Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Biphobie

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{{Discrimination sidebar}}
{{Refimprove|date=April 2010}}

'''Biphobia''' is a term used to describe [[aversion]] felt toward [[bisexuality]] and bisexuals as a [[social group]] or as individuals. People of any [[sexual orientation]] can experience such feelings of aversion. A source of [[discrimination]] against bisexuals, biphobia is based on negative bisexual [[stereotype]]s and [[bisexual erasure]].

== Etymology and use ==
'''''Biphobia''''' is a [[portmanteau]] word patterned on the term ''[[homophobia]]''. It is derived from the English [[English prefixes#Neo-classical|neo-classical prefix]] ''bi-'' (meaning "two") from '''''bi'''sexual'' and the root ''-phobia'' (from the {{lang-el|φόβος}}, ''phóbos'', "fear") found in ''homo'''phobia'''''. Along with ''[[transphobia]]'', ''[[homophobia]]'' and '''''biphobia''''' are members of the family of terms used when [[Toleration|intolerance]] and [[discrimination]] is directed toward [[LGBT]] people. Note that ''biphobia'' need not be an equivalent to the clinical or medical meaning of a [[phobia]] – an [[anxiety disorder]]. Instead, its meaning and use typically parallel those of ''[[xenophobia]]''. The [[Adjective|adjectival]] form ''biphobic'' is used to describe things or qualities related to biphobia whereas the noun ''biphobe'' is a label for people thought to harbor biphobia.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Eliason, MJ|title=The prevalence and nature of biphobia in heterosexual undergraduate students|journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior|volume=26|issue=3|year=1997|pages=317–26|pmid=9146816|doi=10.1023/A:1024527032040}}</ref>

== Basic ideas and their negative stereotypes ==

While biphobia and homophobia are distinct phenomenons, they do share some traits: attraction to one's own gender being a part of bisexuality, the [[Heterosexism|heterosexist]] view of heterosexuality as the only “proper” attraction or lifestyle apply to bisexual people as well as to gay people. However, bisexuals are also stigmatized in other ways: two classifications of negative stereotypes about them center on the belief that bisexuality does not exist and on the generalization that bisexuals are promiscuous.

=== Denialism ===

The belief that bisexuality does not exist stems from [[Binary thinking|binary]] views of sexuality, that is to say that people are assumed to be exclusively homosexual ([[gay]]/[[lesbian]]) or exclusively heterosexual (straight), which means that so called bisexuals are either [[The closet|closeted]] homosexual people who wish to appear heterosexual,<ref>Michael Musto, April 7, 2009. [http://blogs.villagevoice.com/dailymusto/archives/2009/04/ever_meet_a_rea.php Ever Meet a Real Bisexual?], ''The Village Voice''</ref> heterosexuals who are experimenting with their sexuality,<ref name="bisexual erasure">{{cite journal |last=Yoshino |first=Kenji |authorlink=Kenji Yoshino |title=The Epistemic Contract of Bisexual Erasure |journal=[[Stanford Law Review]] |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=353–461 |publisher=[[Stanford Law School]] |date=January 2000 |url=http://www.kenjiyoshino.com/articles/epistemiccontract.pdf |doi=10.2307/1229482 |jstor=1229482 }}</ref><ref name="gold star">{{cite web|title=Why Do Lesbians Hate Bisexuals?|publisher=lesbilicious.co.uk|date=April 11, 2008|accessdate=March 26, 2011|url=http://www.lesbilicious.co.uk/community/why-do-lesbians-hate-bisexuals/}}</ref><ref name="bisexual workers">{{cite web|first=Jessica|last=Geen|title=Bisexual workers 'excluded by lesbian and gay colleagues'|date=October 28, 2009|accessdate=March 26, 2011|url=http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2009/10/28/bisexual-workers-excluded-by-lesbian-and-gay-colleagues}}</ref> and cannot be bisexual unless they are equally attracted to both sexes.<ref name="Dworkin">{{cite journal |author=Dworkin, SH |title=Treating the bisexual client|journal=Journal of Clinical Psychology|volume=57|issue=5|year=2001|pages=671–80 | pmid=11304706 |doi=10.1002/jclp.1036}}</ref> [[Aphorism|Maxims]], such as ''People are either gay, straight or lying'', embody this [[dichotomous]] view of sexual orientations.<ref name="Dworkin"/>

Resulting negative stereotypes represent bisexuals as confused, undecided, dabblers, insecure, experimenting or "just going through a phase".<ref>[http://www.bisexualindex.org.uk/index.php/Main/ItsJustAPhase "It's Just A Phase" Is Just A Phrase], The Bisexual Index</ref> Attractions toward both sexes are considered fashionable as in "[[bisexual chic]]" or [[gender bending]]. Either homosexual or heterosexual relations are dismissed as a substitute for sex with members of the "right" sex or as a more accessible source of [[sexual gratification]]. What’s more, homosexuality can also be perceived as purely situational, in other words due to [[Sex segregation|sex-segregated]] environments or groups such as the armed forces, schools, sports teams, religious orders, and [[prison sexuality|prisons]]. Conversely, heterosexuality and opposite-sex relationships are viewed as "caving in to" society’s pressures, fostering oppressions, condoning discrimination, keeping up appearances, retaining [[Heteronormativity|straight privilege]], hiding in [[Closeted|the closet]], being self-hating or in [[self-denial]], suffering from [[internalized homophobia]], etc.

=== Promiscuity ===

Categorizing all bisexuals as being promiscuous is a [[hasty generalization]]. Moreover, having more than one sexual partner in one’s lifetime, in addition to being commonplace in the world, is not restricted to bisexuals. People of any sexual orientation can change partners, practice [[serial monogamy]] or have multiple casual sex partners. The fact that bisexuals are potentially sexually attracted to both men and women does not imply that they must simultaneously engage in sexual relationships with both men and women to be satisfied, any more than the ability of a heterosexual or homosexual person to be attracted to multiple persons of their preferred gender means they cannot be satisfied in a monogamous relationship. The strict association of bisexuality with promiscuity stems from a variety of negative stereotypes targeting bisexuals as mentally or socially unstable people convinced that sexual relations only with men, only with women or only with one person is not enough. As a result bisexuals bear a [[Stigma (sociological theory)|social stigma]] from accusations of cheating on or betraying their partners, leading a [[double life]], being "on the [[Down-low (sexual slang)|down-low]]", and spreading [[sexually transmitted disease]]s such as [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]]. They are characterized as being "slutty", insatiable, “easy”, indiscriminate, and in the case of women, [[nymphomaniac]]s. Furthermore, they are strongly associated with [[polyamory]], [[swinging]], and [[polygamy]],<ref>[http://www.glaad.org/programs/cim/birepresentations.php GLAAD: Cultural Interest Media] {{Wayback |url=http://www.glaad.org/programs/cim/birepresentations.php |date=20060419203924 |bot=H3llBot}}</ref> the last being an established heterosexual tradition sanctioned by some religions and legal in several countries.

== Current issues of debate ==

Apparently validating the above belief and generalization and their related stereotypes are current issues of debate connected to identity and human sexuality in general.

# The [[nature versus nurture]] debate over homosexuality complicates matters. Supporting a polar view of sexual orientations, discussion here revolves around possible causes for a homosexual orientation and not a heterosexual or bisexual one. ''See separate articles on [[Kinsey scale]] and [[Klein Sexual Orientation Grid]]''
# In line with the nurture side of the previous debate is [[Sigmund Freud]]’s term for sexual disposition and gratification in the first five years of a child’s development: the [[polymorphous perverse]]. This theory is misinterpreted as meaning that all people are (born) bisexual,<ref>[http://www.biresource.org/pamphlets/myths.pdf Myths About Bisexuality] (PDF pamphlet from Bisexual Resource Center) {{dead link|date=September 2010}}</ref> that [[socialization]] is the key factor in determining whether people will be heterosexual or homosexual, or that people eventually choose their sexual orientation toward one or the other sex, but not both.
# People do not always choose to identify themselves strictly according to their sexual orientation. Just as someone can feel pressured not to disclose his or her homosexual orientation and claim heterosexuality, so too can a person claim bisexuality. Mainly out of oppression from negative bisexual stereotypes, the reverse is true for some bisexual people choosing to identify or state that they are straight, gay or lesbian depending on company and the situation.
# The concept of bisexuality may not exist in a given culture or may be encompassed by [[transgender]] identities as in some [[indigenous culture]]s such as those of [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]], [[Aboriginal peoples in Canada]] or the [[Zapotec civilization|Zapotec]] in [[Oaxaca]], [[Mexico]].
# Having sexual relations with people of the same as well as different genders is perceived as a direct indication of a person’s sexual attractions and, hence, a bisexual orientation. This perception explains how the [[Kinsey Scale]] is used to label sexual orientation despite its original design and use to explain a person’s sexual history or past. Moreover, in many parts of the world, gay men and lesbian women still lead so-called straight [[lifestyle (sociology)|lifestyles]]. The reasons cited are discrimination, internalized homophobia, strong personal or religious beliefs about the family, and a lack of information on and visibility of same-sex relations and sexuality.
# Regardless of their actual sexual orientation it is sometimes assumed by those not in the industry that all [[sex workers]] or [[actors]]/[[actresses]] opt to participate in [[homosexual]] sex scenes only as part of their jobs. Confusing fantasy and [[acting]] with reality, this has been dubbed “[[gay-for-pay]]”, this myth has been used to create further confusion and reinforce biphobia.

== Bisexual erasure ==
{{Main|Bisexual erasure}}
Bisexual erasure is the tendency to ignore, remove, falsify, or reexplain evidence of bisexuality in the [[History|historical record]], [[Academic|academic materials]], the [[news media]], and other [[primary sources]].<ref>[http://queersunited.blogspot.com/2008/05/word-of-gay-bisexual-erasure.html Word Of The Gay: BisexualErasure] May 16, 2008 "Queers United"</ref><ref>[http://ronsuresha.com/?p=1018 The B Word] Suresha, Ron. "The B Word," Options (Rhode Island), November 2004</ref>
When bisexual erasure is found in intellectually dishonest or erroneous works, it has been called a manifestation of biphobia.<ref>[http://www.biwriters.org/MediaResources/glossaryI.htm Bisexual erasure] Bi Writers Media Guide: Glossary</ref> In its most extreme form, bisexual erasure can include denying that bisexual people actually exist.<ref name="media erasure">{{cite journal |last=Hutchins |first=Loraine |authorlink=Loraine Hutchins |title=Sexual Prejudice: The erasure of bisexuals in academia and the media |journal=[[American Sexuality magazine]] |volume=3 |issue=4 |publisher=[[National Sexuality Resource Center]] |year=2005 |url=http://nsrc.sfsu.edu/MagArticle.cfm?Article=475&PageID=0 }}</ref>

== Monosexism ==
Monosexism is a term used to refer to beliefs, structures, and actions that promote [[monosexuality]] (either exclusive heterosexuality and/or homosexuality) as the only legitimate or right sexual orientation, excluding bisexual, [[pansexual]], or polysexual orientations.<ref name="Highleyman">Highleyman, Liz (1995). [http://www.black-rose.com/articles-liz/bipol.html "Identities and Ideas: Strategies for Bisexuals"], from the anthology ''Bisexual Politics: Theories, Queries, and Visions''. Haworth Press. ''Black Rose Web Pages''.</ref><ref name="rust">[[Paula Rodriguez Rust|Rust, Paula C Rodriguez]] (2002). [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3778/is_200201/ai_n9069533/pg_18 "Bisexuality: The state of the union, Annual Review of Sex Research, 2002"], ''BNET''. {{dead link|date=September 2010}}</ref> The term may be considered analogous to [[heterosexism]].<ref name="rust"/>

Liz Highleyman, author of several [[queer studies]] works, has claimed that bisexuals cannot address monosexism inside the context of a wider lesbian/gay/bisexual movement.<ref name="Highleyman"/>

== Controversial studies ==

A 2002 study said that a sample of men self-identifying as bisexual did not respond equally to pornographic material involving only men, and to pornography involving only women, but instead showed four times more arousal to one than the other. However, bisexuality does not imply equal attraction towards both genders. In addition, opponents state that genital arousal to homosexual pornographic material is not a good indicator of orientation both because the material is chosen by the researchers, ignoring the study participants' preferences (i.e. body types, looks, scenarios, particular fetishes, presentation of relationships, etc.), and because tumescence is problematic as an indicator of arousal (some tumescence may be caused or prevented by anxiety, and erectile dysfunction should be considered before such studies commence). They also point out that the study showed a third of men had no arousal, and ask why this does not mean that one third of men are really [[asexual]].<ref>[http://www.thetaskforce.org/media/NYTBiArt/LettersFromTheCommunity.cfm]{{Dead link|date=March 2008|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> The study, and ''[[The New York Times]]'' article which reported it in 2005,<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/05/health/05sex.html Straight, Gay or Lying? Bisexuality Revisited] New York Times, July 5, 2005.</ref> were subsequently criticized as flawed and biphobic.<ref>[http://zzz.pridesource.com/article.shtml?article=15015 PrideSource: Bisexual study, New York Times article cause furor]</ref><ref>http://main.bisexual.com/forum/showthread.php?t=3799 "Gay Straight or Lying? Bisexuality Revisited," Revisited – Part 1 by [[William Burleson]] June 26, 2007</ref> [[Lynn Conway]] criticized the author of the study, [[J. Michael Bailey]], citing his controversial history, and pointing out that the study has not been scientifically repeated and confirmed by any independent researchers.<ref>[http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/TS/Bailey/Bisexuality/Bisexuality-NYT%207-05-05.html "Straight, Gay or Lying? Bisexuality Revisted" J. Michael Bailey attacks the identities of bisexual men]</ref>

In 2011, a new article published in ''The New York Times'', mentioned a new study elaborated by Jerome Cerny and Erick Janssen showing evidence of bisexuality in men and therefore contradicting Bailey's study.<ref> {{cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/23/health/23bisexual.html | work=The New York Times | first=David | last=Tuller | title=No Surprise for Bisexual Men: Report Indicates They Exist | date=August 22, 2011}}</ref> However, the methods used in both studies have been highly criticized because of the aforementioned reasons.

== See also ==
{{Portal|LGBT}}

* [[Bisexual chic]]
* [[Bisexual Community]]
* [[Bisexual erasure]]
* [[Duclod Man]]
* [[Heteronormativity]]
* [[Heterosexism]]
* [[Homophobia]]
* [[Lesbian until graduation]]
* [[List of media portrayals of bisexuality]]
* [[List of phobias]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Additional Resources for the Bisexual Community ==

'''Civil Rights Organizations'''

[http://www.binetusa.org BinetUSA](USA)

[http://www.bialogue.org Political Activist Group] (USA)

'''Links'''

[http://bisexuality.wikia.com/wiki/Bisexuality_Wiki Bisexuality Wiki]

'''Magazines'''

[http://www.bimagazine.org Bi Magazine] (USA)

[http://www.bicommunitynews.co.uk Bi Community News] (UK)

[http://www.bisocialnews.com BiSocial News] (USA)

[http://community.livejournal.com/lnbi_berichten Bi News Magazine] (Netherlands)

[http://www.thefence.ca The Fence] (Canada)

[http://biwomenboston.org Bi Women Boston] (USA)

'''Groups'''

[http://www.binetusa.org/Pages/network.html List of USA Bisexual Groups]

[http://www.bisexualindex.org.uk UK Bisexual Groups]

[http://www.lnbi.nl/joomla/index.php Netherlands Bisexual Groups]

[http://www.binetcanada.ca Binet Canada]

[http://www.torontobinet.org Toronto Bisexual Network]

[http://www.opcionbi.com Mexico Bisexual Network]

'''Books'''

Bi Any Other Name : Bisexual People Speak Out by [[Loraine Hutchins]], Editor & [[Lani Ka'ahumanu]], Editor ISBN 978-1-55583-174-5

Getting Bi : Voices of Bisexuals Around the World by [[Robyn Ochs]], Editor & Sarah Rowley, Editor ISBN 978-0-9653881-4-6

The Bisexual Option by [[Fritz Klein]], MD ISBN 978-1-56023-033-5

Bi America : Myths, Truths, And Struggles Of An Invisible Community by [[William E. Burleson]] ISBN 978-1-56023-478-4

Bisexuality in the United States : A Social Science Reader by [[Paula C. Rodriguez Rust]], Editor ISBN 978-0-231-10226-1

Bisexuality : The Psychology and Politics of an Invisible Minority by [[Beth A. Firestein]], Editor ISBN 978-0-8039-7274-2

Current Research on Bisexuality by [[Ronald C. Fox]] PhD, Editor ISBN 978-1-56023-288-5

== Further reading ==
* [[Marjorie Garber|Garber, Marjorie]] (1995). ''Bisexuality and the Eroticism of Everyday Life'', pp. 20–21, 28, 39.
* [[Mariam Fraser|Fraser, M.]], ''Identity Without Selfhood: Simone de Beauvoir and Bisexuality'', Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press 1999. p. 124–140.

== External links ==
* [http://www.bialogue.org/Pages/InfoPackets/MentalHealth.html Bialogue/GLAAD Bisexuality Packet for Mental Health Professionals]
* [http://www.advocate.com/exclusive_detail_ektid49066.asp Fairy Tales], by Job Brother in [[The Advocate]] September 21, 2007
* [http://marksimpson.com/pages/journalism/curiouser.html Curiouser and curiouser] by [[Mark Simpson (journalist)|Mark Simpson]]
* [http://out.ucr.edu/pdf/BiBasics.pdf Bisexuality Basics, UC Riverside LGBT Resource Center, Riverside, CA]

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[[Category:Discrimination]]
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[[Category:Phobias]]
[[Category:Sexual and gender prejudices]]
[[Category:LGBT terms]]
[[Category:Sexual orientation and society]]

[[ca:Bifòbia]]
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[[zh:雙性戀恐懼症]]

Unsichtbarkeit von Bisexualität

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[[Image:Bi flag.svg|thumb|Bisexual pride flag]]

{{Bisexuality topics sidebar}}'''Bisexual erasure''' is the tendency to ignore, remove, falsify, or reexplain evidence of [[bisexuality]] in [[History|historical records]], [[Academic|academic materials]], the [[news media]], and other [[primary sources]].<ref>[http://queersunited.blogspot.com/2008/05/word-of-gay-bisexual-erasure.html Word Of The Gay: BisexualErasure] [[May 16]], [[2008]] "Queers United"</ref><ref>[http://ronsuresha.com/?p=1018 The B Word] Suresha, Ron. "The B Word," Options (Rhode Island), November 2004</ref>

In its most extreme form, bisexual erasure can include denying that bisexuality exists.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hutchins |first=Loraine |authorlink=Loraine Hutchins |title=Sexual Prejudice: The erasure of bisexuals in academia and the media |journal=[[American Sexuality magazine]] |volume=3 |issue=4 |publisher=[[National Sexuality Resource Center]] |date=2005 |url=http://nsrc.sfsu.edu/MagArticle.cfm?Article=475&PageID=0 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://nsrc.sfsu.edu/MagArticle.cfm?Article=475&PageID=0 | title = Sexual Prejudice - The erasure of bisexuals in academia and the media | accessdate = 2007-07-19 | author = Loraine Hutchins | last = Hutchins | first = Loraine | authorlink = Loraine Hutchins | work = American Sexuality Magazine | publisher = National Sexuality Resource Center, San Francisco State University | location = San Francisco, CA 94103, United States | archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071216065035/http://nsrc.sfsu.edu/MagArticle.cfm?Article=475&PageID=0 | archivedate = 2007-12-16}}</ref>

However, there is also increasing support, inclusion, and visibility in both communities, especially in the [[LGBT]] community.<ref name="Queers United">{{cite web |url=http://queersunited.blogspot.com/ |title=Queers United }}</ref><ref name="the task force">{{cite web |url=http://www.thetaskforce.org/issues/bisexuality |title=Task Force Report On Bisexuality }}</ref><ref name="HRC">{{cite web |url=http://www.hrc.org/issues/coming_out/bisexual/bisexual_articles.asp?listpage=2 |title=HRC article on bisexuality}}</ref><ref name="GLAAD">{{cite web |url=http://glaadbackup.com/2009/documents/GLAADNRI2009.pdf|title=GLAAD TV Report }}</ref><ref>Maria, September 24, 2009. [http://bisocialnews.com/how-far-have-we-come|title= How Far Have We Come?], ''BiSocial News''</ref><ref name="Thirteen">{{cite web |url=http://ausiellofiles.ew.com/2008/10/27/greys-anatomy-s-3/ |title=Thirteen On House }}</ref>

==Common displays of bisexual erasure== 
Both [[gay]] and [[heterosexual|straight]] people who engage in bisexual erasure may claim that bisexuals are actually [[The closet|closeted]] [[homosexual]] people who wish to appear heterosexual,<ref>Michael Musto, April 7, 2009. [http://blogs.villagevoice.com/dailymusto/archives/2009/04/ever_meet_a_rea.php Ever Meet a Real Bisexual?], ''The Village Voice''</ref> or conversely that bisexuals are heterosexuals who are experimenting with their sexuality.<ref name="bisexual erasure">{{cite journal |last=Yoshino |first=Kenji |authorlink=Kenji Yoshino |title=The Epistemic Contract of Bisexual Erasure |journal=[[Stanford Law Review]] |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=353–461 |publisher=[[Stanford Law School]] |date=January 2000 |url=http://www.kenjiyoshino.com/articles/epistemiccontract.pdf |doi=10.2307/1229482 }}</ref><ref name="gold star">{{cite web |url= http://www.lesbilicious.co.uk/community/why-do-lesbians-hate-bisexuals/|title=Why Do Lesbians Hate Bisexuals? }}</ref><ref name="bisexual workers">{{cite web |url= http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2009/10/28/bisexual-workers-excluded-by-lesbian-and-gay-colleagues|title=Bisexual workers 'excluded by lesbian and gay colleagues' }}</ref>

A common manifestation of bisexual erasure is a tendency for bisexuals to be referred to as heterosexual when they are intimately involved with people of the opposite sex, and to be labeled as homosexual when they are involved with partners of the same sex.

==In the LGBT community==
Bisexual erasure may stem from a belief that the [[bisexual community]] does not deserve equal status or inclusion within gay and [[lesbian]] communities.<ref name="BT archaeology">{{cite journal |last=Weiss |first=Jillian Todd |authorlink=Jillian Todd Weiss |title=GL vs. BT: The Archaeology of Biphobia and Transphobia Within the U.S. Gay and Lesbian Community |journal=[[Journal of Bisexuality]] |volume=3 |issue=3/4 |pages=25–55 |publisher=[[Haworth Press]] |date=2004 |url=http://phobos.ramapo.edu/~jweiss/glvsbt.htm }}</ref> This can take the form of omitting the word "bisexual" in the name of an [[organization]] or event that serves the whole [[LGBT community]], treating the subject of bisexuality in a derogatory way,<ref name="Savage Biphobia">{{cite web |url=http://andeatit2.wordpress.com/2008/07/04/dan-savage-stop-with-the-biphobia-already |title=Dan Savage-Stop with the Biphobia Already! }}</ref> or insinuating that bisexuals don't deserve to be included because they have "hetero-privilege".<ref>Maria, May 7, 2009. [http://bisocialnews.com/bisexuls-hetero-privilege-myth|title= Bisexuals, the Hetero-Privilege Myth], ''BiSocial News''</ref>

There is some feeling in the bisexual community of being overlooked in the same-sex marriage debate.<ref name="bisexual marriage">{{cite web |url= http://www.thetaskforce.org/press/releases/pr736_092104 |title=Bisexuals Overlooked in the Debate on Equal Marriage Rights }}</ref> 

==In the media==
It has been observed that some media outlets have portrayed bisexual and gender blurring behaviors in ancient and non-Western cultures,<ref name="Alexander the Great">{{cite web |url=http://www.gayheroes.com/alex.htm |title=Alexander the Great }}</ref> such as ancient Greek [[pederasty]] or Native American [[Two-Spirit]]s, as proof that homosexuality has been widely accepted in other times and cultures<ref>Hall, Donald E. [http://www.glbtq.com/literature/bisex_lit.html Bisexual Literature] [[glbtq.com|glbtq: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, & Queer Culture]]</ref> despite that this instead can be argued for as proof and acceptance of bisexuality or a past acceptance of sexual expression.

In both the gay and straight media, individuals<ref name="glbtq">{{Cite web | last =Summers | first =Claude J. | title =BiNet USA | work =glbtq: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture | publisher =glbtq, Inc. | date =2009-10-20| url =http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/binet_usa.html}}</ref> who have kept their [[Sexual orientation identity|identity]] unknown have been portrayed as either gay or straight even though they have a bisexual [[behavior]] and lifestyle. This can be seen as an inclination to label others as gay or straight even if the individual's behavior points towards a bisexual or [[pansexual]] identity. Those who have specifically identified as bisexual or have a clear history of significant experience with both same and opposite-sex partners are sometimes labeled as homosexual or heterosexual as well. A clear example of this is [[Robyn Ochs]], a bisexual [[Activism|activist]] who was publicly misidentified as a lesbian on the day of her wedding,<ref name="bisexual marriage">{{cite web |url= http://www.thetaskforce.org/press/releases/pr736_092104 |title=Bisexuals Overlooked in the Debate on Equal Marriage Rights }}</ref><ref name="Robyn Ochs">{{cite web |url= http://lgbt.wikia.com/wiki/Robyn_Ochs |title=Robyn Ochs LGBT Wikia }}</ref><ref name="Robyn Ochs bisexual">{{cite web |url= http://www.facebook.com/event.php?eid=79571283276&ref=mf |title=Putting the "B" in LGBT }}</ref> or the celebrities [[Lindsey Lohan]] and [[Lady Gaga]] sometimes being labelled either homosexual or heterosexual by the media even though both have publically identified as bisexual.<ref name="More bisexual then lesbian">{{cite web |url=http://www.eonline.com/uberblog/b67979_lindsay_lohan_more_bisexual_lesbian.html |title=Lindsay Lohan: More Bisexual Than Lesbian}}</ref><ref name="Lindsay not a lesbian">{{cite web |url=http://www.afterellen.com/blog/trishbendix/lindsay-lohan-says-shes-not-a-lesbian |title=Lindsay Lohan says she's not a lesbian, but confirms relationship with Samantha}}</ref><ref name="The Rise of Lady GaGa">{{cite web |url=http://www.rollingstone.com/rockdaily/index.php/2009/05/27/the-new-issue-of-rolling-stone-the-rise-of-lady-gaga |title=The Rise of Lady Gaga}}</ref><ref name="Admitting bisexuality">{{cite web |url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/entertainment/lady-gaga-admits-shes-bisexual_100197849.html|title=Lady Gaga admits she’s bisexual}}</ref>

In some cases the [[Media of the United States|American media]] has portrayed individuals caught in scandals involving same-sex affairs, such as Republican Senator [[Larry Craig]] or televangelist [[Ted Haggard]], as "repressed homosexuals". Strictly speaking, these individuals were engaged in bisexual behavior although they could have identified differently.

Other times, the media in both communities will refer to the "gay and lesbian" community and completely leave out bisexual or [[transgender]] people.<ref name="Gay and Lesbian CNN">{{cite web |url=http://ac360.blogs.cnn.com/category/gay-lesbian-issues |title=Anderson Cooper's Blog about "Gay and Lesbian" Issues}}</ref>

== See also ==

{{Portal|LGBT|Portal LGBT.svg}}
* [[Bialogue]]
* [[Biphobia]]
* [[Heteronormativity]]
* [[Heterosexism]]
* [[Homophobia]]

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
* [[Mariam Fraser|Fraser, M.]], ''Identity Without Selfhood: Simone de Beauvoir and Bisexuality'', Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press 1999. p. 124-140.

== External links ==
* [http://www.glbtq.com/literature/bisex_lit.html Bisexual Literature] at [[glbtq.com]]
* [http://marksimpson.com/pages/journalism/curiouser.html Curiouser And Curiouser: The Strange ‘disappearance’ Of Male Bisexuality] by [[Mark Simpson (journalist)|Mark Simpson]]
* [http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/05/health/05sex.html Straight, Gay or Lying? Bisexuality Revisited] New York Times, July 5, 2005
* [http://www.youth-suicide.com/gay-bisexual/racism-gay-lesbian/bisexual-bisexuality-hatred.htm The Binary & Bisexual Erasure: A Hatred of Bisexual People in Gay Communities?]
* [http://gibbin.org/curmudgeon.html The Bisexual Curmudgeon: Dear Fellow Non-existent Beings]

{{Discrimination}}
{{LGBT|history=yes|culture=yes|rights=yes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bisexual Erasure}}
[[Category:Bisexuality]]
[[Category:Sexual orientation and society]]
[[Category:LGBT terms]]
[[Category:LGBT history]]

[[es:Borrado bisexual]]
[[fr:Occultation de la bisexualité]]
[[he:העלמה ביסקסואלית]]
[[pt:Apagamento bissexual]]

Verfolgte Unschuld

2009-05-05T18:16:14Z

CyntWorkStuff: /* See also */

{{two other uses||the novel by P. G. Wodehouse|A Damsel in Distress (novel)|the 1937 film|A Damsel in Distress (film)}}
[[Image:Paolo Uccello 050.jpg|thumb|250px|''The Princess and the Dragon'', [[Paolo Uccello]], c. 1470, a classic image of a damsel in distress.]] The subject of the '''damsel in distress''', or persecuted maiden, is a classic theme in world literature, art, and film. She is usually a young, [[nubile]] woman placed in a dire predicament by a [[villain]] or a [[monster]] and who requires a [[hero]] to dash to her rescue. She has become a [[stock character]] of fiction, particularly of [[melodrama]].

The word "damsel" derives from the French [[demoiselle]] meaning "young lady". It is an archaic term not used in modern English except for effect or in expressions such as this, which can be traced back to the [[knight errant]] of Medieval songs and tales, who regarded the saving of such women as an essential part of his ''[[wiktionary:raison d'être|raison d'être]]''.

The helplessness of the damsel in distress, who can be portrayed as foolish and ineffectual to the point of naïvety, along with her need for others to rescue her, has made the [[stereotype]] the target of [[feminism|feminist]] criticism.

== History ==
=== The first usage of damsels in distress ===
[[Image:Rembrandt Harmensz. van Rijn 011.jpg|180px|thumb|right|[[Rembrandt]]'s [[Andromeda (mythology)|Andromeda]] chained to the rock - a late-[[Renaissance]] representation of a damsel in distress from Greek mythology.]]Classic examples of the damsel in distress theme feature in the stories of the [[Ancient Greece|ancient Greeks]]. [[Greek mythology]], while featuring a large retinue of competent [[List of Greek mythological figures|goddesses]], also contains helpless maidens who are sacrificed or threatened with sacrifice. One famous example is [[Andromeda (mythology)|Andromeda]], [[Cassiopeia (mythology)|whose mother]] offended [[Poseidon]]. Poseidon sent a beast to ravage the land, and Andromeda's parents fastened her to a rock in the sea to appease him. The hero [[Perseus]] slew the beast, saving Andromeda. Andromeda's plight, chained naked to a rock, became a favorite theme of later painters. This theme of the [[Princess and dragon]] is also pursued in the myth of [[St George]].

=== The Middle Ages ===
European [[fairy tale]]s frequently feature damsels in distress. Evil witches trapped [[Rapunzel]] in a tower, cursed the princess to die in ''[[Sleeping Beauty]]'', and put [[Snow White]] into a magical sleep. In all of these fairy tales, a valourous prince comes to the maiden's aid, saves her, and marries her.

The damsel in distress was an archetypal character of medieval romances, where typically she was rescued from imprisonment in a tower of a castle by a knight-errant. [[Chaucer]]'s ''[[The Clerk's Prologue and Tale|Clerk's Tale]]'' of the repeated trials and bizarre torments of patient Griselda was drawn from [[Petrarch]]. The [[Emprise de l'Escu vert à la Dame Blanche]] (founded 1399) was a [[chivalric order]] with the express purpose of protecting oppressed ladies.

===17th century===
In the 17th Century English [[ballad]] ''[[The Spanish Lady]]'' (one of several English and Irish songs with that name), a Spanish lady captured by an English captain falls in love with her captor and begs him not to set her free but to take her with him to England, and in this appeal describes herself as "''A lady in distress''".<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.contemplator.com/england/slady.html
|title = Spanish Lady
}}</ref>

=== The 18th and 19th centuries ===
[[File:Dicksee-Chivalry-1885.jpg|thumb||[[Frank Bernard Dicksee]]. ''Chivalry'']]
She makes her debut in the modern novel as the title character of [[Samuel Richardson|Samuel Richardson's]] ''[[Clarissa]]'' (1748), where she is menaced by the wicked seducer Lovelace.

Reprising her medieval role, the damsel in distress is a staple character of [[Gothic Literature|Gothic literature]], where she is typically incarcerated in a castle or monastery and menaced by a sadistic nobleman, or members of the religious orders. Early examples in this genre include Matilda in [[Horace Walpole|Horace Walpole's]] ''[[The Castle of Otranto]]'', Emily in [[Ann Radcliffe]]'s ''[[The Mysteries of Udolpho]]'' and Antonia in [[Matthew Lewis (writer)|Matthew Lewis's]] ''[[The Monk]]''.

The perils faced by this Gothic heroine were taken to an extreme by the [[Marquis de Sade]] in ''[[The Misfortunes of Virtue|Justine]]'', who, arguably, exposed the [[erotic]] subtext which lay behind the damsel in distress scenario.

