
|-
| [[Pierce the Veil]]
| Collide with the Sky (album)
|
| [[US]] [[Billboard 200]] #12, [[US]] [[Billboard]] Rock Albums #1<ref name="autogenerated6">{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/album/pierce-the-veil/collide-with-the-sky/1651635#/album/pierce-the-veil/collide-with-the-sky/1651635 |title=Collide with the Sky on Billboard.com |accessdate=11-12-12}}</ref>
|-
| [[Breaking Benjamin]]
| Dear Agony (album)
| Gold<ref name=autogenerated7">{{cite web|url=http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH |title=RIAA certification search |accessdate=11-12-12}}</ref>
| [[US]] [[Billboard 200]] #4<ref name="autogenerated7">{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/artist/evans-blue/714303#/album/breaking-benjamin/dear-agony/1281815 |title=Dear Agony on Billboard.com |accessdate=11-12-12}}</ref>
|-
| [[Anthony Green (musician)|Anthony Green]]
| Beautiful Things (album)
|
| [[US]] [[Billboard 200]] #27<ref name="autogenerated8">{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/artist/anthony-green/chart-history/695083#/artist/anthony-green/chart-history/695083 |title=Anthony Green on Billboard.com|accessdate=11-13-12}}</ref>
|-
| [[Mayday Parade]]
| Mayday Parade (album)
|
| [[US]] [[Billboard 200]] #12<ref name="autogenerated9">{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/artist/mayday-parade/chart-history/767728#/artist/mayday-parade/chart-history/767728 |title=Mayday Parade on Billboard.com|accessdate=11-13-12}}</ref>
|-
|
|
|
|
|}

==External links==
*[http://thisisnoisemgmt.com/dan-korneff This Is Noise Management]
*[http://www.allmusic.com/artist/dan-korneff-mn0000952479 Allmusic.com]
*[http://www.discogs.com/artist/Dan+Korneff#t=Credits_Technical&q=&p=1 Discogs.com]
*[http://www.artistdirect.com/artist/credits/dan-korneff/2731362 ARTISTdirect Music]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Korneff, Dan
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Musician
| DATE OF BIRTH = September 20, 1982
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Korneff, Dan}}
[[Category:American record producers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Births by year]]

Dan Korneff

2012-11-13T09:45:59Z

DPL bot: adding dablinks template; 7 or more disambig links (see the FAQ)

{{dablinks|date=November 2012}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
|name = Dan Korneff
|image = Dan Korneff.jpg
|caption =
|background = non_vocal_instrumentalist
|origin = [[United States|U.S.]]
|instrument = [[Drums]]
|genre = [[rock music|Rock]], [[alternative rock]], [[emo]], [[pop punk]], [[post-hardcore]], [[hard rock]]
|occupation = [[Mixer]], [[record producer]], [[audio engineer]], [[musician]]
|years_active = 2001–present
|label =
|associated_acts =
}}

'''Dan Korneff''' is an [[United States|American]] [[producer]], [[mixer]], and [[engineer]] based in [[Long Island]], [[NY]]. He has worked with a number of prominent rock bands, most notably [[My Chemical Romance]], [[Paramore]], [[Papa Roach]], and [[Breaking Benjamin]].<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.alterthepress.com/2012/07/veara-recording-new-album.html |author=Ableson, Jon |title=Veara Recording New Album w/ Dan Korneff |accessdate=11-10-2012}}</ref>

==Selected discography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Artist
! Title
! Label
! Role
|-
| 2012
| [[Our Last Night]]
| ''[[Age of Ignorance]]''<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web|url=http://www.artistdirect.com/artist/credits/dan-korneff/2731362 |title=ARTISTdirect |accessdate=11-10-12}}</ref>
| [[Epitaph Records]]
| Engineer, Digital Editing, Mixing
|-
| 2012
| [[Pierce the Veil]]
| ''[[Collide with the Sky]]''
| Fearless Records
| Producer, Mixer, Engineer, Digital Editing<ref name="autogenerated3" />
|-
| 2012
| Lions Lions
| ''To Carve Our Names''<ref name="autogenerated5" />
| Hollywood Waste
| Engineer, Digital Editing
|-
| 2012
| [[Evans Blue]]
| Graveyard of Empires<ref name="autogenerated2" />
| Self-Released
| Mixer
|-
| 2012
| [[Overkill]]
| ''[[The Electric Age]]''<ref name="autogenerated2" />
| eOne
| Digital Editing
|-
| 2012
| [[Cavo]]
| ''Thick as Thieves''<ref name="autogenerated5" />
| [[Eleven Seven Music]]
| Producer, Engineer, Mixer, Arranger, Digital Engineer
|-
| 2012
| [[Anthony Green]]
| ''Beautiful Things''<ref name="autogenerated2" />
| [[Photo Finish Records]]
| Mixing, Additional Production
|-
| 2011
| [[Four Year Strong]]
| ''In Some Way, Shape, or Form''<ref name="autogenerated5" />
| [[Universal Republic]]
| Engineer, Digital Editing, Mixing
|-
| 2011
| [[Emery]]
| ''Ten Years''<ref name="autogenerated3" />
| [[Tooth & Nail Records]]
| Mixer
|-
| 2011
| [[Mayday Parade]]
| ''Mayday Parade''<ref name="autogenerated5" />
| MDP Records
| Mixer
|-
| 2011
| [[Madina Lake]]
| ''World War III''
| [[Razor & Tie]]
| Mixer
|-
| 2011
| [[Lamb of God]]
| ''Ashes of the Wake/Sacrament''<ref name="autogenerated2" />
| [[Epic Records]]
| Digital Editing
|-
| 2011
| [[Breaking Benjamin]]
| ''Shallow Bay: The Best of Breaking Benjamin''<ref name="autogenerated5" />
| [[Hollywood Records]]
| Engineer, Mixing, Digital Editing
|-
| 2011
| [[The Downtown Fiction]]
| ''Let's Be Animals''<ref name="autogenerated2" />
| [[Photo Finish Records]]
| Mixer
|-
| 2011
| [[Forever the Sickest Kids]]
| ''Forever the Sickest Kids''<ref name="autogenerated2" />
| [[Universal Motown Records]]
| Engineer, Mixing, Digital Editing
|-
| 2010
| [[Crystal Bowersox]]
| ''Farmer's Daughter''<ref name="autogenerated3" />
| [[Jive Records]]
| Engineer, Mixing, Digital Editing, Drums
|-
| 2010
| [[A Day to Remember]]
| ''What Separates Me From You''<ref name="autogenerated5" />
| [[Victory Records]]
| Mixer
|-
| 2010
| [[All That Remains]]
| ''For We Are Many''
| [[Razor & Tie]]
| Mix Radio Single
|-
| 2010
| [[Atom Smash]]
| ''Love is in the Missile''<ref name="autogenerated2" />
| [[Jive Records]]
| Engineer, Mixing, Programming, Digital Editing
|-
| 2010
| [[The Pretty Reckless]]
| ''Light Me Up''<ref name="autogenerated5" />
| [[Interscope Records]]
| Mixing
|-
| 2010
| [[Papa Roach]]
| ''Time for Annihilation: On the Record and on the Road''<ref name="autogenerated3" />
| [[Eleven Seven Music]]
| Engineer, Mixing, Digital Editing
|-
| 2010
| [[12 Stones]]
| ''The Only Easy Day Was Yesterday''<ref name="autogenerated5" />
| [[Wind-Up Records]]
| Engineer, Mixing, Digital Editing
|-
| 2010
| [[Hawk Nelson]]
| ''Hawkology: A Hawk Nelson Anthology''<ref name="autogenerated3" />
| CMJ Records
| Engineer, Mixing, Digital Editing
|-
| 2010
| [[Our Last Night]]
| ''We Will All Evolve''<ref name="autogenerated5" />
| Epitaph Records
| Mixing
|-
| 2010
| [[Drowning Pool]]
| ''Drowning Pool''<ref name="autogenerated5" />
| [[Eleven Seven Music]]
| Engineer, Mixer, Digital Editing, Programming, Drum Tech
|-
| 2010
| [[Emery]]
| ''Are You Listening?''<ref name="autogenerated3" />
| [[Tooth & Nail Records]]
| Mixer
|-
| 2010
| [[Overkill]]
| ''Ironbound''<ref name="autogenerated2" />
| [[Koch Records]]
| Digital Editing
|-
| 2010
| [[Juke Kartel]]
| ''Levolution''<ref name="autogenerated5" />
| MRI Associated Labels
| Mixer
|-
| 2009
| [[Morningwood]]
| ''Diamonds & Studs''<ref name="autogenerated3" />
| Morningwood Records
| Mixer
|-
| 2009
| [[Mayday Parade]]
| ''Anywhere But Here''<ref name="autogenerated5"/>
| [[Atlantic Records]]
| Engineer, Digital Editing, Mixer
|-
| 2009
| [[Breaking Benjamin]]
| ''Dear Agony''<ref name="autogenerated5">{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/dan-korneff-mn0000952479 |title=Allmusic.com: Dan Korneff |accessdate=11/10/2012}}</ref>
| [[Hollywood Records]]
| Engineer, Mixing, Digital Editing
|-
| 2009
| [[Cavo]]
| ''Bright Nights Dark Days''<ref name="autogenerated3" />
| [[Reprise Records]]
| Engineer, Mixing, Digital Editing
|-
| 2009
| [[There For Tomorrow]]
| A Little Faster
| Hopeless Records
| Mixer
|-
| 2009
| [[Emery]]
| ''...In Shallow Seas We Sail''<ref name="autogenerated5" />
| [[Tooth & Nail]]
| Mixer
|-
| 2009
| [[Madina Lake]]
| ''Attics to Eden''
| [[Roadrunner Records]]
| Engineer, Digital Editing, Mixing, Programming
|-
| 2009
| [[Chiodos]]
| ''Punk Goes Pop, Vol. 2''<ref name="autogenerated5" />
| [[Fearless Records]]
| Mixer
|-
| 2009
| [[Hedley]]
| ''The Show Must Go''<ref name="autogenerated3" />
| [[Universal Music Canada]]
| Engineer, Digital Editing, Mixer, Keyboards, Programming
|-
| 2008
| [[Kaiser Chiefs]]
| ''Off With Their Head''
| [[B-Unique]]/[[Universal Motown]]
| Radio Mix
|-
| 2008
| The Urgency
| ''The Urgency''<ref name="autogenerated5" />
| [[Mercury Records]]
| Engineer, Digital Editing, Mixer, Programming
|-
| 2008
| [[You Me at Six]]
| ''Take Off Your Colours''
| [[Slam Dunk Records]]
| Radio Mix
|-
| 2008
| [[Emery]]
| ''While Broken Hearts Prevail''<ref name="autogenerated5"/>
| [[Tooth & Nail]]
| Mixer
|-
| 2008
| [[Ill Niño]]
| ''Roadkillers: Dir en Grey Selection''<ref name="autogenerated3" />
| [[Roadrunner Records]]
| Engineer, Mixer, Digital Editing
|-
| 2008
| [[Underoath]]
| ''Lost in the Sound of Separation''
| [[Tooth & Nail]]
| Mixing
|-
| 2008
| [[Capital Lights]]
| ''This is an Outrage!''
| TNL
| Mixing
|-
| 2008
| [[Allison (band)|Allison]]
| Memorama
| Sony Music Distribution
| Mixing
|-
| 2008
| [[My Chemical Romance]]
| ''The Black Parade Is Dead!''<ref name="autogenerated5" />
| [[Reprise Records]]
| Mixer
|-
| 2008
| [[Your Vegas]]
| ''Town and Two Cities''<ref name="autogenerated3" />
| [[Universal Republic]]
| Engineer, Digital Editing
|-
| 2008
| [[Run Kid Run]]
| ''Love at the Core''
| [[Tooth & Nail]]
| Mixing
|-
| 2008
| [[Underwater]]
| ''Forces''<ref name="autogenerated5" />
| Megaforce
| Engineer, Digital Editing, Mixing
|-
| 2008
| [[Hawk Nelson]]
| ''Hawk Nelson Is My Friend''<ref name="autogenerated3" />
| BEC Recordings
| Engineer, Digital Editing, Mixing
|-
| 2008
| [[Search the City]]
| ''A Fire So Big the Heavens Can See It''
| [[Tooth & Nail]]
| Mixing
|-
| 2008
| [[Course of Nature]]
| ''Damaged''<ref name="autogenerated5" />
| Silent Majority Group
| Engineer, Digital Editing, Mixing
|-
| 2008
| [[Ill Niño]]
| ''Enigma''<ref name="autogenerated3" />
| [[Cement Shoes Records]]
| Digital Editing
|-
| 2008
| [[Cinematic Sunrise]]
| ''A Coloring Storybook and Long Playing Record''<ref name="autogenerated5" />
| Equal Vision
| Mixer
|-
| 2008
| God or Julie
| ''This Road Before''<ref name="autogenerated3" />
| Trash Box Records
| Engineer, Digital Editing, Mixing
|-
| 2007
| [[Bloodsimple]]
| ''Red Harvest''<ref name="autogenerated2" />
| [[Reprise Records]]
| Mixer
|-
| 2007
| [[Emery]]
| ''I'm Only a Man''<ref name="autogenerated5" />
| TNL Records
| Mixer
|-
| 2007
| [[Kids in the Way]]
| A Love Hate Masquerade<ref name="autogenerated5" />
| [[Flicker Records]]
| Mixer
|-
| 2007
| [[Chiodos]]
| ''Bone Palace Ballet''<ref name="autogenerated3" />
| [[Warner Brothers Records]]
| Mixer
|-
| 2007
| [[Paramore]]
| ''Riot!''<ref name="autogenerated2" />
| [[Atlantic Records]]
| Explosions, Engineer, Mixing, Digital Editing
|-
| 2007
| [[Flatfoot 56]]
| ''Jungle of the Midwest Sea''<ref name="autogenerated5" />
| [[Flicker Records]]
| Mixer
|-
| 2007
| [[The Almost]]
| ''Southern Weather''<ref name="autogenerated3" />
| [[Virgin Records]]
| Mixer
|-
| 2007
| [[The Dive]]
| ''The Truth About Us''<ref name="autogenerated3" />
| Dive Records
| Mixer, Digital Editing
|-
| 2006
| [[Ill Niño]]
| ''The Undercover Sessions''<ref name="autogenerated5" />
| [[Cement Shoes Records]]
| Digital Editing
|-
| 2006
| [[Pillar]]
| ''The Reckoning''
| [[Flicker Records]]
| Mixing
|-
| 2006
| [[Ill Niño]]
| ''Best of Ill Niño''<ref name="autogenerated5" />
| [[Roadrunner Records]]
| Mixer
|-
| 2006
| [[Ima Robot]]<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=http://www.discogs.com/artist/Dan+Korneff#t=Credits_Technical&q=&p=1 |title=Dan Korneff, Discogs.com |accessdate=11-10-2012}}</ref>
| ''Monument to the Masses''
| [[Virgin Records]]
| Engineer, Digital Editing, Mixing
|-
| 2006
| Maximum Penalty
| ''Life & Times''<ref name="autogenerated2" />
| Reaper Records
| Producer, Digital Editing, Mixing, Engineer
|-
| 2006
| [[Breaking Benjamin]]
| ''Phobia''<ref name="autogenerated2" />
| [[Hollywood Records]]
| Engineer, Digital Editing
|-
| 2006
| [[The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus]]
| ''Don't You Fake It''<ref name="autogenerated2" />
| [[Virgin Records]]
| Engineer, Digital Editing, Programming, Mixer
|-
| 2006
| [[Roman Candle]]
| ''The Wee Hours Revue''<ref name="autogenerated5" />
| [[V2 Records]]
| Engineer
|-
| 2006
| [[Dropping Daylight]]
| ''Brace Yourself''<ref name="autogenerated5" />
| [[Octone Records]]
| Digital Editing
|-
| 2006
| [[Hawthorne Heights]]
| ''If Only You Were Lonely''<ref name="autogenerated5" />
| [[Ferret Music]]
| Radio Mix
|-
| 2006
| [[In Flames]]
| ''Come Clarity''
| [[Ferret Music]]
| Radio Mix
|-
| 2006
| [[Fivespeed]]
| ''Morning Over Midnight''<ref name="autogenerated5" />
| [[Virgin Records]]
| Engineer, Mixer, Digital Editing
|-
| 2006
| Say When
| ''I'm With the Band''<ref name="autogenerated5" />
| Self-Released
| Mixer
|-
| 2005
| [[Lamb of God]]
| ''Killadelphia''<ref name="autogenerated2" />
| [[Epic Records]]
| Digital Editing
|-
| 2005
| [[My Chemical Romance]]
| '' Tony Hawk's American Wasteland''<ref name="autogenerated5" />
| [[Vagrant Records]]
| Mixer
|-
| 2004
| [[Vicious Circle]]
| ''The Art of Agony''
| Orchard Records
| Producer, Mixing, Digital Editing, Engineer
|-
| 2004
| [[E-Town Concrete]]
| ''Made for War''
| Ironbound Recordings
| Producer, Mixing, Digital Editing, Engineer
|-
| 2004
| [[Future Leaders of the World]]
| ''LVL IV''
| [[Epic Records]]
| Mixing
|-
| 2004
| [[Lamb of God]]
| ''Ashes of the Wake''
| [[Legacy Records]]
| Mixing
|-
| 2004
| [[Ari Hest]]
| ''Someone to Tell''
| [[Columbia Records]]
| Mixing
|-
| 2004
| [[Candiria]]
| ''What Doesn't Kill You...''
| Type A Records
| Engineer, Digital Editing, Mixing, Electronic Percussion, MIDI Synthesizer
|-
| 2004
| [[Breaking Benjamin]]
| ''We Are Not Alone''
| [[Hollywood Records]]
| Engineer, Digital Editing, Mixing
|-
| 2004
| [[Parmalee]]
| ''Inside''
| Deep South Records
| Engineer, Digital Editing, Mixing
|-
| 2004
| [[Chris Stamey]]
| ''Travels in the South''
| [[Yep Roc Records]]/Orange
| Engineer
|-
| 2004
| [[Killswitch Engage]]
| ''The End of Heartache
| [[Roadrunner Records]]
| Mixing
|-
| 2004
| [[Crossfade (band)|Crossfade]]
| ''Crossfade''
| [[Columbia Records]]
| Mix Radio Single
|}

