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District Nurse

2010-10-21T19:56:40Z

DASHBotAV: Reverting edits identified as vandalism. (settings/false-positives)

'''District Nurses''' are senior [[nurse]]s who manage care within the community, leading teams of community nurses and support workers.<ref name='NHS'>[http://www.nhscareers.nhs.uk/details/Default.aspx?Id=916 District Nursing] ''NHS Careers.org</ref> Typically much of their work involves visiting house-bound patients to provide advice and care, for example, palliative care, wound management, catheter and continence care, medication support. They may be trained to assess patient's needs for equipment provision such as mobility and independent living aids, medical equipment such as specialist beds and mattresses, as well as guidance in applying for grants and [[Welfare (financial aid)|welfare benefits]]. Their work involves both follow-up care for recently discharged hospital inpatients and longer term care for chronically ill patients who may be referred by many other services, as well as working collaboratively with general practitioners in preventing unnecessary or avoidable hospital admissions.

== Scope of practice ==
District nurses provide nursing care that allows people to remain in their own homes, maintain their independence, or have additional support after discharge from hospital. A district nurse will manage a team of nurses that may provide wound care, train carers to administer eye drops if individuals can not do it themselves, support catheter care, and administer complex medication within a patient's home as well as immunisations. As well as treatment, a district nurse can offer advice and support with health concerns.

In England and Wales, they are employed by [[NHS primary care trust|Primary Care Trusts]] on behalf of the [[National Health Service (England)|NHS]], whereas in Scotland, they are employed by the health board and may be based at centralised [[health centre]]s or [[general practice]]s. District Nurses, like all qualified nurses, are regulated by the [[Nursing and Midwifery Council]].

District nurses can also be known as community nurses.

== Training ==
In the UK, training as a district nurse requires registration as a nurse in the adult branch, with at least five years post-qualifying experience of professional practice: a (shortened) degree or postgraduate diploma course is then undertaken, either one year full-time or two years part-time.

== History ==
District Nursing in England will be 150 years old in 2009. In 1858 [[Liverpool]] philanthropist [[William Rathbone]] employed a nurse, Mary Robinson, to take care of his wife at home during her final illness.<ref>[http://www.districtnursing150.org.uk/history_william_rathbone.htm William Rathbone and the beginning of District Nursing ] ''DistrictNursing.org</ref> After his wife’s death in 1859, he engaged Mary to go into one of the poorest districts of the City to bring healthcare to people who had no means to pay for it. He spent the rest of his life working to build up the service, with assistance from [[Florence Nightingale]] and others. District nursing on the Liverpool model soon sprang up in other towns, cities and rural areas, funded by local philanthropists.

In 1887 [[Queen Victoria]]’s Jubilee Institute for Nurses was founded, centralising training for district nurses (or Queen’s Nurses as they became known) until nursing education became nationalised in 1968. The charity, which became The Queen’s Nursing Institute, continues to support community nurses to this day. The Institute always needed to raise funds and until the creation of the NHS in 1948, district nurses collected contributions from their patients.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.districtnursing150.org.uk District Nursing]

{{DEFAULTSORT:District Nurse}}
[[Category:National Health Service]]
[[Category:Nursing specialties]]

[[sv:Distriktssköterska]]

St. George’s University (Grenada)

2010-10-21T06:50:40Z

DASHBotAV: Reverting edits identified as vandalism. (settings/false-positives)

{{Infobox University
|name= St. George's University School of Medicine
|logo= [[File:St. George's University logo.png]]
|motto= Think Beyond
|endowment=
|chancellor= Charles R. Modica
|established= 1976
|type=
|faculty= 850+
|students= 5000+
|undergrad=
|postgrad= 8000+
|colors=
|city= [[St. George's, Grenada|St. George's]]
|state= [[Saint George Parish, Grenada|St. George]]
|country= [[Grenada]]
|coor= {{coord|12.0005572|N|61.7730653|W|display=inline}}
|campus= True Blue Bay
|mascot= Knights
|free_label= Sports
|free= SGU Knights
|website= [http://www.sgu.edu/ sgu.edu]
|image=
}}
'''St. George’s University School of Medicine''' is an independent international university in [[Grenada]], [[British West Indies]], offering degrees in [[medicine]], [[veterinary medicine]], [[public health]], the [[health sciences]], [[nursing]], arts and sciences, and [[business]].

St. George's University was established by an act of [[Grenada|Grenada's]] [[Parliament of Grenada|parliament]] on July 23, 1976. Classes in the School of Medicine began January 17, 1977. In 1993, the University added graduate and undergraduate programs. In 1996, it was granted a charter for the School of Arts and Sciences and a Graduate Studies Program. In 1997, undergraduate courses in international business, life sciences, medical sciences, pre-medical and pre-veterinary medicine were added. The School of Veterinary Medicine was established in 1999. In 2008, the School of Nursing opened.

==History==
St. George's University was founded on July 23, 1976 by an act of Grenada's Parliament. The name is taken from the capital city of Grenada. The original founders were Charles Modica, Louis Modica, Edward McGowan, and Patrick F. Adams. Classes at St. George’s School of Medicine began on January 17, 1977. Almost all of the founding faculty members had been educated either in the United States or Europe.

A Marxist coup forcibly overturned the Gairy government of Grenada in 1979, as the school was in its infancy with a student enrollment of 630. There were nearly 1000 Americans on the island (including students, faculty, families, etc.). The US government launched “Operation Urgent Fury” in 1983 as a result. Students were evacuated and classes were moved to Long Island, NY, New Jersey, and Barbados temporarily until 1984.<ref>{{cite web | title = St. George's University History | url = http://www.sgu.edu/about-sgu/history-of-sgu.html | accessdate = 2009-11-29}}</ref>

The reason given by the U.S. Administration of [[Ronald Reagan]] to justify the October 1983 [[invasion of Grenada]] was to rescue American medical students at St. George’s University from the danger posed to them by the violent coup that had overthrown Grenada’s Prime Minister [[Maurice Bishop]].<ref>{{cite news | title = Less Strategic Now, Grenada Is to Lose American Embassy | url = http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE4DB1330F931A35756C0A962958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=print | accessdate = 2007-11-07 | work=The New York Times | first=Steven A. | last=Holmes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Jonetown | url = http://www.fonebone.net/Jonestown/08.Chap.txt | accessdate = 2007-11-07}}</ref> Bishop, a number of members of his government and several dozen civilians were killed in the coup and the island had been placed under a 24-hour curfew.<ref>{{cite web | title = Remembering Reagan's Invasion of Grenada | url = http://www.democracynow.org/2004/6/10/remembering_reagans_invasion_of_grenada | accessdate = 2007-11-07}}</ref> During the days immediately after the coup, the only independent information coming out of Grenada was from a [[amateur radio operator|ham radio]] operated by a St. George’s student.<ref>{{cite news | title = Getting Back to Normal | url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,926318-1,00.html | accessdate = 2007-11-07 | work=Time | date=1983-11-21 | first1=Ed | last1=Magnuson | first2=Christopher | last2=Redman | first3=William | last3=McWhlrter}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | first=Ed | last=Magnuson | coauthors= | title=D-Day in Grenada | date=1983-11-07 | publisher= | url =http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,949850-4,00.html | work =Time | pages = | accessdate = 2008-02-01 | language = }}</ref>
In his memoir, President Reagan recounted the return to the U.S. of the St. George’s students as an event that affected him deeply. “I was among many in our country whose eyes got a little misty when I watched their arrival in the United States on television and saw some of them lean down and kiss American soil the moment that they stepped off the airplanes that brought them home."<ref>{{cite web | title = Lebanon, Beirut and Grenada | url = http://www.ronaldreagan.com/leb.html | accessdate = 2007-11-09}}</ref>

In 1987, St. George's University obtained approval to conduct medical training in [[New York]] and [[New Jersey]], making the University the first non-US medical school to gain approval in both states. Today, St. George's University is accredited in all 50 states in the [[USA|US]]. The British Medical Council granted the School limited recognition in 1988, an act that opened doors to wide acceptance in the [[British Commonwealth]] countries. Today, nearly 8,000 graduates of the University practice medicine worldwide.