[[Image:The Knight Errant 1870.jpg|left|thumb|180px|[[John Everett Millais]]' [[Knight Errant]] of 1870 saves a Damsel in distress and underlines the erotic subtext of the genre.]]
One exploration of the theme of the persecuted maiden is the fate of Gretchen in [[Goethe's Faust]]. According to the philosopher [[Schopenhauer]]:

<blockquote>''The great Goethe has given us a distinct and visible description of this denial of the will, brought about by great misfortune and by the despair of all deliverance, in his immortal masterpiece Faust, in the story of the sufferings of Gretchen. I know of no other description in poetry. It is a perfect specimen of the second path, which leads to the denial of the will not, like the first, through the mere knowledge of the suffering of the whole world which one acquires voluntarily, but through the excessive pain felt in one’s own person. It is true that many tragedies bring their violently willing heroes ultimately to this point of complete resignation, and then the will-to-live and its phenomenon usually end at the same time. But no description known to me brings to us the essential point of that conversion so distinctly and so free from everything extraneous as the one mentioned in Faust.'' ([[The World as Will and Representation]], Vol. I, §68)</blockquote>

===From Victorian melodrama to movie serials===
The misadventures of the damsel in distress of the Gothic continued in a somewhat caricatured form in Victorian [[melodrama]]. According to Michael Booth in his classic study ''English Melodrama'' the Victorian stage melodrama featured a limited number of stock characters: the hero, the villain, the heroine, an old man, an old woman, a comic man and a comic woman engaged in a sensational plot featuring themes of love and murder. Often the good but not very clever hero is duped by a scheming villain, who has eyes on the damsel in distress until fate intervenes at the end to ensure the triumph of good over evil.<ref>{{citation
|first = Michael
|last = Booth
|title = English Melodrama
|publisher = Herbert Jenkins
|year = 1965}}</ref>

Such melodrama influenced the fledgling cinema industry and led to damsels in distress being the subject of many early silent movies, especially those that were made as multi-episode serials. Early examples include ''[[The Adventures of Kathlyn]]'' in 1913 and ''[[The Hazards of Helen]]'', which ran from 1914 to 1917. The silent movie heroines frequently faced new perils provided by the industrial revolution and catering to the new medium's need for visual spectacle. Here we find clichés such as the heroine tied to a railway track, burning buildings, and explosions. Sawmills were another stereotypical danger of the industrial age, as recorded in a popular song from a later era:
{{cquote|... A bad gunslinger called Salty Sam was chasin' poor Sweet Sue<br>
He trapped her in the old sawmill and said with an evil laugh,<br>
If you don't give me the deed to your ranch<br>
I'll saw you all in half!<br>
And then he grabbed her (and then)<br>
He tied her up (and then)<br>
He turned on the bandsaw (and then, and then...!) ...
|30px|10px|''[[Along Came Jones]]'' by [[The Coasters]]}}

[[Image:Perilsofnyoka.JPG|180px|right|thumb|Jungle girl Nyoka, played by [[Kay Aldridge]] frequently found herself in distress in ''[[Perils of Nyoka]]'']]

Another form of entertainment in which the damsel-in-distress emerged as a stereotype at this time was stage magic. Restraining attractive female assistants and imperiling them with blades and spikes was to become a staple of 20th century magicians. Noted illusion designer and historian [[Jim Steinmeyer]] identifies the beginning of this phenomenon as coinciding with the introduction of the "''[[Sawing a woman in half]]''" illusion. In 1921 magician [[P. T. Selbit]] became the first to present such an act to the public. Steinmeyer observes that: "Before Selbit's illusion, it was not a cliche that pretty ladies were teased and tortured by magicians. Since the days of [[Jean Eugène Robert-Houdin|Robert-Houdin]], both men and women were used as the subjects for magic illusions". However changes in fashion and great social upheavals during the first decades of the 20th century made Selbit's choice of "victim" both practical and popular. The trauma of war had helped to desensitize the public to violence and the emancipation of women had changed attitudes to them. Audiences were tiring of older, more genteel forms of magic. It took something shocking, such as the horrific productions of the [[Grand Guignol]] theatre, to cause a sensation in this age. Steinmenyer concludes that: "...beyond practical concerns, the image of the woman in peril became a specific fashion in entertainment".<ref name="hiding">{{cite book
|title = Hiding the Elephant: How Magicians Invented the Impossible
|first = Jim
|last = Steinmeyer
|publisher = William Heinemann/Random House
|year = 2003
|page = 277-295
|isbn = 0434013250
}}</ref>

The damsel-in-distress continued as a mainstay of the film, television, and comics industries throughout the 20th century. [[Ann Darrow]], as played by [[Fay Wray]] in the 1933 movie ''[[King Kong (1933 film)|King Kong]]'' is among the most iconic instances. Wray's portrayal of an archetypal helpless heroine offered as sacrifice to a monstrous ape was not the first example of this plot device. The notorious hoax documentary ''[[Ingagi]]'' in 1930 also featured this idea and Wray's role was profitably repeated by [[Jessica Lange]] and [[Naomi Watts]] in remakes. As journalist Andrew Erish has noted: "Gorillas plus sexy women in peril equals enormous profits".<ref name="Erish">{{citation
|url = http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/959395991.html?dids=959395991:959395991&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jan+8%2C+2006&author=Andrew+Erish&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&edition=&startpage=E.6&desc=Movies
|title = Illegitimate dad of 'Kong'; One of the Depression's highest-grossing films was an outrageous fabrication, a scandalous and suggestive gorilla epic that set box office records across the country
|first = Andrew
|last = Erish
|journal = Los Angeles Times
|publisher = Los Angeles Times
|date = 8 January 2006
}}</ref> Imperiled heroines in need of rescue were a frequent occurrence in black and white [[movie serial]]s made by studios such as [[Mascot Pictures]], [[Universal Studios|Universal]], [[Columbia Pictures|Columbia]] and [[Republic Pictures]] in the 1930s, 1940s and early 1950s. These serials sometimes drew inspiration for their characters and plots from adventure novels and comic books. Notable examples include the character [[Nyoka the Jungle Girl]], who was created by [[Edgar Rice Burroughs]] for comic books and was later adapted into a serial heroine in Republic productions such as ''[[Perils of Nyoka]]''. Another classic damsel in that mould was [[Jane Porter (Tarzan)|Jane Porter]] in both the novel and movie versions of ''[[Tarzan]]''.

One of the earliest (debuting in 1938), and most frequently-cited examples of a damsel in distress in comics is [[Lois Lane]], who is eternally getting into trouble and needing to be rescued by [[Superman]]. Another is [[Olive Oyl]] who is in a near-constant state of [[kidnapping|kidnap]], requiring her to be saved by [[Popeye]].

== Critical and theoretical responses ==
Damsels in distress have been cited as an example of differential treatment of genders in literature, film, and works of art. Feminist criticism of art, [[feminist film theory|film]], and [[feminist literary criticism|literature]] has often examined gender-oriented characterization and plot, including the common "damsel in distress" trope.<ref>See, e.g., Alison Lurie, "Fairy Tale Liberation," ''The New York Review of Books'', v. 15, n. 11 (Dec. 17, 1970) (germinal work in the field); Donald Haase, "Feminist Fairy-Tale Scholarship: A Critical Survey and Bibliography," ''Marvels & Tales: Journal of Fairy-Tale Studies'' v.14, n.1 (2000).</ref> Many modern writers, such as [[Angela Carter]] and [[Jane Yolen]], have revisited classic [[fairy tale]]s and "damsel in distress" stories or collected and anthologized stories and [[folk tales]] that break the "damsel in distress" pattern.<ref>See Jane Yolen, "This Book Is For You," ''Marvels & Tales'', v. 14, n. 1 (2000) (essay); Yolen, ''Not One Damsel in Distress: World folktales for Strong Girls'' (anthology); Jack Zipes, ''Don't Bet on the Prince: Contemporary Fairy Tales in North America and England'', Routledge: New York, 1986 (anthology).</ref> Often, such stories reverse the gender disparity by empowering the "damsel," or by placing boys or men in distress to be rescued by the damsel.

Whilst late twentieth century feminist criticism may have highlighted alternatives to the damsel stereotype, the origins of some alternatives are to be found elsewhere. [[Joseph Campbell]]'s work on comparative mythology has provided a theoretical model for heroes throughout the history of literature, drama and film, which has been further developed by [[Dramaturgy|dramaturgical]] writers such as [[Christopher Vogler]]. These theories suggest that within the underlying story arc of every hero is found an episode known as the [[Monomyth#Initiation|ordeal]], where the character is almost destroyed. By surviving fear, danger or torture the hero proves he or she has special qualities and ultimately emerges re-born to progress to ultimate victory. Within this theory the empowered "damsel" can be a female hero rendered powerless and imperiled during her heroic ordeal but who ultimately emerges as a strong figure who claims victory. However, the male and female versions of such ordeal and empowerment still differ at a fundamental level, in that when there is a character doing the rescuing (sometimes referred to as "help unlooked for"), he is almost invariably male.

[[Image:Perilsofpauline.jpg|right|thumb|180px|A poster for ''[[The Perils of Pauline (1914 serial)|The Perils of Pauline]]'' ([[1914 in film|1914]]).]]
Examples can be found in films that date back to the early days of movie making. One of the films most often associated with the stereotype of the damsel in distress, ''[[The Perils of Pauline (1914 serial)|The Perils of Pauline]]'' (1914), in fact provides at least a partial counter example. Pauline, as played by [[Pearl White]], is a strong character who decides against early marriage in favour of seeking adventure and becoming an author. Despite common belief, the film does not feature scenes with Pauline tied to a railroad track and threatened by a buzzsaw, although such scenes were incorporated into later re-makes and were also featured in other films made in the period around 1914. Academic Ben Singer has contested the idea that these "serial-queen melodramas" were male fantasies and has observed that they were marketed heavily at women.<ref name="singer">{{cite book
|first = Ben
|last = Singer
|coauthors = Richard Abel (editor)
|title = Female Power in the Serial-Queen Melodrama: The Etiology of An Anomaly in Silent Film
|publisher = Continuum International Publishing Group - Athlone
|month = February | year = 1999
|pages = 168–177
|isbn = 0485300761
}}</ref> The first motion picture serial made in the United States, ''[[What Happened to Mary?]]'' (1912), was released to coincide with a serial story of the same name published in McClure's ''Ladies' World'' magazine.

Empowered damsels were a feature of the serials made in the 1930s and 1940s by studios such as [[Republic Pictures]]. The "cliffhanger" scenes at the end of episodes provide many examples of female heroines bound and helpless and facing fiendish death traps. But those heroines, as played by actresses such as [[Linda Stirling]] and [[Kay Aldridge]], were often strong, assertive women who ultimately played an active part in vanquishing the villains.

These themes have received successive updates thanks to modern-era characters, ranging from spy girls of the 1960s to current movie and television heroines. In her book ''The Devil With James Bond'' (1967) Ann Boyd compared [[James Bond]] with an updating of the legend of [[St George]] and the "[[princess and dragon]]" genre, particularly with [[Dr. No]]'s dragon tank. The female spy [[Emma Peel]] in the 1960s British television series ''[[The Avengers (TV series)|The Avengers]]'' was often seen in "damsel in distress" situations. However the character and her reactions, as portrayed by actress [[Diana Rigg]], differentiated theses scenes from other movie and television scenarios where women were similarly imperiled as pure victims or pawns in the plot. A scene with Emma Peel bound and threatened with a death ray in the episode ''From Venus with Love'' is a direct parallel to James Bond's confrontation with a laser in the film ''[[Goldfinger (film)|Goldfinger]]''.<ref name="fromvenus">{{cite web
|url = http://theavengers.tv/forever/peel2-1vr.htm
|title = ''Visitor Reviews: From Venus With Love''
|publisher = The Avengers Forever
|accessdate = 2007-05-11
}}</ref> Both are examples of the classic hero's ordeal as described by Campbell and Vogler. The serial heroines and Emma Peel are cited as providing inspiration for the creators of strong heroines in more recent times, ranging from Joan Wilder in ''[[Romancing the Stone]]'' and [[Princess Leia Organa]] in ''[[Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope|Star Wars]]'' to "post feminist" icons such as [[Buffy Summers]] in ''[[Buffy studies|Buffy the Vampire Slayer]]'' and [[Sydney Bristow]] in ''[[Alias (TV series)|Alias]]''.<ref>{{cite book
|url = http://www.upne.com/0-8195-6757-4.html
|title = Sex and The Slayer: A Gender Studies Primer for the Buffy Fan
|first = Lorna
|last = Jowett
|publisher = Wesleyan University Press
|year = 2005
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
|url = http://www.rhizomes.net/issue4/graham.html
|first = Paula
|last = Graham
|title = Buffy Wars: The Next Generation
|journal = Rhizomes: Cultural Studies in Emerging Knowledge
|publisher = Bowling Green State University
|issue = 04, Spring
|year = 2002
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
|url = http://www.scope.nottingham.ac.uk/confreport.php?issue=aug2004&id=915&section=conf_rep
|first = Kerry
|last = Gough
|title = Active Heroines Study Day - John Moores University, Liverpool (in partnership with The Association for Research in Popular Fiction)
|journal = Scope: an online journal of film and television studies
|publisher = Institute of Film & Television Studies, University of Nottingham,
|year = 2004
|month = August
}}</ref>

Reflecting these changes, [[Daphne Blake]] from the ''[[Scooby-Doo]]'' cartoon series (who, as a classic damsel in distress earned the nickname "Danger-Prone Daphne") is portrayed in the [[Scooby-Doo (film)|Scooby-Doo film]] as a wisecracking feminist heroine (quote: "I've had it with this damsel in distress thing!") who takes on the demons on Spooky Island single-handedly, and more echoing [[Sarah Michelle Gellar]]'s previous character [[Buffy Summers]] from [[Buffy the Vampire Slayer]].

== Fetish ==
The figure of the damsel in distress is a feature of certain established fetishes within the field of [[BDSM]]. In particular, actresses playing damsels in distress in movies and television shows are often shown bound or restrained, resulting in images that appeal to some [[bondage (BDSM)|bondage]] fetishists.

There is a damsel in distress fan community supported through various websites and forums, which feature discussions as well as alerts for potential occurrences of scenes in forthcoming shows and movies. Enthusiasts post and share still images and video clips, generally editing the material to show only the parts where actresses are in some form of restraint. The term "Didcap" has been coined to describe a screen shot of this type. It is a [[portmanteau]] between ''DID'', for ''"damsel in distress"'' and ''vidcap'', for ''"[[video tape|video]] capture"''.

== See also ==
*[[Princess and dragon]]
*[[Feminist film theory]]
*[[Final girl]]
*[[Femme fatale]]
*[[Pearl White]]
*[[Ingenue (stock character)|Ingenue]]
*[[Scream queen]]
*[[Missing white woman syndrome]]
*[[White Slavery (slang)|White Slavery]]
*[[Feminist science fiction]]
*[[Feminist literary criticism]]
*[[Target girl]]
*[[Women in Refrigerators]]
*[[Predicament escape]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
*[[Mario Praz]] (1970) ''The Romantic Agony'' Chapter 3: 'The Shadow of the Divine Marquis'
*Robert K. Klepper, ''Silent Films, 1877-1996, A Critical Guide to 646 Movies'', pub. McFarland & Company, ISBN 0786421649

[[Category:Stock characters]]
[[Category:Clichés]]

[[br:Dimezell en enkrez]]
[[es:Damisela en apuros]]
[[fr:Demoiselle en détresse]]
[[it:Damigella in pericolo]]
[[ja:Damsel in distress]]
[[fi:Neito pulassa]]

Biphobie

2009-02-28T23:03:49Z

CyntWorkStuff: addingnot ot see Kinsey scale and Klein Sexual Orientation Grid

{{Discrimination sidebar}}

'''Biphobia''' is a term used to describe fear of and [[aversion]] toward [[bisexuality]] and bisexuals (as a group or as individuals). People of any [[sexual orientation]] can experience such feelings of fear and aversion. A potential source of [[discrimination]] against bisexuals, biphobia is based on negative bisexual [[stereotype]]s and [[bisexual erasure]].

==Etymology and use==
'''''Biphobia''''' is a [[portmanteau]] word patterned on the term ''homophobia''. It is derived from the [[English prefixes#Neo-classical|neo-classical prefix]] ''bi-'' (meaning "two") from '''''bi'''sexual'' and the root ''-phobia'' (from the {{lang-el|φόβος}}, ''phóbos'', "fear") found in ''homo'''phobia'''''. Along with ''[[lesbophobia]]'', ''[[transphobia]]'', ''[[homophobia]]'', and ''[[gayphobia]]'', '''''biphobia''''' is a member of the family of terms used when discussing issues of [[intolerance]] and [[discrimination]] toward [[LGBT]] people. Note that ''biphobia'' need not be an equivalent to the clinical or medical meaning of a [[phobia]] - an [[anxiety disorder]]. Instead, its meaning and use typically parallel those of ''[[xenophobia]]''. The [[Adjective|adjectival]] form ''biphobic'' is used to describe things or qualities related to biphobia whereas the noun ''biphobe'' is a label for people thought to harbor biphobia<ref>{{cite journal|author=Eliason, MJ|title=The prevalence and nature of biphobia in heterosexual undergraduate students|journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior|volume=26|issue=3|year=1997|pages=317–26|pmid=9146816|doi=10.1023/A:1024527032040}}</ref>.

==Basic myths and their negative stereotypes==

Multiple negative stereotypes of bisexuals center on two basic [[myth]]s.

===''Myth 1: Bisexuality does not exist.''===

This myth stems from [[Binary thinking|binary]] views of sexuality: a [[heterosexist]] view or a [[monosexist]] view. In the first view, people are presumed to be attracted to the [[opposite sex]] and only [[heterosexuality]] and male to female relationships truly exist. Therefore, bisexuality, like [[homosexuality]], is not a valid sexuality or [[identity]]. In the second view, people are either homosexual ([[gay]]/[[lesbian]]) or heterosexual ([[straight]]). [[Maxim]]s such as “people are either gay, straight or lying”<ref>{{cite journal |author=Dworkin, SH |title=Treating the bisexual client|journal=Journal of Clinical Psychology|volume=57|issue=5|year=2001|pages=671–80 | pmid=11304706 |doi=10.1002/jclp.1036}}</ref> embody this [[dichotomous]] view of sexual orientations.

Resulting negative stereotypes represent bisexuals as confused, undecided, dabblers, insecure, experimenting or “just going through a phase”. Attractions toward both sexes are considered fashionable as in [[bisexual chic]] or [[gender bending]]. Either homosexual or heterosexual relations are dismissed as a substitute for sex with members of the “right” sex or as a more accessible source of sexual [[gratification]]. What’s more, homosexuality can also be perceived as purely situational, in other words due to [[Sex segregation|sex-segregated]] environments or groups such as the armed forces, schools, sports teams, religious orders, and prisons. Conversely, heterosexuality and opposite-sex relationships are viewed as “caving into” society’s pressures, fostering [[oppression]]s, condoning discrimination, keeping up appearances, retaining straight [[privilege]], hiding in the [[Closeted|closet]], being self-hating or in [[self-denial]], suffering from [[Homophobia#internalized homophobia|internalized homophobia]], etc.

===''Myth 2: Bisexuals are promiscuous.''===

Having more than one sexual partner in one’s lifetime, in addition to being commonplace in the world, is not restricted to bisexuals. People of all sexual orientations change partners, practice [[Monogamy#serial monogamy|serial monogamy]] or have multiple casual sex partners. The strict association of bisexuality with [[promiscuity]] stems from a variety of negative stereotypes targeting bisexuals as mentally or socially unstable people convinced that sexual relations only with men, only with women or only with one person is not enough. As a result bisexuals are accused of cheating on or betraying their partners, leading a [[double life]], being "on the [[Down-low (sexual slang)|down-low]]", and spreading [[sexually transmitted disease]]s such as [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]]. They are characterized as being "slutty", insatiable, “easy”, indiscriminate, and in the case of women, [[nymphomaniac]]s. Furthermore, they are strongly associated with [[polyamory]], [[swinging]], and [[polygamy]]<ref>[http://www.glaad.org/programs/cim/birepresentations.php GLAAD: Cultural Interest Media]</ref>, the last being an established heterosexual tradition sanctioned by some religions and legal in several countries.

==Current issues of debate==

Apparently validating the above myths and their related stereotypes are current issues of debate connected to identity and human sexuality in general.

#The [[nature versus nurture]] debate over homosexuality complicates matters. Supporting a polar view of sexual orientations, discussion here revolves around possible causes for a homosexual orientation and not a heterosexual or bisexual one, ''(Also see separate articles on [[Kinsey scale]] and [[Klein Sexual Orientation Grid]])''.
#In line with the nurture side of the previous debate is [[Sigmund Freud]]’s term for sexual disposition and gratification in the first five years of a child’s development: the [[polymorphous perverse]]. This theory is often misinterpreted to mean that all people are (born) bisexual<ref>[http://www.biresource.org/pamphlets/myths.pdf Myths About Bisexuality] (PDF pamphlet from Bisexual Resource Center)</ref>, that [[socialization]] is the key factor in determining whether people will be heterosexual or homosexual, or that people eventually choose their sexual orientation toward one or the other sex, but not both.
#People may or may not choose to identify themselves strictly according to their sexual orientation. Just as someone can feel pressured not to disclose his or her homosexual orientation and claim heterosexuality, so too can a person claim bisexuality. Mainly out of oppression from negative bisexual stereotypes, the reverse is true for some bisexual people choosing to identify or state that they are straight, gay or lesbian depending on company and the situation.
#The concept of bisexuality may not exist in a given culture or may be encompassed by [[transgender]] identities as in some [[indigenous culture]]s such as those of [[Native American]]s, [[Aboriginal peoples in Canada]] or the [[Zapotec]] in [[Oaxaca]], [[Mexico]].
#Having sexual relations with both men and women is often perceived as a direct indication of a person’s sexual attractions and, hence, a bisexual orientation. This perception explains how the [[Kinsey Scale]] is often used to label sexual orientation despite its original design and use to explain a person’s sexual history or past. Moreover, in most parts of the world, gay men and lesbian women still lead so-called straight [[lifestyle]]s. The reasons often cited are discrimination, internalized homophobia, strong personal or religious beliefs about the family, and a lack of information on and visibility of same-sex relations and sexuality.
#Regardless of their actual sexual orientation, [[prostitute]]s and [[pornographic actor]]s may participate in gay or lesbian sex and maintain that they are heterosexual or bisexual. Often dubbed “[[gay-for-pay]]”, this grey area creates confusion validating both Myth 1 and Myth 2.

==Bisexual erasure==
''See separate article on [[bisexual erasure]]''

==Controversial studies==

A 2002 study said that a sample of men self-identifying as bisexual did not respond equally to pornographic material involving only men, and to pornography involving only women, but instead showed four times more arousal to one than the other. However, bisexuality does not imply equal attraction towards both genders. In addition, opponents state that genital arousal to homosexual pornographic material is not a good indicator of orientation. They also point out that the study showed a third of men had no arousal, and ask why this does not mean that one third of men are really [[asexual]].<ref>[http://www.thetaskforce.org/media/NYTBiArt/LettersFromTheCommunity.cfm]{{Dead link|date=March 2008}}</ref> The study, and ''[[The New York Times]]'' article which reported it in 2005,<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/05/health/05sex.html Straight, Gay or Lying? Bisexuality Revisited] New York Times, July 5, 2005.</ref> were subsequently criticized as flawed and biphobic.<ref>[http://zzz.pridesource.com/article.shtml?article=15015 PrideSource: Bisexual study, New York Times article cause furor]</ref><ref>http://main.bisexual.com/forum/showthread.php?t=3799 "Gay Straight or Lying? Bisexuality Revisited," Revisited - Part 1 by [[William Burleson]] June 26 2007</ref> [[Lynn Conway]] criticized the author of the study, [[J. Michael Bailey]], citing his controversial history, and pointing out that the study has not been scientifically repeated and confirmed by any independent researchers.<ref>[http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/TS/Bailey/Bisexuality/Bisexuality-NYT%207-05-05.html "Straight, Gay or Lying? Bisexuality Revisted" J. Michael Bailey attacks the identities of bisexual men]</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|LGBT|Portal LGBT.svg}}

*[[Bisexual chic]]
*[[Bisexual Community]]
*[[Bisexual erasure]]
*[[Duclod Man]]
*[[Heteronormativity]]
*[[Heterosexism]]
*[[Homophobia]]
*[[Monosexism]]
*[[Lesbian until graduation]]
*[[List of media portrayals of bisexuality]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* [[Marjorie Garber|Garber, Marjorie]] (1995). ''Bisexuality and the Eroticism of Everyday Life'', pp. 20-21, 28, 39.
* [[Mariam Fraser|Fraser, M.]], ''Identity Without Selfhood: Simone de Beauvoir and Bisexuality'', Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press 1999. p.124-140.

==External links==
* [http://www.bialogue.org/Pages/InfoPackets/MentalHealth.html Bialogue/GLAAD Bisexuality Packet for Mental Health Professionals]
* [http://www.advocate.com/exclusive_detail_ektid49066.asp Fairy Tales], by Job Brother in [[The Advocate]] September 21, 2007
* [http://marksimpson.com/pages/journalism/curiouser.html Curiouser and curiouser] by [[Mark Simpson (journalist)|Mark Simpson]]

{{Template group
|list =
{{Bisexuality topics}}
{{LGBT}}
{{Discrimination}}
{{Phobias}}
}}

[[Category:Bisexuality]]
[[Category:Discrimination]]
[[Category:Phobias]]
[[Category:Sexual and gender prejudices]]
[[Category:LGBT terms]]

[[da:Bifobi]]
[[es:Bifobia]]
[[fr:Biphobie]]
[[hr:Bifobija]]
[[he:ביפוביה]]
[[hu:Bifóbia]]
[[nl:Bifobie]]
[[pt:Bifobia]]
[[zh:雙性戀恐懼症]]

Biphobie

2009-02-28T22:26:28Z

CyntWorkStuff: /* See also */ typo

{{Discrimination sidebar}}

'''Biphobia''' is a term used to describe fear of and [[aversion]] toward [[bisexuality]] and bisexuals (as a group or as individuals). People of any [[sexual orientation]] can experience such feelings of fear and aversion. A potential source of [[discrimination]] against bisexuals, biphobia is based on negative bisexual [[stereotype]]s and [[bisexual erasure]].

==Etymology and use==
'''''Biphobia''''' is a [[portmanteau]] word patterned on the term ''homophobia''. It is derived from the [[English prefixes#Neo-classical|neo-classical prefix]] ''bi-'' (meaning "two") from '''''bi'''sexual'' and the root ''-phobia'' (from the {{lang-el|φόβος}}, ''phóbos'', "fear") found in ''homo'''phobia'''''. Along with ''[[lesbophobia]]'', ''[[transphobia]]'', ''[[homophobia]]'', and ''[[gayphobia]]'', '''''biphobia''''' is a member of the family of terms used when discussing issues of [[intolerance]] and [[discrimination]] toward [[LGBT]] people. Note that ''biphobia'' need not be an equivalent to the clinical or medical meaning of a [[phobia]] - an [[anxiety disorder]]. Instead, its meaning and use typically parallel those of ''[[xenophobia]]''. The [[Adjective|adjectival]] form ''biphobic'' is used to describe things or qualities related to biphobia whereas the noun ''biphobe'' is a label for people thought to harbor biphobia<ref>{{cite journal|author=Eliason, MJ|title=The prevalence and nature of biphobia in heterosexual undergraduate students|journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior|volume=26|issue=3|year=1997|pages=317–26|pmid=9146816|doi=10.1023/A:1024527032040}}</ref>.

==Basic myths and their negative stereotypes==

Multiple negative stereotypes of bisexuals center on two basic [[myth]]s.

===''Myth 1: Bisexuality does not exist.''===

This myth stems from [[Binary thinking|binary]] views of sexuality: a [[heterosexist]] view or a [[monosexist]] view. In the first view, people are presumed to be attracted to the [[opposite sex]] and only [[heterosexuality]] and male to female relationships truly exist. Therefore, bisexuality, like [[homosexuality]], is not a valid sexuality or [[identity]]. In the second view, people are either homosexual ([[gay]]/[[lesbian]]) or heterosexual ([[straight]]). [[Maxim]]s such as “people are either gay, straight or lying”<ref>{{cite journal |author=Dworkin, SH |title=Treating the bisexual client|journal=Journal of Clinical Psychology|volume=57|issue=5|year=2001|pages=671–80 | pmid=11304706 |doi=10.1002/jclp.1036}}</ref> embody this [[dichotomous]] view of sexual orientations.

Resulting negative stereotypes represent bisexuals as confused, undecided, dabblers, insecure, experimenting or “just going through a phase”. Attractions toward both sexes are considered fashionable as in [[bisexual chic]] or [[gender bending]]. Either homosexual or heterosexual relations are dismissed as a substitute for sex with members of the “right” sex or as a more accessible source of sexual [[gratification]]. What’s more, homosexuality can also be perceived as purely situational, in other words due to [[Sex segregation|sex-segregated]] environments or groups such as the armed forces, schools, sports teams, religious orders, and prisons. Conversely, heterosexuality and opposite-sex relationships are viewed as “caving into” society’s pressures, fostering [[oppression]]s, condoning discrimination, keeping up appearances, retaining straight [[privilege]], hiding in the [[Closeted|closet]], being self-hating or in [[self-denial]], suffering from [[Homophobia#internalized homophobia|internalized homophobia]], etc.

===''Myth 2: Bisexuals are promiscuous.''===

Having more than one sexual partner in one’s lifetime, in addition to being commonplace in the world, is not restricted to bisexuals. People of all sexual orientations change partners, practice [[Monogamy#serial monogamy|serial monogamy]] or have multiple casual sex partners. The strict association of bisexuality with [[promiscuity]] stems from a variety of negative stereotypes targeting bisexuals as mentally or socially unstable people convinced that sexual relations only with men, only with women or only with one person is not enough. As a result bisexuals are accused of cheating on or betraying their partners, leading a [[double life]], being "on the [[Down-low (sexual slang)|down-low]]", and spreading [[sexually transmitted disease]]s such as [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]]. They are characterized as being "slutty", insatiable, “easy”, indiscriminate, and in the case of women, [[nymphomaniac]]s. Furthermore, they are strongly associated with [[polyamory]], [[swinging]], and [[polygamy]]<ref>[http://www.glaad.org/programs/cim/birepresentations.php GLAAD: Cultural Interest Media]</ref>, the last being an established heterosexual tradition sanctioned by some religions and legal in several countries.

==Current issues of debate==

Apparently validating the above myths and their related stereotypes are current issues of debate connected to identity and human sexuality in general.

#The [[nature versus nurture]] debate over homosexuality complicates matters. Supporting a polar view of sexual orientations, discussion here revolves around possible causes for a homosexual orientation and not a heterosexual or bisexual one.
#In line with the nurture side of the previous debate is [[Sigmund Freud]]’s term for sexual disposition and gratification in the first five years of a child’s development: the [[polymorphous perverse]]. This theory is often misinterpreted to mean that all people are (born) bisexual<ref>[http://www.biresource.org/pamphlets/myths.pdf Myths About Bisexuality] (PDF pamphlet from Bisexual Resource Center)</ref>, that [[socialization]] is the key factor in determining whether people will be heterosexual or homosexual, or that people eventually choose their sexual orientation toward one or the other sex, but not both.
#People may or may not choose to identify themselves strictly according to their sexual orientation. Just as someone can feel pressured not to disclose his or her homosexual orientation and claim heterosexuality, so too can a person claim bisexuality. Mainly out of oppression from negative bisexual stereotypes, the reverse is true for some bisexual people choosing to identify or state that they are straight, gay or lesbian depending on company and the situation.
#The concept of bisexuality may not exist in a given culture or may be encompassed by [[transgender]] identities as in some [[indigenous culture]]s such as those of [[Native American]]s, [[Aboriginal peoples in Canada]] or the [[Zapotec]] in [[Oaxaca]], [[Mexico]].
#Having sexual relations with both men and women is often perceived as a direct indication of a person’s sexual attractions and, hence, a bisexual orientation. This perception explains how the [[Kinsey Scale]] is often used to label sexual orientation despite its original design and use to explain a person’s sexual history or past. Moreover, in most parts of the world, gay men and lesbian women still lead so-called straight [[lifestyle]]s. The reasons often cited are discrimination, internalized homophobia, strong personal or religious beliefs about the family, and a lack of information on and visibility of same-sex relations and sexuality.
#Regardless of their actual sexual orientation, [[prostitute]]s and [[pornographic actor]]s may participate in gay or lesbian sex and maintain that they are heterosexual or bisexual. Often dubbed “[[gay-for-pay]]”, this grey area creates confusion validating both Myth 1 and Myth 2.

==Bisexual erasure==
''See separate article on [[bisexual erasure]]''

==Controversial studies==

A 2002 study said that a sample of men self-identifying as bisexual did not respond equally to pornographic material involving only men, and to pornography involving only women, but instead showed four times more arousal to one than the other. However, bisexuality does not imply equal attraction towards both genders. In addition, opponents state that genital arousal to homosexual pornographic material is not a good indicator of orientation. They also point out that the study showed a third of men had no arousal, and ask why this does not mean that one third of men are really [[asexual]].<ref>[http://www.thetaskforce.org/media/NYTBiArt/LettersFromTheCommunity.cfm]{{Dead link|date=March 2008}}</ref> The study, and ''[[The New York Times]]'' article which reported it in 2005,<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/05/health/05sex.html Straight, Gay or Lying? Bisexuality Revisited] New York Times, July 5, 2005.</ref> were subsequently criticized as flawed and biphobic.<ref>[http://zzz.pridesource.com/article.shtml?article=15015 PrideSource: Bisexual study, New York Times article cause furor]</ref><ref>http://main.bisexual.com/forum/showthread.php?t=3799 "Gay Straight or Lying? Bisexuality Revisited," Revisited - Part 1 by [[William Burleson]] June 26 2007</ref> [[Lynn Conway]] criticized the author of the study, [[J. Michael Bailey]], citing his controversial history, and pointing out that the study has not been scientifically repeated and confirmed by any independent researchers.<ref>[http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/TS/Bailey/Bisexuality/Bisexuality-NYT%207-05-05.html "Straight, Gay or Lying? Bisexuality Revisted" J. Michael Bailey attacks the identities of bisexual men]</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|LGBT|Portal LGBT.svg}}

*[[Bisexual chic]]
*[[Bisexual Community]]
*[[Bisexual erasure]]
*[[Duclod Man]]
*[[Heteronormativity]]
*[[Heterosexism]]
*[[Homophobia]]
*[[Monosexism]]
*[[Lesbian until graduation]]
*[[List of media portrayals of bisexuality]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* [[Marjorie Garber|Garber, Marjorie]] (1995). ''Bisexuality and the Eroticism of Everyday Life'', pp. 20-21, 28, 39.
* [[Mariam Fraser|Fraser, M.]], ''Identity Without Selfhood: Simone de Beauvoir and Bisexuality'', Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press 1999. p.124-140.

==External links==
* [http://www.bialogue.org/Pages/InfoPackets/MentalHealth.html Bialogue/GLAAD Bisexuality Packet for Mental Health Professionals]
* [http://www.advocate.com/exclusive_detail_ektid49066.asp Fairy Tales], by Job Brother in [[The Advocate]] September 21, 2007
* [http://marksimpson.com/pages/journalism/curiouser.html Curiouser and curiouser] by [[Mark Simpson (journalist)|Mark Simpson]]

{{Template group
|list =
{{Bisexuality topics}}
{{LGBT}}
{{Discrimination}}
{{Phobias}}
}}

[[Category:Bisexuality]]
[[Category:Discrimination]]
[[Category:Phobias]]
[[Category:Sexual and gender prejudices]]
[[Category:LGBT terms]]

[[da:Bifobi]]
[[es:Bifobia]]
[[fr:Biphobie]]
[[hr:Bifobija]]
[[he:ביפוביה]]
[[hu:Bifóbia]]
[[nl:Bifobie]]
[[pt:Bifobia]]
[[zh:雙性戀恐懼症]]

Biphobie

2009-02-28T22:26:05Z

CyntWorkStuff: /* See also */ added some more

{{Discrimination sidebar}}

'''Biphobia''' is a term used to describe fear of and [[aversion]] toward [[bisexuality]] and bisexuals (as a group or as individuals). People of any [[sexual orientation]] can experience such feelings of fear and aversion. A potential source of [[discrimination]] against bisexuals, biphobia is based on negative bisexual [[stereotype]]s and [[bisexual erasure]].

==Etymology and use==
'''''Biphobia''''' is a [[portmanteau]] word patterned on the term ''homophobia''. It is derived from the [[English prefixes#Neo-classical|neo-classical prefix]] ''bi-'' (meaning "two") from '''''bi'''sexual'' and the root ''-phobia'' (from the {{lang-el|φόβος}}, ''phóbos'', "fear") found in ''homo'''phobia'''''. Along with ''[[lesbophobia]]'', ''[[transphobia]]'', ''[[homophobia]]'', and ''[[gayphobia]]'', '''''biphobia''''' is a member of the family of terms used when discussing issues of [[intolerance]] and [[discrimination]] toward [[LGBT]] people. Note that ''biphobia'' need not be an equivalent to the clinical or medical meaning of a [[phobia]] - an [[anxiety disorder]]. Instead, its meaning and use typically parallel those of ''[[xenophobia]]''. The [[Adjective|adjectival]] form ''biphobic'' is used to describe things or qualities related to biphobia whereas the noun ''biphobe'' is a label for people thought to harbor biphobia<ref>{{cite journal|author=Eliason, MJ|title=The prevalence and nature of biphobia in heterosexual undergraduate students|journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior|volume=26|issue=3|year=1997|pages=317–26|pmid=9146816|doi=10.1023/A:1024527032040}}</ref>.