==Accomplishments==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Band
! Album/Single
! RIAA Certification
! Peak Chart Position
|-
| [[Pierce the Veil]]
| Collide with the Sky (album)
|
| [[US]] [[Billboard 200]] #12, [[US]] [[Billboard]] Rock Albums #1<ref name="autogenerated6">{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/album/pierce-the-veil/collide-with-the-sky/1651635#/album/pierce-the-veil/collide-with-the-sky/1651635 |title=Collide with the Sky on Billboard.com |accessdate=11-12-12}}</ref>
|-
| [[Breaking Benjamin]]
| [[Dear Agony]] (album)
| Gold<ref name=autogenerated7">{{cite web|url=http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH |title=RIAA certification search |accessdate=11-12-12}}</ref>
| [[US]] [[Billboard 200]] #4<ref name="autogenerated7">{{cite web |url=http://www.billboard.com/artist/evans-blue/714303#/album/breaking-benjamin/dear-agony/1281815 |title=Dear Agony on Billboard.com |accessdate=11-12-12}}</ref>
|}

==External links==
*[http://thisisnoisemgmt.com/dan-korneff This Is Noise Management]
*[http://www.allmusic.com/artist/dan-korneff-mn0000952479 Allmusic.com]
*[http://www.discogs.com/artist/Dan+Korneff#t=Credits_Technical&q=&p=1 Discogs.com]
*[http://www.artistdirect.com/artist/credits/dan-korneff/2731362 ARTISTdirect Music]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Korneff, Dan
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Musician
| DATE OF BIRTH = September 20, 1982
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Korneff, Dan}}
[[Category:American record producers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Births by year]]

Islamische Republik Ostturkestan

2012-10-28T21:35:56Z

DPL bot: adding dablinks template; 7 or more disambig links (see the FAQ)

{{dablinks|date=October 2012}}
{{Refimprove|date=July 2009}}
{{Infobox Former Country
| native_name = <big>شەرقىي تۈركىستان ئىسلام جۇمھۇرىيىتى</big>
| conventional_long_name = Islamic Republic of East Turkestan
| common_name = East Turkestan
| continent = Asia
| image_map =
| government_type = [[Islamic republic]]
| status = Unrecognized state
| status_text = [[List of historical unrecognized countries|Unrecognized state]]
| life_span = 1933–1934
| p1 = Republic of China
| flag_p1 = Flag of the Republic of China.svg
| s1 = Republic of China
| flag_s1 = Flag of the Republic of China.svg
| image_flag = Flag of the First East Turkestan Republic.svg
| title_leader = President
| leader1 = Khoja Niyaz
| year_leader1 = 1933–1934
| leader2 = Sabit Damulla Abdulbaki
| year_leader2 = 1933–1934
| title_deputy = [[Emir]]
| deputy1 = Muhammad Amin Bughra
| year_deputy1 = 1933–1934
| deputy2 = Abdullah Bughra
| year_deputy2 = 1933–1934
| deputy3 = Nur Ahmad Jan Bughra
| year_deputy3 = 1933–1934
| era = Interwar period
| year_start = 1933
| date_start = 12 November
| year_end = 1934
| capital = Kashgar
| common_languages = [[Uyghur language|Uyghur]]
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
| currency = Copper (''pul''), silver (''tanga''), gold (''tilla'') coins minted in Kashgar in 1933 under the name ''Uyghurstan Jumhuriyetti''
}}

The '''First Eastern Turkestan Republic''' (ETR), or '''Turkish Islamic Republic of East Turkestan'''{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}} (TIRET), or '''Republic of Uyghurstan''' (Sherqiy Türkistan Yislam Jumuhuriyiti or Sarki Turk Islam Cumhuriyeti), was a short-lived breakaway would-be [[Islamic republic]] founded in 1933. It was centered on the city of [[Kashgar]] in what is today the [[People's Republic of China]]-administered [[Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region]]. Although primarily the product of independence movement of the [[Uyghur people|Uyghur]] population living there, the ETR was Turkish-ethnic in character, including [[Kazakhs|Kazakh]], [[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]], and other [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] Turkish in its government and its population.

With the sacking of Kashgar in 1934 by [[Hui people|Hui]] warlords nominally allied with the [[Kuomintang]] government in [[Nanjing]], the first ETR was effectively eliminated. Its example, however, served to some extent as inspiration for the founding of a [[Second East Turkestan Republic]] a decade later, and continues to influence modern Uyghur [[nationalist]] support for the creation of an independent [[East Turkestan]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}} [[Isa Alptekin]] was the General Secretary of the First East Turkestan Republic.

==Origins of the ETR Movement==
{{See also|History of Xinjiang|East Turkestan independence movement}}

The stirrings of Uyghur separatism during the early 20th century were greatly influenced by the Turkish [[jadidist]] movement, which spread as wealthier Uyghurs, inspired by notions of [[Pan-Turkism]], traveled abroad to Turkey, Europe, and Russia, and returned home determined to modernize and develop the educational system in [[Xinjiang]]. The first major school founded on the European model was located outside of [[Kashgar]] and, unlike the traditional curricula of the [[madrassah]], focused on more technical areas of study such as science, mathematics, history, and language studies. Jadidism emphasized the power of education as a tool for personal and national self-advancement, a development sure to disturb the traditional status quo in Xinjiang. The ruler of Xinjiang, Governor [[Yang Zengxin]] (楊增新), responded by closing down or interfering with the operations of several of the new schools.

The birth of the Soviet Union and the socialist [[Central Asian Republics]] also influenced the Uyghurs, increasing the popularity of nationalist separatist movements and the spread of the communist message. Although a local Communist revolutionary organization was established in Xinjiang in 1921, the area also served as a refuge for many intellectuals fleeing the advent of Soviet Communism in Central Asia, which formed a division within the Xinjiang Turkic nationalist movement.

The situation in Xinjiang deteriorated with the assassination of Yang Zengxin in 1928 and the rise to power of his deputy, [[Jin Shuren]] (金樹仁), who declared himself governor after arresting and executing Yang's assassin, a rival official named [[Fan Yaonan]] (樊耀南) who had planned to assume the position for himself. Autocratic, corrupt, and ineffective at managing the province's development, Jin further antagonized the populace by reinstituting [[Sinicization]] policies, increasing taxes, prohibiting participation in the [[hajj]] and bringing in [[Han Chinese]] officials to replace local leaders.

==Rebellion==
{{See also|History of Xinjiang}}

[[File:Uyghur fighters.jpeg|thumb|Uyghur Revolutionaries]]

The situation came to a head in 1930, when the [[Khan (title)|khan]] of [[Kumul Prefecture]] (Hami) in eastern [[Xinjiang]], [[Shah Mexsut]], died. In policies carried over from the [[Qing]] era, the khan had been allowed to continue his hereditary rule over the area consistent with the principles of [[feudalism]] or [[satrapy]]. The importance of Hami territory, strategically located straddling the main road linking the province to eastern China and rich in undeveloped farmland, together with a desire by the government to consolidate power and eliminate the old practice of indirect rule, led Jin to abolish the khanate and assert direct rule upon Shah Mexsut's death.

Jin Shuren then proceeded to double agricultural taxes upon the local Uyghur population, expropriated choice farmland, and distributed it among [[Han Chinese]] refugees from neighboring [[Gansu]] province, subsidizing their efforts and resettling displaced Uyghurs on poor-quality land near the desert. The new [[garrison]] stationed in [[Hami City|Hami]] proved even more antagonizing, and by 1931, scattered revolts, mobs, and resistance movements were emerging throughout the area. The final straw was in February 1931 when an ethnic Chinese officer named Chieng wished to marry a Uyghur girl from a village outside Hami. Uyghur accounts usually claim that the girl was raped or the family coerced, but as Islamic law forbids Muslim girls to marry non-Muslim men it was clearly offensive to the Uyghur community.

Rebellion broke out on February 20, 1931 with a massacre of Chieng and his 33 soldiers at the wedding ceremony; 120 Han Chinese refugees from Gansu also were killed. It was not confined to the ethnic Uyghur population alone; [[Kazaks]], [[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]], Han Chinese and [[Hui people|Hui]] commanders all joined in revolt against Jin's rule, though they would occasionally break to fight one another.

The [[Kuomintang]] (KMT) and Soviet governments further complicated the situation by dispatching troops to come to the aid of Jin and his military commander [[Sheng Shicai]] (盛世才), as did [[White Movement|White Russian]] refugees from the Soviet Union living in the [[Ili River]] valley region.

The main fighting initially centered around [[Urumchi]], which Uyghur and Hui forces laid under siege until [[Sheng Shicai]]'s troops were reinforced by White Russian and [[Manchuria]]n soldiers who had previously fled the Japanese invasion of northeast China. In April 1933, Jin was deposed by a combination of these forces and succeeded by Sheng, who enjoyed Soviet support. Newly bolstered, Sheng split the opposing forces around Urumchi by offering several Uyghur commanders (led by [[Xoja Niyaz]] [[Hajji]], an advisor to the recently deceased Hami khan) positions of power in southern Xinjiang if they would agree to turn against the Hui armies in the north, led by [[Ma Zhongying]] (馬仲英).

Another Hui faction in southern Xinjiang, meanwhile, had struck an alliance with Uyghur forces located around [[Kucha]] under the leadership of [[Timur Beg]] and proceeded to march towards [[Kashgar]]. The joint Uyghur and Hui force surrounding the city split again, as Hui commander [[Ma Zhancang]] (馬占倉) allied with the local provincial authority representative, a fellow Hui named [[Ma Shaowu]] (馬紹武), and attacked the Uyghur forces, killing Timur Beg.

A [[Kirghiz rebellion]] had earlier broken out in Xinjiang, led by the Kirghiz leader [[Id Mirab]]. Ma Shaowu had crushed and defeated the Kirghiz rebels. The Soviet Union had been involved in also fighting against the rebels, who had spilled over to the Soviet side.{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}

==Establishment of the ETR==
[[File:Establishment of the Turkish Islamic Republic of East Turkistan.png|thumb|Establishment of the Turkish Islamic Republic of East Turkistan on November 12, 1933 in Kashgar]]

While this was transpiring, in the nearby southern [[Tarim Basin]] city of [[Khotan]], three brothers of rich Bughra family, [[Muhammad Amin Bughra]], [[Abdullah Bughra]] and [[Nur Ahmad Jan Bughra]], educated in the [[jadidist]] tradition, had led a rebellion of gold miners who worked in Surghak mines near [[Keriya]] city, also in [[Yurungkash|Yurunkash]] and [[Karakash River|Karakash]] mountain rivers, and established themselves as [[emir]]s of the city, having declared the Khotan [[Emirate]] and independence from China on March 16, 1933.

Leader of Karakash gold miners Ismail Khan Khoja sent message to Governor [[Jin Shuren]]: "Foolish infidels like you are not fit to rule.... You infidels think that because you have rifles, guns... and money, you can depend on them, but we depend of God in whose hands are our lives."