==Approvals and accreditations==
===The School of Medicine===
The [[Doctor of Medicine]] (MD) Program at St. George’s University School of Medicine has been [[accredited]] and/or approved by multiple external bodies:<ref name="SGU.edu Official Site">{{cite web | title = SGU.edu Official Site | url = http://www.sgu.edu/about-sgu/recognition-standards.html | access date 2009-06-17}}</ref>

*Accredited by the Government of [[Grenada]]<ref name="SGU.edu Official Site"/><ref>{{cite web | title = Government of Grenada Official Site | url = http://www.grenadaedu.com }}</ref>
*Accredited by the Caribbean Accreditation Authority for Education in Medicine and the Health Professions — CAAM-HP (The UK Government recognizes CAAM as the official accreditation authority for New and Developing Medical Schools in the [[British Overseas Territories]] in the [[Caribbean]].)<ref>{{cite web | title = Stabroek News | url = http://www.stabroeknews.com/2009/news/local/06/03/ug-med-school-accredited-by-caribbean-body/| access date 2009-06-03}}</ref>
*Approved by the New York State Education Department (NYSED for the purpose of conducting clinical training programs in the State of New York).<ref>{{cite web | title = New York State Education Department Official Site| url = http://www.op.nysed.gov/medforms.htm| access date 2009-06-17}}</ref>
*Approved by the New Jersey Board of Medical Examiners and the State of New Jersey for the purpose of conducting clinical training programs in the State of New Jersey.<ref name="SGU.edu Official Site"/><ref>{{cite web | title = New Jersey Board of Medical Examiners Official Site | url = http://www.nj.gov/oag/ca/bme| access date 2009-06-17}}</ref>
*Recognized by the [[Medical Board of California]]<ref>{{cite web | title = Medical Board of California Official Site| url = http://www.mbc.ca.gov/applicant/schools_recognized.html| access date 2009-06-17}}</ref>
*Approved by the Florida Commission on Independent Education of the Florida Department of Education<ref>{{cite web | title = FCIE Official Site | url = http://www.fldoe.org/cie/pdf/annual_report.pdf | access date 2009-06-17}}</ref>
*The National Committee on Foreign Medical Education and Accreditation (of the [[US Department of Education]]), in conjunction with the approval of the State of New York, has deemed Grenada’s accreditation standards to be equivalent to those utilized by the United States.<ref>{{cite web | title = National Committee on Foreign Medical Education and Accreditation Official Site | url = http://www.ed.gov/about/bdscomm/list/ncfmea.html#faq| access date 2009-06-17}}</ref>

St. George’s School of Medicine has been reviewed and approved by the following bodies internationally:

*The Bahamas Medical Council<ref name="SGU.edu Official Site"/><ref>{{cite web | title = The Bahamas Medical Council Official Site | url = http://bahamasmedicalcouncil.net| access date 2009-06-17}}</ref>
*The Bermuda Medical Council<ref name="SGU.edu Official Site"/><ref>{{cite web | title = The Bermuda Medical Council Official Site | url = http://www.commonlii.org/bm/legis/consol_act/mpr1950449| access date 2009-06-17}}</ref>
*DIKATSA (Greek Medical Licensing Authority)<ref name="SGU.edu Official Site"/><ref>{{cite web | title = Hellenic National Academic Recognition Information Center Official Site | url = http://www.doatap.gr/en/istoria.php| access date 2009-06-17}}</ref>
*The Sri Lankan Medical Council<ref>{{cite web | title = Sri Lanka Medical Council Official Site | url = http://www.slmedc.lk/outside.htm | access date 2009-06-17}}</ref>
*The Thailand Medical Council<ref name="SGU.edu Official Site"/><ref>{{cite web | title = The Thailand Medical Council Official Site | url = http://www.tmc.or.th| access date 2009-06-17}}</ref>
*The Government of Botswana<ref name="SGU.edu Official Site"/><ref>{{cite web | title = The Government of Botswana Official Site | url = http://www.moe.gov.bw/index.html| access date 2009-06-17}}</ref>
*The Government of St. Vincent<ref name="SGU.edu Official Site"/><ref>{{cite web | title = The Government of St. Vincent Official Site | url = http://www.gov.vc/govt/about_us/education.asp| access date 2009-06-17}}</ref>
*The Medical Board of Trinidad and Tobago<ref>{{cite web | title = The Medical Board of Trinidad and Tobago| url = http://www.mbtt.org/| access date 2009-06-17}}</ref>
*Association of Caribbean Tertiary Institutions, Inc.<ref>{{cite web | title = Association of Caribbean Tertiary Institutions, Inc. | url = http://www.acticarib.org/2008_ACTI_Membership_Listing.pdf |access date 2009-06-17}}</ref>

St. George’s University graduates have also gained registration with medical licensing authorities in the following countries:
[[Australia]],
[[Bahamas]],
[[Bahrain]],
[[Bangladesh]],
[[Bermuda]],
[[Botswana]],
[[British Virgin Islands]],
[[Canada]],
[[Colombia]],
[[Cyprus]],
[[Dutch Antilles]],
[[Germany]],
[[Great Britain]],
[[Greece]],
[[Grenada]],
[[Hong Kong]],
[[Iceland]],
[[Israel]],
[[Lebanon]],
[[Madagascar]],
[[Malaysia]],
[[Nigeria]],
[[Mali]],
[[Pakistan]],
[[Saudi Arabia]],
[[Senegal]],
[[Sierra Leone]],
[[South Africa]],
[[Sri Lanka]],
[[St. Vincent (island)]],
[[Taiwan]],
[[Thailand]],
[[Trinidad and Tobago]],
[[Uganda]],
[[United Arab Emirates]],
[[United States]],
[[Vietnam]],
[[Zimbabwe]]
<ref name="SGU.edu Official Site"/><ref>{{cite web | title = SGU Alumni Relations Official Site | url = http://alumnirelations.sgu.edu| access date 2009-06-17}}</ref>

In 1996, the [[U.S. Department of Education]] reviewed the standards of medical education in 30 countries for the purpose of conferring student loans. Grenada was one of four countries approved during the initial review; the [[United Kingdom]], [[Australia]] and [[Canada]] were the other three. Other countries have subsequently been approved.<ref name="SGU.edu Official Site"/>

St. George's University School of Medicine is listed with the [[World Health Organization]] <ref name="SGU.edu Official Site"/>

===The School of Veterinary Medicine===
The School of Veterinary Medicine is fully authorized by the government of Grenada to confer the [[Doctor of Veterinary Medicine]] degree upon those candidates who successfully complete its academic requirements.
<ref name="SGU.edu Official Site"/>

St. George’s University School of Veterinary Medicine is listed by the [[American Veterinary Medical Association]] and its graduates qualify for entrance into the Educational Commission for Foreign Veterinary Graduates (ECFVG) or the Program for the Assessment of Veterinary Education Equivalence (PAVE) certification programs.<ref>{{cite web | title = American Veterinary Medical Association Official Site | url = http://www.avma.org/education/ecfvg/world_colleges/colleges.asp| access date 2009-06-17}}</ref>

==Noteworthy Rankings==
In 2008, Grenada was ranked #1 in [[USMLE]] [[Step One]] and [[Step Two/CK]] in the Caribbean for the highest first time pass rate among all countries with medical schools in the Caribbean over the past 15 years. Grenada – with St. George’s University School of Medicine as the only medical school in Grenada – had an 84.4% pass rate in Step One, outperforming the other countries that had an average pass rate of 49.9% during the same 15-year time period.<ref>{{cite web | title = SGU.edu Official Site | url = http://www.sgu.edu/news-events/news-archives08-Grenada1USMLE.html | access date 2009-06-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Journal of Academic Medicine Official Site | url = http://journals.lww.com/academicmedicine/Abstract/2008/10001/Medical_Education_in_the_Caribbean__Variability_in.9.aspx | access date 2009-06-17}}</ref>

==Programs offered==
===School of Medicine===
Students wishing to achieve the Doctor of Medicine degree may enter during the premedical program during one of the three premedical sciences years, or the four-year medical program beginning with the first year of Basic Sciences, which is when most students from North America begin.<ref name="sgu.edu">{{cite web | title = SGU.edu Official Site | url = http://www.sgu.edu/som/admissions.html | access date 2009-06-17}}</ref>

Students who begin the medical program in the premedical sciences years must meet the program’s academic standards to be promoted into the first year of the four-year medical program. Students pursuing the Doctor of Medicine degree begin study in Grenada or in the UK at the [[Keith B. Taylor Global Scholars Program]]. The latter offers medical students the option of spending the first year of the four-year MD degree program on the campus of [[Northumbria University]] in the United Kingdom. They continue into the second year of the four-year program in Grenada. All medical students complete clinical training in one of 60+ affiliated centers in the United States, the United Kingdom or Canada.<ref>{{cite web | title = SGU.edu Official Site | url = http://www.sgu.edu/som/global-scholars.html| access date 2009-06-17}}</ref>

The Keith B. Taylor Global Scholars Program (KBTGSP) is a one year program that offers first year medical students the opportunity to study in Newcastle, England. The program is only offered to new matriculates and they have the option of either doing their first year of studies in the Grenada campus or in the KTBGSP program. KTBGSP combines the St. George’s University School of Medicine MD program with a one-year experience of medical education on the Northumbria University (NU) campus in Newcastle, United Kingdom. The KBTGSP program follows the same curriculum offered in Grenada and students have the experience of being immersed in UK urban culture for a year. Everything except the location is essentially the same: the curriculum, academic calendar, services, fees and access to campus student life facilities (gyms, dining halls, libraries, playing fields, etc.). Northumbria University (NU) campus in Newcastle, United Kingdom.