==Basic myths and their negative stereotypes==

Multiple negative stereotypes of bisexuals center on two basic [[myth]]s.

===''Myth 1: Bisexuality does not exist.''===

This myth stems from [[Binary thinking|binary]] views of sexuality: a [[heterosexist]] view or a [[monosexist]] view. In the first view, people are presumed to be attracted to the [[opposite sex]] and only [[heterosexuality]] and male to female relationships truly exist. Therefore, bisexuality, like [[homosexuality]], is not a valid sexuality or [[identity]]. In the second view, people are either homosexual ([[gay]]/[[lesbian]]) or heterosexual ([[straight]]). [[Maxim]]s such as “people are either gay, straight or lying”<ref>{{cite journal |author=Dworkin, SH |title=Treating the bisexual client|journal=Journal of Clinical Psychology|volume=57|issue=5|year=2001|pages=671–80 | pmid=11304706 |doi=10.1002/jclp.1036}}</ref> embody this [[dichotomous]] view of sexual orientations.

Resulting negative stereotypes represent bisexuals as confused, undecided, dabblers, insecure, experimenting or “just going through a phase”. Attractions toward both sexes are considered fashionable as in [[bisexual chic]] or [[gender bending]]. Either homosexual or heterosexual relations are dismissed as a substitute for sex with members of the “right” sex or as a more accessible source of sexual [[gratification]]. What’s more, homosexuality can also be perceived as purely situational, in other words due to [[Sex segregation|sex-segregated]] environments or groups such as the armed forces, schools, sports teams, religious orders, and prisons. Conversely, heterosexuality and opposite-sex relationships are viewed as “caving into” society’s pressures, fostering [[oppression]]s, condoning discrimination, keeping up appearances, retaining straight [[privilege]], hiding in the [[Closeted|closet]], being self-hating or in [[self-denial]], suffering from [[Homophobia#internalized homophobia|internalized homophobia]], etc.

===''Myth 2: Bisexuals are promiscuous.''===

Having more than one sexual partner in one’s lifetime, in addition to being commonplace in the world, is not restricted to bisexuals. People of all sexual orientations change partners, practice [[Monogamy#serial monogamy|serial monogamy]] or have multiple casual sex partners. The strict association of bisexuality with [[promiscuity]] stems from a variety of negative stereotypes targeting bisexuals as mentally or socially unstable people convinced that sexual relations only with men, only with women or only with one person is not enough. As a result bisexuals are accused of cheating on or betraying their partners, leading a [[double life]], being "on the [[Down-low (sexual slang)|down-low]]", and spreading [[sexually transmitted disease]]s such as [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]]. They are characterized as being "slutty", insatiable, “easy”, indiscriminate, and in the case of women, [[nymphomaniac]]s. Furthermore, they are strongly associated with [[polyamory]], [[swinging]], and [[polygamy]]<ref>[http://www.glaad.org/programs/cim/birepresentations.php GLAAD: Cultural Interest Media]</ref>, the last being an established heterosexual tradition sanctioned by some religions and legal in several countries.

==Current issues of debate==

Apparently validating the above myths and their related stereotypes are current issues of debate connected to identity and human sexuality in general.

#The [[nature versus nurture]] debate over homosexuality complicates matters. Supporting a polar view of sexual orientations, discussion here revolves around possible causes for a homosexual orientation and not a heterosexual or bisexual one.
#In line with the nurture side of the previous debate is [[Sigmund Freud]]’s term for sexual disposition and gratification in the first five years of a child’s development: the [[polymorphous perverse]]. This theory is often misinterpreted to mean that all people are (born) bisexual<ref>[http://www.biresource.org/pamphlets/myths.pdf Myths About Bisexuality] (PDF pamphlet from Bisexual Resource Center)</ref>, that [[socialization]] is the key factor in determining whether people will be heterosexual or homosexual, or that people eventually choose their sexual orientation toward one or the other sex, but not both.
#People may or may not choose to identify themselves strictly according to their sexual orientation. Just as someone can feel pressured not to disclose his or her homosexual orientation and claim heterosexuality, so too can a person claim bisexuality. Mainly out of oppression from negative bisexual stereotypes, the reverse is true for some bisexual people choosing to identify or state that they are straight, gay or lesbian depending on company and the situation.
#The concept of bisexuality may not exist in a given culture or may be encompassed by [[transgender]] identities as in some [[indigenous culture]]s such as those of [[Native American]]s, [[Aboriginal peoples in Canada]] or the [[Zapotec]] in [[Oaxaca]], [[Mexico]].
#Having sexual relations with both men and women is often perceived as a direct indication of a person’s sexual attractions and, hence, a bisexual orientation. This perception explains how the [[Kinsey Scale]] is often used to label sexual orientation despite its original design and use to explain a person’s sexual history or past. Moreover, in most parts of the world, gay men and lesbian women still lead so-called straight [[lifestyle]]s. The reasons often cited are discrimination, internalized homophobia, strong personal or religious beliefs about the family, and a lack of information on and visibility of same-sex relations and sexuality.
#Regardless of their actual sexual orientation, [[prostitute]]s and [[pornographic actor]]s may participate in gay or lesbian sex and maintain that they are heterosexual or bisexual. Often dubbed “[[gay-for-pay]]”, this grey area creates confusion validating both Myth 1 and Myth 2.

==Bisexual erasure==
''See separate article on [[bisexual erasure]]''

==Controversial studies==

A 2002 study said that a sample of men self-identifying as bisexual did not respond equally to pornographic material involving only men, and to pornography involving only women, but instead showed four times more arousal to one than the other. However, bisexuality does not imply equal attraction towards both genders. In addition, opponents state that genital arousal to homosexual pornographic material is not a good indicator of orientation. They also point out that the study showed a third of men had no arousal, and ask why this does not mean that one third of men are really [[asexual]].<ref>[http://www.thetaskforce.org/media/NYTBiArt/LettersFromTheCommunity.cfm]{{Dead link|date=March 2008}}</ref> The study, and ''[[The New York Times]]'' article which reported it in 2005,<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/05/health/05sex.html Straight, Gay or Lying? Bisexuality Revisited] New York Times, July 5, 2005.</ref> were subsequently criticized as flawed and biphobic.<ref>[http://zzz.pridesource.com/article.shtml?article=15015 PrideSource: Bisexual study, New York Times article cause furor]</ref><ref>http://main.bisexual.com/forum/showthread.php?t=3799 "Gay Straight or Lying? Bisexuality Revisited," Revisited - Part 1 by [[William Burleson]] June 26 2007</ref> [[Lynn Conway]] criticized the author of the study, [[J. Michael Bailey]], citing his controversial history, and pointing out that the study has not been scientifically repeated and confirmed by any independent researchers.<ref>[http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/TS/Bailey/Bisexuality/Bisexuality-NYT%207-05-05.html "Straight, Gay or Lying? Bisexuality Revisted" J. Michael Bailey attacks the identities of bisexual men]</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|LGBT|Portal LGBT.svg}}

*[[Bisexual chic]]
*[[Bisexual Community]]
*[[Bisexual erasure]]
*[[Duclod Man]]
*[[Heteronormativity]]
*[[Heterosexism]]
*[[Homophobia]]
*[[Monosexism]]
*[[Lesbian until graduation]]
*[List of media portrayals of bisexuality]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* [[Marjorie Garber|Garber, Marjorie]] (1995). ''Bisexuality and the Eroticism of Everyday Life'', pp. 20-21, 28, 39.
* [[Mariam Fraser|Fraser, M.]], ''Identity Without Selfhood: Simone de Beauvoir and Bisexuality'', Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press 1999. p.124-140.

==External links==
* [http://www.bialogue.org/Pages/InfoPackets/MentalHealth.html Bialogue/GLAAD Bisexuality Packet for Mental Health Professionals]
* [http://www.advocate.com/exclusive_detail_ektid49066.asp Fairy Tales], by Job Brother in [[The Advocate]] September 21, 2007
* [http://marksimpson.com/pages/journalism/curiouser.html Curiouser and curiouser] by [[Mark Simpson (journalist)|Mark Simpson]]

{{Template group
|list =
{{Bisexuality topics}}
{{LGBT}}
{{Discrimination}}
{{Phobias}}
}}

[[Category:Bisexuality]]
[[Category:Discrimination]]
[[Category:Phobias]]
[[Category:Sexual and gender prejudices]]
[[Category:LGBT terms]]

[[da:Bifobi]]
[[es:Bifobia]]
[[fr:Biphobie]]
[[hr:Bifobija]]
[[he:ביפוביה]]
[[hu:Bifóbia]]
[[nl:Bifobie]]
[[pt:Bifobia]]
[[zh:雙性戀恐懼症]]

Unsichtbarkeit von Bisexualität

2009-02-17T22:48:43Z

CyntWorkStuff: /* See also */

{{Bisexuality topics sidebar}}'''Bisexual erasure''' is the tendency to ignore, remove, falsify, or reexplain evidence of [[bisexuality]] in the [[History|historical record]], [[Academic|academic materials]], the [[news media]], and other [[primary sources]].<ref>[http://queersunited.blogspot.com/2008/05/word-of-gay-bisexual-erasure.html Word Of The Gay: BisexualErasure] [[May 16]], [[2008]] "Queers United"</ref> When bisexual erasure is found in intellectually dishonest or erroneous works, it is a manifestation of [[biphobia]].<ref>[http://www.biwriters.org/MediaResources/glossaryI.htm Bisexual erasure]Bi Writers Media Guide: Glossary</ref> In its most extreme form, bisexual erasure can include denying that bisexual people actually exist.<ref name="media erasure">{{cite journal |last=Hutchins |first=Loraine |authorlink=Loraine Hutchins |title=Sexual Prejudice: The erasure of bisexuals in academia and the media |journal=[[American Sexuality magazine]] |volume=3 |issue=4 |publisher=[[National Sexuality Resource Center]] |date=2005 |url=http://nsrc.sfsu.edu/MagArticle.cfm?Article=475&PageID=0 }}</ref>

== In the gay community ==
Bisexual erasure may stem from a belief that bisexual people do not deserve equal status or inclusion within [[gay]] and [[lesbian]] communities.<Ref name="BT archaeology">{{cite journal |last=Weiss |first=Jillian Todd |authorlink=Jillian Todd Weiss |title=GL vs. BT: The Archaeology of Biphobia and Transphobia Within the U.S. Gay and Lesbian Community |journal=[[Journal of Bisexuality]] |volume=3 |issue=3/4 |pages=25–55 |publisher=[[Haworth Press]] |date=2004 |url=http://phobos.ramapo.edu/~jweiss/glvsbt.htm }}</ref>

This can take the form of omitting the word ''bisexual'' in the name of an [[organization]] or [[gathering|event]] that serves the whole [[LGBT community]]. [[Homosexual]] people who engage in bisexual erasure may claim that bisexuals are actually [[The closet|closeted]] gay people who wish to appear [[heterosexual]].<ref name="bisexual erasure">{{cite journal |last=Yoshino |first=Kenji |authorlink=Kenji Yoshino |title=The Epistemic Contract of Bisexual Erasure |journal=[[Stanford Law Review]] |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=353–461 |publisher=[[Stanford Law School]] |date=January 2000 |url=http://www.kenjiyoshino.com/articles/epistemiccontract.pdf |doi=10.2307/1229482 }}</ref>

It is also common for gay writers and activists to portray bisexual and gender blurring behaviors in ancient and non-Western cultures, such as ancient Greek [[pederasty]] or Native American [[berdache]]s, as proof that homosexuality has been widely accepted in other times and cultures.<ref>Hall, Donald E. [http://www.glbtq.com/literature/bisex_lit.html Bisexual Literature] [[glbtq.com|glbtq: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, & Queer Culture]]</ref>

In some cases, gay commentators in the American and British media have portrayed individuals caught in scandals involving same-sex affairs as homosexual, despite bisexual behavior and lifestyle. As do gay commentators and the gay media, the mainstream media also tends to lump anyone identified with any homosexual partners as gay; in some cases, even those who specifically identify as bisexual or have a clear history of significant experience with both same and opposite-sex partners.

== See also ==
<div style="column-count:1;-moz-column-count:1;-webkit-column-count:1">
{{Portal|LGBT|Portal LGBT.svg}}
* [[Biphobia]]
* [[Bialogue]]
* [[Heteronormativity]]
* [[Monosexism]]
</div>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
* [[Mariam Fraser|Fraser, M.]], ''Identity Without Selfhood: Simone de Beauvoir and Bisexuality'', Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press 1999. p.124-140.

== External links ==
* [http://gibbin.org/curmudgeon.html Dear Fellow Non-existent Beings: countering current attempts to erase bisexuality]
* [http://bialogue.livejournal.com/ Bialogue]
* [http://www.glbtq.com/literature/bisex_lit.html Bisexual Erasure in literature] at [[glbtq.com]].
* [http://marksimpson.com/pages/journalism/curiouser.html Curiouser and curiouser] by [[Mark Simpson (journalist)|Mark Simpson]]
* [http://www.bialogue.org/Pages/InfoPackets/MentalHealth.html Bialogue/GLAAD Bisexuality Packet for Mental Health Professionals]
* [http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/05/health/05sex.html Straight, Gay or Lying? Bisexuality Revisited] New York Times, July 5, 2005.

{{Discrimination}}
{{LGBT|history=yes|culture=yes|rights=yes}}

[[Category:Bisexuality]]
[[Category:Sexual orientation and society]]

[[Category:LGBT terms]]
[[Category:LGBT history]]

[[he:העלמה ביסקסואלית]]
[[pt:Apagamento bissexual]]

Unsichtbarkeit von Bisexualität

2009-02-17T22:47:57Z

CyntWorkStuff: update reference

{{Bisexuality topics sidebar}}'''Bisexual erasure''' is the tendency to ignore, remove, falsify, or reexplain evidence of [[bisexuality]] in the [[History|historical record]], [[Academic|academic materials]], the [[news media]], and other [[primary sources]].<ref>[http://queersunited.blogspot.com/2008/05/word-of-gay-bisexual-erasure.html Word Of The Gay: BisexualErasure] [[May 16]], [[2008]] "Queers United"</ref> When bisexual erasure is found in intellectually dishonest or erroneous works, it is a manifestation of [[biphobia]].<ref>[http://www.biwriters.org/MediaResources/glossaryI.htm Bisexual erasure]Bi Writers Media Guide: Glossary</ref> In its most extreme form, bisexual erasure can include denying that bisexual people actually exist.<ref name="media erasure">{{cite journal |last=Hutchins |first=Loraine |authorlink=Loraine Hutchins |title=Sexual Prejudice: The erasure of bisexuals in academia and the media |journal=[[American Sexuality magazine]] |volume=3 |issue=4 |publisher=[[National Sexuality Resource Center]] |date=2005 |url=http://nsrc.sfsu.edu/MagArticle.cfm?Article=475&PageID=0 }}</ref>

== In the gay community ==
Bisexual erasure may stem from a belief that bisexual people do not deserve equal status or inclusion within [[gay]] and [[lesbian]] communities.<Ref name="BT archaeology">{{cite journal |last=Weiss |first=Jillian Todd |authorlink=Jillian Todd Weiss |title=GL vs. BT: The Archaeology of Biphobia and Transphobia Within the U.S. Gay and Lesbian Community |journal=[[Journal of Bisexuality]] |volume=3 |issue=3/4 |pages=25–55 |publisher=[[Haworth Press]] |date=2004 |url=http://phobos.ramapo.edu/~jweiss/glvsbt.htm }}</ref>

This can take the form of omitting the word ''bisexual'' in the name of an [[organization]] or [[gathering|event]] that serves the whole [[LGBT community]]. [[Homosexual]] people who engage in bisexual erasure may claim that bisexuals are actually [[The closet|closeted]] gay people who wish to appear [[heterosexual]].<ref name="bisexual erasure">{{cite journal |last=Yoshino |first=Kenji |authorlink=Kenji Yoshino |title=The Epistemic Contract of Bisexual Erasure |journal=[[Stanford Law Review]] |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=353–461 |publisher=[[Stanford Law School]] |date=January 2000 |url=http://www.kenjiyoshino.com/articles/epistemiccontract.pdf |doi=10.2307/1229482 }}</ref>

It is also common for gay writers and activists to portray bisexual and gender blurring behaviors in ancient and non-Western cultures, such as ancient Greek [[pederasty]] or Native American [[berdache]]s, as proof that homosexuality has been widely accepted in other times and cultures.<ref>Hall, Donald E. [http://www.glbtq.com/literature/bisex_lit.html Bisexual Literature] [[glbtq.com|glbtq: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, & Queer Culture]]</ref>

In some cases, gay commentators in the American and British media have portrayed individuals caught in scandals involving same-sex affairs as homosexual, despite bisexual behavior and lifestyle. As do gay commentators and the gay media, the mainstream media also tends to lump anyone identified with any homosexual partners as gay; in some cases, even those who specifically identify as bisexual or have a clear history of significant experience with both same and opposite-sex partners.

== See also ==
<div style="column-count:1;-moz-column-count:1;-webkit-column-count:1">
{{Portal|LGBT|Portal LGBT.svg}}
* [[Biphobia]]
* [[Heteronormativity]]
* [[Monosexism]]
* [[Robyn Ochs]]
</div>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
* [[Mariam Fraser|Fraser, M.]], ''Identity Without Selfhood: Simone de Beauvoir and Bisexuality'', Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press 1999. p.124-140.

== External links ==
* [http://gibbin.org/curmudgeon.html Dear Fellow Non-existent Beings: countering current attempts to erase bisexuality]
* [http://bialogue.livejournal.com/ Bialogue]
* [http://www.glbtq.com/literature/bisex_lit.html Bisexual Erasure in literature] at [[glbtq.com]].
* [http://marksimpson.com/pages/journalism/curiouser.html Curiouser and curiouser] by [[Mark Simpson (journalist)|Mark Simpson]]
* [http://www.bialogue.org/Pages/InfoPackets/MentalHealth.html Bialogue/GLAAD Bisexuality Packet for Mental Health Professionals]
* [http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/05/health/05sex.html Straight, Gay or Lying? Bisexuality Revisited] New York Times, July 5, 2005.

{{Discrimination}}
{{LGBT|history=yes|culture=yes|rights=yes}}

[[Category:Bisexuality]]
[[Category:Sexual orientation and society]]

[[Category:LGBT terms]]
[[Category:LGBT history]]

[[he:העלמה ביסקסואלית]]
[[pt:Apagamento bissexual]]

Unsichtbarkeit von Bisexualität

2009-02-17T22:43:35Z

CyntWorkStuff: add reference

{{Bisexuality topics sidebar}}'''Bisexual erasure''' is the tendency to ignore, remove, falsify, or reexplain evidence of [[bisexuality]] in the [[History|historical record]], [[Academic|academic materials]], the [[news media]], and other [[primary sources]].<ref>[http://queersunited.blogspot.com/2008/05/word-of-gay-bisexual-erasure.html Word Of The Gay: BisexualErasure] [[May 16]], [[2008]] "Queers United"</ref> When bisexual erasure is found in intellectually dishonest or erroneous works, it is a manifestation of [[biphobia]].<ref>[http://www.biwriters.org/MediaResources/glossaryI.htm Bisexual erasure]Bi Writers: Glossary</ref> In its most extreme form, bisexual erasure can include denying that bisexual people actually exist.<ref name="media erasure">{{cite journal |last=Hutchins |first=Loraine |authorlink=Loraine Hutchins |title=Sexual Prejudice: The erasure of bisexuals in academia and the media |journal=[[American Sexuality magazine]] |volume=3 |issue=4 |publisher=[[National Sexuality Resource Center]] |date=2005 |url=http://nsrc.sfsu.edu/MagArticle.cfm?Article=475&PageID=0 }}</ref>

== In the gay community ==
Bisexual erasure may stem from a belief that bisexual people do not deserve equal status or inclusion within [[gay]] and [[lesbian]] communities.<Ref name="BT archaeology">{{cite journal |last=Weiss |first=Jillian Todd |authorlink=Jillian Todd Weiss |title=GL vs. BT: The Archaeology of Biphobia and Transphobia Within the U.S. Gay and Lesbian Community |journal=[[Journal of Bisexuality]] |volume=3 |issue=3/4 |pages=25–55 |publisher=[[Haworth Press]] |date=2004 |url=http://phobos.ramapo.edu/~jweiss/glvsbt.htm }}</ref>

This can take the form of omitting the word ''bisexual'' in the name of an [[organization]] or [[gathering|event]] that serves the whole [[LGBT community]]. [[Homosexual]] people who engage in bisexual erasure may claim that bisexuals are actually [[The closet|closeted]] gay people who wish to appear [[heterosexual]].<ref name="bisexual erasure">{{cite journal |last=Yoshino |first=Kenji |authorlink=Kenji Yoshino |title=The Epistemic Contract of Bisexual Erasure |journal=[[Stanford Law Review]] |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=353–461 |publisher=[[Stanford Law School]] |date=January 2000 |url=http://www.kenjiyoshino.com/articles/epistemiccontract.pdf |doi=10.2307/1229482 }}</ref>

It is also common for gay writers and activists to portray bisexual and gender blurring behaviors in ancient and non-Western cultures, such as ancient Greek [[pederasty]] or Native American [[berdache]]s, as proof that homosexuality has been widely accepted in other times and cultures.<ref>Hall, Donald E. [http://www.glbtq.com/literature/bisex_lit.html Bisexual Literature] [[glbtq.com|glbtq: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, & Queer Culture]]</ref>

In some cases, gay commentators in the American and British media have portrayed individuals caught in scandals involving same-sex affairs as homosexual, despite bisexual behavior and lifestyle. As do gay commentators and the gay media, the mainstream media also tends to lump anyone identified with any homosexual partners as gay; in some cases, even those who specifically identify as bisexual or have a clear history of significant experience with both same and opposite-sex partners.

== See also ==
<div style="column-count:1;-moz-column-count:1;-webkit-column-count:1">
{{Portal|LGBT|Portal LGBT.svg}}
* [[Biphobia]]
* [[Heteronormativity]]
* [[Monosexism]]
* [[Robyn Ochs]]
</div>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
* [[Mariam Fraser|Fraser, M.]], ''Identity Without Selfhood: Simone de Beauvoir and Bisexuality'', Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press 1999. p.124-140.

== External links ==
* [http://gibbin.org/curmudgeon.html Dear Fellow Non-existent Beings: countering current attempts to erase bisexuality]
* [http://bialogue.livejournal.com/ Bialogue]
* [http://www.glbtq.com/literature/bisex_lit.html Bisexual Erasure in literature] at [[glbtq.com]].
* [http://marksimpson.com/pages/journalism/curiouser.html Curiouser and curiouser] by [[Mark Simpson (journalist)|Mark Simpson]]
* [http://www.bialogue.org/Pages/InfoPackets/MentalHealth.html Bialogue/GLAAD Bisexuality Packet for Mental Health Professionals]
* [http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/05/health/05sex.html Straight, Gay or Lying? Bisexuality Revisited] New York Times, July 5, 2005.

{{Discrimination}}
{{LGBT|history=yes|culture=yes|rights=yes}}

[[Category:Bisexuality]]
[[Category:Sexual orientation and society]]

[[Category:LGBT terms]]
[[Category:LGBT history]]

[[he:העלמה ביסקסואלית]]
[[pt:Apagamento bissexual]]

Unsichtbarkeit von Bisexualität

2009-02-17T19:57:26Z

CyntWorkStuff: format error

{{Bisexuality topics sidebar}}'''Bisexual erasure''' is the tendency to ignore, remove, falsify, or reexplain evidence of [[bisexuality]] in the [[History|historical record]], [[Academic|academic materials]], the [[news media]], and other [[primary sources]].<ref>[http://queersunited.blogspot.com/2008/05/word-of-gay-bisexual-erasure.html Word Of The Gay: BisexualErasure] [[May 16]], [[2008]] "Queers United"</ref> When bisexual erasure is found in intellectually dishonest or erroneous works, it is a manifestation of [[biphobia]]. In its most extreme form, bisexual erasure can include denying that bisexual people actually exist.<ref name="media erasure">{{cite journal |last=Hutchins |first=Loraine |authorlink=Loraine Hutchins |title=Sexual Prejudice: The erasure of bisexuals in academia and the media |journal=[[American Sexuality magazine]] |volume=3 |issue=4 |publisher=[[National Sexuality Resource Center]] |date=2005 |url=http://nsrc.sfsu.edu/MagArticle.cfm?Article=475&PageID=0 }}</ref>

== In the gay community ==
Bisexual erasure may stem from a belief that bisexual people do not deserve equal status or inclusion within [[gay]] and [[lesbian]] communities.<Ref name="BT archaeology">{{cite journal |last=Weiss |first=Jillian Todd |authorlink=Jillian Todd Weiss |title=GL vs. BT: The Archaeology of Biphobia and Transphobia Within the U.S. Gay and Lesbian Community |journal=[[Journal of Bisexuality]] |volume=3 |issue=3/4 |pages=25–55 |publisher=[[Haworth Press]] |date=2004 |url=http://phobos.ramapo.edu/~jweiss/glvsbt.htm }}</ref>

This can take the form of omitting the word ''bisexual'' in the name of an [[organization]] or [[gathering|event]] that serves the whole [[LGBT community]]. [[Homosexual]] people who engage in bisexual erasure may claim that bisexuals are actually [[The closet|closeted]] gay people who wish to appear [[heterosexual]].<ref name="bisexual erasure">{{cite journal |last=Yoshino |first=Kenji |authorlink=Kenji Yoshino |title=The Epistemic Contract of Bisexual Erasure |journal=[[Stanford Law Review]] |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=353–461 |publisher=[[Stanford Law School]] |date=January 2000 |url=http://www.kenjiyoshino.com/articles/epistemiccontract.pdf |doi=10.2307/1229482 }}</ref>

It is also common for gay writers and activists to portray bisexual and gender blurring behaviors in ancient and non-Western cultures, such as ancient Greek [[pederasty]] or Native American [[berdache]]s, as proof that homosexuality has been widely accepted in other times and cultures.<ref>Hall, Donald E. [http://www.glbtq.com/literature/bisex_lit.html Bisexual Literature] [[glbtq.com|glbtq: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, & Queer Culture]]</ref>

In some cases, gay commentators in the American and British media have portrayed individuals caught in scandals involving same-sex affairs as homosexual, despite bisexual behavior and lifestyle. As do gay commentators and the gay media, the mainstream media also tends to lump anyone identified with any homosexual partners as gay; in some cases, even those who specifically identify as bisexual or have a clear history of significant experience with both same and opposite-sex partners.

== See also ==
<div style="column-count:1;-moz-column-count:1;-webkit-column-count:1">
{{Portal|LGBT|Portal LGBT.svg}}
* [[Biphobia]]
* [[Heteronormativity]]
* [[Monosexism]]
* [[Robyn Ochs]]
</div>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
* [[Mariam Fraser|Fraser, M.]], ''Identity Without Selfhood: Simone de Beauvoir and Bisexuality'', Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press 1999. p.124-140.

== External links ==
* [http://gibbin.org/curmudgeon.html Dear Fellow Non-existent Beings: countering current attempts to erase bisexuality]
* [http://bialogue.livejournal.com/ Bialogue]
* [http://www.glbtq.com/literature/bisex_lit.html Bisexual Erasure in literature] at [[glbtq.com]].
* [http://marksimpson.com/pages/journalism/curiouser.html Curiouser and curiouser] by [[Mark Simpson (journalist)|Mark Simpson]]
* [http://www.bialogue.org/Pages/InfoPackets/MentalHealth.html Bialogue/GLAAD Bisexuality Packet for Mental Health Professionals]
* [http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/05/health/05sex.html Straight, Gay or Lying? Bisexuality Revisited] New York Times, July 5, 2005.

{{Discrimination}}
{{LGBT|history=yes|culture=yes|rights=yes}}

[[Category:Bisexuality]]
[[Category:Sexual orientation and society]]

[[Category:LGBT terms]]
[[Category:LGBT history]]

[[he:העלמה ביסקסואלית]]
[[pt:Apagamento bissexual]]

Unsichtbarkeit von Bisexualität

2009-02-17T19:55:39Z

CyntWorkStuff: /* In the gay community */

{{Bisexuality topics sidebar}}'''Bisexual erasure''' is the tendency to ignore, remove, falsify, or reexplain evidence of [[bisexuality]] in the [[History|historical record]], [[Academic|academic materials]], the [[news media]], and other [[primary sources]].<ref>[http://queersunited.blogspot.com/2008/05/word-of-gay-bisexual-erasure.html Word Of The Gay: BisexualErasure] [[May 16]], [[2008]] "Queers United"</ref> When bisexual erasure is found in intellectually dishonest or erroneous works, it is a manifestation of [[biphobia]]. In its most extreme form, bisexual erasure can include denying that bisexual people actually exist.<ref name="media erasure">{{cite journal |last=Hutchins |first=Loraine |authorlink=Loraine Hutchins |title=Sexual Prejudice: The erasure of bisexuals in academia and the media |journal=[[American Sexuality magazine]] |volume=3 |issue=4 |publisher=[[National Sexuality Resource Center]] |date=2005 |url=http://nsrc.sfsu.edu/MagArticle.cfm?Article=475&PageID=0 }}</ref>

== In the gay community ==
Bisexual erasure may stem from a belief that bisexual people do not deserve equal status or inclusion within [[gay]] and [[lesbian]] communities.<Ref name="BT archaeology">{{cite journal |last=Weiss |first=Jillian Todd |authorlink=Jillian Todd Weiss |title=GL vs. BT: The Archaeology of Biphobia and Transphobia Within the U.S. Gay and Lesbian Community |journal=[[Journal of Bisexuality]] |volume=3 |issue=3/4 |pages=25–55 |publisher=[[Haworth Press]] |date=2004 |url=http://phobos.ramapo.edu/~jweiss/glvsbt.htm }}</ref>

This can take the form of omitting the word ''bisexual'' in the name of an [[organization]] or [[gathering|event]] that serves the whole [[LGBT community]]. [[Homosexual]] people who engage in bisexual erasure may claim that bisexuals are actually [[The closet|closeted]] gay people who wish to appear [[heterosexual]].<ref name="bisexual erasure">{{cite journal |last=Yoshino |first=Kenji |authorlink=Kenji Yoshino |title=The Epistemic Contract of Bisexual Erasure |journal=[[Stanford Law Review]] |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=353–461 |publisher=[[Stanford Law School]] |date=January 2000 |url=http://www.kenjiyoshino.com/articles/epistemiccontract.pdf |doi=10.2307/1229482 }}</ref>

It is also common for gay writers and activists to portray bisexual and gender blurring behaviors in ancient and non-Western cultures, such as ancient Greek [[pederasty]] or Native American [[berdache]]s, as proof that homosexuality has been widely accepted in other times and cultures.<ref>Hall, Donald E. [http://www.glbtq.com/literature/bisex_lit.html Bisexual Literature] [glbtq.com|glbtq: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, & Queer Culture]</ref>

In some cases, gay commentators in the American and British media have portrayed individuals caught in scandals involving same-sex affairs as homosexual, despite bisexual behavior and lifestyle. As do gay commentators and the gay media, the mainstream media also tends to lump anyone identified with any homosexual partners as gay; in some cases, even those who specifically identify as bisexual or have a clear history of significant experience with both same and opposite-sex partners.

== See also ==
<div style="column-count:1;-moz-column-count:1;-webkit-column-count:1">
{{Portal|LGBT|Portal LGBT.svg}}
* [[Biphobia]]
* [[Heteronormativity]]
* [[Monosexism]]
* [[Robyn Ochs]]
</div>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
* [[Mariam Fraser|Fraser, M.]], ''Identity Without Selfhood: Simone de Beauvoir and Bisexuality'', Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press 1999. p.124-140.

== External links ==
* [http://gibbin.org/curmudgeon.html Dear Fellow Non-existent Beings: countering current attempts to erase bisexuality]
* [http://bialogue.livejournal.com/ Bialogue]
* [http://www.glbtq.com/literature/bisex_lit.html Bisexual Erasure in literature] at [[glbtq.com]].
* [http://marksimpson.com/pages/journalism/curiouser.html Curiouser and curiouser] by [[Mark Simpson (journalist)|Mark Simpson]]
* [http://www.bialogue.org/Pages/InfoPackets/MentalHealth.html Bialogue/GLAAD Bisexuality Packet for Mental Health Professionals]
* [http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/05/health/05sex.html Straight, Gay or Lying? Bisexuality Revisited] New York Times, July 5, 2005.

{{Discrimination}}
{{LGBT|history=yes|culture=yes|rights=yes}}

[[Category:Bisexuality]]
[[Category:Sexual orientation and society]]

[[Category:LGBT terms]]
[[Category:LGBT history]]

[[he:העלמה ביסקסואלית]]
[[pt:Apagamento bissexual]]

Unsichtbarkeit von Bisexualität

2009-02-17T19:14:01Z

CyntWorkStuff: added reference

{{Bisexuality topics sidebar}}'''Bisexual erasure''' is the tendency to ignore, remove, falsify, or reexplain evidence of [[bisexuality]] in the [[History|historical record]], [[Academic|academic materials]], the [[news media]], and other [[primary sources]].<ref>[http://queersunited.blogspot.com/2008/05/word-of-gay-bisexual-erasure.html Word Of The Gay: BisexualErasure] [[May 16]], [[2008]] "Queers United"</ref> When bisexual erasure is found in intellectually dishonest or erroneous works, it is a manifestation of [[biphobia]]. In its most extreme form, bisexual erasure can include denying that bisexual people actually exist.<ref name="media erasure">{{cite journal |last=Hutchins |first=Loraine |authorlink=Loraine Hutchins |title=Sexual Prejudice: The erasure of bisexuals in academia and the media |journal=[[American Sexuality magazine]] |volume=3 |issue=4 |publisher=[[National Sexuality Resource Center]] |date=2005 |url=http://nsrc.sfsu.edu/MagArticle.cfm?Article=475&PageID=0 }}</ref>

== In the gay community ==
Bisexual erasure may stem from a belief that bisexual people do not deserve equal status or inclusion within [[gay]] and [[lesbian]] communities.<Ref name="BT archaeology">{{cite journal |last=Weiss |first=Jillian Todd |authorlink=Jillian Todd Weiss |title=GL vs. BT: The Archaeology of Biphobia and Transphobia Within the U.S. Gay and Lesbian Community |journal=[[Journal of Bisexuality]] |volume=3 |issue=3/4 |pages=25–55 |publisher=[[Haworth Press]] |date=2004 |url=http://phobos.ramapo.edu/~jweiss/glvsbt.htm }}</ref>

This can take the form of omitting the word ''bisexual'' in the name of an [[organization]] or [[gathering|event]] that serves the whole [[LGBT community]]. [[Homosexual]] people who engage in bisexual erasure may claim that bisexuals are actually [[The closet|closeted]] gay people who wish to appear [[heterosexual]].<ref name="bisexual erasure">{{cite journal |last=Yoshino |first=Kenji |authorlink=Kenji Yoshino |title=The Epistemic Contract of Bisexual Erasure |journal=[[Stanford Law Review]] |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=353–461 |publisher=[[Stanford Law School]] |date=January 2000 |url=http://www.kenjiyoshino.com/articles/epistemiccontract.pdf |doi=10.2307/1229482 }}</ref>

It is also common for gay writers and activists to portray bisexual and gender blurring behaviors in ancient and non-Western cultures, such as ancient Greek [[pederasty]] or Native American [[berdache]]s, as proof that homosexuality has been widely accepted in other times and cultures.