Local provincial authorities and troops were annihilated by the miners throughout Khotan [[vilayet]], rare Chinese population in most cases saved their lives and property, but was forced to accept Islam under the threat of execution. During successful storming of Khotan New City on March 16, 1933 both the Treasury and Arsenal were captured by rebels, delivering to their hands several thousands of rifles and more than a ton of gold. The Khotan Emirate dispatched one of the three brothers, Shahmansur, known also as Emir Abdullah, and a former publisher named [[Sabit Damulla Abdulbaki|Sabit Damolla]] to Kashgar, where they established the [[Kashgar Affairs Office of the Khotan Government]], led by [[Muhammad Amin Bughra]], in July 1933. By the fall of that year, the office had shed many of its links to the Khotan government and reformed itself into the multi-ethnic, quasi-nationalist [[East Turkestan Independence Association]], which drew heavily on ideas of Islamic reformism, nationalism and jadidism.

In September 1933, Sabit Damolla declared the establishment of the East Turkistan Republic with [[Hoja-Niyaz]] as its president — despite the fact that the respected commander was engaged in fighting in northern Xinjiang and had actually allied his forces with those of [[Sheng Shicai]]. Original proclamation was extremely anti-Tungan and anti-Han and contained such words:

<blockquote>
The Tungans, more than Han, are the enemy of our people. Today our people are already free from the oppression of the Han, but still continue live under Tungan subjugation. We must still fear the Han, but cannot not fear the Tungans also. The reason, we must be careful to guard against the Tungans, we must intensively oppose them, cannot afford to be polite, since the Tungans have compelled us to follow this way. Yellow Han people have not the slightest thing to do with Eastern Turkestan. Black Tungans also do not have this connection. Eastern Turkestan belongs to the people of Eastern Turkestan. There is no need for foreigners to come be our fathers and mothers.... From now on we do not need to use foreigner's language or their names, their customs, habits, attitudes, written languages and etc. We must also overthrow and drive foreigners from our boundaries forever. The colours yellow and black are foul.... They have dirtied our Land for too long. So now it's absolutely necessary to clean out this filth. Take down the yellow and black barbarians! Live long Eastern Turkestan!<ref>Zhang, ''Xinjiang Fengbao Qishinian [Xinjiang in Tumult for Seventy Years]'', 3393–4.</ref><ref name="Lee">{{cite web|url=http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA455923|title=THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF EASTERN TURKESTAN AND THE FORMATION OF MODERN UYGHUR IDENTITY IN XINJIANG|last=Lee|first=JOY R.|publisher=KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref></blockquote>

Tungan, Dungan, and Hui all mean the same thing: Chinese speaking Muslims, [[Hui people]].

On November 12, 1933 an independent republic (Turkish Islamic Republic of Eastern Turkestan (TIRET) or Republic of [[Uyghurstan]], both names were used at the same time) was proclaimed. This event was organized on Sunday morning in a mass rally on the shore of [[Tuman River]] outside of Kashgar with participating of about 7,000 troops and 13,000 civilians, including teachers and students of schools, who delivered speeches alongside with appointed "Ministers" of the independent republic. On noon cannon fired 41 times and crowd proceeded to the Old City of Kashgar, waving blue banners of Independence, where rally continued on the square in front of [[Idgah Mosque]] and more speeches were delivered from Mosque's front, where Sabit Damulla appeared as a main speaker.

Established distinct from the [[Khotan Emirate]], the ETR claimed authority over territory stretching from [[Aksu, Xinjiang|Aksu]] along the northern rim of the Tarim Basin to [[Khotan]] in the south. In fact, the government in [[Kashgar]] was strapped for resources, plagued by rapid [[inflation]], and surrounded by hostile powers — including the [[Hui people|Hui]] forces under [[Ma Zhancang]]. Although established as a multiethnic republic, as reflected in the choice of the "East Turkestan" name used in its founding [[constitution]], the first coins of the new government were initially [[mint (coin)|minted]] under the name "Republic of Uyghurstan" (''Uyghurstan Jumhuriyiti''). In some sources, it is known as the "East Turkestan Islamic Republic", suggesting a greater role for Islam in its founding character. The extent of Islam's influence in the foundation of the ETR is disputed; while the constitution endorses [[sharia]] as the guiding law, the jadidist modernizing tradition places much greater emphases on reform and development, which is reflected in subsequent passages of the constitution that focus on health, education, and economic reforms. The [[Turkestan Declaration of Independence]] put political platform of the self-proclaimed Republic based on nine main principles:

# End the Chinese dictatorial rule in the Land of Eastern Turkestan.
# Establish a free and independent Eastern Turkestan Republic, based on equality of all nationalities.
# In order to fully develop the economy of Eastern Turkestan, promote industry, agriculture and animal husbandry as well as private businesses. Increase people's living standards.
# Since the majority of people of Eastern Turkestan believe in Islam, so the Government particularly advocates this religion. At the same time it promotes religious freedom for other religions.
# Develop education, culture and health standards in Eastern Turkestan.
# Establish friendly relations with all democratic countries in the World and neighbouring countries, especially with the United Kingdom, [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Soviet Russia]], Turkey and China.
# In order to protect peace in Eastern Turkestan, recruit people of all nationalities to establish a strong Army.
# The Bank, Post Service, Telephone and Telegraph, Forestry and all underground wealth belong to the nation.
# Eliminate individualism, bureaucracy idea, nationalism and corruption among Government officials.

[[File:TIRET government officials.png|thumb|TIRET leaders]]

The efforts of the Turkish Islamic Republic of Eastern Turkestan to receive international recognition had failed despite the dispatching of numerous envoys by Prime Minister [[Sabit Damulla Abdulbaki|Sabit Damolla]] to the [[USSR]] ([[Tashkent]], Moscow), [[Afghanistan]], [[Iran]], Turkey and [[British India]]. The Soviet Union rejected all offers of dealing with [[Islamist]]s. In [[Kabul]], Kashgar representatives met the newly-proclaimed King of Afghanistan [[Mohammad Zahir Shah]] and Prime Minister [[Sardar Mohammad Hashim Khan]], asking for aid and a supply of arms. But both preferred to keep neutrality and not interfere in Chinese affairs. Other countries reacted the same way, refusing to recognize the envoys as representatives of an independent country. None of the regional powers wanted to make a challenge to the Soviet Union and China in their politics and to become engaged in bloody fighting in [[Xinjiang]], which had already claimed the lives of around 100,000 of its inhabitants. This left the fledgling Republic, which was surrounded on almost all sides by hostile powers ([[Tungan]]s, Soviets, and Chinese), with very little chance to survive.

== National army ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2011}}

[[File:Army officers of the Turkish Islamic Republic of East Turkistan.png|thumb|Army officers of the TIRET]]

The National Army of the Islamic Republic East Turkestan Republic was formed on November 12, 1933 and originally consisted of two divisions (around 22,000 troops), the Qeshqer infantry division (stationed in the capital, Qeshqer), and the Khotan Infantry Division (stationed in Khotan). The National Army was poorly armed and trained in the beginning of the Revolution, so a military academy was set up in Atush (Artush) to train cadets.{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}} All Turkic ethnic groups were called to take up arms and join the National Army.{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}} The military was headed by the Defense Minister Mehmut Muhiti (an Uyghur revolutionary from Turpan).{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}} Although the true size of the National Army is not known, it is estimated at around 40,000 to 60,000 according to official Soviet sources.{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}:

# Qeshqer infantry division
# Khotan ifantry division
# Aksu cavalry brigade
# Qumul revolutionary regiment (later became a division)
# Turpan revolutionary brigade (later became the Turpan Division)
# Altay revolutionary cavalry brigade

During the war an estimated 300,000 to 500,000 Turki civilians were killed.{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}} Although it is not certain how many soldiers the IRET lost in the war, it is estimated that around 50,000 to 70,000 soldiers were killed.{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}} In some battles entire companies and brigades were wiped out.{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}} When IRET was dismantled in 1934 the army was dismantled also (except for 6th Uyghur Division personally commanded by Mehmut Muhiti).{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}

==End of the First East Turkestan Republic==
{{See also|History of Xinjiang}}

In the north, aid came to [[Sheng Shicai]]'s forces on January 24, 1934 in the form of two Soviet [[brigade]]s, the [[Altay Prefecture|Altaiskaya]] and [[Tacheng Prefecture|Tarbaghataiskaya]], disguised as "[[White Movement|White Russian]] [[Cossack]] [[Altai Republic|Altai]] Volunteer Army" and led by [[Red Army]] General Volgin in the [[Soviet Invasion of Xinjiang]]. The Japanese annexation of [[Manchuria]] and rumored support for [[Ma Zhongying]]'s [[Hui people|Hui]] forces were one cause for concern troubling [[Joseph Stalin]], another was the prospect that rebellion in Xinjiang might spread to the Soviet [[Central Asian Republics]] and offer a haven to Turkic Muslim [[Basmachi]] rebels. Trade ties between Xinjiang and the Soviet Union also gave the Soviets reason for supporting Sheng. Soviet Consul-General in Urumchi Garegin Apresoff openly said to Sheng Shicai in May,1933 : ''You can develop the province and improve living conditions of people of different nationalities, develop their culture. But if you let them ( muslim rebels ) to create Independate State, converting it to the Second Manchuria at the back door of the USSR, we will not be just side watchers, we will start to act''. First request from Sheng Sicai of military support from USSR came on October 1933. On December 1933 Sheng Shicai arrested White Russian Colonel Papengut, who was staunchy anti-Soviet, and executed by demand of Apresoff, replacing him by "neutral" General Bektieieff as Commander-in chief of three White Russian Regiments of Xinjiang Provincial Army, thus paving the way for Soviet intervention into Xinjiang.

Zhang Peiyuan, a Han Chinese General, who commanded Han Chinese troops in [[Ili River|Ili]], conducted negotiations with Ma Zhongying and planned to join him on the attack on Urumchi in January 1934. Initially Zhang seized the road between Tacheng and Ürümqi, but decided to return back to [[Ghulja]] after receiving of message of capturing the city by Russian "Altai Volunteer Army", actually Soviet troops entered the city. Upon approaching Ghulja he was surrounded on mountain road, his troops were partly annihilated, partly fled to Muzart Pass on [[Tianshan]] Mountains and through it to Southern Xinjiang near [[Aksu, Xinjiang|Aksu]]. Zhang Peiyuan himself committed suicide. Ma Zhongying attacked Urumchi as was planned, taking Sheng completely by surprise, hiddenly approaching the city from the hills on the west and first capturing the telegraph station and aerodrom, then started besieging the city, completely isolating it from suburbs. But the fact, that in the crucial moment of besieging of Urumchi Ma Zhongying didn't receive the promised help from Zhang Peiyuan's Ili Army, was the reason of Ma's failure to capture the city in the first weeks of attack, nevertheless its fall was imminent and just a matter of time without intervention of Soviet troops. The battle for Urumchi was decisive for the whole Ma Zhongying's campaign in Xinjiang and its taking by his forces would lead to recognision of him ''The absolute ruler of Xinjiang'' by Nanjing Government of China, as was previously secretly promised to him.
The Soviet brigades, with air support, scattered Ma Zhongying's troops surrounding Ürümqi and forced them to retreat southward. On February 16, 1934 the siege of Urumchi was lifted, freeing Sheng, his Manchurian and the [[White Guard]] Russian Cossack troops, which had been trapped in the city by Ma forces since January 13, 1934.

[[Hoja-Niyaz]] [[Hajji]] had by this time arrived at Kashgar with 1,500 troops on the same day of January 13, 1934 to assume the presidency of the ETR, going against his previous deal with Sheng. With him arrived another prominent Uyghur leader from Eastern Sinkiang ([[Turpan]], [[Kumul (city)|Kumul]]) Mahmut Muhiti, known as Mahmut ''Sijan'', i.e., division general, who had agreed to become minister of Defense in the ETR Government, accepting the offer of Prime Minister [[Sabit Damulla Abdulbaki|Sabit Damolla]]. Sabit Damolla freed for Khoja Niyaz his own Palace in the old city of Kashgar, that was established in the former [[Yamen]] or residence of the head of Chinese administration of Southern Xinjiang, and asked to form a new Government. In his letter to [[Nanjing]] Central Government Khoja Niyaz explained his decision by emphasizing the fact, that he accepted the decision made by the Congress of People of Eastern Turkestan in accordance with its free will and choice and that Constitution of Chinese Republic of 1912 reserves the "right of 5 races of China to self-determination". He listed five principles of the self-ruling of Republic:

# All of Xinjiang is part of the Eastern Turkestan Republic, while all, that do not belong, should go back to where they came from;
# The Government and economics will be conducted by the local people'';
# All the oppressed people, now living in Eastern Turkestan, will have freedom to pursue education, commerce and to build a new nation;
# The President of the Republic, Khoja Niyaz, will build a Government dedicated to the happiness of the people;
# The Republic with its various departments will strive to catch up with other modernizing societies.

Khoja Niyaz introduced new state Flag of Republic, so called ''Kok Bayraq'' or ''Blue Banner'', that resembled Turkish Flag but with blue background instead of red and replaced old Flag, which was white with blue crescent and star and [[Shahadah]]. Nevertheless, the ETR (TIRET) proved to be short-lived. The Hui forces retreating from the north linked up with [[Ma Zhancang]]'s forces in Kashgar allied themselves with the Kuomintang in Nanjing, and attacked the TIRET, forcing Niyaz, Sabit Damolla, and the rest of the government to flee on February 6, 1934 to [[Yengisar County|Yengi Hissar]] south of the city. The conquering Hui army killed many of those who remained, and a rapid procession of betrayals among the survivors, following their expulsion from Kashgar, spelled the effective end of the TIRET. The Hui army crushed the Uighur and Kirghiz armies of the East Turkestan Republic at the [[Battle of Kashgar (1934)]], [[Battle of Yarkand]], and [[Battle of Yangi Hissar]]. Ma Zhongying effectively destroyed TIRET.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?ei=zOn2TcyqG8jr0gHexIXQCw&ct=result&id=XeBxAAAAMAAJ&dq=sheng+shicai+decisions+consulate&q=ma%27s+smashed+TIRET|title=Under the Soviet shadow: the Yining Incident : ethnic conflicts and international rivalry in Xinjiang, 1944-1949|author=David D. Wang|year=1999|publisher=The Chinese University Press|edition=illustrated|location=Hong Kong|page=53|isbn=962-201-831-9|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

Mahmut Muhiti retreated with remainder of Army to [[Yarkant County|Yarkand]] and [[Hotan]], while Hoja Niyaz Hajji fled through [[Artux|Artush]] to Irkeshtam on the Soviet/Chinese border, with Tungan troops on his heels, which chased him as far as the border. Hoja Niyaz took refuge in the USSR, where he was blamed by the Soviets for accepting from Sabit Damolla the position of first leader of TIRET (President), but was promised a military aid and "great prospects for the future" if he would help Sheng Shicai and the Soviets "to dissolve TIRET".