In order to maintain their status with licensing boards around the world, the chairs of each department and the course directors oversee both the Grenada and UK programs. This assures that SGU offers the same program in both locations. The KBTGSP program is taught by professors from the UK and visiting professors from Grenada. The textbooks, exams and academic schedule are all the same as is offered in Grenada.

This partnership gives students the opportunity to study in the United Kingdom, Grenada and the United States. The program's goal is to broaden the participants’ understanding of the different cultures of the three host countries, while giving them insight into cross-cultural medical practices.

===School of Veterinary Medicine===
The program of study leading to the Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (DVM) degree is discipline based. The program is delivered in two phases: a three-year preveterinary medical program and a four-year veterinary medical program. This enables students flexible entry points depending upon their academic backgrounds. Generally, students from the North American model of education who hold a baccalaureate degree enter directly into the four-year veterinary medical program.<ref name="sgu.edu"/>

Three years of the four-year veterinary medical program core curriculum is in the form of lectures and labs completed in Grenada, and the fourth clinical year is completed at American Veterinary Medical Association-accredited 35+ veterinary schools in the US, UK, Canada, Australia, or [[Republic of Ireland]]. Students apply to these schools in their third year and are accepted based on academics and professionalism.<ref>{{cite web | title = SGU.edu Official Site | url = http://www.sgu.edu/svm/veterinary-program.html | access date 2009-06-17}}</ref>

===Dual Degree Programs in Medicine and Veterinary Medicine===
The School of Medicine and School of Veterinary Medicine, together with the Graduate Studies Program and Undergraduate Programs, offer professional students a variety of dual degree opportunities.

====BS/MD====
Those who enter the University in the early stage of the premedical program (the first or second year of the premedical program) may earn a bachelor’s degree upon acceptance into and completion of the first year of the four-year medical program if the qualifications for a bachelor’s degree are met.

====MD/MSc and MD/MPH====
Students who wish to enhance their educational experience and broaden their career opportunities may simultaneously earn a graduate degree in Public Health, Anatomy, Microbiology, and its related concentrations, or scientific research in specific disciplines. These dual graduate degrees require the student to study for at least one extra term in Grenada.

The dual degree offerings include: BS/MD Dual Degree, BS/DVM Dual Degree, MD/MPH, DVM/MPH, MD/MSc Public Health, MD/MSc Microbiology, MD/MSc Clinical Anatomy, MD/PhD Clinical Anatomy, DVM/Master of Science (MSc). SGU is now offering an MD/MBA program as well.

===School of Arts and Sciences===
St. George’s University’s School of Arts and Sciences offers several professional and degree programs. The undergraduate program is taught in conjunction with T. A. Marryshow Community College in Grenada. The degree program offerings are:<ref>{{cite web | title = SGU.edu Official Site | url = http://www.sgu.edu/sas/programs.html| access date 2009-06-17}}</ref>

*Bachelor of Science in Life Sciences
*Bachelor of Science in International Business
*Bachelor of Arts in Liberal Studies
*Bachelor of Science in Management Information Systems

===Graduate Studies Program===
The Graduate Studies Program at St. George’s University is offered within the School of Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, and the School of Arts and Sciences. Students benefit from the University’s community of over 100 full-time faculty members and the opportunity to participate in research projects in conjunction with the Windward Islands Research and Education Foundation, an independent [[research institute]] located on the True Blue campus.<ref>{{cite web | title = SGU.edu Official Site | url = http://www.sgu.edu/gs/index.html| access date 2009-06-17}}</ref>

Through its Graduate Studies Program, the School of Medicine offers master’s degree programs in Public Health, Microbiology, and Anatomy. The School also offers PhD programs in Microbiology and Anatomy.

===Nursing Program===
The Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) degree program, established within the School of Medicine in 2007, is offered in two phases. In the first phase, students obtain the [[Associate Degree in Nursing]] (ADN), which is completed in two and a half years. Successful graduates are eligible to apply for licensure as Registered Nurses. The second phase is the ADN/RN to BSN program, which is completed in two years. In this phase, students will continue to evolve and learn disciplines that employ critical thinking to integrate increasingly complex knowledge, skills and technologies, and client care activities into evidence-based nursing practice. Graduates receive the Bachelor’s of Science Degree in Nursing.<ref>{{cite web | title = SGU.edu Official Site | url = http://www.sgu.edu/som/NursingProgram.html| access date 2009-06-17}}</ref>

==The Centre for Advancing International Management (AIM Centre)==

Established in 2008, the AIM Centre seeks to advance St. George’s University’s mission of improving health care across the world, through the development of innovative business programs that address the economic and fiscal health of the broader community. With a guiding principle of “One Health – One Medicine,” AIM prepares leaders in the sciences and business better manage their organizations and contribute to community wellness. St.George’s University has been designated by the [[Peter F. Drucker]] Institute as the founding site for the Drucker Society of the Caribbean.<ref>{{cite web | title = SGU.edu Official Site | url = http://www.sgu.edu/aim/index.html | access date 2009-06-17}}</ref>

==Research==

Founded in 1994 with funds granted by the University, the Windward Islands Research and Education Foundation, an independent [[non-profit organization]] located on the True Blue campus, seeks to advance health and environmental development through [[multidisciplinary]] research and education programs. Currently, the Windward Islands Research and Education Foundation carries out short- and long-term studies in epidemiology, anthropology, virology, conservation ecology, marine biology and other topics relevant to tropical climates and developing nations.<ref name="etalk.sgu.edu">{{cite web | title = SGU.edu Official Site | url = http://etalk.sgu.edu/windref/about.html | access date 2009-06-17}}</ref>

The Windward Islands Research and Education Foundation strives for program excellence by promoting collaborative relationships between internationally recognized scholars and regional scientists, by adhering to the highest ethical and academic standards in the design and conduct of research, and by maintaining computer links to the world’s scientific community.<ref name="etalk.sgu.edu"/>

==Campus Life==
St. George’s University’s True Blue campus is located on the southwest corner of Grenada overlooking the [[Caribbean Sea]].<ref>{{cite web | title = SGU.edu Official Site | url = http://www.sgu.edu/life-at-sgu/island-living.html | access date 2009-06-17}}</ref> The campus city has recently been expanded with over 50 new wireless-enhanced structures including a [[library]], anatomy labs, [[dormitories]], [[lecture halls]], and administrative facilities.<ref>{{cite web | title = SGU.edu Official Site | url = http://www.sgu.edu/life-at-sgu/campus-facilities.html | access date 2009-06-17}}</ref> The University is home to nearly 50 student-sponsored organizations that range from science-oriented to sports to cultural interests.<ref>{{cite web | title = SGU.edu Official Site | url = http://www.sgu.edu/life-at-sgu/clubs-organizations.html | access date 2009-06-17}}</ref>

The students of St. George's University are represented by the Student Government Association (SGA) as well as the Undergraduate Student Government Association (USGA). The associations are active not only on-campus, but also in the local Grenadian community donating hundreds of student work hours per term and tens of thousands of [[East Caribbean dollar|dollars]] per year to local causes.

In 2009, the SGU Research Institute was established networking research endeavors throughout the New York/New Jersey area.