In some cases, gay commentators in the American and British media have portrayed individuals caught in scandals involving same-sex affairs as homosexual, despite bisexual behavior and lifestyle. As do gay commentators and the gay media, the mainstream media also tends to lump anyone identified with any homosexual partners as gay; in some cases, even those who specifically identify as bisexual or have a clear history of significant experience with both same and opposite-sex partners.

== See also ==
<div style="column-count:1;-moz-column-count:1;-webkit-column-count:1">
{{Portal|LGBT|Portal LGBT.svg}}
* [[Biphobia]]
* [[Heteronormativity]]
* [[Monosexism]]
* [[Robyn Ochs]]
</div>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
* [[Mariam Fraser|Fraser, M.]], ''Identity Without Selfhood: Simone de Beauvoir and Bisexuality'', Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press 1999. p.124-140.

== External links ==
* [http://gibbin.org/curmudgeon.html Dear Fellow Non-existent Beings: countering current attempts to erase bisexuality]
* [http://bialogue.livejournal.com/ Bialogue]
* [http://www.glbtq.com/literature/bisex_lit.html Bisexual Erasure in literature] at [[glbtq.com]].
* [http://marksimpson.com/pages/journalism/curiouser.html Curiouser and curiouser] by [[Mark Simpson (journalist)|Mark Simpson]]
* [http://www.bialogue.org/Pages/InfoPackets/MentalHealth.html Bialogue/GLAAD Bisexuality Packet for Mental Health Professionals]
* [http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/05/health/05sex.html Straight, Gay or Lying? Bisexuality Revisited] New York Times, July 5, 2005.

{{Discrimination}}
{{LGBT|history=yes|culture=yes|rights=yes}}

[[Category:Bisexuality]]
[[Category:Sexual orientation and society]]

[[Category:LGBT terms]]
[[Category:LGBT history]]

[[he:העלמה ביסקסואלית]]
[[pt:Apagamento bissexual]]

Unsichtbarkeit von Bisexualität

2009-02-17T18:34:43Z

CyntWorkStuff: article is well referenced

{{Bisexuality topics sidebar}}'''Bisexual erasure''' is the tendency to ignore, remove, falsify, or reexplain evidence of [[bisexuality]] in the [[History|historical record]], [[Academic|academic materials]], the [[news media]], and other [[primary sources]]. When bisexual erasure is found in intellectually dishonest or erroneous works, it is a manifestation of [[biphobia]].{{Fact|date=February 2008}} In its most extreme form, bisexual erasure can include denying that bisexual people actually exist.<ref name="media erasure">{{cite journal |last=Hutchins |first=Loraine |authorlink=Loraine Hutchins |title=Sexual Prejudice: The erasure of bisexuals in academia and the media |journal=[[American Sexuality magazine]] |volume=3 |issue=4 |publisher=[[National Sexuality Resource Center]] |date=2005 |url=http://nsrc.sfsu.edu/MagArticle.cfm?Article=475&PageID=0 }}</ref>

== In the gay community ==
Bisexual erasure may stem from a belief that bisexual people do not deserve equal status or inclusion within [[gay]] and [[lesbian]] communities.<Ref name="BT archaeology">{{cite journal |last=Weiss |first=Jillian Todd |authorlink=Jillian Todd Weiss |title=GL vs. BT: The Archaeology of Biphobia and Transphobia Within the U.S. Gay and Lesbian Community |journal=[[Journal of Bisexuality]] |volume=3 |issue=3/4 |pages=25–55 |publisher=[[Haworth Press]] |date=2004 |url=http://phobos.ramapo.edu/~jweiss/glvsbt.htm }}</ref>

This can take the form of omitting the word ''bisexual'' in the name of an [[organization]] or [[gathering|event]] that serves the whole [[LGBT community]]. [[Homosexual]] people who engage in bisexual erasure may claim that bisexuals are actually [[The closet|closeted]] gay people who wish to appear [[heterosexual]].<ref name="bisexual erasure">{{cite journal |last=Yoshino |first=Kenji |authorlink=Kenji Yoshino |title=The Epistemic Contract of Bisexual Erasure |journal=[[Stanford Law Review]] |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=353–461 |publisher=[[Stanford Law School]] |date=January 2000 |url=http://www.kenjiyoshino.com/articles/epistemiccontract.pdf |doi=10.2307/1229482 }}</ref>

It is also common for gay writers and activists to portray bisexual and gender blurring behaviors in ancient and non-Western cultures, such as ancient Greek [[pederasty]] or Native American [[berdache]]s, as proof that homosexuality has been widely accepted in other times and cultures.

In some cases, gay commentators in the American and British media have portrayed individuals caught in scandals involving same-sex affairs as homosexual, despite bisexual behavior and lifestyle. As do gay commentators and the gay media, the mainstream media also tends to lump anyone identified with any homosexual partners as gay; in some cases, even those who specifically identify as bisexual or have a clear history of significant experience with both same and opposite-sex partners.{{fact|date=December 2008}}

== See also ==
<div style="column-count:1;-moz-column-count:1;-webkit-column-count:1">
{{Portal|LGBT|Portal LGBT.svg}}
* [[Biphobia]]
* [[Heteronormativity]]
* [[Monosexism]]
* [[Robyn Ochs]]
</div>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
* [[Mariam Fraser|Fraser, M.]], ''Identity Without Selfhood: Simone de Beauvoir and Bisexuality'', Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press 1999. p.124-140.

== External links ==
* [http://gibbin.org/curmudgeon.html Dear Fellow Non-existent Beings: countering current attempts to erase bisexuality]
* [http://bialogue.livejournal.com/ Bialogue]
* [http://www.glbtq.com/literature/bisex_lit.html Bisexual Erasure in literature] at [[glbtq.com]].
* [http://marksimpson.com/pages/journalism/curiouser.html Curiouser and curiouser] by [[Mark Simpson (journalist)|Mark Simpson]]
* [http://www.bialogue.org/Pages/InfoPackets/MentalHealth.html Bialogue/GLAAD Bisexuality Packet for Mental Health Professionals]
* [http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/05/health/05sex.html Straight, Gay or Lying? Bisexuality Revisited] New York Times, July 5, 2005.

{{Discrimination}}
{{LGBT|history=yes|culture=yes|rights=yes}}

[[Category:Bisexuality]]
[[Category:Sexual orientation and society]]

[[Category:LGBT terms]]
[[Category:LGBT history]]

[[he:העלמה ביסקסואלית]]
[[pt:Apagamento bissexual]]

Biphobie

2009-01-01T19:32:48Z

CyntWorkStuff: changed arrangement of boxes

'''Biphobia''' is a term used to describe the fear of, aversion to, or discrimination against [[bisexuality]]. '''Biphobic''' is the adjective form of this term used to describe the qualities of these characteristics while the less common '''biphobe''' is the noun form given as a title to individuals with "biphobic" characteristics.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Eliason, MJ|title=The prevalence and nature of biphobia in heterosexual undergraduate students|journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior|volume=26|issue=3|year=1997|pages=317–26|pmid=9146816|doi=10.1023/A:1024527032040}}</ref>

==Bisexual stereotypes==
Bisexual stereotypes include, but are not limited to: [[promiscuity]], [[polygamy]], living the [[swinging]] lifestyle, and being "confused" or "greedy" or "slutty". <ref>[http://www.glaad.org/programs/cim/birepresentations.php GLAAD: Cultural Interest Media]</ref> In some cases, bisexuals are accused of bringing [[sexually transmitted disease]]s into the heterosexual community or into the LGBT community. A related stereotype is one in which a bisexual person is presumed to be willing to have sex with just about anyone. This stereotype leads to unwanted attention of a sexual nature directed at bisexual [[female]]s, while often stereotyping bisexual males as major [[AIDS]] risks.

Bisexuals are sometimes called "confused" by people, both heterosexuals and homosexuals, who believe that they are simply pretending to be bisexual in order to avoid homophobia. Similarly, bisexuals may be called "dabblers," as an insinuation that they are still experimenting sexually, or are simply perverted.

Often, however, heterosexuals will add more stereotypes based on homophobia. Homophobes often think that bisexuals are gender nonconformist. Homosexual people will sometimes see bisexuals as maintaining privilege and collaborating with the homophobes while simultaneously availing themselves of opportunities in LBGT communities. Some consider the belief that people are either heterosexual or homosexual, and thus that bisexuality does not truly exist, to be biphobic.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Dworkin, SH |title=Treating the bisexual client|journal=Journal of Clinical Psychology|volume=57|issue=5|year=2001|pages=671–80 | pmid=11304706 |doi=10.1002/jclp.1036}}</ref>

A 2002 study said that a sample of men self-identifying as bisexual did not respond equally to pornographic material involving only men, and to pornography involving only women, but instead showed four times more arousal to one than the other. However, bisexuality does not imply equal attraction towards both genders. In addition, opponents state that genital arousal to homosexual pornographic material is not a good indicator of orientation. They also point out that the study showed a third of men had no arousal, and ask why this does not mean that one third of men are really [[asexual]].<ref>[http://www.thetaskforce.org/media/NYTBiArt/LettersFromTheCommunity.cfm]{{Dead link|date=March 2008}}</ref> The study, and ''[[The New York Times]]'' article which reported it in 2005,<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/05/health/05sex.html Straight, Gay or Lying? Bisexuality Revisited] New York Times, July 5, 2005.</ref> were subsequently criticized as flawed and biphobic.<ref>[http://zzz.pridesource.com/article.shtml?article=15015 PrideSource: Bisexual study, New York Times article cause furor]</ref><ref>http://main.bisexual.com/forum/showthread.php?t=3799 "Gay Straight or Lying? Bisexuality Revisited," Revisited - Part 1 by [[William Burleson]] June 26 2007</ref> [[Lynn Conway]] criticized the author of the study, [[J. Michael Bailey]], citing his controversial history, and pointing out that the study has not been scientifically repeated and confirmed by any independent researchers.<ref>[http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/TS/Bailey/Bisexuality/Bisexuality-NYT%207-05-05.html "Straight, Gay or Lying? Bisexuality Revisted" J. Michael Bailey attacks the identities of bisexual men]</ref>

Conversely, there is a school of thought that says that "everyone is bisexual."<ref>[http://www.biresource.org/pamphlets/myths.pdf Myths About Bisexuality] (PDF pamphlet from Bisexual Resource Center)</ref>
One common motive for negative attitudes toward bisexuality, for straight partners of bisexuals, is the fear that their bisexual parter will leave them for a member of the same sex. Similar fears exist among gay people as well.

The heterosexual male is seen as having an unfair systemic advantage due to both [[sexism]] and homophobia. Bisexual persons may also be the target of homophobia from those who consider only heterosexuality appropriate.

Some [[radical feminism|radical]] [[Lesbian feminism|lesbian feminists]] think that bisexual women are giving in to [[patriarchy]].{{Fact|date=August 2008}} Others say that biphobes are insecure about their sexuality themselves, similarly to homophobia. It is fair to note many biphobes are also [[homophobia|homophobic]], while maintaining there are only heterosexual and homosexual as sexual preferences, and a common stereotype is that female bisexuals are attention seeking heterosexuals, while male ones are just self-denying homosexuals too afraid to fully acknowledge their true orientation.

==See also==
{{Portal|LGBT|Portal LGBT.svg}}
*[[Bisexual erasure]]
*[[Duclod Man]]
*[[Heteronormativity]]
*[[Heterosexism]]
*[[Homophobia]]
*[[Monosexism]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* [[Marjorie Garber|Garber, Marjorie]] (1995). ''Bisexuality and the Eroticism of Everyday Life'', pp. 20-21, 28, 39.
* [[Mariam Fraser|Fraser, M.]], ''Identity Without Selfhood: Simone de Beauvoir and Bisexuality'', Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press 1999. p.124-140.

==External links==
* [http://www.bialogue.org/Pages/InfoPackets/MentalHealth.html Bialogue/GLAAD Bisexuality Packet for Mental Health Professionals]
* [http://www.advocate.com/exclusive_detail_ektid49066.asp Fairy Tales], by Job Brother in [[The Advocate]] September 21, 2007
* [http://marksimpson.com/pages/journalism/curiouser.html Curiouser and curiouser] by [[Mark Simpson (journalist)|Mark Simpson]]

{{Template group
|list =
{{Bisexuality topics}}
{{LGBT}}
{{Discrimination}}
{{Phobias}}
}}

[[Category:Bisexuality]]
[[Category:Discrimination]]
[[Category:Phobias]]
[[Category:Sexual and gender prejudices]]
[[Category:LGBT terms]]

[[da:Bifobi]]
[[es:Bifobia]]
[[fr:Biphobie]]
[[hr:Bifobija]]
[[he:ביפוביה]]
[[hu:Bifóbia]]
[[nl:Bifobie]]
[[pt:Bifobia]]
[[zh:雙性戀恐懼症]]

Biphobie

2009-01-01T19:28:18Z

CyntWorkStuff: removed boxes after a lenghy period of time with no aparent attempts by OP to constructively update

{{Bisexuality topics sidebar}}
'''Biphobia''' is a term used to describe the fear of, aversion to, or discrimination against [[bisexuality]]. '''Biphobic''' is the adjective form of this term used to describe the qualities of these characteristics while the less common '''biphobe''' is the noun form given as a title to individuals with "biphobic" characteristics.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Eliason, MJ|title=The prevalence and nature of biphobia in heterosexual undergraduate students|journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior|volume=26|issue=3|year=1997|pages=317–26|pmid=9146816|doi=10.1023/A:1024527032040}}</ref>

==Bisexual stereotypes=={{Discrimination sidebar}}
Bisexual stereotypes include, but are not limited to: [[promiscuity]], [[polygamy]], living the [[swinging]] lifestyle, and being "confused" or "greedy" or "slutty". <ref>[http://www.glaad.org/programs/cim/birepresentations.php GLAAD: Cultural Interest Media]</ref> In some cases, bisexuals are accused of bringing [[sexually transmitted disease]]s into the heterosexual community or into the LGBT community. A related stereotype is one in which a bisexual person is presumed to be willing to have sex with just about anyone. This stereotype leads to unwanted attention of a sexual nature directed at bisexual [[female]]s, while often stereotyping bisexual males as major [[AIDS]] risks.

Bisexuals are sometimes called "confused" by people, both heterosexuals and homosexuals, who believe that they are simply pretending to be bisexual in order to avoid homophobia. Similarly, bisexuals may be called "dabblers," as an insinuation that they are still experimenting sexually, or are simply perverted.

Often, however, heterosexuals will add more stereotypes based on homophobia. Homophobes often think that bisexuals are gender nonconformist. Homosexual people will sometimes see bisexuals as maintaining privilege and collaborating with the homophobes while simultaneously availing themselves of opportunities in LBGT communities. Some consider the belief that people are either heterosexual or homosexual, and thus that bisexuality does not truly exist, to be biphobic.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Dworkin, SH |title=Treating the bisexual client|journal=Journal of Clinical Psychology|volume=57|issue=5|year=2001|pages=671–80 | pmid=11304706 |doi=10.1002/jclp.1036}}</ref>

A 2002 study said that a sample of men self-identifying as bisexual did not respond equally to pornographic material involving only men, and to pornography involving only women, but instead showed four times more arousal to one than the other. However, bisexuality does not imply equal attraction towards both genders. In addition, opponents state that genital arousal to homosexual pornographic material is not a good indicator of orientation. They also point out that the study showed a third of men had no arousal, and ask why this does not mean that one third of men are really [[asexual]].<ref>[http://www.thetaskforce.org/media/NYTBiArt/LettersFromTheCommunity.cfm]{{Dead link|date=March 2008}}</ref> The study, and ''[[The New York Times]]'' article which reported it in 2005,<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/05/health/05sex.html Straight, Gay or Lying? Bisexuality Revisited] New York Times, July 5, 2005.</ref> were subsequently criticized as flawed and biphobic.<ref>[http://zzz.pridesource.com/article.shtml?article=15015 PrideSource: Bisexual study, New York Times article cause furor]</ref><ref>http://main.bisexual.com/forum/showthread.php?t=3799 "Gay Straight or Lying? Bisexuality Revisited," Revisited - Part 1 by [[William Burleson]] June 26 2007</ref> [[Lynn Conway]] criticized the author of the study, [[J. Michael Bailey]], citing his controversial history, and pointing out that the study has not been scientifically repeated and confirmed by any independent researchers.<ref>[http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/TS/Bailey/Bisexuality/Bisexuality-NYT%207-05-05.html "Straight, Gay or Lying? Bisexuality Revisted" J. Michael Bailey attacks the identities of bisexual men]</ref>

Conversely, there is a school of thought that says that "everyone is bisexual."<ref>[http://www.biresource.org/pamphlets/myths.pdf Myths About Bisexuality] (PDF pamphlet from Bisexual Resource Center)</ref>
One common motive for negative attitudes toward bisexuality, for straight partners of bisexuals, is the fear that their bisexual parter will leave them for a member of the same sex. Similar fears exist among gay people as well.

The heterosexual male is seen as having an unfair systemic advantage due to both [[sexism]] and homophobia. Bisexual persons may also be the target of homophobia from those who consider only heterosexuality appropriate.

Some [[radical feminism|radical]] [[Lesbian feminism|lesbian feminists]] think that bisexual women are giving in to [[patriarchy]].{{Fact|date=August 2008}} Others say that biphobes are insecure about their sexuality themselves, similarly to homophobia. It is fair to note many biphobes are also [[homophobia|homophobic]], while maintaining there are only heterosexual and homosexual as sexual preferences, and a common stereotype is that female bisexuals are attention seeking heterosexuals, while male ones are just self-denying homosexuals too afraid to fully acknowledge their true orientation.

==See also==
{{Portal|LGBT|Portal LGBT.svg}}
*[[Bisexual erasure]]
*[[Duclod Man]]
*[[Heteronormativity]]
*[[Heterosexism]]
*[[Homophobia]]
*[[Monosexism]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* [[Marjorie Garber|Garber, Marjorie]] (1995). ''Bisexuality and the Eroticism of Everyday Life'', pp. 20-21, 28, 39.
* [[Mariam Fraser|Fraser, M.]], ''Identity Without Selfhood: Simone de Beauvoir and Bisexuality'', Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press 1999. p.124-140.

==External links==
* [http://www.bialogue.org/Pages/InfoPackets/MentalHealth.html Bialogue/GLAAD Bisexuality Packet for Mental Health Professionals]
* [http://www.advocate.com/exclusive_detail_ektid49066.asp Fairy Tales], by Job Brother in [[The Advocate]] September 21, 2007
* [http://marksimpson.com/pages/journalism/curiouser.html Curiouser and curiouser] by [[Mark Simpson (journalist)|Mark Simpson]]

{{Template group
|list =
{{LGBT}}
{{Discrimination}}
}}
{{Phobias}}

[[Category:Bisexuality]]
[[Category:Discrimination]]
[[Category:Phobias]]
[[Category:Sexual and gender prejudices]]
[[Category:LGBT terms]]

[[da:Bifobi]]
[[es:Bifobia]]
[[fr:Biphobie]]
[[hr:Bifobija]]
[[he:ביפוביה]]
[[hu:Bifóbia]]
[[nl:Bifobie]]
[[pt:Bifobia]]
[[zh:雙性戀恐懼症]]

Gemischtorientierte Ehe

2008-08-13T23:36:49Z

CyntWorkStuff: categories

{{Close Relationships}}
A '''mixed orientation marriage''' is a [[marriage]] between a [[man]] and a [[woman]] in which one of the partners has a [[homosexual]] or a [[bisexual]] orientation. Many gay men and lesbians marry people of the opposite sex and go on to have children.<ref>{{cite news
|title=How to tell if your husband is gay
|first=Rochelle
|last=Hentges
|publisher=[[Pittsburgh Tribune-Review]]
|date=October 4, 2006
|url=http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/tribpm/s_473458.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|title=Straight Spouses -- What to Do and What Not to Do If Your Spouse is Gay
|accessdate=2008-01-31
|author=Sheri & Bob Stritof
|url=http://marriage.about.com/cs/straightspouses/a/straightspouse.htm}}</ref> Some men are able to express with minimal conflict their homosexual and heterosexual impulses within the framework of a conventional marriage,<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4056387?ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_Discovery_RA&linkpos=3&log$=relatedarticles&logdbfrom=pubmed A study of the married bisexual male: paradox and resolution]</ref> with openness and communication being a key factor.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4056388?ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_Discovery_RA&linkpos=4&log$=relatedarticles&logdbfrom=pubmed Integration of male bisexuality and marriage]</ref> These marriages are sometimes referred to as '''"Brokeback" marriages''', which comes from the movie ''[[Brokeback Mountain]]'', in which two married men have an [[affair]] with each other.<ref name=Brokeback>{{cite news
|title=Many Couples Must Negotiate Terms of 'Brokeback' Marriages
|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/07/health/07broke.html?_r=2&oref=slogin&oref=slogin
|last=Butler
|first=Katy
|date=March 7, 2006
|publisher=[[New York Times]]}}</ref>

== Reasons for getting married ==
Usually, gay people do not heterosexually marry out of convenience or for a cover, but for complex reasons, including everything from discrimination and wishful thinking to real affection, sexual love,<ref name=Brokeback /> and desire for family.<ref>[http://www.haworthpress.com/store/ArticleAbstract.asp?sid=3Q4EE45JK40W8L1DN0HJVF3U8WFT5DSC&ID=11230 Gay Men from Heterosexual Marriages: Attitudes, Behaviors, Childhood Experiences, and Reasons for Marriage]</ref> Joe Kort, a counselor specializing in mixed-orientation marriages, said "These men genuinely love their wives. They fall in love with their wives, they have children, they're on a chemical, romantic high, and then after about seven years, the high falls away and their gay identity starts emerging. They don't mean any harm."<ref name=Brokeback /> Others cite spiritual reasons for getting married.<ref>[http://www.rickross.com/reference/mormon/mormon336.html Gay, Mormon, married]</ref> One married gay man said his "spiritual identity" had always been "marriage and family."<ref name=Moore07>{{cite news
|url=http://deseretnews.com/dn/view/0,1249,660207378,00.html
|title=Gay LDS men detail challenges
|publisher=[[Deseret Morning News]]
|last=Moore
|first=Carrie A.
|date=March 30, 2007}}</ref> While many hide their orientation from their spouse, others tell their spouse before marriage.<ref name=Moore07 /> Others may not be aware of their sexual orientation or their sexual orientation changed after marriage. Some bisexual women are almost exclusively heterosexual in behavior and fantasies before marriage, but change toward a homosexual orientation during marriage.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4056398?ordinalpos=24&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum Bisexual women in marriage]</ref>

A [[lavender marriage]] is a mixed-orientation marriage used to cover up one's sexual orientation, often for their career. The straight spouse may be referred to as the [[Beard (female companion)|beard]] or [[merkin]].

== Family members ==
Many women are attracted to gay men and proceed to marry them.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8505530?ordinalpos=86&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum Gay fathers in straight marriages]</ref> Kort said "straight individuals rarely marry gay people accidentally."<ref>{{cite journal
|url=http://www.joekort.com/joekort_the_new_mixed_marriage.htm
|publisher=[[Psychotherapy Networker]]
|date=Sept 2005
|last=Kort
|first=Joe
|title=The New Mixed Marriage: When One Partner is Gay}}</ref> He theorized that some women find gay men less judgmental and more flexible, while others unconsciously seek partnerships that are not sexually passionate.<ref name=Brokeback />

Wives of gay men who did not know of their husband's sexual orientation may feel deceived or stupid for not having known. However, it is often difficult for them to seek support from family and friends because of fear of encountering social disapproval or ostracism.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2794500?ordinalpos=7&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum Heterosexual women's perceptions of their marriages to bisexual or homosexual men.]</ref> Findings suggest that wives struggled less with the homosexuality itself than with problems of isolation, stigma, loss, cognitive confusion and dissonance, and lack of knowledgeable, empathic support or help in problem solving.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4056383?ordinalpos=8&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum Wives' reactions to learning that their husbands are bisexual.]</ref> LGB parents must also decide how and when to come out to their children. For many this may be a difficult process.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3655343?ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_Discovery_RA&linkpos=5&log$=relatedarticles&logdbfrom=pubmed Helping gay fathers come out to their children]</ref>

== Support ==
Many LGB people go to therapy or support groups, either before or after their marriage, specifically to deal with issues involved in a mixed-orientation marriage.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=EwcABAApgR8C&oi=fnd&pg=RA1-PA307&ots=VWErXedbQU&sig=yD1zyU4COaXUwjBl-P-S3tafBPg#PRA1-PA307,M1 Bisexuality in the United States: A Social Science Reader]</ref> A significant number of men and women experience conflict surrounding homosexual expression within marriage.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3655341?ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_Discovery_RA&linkpos=4&log$=relatedarticles&logdbfrom=pubmed Group psychotherapy for bisexual men and their wives]</ref> Although a strong homosexual identity was associated with difficulties in marital satisfaction, viewing the same-sex activities as compulsive facilitated commitment to the marriage and to monogamy.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4056386?ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_Discovery_RA&linkpos=3&log$=relatedarticles&logdbfrom=pubmed Marital satisfaction during recovery from self-identified sexual addiction among bisexual men and their wives]</ref> However, research by Coleman suggest that some develop a positive homosexual identity while maintaining a successful marriage.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4056386?ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DiscoveryPanel.Pubmed_Discovery_RA&linkpos=3&log$=relatedarticles&logdbfrom=pubmed Bisexual men in marriage: is a positive homosexual identity and stable marriage possible?]</ref> Therapy may include helping the client feel more comfortable and accepting of same-sex feelings and to explore ways of incorporating same-sex and opposite-sex feelings into life patterns.<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7346553?ordinalpos=32&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum Bisexual and gay men in heterosexual marriage: conflicts and resolutions in therapy.]</ref> Peers provide the most support, while therapists are often unfamiliar with sexual orientation, mixed orientation couples, or societal attitudes that impact mixed orientation families.<ref>[http://www.haworthpress.com/store/ArticleAbstract.asp?sid=3Q4EE45JK40W8L1DN0HJVF3U8WFT5DSC&ID=55278 A Family Matter: When a Spouse Comes Out as Gay, Lesbian, or Bisexual]</ref>

Some attempt [[conversion therapy]], often because of religious/moral conflict, opportunity for heterosexual marriage and family, maintenance of existing marriage and family, or desire to avoid the non-monogamy and risky sexual behaviors that create serious risk for HIV infection.<ref>Rosik, C. H. (2003). Motivational, ethical, and epistemological foundations in the clinical treatment of unwanted homoerotic attraction. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 29, 13-28.</ref> Some also attend [[ex-gay]] groups, either before or after their marriage.<ref>[http://www.wlos.com/shared/newsroom/top_stories/wlos_vid_1032.shtml Top Stories]</ref> Dr. Robinson interviewed seven men in a mixed-orientation marriage who had been through an ex-gay group. They believe they had a spiritual transformation and that their orientation was changed. They were no longer troubled by feeling different or rejected by heterosexual men, emotional attraction to men, sexual attraction to men, feeling bad about same-sex desires, social isolation, or compulsive sexual thoughts and behaviors. Robinson found that their change came from a new understanding that prior [[same-sex attraction]]s did not require them to be gay.<ref>{{cite journal
|publisher=[[American Psychological Association]]
|journal=Professional Psychology: Research and Practice
|title=Initial empirical and clinical findings concerning the change process for ex-gays
|url=http://www.drthrockmorton.com/article.asp?id=1
|date=June 2002
|volume=33
|number=3
|pages=242–248
|last=Throckmorton
|first=Warren
|doi=10.1037/0735-7028.33.3.242}}</ref>

=== Support groups ===
Several groups who have started to be a support to those involved in a mixed-orientation marriage. Although precise numbers are impossible to come by, 10,000 to 20,000 wives of gay husbands have contacted online support groups, and increasing numbers of them are women in their 20's or 30's.<ref name=Brokeback />
*[http://www.straightspouse.org/ Straight Spouse Network]
*[http://www.gaychristian.net/momgroup.php Gay Christian Group]
*[http://www.wearewildflowers.com/ Wildflowers]
*[http://www.peoplecanchange.com/Support_Group_Works_Wives.htm PeopleCanChange]
*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/wivesofexgays/ Wives of Exgays]
*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/EnglishWives/ English Wives]
*[http://northstarlds.org/wow/ Women of Worth]
*[http://www.bmmg.org/ Boston Gay & Bisexual Married Men's Support Group]

== Media ==
[[Brokeback Mountain]] helped bring the issue of mixed-orientation marriages to public attention,<ref name=Brokeback /> but several other movies had already dealt with the issue. Talk shows, such as [[Oprah]], have also dealt with the issue.<ref>[http://www2.oprah.com/tows/pastshows/200410/tows_past_20041027.jhtml My Husband is gay]</ref> Some of the movies that deal with mixed-orientation marriages include:

*[[Brokeback Mountain]] - A story of two married male cowboys who fall in love.
*[[De-Lovely]] - The story of Cole Porter, a bisexual man and his wife, Linda Lee Thomas.
*[[Far From Heaven]] - The story of a woman whose husband has an affair with another man.
*[[Imagine Me & You]] - Story of a bisexual woman who falls in love with another woman at her wedding.

== Famous couples ==
There have been several famous LGB celebrities who are married to a member of the opposite sex, including:

*[[Anne Heche]] married Coleman Laffoon after breaking up with [[Ellen DeGeneres]]. She told [[Advocate]] "I have been very clear to everybody that just because I'm getting married does not mean I call myself a straight."
*[[Julie Cypher]] married [[Matthew Hale]] after breaking up with [[Melissa Etheridge]].
*[[Cole Porter]], who was described as "an openly closeted gay man,"<ref name="glbtq">{{citation |last=Frontain |first=Raymond-Jean |title=Porter, Cole |periodical=[[glbtq.com]] |year=2002 |url=http://www.glbtq.com/arts/porter_c.html |accessdate=[[2007-10-17]]}}</ref> was married to [[Linda Lee Thomas]]. Their marriage was the subject of ''[[Night and Day (film)|Night and Day]]'', but his sexuality was ignored. A later film, [[De-Lovely]], dealt more openly with his sexuality.
*[[David Bowie]] came out as bisexual in 1972<ref>{{cite news |last=Collis| first=Clark| title =
Dear Superstar: David Bowie | publisher =''Blender'' | date= 2002-08 | url =http://www.blender.com/guide/articles.aspx?id=366}}</ref> and married [[Iman (model)|Iman Abdulmajid]] in 1992.
*[[Oscar Wilde]] married Constance Lloyd, but may have had significant sexual relationships with [[Frank Miles]], [[Robert Baldwin Ross]], and [[Lord Alfred Douglas]].
*[[Andrea Dworkin]] and [[John Stoltenberg]] were a gay man and lesbian who were married to each other and continued to be gay rights activists.
*[[Adrian (costume designer)]] was openly gay, but married [[Janet Gaynor]] in 1939. Together they had a son named Robin Gaynor Adrian, born in 1940. They remained married until Adrian's death. They are buried in the [[Hollywood Forever Cemetery]] in [[Hollywood, California]].

== References ==
<references />

*[http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/routledg/csmt/2006/00000021/00000002/art00009 Same-sex attraction in heterosexually partnered men: Reasons, rationales and reflections]
*[http://www.haworthpress.com/store/ArticleAbstract.asp?sid=3Q4EE45JK40W8L1DN0HJVF3U8WFT5DSC&ID=11230 Gay Men from Heterosexual Marriages: Attitudes, Behaviors, Childhood Experiences, and Reasons for Marriage]
* [http://www.haworthpress.com/store/ArticleAbstract.asp?sid=3Q4EE45JK40W8L1DN0HJVF3U8WFT5DSC&ID=60495 Gay and Bisexual Married Men's Attitudes and Experiences: Homophobia, Reasons for Marriage, and Self-Identity]
* [http://www.haworthpress.com/store/ArticleAbstract.asp?sid=3Q4EE45JK40W8L1DN0HJVF3U8WFT5DSC&ID=82829 The Married Lesbian]
* [http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=EwcABAApgR8C&oi=fnd&pg=RA1-PA307&ots=VWErXedbQU&sig=yD1zyU4COaXUwjBl-P-S3tafBPg#PRA1-PA307,M1 Bisexuality in the United States: A Social Science Reader]
* Gay husbands and fathers: Reasons for marriage among homosexual men ET Ortiz, PR Scott - Journal of Gay and Lesbian Social Services, 1994
* [http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=yffzsKWvP6AC&oi=fnd&pg=PA138&ots=8RVKJpMsQh&sig=cV1xTjj9Is2BYObvw7DLb4bd7fw#PPA138,M1 The heterosexually married gay and lesbian parent.]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/722822?ordinalpos=56&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum Coping with homosexual expression within heterosexual marriages: five case studies.]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8505531?ordinalpos=37&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum Homosexuality and Marriage]

{{Bisexuality topics}}
{{Sexuality and gender subcultures}}
{{LGBT|history=yes|culture=yes|rights=yes}}

[[Category:Bisexual community| ]]
[[Category:Marriage]]
[[Category:Sexual orientation and society]]
[[Category:LGBT terms]]
[[Category:Ex-gay movement]]

Biphobie

2008-02-19T18:03:05Z

CyntWorkStuff: Undid revision 192592194 by 71.251.169.23 (talk)

{{Mergefrom|Bisexual erasure|Talk:Biphobia#discussion of possible merger of Bisexual erasure into Biphobia|date=December 2007}}
{{expert-subject|LGBT studies|date=June 2007}}
{{Bi}}
'''Biphobia''' is a term used to describe the fear of, aversion to, or discrimination against [[bisexuality]] or [[LGBT]] people (or those perceived to be) who are bisexual or perceived to be bisexual. It can also mean hatred, hostility, disapproval of, or prejudice towards LGBT people, sexual behavior, or cultures. '''Biphobic''' is the adjective form of this term used to describe the qualities of these characteristics while the less common '''biophobe''' is the noun form given as a title to individuals with "biphobic" characteristics. It need not include or exclude [[homophobia]] or [[heterophobia]], because there are [[stereotype]]s that are specific to bisexuals.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Eliason, MJ|title=The prevalence and nature of biphobia in heterosexual undergraduate students.|journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior|volume=26|issue=3|year=1997|pages=317-26|pmid=9146816}}</ref>

==Biphobic stereotypes==
Bisexual stereotypes include, but are not limited to: [[promiscuity]], [[polygamy]], living the [[swinging]] lifestyle, and being "confused" or "greedy" or "slutty". <ref>http://www.glaad.org/programs/cim/birepresentations.php</ref> In some cases, bisexuals are accused of bringing [[sexually transmitted disease]]s into the heterosexual community or into the LGBT community. A related stereotype is one in which a bisexual person is presumed to be willing to have sex with just about anyone. This stereotype leads to unwanted attention of a sexual nature directed at bisexual [[female]]s by swingers and heterosexual males while often stereotyping bisexual males as walking [[AIDS]] risks.