After signing the Document of TIRET dismissal and disbanding of most of its troops, that was applied to [[Khotanese]] and [[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]] troops (notification of concluded agreement with USSR on negotiations between Hoja Niyaz and Soviets in Irkeshtam on Soviet/Chinese border was received by TIRET cabinet and Prime-Minister Sabit Damulla in the city of [[Yengisar County|Yengi Hisar]] on March 1, 1934; next day it was rejected by TIRET cabinet on the special meeting, which condemned the President as a " national traitor "; Sabit Damulla said on the meeting: ''Hoja Niyaz is not a Champion of Islam any more, he turned into a tool in the hands of Russians to subdue our country'') Hoja Niyaz Hajji returned to Eastern Turkestan where he turned Sabit and several other TIRET ministers to Sheng, who rewarded him with control over southern Xinjiang as previously promised; those who escaped fled to India and [[Afghanistan]].

The Kuomintang allied Hui forces under [[Ma Zhongying]] were defeated, and Sheng consolidated his rule over northern Xinjiang with Soviet backing. The seat of Hoja Niyaz Hajji Southern Xinjiang Autonomous Government was initially located in Aksu, but later he was urged by Sheng Shicai to move to Urumchi to assume the position of the Vice-Chairman of the Xinjiang Government. His forces received 15,000 rifles and ammunitions from the USSR, but each rifle, each bullet, and each bomb, that was dropped on Tungan troops from Soviet airplanes, had been bought in gold from the USSR by Hoja Niyaz Hajji.

New order was promulgated by Sheng Shicai's regime for the Xinjiang province, which China regarded as the "back door of China", but Stalin considered also to be the "back door of the USSR". This new order was to be executed through the two Programmes of the new Xinjiang Provincial Government, so called "Eight Points" and "Six Great Policies".

The Eight Points for Xinjiang were:

# Equality between races;
# Religious freedom;
# Immediate rural relief;
# Financial reforms;
# Administrative reforms;
# Extension of education;
# Realization of self-government;
# Judicial reforms.

These Eight Points for Xinjiang were symbolized by a new high medal of Xinjiang in the shape of an eight-point star, introduced by Provincial Government. Among first persons, who were awarded this medal, was Vice-Chairman of Xinjiang Government Khoja Niyaz (1934–1937) and Divisional General, Commander-in-Chief of 6th Uyghur Division, Deputy Chief of Kashgar Military Region Mahmut Muhiti (1934–1937).

The Six Great Policies for Xinjiang were:

# Anti-Imperialism;
# Kinship to the USSR;
# Racial and national equality;
# Clean Government and struggle against corruption;
# Maintaining of Peace;
# Reconstruction and building of a new Xinjia'.

These Six Great Policies for Xinjiang were symbolized by the introducing of a new flag of Xinjiang Province, that had six-point yellow star on red background and was in official use from 1934 to 1944 years.

== Literature ==
Political graffiti painted by Uighurs on Khotan's city gates.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA134&lpg=PA134&dq=ma+hushan&source=bl&ots=KzhNeXbjkT&sig=raCQibpp88Cf8Unpi8k-7jcQM-k&hl=en&ei=xCcqTPnrCoGBlAfV5rzmAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CCIQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=ahmad%20dissident%20uighurs%20khotan%20revolution%20structure&f=false |title=Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911-1949|author=Andrew D. W. Forbes|year=1986|publisher=CUP Archive|location=Cambridge, England|isbn=0-521-25514-7|page=307|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

<blockquote>
Revolution is an edifice built of many bricks 
Each brick is an injustice 
Blood is Mortar 
Each wall is a mountain of sorrow 
The foundation is most important 
Alone, it must sustain the structure 
Martyrdom is the Excellent Foundation! 
</blockquote>

==Battles in the Uighur War for Independence==
=== Kizil massacre ===
In the [[Kizil massacre]], [[Uyghur people|Uighur]] and [[Kyrgyz people|Kirghiz]] Turkic fighters broke their agreement not to attack a column of retreating [[Han Chinese]] and [[Hui people|Chinese Muslim]] soldiers from [[Yarkand]] New City. The Turkic Muslim fighters massacred 800 Chinese Muslim and Chinese civilians.

=== Battle of Aksu ===
[[File:Ismail Beg.png|thumb|Ismail Beg before the Battle of Aksu]]
The [[Battle of Aksu]] was a minor battle in which [[Hui people|Chinese Muslim]] troops were expelled from the Aksu oases of Xinjiang by Uighurs led by [[Isma'il Beg]] when they rose up in revolt.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA84&dq=committee+for+national+revolution+sabit&hl=en&ei=16cjTNK8EsKAlAf37K2aAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=uighurs%20expelled%20chinese%20muslim%20aksu&f=false |title=Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911-1949|author=Andrew D. W. Forbes|year=1986|publisher=CUP Archive |location=Cambridge, England |isbn=0-521-25514-7|page=89|pages=376|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

=== Battle of Sekes Tash ===
The [[Battle of Sekes Tash]] was a minor battle when Chinese Muslim troops under general [[Ma Zhancang]] attacked and inflicted a defeat upon uighur and Kirghiz armies at Sekes Tesh. About 200 uighur and Kirghiz were killed.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=warlords+and+muslims&source=bl&ots=KzhMe1jqkR&sig=eAWWrWWnfST3ct0dnbvoZxkvWSw&hl=en&ei=3fEbTKagNYW0lQekxdXjDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CBgQ6AEwAQ#v=snippet&q=sekes%20tash%20&f=false |title=Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911-1949|author=Andrew D. W. Forbes|year=1986|publisher=CUP Archive |location=Cambridge, England |isbn=0-521-25514-7|page=95|pages=376|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

=== Battle of Kashgar (1933) ===
In the [[Battle of Kashgar (1933)|Battle of Kashgar]], Uighur and Kirghiz forces, led by the Bughra brothers and [[Tawfiq Bay]], attempted to take the New City of Kashgar from Chinese Muslim troops under General Ma Zhancang. They were defeated.

Tawfiq Bey, a Syrian Arab traveler, who held the title ''Sayyid'' (descendent of [[prophet Muhammed]]) and arrived at Kashgar on August 26, 1933, was shot in the stomach by the Chinese Muslim troops in September. Previously Ma Zhancang arranged to have the Uighur leader [[Timur Beg]] killed and beheaded on August 9, 1933, displaying his head outside of [[Id Kah Mosque]].

[[Han Chinese]] troops commanded by Brigadier Yang were absorbed into Ma Zhancang's army. A number of Han Chinese officers were spotted wearing the green uniforms of Ma Zhancang's unit of the 36th division, presumably they had converted to Islam.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA95&dq=tawfiq+bey+warlords+and+muslims&hl=en&ei=9HYrTKjMIMb_lgfIuKyrBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=brigadier%20yang%20ma%20daughter&f=false |title=Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911-1949|author=Andrew D. W. Forbes|year=1986|publisher=CUP Archive|location=Cambridge, England|isbn=0-521-25514-7|page=288|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

During the Battle the Kirghiz prevented the Uyghur from looting the city, because they wanted to loot it themselves. They started murdering any Chinese and Chinese Muslim they could get their hands on, as well as any Turkic people who were wives or mistresses of Chinese. They then looted their property.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA81&dq=according+to+the+british+100+chinese+killed+turkic+and+on+whom+kirghiz&hl=en&ei=tgOVTKiCMYS8lQe-rNCnCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=according%20to%20the%20british%20100%20chinese%20killed%20turkic%20wives%20and%20on%20whom%20kirghiz&f=false |title=Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911-1949|author=Andrew D. W. Forbes|year=1986|publisher=CUP Archive|location=Cambridge, England|isbn=0-521-25514-7|page=81|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

=== Further uprisings ===
In [[Charchan]], Uighurs revolted against Chinese Muslim forecs, the emires of Khotan sent 100 troops to defend Charchan from Kara Shahr Chinese Muslims who controlled Charkhlik. By 11 April, Guma, Karghalik, Posgam, and the Old City in Yarkand fell to Uyghur rebels .<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&dq=warlords+and+muslims&q=turned+against+tungans#v=onepage&q=turned%20against%20tungan%20liberators&f=false |title=Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949|author=Andrew D. W. Forbes|year=1986|publisher=CUP Archive|location=Cambridge, England|isbn=0-521-25514-7|page=87|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

=== Battle of Toksun ===
The [[Battle of Toksun]] occurred in July 1933 after [[Khoja Niyas Hajji]], a [[Uyghur people|Uighur]] leader, defected with his forces to Governor [[Sheng Shicai]]. He was appointed by Sheng Shicai through agreement to be ''in charge'' for the whole Southern Xinjiang ([[Tarim Basin]]) and also [[Turpan Basin]] and being satisfied with this agreement marched away from Ürümqi to the South across [[Dabancheng District|Dawan Ch'eng]] of [[Tianshan|Tengritagh Mountains]] and occupied Toksun in Turpan Basin, but was badly defeated by the Chinese Muslim forces of General [[Ma Shih-ming]], who forced him to retreat to [[Karasahr|Karashar]] in Eastern [[Kashgaria]], where he held his headquarters during July, August and September 1933, defending mountain passes and roads, that led from Turpan Basin to Kashgaria, in the fruitless attempt to stop advancement of [[Tungan]] Armies to the South.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=warlords+and+muslims&source=bl&ots=KzhOd0bisR&sig=Vy8MCXEYpc4krPR5H6JerXOg3so&hl=en&ei=nqY4TLjUG8K88gbMrLGoBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CBgQ6AEwAQ#v=snippet&q=Ma%20Shih-ming%20khoja&f=false |title=Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911-1949|author=Andrew D. W. Forbes|year=1986|publisher=CUP Archive|location=Cambridge, England|isbn=0-521-25514-7|page=111|pages=376|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

=== Battle of Kashgar (1934) ===
In the 1934 [[Battle of Kashgar (1934)|Battle of Kashgar]], 36th division General [[Ma Fuyuan]] led a Chinese Muslim army to storm Kashgar on February 6, 1934, and attacked the [[Uyghur people|Uighur]] and [[Kyrgyz people|Kirghiz]] rebels of the First East Turkestan Republic. He freed another 36th division general, Ma Zhancang, who was trapped with his Chinese Muslim and Han Chinese troops in Kashgar New City by the Uighurs and Kirghizs since May 22, 1933 and was involved in continuous fighting, that lasted for more than five and half months, for holding control of a New City with its important Arsenal and Treasury since August 15, 1933. In January, 1934, Ma Zhancang's Chinese Muslim troops repulsed six Uighur attacks launched by [[Hoja-Niyaz|Khoja Niyaz]], who arrived at the city on January 13, 1934, with 1,500 troops, inflicting massive casualties on the Uighur forces.<ref>{{cite news |title=REPULSE REBELS AFTER SIX DAYS|author=AP |newspaper=Spokane Daily Chronicle|date=1 February 1934|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=H34SAAAAIBAJ&sjid=7vQDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4906,16349&dq=tungan&hl=en}}</ref> From 2,000 to 8,000 Uighur civilians in Kashgar Old City were massacred by Tungans in February, 1934, in revenge for the [[Kizil massacre]], after retreating of Uighur forces from the city in four directions: to [[Yengisar County|Yengi Hisar]] with the Government, to [[Yarkant County|Yarkand]], to [[Upal]] and to [[Artux|Artush]]. The Chinese Muslim and 36th division Chief General Ma Zhongying, who arrived at Kashgar on April 7, 1934, gave a speech at [[Idgah mosque]] in April, reminding the Uighurs to be loyal to the [[Republic of China]] government at [[Nanjing]]. Several British citizens at the British consulate were killed by the 36th division.<ref>{{cite news |title=TUNGAN RAIDERS MASSACRE 2,000|author=AP|newspaper=The Miami News|date=17 March 1934|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=rlEtAAAAIBAJ&sjid=RNUFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2598,5980247&dq=tungan&hl=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=TUNGANS SACK KASHGAR CITY, SLAYING 2,000|author=Associated Press Cable |newspaper=The Montreal Gazette|date=17 March 1934|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vy0rAAAAIBAJ&sjid=EZkFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6105,2241969&dq=tungan&hl=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=British Officials and 2,000 Natives Slain At Kashgar, on Western Border of China|author=The Associated Press|newspaper=The New YorkTimes|date=17 March 1934|url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB0915F73A59167A93C5A81788D85F408385F9}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=2000 Killed In Massacre|author=AP|newspaper=San Jose News|date=17 March 1934|url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=PyYiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=_6MFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4719,6427362&dq=tungan&hl=en}}</ref>

[[File:Uyghur reinforcements from Khotan.png|thumb|Uyghur re-enforcement's from Khotan marching to Kashgar]]

=== Battle of Yangi Hissar ===
In the [[Battle of Yangi Hissar]], Ma Zhancang led the 36th division to attack Uighur forces at [[Yengisar County|Yangi Hissar]], wiping out the entire Uighur force, and killing the Emir [[Nur Ahmad Jan Bughra]]. The siege on Yangi Hissar citadel continued almost half a month, during which 500 uyghur defenders, armed only with rifles, inflicted heavy casualties, up to several hundreds, to Tungan forces, who contrary were armed with artillery cannons and machine guns, besides of rifles.<ref>{{cite news |title=Fighting Continues Tungan Troops Still Active in Chinese Turkestan|author= |newspaper=The Montreal Gazette|date=10 May 1934 |url=http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=gr4tAAAAIBAJ&sjid=vZgFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4151,1369553&dq=tungan&hl=en}}</ref> Quickly being run out of ammunition uyghur defenders applied tree trunks, large stones and oil fire bombs for defending of citadel. On March 26, 1934, Nur Ahmad Jan Bughra ordered troops in citadel to stop fighting to celebrate Holy Day of [[Eid el-Adha|Kurban Bayram]] (Feast of Sacrific), but on the same day Chinese Muslims managed to breach through the walls of citadel by successful mining and put to death all remaining defenders by sword. It was reported by Ahmad Kamal in his book "Land Without Laughter" on page 130-131, that Nur Ahmad Jan's head was cut off by the Chinese Muslim troops and sent to the local parade ground to be used as a ball in the soccer (football) game.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&dq=warlords+and+muslims&q=nur+ahmad+jan%27s+head#v=snippet&q=nur%20ahmad%20jan's%20head&f=false |title=Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949|author=Andrew D. W. Forbes|year=1986|publisher=CUP Archive|location=Cambridge, England|isbn=0-521-25514-7|page=303|pages=376|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

=== Battle of Yarkand ===
In the [[Battle of Yarkand]] in March–April 1934, Ma Zhancang and [[Ma Fuyuan]]'s Chinese Muslim troops, 10,000 strong, defeated 2,500 strong Uighur force led by emir Shah Mansur (Abdullah Khan Bughra) from Yarkand to [[Yengisar County|Yengi Hissar]] to deblocade citadel in which his brother [[Nur Ahmad Jan Bughra]] was besieged. This force included a small number of Afghan volunteers sent by king [[Mohammed Zahir Shah]] and who served as body guards of emir Abdullah. For two weeks of fierce fighting by March 28, 1934 of 2,500 emir Abdullah soldiers, who initially were engaged in the battle, 2,300 had been killed or wounded. The last engagement occurred near Sweden mission in Yarkand during which the emir Abdullah Bughra was allegedly killed and beheaded, his head put on display at [[Idgah mosque]]. None of 24 Afghan body guards left Shah Mansur till last minute and all were killed in the battle.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA134&dq=Charkhlik+ma+hu-shan&hl=en&ei=9C0YTPaRI8aAlAfJs8CUDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=abdullah%20afghans%20killed&f=false|title=Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911-1949|author=Andrew D. W. Forbes|year=1986|publisher=CUP Archive|location=Cambridge, England|isbn=0-521-25514-7|page=123|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