==2010 Tuition costs==
As published annually on SGU's website,<ref name="GSGU School of Medicine Tuition">{{cite web | title = GSGU School of Medicine Tuition | url = http://www.sgu.edu/financial-services/som-tuition.html | accessdate = 2009-09-09}}</ref> the tuition rates for St. George's University are:

'''Premedical/Grenada'''

Per Term (15 credits or more) $9,720 USD

Per Credit $649 USD

'''Preclinical/Grenada'''

Term 1 $21,552 USD

Term 2 $21,552 USD

Term 3 and 4 combined $29,481 USD

Term 5 $23, 803 USD

'''Clinical Program'''

Term 7 $21,755 USD

Term 8 $21,755 USD

Term 9 $21,755 USD

Term 10 $21,755 USD

Term 11 $21,755 USD

'''Malpractice Insurance''', Terms 7-11, Per Term, Each Term: $357 USD

'''Oral Examination Fee''': $1,050 USD

'''Graduation Fee''': $564 USD

'''Books''': Approximately $800 USD per term

'''Graduate Studies Program'''
Per Credit: $649 USD

Alternate Curriculum Students who change mid-semester from a full to alternate pathway at the direction of the Dean of Students will receive a full tuition refund and be re-charged at $896.00 per credit, plus full administrative/student fees.

Basic Science students who repeat courses at the direction of the promotions and/or Appeals Committee will not be charged tuition for the repeated courses; however, in all these cases, full administrative/student fees will be charged.

Of total cost to attend St. George’s University School of Medicine, 18% represents administrative/student fees.<ref name="GSGU School of Medicine Tuition"/>

==See also==
* [[Medical School in the Caribbean]]
* [[International medical graduate]]

==References and notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.sgu.edu/ St. George's University Home]

{{coord missing|Grenada}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint George's University}}
[[Category:Education in Grenada]]
[[Category:Schools of medicine in Grenada]]
[[Category:Veterinary schools]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1976]]

[[es:Universidad de St. George]]

Bethenny Frankel

2010-10-20T00:32:58Z

DASHBotAV: Reverting edits identified as vandalism. (settings/false-positives)

{{Infobox person
|name = Bethenny Frankel
|image = BethennyFrankelSideVAOCApr09.jpg
|caption = Frankel at the Virgin America OC launch in April 2009
|birth_name =
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1970|11|04|mf=yes}}
|location = [[New York City]], [[New York]], [[United States|USA]]
|deathdate =
|deathplace =
|nationality = [[United States|American]]
|area = [[Celebrity cook]] <br> [[television personality]] <br> [[author]]
|alias =
|notable works= ''[[The Apprentice: Martha Stewart]]''<br />''[[The Real Housewives of New York City]]''<br />''[[Bethenny Getting Married?]]''
}}

'''Bethenny Frankel''' (born November 4, 1970) is a [[natural foods]] [[chef]], [[television personality]], and [[author]]. She was first introduced to television audiences in the 2005 series ''[[The Apprentice: Martha Stewart]]'', where she placed second. From 2008 to 2010, she was one of the original five housewives featured on the Bravo reality series ''[[The Real Housewives of New York City]]''. In 2010, she starred in her own companion series, ''[[Bethenny Getting Married?]]''

==Early life==
Frankel is the daughter of the late [[thoroughbred]] [[horse trainer|trainer]], [[Robert Frankel]], a [[National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame]] inductee and five-time winner of the [[Eclipse Award for Outstanding Trainer]], and Bonnie Parisella. She is the granddaughter of Gertrude and Merrill Frankel. Although Frankel denies her Jewish roots, her father was [[Jew]]ish, and her mother converted after their marriage.<ref>As stated by Frankel herself on ''Watch What Happens Live''.</ref> She was once a "hot walker" in the stable owned by her stepfather, John Parisella, and she spent every summer at [[Saratoga Springs, New York]], with her mother and stepfather. Frankel graduated from [[Pine Crest School]] and attended [[New York University]].

==Career==
Frankel began her career with appearances in the 1994 movie ''Hollywood Hills 90028'' and the 1995 movie ''Wish Me Luck''.

She attended the Natural Gourmet Culinary Institute in [[New York]] to become a chef. After she graduated, she formed BethennyBakes, a company that provided wheat-, egg-, and dairy-free baked goods, meals for private clients, and a custom-meal delivery service. The company ceased production upon the launch of Frankel's Skinnygirl brand in 2009.

Frankel was one of 18 candidates in ''[[The Apprentice: Martha Stewart]]''.<ref>{{IMDB name|1996604|Bethenny Frankel (II)}}.</ref> She made it to the series finale before losing to [[Dawna Stone]].<ref name="mediavillage.com">[http://www.mediavillage.com/jmentr/2006/08/24/Jacki-08-24-06/ Bethenny Frankel: A Reality Star One Year Later - Jack Myers Media Village]</ref><ref>[http://www.realitytvworld.com/news/martha-stewart-selects-dawna-stone-as-her-the-apprentice-winner-3893.php Martha Stewart selects Dawna Stone as her 'The Apprentice' winner - Reality TV World - News, information, episode summaries, message boards, chat and games for unscripted television programs]</ref> She was a [[contributor]] to Bravo TV's coverage of the 2009 [[Kentucky Oaks]].

Frankel was one of the seven women featured on [[Bravo (US TV channel)|Bravo]]'s series [[The Real Housewives of New York City]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/tv/2008/01/14/2008-01-14_bravo_spinoff_real_housewives_of_new_yor-1.html | location=New York | work=Daily News | title=Bravo spinoff 'Real Housewives of New York City' debuts in March | first=Patrick | last=Huguenin | date=January 14, 2008}}</ref> On June 10, 2010, Bravo TV premiered a series spinoff, ''Bethenny Getting Married?'' which follows Frankel through the planning of her wedding to the birth of her daughter and life with her husband Jason Hoppy. The premiere had the highest ratings of any series debut in [[Bravo]] history with over 2 million viewers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvguide.com/News/Bethenny-Married-Ratings-1019537.aspx |title=Ratings: Bethenny Getting Married? the Most-Watched Series Debut in Bravo History | publisher=TVGuide.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.nationalledger.com/ledgerpop/article_272632567.shtml| title=Bethenny Frankel Leaving Real Housewives of New York City? | work=National Ledger|date=June 20, 2010|accessdate=June 24, 2010}}</ref>

In March 2009, Frankel's first book, ''Naturally Thin: Unleash Your SkinnyGirl and Free Yourself from a Lifetime of Dieting'', was published by Fireside. In December 2009, her second book, ''The SkinnyGirl Dish: Easy Recipes for Your Naturally Thin Life '' was published, also by Fireside. She released an exercise DVD, ''Body by Bethenny'', in spring 2010. ''The Skinnygirl Rules'', an [[audiobook]] read by Frankel, was described as a summary of the first two books. She is currently working on two more books, ''A Place of Yes'', and ''Naturally Fit Pregnancy'', as well as a skincare line. She also signs bottles of her low-cal Skinnygirl Margarita for her fans.<ref>[http://blog.zagat.com/bethenny-will-sign-your-bottle-now Zagat Buzz Blog: Bethenny Will Sign Your Bottle Now, July 21, 2010]</ref>

==Personal life==
{{Expand section|date=October 2009}}

Frankel's first marriage was to her former best friend, Peter Sussman, in 1996. She says they "...were best friends for five years and he always wanted to be more. I loved him because of how much he loved me. I got married too young. I didn't wait for the great love of my life."