Often, however, heterosexuals will add more stereotypes based on homophobia. Homophobes often think that bisexuals are gender nonconformist. Homosexual people will sometimes see bisexuals as maintaining privilege and collaborating with the homophobes while simultaneously availing themselves of opportunities in LBGT communities. Some consider the belief that people are either heterosexual or homosexual, and thus that bisexuality does not truly exist, to be biphobic.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Dworkin, SH | title=Treating the bisexual client|journal=Journal of Clinical Psychology|volume=57|issue=5|year=2001|pages=671-80 | pmid=11304706 | doi=10.1002/jclp.1036}}</ref>

A 2002 study claimed that a sample of men self-identifying as bisexual did not respond equally to pornographic material involving only men, and to pornography involving only women, but instead showed four times more arousal to one than the other. However, bisexuality does not imply equal attraction towards both genders. In addition, opponents claim that genital arousal to homosexual pornographic material is not a good indicator of orientation. They also point out that the study showed a third of men had no arousal, and ask why this does not mean that one third of men are really [[asexual]].<ref>http://www.thetaskforce.org/media/NYTBiArt/LettersFromTheCommunity.cfm</ref> The study, and ''[[The New York Times]]'' article which reported it in 2005,<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/05/health/05sex.html Straight, Gay or Lying? Bisexuality Revisited] New York Times, July 5, 2005.</ref> were subsequently criticized as flawed and biphobic.<ref>http://zzz.pridesource.com/article.shtml?article=15015</ref><ref>http://main.bisexual.com/forum/showthread.php?t=3799 "Gay Straight or Lying? Bisexuality Revisited," Revisited - Part 1 by [[William Burleson]] June 26 2007</ref> [[Lynn Conway]] criticized the author of the study, [[J. Michael Bailey]], citing his controversial history, and pointing out that the study has not been scientifically repeated and confirmed by any independent researchers.<ref>http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/TS/Bailey/Bisexuality/Bisexuality-NYT%207-05-05.html</ref>

Conversely, there is a school of thought that says that "everyone is bisexual."<ref>[http://www.biresource.org/pamphlets/myths.pdf Myths About Bisexuality] (PDF pamphlet from Bisexual Resource Center)</ref>
{{Discrimination}}
One common motive for negative attitudes toward bisexuality may be fear for straight males and straight females that their husbands/boyfriends and wives/girlfriends may [[divorce]] them or [[break up]] with them for members of the same sex. The same fears exists among gay people as well. For [[lesbian]]s it may be the fear that a bisexual [[woman]] will leave a woman for a [[man]]; and vice versa with gay males fearing that they would be dumped for a woman. The heterosexual male is seen as having an unfair systemic advantage both due to [[sexism]] and due to homophobia. Bisexual persons may also be the target of homophobia from those who consider only heterosexuality appropriate.

Some [[radical feminism|radical]] [[Lesbian feminism|lesbian feminists]] think that bisexual women are giving in to [[patriarchy]]. Others say that people against bisexuals are insecure about their sexuality themselves, similarly to homophobia. It is fair to note many anti-bisexuals are also [[homophobia|homophobic]], while maintaining there are only heterosexual and homosexual as sexual preferences, and a common stereotype is that female bisexuals are attention seeking heterosexuals, while male ones are just self-denying homosexuals too afraid to fully acknowledge their true orientation.

==See also==
*[[Bigotry]]
*[[Bisexual erasure]]
*[[Duclod Man]]
*[[Heteronormativity]]
*[[Heterosexism]]
*[[Homophobia]]
*[[Monosexism]]
*[[Pansexual]]
*[[Prejudice]]
*[[Sexual hierarchy]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* [[Marjorie Garber|Garber, Marjorie]] (1995). ''Bisexuality and the Eroticism of Everyday Life'', pp. 20-21, 28, 39.
* [[Mariam Fraser|Fraser, M.]], ''Identity Without Selfhood: Simone de Beauvoir and Bisexuality'', Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press 1999. p.124-140.

==External links==
* [http://www.bialogue.org/Pages/InfoPackets/MentalHealth.html Bialogue/GLAAD Bisexuality Packet for Mental Health Professionals]
* [http://www.advocate.com/exclusive_detail_ektid49066.asp Fairy Tales], by Job Brother in [[The Advocate]] September 21, 2007
* [http://marksimpson.com/pages/journalism/curiouser.html Curiouser and curiouser] by [[Mark Simpson (journalist)|Mark Simpson]]
* [http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/05/health/05sex.html Straight, Gay or Lying? Bisexuality Revisited] New York Times, July 5, 2005.

[[Category:Bisexual community]]
[[Category:Discrimination]]
[[Category:Phobias]]
[[Category:Sexual orientation and society]]
[[Category:Sexual and gender prejudices]]
[[Category:LGBT history]]
[[Category:LGBT terms]]

[[da:Bifobi]]
[[es:Bifobia]]
[[fr:Biphobie]]
[[hr:Bifobija]]
[[he:ביפוביה]]
[[hu:Bifóbia]]
[[nl:Bifobie]]
[[ru:Бифобия]]
[[zh:雙性戀恐懼症]]

[[he:העלמה ביסקסואלית]]

Unsichtbarkeit von Bisexualität

2008-02-09T18:04:46Z

CyntWorkStuff: /* In the gay community */ added "needs improvement" box

{{Mergeto|Biphobia|Talk:Biphobia#discussion of possible merger of Bisexual erasure into Biphobia|date=December 2007}}

{{Bi}}
'''Bisexual erasure''' is the tendency to ignore, remove, falsify, or reexplain evidence of [[bisexuality]] in the [[History|historical record]], [[Academic|academic materials]], the [[news media]], and other [[primary sources]]. When bisexual erasure is found in intellectually dishonest or erroneous works, it is a manifestation of [[biphobia]]. In its most extreme form, bisexual erasure can include denying that bisexual people actually exist.<ref name="media erasure">{{cite journal |last=Hutchins |first=Loraine |authorlink=Loraine Hutchins |title=Sexual Prejudice: The erasure of bisexuals in academia and the media |journal=[[American Sexuality magazine]] |volume=3 |issue=4 |publisher=[[National Sexuality Resource Center]] |date=2005 |url=http://nsrc.sfsu.edu/MagArticle.cfm?Article=475&PageID=0 }}</ref>

==In the gay community==

{{Refimprove|date=February 2008}}

Bisexual erasure may stem from a belief that bisexual people do not deserve equal status or inclusion within [[gay]] and [[lesbian]] communities.<Ref name="BT archaeology">{{cite journal |last=Weiss |first=Jillian Todd |authorlink=Jillian Todd Weiss |title=GL vs. BT: The Archaeology of Biphobia and Transphobia Within the U.S. Gay and Lesbian Community |journal=[[Journal of Bisexuality]] |volume=3 |issue=3/4 |pages=25-55 |publisher=[[Haworth Press]] |date=2004 |url=http://phobos.ramapo.edu/~jweiss/glvsbt.htm }}</ref>

This can take the form of omitting the word ''bisexual'' in the name of an [[organization]] or [[gathering|event]] that serves the whole [[LGBT community]]. [[Homosexual]] people who engage in bisexual erasure may claim that bisexuals are actually [[The closet|closeted]] gay people who wish to appear [[heterosexual]].<ref name="bisexual erasure">{{cite journal |last=Yoshino |first=Kenji |authorlink=Kenji Yoshino |title=The Epistemic Contract of Bisexual Erasure |journal=[[Stanford Law Review]] |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=353-461 |publisher=[[Stanford Law School]] |date=January 2000 |url=http://www.kenjiyoshino.com/articles/epistemiccontract.pdf }}</ref>

It is also common for gay writers and activists to portray bisexual and gender blurring behaviors in ancient and non-western cultures, such as ancient Greek [[pederasty]] or Native American berdaches, as proof that homosexuality has been widely accepted in other times and cultures, although these historical institutions do not match the modern concept of gay sexual orientation.

In some cases, gay commentators in the American media have portrayed individuals caught in scandals involving same-sex affairs, such as Republican Senator [[Larry Craig]] or televangelist [[Ted Haggard]], as "repressed homosexuals." Strictly speaking, these individuals were engaged in bisexual behavior, since both had regular heterosexual partners in addition to same-sex lovers, and did not label themselves as gay or homosexual.

== See also ==
* [[Biphobia]]
* [[Heteronormativity]]
* [[Monosexism]]
* [[Robyn Ochs]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* [[Mariam Fraser|Fraser, M.]], ''Identity Without Selfhood: Simone de Beauvoir and Bisexuality'', Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press 1999. p.124-140.

== External links ==
{{Discriminationfooter}}
* [http://gibbin.org/curmudgeon.html Dear Fellow Non-existent Beings: countering current attempts to erase bisexuality]
* [http://bialogue.livejournal.com/ Bialogue]
* [http://www.glbtq.com/literature/bisex_lit.html Bisexual Erasure in literature] at [[glbtq.com]].
* [http://marksimpson.com/pages/journalism/curiouser.html Curiouser and curiouser] by [[Mark Simpson (journalist)|Mark Simpson]]
* [http://www.bialogue.org/Pages/InfoPackets/MentalHealth.html Bialogue/GLAAD Bisexuality Packet for Mental Health Professionals]
* [http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/05/health/05sex.html Straight, Gay or Lying? Bisexuality Revisited] New York Times, July 5, 2005.

[[Category:Bisexual community]]
[[Category:Sexual orientation and society]]
[[Category:LGBT history]]
[[Category:LGBT terms]]

[[he:העלמה ביסקסואלית]]

Biphobie

2007-12-31T01:47:41Z

CyntWorkStuff: after restoring article Bisexual Erasure & removing it's contents from this page, put in merger sugestion template

{{mergefrom|Bisexual erasure|Talk:Biphobia#discussion of possible merger of Bisexual erasure into Biphobia|{{subst:December 2007}}}}

{{expert-subject|LGBT studies|date=June 2007}}
{{expert-subject|Discrimination|date=September 2007}}
{{Weasel|date=9 July 2007}}
{{Bi}}
'''Biphobia''' is a term used to describe the fear of, aversion to, or discrimination against [[bisexuality]] or [[LGBT]] people (or those perceived to be) who are bisexual or perceived to be bisexual. It can also mean hatred, hostility, disapproval of, or prejudice towards LGBT people, sexual behavior, or cultures. '''Biphobic''' is the adjective form of this term used to describe the qualities of these characteristics while the less common '''biophobe''' is the noun form given as a title to individuals with "biphobic" characteristics. It need not include or exclude [[homophobia]] or [[heterophobia]], because there are [[stereotype]]s that are specific to bisexuals.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Eliason, MJ|title=The prevalence and nature of biphobia in heterosexual undergraduate students.|journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior|volume=26|issue=3|year=1997|pages=317-26|pmid=9146816}}</ref>

==Biphobic stereotypes==
Bisexual stereotypes include, but are not limited to: [[promiscuity]], [[polygamy]], living the [[swinging]] lifestyle, and being "confused" or "greedy" or "slutty". <ref>http://www.glaad.org/programs/cim/birepresentations.php</ref> In some cases, bisexuals are accused of bringing [[sexually transmitted disease]]s into the heterosexual community or into the LGBT community. A related stereotype is one in which a bisexual person is presumed to be willing to have sex with just about anyone. This stereotype leads to unwanted attention of a sexual nature directed at bisexual [[female]]s by swingers and heterosexual males while often stereotyping bisexual males as walking [[AIDS]] risks.

Often, however, heterosexuals will add more stereotypes based on homophobia. Homophobes may think that bisexuals are gender nonconformist. Homosexual people will sometimes see bisexuals as maintaining privilege and collaborating with the homophobes while simultaneously availing themselves of opportunities in LBGT communities. Some consider the belief that people are either heterosexual or homosexual, and thus that bisexuality does not truly exist, to be biphobic.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Dworkin, SH | title=Treating the bisexual client|journal=Journal of Clinical Psychology|volume=57|issue=5|year=2001|pages=671-80}} PMID 11304706</ref>

A 2002 study claimed that a sample of men self-identifying as bisexual did not respond equally to pornographic material involving only men, and to pornography involving only women, but instead showed four times more arousal to one than the other. However, bisexuality does not imply equal attraction towards both genders. In addition, opponents claim that genital arousal to homosexual pornographic material is not a good indicator of orientation. They also point out that the study showed a third of men had no arousal, and ask why this does not mean that one third of men are really [[asexual]].<ref>http://www.thetaskforce.org/media/NYTBiArt/LettersFromTheCommunity.cfm</ref> The study, and the New York Times article which reported it in 2005,<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/05/health/05sex.html Straight, Gay or Lying? Bisexuality Revisited] New York Times, July 5, 2005.</ref> were subsequently criticized as flawed and biphobic.<ref>http://zzz.pridesource.com/article.shtml?article=15015</ref><ref>http://main.bisexual.com/forum/showthread.php?t=3799 "Gay Straight or Lying? Bisexuality Revisited," Revisited - Part 1 by [[William Burleson]] June 26 2007</ref> [[Lynn Conway]] criticised the author of the study, [[J. Michael Bailey]], citing his controversial history, and pointing out that the study has not been scientifically repeated and confirmed by any independent researchers.<ref>http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/TS/Bailey/Bisexuality/Bisexuality-NYT%207-05-05.html</ref>

Conversely, there is a school of thought that says that "everyone is bisexual."<ref>[http://www.biresource.org/pamphlets/myths.pdf Myths About Bisexuality] (PDF pamphlet from Bisexual Resource Center)</ref>
{{Discrimination}}
One common motive for negative attitudes toward bisexuality may be fear for straight males and straight females that their husbands/boyfriends and wives/girlfriends may [[divorce]] them or [[break up]] with them for members of the same sex. The same fears exists among gay people as well. For [[lesbian]]s it may be the fear that a bisexual [[woman]] will leave a woman for a [[man]]; and vice versa with gay males fearing that they would be dumped for a woman. The heterosexual male is seen as having an unfair systemic advantage both due to [[sexism]] and due to homophobia. Bisexual persons may also be the target of homophobia from those who consider only heterosexuality appropriate.

Some [[radical feminism|radical]] [[Lesbian feminism|lesbian feminists]] think that bisexual women are giving in to [[patriarchy]]. Others say that people against bisexuals are insecure about their sexuality themselves, similarly to homophobia. It is fair to note many anti-bisexuals are also [[homophobia|homophobic]], while maintaining there are only heterosexual and homosexual as sexual preferences, and a common stereotype is that female bisexuals are attention seeking heterosexuals, while male ones are just self-denying homosexuals too afraid to fully acknowledge their true orientation.

==See also==
*[[Bigotry]]
*[[Bisexual erasure]]
*[[Duclod Man]]
*[[Heteronormativity]]
*[[Heterosexism]]
*[[Homophobia]]
*[[Monosexism]]
*[[Pansexual]]
*[[Prejudice]]
*[[Sexual hierarchy]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* [[Marjorie Garber|Garber, Marjorie]] (1995). ''Bisexuality and the Eroticism of Everyday Life'', pp. 20-21, 28, 39.
* [[Mariam Fraser|Fraser, M.]], ''Identity Without Selfhood: Simone de Beauvoir and Bisexuality'', Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press 1999. p.124-140.

==External links==
* [http://www.bialogue.org/Pages/InfoPackets/MentalHealth.html Bialogue/GLAAD Bisexuality Packet for Mental Health Professionals]
* [http://www.advocate.com/exclusive_detail_ektid49066.asp Fairy Tales], by Job Brother in [[The Advocate]] September 21, 2007
* [http://bialogue.livejournal.com/ Bialogue] [[Livejournal]]
* [http://marksimpson.com/pages/journalism/curiouser.html Curiouser and curiouser] by [[Mark Simpson (journalist)|Mark Simpson]]
* [http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/05/health/05sex.html Straight, Gay or Lying? Bisexuality Revisited] New York Times, July 5, 2005.

[[Category:Bisexual community]]
[[Category:Discrimination]]
[[Category:Phobias]]
[[Category:Sexual orientation and society]]
[[Category:Sexual and gender prejudices]]
[[Category:LGBT history]]
[[Category:LGBT terms]]

[[da:Bifobi]]
[[es:Bifobia]]
[[fr:Biphobie]]
[[hr:Bifobija]]
[[he:ביפוביה]]
[[hu:Bifóbia]]
[[nl:Bifobie]]
[[ru:Бифобия]]
[[zh:雙性戀恐懼症]]

[[he:העלמה ביסקסואלית]]

Biphobie

2007-12-31T01:43:12Z

CyntWorkStuff: removeing data from restored Bisexual erasure artice (could not roll back since other edits had been done)

{{expert-subject|LGBT studies|date=June 2007}}
{{expert-subject|Discrimination|date=September 2007}}
{{Weasel|date=9 July 2007}}
{{Bi}}
'''Biphobia''' is a term used to describe the fear of, aversion to, or discrimination against [[bisexuality]] or [[LGBT]] people (or those perceived to be) who are bisexual or perceived to be bisexual. It can also mean hatred, hostility, disapproval of, or prejudice towards LGBT people, sexual behavior, or cultures. '''Biphobic''' is the adjective form of this term used to describe the qualities of these characteristics while the less common '''biophobe''' is the noun form given as a title to individuals with "biphobic" characteristics. It need not include or exclude [[homophobia]] or [[heterophobia]], because there are [[stereotype]]s that are specific to bisexuals.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Eliason, MJ|title=The prevalence and nature of biphobia in heterosexual undergraduate students.|journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior|volume=26|issue=3|year=1997|pages=317-26|pmid=9146816}}</ref>

==Biphobic stereotypes==
Bisexual stereotypes include, but are not limited to: [[promiscuity]], [[polygamy]], living the [[swinging]] lifestyle, and being "confused" or "greedy" or "slutty". <ref>http://www.glaad.org/programs/cim/birepresentations.php</ref> In some cases, bisexuals are accused of bringing [[sexually transmitted disease]]s into the heterosexual community or into the LGBT community. A related stereotype is one in which a bisexual person is presumed to be willing to have sex with just about anyone. This stereotype leads to unwanted attention of a sexual nature directed at bisexual [[female]]s by swingers and heterosexual males while often stereotyping bisexual males as walking [[AIDS]] risks.

Often, however, heterosexuals will add more stereotypes based on homophobia. Homophobes may think that bisexuals are gender nonconformist. Homosexual people will sometimes see bisexuals as maintaining privilege and collaborating with the homophobes while simultaneously availing themselves of opportunities in LBGT communities. Some consider the belief that people are either heterosexual or homosexual, and thus that bisexuality does not truly exist, to be biphobic.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Dworkin, SH | title=Treating the bisexual client|journal=Journal of Clinical Psychology|volume=57|issue=5|year=2001|pages=671-80}} PMID 11304706</ref>

A 2002 study claimed that a sample of men self-identifying as bisexual did not respond equally to pornographic material involving only men, and to pornography involving only women, but instead showed four times more arousal to one than the other. However, bisexuality does not imply equal attraction towards both genders. In addition, opponents claim that genital arousal to homosexual pornographic material is not a good indicator of orientation. They also point out that the study showed a third of men had no arousal, and ask why this does not mean that one third of men are really [[asexual]].<ref>http://www.thetaskforce.org/media/NYTBiArt/LettersFromTheCommunity.cfm</ref> The study, and the New York Times article which reported it in 2005,<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/05/health/05sex.html Straight, Gay or Lying? Bisexuality Revisited] New York Times, July 5, 2005.</ref> were subsequently criticized as flawed and biphobic.<ref>http://zzz.pridesource.com/article.shtml?article=15015</ref><ref>http://main.bisexual.com/forum/showthread.php?t=3799 "Gay Straight or Lying? Bisexuality Revisited," Revisited - Part 1 by [[William Burleson]] June 26 2007</ref> [[Lynn Conway]] criticised the author of the study, [[J. Michael Bailey]], citing his controversial history, and pointing out that the study has not been scientifically repeated and confirmed by any independent researchers.<ref>http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/TS/Bailey/Bisexuality/Bisexuality-NYT%207-05-05.html</ref>

Conversely, there is a school of thought that says that "everyone is bisexual."<ref>[http://www.biresource.org/pamphlets/myths.pdf Myths About Bisexuality] (PDF pamphlet from Bisexual Resource Center)</ref>
{{Discrimination}}
One common motive for negative attitudes toward bisexuality may be fear for straight males and straight females that their husbands/boyfriends and wives/girlfriends may [[divorce]] them or [[break up]] with them for members of the same sex. The same fears exists among gay people as well. For [[lesbian]]s it may be the fear that a bisexual [[woman]] will leave a woman for a [[man]]; and vice versa with gay males fearing that they would be dumped for a woman. The heterosexual male is seen as having an unfair systemic advantage both due to [[sexism]] and due to homophobia. Bisexual persons may also be the target of homophobia from those who consider only heterosexuality appropriate.

Some [[radical feminism|radical]] [[Lesbian feminism|lesbian feminists]] think that bisexual women are giving in to [[patriarchy]]. Others say that people against bisexuals are insecure about their sexuality themselves, similarly to homophobia. It is fair to note many anti-bisexuals are also [[homophobia|homophobic]], while maintaining there are only heterosexual and homosexual as sexual preferences, and a common stereotype is that female bisexuals are attention seeking heterosexuals, while male ones are just self-denying homosexuals too afraid to fully acknowledge their true orientation.

==See also==
*[[Bigotry]]
*[[Bisexual erasure]]
*[[Duclod Man]]
*[[Heteronormativity]]
*[[Heterosexism]]
*[[Homophobia]]
*[[Monosexism]]
*[[Pansexual]]
*[[Prejudice]]
*[[Sexual hierarchy]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* [[Marjorie Garber|Garber, Marjorie]] (1995). ''Bisexuality and the Eroticism of Everyday Life'', pp. 20-21, 28, 39.
* [[Mariam Fraser|Fraser, M.]], ''Identity Without Selfhood: Simone de Beauvoir and Bisexuality'', Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press 1999. p.124-140.

==External links==
* [http://www.bialogue.org/Pages/InfoPackets/MentalHealth.html Bialogue/GLAAD Bisexuality Packet for Mental Health Professionals]
* [http://www.advocate.com/exclusive_detail_ektid49066.asp Fairy Tales], by Job Brother in [[The Advocate]] September 21, 2007
* [http://bialogue.livejournal.com/ Bialogue] [[Livejournal]]
* [http://marksimpson.com/pages/journalism/curiouser.html Curiouser and curiouser] by [[Mark Simpson (journalist)|Mark Simpson]]
* [http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/05/health/05sex.html Straight, Gay or Lying? Bisexuality Revisited] New York Times, July 5, 2005.

[[Category:Bisexual community]]
[[Category:Discrimination]]
[[Category:Phobias]]
[[Category:Sexual orientation and society]]
[[Category:Sexual and gender prejudices]]
[[Category:LGBT history]]
[[Category:LGBT terms]]

[[da:Bifobi]]
[[es:Bifobia]]
[[fr:Biphobie]]
[[hr:Bifobija]]
[[he:ביפוביה]]
[[hu:Bifóbia]]
[[nl:Bifobie]]
[[ru:Бифобия]]
[[zh:雙性戀恐懼症]]

[[he:העלמה ביסקסואלית]]

Unsichtbarkeit von Bisexualität

2007-12-31T01:36:49Z

CyntWorkStuff: after restoring article, put in merger sugestion template

{{mergeto|Biphobia|Talk:Biphobia#discussion of possible merger of Bisexual erasure into Biphobia|{{subst:December 2007}}}}

{{Bi}}
'''Bisexual erasure''' is the tendency to ignore, remove, falsify, or reexplain evidence of [[bisexuality]] in the [[History|historical record]], [[Academic|academic materials]], the [[news media]], and other [[primary sources]]. When bisexual erasure is found in intellectually dishonest or erroneous works, it is a manifestation of [[biphobia]]. In its most extreme form, bisexual erasure can include denying that bisexual people actually exist.<ref name="media erasure">{{cite journal |last=Hutchins |first=Loraine |authorlink=Loraine Hutchins |title=Sexual Prejudice: The erasure of bisexuals in academia and the media |journal=[[American Sexuality magazine]] |volume=3 |issue=4 |publisher=[[National Sexuality Resource Center]] |date=2005 |url=http://nsrc.sfsu.edu/MagArticle.cfm?Article=475&PageID=0 }}</ref>

==In the gay community==
Bisexual erasure may stem from a belief that bisexual people do not deserve equal status or inclusion within [[gay]] and [[lesbian]] communities.<Ref name="BT archaeology">{{cite journal |last=Weiss |first=Jillian Todd |authorlink=Jillian Todd Weiss |title=GL vs. BT: The Archaeology of Biphobia and Transphobia Within the U.S. Gay and Lesbian Community |journal=[[Journal of Bisexuality]] |volume=3 |issue=3/4 |pages=25-55 |publisher=[[Haworth Press]] |date=2004 |url=http://phobos.ramapo.edu/~jweiss/glvsbt.htm }}</ref> This can take the form of omitting the word ''bisexual'' in the name of an [[organization]] or [[gathering|event]] that serves the whole [[LGBT community]]. [[Homosexual]] people who engage in bisexual erasure may claim that bisexuals are actually [[The closet|closeted]] gay people who wish to appear [[heterosexual]].<ref name="bisexual erasure">{{cite journal |last=Yoshino |first=Kenji |authorlink=Kenji Yoshino |title=The Epistemic Contract of Bisexual Erasure |journal=[[Stanford Law Review]] |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=353-461 |publisher=[[Stanford Law School]] |date=January 2000 |url=http://www.kenjiyoshino.com/articles/epistemiccontract.pdf }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Biphobia]]
* [[Heteronormativity]]
* [[Monosexism]]
* [[Robyn Ochs]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* [[Mariam Fraser|Fraser, M.]], ''Identity Without Selfhood: Simone de Beauvoir and Bisexuality'', Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press 1999. p.124-140.

== External links ==
{{Discrimination}}
* [http://gibbin.org/curmudgeon.html Dear Fellow Non-existent Beings: countering current attempts to erase bisexuality]
* [http://bialogue.livejournal.com/ Bialogue]
* [http://www.glbtq.com/literature/bisex_lit.html Bisexual Erasure in literature] at [[glbtq.com]].
* [http://marksimpson.com/pages/journalism/curiouser.html Curiouser and curiouser] by [[Mark Simpson (journalist)|Mark Simpson]]
* [http://www.bialogue.org/Pages/InfoPackets/MentalHealth.html Bialogue/GLAAD Bisexuality Packet for Mental Health Professionals]
* [http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/05/health/05sex.html Straight, Gay or Lying? Bisexuality Revisited] New York Times, July 5, 2005.

[[Category:Bisexual community]]
[[Category:Sexual orientation and society]]
[[Category:LGBT history]]
[[Category:LGBT terms]]

[[he:העלמה ביסקסואלית]]

Unsichtbarkeit von Bisexualität

2007-12-31T01:28:37Z

CyntWorkStuff: Undid revision 180994611 by Photouploaded (talk)

{{Bi}}
'''Bisexual erasure''' is the tendency to ignore, remove, falsify, or reexplain evidence of [[bisexuality]] in the [[History|historical record]], [[Academic|academic materials]], the [[news media]], and other [[primary sources]]. When bisexual erasure is found in intellectually dishonest or erroneous works, it is a manifestation of [[biphobia]]. In its most extreme form, bisexual erasure can include denying that bisexual people actually exist.<ref name="media erasure">{{cite journal |last=Hutchins |first=Loraine |authorlink=Loraine Hutchins |title=Sexual Prejudice: The erasure of bisexuals in academia and the media |journal=[[American Sexuality magazine]] |volume=3 |issue=4 |publisher=[[National Sexuality Resource Center]] |date=2005 |url=http://nsrc.sfsu.edu/MagArticle.cfm?Article=475&PageID=0 }}</ref>

==In the gay community==
Bisexual erasure may stem from a belief that bisexual people do not deserve equal status or inclusion within [[gay]] and [[lesbian]] communities.<Ref name="BT archaeology">{{cite journal |last=Weiss |first=Jillian Todd |authorlink=Jillian Todd Weiss |title=GL vs. BT: The Archaeology of Biphobia and Transphobia Within the U.S. Gay and Lesbian Community |journal=[[Journal of Bisexuality]] |volume=3 |issue=3/4 |pages=25-55 |publisher=[[Haworth Press]] |date=2004 |url=http://phobos.ramapo.edu/~jweiss/glvsbt.htm }}</ref> This can take the form of omitting the word ''bisexual'' in the name of an [[organization]] or [[gathering|event]] that serves the whole [[LGBT community]]. [[Homosexual]] people who engage in bisexual erasure may claim that bisexuals are actually [[The closet|closeted]] gay people who wish to appear [[heterosexual]].<ref name="bisexual erasure">{{cite journal |last=Yoshino |first=Kenji |authorlink=Kenji Yoshino |title=The Epistemic Contract of Bisexual Erasure |journal=[[Stanford Law Review]] |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=353-461 |publisher=[[Stanford Law School]] |date=January 2000 |url=http://www.kenjiyoshino.com/articles/epistemiccontract.pdf }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Biphobia]]
* [[Heteronormativity]]
* [[Monosexism]]
* [[Robyn Ochs]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* [[Mariam Fraser|Fraser, M.]], ''Identity Without Selfhood: Simone de Beauvoir and Bisexuality'', Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press 1999. p.124-140.

== External links ==
{{Discrimination}}
* [http://gibbin.org/curmudgeon.html Dear Fellow Non-existent Beings: countering current attempts to erase bisexuality]
* [http://bialogue.livejournal.com/ Bialogue]
* [http://www.glbtq.com/literature/bisex_lit.html Bisexual Erasure in literature] at [[glbtq.com]].
* [http://marksimpson.com/pages/journalism/curiouser.html Curiouser and curiouser] by [[Mark Simpson (journalist)|Mark Simpson]]
* [http://www.bialogue.org/Pages/InfoPackets/MentalHealth.html Bialogue/GLAAD Bisexuality Packet for Mental Health Professionals]
* [http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/05/health/05sex.html Straight, Gay or Lying? Bisexuality Revisited] New York Times, July 5, 2005.

[[Category:Bisexual community]]
[[Category:Sexual orientation and society]]
[[Category:LGBT history]]
[[Category:LGBT terms]]

[[he:העלמה ביסקסואלית]]

Biphobie

2007-12-29T21:52:46Z

CyntWorkStuff: added dates to the "help" boxes

{{expert-subject|LGBT studies|date=29 June 2007}}
{{expert-subject|Discrimination|date=30 September 2007}}
{{Weasel|date=9 July 2007}}
{{Bi}}
'''Biphobia''' is a term used to describe the fear of, aversion to, or discrimination against [[bisexuality]] or [[LGBT]] people (or those perceived to be) who are bisexual or perceived to be bisexual. It can also mean hatred, hostility, disapproval of, or prejudice towards LGBT people, sexual behavior, or cultures. '''Biphobic''' is the adjective form of this term used to describe the qualities of these characteristics while the less common '''biophobe''' is the noun form given as a title to individuals with "biphobic" characteristics. It need not include or exclude [[homophobia]] or [[heterophobia]], because there are [[stereotype]]s that are specific to bisexuals.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Eliason, MJ|title=The prevalence and nature of biphobia in heterosexual undergraduate students.|journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior|volume=26|issue=3|year=1997|pages=317-26|pmid=9146816}}</ref>

==Biphobic stereotypes==
Bisexual stereotypes include, but are not limited to: [[promiscuity]], [[polygamy]], living the [[swinging]] lifestyle, and being "confused" or "greedy" or "slutty". <ref>http://www.glaad.org/programs/cim/birepresentations.php</ref> In some cases, bisexuals are accused of bringing [[sexually transmitted disease]]s into the heterosexual community or into the LGBT community. A related stereotype is one in which a bisexual person is presumed to be willing to have sex with just about anyone. This stereotype leads to unwanted attention of a sexual nature directed at bisexual [[female]]s by swingers and heterosexual males while often stereotyping bisexual males as walking [[AIDS]] risks.

Often, however, heterosexuals will add more stereotypes based on homophobia. Homophobes may think that bisexuals are gender nonconformist. Homosexual people will sometimes see bisexuals as maintaining privilege and collaborating with the homophobes while simultaneously availing themselves of opportunities in LBGT communities. Some consider the belief that people are either heterosexual or homosexual, and thus that bisexuality does not truly exist, to be biphobic.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Dworkin, SH | title=Treating the bisexual client|journal=Journal of Clinical Psychology|volume=57|issue=5|year=2001|pages=671-80}} PMID 11304706</ref>

A 2002 study claimed that a sample of men self-identifying as bisexual did not respond equally to pornographic material involving only men, and to pornography involving only women, but instead showed four times more arousal to one than the other. However, bisexuality does not imply equal attraction towards both genders. In addition, opponents claim that genital arousal to homosexual pornographic material is not a good indicator of orientation. They also point out that the study showed a third of men had no arousal, and ask why this does not mean that one third of men are really [[asexual]].<ref>http://www.thetaskforce.org/media/NYTBiArt/LettersFromTheCommunity.cfm</ref> The study, and the New York Times article which reported it in 2005,<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/05/health/05sex.html Straight, Gay or Lying? Bisexuality Revisited] New York Times, July 5, 2005.</ref> were subsequently criticized as flawed and biphobic.<ref>http://zzz.pridesource.com/article.shtml?article=15015</ref><ref>http://main.bisexual.com/forum/showthread.php?t=3799 "Gay Straight or Lying? Bisexuality Revisited," Revisited - Part 1 by [[William Burleson]] June 26 2007</ref> [[Lynn Conway]] criticised the author of the study, [[J. Michael Bailey]], citing his controversial history, and pointing out that the study has not been scientifically repeated and confirmed by any independent researchers.<ref>http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/TS/Bailey/Bisexuality/Bisexuality-NYT%207-05-05.html</ref>

Conversely, there is a school of thought that says that "everyone is bisexual."<ref>[http://www.biresource.org/pamphlets/myths.pdf Myths About Bisexuality] (PDF pamphlet from Bisexual Resource Center)</ref>
{{Discrimination}}
One common motive for negative attitudes toward bisexuality may be fear for straight males and straight females that their husbands/boyfriends and wives/girlfriends may [[divorce]] them or [[break up]] with them for members of the same sex. The same fears exists among gay people as well. For [[lesbian]]s it may be the fear that a bisexual [[woman]] will leave a woman for a [[man]]; and vice versa with gay males fearing that they would be dumped for a woman. The heterosexual male is seen as having an unfair systemic advantage both due to [[sexism]] and due to homophobia. Bisexual persons may also be the target of homophobia from those who consider only heterosexuality appropriate.

Some [[radical feminism|radical]] [[Lesbian feminism|lesbian feminists]] think that bisexual women are giving in to [[patriarchy]]. Others say that people against bisexuals are insecure about their sexuality themselves, similarly to homophobia. It is fair to note many anti-bisexuals are also [[homophobia|homophobic]], while maintaining there are only heterosexual and homosexual as sexual preferences, and a common stereotype is that female bisexuals are attention seeking heterosexuals, while male ones are just self-denying homosexuals too afraid to fully acknowledge their true orientation.