=== Charkhlik Revolt ===
The 36th division under General Ma Hushan crushed the [[Charkhlik Revolt]] by the Uighurs in the [[Ruoqiang County|Charkliq]] oasis in 1935.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA134&dq=Charkhlik+ma+hu-shan&hl=en&ei=9C0YTPaRI8aAlAfJs8CUDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDEQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=Charkhlik%20uighur%20rising%20put%20down%20by%20the%20tungans&f=false|title=Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911-1949|author=Andrew D. W. Forbes|year=1986|publisher=CUP Archive|location=Cambridge, England|isbn=0-521-25514-7|page=134|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> More than 100 uighurs were executed, and the family of the Uighur leader was taken as hostage.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=6C2aaB3f9P4C&dq=news+from+tartary&printsec=frontcover&source=bn&hl=en&ei=GNwiTN2zDoGKlwfeh7HYDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CCEQ6AEwAw#v=snippet&q=charklik%20executed&f=false|title=News from Tartary: A Journey from Peking to Kashmir|author=Peter Fleming|year=1999|publisher=Northwestern University Press|location=Evanston Illinois|isbn=0-8101-6071-4|page=267|pages=384|accessdate=2010-06-28|authorlink=Peter Fleming (writer)}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=6C2aaB3f9P4C&dq=news+from+tartary&printsec=frontcover&source=bn&hl=en&ei=GNwiTN2zDoGKlwfeh7HYDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CCEQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=charklik%20%20tungans%20fighting%20turki%20chief&f=false|title=News from Tartary: A Journey from Peking to Kashmir|author=Peter Fleming|year=1999|publisher=Northwestern University Press|location=Evanston Illinois|isbn=0-8101-6071-4|page=281|pages=384|accessdate=2010-06-28|authorlink=Peter Fleming (writer)}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Second East Turkestan Republic]]
* [[East Turkestan independence movement]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
* James A. Millward and Nabijan Tursun, "Political History and Strategies of Control, 1884–1978" in ''Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland'' (ISBN 0-7656-1318-2).
* Michael Zrazhevsky, "Russian Cossacks in Sinkiang". ''Almanach "The [[Third Rome]]"'', Russia, Moscow, 2001
*Sven Gedin, "The flight of Big Horse". New York, 1936.
* [[Burhan Shahidi]] 包尔汗, Xinjiang wushi nian 新疆五十年 [Fifty Years in Xinjiang], (Beijing, Wenshi ziliao, 1984).
* Clubb, O. E., China and Russia: The "Great Game". (NY, Columbia, 1971).
* Forbes, A. D. W. ''Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: A Political History of Republic Sinkiang, 1911–1949'' (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1986).
* Hasiotis, A. C. Jr. ''Soviet Political, Economic and Military Involvement in Sinkiang from 1928 to 1949'' (NY, Garland, 1987).
* Khakimbaev A. A., "Nekotorye Osobennosti Natsional’no-Osvoboditel’nogo Dvizheniya Narodov Sin’tszyana v 30-kh i 40-kh godakh XX veka" [Some Characters of the National-Liberation Movement of the Xinjiang Peoples in 1930s and 1940s], in ''Materialy Mezhdunarodnoi Konferentsii po Problemam Istorii Kitaya v Noveishchee Vremya'', Aprel’ 1977, Problemy Kitaya (Moscow, 1978) pp. 113–118.
* Lattimore, O., ''Pivot of Asia: Sinkiang and the Inner Asian Frontiers of China'' (Boston, Little, Brown & Co., 1950).
* Rakhimov, T. R. "Mesto Bostochno-Turkestanskoi Respubliki (VTR) v Natsional’no-Osvoboditel’noi Bor’be Narodov Kitaya" [Role of the Eastern Turkestan Republic (ETR) in the National Liberation Struggle of the Peoples in China], A paper presented at 2-ya Nauchnaya Konferentsiya po Problemam Istorii Kitaya v Noveishchee Vremya, (Moscow, 1977), pp. 68–70.
* Wang, D., "The USSR and the Establishment of the Eastern Turkestan Republic in Xinjiang", ''Journal of Institute of Modern History'', Academia Sinica, Taipei, vol. 25 (1996) pp. 337–378.
* Whiting, A. S., and Sheng Shih-ts’ai, ''Sinkiang: Pawn or Pivot?'' (Michigan, East Lansing, 1958).

{{DEFAULTSORT:East Turkestan Republic, First}}
[[Category:1933 establishments]]
[[Category:1934 disestablishments]]
[[Category:East Turkestan independence movement]]
[[Category:Former countries in Chinese history]]
[[Category:Former Turkic states]]
[[Category:History of Xinjiang]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1933]]

[[es:Primera República del Turkestán Oriental]]
[[fr:Première République du Turkestan oriental]]
[[nl:Eerste Oost-Turkestaanse Republiek]]
[[ja:東トルキスタン共和国]]
[[pl:Republika Turkiestanu Wschodniego]]
[[ru:Восточно-Туркестанская Исламская республика]]
[[tr:Doğu Türkistan İslâm Cumhuriyeti]]
[[uk:Перша Східна Туркестанська республіка]]
[[zh:第一东突厥斯坦共和国]]

Clan Hay

2012-10-28T21:32:13Z

DPL bot: adding dablinks template; 7 or more disambig links (see the FAQ)

{{dablinks|date=October 2012}}
{{Infobox clan
|image badge =
|clan name =Clan Hay
|chiefs crest =Issuing out of a crest coronet a falcon volant Proper, armed, jessed and belted Or
|chiefs motto =SERVA JUGUM
|chiefs slogan ="A Hay! A Hay!"
|district =
|origins =Norman
|gaelic names =''MacGaraidh''
|image arms =Earl of Erroll arms.svg
|plant badge =[[Mistletoe]]
|animal =[[Falcon]]{{Citation needed|date=May 2009}}
|pipe music =
|chiefs name =The Rt. Hon. [[Merlin Hay, 24th Earl of Erroll|Merlin Sereld Hay]]
|chiefs title =The 24th [[Earl of Erroll]]
|chiefs gaelic title=
|seat = Woodbury Hall.<ref>[http://www.clanchiefs.org/p/chiefs.html clanchiefs.org]. clanchiefs.org. Retrieved on 19 September 2011.</ref>
|historic seat =[[Slains Castle]]
|septs = * [[File:Earl of Erroll arms.svg|30px]]Hay, de la Haye, MacHay, O'Hea, Hayson, Hayes, Hays, MacGaradh, MacGarra, McArra, MacGarrow, Garra, Garrad, Garrow, O'Garra, O'Garrow, Leish, [[File:Hay of Leith arms.jpg|30px]]Leith, Des Hay, Peebles Hayton, Gifford, Hayston, Haydock, Haytor, Hayden, Hayens, Haylees, Haynes, Hayse, Deshays, [[File:Hay of Alderston arms.jpg|30px]]Alderston, Kellour, [[File:Hay of Laxfirth arms.svg|30px]]Laxfirth, [[File:Hay of Locherworth arms.jpg|30px]]Locherworth, [[File:Lord Hay of Yester arms.svg|30px]]Yester, Drumelizior, Hayfield, Ay, Aye, Ayer, Haywood, Hayter, Haylor, Hayburn, Hayward, Hayne, Haynie, [[File:Hay of Smithfleld and Haystoun arms.svg|30px]]Haystoun, Hey, Haye, Heyes, De Hay, da Hay, de Haya, da Haya, Dellahay, de la Hay, Hea, O'Hay Aue, Peeples Gifford, Beagrie, [[File:Marquess of Tweeddale arms.svg|30px]]Tweeddale, Delgatie, [[File:Earl of Erroll arms.svg|30px]]Erroll, [[File:Hay of Kinnoul arms.jpg|30px]]Kinnoull, Slains, Turriff, Dupplin, de Plessis, Arroll, Conn, Con, Hayhoe, Hayson, Hayhow, Hawson, D'Aye, D/Ay Peoples, Hey – (Holland, Europe), Hej – (from Hey)

<center>{{Expand list|date=March 2011}}</center>
|branches = * [[File:Earl of Erroll arms.svg|30px]]Hay of [[Errol, Perth and Kinross|Erroll]] ([[Lord Hay]]; [[Lord Slains]]; [[Earl of Erroll]]; [[Lord High Constable of Scotland]])
** [[File:Hay of Leys arms.svg|30px]]Hay of [[Leys]]<ref name="google504">A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Commoners of Great Britain; p.504; By John Burke; Published by Colburn, 1836; [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FOVsAAAAMAAJ link]</ref><ref name="google504"/>
*** [[File:Hay of Pitfour arms.svg|30px]]Hay of [[Pitfour]]<ref>A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Commoners of Great Britain; p.507; By John Burke; Published by Colburn, 1836; [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FOVsAAAAMAAJ link]</ref>
*** [[File:No coat of arms sm.png|30px]]Hay of [[Kinfauns, Perth and Kinross|Kinfauns]] ([[Baron Hay of Kinfauns]], [[Viscount Dupplin|Viscount Duplin]], [[File:Hay of Kinnoul arms.jpg|30px]] [[Earl of Kinnoull]])<ref>A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Commoners of Great Britain; p.507-508; By John Burke; Published by Colburn, 1836; [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FOVsAAAAMAAJ link]</ref>
**** [[File:No coat of arms sm.png|30px]]Hay of [[Cromlix]] ([[Lord Cromlix]]; [[Viscount of Innerpaphrie]]; [[Earl of Inverness]]; [[Duke of Inverness]] in the [[Jacobite Peerage]])
**** [[File:Hay of Seggieden arms.png|30px]]Hay of [[Seggieden]]<ref>A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Commoners of Great Britain; p.509; By John Burke; Published by Colburn, 1836; [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FOVsAAAAMAAJ link]</ref>
** [[File:Marquess of Tweeddale arms.svg|30px]]Hay of [[Tweeddale]] ([[Baron Tweeddale]]; [[File:Lord Hay of Yester arms.svg|30px]] [[Lord Hay of Yester]]; [[Viscount of Walden]]; [[Earl of Gifford]]; [[Earl of Tweeddale]]; [[Marquess of Tweeddale]])<ref>The Scots peerage: founded on Wood's ed. of Sir Robert Douglas's Peerage of Scotland; containing an historical and genealogical account of the nobility of that kingdom; vol VIII; p. 416; by Paul, James Balfour, Sir, 1846–1931; Edinburgh: D. Douglas; Not in copyright [http://www.archive.org/stream/scotspeeragefoun08pauluoft link]</ref>
*** [[File:Hay of Linplum arms.svg|30px]]Hay of [[Linplum]] ([[Hay baronets|Baronet of Linplum]])
**** [[File:Hay of Alderston arms.jpg|30px]]Hay of [[Alderston]] ([[Hay baronets|Baronet of Alderston]])
***** [[File:No coat of arms sm.png|30px]]Hay of [[Restalrig]] ([[Hay baronets|Baronet of Restalrig]] in the [[Jacobite Peerage]])
*** [[File:No coat of arms sm.png|30px]]Hay of [[Seton House]] and of [[Mapes Hill House]]<ref>The Scots peerage: founded on Wood's ed. of Sir Robert Douglas's Peerage of Scotland; containing an historical and genealogical account of the nobility of that kingdom; vol VIII; p. 467; by Paul, James Balfour, Sir, 1846–1931; Edinburgh: D. Douglas; Not in copyright [http://www.archive.org/stream/scotspeeragefoun08pauluoft link]</ref>
*** [[File:No coat of arms sm.png|30px]]Hay of [[Belton]]<ref>The Scots peerage: founded on Wood's ed. of Sir Robert Douglas's Peerage of Scotland; containing an historical and genealogical account of the nobility of that kingdom; vol VIII; p. 454; by Paul, James Balfour, Sir, 1846–1931; Edinburgh: D. Douglas; Not in copyright [http://www.archive.org/stream/scotspeeragefoun08pauluoft link]</ref>
*** [[File:Hay of Newhall arms.svg|30px]]Hay of [[Newhall]]<ref>The Scots peerage: founded on Wood's ed. of Sir Robert Douglas's Peerage of Scotland; containing an historical and genealogical account of the nobility of that kingdom; vol VIII; p. 460; by Paul, James Balfour, Sir, 1846–1931; Edinburgh: D. Douglas; Not in copyright [http://www.archive.org/stream/scotspeeragefoun08pauluoft link]</ref>
*** [[File:No coat of arms sm.png|30px]]Hay of [[Spott]] and [[Lawfield]]<ref>The Scots peerage: founded on Wood's ed. of Sir Robert Douglas's Peerage of Scotland; containing an historical and genealogical account of the nobility of that kingdom; vol VIII; p. 456; by Paul, James Balfour, Sir, 1846–1931; Edinburgh: D. Douglas; Not in copyright [http://www.archive.org/stream/scotspeeragefoun08pauluoft link]</ref>
*** [[File:No coat of arms sm.png|30px]]Hay of [[Drumelzier]]<ref>The Scots peerage: founded on Wood's ed. of Sir Robert Douglas's Peerage of Scotland; containing an historical and genealogical account of the nobility of that kingdom; vol VIII; p. 449; by Paul, James Balfour, Sir, 1846–1931; Edinburgh: D. Douglas; Not in copyright [http://www.archive.org/stream/scotspeeragefoun08pauluoft link]</ref>
**** [[File:No coat of arms sm.png|30px]]Hay of [[Duns Castle]]<ref>The Scots peerage: founded on Wood's ed. of Sir Robert Douglas's Peerage of Scotland; containing an historical and genealogical account of the nobility of that kingdom; vol VIII; p. 450; by Paul, James Balfour, Sir, 1846–1931; Edinburgh: D. Douglas; Not in copyright [http://www.archive.org/stream/scotspeeragefoun08pauluoft link]</ref>
**** [[File:No coat of arms sm.png|30px]]Hay of [[Nunraw]]<ref>The Scots peerage: founded on Wood's ed. of Sir Robert Douglas's Peerage of Scotland; containing an historical and genealogical account of the nobility of that kingdom; vol VIII; p. 451; by Paul, James Balfour, Sir, 1846–1931; Edinburgh: D. Douglas; Not in copyright [http://www.archive.org/stream/scotspeeragefoun08pauluoft link]</ref>
*** [[File:Hay of Smithfleld and Haystoun arms.svg|30px]]Hay of [[Haystoun]] ([[Hay baronets|Baronet of Smithfield and Haystoun]])<ref>The Scots peerage: founded on Wood's ed. of Sir Robert Douglas's Peerage of Scotland; containing an historical and genealogical account of the nobility of that kingdom; vol VIII; p. 435; by Paul, James Balfour, Sir, 1846–1931; Edinburgh: D. Douglas; Not in copyright [http://www.archive.org/stream/scotspeeragefoun08pauluoft link]</ref>
* [[File:No coat of arms sm.png|30px]]Hay of [[Lochloy]]<ref>The Highland Clans By Iain Moncreiffe of that Ilk, Iain Moncreiffe, David Hicks; p. 188; Published by Barrie & Jenkins, 1982; [http://books.google.co.uk/books?lr=&as_brr=0&id=WQlCAAAAIAAJ&dq=hay+of+lochloy&q=hay+of+lochloy&pgis=1 link]</ref>
* [[File:No coat of arms sm.png|30px]]Hay of [[Delgatie]]
** [[File:Hay of Park arms.svg|30px]]Hay of Park ([[Hay baronets|Baronet of Park]])
* [[File:No coat of arms sm.png|30px]]Hay of [[Cardeny]]
* [[File:No coat of arms sm.png|30px]]Hay of [[Hayfield (disambiguation)|Hayfield]]
* [[File:No coat of arms sm.png|30px]]Dalrymple-Hay of [[Park Place]] ([[Dalrymple-Hay baronets]])

<center>{{Expand list|date=March 2011}}</center>
}}

[[File:Hay tartan (Vestiarium Scoticum).png|thumb|right|One of the Hay tartans. From [[Vestiarium Scoticum]].]]