Frankel married Jason Hoppy on March 28, 2010, at [[The Four Seasons Restaurant]] in New York City.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.okmagazine.com/2010/04/ok-exclusive-gallery-bethenny-frankel-jason-hoppys-wedded-bliss/bethenny-frankel-march-31-15/ |title=Bethenny Frankel & Jason Hoppy’s Dream Wedding! |date=April 2, 2010 |work=[[OK!]] |location=New York}}</ref> On May 8, 2010, Frankel gave birth to their first child, Bryn Casey Hoppy, named for Jason's brother Bryan who died in a car accident when he was 19 years old.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bethenny Frankel and Jason Hoppy Welcome a Baby Girl! |author=Liz McNeil |=work=[[People (magazine)|People.com]] |date=May 8, 2010 |url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20367836,00.html}}</ref> Just three weeks after giving birth Frankel posed in a size-4 swimsuit for ''Us Magazine''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.usmagazine.com/momsbabies/news/bethenny-frankel-in-size-4-swimsuit-3-weeks-after-baby-201026 |title=Bethenny Frankel in Size-4 Bikini 3 Weeks After Baby! Go Bethenny! |publisher=UsMagazine.com}}</ref>

Frankel posed nude for [[animal rights]] group [[People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals|PETA]] in September 2009. The photo was featured on a billboard in Times Square as part of PETA's campaign against the wearing of furs.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/12/15/bethenny-frankel-nude-for_n_393003.html |title=Bethenny Frankel: Nude For PETA |work=[[The Huffington Post]] | date=December 15, 2009 | accessdate= 29 January 2010}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
* ''Naturally Thin: Unleash Your SkinnyGirl and Free Yourself from a Lifetime of Dieting'' (ISBN 1-41659-798-0, 2009)
* ''The Skinnygirl Dish: Easy Recipes for Your Naturally Thin Life'' (ISBN 1-41659-799-9, 2000)

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite web |url=http://beautyinterviews.com/my-beauty-secrets/bethenny-frankel/ |title=Bethenny Frankel |author= |date=September 1, 2008 |work= |publisher=Beauty Interviews }}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.yogadork.com/2010/06/07/bethenny-frankel-super-fast-baby-weight-losing-reality-tv-celebriyogadork/ |title=Bethenny Frankel: Super Fast Baby-Weight-Losing, Reality-TV CelebriYogaDork |author=Admin |date=June 7, 2010 |work= |publisher=YogaDork }}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Bethenny Frankel}}
* [http://www.bethenny.com/ Bethenny Frankel's official web site]
* [http://obsessedtv.com/2009/06/samantha-ettus-interviews-entrepreneur-and-tv-star-bethenny-frankel/ Samantha Ettus interviews entrepreneur and TV star Bethenny Frankel]

{{The Apprentice}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Frankel, Bethenny
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH =November 4, 1966
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Frankel, Bethenny}}
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:American chefs]]
[[Category:American Jews]]
[[Category:American socialites]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Participants in American reality television series]]
[[Category:The Apprentice (U.S. TV series) contestants]]
[[Category:The Real Housewives of...]]

Krone der Anden

2010-10-18T02:23:08Z

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The Crown of the Andes, or La Corona de Nuestra Senora de los Andes, is a [[votive crown]] originally made for a more than life-size statue of the Virgin in the Cathedral of [[Popayán]], [[Colombia]]. The crown is 34.5 cm high, 52 cm in circumference, weighs 2.18 kilos in all and is made from 18 - 22 carat gold. There are 450 emeralds on it: the largest, known as the “Atahualpa Emerald”, is a rectangular stone measuring 15.8 by 16.15 mms.<ref>El País, 19 September 1995:"La corona, de 34,5 centímetros de alto y 52 de circunferencia, tiene un peso total de 2,18 kilos y una calidad de oro de I8-22 quilates. Todas las joyas, en un total de 450 esmeraldas, se distribuyen entre la banda y la diadema. La esmeralda más grande es la esmeralda de Atahuelpa, una piedra de talla rectangular de 15,80 por 16,15 milímetros."''("The crown, which is 34.5 cms high and has a circumference of 52 cms, weighs 2.8 kilos and is made of 18-22 carat gold. The jewels, totalling 450 emeralds, are distributed between the headband and diadem. The biggest is the Atalhualpa emerald, a rectangular stone measuring 15.8 by 16.5mms.")''</ref>

==History==
Various tales circulate about its construction and origin. According to the most common report it was made in the 1590s in thanksgiving for Popayán being spared an outbreak of [[smallpox]] devastating the region, and includes emeralds taken from the captured [[Inca]] Emperor [[Atahualpa]]: Christopher Hartop however, a jewellery expert who examined the crown during a proposed sale at the auctioneer Christie’s in New York in 1995, suggested then it was a composite piece, parts of which were probably made at different times between the 16th and 18th centuries.<ref>Norman, Geraldine, ‘Crowning Glory of the Andes’ : The Independent on Sunday, 18 June 1995: http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/crowning-glory-of-the-andes-1587131.html</ref> The crown had a long history of use in the Holy Week celebrations in Popayán, until in the early decades of the 20th century papal permission was sought to sell it and dedicate the funds raised to charitable purposes. Permission was given in 1914 but the sellers, the Confraternity of the Immaculate Conception (la Cofradía de la Inmaculada Concepción), did not find a buyer until 1936 when an American syndicate led by Chicago businessman Warren J. Piper purchased it. At the time Mr. Piper said the crown would be broken up and individual jewels sold off, but this did not happen. Instead the crown was exhibited sporadically over the next few decades, notably at Detroit in 1937 when General Motors used it at the unveiling of their new Chevrolet range: 225,000 people are said to have viewed it on that occasion, some 15% of the city's then population. It was also displayed at the New York World's Fair of 1939 and in 1959 at the [[Royal Ontario Museum]].<ref>Norman, Geraldine, ‘Crowning Glory of the Andes’ : The Independent on Sunday, 18 June 1995: http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/crowning-glory-of-the-andes-1587131.html</ref>

The crown was not sold during the 1995 sale and its current owner(s) are not identified. It is believed to be usually kept in New York but is occasionally put on display, most recently in [[Indianapolis]] at an exhibition called 'Sacred Spain: Art and Belief in the Spanish World', held October 2009 - January 3 2010 at the [[Indianapolis Museum of Art]].

It has been suggested that as the crown was made in Popayan from local gold and emeralds and used there continually in religious worship for some three centuries it should be returned to the region where it has most cultural resonance.<ref>Germán Izquierdo Manrique, ‘La Corona de los Andes: La más bella de las coronas religiosas está en USA y debería estar en Colombia’: CiudadViva, Instituto Distrital de Cultura y Turismo, October 2006: http://www.ciudadviva.gov.co/octubre06/periodico/8/index.php</ref> It is not known whether any moves are under way to achieve this.

==Notes==
<references/>

==External links==
* Further details can be found at the [http://www.internetstones.com/crown-of-andes-emerald-studded-crown.html Internet Stones] website

* Indianapolis Museum of Art featured the Crown of the Andes during their 2009 season [http://www.usatoday.com/travel/destinations/2009-12-02-sacred-spain-exhibit-indianapolis_N.htm ''"Sacred Spain: Art and Belief in the Spanish World"'']

* USA Today featured a [http://i.usatoday.net/travel/_photos/2009/12/02/sacredx-large.jpg photographic image] of the display by Darron Cummings, AP

* Intrigue surrounding the baroque jeweled treasure provides material for a work of fiction [http://www.onesacredcrown.com/OneSacredCrown/A_thrilling_novel.html ''One Sacred Crown''] published in 2009 to coincide with the North American exhibition.

[[Category : Crowns]]
[[Category : Jewellery]]

Saint Mary’s College (St. Lucia)

2010-10-05T23:50:30Z

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{{wikify|date=June 2009}}
'''Saint Mary's College''' is an all male Catholic [[secondary school]] located at [[Vigie]], [[Saint Lucia]] in the [[Caribbean]]. The school is the only St. Lucian secondary school to have produced a [[Nobel Prize|Nobel]] Laureate, producing the island's two Nobel laureates: [[Arthur Lewis (economist) | Arthur Lewis]] and [[Derek Walcott]].

== History ==
St. Mary's College was formally opened on 20 April 1890, three weeks after the first lessons had been given in the building. The school opened with a mere 27 boys on role ranging from age 6 years to 15 years in the now Parish Center on Micoud Street, Castries . The first headmaster, Mr. F.E. Bundy, received his training as a teacher at the "St. Mary's College for Teachers," Hammersmith , England. His only assistant at first, was Mr. O'Neil Traynor.

The first days at the college were full of difficulties for the teachers. The number of boys on role, by the end of 1890 had risen to 35. Of that number, a few spoke fluent English, some understood it but couldn't hold a fluent conversation. Others spoke French and the rest patois (French Based Creole). It was really surprising that the Masters were able to do as much as they did then with the material they had. Fights were frequent and broken windows an every day occurrence.

At the end of 1890, the College was in debt to the tune of € 385, over € 90 of which had been incurred since the College opened. To assist in writing off the debt, the F.M.I fathers gave € 75 to the college. A handsome contribution in those days. In 1893, the College began receiving a "Grant-In-Aid" from the Government on the condition that 10 pupils receive science scholarships from elementary schools on the results of an examination.

Until 1985, students never sat any public exams, but this soon changed with the appointment of Mr. H.J. Meagher as headmaster. In December of that year, two students, Cecil and Garnet Garnaway were entered in the Cambridge preliminary local Examination which they sat in Barbados because there was no centre in St. Lucia.

In December of the following year, a Cambridge Local Examination Centre was established at the college. At the end of 1898, the number of boys on roll was 53, the average attendance being 47. At that time the holidays were 6 weeks at Christmas, 2 weeks at midsummer and 2 weeks at Easter. The fees were from 3 to 6 guineas per annum payable in advance. There was also an arrangement by which the younger brother paid less.

Towards the close of 1899, the staff consisted of 5 Mothers. At a Public Meeting in 1903, a resolution was passed that an Advisory Committee be appointed to control the affairs of the College and that Government Grant-In-Aid be raised from € 200 to € 400. The request was granted by the Government and Committee Formed.
Brothers Canice Collins, Macartan Sheehy and Lawrence Reynolds arrived in St. Lucia on Saturday, January 11th 1947, having set out from Avonmouth, England on December 28th 1946 on a 6,000 ton banana boat. They arrived at Port-of Spain, Trinidad, on January 10th 1947 and stayed overnight with the Holy Ghost Fathers, flying on to St. Lucia the following day. On their arrival in Castries they were welcomed by the French F.M.I. Fathers. Fr. Harcourt, who was Rector of St. Mary's College, was particularly glad to see them. They got a hearty welcome also from the Sisters of St. Joseph of Cluny.

St. Mary's College was the only secondary school in St. Lucia at that time. Founded in 1890 the student enrollment in 1947 was 80. The building was dilapidated; its woodwork had not been painted for years, the equipment was scanty and the classroom furniture was in poor condition. The Brothers had little over a week to settle in before the school would reopen after the Christmas vacation. Mr. Herman D. Boxill, who taught at the College for 18 years, was of considerable help in the preparation for the big day. On January 22, Mass was celebrated before a packed audience in the ground floor of the College. Fr. Harcourt introduced the Brothers to the teachers, the students and the general congregation. Br. Canice Collins was installed as Principal.

For the first few months after they arrived in St. Lucia the Brothers lived in the presbytery in Castries, sharing accommodations with the F.M.I. Fathers. In March they moved into what became known as The Brothers' House, 69 Micoud St. This was to be their home for four years, until March 1951.

During the first few years under the Brothers' administration, St. Mary's College saw many changes. Physical structures were improved and many aspects of secondary education were reorganized.

1948-1952:

On June 19th 1948 much of the town of Castries was destroyed by fire. The work and courage displayed by the Brothers, lay staff and students were deeply appreciated by all and recognized officially. A local newspaper at the time referred to the leadership shown by the Brothers and stated that "it is a beacon of hope to the many striving to promote a spirit of initiative and cooperative action in the West Indies.
"At the New Year's Honours of 1949, Br. Canice received the MBE in recognition for his efforts on the night of the Castries fire.

During the next few years the number of students enrolled at St. Mary's College increased rapidly. As a result, the facilities available at the College in Castries became inadequate. Expanding and reconstructing the College on the same site was under consideration,as well as possible relocation to another location.

At the same time, some military buildings dating back to the Anglo-French battles on the island which had housed soldiers of the West Indian Regiment at various times were vacant. One group of buildings was situated on a splendid site on the Vigie Peninsula a few miles from Castries. Though over 150 years old the buildings were in good structural condition and after lengthy negotiations with the authorities, including the War Office in London, an agreement was reached for their purchase. They were completely refurbished and at the end of July 1952 St. Mary's College was transferred to Vigie. By then, student enrollment had increased to 275.

It proved fortunate that a bungalow adjacent to the main building, which had been the Commanding Officers' residence, was also available. In March 1951, a second fire devastated much of what remained of the old Castries, including No. 69 Micoud Street. The Brothers, now a community of five, moved into the bungalow at Vigie and it has continued to be the Brothers' residence ever since.

1953-1957:

With the additional facilities and space available in the new location, new subjects were added to the curriculum and the student population increased to over 300.

In 1953, hostel facilities at Vigie for students from out-lying rural areas were provided. One of the ancillary buildings was adapted and furnished for this purpose. The Hostel, as it came to be called, served a very useful purpose for some 20 years. By 1973 the need was no longer acute and the building was then used to provide extra classroom space for the Sixth Form classes.

In 1955 Br. Canice was transferred to San Fernando, Trinidad on completion of his term of office as Superior and College Principal. Br. Lawrence had previously moved to San Fernando in 1952 therefore, Br. Macartan was appointed Provincial Superior of the West Indies region in succession to Br. Dunstan Curtin, who returned to England. As Br. Macartan also took up residence in San Fernando, all three members of the founding community had left St. Lucia and were living in San Fernando.

In 1957 Br. Canice went to Beaumont, Texas, USA for medical treatment. It was discovered that he would need brain surgery. Unfortunately the operation was unsuccessful and he died on March 20th at the age of 43 years. He is buried in Texas. In a telegram of condolence the Administrator of St. Lucia . J.K.R. Thorpe, CMG, wrote; "We are deeply conscious of the debt owed to him for his splendid and devoted work for this island, and he has an abiding place in our affection."

In 1990, to mark the 100th anniversary of the founding of St. Mary's College, the St. Lucia postal authorities issued a commemorative stamp featuring a portrait of Br. Canice superimposed on a drawing of the college building at Vigie.

From the mid 1950s onwards the number of Brothers coming to the West Indies increased. New foundations were established in Chaguanas, Trinidad and in St. John, Barbados. All this led to more frequent changes in the communities of the region, including the St. Lucia community.

1972:

In 1972 Sir Arthur Lewis (1915 -91) an economist, was awarded the Nobel Prize. He and Theodore W. Schultz of the United States shared the prize for their work on the economic problems of developing nations. Lewis's economic theories emphasise the relationship between traditional agriculture and modern industries in the developing countries.He was a past pupil of St. Mary's College having been a student there in the 1930s. He was the first West Indian to be awarded the Nobel prize.

Twenty years later another past pupil, Derek Walcott, would be similarly honoured.

1974:

In November 1974 an event took place which was greatly to affect the Brothers in St. Lucia, both as a community and in their future relations with St. Mary's College.

The Government introduced a bill establishing a Board of Management for St. Mary's College, replacing the St. Mary's College Advisory Committee. From the terms set out in the bill it was evident that the new Board of Management would have control over College affairs but would not accept responsibility for the College. It also became evident that the ownership of the property by the Brothers was an obstacle to a properly functioning Board as proposed by Government.

After prolonged discussion at community and provincial level, in January 1975 the Brothers formally requested the Archbishop of Castries, Most Rev. Patrick Webster OSB, to take over the ownership of the buildings and property from the Presentation Brothers. (The Brothers retained ownership of their residence and three acres surrounding it.)

The new arrangements for the administration of St. Mary's College, though the subject of various letters of protest in the local press and even of public demonstrations in Castries, came into effect in September 1975. The Presentation Brothers had agreed to remain as members of the College staff ( for which the Government expressed appreciation ) but for the first time since the arrival of the Brothers in 1947 there was a Principal other than a Presentation Brother. This was Fr. T J. Stack who had previously taught at the College as a Presentation Brother before being ordained priest for the Archdiocese of Castries.

The patronal feast of the College is still Presentation Day, November 21st, and admiration of the work done by the Brothers for the College and for education generally has been expressed publicly on numerous occasions. During the College Speech Day on November 21, 1976, His Excellency the Governor, Sir Allen Lewis QC, a leading member of the Anglican community in St. Lucia, a past student of St. Mary's and brother of Nobel Prize winner Sir Arthur Lewis, said: "The advent of the Presentation Brothers in 1947 marked a turning point in the management and growth of St. Mary's College. Their breadth of vision, their concern for the welfare of the community, their administrative ability, scholarship and devotion to duty and to the welfare of their students have brought great benefits to St. Lucia. I should like to take this opportunity to express publicly the appreciation and gratitude of the people of St. Lucia for the work the Brothers have done and continue to do among us."

1979:

St. Lucia became an independent nation, having been ruled by Britain since 1814. The Prime Minister with a cabinet of 10 ministers forms the Government. The 17 member House of Assembly and the 11 member Senate pass the nation's laws. The members of the House are elected by the people and government leaders appoint the Senate members.

1977 -1991:

In 1977 the St. Lucia community was reduced to two Brothers, Br. Cyril O'Sullivan who taught at the College and Br. Macartan. Br. Macartan had been awarded the MBE at the Queen's Birthday Honours of June 1974 in recognition of his work and that of the Brothers for education in St. Lucia. Though now retired from teaching he continued to assist at the Ministry of Education with the organizing of the Cambridge Overseas Examinations

Br. Macartan's health began to fail and in September 1979 it was obvious he was seriously ill. He went to Barbados for medical treatment and he died at St. Joseph's Hospital on September 22. His remains were brought back to St. Lucia and after Requiem Mass celebrated by Bishop Guilly his funeral to the Riverside Cemetery was an indication of the very high esteem in which he was held by the people of Castries and St. Lucia.

For quite a number of year's after Br. Macartan's death Br. Cyril was the only Brother in St. Lucia. Br. Martin Walsh from Canada was a regular visitor during the winter months. During the early '80s the community increased to two and then three and by 1989 there were four and in 1990 five.

In 1991 the Community experienced another great loss. On July 22 of that year Br. Ligouri O'Mahony died during his sleep at the comparatively young age of 64. He had spent 37 years in the West Indies and was the last Presentation Brother to be Principal of St. Mary's College. Br. Ligouri is buried in St. Lucia.

1992:

In 1992 Derek Walcott, who had been one of the senior form pupils at St. Mary's when the Brothers arrived, was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature. Derek became a member of the teaching staff when he graduated at St. Mary's- he is seen at the right of the back row in this photograph. A poet and playwright, his work explores such themes as the Caribbean experience from slavery to independence and the nature of the Caribbean's post-colonial identity, influenced by many cultures and traditions.

Twenty years earlier another past pupil, Sir Arthur Lewis had also been a Nobel Prize winner.

1993 : CARE - a new apostolate.

In March 1993 Br. Dominic Brunnock joined the St. Lucia community. He had been working in Trinidad with the SERVOL programme from 1989 to 1993. SERVOL caters for the needs of disadvantaged teenagers, especially early school leavers.

Today St.Mary's College is recognised as St.Luci's top secondary school performing well in all aspects of school life on the island. As of 2009 the school placed a close second to St.Joseph's Convent in the [[Caribbean Examination Council]] Exams
==S.M.C. School Anthem==

Step together, play the game
thus will bring St. Mary's Fame
Unity will make us strong, love will guide our steps along
Love indeed our lives will frame, Love for god
Which cares not whether, foes smite, left, right;
We Samarians work together
Steady boys and step together.

In the past we've made our name,
St. Lucia's Sterling sons proclaim.
That St. Mary's taught them well, each his debt to it can tell.
Now we'll fan still more the flame, of our past
And reck' not whether, foes smite, left right
We samarians work together
Steady boys and step together.

Step together, fight as one
Seek no rest till you have done,
For St. Mary's all you can prove your worth and be a man;
Thus will all unite and shun,
Cowardly deeds and reck' not whether
Foes smite, left right
All Samarians work together,
Steady boys and step together.

{{coord missing|Saint Lucia}}

[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1890]]
[[Category:Schools in Saint Lucia]]

Saint Mary’s College (St. Lucia)

2010-10-05T00:50:40Z

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Spinal Lock (Kampfsport)

2010-10-01T06:00:16Z

DASHBotAV: Reverting edits identified as vandalism. (settings/false-positives)

{{Context|date=October 2009}}
{{Infobox Grappling hold
|name = Spinal lock
|image = Neck_crank.jpg
|image_size = 220px
|alt =
|caption = A grappler applies a lock to his opponent's neck
|aka = Neck crank
|parent_style =
|classification = [[Joint-lock]]
|parent_hold =
|child_holds =
}}
A '''Spinal lock''' is a multiple [[joint lock]] applied to the [[spinal column]], which is performed by forcing the spine beyond its normal ranges of motion. This is typically done by bending or twisting the head or upper body into abnormal positions. Commonly, spinal locks might [[Strain (injury)|strain]] the [[Vertebral column|spinal]] [[muscle|musculature]] or result in a mild spinal [[sprain]], while a forcefully and/or suddenly applied spinal lock may cause severe [[ligament]] damage or damage to the [[vertebrae]], and possibly result in serious [[spinal cord injury]], [[stroke]]s, or death.

Spinal locks can be separated into two categories based on their primary area of effect on the spinal column: spinal locks on the neck are called '''neck cranks''' and locks on the lower parts of the spine are called '''spine cranks'''.

Primarily a feature of some [[martial art]]s and [[wrestling]], a 2007 news article reported the dangerous use of spinal locks in Australia's [[National Rugby League]].<ref>http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/wrestling-guru-necks-will-be-snapped/story-e6frg7n6-1111114210130</ref>

==Neck crank==
A '''neck crank''' (sometimes also referred to as a '''neck lock''', and technically known as a '''cervical lock''') is a spinal lock applied to the [[neck#Anatomy of the human neck|cervical spine]] causing hyperextension, hyperflexion, lateral hyperflexion, hyperrotation or extension-distraction, either through bending, twisting or elongating. A neck crank is typically applied by pulling or twisting the head beyond its normal ranges of rotation. Neck cranks are included techniques in several martial arts such as [[Brazilian jiu-jitsu]] and [[Judo]], but are usually banned from sports competitions, with notable exceptions in combat sports such as [[submission wrestling]] and [[mixed martial arts]], where they are used as [[grappling hold#Submission hold|submission holds]] or as a guard passing technique.
===Can opener===
The '''can opener''' (in Judo referred to as ''kubi-hishigi'') is a hyperflexing neck crank that can be applied from the opponent's [[guard (grappling)|guard]] or from a [[mount (grappling)|mounted position]], by grabbing the opponent's head using the hands, and forcing it towards the chest of the opponent. In competitions (where allowed) it is usually used as a taunting or distracting move, but if applied effectively in a competition, it may force the opponent to [[submission (combat sport term)|submit]].

This may also refer to a type of neck compression employed from a rear mount position in which the back of the thumbs are used to drive into the neck starting from the high trapezius muscle toward the sternocleidomastoid muscles, causing severe discomfort, and even submission. As of 2006, this is permitted in shiai as long as the judoka's thumbs remain straight, and not bent. Its most common uses are to open up an opponent's chin for shime-waza or as a diversionary tactic.

===Cattle catch===
The '''cattle catch''' (also referred to as '''reverse crucifix''', '''iron cross''' or '''stocks''') is a hyperflexing neck crank involving trapping the opponent's hands and forcing the head towards his or her chest. The technique is performed with the opponent lying on his or her back, and the combatant performing the neck crank perpendicularly face-down in a [[side mount]] position above the head of the opponent, with the opponent's head resting towards his armpit. The combatant traps one arm using the legs, and the other using the arms. By using the pinned arms and legs as a point of leverage, the combatant can forcefully crank the head towards the opponent's chest.

===Crucifix neck crank===
The '''crucifix neck crank''' is similar to the cattle catch, but involves the combatant performing the neck crank being mounted on the opponent. Both of the opponent's arms are controlled, and the opponent's head is held in the armpit. By cranking the body upwards while keeping a tight hold on the opponents arms, the opponents head is forced towards his or her chest.

Both the cattle catch and the crucifix neck crank are colloquially referred to simply as the '''crucifix''', which often leads to confusion with the traditional [[crucifix position]].

===Twister===
The '''twister''' (a similar move in [[wrestling]] is known as a '''guillotine''') is a sideways body bend and neck crank, which involves forcing the head towards the shoulder while controlling the body, hence causing lateral hyperflexion of the [[neck#Anatomy of the human neck|cervical spine]]. The technique involves tension in several bodyparts, and depending on the [[flexibility (anatomy)|flexibility]] of the recipient, can also involve pain in the [[knee]]s, [[abdominals]] and [[torso]]. The twister is often confused as being a [[#Spine crank|spine crank]] since it involves a degree of lateral non-cervical spinal flexion. The main pressure is however on the cervical spine, hence making it a [[#Neck crank|neck crank]]. It is performed from a back mount single vine ride position, where the top man has one "hook" threaded through the bottom man's legs and secured behind the ankle. The top man then pulls the bottom man's opposite arm behind his own head and grabs hold of his opponent's head, pulling it down to his shoulder.popularized by [[Eddie Bravo]] and the 10th planet jiu jitsu system. <ref>Cunliffe, Joseph. [http://www.onzuka.com/news_2003April3.html On the road to the 2003 Abu Dhabi Championships with Eddie “The Twister” Bravo]. ''www.onzuka.com''. URL last accessed January 7, 2006.</ref>

==Spine crank==
A '''spine crank''' (the term '''spine lock''' is also often used to refer exclusively to this type) is a spinal lock that affects the [[thoracic]] and/or [[lumbar]] regions of the spinal column. A spine crank is applied by twisting or bending the upper body beyond its normal ranges of motion, causing hyperextension, hyperflexion, or hyperrotation of the spine. In [[martial arts]], spine cranks are generally rarer techniques than [[#Neck crank|neck cranks]] because they are more difficult to apply. Twisting or bending the upper body to apply pressure to the spinal column requires large amounts of leverage compared to twisting or bending the head.

One of the most well known spine cranks is the [[boston crab]], which is usually depicted in [[pro-wrestling]] context. Similarly to neck cranks, spine cranks are illegal techniques in most [[combat sport]]s, excluding some submission wrestling and mixed martial arts competitions, where they are used as submission holds. Even if allowed, spine cranks are very rarely featured because of the difficulty of applying them.

==See also==
* [[Armlock]]
* [[Leglock]]
* [[Small joint manipulation]]
* [[Wristlock]]

==References==
{{No footnotes|date=February 2008}}
====Main references====
<div class="references-small">
* Bernard, Thomas. [http://www.hughston.com/hha/a_14_1_1.htm Cervical Spine Injuries in Olympic Athletes]. ''www.hughston.com''. URL last accessed February 8, 2006.
* Gracie Barra Tampa. [http://www.tampabjj.com/2005/11/18/cattle-catch/ Cattle Catch], [http://www.tampabjj.com/2005/11/17/a-confusion-of-crucifixes/ A Confusion of Crucifixes]. ''www.tampabjj.com''. URL's last accessed January 7, 2006.
* Kawaishi, Mikunosuke. [http://judoinfo.com/kubiwaza.htm Judo dislocation necklocks]. ''judoinfo.com''. URL last accessed January 7, 2006.
* Radebold, Andrea. [http://www.emedicine.com/SPORTS/topic69.htm Lumbosacral Spine Sprain/Strain Injuries]. ''www.emedicine.com''. URL last accessed January 7, 2006.
* Riccaldi, Alain. [http://www.fightordie.it/articolo_171.html Catch Wrestling: Boston Crab & Half-Boston Crab]. ''www.fightordie.it''. URL last accessed February 5, 2006. (In Italian)
* Wieder, Brian. [http://thecni.org/reviews/11-1-p03-wieder.htm Cervical Spine Injury in Athletes]. ''thecni.org''. URL last accessed February 8, 2006.
</div>
====Other references====
{{reflist|2}}


==External links==
* [http://www.lockflow.com/article_view.php?id=57 Figure 4 Neck Crank]. Extension-distraction of the neck.
* [http://www.lockflow.com/article_view.php?id=56 Neck Extension]. Hyperextension of the neck.
* [http://www.lockflow.com/article_view.php?id=491 Neck Crank from All Fours]. Hyperextension and hyperrotation of the neck.
* [http://www.bjj.com.au/eddie_bravo_twister.html Eddie "Twister" Bravo: Outside of the Box]. Image series showing how the twister is applied from the [[side mount]].
* [http://www.lockflow.com/article_view.php?id=533 Twister from Head & Arm ]. Image series showing how the twister is applied when escaping from a [[sidecontrol#Kesa-gatame|scarf hold]].

{{grappling}}
[[Category:Grappling positions]]
[[Category:Joint locks]]

Muluchiya

2010-09-25T15:55:37Z

DASHBotAV: Reverting edits identified as vandalism. (settings/false-positives)

[[Image:Mulukhiyah.jpg|250px|right|thumb|Syrian Style Mulukhiyah with Chicken]]

'''Mulukhiyah''', '''molokhia''', '''mulukhiyya''', '''malukhiyah''', '''nalita''', or '''Jew’s mallow''' ({{lang-ar|<big>ملوخية</big>}}) is the leaves of [[jute]] and related [[Corchorus]] species used as a [[vegetable]] in [[Middle Eastern cuisine|Middle Eastern]], [[East African cuisine|East African]], [[North African cuisine|North African]], and [[South Asian cuisine|South Asian]] cuisine. ''Mulukhiyyah'' is rather bitter, and when boiled, the resulting liquid is a thick, highly [[mucilage]]inous broth; it is often described as "slimy," rather like cooked [[okra]]. ''Mulukhiyyah'' is generally eaten cooked, not raw, and is most frequently turned into a kind of [[soup]] or [[stew]], typically bearing the same name as the vegetable in the local language.

==Use in cuisine==
Where the practice of making a soup out of jute leaves originated is not entirely clear, but folk wisdom in the region holds that the dish's origins lie in [[Egypt]], where the dish is most popular today. The method of making the ''mulukhiyyah'' varies from region to region.

===Egyptian cuisine===
As used in [[Egyptian cuisine]], ''mulukhiyyah'' is prepared by removing the central spine from the leaves, and then chopping the leaves finely with [[garlic]] and [[coriander]]. On certain occasions and in wealthier households, the dish generally includes some sort of [[meat]]; in Egypt this is usually [[chicken]], but [[rabbit]] is preferred when it is available. The resulting soup is then served over [[rice]].

''Mulukhiyyah'' seems to have been known in [[Ancient Egyptian cuisine]], although the details are not clear.

Many [[Egyptians]] consider ''Malukhiyah'' to be the national dish along with [[ful medames]] and [[kushari]].

For reasons that remain unclear, the dish was banned by the [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimid]] [[Caliph]] [[Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah]] sometime during his reign (996-1021 CE). While the ban was eventually lifted after the end of his reign, the [[Druze]], who hold Al-Hakim in high regard and give him quasi-divine authority, continue to respect the ban, and do not eat ''mulukhiyah'' of any kind to this day.

===Tunisian cuisine===
In [[Tunisia]], the dish is generally prepared in much the same fashion as in Egypt except it is often cooked for a much lengthier period, sometimes overnight to produce a thicker consistency. However, [[red meat]]s, such as [[beef]] or [[lamb and mutton|lamb]], are more common in [[Tunisian cuisine|Tunisian]] ''Mloukhiya''.

===Levantine cuisine===
[[Levantine cuisine]] differs from the remaining style in that the leaves are generally used whole, lending a different texture to the dish. Within the region, it appears to be most popular in [[Syria]].

===West African cuisines===
The leaf is a common food in many tropical [[West African cuisine|West African countries]]. It is believed that the "drip tips" on the leaves serve to shed excess water from the leaf from the heavy rains in the tropics. It is called Kren-Kre in Sierra Leone, and is eaten in a palm oil sauce served with rice or cassava fufu, or is steamed and mixed into rice just before eating a non-palm oil sauce. In some West African Countries, when cooked into a palm oil stew, it is commonly known as "Palava" Sauce.

==Nutrition==
The leaves are rich in [[betacarotene]], [[iron]], [[calcium]], and [[Vitamin C]]. The plant has an [[antioxidant]] activity with a significant [[α-tocopherol]] equivalent [[Vitamin E]].

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* "Corchorus olitorius", ''New Crop Resource Online Program'', Center for New Crops & Plant Products, Purdue University [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Corchorus_olitorius.html]

== External links ==
* http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/womanshour/food/recipe7.shtml
*[http://dirtykitchensecrets.com/mloukhieh/ Egyptian Recipe]

[[Category:Arab cuisine]]
[[Category:Mediterranean cuisine]]
[[Category:Middle Eastern cuisine]]
[[Category:Tunisian cuisine]]
[[Category:Levantine cuisine]]
[[Category:Syrian cuisine]]
[[Category:Palestinian cuisine]]
[[Category:Egyptian cuisine]]
[[Category:Grewioideae]]
[[Category:Leaf vegetables]]
[[Category:Fiber plants]]

[[Category:National dishes]]
[[Category:Jute]]

[[fr:Mloukhiya]]
[[he:מלוח'יה]]
[[ja:シマツナソ]]
[[de:Langkapselige Jute]]