==See also==
*[[Bigotry]]
*[[Prejudice]]
*[[Bisexual erasure]]
*[[Sexual hierarchy]]
*[[Heterosexism]]
*[[Homophobia]]
*[[Lesbophobia]]
*[[Monosexism]]
*[[Pansexual]]
*[[Duclod Man]]

==References==

;Specific
{{reflist}}
;General
* [[Marjorie Garber|Garber, Marjorie]] (1995). ''Bisexuality and the Eroticism of Everyday Life'', pp. 20-21, 28, 39.

==External links==
* [http://www.bialogue.org/index.html Dear Fellow Non-existent Beings: countering current attempts to erase bisexuality], [[Bialogue]].
* [[Kenji Yoshino|Yoshino, Kenji]] (2000). [http://www.kenjiyoshino.com/articles/epistemiccontract.pdf "The Epistemic Contract of Bisexual Erasure"], ''[[Stanford Law Review]]'' '''52''' (2).
* [[Loraine Hutchins|Hutchins, Loraine]] (2005). [http://nsrc.sfsu.edu/MagArticle.cfm?Article=475&PageID=0 "Sexual Prejudice: The erasure of bisexuals in academia and the media"], ''American Sexuality Magazine'' '''3''' (4).
* [http://www.bialogue.org/Pages/InfoPackets/MentalHealth.html Bialogue/GLAAD Bisexuality Packet for Mental Health Professionals].
* [http://www.advocate.com/exclusive_detail_ektid49066.asp Fairy Tales], by Job Brother in [[The Advocate]] September 21, 2007

[[Category:Bisexual community]]
[[Category:Discrimination]]
[[Category:Phobias]]
[[Category:Sexual orientation and society]]
[[Category:Sexual and gender prejudices]]

[[da:Bifobi]]
[[es:Bifobia]]
[[fr:Biphobie]]
[[hr:Bifobija]]
[[he:ביפוביה]]
[[hu:Bifóbia]]
[[nl:Bifobie]]
[[ru:Бифобия]]
[[zh:雙性戀恐懼症]]

Biphobie

2007-12-29T21:44:20Z

CyntWorkStuff: added the date to the " weasel words" box

{{expert-subject|LGBT studies}}
{{expert-subject|Discrimination}}
{{Weasel|date=9 July 2007}}
{{Bi}}
'''Biphobia''' is a term used to describe the fear of, aversion to, or discrimination against [[bisexuality]] or [[LGBT]] people (or those perceived to be) who are bisexual or perceived to be bisexual. It can also mean hatred, hostility, disapproval of, or prejudice towards LGBT people, sexual behavior, or cultures. '''Biphobic''' is the adjective form of this term used to describe the qualities of these characteristics while the less common '''biophobe''' is the noun form given as a title to individuals with "biphobic" characteristics. It need not include or exclude [[homophobia]] or [[heterophobia]], because there are [[stereotype]]s that are specific to bisexuals.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Eliason, MJ|title=The prevalence and nature of biphobia in heterosexual undergraduate students.|journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior|volume=26|issue=3|year=1997|pages=317-26|pmid=9146816}}</ref>

==Biphobic stereotypes==
Bisexual stereotypes include, but are not limited to: [[promiscuity]], [[polygamy]], living the [[swinging]] lifestyle, and being "confused" or "greedy" or "slutty". <ref>http://www.glaad.org/programs/cim/birepresentations.php</ref> In some cases, bisexuals are accused of bringing [[sexually transmitted disease]]s into the heterosexual community or into the LGBT community. A related stereotype is one in which a bisexual person is presumed to be willing to have sex with just about anyone. This stereotype leads to unwanted attention of a sexual nature directed at bisexual [[female]]s by swingers and heterosexual males while often stereotyping bisexual males as walking [[AIDS]] risks.

Often, however, heterosexuals will add more stereotypes based on homophobia. Homophobes may think that bisexuals are gender nonconformist. Homosexual people will sometimes see bisexuals as maintaining privilege and collaborating with the homophobes while simultaneously availing themselves of opportunities in LBGT communities. Some consider the belief that people are either heterosexual or homosexual, and thus that bisexuality does not truly exist, to be biphobic.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Dworkin, SH | title=Treating the bisexual client|journal=Journal of Clinical Psychology|volume=57|issue=5|year=2001|pages=671-80}} PMID 11304706</ref>

A 2002 study claimed that a sample of men self-identifying as bisexual did not respond equally to pornographic material involving only men, and to pornography involving only women, but instead showed four times more arousal to one than the other. However, bisexuality does not imply equal attraction towards both genders. In addition, opponents claim that genital arousal to homosexual pornographic material is not a good indicator of orientation. They also point out that the study showed a third of men had no arousal, and ask why this does not mean that one third of men are really [[asexual]].<ref>http://www.thetaskforce.org/media/NYTBiArt/LettersFromTheCommunity.cfm</ref> The study, and the New York Times article which reported it in 2005,<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/05/health/05sex.html Straight, Gay or Lying? Bisexuality Revisited] New York Times, July 5, 2005.</ref> were subsequently criticized as flawed and biphobic.<ref>http://zzz.pridesource.com/article.shtml?article=15015</ref><ref>http://main.bisexual.com/forum/showthread.php?t=3799 "Gay Straight or Lying? Bisexuality Revisited," Revisited - Part 1 by [[William Burleson]] June 26 2007</ref> [[Lynn Conway]] criticised the author of the study, [[J. Michael Bailey]], citing his controversial history, and pointing out that the study has not been scientifically repeated and confirmed by any independent researchers.<ref>http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/TS/Bailey/Bisexuality/Bisexuality-NYT%207-05-05.html</ref>

Conversely, there is a school of thought that says that "everyone is bisexual."<ref>[http://www.biresource.org/pamphlets/myths.pdf Myths About Bisexuality] (PDF pamphlet from Bisexual Resource Center)</ref>
{{Discrimination}}
One common motive for negative attitudes toward bisexuality may be fear for straight males and straight females that their husbands/boyfriends and wives/girlfriends may [[divorce]] them or [[break up]] with them for members of the same sex. The same fears exists among gay people as well. For [[lesbian]]s it may be the fear that a bisexual [[woman]] will leave a woman for a [[man]]; and vice versa with gay males fearing that they would be dumped for a woman. The heterosexual male is seen as having an unfair systemic advantage both due to [[sexism]] and due to homophobia. Bisexual persons may also be the target of homophobia from those who consider only heterosexuality appropriate.

Some [[radical feminism|radical]] [[Lesbian feminism|lesbian feminists]] think that bisexual women are giving in to [[patriarchy]]. Others say that people against bisexuals are insecure about their sexuality themselves, similarly to homophobia. It is fair to note many anti-bisexuals are also [[homophobia|homophobic]], while maintaining there are only heterosexual and homosexual as sexual preferences, and a common stereotype is that female bisexuals are attention seeking heterosexuals, while male ones are just self-denying homosexuals too afraid to fully acknowledge their true orientation.

==See also==
*[[Bigotry]]
*[[Prejudice]]
*[[Bisexual erasure]]
*[[Sexual hierarchy]]
*[[Heterosexism]]
*[[Homophobia]]
*[[Lesbophobia]]
*[[Monosexism]]
*[[Pansexual]]
*[[Duclod Man]]

==References==

;Specific
{{reflist}}
;General
* [[Marjorie Garber|Garber, Marjorie]] (1995). ''Bisexuality and the Eroticism of Everyday Life'', pp. 20-21, 28, 39.

==External links==
* [http://www.bialogue.org/index.html Dear Fellow Non-existent Beings: countering current attempts to erase bisexuality], [[Bialogue]].
* [[Kenji Yoshino|Yoshino, Kenji]] (2000). [http://www.kenjiyoshino.com/articles/epistemiccontract.pdf "The Epistemic Contract of Bisexual Erasure"], ''[[Stanford Law Review]]'' '''52''' (2).
* [[Loraine Hutchins|Hutchins, Loraine]] (2005). [http://nsrc.sfsu.edu/MagArticle.cfm?Article=475&PageID=0 "Sexual Prejudice: The erasure of bisexuals in academia and the media"], ''American Sexuality Magazine'' '''3''' (4).
* [http://www.bialogue.org/Pages/InfoPackets/MentalHealth.html Bialogue/GLAAD Bisexuality Packet for Mental Health Professionals].
* [http://www.advocate.com/exclusive_detail_ektid49066.asp Fairy Tales], by Job Brother in [[The Advocate]] September 21, 2007

[[Category:Bisexual community]]
[[Category:Discrimination]]
[[Category:Phobias]]
[[Category:Sexual orientation and society]]
[[Category:Sexual and gender prejudices]]

[[da:Bifobi]]
[[es:Bifobia]]
[[fr:Biphobie]]
[[hr:Bifobija]]
[[he:ביפוביה]]
[[hu:Bifóbia]]
[[nl:Bifobie]]
[[ru:Бифобия]]
[[zh:雙性戀恐懼症]]

Unsichtbarkeit von Bisexualität

2007-12-29T21:09:20Z

CyntWorkStuff: /* External links */ fixed link

{{Bi}}
'''Bisexual erasure''' is the tendency to ignore, remove, falsify, or reexplain evidence of [[bisexuality]] in the [[History|historical record]], [[Academic|academic materials]], the [[news media]], and other [[primary sources]]. When bisexual erasure is found in intellectually dishonest or erroneous works, it is a manifestation of [[biphobia]]. In its most extreme form, bisexual erasure can include denying that bisexual people actually exist.<ref name="media erasure">{{cite journal |last=Hutchins |first=Loraine |authorlink=Loraine Hutchins |title=Sexual Prejudice: The erasure of bisexuals in academia and the media |journal=[[American Sexuality magazine]] |volume=3 |issue=4 |publisher=[[National Sexuality Resource Center]] |date=2005 |url=http://nsrc.sfsu.edu/MagArticle.cfm?Article=475&PageID=0 }}</ref>

==In the gay community==
Bisexual Erasure may stem from a belief that bisexual people do not deserve equal status or inclusion within [[gay]] and [[lesbian]] communities.<Ref name="BT archaeology">{{cite journal |last=Weiss |first=Jillian Todd |authorlink=Jillian Todd Weiss |title=GL vs. BT: The Archaeology of Biphobia and Transphobia Within the U.S. Gay and Lesbian Community |journal=[[Journal of Bisexuality]] |volume=3 |issue=3/4 |pages=25-55 |publisher=[[Haworth Press]] |date=2004 |url=http://phobos.ramapo.edu/~jweiss/glvsbt.htm }}</ref> This can take the form of omitting the word ''bisexual'' in the name of an [[organization]] or [[gathering|event]] that serves the whole [[LGBT community]]. [[Homosexual]] people who engage in bisexual erasure may claim that bisexuals are actually [[The closet|closeted]] gay people who wish to appear [[heterosexual]].<ref name="bisexual erasure">{{cite journal |last=Yoshino |first=Kenji |authorlink=Kenji Yoshino |title=The Epistemic Contract of Bisexual Erasure |journal=[[Stanford Law Review]] |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=353-461 |publisher=[[Stanford Law School]] |date=January 2000 |url=http://www.kenjiyoshino.com/articles/epistemiccontract.pdf }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Biphobia]]
* [[Monosexism]]
* [[Heteronormativity]]
* [[Robyn Ochs]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Discrimination}}
* [http://gibbin.org/curmudgeon.html Dear Fellow Non-existent Beings: countering current attempts to erase bisexuality]
* [http://bialogue.livejournal.com/ Bialogue]
* [http://www.glbtq.com/literature/bisex_lit.html Bisexual Erasure in literature] at [[glbtq.com]].
* [http://marksimpson.com/pages/journalism/curiouser.html Curiouser and curiouser] by [[Mark Simpson (journalist)|Mark Simpson]]
* [http://www.bialogue.org/Pages/InfoPackets/MentalHealth.html Bialogue/GLAAD Bisexuality Packet for Mental Health Professionals]
* [http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/05/health/05sex.html Straight, Gay or Lying? Bisexuality Revisited] New York Times, July 5, 2005.

== Related reading ==
* [[Mariam Fraser|Fraser, M.]], ''Identity Without Selfhood: Simone de Beauvoir and Bisexuality'', Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press 1999. p.124-140.

[[Category:Bisexual community]]
[[Category:Sexual orientation and society]]
[[Category:LGBT history]]
[[Category:LGBT terms]]

[[he:העלמה ביסקסואלית]]

J’ouvert

2007-10-29T04:12:54Z

CyntWorkStuff: updated format

'''J'ouvert''' (also spelled as ''Juvé'' or ''Juve'') and pronounced 'joovay', is a large street party during [[Carnival]] in the eastern [[Caribbean]] region. J'ouvert is a contraction of the [[French language|French]] ''jour ouvert'', or ''day open'' (morning).

J'ouvert is celebrated on many islands, including [[Anguilla]], [[Antigua & Barbuda]], [[Aruba]], [[Barbados]], [[Grenada]], [[Haiti]], [[Jamaica]], [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|St. Vincent and the Grenadines]], [[St. Kitts and Nevis]], [[Sint Maarten]], [[Trinidad and Tobago]], the [[U.S. Virgin Islands]] and the [[British Virgin Islands]]. It is also a feature of [[New York City]]'s [[Labor Day Carnival]] held in the [[Crown Heights, Brooklyn|Crown Heights]] neighborhood of [[Brooklyn]] and [[Notting Hill Carnival]] in [[London]], both areas that have a large [[Caribbean]] [[ex-pat]] communities.

The celebration involves [[Calypso music|calypso]]/[[soca]] bands and their followers dancing thru the streets. The festival starts well before dawn and peaks a few hours after sunrise. Another part of the tradition involves throwing coloured powders, water, smearing paint, mud, or oil on the participants known as "Jab Jabs".

Some theorize that this is done in remembrance of a civil disturbance in [[Port of Spain]], [[Trinidad]], when the people smeared themselves with oil or paint to avoid being recognized. Others point to the [[Anglophone Caribbean|English-speaking Caribbean's]] significant [[Indo-Caribbean|Indian Community]] and the festival of [[Holi]]<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/hinduism/holydays/holi_2.shtml "A colourful celebration"] ''[[BBC]]'' Religion & Ethics: Hinduism</ref> as the origin of this custom.

==See also==
*[[Antigua Carnival]]
*[[Caribbean Carnival]]
*[[Crown Heights, Brooklyn]]
*[[Trinidad Carnival]]

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://www.jouvert.com "Trinidad Carnival:The Greatest Show on Earth]
*[http://www.jouvay.com "Jouvay Ventures"]
*[http://www.spicemasgrenada.com "Grenada Spice Mas Carnival"]
*[http://www.wiadca.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=10&Itemid=35 "Guide to carnival:J'Ouvert"] from the official West Indian-American Day Carnival Association (WIADCA) website (USA)
*[http://www.itzcaribbean.com/carnival_jouvert.php "Jouvert London"]

[[Category:Culture of Trinidad and Tobago]]
[[Category:Caribbean culture]]
[[Category:Carnival]]

{{festival-stub}}

{{Caribbean-stub}}

Biphobie

2007-10-01T00:35:37Z

CyntWorkStuff: added request for expert help from WikiProject Discrimination folks

{{expert-subject|LGBT studies}}{{expert-subject|Discrimination}}{{Weasel}}{{Bi}}{{Discrimination}}

'''Biphobia''' is the fear of, discrimination against, or hatred of [[bisexuality|bisexual people]]. It need not include [[homophobia]] or [[heterophobia]], because there are [[stereotype]]s that are specific to bisexuals.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Eliason, MJ|title=The prevalence and nature of biphobia in heterosexual undergraduate students.|journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior|volume=26|issue=3|year=1997|pages=317-26|pmid=9146816}}</ref>

==Biphobic stereotypes==
Bisexual stereotypes include, but are not limited to: [[promiscuity]], [[polygamy]], living the [[swinging]] lifestyle, and being "confused" or "greedy". <ref>http://www.glaad.org/programs/cim/birepresentations.php</ref> In some cases, bisexuals are accused of bringing [[sexually transmitted disease]]s into the heterosexual community or into the LGBT community. A related stereotype is one in which a bisexual person is presumed to be willing to have sex with just about anyone. This stereotype leads to unwanted attention of a sexual nature directed at bisexual [[female]]s by swingers and heterosexual males while often stereotyping bisexual males as walking [[AIDS]] risks.

Often, however, heterosexuals will add more stereotypes based on homophobia. Homophobes may think that bisexuals are gender nonconformist. Homosexual people will sometimes experience bisexuals as maintaining privilege and collaborating with the homophobes while simultaneously enjoying the LGBT lifestyle. Some consider the belief that people are either heterosexual or homosexual, and thus that bisexuality does not truly exist, to be biphobic.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Dworkin, SH | title=Treating the bisexual client|journal=Journal of Clinical Psychology|volume=57|issue=5|year=2001|pages=671-80}} PMID 11304706</ref>

A 2002 study claimed that a sample of men self-identifying as bisexual did not respond equally to pornographic material involving only men, and to pornography involving only women, but instead showed four times more arousal to one than the other. However, bisexuality does not imply equal attraction towards both genders. In addition, opponents claim that genital arousal to homosexual pornographic material is not a good indicator of orientation. They also point out that the study showed a third of men had no arousal, and ask why this doesn't mean that one third of men are really [[asexual]].<ref>http://www.thetaskforce.org/media/NYTBiArt/LettersFromTheCommunity.cfm</ref> The study, and the New York Times article which reported it in 2005,<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/05/health/05sex.html Straight, Gay or Lying? Bisexuality Revisited] New York Times, July 5, 2005.</ref> were subsequently criticized as flawed and biphobic.<ref>http://zzz.pridesource.com/article.shtml?article=15015</ref><ref>http://main.bisexual.com/forum/showthread.php?t=3799 "Gay Straight or Lying? Bisexuality Revisited," Revisited - Part 1 by [[William Burleson]] June 26 2007</ref> [[Lynn Conway]] criticised the author of the study, [[J. Michael Bailey]], citing his controversial history, and pointing out that the study has not been scientifically repeated and confirmed by any independent researchers.<ref>http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/TS/Bailey/Bisexuality/Bisexuality-NYT%207-05-05.html</ref>

Conversely, there is a stereotype that "everyone is bisexual."<ref>[http://www.biresource.org/pamphlets/myths.pdf Myths About Bisexuality] (PDF pamphlet from Bisexual Resource Center)</ref>

One common motive for negative attitudes toward bisexuality may be fear for straight males and straight females that their husbands/boyfriends and wives/girlfriends may [[divorce]] them or [[break up]] with them for members of the same sex. The same fears exists among gay people as well. For [[lesbian]]s it may be the fear that a bisexual [[woman]] will leave a woman for a [[man]]; and vice versa with gay males fearing that they would be dumped for a woman. The heterosexual male is seen as having an unfair systemic advantage both due to [[sexism]] and due to homophobia. Bisexual persons may also be the target of homophobia from those who consider only heterosexuality appropriate.

Many anti-bisexuals also believe that bisexuality is a trend, especially a teenage one, popularised by bisexual musicians, actors, etc. (i.e. the term, he built a window in his closet): some also believe it is a stage in adolescence which happens to everyone which people grow out of and that therefore bisexuals are worse people for making an issue out of it. Some also believe bisexuals are just seeking attention for comfort or sex.

Some [[radical feminism|radical]] [[Lesbian feminism|lesbian feminists]] think that bisexual women are giving in to [[patriarchy]]. Others say that people against bisexuals are insecure about their sexuality themselves, similarly to homophobia. It is fair to note many anti-bisexuals are also [[homophobia|homophobic]], while maintaining there are only heterosexual and homosexual as sexual preferences, and a common stereotype is that female bisexuals are attention seeking heterosexuals, while male ones are just self-denying homosexuals too afraid to acknowledge their true orientation.

==See also==
*[[Bigotry]]
*[[Prejudice]]
*[[Bisexual erasure]]
*[[Sexual hierarchy]]
*[[Heterosexism]]
*[[Homophobia]]
*[[Lesbophobia]]
*[[Monosexism]]
*[[Pansexual]]
*[[Duclod Man]]

==References==

;Specific
{{reflist}}
;General
* [[Marjorie Garber|Garber, Marjorie]] (1995). ''Bisexuality and the Eroticism of Everyday Life'', pp. 20-21, 28, 39.

==External links==
* [http://www.bialogue.org/index.html Dear Fellow Non-existent Beings: countering current attempts to erase bisexuality], [[Bialogue]].
* [[Kenji Yoshino|Yoshino, Kenji]] (2000). [http://www.kenjiyoshino.com/articles/epistemiccontract.pdf "The Epistemic Contract of Bisexual Erasure"], ''[[Stanford Law Review]]'' '''52''' (2).
* [[Loraine Hutchins|Hutchins, Loraine]] (2005). [http://nsrc.sfsu.edu/MagArticle.cfm?Article=475&PageID=0 "Sexual Prejudice: The erasure of bisexuals in academia and the media"], ''American Sexuality Magazine'' '''3''' (4).
* [http://www.bialogue.org/Pages/InfoPackets/MentalHealth.html Bialogue/GLAAD Bisexuality Packet for Mental Health Professionals].
* [http://www.advocate.com/exclusive_detail_ektid49066.asp Fairy Tales], by Job Brother in [[The Advocate]] September 21, 2007

[[Category:Bisexual community]]
[[Category:Discrimination]]
[[Category:Phobias]]
[[Category:Sexual orientation and society]]
[[Category:Sexual and gender prejudices]]

[[da:Bifobi]]
[[es:Bifobia]]
[[fr:Biphobie]]
[[hr:Bifobija]]
[[he:ביפוביה]]
[[nl:Bifobie]]
[[zh:雙性戀恐懼症]]

Biphobie

2007-10-01T00:18:49Z

CyntWorkStuff: /* External links */ added 2007 piece from "The Advocate"

{{expert-subject|LGBT studies}}{{Weasel}}{{Bi}}{{Discrimination}}

'''Biphobia''' is the fear of, discrimination against, or hatred of [[bisexuality|bisexual people]]. It need not include [[homophobia]] or [[heterophobia]], because there are [[stereotype]]s that are specific to bisexuals.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Eliason, MJ|title=The prevalence and nature of biphobia in heterosexual undergraduate students.|journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior|volume=26|issue=3|year=1997|pages=317-26|pmid=9146816}}</ref>

==Biphobic stereotypes==
Bisexual stereotypes include, but are not limited to: [[promiscuity]], [[polygamy]], living the [[swinging]] lifestyle, and being "confused" or "greedy". <ref>http://www.glaad.org/programs/cim/birepresentations.php</ref> In some cases, bisexuals are accused of bringing [[sexually transmitted disease]]s into the heterosexual community or into the LGBT community. A related stereotype is one in which a bisexual person is presumed to be willing to have sex with just about anyone. This stereotype leads to unwanted attention of a sexual nature directed at bisexual [[female]]s by swingers and heterosexual males while often stereotyping bisexual males as walking [[AIDS]] risks.

Often, however, heterosexuals will add more stereotypes based on homophobia. Homophobes may think that bisexuals are gender nonconformist. Homosexual people will sometimes experience bisexuals as maintaining privilege and collaborating with the homophobes while simultaneously enjoying the LGBT lifestyle. Some consider the belief that people are either heterosexual or homosexual, and thus that bisexuality does not truly exist, to be biphobic.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Dworkin, SH | title=Treating the bisexual client|journal=Journal of Clinical Psychology|volume=57|issue=5|year=2001|pages=671-80}} PMID 11304706</ref>

A 2002 study claimed that a sample of men self-identifying as bisexual did not respond equally to pornographic material involving only men, and to pornography involving only women, but instead showed four times more arousal to one than the other. However, bisexuality does not imply equal attraction towards both genders. In addition, opponents claim that genital arousal to homosexual pornographic material is not a good indicator of orientation. They also point out that the study showed a third of men had no arousal, and ask why this doesn't mean that one third of men are really [[asexual]].<ref>http://www.thetaskforce.org/media/NYTBiArt/LettersFromTheCommunity.cfm</ref> The study, and the New York Times article which reported it in 2005,<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/05/health/05sex.html Straight, Gay or Lying? Bisexuality Revisited] New York Times, July 5, 2005.</ref> were subsequently criticized as flawed and biphobic.<ref>http://zzz.pridesource.com/article.shtml?article=15015</ref><ref>http://main.bisexual.com/forum/showthread.php?t=3799 "Gay Straight or Lying? Bisexuality Revisited," Revisited - Part 1 by [[William Burleson]] June 26 2007</ref> [[Lynn Conway]] criticised the author of the study, [[J. Michael Bailey]], citing his controversial history, and pointing out that the study has not been scientifically repeated and confirmed by any independent researchers.<ref>http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/TS/Bailey/Bisexuality/Bisexuality-NYT%207-05-05.html</ref>

Conversely, there is a stereotype that "everyone is bisexual."<ref>[http://www.biresource.org/pamphlets/myths.pdf Myths About Bisexuality] (PDF pamphlet from Bisexual Resource Center)</ref>

One common motive for negative attitudes toward bisexuality may be fear for straight males and straight females that their husbands/boyfriends and wives/girlfriends may [[divorce]] them or [[break up]] with them for members of the same sex. The same fears exists among gay people as well. For [[lesbian]]s it may be the fear that a bisexual [[woman]] will leave a woman for a [[man]]; and vice versa with gay males fearing that they would be dumped for a woman. The heterosexual male is seen as having an unfair systemic advantage both due to [[sexism]] and due to homophobia. Bisexual persons may also be the target of homophobia from those who consider only heterosexuality appropriate.

Many anti-bisexuals also believe that bisexuality is a trend, especially a teenage one, popularised by bisexual musicians, actors, etc. (i.e. the term, he built a window in his closet): some also believe it is a stage in adolescence which happens to everyone which people grow out of and that therefore bisexuals are worse people for making an issue out of it. Some also believe bisexuals are just seeking attention for comfort or sex.

Some [[radical feminism|radical]] [[Lesbian feminism|lesbian feminists]] think that bisexual women are giving in to [[patriarchy]]. Others say that people against bisexuals are insecure about their sexuality themselves, similarly to homophobia. It is fair to note many anti-bisexuals are also [[homophobia|homophobic]], while maintaining there are only heterosexual and homosexual as sexual preferences, and a common stereotype is that female bisexuals are attention seeking heterosexuals, while male ones are just self-denying homosexuals too afraid to acknowledge their true orientation.

==See also==
*[[Bigotry]]
*[[Prejudice]]
*[[Bisexual erasure]]
*[[Sexual hierarchy]]
*[[Heterosexism]]
*[[Homophobia]]
*[[Lesbophobia]]
*[[Monosexism]]
*[[Pansexual]]
*[[Duclod Man]]

==References==

;Specific
{{reflist}}
;General
* [[Marjorie Garber|Garber, Marjorie]] (1995). ''Bisexuality and the Eroticism of Everyday Life'', pp. 20-21, 28, 39.

==External links==
* [http://www.bialogue.org/index.html Dear Fellow Non-existent Beings: countering current attempts to erase bisexuality], [[Bialogue]].
* [[Kenji Yoshino|Yoshino, Kenji]] (2000). [http://www.kenjiyoshino.com/articles/epistemiccontract.pdf "The Epistemic Contract of Bisexual Erasure"], ''[[Stanford Law Review]]'' '''52''' (2).
* [[Loraine Hutchins|Hutchins, Loraine]] (2005). [http://nsrc.sfsu.edu/MagArticle.cfm?Article=475&PageID=0 "Sexual Prejudice: The erasure of bisexuals in academia and the media"], ''American Sexuality Magazine'' '''3''' (4).
* [http://www.bialogue.org/Pages/InfoPackets/MentalHealth.html Bialogue/GLAAD Bisexuality Packet for Mental Health Professionals].
* [http://www.advocate.com/exclusive_detail_ektid49066.asp Fairy Tales], by Job Brother in [[The Advocate]] September 21, 2007

[[Category:Bisexual community]]
[[Category:Discrimination]]
[[Category:Phobias]]
[[Category:Sexual orientation and society]]
[[Category:Sexual and gender prejudices]]

[[da:Bifobi]]
[[es:Bifobia]]
[[fr:Biphobie]]
[[hr:Bifobija]]
[[he:ביפוביה]]
[[nl:Bifobie]]
[[zh:雙性戀恐懼症]]

Unsichtbarkeit von Bisexualität

2007-07-24T16:51:23Z

CyntWorkStuff: added Discrimination box

{{Bi}}{{Discrimination}}
'''Bisexual erasure''' is a manifestation of [[biphobia]] characterized by dismissing, ignoring, removing or misstating/misidentifying references to [[bisexual|bisexual people]] in the [[History|historical record]], [[Academic|academic materials]], the [[news media]], and other [[primary sources]].

When done by [[homosexuals]], it often takes the form of claiming these people as [[Closeted|closeted homosexuals]] whose [[heterosexual]] relationships were merely for conformity, and when done by [[heterosexuals]], it is done for that very conformity.<ref name="bisexual erasure">{{cite journal |last=Yoshino |first=Kenji |authorlink=Kenji Yoshino |title=The Epistemic Contract of Bisexual Erasure |journal=[[Stanford Law Review]] |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=353-461 |publisher=[[Stanford Law School]] |date=January 2000 |url=http://www.kenjiyoshino.com/articles/epistemiccontract.pdf }}</ref>

Additionally, it can take the form of omitting the word [[bisexual]] or appropriate variants in the name of an [[organization]] or [[gathering|event]] that serves the whole [[LGBT community]]; or believing that [[bisexual|bisexual people]] do not deserve equal status or inclusion within the [[gay]], [[lesbian]], or [[heterosexual|straight]] communities.<Ref name="BT archaeology">{{cite journal |last=Weiss |first=Jillian Todd |authorlink=Jillian Todd Weiss |title=GL vs. BT: The Archaeology of Biphobia and Transphobia Within the U.S. Gay and Lesbian Community |journal=[[Journal of Bisexuality]] |volume=3 |issue=3/4 |pages=25-55 |publisher=[[Haworth Press]] |date=2004 |url=http://phobos.ramapo.edu/~jweiss/glvsbt.htm }}</ref> In its most extreme form, bisexual erasure can include denying that [[bisexual|bisexual people]] actually exist.<ref name="media erasure">{{cite journal |last=Hutchins |first=Loraine |authorlink=Loraine Hutchins |title=Sexual Prejudice: The erasure of bisexuals in academia and the media |journal=[[American Sexuality magazine]] |volume=3 |issue=4 |publisher=[[National Sexuality Resource Center]] |date=2005 |url=http://nsrc.sfsu.edu/MagArticle.cfm?Article=475&PageID=0 }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Biphobia]]
* [[Monosexism]]
* [[Heteronormativity]]
* [[Robyn Ochs]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://gibbin.org/curmudgeon.html Dear Fellow Non-existent Beings: countering current attempts to erase bisexuality]
* [http://www.bialogue.org/ Bialogue]
* [http://www.glbtq.com/literature/bisex_lit.html Bisexual erasure in literature] at GLBTQ.com.
* [http://marksimpson.com/pages/journalism/curiouser.html Curiouser and curiouser] by [[Mark Simpson (journalist)|Mark Simpson]]
* [http://www.bialogue.org/Pages/InfoPackets/MentalHealth.html Bialogue/GLAAD Bisexuality Packet for Mental Health Professionals]
* [http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/05/health/05sex.html Straight, Gay or Lying? Bisexuality Revisited] New York Times, July 5, 2005.

== Related reading ==
* [[Mariam Fraser|Fraser, M.]], ''Identity Without Selfhood: Simone de Beauvoir and Bisexuality'', Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press 1999. p.124-140.

[[Category:Bisexual community]]
[[Category:Sexual orientation and society]]
[[Category:LGBT history]]
[[Category:LGBT terms]]

[[he:העלמה ביסקסואלית]]

Unsichtbarkeit von Bisexualität

2007-05-05T22:09:14Z

CyntWorkStuff: added category

{{Unreferenced|date=March 2007}}
{{Bi}}
'''Bisexual erasure''' is a manifestation of [[biphobia]] characterized by dismissing, ignoring, removing or misstating/misidentifying references to [[bisexual|bisexual people]] in the [[History|historical record]], [[Academic|academic materials]], the [[news media]], and other [[primary sources]]. When done by [[homosexuals]], it often takes the form of claiming these people as [[Closeted|closeted homosexuals]] whose [[heterosexual]] relationships were merely for conformity and when done by [[heterosexuals]], it is done for that very conformity.

Additionally, it can take the form of omitting the word [[bisexual]] or appropriate variants in the name of an [[organization]] or [[gathering|event]] that serves the whole [[LGBT community]]; or believing that [[bisexual|bisexual people]] do not deserve equal status or inclusion within the [[gay]], [[lesbian]], or [[heterosexual|straight]] communities.

In its most extreme form, it can include denying that [[bisexual|bisexual people]] actually exist.

==See also==
*[[Biphobia]]
*[[Monosexism]]
*[[Heteronormativity]]
*[[Robyn Ochs]]

==External links==
* [[Kenji Yoshino|Yoshino, Kenji]] (2000). "The Epistemic Contract of Bisexual Erasure" [http://www.kenjiyoshino.com/articles/epistemiccontract.pdf]. ''[[Stanford Law Review]]'', 52 (2).
*[http://gibbin.org/curmudgeon.html Dear Fellow Non-existent Beings: countering current attempts to erase bisexuality]
* [http://www.bialogue.org/ Bialogue]
* [http://www.glbtq.com/literature/bisex_lit.html Bisexual erasure in literature] at GLBTQ.com.
* [http://www.bialogue.org/Pages/InfoPackets/MentalHealth.html Bialogue/GLAAD Bisexuality Packet for Mental Health Professionals]
* [http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/05/health/05sex.html Straight, Gay or Lying? Bisexuality Revisited] New York Times, July 5, 2005.

==Outside Reading==
* [[Mariam Fraser|Fraser, M.]], ''Identity Without Selfhood: Simone de Beauvoir and Bisexuality'', Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press 1999. p.124-140.

[[Category:bisexual community]]
[[Category:Sexual orientation and society]]
[[Category:LGBT history]]
[[Category:LGBT terms]]

[[he:העלמה ביסקסואלית]]

Biphobie

2007-01-04T01:49:48Z

CyntWorkStuff: aded cleanup box

{{cleanup-date|January 2007}}{{Bi}}'''Biphobia''' is the fear of, discrimination against, or hatred of [[bisexuality|bisexuals]] (although in practice it extends to [[pansexual]] people too). It need not include [[homophobia]] or [[heterophobia]], because there are [[stereotype]]s that are specific to bisexuals.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Eliason, MJ|title=The prevalence and nature of biphobia in heterosexual undergraduate students.|journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior|volume=26|issue=3|year=1997|pages=317-26}} PMID 9146816</ref>

==Biphobic stereotypes==
Bisexual stereotypes include, but are not limited to: [[promiscuity]], [[polygamy]], living the [[swinging]] lifestyle, and being "confused."<ref>http://www.glaad.org/programs/cim/birepresentations.php</ref> In some cases, bisexuals are accused of bringing [[sexually transmitted disease]] into the heterosexual community or into the lesbian community. A related stereotype is one in which a bisexual is presumed to be willing to have sex with just about anyone. This stereotype leads to unwanted attention of a sexual nature directed at bisexual [[female]]s by swingers and heterosexual males while often stereotyping bisexual males as walking [[AIDS]] risks.