'''Clan Hay''' is a [[Scottish clan]] that has played an important part in the history and politics of Scotland. Members of the clan are to be found in most parts of Scotland and in many other parts of the world. However, the North East of Scotland, i.e. Aberdeenshire [[Aberdeenshire (historic)]], [[Banffshire]], [[Morayshire]] and Nairnshire [[Nairn (boundaries)]], is the heart of Hay country with other significant concentrations of Hays being found in [[Perthshire]], especially around [[Perth, Scotland|Perth]], in the [[Scottish Borders]], and in [[Shetland]].

==Origin of the name==

The family name is derived from that of several villages called ''La Haye'' in the [[Cotentin peninsula]] of [[Normandy]], France.<ref name="Black,p350">Black 1946, p.350</ref><ref name="Townsend, p949">Townsend 1970, p.949</ref> The word, ''haye'' comes from ''haia'', a [[hedge (barrier)|hedge]], which in modern French is ''haie''.<ref name="Black,p350"/> It can also mean "[[stockade]]",<ref name="Townsend, p949"/> but it may have been used here because this part of Normandy is characterized by centuries-old interlocking [[hedgerow]]s ([[bocage]]).<ref>Keegan 1983, p.152</ref> The French, ''de la Haye'',<ref>sometimes written as ''de la Haya'' or ''de la Hay''</ref> appears in Latin documents as ''de Haya''<ref name="Townsend, p949"/><ref>sometimes as de Haia</ref><ref name="Whyte, p88">Whyte 1996, p.88</ref> The name has evolved into English as ''Hay''<ref name="Townsend, p949"/><ref name="Whyte, p88"/> and rendered into Gaelic as ''Garadh''.<ref name="Townsend, p949"/><ref name="Whyte, p88"/><ref>or Garaidh</ref> According to George Fraser Black, the Gaelic form of ''Hay'', ''MacGaradh'', was merely an invention of John Hay Allan, also known as [[John Sobieski Stuart]], author of the dubious ''[[Vestiarium Scoticum]]''.<ref>{{Cite document |title=The Surnames of Scotland: Their Origin, Meaning, and History |last==Black |first=George Fraser |publisher=[[New York Public Library]] |location=New York |year=1946 |pages=494–495 |postscript= }}</ref>

==Legend of Luncarty==
There are two ways to approach the origins of Clan Hay. The first is the Legend of Luncarty, which is an important Hay tradition, while the second is based on historical research, albeit that inconsistencies tend to occur after so many centuries.
[[Hector Boece]], the Scottish academic, wrote the first known account of the Luncarty legend in his ''Scotorium Historia'', which was initially published in 1525, with a second edition being published posthumously in 1575.<ref name="Sutton, 2010">Sutton,2010</ref> There are numerous versions of the legend that are based upon Boece’s work but which include various embellishments. In contrast, [[George Buchanan]]’s account in his ''Rerum Scoticarum Historia'', published in 1582 and derived from Boece’s work, omits any reference to the hawk’s flight delineating the land grant.<ref>Sutton, 2003, 2009</ref> In 2010, Sutton published a hypertext edition, in both Latin and English, of Boece’s 1575 edition of the Historia, thus providing ready access to his original account of the legend.<ref name="Sutton, 2010"/> The version of the legend quoted below is from [[John Burke (genealogist)]]'s "Peerage",1832 edition.<ref>{{cite book |title=A General and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire |last=Burke |first=John |page=443 |publisher=H. Colburn and R. Bentley |year=1832 |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Cq8KAAAAYAAJ}}</ref>

"The traditional origin of the noble house of Hay is thus related:—In the reign of [[Kenneth III]], anno 980, the [[Danes (Germanic tribe)|Danes]], who had invaded Scotland, having prevailed, at the battle of [[Luncarty]], near [[Perth, Scotland|Perth]], were pursuing the flying Scots, from the field, when a countryman and his two sons appeared in a narrow pass, through which the vanquished were hurrying, and impeded for a moment their flight. ''"What,"'' said the rustic, ''"had you rather be slaughtered by your merciless foes, than die honorably in the field; come, rally, rally!"'' and he headed the fugitives, brandishing his ploughshare, and crying out, that help was at hand: the Danes, believing that a fresh army was falling upon them, fled in confusion, and the Scots thus recovered the laurel which they had lost, and freed their country from servitude. The battle being won, the old man, afterwards known by the name of Hay, was brought to the king, who, assembling a parliament at [[Scone, Scotland|Scone]], gave to the said Hay and his sons, as a just reward for their valour, so much land on the [[river Tay]], in the district of [[Gowrie]], as a falcon from a man's hand flew over till it settled; which being six miles in length, was afterwards called [[Errol, Perth and Kinross|Errol]]; and the king being desirous to elevate Hay and his sons from their humble rank in life, to the order of nobility, his majesty assigned them a [[coat of arms]], which was [[argent]], three [[escutcheon (heraldry)|escutcheons]], [[gules]], to intimate that the father and two sons had been the three fortunate shields of Scotland."

The reliability of the legend has often been challenged. For instance,the Scottish historian [[John Hill Burton]] strongly suspected the battle of Luncarty to be an invention of Hector Boece,<ref name="publishing415">A Complete Guide to Heraldry; p.415; By Arthur Charles Fox Davies, and Graham Johnston; Published by Kessinger Publishing, 2004; ISBN 978-1-4179-0630-7, ISBN 978-1-4179-0630-7; [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0EBiwcy4x5EC link]</ref><ref>[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bYM9AAAAcAAJ&dq=John%20Hill%20Burton%20Luncarty&pg=PA364#v=onepage&q&f=false The History of Scotland from Agricola's Invasion to the Revolution of 1688, Vol 1], By John Hill Burton; p.364-365, Will. Blackwood and Sons, 1867</ref> In fact, Burton was incorrect. Walter Bower,<ref>{{cite book|last=S Taylor, DER Watt, B Scott, eds|title=Scotichronicon by Walter Bower in Latin and English.Vol.5|year=1990|publisher=Aberdeen University Press|location=Aberdeen|pages=341–343}}</ref> writing in his [[Scotichronicon]] around 1440, some 87 years before Boece first published his ''Scotorum Historia'', refers to the battle briefly as follows:
''“that remarkable battle of Luncarty, in which the Norsemen with their king were totally destroyed”.''
Bower does not quote specific sources concerning the battle, but, two sentences later, he refers in a general way to ancient writings that he has consulted. The term Norsemen would include Danes.

Regarding the legend, Sir James Balfour Paul, noting that armorial bearings did not occur in Scotland till long after 980 (when the battle is said to have taken place), referred to Hector Boece as "an incorrigible old liar" in this and other stories.[27].<ref>A Complete Guide to Heraldry; p.415; By Arthur Charles Fox Davies, and Graham Johnston; Published by Kessinger Publishing,</ref> [[Cosmo Innes]], further noting that surnames did not occur in Scotland till long after 980, states that the name Hay has as origin a place name in [[Normandy]].<ref name="publishing415"/> This last point is discussed in the section, Origin of the Name, of this article.

All of this occurred before recorded history, but in support of this romantic tale, to this day the farm where the battle took place is known as Denmarkfield, where relics of an ancient battle have been discovered, and the stone were the falcon is said to have alighted is called the “Hawkstane”(hawkstone).<ref name="smokymountaingames.org">http://smokymountaingames.org/about/honored-clan/</ref>

The Hero of Luncarty was not named Hay. Indeed, he lived before surnames were in common use in Scotland. The first Scottish Hay was William II de la Haya who was Pincera or Cup Bearer to King Malcolm IV in 1160. William II was descended from William I, Le Sieur de la Haya who came to England from the barony of La Haye du Puits in Normandy with William the Conqueror in 1066. William de la Haya’s son, William II, received the Barony of Erroll from King William the Lion in 1178 and is regarded as the first Chief of Clan Hay. He married an heiress of old Scoto-Pictish stock, Eva of Pitmilly, believed to be a descendant of the Hero of Luncarty. Thus, the legend of Luncarty was incorporated into Clan Hay, with the clan’s motto being “Serva Jugum” (Keep the Yoke), and the Arms of its chief featuring two peasant supporters, three blood-red shields, three ox yokes and a falcon as major devices.<ref name="smokymountaingames.org"/>

[[File:Peter Drummond-Murray of Mastrick.jpg|thumb|left|180px|[[Slains Pursuivant]], Peter Drummond-Murray of Mastrick, is the [[private officer of arms]] of the Chief of Clan Hay]]

==History==

===William II de Haya===
{{Main| William II de Haya}}

Clan Hay descends from the Norman family of de la Haye (de Haya). The progenitors of the Scottish clan were [[William II de Haya]] and his wife, Eva of [[Pitmilly]], a Celtic heiress.<ref>While Eva is usually referred to as a Celtic heiress,her parentage and, therefore, her ethnicity, have not been established.</ref> William II de Haya was the son of William I de Haya and his Norman wife, Juliana de Soulis, sister to [[Ranulf I de Soules]]. He was the first recorded Hay in Scotland, is known to have been in the Scottish court in 1160, was [[cup-bearer]] to [[Malcolm IV of Scotland]] and [[William I of Scotland]], and was made the first Baron of Erroll by William I. He died soon after 1201 and was succeeded by his eldest son, David.

===Connection to the de La Haye of Normandy===

The origins of the Hays of Erroll were investigated around 1954 by Wagner<ref>Wagner 1954,1955</ref> who presented evidence, based largely on heraldry, that the Scottish Hays were descended from de La Haye of [[La Haye-Bellefond|La Haye-Hue]] in the [[Cotentin]] Peninsula of Normandy. That evidence begins with a seal used by David de Haya (Haia), the son of William II de Haya, on a charter around 1230. It shows the arms of argent three inescutcheons gules, i.e., a silver shield containing three smaller red shields, and are the same arms presently used by the Earl of Erroll. They bear no resemblance to those of the de La Haye of England, but they are the same as those used by Jean de La Haye-Hue in Normandy around 1368–1375. The de La Haye of La Haye Hue can be traced back to the 12th century, that is, when William II de Haya was first known to be in Scotland. Wagner therefore concluded that the Hays of Erroll and the Hayes of La Haye were related. He also pointed out that the Hays were linked to the powerful Normandy family of Soulis [[Ranulf I de Soules]] in that La Haye-Hue, now called La Haye-Bellefond, is located just across the small Soules River from [[Soulles]], the seat of that family. Secondly, the Soulis name, rare in England, and the more common Hay, are both found in the records of Dover castle in the early 13th century.

A third point, which Wagner did not mention, is that William I de Haya married Juliana de Soulis and these two were the parents of William II de Haya.<ref>Reg. of Coupar ii, 284.Referenced in Balfour 1906, pp.555–7</ref>

===Successors of William II de Haya===

David De Haya, who wedded Helen, daughter of [[Gille Brigte, Earl of Strathearn|Gilbert (or Gille Brigte)]], [[Earl of Strathearn]], and had:<ref name="google504"/>
* 1 Gilbert, who succeeded his father at Erroll, was ancestor of the Noble house of the [[Earl of Erroll|Earls Errol]], which ended in heiresses in 1717: the youngest of whom espoused the [[Earl of Kilmarnock]], and her descendant is now Earl Of Errol.<ref name="google504"/>

* 2 William De Haya, obtained from his brother Gilbert, in 1235, a grant of two [[carucate]]s of land, in Errol, called [[Leys]]; which grant was afterwards confirmed, in 1451, by William, Earl of Errol, to Edmund Hay, of Leys, the lineal descendant of this William. This branch would later changed their name to Hay-Balfour of Leys in the county of [[Perthshire|Perth]], and of [[Randerston]], in [[Fife]]. According to [[John Burke (genealogist)|John Burk]], the Hay-Balfours of Leys are the ''"[[heir male|male representative]] of the noble family of Hay"''.<ref name="google504"/>

* 3 David, [[parson]] of Erroll.<ref>The Scots peerage: founded on Wood's ed. of Sir Robert Douglas's Peerage of Scotland; containing an historical and genealogical account of the nobility of that kingdom; p. 556; by Paul, James Balfour, Sir, 1846–1931; Edinburgh: D. Douglas; Not in copyright
[http://www.archive.org/stream/scotspeeragefoun03pauluoft link]</ref>

Gilbert, who succeeded his father at Erroll, was [[Sheriff]] of [[Perth, Scotland|Perth]] before 1262. He was appointed one of the regents and guardians to King [[Alexander III of Scotland|Alexander III]]. He married Idonea, daughter of [[William Comyn, jure uxoris Earl of Buchan|William Comyn]], [[Earl of Buchan]], and had a son, Nicolas.<ref>The Scots peerage: founded on Wood's ed. of Sir Robert Douglas's Peerage of Scotland; containing an historical and genealogical account of the nobility of that kingdom; p. 557-558; by Paul, James Balfour, Sir, 1846–1931; Edinburgh: D. Douglas; Not in copyright
[http://www.archive.org/stream/scotspeeragefoun03pauluoft link]</ref>

===Wars of Scottish Independence===
His son, Nicolas de Haya of Erroll was [[Sheriff]] of [[Perth, Scotland|Perth]] before 1288. He swore fealty to King [[Edward I]] on 12 July 1296. He was summoned by Edward I to attend parliament at [[St. Andrews]] in 1303–04. He had four sons:<ref>The Scots peerage: founded on Wood's ed. of Sir Robert Douglas's Peerage of Scotland; containing an historical and genealogical account of the nobility of that kingdom; p. 558-559; by Paul, James Balfour, Sir, 1846–1931; Edinburgh: D. Douglas; Not in copyright
[http://www.archive.org/stream/scotspeeragefoun03pauluoft link]</ref>

* 1 Gilbert<ref name="archive559">The Scots peerage: founded on Wood's ed. of Sir Robert Douglas's Peerage of Scotland; containing an historical and genealogical account of the nobility of that kingdom; p. 559; by Paul, James Balfour, Sir, 1846–1931; Edinburgh: D. Douglas; Not in copyright
[http://www.archive.org/stream/scotspeeragefoun03pauluoft link]</ref>
* 2 Nicolas, parson of [[Fossoway]], then [[Dean (religion)|Dean]] of [[Dunkeld]]<ref name="archive559"/>
* 3 John, parson of Erroll<ref name="archive559"/>
* 4 Hugh, one of the companions of [[Robert the Bruce]], and probably the same Hugh who, in 1296, swore fealty to Edward I.<ref name="archive559"/>

The son, [[Gilbert de la Hay|Gilbert de Haya of Erroll]], swore fealty to Edward I at [[Aberdeen]] in 1296. However, in 1306 he joined Robert the Bruce and continued faithfully to him throughout the [[Wars of Scottish Independence|War of Independence]]. In consequence Edward I declared Gilbert a traitor, but Robert the Bruce rewarded him with a charter over the lands of [[Slains]] in [[Aberdeenshire]] and the office of [[Lord High Constable of Scotland|Constable of the realm of Scotland]]. Gilbert de la Hay was also a signatory to the Declaration of Arbroath, 1320 .<ref>The Scots peerage: founded on Wood's ed. of Sir Robert Douglas's Peerage of Scotland; containing an historical and genealogical account of the nobility of that kingdom; p. 559-560; by Paul, James Balfour, Sir, 1846–1931; Edinburgh: D. Douglas; Not in copyright
[http://www.archive.org/stream/scotspeeragefoun03pauluoft link]</ref>

===16th century and Anglo Scottish Wars===
During the [[Anglo-Scottish Wars]] the Clan Hay suffered very heavy casualties in the [[Battle of Flodden]] in 1513. Another Hay, also named Sir Gilbert, was a Scottish knight who fought for [[Joan of Arc]] during the [[Hundred Years' War]].

Following the [[Scottish Reformation|Reformation]], the Hays remained loyal to Catholicism and thus were allies to [[Mary, Queen of Scots]], who appointed George Hay, the 7th Earl of Erroll, Lord Lieutenant of all central Scotland. [[Francis Hay, 9th Earl of Erroll]], was involved in a conspiracy with King [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]] of Spain, to overthrow [[Elizabeth I of England|Queen Elizabeth]] of England, convert King [[James VI]] to Catholicism and thus make Britain a Catholic stronghold. With the defeat of the [[Spanish Armada]], however, the conspiracy came to nothing.

===17th century and Civil War===
During the Civil War James Hay led his forces as Royalists against the Covenanters at the [[Battle of Aberdeen]] in 1644 where they were victorious.

===18th century and Jacobite Uprisings===

Following the [[Acts of Union 1707|Act of Union]] in 1707, the Hays were sympathetic to the Jacobite cause. The ruins of their fortress of [[Slains Castle]], on the northeast coast of Scotland, was a frequent meeting place for Jacobite conspirators. In 1745, the Clan Hay supported [[Bonnie Prince Charlie]] and assisted in financing his rebellion.

With the collapse of Jacobotism, the Hays became loyal British subjects, and many Hays were involved in expanding the [[British Empire]].

[[File:MistletoeInSilverBirch.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Mistletoe is the clan's plant badge]]

==Clan profile==

* [[Scottish Gaelic|Gaelic]] Names: ''MacGaraidh'' (Surname) & ''Clann 'icGaraidh'' (Collective).
* [[Motto]]: ''Serva Jugum'' (Keep the yoke).
* [[Slogan]]: "A Hay! A Hay! A Hay!".
* Pipe Music: "Delgatie Castle".
* [[Clan crest|Crest]]: Issuing out of a Crest Coronet, a falcon volant Proper, armed, jessed, and belled Or.
* [[Clan badge]]: [[Mistletoe]].
* Animal Symbol: [[Falcon]].
* [[Coat of arms|Chief's Arms]]: Argent, three escutcheons Gules

==Chief==

* [[Merlin Hay, 24th Earl of Erroll|Merlin Sereld Victor Gilbert Hay]], the [[Earl of Erroll|24th Earl of Erroll]], the [[Lord Hay]], the [[Lord Slains]], [[Baronet]] and [[Chief of the Name and Arms]] of Hay<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.burkes-peerage.net/familyhomepage.aspx?FID=0&FN=ERROLL|title=burkes peerage}}</ref>

==Peerage==
* [[Hay of Erroll]]:
** 1449: 1st Baron Hay of [[Erroll]] (Sir [[Willian Hay, 1st Earl of Erroll|William Hay]], ? – 1462)
** 1453: 1st [[Earl of Erroll]] (Sir [[Willian Hay, 1st Earl of Erroll|William Hay]], ? – 1462)
*** 1462: 2nd [[Earl of Erroll]] ([[Nicholas Hay, 2nd Earl of Erroll|Nicholas Hay]], ? – 1470)
*** 1470: 3rd [[Earl of Erroll]] ([[William Hay, 3rd Earl of Erroll|William Hay]], ? – 1507)
*** 1507: 4th [[Earl of Erroll]] ([[William Hay, 4th Earl of Erroll|William Hay]], ? – 1513)
*** 1513: 5th [[Earl of Erroll]] ([[William Hay, 5th Earl of Erroll|William Hay]], ? – 1541)
*** 1541: 6th [[Earl of Erroll]] ([[William Hay, 6th Earl of Erroll|William Hay]], 1521 – 1541)
*** 1541: 7th [[Earl of Erroll]] ([[George Hay, 7th Earl of Erroll|George Hay]], ? – 1573)
*** 1573: 8th [[Earl of Erroll]] ([[Andrew Hay, 8th Earl of Erroll|Andrew Hay]], ? – 1585)
*** 1585: 9th [[Earl of Erroll]] ([[Francis Hay, 9th Earl of Erroll|Francis Hay]], 30 April 1564 – 16 July 1631)
*** 16 July 1631: 10th [[Earl of Erroll]] ([[William Hay, 10th Earl of Erroll|William Hay]], ? – 1636)
*** 1636: 11th [[Earl of Erroll]] ([[Gilbert Hay, 11th Earl of Erroll|Gilbert Hay]], ? – 1675)
*** 1675: 12th [[Earl of Erroll]] ([[John Hay, 12th Earl of Erroll|John Hay]], ? – 1704)
*** 1704: 13th [[Earl of Erroll]] ([[Charles Hay, 13th Earl of Erroll|Charles Hay]], ? – 1717)
*** 1717: 14th [[Earl of Erroll|Countess of Erroll]] ([[Mary Hay, 14th Countess of Erroll|Mary Hay]], ? – 19 August 1758)
*** 19 August 1758: 15th [[Earl of Erroll]] ([[James Hay, 15th Earl of Erroll|James Hay]], 20 April 1726 – 3 July 1778)
*** 3 July 1778: 16th [[Earl of Erroll]] ([[George Hay, 16th Earl of Erroll|George Hay]], 1767 – 1798)
*** 1798: 17th [[Earl of Erroll]] ([[William Hay, 17th Earl of Erroll|William Hay]], 1772 – 1819)
*** 1819: 18th [[Earl of Erroll]] ([[William Hay, 18th Earl of Erroll|William George Hay]], 1801 – 1846)
*** 1846: 19th [[Earl of Erroll]] ([[William Hay, 19th Earl of Erroll|William Harry Hayl]], 1823 – 1891)
*** 1891: 20th [[Earl of Erroll]] ([[Charles Hay, 20th Earl of Erroll|Charles Gore Hay]], 1852 – 1927)
*** 1927: 21th [[Earl of Erroll]] ([[Victor Hay, 21st Earl of Erroll|Victor Alexander Sereld Hay]], 1876 – 1928)
*** 1928: 22th [[Earl of Erroll]] ([[Josslyn Hay, 22nd Earl of Erroll|Josslyn Victor Hay]], 1901 – 1941)
*** 1941: 23th [[Earl of Erroll|Countess of Erroll]] ([[Diana Hay, 23rd Countess of Erroll|Diana Denyse Hay]], 5 January 1926 – 16 May 1978)
*** 16 May 1978: 24th [[Earl of Erroll]] ([[Merlin Hay, 24th Earl of Erroll|Merlin Sereld Victor Gilbert Hay]], 20 April 1948 – in life)

* [[Hay of Kinfauns]]:
** 4 May 1627: 1st Lord Hay of [[Kinfauns Castle|Kinfauns]] ([[George Hay, 1st Earl of Kinnoull|George Hay]], 1571 – 16 December 1634)
** 4 May 1627: 1st [[Viscount Dupplin]] ([[George Hay, 1st Earl of Kinnoull|George Hay]], 1571 – 16 December 1634)
** 25 May 1633: 1st [[Earl of Kinnoull]] ([[George Hay, 1st Earl of Kinnoull|George Hay]], 1571 – 16 December 1634)
*** 16 December 1634: 2nd [[Earl of Kinnoull]] ([[George Hay, 2nd Earl of Kinnoull|George Hay]], ? – 1644)
*** ...
*** 1709: 7th [[Earl of Kinnoull]] ([[Thomas Hay, 7th Earl of Kinnoull|Thomas Hay]], 1660 – 1719)
*** ...
*** 1938: 15th [[Earl of Kinnoull]] [[Arthur Hay, 15th Earl of Kinnoull|Arthur William George Patrick Hay]], [[1935 - in life)

* [[Hay of Cromlix]]:
** 5 October 1718: 1st [[Earl of Inverness]] ([[John Hay of Cromlix|John Hay]], 1691 – 1740)
** 5 October 1718: 1st [[Viscount of Innerpaphrie]] ([[John Hay of Cromlix|John Hay]], 1691 – 1740)
** 5 October 1718: 1st [[Lord Cromlix and Erne]] ([[John Hay of Cromlix|John Hay]], 1691 – 1740)

* [[Hay of Pedwardine]]:
** 31 December 1711: 1st Baron Hay of [[Pedwardine]] ([[George Hay, 8th Earl of Kinnoull|George Hay]], ? – 29 July 1758)

* [[Hay of Sawley]]:
** 29 June 1615: 1st Baron Hay of [[Sawley]] ([[James Hay, 1st Earl of Carlisle|James Hay]], 1580 – 25 April 1636)
** 1622: 1st [[Earl of Carlisle]] ([[James Hay, 1st Earl of Carlisle|James Hay]], 1580 – 25 April 1636)
*** 25 April 1636 2nd [[Earl of Carlisle]] ([[James Hay, 2nd Earl of Carlisle|James Hay]], 1612 – 30 October 1660)

* [[Hay of Yester]]:
** 29 January 1488: 1st Lord Hay of [[Yester]] ([[John Hay, 1st Lord Hay of Yester|John Hay]], 1450 – October 1508)
*** October 1508: 2nd Lord Hay of Yester ([[John Hay, 2nd Lord Hay of Yester|John Hay]], ? – 9 September 1513)
*** 9 September 1513: 3rd Lord Hay of Yester ([[John Hay, 3rd Lord Hay of Yester|John Hay]], ? – 1543)
*** 1543: 4th Lord Hay of Yester ([[John Hay, 4th Lord Hay of Yester|John Hay]], ? – 1557)
*** 1557: 5th Lord Hay of Yester ([[William Hay]], ? – August 1586)
*** August 1586: 6th Lord Hay of Yester ([[William Hay, 6th Lord Hay of Yester|William Hay]], ? – 10 May 1591)
*** 10 May 1591: 7th Lord Hay of Yester ([[James Hay, 7th Lord Hay of Yester|James Hay]], ? – 3 February 1609)
*** 3 February 1609: 8th Lord Hay of Yester ([[John Hay, 1st Earl of Tweeddale|John Hay]], 1593 – 1653)
** 1646: 1st [[Earl of Tweeddale]] ([[John Hay, 1st Earl of Tweeddale|John Hay]], 1593 – 1653)
*** 1653: 2nd [[Earl of Tweeddale]] ([[John Hay, 1st Marquess of Tweeddale|John Hay]], 1626 – 1697)
** 1694: 1st [[Marquess of Tweeddale]] ([[John Hay, 1st Marquess of Tweeddale|John Hay]], 1626 – 1697)
*** 1697: 2nd [[Marquess of Tweeddale]] ([[John Hay, 2nd Marquess of Tweeddale|John Hay]] 1645 – 1713)
**** 1714: 1st Lord of Hay of Newhall (William Hay, 1689 – 31 October 1723)
***** 31 October 1723: 2nd Lord of Hay of Newhall (John Hay, ? – 1743)
***** 1743: 3rd Lord of Hay of Newhall (George Hay, ? – 1787)
***** 1787: 4th Lord of Hay of Newhall (William Hay, ? – ?)
***** 17..: 5th Lord of Hay of Newhall (Edward Hay, ? – ?)
***** 17..: 6th Lord of Hay of Newhall (John Hay Mackenzie, ? – 1749)
***** 1749: 7th Lord of Hay of Newhall ([[George Hay, 8th Marquess of Tweeddale|George Hay]], ? – 1876)
*** ...
*** 2005: 14th [[Marquess of Tweeddale]] ([[Charles Hay, 14th Marquess of Tweeddale|Charles David Montagu Hay]] 1947 – in life)
** 1694: 1st [[Earl of Gifford]]
** 1694: 1st [[Viscount of Walden]]
** 1881: 1st [[Baron Tweeddale, of Yester in the County of Haddington]]

<center>{{Expand list|date=March 2012}}</center>

==Castles==
* [[Delgatie Castle]], [[Aberdeenshire (unitary)|Aberdeen]], Scotland was given to the Clan Hay after the [[Battle of Bannockburn]] in 1314.
* [[File:Earl of Erroll arms.svg|30px]] [[Slains Castle]] was owned by the chiefs of Clan Hay from 1597 to 1916.<ref>[http://www.aboutaberdeen.com/slainscastle.php Slains Castle Cruden Bay]. Aboutaberdeen.com (16 June 2007). Retrieved on 19 September 2011.</ref>
** [[File:Earl of Erroll arms.svg|30px]]([[Old Slains Castle]], [[Aberdeenshire]], Scotland)
** [[File:Earl of Erroll arms.svg|30px]]([[New Slains Castle]], [[Aberdeenshire]], Scotland)
* [[Dupplin Castle]], [[Perth, Scotland|Perth]], Scotland
* [[Duns Castle]], [[Berwickshire]], Scotland
* [[Inshoch Castle]], [[Nairnshire]], Scotland
* [[File:Hay of Megginch arms.svg|30px]] [[Megginch Castle]], [[Perth, Scotland|Perth]], Scotland
* [[Neidpath Castle]], [[Peebles]], Scotland
* [[File:Hay of Park arms.svg|30px]] [[Park Castle]], [[Galloway]], Scotland
* [[File:Lord Hay of Yester arms.svg|30px]] [[Yester Castle]], [[East Lothian]], Scotland

<center>{{Expand list|date=March 2011}}</center>

==Roll of arms==
{|
|-
| [[File:Earl of Erroll arms.svg|70px|center|Arms of The Earl of Erroll]]<center>Earl of Erroll</center>
|
| [[File:Hay of Leys arms.svg|70px|center|Arms of The Hay of Leys]]<center>Hay of Leys</center>
|
| [[File:Hay of Seafield arms.svg|70px|center|Arms of Hay of Seafield]]<center>Hay of Seafield</center>
|
| [[File:Hay of Fudie arms.svg|70px|center|Arms of the Hay of Fudie]]<center>Hay of Fudie</center>
|
| [[File:Hay of Cardenie arms.svg|70px|center|Arms of the Hay of Cardenie]]<center>Hay of Cardenie</center>
|
|-
| [[File:Hay of Urie arms.jpg|70px|center|Arms of The Hay of Urie]]<center>Hay of Urie</center>
|
| [[File:Hay of Alderston arms.jpg|70px|center|Arms of The Hay of Alderston]]<center>Hay of Alderston</center>
|
| [[File:Hay of Dalgety arms.svg|70px|center|Arms of The Hay of Dalgety]]<center>Hay of Dalgety</center>
|
| [[File:Hay of Megginch arms.svg|70px|center|Arms of The Hay of Megginch]]<center>Hay of Megginch</center>
|
| [[File:Hay of Leith arms.jpg|70px|center|Arms of The Hay of Leith]]<center>Hay of Leith</center>
|
|-
| [[File:Hay of Park arms.svg|70px|center|Arms of the Hay of Park]]<center>Hay of Park</center>
|
| [[File:Hay of Naughton arms.svg|70px|center|Arms of the Hay of Naughton]]<center>Hay of Naughton</center>
|
| [[File:Hay of Strowie arms.svg|70px|center|Arms of the Hay of Strowie]]<center>Hay of Strowie</center>
|
| [[File:Hay of Pitfour arms.svg|70px|center|Arms of The Hay of Pitfour]]<center>Hay of Pitfour</center>
|
| [[File:Hay of Newhall arms.svg|70px|center|Arms of The Hay of Newhall]]<center>Hay of Newhall</center>
|
|-
| [[File:Hay of Laxfirth arms.svg|70px|center|Arms of the Hay of Laxfirth]]<center>Hay of Laxfirth</center>
|
| [[File:Hay of Letham arms.svg|70px|center|Arms of the Hay of Letham]]<center>Hay of Letham</center>
|
|-
| [[File:Hay of Boyne arms.jpg|70px|center|Arms of the Hay of Boyne]]<center>Hay of Boyne</center>
|
| [[File:Hay of Locherworth arms.jpg|70px|center|Arms of the Hay of Locherworth]]<center>Hay of Locherworth</center>
|
| [[File:Hay of Broxmouth arms.jpg|70px|center|Arms of the Hay of Broxmouth]]<center>Hay of Broxmouth</center>
|
|-
| [[File:Marquess of Tweeddale arms.svg|70px|center|Arms of the Marquess of Tweeddale]]<center>Marquess of Tweeddale</center>
|
| [[File:Lord Hay of Yester arms.svg|70px|center|Arms of the Lord Hay of Yester]]<center>Lord Hay of Yester</center>
|
| [[File:Hay of Linplum arms.svg|70px|center|Arms of the Hay of Linplum]]<center>Hay of Linplum</center>
|
| [[File:Hay of Smithfleld and Haystoun arms.svg|70px|center|Arms of the Hay of Smithfleld and Haystoun]]<center>Hay of Smithfleld and Haystoun</center>
|
|-
| [[File:Hay of Kinnoul arms.jpg|70px|center|Arms of the Hay of Kinnoull]]<center>Hay of Kinnoull</center>
|
| [[File:Kent Hay Atkins arms.jpg|70px|center|Arms of the Kent Hay Atkins]]<center>Kent Hay Atkins</center>
|-
| [[File:Hay of Leys arms.png|70px|center|Arms of the Hay of Leys]]<center>Hay of Leys</center>
|
| [[File:Hay of Pitfour arms.png|70px|center|Arms of the Hay of Pitfour]]<center>Hay of Pitfour</center>
|
| [[File:Hay of Seggieden arms.png|70px|center|Arms of the Hay of Seggieden]]<center>Hay of Seggieden </center>
|-
| [[File:Hay arms.png|70px|center|Arms of the Hay]]<center>Hay </center>
|
| [[File:Hay of Errol arms.png|70px|center|Arms of the Hay of Errol]]<center>Hay of Errol</center>
|
| [[File:Hay of Tweeddale arms.png|70px|center|Arms of the Hay of Tweeddale]]<center>Hay of Tweeddale</center>
|
|}

<center>{{Expand list|date=March 2011}}</center>

==Tartans==
Low country pairtes (Lowland Clans)

{| border="1" cellpadding="2"
|-
!Plate
!Clan/Tartan Name Year
!Modern thread count derived from plate
![[File:Vestiarum Scoticum.jpg|40px]] [[Vestiarium Scoticum]] Plate #
! [[Scottish Tartans Society]] World Register #
! [[Scottish Tartans Authority]] International Tartan Index #
|-
| [[File:Hay Clan Tartan WR1555.png|70px]] || Haye Hay 1842 || R6 HG4 YT2 HG36 R2 HG2 R2 HG12 R48 HG4 R2 K2 R2 W6 R2 K2 R2 HG4 R48 HG12 R2 HG2 R2 HG36 YT2 HG4 || 51<ref>[http://resources.scottishtartans.org/images/Hay.jpg John Sobieski Stuart, "Vestiarium Scoticum: from the Manuscript formerly in the Library of the Scots College at Douay. With an Introduction and Notes", William Tait, Edinburgh, 1842 – Plate n° 51]. None. Retrieved on 19 September 2011.</ref> || WR 1555<ref>[http://www.scottish-tartans-world-register.com/tartan.aspx?record=1555 The Scottish Tartans Society – World Register n° WR 1555]. Scottish-tartans-world-register.com. Retrieved on 19 September 2011.</ref> || ITI 1555<ref>[http://www.tartansauthority.com/tartan-ferret/display/1555/hay-clan&tartan_name=hay&tartan_name_search= The Scottish Tartans Authority – International Tartan Index n° ITI 1555]. Tartans Authority. (15 June 2010). Retrieved on 19 September 2011.</ref>
|-
| [[File:Hay or Leith Clan Tartan WR1215.png|70px]] || Hay or Leith Hay & Leith Hay of Leith Leith c 1880 || K10 R3 Y3 K6 R48 HG6 R2 Y2 R6 HG40 CW2 K38 R2 DP40 R6 Y2 R2 DP6 R48 K6 Y2 R3 K10 || x || WR 1215<ref>[http://www.scottish-tartans-world-register.com/tartan.aspx?record=1215 The Scottish Tartans Society – World Register n° WR 1215]. Scottish-tartans-world-register.com. Retrieved on 19 September 2011.</ref> || ITI 1215<ref>[http://www.tartansauthority.com/tartan-ferret/display/1215/hay-and-leith-1800&tartan_name=hay&tartan_name_search= The Scottish Tartans Authority – International Tartan Index n° ITI 1212]. Tartans Authority. (15 June 2010). Retrieved on 19 September 2011.</ref>
|-
| [[File:Hay or Leith Clan Tartan WR2013.png|70px]] || Hay or Leith || x || x || WR 2013<ref>[http://www.scottish-tartans-world-register.com/tartan.aspx?record=2013 The Scottish Tartans Society – World Register n° WR 2013]. Scottish-tartans-world-register.com. Retrieved on 19 September 2011.</ref> || ITI
|-
| [[File:Hay or Stewart Clan Tartan WR1850.png|70px]] || Hay or Stewart pre 1838 || W4 R6 K6 R12 HG24 K6 W6 K6 Y4 K20 W58 R10 W18 R10 W58 K20 Y4 K6 W6 K6 HG24 R12 K6 R6 || x || WR 1850<ref>[http://www.scottish-tartans-world-register.com/tartan.aspx?record=1850 The Scottish Tartans Society – World Register n° WR 1850]. Scottish-tartans-world-register.com. Retrieved on 19 September 2011.</ref> || ITI 1850<ref>[http://www.tartansauthority.com/tartan-ferret/display/1850/hay-or-stewart&tartan_name=hay&tartan_name_search= The Scottish Tartans Authority – International Tartan Index n° ITI 1850]. Tartans Authority. (15 June 2010). Retrieved on 19 September 2011.</ref>
|-
| [[File:Hay White Dress Trade Tartan WR1556.png|70px]] || Hay White Dress pre 1950 || R6 G4 Y4 G28 R4 G6 R4 G6 WW34 G4 WW4 K4 R4 WW6 R4 K4 WW4 G4 WW34 G6 R4 G6 R4 G28 Y4 G4 || x || WR 1556<ref>[http://www.scottish-tartans-world-register.com/tartan.aspx?record=1556 The Scottish Tartans Society – World Register n° WR 1556]. Scottish-tartans-world-register.com. Retrieved on 19 September 2011.</ref> || ITI 1556<ref>[http://www.tartansauthority.com/tartan-ferret/display/1556/hay-white-dress&tartan_name=hay&tartan_name_search= The Scottish Tartans Authority – International Tartan Index n° ITI 1556]. Tartans Authority. (15 June 2010). Retrieved on 19 September 2011.</ref>
|-
| || Hay & Leith Hay of Leith 1880 || K6 R4 Y4 K2 R40 K4 R6 Y4 R6 HG60 WW4 K50 R4 K50 WW4 HG60 R6 Y4 R6 K4 R40 K2 Y4 R4 || x || WR || ITI 6921<ref>[http://www.tartansauthority.com/tartan-ferret/display/6921/hay-and-leith-1880-clans-originaux&tartan_name=hay&tartan_name_search= The Scottish Tartans Authority – International Tartan Index n° ITI 6921]. Tartans Authority. (15 June 2010). Retrieved on 19 September 2011.</ref>
|-
| || Hay Htg pre 2002 || T8 G6 T2 G6 T6 G80 B14 G6 B4 G6 B40 T4 B4 G8 B4 T4 B40 G6 B4 G6 B14 G80 T6 G6 T2 G6 || x || WR || ITI 3106<ref>[http://www.tartansauthority.com/tartan-ferret/display/3106/hay-htg-trial&tartan_name=hay&tartan_name_search= The Scottish Tartans Authority – International Tartan Index n° ITI 3106]. Tartans Authority. (15 June 2010). Retrieved on 19 September 2011.</ref>
|}

<center>{{Expand list|date=March 2011}}</center>

==See also==
* [[Scottish clan]]
* [[Earl of Erroll|The Earls of Erroll]]
* [[Errol, Perth and Kinross|The lands of Errol]]
* [[Hay baronets]]

==References==

{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

<references/>

{{cite book
| last = Balfour
| first = J.P.
| title =The Scots Peerage, Vol.III
| publisher=D. Douglas
| year = 1906
| location =Edinburgh
| url =
| id =
| isbn = }}

{{cite book
| last = Black
| first = G.F.
| title = The surnames of Scotland; their origin, meaning and history
| publisher=New York Public Library
| year = 1946
| location = New York
| url =
| id =
| isbn = }}

{{cite book
| last = Keegan
| first = J.
| title = Six Armies in Normandy
| publisher=Penguin Books Ltd
| year = 1983
| location = Harmondsworth, U.K.
| url =
| id =
| isbn = }}

{{cite web
| last = Sutton
| first = Dana F.
| authorlink =
| last2 =
| first2 =
| authorlink2 =
| title =George Buchanan,Rerum Scoticarum Historia (1582). A hypertext critical edition.
| year =2003, revised 2007
| url =http://www.philological.bham.ac.uk/scot Hist/
| accessdate = 7/12/2010
| postscript = }}

{{cite web
| last = Sutton
| first =Dana F.
| authorlink =
| last2 =
| first2 =
| authorlink2 =
| title = Hector Boethius, ''Scotorum Historia'' (1575 version). A hypertext critical edition.
| year = 2010
| url =http://www.philological.bham.ac.uk/boece/
| accessdate =7/12/2010
| postscript = }}

{{cite book
| last =Townsend
| first = P (editor)
| title = Burke's Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage
| publisher=Burke's Peerage Limited
| year = 1970
| location = London
| url =
| id =
| isbn = }}

{{cite journal
| last =Wagner
| first = A.R.
| title = The origin of the Hays of Erroll
| journal=The Genealogist's Magazine
| volume = 11 and 12
| pages = 535–540 and 1–6
| date = 1954 and 1955
| url =
| id =
}}

{{cite book
| last = Whyte
| first = D
| title = Sottish surnames
| publisher=Birlinn Limited
| year = 1996
| location = Edinburgh
| url =
| id =
| isbn = }}

==External links==
* [http://www.clanhay.org/ Clan Hay Society – Official Website (beginning 2010)]
* [http://www.clanhay.net/ Clan Hay Society (formerly Official Clan Hay Website – circa 1998–2010)]
* [http://www.clanhay.net/usa/ Clan Hay Society – American Branch]
* [http://www.clanhay.net/canada/ Clan Hay Society – Canada Branch]
* [http://www.clanhaypipeband.be/ The Clan Hay Pipe Band]
* [http://www.ftdna.com/public/hay The Hay DNA Project]
* [http://forum.clanhay.net Clan Hay Forum (open public forum)]
* [http://www.clanchiefs.org/p/?init=clanfinder&id=Hay Clan Hay page in The Standing Council of Scottish Chiefs Website]
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20091022145907/http://geocities.com/skildsoom/unique.html Clan Hay page in Armoria Familia Website]
* [http://haygenealogy.com/hay/wph-hay/hayhistory.html The Hay Family in Scotland]
* [http://www.leighrayment.com Peerage ao Hay families]
* [http://www.myfamilysilver.com/crestfinder-search/hay-family-crest Hay family crest]
* [http://www.araltas.com/features/hayes Hay's roll of arms]

{{Scottish clans}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2012}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hay}}
[[Category:Articles with inconsistent citation formats]]
[[Category:Scottish clans]]
[[Category:Scoto-Norman clans]]

[[sco:Clan Hay]]