Often, however, heterosexuals and homosexuals will add more stereotypes based on homophobia or heterophobia. Homophobes may think that bisexuals are gender nonconformist. Heterophobes will often think of bisexuals as maintaining privilege and collaborating with the homophobes while simultaneously enjoying the LGBT lifestyle. Some consider the belief that people are either heterosexual or homosexual (a somewhat common belief among both heterosexuals and homosexuals, both of which fall under the category of [[monosexual]]s), and thus that bisexuality does not truly exist, to be biphobic.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Dworkin, SH | title=Treating the bisexual client|journal=Journal of Clinical Psychology|volume=57|issue=5|year=2001|pages=671-80}} PMID 11304706</ref>

A 2002 study claimed that a sample of men self-identifying as bisexual did not respond equally to pornographic material involving only men, and to pornography involving only women, but instead showed four times more arousal to one than the other. However, bisexuality does not imply equal attraction towards both genders. In addition, opponents claim that genital arousal to homosexual pornographic material is not a good indicator of orientation. They also point out that the study showed a third of men had no arousal, and ask why this doesn't mean that one third of men are really asexual.<ref>http://www.thetaskforce.org/media/NYTBiArt/LettersFromTheCommunity.cfm</ref> The study, and the New York Times article which reported it in 2005<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/05/health/05sex.html Straight, Gay or Lying? Bisexuality Revisited] New York Times, July 5, 2005.</ref>, were subsequently criticized as flawed and biphobic.<ref>http://zzz.pridesource.com/article.shtml?article=15015</ref> [[Lynn Conway]] criticised the author of the study, [[J. Michael Bailey]], citing his controversial history, and pointing out that the study has not been scientifically repeated and confirmed by any independent researchers.<ref>http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/TS/Bailey/Bisexuality/Bisexuality-NYT%207-05-05.html</ref>

One common motive for negative attitudes toward bisexuality among [[lesbian]]s is the fear that a bisexual [[woman]] will leave a woman for a [[man]]; and vice versa with gay males fearing that they would be dumped for a woman. The heterosexual male is seen as having an unfair systemic advantage both due to [[sexism]] and due to homophobia. Bisexual persons may also be the target of homophobia from those who consider only heterosexuality appropriate. The reverse can also apply in that bisexual persons may be targets of heterophobia or discrimination by some gays/homosexuals - this is especially prevalent amongst bisexual men.<ref>Weiss, Jillian T., ''GL vs. BT: The Archaeology of Biphobia and Transphobia Within the U.S. Gay and Lesbian Community'', Journal of Bisexuality (Haworth Press 2004), available at [http://phobos.ramapo.edu/~jweiss/glvsbt.htm http://phobos.ramapo.edu/~jweiss/glvsbt.htm]</ref>

Many anti-bisexuals also believe that bisexuality is a trend, especially a teenage one, popularised by bisexual musicians, actors, etc. (i.e. the term, he built a window in his closet): some also believe it is a stage in adolescence which happens to everyone which people grow out of and that therefore bisexuals are worse people for making an issue out of it. Some also believe bisexuals are just seeking attention for comfort or sex.

Some [[radical feminism|radical]] [[Lesbian feminism|lesbian feminists]] think that bisexual women are giving in to [[patriarchy]]. Others say that people against bisexuals are insecure about their sexuality themselves, similarly to homophobia. It is fair to note many anti-bisexuals are also [[Anti-homosexualism|anti-homosexual]], while maintaining there are only heterosexual and homosexual as sexual preferences, and a common stereotype is that female bisexuals are attention seeking heterosexuals, while male ones are just self-denying homosexuals too afraid to acknowledge their true orientation.

==See also==
*[[Bigotry]]
*[[Prejudice]]
*[[Bisexual erasure]]
*[[Sexual hierarchy]]
*[[Homophobia]]
*[[Monosexism]]

==References==
<references />

==External links==
*[[Kenji Yoshino|Yoshino, Kenji]] (2000). ''The Epistemic Contract of Bisexual Erasure'' [http://www.kenjiyoshino.com/articles/epistemiccontract.pdf]. ''[[Stanford Law Review]]'', 52 (2).
*[http://www.bialogue.org/index.html Dear Fellow Non-existent Beings: countering current attempts to erase bisexuality [[Bialogue]]]
*[http://nsrc.sfsu.edu/MagArticle.cfm?Article=475&PageID=0 ''Sexual Prejudice: The erasure of bisexuals in academia and the media''] by [[Loraine Hutchins | Hutchins, Loraine]] American Sexuality Magazine, Volume 3, No. 4 (2005)
*[http://www.bialogue.org/Pages/InfoPackets/MentalHealth.html Bialogue/GLAAD Bisexuality Packet for Mental Health Professionals]

[[Category:bisexual community]]
[[Category:Discrimination]]
[[Category:Phobias]]
[[Category:Prejudices]]
[[Category:Sexual orientation and society]]

[[da:Bifobi]]
[[fr:Biphobie]]
[[hr:Bifobija]]
[[he:ביפוביה]]
[[nl:Bifobie]]
[[zh:雙性戀恐懼症]]

Unsichtbarkeit von Bisexualität

2006-12-30T21:58:09Z

CyntWorkStuff: change to the new "Bisexuality series" box

{{Bi}}
'''Bisexual erasure''' is a manifestation of [[biphobia]] characterized by dismissing, ignoring, removing or misstating/misidentifying references to [[bisexual|bisexual people]] in the [[History|historical record]], [[Academic|academic materials]], the [[news media]], and other [[primary sources]]. When done by [[homosexuals]], it often takes the form of claiming these people as [[Closeted|closeted homosexuals]] whose [[heterosexual]] relationships were merely for conformity and when done by [[heterosexuals]], it is done for that very conformity.

Additionally, it can take the form of omitting the word [[bisexual]] or appropriate variants in the name of an [[organization]] or [[gathering|event]] that serves the whole [[LGBT community]]; or believing that [[bisexual|bisexual people]] do not deserve equal status or inclusion within the [[gay]], [[lesbian]], or [[hetrosexual|straight]] communities.

In its most extreme form, it can include denying that [[bisexual|bisexual people]] actually exist[http://nsrc.sfsu.edu/MagArticle.cfm?Article=475&PageID=0].

==See also==
*[[Biphobia]]
*[[Monosexism]]
*[[Heteronormativity]]
*[[Robyn Ochs]]

==References==
<references />
*[http://nsrc.sfsu.edu/MagArticle.cfm?Article=475&PageID=0 Sexual Prejudice: The erasure of bisexuals in academia and the media [[Loraine Hutchins | Hutchins, Loraine]] ''American Sexuality magazine'' Volume 3, No. 4 (2005)]
*[http://www.bialogue.org/Pages/InfoPackets/MentalHealth.html Bialogue/GLAAD Bisexuality Packet for Mental Health Professionals]
*Weiss, Jillian T., GL vs. BT: The Archaeology of Biphobia and Transphobia Within the U.S. Gay and Lesbian Community, Journal of Bisexuality (Haworth Press 2004), available at [http://phobos.ramapo.edu/~jweiss/glvsbt.htm http://phobos.ramapo.edu/~jweiss/glvsbt.htm]
*[http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/05/health/05sex.html Straight, Gay or Lying? Bisexuality Revisited] New York Times, July 5, 2005.

==External links==
* [[Kenji Yoshino|Yoshino, Kenji]] (2000). "The Epistemic Contract of Bisexual Erasure" [http://www.kenjiyoshino.com/articles/epistemiccontract.pdf]. ''[[Stanford Law Review]]'', 52 (2).
*[http://www.bialogue.org/index.html Dear Fellow Non-existent Beings: countering current attempts to erase bisexuality [[Bialogue]] ]

[[Category:bisexual community]]
[[Category:Sexual orientation and society]]
[[Category:Historical revisionism (political)]]
[[Category:Hypotheses]]
[[Category:LGBT history]]

[[he:העלמה ביסקסואלית]]

Biphobie

2006-12-30T21:20:00Z

CyntWorkStuff: change to the new "Bisexuality series" box

{{Bi}}'''Biphobia''' is the fear of, discrimination against, or hatred of [[bisexuality|bisexuals]] (although in practice it extends to [[pansexual]] people too). It need not include [[homophobia]] or [[heterophobia]], because there are [[stereotype]]s that are specific to bisexuals.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Eliason, MJ|title=The prevalence and nature of biphobia in heterosexual undergraduate students.|journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior|volume=26|issue=3|year=1997|pages=317-26}} PMID 9146816</ref>

==Biphobic stereotypes==
Bisexual stereotypes include, but are not limited to: [[promiscuity]], [[polygamy]], living the [[swinging]] lifestyle, and being "confused."<ref>http://www.glaad.org/programs/cim/birepresentations.php</ref> In some cases, bisexuals are accused of bringing [[sexually transmitted disease]] into the heterosexual community or into the lesbian community. A related stereotype is one in which a bisexual is presumed to be willing to have sex with just about anyone. This stereotype leads to unwanted attention of a sexual nature directed at bisexual [[female]]s by swingers and heterosexual males while often stereotyping bisexual males as walking [[AIDS]] risks.

Often, however, heterosexuals and homosexuals will add more stereotypes based on homophobia or heterophobia. Homophobes may think that bisexuals are gender nonconformist. Heterophobes will often think of bisexuals as maintaining privilege and collaborating with the homophobes while simultaneously enjoying the LGBT lifestyle. Some consider the belief that people are either heterosexual or homosexual (a somewhat common belief among both heterosexuals and homosexuals, both of which fall under the category of [[monosexual]]s), and thus that bisexuality does not truly exist, to be biphobic.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Dworkin, SH | title=Treating the bisexual client|journal=Journal of Clinical Psychology|volume=57|issue=5|year=2001|pages=671-80}} PMID 11304706</ref>

A 2002 study claimed that a sample of men self-identifying as bisexual did not respond equally to pornographic material involving only men, and to pornography involving only women, but instead showed four times more arousal to one than the other. However, bisexuality does not imply equal attraction towards both genders. In addition, opponents claim that genital arousal to homosexual pornographic material is not a good indicator of orientation. They also point out that the study showed a third of men had no arousal, and ask why this doesn't mean that one third of men are really asexual.<ref>http://www.thetaskforce.org/media/NYTBiArt/LettersFromTheCommunity.cfm</ref> The study, and the New York Times article which reported it in 2005<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/05/health/05sex.html Straight, Gay or Lying? Bisexuality Revisited] New York Times, July 5, 2005.</ref>, were subsequently criticized as flawed and biphobic.<ref>http://zzz.pridesource.com/article.shtml?article=15015</ref> [[Lynn Conway]] criticised the author of the study, [[J. Michael Bailey]], citing his controversial history, and pointing out that the study has not been scientifically repeated and confirmed by any independent researchers.<ref>http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/TS/Bailey/Bisexuality/Bisexuality-NYT%207-05-05.html</ref>

One common motive for negative attitudes toward bisexuality among [[lesbian]]s is the fear that a bisexual [[woman]] will leave a woman for a [[man]]; and vice versa with gay males fearing that they would be dumped for a woman. The heterosexual male is seen as having an unfair systemic advantage both due to [[sexism]] and due to homophobia. Bisexual persons may also be the target of homophobia from those who consider only heterosexuality appropriate. The reverse can also apply in that bisexual persons may be targets of heterophobia or discrimination by some gays/homosexuals - this is especially prevalent amongst bisexual men.<ref>Weiss, Jillian T., ''GL vs. BT: The Archaeology of Biphobia and Transphobia Within the U.S. Gay and Lesbian Community'', Journal of Bisexuality (Haworth Press 2004), available at [http://phobos.ramapo.edu/~jweiss/glvsbt.htm http://phobos.ramapo.edu/~jweiss/glvsbt.htm]</ref>

Many anti-bisexuals also believe that bisexuality is a trend, especially a teenage one, popularised by bisexual musicians, actors, etc. (i.e. the term, he built a window in his closet): some also believe it is a stage in adolescence which happens to everyone which people grow out of and that therefore bisexuals are worse people for making an issue out of it. Some also believe bisexuals are just seeking attention for comfort or sex.

Some [[radical feminism|radical]] [[Lesbian feminism|lesbian feminists]] think that bisexual women are giving in to [[patriarchy]]. Others say that people against bisexuals are insecure about their sexuality themselves, similarly to homophobia. It is fair to note many anti-bisexuals are also [[Anti-homosexualism|anti-homosexual]], while maintaining there are only heterosexual and homosexual as sexual preferences, and a common stereotype is that female bisexuals are attention seeking heterosexuals, while male ones are just self-denying homosexuals too afraid to acknowledge their true orientation.

==See also==
*[[Bigotry]]
*[[Prejudice]]
*[[Bisexual erasure]]
*[[Sexual hierarchy]]
*[[Homophobia]]
*[[Monosexism]]

==References==
<references />

==External links==
*[[Kenji Yoshino|Yoshino, Kenji]] (2000). ''The Epistemic Contract of Bisexual Erasure'' [http://www.kenjiyoshino.com/articles/epistemiccontract.pdf]. ''[[Stanford Law Review]]'', 52 (2).
*[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/BiMHP/ Association of Bi Mental Health Professionals]
*[http://www.bialogue.org/index.html Dear Fellow Non-existent Beings: countering current attempts to erase bisexuality [[Bialogue]] ]
*[http://nsrc.sfsu.edu/MagArticle.cfm?Article=475&PageID=0] [[Loraine Hutchins | Hutchins, Loraine]]; ''Sexual Prejudice: The erasure of bisexuals in academia and the media''; American Sexuality Magazine, Volume 3, No. 4 (2005)
*[http://www.bialogue.org/Pages/InfoPackets/MentalHealth.html Bialogue/GLAAD Bisexuality Packet for Mental Health Professionals]

[[Category:bisexual community]]
[[Category:Discrimination]]
[[Category:Phobias]]
[[Category:Prejudices]]
[[Category:Sexual orientation and society]]

[[da:Bifobi]]
[[fr:Biphobie]]
[[hr:Bifobija]]
[[he:ביפוביה]]
[[nl:Bifobie]]
[[zh:雙性戀恐懼症]]

Liste ehemaliger Mitglieder der Black Panther Party

2006-12-11T00:28:04Z

CyntWorkStuff: added NYC City Council member Charles Barron

This is a list of members of the [[Black Panther Party]], including those famous for being Panthers as well as former Panthers who became famous for other reasons. This list does not include outside supporters, sympathisers, or allies.

*[[Mumia Abu-Jamal]], Lieutenant Minister of Information, [[Philadelphia]] chapter. Currently on death row for the murder of police officer [[Daniel Faulkner]].
*[[Ashanti Alston]]
*[[Richard Aoki]], Field Marshall
*[[Charles Barron]] former member Harlem chapter, community activist and [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] [[New York City Council]]member
*[[William Lee Brant]], hijacked a plane to Cuba in 1968, lived in exile there until his death in 2006
*[[Elaine Brown]], Chairwoman, Minister of Defense (mid [[1970s]])
*[[H. Rap Brown]], Justice Minister
*[[Stokely Carmichael]], Honorary Prime Minister
*[[Bunchy Carter]], Deputy Minister of Defense, Southern California chapter
*[[Mark Clark (Black Panther)|Mark Clark]], Defense Captain, [[Illinois]] chapter
*[[Eldridge Cleaver]], Minister of Information
*[[Kathleen Neal Cleaver]]
*[[James "Jim" Coleman]], [[Peoria, Arizona]] physical education instructor
*[[James Cromwell]]
*[[Angela Y. Davis]], Professor at UCLA, and lecturer at Harvard University and San Francisco, currently teaching at Santa Cruz. Acquitted of providing weapons during murder trial in infamous court shoot-out case.
*[[Aaron Dixon]], community activist, former captain of the [[Seattle]] chapter of the Party. Ran with the [[Green Party (United States)|Green Party]] for [[U.S. Senate]] on his opposition to the [[Iraq War]]
*[[Gregory Despres]]
*[[Mark Essex]]
*[[Lorenzo Komboa Ervin]]
*[[Steve Green]], founder of the Louisiana Chapter
*[[Fred Hampton]], Deputy Chairman, [[Illinois]] chapter; shot to death in police raid by Chicago police and the FBI.
*[[Tina Harris]]
*[[David Hilliard]]
*[[Darcus Howe]]
*[[Bobby Hutton]], Treasurer; fatally wounded in shoot-out with Oakland police.
*[[George Jackson (Black Panther)|George Jackson]], killed in California prison
*[[Chaka Khan]]
*[[Johnny Spain]]
*[[Huey P. Newton]], Minister of Defense
*[[Pete O'Neal]], Chairman, [[Kansas City metropolitan area|Kansas City]] chapter
*[[Larry Pinkney]]
*[[Geronimo Pratt]], Deputy Minister of Defense
*[[Malik Rahim]], early New Orleans chapter organizer, currently a co-founder of [[Common Ground Collective]], a post [[Hurricane Katrina]] relief organization.
*[[Nile Rodgers]]
*[[Bobby Seale]], Chairman and co-founder of the Black Panthers
*[[Assata Shakur]]
*[[Afeni Shakur]], mother of rapper [[Tupac Shakur]]
*[[Mutulu Shakur]]
*[[Karen Tustin]]
*[[Bobby Rush]], Deputy Minister of Defense, [[Illinois]] chapter
*[[Jamal Joseph]]
*[[Toni Watkins]]
*[[Eric Gershman]]
*[[Dwight York]], founder of Nuwaubian Nation of Moors
*[[Betty Van Patter]] Bookkeeper, died under suspicious circumstances.

[[Category:Black Panther Party members|*]]
[[Category:Revolutionaries]]

Outfest

2006-11-16T16:27:06Z

CyntWorkStuff: added category

'''Outfest''' is an [[LGBT]]-oriented film showcase and [[film festival|festival]] in [[Los Angeles, California]]. Founded in [[1982 in film|1982]] as the "Gay and Lesbian Media Festival and Conference," the name was changed to Outfest in 1994.

==Programs==
* '''Outfest: The Los Angeles Gay and Lesbian Film Festival''' – The oldest continuous film festival in Los Angeles.
* '''Outfest Wednesdays''' – An LGBT weekly screening series.
* '''Fusion: The Los Angeles LGBT People of Color Film Festival''' – A multi-racial, gender-inclusive People of Color film festival.
* '''Legacy Project for LGBT Film Preservation''' – The first film preservation program in the world dedicated to saving and protecting LGBT films.
* '''Access LA''' – Forging connections between filmmakers and established industry professionals.
* '''Outfest Screenwriting Lab''' – A program for emerging screenwriters.

==The Outie awards==
Outfest gives annual "Outie" awards in 16 categories. Awards are given by grand juries, festival audiences and the Program Committees. Jury awards are given for: US Narrative Feature; Screenwriting; Actor in a Feature Film; Actress in a Feature Film; International Feature; Documentary Feature. Audience awards are given for: First Narrative Feature; Narrative Feature; Lesbian Narrative Feature; Documentary Feature; Narrative Short Film; Documentary Short Film; Soundtrack. Programs awards are given for: Freedom Award; Outstanding Emerging Talent; Outstanding Artistic Achievement. Outfest also presents the Outfest Achievement Award, the Outfest Honors, the Outfest Screenwriting Lab Award and the Screen Idol Award.

==External link==
* [http://www.outfest.org/ Outfest official site]

[[Category:Film festivals in the United States]]
[[Category:Film awards]]
[[Category:LGBT events in the United States]]
[[Category:LGBT-related events and awards]]

Unsichtbarkeit von Bisexualität

2006-09-07T18:42:23Z

CyntWorkStuff: added links + footnote

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Please share your thoughts on the matter at '''[[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/{{{1|Bisexual erasure}}}|this article's entry]]''' on the Articles for deletion page.<br />
Feel free to edit the article, but the article must not be blanked, and this notice must not be removed, until the discussion is closed. For more information, particularly on merging or moving the article during the discussion, read the [[Wikipedia:Guide to deletion|guide to deletion]].<br/>
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{{Portal|LGBT|Gay flag.svg|50px}}
'''Bisexual erasure''' is a manifestation of [[biphobia]] characterized by dismissing, ignoring, removing or misstating/misidentifying references to [[bisexual|bisexual people]] in the [[History|historical record]], [[Academic|academic materials]], the [[news media]], and other [[primary sources]]. When done by [[homosexuals]], it often takes the form of claiming these people as [[Closeted|closeted homosexuals]] whose [[heterosexual]] relationships were merely for conformity.
{{LGBT}}
Additionally, it can take the form of omitting the word [[bisexual]] or appropriate variants in the name of an [[organization]] or [[gathering|event]] that serves the whole [[LGBT community]]; or believing that [[bisexual|bisexual people]] do not deserve equal status or inclusion within the [[gay]], [[lesbian]], or [[hetrosexual|straight]] communities.

In its most extreme form, it can include denying that [[bisexual|bisexual people]] actually exist[http://nsrc.sfsu.edu/MagArticle.cfm?Article=475&PageID=0].

==See also==
*[[Biphobia]]
*[[Sexual hierarchy]]
*[[Robyn Ochs]]

==References==
<references />
*[http://nsrc.sfsu.edu/MagArticle.cfm?Article=475&PageID=0 Sexual Prejudice: The erasure of bisexuals in academia and the media [[Loraine Hutchins | Hutchins, Loraine]] ''American Sexuality magazine'' Volume 3, No. 4 (2005)]
*[http://www.bialogue.org/Pages/InfoPackets/MentalHealth.html Bialogue/GLAAD Bisexuality Packet for Mental Health Professionals]
*Weiss, Jillian T., GL vs. BT: The Archaeology of Biphobia and Transphobia Within the U.S. Gay and Lesbian Community, Journal of Bisexuality (Haworth Press 2004), available at [http://phobos.ramapo.edu/~jweiss/glvsbt.htm http://phobos.ramapo.edu/~jweiss/glvsbt.htm]
*[http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/05/health/05sex.html Straight, Gay or Lying? Bisexuality Revisited] New York Times, July 5, 2005.

==External links==
* [[Kenji Yoshino|Yoshino, Kenji]] (2000). "The Epistemic Contract of Bisexual Erasure" [http://www.kenjiyoshino.com/articles/epistemiccontract.pdf]. ''[[Stanford Law Review]]'', 52 (2).
*[http://www.bialogue.org/index.html Dear Fellow Non-existent Beings: countering current attempts to erase bisexuality [[Bialogue]] ]

[[Category:bisexual community]]
[[Category:Sexual orientation and society]]
[[Category:Historical revisionism (political)]]
[[Category:Hypotheses]]
[[Category:LGBT history]]

Melissa Farley (Psychologin)

2006-08-19T23:17:53Z

CyntWorkStuff: change to Selected bibliography

'''Dr. Melissa Farley''' is a [[feminist]] research psychologist who documents the effects of prostitution, pornography, and trafficking on women, men, and children in prostitution. She is Director of Prostitution Research and Education, a San Francisco nonprofit organization.

==Quotes==
:''I never use the word 'sex work' because those words imply that it is legitimate work, that when a young woman grows up at the age of 12 she has a discussion with her mother- 'let's see; what would I like to be? A doctor? A lawyer? A computer techie? Oh, no I think I'm going to be a prostitute.' That doesn't happen.''

==Selected bibliography==
*''Prostitution, Trafficking and Traumatic Stress'' M.F. ed. (2004) ISBN 0789023792
*“Prostitution, Trafficking, and Cultural Amnesia: What We Must <I>Not</I> Know in Order To Keep the Business of Sexual Exploitation Running Smoothly” by Melissa Farley 2006 Yale Journal of Law and Feminism 18:109-144.
*[http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/c-prostitution-research.html “Prostitution and Trafficking in 9 Countries: Update on Violence and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder”] by Melissa Farley, Ann Cotton., Jacqueline Lynne, Sybile Zumbeck, Frida Spiwak, Maria E. Reyes, Dinorah Alvarez, Ufuk Sezgin 2003 Journal of Trauma Practice 2 (3/4): 33-74
*“Prostitution and Trafficking in Asia” by Melissa Farley and Sungjean Seo 2006 Harvard Asia Pacific Review Volume 8 Number 2 pages 9-12
*“Prostitution in Vancouver: Violence and the Colonization of First Nations Women” by Melissa Farley, Jacqueline Lynne, and Ann Cotton. 2005 Transcultural Psychiatry 42: 242-271.
*[http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/c-laws-about-prostitution.html “‘Bad for the Body, Bad for the Heart:’ Prostitution Harms Women Even If Legalized or Decriminalized”] by Melissa Farley 2004 Violence Against Women 10: 1087-1125
*[http://www.nostatusquo.com/farley/FarleyResponse.pdf "Prostitution Harms Women Even if Indoors: Reply to Weitzer"] by Melissa Farley, ''Violence Against Women'' 1(7): 971–977, July 2005.

==Melissa Farley website==
*[http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/ Prostitution Research and Education]

==External links==
*[http://www.woodhullfoundation.org/content/otherpublications/WeitzerVAW-1.pdf “Flawed Theory and Method in Studies of Prostitution”] by Ronald Weitzer, ''Violence Against Women'' 1(7): 934–949, July 2005.
*[http://www.nostatusquo.com/ACLU/ohBROTHER/farley.html Melissa Farley "Letter to the Editor", ''Changing Men'']
*[http://www.captivedaughters.org/demanddynamics/demandforprostitution.htm The Demand for Prostitution]
*[http://sisyphe.org/breve.php3?id_breve=440 Prostitution and sex trafficking as severe forms of violence against women]

==See also==
* [[Anti-pornography movement]]

[[Category:American psychologists|Farley, Melissa]]
[[Category:Feminist scholars|Farley, Melissa]]
[[Category:Anti-pornography activists|Farley, Melissa]]
[[Category:Living people|Farley, Melissa]]

Melissa Farley (Psychologin)

2006-08-19T18:56:33Z

CyntWorkStuff: added also see

'''Dr. Melissa Farley''' is a psychologist and [[feminist]] studying the effects of global [[sex trafficking]] on [[prostitute]]s. She is Director of Prostitution Research and Education at the San Francisco Women's Center.

==Quote==
:''I never use the word 'sex work' because those words imply that it is legitimate work, that when a young woman grows up at the age of 12 she has a discussion with her mother- 'let's see; what would I like to be? A doctor? A lawyer? A computer techie? Oh, no I think I'm going to be a prostitute.' That doesn't happen.''

==Book==
*''Prostitution, Trafficking and Traumatic Stress'' M.F. ed. (2004) ISBN 0789023792

==See also==
* [[Anti-pornography movement]]

==External links==
*[http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/ Prostitution Research and Education]
*[http://www.nostatusquo.com/ACLU/ohBROTHER/farley.html Melissa Farley on ''Changing Men'']
*[http://www.arte-sana.com/melissa_farley.htm Arte Sana Board of Directors Advisory Council]
*[http://www.captivedaughters.org/demanddynamics/demandforprostitution.htm The Demand for Prostitution]
*[http://sisyphe.org/breve.php3?id_breve=440 Prostitution and sex trafficking as severe forms of violence against women]
*[http://www.sexwork.com/whatisnew/farley.html A Feminist View That All Sexworkers are Abused and Sick]

[[Category:Feminist scholars|Farley, Melissa]]
[[Category:Living people|Farley, Melissa]]
[[Category:American psychologists|Farley, Melissa]]

Melissa Farley (Psychologin)

2006-08-19T17:13:16Z

CyntWorkStuff: /* External links */ - restored sexwork link

'''Dr. Melissa Farley''' is a psychologist and [[feminist]] studying the effects of global [[sex trafficking]] on [[prostitute]]s. She is Director of Prostitution Research and Education at the San Francisco Women's Center.

==Quote==
:''I never use the word 'sex work' because those words imply that it is legitimate work, that when a young woman grows up at the age of 12 she has a discussion with her mother- 'let's see; what would I like to be? A doctor? A lawyer? A computer techie? Oh, no I think I'm going to be a prostitute.' That doesn't happen.''

==Book==
*''Prostitution, Trafficking and Traumatic Stress'' M.F. ed. (2004) ISBN 0789023792

==External links==
*[http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/ Prostitution Research and Education]
*[http://www.nostatusquo.com/ACLU/ohBROTHER/farley.html Melissa Farley on ''Changing Men'']
*[http://www.arte-sana.com/melissa_farley.htm Arte Sana Board of Directors Advisory Council]
*[http://www.captivedaughters.org/demanddynamics/demandforprostitution.htm The Demand for Prostitution]
*[http://sisyphe.org/breve.php3?id_breve=440 Prostitution and sex trafficking as severe forms of violence against women]
*[http://www.sexwork.com/whatisnew/farley.html A Feminist View That All Sexworkers are Abused and Sick]

[[Category:Feminist scholars|Farley, Melissa]]
[[Category:Living people|Farley, Melissa]]
[[Category:American psychologists|Farley, Melissa]]

Unsichtbarkeit von Bisexualität

2006-07-26T04:49:42Z

CyntWorkStuff: add 'also see'

{{Portal|LGBT|Gay flag.svg|50px}}
'''Bisexual Erasure''' is a manifestation of [[biphobia]] characterized by dismissing, ignoring, removing or misstating/misidentifying references to [[bisexual|bisexual people]] in the [[History|historical record]], [[Academic|academic materials]], the [[news media]] and other [[primary sources]].
{{LGBT}}
Additionally it can take the form of omitting the word [[bisexual]] or appropriate variants in the name of an [[organization]] or [[event]] that serves the whole [[LGBT community]]; or believing that [[bisexual|bisexual people]] do not deserve equal status or inclusion within the [[gay]], [[lesbian]] or [[hetrosexual|straight]] communities.

In its most extreme form it can include denying that [[bisexual|bisexual people]] actually exist.

==See also==
*[[Biphobia]]
*[[Bigotry]]
*[[Prejudice]]
*[[Sexual hierarchy]]
*[[Robyn Ochs]]

==References==
<references />
*[http://nsrc.sfsu.edu/MagArticle.cfm?Article=475&PageID=0 Sexual Prejudice: The erasure of bisexuals in academia and the media [[Loraine Hutchins | Hutchins, Loraine]] ''American Sexuality magazine'' Volume 3, No. 4 (2005)]
*[http://www.bialogue.org/Pages/InfoPackets/MentalHealth.html Bialogue/GLAAD Bisexuality Packet for Mental Health Professionals]
*Weiss, Jillian T., GL vs. BT: The Archaeology of Biphobia and Transphobia Within the U.S. Gay and Lesbian Community, Journal of Bisexuality (Haworth Press 2004), available at [http://phobos.ramapo.edu/~jweiss/glvsbt.htm http://phobos.ramapo.edu/~jweiss/glvsbt.htm]
*[http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/05/health/05sex.html Straight, Gay or Lying? Bisexuality Revisited] New York Times, July 5, 2005.

==External links==
* [[Kenji Yoshino|Yoshino, Kenji]] (2000). "The Epistemic Contract of Bisexual Erasure" [http://www.kenjiyoshino.com/articles/epistemiccontract.pdf]. ''[[Stanford Law Review]]'', 52 (2).
*[http://www.bialogue.org/index.html Dear Fellow Non-existent Beings: countering current attempts to erase bisexuality [[Bialogue]] ]

[[Category:bisexual community]]
[[Category:Discrimination]]
[[Category:Prejudices]]
[[Category:Sexual orientation and society]]
[[Category:Pseudohistory]]
[[Category:Academic fraud]]

Biphobie

2006-07-25T23:02:27Z

CyntWorkStuff: add an also see

{{Portal|LGBT|Gay flag.svg|50px}}
'''Biphobia''' is the fear of, discrimination against, or hatred of [[bisexuality|bisexuals]] (although in practice it extends to [[pansexual]] people too). It need not include [[homophobia]] or [[heterophobia]], because there are [[stereotype]]s that are specific to bisexuals.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Eliason MJ | title=The prevalence and nature of biphobia in heterosexual undergraduate students. | journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior | volume=26 | issue=3 | year=1997 | pages=317-26}} PMID 9146816</ref>

==Biphobic stereotypes==
{{gay rights}}Some bisexual stereotypes include, but are not limited to: [[promiscuity]], [[polygamy]], living the [[swinging]] lifestyle, and being confused.[http://www.glaad.org/programs/cim/birepresentations.php] In some cases, bisexuals are accused of bringing [[sexually transmitted disease]] into the heterosexual community or into the lesbian community. A related stereotype is one in which a bisexual is presumed to be willing to have sex with just about anyone. This stereotype leads to unwanted attention of a sexual nature directed at bisexual [[female]]s by swingers and heterosexual males while often stereotyping bisexual males as walking [[AIDS]] risks.

Often, however, heterosexuals and homosexuals will add more stereotypes based on homophobia or heterophobia. Homophobes may think that bisexuals are gender nonconformist. Heterophobes will often think of bisexuals as maintaining privilege and collaborating with the homophobes while simultaneously enjoying the LGBT lifestyle. Some consider the belief that people are either heterosexual or homosexual (a somewhat common belief among both heterosexuals and homosexuals, both of which fall under the category of [[monosexual]]s), and thus that bisexuality does not truly exist, to be biphobic.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Dworkin SH | title=Treating the bisexual client | journal=Journal of Clinical Psychology | volume=57 | issue=5 | year=2001 | pages=671-80}} PMID 11304706</ref>.

A 2005 study claimed that a sample of men self-identifying as bisexual did not respond equally to gay pornographic material involving only men, and only women, but instead showed four times more arousal to one than the other. However, bisexuality does not imply equal attraction towards both genders. In addition, opponents claim that genital arousal to homosexual pornographic material is not a good indicator of orientation. They also point out that the study showed a third of men had no arousal, and ask why this doesn't mean that one third of men are really asexual. [http://www.thetaskforce.org/media/NYTBiArt/LettersFromTheCommunity.cfm] [[LGBT]] advocates subsequently attacked the study and the New York Times article which reported it as flawed and biphobic [http://zzz.pridesource.com/article.shtml?article=15015].

{{sexual orientation}}One common motive for negative attitudes toward bisexuality among [[lesbian]]s is the fear that a bisexual [[woman]] will leave a woman for a [[man]]; the heterosexual male is seen as having an unfair systemic advantage both due to [[sexism]] and due to homophobia. Bisexual persons may also be the target of homophobia from those who consider only heterosexuality appropriate. The reverse can also apply in that bisexual persons may be targets of heterophobia or discrimination by some gays/homosexuals - this is especially prevalent amongst bisexual men. See Weiss, below.

Many anti-bisexuals also believe that bisexuality is a trend, especially a teenage one, popularised by bisexual musicians, actors, etc. (i.e. the term, he built a window in his closet): some also believe it is a stage in adolescence which happens to everyone which people grow out of and that therefore bisexuals are worse people for making an issue out of it. Some also believe bisexuals are just attention seeking for comfort or sex. However, these claims have no scientific grounds at all.

Some [[radical feminism|radical]] [[Lesbian feminism|lesbian feminists]] think that bisexual women are giving in to [[patriarchy]]. Others say that people against bisexuals are insecure about their sexuality themselves, similarly to homophobia. It is fair to note many anti-bisexuals are also anti-homosexual, while maintaining there are only heterosexual and homosexual as sexual preferences, and a common stereotype is that female bisexuals are attention seeking heterosexuals, while male ones are just homosexual.

==See also==
*[[Bigotry]]
*[[Prejudice]]
*[[Bisexual Erasure]]
*[[Sexual hierarchy]]
*[[Homophobia]]
*[[Monosexism]]

==References==
<references />
*[http://nsrc.sfsu.edu/MagArticle.cfm?Article=475&PageID=0 Sexual Prejudice: The erasure of bisexuals in academia and the media [[Loraine Hutchins | Hutchins, Loraine]] ''American Sexuality magazine'' Volume 3, No. 4 (2005)]
*[http://www.bialogue.org/Pages/InfoPackets/MentalHealth.html Bialogue/GLAAD Bisexuality Packet for Mental Health Professionals]
*Weiss, Jillian T., GL vs. BT: The Archaeology of Biphobia and Transphobia Within the U.S. Gay and Lesbian Community, Journal of Bisexuality (Haworth Press 2004), available at [http://phobos.ramapo.edu/~jweiss/glvsbt.htm http://phobos.ramapo.edu/~jweiss/glvsbt.htm]
*[http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/05/health/05sex.html Straight, Gay or Lying? Bisexuality Revisited] New York Times, July 5, 2005.

==External links==
* [[Kenji Yoshino|Yoshino, Kenji]] (2000). "The Epistemic Contract of Bisexual Erasure" [http://www.kenjiyoshino.com/articles/epistemiccontract.pdf]. ''[[Stanford Law Review]]'', 52 (2).
* [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/BiMHP/ Association of Bi Mental Health Professionals]
*[http://www.bialogue.org/index.html Dear Fellow Non-existent Beings: countering current attempts to erase bisexuality [[Bialogue]] ]

[[Category:bisexual community]]
[[Category:Discrimination]]
[[Category:Phobias]]
[[Category:Prejudices]]
[[Category:Sexual orientation and society]]

[[de:Biphobie]]
[[nl:Bifobie]]
[[zh:雙性戀恐懼症]]

Unsichtbarkeit von Bisexualität

2006-07-25T22:38:45Z

CyntWorkStuff: add links

{{Portal|LGBT|Gay flag.svg|50px}}
'''Bisexual Erasure''' is a manifestation of [[biphobia]] characterized by dismissing, ignoring, removing or misstating/misidentifying references to [[bisexual|bisexual people]] in the [[History|historical record]], [[Academic|academic materials]], the [[news media]] and other [[primary sources]].
{{LGBT}}
Additionally it can take the form of omitting the word [[bisexual]] or appropriate variants in the name of an [[organization]] or [[event]] that serves the whole [[LGBT community]]; or believing that [[bisexual|bisexual people]] do not deserve equal status or inclusion within the [[gay]], [[lesbian]] or [[hetrosexual|straight]] communities.

In its most extreme form it can include denying that [[bisexual|bisexual people]] actually exist.

==See also==
*[[Biphobia]]
*[[Bigotry]]
*[[Prejudice]]
*[[Sexual hierarchy]]

==References==
<references />
*[http://nsrc.sfsu.edu/MagArticle.cfm?Article=475&PageID=0 Sexual Prejudice: The erasure of bisexuals in academia and the media [[Loraine Hutchins | Hutchins, Loraine]] ''American Sexuality magazine'' Volume 3, No. 4 (2005)]
*[http://www.bialogue.org/Pages/InfoPackets/MentalHealth.html Bialogue/GLAAD Bisexuality Packet for Mental Health Professionals]
*Weiss, Jillian T., GL vs. BT: The Archaeology of Biphobia and Transphobia Within the U.S. Gay and Lesbian Community, Journal of Bisexuality (Haworth Press 2004), available at [http://phobos.ramapo.edu/~jweiss/glvsbt.htm http://phobos.ramapo.edu/~jweiss/glvsbt.htm]
*[http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/05/health/05sex.html Straight, Gay or Lying? Bisexuality Revisited] New York Times, July 5, 2005.

==External links==
* [[Kenji Yoshino|Yoshino, Kenji]] (2000). "The Epistemic Contract of Bisexual Erasure" [http://www.kenjiyoshino.com/articles/epistemiccontract.pdf]. ''[[Stanford Law Review]]'', 52 (2).
*[http://www.bialogue.org/index.html Dear Fellow Non-existent Beings: countering current attempts to erase bisexuality [[Bialogue]] ]

[[Category:bisexual community]]
[[Category:Discrimination]]
[[Category:Prejudices]]
[[Category:Sexual orientation and society]]
[[Category:Pseudohistory]]
[[Category:Academic fraud]]

Unsichtbarkeit von Bisexualität

2006-07-25T21:58:02Z

CyntWorkStuff: Initial entry

{{LGBT}}
'''Bisexual Erasure''' is a manifestation of [[biphobia]] characterized by dismissing, ignoring, removing or misstating/misidentifying references to [[bisexual|bisexual people]]in the historical record, academic materials, the [[news media]] and other [[primary sources]].

Additionally it can take the form of omitting the word [[bisexual]] or appropriate variants in the name of an organization or event that serves the whole [[LGBT community]]; or believing that bisexual people do not deserve equal status or inclusion within the [[gay]], [[lesbian]] or [[hetrosexual|straight]] communities.

In its most extreme form it can include denying that bisexaul people actually exist.

==See also==
*[[Monosexism]]
*[[Sexual hierarchy]]
*[[Biphobia]]
*[[Bigotry]]
*[[Prejudice]]

==References==
<references />
*[http://nsrc.sfsu.edu/MagArticle.cfm?Article=475&PageID=0 Sexual Prejudice: The erasure of bisexuals in academia and the media [[Loraine Hutchins | Hutchins, Loraine]] ''American Sexuality magazine'' Volume 3, No. 4 (2005)]
*[http://www.bialogue.org/Pages/InfoPackets/MentalHealth.html Bialogue/GLAAD Bisexuality Packet for Mental Health Professionals]
*Weiss, Jillian T., GL vs. BT: The Archaeology of Biphobia and Transphobia Within the U.S. Gay and Lesbian Community, Journal of Bisexuality (Haworth Press 2004), available at [http://phobos.ramapo.edu/~jweiss/glvsbt.htm http://phobos.ramapo.edu/~jweiss/glvsbt.htm]
*[http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/05/health/05sex.html Straight, Gay or Lying? Bisexuality Revisited] New York Times, July 5, 2005.

==External links==
* [[Kenji Yoshino|Yoshino, Kenji]] (2000). "The Epistemic Contract of Bisexual Erasure" [http://www.kenjiyoshino.com/articles/epistemiccontract.pdf]. ''[[Stanford Law Review]]'', 52 (2).
*[http://www.bialogue.org/index.html Dear Fellow Non-existent Beings: countering current attempts to erase bisexuality [[Bialogue]] ]

[[Category:bisexual community]]
[[Category:Discrimination]]
[[Category:Phobias]]
[[Category:Prejudices]]
[[Category:Sexual orientation and society]]
[[Category:Pseudohistory]]

Biphobie

2006-06-22T22:27:35Z

CyntWorkStuff: typo entry duplicated

{{gay rights}}
'''Biphobia''' is the fear of, discrimination against, or hatred of [[bisexuality|bisexuals]] (although in practice it extends to [[pansexual]] people too). It need not include [[homophobia]] or [[heterophobia]], because there are [[stereotype]]s that are specific to bisexuals.{{ref|biphobia}}

==Biphobic stereotypes==
Some bisexual stereotypes include, but are not limited to: [[promiscuity]], [[polygamy]], living the [[swinging]] lifestyle, and being confused.[http://www.glaad.org/programs/cim/birepresentations.php] In some cases, bisexuals are accused of bringing [[sexually transmitted disease]] into the heterosexual community or into the lesbian community. A related stereotype is one in which a bisexual is presumed to be willing to have sex with just about anyone. This stereotype leads to unwanted attention of a sexual nature directed at bisexual [[female]]s by swingers and heterosexual males while often stereotyping bisexual males as walking [[AIDS]] risks.

Often, however, heterosexuals and homosexuals will add more stereotypes based on homophobia or heterophobia. Homophobes may think that bisexuals are gender nonconformist. Heterophobes will often think of bisexuals as maintaining privilege and collaborating with the homophobes while simultaneously enjoying the LGBT lifestyle. Some consider the belief that people are either heterosexual or homosexual (a somewhat common belief among both heterosexuals and homosexuals, both of which fall under the category of [[monosexual]]s), and thus that bisexuality does not truly exist, to be biphobic.{{ref|dichotomy}}.

{{sexual orientation}}A 2005 study claimed that a sample of men self-identifying as bisexual did not respond equally to gay pornographic material involving only men, and only women, but instead showed four times more arousal to one than the other. However, bisexuality does not imply equal attraction towards both genders. In addition, opponents claim that genital arousal to homosexual pornographic material is not a good indicator of orientation. They also point out that the study showed a third of men had no arousal, and ask why this doesn't mean that one third of men are really asexual. [http://www.thetaskforce.org/media/NYTBiArt/LettersFromTheCommunity.cfm] [[LGBT]] advocates subsequently attacked the study and the New York Times article which reported it as flawed and biphobic [http://zzz.pridesource.com/article.shtml?article=15015].

One common motive for negative attitudes toward bisexuality among [[lesbian]]s is the fear that a bisexual [[woman]] will leave a woman for a [[man]]; the heterosexual male is seen as having an unfair systemic advantage both due to [[sexism]] and due to homophobia. Bisexual persons may also be the target of homophobia from those who consider only heterosexuality appropriate. The reverse can also apply in that bisexual persons may be targets of heterophobia or discrimination by some gays/homosexuals - this is especially prevalent amongst bisexual men. See Weiss, below.

Many anti-bisexuals also believe that bisexuality is a trend, especially a teenage one, popularised by bisexual musicians, actors, etc. (i.e. the term, he built a window in his closet): some also believe it is a stage in adolescence which happens to everyone which people grow out of and that therefore bisexuals are worse people for making an issue out of it. Some also believe bisexuals are just attention seeking for comfort or sex. However, these claims have no scientific grounds at all.

Some [[radical feminism|radical]] [[Lesbian feminism|lesbian feminists]] think that bisexual women are giving in to [[patriarchy]]. Others say that people against bisexuals are insecure about their sexuality themselves, similarly to homophobia. It is fair to note many anti-bisexuals are also anti-homosexual, while maintaining there are only heterosexual and homosexual as sexual preferences, and a common stereotype is that female bisexuals are attention seeking heterosexuals, while male ones are just homosexual.

==See also==
* [[Monosexism]]
* [[Sexual hierarchy]]

==References==
# {{note|biphobia}} {{cite journal | author=Eliason MJ | title=The prevalence and nature of biphobia in heterosexual undergraduate students. | journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior | volume=26 | issue=3 | year=1997 | pages=317-26}} PMID 9146816
# {{note|dichotomy}} {{cite journal | author=Dworkin SH | title=Treating the bisexual client | journal=Journal of Clinical Psychology | volume=57 | issue=5 | year=2001 | pages=671-80}} PMID 11304706
*[http://nsrc.sfsu.edu/MagArticle.cfm?Article=475&PageID=0 Sexual Prejudice: The erasure of bisexuals in academia and the media [[Loraine Hutchins | Hutchins, Loraine]] ''American Sexuality magazine'' Volume 3, No. 4 (2005)]
*[http://www.bialogue.org/Pages/InfoPackets/MentalHealth.html Bialogue/GLAAD Bisexuality Packet for Mental Health Professionals]
*Weiss, Jillian T., GL vs. BT: The Archaeology of Biphobia and Transphobia Within the U.S. Gay and Lesbian Community, Journal of Bisexuality (Haworth Press 2004), available at [http://phobos.ramapo.edu/~jweiss/glvsbt.htm http://phobos.ramapo.edu/~jweiss/glvsbt.htm]
*[http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/05/health/05sex.html Straight, Gay or Lying? Bisexuality Revisited] New York Times, July 5, 2005.

==External links==
* [[Kenji Yoshino|Yoshino, Kenji]] (2000). "The Epistemic Contract of Bisexual Erasure" [http://www.kenjiyoshino.com/articles/epistemiccontract.pdf]. ''[[Stanford Law Review]]'', 52 (2).
* [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/BiMHP/ Association of Bi Mental Health Professionals]
*[http://www.bialogue.org/index.html Dear Fellow Non-existent Beings: countering current attempts to erase bisexuality [[Bialogue]] ]

[[Category:bisexual community]]
[[Category:Discrimination]]
[[Category:Phobias]]
[[Category:Prejudices]]
[[Category:Sexual orientation and society]]

[[nl:Bifobie]]
[[zh:雙性戀恐懼症]]

Biphobie

2006-06-22T22:12:55Z

CyntWorkStuff: /* External links */

{{gay rights}}
'''Biphobia''' is the fear of, discrimination against, or hatred of [[bisexuality|bisexuals]] (although in practice it extends to [[pansexual]] people too). It need not include [[homophobia]] or [[heterophobia]], because there are [[stereotype]]s that are specific to bisexuals.{{ref|biphobia}}

==Biphobic stereotypes==
Some bisexual stereotypes include, but are not limited to: [[promiscuity]], [[polygamy]], living the [[swinging]] lifestyle, and being confused. In some cases, bisexuals are accused of bringing [[sexually transmitted disease]] into the heterosexual community or into the lesbian community. A related stereotype is one in which a bisexual is presumed to be willing to have sex with just about anyone. This stereotype leads to unwanted attention of a sexual nature directed at bisexual [[female]]s by swingers and heterosexual males while often stereotyping bisexual males as walking [[AIDS]] risks.

Often, however, heterosexuals and homosexuals will add more stereotypes based on homophobia or heterophobia. Homophobes may think that bisexuals are gender nonconformist. Heterophobes will often think of bisexuals as maintaining privilege and collaborating with the homophobes while simultaneously enjoying the LGBT lifestyle. Some consider the belief that people are either heterosexual or homosexual (a somewhat common belief among both heterosexuals and homosexuals, both of which fall under the category of [[monosexual]]s), and thus that bisexuality does not truly exist, to be biphobic.{{ref|dichotomy}}.

{{sexual orientation}}A 2005 study claimed that a sample of men self-identifying as bisexual did not respond equally to gay pornographic material involving only men, and only women, but instead showed four times more arousal to one than the other. However, bisexuality does not imply equal attraction towards both genders. In addition, opponents claim that genital arousal to homosexual pornographic material is not a good indicator of orientation. They also point out that the study showed a third of men had no arousal, and ask why this doesn't mean that one third of men are really asexual. [http://www.thetaskforce.org/media/NYTBiArt/LettersFromTheCommunity.cfm] [[LGBT]] advocates subsequently attacked the study and the New York Times article which reported it as flawed and biphobic [http://zzz.pridesource.com/article.shtml?article=15015].

One common motive for negative attitudes toward bisexuality among [[lesbian]]s is the fear that a bisexual [[woman]] will leave a woman for a [[man]]; the heterosexual male is seen as having an unfair systemic advantage both due to [[sexism]] and due to homophobia. Bisexual persons may also be the target of homophobia from those who consider only heterosexuality appropriate. The reverse can also apply in that bisexual persons may be targets of heterophobia or discrimination by some gays/homosexuals - this is especially prevalent amongst bisexual men. See Weiss, below.

Many anti-bisexuals also believe that bisexuality is a trend, especially a teenage one, popularised by bisexual musicians, actors, etc. (i.e. the term, he built a window in his closet): some also believe it is a stage in adolescence which happens to everyone which people grow out of and that therefore bisexuals are worse people for making an issue out of it. Some also believe bisexuals are just attention seeking for comfort or sex. However, these claims have no scientific grounds at all.

Some [[radical feminism|radical]] [[Lesbian feminism|lesbian feminists]] think that bisexual women are giving in to [[patriarchy]]. Others say that people against bisexuals are insecure about their sexuality themselves, similarly to homophobia. It is fair to note many anti-bisexuals are also anti-homosexual, while maintaining there are only heterosexual and homosexual as sexual preferences, and a common stereotype is that female bisexuals are attention seeking heterosexuals, while male ones are just homosexual.

==See also==
* [[Monosexism]]
* [[Sexual hierarchy]]

==References==
# {{note|biphobia}} {{cite journal | author=Eliason MJ | title=The prevalence and nature of biphobia in heterosexual undergraduate students. | journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior | volume=26 | issue=3 | year=1997 | pages=317-26}} PMID 9146816
# {{note|dichotomy}} {{cite journal | author=Dworkin SH | title=Treating the bisexual client | journal=Journal of Clinical Psychology | volume=57 | issue=5 | year=2001 | pages=671-80}} PMID 11304706
*[http://nsrc.sfsu.edu/MagArticle.cfm?Article=475&PageID=171&SID=2F61BCD15F440019472CA01253795FEB&DSN=nsrc_dsn Sexual Prejudice: The erasure of bisexuals in academia and the media [[Loraine Hutchins | Hutchins, Loraine]] ''American Sexuality magazine'' Volume 3, No. 4 (2005)]
*[http://www.bialogue.org/Pages/InfoPackets/MentalHealth.html Bialogue/GLAAD Bisexuality Packet for Mental Health Professionals]
*Weiss, Jillian T., GL vs. BT: The Archaeology of Biphobia and Transphobia Within the U.S. Gay and Lesbian Community, Journal of Bisexuality (Haworth Press 2004), available at [http://phobos.ramapo.edu/~jweiss/glvsbt.htm http://phobos.ramapo.edu/~jweiss/glvsbt.htm]
*[http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/05/health/05sex.html Straight, Gay or Lying? Bisexuality Revisited] New York Times, July 5, 2005.

==External links==
* [[Kenji Yoshino|Yoshino, Kenji]] (2000). "The Epistemic Contract of Bisexual Erasure" [http://www.kenjiyoshino.com/articles/epistemiccontract.pdf]. ''[[Stanford Law Review]]'', 52 (2).
* [http://nsrc.sfsu.edu/MagArticle.cfm?Article=475&PageID=0 Sexual Prejudice: The erasure of bisexuals in academia and the media by [[Loraine Hutchins]] [[American Sexuality magazine]] ]
* [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/BiMHP/ Association of Bi Mental Health Professionals]
*[http://www.bialogue.org/index.html Dear Fellow Non-existent Beings: countering current attempts to erase bisexuality [[Bialogue]] ]

[[Category:bisexual community]]
[[Category:Discrimination]]
[[Category:Phobias]]
[[Category:Prejudices]]
[[Category:Sexual orientation and society]]

[[nl:Bifobie]]
[[zh:雙性戀恐懼症]]

Biphobie

2006-05-20T19:21:17Z

CyntWorkStuff: added LGBT Rights box

{{gay rights}}
'''Biphobia''' is the fear of, discrimination against, or hatred of [[bisexuality|bisexuals]] (although in practice it extends to [[pansexual]] people too). It need not include [[homophobia]] or [[heterophobia]], because there are [[stereotype]]s that are specific to bisexuals.{{ref|biphobia}}

==Biphobic Stereotypes==

Some bisexual stereotypes include, but are not limited to: [[promiscuity]], [[polygamy]], living the [[swinging]] lifestyle, and being confused. In some cases, bisexuals are accused of bringing [[sexually transmitted disease]] into the heterosexual community or into the lesbian community. A related stereotype is one in which a bisexual is presumed to be willing to have sex with just about anyone. This stereotype leads to unwanted attention of a sexual nature directed at bisexual [[female]]s by swingers and heterosexual males while often stereotyping bisexual males as walking [[AIDS]] risks.

Often, however, heterosexuals and homosexuals will add more stereotypes based on homophobia or heterophobia. Homophobes may think that bisexuals are gender nonconformist. Heterophobes will often think of bisexuals as maintaining privilege and collaborating with the homophobes. Some consider the belief that people are either heterosexual or homosexual (a somewhat common belief among both heterosexuals and homosexuals, both of which fall under the category of [[monosexual]]s), and thus that bisexuality does not truly exist, to be biphobic.{{ref|dichotomy}}.

{{sexual orientation}}A 2005 study claimed that a sample of men self-identifying as bisexual did not respond equally to gay pornographic material involving only men, and only women, but instead showed four times more arousal to one than the other. However, bisexuality does not imply equal attraction towards both genders. In addition, opponents claim that genital arousal to homosexual pornographic material is not a good indicator of orientation. They also point out that the study showed a third of men had no arousal, and ask why this doesn't mean that one third of men are really asexual. [http://www.thetaskforce.org/media/NYTBiArt/LettersFromTheCommunity.cfm] [[LGBT]] advocates subsequently attacked the study and the New York Times article which reported it as flawed and biphobic [http://zzz.pridesource.com/article.shtml?article=15015].

One common motive for negative attitudes toward bisexuality among [[lesbian]]s is the fear that a bisexual [[woman]] will leave a woman for a [[man]]; the heterosexual male is seen as having an unfair systemic advantage both due to [[sexism]] and due to homophobia. Bisexual persons may also be the target of homophobia from those who consider only heterosexuality appropriate. The reverse can also apply in that bisexual persons may be targets of heterophobia or discrimination by some gays/homosexuals - this is especially prevalent amongst bisexual men. See Weiss, below.

Many anti-bisexuals also believe that bisexuality is a trend, especially a teenage one, popularised by bisexual musicians, actors, etc. (i.e. the term, he built a window in his closet): some also believe it is a stage in adolescence which happens to everyone which people grow out of and that therefore bisexuals are worse people for making an issue out of it. Some also believe bisexuals are just attention seeking for comfort or sex. However, these claims have no scientific grounds at all.

Some [[radical feminism|radical]] [[lesbian]] [[feminism|feminists]] think that bisexual women are giving in to [[patriarchy]].

Other people say that people against bisexuals are insecure about their sexuality themselves, similarly to homophobia. It is fair to note many anti-bisexuals are also anti-homosexual, while maintaining there are only heterosexual and homosexual as sexual preferences, and a common stereotype is that female bisexuals are attention seeking heterosexuals, while male ones are just homosexual.

==See also==
* [[Monosexism]]
* [[Sexual hierarchy]]

==References==
# {{note|biphobia}} {{cite journal | author=Eliason MJ | title=The prevalence and nature of biphobia in heterosexual undergraduate students. | journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior | volume=26 | issue=3 | year=1997 | pages=317-26}} PMID 9146816
# {{note|dichotomy}} {{cite journal | author=Dworkin SH | title=Treating the bisexual client | journal=Journal of Clinical Psychology | volume=57 | issue=5 | year=2001 | pages=671-80}} PMID 11304706
*[http://nsrc.sfsu.edu/MagArticle.cfm?Article=475&PageID=171&SID=2F61BCD15F440019472CA01253795FEB&DSN=nsrc_dsn Sexual Prejudice: The erasure of bisexuals in academia and the media [[Loraine Hutchins | Hutchins, Loraine]] ''American Sexuality magazine'' Volume 3, No. 4 (2005)]
*[http://www.bialogue.org/Pages/InfoPackets/MentalHealth.html Bialogue/GLAAD Bisexuality Packet for Mental Health Professionals]
*Weiss, Jillian T., GL vs. BT: The Archaeology of Biphobia and Transphobia Within the U.S. Gay and Lesbian Community, Journal of Bisexuality (Haworth Press 2004), available at [http://phobos.ramapo.edu/~jweiss/glvsbt.htm http://phobos.ramapo.edu/~jweiss/glvsbt.htm]
*[http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/05/health/05sex.html Straight, Gay or Lying? Bisexuality Revisited] New York Times, July 5, 2005.

[[Category:Sexual orientation and society]]
[[Category:Phobias]]
[[Category:Prejudices]]
[[Category:Discrimination]]
[[Category:bisexual community]]

[[nl:Bifobie]]
[[zh:雙性戀恐懼症]]

Biphobie

2006-04-21T22:55:01Z

CyntWorkStuff: fix bad link (article was moved on website)

{{sexual orientation}}

'''Biphobia''' is the fear of, discrimination against, or hatred of [[bisexuality|bisexuals]] (although in practice it extends to [[pansexual]] and [[asexual]] people too). It need not include [[homophobia]] or [[heterophobia]], because there are [[stereotype]]s that are specific to bisexuals.{{ref|biphobia}}

These stereotypes include, but are not limited to: [[promiscuity]], [[polygamy]], living the [[swinging]] lifestyle, and being confused. In some cases, bisexuals are accused of bringing [[sexually transmitted disease]] into the heterosexual community or into the lesbian community. A related stereotype is one in which a bisexual is presumed to be willing to have sex with just about anyone. This stereotype leads to unwanted attention of a sexual nature directed at bisexual [[female]]s by swingers and heterosexual males while often stereotyping bisexual males as walking [[AIDS]] risks.

Often, however, heterosexuals and homosexuals will add more stereotypes based on homophobia or heterophobia. Homophobes may think that bisexuals are gender nonconformist. Heterophobes will often think of bisexuals as maintaining privilege and collaborating with the homophobes. Also, the belief that people are either heterosexual or homosexual (a somewhat common belief among both heterosexuals and homosexuals, both of which fall under the category of [[monosexual]]s), and thus that bisexuality does not truly exist, is considered biphobic.{{ref|dichotomy}}

One common motive for negative attitudes toward bisexuality among [[lesbian]]s is the fear that a bisexual [[woman]] will leave a woman for a [[man]]; the heterosexual male is seen as having an unfair systemic advantage both due to [[sexism]] and due to homophobia. Bisexual persons may also be the target of homophobia from those who consider only heterosexuality appropriate. The reverse can also apply in that bisexual persons may be targets of heterophobia or discrimination by some gays/homosexuals - this is especially prevalent amongst bisexual men. See Weiss, below.

Many anti-bisexuals also believe that bisexuality is a trend, especially a teenage one, popularised by bisexual musicians, actors, etc. (i.e. the term, he built a window in his closet): some also believe it is a stage in adolescence which happens to everyone which people grow out of and that therefore bisexuals are worse people for making an issue out of it. Some also believe bisexuals are just attention seeking for comfort or sex. However, these claims have no scientific grounds at all.

Some [[radical feminism|radical]] [[lesbian]] [[feminism|feminists]] think that bisexual women are giving in to [[patriarchy]].

Other people say that people against bisexuals are insecure about their sexuality themselves, similarly to homophobia. It is fair to note many anti-bisexuals are also anti-homosexual, while maintaining there are only heterosexual and homosexual as sexual preferences, and a common stereotype is that female bisexuals are attention seeking heterosexuals, while male ones are just homosexual.

==See also==
* [[Monosexism]]
* [[Sexual hierarchy]]

==References==
# {{note|biphobia}} {{cite journal | author=Eliason MJ | title=The prevalence and nature of biphobia in heterosexual undergraduate students. | journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior | volume=26 | issue=3 | year=1997 | pages=317-26}} PMID 9146816
# {{note|dichotomy}} {{cite journal | author=Dworkin SH | title=Treating the bisexual client | journal=Journal of Clinical Psychology | volume=57 | issue=5 | year=2001 | pages=671-80}} PMID 11304706
*[http://nsrc.sfsu.edu/MagArticle.cfm?Article=475&PageID=171&SID=2F61BCD15F440019472CA01253795FEB&DSN=nsrc_dsn Sexual Prejudice: The erasure of bisexuals in academia and the media [[Loraine Hutchins | Hutchins, Loraine]] ''American Sexuality magazine'' Volume 3, No. 4 (2005)]
*[http://www.bialogue.org/Pages/InfoPackets/MentalHealth.html Bialogue/GLAAD Bisexuality Packet for Mental Health Professionals]
*Weiss, Jillian T., GL vs. BT: The Archaeology of Biphobia and Transphobia Within the U.S. Gay and Lesbian Community, Journal of Bisexuality (Haworth Press 2004), available at [http://phobos.ramapo.edu/~jweiss/glvsbt.htm http://phobos.ramapo.edu/~jweiss/glvsbt.htm]

[[Category:Sexual orientation and society]]
[[Category:Phobias]]
[[Category:Prejudices]]
[[Category:Discrimination]]
[[Category:bisexual community]]

[[nl:Bifobie]]
[[zh:雙性戀恐懼症]]

Biphobie

2006-02-26T03:53:09Z

CyntWorkStuff: added another Reference

{{sexual orientation}}

'''Biphobia''' is the fear of, discrimination against, or hatred of [[bisexuality|bisexuals]]. It need not include [[homophobia]] or [[heterophobia]], because there are [[stereotype]]s that are specific to bisexuals.{{ref|biphobia}}

These stereotypes include, but are not limited to: [[promiscuity]], [[polygamy]], living the [[swinging]] lifestyle, and being confused. In some cases, bisexuals are accused of bringing [[sexually transmitted disease]] into the heterosexual community or into the lesbian community. A related stereotype is one in which a bisexual is presumed to be willing to have sex with just about anyone. This stereotype leads to unwanted attention of a sexual nature directed at bisexual [[female]]s by swingers and heterosexual males while often stereotyping bisexual males as walking [[AIDS]] risks.

Often, however, heterosexuals and homosexuals will add more stereotypes based on homophobia or heterophobia. Homophobes may think that bisexuals are gender nonconformist. Heterophobes will often think of bisexuals as maintaining privilege and collaborating with the homophobes. Also, the belief that people are either heterosexual or homosexual (a somewhat common belief among both heterosexuals and homosexuals, both of which fall under the category of [[monosexual]]s), and thus that bisexuality does not truly exist, is considered biphobic.{{ref|dichotomy}}

One common motive for negative attitudes toward bisexuality among [[lesbian]]s is the fear that a bisexual [[woman]] will leave a woman for a [[man]]; the heterosexual male is seen as having an unfair systemic advantage both due to [[sexism]] and due to homophobia. Bisexual persons may also be the target of homophobia from those who consider only heterosexuality appropriate. The reverse can also apply in that bisexual persons may be targets of heterophobia or descrimination by some gays/homosexuals - this is especially prevalent amongst bisexual men.

Many anti-bisexuals also believe that bisexuality is a trend, especially a teenage one, popularised by bisexual musicians, actors, etc. (i.e. the term, he built a window in his closet): some also believe it is a stage in adolescence which happens to everyone which people grow out of and that therefore bisexuals are worse people for making an issue out of it. Some also believe bisexuals are just attention seeking for comfort or sex. However, these claims have no scientific grounds at all.

Some [[radical feminism|radical]] [[lesbian]] [[feminism|feminists]] think that bisexual women are giving in to [[patriarchy]].

Other people say that people against bisexuals are insecure about their sexuality themselves, similarly to homophobia. It is fair to note many anti-bisexuals are also anti-homosexual, while maintaining there are only heterosexual and homosexual as sexes, and a common stereotype is that female bisexuals are attention seeking heterosexuals, while male ones are just homosexual.

==See also==
* [[Monosexism]]
* [[Sexual hierarchy]]

==References==
# {{note|biphobia}} {{cite journal | author=Eliason MJ | title=The prevalence and nature of biphobia in heterosexual undergraduate students. | journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior | volume=26 | issue=3 | year=1997 | pages=317-26}} PMID 9146816
# {{note|dichotomy}} {{cite journal | author=Dworkin SH | title=Treating the bisexual client | journal=Journal of Clinical Psychology | volume=57 | issue=5 | year=2001 | pages=671-80}} PMID 11304706
*[http://nsrc.sfsu.edu/HTMLArticle.cfm?Article=475&PageID=171&SID=AD9293ECBA1818DFE4C915C301ABA6DD&DSN=nsrc_rev2 Sexual Prejudice: The erasure of bisexuals in academia and the media [[Loraine Hutchins | Hutchins, Loraine]] ''American Sexuality magazine'' Volume 3, No. 4 (2005)]
*[http://www.bialogue.org/Pages/InfoPackets/MentalHealth.html Bialogue/GLAAD Bisexuality Packet for Mental Health Professionals]

[[Category:Sexual orientation and society]]
[[Category:Phobias]]
[[Category:Prejudices]]
[[Category:Discrimination]]
[[Category:bisexual community]]

[[nl:Bifobie]]

Biphobie

2006-02-06T20:14:23Z

CyntWorkStuff: added another Reference

'''Biphobia''' is the fear of, discrimination against, or hatred of [[bisexuality|bisexuals]]. It need not include [[homophobia]] or [[heterophobia]], because there are [[stereotype]]s that are specific to bisexuals.{{ref|biphobia}}

These include, but are not limited to: [[promiscuity]], [[polygamy]], living the [[swinging]] lifestyle, and being confused. In some cases, bisexuals are accused of bringing [[sexually transmitted disease]] into the heterosexual community or into the lesbian community. A related stereotype is one in which a bisexual is presumed to be willing to have sex with just about anyone. This stereotype leads to unwanted attention of a sexual nature directed at bisexual [[female]]s by swingers and heterosexual males while often stereotyping bisexual males as walking [[AIDS]] risks.

Often, however, heterosexuals and homosexuals will add more stereotypes based on homophobia or heterophobia. Homophobes may think that bisexuals are gender nonconformist. Heterophobes will often think of bisexuals as maintaining privilege and collaborating with the homophobes. Also, the belief that people are either heterosexual or homosexual (a somewhat common belief among both heterosexuals and homosexuals), and thus that bisexuality does not truly exist, is considered biphobic.{{ref|dichotomy}}

One common motive for negative attitudes toward bisexuality among [[lesbian]]s is the fear that a bisexual [[woman]] will leave a woman for a [[man]]; the heterosexual male is seen as having an unfair systemic advantage both due to [[sexism]] and due to homophobia. Bisexual persons may also be the target of homophobia from those who consider only heterosexuality appropriate. The reverse can also apply in that bisexual persons may be targets of heterophobia or descrimination by some gays/homosexuals - this is especially prevalent amongst bisexual men.

Many anti-bisexuals also believe that bisexuality is a trend, especially a teenage one, popularised by bisexual musicians, actors, etc. (i.e. the term, he built a window in his closet): some also believe it's a stage in adolescence which happens to everyone which people grow out of and that therefore bisexuals are worse people for making an issue out of it. Some also believe bisexuals are just attention seeking for comfort or sex. However, these claims have no scientific grounds at all.

Some [[radical feminism|Radical]] [[lesbian]] [[feminism|feminists]] think that bisexual women are giving in to [[patriarchy]].

Other people say that people against bisexuals are insecure about their sexuality themselves, similarly to homophobia. It is far to note many anti-bisexuals are also anti-homosexual, while maintaining there are only heterosexual and homosexual as sexes, and a common stereotype is that female bisexuals are attention seeking heterosexuals, while male ones are just homosexual.

==See also==
* [[:Category:Bisexual community|Bisexual community]]
* [[Monosexism]]
* [[Sexual hierarchy]]

==References==
# {{note|biphobia}} {{Journal reference | Author=Eliason MJ | Title=The prevalence and nature of biphobia in heterosexual undergraduate students. | Journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior | Volume=26 | Issue=3 | Year=1997 | Pages=317-26}} PMID 9146816
# {{note|dichotomy}} {{Journal reference | Author=Dworkin SH | Title=Treating the bisexual client | Journal=Journal of Clinical Psychology | Volume=57 | Issue=5 | Year=2001 | Pages=671-80}} PMID 11304706
*[http://nsrc.sfsu.edu/HTMLArticle.cfm?Article=475&PageID=171&SID=AD9293ECBA1818DFE4C915C301ABA6DD&DSN=nsrc_rev2 Sexual Prejudice: The erasure of bisexuals in academia and the media [[Loraine Hutchins | Hutchins, Loraine]] ''American Sexuality magazine'' Volume 3, No. 4 (2005)]

[[Category:Sexual orientation and society]]
[[Category:Phobias]]
[[Category:Prejudices]]
[[Category:Discrimination]]
[[Category:bisexual community]]

[[nl:Bifobie]]

Biphobie

2005-11-14T04:14:27Z

CyntWorkStuff: