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Hal Colebatch (Autor)

2020-01-12T02:56:02Z

Cydebot: Robot - Removing category Quadrant (magazine) people per CFD at Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2020 January 2#Bunch of journal/magazine people categories.

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{{More footnotes|date=April 2009}}
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{{Use Australian English|date=June 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2013}}

{{Infobox writer 
| image =
| imagesize = 150px
| name = Hal Gibson Pateshall Colebatch
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1945|10|7}}
| birth_place = [[Perth, Western Australia]]
| death_date ={{death date|2019|09|10}}
| death_place = Perth, Western Australia
| occupation = Author, poet, lecturer, journalist, editor, and lawyer
| nationality = Australian
| period =
| genre = Science fiction and history
| subject =
| movement =
| influences =
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}}

'''Hal Gibson Pateshall Colebatch''' (7 October 1945 – 10 September 2019) was a West Australian author, poet, lecturer, journalist, editor, and lawyer.

==Personal history==
He was the son of the late Australian politician Sir [[Hal Colebatch]] and Marion, Lady Colebatch, a former [[Australian Army]] nursing sister who was the daughter of long-time [[Fremantle, Western Australia|Fremantle]] mayor and parliamentarian Sir [[Frank Gibson (politician)|Frank Gibson]]. He is the author of Sir Hal Colebatch's biography, ''Steadfast Knight'' (foreword by Professor [[Geoffrey Blainey]]), published by the Fremantle Arts Centre Press.

He received a BA Honours and MA in History/Politics and a PhD in Political Science from the [[University of Western Australia]] as well as degrees in jurisprudence and law.

Colebatch also stood in the [[1977 Western Australian state election|1977]] and [[1993 Western Australian state election|1993]] state elections for the seat of [[Electoral district of Perth|Perth]] as the [[Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal]] (i.e. conservative) candidate, and although he was not elected to the [[Western Australian Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] on either occasion, on the second attempt he came within 0.12% of winning the seat from the [[Australian Labor Party]], which had held it since 1968.<ref name=black1>{{cite book|last=Black|first=David|author2=Prescott, Valerie|title=Election statistics, Legislative Assembly of Western Australia, 1890-1996|year=1997|publisher=Parliamentary History Project and Western Australian Electoral Commission|location=[[Perth, Western Australia|Perth]]|isbn=0-7309-8409-5}}</ref>

He is not to be confused with Dr Hal K. Colebatch who was born in 1944, has taught political science at several universities, and is also the author of a number of books. Hal G. P. Colebatch originally wrote under the by-line "Hal Colebatch" but changed this to "Hal G. P. Colebatch" to minimise confusion.

==Writing==
As well as ''Steadfast Knight'', his work includes eight volumes of poetry (starting with ''Spectators on the Shore'' in 1975), a series of science-fiction stories published in the US in the series ''[[The Man-Kzin Wars]]'', created by [[Larry Niven]], in which he has created several original characters including [[Dimity Carmody]], [[Nils Rykerman]] and [[Vaemar-Riit]]. He has now had 18 stories published or accepted in the series, totalling about 600,000 words. He has also had books published of political, social, legal and economic commentary. He was described in Penguin's "A New Literary History of Australia" published in 1988, as having has "a quiet but steady career" in Australian poetry at that time. He writes regularly for a number of publications including ''[[Quadrant (magazine)|Quadrant]]'' and his 1999 book ''Blair's Britain'' was chosen in ''[[The Spectator]]'' (London) as a Book of the Year.<ref name="australian1">{{cite news | url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/opinion/thought-police-muscle-up-in-britain/story-e6frg6zo-1225700363959 | title=Thought police muscle up in Britain | work=The Australian | date=21 September 2009 | accessdate=30 January 2010 | last=Colebatch | first=Hal G.P.}}</ref> He also writes for ''[[The American Spectator|The American Spectator Online]]'',<ref name="americanspectator1">{{cite news | url=http://spectator.org/people/hal-gp-colebatch/all | title=Contributors - Hal Colebatch | work=The American Spectator | access-date=30 January 2010 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091223233644/http://spectator.org/people/hal-gp-colebatch/all | archive-date=23 December 2009 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> op-ed articles for ''[[The Australian]]'' and occasional pieces for other publications including ''[[The Australian Financial Review]]'', ''[[IPA Review]]'' ''[[The Salisbury Review]]'' and ''[[The New Criterion]]''. He also writes regular book-reviews and other features for ''[[The West Australian]]'' and ''The Record'' in Perth. His ''Return of the Heroes'' is a study of [[heroic fantasy]] including ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', ''[[Star Wars]]'' and ''[[Harry Potter]]'', and he has contributed several articles to the ''J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopaedia; Scholarship and Critical Assessment''. He is currently writing biographies of Sir [[Victor Garland]] and the late Sir [[Stanley Argyle]].

Colebatch has also edited many books including ''Lucky Ross'', written by John Ross, an Australian Naval Officer who was transferred out of [[HMAS Sydney (1934)|HMAS ''Sydney'']] 19 days before it was sunk with all hands in November 1941. He has written commissioned histories of the Parents' and Friends Association in Western Australia and The [[Victoria League]] in Western Australia. He has had two novels published by Acashic – ''Counterstrike'' set in and off Western Australia in the near future, and ''Time Machine Troopers'', a sequel to H. G. Wells's ''[[The Time Machine]]'', set in 802719 and featuring Wells himself, [[Winston Churchill]], [[H. G. Wells]] and [[Lord Robert Baden-Powell]] as characters. ''Counterstrike'' has been described in [[The American Spectator Online]] and the Perth "Record" as a "thriller of ideas, one of the first books to grapple with the problems of false and manufactured counter-knowledge." (9 July 2011) ''Time Machine Troopers'' has been described as "better than Wells" and "a subversion of Wells".{{by whom|date=June 2015}} In 2011 Picaro Press published his small "chapbook" of poetry, ''The Age of Revolution'', No. 113 in its Wagtail Poets series.

When working as a reporter on ''[[The West Australian]]'', Colebatch made several trips to the [[Kimberley (Western Australia)|Kimberley]] to report on the construction and filling of the [[Ord River#The second dam .E2.80.93 Ord River .28Main.29 Dam|Ord River Dam]] and associated animal rescues with naturalist [[Harry Butler]], a long-time friend. He was also involved in exploring several kilometres of extensions to [[Easter Cave]] in the south-west of Western Australia.

His hobbies include sailing, war-gaming and underwater photography, especially at the reefs around Rottnest Island. He spent much of 1973, 1983–84 and 1997-98 in Britain, the Middle East and Europe. He has also worked for the Australian Institute for Public Policy, the "dry" think-tank established by [[John Hyde (Australian federal politician)|John Hyde]], former MHR for [[Division of Moore|Moore]], and engineering tycoon Harold Clough, Debrett's publications (as managing editor) and on the staff of two federal ministers - the Hon. Sir [[Victor Garland]] and the Hon. Senator [[Chris Ellison (politician)|Chris Ellison]]. He has also run his own law practice, after completing articles with Stone James in Perth.

Colebatch has tutored in creative writing at [[Curtin University]], political science at the [[University of Western Australia]], torts and contract law at Curtin University, and lectured in international law at [[Edith Cowan University]] and [[Notre Dame University]]. He was offered an adjunct professorship {{where?|date=June 2015}} but was unable to take it up.

Many of his poems concern [[Perth, Western Australia|Perth]] and its suburbs, the [[Swan River (Western Australia)|Swan River]] and [[Rottnest Island]], as well as travels in Britain, Asia, the Middle East and elsewhere. His poetry, which has won various prizes, is in both free-verse and highly structured forms including [[sonnet]]s and [[sestina]]s.

Colebatch was described by Peter Alexander, Professor of English at the [[University of New South Wales]], in his biography of Les Murray, as being among Australia's best writers.{{Citation needed|date=December 2007}} Man-Kzin Wars XII, containing three more stories by Colebatch (two written in collaboration with M. J. Harrington) was published in February 2009.

His seventh book of poetry, ''The Light River'', with a foreword by [[Les Murray (poet)|Les Murray]], was published by [[Connor Court Publishing]] in 2007. In the foreword Murray stated that Colebatch's work had been unjustly suppressed by the Australian literary establishment because of his refusal to join poetic cliques. This book contains, among other works, the long narrative poem ''The San Demetrio'', telling of the salvaging of [[MV San Demetrio|a burning petrol-tanker]] at sea in World War II, and a poem ''It'', on the return of terrorism. The long poem ''Red-Head with Phosphorus'' is a romantic love story. His poems are included in about 25 anthologies. Colebatch is also co-author of a book on traffic law in Western Australia, published in 2007 with Barrister Patrick Mugliston and former police sergeant Stewart Ainsworth. ''The Light River'' was awarded the West Australian Premier's literary prize for poetry in 2008. He wrote the official biography of [[Bert Kelly]], MHR, "The Modest Member". His book ''Blair's Britain: British Culture Wars and New Labour'' was chosen as a Book of the Year by the London Spectator.

His published prose books include ''Caverns of Magic'' (Cybereditions, 2006), a survey of caves in myth, legend and story, and of the development of speleology. As a reporter on ''The West Australian'', Colebatch was involved in the discovery of several kilometres of extensions to Easter Cave in the south-west of Western Australia. The book has a foreword by naturalist and conservationist [[Harry Butler]]. Many scenes in ''Man-Kzin Wars X: The Wunder War'', and subsequent volumes, are set in caves and caverns, reflecting his knowledge of the subject. Colebatch has also had a volume of short stories accepted for publication by Acashic, and has written a short film, ''Fiddler's Green''.

His book ''Australia's Secret War'' won the 2014 Prime Minister's Literary Award for history attracting significant controversy due to accusations of political bias.<ref>https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/books/prime-ministers-literary-awards-panel-accused-of-political-bias-20141209-123mgc.html </ref> Among the judges for the award were [[Gerard Henderson]], and [[Peter Coleman]]. The book details strikes and purported sabotage by left-wing unions during World War II although many cited examples were either highly inaccurate or relied on unsubstantiated statements by individual servicemen.<ref>http://honesthistory.net.au/wp/who-are-the-liars-response-to-colebatch/</ref>

==Titles written by Colebatch (partial list)==

* ''Claude de Bernales: The Magnificent Miner: A Biography'', Carlisle, W.A. : Hesperian Press, 1996. {{ISBN|0-85905-200-1}}
* ''Steadfast Knight: A Life of Sir Hal Colebatch'' with a foreword by Geoffrey Blainey. Fremantle, W.A. : Fremantle Arts Centre Press, 2004. {{ISBN|1-920731-39-3}} (biography of his father)<ref name="wabn1">{{cite news|url=http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:IGoVNkj0bBEJ:www.wabusinessnews.com.au/archivestory/13/23254/Joe-Poprzeczny-State-Scene-Hal-Colebatch-s-influence-lives-on%26year%3D2010%26P_build%3D1%26pg%3D7%26P_author%3D%26P_headline%3D%26P_summary%3Dmclean%26month%3D1%26span%3D0+%22hal+colebatch%22+perth&cd=5&hl=en&ct=clnk|title=Joe Poprzeczny: State Scene - Hal Colebatch’s influence lives on|last=Poprzeczny|first=Joe|date=7 December 2004|publisher=WA Business News|accessdate=30 January 2010}}</ref>
* ''Return of the Heroes : The Lord of the Rings, Star Wars, Harry Potter, and Social Conflict'', Cybereditions Corporation, 2003. {{ISBN|978-1-877275-57-9}}
* ''The Light River'', Connor Court, 2007. {{ISBN|0-9802936-4-2}}
* "The Colonel's Tiger" in ''Man-Kzin Wars VII'', Baen, 1995. {{ISBN|0-671-87670-8}}
* ''Man-Kzin Wars No. X: The Wunder War'', Baen, 2003. {{ISBN|0-7434-9894-1}}
* ''Good work and friendship : the Victoria League for Commonwealth Friendship in Western Australia 1909-2009'',Victoria League, 2010.
* ''Counterstrike'', Acashic, 2011.
* ''Time Machine Troopers'', Acashic, 2011.
* ''The Modest Member''Connor Court Publishing, 2012
* ''Australia’s Secret War: How Unionists Sabotaged Our Troops in World War II'', Quadrant Books, 2013. {{ISBN|978-0-980677-87-4}}
* ''Fragile Flame : The Uniqueness and Vulnerability of Scientific and Technological Civilization'', Acashic, 2013

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{isfdb name|id=Hal_Colebatch|name=Hal Colebatch}}

==Further reading==
* Tony Thomas, "Hal Colebatch", ''[[Quadrant (magazine)|Quadrant]]'', October 2013, pp. 59–63.

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Colebatch, Hal Gibson Pateshall}}
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:Australian anti-communists]]
[[Category:Australian biographers]]
[[Category:Male biographers]]
[[Category:Australian lawyers]]
[[Category:Australian science fiction writers]]
[[Category:Australian people of English descent]]
[[Category:People educated at Christ Church Grammar School]]
[[Category:Writers from Perth, Western Australia]]
[[Category:Journalists from Western Australia]]
[[Category:Australian male novelists]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]
[[Category:Western Australian literature]]

Bud Webster

2020-01-12T02:29:28Z

Cydebot: Robot - Removing category Analog Science Fiction and Fact people per CFD at Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2020 January 2#Bunch of journal/magazine people categories.

{{Infobox writer 
| name = '''Bud Webster'''
| honorific_prefix =
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| birth_name = Clarence Howard Webster
| birth_date = {{birth date |1952|07|27}}
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| death_date = {{death date and age|2016|02|14|1952|07|27}}
| death_place =
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| citizenship = American
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| genre = science-fiction, fantasy
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| spouse = Mary Horton
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'''Clarence Howard "Bud" Webster''' (July 27, 1952 – February 14, 2016) was an American [[science fiction]] and [[fantasy]] writer who is also known for his essays on both the history of science fiction and sf/fantasy [[anthology|anthologies]] as well. He is perhaps best known for the ''Bubba Pritchert'' series, which have won two Analytical Laboratory readers' awards from ''[[Analog Science Fiction and Fact]]'' magazine. Farewell Blues was featured on the cover of the January/February 2015 issue of ''[[The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction]].'' Webster is also known for his survey of [[Groff Conklin|Groff Conklin's]] contribution to science fiction in ''41 Above the Rest: An Index and Checklist for the Anthologies of Groff Conklin''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sfwa.org/2016/02/in-memoriam-2/|title=In Memoriam: Clarence Howard "Bud" Webster - SFWA|work=SFWA}}</ref>

Webster was a contributing editor and columnist for the [[Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America]] ''Bulletin'' and published a collection of those columns titled ''Anthropology 101: Reflections, Inspections and Dissections of SF Anthologies'' through Merry Blacksmith Press. His ''Bulletin'' column, "Anthropology 101", examines the history of science fiction and fantasy through classic anthologies and anthologists, frequently pairing books by different editors but also presenting two or more books by the same anthologist. The column has included multi-installment pieces on [[Frederik Pohl]], [[Robert Silverberg]], [[Harry Harrison (writer)|Harry Harrison]] and more recently, [[Terry Carr]]. In addition, he has co-wrote three ''Bulletin'' articles with Dr. [[Jerry Pournelle]]. He was also a frequent contributor to the "Curiosity" page of ''[[The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction]]''. He was the poetry editor and columnist for ''[[Helix SF]]'', an online speculative fiction quarterly. After ''Helix SF'' ceased publication, he took his column, "Past Masters", to ''Jim Baen's Universe'', and when that closed, to [[Eric Flint]]'s ''[[Grantville Gazette]]''. The "Past Masters" columns are retrospective appraisals of so-called "classic" science fiction and fantasy authors, and include extensive bibliographies. Some of the authors covered in the "Past Masters" series include [[Zenna Henderson]], [[Fredric Brown]], [[Edgar Pangborn]], and [[Murray Leinster]].

Webster was poetry editor at ''[[Black Gate (magazine)|Black Gate]]'', a print fantasy magazine, for which he also wrote a column about little-known authors titled "Who?!" The only one of the columns appeared in ''Black Gate'' 15 and discussed author [[Tom Reamy]].

In 2007, the [[Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America]] (SFWA) appointed Webster Estates Liaison, placing him in charge of their Estates Project, which makes it possible for publishers to contact the agents or individuals who represent the literary estates of deceased science-fiction and fantasy writers so that material by those authors can be reprinted. The Estates database currently contains information on more than 450 sf/fantasy authors.

In March 2012, SFWA announced that Webster would be given their [[Service to SFWA Award]] at the [[Nebula Award]]s banquet in May for his work on the SFWA Estates Project.<ref name="2012-sfwa-award">{{cite web|url=http://sfscope.com/2012/03/2012-service-to-sfwa-award-goe.html|title=2012 Service to SFWA Award goes to Clarence Howard 'Bud' Webster|author=[[Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America]]|publisher=SFScope|date=March 28, 2012}}</ref>

In June 2013, [[Merry Blacksmith Press]] published a collection of Webster's essays about science fiction and fantasy authors and books titled ''Past Masters and Other Bookish Natterings'', including articles on [[Clifford D. Simak]]. [[R. A. Lafferty]], [[Judith Merril]] and others. This volume also includes short-short essays originally published in [[The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction]] as part of their "Curiosities" column, as well as three articles co-written with [[Jerry Pournelle]].

Webster was also a collector of science fiction books, and is the author of ''The Joy of Booking: Webster's Guide to Buying and Selling Used SF and Fantasy Books''.

==Personal life==

Webster was born in [[Roanoke, Virginia]] to Edna Urquhart Webster and Clarence H. Webster. He attended Crystal Spring Elementary, Woodrow Wilson Junior High and Patrick Henry high schools. In 1970 he graduated from Hermitage High School in [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]]. He studied music at [[Virginia Commonwealth University]], majoring in composition. He was active in the Richmond music scene in the 1970s and 1980s performing in several bands, writing music reviews for various free newspapers, working a [[disc jockey]] on local radio, and managing a used record store. He also produced the CD ''Not Necessarily Serious'' of original folk-rock music by Richmond musician-songwriter Christie Oglesby in 2000. Raised a Baptist, he subsequently devolved into an antagonistic. At the time of his death, he was living in Richmond, Virginia, with his long-time companion, Mary Horton; whom he married May 26, 2013.

==Bibliography==
{{Expand list|date=October 2017}}

===Short fiction===
;Stories<ref>Short stories unless otherwise noted.</ref>
{|class='wikitable sortable' width='90%'
|-
!width=25%|Title
!|Year
!|First published
!|Reprinted/collected
!|Notes
|-
|Bringing it all back home
|2007
|{{cite journal |author=Webster, Bud |authormask= |date=Jul–Aug 2007 |title=Bringing it all back home |department= |journal=Analog Science Fiction and Fact |volume=127 |issue=7&8 |pages= |url= |}}
|
|Bubba Pritchert series
|-
|Bubba Pritchert and the space aliens
|1994
|{{cite journal |author=Webster, Bud |authormask= |date=Jul 1994 |title=Bubba Pritchert and the space aliens |department= |journal=Analog Science Fiction and Fact |volume= |issue= |pages= |url= |}}
|
|Bubba Pritchert series
|-
|The three labors of Bubba
|1996
|{{cite journal |author=Webster, Bud |authormask= |date=Jun 1996 |title=The three labors of Bubba |department= |journal=Analog Science Fiction and Fact |volume=116 |issue=7 |pages= |url= |}}
|
|Bubba Pritchert series
|-
|}

===Critical studies and reviews of Webster's work===
*{{cite journal |author=Kooistra, Jeffery D. |authormask= |date=April 2014 |title=Bud Webster and the Past Masters |department=The Alternate View |journal=Analog Science Fiction and Fact |volume=134 |issue=4 |pages=41–43 |url= |}}

===Interviews===
*{{cite journal |author=Rambo, Cat |authormask= |date=April 2014 |title=Bud Webster |department=In Conversation |journal=Analog Science Fiction and Fact |volume=134 |issue=4 |pages=44–45 |url= |}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{isfdb name|id=12066|name=Bud Webster}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061110024211/http://www.bookthink.com/0025/25web.htm Book Think: Interview with Bud Webster about ''41 Above the Rest: An Index and Checklist for the Anthologies of Groff Conklin'']
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061110024411/http://www.bookthink.com/0025/25bib.htm Book Think: "A Bibliographer's Job Is Never Done" by Bud Webster]
* [http://www.sfwa.org/bulletin/ SFWA Bulletin]
* [http://www.philsp.com/articles/webster_index.html Original "Past Masters" columns from Helix SF and Jim Baen's Universe] now at Galactic Central
* [http://www.merryblacksmith.com/bookpages/anthopology.html Anthropology 101: Reflections, Inspections and Dissections of SF Anthologies] from Merry Blacksmith Press.
*[http://www.sfwa.org/member-links/estate/ SFWA Estate Project] at SFWA.org
*[http://www.sfwa.org/2012/03/2012-service-to-sfwa-award-goes-to-clarence-howard-bud-webster/ Official Announcement] of the 2012 Service to SFWA Award
*[http://www.merryblacksmith.com/?page_id=783 Past Masters and Other Bookish Natterings] from Merry Blacksmith Press
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Webster, Bud}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:American essayists]]
[[Category:American male essayists]]
[[Category:American male novelists]]
[[Category:American male short story writers]]
[[Category:American science fiction writers]]
[[Category:American short story writers]]
[[Category:Virginia Commonwealth University alumni]]
[[Category:Writers from Richmond, Virginia]]
[[Category:Writers from Roanoke, Virginia]]
[[Category:Novelists from Virginia]]

Halo Infinite

2019-12-30T03:45:46Z

Cydebot: Robot - Moving category Xbox Series X games to :Category:Xbox (4th generation) games per CFD at Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2019 December 22.

{{Short description|2020 first person shooter game developed by 343 Industries and SkyBox Labs}}
{{Use American English|date=December 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Update|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox video game
| title = Halo Infinite
| image = File:Halo Infinite box art.jpg
| caption = Box art featuring Master Chief
| developer = {{unbulleted list|[[343 Industries]]|[[SkyBox Labs]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/halo-infinite-adds-a-co-developer/1100-6460773/|title=Halo Infinite Adds A Co-Developer|last=Makuch|first=Eddie|date=2018-07-27|website=GameSpot|language=en-US|access-date=2018-07-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108004012/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/halo-infinite-adds-a-co-developer/1100-6460773/|archive-date=November 8, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
| publisher = [[Xbox Game Studios]]
| producer =
| programmer =
| designer =
| artist = Nicolas Bouvier<ref name="OurJourneyBegins">{{cite web |url=https://www.halowaypoint.com/en-us/news/our-journey-begins |title=Our Journey Begins |author=343 Industries |author-link=343 Industries |date=June 10, 2018 |website=Halo - Official Site |publisher= |access-date=June 23, 2018 |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180610224331/https://www.halowaypoint.com/en-us/news/our-journey-begins |archive-date=June 10, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| composer = Curtis Schweitzer<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.halowaypoint.com/en-us/news/discover-hope |title=Discover Hope |author=343 Industries |author-link=343 Industries |date=June 9, 2018 |website=Halo - Official Site |publisher= |access-date=June 9, 2018 |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713173745/https://www.halowaypoint.com/en-us/news/discover-hope |archive-date=July 13, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| engine = 
| series = ''[[Halo (franchise)|Halo]]''
| released = Q4 2020
| platforms = {{Unbulleted list|[[Microsoft Windows]]|[[Xbox One]]|[[Xbox Series X]]}}
| genre = [[First-person shooter]]
| modes = [[Single-player]], [[multiplayer]]
}}

'''''Halo Infinite''''' is an upcoming [[first-person shooter]] [[video game]] co-developed by [[343 Industries]] and [[SkyBox Labs]], published by [[Xbox Game Studios]] for [[Microsoft Windows]], [[Xbox One]] and the upcoming Xbox console [[Xbox Series X]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.polygon.com/e3/2018/6/10/17446944/halo-infinite-pc-windows-master-chief |title=Halo Infinite brings the series back to PC |last=Gilliam |first=Ryan |date=June 10, 2018 |website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |publisher=[[Vox Media]] |access-date=June 20, 2018 |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140602/https://www.polygon.com/e3/2018/6/10/17446944/halo-infinite-pc-windows-master-chief |archive-date=June 12, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.siliconera.com/2018/06/10/halo-infinite-announced-xbox-one-developed-343-industries/ |title=Halo Infinite Announced For Xbox One, Developed By 343 Industries |author=Sato |date=June 10, 2018 |website=Siliconera |publisher=[[Curse LLC|Curse]] |access-date=June 10, 2018 |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915130050/http://www.siliconera.com/2018/06/10/halo-infinite-announced-xbox-one-developed-343-industries/ |archive-date=September 15, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.polygon.com/2019/6/9/18659025/halo-infinite-e3-2019-microsoft-xbox-project-scarlett-reboot |title=Halo Infinite is a 'spiritual reboot' |last=Hernandez |first=Patricia |date=June 9, 2019 |website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |publisher=[[Vox Media]] |access-date=June 10, 2019 |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190610014632/https://www.polygon.com/2019/6/9/18659025/halo-infinite-e3-2019-microsoft-xbox-project-scarlett-reboot |archive-date=June 10, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The game is scheduled to be released in 2020 and is the sixth main entry of the [[Halo (franchise)|''Halo'' series]].<ref name="Halo 6">{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/insertcoin/2018/08/16/microsoft-confirms-that-yes-halo-infinite-is-actually-just-halo-6/ |title=Microsoft Confirms That Yes, 'Halo: Infinite' Is Actually Just 'Halo 6' |last=Tassi |first=Paul |date=August 16, 2018 |work=[[Forbes]] |publisher=Forbes Media |access-date=June 10, 2019 |quote=‘It is Halo 6,’ said 343’s Jeff Easterling during a Mixer stream ... ‘You should just consider it Halo 6. Don't think of it as a weird prequel kind of thing. It's the next story. It's the next chapter in what is going on.’ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428091533/https://www.forbes.com/sites/insertcoin/2018/08/16/microsoft-confirms-that-yes-halo-infinite-is-actually-just-halo-6/ |archive-date=April 28, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> It continues the story of the [[Master Chief (Halo)|Master Chief]] as the third chapter of the "Reclaimer Saga",<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.polygon.com/2013/6/21/4453288/halos-reclaimer-trilogy-expanded-saga |title=Halo's Reclaimer Trilogy expanded into a 'more of saga' |last=Tatch |first=Dave |date=June 21, 2013 |website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |publisher=[[Vox Media]] |access-date= |quote=‘While we originally said trilogy, we've actually expanded this to more of a saga, so we don't want to limit the Reclaimer story within a trilogy,’ he (Phil Spencer) said. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151205011309/http://www.polygon.com/2013/6/21/4453288/halos-reclaimer-trilogy-expanded-saga |archive-date=December 5, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> following ''[[Halo 5: Guardians]]'' and will also be the sixth game in the franchise with Master Chief as the protagonist.<ref name="Prell">{{cite web |url=https://www.gamesradar.com/xbox-announces-halo-infinite-which-is-um-a-new-halo-game-question-mark/ |title=Xbox announces Halo Infinite, which is... um... a new Halo game, question mark? |last=Prell |first=Sam |date=June 10, 2018 |website=[[GamesRadar+]] |publisher=[[Future plc|Future Publishing]] |access-date=June 10, 2018 |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723234921/https://www.gamesradar.com/xbox-announces-halo-infinite-which-is-um-a-new-halo-game-question-mark/ |archive-date=July 23, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.engadget.com/2018/06/10/halo-infinite-puts-master-chief-with-dinosaurs/ |title='Halo Infinite' puts Master Chief back in the fight |last=Lumb |first=David |date=June 10, 2018 |website=[[Engadget]] |publisher=[[Verizon Media]] |access-date=June 10, 2018 |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330215952/https://www.engadget.com/2018/06/10/halo-infinite-puts-master-chief-with-dinosaurs/ |archive-date=March 30, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2018/06/10/halo-infinite-announced-returning-to-pc/ |title=Halo Infinite announced, returning to PC |last=O'Connor |first=Alice |date=June 10, 2018 |website=[[Rock, Paper, Shotgun]] |publisher=Rock, Paper, Shotgun Ltd |access-date=June 10, 2018 |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419214810/https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2018/06/10/halo-infinite-announced-returning-to-pc/ |archive-date=April 19, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Synopsis==
The storyline of ''Halo Infinite'' will be “much more human”, with Master Chief playing a more central role than in ''[[Halo 5: Guardians]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wccftech.com/343i-halo-5-mistake-master-chief/ |title=343i Acknowledges Halo 5 Storytelling Mistake, Will Double Down on Master Chief Focus |last=Palumbo |first=Alessio |date=April 25, 2017 |website=Wccftech |publisher= |access-date=June 30, 2018 |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701030515/https://wccftech.com/343i-halo-5-mistake-master-chief/ |archive-date=July 1, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://time.com/4090404/halo-5-frank-oconnor/ |title=''Halo''{{'}}s Frank O'Connor Reacts to Criticism of ''Halo 5'' |last=Peckham |first=Matt |date=October 29, 2015 |work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |publisher=Time USA |access-date=June 30, 2018 |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312022001/http://time.com/4090404/halo-5-frank-oconnor/ |archive-date=March 12, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The E3 2018 trailer indicated that the story will be set on a Halo ring and showcased the design of Master Chief's Mark VI armor to return to the design seen in ''[[Halo 2]]'' and ''[[Halo 3]]''.

== Development ==
''Halo Infinite'' is being developed by 343 Industries using the new Slipspace Engine. According to Microsoft, Master Chief returns in ''Halo Infinite'' with "his greatest adventure yet to save humanity".<ref name="Prell"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2018-06-10-microsoft-reveals-halo-infinite |title=Microsoft reveals Halo Infinite |last=Wales |first=Matt |date=June 10, 2018 |website=[[Eurogamer]] |publisher=Gamer Network |access-date=June 10, 2018 |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142755/https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2018-06-10-microsoft-reveals-halo-infinite |archive-date=June 12, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://venturebeat.com/2018/06/10/halo-infinite-starts-microsofts-e3-show/ |title=Halo: Infinite starts Microsoft's E3 show |last=Minotti |first=Mike |date=June 10, 2018 |website=[[VentureBeat]] |publisher= |access-date=June 10, 2018 |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180610201428/https://venturebeat.com/2018/06/10/halo-infinite-starts-microsofts-e3-show/ |archive-date=June 10, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> The story had entered planning stages in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamesradar.com/343-has-started-halo-6-and-knows-whats-going-happen-ten-years-now/ |title=343 has started on Halo 6 and knows "whats going to happen 10 years from now" |last=Hurley |first=Leon |date=September 25, 2015 |website=[[GamesRadar+]] |publisher=[[Future plc|Future Publishing]] |access-date=June 30, 2018 |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701030610/https://www.gamesradar.com/343-has-started-halo-6-and-knows-whats-going-happen-ten-years-now/ |archive-date=July 1, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> An announcement trailer was released on June 10, 2018.<ref>{{cite tweet |author=Halo |author-link=Halo (franchise) |user=Halo |number=1005903988561141760 |date=June 10, 2018 |title=The Master Chief returns in #HaloInfinite. Get your first look at the legendary hero in a thrilling new Slipspace Engine demo that provides a glimpse into the future of the franchise. #XboxE3 |access-date=June 10, 2018}}</ref> The developer said that all of the scenes in the ''Halo Infinite'' trailer were running in the engine.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.kotaku.com.au/2018/06/microsoft-announces-halo-infinite-with-tiny-teaser/ |title=Microsoft Announces Halo Infinite With Tiny Teaser |last=Kohler |first=Chris |date=June 11, 2018 |website=[[Kotaku]] |publisher=[[Univision Communications]] |access-date=June 11, 2018 |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415041209/https://www.kotaku.com.au/2018/06/microsoft-announces-halo-infinite-with-tiny-teaser/ |archive-date=April 15, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vg247.com/2018/06/10/halo-infinite-will-take-franchise-new-directions/ |title=Halo Infinite will take the franchise in new directions |last=Lemon |first=Marshall |date=June 10, 2018 |website=[[VG247]] |publisher=videogaming247 |access-date=June 11, 2018 |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612144557/https://www.vg247.com/2018/06/10/halo-infinite-will-take-franchise-new-directions/ |archive-date=June 12, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://gematsu.com/2018/06/halo-infinite-announced-for-xbox-one-windows-10 |title=Halo Infinite announced for Xbox One, Windows 10 |last=Romano |first=Sal |date=June 10, 2018 |website=Gematsu |publisher= |access-date=June 11, 2018 |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143614/https://gematsu.com/2018/06/halo-infinite-announced-for-xbox-one-windows-10 |archive-date=June 12, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>

''Halo Infinite'' will feature split-screen again, in response to the backlash of its removal in the previous game.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/e3-2019-halo-infinite-has-split-screen-microsoft-r/1100-6467671/ |title=E3 2019: Halo Infinite Has Split-Screen, Microsoft Reaffirms |last=Wakeling |first=Richard |date=June 11, 2019 |website=[[GameSpot]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |access-date=June 12, 2019 |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611130058/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/e3-2019-halo-infinite-has-split-screen-microsoft-r/1100-6467671/ |archive-date=June 11, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> It will also have a beta prior to its release, described as an insider flight program.<ref name="OurJourneyBegins"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|https://www.halowaypoint.com/en-us/games/halo-infinite}}

{{Portal bar|Video games|Speculative fiction}}
{{Halo series}}
{{343 Industries}}
{{Professional Halo competition}}

[[Category:343 Industries games]]
[[Category:First-person video games]]
[[Category:Halo games|Halo Infinite]]
[[Category:Multiplayer and single-player video games]]
[[Category:Video games developed in the United States]]
[[Category:Video games with user-generated gameplay content]]
[[Category:Upcoming video games scheduled for 2020]]
[[Category:Windows games]]
[[Category:Xbox One games]]
[[Category:Xbox (4th generation) games]]

Alasana Manneh

2019-12-15T10:37:31Z

Cydebot: Robot - Moving category FC Barcelona youth players to :Category:FC Barcelona players per CFD at Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2019 November 30.

{{Infobox football biography
| name = Alasana Manneh
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| fullname = Alasana Manneh
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1998|4|8|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Banjul]], Gambia
| height = {{height|m=1.70}}
| position = [[Midfielder]]
| currentclub = [[Górnik Zabrze]]
| clubnumber = 8
| youthyears1 = 2012–2016 | youthclubs1 = [[Aspire Academy]]
| youthyears2 = 2016–2017 | youthclubs2 = [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]
| years1 = 2017–2019 | clubs1 = [[FC Barcelona B|Barcelona B]] | caps1 = 0 | goals1 = 0
| years2 = 2017–2018 | clubs2 = → [[CE Sabadell FC|Sabadell]] (loan) | caps2 = 2 | goals2 = 1
| years3 = 2018–2019 | clubs3 = → [[SFC Etar Veliko Tarnovo|Etar]] (loan) | caps3 = 33 | goals3 = 3
| years4 = 2019– | clubs4 = [[Górnik Zabrze]] | caps4 = 8 | goals4 = 0
| nationalyears1 = 2016– | nationalteam1 = [[Gambia national football team|Gambia]] | nationalcaps1 = 2 | nationalgoals1 = 0
| club-update = 21:54, 18 November 2019 (UTC)
| nationalteam-update = 23 March 2018
}}

'''Alasana Manneh''' (born 8 April 1998) is a Gambian professional [[association football|footballer]] who plays for Polish club [[Górnik Zabrze]] as a [[midfielder]].

==Career==
===Barcelona===
Born in [[Banjul]], Manneh joined [[FC Barcelona]]'s youth setup in 2016, from [[Aspire Academy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mundodeportivo.com/futbol/fc-barcelona/cantera/20161207/412458147732/alasana-manneh-fc-barcelona-cantera-juvenil.html|title=Cantera Barça: Alasana Manneh|trans-title=''Barça'' youth setup: Alasana Manneh|publisher=[[Mundo Deportivo]]|language=es|date=7 December 2016|access-date=26 March 2018}}</ref> In July 2017 he was promoted to [[FC Barcelona B|the reserves]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sport.es/es/noticias/barca/barca-asegura-futuro-alasana-estara-filial-6167129|title=El Barça se asegura el futuro de Alasana y estará en el filial|trans-title=''Barça'' secure the future of Alasana and he will be in the reserve team|publisher=[[Sport (Spanish newspaper)|Sport]]|language=es|date=15 July 2017|access-date=26 March 2018}}</ref>

====Sabadell (loan)====
On 22 August 2017, Manneh was loaned to [[Segunda División B]] side [[CE Sabadell FC]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fcbarcelona.es/futbol/barca-b/noticias/2017-2018/alasana-y-trapaga-cedidos-al-ce-sabadell|title=Alasana y Trápaga, cedidos al CE Sabadell|trans-title=Alasana and Trápaga, loaned to CE Sabadell|publisher=FC Barcelona|language=es|date=22 August 2017|access-date=26 March 2018}}</ref> He made his senior debut on 28 October, starting and scoring the first in a 2–0 away win against [[UE Llagostera]].

====Etar (loan)====
On 23 January 2018, Manneh moved to Bulgarian side [[SFC Etar Veliko Tarnovo|Etar Veliko Tarnovo]], also on a temporary deal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://etarvt.bg/2018/01/23/etar-vze-yunosha-na-barselona/|title=Етър взе юноша на Барселона|trans-title=Etter take a teenager from Barcelona|publisher=SFC Etar VT|language=bg|date=23 January 2018}}</ref> Manneh made his debut for Etar on 17 February 2018, starting in a 3–3 home draw against [[PFC Septemvri Sofia|Septemvri Sofia]]. His first professional goal came on 8 March, as he scored the equalizer in a 1–2 away loss against [[PFC CSKA Sofia|CSKA Sofia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gambiasports.com/all-sport/football/510-manneh-nets-first-goal-in-bulgaria|title=Manneh nets first goal in Bulgaria|publisher=Gambia Sports|date=13 March 2018|access-date=26 March 2018}}</ref>

==International career==
Manneh made his full international debut for the [[Gambia national football team|Gambia national team]] on 30 May 2016, coming on as a [[Substitute (association football)|substitute]] in a 0–0 [[Exhibition match|friendly]] draw against [[Zambia national football team|Zambia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201605311225.html|title=Gambia/Zambia: Scorpions Held At Home By Zambia|publisher=AllAfrica.com|date=31 May 2016|access-date=26 March 2018}}</ref>

== Career statistics ==
===Club===
{{updated|2 May 2019}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align: center"
|-
!rowspan=2|Club
!rowspan=2|Season
!rowspan="2"|Division
!colspan=2|League
!colspan=2|Cup
!colspan=2|[[UEFA Champions League|Europe]]
!colspan=2|Other
!colspan=2|Total
|-
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
| rowspan=1|[[FC Barcelona B|Barcelona B]]
|[[2017–18 Segunda División|2017–18]]
| rowspan="1"|[[Segunda División]]
|0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||0||0
|-
| rowspan=1|[[CE Sabadell FC|Sabadell]] (loan)
|[[2017–18 Segunda División B|2017–18]]
| rowspan="1"|[[Segunda División B]]
|2||1||0||0||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||2||1
|-
| rowspan=3|[[SFC Etar Veliko Tarnovo|Etar]] (loan)
|[[2017–18 First Professional Football League (Bulgaria)|2017–18]]
| rowspan="2"|[[First Professional Football League (Bulgaria)|First League]]
|15||2||0||0||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||15||2
|-
|[[2018–19 First Professional Football League (Bulgaria)|2018–19]]
|20||2||1||0||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||21||2
|-
! colspan=2 | Etar total
!35!!4!!1!!0!!colspan="2"|–!!colspan="2"|–!!36!!4
|-
! colspan=3 | Career total
!37!!5!!1!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!38!!5
|}
{{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

===National team===

{{updated|14 May 2018}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan=3 | [[Gambia national football team|Gambia national team]]
|-
!Year!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|-
|2016||1||0
|-
|2017||0||0
|-
|2018||1||0
|-
!Total||2||0
|}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{BDFutbol|23492}}
* {{NFT player|pid=64717}}
* {{Soccerway|alasana-manneh/469613}}

{{Górnik Zabrze squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manneh, Alasana}}
[[Category:1998 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Gambian footballers]]
[[Category:Association football midfielders]]
[[Category:Segunda División B players]]
[[Category:Bulgarian First League players]]
[[Category:FC Barcelona players]]
[[Category:FC Barcelona B players]]
[[Category:CE Sabadell FC footballers]]
[[Category:SFC Etar Veliko Tarnovo players]]
[[Category:The Gambia international footballers]]
[[Category:Gambian expatriate footballers]]
[[Category:Gambian expatriate sportspeople in Spain]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Spain]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Bulgaria]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Poland]]
[[Category:People from Banjul]]

Eva Abu Halaweh

2019-08-05T09:45:33Z

Cydebot: Robot - Removing category Recipients of the International Women of Courage Award per CFD at Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2019 July 28.

{{Infobox person
| name = Eva Abu Halaweh
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1975 
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| nationality = Jordan
| other_names =
| occupation = lawyer
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| image = Eva Abu Halaweh.jpg
}}
'''Eva Abu Halaweh''' ([[Arabic]]: إيفا أبو حلاوة born 1975) is a lawyer and human rights activist in [[Jordan]], and was awarded the [[International Women of Courage Award]] in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2011/03/157710.htm |title=Secretary Clinton To Host the 2011 International Women of Courage Awards |date=2011-06-30 |access-date=2017-03-09 |df= }}</ref>

==Biography==
She is a co-founder and currently Executive Director of the Mizan Law Group for Human Rights.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unhcr.org/48fdec81b.html|title=UNHCR - Document Not Found|author=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|work=UNHCR}}</ref> Abu Halaweh has a BA specializing in Law, and a master's degree in Diplomacy. Previously Abu Halaweh ran a private practise and was employed by the [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] as a legal advisor.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibcr.org/editor/assets/MIZANE.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2011-10-05 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425050026/http://www.ibcr.org/editor/assets/MIZANE.pdf |archivedate=2012-04-25 |df= }}</ref>

Abu Halaweh campaigns against [[honor killing]]s and for protecting women at risk and the vulnerable, and in eliminating torture and abuse in the Jordanian prison system and police stations.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://2009-2017.state.gov/s/gwi/iwoc/2011/bio/ US Department of State website]
* [http://www.mizangroup.jo/ Mizan Law Group]

{{International Women of Courage Awards}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abu Halaweh, Eva}}
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jordanian lawyers]]
[[Category:Jordanian activists]]
[[Category:Jordanian women activists]]
[[Category:Jordanian human rights activists]]

Stephen Foster (Politiker, † 1458)

2019-08-02T10:12:48Z

Cydebot: Robot - Moving category 15th-century Lord Mayors of London to :Category:15th-century lord mayors of London per CFD at Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2019 July 23.

Sir '''Stephen Forster''' ([[floruit|fl.]] 1454) was a [[Worshipful Company of Fishmongers|fishmonger]] and later [[Lord Mayor of London]].

==Life==
He was the son of Robert Forster of London, a [[stockfish]] merchant. Elected [[Sheriff of London]] in 1444, he became Lord Mayor of London in 1454, and served as the city's [[Member of Parliament]] in King [[Henry VI of England|Henry VI]]'s 13th parliament.<ref>{{cite book|first=William Carew|last=Hazlitt|author-link=William Carew Hazlitt|title=Fuimus Troes: The True Trojans|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jGdHAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA90|year=1875|page=90}}</ref> According to historian [[John Strype]], Foster married a widow named [[Agnes Forster|Agnes]], who enlarged [[Ludgate]] prison (where Forster had at one time been imprisoned for debt<ref>{{cite book|first=William|last=Smith|title=A new history and survey of the cities of London and Westminster, and the borough of Southwark|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zSIHAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA81|year=1833|page=81}}</ref>) and improved conditions for those incarcerated therein.<ref>{{Cite book|first=John|last=Strype|author-link=John Strype|title=A Survey of the Cities of London and Westminster|year=1633|location=London|url=https://www.hrionline.ac.uk/strype/TransformServlet?page=book1_278&display=normal&highlight=+Stephen%20+Foster|page=278}}</ref>

==In literature==
Agnes and Stephen Forster appear as characters in [[William Rowley]]'s (1586{{ndash}}1626) play ''[[A New Wonder, a Woman Never Vexed]]'', based on their lives.<ref>{{cite book|first=William|last=Harvey|title=London Scenes and London People: Anecdotes, Reminiscences, and Sketches of Places, Personages, Events, Customs, and Curiosities of London City, Past and Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=71hHAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA255|year=1863|publisher=W.H. Collingridge|page=255}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Foster, Stephen}}
[[Category:Sheriffs of the City of London]]
[[Category:15th-century English MPs]]
[[Category:15th-century lord mayors of London]]

{{England-mayor-stub}}

Brittany Howard

2019-07-26T09:54:18Z

Cydebot: Robot - Removing category Alabama Shakes per CFD at Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2019 July 12.

{{short description|American singer}}
{{for|the Canadian ice hockey player|Brittany Howard (ice hockey)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Brittany Howard
| alias = Alabama Shakes
| image = Alabama Shakes 03.jpg
| landscape = yes
| caption = Howard performing with [[Alabama Shakes]] on January 25, 2012
| background = solo_singer
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1988|10|02}}
| birth_place = [[Athens, Alabama|Athens]], [[Alabama]], United States
| occupation = Musician
| instrument = Vocals, guitar
| genre = [[Americana (music)|Americana]], [[blues rock]], [[garage rock]], [[roots rock]], soul
| years_active = {{start date|2009}}–present
| associated_acts = [[Alabama Shakes]], Thunderbitch<ref name="mtv">{{cite web |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1699094/alabama-shakes-brittany-howard-robbed |title=Alabama Shakes: Brittany Howard Robbed at Gunpoint |website=[[MTV]] |publisher=Viacom International |last=Montgomery |first=James |date=December 18, 2012 |accessdate=March 11, 2015}}</ref>
}}

'''Brittany Howard''' (born October 2, 1988)<ref name="delawareonline">{{cite web |url=http://www.delawareonline.com/story/entertainment/2014/10/01/celebrity-birthdays-oct/16551793 |title=Celebrity birthdays Oct. 2 |website=[[DelawareOnline]] |date=October 1, 2014 |accessdate=August 24, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Alabama-Shakes#ref1229337 |title=Alabama Shakes - American rock band |website=[[Britannica.com]] |accessdate=October 20, 2018}}</ref> is an American musician, best known as lead vocalist and guitarist of American rock bands [[Alabama Shakes]] and Thunderbitch.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pareles |first1=Jon |title=Review: 'Thunderbitch' Features Brittany Howard of Alabama Shakes |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/03/arts/music/review-thunderbitch-features-brittany-howard-of-alabama-shakes.html |accessdate=September 4, 2015 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=September 3, 2015}}</ref>

==Early life==
Howard was born in [[Athens, Alabama]]<ref name="rollingstone">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/alabama-shakes-unlikely-triumph-20130228 |title=Alabama Shakes' Unlikely Triumph |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |last=Hermes |first=Will |authorlink=Will Hermes |date=February 28, 2013 |accessdate=March 11, 2015}}</ref> to a white mother and an African American father.<ref name="bet">{{cite web |url=http://www.bet.com/news/music/2013/06/25/brittany-howard-of-the-alabama-shakes-i-don-t-think-about-color.html |title=Brittany Howard of the Alabama Shakes: "I Don't Think About Color" |website=[[BET]] |publisher=[[Viacom International]] |last=Cane |first=Clay |date=June 25, 2013 |accessdate=March 11, 2015}}</ref> The family house was in a junk yard, and once burned down due to a lightning strike.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/2016/01/28/464631594/alabama-shakes-brittany-howard-on-small-town-life-big-time-music |title=Alabama Shakes' Brittany Howard On Small-Town Life, Big-Time Music |date=January 28, 2016 |website=[[NPR]]}}</ref> She learned to write poetry and play the piano from her older sister Jamie, who died from [[retinoblastoma]] in 1998; Howard got the same affliction but survived with partial blindness in one eye. Her father left the family soon after.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/alabama-shakes-interview-i-didnt-think-i-wanted-to-do-this-any-more-10363116.html |title=Alabama Shakes interview: 'I didn't think I wanted to do this any more' |date=July 3, 2015 |first=Emily |last=Jupp |newspaper=[[The Independent]] }}</ref>

She began playing the guitar at age 13,<ref name="bio"/> and later attended [[Limestone County School District|East Limestone High School]], where she met future [[Alabama Shakes]] bassist Zac Cockrell.<ref name="bio">{{cite web |url=http://www.biography.com/people/brittany-howard-21196677 |title=Brittany Howard - Singer |website=[[Biography (TV series)|Biography]] |publisher=[[A&E (TV channel)|A&E]] |date=March 11, 2015 |accessdate=March 11, 2015}}</ref> She worked for the [[United States Postal Service]] until becoming a full-time musician as lead singer of Alabama Shakes.<ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/22/magazine/alabama-shakess-soul-stirring-shape-shifting-new-sound.html |title=Alabama Shakes's Soul-Stirring, Shape-Shifting New Sound |first=Joe |last=Rhodes |date=March 18, 2015 |newspaper=The New York Times |accessdate=December 15, 2015}}</ref>

==Career==
{{expand section|date=March 2012}}
Brittany Howard is best known as the lead singer and guitarist for the American rock band [[Alabama Shakes]]. The band formed under the name "The Shakes" when Howard and bassist Zac Cockrell began playing covers and original songs together with drummer Steve Johnson. Guitarist Heath Fogg later rounded out the lineup, and the band began playing shows at bars in Alabama and recording their debut album, ''[[Boys & Girls (Alabama Shakes album)|Boys & Girls]]''. They went on to sign a record deal with ATO Records, and released ''Boys & Girls'' in 2012 which received critical acclaim and multiple [[Grammy Award]] nominations.<ref name="nytimes.com"/>

In April 2015, Alabama Shakes released their second album, ''[[Sound & Color]]''. It debuted at number one on the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]],<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/6546301/alabama-shakes-first-no-1-album-billboard-200 |title=Alabama Shakes Scores Its First No. 1 Album on Billboard 200 Chart |first=Keith |last=Caulfield |date=April 29, 2015 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |accessdate=December 15, 2015}}</ref> and received favorable reviews from the music press.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metacritic.com/music/sound-color/alabama-shakes |title=Reviews for Sound & Color by Alabama Shakes |website=Metacritic |accessdate=December 15, 2015}}</ref> The band went on to perform on multiple late night shows, including ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'', ''[[The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon]]'', and ''[[The Late Show with Stephen Colbert]]''. Howard was featured in the musical medley alongside [[Mavis Staples]], [[Stephen Colbert]], [[Ben Folds]], and more in the series premiere of ''The Late Show with Stephen Colbert''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stereogum.com/1829382/watch-the-surprise-all-star-musical-finale-of-the-late-show-with-stephen-colbert-premiere/video/ |title=Watch The Surprise All-Star Musical Finale Of The Late Show With Stephen Colbert Premiere |first=Tom |last=Breihan |date=September 9, 2015 |website=[[Stereogum]] |accessdate=December 15, 2015}}</ref> At [[Lollapalooza]] in 2015, Howard was invited on stage to perform a duet of "[[Get Back]]" with [[Paul McCartney]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pitchfork.com/news/60623-paul-mccartney-performs-get-back-with-alabama-shakes-brittany-howard-fourfiveseconds-at-lollapalooza/ |title=Paul McCartney Performs "Get Back" With Alabama Shakes' Brittany Howard, "FourFiveSeconds" at Lollapalooza |first=Evan |last=Minsker |date=August 1, 2015 |website=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]] |accessdate=December 15, 2015}}</ref> Howard also performed at the ceremony for Eddie Murphy's Mark Twain Prize.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/tracy-morgan-joins-lineup-eddie-829611 |title=Tracy Morgan Joins Lineup for Eddie Murphy Mark Twain Prize Ceremony |agency=Associated Press |date=October 5, 2015 |magazine=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |accessdate=December 15, 2015}}</ref> In 2015, Howard was named the recipient of Billboard's Women in Music "Powerhouse" Award.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/events/women-in-music/6737548/alabama-shakes-brittany-howard-billboard-women-music-powerhouse |title=Alabama Shakes' Brittany Howard Named Billboard's 2015 Women in Music 'Powerhouse' Artist |date=October 22, 2015 |magazine=Billboard |accessdate=December 15, 2015}}</ref>

Howard is also the lead singer of the rock band Thunderbitch, formed in Nashville in 2012 with members of Clear Plastic Masks and ATO Records labelmates Fly Golden Eagle. The band surprise-released a self-titled album in September 2015.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/alabama-shakes-brittany-howard-releases-new-lp-as-thunderbitch-20150901 |title=Alabama Shakes' Brittany Howard Releases New LP as Thunderbitch |first=Jon |last=Blistein |date=September 1, 2015 |magazine=Rolling Stone |accessdate=December 15, 2015}}</ref> Although the band rarely makes live appearances, they did play a rare set at ATO Records' CMJ Music Marathon showcase in October 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.brooklynvegan.com/archives/2015/10/thunderbitch_pl.html |title=Brittany Howard's Thunderbitch played ATO's CMJ showcase w/ Margaret Glaspy, Jessica Lea Mayfield and Joseph (pics) |date=October 20, 2015 |website=BrooklynVegan.com |accessdate=December 15, 2015}}</ref>

Brittany Howard is also a singer in the band Bermuda Triangle with Jesse Lafser and Becca Mancari, which was formed in Nashville in 2017.<ref name=Rosey>{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/2017/09/06/548853529/songs-we-love-bermuda-triangle-rosey' |title=Songs We Love: Bermuda Triangle, 'Rosey' |first=Ann |last=Powers |date=September 6, 2017 |website=NPR |accessdate=October 19, 2017}}</ref> Their debut live performance was on July 12, 2017 at the Basement East in Nashville.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/country/live-reviews/brittany-howard-side-project-bermuda-triangle-watch-debut-w492167 |title=Watch Brittany Howard Side Project Bermuda Triangle Make Live Debut |first=Adam |last=Gold |date=July 13, 2017 |magazine=Rolling Stone |accessdate=October 19, 2017}}</ref> The trio released their first single on September 6, 2017, titled "Rosey", which was first released on Jesse Lafser's 2015 album "Raised On The Plains".<ref name=Rosey/> Although originally believed to be a one time performance, the trio performed a five show tour through the Southern states of America in October 2017.<ref name=Stereo>{{cite web |url=https://www.stereoboard.com/content/view/210522/9 |title= Alabama Shakes' Brittany Howard Shares Debut Single Of New Band Bermuda Triangle |first=Jon |last=Stickler |date=September 7, 2017 |website=Stereoboard |accessdate=October 19, 2017}}</ref> This small tour included shows in Carrboro, NC, Asheville, NC, Birmingham AL, Atlanta GA, and Knoxville, TN.<ref name= Stereo/>

In June 2019, Brittany Howard announced a debut solo album, ''[[Jaime (album)|Jaime]]'' to be released on September 20, 2019, as well as a tour across North America and Europe. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pitchfork.com/news/alabama-shakes-brittany-howard-announces-debut-solo-album-shares-new-song-listen/|title=Alabama Shakes’ Brittany Howard Announces Debut Solo Album, Shares New Song: Listen|website=Pitchfork|language=en|access-date=2019-06-25}}</ref>

==Discography==

===Solo===
* ''[[Jaime (album)|Jaime]]'' (2019)

===With Alabama Shakes===
* ''[[Boys & Girls (Alabama Shakes album)|Boys & Girls]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Sound & Color]]'' (2015)

===With Thunderbitch===
* ''Thunderbitch'' (2015)

===Featured appearances===
* "Darkness and Light" (2016, [[John Legend]])

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Alabama Shakes}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Howard, Brittany}}
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:African-American rock musicians]]
[[Category:African-American rock singers]]
[[Category:American female guitarists]]
[[Category:American female rock singers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Singers from Alabama]]
[[Category:People from Athens, Alabama]]
[[Category:American rock guitarists]]
[[Category:Grammy Award winners]]
[[Category:Guitarists from Alabama]]
[[Category:21st-century American singers]]
[[Category:21st-century American women singers]]
[[Category:21st-century American guitarists]]

Muluchiya

2019-07-02T09:00:28Z

Cydebot: Robot - Removing category Culinary_dishes per CFD at Wikipedia:Categories_for_discussion/Log/2019_April_12.

{{see also|Corchorus}}
{{Infobox prepared food
| name = Molokheya
| image = Molokheya_Egypt,_2012.JPG
| caption = [[Egypt]]ian molokhiya
| alternate_name = '''mloukhiya''', '''molokhia''', '''molohiya''', '''mulukhiyya''', '''malukhiyah''', or '''moroheiya'''
| country = [[Ancient Egypt]]<ref>{{cite|title=Ancient Egyptian Soup Recipe, Molokhia Soup|url=https://www.torial.com/en/ancient.egypt/portfolio/213752|}}</ref>
| region = [[Middle East]] and [[North Africa]]
| national_cuisine =
| creator =
| type = Stew
| course = Main course
| served =
| main_ingredient = [[Corchorus olitorius|Jute]]; [[Beef stock|beef]] or [[chicken stock]]
| minor_ingredient =
| variations =
| calories =
| similar_dish =
| other =
}}
[[File:Corchorus olitorius MHNT.BOT.2009.7.8.jpg|thumb|230px|Seeds - ''Corchorus olitorius'' - [[MHNT]]]]
{{nutritional value
| name=Jute, potherb, raw (''Corchorus olitorius'')
| kJ=142
| protein=4.65 g
| fat=0.25 g
| carbs=5.8 g
| calcium_mg=208
| iron_mg=4.76
| magnesium_mg=64
| phosphorus_mg=83
| potassium_mg=559
| zinc_mg=0.79
| manganese_mg=0.123
| vitC_mg=37
| thiamin_mg=0.133
| riboflavin_mg=0.546
| niacin_mg=1.26
| pantothenic_mg=0.072
| vitB6_mg=0.6
| folate_ug=123
| vitA_ug=278
| source_usda = 1
| note=[https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/foods/show/2981?manu=&fgcd= Link to USDA Database entry]
}}

'''Mulukhiyah''' or '''mulukhiyyah''' ({{lang-ar|ملوخية}}) is the leaves of ''[[Corchorus olitorius]]'', commonly known as [[Jew's mallow]], Nalta jute, or tossa jute.<ref>{{GRIN | ''Corchorus olitorius'' | 11458 | accessdate = 21 April 2016}}</ref><ref name=Danukeisduke>[http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Corchorus_olitorius.html "Corchorus olitorius"], New Crop Resource Online Program, Center for New Crops & Plant Products, Purdue University</ref> It is used as a [[vegetable]]. It is popular in [[Middle Eastern cuisine|Middle East]], [[East African cuisine|East African]] and [[North African cuisine|North African]] countries. ''Mulukhiyah'' is rather bitter, and when boiled, the resulting liquid is a thick, highly [[mucilage|mucilaginous]] broth; it is often described as "slimy", rather like cooked [[okra]].<ref name=Koleisthebest>{{cite book|author=Chittaranjan Kole|title=Wild Crop Relatives: Genomic and Breeding Resources: Industrial Crops|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I_YC6skliE4C&pg=PA59|date=24 August 2011|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-642-21102-7|pages=54–56}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Rough Guides|title=Pocket Rough Guide Dubai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oivQAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA143|date=3 March 2014|publisher=Rough Guides Limited|isbn=978-1-4093-7122-9|page=143}}</ref> ''Mulukhiyah'' is generally eaten cooked, not raw, and is most frequently turned into a kind of [[soup]] or [[stew]], typically bearing the same name as the vegetable in the local language. Traditionally mulukhiyah is cooked with chicken or at least chicken stock for flavor and is served with white rice, accompanied with lemon or lime.

==Origins ==
While most scholars are of the opinion that mulukhiya's origins lie in [[Ancient Egypt]]<ref>{{cite|title=Molokhia – The soup that was once only the privy of the Pharaohs|url=https://foodsfromafrica.com/egyptian-recipe-molokhia/}}</ref><ref name="Cumo2013">{{cite book|author=Christopher Cumo|title=Encyclopedia of Cultivated Plants: From Acacia to Zinnia [3 Volumes]: From Acacia to Zinnia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ja7WAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA315|year=2013|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, CA|isbn=978-1-59884-775-8|page=315}}</ref>, there is evidence that India is the source of the related species ''[[Corchorus capsularis]]''<ref name="Grubben2004">{{cite book|author=G. J. H. Grubben|title=Vegetables|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6jrlyOPfr24C&pg=PA218|year=2004|publisher=PROTA|location=Wageningen, Netherlands|isbn=978-90-5782-147-9|page=218}}</ref>, which is also used for food as well as fiber.<ref name=Koleisthebest/><ref name=SE/>

===Egyptian cuisine===
As used in [[Egyptian cuisine]], ''{{transl|arz|molokhiya}}'', ({{IPA-arz|moloˈxejjæ}}) is prepared by removing the central spine from the leaves, and then chopping the leaves finely with [[garlic]] and [[coriander]]. The dish generally includes some sort of [[meat]]; in Egypt this is usually poultry such as [[chicken]], or [[domestic rabbit|rabbit]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.taste.com.au/kitchen/recipes/rabbit+molokhia,8279|title=Rabbit molokhia|author=NewsLifeMedia|work=taste.com.au}}</ref><ref name=DetailsofMulukhiya/>, but [[Lamb and mutton|lamb]] is preferred when available, particularly in [[Cairo]]. Cooks in [[Alexandria]] often opt to use [[shrimp]] in the soup, while [[Port Said]] is famous for using [[fish]].<ref name=Latimes/><ref name=Shihabrecipe/><ref name=AndersonRecipe/><ref name=DetailsofMulukhiya/>

''{{transl|arz|Molokhiya}}'' was consumed in [[ancient Egyptian cuisine]], where the name "{{transl|arz|molokhiya}}" is thought to have originated from.<ref name=DetailsofMulukhiya/><ref name=ME21/>

Many [[Egyptians]] consider {{transl|arz|molokhiya}} to be the national dish of Egypt, along with ''[[ful medames]]'' and ''[[kushari]]''.<ref name=DetailsofMulukhiya>{{cite book|author=James J. Heaphey|title=Legerdemain: The President's Secret Plan, the Bomb and What the French Never Knew|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o4zxAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=17 February 2019|edition=1|date=January 2008|publisher=History Publishing Co. LLC|location=[[Madison, Wisconsin]]|isbn=978-1-933909-35-6|pages=186—191}}</ref><ref name=ME21>{{cite book|author=Joseph R. Haiek|title=Mideast Business Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zzccAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=17 February 2019|edition=1|year=1977|publisher=Los Angeles Mideast business exchange|location=[[Los Angeles, United States of America]]|isbn=978-0-915652-02-0|pages=290—292}}</ref>

;Preparation
The Egyptian version differs in texture and preparation from the Syrian/Lebanese version. The molokhiya leaves are picked off the stem, with tall stemmed branches, and the leaves placed on a large sheet (cloth material) to be left to completely dry for later use.<ref name=ME21/>

;Cooking
The leaves are chopped fine, often with a [[mezzaluna]]. The leaves are then boiled in broth with large chunks of meat, such as boneless chicken, rabbit, beef or lamb (with bone).<ref name=AndersonRecipe>{{cite book|author=Lynne Christy Anderson|title=Breaking Bread: Recipes and Stories from Immigrant Kitchens|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fbMwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA273|date=September 2011|publisher=Univ of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-27143-2|pages=273–274}}</ref><ref name=DetailsofMulukhiya/> Coriander and garlic are fried separately in ghee to make the "takleya", and then added to the soup at the end while the takleya is still sizzling, to create a characteristic sound which people traditionally respond to with the ''shahka'' (Arabic: grasp for breath in fear or surprise).<ref name=Latimes>{{cite web |last1=Rochlin |first1=Margy |title=Why you should be eating molokhia and how to make this delicious superfood soup |url=https://www.latimes.com/food/dailydish/la-fo-co-molokhia-20181205-story.html |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |publisher=Los Angeles Times Communications LLC |accessdate=17 February 2019 |location=[[Los Angeles, United States of America]]}}</ref>

;Serving
The soup is served on white rice or with a side of Egyptian flatbread (''ʿeish baladi''). The dish is often accompanied with an assortment of pickled vegetables, known as ''torshi'' or ''mekhalel'' in Egypt.<ref name=AndersonRecipe/><ref name=SE>{{cite book|author1=Habeeb Salloum|author2=Leila Salloum Elias|author3=Muna Salloum|title=Scheherazade's Feasts: Foods of the Medieval Arab World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3-UvrmTZfqQC&pg=PA127|date=14 June 2013|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=0-8122-4477-X|pages=127–129}}</ref><ref name=DetailsofMulukhiya/><ref name=ME21/>

===Levantine cuisine===
The standard molokhia dish in the [[Levant]] is prepared by cooking a meat of some sort in a separate pot by boiling. Later onions and garlic are cooked to a simmer, then water and chicken stock cubes are added to form a broth. After boiling, the cooked chicken or meat and molokhia leaves are added and further cooked another 15 minutes. Also, in northern [[Lebanon]], a dish called ''mloukhiye b zeit'' is made using fresh leaves and shoots of the [[Corchorus olitorius|Nalta jute]] plant, cooked in olive oil, onions, garlic, tomatoes and chilli peppers; it is a popular summer side dish, especially in [[Miniyeh-Danniyeh District|Miniyeh-Danniyeh]] and [[Akkar District|Akkar]] districts.

Bedouins have an old tradition of cooking a different version of the dish. A whole chicken is cut open, the intestines removed, and the innards stuffed with herbs, spices and raw rice then sewn shut with thick thread. The chicken is then boiled to create the broth for the molokhia soup which, after preparation, is served as five separate components: The molokhia soup, [[Khubz|Arabic flat bread]], the chicken (stuffed with flavored rice), additional plain rice, and a small bowl with a mixture of lemon juice and sliced chilli. The soup is mixed with rice and lemon juice according to taste, while the chicken is eaten on a separate plate.

===Kenyan cuisine===
In [[Kenya]], the dish is known as ''mutere'' ([[Luragoli]]), ''murere'' ([[Luhya language|Luhya]]), ''apoth'' ([[Luo language|Luo]]), ''mrenda'' ([[Kikuyu language|Gikuyu]], [[Embu language|Embu]], [[Meru language|Meru]]), and several other native language names. It is a very popular vegetable dish among communities in the Western region ([[Vihiga]], [[Kakamega]], [[Busia County|Busia]], Trans Nzoia and [[Bungoma]] Counties) and in Nyanza region ([[Kisumu]], [[Siaya]], [[Homa Bay]], [[Kisii County|Kisii]], [[Migori]] and Nyamira Counties). Both regions are in the area around [[Lake Victoria]]. The jute leaves are separated from the stems, washed, and then boiled in lightly salted water with ''ligadi'' (a raw form of soda (bicarbonate of soda), or ''munyu'' (traditional plant-based salt). The leaves are boiled with other leafy vegetables such as ''likuvi'' ([[Vigna unguiculata]] (cowpea) leaves) or ''mito'' ([[Crotalaria_longirostrata|Chipilín]]) to reduce their sliminess and help soften the other vegetable leaves. In some cases, after boiling for about thirty minutes, the vegetables are stewed with tomatoes and onions in oil. (There are several general ways to prepare the mutere and more ways in which it is served). Spices such as curry, pepper, masala, or coriander are optional. Mutere is served with [[ugali]] (a staple stuff, cooked cereal meal) and can be accompanied with meat or chicken.

===Tunisian cuisine===
[[File:ملوخية تونسية.JPG|thumb|230px|Tunisian mloukhiya stew with meat.]]

In [[Tunisia]], the dish is generally prepared quite differently from the Egyptian method. The leaves, already separated from the stems, are dried then ground to produce a very fine powder and stored in jars or other tightly closed containers. In Tunisian cooking, mulukhya, or mloukhiya, takes 5 to 7 hours to prepare, which is often done to halfway in the evening and completed in the morning. The powder is prepared with olive oil and some tomato paste into a sauce, not soup, and big chunks of chuck beef are often added halfway through cooking. The dark green sauce simmers on low heat and is left to thicken to the consistency of tomato sauce. The sauce is served in small deep plates with a piece of beef and eaten with preferably white hardy French or Italian bread. In certain regions where beef is not common, lamb is used but cooks for a much shorter time.

===Cypriot cuisine===
In [[Cyprus]] the dish is known as ''molohiya''. It is popular among the Turkish Cypriots. The Jute leaves are cultivated and grown in the spring months leading up to the summer, whereupon they are harvested and the leaves are separated from the stem and dried whole. They are cooked in a tomato based broth with onions and garlic. Lamb on the bone or Chicken with bone may also be added. For optimal results, lemon and potato are also used to help keep the consistency from becoming too mucilaginous or slimy. It is served with a nice broth consistency with sour dough bread.

===West African cuisines===
The leaf is a common food in many tropical [[West African cuisine|West African countries]]. It is believed that the "drip tips" on the leaves serve to shed excess water from the leaf from the heavy rains in the tropics.
In [[Sierra Leone]] it is called ''kren-kre'' (krain krain or crain crain), and is eaten in a [[palm oil]] sauce served with rice or cassava fufu (a traditional food made from cassava), or else is steamed and mixed into rice just before eating a non-palm oil sauce.
Among the Yorubas in south-west [[Nigeria]], it is called ''ewedu'' and served with cooked yam flour (''amala'').
In [[Liberia]] it is called ''palaver sauce'', and is served with rice or fufu. In [[The Gambia]] it is referred to as ''kereng-kereng'' and is typically used to make ''supakanja'' (a dish mostly served on Saturdays and made with okra, red palm oil, fish and meat).

=== Haitian cuisines ===
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2018}}
In [[Haiti]], the leafy green dish is commonly known as ''lalo'' and is traditionally cooked with or without meat. When considering meat, Haitians utilize beef or pork shoulder. Seafood such as blue crabs, shrimp or snow crab legs are also options. It is traditionally served with white rice.

== Nutrition ==

The leaves are rich in [[Folic acid]], [[beta-Carotene]], [[Iron]], [[Calcium]], [[Vitamin C]] and more than 32 vitamins, minerals and trace elements. The plant has a potent [[antioxidant]] activity with a significant [[α-tocopherol]] equivalent [[Vitamin E]].<ref name=Danukeisduke/><ref name="Cassinleaves">{{cite book|author=Barbara Cassin|title=L' Archipel des idées de Barbara Cassin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1JHlJ6_raYC&pg=PA253|date=10 July 2014|publisher=Les Editions de la MSH|isbn=978-2-7351-1699-7|pages=209–212}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Tung‐Shan |last2=Saad |first2=Sohair |title=Folic acid in Egyptian vegetables: The effect of drying method and storage on the folacin content of mulukhiyah (corchorus olitorius) |journal=[[Ecology of Food and Nutrition]] |date=31 August 2010 |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=249–255 |doi=10.1080/03670244.1981.9990646 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03670244.1981.9990646 |accessdate=17 February 2019}}</ref><ref name=Shihabrecipe>{{cite book|author=Sana Nimer Abu Shihab|title=Mediterranean Cuisine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7kgVTx41NbYC&pg=PA56|year=2012|publisher=Author House|isbn=978-1-4772-8309-7|pages=56–57}}</ref>

==Ancient references==
The word for the plant is found in ancient Mediterranean languages such as Arabic and Greek.<ref name="oed">{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=mallow&allowed_in_frame=0|title=mallow|author=Douglas Harper|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary|accessdate=February 3, 2012}}</ref> [[Cognate]]s of the word include [[Ancient Greek]] μαλάχη (''malákhē'') or μολόχη (''molókhē''), [[Modern Greek]] μολόχα (''molóha''), modern {{lang-ar|ملوخية}} (''mulukhiyah'') and modern {{lang-he|מלוחיה}} (''malukhia'').<ref name="oed"/><ref name="khalid">{{cite web|url=http://baheyeldin.com/egypt/molokheya-an-egyptian-national-dish.html|title=Molokheya: an Egyptian National Dish|author=Khalid|publisher=The Baheyeldin Dynasty|accessdate=September 10, 2011}}</ref>

[[Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah]] banned mulukhiyah sometime during his reign (996–1021 CE). It is claimed he thought that the dish would lead women to debauchery.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Cooking lessons in Cairo |newspaper=The National |accessdate=2015-05-28 |url=http://www.thenational.ae/lifestyle/food/cooking-lessons-in-cairo}}</ref> While the ban was eventually lifted after the end of his reign, the [[Druze]], who hold Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah in high regard, continue to respect the ban, and do not eat mulukhiyah of any kind to this day.{{cn|date=October 2018}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Jordan|Food}}
* [[List of African dishes]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Molokheya}}
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/womanshour/food/recipe7.shtml Mulukhiyya recipe]

{{Cuisine of Egypt}}
{{Levantine cuisine}}
{{Cuisine of Algeria}}
{{Cuisine of Lebanon}}
{{Cuisine of Cyprus}}

[[Category:Ancient dishes]]
[[Category:Egyptian cuisine]]
[[Category:Middle Eastern cuisine]]
[[Category:Algerian cuisine]]
[[Category:Arab cuisine]]
[[Category:Cypriot cuisine]]
[[Category:Fiber plants]]
[[Category:Grewioideae]]
[[Category:Jute]]
[[Category:Leaf vegetables]]
[[Category:Lebanese cuisine]]
[[Category:Jordanian cuisine]]
[[Category:Levantine cuisine]]
[[Category:Mediterranean cuisine]]
[[Category:National dishes]]
[[Category:Palestinian cuisine]]
[[Category:Syrian cuisine]]
[[Category:Turkish Cypriot cuisine]]

Taʻovala

2019-06-27T17:45:44Z

Cydebot: Robot - Speedily moving category Polynesian clothing to :Category:Polynesian folk clothing per CFDS.

[[Image:marriage mat.jpg|right|thumb|A just married couple still in their wedding ta{{okina}}ovala]]
[[Image:funeral mat.jpg|right|thumb|Different types of ta{{okina}}ovala worn at funerals]]
A '''ta{{okina}}ovala''' is a [[Tonga]]n dress, a mat wrapped around the waist, worn by men and women, at all formal occasions, much like the [[Necktie|tie]] for men in the European and North American culture. The ta'ovala is also commonly seen among the Fijian [[Lau Islands]], a region once heavily influenced by Tongan hegemony and cultural diffusion.

== Origins ==

According to a Tongan story, a group of Tongans once arrived by boat at the [[Tu'i Tonga|Tu{{okina}}i Tonga]]. They had had a rough ride and their clothing, if any remained, was not respectable. They cut the sail of their boat ([[Polynesia]]n sails are also mats) in pieces and wrapped them around. The king was so pleased by the sacrifice they had made to him of their expensive sail that he ordered this dress to be court dress from then on. The Tongan waist-mat probably shares a common origin or inspiration as the [[Samoan language|Samoan]] "valatau" or "vala" waistband often donned by orators and chiefly sons ("manaia") and daughters ("taupou") on festive occasions and rituals.

Queen [[Salote Tupou III]] ordered the ta{{okina}}ovala to be part of the civil servants' uniform. The use of the ta{{okina}}ovala for men is therefore extremely common in Tonga. For women it is somewhat less common, as they prefer a [[kiekie (clothing)|kiekie]].

The normal ta{{okina}}ovala, for everyday neat wear, is a short mat, coming halfway up the thighs. It is tied with a rope (''kafa'', often made of coconut [[coir]] or of human hair of a deceased ancestor) wrapped around the waist. The mat worn on festive occasions, like a marriage, is much larger and often very nicely decorated. Likewise the ta{{okina}}ovala for a [[Tongan funerals|funeral]] is also a huge mat, but much coarser, not decorated. If the wearer has an inferior rank towards the deceased, the mat is old and torn. The older and more torn it is, the better. All these special mats are kept as precious heirlooms.

Ta{{okina}}ovala are part of the [[koloa]], the handicraft goods made by the women. Every woman can do it. If girls do not learn it at home, it will be taught at school. More recently, however, some women specialise in the handicraft and sell their products on the market.

== Materials ==

Ta{{okina}}ovala can be made from different materials, natural and introduced:
* Strips of [[pandanus]] leaves, usually unpainted, although sometimes black strips are used, and rarely the whole ta{{okina}}ovala is black. The strips range from coarse (15 mm or so as for funerals) to fine (a couple of millimeters, as the ''ta{{okina}}ovala loukeha'', in which one is dressed to visit the king). Mats are always woven by hand. Especially the fine mats are therefore very laborious to make, take a long time to complete and are expensive. The oldest and most valuable Tongan fine mats are preserved and worn by the Tongan royal family on formal occasions.
* Strips of [[hibiscus]] bast fiber, called ''fau''. Same as the pandanus leaves, but not as coarse and as such they can be plaited in a variety of patterns, which is faster and cheaper than to weave them by hand. Most of the 'civil servants' ta{{okina}}ovala are made in this way.
* Plastic, particularly those obtained from old flour bags - preferred as a quick alternative.

== History ==
Before the advent of [[Western culture|Western influence]], the men wore a fringe skirt of native materials about {{convert|25|to|30|in|cm|-1}} long. Women traditionally<ref name=briand >{{cite journal |title=Community Perspectives on Cultural Considerations for Breast and Cervical Cancer Education among Marshallese Women in Orange County, California|url=http://www.cjhp.org/Volume8_2010/IssueSE/84-89briand.pdf|last1=Briand |first1=Greta |last2=Peters |first2= Ruth |journal=Californian Journal of Health Promotion |year=2010 |pages=84–89 |accessdate=25 August 2013 |issue=8}}</ref> wore two mats about a yard (metre) square each, made by weaving pandanus and hibiscus leaves together,<ref name=mistoriesintro/> and belted around the waist.<ref name=bliss>{{cite book|title=The Encyclopedia of Missions|volume=II |first=Edwin Munsell |last=Bliss |publisher=Funk & Wagnalls |location=New York |year=1891}}</ref> Children were usually naked.<ref name=mistoriesintro>{{cite web|title=Introduction to Marshallese Culture |url=http://mistories.org/intro.php|accessdate=17 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Marshallese Culture
|url=http://www.visitmarshallislands.com/travel-to-the-marshall-islands|accessdate=16 August 2013}}</ref> The Christian missionaries who began arriving in the late 19th century influenced the islanders' notions of modesty.

==See also==
* [[Lava-lava]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
*{{okina}}I.F. Helu; Critical essays: Cultural perspectives from the Southseas; 1999

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ta'ovala}}
[[Category:Polynesian folk clothing]]
[[Category:Skirts]]
[[Category:Tongan culture]]
[[Category:History of Oceanian clothing]]
[[Category:Folk costumes]]
[[Category:Auckland Museum PCAP-related]]

Kiekie (Kleidung)

2019-06-27T17:45:36Z

Cydebot: Robot - Speedily moving category Polynesian clothing to :Category:Polynesian folk clothing per CFDS.

[[Image:Kiekie yams.jpg|right|thumb|300px|The farmer's wife wears a kiekie knitted from plastic rope. The round shapes are known as ''vana'' (sea-urchins)]]
A '''kiekie''' is a [[Tonga]]n dress, an ornamental girdle around the waist, mainly worn by women on semiformal occasions, but nowadays also sometimes by men. At highly formal occasions both gender will settle for a [[ta'ovala|ta{{okina}}ovala]]. At casual occasions no girdle is needed for any gender, although women may continue wearing a kiekie even then, as it is considered an easy sitting, nice looking decoration, with which one can show off. (All ta{{okina}}ovala look more or less the same, and are usually quite stiff and hot to wear).

The characteristic of a kiekie is that it is between a mat and a grass skirt ''(manafau)'': it is a string skirt attached to a waistband. It is supposed to be somewhat transparent, showing the [[skirt]] or [[tupenu]] worn under it. The strings can be short as a mini skirt, or down to the ankles, but down to somewhat above the knees is most common.

Related to the kiekie is the ''sisi'', where the strings are [[ti (plant)|sī]] leaves or plaited ''maile'' leaves, but where the waistband, full with sweet smelling flowers and fruits, is more important. Sisi are worn by both gender during dance performances.

Kiekie are part of the [[koloa]], the handicraft goods made by the women. Every woman can do it, although nowadays we see that some women specialise in it and sell their products on the market.

Kiekie can be made from many different materials, both natural and introduced:
*strips of [[pandanus]] leaves, often painted in bright colours. Either hanging loose, or plaited together. The ''salusalu'' is a long kiekie, especially for [[Ha'apai|Ha{{okina}}apai]].
*strips of [[hibiscus]] bast fiber, called ''fau''. Same as the pandanus leaves, but not as coarse and therefore suited for finer designs.
*''kaka'', de fibrous tissue which is wrapped around the growing fronds of [[Arecaceae|palm]] trees. It is usually varnished to make it stronger and then cut in all type of shapes.
*strings or ropes
*little disks (few centimeter diameter) made from coconut shell and strung together along their diameter.
*[[New Zealand flax]], a [[Māori people|Māori]] [[piupiu]] (see [[Pania]]).

==References==
*{{okina}}I.F. Helu; Critical essays: Cultural perspectives from the Southseas; 1999

[[Image:kiekie2.jpg|272px]] [[Image:kiekie4.jpg|284px]] [[Image:kiekie3.jpg|172px]]

[[Category:Polynesian folk clothing]]
[[Category:Skirts]]
[[Category:Tongan culture]]
[[Category:History of Oceanian clothing]]
[[Category:Auckland Museum PCAP-related]]

Lew Cody

2019-06-24T15:27:42Z

Cydebot: Robot - Removing category Deaths from heart-related cause per CFD at Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2015 December 20.

{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Lew Cody
| image = Harvard Theatre Collection - Lew Cody TCS 1.5328.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Cody, c. 1915
| birth_name = Louis Joseph Côté
| birth_date = {{birth date|1884|02|22}}
| birth_place = [[Waterville, Maine]], U.S.
| death_date = {{death date and age|1934|05|31|1884|02|22}}
| death_place = [[Beverly Hills, California]], U.S.
| resting_place = [[St. Peter's Cemetery (Lewiston, Maine)|St. Peter's Cemetery]]
| alma_mater = [[McGill University]]
| nationality = American
| occupation = [[Actor]]
| years_active =
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Dorothy Dalton]]|1910|1911|reason=divorced}} {{marriage|Dorothy Dalton|1913|1914|reason=divorced}} {{marriage|[[Mabel Normand]]|1926|1930|reason=died}}
}}

'''Lew Cody''' (born '''Louis Joseph Côté'''; February 22, 1884 – May 31, 1934) was an American stage and film actor whose career spanned the [[silent film]] and early sound film age. He gained notoriety in the late 1910s for playing "male [[Femme fatale#20th-century film and theatre|vamps]]" in films such as ''[[Don't Change Your Husband]].''<ref>{{cite journal |last=St. Johns |first=Adela Rogers |date=March 1919 |title=The Confessions of a Male Vampire |url=https://archive.org/stream/phojanjun16chic#page/n261/mode/2up |journal=[[Photoplay]] |location=New York |publisher=Photoplay Publishing Co. |access-date=November 27, 2015 }}</ref>

==Early life and career==
Cody was born to Joseph Côté and Elizabeth Côté, née Gifford. His father was [[French Canadian]] and his mother was a native of Maine. Cody and his younger brothers and sisters were born in [[Waterville, Maine]].<ref name=vazzana>{{cite book|last=Vazzana|first=Eugene Michael|title=Silent Film Necrology|year=2001|publisher=McFarland & Company Incorporated Pub|isbn=0-7864-1059-0|page=96}}</ref><ref name=beale>{{cite news|last=Beale|first=George H.|title=Lew Cody, Noted Star, Found Dead|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1977&dat=19340601&id=SUoiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=G6QFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1038,5480241|accessdate=April 21, 2014|newspaper=San Jose News|page=7|date=June 1, 1934}}</ref><ref name=evening>{{cite news|title=Lew Cody Dies In His Sleep After Many Years Of Work On Stage and In Pictures|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=950&dat=19340601&id=Rb5aAAAAIBAJ&sjid=qVQDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5404,967957|accessdate=April 21, 2014|newspaper=The Evening Independent|page=3-A|date=June 1, 1934}}</ref><ref name=lewiston>{{cite news|last=Connor|first=Sam E.|title=Lew Cody: Behind the Scenes With Late Hollywood Actor|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1913&dat=19340716&id=fMQgAAAAIBAJ&sjid=_2kFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1978,972821|accessdate=April 21, 2014|newspaper=Lewiston Evening Journal|page=A-12|date=July 16, 1934|quote=I love Maine, perhaps because I was born in Waterville, but I don't think that's it." (Quote by Lew Cody)}}</ref> The family later moved to [[Berlin, New Hampshire]] where Cody's father owned a drug store. In his youth, Cody worked at his father's drug store as a [[soda jerk]]. He later enrolled at [[McGill University]] in Montreal where he intended to study medicine but abandoned the idea of setting up in practice and joined a theatre stock company in [[North Carolina]].<ref name=beale/>

He made his debut on the stage in New York in ''Pierre of the Plains''.<ref name=evening/> Cody later moved to Los Angeles and began a film career with [[Thomas H. Ince|Thomas Ince]].<ref name=beale/> Cody had at least 99 film credits during a twenty-year period between 1914 and 1934.

==Personal life==
Cody was married three times. His first two marriages were to actress [[Dorothy Dalton]]. They first married in 1910 and divorced in 1911. They remarried in 1913 and were divorced a second time in 1914.<ref>{{cite book|last=Houseman|first=Victoria|title=Made in Heaven: The Marriages and Children of Hollywood Stars|year=1991|publisher=Bonus Books|isbn=0-929387-24-4|page=72}}</ref> Cody married [[Mabel Normand]] in 1926.<ref name=spokane>{{cite news|title=Lew Cody Dead In Film Capital|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1338&dat=19340601&id=KNVXAAAAIBAJ&sjid=IvUDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4755,98487|accessdate=April 21, 2014|newspaper=Spokane Daily Chronicle|page=1|date=June 1, 1934}}</ref> They remained married until Normand's death from [[tuberculosis]] in February 1930.<ref name=spokane/><ref>{{cite book|last=Warwick White|first=Wendy|title=Ford Sterling: The Life and Films|year=2007|publisher=McFarland|isbn=0-7864-8220-6|page=20}}</ref>

==Death==
On May 31, 1934, Cody died of [[Myocardial infarction|heart attack]] in his sleep at his home in [[Beverly Hills, California]].<ref name=vazzana/> He is buried in [[St. Peter's Cemetery (Lewiston, Maine)|St. Peter's Cemetery, Lewiston, Maine]] in the family plot.<ref name=lewiston/>

==Partial filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1914
| ''[[Harp of Tara]]''
|
| Short
|-
| 1915
| ''[[The Mating]]''
| 'Bullet Dick' Ames
| Credited as Lewis J. Cody
|-
| 1917
| ''[[A Branded Soul]]''
| John Rannie
|
|-
| 1918
| ''[[Mickey (1918 film)|Mickey]]''
| Reggie Drake
| Credited as Lewis Cody
|-
| 1918
| ''[[For Husbands Only]]''
| Rolin Van D'Arcy
|
|-
| 1918
| ''[[Treasure of the Sea]]''
| Jim Hardwick
|
|-
| 1919
| ''[[Don't Change Your Husband]]''
| Schuyler Van Sutphen
|
|-
| 1919
| ''[[Our Better Selves]]''
| Willard Standish
|
|-
|1919
| ''[[The Life Line]]''
| Philip Royston
|
|-
|1919
| ''[[The Beloved Cheater]]''
| Bruce Sands
|
|-
|1919
| ''[[As the Sun Went Down]]''
| Faro Bill
|
|-
|1923
|''[[Rupert of Hentzau (1923 film)|Rupert of Hentzau]]''
|Rupert of Hentzau
|
|-
| 1923
| ''[[Souls for Sale]]''
| Owen Scudder
|
|-
| 1924
| ''[[Nellie, the Beautiful Cloak Model (film)|Nellie, the Beautiful Cloak Model]]''
| Walter Peck
|
|-
| 1924
| ''[[Three Women (1924 film)|Three Women]]''
| Edmund Lamont
|
|-
| 1925
| ''[[Man and Maid]]''
| Sir Nicholas Thormonde
|
|-
| 1925
| ''[[The Sporting Venus]]''
| Prince Carlos
|
|-
| 1925
| ''[[A Slave of Fashion]]''
| Nicholas Wentworth
|
|-
| 1925
| ''[[Exchange of Wives]]''
| John Rathburn
|
|-
| 1925
| ''[[His Secretary]]''
| David Colman
|
|-
| 1926
| ''[[Monte Carlo (1926 film)|Monte Carlo]]''
| Tony Townsend
|
|-
| 1926
| ''[[The Gay Deceiver]]''
| Toto/Antoine di Tillois
|
|-
| 1927
| ''[[The Demi-Bride]]''
| Philippe Levaux
|
|-
| 1929
| ''[[A Single Man (1929 film)|A Single Man]]''
| Robin Worthington
|
|-
|1930
|''[[What a Widow!]]''
|Victor
|
|-
| 1931
| ''[[Three Girls Lost]]''
| William (Jack) Marriott
|
|-
| 1931
| ''[[Beyond Victory]]''
| Lew Cavanaugh
|
|-
| 1931
| ''[[Stout Hearts and Willing Hands]]''
| The Villain
| Short
|-
| 1931
| ''[[A Woman of Experience]]''
| Captain Otto von Lichstein
|
|-
| 1931
| ''[[The Common Law (1931 film)|The Common Law]]''
| Dick Carmedon
|
|-
| 1931
| ''[[Sporting Blood (1931 film)|Sporting Blood]]''
| Tip Scanlon
|
|-
| 1931
| ''[[X Marks the Spot (1931 film)|X Marks the Spot]]''
| George Howe
|
|-
| 1932
| ''[[The Crusader (1932 film)|The Crusader]]''
| Jimmie Dale
|
|-
| 1932
| ''[[The Unwritten Law (1932 film)|The Unwritten Law]]''
| Roger Morgan
|
|-
|1932
|''[[A Parisian Romance (film)|A Parisian Romance]]''
|Baron
|
|-
|1933
| ''[[By Appointment Only (1933 film)|By Appointment Only]]''
| Dr. Michael Travers
|
|-
|1933
| ''[[File 113]]''
|Gaston Le Coq
|
|-
|1933
| ''[[Sitting Pretty (1933 film)|Sitting Pretty]]''
| Jules Clark
|
|-
|1934
|''[[Private Scandal]]''
|Benjamin J. Somers
|
|-
|1934
|''[[Thank Your Stars]]''
| Axel Hanratty
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IBDB name}}
* {{IMDb name|0168595|Lew Cody}}
* [http://www.virtual-history.com/movie/person/9328/lew-cody Photographs and literature on Lew Cody]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cody, Lew}}
[[Category:1884 births]]
[[Category:1934 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century American male actors]]
[[Category:American male film actors]]
[[Category:American male stage actors]]
[[Category:American male silent film actors]]
[[Category:American people of French-Canadian descent]]
[[Category:Burials in Maine]]
[[Category:Male actors from Maine]]
[[Category:Male actors from New Hampshire]]
[[Category:McGill University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Berlin, New Hampshire]]
[[Category:People from Waterville, Maine]]

Charles FitzRoy (General)

2019-06-11T09:20:14Z

Cydebot: Robot - Speedily moving category UK MPs 1806–07 to :Category:UK MPs 1806–1807 per CFDS.

{{other people||Lord Charles FitzRoy (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}}

[[General]] '''Lord Charles FitzRoy''' (17 July 1764 – 20 December 1829) was a [[British Army]] officer and [[politics|politician]].

==Life==
FitzRoy was the second son of [[Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton]] and his first wife, [[Anne FitzPatrick|Anne]], a daughter of [[Henry Liddell, 1st Baron Ravensworth]].<ref>Matthew Kilburn, ‘Fitzpatrick , Anne, countess of Upper Ossory [other married name Anne FitzRoy, duchess of Grafton] (1737/8–1804)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, Oct 2008 [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/88658, accessed 23 March 2017]</ref> After education at [[Harrow School]] and [[Trinity College, Cambridge]],<ref>{{acad|id=FTSY781C|name=Fitzroy, Lord Charles}}</ref> he entered the army in 1782 as an [[ensign (rank)|ensign]]. In 1787, he was appointed a [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|captain]] in the [[Scots Guards]] and an [[equerry]] in 1788, to [[Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany]], under whom he served in [[Flanders]] from 1793-4.

In 1795, FitzRoy was appointed an [[aide-de-camp]] to [[George III of the United Kingdom|King George III]] with the rank of [[colonel]] and promoted to [[major-general]] in 1798. From 1798-99, he served in [[Ireland]] then in England until 1809, commanding a battalion of the [[60th Regiment of Foot]] from 1804-5. He was appointed colonel of the [[48th (Northamptonshire) Regiment of Foot]] and [[lieutenant-general]] in 1805 and [[general]] in 1814.

From 1787-96 and again from 1802–18, FitzRoy was [[member of Parliament]] for [[Bury St Edmunds (UK Parliament constituency)|Bury St Edmunds]] (though never actually spoke in the [[British House of Commons|house]]). He supported [[William Pitt the Younger|Pitt]] and favoured [[Abolitionism in the United Kingdom|abolitionism]] and [[Catholic Emancipation]].

FitzRoy died at his house in [[Berkeley Square]], [[London]] in 1829 and was buried at [[Wicken, Northamptonshire]].

==Family==
On 20 June 1795, FitzRoy married Frances Mundy (d. 1797; the daughter of [[Edward Miller Mundy (1750–1822)|Edward Miller Mundy]], MP) and they had one son, [[Charles Augustus FitzRoy|Sir Charles FitzRoy]] who was the [[governor of New South Wales]], [[governor of Prince Edward Island]] and [[governor of Antigua]]. After his wife's death, he married Lady Frances Stewart (d. 1810; the eldest daughter of [[Robert Stewart, 1st Marquess of Londonderry]]) and they had three children:

*George FitzRoy (c.1800-1882), British Army officer.
*[[Robert FitzRoy|Robert]] (1805–1865), [[hydrographer]].
*Frances (d. 1878), married [[George Rice-Trevor, 4th Baron Dynevor]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*J. M. Rigg, [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/9631 ‘FitzRoy, Lord Charles (1764–1829)’], rev. S. Kinross, ''[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]'', Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Oct 2008, accessed 11 Jan 2009

{{S-start}}
{{S-mil}}
{{succession box | before=[[Peter Hunter]] | title=Colonel-Commandant of the 4th Battalion, [[60th Regiment of Foot]] | years=1804–1805 | after=[[Edward Morrison (politician)|Edward Morrison]]}}
{{Succession box| title=Colonel of the [[48th (Northamptonshire) Regiment of Foot|48th (Northamptonshire) Regiment of Foot]] | before=[[Patrick Tonyn]] | after=[[Sir Thomas Hislop, 1st Baronet|Sir Thomas Hislop]] | years=1805–1829}}
{{S-par|gb}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Bury St Edmunds (UK Parliament constituency)|Bury St Edmunds]]
| with = [[Sir Charles Davers, 6th Baronet|Sir Charles Davers, Bt]]
| before = [[Sir Charles Davers, 6th Baronet|Sir Charles Davers, Bt]] | before2=[[George Ferdinand FitzRoy, 2nd Baron Southampton|George FitzRoy]]
| after = [[Sir Charles Davers, 6th Baronet|Sir Charles Davers, Bt]] | after2=[[Frederick Hervey, 1st Marquess of Bristol|Lord Hervey]]
| years = 1787–1796
}}
{{S-par|uk}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Bury St Edmunds (UK Parliament constituency)|Bury St Edmunds]]
| with = [[Frederick Hervey, 1st Marquess of Bristol|Lord Hervey]] 1802–1803
| with2 = [[John Upton, 1st Viscount Templetown|The Lord Templetown]] 1803–1812
| with3 = [[Frederick Foster (politician)|Frederick Foster]] 1812–1818
| before = [[Sir Charles Davers, 6th Baronet|Sir Charles Davers, Bt]] | before2=[[Frederick Hervey, 1st Marquess of Bristol|Lord Hervey]]
| after = [[Henry FitzRoy, 5th Duke of Grafton|Earl of Euston]] | after2=[[Arthur Percy Upton|Arthur Upton]]
| years = 1802–1818
}}
{{S-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fitzroy, Lord Charles}}
[[Category:1764 births]]
[[Category:1829 deaths]]
[[Category:British Army generals]]
[[Category:Younger sons of dukes]]
[[Category:People educated at Harrow School]]
[[Category:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge]]
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Pikes Peak Goldrausch

2019-06-05T18:14:46Z

Cydebot: Robot - Speedily moving category American Old West to :Category:American frontier per CFDS.

[[File:Pikes Peak miners.jpg|upright=1.1|thumb|Gold prospectors in the [[Rocky Mountains]] of western [[Kansas Territory]]]]
The '''Pike's Peak Gold Rush''' (later known as the '''Colorado Gold Rush''') was the boom in [[gold]] prospecting and mining in the [[Pike's Peak Country]] of western [[Kansas Territory]] and southwestern [[Nebraska Territory]] of the United States that began in July 1858 and lasted until roughly the creation of the [[Colorado Territory]] on February 28, 1861. An estimated 100,000 gold seekers took part in one of the greatest [[gold rushes]] in [[North America]]n history.<ref name=ArapahoCamp>{{cite web | date = December 19, 2006 | url = http://www.denvergov.org/AboutDenver/history_narrative_1.asp | title = Denver History – The Arapaho Camp | format = [[Active Server Pages|ASP]]/[[HTML]] | work = Mile High City | author = Thomas J. Noel | publisher = City and County of Denver | accessdate = December 19, 2006 | authorlink = Thomas Noel (historian) | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071013125031/http://denvergov.org/AboutDenver/history_narrative_1.asp | archivedate = October 13, 2007 | df = }}</ref>

The participants in the gold rush were known as "[[Fifty-Niner]]s" after 1859, the peak year of the rush and often used the motto '''Pike's Peak or Bust!''' In fact, the location of the Pike's Peak Gold Rush was centered {{convert|85|mi}} north of Pike's Peak. The name Pike's Peak Gold Rush was used mainly because of how well known and important Pike's Peak was at the time.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Brown|first1=Robert|title=The Great Pikes Peak Gold Rush|year=1985|publisher=Caxton Press|location=Caldwell, Idaho|isbn=0-87004-412-5}}</ref>

==Overview==
[[File:Prospector in Pikes Peak, CO 4a09164a original.jpg|thumb|Prospector in Pikes Peak]]
The Pike's Peak Gold Rush, which followed the [[California Gold Rush]] by approximately one decade, produced a dramatic but temporary influx of [[immigrant]]s into the [[Pike's Peak Country]] of the [[Rocky Mountains|Southern Rocky Mountains]]. The rush was exemplified by the slogan "Pike's Peak or Bust!", a reference to the prominent mountain at the eastern edge of the Rocky Mountains that guided many early prospectors to the region westward over the [[Great Plains]]. The [[Prospecting|prospector]]s provided the first major [[White American|European-American]] population in the region.

The rush created a few mining camps such as [[Denver, Colorado|Denver City]] and [[Boulder, Colorado|Boulder City]] that would develop into cities. Many smaller camps such as [[Auraria, Colorado|Auraria]] and [[Denver, Colorado#History|Saint Charles City]] were absorbed by larger camps and towns. Scores of other mining camps have faded into [[ghost town]]s, but quite a few camps such as [[Central City, Colorado|Central City]], [[Black Hawk, Colorado|Black Hawk]], [[Georgetown, Colorado|Georgetown]], and [[Idaho Springs, Colorado|Idaho Springs]] survive.

==Discovery==
[[File:At timber line, Pike's Peak trail. Colo, by Martin, Alexander, d. 1929.jpg|thumb|left|"At timber line, Pike's Peak trail" ~ circa unknown]]

For many years, people had suspected the mountains in present-day Colorado contained numerous rich gold deposits. In 1835, French trapper Eustace Carriere lost his party and ended up wandering through the mountains for many weeks. During those weeks he found many gold specimens which he later took back to New Mexico for examination. Upon examination, they turned out to be "pure gold". But when he tried to lead an expedition back to the location of where he found the gold, they came up short because he could not quite remember the location.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hafen|first1=Le Roy Reuben|title=The Illustrated Miners' Hand-book and Guide to Pike's Peak: With a New and Reliable Map, Showing All the Routes and the Gold Regions of Western Kansas and Nebraska|year=1859|publisher=Parker and Huyett|location=Saint Louis}}</ref>

In 1849 and 1850, several parties of gold seekers bound for the [[California Gold Rush]] [[placer mining|panned]] small amounts of gold from various streams in the [[South Platte River]] valley at the foot of the [[Rocky Mountains]]. The Rocky Mountain gold failed to impress or delay men with visions of unlimited wealth in California, and the discoveries were not reported for several years.<ref name=PikesPeakGold>{{cite web | year = 2006 | url = http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/Falls/2000/index.html | title = The Pike's Peak Gold Rush | work = The Pike's Peak Gold Rush | author = Gehling, Richard | publisher = Richard Gehling | accessdate = December 19, 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060215083309/http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/Falls/2000/index.html|archivedate=2006-02-15}}</ref>

As the hysteria of the California Gold Rush faded, many discouraged gold seekers returned home. Rumors of gold in the Rocky Mountains persisted and several small parties explored the region. In the summer of 1857, a party of [[Spanish language|Spanish-speaking]] gold seekers from [[New Mexico]] worked a [[placer mining|placer deposit]] along the South Platte River about 5 miles (8 kilometers) above [[Cherry Creek (Colorado)|Cherry Creek]], now part of metropolitan [[Denver, Colorado|Denver]].<ref name=ArapahoCamp/>
[[File:Gold mining in Boren's Gulch. La Plata County, Colorado - NARA - 517143.jpg|thumb|Sluicing for gold, photo by the U.S. Geological and Geographic Survey of the Territories. (1874–1879) Photographer: [[William Henry Jackson]]]]
[[William Greeneberry Russell|William Greeneberry "Green" Russell]] was a [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgian]] who worked in the California gold fields in the 1850s. Russell was married to a [[Cherokee]] woman, and through his connections to the tribe, he heard about an 1849 discovery of gold along the South Platte River. Green Russell organized a party to prospect along the South Platte River, setting off with his two brothers and six companions in February 1858. They rendezvoused with Cherokee tribe members along the [[Arkansas River]] in present-day [[Oklahoma]] and continued westward along the [[Santa Fe Trail]]. Others joined the party along the way until their number reached 107.<ref name=PikesPeakGold/>

Upon reaching [[Bent's Fort]], they turned to the northwest, reaching the confluence of [[Cherry Creek (Colorado)|Cherry Creek]] and the South Platte on May 23. The site of their initial explorations is in present-day [[Confluence Park]] in Denver. They began prospecting in the river beds, exploring Cherry Creek and nearby [[Ralston Creek (Colorado)|Ralston Creek]] but without success. In the first week of July 1858, Green Russell and Sam Bates found a small placer deposit near the mouth of [[Little Dry Creek (Englewood, Colorado)|Little Dry Creek]] that yielded about 20 [[troy ounce]]s (622 grams) of gold, the first significant gold discovery in the Rocky Mountain region. The site of the discovery is in the present-day Denver suburb of [[Englewood, Colorado|Englewood]], just north of the junction of [[U.S. Highway 285]] and [[U.S. Highway 85]].<ref name=PikesPeakGold/>

==Initial boom==
[[File:Pikes peak-gold rush-map01.jpg|360px|thumb|A map from the late 1850s showing prominent routes to the gold regions]]

The first decade of the boom was largely concentrated along the South Platte River at the base of the Rocky Mountains, in the canyon of [[Clear Creek (Colorado)|Clear Creek]] in the mountains west of Golden City, at [[Breckenridge, Colorado|Breckenridge]] and in [[South Park (Park County, Colorado)|South Park]] at [[Como, Colorado|Como]], [[Fairplay, Colorado|Fairplay]], and [[Alma, Colorado|Alma]]. By 1860, Denver City, [[Golden, Colorado|Golden City]], and Boulder City were substantial towns that served the mines. Rapid population growth led to the creation of the [[Colorado Territory]] in 1861.

The Pike's Peak Gold Rush sent many Americans into a frenzy, prompting them to pack up their belongings and head to Colorado. This initial boom influenced people to begin falsifying information, often sending people out to the west without any proof of a true presence of gold.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/colorado-gold-rush|title=Colorado Gold Rush|date=May 6, 2016|publisher=Colorado Encyclopedia|accessdate=November 16, 2017}}</ref> As early as the spring of 1859, people raced to the Pike's Peak country. Some even dared to go out in the winter of 1858 to try to get a head start, only to realize that they would have to wait until the snow melted to even begin their mining for gold.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pike's Peak Gold Rush|url=http://www.explore-old-west-colorado.com/pikes-peak-gold-rush.html|website=Explore Old West Colorado|accessdate=July 29, 2014}}</ref>

===Free gold===
{{Main|Gold mining in Colorado}}
Hardrock mining boomed for a few years, but then declined in the mid-1860s as the miners exhausted the shallow parts of the veins that contained free gold, and found that their [[Patio process|amalgamation]] mills could not recover gold from the deeper sulfide ores.<ref>A. H. Koschman and M. H. Bergendahl (1968) ''Principal Gold-Producing Districts of the United States'', US Geological Survey, Professional Paper 610, p.86.</ref> This problem was eventually solved and gold and silver mining in Colorado became a major industry.

Colorado produced 150,000 ounces of gold in 1861 and 225,000 troy ounces in 1862. This led Congress to establish the [[Denver Mint]]. Cumulative Colorado production by 1865 was 1.25 million ounces, of which sixty percent was placer gold.<ref name=Voynick>Voynick, S.M., 1992, Colorado Gold, Missoula: Mountain Press Publishing Company, {{ISBN|0878424555}}</ref>{{rp|28–30}}

==See also==
*[[Australian gold rushes]]
*[[Colorado Silver Boom]]
*[[Horace Greeley]], namesake of [[Greeley, Colorado|Greeley]], [[Colorado]], who mined for gold in the rush
*[[Klondike Gold Rush]]
*[[Silver mining in Colorado]]
*[[Ute people]]
*[[Witwatersrand Gold Rush]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{sister project links}}

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[[Category:American gold rushes]]
[[Category:Gold mining in Colorado]]
[[Category:Colorado Mining Boom]]
[[Category:Pikes Peak]]
[[Category:1858 in Kansas Territory]]
[[Category:American frontier]]
[[Category:Kansas Territory]]
[[Category:Jefferson Territory]]
[[Category:Economy of Colorado]]
[[Category:Mining in Colorado]]
[[Category:Pre-statehood history of Colorado]]
[[Category:1858 in the United States]]
[[Category:19th century in Colorado]]

Lost Dutchman’s Gold Mine

2019-06-05T18:14:01Z

Cydebot: Robot - Speedily moving category American Old West to :Category:American frontier per CFDS.

[[Image:weaversneedle.jpg|thumb|right|300px|In many versions of the story, [[Weavers Needle|Weaver's Needle]] is a prominent landmark for locating the lost mine.]]
[[Image:LostDutchman-001.JPG|thumb|right|Entrance to [[Lost Dutchman State Park]]]]

The '''Lost Dutchman's Gold Mine''' (also known by similar names) is, according to [[Urban legend|legend]], a rich [[gold]] mine hidden in the southwestern [[United States]]. The location is generally believed to be in the [[Superstition Mountains]], near [[Apache Junction, Arizona|Apache Junction]], east of [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]], [[Arizona]]. There have been many stories about how to find the mine, and each year people search for the mine. Some have died on the search.

The mine is named after [[Germany|German]] immigrant Jacob Waltz (''c.'' 1810–1891), who purportedly discovered it in the 19th century and kept its location a secret. "Dutchman" was a common American term for a "German" ("Dutch" being the [[Names for the Dutch language#Etymology|English cognate]] to the [[German language|German]] [[demonym]] "Deutsch").

The Lost Dutchman's is perhaps the most famous [[Lost mines|lost mine]] in American history. Arizona place-name expert Byrd Granger wrote, as of 1977, the Lost Dutchman's story had been printed or cited at least six times more often than two other fairly well-known tales, the story of [[William Kidd|Captain Kidd]]'s lost treasure, and the story of the [[Pegleg Smith|Lost Pegleg mine]] in [[California]]. People have been seeking the Lost Dutchman's mine since at least 1892,<ref>{{cite book
| last= Blair
| first= Robert
| title= Tales of the Superstitions: The Origins of the Lost Dutchman's Legend
| year= 1975
| publisher= Arizona Historical Foundation
| location= [[Tempe, Arizona]]
| page= 12
}}</ref> while according to one estimate, 8,000 people annually made some effort to locate the Lost Dutchman's mine.<ref name=G99>{{cite book
| last= Granger
| first= Byrd Howell
| title= A Motif Index For Lost Mines and Treasures Applied to Redaction of Arizona Legends, and to Lost Mine and Treasure Legends Exterior to Arizona
| year= 1977
| publisher= [[University of Arizona Press]]
| location= [[Tucson, Arizona]]
| isbn= 0-8165-0646-9
| page= 99
}}</ref> Former [[Arizona Attorney General]] [[Robert K. Corbin]] is among those who have looked for the mine.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://superstitionmountaintomkollenborn.blogspot.com/2009/08/robert-k-corbins-legacy.html |title=Robert K. Corbin's Legacy |author=Tom Kollenborn |publisher=Kollenborn Chronicles |date=August 3, 2009 |accessdate=2009-09-03 }}</ref>

== Other Lost Dutchman's mines ==
Robert Blair wrote "[t]here have been at least four legendary Lost Dutchman's gold mines in the [[Western United States|American West]], including the famed Superstition mine of Jacob Waltz".<ref>Blair, 21</ref> One Lost Dutchman's mine is said to be in [[Colorado]], another in California; two are said to be located in Arizona. Tales of these other Lost Dutchman's mines can be traced to at least the 1870s. The earliest Lost Dutchman's mine in Arizona was said to have been near [[Wickenburg, Arizona|Wickenburg]], about {{convert|180|km|mi|abbr=on}} north-west of the Superstition Mountains: a "Dutchman" was allegedly discovered dead in the desert near Wickenburg in the 1870s alongside [[saddlebag]]s filled with gold. Blair suggested that "fragments of this legend have perhaps become attached to the mythical mine of Jacob Waltz".<ref>Blair, 22</ref>

== Stories about the mine ==
Granger wrote that "fact and fiction blend in the tales",<ref name=G99/> but that there are three main elements to the story:

: "They are, first, tales of the lost [[Apache]] gold or Dr. Thorne's mine; second, tales about the Lost Dutchman's; and, third, stories of the soldiers' lost gold vein ... [t]he most complete version of the Lost Dutchman's story incorporates all three legends".<ref name=G99/> Blair argued that there are kernels of truth at the heart of each of these three main stories, though the popular story is often badly garbled from the actual account. Other theories have materialized that speculate the mine is buried at the bottom of Apache or Roosevelt Lake.

In 1977, Granger identified 62 variants of the Lost Dutchman's story – some of the variations are minor, but others are substantial, casting the story in a very different light from the other versions.

=== Lost Apache gold or Dr. Thorne's story ===
In this story (actually two interconnected stories), members of the Apache tribe are said to have a very rich gold mine located in the Superstition Mountains. Famed Apache [[Geronimo]] is sometimes mentioned in relation to this story. In most variants of the story, the family of a man called Miguel Peralta discovered the mine and began mining the gold there, only to be attacked or massacred by Apaches in about 1850 in the supposed [[Peralta massacre]]. Years later, a man called Dr. Thorne treats an ailing or wounded Apache (often alleged to be a chieftain) and is rewarded with a trip to a rich gold mine. He is blindfolded and taken there by a circuitous route, and is allowed to take as much gold ore as he can carry before again being escorted blindfolded from the site by the Apaches. Thorne is said to be either unwilling or unable to relocate the mine.

==== The truth about the Peralta Mine ====
Most likely because [[Pedro de Peralta]] had been the Spanish Governor of New Mexico (in the 1600s) his family name of “Peralta” was the inspiration for a number of legends in the American Southwest. [[James Reavis]] tried to assert that the Peralta family had a Spanish land grant and a barony granted by the King of Spain, which included a huge swath of Arizona and New Mexico, including the Superstition Mountains. The [[Peralta Massacre]] is a legend that Apaches supposedly ambushed a mining expedition the Peralta family sent into the mountains. Some carved stones in the area are referred to as “[[Peralta Stones]]” and Spanish text and crude maps on them are considered by some to be clues to the location of a Peralta family gold mine in the Superstition Mountains, although others believe the stones to be modern fakes. A lack of historical records leaves uncertainty as to whether a Peralta family ever had possession of land, or mines, in or near the Superstition Mountains.

Blair insisted that the Peralta portion of the story is unreliable, writing: "The operation of a gold mine in the Superstitions by a Peralta family is a contrivance of 20th century writers".<ref>Blair, 87</ref> A man named Miguel Peralta and his family did operate a successful mine in the 1860s – but near [[Valencia, Santa Clarita, California|Valencia, California]], not in Arizona.<ref>Blair, 98</ref> The mine was quite profitable, earning about $35,000 in less than one year; Blair described this as "an unusually good return" for such a small gold mine to earn in such a relatively brief period.<ref name=B108>Blair, 108</ref> As of 1975, ruins of the Peralta mine were standing.<ref name=B108/>

However, the Peralta Mine eventually became unprofitable and after the money was gone Miguel Peralta turned to [[fraud]]. Dr. [[George M. Willing Jr.]] paid Peralta $20,000 for the mining rights for an enormous swath of land – about {{convert|3000000|acre|km2|abbr=on}} in southern Arizona and [[New Mexico]] – based on a deed originally granted by the [[Spanish Empire]] in the 18th century.<ref>Blair, 110</ref> Trouble came after Willing learned that the deed was entirely bogus. Despite his efforts, Willing was never able to recover the money he gave to Peralta. This land grant was the basis of the [[James Reavis]] Arizona land swindle (Reavis became Willing's partner and continued to try to prove the authenticity of the land grant for years after Willing's death).

Blair argued that this Peralta story (well known to Arizona residents) was eventually incorporated in the Lost Dutchman's story, in a severely distorted version, following the renewed interest in the Lost Dutchman's mine in the 1930s.

Since [[James Reavis]], "[[the Baron of Arizona]]", was convicted of fraud when the Peralta family genealogy and other documents to support the land grant (and a barony associated with that land) were determined to be forgeries it also raises questions about the original purchase of the land grant by Dr. [[George M. Willing Jr.]] (the transaction had supposedly occurred at a primitive campsite to the southeast of Prescott without the benefit of the typical documentation; instead of a [[notarized]] [[deed]], the [[conveyancing|conveyance]] was recorded on a piece of greasy camp paper bearing signature of several witnesses). Willing died in 1874 before there had been a thorough investigation of the documents or opportunity to cross examine him on the stand as was later done with Reavis.

==== The truth about Dr. Thorne ====
Another detail which casts doubt on the story is the fact that, according to Blair, there was never any Dr. Thorne in the employ of the Army or indeed of the [[Federal government of the United States|Federal Government]] in the 1860s.<ref>Blair, 132</ref> According to Blair, the origin of this story can be traced to a doctor named Thorne who was in private practice in New Mexico in the 1860s. Thorne claimed that he was taken captive by [[Navajo people|Navajos]] in 1854, and that during his captivity he had discovered a rich gold vein.<ref name=B133>Blair, 133</ref> Thorne related his claims to three U.S. soldiers in about 1858.<ref name=B133/> The three soldiers set out to find the gold, but without success. Over the decades, this tale was gradually absorbed into the Lost Dutchman's story.

=== The Lost Dutchman's story ===
This tale involves two German men, Jacob Waltz and Jacob Weiser. However, Blair argued that there is a strong likelihood that there never was a second man named Weiser, but rather that a single person named Waltz was, over the years, turned into two men as the legend of the Dutchman's mine evolved. Blair contended that this story can be divided into "hawk" and "dove" versions, depending on whether the German(s) are said to behave violently or peacefully.<ref>Blair, 11</ref> In most versions of the tale, Jacob Waltz located a rich gold mine in the Superstition Mountains (in many versions of the story, they rescue or help a member of the Peralta family and are rewarded by being told the location of the mine). Weiser is attacked and wounded by marauding Apaches, but survives at least long enough to tell a man called Dr. Walker about the mine. Waltz is also said to make a deathbed confession to Julia Thomas, and draws or describes a crude [[map]] to the gold mine.

John D. Wilburn in his book ''Dutchman's Lost Ledge of Gold'' (1990), wrote that the Bulldog Gold Mine near [[Goldfield, Arizona]], fits very well the description Jacob Waltz gave as the location of his 'lost mine'. Furthermore, Wilburn stated that geology indicates that there is no gold in the Superstition Mountains, which are [[igneous]] in origin. (However, in some versions,<ref name="ReferenceA">{{IMDb title|0041610|Lust for Gold}}</ref> the 'mine' is actually a cache put there by the Peraltas.)

=== Stories of the soldiers' lost gold vein ===
In yet another version of the tale, two (or more) [[United States Army|U.S. Army]] soldiers are said to have discovered a vein of almost pure gold in or near the Superstition Mountains. The soldiers are alleged to have presented some of the gold, but to have been killed or to have vanished soon after.

This account is usually dated to about 1870. According to Blair, the story may have its roots in the efforts of three U.S. soldiers to locate gold in an area of New Mexico, based on an allegedly true story related to them by Dr. Thorne of New Mexico; see above.

== The historical Jacob Waltz ==
[[Image:LostDutchman-002.JPG|thumb|right|A view of Superstition Mountains in Lost Dutchman State Park]]
[[File:Phoenix-Pioneer Military and Memorial Park-1850-Jacob the “Dutchman” Waltz.JPG|thumb|Grave of Jacob Waltz, Pioneer and Military Cemetery, west of downtown Phoenix]]

Blair cited evidence of the historical Jacob Waltz and suggested that additional evidence supports the core elements of the story – that Waltz claimed to have discovered (or at least heard the story of) a rich gold vein or cache. But Blair suggested that this core story was distorted in subsequent retellings, comparing the many variants of the Lost Dutchman's story to the game of [[Chinese whispers]], where the original account is distorted in multiple retellings of the tale.<ref>Blair, 75</ref>

There was indeed a Jacob Waltz who emigrated to the U.S. from [[Germany]]. The earliest documentation of him in the U.S. is an 1848 affidavit in which Waltz declared himself to be "about 38 years old".<ref>Blair, 25</ref> A man called Jacob ''Walz'' was born in September 1810 in [[Württemberg]]. Blair suggested that this Waltz could be the same Waltz who later came to be regarded as the legendary Dutchman, and that he Americanized the spelling of his family name.<ref>Blair, 29</ref> Note that tombstone pictured shows birth year as 1808.

Waltz relocated to Arizona in the 1860s, and stayed in the territory for most of the rest of his life. He pursued mining and prospecting, but seems to have had little luck with either. An alternate view which better fits the lost mine legend is that he periodically appeared with large amounts of gold, ''The Sterling Legend'' by Estee Conatser reports that a Jacob Walzer sold $250,000 in gold to the U.S.Mint during the 1880s and had $1500 when he died in 1891. In 1870, Waltz had a homestead of about {{convert|160|acre|km2|abbr=on}} near Phoenix where he operated a [[farm]].<ref>Blair, 59</ref>

There was a catastrophic flood in Phoenix in 1891, and Waltz's farm was one of many that was devastated. Afterwards, Waltz fell ill (he was rumored to have contracted [[pneumonia]] during the flooding). He died on October 25, 1891, after having been nursed by an acquaintance named Julia Thomas (she was usually described as a [[quadroon]]). Waltz was buried in Phoenix at what is now called the [[Pioneer and Military Memorial Park]].

Blair had little doubt that Waltz related to Thomas the location of an alleged gold mine. As early as September 1, 1892, The ''Arizona Enterprise'' was reporting on the efforts of Thomas and several others to locate the lost mine whose location was told to her by Waltz.<ref>Blair, 73</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn94051692/1892-09-08/ed-1/seq-2/|title=The St. Johns herald. (St. Johns, Apache County, Arizona Territory [Ariz.]) 1885-1903, September 08, 1892, Image 2|author=|date=8 September 1892|publisher=|via=chroniclingamerica.loc.gov}}</ref> After this was unsuccessful, Thomas and her partners were reported to be selling maps to the mine for $7 each.<ref>Blair, 74</ref>

== The death of Adolph Ruth ==
Were it not for the death of amateur explorer and [[Treasure hunting|treasure hunter]] Adolph Ruth, the story of the Lost Dutchman's mine would probably have been little more than a footnote in Arizona history as one of hundreds of "lost mines" rumored to be in the American West. Ruth disappeared while searching for the mine in the summer of 1931. His skull – with two holes in it identified as bullet holes – was recovered about six months after he vanished, and the story made national news, thus sparking widespread interest in the Lost Dutchman's mine.<ref>{{cite book
| last= Gentry
| first= Curt
| authorlink= Curt Gentry
| title= The Killer Mountains: A Search for the Legendary Lost Dutchman Mine
| year= 1968
| publisher= [[New American Library]]
| location= [[New York City]]
| isbn= 0-233-96169-0
}}</ref>

In a story that echoes some of the earlier tales, Ruth's son Erwin C. Ruth was said to have learned of the Peralta mine from a man called Pedro Gonzales (or Gonzalez). According to the story, in about 1912 Erwin C. Ruth gave some legal aid to Gonzales, saving him from almost certain imprisonment. In gratitude, Gonzales told Erwin about the Peralta mine in the Superstition Mountains, and gave him some antique maps of the site (Gonzales claimed to be descended from the Peralta family on his mother's side). Erwin passed the information to his father Adolph, who had a long-standing interest in lost mines and amateur exploration. The elder Ruth had fallen and badly broken several bones while seeking the lost Pegleg mine in California. He had metal pins in his leg, and used a cane to help him walk.

In June 1931, Ruth set out to locate the lost Peralta mine. After traveling to the region, Ruth stayed several days at the ranch of Tex Barkely to outfit his expedition. Barkely repeatedly urged Ruth to abandon his search for the mine, because the terrain of the Superstition Mountains was treacherous even for experienced outdoorsmen, let alone for the 66-year-old Ruth in the heat of the Arizona summer.

However, Ruth ignored Barkely's advice, and set out for a two-week stint in the mountains. Ruth did not return as scheduled, and no trace of him could be found after a brief search. In December, 1931, ''[[The Arizona Republic]]'' reported on the recent discovery of a human skull in the Superstition Mountains. To determine if the skull was Ruth's, it was examined by Dr. [[Aleš Hrdlička]], a well-respected [[Anthropology|anthropologist]] who was given several photos of Ruth, along with Ruth's [[Forensic dentistry|dental records]]. As [[Curt Gentry]] wrote, "Dr. Hrdlicka positively identified the skull as that of Adolph Ruth. He further stated, after examining the two holes [in the skull], that it appeared that a [[shotgun]] or high-powered [[rifle]] had been fired through the head at almost point-blank range, making the small hole when the bullet entered and the large hole when it exited".<ref>Gentry, 101</ref>

In January 1932, human remains were discovered about three-quarters of a mile (1.21 km) from where the skull had been found. Though the remains had been scattered by scavengers, they were undoubtedly Ruth's. Many of Ruth's personal effects were found at the scene, including a [[Handgun|pistol]] (not missing any shells) and the metal pins used to mend his broken bones. But the map to the Peralta mine was said to be missing.

Tantalizingly, Ruth's [[Cheque|checkbook]] was also recovered, and proved to contain a note written by Ruth wherein he claimed to have discovered the mine and gave detailed directions. Ruth ended his note with the phrase "[[Veni, vidi, vici]]."<ref>Gentry, 102</ref>

Authorities in Arizona did not convene a criminal inquest regarding Ruth's death. They argued that Ruth had probably succumbed to thirst or heart disease (though, as Gentry wrote, "[o]ne official went so far as to suggest that [Adolph Ruth] might have committed suicide ... While this theory did not ignore the two holes in the skull, it did fail to explain how Ruth had managed to remove and bury the empty shell, then reload his gun, after shooting himself through the head".<ref>Gentry, 102–103</ref> Blair noted that the conclusion of the Arizona authorities was rejected by many, including Ruth's family, and "those who held onto the more romantic murdered-for-the-map story".<ref>Blair, 97</ref>

Blair wrote that "the national wire services picked up the story [of Ruth's death] and ran it for more than it was worth", possibly seeing the mysterious story as a welcome reprieve from the bleak news that was otherwise typical of the [[Great Depression]].<ref>Blair, 96</ref>

==Other searches for the mine==
Throughout the 20th century, various expeditions and individuals continued to search the Superstitions for the Lost Dutchman Mine. One of the most professional and serious-minded efforts was led by Oklahoma City private detective Glen Magill, who organized multiple expeditions in the late 60's and early 70's, and claimed on at least two occasions to have identified the location of the mine, later to concede he was either mistaken or the locations were "played out," or bereft of gold. Magill's adventures were chronicled in the popular book "The Killer Mountains," by Curt Gentry.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/1142170.The_Killer_Mountains|title=The Killer Mountains|author=|date=|website=www.goodreads.com}}</ref>

== Other deaths and disappearances ==
Since Ruth's death, there have been several other deaths or disappearances in the Superstition Mountains. Some searchers for the mine have disappeared in likely wilderness accidents.
* In the mid-1940s, the headless remains of prospector James A. Cravey were reportedly discovered in the Superstition Mountains. He'd allegedly disappeared after setting out to find the Lost Dutchman's mine.<ref name="Kollenborn">{{cite web|url=http://www.superstition-sar.org/downloads/kollenborn_air_rescue_history.pdf |title=One Man's Dream: Air Rescue |last=Kollenborn |first=Tom |accessdate= 28 February 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121207133253/http://www.superstition-sar.org/downloads/kollenborn_air_rescue_history.pdf |archivedate=2012-12-07 |df= }}</ref>
* In his 1945 book about the Lost Dutchman's mine, ''Thunder God's Gold'', Barry Storm (pen name of John Griffith Climenson) claimed to have narrowly escaped from a mysterious [[sniper]] he dubbed "Mr. X". Storm further speculated that Adolph Ruth might have been a victim of the same sniper.<ref>{{cite book
| last= Storm
| first= Barry
| title= Thunder God's Gold
| year= 1945
| publisher= The Southwest Publishing Company
| location= [[Tortilla Flat, Arizona]]
}}</ref>
* In late 1961 George Conrad "Shorty" Mueller exalted to friends in the Phoenix area that he'd found the mine. He claimed he needed help removing the gold from the cache, and asked two friends to accompany him back into the area around Weaver's Needle. However, less than two weeks later on January 1, 1962, Shorty Mueller died of a heart attack.
* In late November or early December 2009, [[Denver, Colorado]] resident Jesse Capen (35) went missing in the [[Tonto National Forest]]. His campsite and car were found abandoned shortly afterward. He was known to have been obsessed with finding the mine for several years and had made previous trips to the area.<ref>{{cite news | title = Arizona desert searched for missing Denver man seeking gold mine| newspaper= The Denver Post|url= http://www.denverpost.com/search/ci_14208899 |first= Kirk | last= Mitchell| date=January 17, 2010| accessdate=January 25, 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Fool's Gold |first=Martin |last=Cizmar |url=http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/2010-04-22/news/fool-s-gold-prospectors-have-looked-for-the-lost-ducthman-gold-for-a-century-but-jesse-capen-figured-he-could-find-it-he-probably-died-trying |newspaper= Phoenix New Times |date= April 22, 2010| accessdate=January 25, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.9news.com/video/news/missing-treasure-hunter/73-1658925| title = Mother of missing treasure hunter holds onto hope| first = Cheryl| last = Preheim| date = January 17, 2010| work = 9News.com| publisher = KUSA TV| accessdate = 25 January 2011}}</ref> Capen's body was found in November 2012 by a local search and rescue organization, wedged into a crevice.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/us/2012/11/29/body-found-in-arizona-superstition-mountains-believed-to-that-missing-treasure/?intcmp=trending|title=Body of man who hunted legendary 'Lost Dutchman's' gold mine believed found in Arizona mountains|author=Joshua Rhett Miller|publisher=[[FOX News]]|date=2012-11-29|accessdate=2012-11-29}}</ref> The program ''[[Disappeared (TV series)|Disappeared]]'' covered the case (mentioning others) in the episode "The Dutchman's Curse".
* On July 11, 2010, [[Utah]] hikers Curtis Merworth (49), Ardean Charles (66), and Malcolm Meeks (41) went missing in the Superstition Mountains looking for the mine. Merworth had become lost in the same area in 2009, requiring a rescue.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hNwd68iW6TCWW1Sr9waX_DErscrgD9GUDF6G0 |title=3 Utah men still missing on Arizona treasure hunt |agency=Associated Press |date=13 July 2010 |accessdate=14 July 2010}}</ref> On July 19, the Maricopa County Sheriff's Department called off the search for the lost men. They presumably died in the summer heat.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.azfamily.com/news/Search-for-men-looking-for-gold-in-Supersition-Mtns-officially-suspended-98790344.html |title=3 Search for men looking for Lost Dutchman's gold suspended |author=Alicia E. Barrón |date=19 July 2010 |accessdate=1 Aug 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100723131819/http://www.azfamily.com/news/Search-for-men-looking-for-gold-in-Supersition-Mtns-officially-suspended-98790344.html |archivedate=23 July 2010 |df= }}</ref> In January 2011, three sets of remains believed to be those of the lost men were recovered.<ref>{{cite news| title= More remains found in Superstitions; may be hiker's | newspaper= Arizona Republic |url= http://www.azcentral.com/news/articles/2011/01/17/20110117superstition-mountains-remains-found.html | last= Gonzalez | first= Nathan | date= January 17, 2011 | accessdate=January 25, 2011}}</ref>

== Lost Dutchman State Park ==
{{main|Lost Dutchman State Park}}
In 1977, {{convert|292|acre|ha}} abutting the [[Tonto National Forest]] were set aside as the Lost Dutchman State Park.<ref>[http://azstateparks.com/Parks/LODU/history.html History of Lost Dutchman State Park] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140916010002/http://azstateparks.com/Parks/LODU/history.html |date=2014-09-16 }} Retrieved 30 March 2015</ref> The park was expanded to {{convert|320|acre|ha}} in 1983. It is easily accessible about 40 miles east of Phoenix via [[U.S. Highway 60]], the [[Superstition Freeway]]. Hiking and camping are popular activities. There are several paths that go through the brush and cacti. The short "Discovery Trail" is a clear route with several placards giving the natural history of the area. Serious gold prospecting is not allowed.

== In popular culture ==

{{in popular culture|date=June 2018}}
* ''Legend of the Superstition Mountains'' premiered on the [[History (U.S. TV channel)|History Channel]] on February 8, 2015. The first season of the entertainment program comprised six episodes.
* ''The Haunted Treasure of the Espectros'', a 1962 juvenile adventure novel by [[Gordon D. Shirreffs]], is a pastiche of the Lost Dutchman legend.
* French comic book authors, [[Jean-Michel Charlier]] and [[Jean Giraud]] had their western hero [[Blueberry (comics)|Lieutenant Blueberry]] explore for the Lost Dutchman's mine in the 1972 albums ''La mine de l'Allemand perdu'' and ''Le Spectre aux balles d'or'' (English title was ''Marshall Blueberry: The Lost Dutchman's Mine'', Epic 1991).
* ''Lost Dutchman's Mine'' is a [[text adventure]] game by the Programmer's Guild written in [[Applesoft BASIC]]. The [[source code]] appeared as a [[type-in program]] in ''[[BYTE]]'' in 1980 and 1981.<ref name="byte198012">{{cite news | url=https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1980-12/1980_12_BYTE_05-12_Adventure#page/n269/mode/2up | title=Lost Dutchman's Mine | work=BYTE | date=December 1980 | accessdate=18 October 2013 |author1=Liddill, Bob |author2=Li, Teri }}</ref><ref name="byte198104">{{cite news | url=https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1981-04/1981_04_BYTE_06-04_Future_Computers#page/n301/mode/2up | title=Adventurous Bugs | work=BYTE | date=April 1984 | accessdate=18 October 2013 | page=302}}</ref>
* ''[[Al Emmo and the Lost Dutchman's Mine]]'' is a 2006 [[adventure game]] based loosely around the myth of the Lost Dutchman's Gold; the protagonist, Al Emmo, sets out to locate the mine and recover its riches for Rita Peralto.
* The mine features in the 1948 RKO Western ''[[Guns of Hate]]''.
* ''[[Lust for Gold]]'' is a 1949 western film about the mine based on Storm's book.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
* A 13-episode serial of the ''[[Ruff and Reddy]]'' television cartoon series, originally broadcast in 1960, has the titular heroes searching for – and finding – the Lost Dutchman's gold mine, as well as the ghost of the Lost Dutchman.
* "The Lost Dutchman" episode of the [[NBC]] ''[[Laramie (TV series)|Laramie]]'' television series aired on February 14, 1961.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0624783/|title=''Laramie'': "The Lost Dutchman", February 14, 1961|publisher=Internet Movie Data Base|accessdate=October 5, 2012}}{{unreliable source?|date=June 2017}}</ref>
* ''The Death's-Head Mine'' is a 2001 novel inspired by the Peralta legend.
* ''Dutchman's Gold'' was a chart hit in 1960 for [[Walter Brennan]].<ref>[http://www.mtv.com/music/artist/brennan_walter/1949451/lyrics.jhtml Dutchman's Gold at MTV.com]{{dead link|date=August 2012|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>
* ''The Peralta Map'' was an episode of the Old Time Radio show ''Suspense'' and aired on March 10, 1957. It starred Raymond Burr with Stacy Harris and Junius Matthews
* Comic book writer/illustrator [[Don Rosa]] has written a [[Scrooge McDuck]] comic about the mine, called ''[[The Dutchman's Secret]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://donrosa.wikispaces.com/Index |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120707133649/http://donrosa.wikispaces.com/Index |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2012-07-07 |title=Don Rosa|publisher=Donrosa.wikispaces.com |date= |accessdate=2012-08-17}}</ref>
* ''[[Lost Dutchman Mine (video game)|Lost Dutchman Mine]]'', a 1989 video game for various platforms.
* Elise Broach's novel ''Missing on Superstition Mountain'' (2011) uses the Lost Dutchman's Mine as a focal point of the plot.
* The Lost Dutchman Mine ride was a popular attraction at [[Legend City]] amusement park (Tempe, AZ 1963–1983)<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.legend-city.com/old_site/mine.htm |title=The Lost Dutchman Mine |publisher= JPB Publishing Ltd. |date= |accessdate= 2013-08-13}}</ref>
* The Lost Dutchman's Mine ride was a popular attraction at [[Frontier Village]] amusement park (San Jose, CA 1961–1980)
* The Lost Dutchman's Mine ride was a popular attraction at [[Opryland U.S.A.]] amusement park (Nashville, TN 1972–1997)
* The Lost Dutchman's Mine story was featured in an episode of ''[[Monsters and Mysteries in America]]'' entitled "Badlands".
* The Lost Dutchman's Mine and Jacob Waltz are featured key aspects of the novel ''Vengeance Road'' by Erin Bowman.
* The Lost Dutchman's Mine is the central key around which revolves the plot of the 2013 film ''[[Dark Mountain (2013 film)|Dark Mountain]]''.
* The plot of a ''[[Tex Willer]]'' (an [[Italian comics|Italian comic]]) story entitled ''La Miniera del Fantasma'' ("The Ghost's Mine") is based on the Lost Dutchman's Mine legend.
* The Lost Dutchman's Goldmine is mentioned in the song "Diggin' For Gold" by Black Oak Arkansas. (Album: ''Ain't Life Grand''. 1975. Atco).
* The popular TV show, "Unsolved Mysteries" aired an episode about the Lost Dutchman's Mine on March 15, 1989.
* The radio play "Superstitions" from the [[podcast]] "Twelve Chimes, It's Midnight" features treasure hunters searching the Superstition Mountains for the Lost Dutchman's Mine.<ref>{{Citation|title=S2E1 Superstitions|url=https://soundcloud.com/twelvechimesradio/s2e1-superstitions|language=en|accessdate=2017-10-25}}</ref>
* The Lost Dutchman's Mine features prominently as the place Lara Croft tries to find in the three-part graphic series entitled "The Black Legion".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Tomb Raider Archives V.3|last=|first=|publisher=Dark Horse Books|year=2017|isbn=9781506703534|location=Milwaukie, OR 97222|pages=7-78}}</ref>
* The popular TV series, "In Search Of" hosted by Leonard Nimoy, aired an episode about the Lost Dutchman's Mine on December 24, 1977.

== See also ==
* [[Beale ciphers]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web|url=http://www.theoutlaws.com/gold1.htm|title=The Dutchman's Lost Gold Mine|last=Paul|first=Lee|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120228065645/http://www.theoutlaws.com/gold1.htm|archivedate=February 28, 2012 |accessdate= February 28, 2013}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.ajpl.org/aj/superstition/ldm.htm |title=The Lost Dutchman's Mine – History and Bibliography|publisher= Apache Junction Library |accessdate= 28 February 2013}}
* {{cite web|url=http://azstateparks.com/Parks/LODU/index.html |title= Lost Dutchman State Park|accessdate= 28 February 2013}}
* {{cite report|url=http://wsdlaw.net/media/97ee4b282660040bffff8007ffffe907.pdf|title=Arizona Mining Scams and Unassayable Ore Projects of the Late 20th Century|last=Donaldson|first=W. Scott|publisher=Arizona Department of Mines and Mineral Resources|date=December 2002|accessdate= 28 February 2013}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/6172003|title=Jacob "Lost Dutchman" Waltz|publisher=Find A Grave.com|accessdate=5 February 2012}}
* {{Skeptoid|id=4347|number=347|title=The Lost Dutchman Gold Mine |accessdate= 28 February 2013}}
* {{cite web |url= http://www.lost-dutchman.com/ |title= Tales of the Lost Dutchman |last=Stewart |first=Doug |accessdate= 28 February 2013}}

{{American tall tales}}
{{American frontier}}

[[Category:Lost mines|Dutchman's Gold Mine]]
[[Category:American folklore]]
[[Category:History of Pinal County, Arizona]]
[[Category:Superstition Mountains]]
[[Category:Treasure]]
[[Category:American legends]]
[[Category:Treasure of the United States]]
[[Category:American frontier]]

Pferdediebstahl

2019-06-05T18:13:14Z

Cydebot: Robot - Speedily moving category American Old West to :Category:American frontier per CFDS.

[[File:Horse thief hanging.png|thumb|300px|Oregon cowboys circa 1900 dramatizing the fate of a horse thief<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=N8AUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA520#v=onepage&q&f=false] Geo. C. Blakely, photographer, “Thirteen Snapshots of Life in the Untrammeled Bunch Grass County: Execution After the Verdict,” ''The Oregon Native Son,'' volume 2, page 520 (May 1900)</ref>]]

'''Horse theft''' is the [[crime]] of stealing [[horse]]s. A person engaged in stealing horses is known as a '''horse thief'''. Horse theft was very common throughout the world prior to widespread car ownership. Punishments were often severe for horse theft, with several cultures pronouncing the sentence of death upon actual or presumed thieves. Several societies were formed in the US to prevent horse theft and apprehend horse thieves. However, horse theft continues to occur throughout the world, as horses are stolen for their meat, for ransom, or in disputes between their owners and other persons. Horse theft today is comparable to Automobile theft; a crime punishable by felony jail time. Both horse and car are valuable commodities.

==History==

===Europe===
Horse theft was a well-known crime in [[Medieval Europe|medieval]] and [[Early modern Europe|early modern]] times and was severely prosecuted in many areas. While many crimes were punished through ritualized shaming or banishment, horse theft often brought severe punishment, including [[human branding|branding]], torture, exile and even death.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dnC6WJWZEP4C&pg=PA97&dq=horse+theft+in+europe&hl=en&sa=X&ei=W0GiUpLaO4feoASfioKwBw&ved=0CDIQ6AEwATgK#v=onepage&q=horse%20theft%20in%20europe&f=false|page=97|title=Gender and Poverty in Nineteenth Century Europe|author=Rachel Ginnis Fuchs|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2005|isbn=052162102X}}</ref> According to one 18th century treatise, the use of death as a punishment for horse theft stretches back as far as the first century AD, when the Germanic [[Chauci]] tribe would sentence horse thieves to death, while murderers would be sentenced to a fine. This practice derived from the wealth of the populace being in the form of livestock which ranged over large areas, meaning that the theft of animals could only be prevented through fear of the harsh punishment that would result.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kwcFAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA163&dq=horse+theft+in+europe&hl=en&sa=X&ei=W0GiUpLaO4feoASfioKwBw&ved=0CDsQ6AEwAzgK#v=onepage&q=horse%20theft%20in%20europe&f=false|page=163|author=Gilbert Stuart|publisher= J. Murray|year= 1782|title=A view of society in Europe in its progress from rudeness to refinement}}</ref>

Horse theft was harshly punished in the French [[Bordeaux]] region in the 15th–18th centuries. Punishments ranged from [[Flagellation|whipping]] to a lifetime sentence of service on a [[galley]] ship. This latter punishment was also given to perpetrators of [[incest]], homicide and poisoning, showing the severity with which horse theft was viewed by the judiciary.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=508kHfewluIC&pg=PA17&dq=horse+theft+in+europe&hl=en&sa=X&ei=cTCiUvihAc7hoASntYGYAQ&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=horse%20theft%20in%20europe&f=false|title=Crime, Punishment and Reform in Europe|page=17|author=Louis A. Knafla|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2003|isbn=0313310149}}</ref> For the rural English county of [[Berkshire]] in the 18th century, horse theft was considered a major property crime, along with stealing from dwellings or warehouses, sheep theft, [[highway robbery]] and other major thefts.<ref>Knafla, p. 201</ref> In 19th-century Russia, horse theft made up approximately 16 percent of thefts of peasant property; however, there were no reported thefts of horses from estate property. The offense of stealing a horse was the most severely punished of any theft on Russian estates, due to the importance of horses in day-to-day living. Flogging was the usual punishment for horse thieves, combined with the shaving of heads and beards, and fines of up to three times the value of the horse if the animal had been sold.<ref>{{cite book|title=Serfdom and Social Control in Russia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=30vGxyWbK1IC&pg=PA169&dq=horse+theft+in+russia&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ak-iUufeFcj3oATb44LICg&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=horse%20theft%20in%20russia&f=false|page=169|author=Steven L. Hoch|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1989|isbn=0226345858}}</ref>

===United States===
[[File:Alfred Jacob Miller - Snake Indian Pursuing "Crow" Horse Thief - Walters 371940145.jpg|200px|thumb|[[Alfred Jacob Miller]]'s ''Snake Indian Pursuing "Crow" Horse Thief'', {{circa}}1859.]]
The term horse thief came into great popularity in the [[United States]] during the 19th century. During that time the [[Great Plains]] states, [[Texas]], and other western states were sparsely populated and negligibly policed. As farmers tilled the land and [[Manifest Destiny|migrants headed west]] through the Great Plains, their horses became subject to theft. Since these farmers and migrants depended on their horses, horse thieves garnered a particularly pernicious reputation because they left their victims helpless or greatly handicapped by the loss of their horses. The victims needed their horses for transportation and farming. Such depredation led to the use of the term horse thief as an [[insult]], one that conveys the impression of the insulted person as one lacking any shred of [[Moral obligation|moral decency]].<ref>{{cite thesis |type=Ph.D. |first=Matthew S |last=Luckett |title=Honor among Thieves: Horse Stealing, State-Building, and Culture in Lincoln County, Nebraska, 1860 - 1890 |publisher=University of California Los Angeles |year=2014}}</ref>

In the United States, the [[Anti Horse Thief Association]], first organized in 1854 in [[Clark County, Missouri]], was an organization developed for the purposes of protecting property, especially horses and other livestock, from theft, and recovering such property if and when it was stolen. Originally conceived by farmers living in the area where [[Missouri]], [[Illinois]] and [[Iowa]] intersect, it soon spread, with the first [[charter organization]] in [[Oklahoma Territory]] being created in 1894. By 1916 the associated numbered over 40,000 members in nine central and western US states, and a drop in horse thefts had been noted.

Between 1899 and 1909, members of the Oklahoma branch of the AHTA recovered $83,000 worth of livestock and saw the conviction of over 250 thieves.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/A/AN012.html|title=Anti-Horse Thief Association|publisher=Oklahoma Historical Society|author=Keen, Patrick|accessdate=2013-12-06}}</ref> A similar group, which operated mainly in [[Ohio]], was the [[Bentonville Anti-Horse Thief Society]]. Men suspected of being thieves would be pursued by members of the organization, and often hanged without trial.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Bentonville_Anti-Horse_Thief_Society?rec=2943|title=Bentonville Anti-Horse Thief Society|publisher=Ohio History Central|accessdate=2013-12-06}}</ref> [[The Society in Dedham for Apprehending Horse Thieves]] was a third such organization that operated in the United States, this one in [[Dedham, Massachusetts]]. It is today "the oldest continually existing horse thief apprehending organization in the [[United States]], and one of [[Dedham, Massachusetts|Dedham]]’s most venerable social organizations."<ref name=SocietyWeb>{{cite web | url = http://www.dedhamhorsethieves.org/ | title = The Society in Dedham for Apprehending Horse Thieves | accessdate = June 15, 2015 }}</ref> Most of these clubs became defunct or developed into social clubs with the decline of horse theft in the US.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dedhamhorsethieves.org/id5.html|title=Historical Sketch|publisher=The Society in Dedham for Apprehending Horse Thieves|accessdate=2013-12-06}}</ref>

==Present day==
Horse theft is still relatively common, with an estimated 40,000 horses a year being taken from their lawful owners by strangers or opponents in civil or legal disputes. [[Stolen Horse International]] is one modern-day organization in the US that works to reconnect stolen horses with their owners.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.thehorse.com/articles/29422/thwarting-horse-thieves|title=Thwarting Horse Thieves|author=Pat Raia|date=June 1, 2012|journal=The Horse|accessdate=2013-12-06}}</ref> Horses are sometimes stolen for their [[horse meat|meat]],<ref name=Meat>{{cite journal|url=http://www.thehorse.com/articles/31728/french-horses-allegedly-stolen-for-meat|title=French Horses Allegedly Stolen for Meat|author=Christa Lesté-Lasserre|date=April 22, 2013|accessdate=2013-12-06|journal=The Horse}}</ref> or sometimes for ransom.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/miniature-pony-stolen-italian-horse-show-article-1.1457552|title=Miniature pony stolen from Italian horse show|author=Michael Walsh|journal=New York Daily News|date=September 16, 2013|accessdate=2013-12-06}}</ref> Punishment for horse theft can still be severe, as one woman in [[Arkansas]] was sentenced to 60 years in prison for the 2011 theft of five horses and equestrian equipment; one of the horses was later found dead, while the others were recovered.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ksla.com/story/21800054/first-trial-under-way-in-sau-horse-theft|title=Cox gets 60 years in SAU horse theft trial|author=Carolyn Roy|date=July 15, 2013|publisher=KSLA News|accessdate=2013-12-06}}</ref> Horse thefts today can in some cases be solved through the use of [[microchip]]s, which is required in the European Union on horses born after 2009 and also often seen in other countries.<ref name=Meat/>

==See also==
*[[Cattle rustling]]

==Footnotes==
{{reflist}}

:Horse theft}}
[[Category:American frontier]]
[[Category:Horses]]
[[Category:Animal theft]]
[[Category:Illegal occupations]]
[[Category:Organized crime activity]]

3-7-77

2019-06-05T18:09:26Z

Cydebot: Robot - Speedily moving category American Old West to :Category:American frontier per CFDS.

([[Vigilance Committee]]) in [[Virginia City, Montana]]. People who found the numbers '3-7-77' painted on their [[tent]] or [[log cabin|cabin]] knew that they had better leave the area or expect to be on the receiving end of [[vigilantism]]. The numbers are used on the shoulder patch of the [[Montana Highway Patrol]], who claim they do not know the original meaning of the symbol, though the Association of Montana Troopers web site says "Regardless of its meaning, however, 3-7-77 is emblematic of the first organized law enforcement in Montana. The Montana Highway Patrol, in adopting this early symbol, honors the first men in the Montana Territory who organized for the safety and welfare of the people. For that same reason, the Association of Montana Troopers has carried on that tradition by placing the legendary 3-7-77 on their patch as well."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.montanatrooper.com/3-7-77/|title=Association of Montana Troopers {{!}} 3-7-77 Information|website=www.montanatrooper.com|access-date=2016-07-08}}</ref>

The symbol also appears on the flight suits of pilots of the Montana Air National Guard, and the Flight Patch of the Montana Army National Guard Medevac unit (C Co 1-189th GSAB - Vigilantes). Further, it appears under the bottle cap of certain varieties of Big Sky Brewing Company beer.<ref>Long, Nick. Personal interview. 13 Aug 2009. Interview.</ref>

Various theories have been put forth about its meaning, including:
* The numbers represent the dimensions of a grave, 3 feet by 7 feet by 77 inches.<ref>[[Norman Maclean|Maclean, Norman]] (1992). - ''[[A River Runs Through It (novel)|A River Runs Through It and Other Stories]]''. - New York, New York: Pocket Books (Simon & Schuster). - pp. 33. - {{ISBN|0-671-77697-5}}.</ref>
* Frederick Allen, in his book ''A Decent Orderly [[Lynching]]'', says the number meant the person had to buy a $3 ticket on the next 7:00 a.m. [[stagecoach]] to take the 77-mile trip from [[Helena Montana|Helena]] to [[Butte Montana|Butte]].<ref>Allen, Frederick. ''A Decent Orderly Lynching.'' Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 2004.</ref>
* The number set may have something to do with the date March 7, 1877; the numbers were first used in that decade and first appeared in print later in that decade of the 19th century. The first Masonic meeting in Bannack, Montana took place March 7, 1877. Many members of this lodge were also the original Vigilantes.{{source needed|date=April 2018}}
*The Bannack Masons applied for a charter for a Masonic Lodge in 1863. Later in 1871 Bannack Lodge 16 was chartered and remained open until 1921, when it consolidated with the Dillon Masonic Lodge. In 2000 Bannack Historic Lodge 3-7-77 was organized through the Grand Lodge of Montana.
*The same source(The Bannack State Park Guide) also says in 1874 realizing the need for a school, Bannack Masonic Lodge 16 built the combination lodge and school. Suggesting the first Masonic meeting in Bannack was well before March 7, 1877.

==References==
{{reflist|1}}

==External links==

{{Montana}}

[[Category:Pre-statehood history of Montana]]
[[Category:Vigilantism in the United States]]
[[Category:American frontier]]
[[Category:Law enforcement in Montana]]

{{US-hist-stub}}

Hakimpur

2019-05-30T04:02:38Z

Cydebot: Robot - Speedily moving category Villages in Shahid Bhagat Singh Nagar district to :Category:Villages in Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district per CFDS.

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Hakim Pur
| native_name =
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| other_name =
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| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
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| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|31.118101|N|75.925547|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2000 Approx
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 144507
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Hakimpur''' is a village ("Pind" in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]) 22 km from the city of [[Phagwara]] within the [[Doaba]] region of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] in [[India]]. This village is in the [[Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district]] (Formerly [[Nawanshahr District]]), close to the boundary of [[Jullunder]] district. The closest towns are [[Mukandpur]], and [[Apra, Punjab|Apra]]. The City of [[Banga, India]] is about 10 km from the village. The [[Brahmin]] clan of Korpals, [[Jat people|Jatt]] clan of Purewals and Sanger clan of [[Kumhar]] (sometimes written as "Ghumar") reside in this village. A large [[Gurudwara]] (Sikh Temple) is present as you enter Hakimpur, with a [[Mandir]] (Hindu Temple) also present in the village.

[[Category:Nawanshahr]]
[[Category:Villages in Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district]]

{{PunjabIN-geo-stub}}

Adriano Teixeira

2019-05-29T05:58:14Z

Cydebot: Robot - Speedily moving category Celta de Vigo players to :Category:RC Celta de Vigo players per CFDS.

{{Infobox football biography
| name = Adriano Teixeira
| fullname = Adriano Félix Teixeira
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1973|4|7|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Fortaleza]], Brazil
| height = {{height|m=1.82}}
| currentclub = [[Santa Cruz Futebol Clube|Santa Cruz]] (assistant-interim)
| position = [[Defender (association football)#Centre-back|Centre back]]
| youthyears1 = 1991 | youthclubs1 = [[Ferroviário Atlético Clube|Ferroviário]]
| years1 = 1992 | clubs1 = [[Ferroviário Atlético Clube|Ferroviário]] | caps1 = | goals1 =
| years2 = 1993–1996 | clubs2 = [[Sport Club do Recife|Sport]] | caps2 = 46 | goals2 = 0
| years3 = 1996–2000 | clubs3 = [[Celta de Vigo|Celta]] | caps3 = 23 | goals3 = 0
| years4 = 1997–1998 | clubs4 = → [[Fluminense FC|Fluminense]] (loan) | caps4 = 30 | goals4 = 1
| years5 = 2000–2003 | clubs5 = [[SD Compostela|Compostela]] | caps5 = 116 | goals5 = 10
| years6 = 2003–2004 | clubs6 = [[Cultural y Deportiva Leonesa|Cultural Leonesa]] | caps6 = 29 | goals6 = 7
| years7 = 2005 | clubs7 = [[CR Vasco da Gama|Vasco da Gama]] | caps7 = 2 | goals7 = 0
| years8 = 2005–2007 | clubs8 = [[Santa Cruz Futebol Clube|Santa Cruz]] | caps8 = 66 | goals8 = 2
| totalcaps = 312 | totalgoals = 20
| nationalyears1 = 1995 | nationalteam1 = [[Brazil national under-20 football team|Brazil U20]] | nationalcaps1 = | nationalgoals1 =
| nationalyears2 = 1995 | nationalteam2 = [[Brazil national football team|Brazil]] | nationalcaps2 = 2 | nationalgoals2 = 0
| manageryears1 = 2014– | managerclubs1 = [[Santa Cruz Futebol Clube|Santa Cruz]] (assistant-interim)
}}

'''Adriano Félix Teixeira''' (born 7 April 1973), simply known as '''Adriano''', is a Brazilian retired [[Association football|footballer]] who played as a [[Defender (association football)#Centre-back|central defender]], and the current [[Manager (association football)|assistant manager]] of [[Santa Cruz Futebol Clube|Santa Cruz]].

==Club career==
Adriano was born in [[Fortaleza]], [[Ceará]], and made his debut as a senior with [[Ferroviário Atlético Clube|Ferroviário]] in 1992, in [[Campeonato Brasileiro Série C|Série C]]. The following year he moved to neighbouring [[Sport Club do Recife|Sport]], spending three full seasons in [[Campeonato Brasileiro Série A|Série A]].

Adriano moved abroad in the 1996 summer, signing for [[La Liga]] club [[Celta de Vigo]]. He made his debut in the competition on 8 December, coming on as a first half [[Substitute (association football)|substitute]] in a 2–1 home win against [[Racing de Ferrol]].

Despite appearing in 20 matches during [[1996–97 La Liga|his first year]], Adriano returned to his homeland in 1997 after agreeing to a one-year loan deal at [[Fluminense FC|Fluminense]]. He returned to the [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicians]] in the following year, and appeared rarely before moving to [[Segunda División]] club [[SD Compostela]] in January 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yojugueenelcelta.com/2008/05/adriano-teixeira.html|title=Adriano Teixeira|publisher=Yo Jugué en Celta|language=es|accessdate=10 November 2016}}</ref>

At ''Compos'' Adriano established himself as a regular starter, scoring a career-best seven goals in [[2001–02 Segunda División|2001–02]] as his side achieved promotion from [[Segunda División B]]. In 2003, after [[2002–03 Segunda División|suffering relegation]] (his second at the club), he joined third-tier club [[Cultural y Deportiva Leonesa]].

Adriano returned to Brazil in 2005, and subsequently represented [[CR Vasco da Gama|Vasco da Gama]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.netvasco.com.br/news/noticias10/21800.shtml|title=Vasco contrata zagueiros Adriano, ex-Flu, e Marcos, ex-Vitória|trans-title=Vasco sign stoppers Adriano, formerly of ''Flu'', and Marcos, formerly of Vitória|publisher=NetVasco|language=pt|date=28 December 2004|accessdate=10 November 2016}}</ref> and [[Santa Cruz Futebol Clube|Santa Cruz]], retiring with the latter in 2007 at the age of 34. In 2014, he returned to the latter, being appointed assistant manager.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.santacruzpe.com.br/noticia.php?id=1602|title=Ex-zagueiro Adriano volta ao Arruda, como Auxiliar-técnico|trans-title=Former stopper Adriano returns to the Arruda, as an assistant manager|publisher=Santa Cruz|language=pt|accessdate=10 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234200/http://www.santacruzpe.com.br/noticia.php?id=1602|archive-date=2016-03-03|dead-url=yes|df=}}</ref>

In 2016 Adriano was in charge of the first team during three times, all of them as an interim, following the dismissals of [[Marcelo Martelotte]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espn.uol.com.br/noticia/587631_interino-adriano-teixeira-projeta-duelo-decisivo-contra-o-america-pe|title=Interino, Adriano Teixeira projeta duelo decisivo contra o América-PE|trans-title=Interim, Adriano Teixeira predicts decisive duel against América-PE|publisher=[[ESPN Brasil]]|language=es|date=25 March 2016|accessdate=10 November 2016}}</ref> [[Milton Mendes]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://esportes.terra.com.br/lance/adriano-teixeira-assume-o-santa-cruz-no-jogo-contra-o-vitoria,74522ce6280a7ef1433942aefadd032d6nwdlllx.html|title=Adriano Teixeira assume o Santa Cruz no jogo contra o Vitória|trans-title=Adriano Teixeira takes over Santa Cruz in the match against Vitória|publisher=Terra|language=pt|date=11 August 2016|accessdate=10 November 2016}}</ref> and [[Doriva]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.coralnet.com.br/noticias_ler.asp?id=26461|title=Nova interinidade no Santa Cruz não faz Adriano Teixeira pensar em ser técnico efetivo|trans-title=New interim role does not make Adriano Teixeira think about being a full-time manager|publisher=CoralNET|language=pt|date=29 October 2016|accessdate=10 November 2016}}</ref>

==Honours==
===Club===
;Sport
*[[Campeonato Pernambucano]]: 1994, 1996
*[[Copa do Nordeste]]: 1994

===International===
;Brazil U20
*[[Toulon Tournament]]: 1995

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Association football|Biography|Brazil}}
*{{BDFutbol|20|Adriano Teixeira}}
*{{NFT|19279|Adriano Teixeira}}
*{{Soccerway coach|adriano-felix-teixeira/441495}}

{{Campeonato Brasileiro Série B managers}}
{{Santa Cruz Futebol Clube managers}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Adriano Teixeira}}
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Fortaleza]]
[[Category:Brazilian footballers]]
[[Category:Association football defenders]]
[[Category:Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players]]
[[Category:Campeonato Brasileiro Série B players]]
[[Category:Campeonato Brasileiro Série C players]]
[[Category:Ferroviário Atlético Clube (CE) players]]
[[Category:Sport Club do Recife players]]
[[Category:Fluminense FC players]]
[[Category:CR Vasco da Gama players]]
[[Category:Santa Cruz Futebol Clube players]]
[[Category:La Liga players]]
[[Category:Segunda División players]]
[[Category:Segunda División B players]]
[[Category:RC Celta de Vigo players]]
[[Category:SD Compostela footballers]]
[[Category:Cultural Leonesa footballers]]
[[Category:Brazil under-20 international footballers]]
[[Category:Brazil international footballers]]
[[Category:Brazilian expatriate footballers]]
[[Category:Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Spain]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Spain]]
[[Category:Brazilian football managers]]
[[Category:Campeonato Brasileiro Série A managers]]
[[Category:Santa Cruz Futebol Clube managers]]

Matt Dillahunty

2019-05-25T11:41:59Z

Cydebot: Robot - Speedily moving category American pro-choice activists to :Category:American abortion-rights activists per CFDS.

{{Infobox person
|name = Matt Dillahunty
|birth_name = Matthew Wade Dillahunty
|image = Matt Dillahunty SashaCon.jpg
|caption = Dillahunty speaking at the University of Missouri in 2014
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1969|03|31}} 
|birth_place = [[Kansas City, Missouri|Kansas City]], [[Missouri]], U.S.
|other_names =
|known_for = [[Atheism]] and [[secularism]]
|occupation =
|spouse = {{marriage|Beth Presswood|2011|2018|end=divorced}}
|website = {{URL|mattdillahunty.com}}
|nationality = [[Americans|American]]
|module =
{{infobox military person|embed=yes|
|branch = [[United States Navy]]<ref name="NavySite">{{cite web | title = USS Theodore Roosevelt (CVN 71)| work = Unofficial U.S. Navy Site | url = http://navysite.de/cruisebooks/cvn71-90/181.htm | first = Thoralf | last = Doehring | accessdate =27 March 2016}}</ref>
|serviceyears = 1987–1995<ref name=flynn/>
}}
}}
'''Matthew Wade Dillahunty''' (born March 31, 1969) is an American atheist activist. He was the president of the Atheist Community of [[Austin, Texas|Austin]] from 2006 to 2013.<ref>{{citation|title=ACA Lecture Series: Matt Dillahunty — Reflections on a "lifetime" as ACA President |date=May 12, 2013 |quote=Matt has been the President of ACA for many years and is stepping down. |publisher=Atheist Community of Austin |url=http://www.atheist-community.org/lectures/speakers.php?id=118 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117014432/http://www.atheist-community.org/lectures/speakers.php?id=118 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=January 17, 2013 |accessdate=2013-05-17 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.twitch.tv/mattdillahunty | title=MattDillahunty - Twitch | accessdate=11 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Matt Dillahunty |url=http://www.texassecularconvention.org/80-matt-dillahunty |publisher=Texas Secular Convention |accessdate=6 January 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106234220/http://www.texassecularconvention.org/80-matt-dillahunty |archivedate=6 January 2015 |df= }}</ref> He has hosted the Austin-based webcast and cable-access television show ''[[The Atheist Experience]]'' since 2005,<ref name=TWCN>{{citation|title=Public-Access TV Fights for Relevance in the YouTube Age | author=Mike Rosen-Molina | date=December 17, 2008 | publisher=[[PBS]]|url=https://www.pbs.org/mediashift/2008/12/public-access-tv-fights-for-relevance-in-the-youtube-age352}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title="You Piece of S**t!": Atheist TV Hosts Hang Up on "Christian" Caller After Fiery Exchange Over God & Child Rape|work=[[TheBlaze]]|date=January 9, 2013|author=Billy Hallowell|url=http://www.theblaze.com/stories/2013/01/09/you-piece-of-st-atheist-tv-hosts-hang-up-on-christian-caller-after-fiery-exchange-over-god-child-rape/}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Research Shows Christian Population in Decline | first=John |last=Salazar |type=television newscast|date=May 18, 2015|work=[[Time Warner Cable News]]|location=San Antonio, Texas|url=http://www.twcnews.com/tx/san-antonio/news/2015/05/18/research-shows-christian-population-in-decline.html}}</ref> and formerly hosted the live Internet radio show ''Non-Prophets Radio''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.secularstudents.org/mattdillahunty |title=Matt Dillahunty |author=Lyz |date=February 22, 2010 |work= |publisher=[[Secular Student Alliance]] |accessdate=February 3, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Miller|first1=Lloyd|title=On Atheism|journal=The Society for Anthropology in Community Colleges|date=2012|volume=18|issue=1|page=23|url=http://www.aaanet.org/sections/sacc/content/uploads/2012/04/TASN-1814.1-final-final.pdf#page=23|accessdate=6 January 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705050155/http://www.aaanet.org/sections/sacc/content/uploads/2012/04/TASN-1814.1-final-final.pdf#page=23|archivedate=5 July 2013|df=}}</ref> He is also the founder of and a contributor to the [[counter-apologetics]] encyclopedia ''Iron Chariots'' and its subsidiary sites.<ref>{{citation|title=User:Sans Deity|publisher=Iron Chariots - the counter-apologetics wiki.|author=Matt Dillahunty (username Sans Deity)|url=http://wiki.ironchariots.org/index.php?title=Matt_Dillahunty}}</ref>

He is regularly engaged in formal debates and travels the United States speaking to local secular organizations and university groups as part of the [[Secular Student Alliance]]'s Speakers Bureau.<ref>[http://secularstudents.org/2012con/speakers#Matt 2012 Conference Speakers!, [[Secular Student Alliance]], Retrieved 2012-07-12]</ref> Alongside fellow activists [[Seth Andrews]] and [[Aron Ra]], he traveled to Australia in March 2015 as a member of the Unholy Trinity Tour.<ref>{{citation|title=Pub talk with an atheist and an Anglican|author=Sophie Timothy|work=Eternity News|date=22 March 2015|publisher=[[Bible Society Australia]]|url=http://www.biblesociety.org.au/news/pub-talk-with-an-atheist-and-an-anglican}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=The Unholy Trinity Down Under Tour|publisher=Atheist Foundation of Australia|date=September 10, 2014|url=http://atheistfoundation.org.au/2014/09/10/the-unholy-trinity-down-under-tour/}}</ref> In April 2015 he was an invited speaker at the [[Merseyside Skeptics Society]] [[QED (conference)|QEDCon]] in [[Manchester]], United Kingdom.<ref>{{citation|title=The Mancunian Way|work=Butterflies and Wheels|editor=[[Ophelia Benson]]|author=Al Lee|date=April 27, 2015|url=http://freethoughtblogs.com/butterfliesandwheels/2015/04/guest-post-the-mancunian-way/}}</ref><ref>{{citation|work=[[Lanyrd]]|title=Panel: Daring to Disagree, A session at QED 2015|url=http://lanyrd.com/2015/qedcon/sdktdm/}}</ref> Beginning in the summer of 2017, Dillahunty joined a speaking tour sponsored by the Pangburn Philosophy foundation where he shared the stage with fellow atheists [[Sam Harris]], [[Richard Dawkins]], and [[Lawrence Krauss]].

==Biography==
Raised [[Southern Baptist]], Dillahunty considered becoming a [[Minister (Christianity)|minister]].<ref name=flynn>{{cite news |title=Preaching his own gospel of atheism |author=Eileen E. Flynn |url=https://www.pressreader.com/usa/austin-american-statesman-sunday/20070318/281874408951717 |newspaper=[[Austin American-Statesman]] |date=March 18, 2007 |accessdate=February 3, 2012}}</ref> His in depth examination of his Christian beliefs, instead of bolstering his faith as he had intended, led him to no longer believe in Christianity and, eventually, all religions.<ref name=bio>[http://www.atheist-experience.com/people/matt_dillahunty/ Atheist Experience: Matt Dillahunty]</ref> Dillahunty spent eight years in the U.S. Navy,<ref name="NavySite">{{cite web | title = USS Theodore Roosevelt (CVN 71)| work = Unofficial U.S. Navy Site | url = http://navysite.de/cruisebooks/cvn71-90/181.htm | first = Thoralf | last = Doehring | accessdate =27 March 2016}}</ref><ref name=flynn/><ref name=TWCN/> before leaving to work in the field of computer software design. In October 2011, he married ''The Atheist Experience'' colleague and co-host of the ''Godless Bitches'' podcast Beth Presswood;<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://freethoughtblogs.com/axp/2011/10/31/wedding-transcript/ |title=Wedding Transcript |author=Matt Dillahunty, Aron Ra |work=Freethought Blogs |date=October 31, 2011 |accessdate=February 18, 2019}}</ref> the couple divorced in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Nf9QEPnTT4 |title=Secular Sexuality 05.01 with Megan Bonner, Christy Powell & Matt Dillahunty |author=Megan Bonner, Christy Powell |work=Secular Sexuality |publisher=Atheist Community of Austin |date=September 23, 2018 |accessdate=February 18, 2019}}</ref> Dillahunty describes himself as a feminist.<ref>[https://twitter.com/matt_dillahunty/status/254299096595197953?lang=en Matt Dillahunty]; [[Twitter]]</ref><ref>[https://archive.org/details/youtube-f9T7bn6_3Dk Matt Dillahunty - The Feminist Atheist]; ''The Skeptic Feminist''; August 11, 2015</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Speaking Out Against Hate Directed at Women: Matt Dillahunty|author=Amy Roth |date=August 1, 2012 |type=blog|publisher=[[Skepchick International]]|url=http://skepchick.org/2012/08/speaking-out-against-hate-directed-at-women-matt-dillahunty/}}</ref>

{{anchor|My Week in Atheism}}
Dillahunty is one of the subjects of the 2014 [[documentary film]] ''My Week in Atheism'' by director John Christy.<ref name=Charisma>{{citation|first=Melanie|last=Korb|title=Christian, Atheist Display Complicated Friendship in New Documentary|journal=[[Charisma (magazine)|Charisma]]|date=February 20, 2014|url=http://www.charismanews.com/culture/42871-christian-atheist-display-complicated-friendship-in-new-documentary}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Christian Filmmaker, Atheist Activist Release Their New Film 'My Week in Atheism'|author= Anugrah Kumar|date=February 18, 2014 |newspaper=[[The Christian Post]]|url=http://www.christianpost.com/news/christian-filmmaker-atheist-activist-release-their-new-film-my-week-in-atheism---114739/}}</ref>

==Speaking and debates==
[[File:Matt Dillahunty2.jpg|thumb|Matt Dillahunty, speaking at the [[American Atheists]] Convention 2011]]
Dillahunty is a proponent of debates, both formal and informal, as a very effective way of conveying information. "I am absolutely convinced from my experience and the evidence that I've gathered over the years of doing this that they are incredibly valuable."<ref name="debate"/> He has spoken at atheist and [[freethought]] conferences around the country and debated numerous [[Christian apologetics |Christian apologists]], including [[Ray Comfort]] (on ''The Atheist Experience''),<ref name="debate"/> and [[David Robertson (Free Church Minister)|David Robertson]] on [[Premier Christian Radio]]'s ''Unbelievable''.<ref>[https://radiopublic.com/unbelievable-WkKEkx/ep/s1!867f48b3d6923eea4b0e18ad018e73117dfc0188 Why I am not an atheist (debate 1 of 2)]; RadioPublic; February, 2014</ref><ref>[https://radiopublic.com/unbelievable-WkKEkx/ep/s1!80265c41921911c11962bd797ca414a45a49809a Why I am not a Christian (debate 2 of 2)]; RadioPublic; February, 2014</ref> At the 2014 [[American Atheists]] convention in Salt Lake City, he gave a workshop that outlined some key ideas in effective debating: "Take the opponent seriously: 'The audience has to sense that I can perfectly understand their views, and have rejected them.' Use logic: 'I tell them that I can write a better book than the Bible. Simple: I copy it word for word, except the parts about slavery.' And don't forget emotion: 'It is theater. That is my advantage with a Baptist background over someone like Richard Dawkins, although he knows more about science.'"<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.trouw.nl/tr/nl/5009/Archief/archief/article/detail/3683060/2014/07/03/Onder-ongelovigen.dhtml |title=Onder ongelovigen |author=Bas den Hond |work=[[Trouw]] |publisher=[[De Persgroep]] |date=3 June 2014 |accessdate=3 June 2014|language=nl}}</ref> He has also stated that he is willing to say "I don't know" in a debate, a "scary concept" to some of his audience.<ref>{{citation|first=Heather|last=Adams|date=March 17, 2014|publisher=[[KBIA|KBIA mid-Missouri public radio]]|url=http://kbia.org/post/mu-skeptics-group-brings-big-name-atheists-campus|title=MU skeptics group brings big-name atheists to campus}}</ref><ref name="debate">{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CyBSKZ3BpQI |title=Matt Dillahunty - The Value of Debates |date=June 28, 2014}}</ref>

==Views on morality==
One of Dillahunty's recurring themes has been the superiority of [[secular morality]] over [[religious morality]]. His key contentions on the issue are that secular moral systems are inclusive, dynamic, encourage change, and serve the interests of the participants, whereas religious moral systems serve only the interests of an external authority.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blip.tv/the-atheist-experience-tv-show/matt-dillahunty-the-superiority-of-secular-morality-4192742 |title=Matt Dillahunty: The Superiority of Secular Morality |date=September 26, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717155131/http://blip.tv/the-atheist-experience-tv-show/matt-dillahunty-the-superiority-of-secular-morality-4192742 |archivedate=July 17, 2011 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{citation|author=Collin Boots | title=The superiority of secular morality: Why do we think religion is required for morality when godless morality may well serve us better?|newspaper=[[The Daily Pennsylvanian]]|date=April 30, 2014 | url=http://www.thedp.com/article/2014/04/secular-morality}}</ref> He touched on the subject again at a lecture at the 2013 American Atheists Convention in Austin: "They say we're immoral, when we're the only ones who understand that morality is derived from [[empathy]], fairness, cooperation, and the physical facts about interacting in this universe. They've broken their moral compass and sacrificed their humanity on the altar of religion. They say we're lost and broken and in need of salvation, when we're the ones who are free."<ref name="youtube.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0EDoEzOymkk |title=AACON 2013 Matt Dillahunty speaks on Skepticism and Atheism |date=March 31, 2013}}</ref> Dillahunty holds the view that advocating infinite reward or punishment for finite deeds is "morally inferior".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dyken|first1=J. J.|title=The Divine Default: Why Faith is Not the Answer|date=2013|publisher=Algora Publishing|isbn=9781628940084|page=94|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h1FP8NZezPgC&pg=PA94}}</ref>

==Advocacy of reproductive rights==
[[File:Matt Dillahunty – Rethinking Debates (2014 National Convention).webm|thumb|Matt Dillahunty speaking about debating at the American Atheist National Convention 2014]]
Dillahunty has advocated for [[reproductive rights]]. After hearing that [[Secular Pro-Life]] set up a table at the 2012 [[American Atheists]] convention, Dillahunty challenged a representative of the organization to a public debate on the issue. The debate took place at the 2012 Texas Freethought Convention, with Dillahunty debating Kristine Kruszelnicki. Dillahunty used [[Bodily integrity|bodily autonomy]] as his primary argument for abortion rights.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P78_V1Z9CO4 |title=Abortion Debate at Texas Freethought Convention, Matt Dillahunty vs. Kristine Kruszelnicki |date=October 22, 2012}}</ref> In March 2014, Dillahunty debated Clinton Wilcox, who is not a member of Secular Pro-Life, though the debate was advertised on their blog. The aftermath led to a falling out with the organization, and Dillahunty announced in a Facebook post that he would not debate them in public again.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/notes/matt-dillahunty/debates-delusions-and-dishonesty-why-i-have-no-respect-for-kelsey-hazzard-and-sp/10152770027383902 |title=Debates, Delusions and Dishonesty - Why I have no respect for Kelsey Hazzard and SPL |date=April 3, 2014}}</ref> He and Beth Presswood later appeared on [[Amanda Marcotte]]'s podcast ''RH Reality Check'' to explain the events of the preceding years, and said that "the optics of a [[cisgender|cis male]] without a womb" debating women's rights is not what he wanted to advocate, and would let others take the lead in public on the issue.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rhrealitycheck.org/reality-cast/2014/04/14/secular-anti-choicers-and-vance-mcallister/ |title=Is Secular Anti-Choice a Thing? And How Big a Hypocrite Is Rep. Vance McAllister? |date=April 14, 2014}}</ref>

==Skepticism==
[[File:QEDCon Day One-39 (16682468904).jpg|thumb|Dillahunty at QED 2015, a [[List of skeptical conferences|skeptical conference]] in [[Manchester]]]]
Advocacy of the primacy of [[skepticism]] is another of Dillahunty's recurring themes. He said at the American Atheists convention in Austin in 2013 that the closest thing he has to a motto is "to believe as many true things and as few false things as possible," taking his inspiration from [[David Hume]]. In the same lecture, he said that being a skeptic is the most important identifier of who he is. In addition, Dillahunty said that skepticism has something to say about untested religious claims, and that philosophical skepticism will lead to atheism.<ref name="youtube.com"/> He sees atheism as a subset of skepticism, and he does not see why skepticism should not address religious claims, something that has become a point of controversy in the skeptic community. Dillahunty rhetorically asked, "how popular would psychics be, how popular would ghosts be, if there wasn't this monolithic idea that 70-80% of the population believe, that within each of us is an eternal soul that leaves the body when we're dead and either goes on to some afterlife or lingers around here on the earth?...If you teach people about what we know, about what most likely happens when we die, they will strive to treat people better while they're alive, and their grief will be lessened because they understand reality." He admonished "don't just do skepticism with the goal of getting it right, do it with the goal of not being able to get it wrong." In an interview published by the [[Norwegian Humanist Association]], he said he doesn't see why religious claims about reality should be treated any differently by skeptics than conspiracy theories and allegations about [[alien visitation]].<ref>{{citation|title=Tåpelig av skeptikere å frede religion—Matt Dillahunty har omvendt mange amerikanere til ateisme. Men han er først og fremst skeptiker, og ser på ateisme er en nødvendig konsekvens.|work=Fritanke.no|trans-title="It is foolish for skeptics to spare religion": Matt Dillahunty has converted many Americans to atheism. But he is first and foremost a skeptic, and sees atheism is a necessary consequence.|publisher=[[Norwegian Humanist Association]]|date=October 9, 2014|language=Norwegian|url=http://fritanke.no/index.php?page=vis_nyhet&NyhetID=9552|accessdate=2015-01-05}}</ref>

===Gumball analogy===
Dillahunty's explanation of the [[philosophical burden of proof]] is presented in his gumball analogy. For a hypothetical jar filled with a large number of gumballs, any positive claim about whether there were an odd or even number of gumballs would be dubious without further supporting evidence. Therefore, not believing the claim "the number of gumballs is even" without evidence does not mean believing that the number is, in fact, odd. Likewise, not believing the claim "there is a god" without evidence does not mean believing that there isn't one. This is intended to demonstrate that the common retort "what is your proof that there is no god?" is in fact a fallacious [[burden of proof (philosophy)|shifting of the burden of proof]].<ref name=Burden>{{cite book|author1=Armin Navabi|editor1-last=Hise|editor1-first=Nicki|title=Why There Is No God|date=6 October 2014|publisher=Atheist Republic|page=9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qW2-BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA9&dq=%22matt+dillahunty%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=5F88VezpCsqggwT49ICQAg&ved=0CFEQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=%22matt%20dillahunty%22&f=false|accessdate=26 April 2015}}</ref>

==Awards==
In 2011, Dillahunty was awarded the Atheist of the Year award, nicknamed the "Hitchie" for [[Christopher Hitchens]], by Staks Rosch writing for [[Examiner.com]].<ref>{{citation|title=Ex-evangelista recebe o prêmio de "ateu do ano"|trans-title=Ex-evangelist receives the Atheist of the Year award|work=Gospel Prime|language=Portuguese|url=http://noticias.gospelprime.com.br/ex-evangelista-recebe-o-premio-de-ateu-do-ano/}}</ref><ref>{{citation|first=Staks|last=Rosch|title=The 2011 Hitchie Award winner is… | publisher=[[Examiner.com]] | work= Atheism Examiner| date=January 5, 2012}}</ref> The award process involved Rosch's readers voting for nominees he selected.<ref>{{citation|title=What Makes a Great Atheist?|date=January 5, 2012 |first=Leah |last=Libresco | work=[[Patheos]] Catholic channel | url=http://www.patheos.com/blogs/unequallyyoked/2012/01/what-makes-a-great-atheist.html}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Tokenism Is Not Inclusivity|first=Greta |last=Christina|authorlink=Greta Christina|work=Greta Christina's blog|publisher=freethoughtblogs.com|date=January 5, 2012|url=http://freethoughtblogs.com/greta/2012/01/05/tokenism-is-not-inclusivity/}}</ref><ref>{{citation|title=Token women|work=Butterflies and Wheels (blog)|first=Ophelia |last=Benson|authorlink=Ophelia Benson|date=January 5, 2012|publisher=freethoughtblogs.com|url=http://freethoughtblogs.com/butterfliesandwheels/2012/01/token-women/}}</ref>

He received the 2012 Catherine Fahringer Freethinker of the Year Award from the Freethinkers Association of Central Texas.<ref>{{citation|title=Freethinkers of Central Texas honors Matt Dillahunty |date=November 14, 2012 |publisher=Atheist Community of Austin |url=http://www.atheist-community.org/news/news.php?id=139 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114230121/http://www.atheist-community.org/news/news.php?id=139 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=January 14, 2013 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Matt Dillahunty}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{collist|colwidth=30em|
* {{Official website|https://www.mattdillahunty.com/}}
* {{IMDb name|5844231}}
* [http://www.atheist-experience.com/ ''The Atheist Experience'']
* {{YouTube|u=TheAtheistExperience|title=''The Atheist Experience''|link=no}}
* [http://ironchariots.org ''Iron Chariots'']
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dillahunty, Matt}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American atheists]]
[[Category:American skeptics]]
[[Category:American atheism activists]]
[[Category:Atheist feminists]]
[[Category:Male feminists]]
[[Category:American feminists]]
[[Category:American former Protestants]]
[[Category:Critics of religions]]
[[Category:Atheist Community of Austin people]]
[[Category:American abortion-rights activists]]
[[Category:Secular humanists]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:United States Navy sailors]]
[[Category:Former Baptists]]
[[Category:People from Austin, Texas]]
[[Category:Activists from Texas]]
[[Category:20th-century atheists]]
[[Category:21st-century atheists]]

Society of London Theatre

2019-05-25T11:40:27Z

Cydebot: Robot - Speedily moving category Cultural organisations in London to :Category:Cultural organisations based in London per CFDS.

{{Use British English|date=November 2012}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2012}}
The '''Society of London Theatre''' (previously the '''Society of West End Theatre''') is an umbrella organisation for [[West End theatre]] in [[London]]. Founded in 1908, the Society of London Theatre (SOLT), is the not-for-profit organisation which provides a collective voice for the theatre owners, producers and managers of all the major commercial and grant-aided theatres across London.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://solt.co.uk/who-we-are/about-us/|title=Society Of London Theatre - About Us|last=|first=|date=|website=Society of London Theatre|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=23 October 2018}}</ref> As well as protecting the interests of all its member theatres, SOLT promotes theatregoing through activities including the [[Laurence Olivier Award]]s, the [[TKTS]] ticket booth, Theatre Tokens, [https://officiallondontheatre.com/ OfficialLondonTheatre.com], and the printed fortnightly Official London Theatre listings guide. The organisation administers the audience development initiatives Kids Week and Official London Theatre's New Year Sale, and runs events including the 'behind-the-scenes' career fair, TheatreCraft, and West End LIVE, alongside [[Westminster City Council]]. SOLT also supports a number of theatrical charities including Stage One and Mousetrap Theatre Projects.

==Official London Theatre website and Official London Theatre Guide==
Official London Theatre is a website for tickets, news and exclusive interviews for top London shows.

Alongside the website, a printed Official London Theatre Guide is produced fortnightly with show listings and theatre news. The free guide has a distribution of 125,000 and is available to pick up in London theatres and at major tourist outlets across the UK. An Access London Theatre brochure, listing London's range of assisted performances, is also produced four times a year, and is available in print, braille, and on CD.

==Olivier Awards==
{{Main|Olivier Awards}}
The Olivier Awards (or simply the Olivier's) are presented annually by the Society of London Theatre to recognise excellence in professional theatre. Originally known as the Society of West End Theatre Awards, they were renamed in honour of the British actor [[Laurence Olivier]] in 1984.

Awards are presented annually across a range of categories covering plays, musicals, dance, opera and affiliate theatre.The Olivier Awards are recognised internationally as the highest honour in British theatre, equivalent to Broadway's [[Tony Awards]] and France's [[Molière Award]]. Award winners receive a bronze statuette of Sir Laurence Olivier playing Henry V in 1937. The awards have taken place at various hotels and theatres across London, and since 2012 have been held at the Royal Opera House in Covent Garden.

The first awards ceremony took place in December 1976 at the Café Royal. The winners - who included Alan Howard, Peggy Ashcroft, Penelope Keith and Jonathan Miller - did not receive the iconic bronze statuette; the prize was a specially commissioned blue Wedgwood urn, causing the event to be nicknamed "The Urnies".

Award winners have included the leading names in British theatrical talent, including John Gielgud, Ralph Richardson, Laurence Olivier, Joan Plowright, Alec Guinness, Peggy Ashcroft, Harold Pinter, Peter Hall, Ian McKellan, Judi Dench, Helen Mirren, Alan Bennett, Andrew Lloyd Webber, Alan Ayckbourn, Maggie Smith, Gillian Lynne, Michael Frayn, Nicholas Hytner and Kevin Spacey.

==Kids Week==

Kids Week is an audience development initiative run annually by SOLT to encourage young people to experience London theatre. Taking place each August, the promotion offers children under 16 the opportunity to see a West End show for free when accompanied by an adult paying full price. Up to two extra children's tickets may also be purchased at half price, and there are no booking or postage fees.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://officiallondontheatre.com/kids-week/|title=Kids Week: Free Kids Theatre Tickets {{!}} Official London Theatre|work=Kids Week|access-date=2018-10-26|language=en-GB}}</ref> A variety of free theatre workshops and activities are also available for participants. The scheme has been highly successful since its conception in 1998, growing from a single week to the entirety of August. In 2012, Kids Week won 'Best Cultural Attraction' at [[the London Lifestyle Awards]].

==Official London Theatre's New Year Sale==
Official London Theatre's New Year Sale is a discount ticket promotion run by SOLT that takes place annually from January to mid-February. The scheme (initially launched in 2001 as 'Get Into London Theatre') offers the public the opportunity to see London shows (including plays, musicals, opera and dance) at £10, £20, £30 or £40.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://officiallondontheatre.com/new-year-sale/|title=Get Into London Theatre with Official London Theatre's New Year Sale|work=Get into London Theatre|access-date=2018-10-23|language=en-GB}}</ref>

==West End LIVE==
West End LIVE is a free event in [[Trafalgar Square]] with performances from [[West End theatre|West End musicals]]. The annual event is presented by SOLT and [[Westminster City Council]], with support from the [[Mayor of London]], to celebrate and promote London theatre.

==Stage One==
Stage One is a charity supported by SOLT that seeks to aid the commercial theatre producers of the future. Stage One runs a structured training programme to develop and support new producers which includes workshops, bursaries, start-up funds, internships and investment.

Recipients of Stage One funding have gone on to produce successful productions such as Birdsong (2010), A Doll's House (2013), The Pajama Game (2014) and Avenue Q Tour (2014).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stageone.uk.com/about-us#|title=Stage One - About Us|last=|first=|date=|website=Stage One|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=23 October 2018}}</ref>

==Laurence Olivier Bursary==
The Laurence Olivier Bursary was established by the Society in 1987, in honour of the actor's 80th birthday, to support talented students starting their final year of drama school. Such students often face financial difficulties because intense contact hours mean there is little time for students to do paid work. The Society invites about 20 drama schools to each nominate two exceptionally talented students for financial support. About 40 students are entered each June and appear before a panel of theatre industry professionals – usually producers and casting directors – where they give a ten-minute audition (which can include a song) and an interview. SOLT gives several bursaries worth £7,500 each as well as smaller sums (of £1000 plus) at the discretion of the judges. Other organisations contribute their own bursaries in conjunction with the Society's scheme.<ref>{{cite web|last=Youde |first=Kate |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/theatre-dance/news/larry-dear-larry-in-oliviers-footsteps-2348908.html |title=Larry, dear Larry! In Olivier's footsteps - News - Theatre & Dance |work=The Independent |date=4 September 2011 |accessdate=2012-02-27}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Society of London Theatre}}
[[Category:West End theatre]]
[[Category:Theatre in London]]
[[Category:Cultural organisations based in London]]

South African National Climbing Federation

2019-05-24T06:46:59Z

Cydebot: Robot - Speedily moving category Climbing organisations to :Category:Climbing organizations per CFDS.

{{Infobox sport governing body
|name = South African National Climbing Federation
|abbrev = SANCF
|logo = South African National Climbing Federation Logo.png
|logosize = 260px
|sport = [[Sport Climbing]]
|category =
|image =
|caption =
|jurisdiction = [[South Africa]]
|founded = 2010<ref name="SANCF_teachers">{{cite web|url=http://sancf.org/images/stories/Doc_Downloads/07%20teachers%20handbook.pdf|title=Teacher's handbook|publisher=SANCF|page=2|accessdate=2017-10-23}}</ref>
|aff = [[International Federation of Sport Climbing]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ifsc-climbing.org/index.php/about-ifsc/ifsc-structure/members-federations|title=Member Federations|accessdate=22 October 2017|website=ifsc-climbing.org}}</ref>
|affdate =
|region =
|regionyear =
|headquarters = [[Johannesburg]]
|location = [[Jukskei Park]] 2153
|president = Greg Borman<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sancf.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=482:sancf-executive-committee-2017&catid=31:general|title=SANCF Executive Committee 2017|accessdate=22 October 2017|website=SANCF}}</ref>
|chairman =
|chairperson =
|chair =
|chiefexec =
|vicepresident =
|directors =
|secretary = Tracy Potgieter
|coach =
|womenscoach =
|sponsor =
|year closed =
|replaced =
|prevfounded =
|url = www.sancf.org
|countryflag = South Africa
}}

'''South African National Climbing Federation''' '''(SANCF)''' is the [[Sport governing body|governing body]] for [[sport climbing]], involving [[lead climbing]], [[bouldering]] and [[speed climbing]] in [[South Africa]]. SANCF oversees [[Climbing competition|competitive climbing]] across the country as well as the promotion and development of the sport in artificial climbing environments.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndorfin.co.za/operator/sancf-south-african-national-climbing-federation/|title=SANCF South African National Climbing Federation|accessdate=27 October 2017|website=ndorfin.co.za}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arnoldclassicafrica.com/phone/climbing.html|title=Climbing|accessdate=27 October 2017|website=arnoldclassicafrica.com}}</ref> SANCF is affiliated to the world body [[International Federation of Sport Climbing]] (IFSC) with full member status, and [[SASCOC]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sascoc.co.za/south-african-national-climbing-federation/|title=South African National Climbing Federation|accessdate=22 September 2017|website=sascoc.co.za}}</ref>

SANCF organises national competitions across various age (including under 13, under 15, under 17, under 19 and open),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.climbing.co.za/2015/02/2015-national-boulder-series-championships/|title=2015 National Bouldering Series Championships
|accessdate=25 February 2015|website=climbing.co.za}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.climbing.co.za/2014/10/2014-national-lead-climbing-competition/
|title=The 2014 National Lead Climbing Competition
|accessdate=7 October 2014|website=climbing.co.za}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.westerncapeclimbing.co.za/index.php/events-2/lead/national/41-2013-national-lead-climbing-competition|title=2013 National Lead Climbing Competition|accessdate=30 December 2013|website=westerncapeclimbing.co.za}}</ref> and gender categories in the main disciplines such as the National Boulder Series Championships and National Lead Climbing Competition in addition to sending representative teams to compete at international events.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.climbing.co.za/2016/11/ifsc-world-youth-championships-exclusive-interview-south-africas-team-coach/|title=IFSC World Youth Championships, an exclusive interview with South Africa’s team assistant coach|accessdate=22 October 2017|website=climbing.co.za}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://rosebankkillarneygazette.co.za/120174/st-johns-pupil-climbs-high/|title=St John’s pupil climbs high
|accessdate=6 September 2013|website=rosebankkillarneygazette.co.za}}</ref> South African climbers also participate in the [[Montagu, Western Cape|Montagu]] Rock Rally, [[Waterval Boven|Boven]] Rock Rally, and The Rory Challenge.

==History==
The South African National Climbing Federation (SANCF) was founded in 2010, with the aim of the promotion of sport climbing among South African youths. It is an organisation run with the help of volunteers who share their experience and talents.<ref name="SANCF_teachers"/> SANCF was affiliated to the world governing body IFSC in 2010, which made it possible for it to send a team of 16 youths, as South Africa's first competitive climbing team, to the 2011 IFSC World Youth Championships held in [[Imst]], [[Austria]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cen.mcsa.org.za/archives/news-items/mcsa-e-news/03_oct-2011|title=03_Oct 2011 - Mountain Club of South Africa|accessdate=23 November 2017|website=mcsa.org.za}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|South Africa|Rock climbing}}
*[[Sport in South Africa]]
*[[Mountain Club of South Africa]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.sancf.org Official website]
* [http://www.ifsc-climbing.org IFSC website]

{{Climbing-nav}}
{{Sports governing bodies in South Africa}}

[[Category:Sports governing bodies in South Africa|Sport climbing]]
[[Category:Climbing organizations]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Johannesburg]]
[[Category:Climbing in South Africa]]
[[Category:Sport climbing]]
[[Category:Sports organizations established in 2010]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in South Africa]]

Irish Mountaineering Club

2019-05-24T06:45:47Z

Cydebot: Robot - Speedily moving category Climbing organisations to :Category:Climbing organizations per CFDS.

The '''Irish Mountaineering Club''' (in [[Irish language|Irish]], '''''Cumann Sléibhteoireachta na hÉireann''''', usually called "'''The IMC'''") is a [[mountaineering]] club whose activities encompass all aspects of mountaineering, but its [[climbing]] activities are most prominent. The club has over 200 members.

==History==
The IMC was founded in 1942 by Bill Perrott and a group of other climbers in south Dublin, within easy reach of [[Dalkey Quarry]]. They established several climbs in Dalkey and at other locations around Dublin such as [[The Scalp]], [[Bray Head]], and [[Ireland's Eye]]; these were the first steps in the development of climbing in Ireland. This group, now known as "The Old IMC", disbanded in 1944.

In 1948, the IMC was revived on a more formal basis by Perrott, Joss Lynam, and others, with the intention that it become a national club drawing its membership from all around Ireland, with local branches in the major cities. The first President was the renowned naturalist [[Robert Lloyd Praeger]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irishmountaineeringclub.org/past-presidents/ |title=Past Presidents: Irish Mountaineering Club presidents through the years |publisher=Irish Mountaineering Club |accessdate=2014-08-25}}</ref>

During the 1950s the IMC became the dominant force in Irish mountaineering, and branches were established in Dublin and [[Belfast]], and one for the "[[Flight of the Wild Geese|Wild Geese]]", Irish emigrants living abroad. In 1957, with the aid of a grant from the [[Guinness]] brewing company (which remains a major supplier of refreshments to the club's members), the club purchased a farmhouse at Glendasan, near [[Glendalough]], [[County Wicklow]], and converted it into a [[mountain hut]], to be run by the Dublin section. Later another hut (called the "Bloat House") was established in the Annalong valley in the [[Mourne Mountains]] in [[County Down]]; this was to be run by the Belfast section.

The increasing affluence of the 1960s saw the emergence of other mountaineering clubs in Ireland, and the IMC's dominance began to weaken. In 1971 the Federation of Mountaineering Clubs in Ireland (FMCI, later the MCI, now Mountaineering Ireland) was formed,<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Mountaineering Ireland |publisher=Mountaineering Ireland |url=http://www.mountaineering.ie/aboutthemci/viewdetails.asp?ID=2 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212233049/http://www.mountaineering.ie/aboutthemci/viewdetails.asp?ID=2 |archivedate=2012-02-12 |accessdate=2014-08-25}}</ref> which ended the IMC's national aspirations. In the meantime, the club became increasingly Dublin-based, and the struggling Belfast section was finally dissolved in 1991, two years after the Bloat House burnt down resulting in several serious injuries.

The club now draws its membership almost exclusively from the Dublin area.

==Activities==
[[image:imc-hut.jpg|right|thumb|250px|The IMC Hut]]
The IMC has an extensive programme of activities throughout the year. In the spring, the climbing season starts with the long-standing (since 1966) annual rock-climbing beginners' course conducted by experienced club members in Dalkey Quarry and Glendalough. Those beginners are then encouraged to develop their skills and join in the club's climbing activities in Ireland and abroad throughout the summer and beyond. Summer is also the peak alpine season, when many groups of members climb in alpine ranges throughout the world. In winter, the focus is on indoor Thursday night social slide shows, [[indoor climbing]], [[hillwalking]], [[ice climbing]] abroad, and [[rock climbing]] both at home and in sunnier climes in Europe and beyond.

The club's climbing hut (called "The IMC Hut") is located in Glendasan, in the heart of the [[Wicklow Mountains]] and within walking distance of the popular crag at [[Glendalough]]. It is used by IMC members on a regular basis, but since most members now have access to a car, it is not as important to the club as it used to be. Its main use now is to serve as accommodation for pre-booked groups of outdoor enthusiasts from Ireland and abroad.

==See also==
*[[Kangla Tarbo 1]] - first climbed by IMC members
*[[Ramabang]] - first climbed by IMC members

==Notable members==
*[[J. C. Coleman]] - Geographer, Archaeologist, Speleologist and Writer
*[[Harold Drasdo]] - Climber, Writer and Educationalist
*[[Joss Lynam]] - Mountaineer, Explorer and Writer
*[[Se O Hanlon|Sé O Hanlon]] - Cyclist
*[[Robert Lloyd Praeger]] - Naturalist, Writer and Librarian
*[[Frank Winder]] - Biochemist, Naturalist

==References and sources==
;Notes
{{reflist}}

;Sources
*''IMC50: The Golden Jubilee of the Irish Mountaineering Club 1948-1998'', edited by J. Lynam and P. O'Neill (IMC, 1998)

==External links==
*[http://irishmountaineeringclub.org Official website]

{{Irish Rock Climbing}}

[[Category:Alpine clubs]]
[[Category:Climbing organizations]]
[[Category:Sports clubs in County Wicklow]]
[[Category:Climbing in Ireland]]

British Mountaineering Council

2019-05-24T06:44:44Z

Cydebot: Robot - Speedily moving category Climbing organisations to :Category:Climbing organizations per CFDS.

{{Refimprove|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2013}}

{{Infobox organization
| image = File:British Mountaineering Council HQ, Didsbury.jpg
| alt =
| caption = BMC headquarters in Manchester
| map =
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| headquarters = Burton Road, West Didsbury
| coords = 
| services =
| language =
| leader_title = CEO
| leader_name = Dave Turnbull
| leader_title2 = President
| leader_name2 = Lynn Robinson
| leader_name3 = John Roberts
| leader_title3 = Vice President
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}}

The '''British Mountaineering Council''' ('''BMC''') is the national representative body for England and Wales that exists to protect the freedoms and promote the interests of [[climbing|climbers]], [[hillwalking|hill walkers]] and [[mountaineering|mountaineers]], including ski-mountaineers. The BMC are also recognised by government as the [[national governing body]] for [[competition climbing]].

==History==
The organisation was originally formed in 1944, following a proposal from the president of the [[Alpine Club (UK)|Alpine Club]], [[Geoffrey Winthrop Young]].<ref name="History">{{cite web|title=A brief history of the BMC|url=https://www.thebmc.co.uk/a-brief-history-of-the-bmc|website=www.thebmc.co.uk|publisher=British Mountaineering Council|accessdate=23 April 2017|date=8 May 2000}}</ref> It aimed to represent the interests of climbing clubs and primarily maintain access for climbers to climb on a [[mountain]], a [[cliff|crag]], or even a [[sea cliff]] in England and Wales.

As of 2017 its headquarters are on Burton Road in [[West Didsbury]], an area of [[Manchester]], [[England]].

In 2018, members voted for the first female president of the organisation, Lynn Robinson.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thebmc.co.uk/historic-agm-sees-new-constitution-and-lynn-robinson-become-first-female-bmc-president|title=Historic AGM sees new constitution and Lynn Robinson become first female BMC president|website=www.thebmc.co.uk|access-date=2019-01-11}}</ref>
===Founding members===
The BMC began with 25 member climbing and outdoor organisations
*[[Alpine Club (UK)|Alpine Club]]
*[[The Rucksack Club]]
*[[The Wayfarers' Club]]
*[[Ladies' Alpine Club]]
*[[Pinnacle Club]]
*[[The Yorkshire Ramblers' Club]]


==Member benefits==
The British Mountaineering Council works for its members to provide services and representation for: access and conservation, climbing walls, clubs and huts, competition climbing, equipment advice, guidebooks and maps, heritage, international, safety and skills, youth and equity. The organisation now has two types of membership; those that are affiliated via a [[Club (organization)|club]] and those that are [[individual]] members.

The BMC currently{{when?|date=April 2017}} has over 75,000 members: 51,000 individual members, 24,000 club members, and 280 affiliated clubs. Membership benefits include access to the BMC travel insurance scheme, civil liability insurance, discounts on equipment, technical and training advice, and four copies of ''Summit'' magazine each year.

''Summit'' magazine aims to cover articles of interest to all climbers, hill walkers, and mountaineers. It frequently covers topics outside the remit of the mainstream magazines. Editions of the magazine are produced four times per year (Feb, May, Sep, Nov) and are sent direct to all British Mountaineering Council (BMC) individual members. People who are members of the BMC through an affiliated club only receive one copy - the February issue. The circulation therefore varies from 40,000 (May, Sep, Nov) to 75,000 (Feb). This makes it the climbing magazine with the largest circulation in the UK.{{cn|date=April 2017}} It is also available to purchase in the BMC online shop and available from selected mountain centres throughout the UK, such as [[Plas y Brenin]] in [[Capel Curig]].

The BMC produces [[rock climbing]] guidebooks to parts of the [[United Kingdom|UK]], primarily the [[Peak District]] and [[Lancashire]].{{cn|date=April 2017}} It also administers a 'reciprocal rights card' service, giving BMC affiliate members reduced rates in [[alpine huts]] owned by other national mountaineering organisations.<ref>{{cite web|title=Get alpine hut discounts with a Reciprocal Rights Card|url=https://www.thebmc.co.uk/get-alpine-hut-discounts-with-a-reciprocal-rights-card|website=www.thebmc.co.uk|publisher=British Mountaineering Council|accessdate=23 April 2017|date=1 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Reynolds|first1=Kev|title=The Hut Experience|url=https://www.cicerone.co.uk/static.cfm/cid/140/content/the-hut-experience|website=www.cicerone.co.uk|publisher=Cicerone|accessdate=23 April 2017}}</ref>

==Rebranding proposal==
On 25 July 2016 the British Mountaineering Council announced its intention to [[rebranding|re-brand]] itself as "Climb Britain", following consultant advice funded by [[Sport England]].<ref>{{cite web|title=BMC to change its name to Climb Britain|url=https://www.thebmc.co.uk/bmc-to-change-its-name-to-climb-britain|website=thebmc.co.uk|accessdate=27 July 2016}}</ref> However, following a strong backlash from its membership and subsequent consultations and heated online debates,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tgomagazine.co.uk/news/bmc-cancels-name-change/ |title=BMC Cancels Name Change |publisher=TGO |date=2016-09-23}}</ref><ref name="Statement"/> it announced two months later that the renaming would not go ahead.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thebmc.co.uk/rebranding-consultation-update-decision |title=Rebranding consultation: update and decision |author=Tony Ryan |date=2016-09-23 |publisher=TGO |accessdate=2016-09-29}}</ref> Because of the way the rebranding issue had been handled, the BMC executive committee subsequently found itself facing a [[motion of no confidence]] from some of its members at its April 2017 [[Annual general meeting|AGM]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Smith|first1=Bob|title=Mountaineering council confirms no-confidence vote will go ahead|url=https://www.grough.co.uk/magazine/2017/03/10/mountaineering-council-confirms-no-confidence-vote-will-go-ahead|website=www.grough.co.uk|publisher=grough Limited|accessdate=23 April 2017|date=10 March 2017}}</ref><ref name="Statement">{{cite web|last1=Berry|first1=Natalie|title=BMC release President's Statement on No Confidence Vote|url=https://www.ukclimbing.com/news/item/70988/bmc_release_presidents_statement_on_no_confidence_vote|website=www.ukclimbing.com|publisher=UKC|accessdate=23 April 2017|date=March 2017}}</ref>

Interest was expressed in using the "Climb Britain" brand for another purpose within the BMC.{{cn|date=April 2017}}

==See also==
*[[Mountaineering Council of Scotland]]
*[[Lancashire Rock]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.thebmc.co.uk/}}

[[Category:Climbing organizations]]
[[Category:1944 establishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Manchester]]
[[Category:Sports organizations established in 1944]]
[[Category:Sport in Manchester]]
[[Category:Sports governing bodies in the United Kingdom|Mountaineering]]

Alpine Club of Pakistan

2019-05-24T06:44:26Z

Cydebot: Robot - Speedily moving category Climbing organisations to :Category:Climbing organizations per CFDS.

{{Infobox sport governing body
|name = Alpine Club of Pakistan
|abbrev = ACP
|logo =
|logosize =
|sport = [[Mountaineering]] and [[Sports climbing|climbing]]
|category =
|image =
|caption =
|jurisdiction =
|founded = {{Start date|1974}}
|aff = [[International Mountaineering and Climbing Federation]], 
[[International Federation of Sport Climbing]], 
[[Member of Union of Asian Alpine Associations and International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation UIAA]]
|affdate = 1979
|region =
|regionyear =
|headquarters = [[Islamabad]]
|location = [[Jinnah Sports Stadium|Jinnah Stadium, Pakistan Sports Complex]]<ref>[http://www.sports.gov.pk/About%20Us/telephonedirectory.htm Pakistan Sports Board]</ref>
|president = Abu Zafar Sadiq <ref>[http://www.alpineclub.org.pk/]</ref>
|secretary = Karrar Haidri
|url = alpineclub.org.pk
|countryflag = Pakistan
|more =
}}
The '''Alpine Club of Pakistan''' (ACP) is a [[NGO|non governmental]] sports organisation for the promotion of [[mountaineering]], [[Sports climbing|climbing]] and mountain related other adventure activities in [[Pakistan]]. In addition to this the club serves as the national [[sports governing body]] for the sport of [[mountaineering]] and [[Sports climbing|climbing]] in Pakistan.<ref>[http://www.alpineclub.org.pk/about_who.shtml Alpine Club]</ref>

==History==
The club was founded in 1974 and its head office is at [[Jinnah Sports Stadium]] [[Islamabad]]. Since 1977 the Club has trained a large number of its members, [[Armed forces of Pakistan|armed Forces personals]], locals, liaisons and ladies in rock and ice climbing, mountaineering and other mountain tourism related activities at its training institute at [[Nilt]] in [[Gilgit Baltistan]].<ref name=autogenerated1>[http://www.sports.gov.pk/Introduction/Intro_Mountaineering.htm Pakistan Sports Board]</ref>

==Affiliations==
The club is affiliated with:
* [[International Mountaineering and Climbing Federation]]<ref>[http://theuiaa.org/member-federations.html UIAA - Member Federations]</ref>
* [[International Federation of Sport Climbing]]<ref>[http://www.ifsc-climbing.org/index.php/about-ifsc/ifsc-structure/members-federations Members Federations]</ref>
* [[Union of Asian Alpine Associations]]<ref>[http://www.theuaaa.org/?c=35/58/85/170 Union Of Asian Alpine Associations]</ref>
* [[Pakistan Sports Board]]<ref name=autogenerated1 />

==See also==
Presidents
1 [General (R)Qamar Ali Mirza]
2 Brig (R) Amir Gulistan Janjua
3 General (R) Safdar Butt
4 Col Manzoor Hussain
5 Nazir Sabir
6 Abu Zafar Sadiq

Secretaries

1 Shabbir Ahmed
2 Col. Manzoor Hussain
3 Saad Tariq Siddiqui
4 Wing Commander (R) Javed Iqbal
5 Abu Zafar Sadiq
6 Karrar Haidri

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.alpineclub.org.pk Official Website]

{{Sports governing bodies in Pakistan |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Sports governing bodies in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Mountaineering in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Climbing organizations]]
[[Category:Alpine clubs]]
[[Category:1974 establishments in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Sports organizations established in 1974]]

Der Kampf um die Insel

2019-05-22T20:07:31Z

Cydebot: Robot - Moving category 1930 in fiction to :Category:Fiction set in 1930 per CFD at Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2019 May 14.

{{EngvarB|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{about|the 1930 novel}}
{{Infobox book| 
| name = Swallows and Amazons
| title_orig =
| translator =
| image = ArthurRansome SwallowAndAmazons.jpg
| caption = First edition dust jacket cover 1930
| author = [[Arthur Ransome]]
| illustrator = 1st edition was not illustrated, later editions illustrated by Clifford Webb and later Arthur Ransome
| cover_artist = [[Steven Spurrier (artist)|Steven Spurrier]]
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| series = [[Swallows and Amazons series]]
| genre = [[Children's literature|Children's]], [[adventure novel]]
| publisher = [[Jonathan Cape]]
| release_date = 1 December 1930
| isbn = 
| oclc= 5973192
| preceded_by =
| followed_by = [[Swallowdale]]
}}

'''''Swallows and Amazons''''' is the first book in the [[Swallows and Amazons series|''Swallows and Amazons'' series]] by English author [[Arthur Ransome]]; it was first published in 1930, with the action taking place in the summer of 1929 in the [[Lake District]]. The book introduces central protagonists John, Susan, Titty and Roger Walker (Swallows), their mother, their baby sister (Bridget), as well as Nancy and Peggy Blackett (Amazons) and their uncle Jim, commonly referred to as Captain Flint.

At the time, Ransome had been working as a journalist with the [[The Guardian|''Manchester Guardian'']], but decided to become a full-time author rather than go abroad as a foreign correspondent. He did continue to write part-time for the press, however.

The book was inspired by a summer spent by Ransome teaching the children of his friends, the Altounyans, to sail. Three of the Altounyan children's names are adopted directly for the Walker family. Ransome and Ernest Altounyan bought two small [[Dinghy sailing|dinghies]] called ''Swallow'' and ''Mavis''. Ransome kept ''Swallow'' until he sold it a number of years later, while ''Mavis'' remained in the Altounyan family and is now on permanent display in the [[Ruskin Museum]]. However, later in life Ransome tried to downplay the Altounyan connections, changing the initial dedication of ''Swallows and Amazons'' and writing a new foreword which gave other sources.<ref>''Autobiography of Arthur Ransome'', Arthur Ransome, ed. Rupert Hart-Davis, 1976</ref><ref>''The Life of Arthur Ransome'', Hugh Brogan, 1984</ref> In 2003, the novel was listed at number 57 on the BBC's survey [[The Big Read]].<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/arts/bigread/top100_2.shtml "BBC – The Big Read"]. BBC. April 2003. Retrieved 1 December 2012</ref>

==Illustrations==
The artist chosen for the first edition of the book was [[Steven Spurrier (artist)|Steven Spurrier]], but Ransome objected to his style and so the first edition did not have any illustrations. Spurrier's drawing for the dust jacket had to be used. The second edition contained drawings by [[Clifford Webb]] but after Ransome successfully illustrated ''[[Peter Duck]]'' himself, he decided to do his own drawings for all the books, including those already published, and Webb's drawings were replaced in later editions.

==Plot summary==

The book relates the outdoor adventures and play of two families of children. These involve sailing, camping, fishing, exploration and [[piracy]]. The Walker children (John, Susan, Titty and Roger) are staying at a farm near a lake in the [[Lake District]] of England, during the school holidays. They sail a borrowed [[dinghy]] named ''Swallow'' and meet the Blackett children (Nancy and Peggy), who sail a dinghy named ''Amazon''. The Walkers camp on an island in the lake while the Blacketts live in their house nearby. When the children meet, they agree to join forces against a common enemy – the Blacketts' uncle Jim Turner whom they call "Captain Flint" (after the character in ''[[Treasure Island]]''). Turner, normally an ally of his nieces, has withdrawn from their company to write his memoirs, and has become decidedly unfriendly. Furthermore, when the Blacketts let off a firework on his houseboat roof, it is the Walkers who get the blame. He refuses even to listen when they try to pass on a warning to him about burglars in the area.

To determine who should be the overall leader in their campaign against Captain Flint, the Blacketts and the Walkers have a contest to see which can capture the others' boat. As part of their strategy, the Walkers make a dangerous crossing of the lake by night, and John is later cautioned by his mother for this reckless act. The Walkers nevertheless win the contest – thanks to Titty who seizes the ''Amazon'' when the Blacketts come to Wild Cat Island. During the same night Titty hears suspicious voices coming from a different island – Cormorant Island – and in the morning it transpires that Turner's houseboat has been burgled. Turner again blames the Walkers, but is finally convinced that he is mistaken and feels he was wrong to distance himself from his nieces' adventures all summer. The Swallows, Amazons and Turner investigate Cormorant Island, but they cannot find Turner's missing trunk.

The following day, there is a mock battle between Turner and the children, after which Turner is tried for his crimes and forced to walk the plank on his own houseboat. They agree at the post-battle feast that on the final day of their holidays, Titty and Roger will go back to Cormorant Island while the others go fishing. Titty finds the trunk, which contains the memoirs on which Turner had been working, and is rewarded with Turner's green parrot.

James Turner appears in some ways to be modelled on Ransome himself. The story, set in August 1929, includes a good deal of everyday [[Lake District|Lakeland]] life from the farmers to [[charcoal]] burners working in the woods; [[Corned beef#United Kingdom|corned beef]], which the children fancifully refer to as [[pemmican]], and [[ginger beer]] and [[lemonade]], which they call [[grog]], appear as regular food stuff for the campers; island life also allows for occasional references to the story of [[Robinson Crusoe]].

==Major characters in ''Swallows and Amazons''==
See also [[List of characters in Arthur Ransome books]]

*'''John Walker''' – Eldest of the Walkers and captain of the ''Swallow''
*'''Susan Walker''' – Second eldest of the Walkers and mate of the ''Swallow''
*'''Titty Walker''' – Able Seaman of the ''Swallow''. This name was the nickname of the real life Mavis Altounyan, from [[Joseph Jacobs]]'s children's story, ''Titty Mouse and Tatty Mouse''.<ref>[http://www.allthingsransome.net/literary/tit_tat.htm Origin of Mavis Altounyan's nickname of Titty]</ref> It has been changed to ''Kitty'' in the original BBC adaptation of the book, and ''Tatty'' for a 2016 [[BBC Films]] adaptation<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/may/24/swallows-and-amazons-titty-renamed-tatty-in-bbc-film |title=Titty's family 'furious' over name change for Swallows and Amazons film |newspaper=The Guardian |date=24 May 2016 |author=Ben Child |accessdate= 25 May 2016}}</ref>
*'''Roger Walker''' – Youngest of the sailing Walkers and ship's boy of the ''Swallow''
*'''Bridget Walker''' – (nicknamed "Vicky" due to a resemblance to pictures of Queen Victoria in old age, and referred to as such in the book) Youngest of the Walkers and ship's baby of the ''Swallow''
*'''[[Nancy Blackett]]''' (Ruth) – Captain of the ''Amazon''
*'''Peggy Blackett''' (Margaret) – Nancy's younger sister and mate of the ''Amazon''
*'''James Turner''' – Nancy and Peggy's uncle. Known to the children as "Captain Flint" or to the Blacketts as "Uncle Jim"

==Places in ''Swallows and Amazons''==
According to Ransome, every place in his book can be found in the Lake District, but he took different locations and placed them in different ways: the lake is a fictionalised version of [[Windermere]] but the surrounding countryside more closely resembles that around [[Coniston Water|Coniston]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Hardyment|first=Christina|title=Arthur Ransome and Captain Flint's Trunk|edition=1988|year=1984|publisher=Jonathan Cape|page=47|quote=…the ''lake'' of the books is almost exactly Windermere, but that the ''land'' round about it was much more like Coniston.}}</ref> Wild Cat Island, the location of the island camp, has elements from [[Peel Island, Cumbria|Peel Island]] in Coniston and Blake Holme (or Blakeholme) in Windermere.<ref>Hardyment (1984: 66–67)</ref> Holly Howe, the farmhouse where the Swallows stay, is based on Bank Ground Farm,<ref>Hardyment (1984: 32)</ref> which exists to this day. It was featured in the 1974 film.

==Critical reception==
Reviewing the book for UK daily newspaper ''The Manchester Guardian'' (forerunner of ''[[The Guardian]]'') [[Malcolm Muggeridge]] wrote: <blockquote>"Children's books are probably the most difficult of all to write; they are certainly the most difficult to review. For children alone can properly judge their worth, and children, very wisely, never review. An adult has to refer back to his own childhood and ask himself: Would I have enjoyed such a book then? The answer, in the case of ''Swallow and Amazons'', [sic] is very definitely, Yes. Moreover, the book is entirely charming quite apart from its qualities as child literature. This is rare; for, generally speaking, nothing makes drearier reading than the conscious juvenility of adults."</blockquote>

Muggeridge continued by saying,<blockquote>"Mr. Ransome has the same magical power that [[Lewis Carroll]] had of being the child in terms of himself. He never talks down; never finds it necessary to be patronising or sentimental. And sentimentality is the most terrible pitfall that besets those who venture into the world of play. […] Captain John and Mate Susan, and Able-seaman Titty, and Ship's Boy Roger are not at all like Christopher Robin. [T]hey are children. And the story of their adventures on a little island in the middle of an English lake is thrilling just because it is not fabulous. […] It is make-believe such as all children have indulged in: even children who have not been so fortunate as to have a lake and a boat and an island but only a backyard amongst the semis of Suburbia."<ref name="Guardian 21 July 1930">{{cite news |last= Muggeridge |first= Malcolm | authorlink= Malcolm Muggeridge |title= Swallows and Amazons book review, 1930 – archive |url= https://www.theguardian.com/books/from-the-archive-blog/2016/aug/20/swallows-and-amazons-review-1930-archive| date= 21 July 1930|newspaper= [[The Guardian]] |location=Manchester| accessdate=26 October 2016 }}</ref></blockquote>

==Film, TV, radio and theatrical adaptations==

===1963 TV adaptation===
In 1963, the [[BBC]] produced an adaptation, ''[[Swallows and Amazons (1963 television series)|Swallows and Amazons]],'' with [[John Paul (actor)|John Paul]] as "Captain Flint" and [[Susan George (actress)|Susan George]] as the renamed "Kitty". The series was directed by Peter Saunders.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://explore.bfi.org.uk/4ce2b695cd584|title=Swallows and Amazons: Swallows and Amazons Episode 1 Sailing Orders|last=Staff|publisher=[[British Film Institute]]|accessdate=10 June 2015}}</ref>

===1974 film version===
{{main article|Swallows and Amazons (1974 film)}}
EMI released a version in 1974, directed by [[Claude Whatham]] and produced by Richard Pilbrow. The film starred [[Virginia McKenna]] (Mrs. Walker) and [[Ronald Fraser (actor)|Ronald Fraser]] (Uncle Jim), and Sophie Neville (Titty), [[Suzanna Hamilton|Zanna Hamilton]] (Susan), Simon West (John) and Stephen Grendon (Roger) as the Swallows.

===2016 film version===
{{main article|Swallows and Amazons (2016 film)}}
The 2016 film was directed by [[Philippa Lowthorpe]] and written by [[Andrea Gibb]]. The film stars [[Andrew Scott (actor)|Andrew Scott]], [[Rafe Spall]], [[Kelly Macdonald]], [[Jessica Hynes]], and [[Harry Enfield]].

===Other versions===
In August 1999 BBC Radio 4 broadcast a radio adaptation by [[David Wood (actor)|David Wood]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.davidwood.org.uk/all_about_me-chronology.html |title=Other Writing 1999 |publisher=David Wood |accessdate=18 May 2011}}</ref> with [[Jean Anderson]] as Titty seventy years later narrating. Young Titty was played by Phoebe Phillips, John by John Paul Ekins, Susan by Flora Harris, Roger by [[Joe Sowerbutts]], mother by [[Penny Downie]], Nancy by Catherine Poole, Peggy by Jackie Swainson and Uncle Jim by [[Nicholas Le Prevost]].

The [[Royal National Theatre]] started developing a musical version of ''Swallows and Amazons'' in 2007. [[Helen Edmundson]] wrote the book and lyrics while [[The Divine Comedy (band)|The Divine Comedy]]'s frontman [[Neil Hannon]] wrote the music. The musical premiered at the [[Bristol Old Vic]] on 1 December 2010 and played at the [[Vaudeville Theatre]], in London's West End, from 15 December 2011, prior to going on tour around the UK from January to May 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inthenews.co.uk/entertainment/music/divine-comedy-singer-pens-musical-$1079112.htm/ |title=article revealing the Royal National Theatre's plans for a stage musical adaptation of Swallows and Amazons |publisher=Inthenews.co.uk |accessdate=18 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timeout.com/london/theatre/event/234653/swallows-and-amazons|title=Swallows and Amazons at Vaudeville Theatre – West End|work=[[Time Out (company)|Time Out]]|accessdate=6 September 2011|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://swallowsamazons.co.uk/|title=Swallows and Amazons UK Tour 2012|accessdate=24 January 2012}}</ref> The production features adults playing the children and has been received favourably by reviewers.<ref>{{cite web|last=Spencer |first=Charles |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/theatre/theatre-reviews/8189591/Swallows-and-Amazons-Bristol-Old-Vic-review.html |title=Swallows and Amazons, Bristol Old Vic, review. Daily Telegraph, December 8, 2010 |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=8 December 2010 |accessdate=18 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Michael Billington |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/dec/08/swallows-and-amazons-review?INTCMP=SRCH |title=Swallows and Amazons review, Guardian, December 8, 2010 |work=The Guardian |date=9 December 2010 |accessdate=18 May 2011}}</ref>

==Release details==
*1930, UK, Jonathan Cape, Pub date 1 December 1930, hardback (First edition, unillustrated)
*1931, UK, Jonathan Cape, Pub date 1931, hardback (First "Clifford Webb" illustrated edition)
*1931, US, J.B.Lippincott company, Philadelphia, 1931. Hardback, no full illustrations, front and back plates plus chapter headings by Helene Carter.
*1938, UK, Jonathan Cape, Pub date 1938, hardback (First "Ransome" illustrated edition)
*1958, US, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ({{ISBN|0-397-30015-8}}), Pub date ? June 1958, hardback
*1994, US, David R. Godine, Publisher ({{ISBN|978-1-56792-420-6}}), paperback
*1995, UK, ISIS Audio Books ({{ISBN|1-85695-974-0}}), Pub date August 1995, audio book cassette (unabridged)
*1999, UK, Jonathan Cape ({{ISBN|0-224-60631-X}}), Pub date 1999, hardback
*2001, UK, Red Fox Classics ({{ISBN|0-09-950391-3}}), Pub date 5 April 2001, paperback
*2001, UK, Red Fox ({{ISBN|0-09-942733-8}}), Pub date 5 October 2001, paperback
*2005, UK, Gabriel Woolf ({{ISBN|0-9550529-0-4}}), Pub date July 2005, audio book CD
*2010, US, David R. Godine, Publisher ({{ISBN|978-1567924206}}), Pub date 16 July 2010, paperback revised edition

==See also==
{{portal|Novels}}
*[[List of characters in Arthur Ransome books]]
*[[Roger Altounyan]] – real-life scientist; Ransome named characters in the story after Altounyan and his sisters.
*[[Swallows and Amazons series|''Swallows and Amazons'' series]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{FadedPage|id=20180107|name=Swallows and Amazons}}
* [http://www.swallowsandamazons.info/ Swallows and Amazons information and news website]
* [http://www.tarboard.net/ TarBoard, the Arthur Ransome and 'Swallows and Amazons' forum]
* {{IMDb title|0200383|description=(1963 TV series)}}
* {{IMDb title|0200383|description=(1974 film)}}
* {{IMDb title|0200383|description=(2016 film)}}
* [http://www.swallowsandamazonsforever.co.uk/ The 2016 film's official website]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/cumbria/content/image_galleries/swallows_amazons_gallery.shtml The original boats now housed in the Cumbrian museum – BBC photo website]
* {{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601110535/http://swallowsamazons.co.uk/|archivedate=2012-06-01|url=http://swallowsamazons.co.uk/| title=Swallows and Amazons | UK Tour 2012}}
* [https://bristololdvictheatre.wordpress.com/tag/swallows-and-amazons/ The 2014–15 theatrical production's pages at the Bristol Old Vic]

{{SwallowsandAmazonsbooks}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Swallows and Amazons}}
[[Category:Fiction set in 1930]]
[[Category:1930 British novels]]
[[Category:1930 children's books]]
[[Category:British adventure novels]]
[[Category:British children's novels]]
[[Category:British novels adapted into films]]
[[Category:Jonathan Cape books]]
[[Category:Swallows and Amazons series]]
[[Category:Novels set in the Lake District]]
[[Category:Novels set on islands]]

Benutzer:Cjoerges/Swallows and Amazons series

2019-05-22T20:06:39Z

Cydebot: Robot - Moving category 1930s in fiction to :Category:Fiction set in the 1930s per CFD at Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2019 May 14.

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Swallows and Amazons'' series}}
The '''''Swallows and Amazons'' series''' is a series of twelve [[children's books]] by English author [[Arthur Ransome]], named after the title of [[Swallows and Amazons|the first book in the series]] and set in the [[Interwar period]]. The twelve books involve adventures by groups of children, almost all during the school holidays and mostly in England, but including four sailing trips that go outside England. The stories revolve around outdoor activities, especially [[sailing]].

Literary scholar [[Peter Hunt (literary critic)|Peter Hunt]] said he believes the series "... changed British literature, affected a whole generation's view of holidays, helped to create the national image of the English [[Lake District]] and added Arthur Ransome's name to the select list of classic British children's authors".<ref>{{cite book |title=Approaching Arthur Ransome |last=Hunt |first=Peter |authorlink=Peter Hunt (literary critic) |year=1992 |publisher=Jonathan Cape |location=London |isbn =0-224-03288-7 |page=12}}</ref>

The series remains popular today. It contributes to the tourist industry in the Lake District<ref>[http://www.visitcumbria.com/swallows-and-amazons/ Visit Cumbria: Swallows and Amazons]</ref> and [[Norfolk Broads]] areas of England, where many of the books are set. There are also several societies dedicated to the study and promotion of Ransome's work which are largely inspired by the series. The first one to be founded was the [[Arthur Ransome Club]] in Japan. There is also the British-based group, [[The Arthur Ransome Society]], which has an international membership.

==Overview==

The series begins with ''[[Swallows and Amazons]]'', published in 1930. It tells the story of the Walker children, who sail a [[dinghy]] named ''Swallow'', and the Blackett children, who sail a dinghy named ''Amazon''. The Walkers are staying at a farm near a lake during the school holidays; the Blacketts live in a house on the opposite shore. The Walkers consider themselves explorers, while the Blacketts declare themselves to be pirates. The children meet on an island in the lake, and have a series of adventures that weave imaginative tales of pirates and exploration into everyday life in inter-war rural England. In subsequent adventures in the series, the children change roles and become explorers or miners. In the novel ''Winter Holiday'', the children meet Dick and Dorothea Callum, siblings visiting the area. Dick and Dorothea are often referred to as "The Ds" and appear in subsequent novels. Dick considers himself a scientist, while Dorothea sees herself as a writer.

Two of the books feature the Callums without the Swallows or Amazons: ''Coot Club'' and ''The Big Six''. They are set in an accurate representation of the [[Norfolk Broads]], particularly the small village of [[Horning]] and its surrounding rivers and broads. Two other books are set in Suffolk and Essex around the [[River Orwell]], though one involves a trip across the [[North Sea]] to [[Netherlands|Holland]]. Two books, ''Peter Duck'' and ''Missee Lee'', and possibly also ''Great Northern?'', are metafictional, being fictional stories of the protagonists' voyages to exotic lands, as imagined by the fictional protagonists.

== Major characters ==
{{see also|List of Swallows and Amazons characters}}

The crew of the ''Swallow'' are siblings John, Susan, Titty, and Roger Walker. John, the oldest, is the captain and usually in charge. Susan is first mate, in charge of stores, cooking, and the general well-being of the crew. She sometimes acts as a surrogate mother. Titty, the "able seaman", is the most imaginative member of the crew. She often imagines her own adventures and becomes a hero in the novels, such as when she wins the war in ''Swallows and Amazons'' or finds an underground spring in ''Pigeon Post''. Roger is the youngest, originally the ship's boy, but promoted to able seaman in later books. Their youngest sister Bridget (originally nicknamed "Vicky" due to a resemblance to pictures of Queen Victoria in old age; the nickname is dropped in later books as she loses the resemblance when she grows older) also joins the crew in ''Secret Water''. Roger is seven in the first novel and Bridget has her second birthday. Bridget grows up quickly into a six-year-old when she becomes a full character.

The crew of the ''Amazon'' are the sisters [[Nancy Blackett (character)|Nancy]] and Peggy Blackett. Nancy — who does not use her baptismal name of Ruth because her uncle has said that [[piracy|pirates]] are supposed to be ruthless — is a strong character who would probably be considered a [[tomboy]]. Nancy's speech includes many sailor and pirate terms. She often leads both the crews of the ''Amazon'' and the ''Swallow''. Peggy, real name Margaret, puts up a show of being as tough as Nancy, but often needs the encouragement of her sister to get through the more dangerous parts of their adventures. She is frightened of thunderstorms.

A third major set of characters are brother and sister Dick and Dorothea Callum, introduced in the fourth book of the series, ''Winter Holiday''. Dick and Dorothea are the intellectuals of the group, Dick in matters of science, Dorothea in the arts. The Callums later acquire a dinghy of their own, the ''Scarab''. The Callums were originally seen as useless to the group, until it was realized that they had great skating ability.

The Callums are the link to a different location and another set of characters. Following their appearance in ''Winter Holiday'', they appear in two following books set in the Norfolk Broads, where they meet the Coot Club: Tom Dudgeon; the twins, Port and Starboard; and Bill, Joe & Pete the three sons of boatbuilders: the ''Death and Glories''.

With a couple of exceptions, the exact ages of the characters are never established. In the first book they run from Roger, at 7 years old, to about 12 to 14 (John and Nancy). All characters age as the series goes on; the final book occurs three to four years after the first (see timeline below). There is an inconsistency in the only two dates mentioned in the series. In the first book the year is stated to be 1929; while in the second book, ''[[Swallowdale]]'', which is supposed to take place one year later, the year is given as 1931. A second inconsistency is that while Bridget is only a year old in the first novel, she has aged five years by the time of ''Secret Water''.

While the emphasis of all the books is on the activities of the young protagonists, many — generally benevolent — adult characters also appear. The most prominently involved are the Blackett sisters' uncle [[James Turner (fictional character)|Jim Turner]], who is called [[Captain Flint]] by the children, after the character in ''[[Treasure Island]]'', and Mrs Barrable in ''[[Coot Club]]''. A painfully shy geologist, named Timothy, is also accepted by the children during ''Pigeon Post'' and included in their adventures.

== Settings ==

The ''Swallows and Amazons'' series has strong links with the real world. Extensive elements of both the characters and the settings can be traced back to incidents in Ransome's life and are the raw material for much discussion and theorising about precise relationships. This contributes strongly to the series' air of authenticity.

The first book, ''Swallows and Amazons'', and four sequels — ''[[Swallowdale]]'', ''[[Winter Holiday]],'' ''[[Pigeon Post]]'' and ''[[The Picts and the Martyrs]]'' — are set in and around an unnamed lake in the English [[Lake District]]. Most of the unfinished ''[[Coots in the North]]'' would also have been set on the lake had Ransome completed it before his death. The lake and the surrounding [[fell]]s are based on an amalgam of [[Windermere]] and [[Coniston Water]], places where Ransome spent much of his childhood and later life. Many places in the books can be identified with real locations in the area, though Ransome has modified the real location in producing his fictional setting. Generally, the geography of the lake resembles Windermere (though Wild Cat Island has a number of important elements from [[Peel Island, Cumbria|Peel Island]] on Coniston Water) while the fells and hills surrounding it more closely resemble the area around Coniston.

''[[Coot Club]]'' and ''[[The Big Six]]'' are set in an accurate representation of the Norfolk Broads, particularly the small village of [[Horning]] and its surrounding rivers and broads. ''Coots in the North'' also begins in the Broads before moving to the lake in the north.

''[[We Didn't Mean to Go to Sea]]'' and ''[[Secret Water]]'' are set in coastal [[Suffolk]] and [[Essex]], with the former involving a voyage to [[Flushing, Netherlands]] and the latter the exploration of the islands of [[Hamford Water]] near [[Walton-on-the-Naze]].

The books ''[[Peter Duck]]'' and ''[[Missee Lee]]'' involve voyages of the [[schooner]] ''Wild Cat'' to the [[Caribbean]] and the [[South China Sea]]. These stories appear to be [[metafiction]]al in relation to the rest of the series, and were originally planned by Ransome (see below) as stories written by the children. The final published works, however, are presented simply as continuing adventures in the series, though different in a number of ways. Most obvious is the inclusion of fear and violence (which is mostly absent from rest of the series) and the extended voyages would have taken the children from school for unacceptably long periods. Both books are described on their title pages as "based on information supplied by the Swallows and Amazons", a description which is absent from the rest of the books in the series.

Two abandoned chapters of ''Peter Duck'' (called ''Their Own Story'') were found in Ransome's papers held in the [[Brotherton Library]] at the [[University of Leeds]]. They describe the story of ''Peter Duck'' being made up by the Walkers and Blacketts on a [[Norfolk wherry|wherry]] in the Norfolk Broads during the winter following the events described in ''Swallows and Amazons''. This composition was later referenced in ''Swallowdale'', but not in ''Peter Duck'' itself.<ref>{{cite book |title=Arthur Ransome and Capt. Flint's Trunk |last=Hardyment |first=Christina |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1984 |publisher=Jonathan Cape |location=London |isbn=0-224-02590-2 |page= |pages=148–161|url= }}</ref>

The final complete book, ''[[Great Northern?]]'' is set in the [[Outer Hebrides]] off the west coast of Scotland. This book is sometimes included with ''Peter Duck'' and ''Missee Lee'' as metafictional because the story would involve the children being away from school during the nesting season, which is in term time. Also while the use of firearms is reasonable in the context of the plot it seems to be at odds with the more peaceful adventures of most of the rest of the series).

==Timeline==

The following diagram shows the implied timeline of the books in the series. '''S''', '''A''', and '''D''' represent the main protagonists, the Swallows, Amazons, and Dick/Dorothea, respectively.

{{wide image|Sa_overview.png|750px|Click to expand the timeline}}

==Illustrations==

Current editions of the Swallows and Amazons series have illustrations which were drawn by Ransome himself. The first edition of ''Swallows and Amazons'' was published almost without illustrations. Ransome so disliked the pictures by [[Steven Spurrier (artist)|Steven Spurrier]] that were commissioned by his publisher, [[Jonathan Cape]], that the only pictures in the first edition were the [[endpaper]] map of the lake and a map of Wild Cat Island. For the second edition, [[Clifford Webb]] was commissioned to produce the illustrations, which met with grudging approval from Ransome. Webb also illustrated ''Swallowdale'', but Ransome decided that he would personally illustrate the third book, ''Peter Duck''. As this book was supposedly based on information supplied by the children themselves, Ransome drew the pictures as though done by the characters. These illustrations were so popular that Ransome illustrated the remainder of his books himself. In 1938, he drew his own pictures for ''Swallows and Amazons'' and ''Swallowdale'' to replace Webb's.

Ransome's pictures were done in [[pen and ink]] with no colour, although colours have been added by some publishers in later editions. Typically, figures in the pictures are shown from the back, though there are some which show the faces of a few of the characters. Taqui Altounyan, the oldest of the children to whom the first edition of ''Swallows and Amazons'' was dedicated, recalls that "He shirked drawing faces and got over that difficulty with back views of shaggy heads of hair or hats".<ref>Hardyment (1984: 185)</ref>

==Reception==

The sixth book in the series, ''Pigeon Post'', won the inaugural [[Carnegie Medal (literary award)|Carnegie Medal]] from the [[CILIP|Library Association]] in June 1937, recognising the best 1936 children's book by a [[British subject]].<ref name=medal1936/> It was reviewed in ''The New York Times'' the month after [[J. B. Lippincott & Co.]] of Philadelphia published the first U.S. edition. Ellen Lewis Buell welcomed the latest work in the six-year-old series that had firmly established "a special niche in juvenile literature". She noted the children's "vivid collective imagination which turned play into serious business" (hunting a gold mine on the moors) and observed, "It is the portrayal of this spirit which makes play a matter of desperate yet enjoyable earnestness which gives their distinctive stamp to Mr. Ransome's books. ... Because he understands the whole-heartedness of youth he can invest a momentary experiment, such as young Roger's Indian scout work, with real suspense."<ref name=lewis>
"The New Books for Boys and Girls", Ellen Buell Lewis, ''The New York Times'', 22 August 1937, p. BR10.</ref>

== Series ==

# ''[[Swallows and Amazons]]'' (published [[1930 in literature|1930]])
# ''[[Swallowdale]]'' ([[1931 in literature|1931]])
# ''[[Peter Duck]]'' ([[1932 in literature|1932]])
# ''[[Winter Holiday (novel)|Winter Holiday]]'' ([[1933 in literature|1933]])
# ''[[Coot Club]]'' ([[1934 in literature|1934]])
# ''[[Pigeon Post]]'' ([[1936 in literature|1936]])
# ''[[We Didn't Mean to Go to Sea]]'' ([[1937 in literature|1937]])
# ''[[Secret Water]]'' ([[1939 in literature|1939]])
# ''[[The Big Six]]'' ([[1940 in literature|1940]])
# ''[[Missee Lee]]'' ([[1941 in literature|1941]])
# ''[[The Picts And The Martyrs|The Picts And The Martyrs: or Not Welcome At All]]'' ([[1943 in literature|1943]])
# ''[[Great Northern?]]'' ([[1947 in literature|1947]])
# ''[[Coots in the North]]'' (unfinished at the time of Ransome's 1967 death, edited by [[Hugh Brogan]] and sections published in an unfinished form in [[1988 in literature|1988]] with some other short works)

==Adaptations==
In 1963, the BBC screened a [[Swallows and Amazons (TV series)|television series]] starring [[Susan George (actress)|Susan George]] as 'Kitty' (changed from Titty), which was violently disliked by Arthur Ransome.<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/news/author-arthur-ransome-loathed-bbcs-swallows-and-amazons-his-diaries-reveal-9131091.html ''Author Arthur Ransome loathed BBC's 'Swallows and Amazons', his diaries reveal'', Independent, 16 February 2014]</ref> The six-part series aired in September and October 1963.

In 1974, [[EMI]] produced a film version of the ''[[Swallows and Amazons (1974 film)|Swallows and Amazons]]'', starring [[Virginia McKenna]] and [[Ronald Fraser (actor)|Ronald Fraser]].<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/10467723/Debauchery-revealed-behind-the-scenes-of-Swallows-and-Amazons.html ''Debauchery revealed behind the scenes of Swallows and Amazons''. Daily Telegraph, 22 November 2013]</ref>

In 1984, the [[BBC]] adapted the two Norfolk-set stories, ''Coot Club'' and ''The Big Six'', for television, titled ''[[Swallows and Amazons Forever!]]''

In 2010, a stage musical version of the first book in the series was created at [[Bristol Old Vic]], adapted by [[Helen Edmundson]] with music by [[Neil Hannon]], and directed by [[Tom Morris (director)|Tom Morris]]. The show was successful, and was taken on tour, including a stint in London's West End.

A new film version of ''[[Swallows and Amazons (2016 film)|Swallows and Amazons]]'' by [[Harbour Pictures]] and [[BBC Films]] was released in the United Kingdom on 19 August 2016.

==See also==
{{Portal bar |Children's literature}} 

==References==
{{reflist |refs=
<ref name=medal1936>
[http://www.carnegiegreenaway.org.uk/livingarchive/title.php?id=119 (Carnegie Winner 1936)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011215536/http://www.carnegiegreenaway.org.uk/livingarchive/title.php?id=119 |date=2007-10-11 }}. Living Archive: Celebrating the Carnegie and Greenaway Winners. [[CILIP]]. Retrieved 14 August 2012.</ref>
}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote|Arthur Ransome|the Swallows and Amazons series}}
*[http://www.arthur-ransome.org.uk/ The Arthur Ransome Society]
*[http://www.nancyblackett.org/ The Nancy Blackett Trust]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100627200055/http://www.freewebs.com/thenorthernriverpirates/index.htm Northern River Pirates society ''(via the Internet Archive)'']
*[http://www.sailransome.org/ Sailing Swallow]
*[http://www.swallowsandamazons.info/ Swallows and Amazons information and news website]
*[http://allthingsransome.net/literary/archildrensbooks/ransome.htm The Children's books of Arthur Ransome]
* {{IMDb title|0200383|The 1963 TV series}}
* {{IMDb title|0072233|The 1974 film}}
* {{IMDb title|tt1227183|The 2016 film}}

{{SwallowsandAmazonsbooks}}
{{Works about sailing}}

[[Category:Swallows and Amazons series]]
[[Category:Fiction set in the 1930s]]

1776 – Rebellion und Liebe

2019-05-22T19:04:57Z

Cydebot: Robot - Moving category 1776 in fiction to :Category:Fiction set in 1776 per CFD at Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2019 May 14.

{{about|the film|the Broadway musical|1776 (musical)|the book by David McCullough|1776 (book)|other uses|1776 (disambiguation)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2013}}
{{Infobox film
| name = 1776
| image = 1776 film poster.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Peter H. Hunt]]
| producer = [[Jack L. Warner]]
| writer = [[Peter Stone]]
| starring = [[William Daniels]] [[Howard Da Silva]] [[Ken Howard]] [[Donald Madden]] [[John Cullum]]
| music = [[Sherman Edwards]]
| cinematography = [[Harry Stradling, Jr.]]
| editing = Florence Williamson [[William H. Ziegler]]
| distributor = [[Columbia Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|1972|11|17}}
| runtime = 141 minutes<ref>{{cite web|title=''1776'' (A)|url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/1776|work=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|date=1972-12-15|accessdate=2013-06-04}}</ref> {{small|(Theatrical)}} 168 minutes {{small|(DVD)}}
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget = $6 million<ref name="times">Jack Warner to Make '1776' Into a Movie - New York Times (1923-Current file) [New York, N.Y] 26 Mar 1971: 29</ref>
| gross = $2,800,000 {{small|(Rentals)}}<ref>"Big Rental Films of 1973", ''Variety'', 9 January 1974 p 19</ref>
}}
'''''1776''''' is a 1972 American [[musical film|musical]] [[drama film]] directed by [[Peter H. Hunt]]. The screenplay by [[Peter Stone]] was based on his book for the [[1776 (musical)|1969 Broadway musical of the same name]].<ref name="1776 film">{{cite web|url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/89664/1776/|title=1776 film|work=[[Turner Classic Movies]]|accessdate=March 23, 2016}}</ref> The song score was composed by [[Sherman Edwards]]. The film stars [[William Daniels]], [[Howard Da Silva]], [[Donald Madden]], [[John Cullum]], [[Ken Howard]] and [[Blythe Danner]].

Portions of the dialogue and some of the song lyrics were taken directly from the letters and memoirs of the actual participants of the [[Second Continental Congress]].

==Plot==
While General [[George Washington]] is conducting the struggle against the [[British Empire]] on the battlefield, the [[Continental Congress]] in [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Philadelphia]] piddles away its time over trivial matters and continually refuses to begin debating the question of [[American Revolution|American independence]]. The leader of the independence faction is the abrasive [[John Adams]] of Massachusetts, whose continuous pushing of the issue has brought their cause to a complete standstill. [[John Dickinson (politician)|John Dickinson]] of Pennsylvania leads the opposition that hopes for reconciliation with England. During his quieter moments, Adams calls up the image of his wife [[Abigail Adams]], who resides in Massachusetts and gives him insight and encouragement (these conversations are based on letters between the couple). Dr. [[Benjamin Franklin]] of Pennsylvania suggests another colony that supports independence should submit a proposal.

[[Richard Henry Lee]] of Virginia voluntarily rides off to [[Williamsburg, Virginia]] to get authorization from the Virginia Colony to propose independence. Dr. [[Lyman Hall]] arrives to represent Georgia, and immediately, he is interrogated by his fellow delegates regarding his views on independence (with Dickinson framing it as "treason"). Weeks later, Lee returns with the [[Lee Resolution|resolution]], and debate on the question begins. However, in the midst of debate, [[Caesar Rodney]] falters because of his cancer and is taken back to Delaware by fellow delegate [[Thomas McKean]], leaving the anti-independence [[George Read (U.S. statesman)|George Read]] to represent Delaware.

After heated discussions, the question is called without a majority of positive votes present. The New Jersey delegation, led by Reverend [[John Witherspoon]], arrives just in time to provide a vote supporting independence. In a move intended to defeat the resolution, Dickinson calls for a vote requiring unanimity for passage. The vote ends in a tie between the colonies, New York abstaining as it does in every vote. It is ultimately decided in favor of unanimity by [[John Hancock]], [[president of the Continental Congress]], who argues that any objecting colony would fight for England against independence. Stalling for time to rally support for the resolution, Adams and Franklin call again for a postponement, justifying their call by stating the need for a declaration describing their grievances. Once again tied and ultimately decided by Hancock, the vote is successfully postponed until such a document can be written.

Hancock appoints a committee that includes Adams, Franklin, [[Roger Sherman]] of Connecticut, [[Robert R. Livingston (chancellor)|Robert Livingston]] of New York, and [[Thomas Jefferson]] (after Lee declines due to an appointment to serve as governor of Virginia). Jefferson resists because he desires to return home to Virginia to see his wife, Martha, but the others present more compelling reasons to avoid the responsibility; they opine that Jefferson's diplomatic nature and superior writing skill are required to draft the declaration. Jefferson develops writer's block due to missing his wife, so Adams sends for Martha: "It simply occurred to me that the sooner his problem was solved the sooner ours would be." Upon meeting her, Adams and Franklin are quite taken with Martha. While maneuvering to get the required unanimity for the vote on independence, Adams, Franklin and [[Samuel Chase]] of Maryland visit the Colonial Army encamped in [[New Brunswick, New Jersey]], at the request of General Washington, to help convince Maryland.

When they return to Philadelphia, the declaration is read and then subsequently debated and amended. Jefferson agrees to most alterations to the document, much to Adams' growing consternation. The debate reaches a head when the [[Southern United States|Southern]] delegates, led by [[Edward Rutledge]] of South Carolina, walk out of Congress when a clause opposing [[Slavery in the United States|slavery]] is not removed. Adams remains adamant that the clause remain, but Franklin appeals to him to allow the passage to be removed so that they can first achieve the vote on independence and the formation of a nation, deferring the slavery fight to a later time. Adams leaves the final decision to Jefferson, who reluctantly concedes. After removing that clause, 11 of 13 colonies are now in favor. New York abstains yet again (since its delegates have never been given specific orders by the disorganized New York legislature).

The question is therefore up to the Colony of Pennsylvania, whose delegation is polled at Franklin's request. Franklin votes for the declaration, but Dickinson votes against. The outcome is now in the hands of their fellow Pennsylvanian Judge [[James Wilson]]. Wilson has always followed Dickinson's lead, but in this case Wilson votes in favor of the declaration, securing its passage, so that he would not be remembered by history as the man who voted to prevent American independence. After receiving word of the destruction of his property from General Washington, [[Lewis Morris]] finally withdraws New York's abstention and agrees to sign the document. Finally, with the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]] ready to be signed, Hancock places his signature first, whereupon the others (including New York) affix theirs to the Declaration, establishing the United States on July 4, 1776.

==Cast==
; Delegates
{{div col}}
* [[William Daniels]] as [[John Adams]] (MA)
* [[Howard Da Silva]] as [[Benjamin Franklin]] (PA)
* [[Ken Howard]] as [[Thomas Jefferson]] (VA)
* [[Donald Madden]] as [[John Dickinson]] (PA)
* [[John Cullum]] as [[Edward Rutledge]] (SC)
* [[David Ford (actor)|David Ford]] as [[John Hancock]] (MA)
* Roy Poole as [[Stephen Hopkins (politician)|Stephen Hopkins]] (RI)
* [[Ron Holgate]] as [[Richard Henry Lee]] (VA)
* [[Ray Middleton (actor)|Ray Middleton]] as [[Thomas McKean]] (DE)
* [[William Hansen (actor)|William Hansen]] as [[Caesar Rodney]] (DE)
* [[Emory Bass]] as [[James Wilson]] (PA)
* [[Howard Caine]] as [[Lewis Morris]] (NY)
* [[Patrick Hines]] as [[Samuel Chase]] (MD)
* Daniel Keyes as [[Josiah Bartlett]] (NH)
* Leo Leyden as [[George Read (signer)|George Read]] (DE)
* Jonathan Moore as [[Lyman Hall]] (GA)
* [[James Noble (actor)|James Noble]] as Reverend [[John Witherspoon]] (NJ)
* [[John Myhers]] as [[Robert Livingston (chancellor)|Robert Livingston]] (NY)
* [[Rex Robbins]] as [[Roger Sherman]] (CT)
* Charles Rule as [[Joseph Hewes]] (NC)

{{div col end}}
; Others
{{div col}}
* [[Blythe Danner]] as [[Martha Jefferson]]
* [[Virginia Vestoff]] as [[Abigail Adams]]
* [[Ralston Hill]] as [[Charles Thomson]], Secretary of the Continental Congress
* [[William Duell]] as [[Andrew McNair]], Congressional custodian
* Stephen Nathan as Courier
{{div col end}}

==Musical numbers and soundtrack==
[[File:1776mpsdtrklp.jpg|300px|thumb|1776 Original Motion Picture Soundtrack album cover]]
# Overture
# "Sit Down, John" – Adams, Congress
# "Piddle, Twiddle and Resolve" – Adams
# "Till Then" – Adams, Abigail
# "The Lees of Old Virginia" – Lee, Franklin, Adams
# "But, Mr. Adams" – Adams, Franklin, Jefferson, Sherman, Livingston
# "Yours, Yours, Yours" – John, Abigail
# "He Plays the Violin" – Martha Jefferson, Franklin, Adams
# "Cool, Cool, Considerate Men" – Dickinson, The Conservatives
# "Mama Look Sharp" – Courier, McNair, Leather Apron
# "The Egg" – Franklin, Adams, Jefferson
# "Molasses to Rum" – Rutledge
# "Compliments" – Adams, Abigail
# "Is Anybody There?" – Adams
# Finale

An original motion picture [[soundtrack album]] was released in 1972 by [[Columbia Records]] on the vinyl [[LP album|LP]] format. It contains all the musical numbers, with the exception of "Cool, Cool Considerate Men" and "Compliments". The soundtrack also contains the edited versions of some of the musical numbers which were presented in full on the [[laserdisc]] and [[DVD]] releases. Although the Original Broadway Cast recording was released on [[compact disc|CD]] in 1992, the film soundtrack was not.{{citation needed|date=June 2018}}

==Production==
[[Jack L. Warner]] bought the film rights to the musical for $1.25 million.

Many members of the original [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] cast, including [[William Daniels]], [[Ken Howard]], [[John Cullum]], and [[Howard Da Silva]], reprised their roles for the film. [[Ralston Hill]], [[Ron Holgate]], [[David Ford (actor)|David Ford]], Charles Rule and others repeated their roles from the Broadway production, marking their only appearances in feature film. This was a decision Warner made himself after feeling he made a mistake by turning down [[Julie Andrews]] for the 1964 film adaptation of [[My Fair Lady (film)|''My Fair Lady'']] in favor of [[Audrey Hepburn]].<ref>William Daniels interview with William Daniels on Turner Classic Movies, April 16, 2017</ref>

''1776'' was also the only film of [[Donald Madden]], who was not in the original Broadway cast.

Exteriors were filmed at the Warner Ranch in Burbank, California, the former Columbia Pictures backlot, where they built an entire street of colonial Philadelphia. Most of the colonial sets were destroyed by a fire in the mid-1970s.{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}

The water fountain seen during the musical number "The Lees of Old Virginia," with [[Ben Franklin]], [[John Adams]], and [[Richard Henry Lee]], became known to television viewers as the fountain seen during the beginning credits of the TV series ''[[Friends]]''. This fountain still exists directly across the street from the ''[[Bewitched]]'' and ''[[I Dream of Jeannie]]'' houses.<ref>http://www.columbiaranch.net/Park/</ref>

Interiors were shot at the old Columbia studio on Gower Street in Hollywood.<ref>{{cite web|title=COLUMBIA TRISTAR PICTURES SONY ENTERTAINMENT CORPORATION | WORLD ELECTRIC NAVIGATION CHALLENGE | SOLAR COLA, COKE, PEPSI, VIRGIN, COCA COLA. |url=http://www.solarnavigator.net/columbia_pictures_sony_entertainment.htm |work= |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5iQIWn8c6?url=http://www.solarnavigator.net/columbia_pictures_sony_entertainment.htm |archivedate=July 21, 2009 |deadurl=no |accessdate=2009-07-11 |df=mdy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sunset-Gower Studios (formerly Columbia Studios) |author=Gary Wayne |url=http://www.seeing-stars.com/Studios/SunsetGower.shtml |work= |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5iQIf7vwC?url=http://www.seeing-stars.com/Studios/SunsetGower.shtml |archivedate=July 21, 2009 |deadurl=no |accessdate=2009-07-11 |df=mdy }}</ref> ''1776'' was among the final films shot at Gower Studios before the Warner/Columbia merger in 1971.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/89664/1776/notes.html |title=1776 (1972) - Notes |publisher=TCM.com |date=1969-03-16 |accessdate=2011-09-07}}</ref>

In its theatrical and original home video releases, the film was rated G; following the restoration of various parts cut by producer [[Jack L. Warner]], the [[DVD]] was rated PG.{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}} The [[Laserdisc]] version, out of print, contains additional footage and background music not contained on the DVD release. The 168-minute version is considered director Peter Hunt's preferred version, hence its "[[director's cut]]" [[moniker]]. The film was the Christmas attraction at [[Radio City Music Hall]] in New York City.{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}

"Cool, Cool, Considerate Men" was cut from the film prior to its release and not included on the soundtrack recording nor on the first VHS tapes and laserdiscs. The footage, some of physically poor quality, was restored for the DVD and Blu-Ray releases.

==Political changes==
According to the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', "The song 'Cool, Cool, Considerate Men' depicts Revolutionary War–era conservatives as power-hungry wheedlers focused on maintaining wealth."<ref name="cool" /> According to Jack L. Warner, the film's producer and a friend of [[United States President|U.S. President]] [[Richard Nixon]], Nixon requested to have the song removed from the film. Nixon apparently saw the song as an insult to the conservatives of his time, as it suggested that the conservatives were the ones who were hindering American Independence as they danced a [[minuet]] singing the song that included the [[stanza]],
{{quote|<poem>Come ye cool, cool considerate set
We'll dance together to the same minuet
To the right, ever to the right
Never to the left, forever to the right.
</poem>}}
To further complicate things as mentioned above, the song is anachronistic, because the terms "right" and "left" in politics were not coined until the [[French Revolution]].

Warner's attempt to comply with Nixon's demands had initially been rebuffed by director Hunt during production, only for the song to be removed in post-production while Hunt was on vacation. Warner also wanted the original negative of the song shredded, but the film's editor kept it in storage unaltered.<ref name="cool" /> Trailers were already released in theaters with the "Considerate Men" number as its centerpiece; Warner had those trailers pulled and re-edited.<ref name="rwb" /> Hunt later mentioned in a 2015 interview that Warner, on his deathbed, told a friend that he regretted editing the scene, believing that he had ruined the structure of the film as a result of those edits.<ref name="rwb">Epstein, Ronald (May 20, 2015). [https://www.youtube.com/watch?t=996&v=sU84JvdElq8 Peter Hunt interview.] ''Home Theater Forum".</ref> It was only decades later that the song was restored to the film.<ref name="cool">[http://articles.latimes.com/2001/sep/07/entertainment/ca-42982 Heated Debate About 'Cool' Cut], [http://articles.latimes.com/ Los Angeles Times Archives], September 07, 2001, Accessed 2009-05-30</ref>

When the Broadway musical was about to be presented to Nixon at the [[White House]] in 1970, before the film was made, his staff pressed the producers to cut the song then; their request was denied.<ref name="cool" />

==Historical accuracy==
According to ''The Columbia Companion to American History on Film'', historical "[i]naccuracies pervade ''1776'', though few are very troubling."<ref>Peter C. Rollins, ed., ''The Columbia Companion to American History on Film'' (Columbia University Press, 2004, {{ISBN|0-231-11222-X}}), p. 154.</ref> Because Congress was held in secrecy and there are no contemporary records on the debate over the Declaration of Independence, the authors of the play created the narrative based on later accounts and educated guesses, inventing scenes and dialogue as needed for storytelling purposes. Some of the dialogue was taken from words written, often years or even decades later, by the actual people involved, and rearranged for dramatic effect.<ref>Stone and Edwards, pp. 153–65, describing the play's historical basis and dramatic license.</ref>

The film particularly distorts and omits the views of the mid-Atlantic Quaker population, represented by Dickinson. Although in the film Dickinson is portrayed as loyalist, and John Adams is seen making the points of objection about the tax abuses of [[George III of Great Britain|George III of the United Kingdom]], including regressive taxes and "taxation without representation", and all to fund wars and the King's lifestyle, not to benefit the people, it was Dickinson's ''[[Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania]]'' that had originally made these points. A supposed physical fight between Dickinson and Adams is portrayed, in which Dickinson calls Adams a "lawyer" as an epithet, which makes little sense since Dickinson was a lawyer himself.

Also, despite the film's heavy focus on John Adams, John Dickinson, Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin, only Martha Jefferson and [[Abigail Adams]] and their marriages are depicted, despite Dickinson's wife, [[Mary Norris Dickinson]], being the only one of these spouses actually present in Philadelphia during the convention. (Franklin's common law wife, [[Deborah Read]], had died a year or so earlier.) Although the film initially uses actual correspondence between Abigail Adams and John Adams as a basis for dialogue, it romanticizes her views in later scenes. The film also fictionalizes the Martha Jefferson relationship in particular, depicting her as coming to the convention, when she had actually just suffered a miscarriage and was also dealing with complications of gestational diabetes and was an invalid in Virginia. The omission of Mary Norris and Dickinson's marriage to her is also particularly distorting as Quaker marriages such as that of Dickinson and Norris were more egalitarian than those of some of the other founding cultures (including the patriarchal Puritan-style Adams marriage, to which Abigail Adams objects in her letters quoted in the film) and were by definition not bound to gender stereotypes.

Another departure from history is that the separation from Great Britain was accomplished in two steps: the actual vote for independence came on July 2 with the approval of Lee's [[resolution of independence]]. The wording of the Declaration of Independence—the statement to the world as to the reasons necessitating the split—was then debated for three days before being approved on July 4. The vote for independence did not hinge on some passages being removed from the Declaration, as implied in the film (and the play), since Congress had already voted in favor of independence before debating the Declaration. For the sake of drama, the play's authors combined the two events.<ref name="Book158">Stone and Edwards, p. 158.</ref> In addition, some historians believe that the Declaration was not signed on July 4, as shown in ''1776'', but was instead signed on August 2, 1776. Others point out that the final, official copy of the document was signed by the delegates not on a single date, but over several weeks and months, commencing in July but not being completed until as late as September. The authors of ''1776'' had the delegates sign the Declaration on July 4 for dramatic reasons.<ref name="Book158" />

The [[Liberty Bell]] in ''1776'' is shown being rung as the delegates were signing the Declaration on July 4; however, this was also for dramatic effect. Independence Hall's wooden steeple was structurally unstable, and the Liberty Bell was silent, having been lowered into the upper chamber of the brick tower.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ushistory.org/libertybell/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2015-07-04 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704163228/http://www.ushistory.org/libertybell/ |archivedate=2015-07-04 |df=mdy }}</ref> A smaller bell, used to toll the hours, may have rung on July 8, for the public reading of the Declaration.

Many characters in ''1776'' differ from their historical counterparts. Central to the drama is the depiction of John Adams as "obnoxious and disliked." According to biographer [[David McCullough]], however, Adams was one of the most respected members of Congress in 1776. Adams's often-quoted description of himself in Congress as "obnoxious, suspected, and unpopular" is from a letter written 46 years later in 1822,<ref>[http://personal.pitnet.net/primarysources/pickering.html Letter from Adams to [[Timothy Pickering]], 1822] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071117234803/http://personal.pitnet.net/primarysources/pickering.html |date=November 17, 2007 }}. Adams also described himself as "obnoxious" in his [http://www.masshist.org/digitaladams/aea/cfm/doc.cfm?id=A1_24 ''Autobiography''], written in 1805.</ref> after his unpopular presidency had likely colored his view of the past. According to McCullough, no delegate described Adams as obnoxious in 1776.<ref>McCullough, David. ''[[John Adams (book)|John Adams]]'' (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001), pp. 119–20.</ref> Historian [[Garry Wills]] earlier made a similar argument, writing that "historians relay John Adams's memories without sufficient skepticism", and that it was Dickinson, not Adams, who was advocating an unpopular position in 1776.<ref>Wills, Garry. ''Inventing America: Jefferson's Declaration of Independence'' (New York: Doubleday, 1978), pp. 349–50.</ref>

For practical and dramatic purposes, the work does not depict all of the more than 50 members of Congress who were present at the time. This version of John Adams is, in part, a [[composite character]], combining the real Adams with his cousin [[Samuel Adams]], who was in Congress at the time but is not depicted in the play.<ref name="Book162">Stone and Edwards, p. 162.</ref> Although the play depicts Delaware's [[Caesar Rodney]] as an elderly man near death from skin cancer (which would eventually kill him), he was just 47 years old at the time and continued to be very active in the Revolution after signing the Declaration. He was not absent from the voting because of health; however, the play is accurate in having him arrive "in the nick of time," having ridden 80 miles the night before (an event depicted on Delaware's 1999 [[State Quarter]]) unaided, instead of with the help of another delegate. Further, Richard Henry Lee announces that he is returning to Virginia to serve as governor. He was never governor; his cousin [[Henry Lee III|Henry Lee]] (who is anachronistically called "General 'Lighthorse' Harry Lee," a rank and nickname earned later) did eventually become governor (and the father of Confederate general [[Robert E. Lee]]). John Adams was also depicted as disliking Richard Henry Lee, but according to McCullough, Adams expressed nothing but "respect and admiration for the tall, masterly Virginian." He did dislike Benjamin Franklin, contrary to what was portrayed.

Martha Jefferson never traveled to Philadelphia to be with her husband; she was extremely ill during the summer of 1776, having just endured a miscarriage. The play's authors invented the scene "to show something of the young Jefferson's life without destroying the [[Classical unities|unity of setting]]."<ref name="Book161">Stone and Edwards, p. 161.</ref> [[James Wilson]] was not the indecisive milquetoast depicted in the play and the film. The real Wilson, who was not yet a judge in 1776, had been cautious about supporting independence at an earlier date, but he supported the resolution of independence when it came up for a vote. Pennsylvania's deciding swing vote was actually cast by [[John Morton (American politician)|John Morton]], who is not depicted in the musical.<ref name="Book162" />

The quote attributed to [[Edmund Burke]] by Dr. Lyman Hall in a key scene with Adams is a paraphrase of a real quote by Burke.<ref>"Your Representative owes you, not his industry only, but his judgment; and he betrays, instead of serving you, if he sacrifices it to your opinion." Edmund Burke, Select Works of Edmund Burke. [http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/documents/v1ch13s7.html].</ref>

The song "Cool Considerate Men" is anachronistic; the terms [[Left–right politics#History of the terms|"right" and "left"]] in politics were not in use until the [[French Revolution]] of 1789. [[John Dickinson (politician)|John Dickinson]], who is portrayed as an antagonist here, was motivated mainly by his Quaker roots and his respect for the British Constitution, having lived in England for 3 years in the 1750s.<ref>Jack Rakove: "The Patriot Who Refused to Sign the Declaration of Independence", http://www.historynet.com/the-patriot-who-refused-to-sign-the-declaration-of-independence.htm</ref> He was no wealthier than some members of the pro-Independence faction, and freed his slaves in 1777. Thomas Jefferson wrote that "his name will be consecrated in history as one of the great worthies of the revolution".<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/US/12/04/jefferson.letter/index.html | work=CNN | title=Student finds letter 'a link to Jefferson' - CNN.com | accessdate=May 6, 2010 | date=December 8, 2009}}</ref>

The film also misses the objection some had to the Declaration's stated basis in "rights of Man" based in "natural law" derived from a supernatural being. The Quaker-based population in the mid-Atlantic, represented by Dickinson, objected to this conception. Dickinson's objection to the Declaration had to do with this, as well as the fact he and his base preferred civil disobedience to war as the means, and a view that the colonies were too immature and the egalitarian mid-Atlantic culture would be overruled by the slavery of the South and the patriarchal Puritan attitudes of New England, represented by John Adams, in the foundation of the new country. The film also omits the fact that Dickinson, after refusing to sign the Declaration, set about drafting the [[Articles of Confederation]], which he based on "rights of Person" with no reference to anything but law created by human beings and the only reference to "men" being in the context of mustering armies. This basis was then used when the Articles were converted to the Constitution but by then completely omitting the word "man" and only using the word "Person."

The musical also deviates from history in its portrayal of attitudes about slavery. In ''1776'', after a dramatic debate over slavery, the southern delegates walk out in protest of the Declaration's denunciation of the slave trade, and only support independence when that language was removed from the Declaration. The walkout is fictional, as the debate over the wording of the declaration took place after the vote for independence on July 2, and apparently most delegates, northern and southern, supported the deletion of the clause.

The musical depicts [[Edward Rutledge]] as the leader of the opposition to an anti-slavery clause in Jefferson's original draft of the Declaration. However, while we do know that, according to Jefferson, the clause was opposed by South Carolina and Georgia, plus unspecified "northern brethren",<ref>''The Jeffersonian Cyclopedia: a Comprehensive Collection of the Views of Thomas Jefferson'' (1900) by Thomas Jefferson, edited by John P. Foley, p. 246</ref> that is all that is known about opposition to the clause. Rutledge was a delegate from South Carolina, but there is no historical evidence that he played any part—much less a leadership role—in the opposition to the clause.<ref>Nothing is known of what Rutledge said or did during the Continental Congress, as the Congress was conducted in closed session and its members had made a pact of secrecy. No letters or memoirs have been found in which his participation is specified, and no record has been found as to what Rutledge did or did not say in regard to Jefferson's complaint about the King's freeing of slaves and veto of slave tariffs. See, e.g., ''Lives of the Presidents of the United States'' by Robert W. Lincoln (1836), p. 390; ''Sanderson's Biography of the Signers to the Declaration of Independence'' (1846) by John Sanderson and Robert Taylor Conrad, p. 351; ''The United States Manual of Biography and History'' by James V. Marshall (1856), p. 115; ''An Outline of the Political and Social Life of George Washington'', Volume 2 (1895) by James Tyson, p. 339.</ref> The musical does acknowledge the complexity of the colonial attitudes toward slavery in the dramatic song "Molasses to rum to slaves", sung by the Rutledge character, which illustrates the hypocrisy in northern condemnations of slavery since northerners profited from the [[triangle trade]].

Thomas Jefferson is depicted in the musical as saying that he has resolved to free his slaves, something he did not do, except for a few slaves freed after his death 50 years later. The musical also depicts Franklin as claiming that he is the founder of the first abolitionist organization in the New World; the real Franklin did not become an abolitionist until after the American Revolution, becoming president of the [[Pennsylvania Abolition Society]] in 1785.<ref>Isaacson, Walter. ''Benjamin Franklin: An American Life'' (2003).</ref> It was actually Dickinson who freed his slaves in 1776, conditionally at first, and fully by 1787 when the Constitution was ratified.

In both the play and the film, John Adams sarcastically predicts that Benjamin Franklin will receive from posterity too great a share of credit for the Revolution. "Franklin smote the ground and out sprang—George Washington. Fully grown, and on his horse. Franklin then electrified them with his miraculous lightning rod and the three of them—Franklin, Washington, and the horse—conducted the entire Revolution all by themselves." Adams did make a similar comment about Franklin in April 1790, just after Franklin's death, although the mention of the horse was a humorous twist added by the authors of the musical.<ref name="Old Family Letters">'Old Family Letters', https://books.google.com/books?id=84oTAQAAMAAJ&dq=old%20family%20letters%20john%20adams%2055&pg=PA55#v=onepage&q=old%20family%20letters%20john%20adams%2055</ref>

[[James Wilson]] is portrayed as subordinating himself to Dickinson's opposition to independence, only changing his vote so that he would not be remembered unfavorably. In fact, Wilson was considered one of the leading thinkers behind the American cause, consistently supporting and arguing for independence, although he would not cast his vote until his district had been caucused.<ref>James Wilson: Founding Father, Charles Page Smith, 1956</ref>

The formula John Adams gives Abigail for making saltpeter — "By treating [[sodium nitrate]] with [[potassium chloride]], of course!" — refers to various chemicals by their modern names, instead of the names used in the 1770s. A more historically accurate version might be "treating soda [[niter]] with [[potash]]." More accurate still would have been a detailed description of the process, involving ingredients such as manure or bat guano, would probably have been too long, and repulsive to audiences.

==Critical reception==
[[Vincent Canby]] of ''[[The New York Times]]'' observed, "The music is resolutely unmemorable. The lyrics sound as if they'd been written by someone high on [[root beer]], and the book is familiar history—compressed here, stretched there—that has been gagged up and paced to Broadway's not inspiring standards. Yet Peter H. Hunt's screen version of ''1776'' ... insists on being so entertaining and, at times, even moving, that you might as well stop resisting it. This reaction, I suspect, represents a clear triumph of emotional associations over material ... [It] is far from being a landmark of musical cinema, but it is the first film in my memory that comes close to treating seriously a magnificent chapter in the American history."<ref>{{cite news|last=Canby |first=Vincent |url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=980DE1D7113DEF34BC4852DFB7678389669EDE |title=''New York Times'' review |publisher=Movies.nytimes.com |date=1972-11-10 |accessdate=2011-09-07}}</ref>

[[Roger Ebert]] of the ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'' gave ''1776'' two stars and declared, "This is an insult to the real men who were Adams, Jefferson, Franklin and the rest ... The performances trapped inside these roles, as you might expect, are fairly dreadful. There are good actors in the movie (especially William Daniels as Adams and Donald Madden as John Dickinson), but they're forced to strut and posture so much that you wonder if they ever scratched or spit or anything ... I can hardly bear to remember the songs, much less discuss them. Perhaps I shouldn't. It is just too damn bad this movie didn't take advantage of its right to the pursuit of happiness."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19721226/REVIEWS/212260301/1023 |title=''Chicago Sun-Times'' review |publisher=Rogerebert.suntimes.com |date= December 26, 1972|accessdate=2011-09-07}}</ref>

==Awards and honors==
The film was nominated for the [[Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy]] but lost to ''[[Cabaret (1972 film)|Cabaret]]''. [[Harry Stradling Jr.]] was nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Cinematography]] but lost to [[Geoffrey Unsworth]] for ''Cabaret''.

The film is recognized by [[American Film Institute]] in these lists:
* 2006: [[AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals]] – Nominated<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afi.com/Docs/100Years/musicals_ballot.pdf |title= AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals Nominees |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2016-08-13}}</ref>

==Home media releases==
The film was released on [[videocassette]] and [[laserdisc]] in the 1980s, and on [[DVD]] in 2002. This DVD version was released as the "Restored Director's Cut" and contains clips that were unreleased and unavailable in videocassette versions, including the "Cool, Cool Considerate Men" musical number and accompanying dialogue. The (out of print) laserdisc contains an additional four minutes of material which is not available on the DVD.

The film was released on [[Blu-ray]] [[4K resolution|4K]]-master on June 2, 2015.<ref>http://www.blu-ray.com/news/?id=16385</ref> It contains two commentaries: an all-new commentary, with director Peter H. Hunt, William Daniels, and Ken Howard, and also the DVD version's commentary with Hunt and Peter Stone only. It also contains two versions of the film: the DVD's "Director's Cut", and an "extended cut" adding an additional 2 minutes and 44 seconds to the DVD edition's time. It also includes two deleted and alternative scenes with filmmaker commentary, screen tests, and original theatrical release trailers.

==Comic book adaptation==
* [[Charlton Comics]]: ''1776'' (March 1973)<ref>{{gcdb issue|id=170485|title=Charlton Comics: ''1776''}}</ref><ref>{{comicbookdb|type=issue|id=155847|title=Charlton Comics: ''1776''}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of American films of 1972]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|1776 (film)}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{IMDb title|0068156|1776}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|1776|1776}}

{{John Adams}}
{{Benjamin Franklin}}
{{Thomas Jefferson}}
{{John Dickinson}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:1776 (Film)}}
[[Category:1972 films]]
[[Category:1970s musical comedy films]]
[[Category:1970s comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:American films]]
[[Category:American comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:American musical comedy films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Peter H. Hunt]]
[[Category:American Revolutionary War films]]
[[Category:Films about Presidents of the United States]]
[[Category:Films set in Philadelphia]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1770s]]
[[Category:Fiction set in 1776]]
[[Category:Independence Day (United States) films]]
[[Category:Musical films based on actual events]]
[[Category:United States Declaration of Independence]]
[[Category:Columbia Pictures films]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Thomas Jefferson]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of George Washington]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Benjamin Franklin]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of John Adams]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of John Hancock]]
[[Category:Films adapted into comics]]

Himalayan Mountaineering Institute

2019-05-19T09:04:57Z

Cydebot: Robot - Speedily moving category Educational organisations in India to :Category:Educational organisations based in India per CFDS.

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2016}}
[[File:PNH Zoo & HMI.jpg|thumb|Himalayan Mountaineering Institute, Darjeeling]]
[[File:Himalayan Mountaineering Institute, Darjeeling.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Signage near Himalayan Mountaineering Institute, Darjeeling, India.]]
The '''Himalayan Mountaineering Institute''' (HMI darjeeling) was established in [[Darjeeling]], [[India]] on 4 November 1954<ref name="Kapadia2001">{{cite book|author=Harish Kapadia|title=Across Peaks & Passes in Darjeeling & Sikkim|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o1RvlfeEG1AC|year=2001|publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=978-81-7387-126-9|page=64}}</ref> to encourage [[mountaineering]] as an organized sport in India. The first ascent of [[Mount Everest]] in 1953 by [[Tenzing Norgay]] and [[Edmund Hillary]] sparked a keen interest in establishing mountaineering as a well-respected endeavour for people in the region. With the impetus provided by the first [[prime minister of India]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], HMI was established in Darjeeling. [[Narendra Dhar Jayal]], the pioneer of [[Mountaineering in India|Indian Mountaineering]], was the founding principal of the institute. Tenzing Norgay was the first director of field training for HMI.

HMI regularly conducts ''Adventure'', ''Basic'' and ''Advanced Mountaineering'' courses. These are very comprehensive courses. They are also highly subsidised to encourage mountaineering as a sport.

==Gallery==
<gallery>

Image:Himalayan Mountaineering Institute Darjeeling West Bengal India.JPG|Entry
Image:Himalayan Mountaineering Institute Darjeeling West Bengal India (2).JPG|HMI
Image:Statue of Tenzing Norgay atHimalayan Mountaineering Institute Darjeeling West Bengal India (3).jpg|Tenzing Memorial
Image:Himalayan Mountaineering Institute Darjeeling West Bengal India (4).JPG|Tenzing Memorial
Image:Himalayan Mountaineering Institute Darjeeling West Bengal India (5).JPG|Tenzing Memorial
Image:Himalayan Mountaineering Institute Darjeeling West Bengal India (6).JPG|Tenzing Memorial
Image:Himalayan Mountaineering Institute Darjeeling West Bengal India (7).JPG|Museum
Image:Tenjing Rock Darjeeling West Bengal India.JPG|Tenzing Rock
Image:Himalayan Mountaineering Institute "May (You) Climb from Peak to Peak".jpg|May (You) Climb From Peak To Peak

</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Nehru Institute of Mountaineering]]
*[[Chennai Trekking Club]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.hmidarjeeling.com/ Official website]

{{coord|27.0599|N|88.2538|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1954]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Darjeeling]]
[[Category:Mountaineering in India]]
[[Category:Education in Darjeeling]]
[[Category:Educational organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Darjeeling]]
[[Category:1954 establishments in India]]

A Famosa

2019-05-11T14:15:16Z

Cydebot: Robot - Speedily moving category Tourist attractions in Melaka to :Category:Tourist attractions in Malacca per CFDS.

{{EngvarB|date=January 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}}
{{Infobox Military Structure
|name = A Famosa
|native_name = Kota A Famosa {{ms icon}}
|partof =
|location = [[Malacca]], [[Malaysia]]
|image = A Famosa Fortress.JPG
|caption = The surviving gate of the A Famosa Portuguese fort in Malacca.
|image2 = Melaka-Porta-de-Santiago-2Cimg2194.jpg
|image2_size = 300px
|caption2 = A view of the gate of the A Famosa fort from the rear.
|map_type =
|map_size =
|map_caption =
|type =
|coordinates = {{coord|2|11|29.82|N|102|15|1.10|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
|code =
|built = 1511
|builder = [[Portuguese Empire]]
|materials =
|height =
|used = 1511–1807
|demolished = 10 August 1807 (except for a small gate house)
|condition = Largely destroyed except for a few remaining structures
|ownership =
|open_to_public = Yes
|controlledby = [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]] (1511–1641) [[Dutch Republic|Netherlands]] (1641–1795) [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Britain]] (1795–1807)
|garrison =
|current_commander =
|past_commanders = [[Afonso de Albuquerque]]
|occupants =
|battles =
|events =
}}
{{Redirect|Porta de Santiago|the gate in Segovia, Spain|Puerta de Santiago (Segovia)}}

[[File:Stad en Kasteel Malacca.JPG|thumb|right|The town and fortress of Malacca (1780)|280px]]
[[File:A Famosa - Reconstruction of watchtower.jpg|thumb|left|Reconstruction of watchtower on top of the unearthed remains|250px]]
[[File:A Famosa anitary sewer line remain.JPG|thumb|right|A Famosa [[sanitary sewer]] line ruin|250px]]

'''A Famosa''' ({{lang-ms|Kota A Famosa}}; "The Famous" in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]) is a former Portuguese [[fortress]] located in [[Malacca]], [[Malaysia]]. It is among the oldest surviving [[Europe]]an architectural remains in [[Southeast Asia]] and the [[Far East]]. The ''Porta de Santiago'', a small gate house, is the only part of the fortress which still remains today.

The name is often mispronounced {{IPAc-en|eɪ}} ''Famosa'', even among Malaysians, as though the Portuguese [[article (linguistics)|definite article]] ''a'' were the English letter ''[[A]]''. A more authentic pronunciation would be {{IPAc-en|ɑː}} ''Famosa''.

==History==

In 1511, a [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portuguese]] fleet arrived under the command of [[Afonso de Albuquerque]]. His forces [[Capture of Malacca (1511)|attacked and defeated]] the armies of the [[Sultanate of Malacca|Malacca Sultanate]]. Moving quickly to consolidate his gains, Albuquerque had the fortress built around a natural hill near the sea. [[Afonso de Albuquerque|Albuquerque]] believed that [[Malacca]] would become an important port linking [[Portugal]] to the [[Spice Route]] in China. At this time other [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] were establishing outposts in such places as [[Portuguese Macau|Macau]], [[Ming China|China]] and [[Portuguese India|Goa]], India to create a string of friendly ports for ships heading to [[Ming China]] and returning home to [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]].

The [[fortress]] once consisted of long [[defensive wall|ramparts]] and four major [[towers]]. One was a four-story [[keep]], while the others held an [[ammunition]] storage room, the residence of the [[Captain (land and air)|captain]], and an officers' quarters. Most of the village clustered in town houses inside the [[fortress]] walls. As Malacca's population expanded it outgrew the original fort and extensions were added around 1586.

The fort [[Battle of Malacca (1641)|changed hands in 1641]] when the [[Dutch Republic|Dutch]] drove the [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portuguese]] out of Malacca.<ref>Borschberg, Peter., “Ethnicity, Language and Culture in Melaka during the Transition from Portuguese to Dutch Rule”, Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 83.2, (2010): 93-117; Borschberg, P., The Singapore and Melaka Straits: Violence, Security and Diplomacy in the 17th Century (Singapore: NUS Press, 2010).</ref> The Dutch renovated the gate in 1670, which explains the logo "ANNO 1670" inscribed on the gate's [[arch]]. Above the arch is a bas-relief logo of the [[Dutch East India Company]].

The [[fortress]] changed hands again in the late 18th century when the [[Dutch Republic|Dutch]] handed it over to the [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] to prevent it from falling into the hands of [[Napoleon]]'s expansionist [[First French Empire|France]]. The [[England|English]] were wary of maintaining the [[fortification]] and ordered its destruction in 1806. The fort was almost totally demolished but for the timely intervention of [[Sir Stamford Raffles]], the founder of modern [[Singapore]], who was sent on sick leave from [[Penang]] to Malacca in 1807. It was Captain William Farquhar, tasked with the destruction of the fort and town, who decided to save two of the gateways to the fort,{{fact|date=May 2018}} including the Santiago Gate, as well as the Stadthuys, church and jail.

==Archaeological finding==
In late November 2006, a structure part of the fort, believed to be the [[Bastion Middleburg]] was accidentally uncovered during the construction of 110 meter revolving tower in Malacca Town.<ref name="nst.com.my">Lee, Cynthia. [[New Straits Times]]. [http://www.nst.com.my/Current_News/nst/Friday/NewsBreak/20061201192448/Article/index_html Excavation for Malacca tower project unearths ruins of Dutch fort]{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. 1 December 2006</ref> The construction of the tower was ceased and its site was subsequently shifted to the popular district of Bandar Hilir on Jalan Merdeka where it was officially opened to the public on 18 April 2008.
Malacca Museums Corporation suspects the structure was built by the Dutch during the Dutch occupation of Malacca from 1641 to 1824.

Earlier in June 2004, a watchtower named '''Santiago Bastion''' was discovered during the construction of Dataran Pahlawan.<ref>The Star. [https://web.archive.org/web/20061206033124/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2006%2F12%2F4%2Fnation%2F16216405&sec=nation Old watchtower may be under site]. 4 December 2006.</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Notations===
* {{cite book|last=De Witt|first=Dennis|title=Melaka from the Top|location=Malaysia|publisher=Nutmeg Publishing|year=2010|isbn=978-983-43519-2-2}}

==External links==
{{commons category|A Famosa}}
* [http://www.tourism.gov.my/en/my/web-page/places/states-of-malaysia/melaka/st-pauls-hill-afamosa Tourism Malaysia - St.Paul's Hill (A'Famosa) ]
* [http://allmalaysia.info/news/attraction.asp?id=590&pt=7 A Famosa at All Malaysia.info]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081208111442/http://courses.nus.edu.sg/course/ellhpj/resources/abdullah3.HTM Description of the fort during English rules by ''Hikayat Abdullah''.]

{{Malaysian colonial architecture}}
{{Malaysian historical architectures and sites}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Malacca City]]
[[Category:Forts in Malaysia]]
[[Category:Portuguese forts]]
[[Category:Portuguese Malacca]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Malacca]]
[[Category:1511 establishments in Portuguese Malacca]]
[[Category:1641 disestablishments in Portuguese Malacca]]

A Famosa

2019-05-11T13:44:14Z

Cydebot: Robot - Speedily moving category Buildings and structures in Melaka City‎ to :Category:Buildings and structures in Malacca City per CFDS.

{{EngvarB|date=January 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}}
{{Infobox Military Structure
|name = A Famosa
|native_name = Kota A Famosa {{ms icon}}
|partof =
|location = [[Malacca]], [[Malaysia]]
|image = A Famosa Fortress.JPG
|caption = The surviving gate of the A Famosa Portuguese fort in Malacca.
|image2 = Melaka-Porta-de-Santiago-2Cimg2194.jpg
|image2_size = 300px
|caption2 = A view of the gate of the A Famosa fort from the rear.
|map_type =
|map_size =
|map_caption =
|type =
|coordinates = {{coord|2|11|29.82|N|102|15|1.10|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
|code =
|built = 1511
|builder = [[Portuguese Empire]]
|materials =
|height =
|used = 1511–1807
|demolished = 10 August 1807 (except for a small gate house)
|condition = Largely destroyed except for a few remaining structures
|ownership =
|open_to_public = Yes
|controlledby = [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]] (1511–1641) [[Dutch Republic|Netherlands]] (1641–1795) [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Britain]] (1795–1807)
|garrison =
|current_commander =
|past_commanders = [[Afonso de Albuquerque]]
|occupants =
|battles =
|events =
}}
{{Redirect|Porta de Santiago|the gate in Segovia, Spain|Puerta de Santiago (Segovia)}}

[[File:Stad en Kasteel Malacca.JPG|thumb|right|The town and fortress of Malacca (1780)|280px]]
[[File:A Famosa - Reconstruction of watchtower.jpg|thumb|left|Reconstruction of watchtower on top of the unearthed remains|250px]]
[[File:A Famosa anitary sewer line remain.JPG|thumb|right|A Famosa [[sanitary sewer]] line ruin|250px]]

'''A Famosa''' ({{lang-ms|Kota A Famosa}}; "The Famous" in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]) is a former Portuguese [[fortress]] located in [[Malacca]], [[Malaysia]]. It is among the oldest surviving [[Europe]]an architectural remains in [[Southeast Asia]] and the [[Far East]]. The ''Porta de Santiago'', a small gate house, is the only part of the fortress which still remains today.

The name is often mispronounced {{IPAc-en|eɪ}} ''Famosa'', even among Malaysians, as though the Portuguese [[article (linguistics)|definite article]] ''a'' were the English letter ''[[A]]''. A more authentic pronunciation would be {{IPAc-en|ɑː}} ''Famosa''.

==History==

In 1511, a [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portuguese]] fleet arrived under the command of [[Afonso de Albuquerque]]. His forces [[Capture of Malacca (1511)|attacked and defeated]] the armies of the [[Sultanate of Malacca|Malacca Sultanate]]. Moving quickly to consolidate his gains, Albuquerque had the fortress built around a natural hill near the sea. [[Afonso de Albuquerque|Albuquerque]] believed that [[Malacca]] would become an important port linking [[Portugal]] to the [[Spice Route]] in China. At this time other [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] were establishing outposts in such places as [[Portuguese Macau|Macau]], [[Ming China|China]] and [[Portuguese India|Goa]], India to create a string of friendly ports for ships heading to [[Ming China]] and returning home to [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]].

The [[fortress]] once consisted of long [[defensive wall|ramparts]] and four major [[towers]]. One was a four-story [[keep]], while the others held an [[ammunition]] storage room, the residence of the [[Captain (land and air)|captain]], and an officers' quarters. Most of the village clustered in town houses inside the [[fortress]] walls. As Malacca's population expanded it outgrew the original fort and extensions were added around 1586.

The fort [[Battle of Malacca (1641)|changed hands in 1641]] when the [[Dutch Republic|Dutch]] drove the [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portuguese]] out of Malacca.<ref>Borschberg, Peter., “Ethnicity, Language and Culture in Melaka during the Transition from Portuguese to Dutch Rule”, Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 83.2, (2010): 93-117; Borschberg, P., The Singapore and Melaka Straits: Violence, Security and Diplomacy in the 17th Century (Singapore: NUS Press, 2010).</ref> The Dutch renovated the gate in 1670, which explains the logo "ANNO 1670" inscribed on the gate's [[arch]]. Above the arch is a bas-relief logo of the [[Dutch East India Company]].

The [[fortress]] changed hands again in the late 18th century when the [[Dutch Republic|Dutch]] handed it over to the [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] to prevent it from falling into the hands of [[Napoleon]]'s expansionist [[First French Empire|France]]. The [[England|English]] were wary of maintaining the [[fortification]] and ordered its destruction in 1806. The fort was almost totally demolished but for the timely intervention of [[Sir Stamford Raffles]], the founder of modern [[Singapore]], who was sent on sick leave from [[Penang]] to Malacca in 1807. It was Captain William Farquhar, tasked with the destruction of the fort and town, who decided to save two of the gateways to the fort,{{fact|date=May 2018}} including the Santiago Gate, as well as the Stadthuys, church and jail.

==Archaeological finding==
In late November 2006, a structure part of the fort, believed to be the [[Bastion Middleburg]] was accidentally uncovered during the construction of 110 meter revolving tower in Malacca Town.<ref name="nst.com.my">Lee, Cynthia. [[New Straits Times]]. [http://www.nst.com.my/Current_News/nst/Friday/NewsBreak/20061201192448/Article/index_html Excavation for Malacca tower project unearths ruins of Dutch fort]{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. 1 December 2006</ref> The construction of the tower was ceased and its site was subsequently shifted to the popular district of Bandar Hilir on Jalan Merdeka where it was officially opened to the public on 18 April 2008.
Malacca Museums Corporation suspects the structure was built by the Dutch during the Dutch occupation of Malacca from 1641 to 1824.

Earlier in June 2004, a watchtower named '''Santiago Bastion''' was discovered during the construction of Dataran Pahlawan.<ref>The Star. [https://web.archive.org/web/20061206033124/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2006%2F12%2F4%2Fnation%2F16216405&sec=nation Old watchtower may be under site]. 4 December 2006.</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Notations===
* {{cite book|last=De Witt|first=Dennis|title=Melaka from the Top|location=Malaysia|publisher=Nutmeg Publishing|year=2010|isbn=978-983-43519-2-2}}

==External links==
{{commons category|A Famosa}}
* [http://www.tourism.gov.my/en/my/web-page/places/states-of-malaysia/melaka/st-pauls-hill-afamosa Tourism Malaysia - St.Paul's Hill (A'Famosa) ]
* [http://allmalaysia.info/news/attraction.asp?id=590&pt=7 A Famosa at All Malaysia.info]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081208111442/http://courses.nus.edu.sg/course/ellhpj/resources/abdullah3.HTM Description of the fort during English rules by ''Hikayat Abdullah''.]

{{Malaysian colonial architecture}}
{{Malaysian historical architectures and sites}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Malacca City]]
[[Category:Forts in Malaysia]]
[[Category:Portuguese forts]]
[[Category:Portuguese Malacca]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Melaka]]
[[Category:1511 establishments in Portuguese Malacca]]
[[Category:1641 disestablishments in Portuguese Malacca]]

Lancair Mako

2019-05-11T07:04:24Z

Cydebot: Robot - Speedily moving category United States sport aircraft 2010–2019 to :Category:2010s United States sport aircraft per CFDS.

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use American English|date=April 2019}}
{{short description|American light kit airplane}}

{|{{Infobox aircraft begin
| name= Mako
| image=File:Lancair Mako aircraft logo.png
| caption=aircraft logo
}}{{Infobox aircraft type
| type=[[Amateur-built aircraft]]
| national origin=[[United States]]
| manufacturer=[[Lancair]]
| designer=
| first flight=18 July 2017
| introduced=
| retired=
| status=In production (2019)
| primary user=
| more users= 
| produced= 2018-present
| number built=
| program cost= 
| unit cost= [[US$]]350,000 (base price, completed, 2019)
| developed from= [[Lancair ES]]
| variants with their own articles=
}}
|}
The '''Lancair Mako''' is an [[United States|American]] [[amateur-built aircraft]] designed and produced by [[Lancair]] of [[Uvalde, Texas]], introduced at [[AirVenture]] in 2017. The aircraft was first flown on 18 July 2017 and is supplied as a kit for amateur construction. It is named after [[Isurus|the shark]].<ref name="lancair.com">{{cite web|url = https://lancair.com/mako/|title = Mako|access-date = 9 April 2019|author=[[Lancair]] |work = lancair.com|year=2019 }}</ref><ref name="aopa.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.aopa.org/news-and-media/all-news/2017/july/26/lancair-mako-debuts|title=Lancair Mako debuts|date=26 July 2017|website=www.aopa.org|accessdate=9 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="flyingmag.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.flyingmag.com/lancair-brings-back-mako|title=Lancair Brings Back Mako|website=Flying Magazine|accessdate=9 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://generalaviationnews.com/2017/07/29/lancair-mako-introduced-at-airventure-2017/|title=Lancair MAKO introduced at AirVenture 2017|author=GA News|date=29 July 2017|website=General Aviation News|accessdate=9 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="auto"/>

The Mako was the first new design from Lancair since the company's purchase by Mark and Conrad Huffstutler and the company's relocation to [[Texas]] from [[Redmond, Oregon]] in 2017. The design is a development of the [[Lancair IV]] and [[Lancair ES]] and is related to the [[Cessna 350 Corvalis|Columbia 300]] and the later [[Cessna 400]].<ref name="aopa.org1">{{cite web|url=https://www.aopa.org/news-and-media/all-news/2018/june/pilot/lancair-mako-on-the-hunt|title=Lancair Mako: On the hunt|date=6 January 2018|website=www.aopa.org|accessdate=9 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="planeandpilotmag.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.planeandpilotmag.com/article/lancair-mako-make-airventure-debut/|title=Lancair MAKO To Make AirVenture Debut|website=Plane & Pilot Magazine|accessdate=9 April 2019}}</ref>

The design was intended to complete with the [[Type certificate|type certified]] [[Cirrus SR22]] and the now out-of-production [[Cessna TTx]], with higher performance for half the price.<ref name="aopa.org1"/><ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=https://www.flyingmag.com/lancair-turbo-mako-reviewed|title=We Fly: The Lancair Turbo Mako|first=Pia|last=Bergqvist |website=Flying Magazine|accessdate=9 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="aopa.org"/>

==Design and development==
The aircraft features a cantilever [[low-wing]], a four-seat enclosed cabin accessed by doors, [[tricycle landing gear]] with an optional automatic retractable fully castering nose wheel, main landing gear with [[wheel pants]] and a single engine in [[tractor configuration]].<ref name="lancair.com"/><ref name="aopa.org1"/><ref name="flyingmag.com"/><ref name="planeandpilotmag.com"/>

The optional retractable nose gear automatically retracts when the onboard sensors measure the airspeed over 100 knots, 1,000 feet above the ground, throttle position above 30% power, weight on the wheels and flap position up. All five parameters must be met for the nose wheel to retract. Retracting the nosewheel increases cruise speed by up to 12 knots, due to its location in the disturbed air of the propeller slipstream. The system is fully automatic; there is no cockpit selection lever.<ref name="aopa.org1"/><ref name="auto1"/><ref name="planeandpilotmag.com"/>

The aircraft is made from composites. The wing mounts [[Flap (aircraft)|flaps]]. The standard engines used are the {{convert|300|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[Lycoming IO-540]], the {{convert|300|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[Continental IO-550]], the [[turbocharged]] {{convert|350|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[Lycoming TIO-540]] and the turbocharged {{convert|350|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[Continental TSIO-550]] [[four-stroke]] powerplants for the ''T-Mako'' turbocharged version. A [[Ballistic Recovery Systems]] [[ballistic parachute]] is optional.<ref name="lancair.com"/><ref name="auto1"/><ref name="flyingmag.com"/>

A [[center stick]] or [[side stick]] are optional, as is a ThermaWing heated wing or TKS weeping wing [[ice protection system]]s, air conditioning and heated seats.<ref name="aopa.org1"/><ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto"/>

The company's Builder Assistance program is included with the kit purchase price.<ref name="lancair.com"/><ref name="flyingmag.com"/><ref name="planeandpilotmag.com"/>

Kit production commenced in January 2018, wit an initial goal of producing one kit per month.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wwwa.eaa.org/en/airventure/eaa-airventure-news-and-multimedia/eaa-airventure-news/eaa-airventure-oshkosh/07-27-2017-lancair-mako-kit-offers-four-seat-alternative|title=Lancair MAKO Kit Offers Four-Seat Alternative|website=wwwa.eaa.org|accessdate=9 April 2019}}</ref>

==Operational history==
In a 2017 flight test review [[Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association]] Pilot Editor at Large, Dave Hirschman described the design noting, "the Mako’s first impression is that it’s big and sleek—like its shark namesake. It strongly resembles a Lancair IV because the two models use the same fuselage and retractable nosewheel ... The Mako is sleek and appealing on the outside—and it’s comfortable, roomy, with good visibility and terrific avionics on the inside." Hirchman was critical of the nose gear retraction automation, saying, "Personally, I’d prefer either fixed or fully retractable landing gear. Call me old-fashioned, but if the gear moves, I want to have a lever for that—even though I recognize I’m less reliable than software."<ref name="aopa.org1"/>

[[Flying Magazine]] reviewer, Pia Bergqvist, flew the design in 2018 and wrote, "Flying the Mako is simply a joy. While the control feel could be a bit lighter (something Conrad is working on), it is a solid platform that will help the pilot stay out of trouble. I tried to get the airplane to stall but couldn’t get it to break. With Conrad’s help, we brought it to 56 knots, 6 knots below the red line on the airspeed indicator. An AOA gauge popped up automatically on the G3X, and it was well in the red. There was no tendency for the nose or a wing to drop as we floated downward at about 1,000 fpm."<ref name="auto1"/>



==Specifications (T-Mako) ==
{{Aircraft specs
|ref=Manufacturer<ref name="lancair.com"/>
|prime units?=kts

|genhide=

|crew=one
|capacity=three passengers
|length m=
|length ft=
|length in=
|length note=
|span m=
|span ft=
|span in=
|span note=
|height m=
|height ft=
|height in=
|height note=
|wing area sqm=
|wing area sqft=
|wing area note=
|aspect ratio=
|airfoil=
|empty weight kg=
|empty weight lb=2250
|empty weight note=
|gross weight kg=
|gross weight lb=3550
|gross weight note=
|fuel capacity={{convert|75|u.s.gal}}, optional {{convert|109|u.s.gal}}
|more general=

|eng1 number=1
|eng1 name=[[Continental TSIO-550]]
|eng1 type=six cylinder, air-cooled, [[turbocharged]] [[four stroke]] [[aircraft engine]]
|eng1 kw=
|eng1 hp=350

|prop blade number=3
|prop name=[[constant speed propeller]]
|prop dia m=
|prop dia ft=
|prop dia in=
|prop note=


|perfhide=

|max speed kmh=
|max speed mph=
|max speed kts=245
|max speed note=[[true airspeed]]
|cruise speed kmh=
|cruise speed mph=
|cruise speed kts=225
|cruise speed note=true airspeed at 25,000 feet
|stall speed kmh=
|stall speed mph=
|stall speed kts=58
|stall speed note=in landing configuration
|never exceed speed kmh=
|never exceed speed mph=
|never exceed speed kts=220
|never exceed speed note=[[indicated airspeed]]
|range km=
|range miles=
|range nmi=1100
|range note=
|endurance=
|ceiling m=
|ceiling ft=28000
|ceiling note=
|g limits=
|roll rate=
|glide ratio=
|climb rate ms=
|climb rate ftmin=
|climb rate note=
|time to altitude=
|lift to drag=
|wing loading kg/m2=
|wing loading lb/sqft=
|wing loading note=
|power/mass=
|thrust/weight=
|more performance=
|avionics=
*[[Garmin]] G3X Touch [[glass cockpit]]
}}

==See also==
*[[List of aerobatic aircraft]]
*[[List of seaplanes and amphibious aircraft]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|https://lancair.com/mako/}}
{{Lancair aircraft}}
[[Category:Lancair aircraft|Lancair aircraft]]
[[Category:2010s United States sport aircraft]]
[[Category:2010s United States civil utility aircraft]]
[[Category:Single-engined tractor aircraft]]
[[Category:Low-wing aircraft]]
[[Category:Homebuilt aircraft]]
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 2017]]

Lancair Barracuda

2019-05-11T07:04:22Z

Cydebot: Robot - Speedily moving category United States sport aircraft 2010–2019 to :Category:2010s United States sport aircraft per CFDS.

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use American English|date=April 2019}}
{{short description|Homebuilt kit aircraft}}

{|{{Infobox aircraft begin
| name= Barracuda
| image=
| caption=
}}{{Infobox aircraft type
| type=[[Amateur-built aircraft]]
| national origin=[[United States]]
| manufacturer=[[Lancair]]
| designer=
| first flight=2018
| introduced=July 2018
| retired=
| status=In production (2019)
| primary user=
| more users= 
| produced= 
| number built=
| program cost= 
| unit cost= [[US$]]175,000 (base price, complete kit, 2019)
| developed from= [[Lancair Legacy]]
| variants with their own articles=
}}
|}
The '''Lancair Barracuda''' is an [[United States|American]] [[amateur-built aircraft]] produced by [[Lancair]] of [[Uvalde, Texas]]. It was introduced at [[AirVenture]] in July 2018. The aircraft is supplied as a kit for amateur construction.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.avweb.com/avwebflash/news/A-New-Two-Seater-From-Lancair-231295-1.html|title = A New Two-Seater From Lancair|access-date = 31 July 2018|last =Grady |first =Mary |work =AVweb |date = 29 July 2018}}</ref><ref name="AVweb">{{cite web|url = http://flash.avweb.com/avwebflash/news/Lancair-Showcases-First-Barracuda-Build-232583-1.html|title = Lancair Showcases First Barracuda Build|access-date = 7 April 2019|last = O'Connor |first = Kate|work =AVweb |date = 5 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="flyingmag.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.flyingmag.com/lancair-announces-two-seat-barracuda|title=Lancair Announces Two-Seat Barracuda|website=[[Flying Magazine]]|accessdate=9 April 2019}}</ref>

The design is a development of the [[Lancair Legacy]], employing a one-piece wing with greater span.<ref name="AVweb"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://wwwa.eaa.org/en/airventure/eaa-airventure-news-and-multimedia/eaa-airventure-news/eaa-airventure-oshkosh/07-25-2018-lancair-announces-2-seat-barracuda-baggage-door-enlargement|title=Lancair Announces 2-Seat Barracuda, Baggage Door Enlargement - EAA AirVenture Oshkosh 2018|website=wwwa.eaa.org|accessdate=9 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="avcom.co.za">{{cite web|url=https://www.avcom.co.za/aerocont/?p=2034|title=Lancair Introduces 2-seat Barracuda for 2019|website=www.avcom.co.za|accessdate=9 April 2019}}</ref>

==Design and development==
The Barracuda was designed to provide more speed, with simplified kit construction over earlier models.<ref name="Official"/>

The aircraft features a cantilever [[low-wing]], a two-seats-in-[[side-by-side configuration]] enclosed cockpit under a [[bubble canopy]], partially or optionally fully retractable [[tricycle landing gear]] and a single engine in [[tractor configuration]].<ref name="AVweb"/><ref name="Official">{{cite web|url = https://lancair.com/barracuda/|title = Lancair Barracuda|access-date = 7 April 2019|author=[[Lancair]] |work = lancair.com|year=2019}}</ref><ref name="aero-news.net">{{cite web|url=http://www.aero-news.net/index.cfm?do=main.textpost&id=e6958bef-a979-4590-9e57-febd9c7f698a|title=Lancair’s New 2-Seat Barracuda Displayed At Sun ‘N Fun 2019 - Aero-News Network|website=www.aero-news.net|accessdate=9 April 2019}}</ref>

The aircraft is made from [[composite material]], including [[e-glass]], [[carbon fiber]] with a [[Nomex]] honeycomb core. Its {{convert|28|ft|m|1|abbr=on}} span wing has a double taper planform and mounts [[Fowler flaps]]. The standard engine used is the {{convert|210|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[Lycoming IO-390]], with the {{convert|310|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[Continental IO-550-N]] powerplant optional. The cockpit is {{convert|43.5|in|cm|0|abbr=on}} wide and {{convert|44.5|in|cm|0|abbr=on}} high and the roll rate is 150 degrees per second.<ref name="AVweb"/><ref name="Official"/><ref name="flyingmag.com"/><ref name="aero-news.net"/>

The kit includes the [[airframe]], engine, propeller and the [[avionics]], usually the Garmin G3X Touch [[glass cockpit]] flight display and GTN-750 [[GPS]], [[airband]] VHF radio, multifunction display.<ref name="AVweb"/><ref name="flyingmag.com"/><ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.flyer.co.uk/lancair-expands-the-shoal-with-barracuda/|title=Lancair expands the shoal with Barracuda|author=News Team|date=31 July 2018|website=Flyer UK|accessdate=9 April 2019}}</ref>

The kit purchase price includes Lancair's basic two-week ''Builder Assistance'' program.<ref name="AVweb"/><ref name="avcom.co.za"/><ref name="auto"/>

==Operational history==
The first customer-completed Barracuda was displayed at [[Sun 'n Fun]], in April 2019.<ref name="AVweb"/><ref name="aero-news.net"/>

==Variants==
;Barracuda GL
:Model with {{convert|210|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[Lycoming IO-390]] engine and with an auto-retracting nose wheel, fixed main landing gear with [[wheel pants]].<ref name="Official"/>
;Barracuda GTX
:Model with {{convert|310|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[Continental IO-550-N]] engine and fully retractable landing gear.<ref name="Official"/>


==Specifications (Barracuda GL) ==
{{Aircraft specs
|ref=AvWeb and manufacturer<ref name="AVweb"/><ref name="Official"/>
|prime units?=kts

|genhide=

|crew=one
|capacity=one passenger
|length m=
|length ft=22
|length in=
|length note=
|span m=
|span ft=28
|span in=
|span note=
|height m=
|height ft=
|height in=
|height note=
|wing area sqm=
|wing area sqft=
|wing area note=
|aspect ratio=
|airfoil=
|empty weight kg=
|empty weight lb=1375
|empty weight note=
|gross weight kg=
|gross weight lb=2200
|gross weight note=
|fuel capacity={{convert|75|u.s.gal}} usable
|more general=

|eng1 number=1
|eng1 name=[[Lycoming IO-390]]
|eng1 type=four cylinder, air-cooled, [[four stroke]] [[aircraft engine]]
|eng1 kw=
|eng1 hp=210

|prop blade number=3
|prop name="Raptor" [[constant speed propeller]]
|prop dia m=
|prop dia ft=
|prop dia in=
|prop note=


|perfhide=

|max speed kmh=
|max speed mph=
|max speed kts=190
|max speed note=max cruise at 12,000 feet
|cruise speed kmh=
|cruise speed mph=
|cruise speed kts=185
|cruise speed note=at 8,000 feet
|stall speed kmh=
|stall speed mph=
|stall speed kts=47
|stall speed note=landing configuration
|never exceed speed kmh=
|never exceed speed mph=
|never exceed speed kts=
|never exceed speed note=
|range km=
|range miles=
|range nmi=1200
|range note=
|endurance=
|ceiling m=
|ceiling ft=
|ceiling note=
|g limits=+4.4/-2.2 g
|roll rate=
|glide ratio=
|climb rate ms=
|climb rate ftmin=1600
|climb rate note=when solo
|time to altitude=
|sink rate ms=
|sink rate ftmin=
|sink rate note=
|lift to drag=
|wing loading kg/m2=
|wing loading lb/sqft=
|wing loading note=
|power/mass=10 lb/hp
|thrust/weight=
|more performance=
|avionics=
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|https://lancair.com/barracuda/}}
{{Lancair aircraft}}
[[Category:Lancair aircraft|Lancair aircraft]]
[[Category:2010s United States sport aircraft]]
[[Category:Single-engined tractor aircraft]]
[[Category:Low-wing aircraft]]
[[Category:Homebuilt aircraft]]
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 2018]]

Piper PA-11

2019-05-08T08:43:18Z

Cydebot: Robot - Moving category United States sport aircraft 1940–1949 to :Category:1940s United States sport aircraft per CFD at Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2019 April 19.

{|{{Infobox Aircraft Begin
|name = PA-11 Cub Special
|image = Piper PA-11 Super Cub CF-CUB 1947 model Photo 1.JPG
|caption = 
}}{{Infobox Aircraft Type
|type = [[Light aircraft]]
|national origin = USA
|manufacturer = [[Piper Aircraft]]
|designer = 
|first flight = August 1946
|introduction = 1947
|retired = 
|status = still in operation
|primary user = private pilot owners
|more users = 
|produced = 1947-1949
|number built = 1,541<ref>Simpson 2005, p. 230.</ref>
|program cost = 
|unit cost = 
|developed from = [[Piper J-3|Piper J-3 Cub]]
|variants with their own articles = [[Piper PA-18|Piper PA-18 Super Cub]]
}}
|}

The '''Piper PA-11 Cub Special''' is a later-production variant of the [[Piper J-3|J-3 Cub]] manufactured by [[Piper Aircraft]].

==Design and development==
[[File:PA-11-Landing.jpg|thumb|right|PA-11 landing]]

The airframe is basically the same as a J-3, but the engine mount is angled slightly lower, with the windshield sloped at a shallower angle; the engine [[cowling]] fully enclosed (as on the earlier [[Piper J-5|J-5]]), and the fuel tank raised and placed in the port [[wing root]].<ref name="Peperell p.55">Peperell 1987, p. 55.</ref> Both seats were slightly moved back, and solo flying was usually from the front seat. Early PA-11s had a [[Continental O-170|Continental A65-8]] engine, while the later ones had the option of a [[Continental O-200|Continental C90-8]].<ref name="Peperell p.55"/>

On the early PA-11s, the fuselage was painted with a metallic blue on the lower half the rest being Lock Haven Yellow. The later PA-11s were all yellow with a simple brown stripe.

[[File:Piper PA-11 Cub Special F-BFMA Chelles 02.06.67 edited-2.jpg|thumb|left|PA-11 Cub Special at Chelles airfield near Paris in June 1967]]

With a gross weight of {{convert|1220|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}} and average empty weight of {{convert|750|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}}, the PA-11 is a light enough to perform well, yet heavy enough to maneuver easily in more wind than the lighter J-3 Cub. The PA-11 is capable of short takeoffs and landings, yet has a respectable cruising speed for its configuration. Given that the PA-11 falls into the modern day category of light sport aircraft, it is a popular airplane to acquire and commands a premium price.

== Modifications ==
[[File:Piper PA-11S N4580M Floats Renton 03.11.73 edited-3.jpg|thumb|right|Float-equipped PA-11S at Seattle Renton in 1973]]

The PA-11 was one of the first aircraft to be used in experiments with the nose wheel (also known as tricycle gear) configuration. Although its original design is intended to be a tail-dragger, a modification was created to mount a nose wheel.

The nose wheel is attached to the two rear engine mounts by y-shaped steel tubes attached to a steel tube with a shaft that slides freely with the wheel. Cables run underneath the belly directly from fixtures on the rudder pedals to the nose wheel shaft. This gave the ability to steer by pivoting the nose wheel shaft with the rudder pedals. The shock system consisted of six circular bungee cords, sometimes four for softer landings, located on either side of the nose wheel shaft to ears on the top tube and the bottom shaft connected to the wheel.

For the aircraft to balance properly with the nose wheel, the main gear was flipped around so that the center of balance would move forward. The pilot would sit in the front seat for added stability.

Most PA-11s in service today retain the original tail wheel undercarriage layout.<ref>Peperell 1987, pp. 55–57.</ref> Numbers of Cub Specials have been converted for flight operation using floats.

The PA-11 also formed the basis for the next evolution in the Cub series, the PA-18 Super Cub, which shares many features.

==Variants==
;Piper PA-11 Cub Special: Two-seat light aircraft, powered by a {{convert|65|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} Continental A65-8 piston engine
;L-18B: Military version of the PA-11 Cub Special, powered by a {{convert|95|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} Continental C90-8F piston engine, 105 built and delivered to Turkey, under the [[Military Assistance Program]]

==Operators==

===Military operators===
;{{ISR}}
*[[Israeli Air Force]]
;{{TUR}}

==Specifications (PA-11 with 90 hp Continental engine)==
{{aircraft specifications

|plane or copter?=plane
|jet or prop?=prop

|ref=Piper Aircraft and Their Forerunners <ref>Peperell 1987, p. 57.</ref>

|crew=1
|capacity=1 passenger
|payload main=470 lbs
|payload alt=213 kg
|length main=22 ft 4 in
|length alt=6.8 m
|span main=35 ft 2 in
|span alt=10.7 m
|height main=6 ft 8 in
|height alt=2.03 m
|area main=
|area alt=
|airfoil=
|empty weight main=750 lb
|empty weight alt=340 kg
|loaded weight main=1,220 lb
|loaded weight alt=553 kg
|useful load main=470 lb
|useful load alt=213 kg
|max takeoff weight main=
|max takeoff weight alt=
|more general=

|engine (jet)=
|type of jet=
|number of jets=
|thrust main=
|thrust alt=
|thrust original=
|afterburning thrust main=
|afterburning thrust alt=

|engine (prop)=1
|type of prop=[[Continental O-200|Continental C90-8]]
|number of props=
|power main=90 hp
|power alt=67 kW
|power original=

|propeller or rotor?=
|propellers=
|number of propellers per engine=
|propeller diameter main=
|propeller diameter alt=

|max speed main=112 mph
|max speed alt= 181 km/h
|max speed more=
|cruise speed main=100 mph
|cruise speed alt= 162 km/h
|cruise speed more=
|stall speed main=40 mph
|stall speed alt= 65 km/h
|stall speed more=
|never exceed speed main=
|never exceed speed alt=
|range main=350 miles
|range alt= 567 km
|range more=
|combat radius main=
|combat radius alt=
|combat radius more=
|ferry range main=
|ferry range alt=
|ferry range more=
|ceiling main=16,000 ft
|ceiling alt= 4880 m
|climb rate main=
|climb rate alt=
|loading main=
|loading alt=
|thrust/weight=
|power/mass main=
|power/mass alt=
|more performance=

|armament=
|guns=
|bombs=
|rockets=
|missiles=
|hardpoints=
|hardpoint capacity=

|avionics=

}}

==References==
;Notes
{{reflist}}
;Bibliography
{{refbegin}}
* Peperell, Roger. ''Piper Aircraft and Their Forerunners''. Tunbridge Wells, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians) Ltd, 1987. {{ISBN|0-85130-149-5}}.
* Simpson, Rod. ''General Aviation Handbook''. Leicester, UK: Midland Publishing, 2005. {{ISBN|978-1-85780-222-1}}.
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline|Piper PA-11 Cub Special}}

{{Piper aircraft}}
{{Piper Cub}}

[[Category:Piper aircraft|PA-11]]
[[Category:1940s United States sport aircraft]]
[[Category:Single-engined tractor aircraft]]
[[Category:High-wing aircraft]]
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1946]]

Travel Air 5000

2019-05-08T08:41:58Z

Cydebot: Robot - Moving category United States sport aircraft 1920–1929 to :Category:1920s United States sport aircraft per CFD at Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2019 April 19.

{|{{Infobox Aircraft Begin
| name=Travel Air 5000
| image=Travel Air 5000 Woolaroc in colour.jpg
| caption=
}}{{Infobox Aircraft Type
| type=Airliner and Racer
| national origin=[[United States of America]]
| manufacturer=[[Travel Air|Travel Air Manufacturing Company]]
| designer=[[Lloyd Stearman]] and [[Clyde Cessna]] and [[Walter beech]]
| first flight=March 1926
| introduced=
| retired=
| status=
| primary user=[[National Air Transport]]
| more users= 
| produced= 
| number built=13
| program cost= 
| unit cost=$23,000 for Dole Race models in 1927
| developed from=
| variants with their own articles=[[Travel Air 6000]]
}}
|}

The '''Travel Air 5000''' was an early high-wing [[monoplane]] airliner and racing monoplane designed by [[Clyde Cessna]] and is chiefly remembered for being the winner of the disastrous [[Dole Air Race]] from [[California]] to [[Hawaii]].

==Design and development==
[[File:Travel Air 5000 with National Air Transport in flight.jpg|thumb|Travel Air 5000 with National Air Transport in flight]]
Cessna broke away from traditional [[biplane]] development with a monoplane in 1926.<ref>{{cite journal|magazine=Flying Magazine|date=April 1962|title=The Single Engine Cessna Fleet|page=34}}</ref> The first prototype was a 5-passenger aircraft with an {{convert|110|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[Anzani]] engine. The aircraft was modified by Cessna, Lloyd Stearman, and Walter Beech that fall. A second aircraft was built that December, and featured a [[Wright J-4 Whirlwind]] as the Travel Air 5000. [[National Air Transport]] awarded Travel Air a contract to produce the aircraft with the larger Wright J-5C engine and seating for four passengers. Eight aircraft were built for [[Mail plane|air mail contract]] and passenger service.<ref>{{cite web|title=Travel Air|url=http://www.travelair.org/html/history/history_frame_ta5000history.html|accessdate=23 August 2011}}</ref>

The Travel Air 5000 was a high-wing monoplane with [[conventional landing gear]]. The fuselage was constructed of welded steel tubing. The cockpit was fully enclosed in a canopy above the forward fuselage, but at least one model had the canopy omitted. The Dole racers were modified with 425 gallon fuselage fuel tanks and earth inductor compasses.

==Operational history==
[[File:Travel Air 5000 Woolaroc NX869, winner of ill-fated Dole race in flight.jpg|thumb|Woolaroc, winner of ill-fated Dole Air Race in flight]]
The prototype Travel Air 5000, s/n 160 "The Spirit of Oakland" was originally sold to [[Pacific Air Transport]] in April 1927 and then resold to Ernest Smith for a 14 July flight from [[Oakland, California]], to [[Molokai, Hawaii]], where it crashed on landing becoming the second aircraft to complete a trans-pacific flight, and the first civilian aircraft to do so.<ref>{{cite web|title=Travel Air 5000 "City of Oakland"|url=http://www.dmairfield.org/airplanes/160/index.html|accessdate=22 August 2011}}</ref>

Orders placed in June 1927 for two custom-built Travel Air model 5000 aircraft to compete in the [[Oakland, California]], to [[Honolulu, Hawaii]], [[Dole Air Race]]. Two teams placed $5000 deposits, and were later sponsored by [[Frank Phillips (oil industrialist)|Frank Phillips]] of [[Phillips Petroleum]] to promote their "Nu-Aviation" fuel. The "Oklahoma" was forced to return to land, while the "Woolaroc" completed the flight and won.

Woolaroc was later modified late in 1928 for an unsuccessful transcontinental speed record attempt.

National Air Transport and Royal Airways used the model 5000 in revenue service. Production of the first four airliners was in the West Douglas plant. On 30 June 1927 production of two Modified model 5000's started in the newly constructed East Central factory.<ref>Phillips 1985</ref>
[[File:National Air Transport 17.jpg|thumb|Travel Air 5000 flying as National Air Transport #17]]

==Operators==
*[[National Air Transport]]
*[[Pacific Air Transport]]
*Royal Airways

==Surviving aircraft==
The Travel Air 5000 "Woolaroc" which won the Dole Race is on display at the [[Woolaroc Museum]] near [[Bartlesville, Oklahoma]].<ref name="Woolaroc">{{Cite web|url = https://woolaroc.org/pages/museum-and-art|title = Museum and Art |accessdate = 14 August 2011|last = [[Woolaroc Museum]] |year = 2011}}</ref>

The Travel Air 5000 flying as [[c:File:NAT17.jpg|National Air Transport's #17]] aircraft on display at the former Fort Worth Star Telegram headquarters building in downtown Fort Worth, Texas.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.fortworthbusiness.com/news/plane-cars-planned-for-museum-in-former-star-telegram-building/article_95b23207-7194-5256-9a1e-282669dabb37.html|title=Plane, cars planned for museum in former Star-Telegram building|last=Francis|first=Robert|work=Fortworthbusiness.com|access-date=2018-04-06|language=en}}</ref> In 1927, this aircraft was the first to bring passengers and mail in to Dallas & Fort Worth. National Air Transport presented the aircraft to [[Amon G. Carter|Amon Carter]] as a gift in 1931.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.star-telegram.com/news/business/aviation/sky-talk-blog/article96453322.html|title=Throwback Thursday: Amon Carter’s 1931 Travel Air 5000|work=star-telegram|access-date=2018-04-06|language=en}}</ref> The aircraft was later restored by Harry Hansen of [[Hamilton, Texas]] and Cowtown Aerocrafters of [[Justin, Texas]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://flytoanothertime.blogspot.com/2014/12/travel-air-5000-restored.html|title=Travel Air 5000 Restored|website=Travel Air 5000 Restored|access-date=2018-04-06}}</ref>.
[[File:NAT17.jpg|thumb|Travel Air 5000, National Air Transport #17]]

== Specifications (Travel Air 5000) ==
[[File:Pilot Ernie Smith in unregistered prototype Travel Air 5000.jpg|thumb|Pilot in prototype Travel Air 5000]]
{{Aircraft specs
|ref=Travel Air Restorers Association
|prime units?=kts

|genhide=

|crew=
|capacity=4 passengers
|length m=
|length ft=30
|length in=5
|length note=
|span m=
|span ft=51
|span in=7
|span note=
|height m=
|height ft=8
|height in=5
|height note=
|wing area sqm=
|wing area sqft=312
|wing area note=
|aspect ratio=
|airfoil=M6
|empty weight kg=
|empty weight lb=2160
|empty weight note=
|gross weight kg=
|gross weight lb=3600
|gross weight note=
|fuel capacity=75 US gallons
|more general= or 425 US gallons for Dole Racers

|eng1 number=1
|eng1 name=[[Wright J-5 Whirlwind ]]
|eng1 type=9-cylinder [[radial engine|radial]]
|eng1 kw=164
|eng1 hp=220

|prop blade number=
|prop name=
|prop dia m=
|prop dia ft=
|prop dia in=
|prop note=


|perfhide=

|max speed kmh=
|max speed mph=123
|max speed kts=
|max speed note=
|cruise speed kmh=
|cruise speed mph=108
|cruise speed kts=
|cruise speed note=
|stall speed kmh=
|stall speed mph=55
|stall speed kts=
|stall speed note=
|never exceed speed kmh=
|never exceed speed mph=
|never exceed speed kts=
|never exceed speed note=
|range km=
|range miles=
|range nmi=
|range note=
|endurance=
|ceiling m=
|ceiling ft=13600
|ceiling note=
|g limits=
|roll rate=
|glide ratio=
|climb rate ms=
|climb rate ftmin=750
|climb rate note=
|time to altitude=
|lift to drag=
|wing loading kg/m2
|wing loading lb/sqft=
|wing loading note=
|power/mass=
|thrust/weight=
|more performance=
|avionics=
}}


{{aircontent

|see also=
|related=
|similar aircraft=
|lists=
}}

==References==

==Citations==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|last=Goebel|first=Arthur C|title=Art Goebel's own story|date=1929 |asin=B0008BKSWQ|url=http://dmairfield.com/Goebel_Book_Free_Download.pdf |publisher=CafePress.com (2007 reprint)|location=United States}}
*{{cite magazine|editor=Osborn, Earl D.|title=The Travel Air Transport Monoplane|magazine=Aviation|publisher=Aviation Publishing Corp.|location=New York|date=10 October 1927|pages=878–880}}
*{{cite book|last=Pelletier|first=A. J.|title=Beech Aircraft and their Predecessors|publisher=Putnam|location=London|year=1995|isbn=978-0851778631}}
*{{cite magazine|last=Phillips|first=Ed|title=Woolaroc!|magazine=AAHS Journal|date=Spring 1985}}
*{{cite magazine|last=Scheppler |first=R.H.|title=Travel Air 5000 "Woolaroc"|series=Aircraft described number 213|magazine=Aero Modeller|pages=221–223 & 227}}
*{{cite journal|editor=Travel Air Manufacturing Company|title="Travel Air" Commercial Airplane - Type 5000|series=Aircraft Circulars, National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics No.55|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930090631&hterms=Travel+Air+5000&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntt%3DTravel%2520Air%25205000%26Ntx%3Dmode%2520matchall|location=Washington D.C.|date=September 1927}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.edcoatescollection.com/ac3/Airline/NAT%20Travel%20Air%205000.html Image of a NAT Travel Air 5000]

[[Category:1920s United States sport aircraft]]
[[Category:Travel Air aircraft|5000]]
[[Category:Single-engined tractor aircraft]]
[[Category:High-wing aircraft]]
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1926]]

Schweizer SGM 2-37

2019-05-08T08:23:04Z

Cydebot: Robot - Moving category United States military trainer aircraft 1980–1989 to :Category:1980s United States military trainer aircraft per CFD at Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2019 April 19.

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{|{{Infobox Aircraft Begin
|name = SGM 2–37 
|image = Tg-7aNum1.jpg
|caption = USAFA TG-7A
}}{{Infobox Aircraft Type
|type = [[Motor glider]]
|national origin = United States
|manufacturer = [[Schweizer Aircraft Corporation]]
|designer = [[Leslie Schweizer]]<ref name="ActivateMedia">{{cite web|url = http://www.sailplanedirectory.com/PlaneDetails.cfm?planeID=302|title = SGS 2–37 Schweizer|accessdate = 3 June 2008|last = Activate Media|authorlink = |year = 2006|deadurl = yes|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070808142715/http://www.sailplanedirectory.com/PlaneDetails.cfm?planeID=302|archivedate = 8 August 2007|df = dmy-all}}</ref>
|first flight = 1982
|introduction = 1982
|retired = USAF service: April 2003<ref name="USAFA">{{cite web|url = http://www.usafa.af.mil/tu/306ftg/94fts/tg-7a.cfm|title = TG-7A|accessdate = 26 May 2008|last = [[United States Air Force Academy]]|authorlink = |date = May 2008|deadurl = yes|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090109204652/http://www.usafa.af.mil/tu/306ftg/94fts/tg-7a.cfm|archivedate = 9 January 2009|df = dmy-all}}</ref> Still in civil use
|status = 
|primary user = [[United States Air Force Academy]] – 9
|more users = 
|produced = 1982–1988
|number built = 12<ref name="ActivateMedia"/>
|program cost = 
|unit cost = United States Dollar70,000 (1983 base price)
|developed from = [[Schweizer SGS 1-36]] and [[Schweizer SGS 2-32|2–32]]
|variants with their own articles = [[RU-38 Twin Condor]]
}}
|}

The '''Schweizer SGM 2–37''' is a two-place, side-by-side, fixed gear, low wing [[motor glider]].<ref name="ActivateMedia"/><ref name="SoaringNov83">Said, Bob: ''1983 Sailplane Directory, Soaring Magazine'', page 131. Soaring Society of America, November 1983. USPS 499–920</ref>

A total of twelve were produced between 1982 and 1988, including nine for the [[United States Air Force Academy]], which designated it the '''TG-7A'''. The TG-7A was retired from USAFA service in April 2003.<ref name="ActivateMedia"/><ref name="USAFA"/><ref name="N3622W">{{cite web|url = http://registry.faa.gov/aircraftinquiry/nnumsql.asp?NNumbertxt=764AF|title = FAA Registry|accessdate = 3 June 2008|last = [[Federal Aviation Administration]]|authorlink = |date=June 2008}}</ref>

The basic airframe was later developed into the SA 2-37A and B covert surveillance aircraft.<ref name="SACUSA">{{cite web|url = http://www.sacusa.com/recon/sa237b.asp|title = Reconnaissance Aircraft: SA 2-37B |accessdate = 3 June 2008|last = Schweizer Aircraft Corp|authorlink = |year = 2006 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080414213216/http://www.sacusa.com/recon/sa237b.asp  |archivedate = 14 April 2008}}</ref>

==Development==
Schweizer had flown a [[Schweizer SGU 1-19#Motorized 1-19|Schweizer SGU 1–19]] as a motor glider in 1946 without putting the design into production. Later in 1958 the company carried out a design study of a powered aircraft based on the 1–26 designated as the [[Schweizer SA 1-30]], but after some test flying and modification it was not put into production. A single motorglider prototype, the Schweizer 2–31 was completed, but no further motorgliders were built by the company until 1982.<ref name="SchweizerPg120">Schweizer, Paul A: ''Wings Like Eagles, The Story of Soaring in the United States'', page 120. Smithsonian Institution Press, 1988. {{ISBN|0-87474-828-3}}</ref><ref name="Smithsonian">{{cite web|url = http://siris-thesauri.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=120981572FNL8.17&profile=planes&uri=link=3100020~!50828~!3100001~!3100002&aspect=subtab13&menu=search&ri=2&source=~!sithesauri&term=Schweizer+SGU+1+1+SGP+1+1&index=|title = Directory of Airplanes|accessdate = 3 May 2008|last = Smithsonian Institution |authorlink = |year = 2004}}</ref><ref name="2-31">{{cite web|url = http://registry.faa.gov/aircraftinquiry/acftinqSQL.asp?striptxt=231&mfrtxt=Schweizer&cmndfind.x=14&cmndfind.y=15&cmndfind=submit&modeltxt=2-31|title = FAA Registry Make/Model Inquiry Results|accessdate = 27 May 2008|last = [[Federal Aviation Administration]]|authorlink = |date=May 2008}}</ref><ref name="AircraftProfiles">{{cite web|url = http://www.aircraftprofile.com/aircraft/schweizer-2-31-8051202.php|title = SCHWEIZER 2–31 Profile|accessdate = 27 May 2008|last = Savetz Publishing|authorlink = |year = 2008}}</ref>

The SGM 2–37 was designed at the request of the USAF for use at USAFA, in both the powered and glider trainer role.<ref name="SoaringNov83"/>

To save both money and development time the aircraft used a number of existing aircraft components:

* Nose, cowling and engine installation adapted from the [[Piper PA-38 Tomahawk]]<ref name="USAFA"/>
* Wings adapted from the [[Schweizer SGS 1-36 Sprite]], including extensions to bring it from the Sprite's {{convert|46.2|ft|m}} to {{convert|59.5|ft|m}} and [[leading edge cuff]]s to improve stall characteristics<ref name="USAFA"/>
* Tail from the [[Schweizer SGS 2-32]]<ref name="USAFA"/>

The design was intended to be available as a civil aircraft as well as a military aircraft. The USAF version was delivered with a [[Lycoming O-235|Lycoming O-235-L2C]] 4-cylinder aircraft engine of {{convert|112|hp|abbr=on}}. The civil version offered the same engine or an option of a [[Lycoming O-320]] of {{convert|150|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} or a [[Lycoming O-360]] of {{convert|180|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name="USAFA"/><ref name="SoaringNov83"/>

The aircraft is of all-metal aluminum [[monocoque]] construction. The engine cowling is made from [[fiberglass]] and plastics are employed in some of the nonstructural components.<ref name="USAFA"/>

The 2–37 features a {{convert|27|cuft|L|abbr=on}} baggage compartment behind the side-by-side seating. The aircraft does not have flaps, but instead has top-and-bottom wing-mounted balanced divebrakes, similar to other Schweizer glider designs.<ref name="SoaringNov83"/>

Performance includes a cruise speed of 114 mph while burning 4 [[United States gallon|US gal]] per hour with the O-235 engine. The 17.9 aspect ratio wing provides a glide ratio of 28:1 with the propeller feathered, and a minimum sink speed of 3.16 feet/sec (0.96 m/s).<ref name="ActivateMedia"/><ref name="SoaringNov83"/> The USAF Technical Orders indicate a glide ratio of between 19.3:1 and 19.7:1.<ref name="TG7Ap3-11">USAF: ''USAF T.O. 1G-7(T)A-1 Issue C – 30 April 2002'', pages 3–11 and 3–12.</ref>

The SGS 2–37 was marketed by the company as being suitable for the following roles:<ref name="ActivateMedia"/><ref name="SoaringNov83"/>
*Sailplane trainer
*Powered aircraft trainer
*Glider towplane (with larger horsepower engine option)
*Private touring aircraft
*Surveillance
*Aerial Inspection

The 2–37 was later developed into the SA 3–38, known in military service as the [[Schweizer RU-38 Twin Condor]].

===Certification===
The SGM 2–37 was certified by the [[Federal Aviation Administration]] under type certificate G1NE on 22 March 1983. The 2–37 type certificate is currently held by K & L Soaring of [[Cayuta, New York]]. K & L Soaring now provides all parts and support for the Schweizer line of sailplanes.<ref name="G1NE">{{cite web|url = http://www.airweb.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library%5CrgMakeModel.nsf/0/3F492310AA326E6C862573B1005BB248?OpenDocument|title = Type certificate data sheet no. g1ne|accessdate = 26 May 2008|last = [[Federal Aviation Administration]]|authorlink = |date=September 2007}}</ref><ref name="K&L">{{cite web|url = http://klsoaring.com/|title = K & L Soaring, LLC|accessdate = 5 April 2008|last = K & L Soaring|authorlink = |date = n.d.}}</ref>

===Reception===
''Soaring'', the journal of the [[Soaring Society of America]], described the SGM 2–37 as: "Very versatile, very promising, very expensive". The publication's review noted that the $70,000 base price did not include a [[Propeller (aircraft)#Feathering|feathering propeller]], gyro instruments, [[Aircraft fairing|wheel fairings]], long range fuel tanks or other optional extras.<ref name="SoaringNov83"/>

==Operational history==
Examples of the TG-7 were used by the [[United States Army|US Army]] from 1985 on covert surveillance duties under the ''Grisly Hunter'' project. The two aircraft were then transferred to the [[United States Coast Guard|US Coast Guard]] by mid 1989, were modified and were re-designated '''RG-8A'''. The aircraft were used on coastal patrols from the US Coast Guard base at Miami wearing a grey low visibility color scheme, as shown in the adjacent image taken in 1989.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.joebaugher.com/usaf_serials/1985.html |title=1985 USAF Serial Numbers |publisher=Joebaugher.com |date= |accessdate=8 May 2014}}</ref>

There were nine aircraft still registered in the USA in April 2008. Current owners include the [[Tuskegee Airmen|Tuskegee Airmen National Historical Museum]] and designer [[Leslie E. Schweizer]].<ref name="FAA">{{cite web|url = http://registry.faa.gov/aircraftinquiry/acftinqSQL.asp?striptxt=SGM237&mfrtxt=&cmndfind.x=18&cmndfind.y=16&cmndfind=submit&modeltxt=SGM+2-37|title = Make / Model Inquiry Results|accessdate = 29 April 2008|last = [[Federal Aviation Administration]]|authorlink = |date=April 2008}}</ref>

==Variants==
[[File:Schweizer SA2-37B.jpg|thumb|SA2-37B of the Aerial Surveillance Squadron, 3rd Air Group, [[Mexican Air Force]] at [[Santa Lucia Air Force Base]]]]
[[File:Schweizer RG-8A 85-0047 USCG Opa 11.11.89 edited-2.jpg|thumb|right|RG-8A surveillance aircraft of the [[United States Coast Guard|US Coast Guard]] at Opa Locka, Miami, in 1989, wearing low visibility paintwork.]]
;SGM 2–37
:Motor glider for USAF and civil use, 12 completed.<ref name="ActivateMedia"/><ref name="SoaringNov83"/>
;SA 2-37A
:The SA 2-37A is a two-seat special-mission surveillance aircraft built for the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] and [[US Army]] and equipped with a [[Lycoming O-540|Lycoming O-540-B]] powerplant of {{convert|235|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} and first flown in 1982.<ref name="World">{{cite web|url = http://www.aircraftworlddirectory.com/civil/s/schweizersa237a.htm|title = Schweizer SA 2-37A |accessdate = 3 June 2008|last = World Aircraft Directory|authorlink = |date = n.d.}}</ref> The US aircraft register records six SA-2-37As, including four belonging to Vantage Aircraft Leasing. All are in the [[Experimental aircraft|experimental]] ''exhibition'' category.<ref name="FAA2">{{cite web|url = http://registry.faa.gov/aircraftinquiry/acftinqSQL.asp?striptxt=SA237A&mfrtxt=Schweizer&cmndfind.x=14&cmndfind.y=17&cmndfind=submit&modeltxt=SA+2-37A+|title = Make / Model Inquiry Results|accessdate = 3 May 2008|last = [[Federal Aviation Administration]]|authorlink = |date=June 2008}}</ref>
;SA 2-37B
:The SA 2-37B is a development of the 2-37A equipped with a [[Lycoming O-540|Lycoming TIO-540-AB1AD]] powerplant of {{convert|250|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}. The aircraft is optimized for covert surveillance missions and carries [[FLIR]] and electronic sensors. It has a 500 lb (231 kg) sensor payload in a {{convert|70|cuft|L|adj=on}} fuselage bay. With a fuel capacity of {{convert|99|USgal|L}} it can remain on station for up to 12 hours. Gross weight is 4300 lb (1950 kg).<ref name="SACUSA"/> The US aircraft registry records four SA 2-37Bs, all owned by Schweizer Aircraft. All are in the [[Experimental aircraft|experimental]] ''Research and Development'' category.<ref name="FAA3">{{cite web|url = http://registry.faa.gov/aircraftinquiry/acftinqSQL.asp?striptxt=SA237B&mfrtxt=Schweizer&cmndfind.x=17&cmndfind.y=19&cmndfind=submit&modeltxt=SA+2-37B|title = Make / Model Inquiry Results|accessdate = 3 May 2008|last = [[Federal Aviation Administration]]|authorlink = |date=June 2008}}</ref>
;TG-7A
:United States Air Force designation for the SGM 2–37.
;RG-8A
:In [[US Coast Guard]] service the SA 2–37 is designated '''RG-8A''', indicating ''Glider, Reconnaissance''.<ref name="Stoll">{{cite web|url = http://www.alexstoll.com/AircraftOfTheMonth/9-01.html|title = Schweizer RU-38A Twin Condor |accessdate = 4 June 2008|last = Stoll, Alex|authorlink = |date=September 2001}}</ref>

==Operators==
;{{Flagu|United States}}
*[[United States Air Force]]
*[[United States Army]]
*[[United States Coast Guard]]
;{{Flagu|Colombia}}
*[[Colombian Air Force]]<ref name="Columbia">{{cite web|url = http://bp0.blogger.com/_10UdUMmJSLg/RsHl84DWFnI/AAAAAAAAA9Q/f4QvGsnlxpI/s1600-h/FAC+SA2-37B+Schweizer.jpg|title = Photo of SA 2–37 in Columbian Air Force markings|accessdate = 8 November 2008|last = unknown photographer|authorlink = |date = n.d.}}</ref>
;{{Flagu|Mexico}}
* [[Mexican Air Force]]<ref name="MexAF">{{cite web|url = http://www.airliners.net/photo/Mexico---Air/Schweizer-SA2-37A-Condor/0962610/&sid=c7e96bd832944ab40e4fd5cebde3db36|title = Picture of the Schweizer SA2-37A Condor aircraft|accessdate = 8 November 2009|last = Garcia|first = Sergio Echeverria|authorlink = |date=November 2005}}</ref>

==Specifications (SGM 2–37)==

{{aircraft specifications
|plane or copter?=plane
|jet or prop?=prop
|ref=Sailplane Directory,<ref name="ActivateMedia"/> USAFA,<ref name="USAFA"/> Soaring magazine November 1983<ref name="SoaringNov83"/> & FAA Aircraft Type Certificate G1NE<ref name="G1NE"/>


|crew=two in side-by-side seating
|capacity=
|length main= 27 ft 6 in
|length alt= 8.5 m
|span main= 59 ft 6 in
|span alt= 18.14 m
|height main= 7 ft 8 in
|height alt= 2.4 m
|area main= 195.7 ft2
|area alt= 18.18 m2
|airfoil=Wortmann Fx 61–163
|empty weight main= 1200 lb
|empty weight alt= 544 kg
|loaded weight main= 1850 lb
|loaded weight alt= 839 kg
|useful load main= 650 lb
|useful load alt= 295 kg
|max takeoff weight main= 1850 lb
|max takeoff weight alt= 839 kg
|engine (jet)=
|type of jet=
|number of jets=
|thrust main= lbf
|thrust alt= kN
|engine (prop)= [[Lycoming O-235|Lycoming O-235-L2C]]
|type of prop=aluminum fixed pitch
|number of props=1
|power main= 112 hp
|power alt= 84 kW

|max speed main= 135 mph
|max speed alt= 181 km/h
|cruise speed main= 112 mph
|cruise speed alt= 181 km/h
|never exceed speed main= 135 mph
|never exceed speed alt= 219 km/h
|stall speed main= 48 mph with divebrakes closed
|stall speed alt= 78 km/h
|range main= 230 mi
|range alt= 372 km
|ceiling main= 14,000 ft
|ceiling alt= 4300 m
|climb rate main= ft/min
|climb rate alt= m/s
|loading main= 9.45 lb/ft2
|loading alt= 46.15 kg/m2
|more performance=
*'''Power/mass:''' 16.51 lb/hp (0.100 kW/kg)

}}

==See also==
{{aircontent

|see also=
* [[List of gliders]]
|related=
|similar aircraft=
*[[Diamond HK36 Super Dimona]]
*[[Grob G 109]]
*[[Pipistrel Sinus]]
*[[Valentin Taifun]]
|lists=
}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
{{commons category|Schweizer SGM 2-37}}


{{Schweizer aircraft}}
{{US glider aircraft}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Schweizer Sgm 2-37}}
[[Category:1980s United States military trainer aircraft]]
[[Category:Schweizer aircraft]]
[[Category:Motor gliders]]
[[Category:Single-engined tractor aircraft]]
[[Category:Low-wing aircraft]]
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1982]]

Schweizer RU-38 Twin Condor

2019-05-08T08:17:54Z

Cydebot: Robot - Moving category United States military reconnaissance aircraft 1980–1989 to :Category:1980s United States military reconnaissance aircraft per CFD at Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2019 April 19.

{{about|the aircraft|other uses|RU-38 (disambiguation)}}
{{use dmy dates|date=December 2014}}
{|{{Infobox Aircraft Begin
|name = RU-38 Twin Condor
|image = 
|caption =
}}{{Infobox Aircraft Type
|type = Covert reconnaissance aircraft
|national origin= United States
|manufacturer = [[Schweizer Aircraft Corporation]]
|designer = [[Leslie Schweizer]]
|first flight = 31 May 1995<ref name="Stoll">{{cite web|url=http://www.alexstoll.com/AircraftOfTheMonth/9-01.html|title=Schweizer RU-38A Twin Condor|accessdate=2008-06-04|last=Stoll, Alex|date=September 2001}}</ref>
|introduction = May 1997<ref name="Stoll"/>
|retired = 
|status = In production
|primary user = [[United States Coast Guard|US Coast Guard]]<ref name="GlobalSecurity">{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/systems/ru-38.htm|title=Schweizer RU-38B Twin Condor|accessdate=2008-06-04|last=Pike, John|date=April 2005}}</ref>
|more users = [[United States Department of Justice|US Dept of Justice]]<ref name="RU38B">{{cite web|url=http://registry.faa.gov/aircraftinquiry/mmsinqSQL.asp?mmstxt=8059002&statetxt=TX|title=FAA Registry|accessdate=2008-06-04|last=[[Federal Aviation Administration]]|date=June 2008|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210041735/http://registry.faa.gov/aircraftinquiry/mmsinqSQL.asp?mmstxt=8059002&statetxt=TX|archivedate=10 February 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|produced = RU-38A 1995-1997<ref name="RU38A">{{cite web|url=http://registry.faa.gov/aircraftinquiry/mmsinqSQL.asp?mmstxt=8059102&statetxt=NY|title=FAA Registry|accessdate=2008-06-04|last=FAA|date=June 2008|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060928032345/http://registry.faa.gov/aircraftinquiry/mmsinqSQL.asp?mmstxt=8059102&statetxt=NY|archivedate=28 September 2006|df=dmy-all}}</ref> RU-38B 2004-2005<ref name="RU38B"/>
|number built = RU-38A - 2<ref name="RU38">{{cite web|url=http://registry.faa.gov/aircraftinquiry/acftinqSQL.asp?striptxt=SA238&mfrtxt=Schweizer&cmndfind.x=15&cmndfind.y=13&cmndfind=submit&modeltxt=SA+2-38|title=FAA Registry|accessdate=2008-06-04|last=FAA|date=June 2008|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815075013/http://registry.faa.gov/aircraftinquiry/acftinqSQL.asp?striptxt=SA238&mfrtxt=Schweizer&cmndfind.x=15&cmndfind.y=13&cmndfind=submit&modeltxt=SA+2-38|archivedate=15 August 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> RU-38B - 3<ref name="RU38"/>
|program cost = 
|unit cost = 
|developed from = [[Schweizer SGM 2-37|RG-8A]]
|variants with their own articles = 
}}
|}
The '''Schweizer RU-38 Twin Condor''' is a two or three-seat, fixed gear, low wing, [[twin boom]] covert reconnaissance aircraft.<ref name="SACUSA">{{cite web|url=http://www.sacusa.com/products/38bmain.asp|title=Reconnaissance Aircraft: RU-38B|accessdate=2008-07-14|last=Schweizer Aircraft Corp|year=2006}}</ref><ref name="SpyFlight">{{cite web|url=http://www.spyflight.co.uk/ru38b.htm|title=Schweizer RU-38B Twin Condor|accessdate=2008-06-04|last=Spy Flight|year=n.d.}}</ref>

RU-38 is the US military designation for the aircraft, indicating ''Utility, Reconnaissance''. The Schweizer company model number is '''Schweizer SA 2-38A Condor''' and, in its three-seat configuration, '''Schweizer SA 3-38A Condor'''<ref name="Smithsonian">{{cite web|url = http://siris-thesauri.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=120981572FNL8.17&profile=planes&uri=link=3100020~!50828~!3100001~!3100002&aspect=subtab13&menu=search&ri=2&source=~!sithesauri&term=Schweizer+SGU+1+1+SGP+1+1&index=|title=Directory of Airplanes|accessdate=2008-05-03|last=Smithsonian Institution|year=2004}}</ref>

Based on the [[Schweizer SGM 2-37]] [[motor glider]], a total of five RU-38s were produced between 1995 and 2005. The aircraft remains in production by [[Sikorsky Aircraft]] after acquiring Schweizer.<ref name="RU38"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sikorsky.com/Pages/Products/Military/ReconnaissanceFixedWing.aspx|title=Reconnaissance Fixed Wing Aircraft|work=sikorsky.com|accessdate=29 August 2015}}</ref>

==Background==
The development of the [[Schweizer SGM 2-37]] motor glider for training use at the [[United States Air Force Academy]] led to two reconnaissance versions of that design, carrying the company model numbers [[Schweizer SGM 2-37|SA 2-37A]] and [[Schweizer SGM 2-37|SA 2-37B]]. In [[Central Intelligence Agency]], [[US Army]] and [[US Coast Guard]] service these were designated RG-8A and B. The RG-8s were employed in border security and surveillance missions.<ref name="Stoll"/><ref name="GlobalSecurity"/><ref name="World">{{cite web|url=http://www.aircraftworlddirectory.com/civil/s/schweizersa237a.htm|title=Schweizer SA 2-37A|accessdate=2008-06-03|last=World Aircraft Directory|year=n.d.}}</ref>

In the mid-1990s the Coast Guard decided that the aircraft would be more useful if their capabilities were improved to include night operations by the addition of more mission sensor equipment. Discussions with Schweizer Aircraft resulted in a plan to upgrade two RG-8As and build one new aircraft to provide a total of three.<ref name="Stoll"/>

==Development==
The RU-38 was intended to fulfill both the low altitude, quiet, over water/hostile terrain reconnaissance role and also the high altitude standoff surveillance role.<ref name="SACUSA"/>

The design missions for the RU-23A were:<ref name="Stoll"/><ref name="GlobalSecurity"/><ref name="SACUSA"/><ref name="SpyFlight"/>
*Border integrity
*Counter-terrorism surveillance
*Drug enforcement
*Electronic intelligence
*Fishery patrols
*Illegal alien surveillance
*Intelligence collection
*Maritime patrol
*Pollution patrol & environmental monitoring
*[[Search and Rescue]]

In converting to the new RU-38A configuration, the conventional RG-8A airframe was greatly modified by:<ref name="Stoll"/><ref name="GlobalSecurity"/><ref name="SpyFlight"/>
*Removing the single 235 hp (175 kW) [[Lycoming O-540|Lycoming O-540-B]] powerplant
*Installing two [[Continental IO-550#Geared models|Teledyne Continental Motors GIO-550A]] engines with a 3:2 gear reduction to 2267 operating rpm. The engines are mounted one in the nose and the other in the rear of the fuselage.
*Enlarging the crew compartment
*Improving the engine mufflers
*Increasing the wingspan from 56.5 ft (17.22m) to 84.13 ft (25.65 m)
*Changing the single tail fin to a [[twin boom|twin-boom]] configuration with two fins
*Greatly enlarged sensor bays
*Improved noise signature reduction
*[[Tricycle landing gear]] replacing the [[conventional landing gear]]

===RU-38A===
The resulting aircraft bears little resemblance to the original TG-8. Installation of the twin-boom pods permits the carriage of more sensors. The left-hand pod houses an AN/APN-215(V) color multi-function X-band sea search radar with mapping capabilities. The right-hand pod houses the AN/AAQ-15 [[forward looking infrared]] (FLIR) and Low-Light TV enhanced vision systems.<ref name="Stoll"/><ref name="GlobalSecurity"/><ref name="SpyFlight"/>

For navigation the RU-38A originally carried both [[OMEGA Navigation System|OMEGA]] and [[GPS]] receivers, although the Omega has since been removed with that system's withdrawal from service in 1997. The aircraft also has [[High frequency|HF]], [[Very high frequency|VHF]] and [[Ultra high frequency|UHF]] radios for voice and encrypted voice communications, plus direction finding. The crew may also use [[night vision goggles]].<ref name="Stoll"/><ref name="GlobalSecurity"/><ref name="SpyFlight"/>

The aircraft has no flaps and instead retains the top and bottom surface divebrakes of its sailplane ancestors. Maximum take-off weight of the RU-38A is 5300 lb (2404 kg)<ref name="Stoll"/>

The RU-38A is designed to transit to its operational area with both engines operating. Once in the surveillance area the rear engine would normally be shut down and the aircraft operated in "quiet surveillance mode". The second engine would be available for use in an emergency and for return to base at faster speed.<ref name="Stoll"/><ref name="GlobalSecurity"/><ref name="SpyFlight"/>

The first Coast Guard RG-8A was returned to Schweizer for conversion to RU-38A status on 24 January 1994. The initial plan called for the conversion of two RG-8As and then fabrication of one new RU-38A.<ref name="Stoll"/>

The first flight of the converted aircraft took place on 31 May 1995. The second USCG RG-8A aircraft that was earmarked for RU-38A upgrade crashed near [[Puerto Rico]] in 1996. As a result, the program was reduced to provide only two RU-38As to the USCG. The loss of the RG-8A delayed the program for many months and it was not completed until May 1997.<ref name="Stoll"/>

The first RU-38 was tested by the Air Force [[445th Flight Test Squadron]] at [[Edwards Air Force Base|Edwards AFB]] on behalf of the Coast Guard, starting in July 1998. The airplane flew some 100 test flights during the four-month program.<ref name="GlobalSecurity"/>

By September 1999 the two converted RU-38As had been delivered to the Coast Guard in [[Miami]], Florida for operational employment. The RU-38As were flown in drug interdiction missions over the [[Gulf of Mexico]] and the [[Caribbean Sea]], but they were reportedly grounded during 2000, due to problems with the aircraft meeting mission requirements or serviceability.<ref name="GlobalSecurity"/><ref name="SpyFlight"/>

===RU-38B===
The company further improved the aircraft by replacing the two [[Reciprocating engine|piston engines]] with two [[Rolls-Royce Model 250|Rolls Royce Allison 250-B17F]] [[turboprop]] engines which allowed raising the gross weight to 7200 lbs (3265 kg). The new aircraft carries the military designation of RU-38B.<ref name="SACUSA"/>

The RU-38B has 140 cubic feet (4.0 cu m) of payload space with a payload weight of 800 lbs (363 kg) available. The payload bays all have large access doors and are located both in the tailbooms and also behind the pilot and co-pilot seats in the fuselage. The latter space can also accommodate a third crew member, if required. Using pallet-mounted sensor packages the aircraft can be quickly changed from one mission to another.<ref name="SACUSA"/>

The RU-38B is able to achieve quiet operation while loitering by using a propeller speed as low as 1000 rpm. This is possible because the sailplane-derived wing is efficient and flight at low airspeed can be sustained with low power.<ref name="SACUSA"/> Exhaust from the front engine is routed overwing, reducing the noise footprint.<ref>[[Air & Space/Smithsonian]], ''The Sounds of Silence'', July 2004 issue, p. 13</ref>

Two RU-38Bs were delivered to the US Department of Justice, one in 2004 and one in 2005.<ref name="RU38B"/>

The RU-38B model was still being actively marketed by Schweizer in 2011.<ref name="SACUSA"/>

==Certification==
Neither the RU-38A or B was certified by the [[Federal Aviation Administration]]. Instead all aircraft operate as [[experimental aircraft]] in the ''Research and Development'' category.<ref name="RU38A"/>

==Operators==
;{{USA}}
*[[Schweizer Aircraft]] - Two RU-38A and one RU-38B<ref name="RU38"/>
*[[United States Department of Justice]] - two RU-38B<ref name="RU38B"/>

==Specifications (RU-38B)==
{{aircraft specifications
|plane or copter?=plane
|jet or prop?=prop
|ref=Schweizer Aircraft<ref name="SACUSA"/>
|crew=two in side-by-side seating or three, with two pilots in side-by-side seating and one sensor operator in the rear
|capacity=
|length main= 35.1 ft
|length alt= 10.7 m
|span main= 84.13 ft
|span alt= 25.64 m
|height main=
|height alt=
|area main= 334.2 ft²
|area alt= 31.05 m²
|airfoil=Wortmann Fx 61-163
|empty weight main= 4265 lb
|empty weight alt= 1934 kg
|loaded weight main= 7200 lb
|loaded weight alt= 3265 kg
|useful load main= 2935 lb
|useful load alt= 1331 kg
|max takeoff weight main= 7200 lb
|max takeoff weight alt= 3265 kg
|engine (prop)= [[Rolls-Royce Model 250|Rolls Royce Allison 250-B17F]]
|type of prop=Constant Speed, Full Feather
|number of props=2
|power main=
|max speed main= 168 [[knots]]
|max speed alt= 312 km/h
|cruise speed main= 83 knots (mission speed)
|cruise speed alt= 155 km/h
|never exceed speed main= 168 knots
|never exceed speed alt= 312 km/h
|stall speed main= 62 knots with divebrakes closed
|stall speed alt= 116 km/h
|range main=
|range alt=
|ceiling main= 30,000 ft
|ceiling alt= 9144 m
|climb rate main= ft/min
|climb rate alt= m/s
|loading main= 21.5 lb/ft²
|loading alt= 105.1 kg/m²
|more performance=
*'''Power/mass:'''
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Schweizer gliders}}
* {{Official website|http://www.sikorsky.com/Pages/Products/Military/ReconnaissanceFixedWing.aspx}}
* [http://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/systems/images/ru-38a-pic1.jpg Photo of RU-38A, N61428, serial number 1]
* [http://www.globalsecurity.org/intell/systems/images/ru-38a-pic2.jpg Photo of RU-38A configuration model]

{{Schweizer aircraft}}
{{US utility aircraft}}

[[Category:Schweizer aircraft|RU-38]]
[[Category:1980s United States military reconnaissance aircraft]]
[[Category:Twin-boom aircraft]]
[[Category:Twin-engined push-pull aircraft]]
[[Category:Low-wing aircraft]]
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1995]]
[[Category:Twin-engined turboprop aircraft]]

Piasecki HUP Retriever

2019-05-08T08:13:37Z

Cydebot: Robot - Moving category United States military aircraft 1950–1959 to :Category:1950s United States military aircraft per CFD at Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2019 April 19.

{|{{Infobox Aircraft Begin
|name= H-25/HUP Retriever
|image= File:HUP-2 from USS FD Roosevelt (CVA-42) in flight 1959.jpg
|caption= A U.S. Navy HUP-2 from {{USS|Franklin D. Roosevelt|CV-42|6}}
}}{{Infobox Aircraft Type
|type= Utility [[helicopter]]
|manufacturer= [[Piasecki Helicopter]]
|designer=
|first flight= March 1948
|introduced= February 1949<ref name=SB1911>Swanborough and Bowers 1976, p.461.</ref>
|retired= 1958 US Army January 1964 RCN 1964 USN 1965 French Navy
|status=
|primary user= [[United States Navy]]
|more users= [[United States Army]] [[Royal Canadian Navy]] [[French Navy]]
|produced=1949–1954<ref name=Boeing_HUP/>
|number built= 339<ref name=Boeing_HUP/>{{Disputed inline|Number built|date=November 2018}}
|unit cost=
|variants with their own articles=
}}
|}
The '''Piasecki HUP Retriever/H-25 Army Mule''' was a compact single [[radial engine]], twin overlapping [[Tandem rotors|tandem rotor]] utility [[helicopter]] developed by the [[Piasecki Helicopter|Piasecki Helicopter Corporation]] of [[Morton, Pennsylvania]]. Designed to a [[United States Navy]] specification, the helicopter was produced from 1949 to 1954, and was also used by the [[United States Army]] and foreign navies. The HUP/H-25 was the first helicopter to perform a [[Aerobatic maneuver#loop|loop]] and to be produced with an [[autopilot]].

==Design and development==
The design was a product of a competition by the U.S. Navy in 1945 for a compact utility/rescue helicopter to operate from ships including aircraft carriers, battleships, and cruisers.<ref name=Boeing_HUP/> Either 2<ref name=SB1911/><ref name=Baugher_4>{{cite web |url=http://www.joebaugher.com/navy_serials/thirdseries4.html |title=US Navy and US Marine Corps BuNos, Third Series ((30147 to 39998)) |last=Baugher |first=Joe |date=24 August 2018 |website=joebaugher.com |access-date=1 November 2018}}</ref> or 3<ref name=archives/><ref name=Watkins>http://1000aircraftphotos.com/Contributions/WatkinsRay/8891.htm accessdate:26 January 2014</ref>{{Disputed inline|Number built|date=November 2018}} prototypes—designated '''PV-14''' by the factory and '''XJHP-1''' by the Navy—were built and subjected to a side-by-side flight evaluation against the 3 prototypes of the [[Sikorsky XHJS-1]]; however, the XHJS was fundamentally a scaled-up version of the [[Sikorsky H-5]], and the increased weight and size magnified the design's problems with maintaining [[Center of gravity of an aircraft#Incorrect weight and balance in helicopters|proper weight and balance]] under varying loading conditions.<ref name=archives>{{cite web|title=S-53 (U.S.Navy (XHJS-1) |last1= Devine |first1= Vinny |url=https://www.sikorskyarchives.com/S-53%20(U.S.Navy%20(%20XHJS-1).php |date=10 April 2013 |website= Sikorsky Product History |publisher= Igor Sikorsky Historical Archives |access-date=1 November 2018}}</ref> The Piasecki won the competition,<ref name=archives/> and with the introduction of the aircraft configuration letter "U" for Utility in the 1950s,<ref>Swanborough and Bowers 1976, pp.8-9.</ref> the aircraft was ordered for production as the '''HUP-1'''.<ref name=SB1911/>

The design featured two three-bladed, {{convert|35|ft|m|adj=mid|-diameter}} rotors in tandem in which blades could be folded for storage; the relatively small rotor diameter allowed the aircraft to use aircraft carrier elevators with its blades fully extended.<ref name=Boeing_HUP/> The tandem overlapping rotor configuration was a development by Piasecki and was used in future helicopter designs by the company and successors including the [[Piasecki H-21|H-21]], [[Boeing Vertol CH-46 Sea Knight|HRB-1/CH-46]], and [[CH-47]]. The original HUP-1 was powered by a single [[Wright R-975 Whirlwind#Production by Continental Motors|Continental R-975-34]] radial engine, with a take-off rating of {{convert|525|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}, while later versions used the uprated R-975-42 or R-975-46A with {{convert|550|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name=SB1911/> To aid [[search and rescue]] (SAR) operations, the aircraft was equipped with an overhead winch capable of lifting 400 lb (181 kg), which could lower a rescue sling through an electrically-operated door available after the copilot’s seat was folded forward.<ref name=Boeing_HUP>{{cite web |url=https://www.boeing.com/history/products/hup-h-25-army-mule.page |title=HUP-1 Retriever/H-25 Army Mule Helicopter |author= |website=boeing.com |publisher=[[Boeing]] |access-date=1 November 2018}}</ref>

During a flight demonstration of its capability to withstand high [[g-force]], the type became the first helicopter to perform a [[Aerobatic maneuver#loop|loop]], albeit unintentionally.<ref name=Boeing_HUP/>

==Operational history==
[[File:Piasecki H-25A 116616 Fort Rucker AL 14.12.02R edited-2.jpg|thumb|left|H-25A Army Mule preserved in the US Army Aviation Museum, Alabama]]
The aircraft first entered service in February 1949 with the delivery of the first of 32 HUP-1 aircraft to the US Navy.<ref name=SB1911/> The improved '''HUP-2''' (Piasecki designation '''PV-18''') was soon introduced with a more powerful engine, deletion of the inward-canted horizontal stabilizer endplate fins, and various minor changes in equipment; a sub-variant equipped with dunking [[sonar]] for [[anti-submarine warfare]] was given the designation '''HUP-2S'''.<ref name=SB1911/><ref name=Boeing_HUP/> The HUP-2 was the first production helicopter equipped with an [[autopilot]].<ref name=Boeing_HUP/> The US Navy also tested a system called ''Raydist'' that allowed an unmanned HUP-2 to be directed from a ground station and by radio ordered to hover within five feet of the desired point.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=oN0DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA122&dq=1954+Popular+Mechanics+January&hl=en&sa=X&ei=TV0mT-7WMoGftwfi4dizCg&ved=0CEwQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=1954%20Popular%20Mechanics%20January&f=true "Radio Waves Hold Helicopter In Fixed Hovering Position"] ''Popular Mechanics'', May 1954, p. 122.</ref> [[Edo Aircraft Corporation|Edo]] tested a HUP-2 with a fiberglass hull and outrigger floats for amphibious operations.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Picture News: Watertight hull makes helicopter amphibious|magazine=[[Popular Science]]|date=February 1958|volume=172|issue=2|page=149}}</ref>

An upgraded version of the HUP-2 was built for the [[US Army]] and designated as the '''H-25A Army Mule''', but most were quickly withdrawn from Army service and converted for naval use under the designation '''HUP-3'''.<ref name=SB1911/><ref name=Boeing_HUP/><ref name=Baugher_13>{{cite web |url=http://www.joebaugher.com/navy_serials/thirdseries13.html |title=US Navy and US Marine Corps BuNos, Third Series (120341 to 126256) |last=Baugher |first=Joe |date=26 July 2018 |website=joebaugher.com |access-date=31 October 2018}}</ref><ref name=Walker_RCN/><ref name=Baugher_BuNo18/>

In 1954, the [[Royal Canadian Navy]] received 3 former US Army H-25A aircraft, which were modified and redesignated on delivery to conform to US Navy HUP-3 standards.<ref name=Walker_RCN/><ref name=Baugher_1951>{{cite web |url=http://www.joebaugher.com/usaf_serials/1951.html |title=1951 USAF Serial Numbers
|last=Baugher |first=Joe |date=2 September 2018 |website=joebaugher.com |access-date=31 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ingeniumcanada.org/aviation/collection-research/artifact-piasecki-hup-3.php |title=Piasecki HUP-3 |website=ingeniumcanada.org |publisher=Ingenium Canada - Canada Air and Space Museum |access-date=31 October 2018 }}</ref><ref name=Shearwater_HUP-3>{{cite web |url=http://www.shearwateraviationmuseum.ns.ca/exhibits/hup.htm |title=Piasecki HUP-3 |website=www.shearwateraviationmuseum.ns.ca |publisher=Shearwater Aviation Museum |access-date=1 November 2018 }}</ref> The aircraft were used aboard [[CCGS Labrador|HMCS ''Labrador'']] for SAR and varied utility duties, and were later used to support construction at [[Distant Early Warning Line]] radar sites.<ref name=Walker_RCN/><ref name=Shearwater_HUP-3/> The helicopters were subsequently posted to [[Victoria International Airport|NAF Patricia Bay]] and naval air station [[CFB Shearwater|HMCS ''Shearwater'']]; after the last 2 were struck off strength on 18 January 1964, 1 aircraft was donated to a technical school and the other 2 were sold as surplus.<ref name=Walker_RCN/><ref name=Shearwater_HUP-3/>

The US Army '''H-25''' designation was adopted by the US Navy in 1962<ref name=SB1911/> on introduction of the [[1962 United States Tri-Service aircraft designation system]]. The final units were withdrawn from US service in 1964.{{Citation needed|date=October 2018}} It also served with [[French Naval Aviation]] (Aeronavale) from 1953{{Citation needed|reason=Need more info on French service|date=October 2018}} to 1965.<ref name=Boeing_HUP/>

A total of 339 aircraft were delivered during the 6-year production run.<ref name=Boeing_HUP/>{{Disputed inline|Number built|date=November 2018}} A large number of surplus US Navy aircraft later appeared on the US civil registry, and at least 7 were transferred to the [[French Navy]].<ref name=Baugher_13/>

On 7 November 2009, former US Navy HUP-1, [[BuNo]] ''124925'',<ref name=Allnutt/> civil registration number ''N183YP'',<ref name=Baugher_13/> collided with high-voltage power lines in [[Adelanto, California]]; the subsequent crash and post-crash fire killed all 3 occupants and substantially damaged the aircraft.<ref name=NTSB_N183YP>{{cite web|url=https://app.ntsb.gov/pdfgenerator/ReportGeneratorFile.ashx?EventID=20091107X23541&AKey=1&RType=Final&IType=LA|title=NTSB Aviation Accident Final Report WPR10LA048 |publisher=[[National Transportation Safety Board]]|accessdate=5 November 2018}}</ref> Operated in association with [[Classic Rotors Museum|Classic Rotors]], the accident aircraft was the only airworthy example in the world.<ref name=Allnutt>{{cite news |last=Allnutt |first=Richard Mallory |date=25 December 2009 |title=Piasecki crash claims three lives |work=Aircraft Illustrated |location=Stamford, Lincolnshire, UK |publisher=Key Publishing Ltd. |issn=0002-2675}}</ref> The [[National Transportation Safety Board]] attributed the crash to ''"The pilot’s failure to maintain clearance from powerlines during en route flight."''<ref name=NTSB_N183YP/>

==Variants==
;XHJP-1
:Prototype, powered by a {{convert|525|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[Continental R-975]]-34 piston engine, equipped with large sloping endplate fins on the horizontal stabilizers. Piasecki-Vertol designation was '''PV-14'''. 2<ref name=SB1911/><ref name=Baugher_4/> or 3<ref name=archives/><ref name=Watkins/> produced.{{Disputed inline|Number built|date=November 2018}}

;HUP-1
:Utility transport and search and rescue helicopter for the [[US Navy]], largely similar to XHJP-1, Piasecki designation was '''PV-18'''. 32 built.<ref name=SB1911/><ref name=Boeing_HUP/>
[[File:CVE-106 AF-2 VS-22 sinking NAN10-53.jpg|thumb|A U.S. Navy HUP plane guard doing its work in 1953]]
;HUP-2
:Improved version, {{convert|550|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} Continental R-975-42 piston engine, horizontal stabilizer endplate fins eliminated.<ref name=SB1911/><ref name=Boeing_HUP/> 165 built for the US Navy,<ref name=SB1911/>{{Disputed inline|Number built|date=November 2018}} 15 for French Aeronavale.{{Citation needed|reason=Need more info on French service|date=October 2018}} Redesignated '''UH-25B''' in 1962.

;HUP-2S
:Anti-submarine warfare version of HUP-2 fitted with dunking sonar. 12 built.<ref name=Boeing_HUP/>

;HUP-3
:Naval utility conversion of H-25A aircraft transferred from US Army: 50 to US Navy,<ref name=Baugher_BuNo18>{{cite web |url=http://www.joebaugher.com/navy_serials/thirdseries18.html |title=US Navy and US Marine Corps BuNos, Third Series (145062 to 150138) |last=Baugher |first=Joe |date=2 October 2018 |website=joebaugher.com |access-date=31 October 2018}}</ref> 3 to Royal Canadian Navy.<ref name=Walker_RCN>{{cite web|title= Royal Canadian Navy – HUP detailed list |last1= Walker |first1= R.W.R. |url=http://www.rwrwalker.ca/RCN_HUP_detailed.html |work= Canadian Military Aircraft Serial Numbers |accessdate= 31 October 2018 }}</ref><ref name=Baugher_1951>{{cite web |url=http://www.joebaugher.com/usaf_serials/1951.html |title=1951 USAF Serial Numbers
|last=Baugher |first=Joe |date=2 September 2018 |website=joebaugher.com |access-date=31 October 2018}}</ref> Remaining USN aircraft redesignated '''UH-25C''' in 1962.

;H-25A Army Mule
:Utility transport helicopter for US Army, similar to HUP-2 but powered by a {{convert|550|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} Continental R-975-46A piston engine, and fitted with large doors, power-boosted controls, and strengthened floors.<ref name=SB1911/><ref name=Boeing_HUP/> 70 were delivered from 1953, but they were unsuitable for front-line use,<ref name="Harding p197-8"/> with 53 transferred to RCN and USN in 1954–1955,<ref name=Walker_RCN/><ref name=Baugher_1951/> and the remaining helicopters used for training, being withdrawn from army service by 1958.<ref name="Harding p197-8">Harding 1990, pp. 197–198.</ref>

;UH-25B
:HUP-2 redesignated after 1962.

;UH-25C
:HUP-3 redesignated after 1962.

==Operators==
; {{flag|Canada|1921}}
* [[Royal Canadian Navy]] <ref name=" Piasecki H-25 History">{{cite web| last =| first =| authorlink =| coauthors =| title =Piasecki H-25 History| work =| publisher =Boeing| date =| url =http://www.boeing.com/history/boeing/hup.html| doi =| accessdate =2013-02-02| deadurl =yes| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20121029172611/http://www.boeing.com/history/boeing/hup.html| archivedate =2012-10-29| df =}}</ref>
; {{FRA}}
* [[French Navy]] <ref name=" Piasecki H-25 History" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pictaero.com/en/pictures/picture,47204 |title= Piasecki PV-18 (HUP/H-25/UH-25) (Photo) |publisher= pictaero.com |date=|accessdate=2 February 2013}}</ref>
; {{USA}}:
* [[United States Army]] <ref name=" Piasecki H-25 History" />
* [[United States Navy]] <ref name=" Piasecki H-25 History" />

==Surviving aircraft==
[[File:HUP3-01A.JPG|thumb|Royal Canadian Navy HUP-3 ''51-16621'' at the [[Canadian Museum of Flight]]; this aircraft was later traded to [[Classic Rotors Museum|Classic Rotors]].<ref name=Shearwater_HUP-3/> ]]
For surviving aircraft, hyphenated numbers are original US Army Serial Numbers; six-digit numbers are original US Navy Bureau of Aeronautics (BuAer) Bureau Numbers (BuNo). All 50 H-25A/HUP-3 aircraft transferred from the US Army to the US Navy were given new bureau numbers; 3 aircraft transferred to the RCN were redesignated but retained their original US Army serial numbers.<ref name=Walker_RCN/><ref name=Baugher_1951/>

===Canada===
;On display
;;UH-25B (HUP-2)
*128529 - [[Shearwater Aviation Museum]] in Shearwater, Nova Scotia.<ref name=Skaarup>{{cite book |last=Skaarup |first=Howard |date=2009 |title=Canadian Warplanes |location=Bloomington, Indiana |publisher=iUniverse |page=520 |isbn=978-1-4401-6758-4 }}</ref> This aircraft has been restored to the appearance of ''51-16621'', the first RCN HUP-3.<ref name=Shearwater_HUP-3/>

;;UH-25C (HUP-3)
*51-16623 - [[Canada Aviation and Space Museum]] in Ottawa, Ontario.<ref>[http://www.aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=9090 "Piasecki HUP Retriever/51-16623."] ''aerialvisuals.ca'' Retrieved: 5 May 2016.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://casmuseum.techno-science.ca/en/collection-research/artifact-piasecki-hup-3.php|title=Piasecki HUP-3|author= [[Canada Aviation and Space Museum]]|work=techno-science.ca|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref>

===Netherlands===
;On display
;;UH-25B (HUP-2)
*130076 - Baris Business Park roadway roundabout in [[Rotterdam]]. This aircraft was originally used by the US Navy and was later transferred to the [[French Navy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.baris.nl/onze-helikopter/|title=De helikopter |website=www.baris.nl |publisher= Baris Groep |accessdate=1 November 2018 |language=Dutch |trans-title=The helicopter }}</ref>

===United Kingdom===
;On display
;;UH-25C (HUP-3)
*51-16622 - [[The Helicopter Museum (Weston)|The Helicopter Museum]] in Weston-super-Mare, England, wearing RCN markings.<ref name=Walker_RCN/><ref>[http://www.aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=11752 "Piasecki HUP Retriever/622 RCN."] ''aerialvisuals.ca'' Retrieved: 5 May 2016.</ref>

===United States===
;On display
;;H-25A Army Mule
*51-16616 - [[United States Army Aviation Museum]] in Fort Rucker, Alabama.<ref>[http://www.aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=17233 "Piasecki HUP Retriever/51-16616."] ''aerialvisuals.ca'' Retrieved: 5 May 2016.</ref>

;;HUP-1
*124915 - [[USS Hornet Museum]] in Alameda, California.<ref>[http://www.aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=10923 "Piasecki HUP Retriever/124915."] ''aerialvisuals.ca'' Retrieved: 25 April 2017.</ref>

;;UH-25B (HUP-2)
*128479 - [[American Helicopter Museum]] in West Chester, Pennsylvania.<ref>[http://www.aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=63563 "Piasecki HUP Retriever/128479."] ''aerialvisuals.ca'' Retrieved: 5 May 2016.</ref>
*128517 - [[Wings of Freedom Aviation Museum]] in Horsham, Pennsylvania.<ref>{{cite web|title=Piasecki HUP-2 "Retriever"|publisher=Wings of Freedom Aviation Museum|url=http://wingsoffreedommuseum.org/index.php/our-aircraft/13-aircraft/aircraft-rotorcraft/33-aircraft-hup-2-retriever|accessdate=26 August 2016}}</ref>
*128519 - [[Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum]] in New York City, New York.<ref>[http://www.aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=35971 "Piasecki HUP Retriever/128519."] ''aerialvisuals.ca'' Retrieved: 5 May 2016.</ref>
*128596 - [[Flying Leatherneck Aviation Museum]] in San Diego, California.<ref>[http://www.aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=419 "Piasecki HUP Retriever/128596."] ''aerialvisuals.ca'' Retrieved: 5 May 2016.</ref>
*130059 - [[USS Midway Museum]] in San Diego, California.<ref>[http://www.aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=29266 "Piasecki HUP Retriever/130059."] ''aerialvisuals.ca'' Retrieved: 5 May 2016.</ref>

;;UH-25C (HUP-3)
*147595 - [[Pima Air & Space Museum]] in Tucson, Arizona.<ref>[http://www.aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=34520 "Piasecki HUP Retriever/147595."] ''aerialvisuals.ca'' Retrieved: 5 May 2016.</ref>
*147600 - [[Air Zoo]] in Kalamazoo, Michigan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=10772|title=Piasecki HUP Retriever/147600|last=|first=|website=www.aerialvisuals.ca|access-date=2016-06-08}}</ref>
*147607 - [[National Naval Aviation Museum]] in Pensacola, Florida.<ref>[http://www.aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=26108 "Piasecki HUP Retriever/147607."] ''aerialvisuals.ca'' Retrieved: 5 May 2016.</ref>
*147628 - [[Mid-America Air Museum]] in Liberal, Kansas.<ref>[http://www.aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=75028 "Piasecki HUP Retriever/147628."] ''aerialvisuals.ca'' Retrieved: 5 May 2016.</ref>
*51-16621 - [[Classic Rotors Museum|Classic Rotors]] in Ramona, California.<ref name=N7089F>{{cite web|url = https://registry.faa.gov/aircraftinquiry/NNum_Results.aspx?NNumbertxt=7089F|title = N-Number Inquiry Results N7089F|accessdate = 1 November 2018|last = [[Federal Aviation Administration]]|date = 1 November 2018}}</ref> As of early November 2018, this is the only Piasecki-manufactured aircraft with valid [[FAA]] [[aircraft registration]].<ref name="FAA_Piasecki">{{cite web|url = https://registry.faa.gov/aircraftinquiry/AcftRef_Results.aspx?Mfrtxt=PIASECKI&Modeltxt=&PageNo=1|title = Manufacturer Inquiry Results Piasecki |accessdate = 5 November 2018|last = [[Federal Aviation Administration]]|date = 5 November 2018}}</ref> This former RCN aircraft is reportedly the last HUP/H-25 capable of being restored to [[airworthy]] condition; it was exchanged in 2000 by the [[Canadian Museum of Flight]] for unflyable HUP-2 ''128529'', which was subsequently traded again in 2002 to the Shearwater Aviation Museum and repainted as ''51-16621''.<ref name=Shearwater_HUP-3/><ref name=Skaarup/>

;Under restoration or in storage
;;UH-25B (HUP-2)
*130082 - [[USS Iowa Museum]] in San Pedro, California, being restored for display.<ref>[http://www.dailybreeze.com/general-news/20161018/historic-wartime-helicopter-to-be-pieced-together-for-san-pedros-battleship-iowa "Piasecki HUP Retriever/130082."] ''Daily Breeze'' Retrieved: 25 April 2017.</ref>

;;UH-25C (HUP-3)
*147610 - [[Yanks Air Museum]] in Chino, California, in storage.<ref>[http://www.aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=161310 "Piasecki HUP Retriever/147610."] ''aerialvisuals.ca'' Retrieved: 5 May 2016.</ref>

==Specifications (HUP-2)==
[[File:Piasecki H-25 orthographical image.svg|right|350px]]
{{aircraft specifications


|plane or copter?=copter
|jet or prop?=prop
|ref=Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1956–57<ref name="jawa56 p345">Bridgman 1956, p. 345.</ref>

|crew=2 pilots
|capacity=4 passengers
|length main= 56 ft 11 in
|length alt= 17.35 m
|span main= 35 ft 0 in
|span alt= 10.67 m
|height main= 13 ft 2 in
|height alt= 4.01 m
|area main= 1,924 ft²
|area alt= 179 m²
|airfoil=
|empty weight main= 4132 lb
|empty weight alt= 1874 kg
|loaded weight main= 5750 lb
|loaded weight alt= 2608 kg
|useful load main=
|useful load alt=
|max takeoff weight main= 6100 lb
|max takeoff weight alt= 2767 kg
|more general=
|engine (prop)=[[Wright R-975|Continental R-975]]-46A
|type of prop=radial
|number of props=1
|power main= 550 hp
|power alt= 410 kW
|power original=
|max speed main=91 knots
|max speed alt=105 mph, 169 km/h
|cruise speed main= 70 knots
|cruise speed alt= 80 mph, 129 km/h
|never exceed speed main=
|never exceed speed alt=
|range main=295 nmi
|range alt=340 mi, 547 km
|ceiling main= 10,000 ft
|ceiling alt= 3,050 m
|climb rate main= 1000 ft/min
|climb rate alt= 5.01 m/s
|loading main= 3 lb/ft²
|loading alt= 15 kg/m²
|thrust/weight=
|power/mass main= 0.09 hp/lb
|power/mass alt= 0.16 kW/kg
|more performance=
|armament=
|avionics=
}}

==See also==
{{aircontent

|related=
* [[Piasecki H-21]]
* [[Boeing Vertol CH-46 Sea Knight|CH-46 Sea Knight]]
|similar aircraft=
*[[Bell HSL]]
*[[Bristol Belvedere]]
*[[Harbin Z-5]]
*[[Mil Mi-4]]
*[[Sikorsky H-19 Chickasaw]]
|lists=
|see also=
}}

==References==
;Notes
{{Reflist}}
;Bibliography
*Bridgman, Leonard. ''Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1956–57''. New York: The McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1956.
* Harding, Stephen. ''U.S. Army Aircraft Since 1947''. Shrewsbury, UK:Airlife, 1990. {{ISBN|1-85310-102-8}}.
*{{cite book |ref=harv |last1=Swanborough |first1=Gordon |last2=Bowers |first2=Peter M. |date=1976 |title=United States Navy Aircraft since 1911 |edition=2nd |location=Annapolis, Maryland |publisher=Naval Institute Press |isbn=0-87021-968-5}}.

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080506193518/http://www.redstone.army.mil/history/aviation/factsheets/h25.html H-25 US Army Aviation history fact sheet]

{{Piasecki/Vertol aircraft}}
{{USAF helicopters}}
{{USN helicopters}}

[[Category:United States military helicopters]]
[[Category:Tandem rotor helicopters]]
[[Category:1950s United States military aircraft]]
[[Category:1950s United States helicopters]]
[[Category:Piasecki Helicopter aircraft]]
[[Category:Single-engined piston helicopters]]
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1948]]

Piasecki HUP Retriever

2019-05-08T08:08:07Z

Cydebot: Robot - Moving category United States helicopters 1950–1959 to :Category:1950s United States helicopters per CFD at Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2019 April 19.

{|{{Infobox Aircraft Begin
|name= H-25/HUP Retriever
|image= File:HUP-2 from USS FD Roosevelt (CVA-42) in flight 1959.jpg
|caption= A U.S. Navy HUP-2 from {{USS|Franklin D. Roosevelt|CV-42|6}}
}}{{Infobox Aircraft Type
|type= Utility [[helicopter]]
|manufacturer= [[Piasecki Helicopter]]
|designer=
|first flight= March 1948
|introduced= February 1949<ref name=SB1911>Swanborough and Bowers 1976, p.461.</ref>
|retired= 1958 US Army January 1964 RCN 1964 USN 1965 French Navy
|status=
|primary user= [[United States Navy]]
|more users= [[United States Army]] [[Royal Canadian Navy]] [[French Navy]]
|produced=1949–1954<ref name=Boeing_HUP/>
|number built= 339<ref name=Boeing_HUP/>{{Disputed inline|Number built|date=November 2018}}
|unit cost=
|variants with their own articles=
}}
|}
The '''Piasecki HUP Retriever/H-25 Army Mule''' was a compact single [[radial engine]], twin overlapping [[Tandem rotors|tandem rotor]] utility [[helicopter]] developed by the [[Piasecki Helicopter|Piasecki Helicopter Corporation]] of [[Morton, Pennsylvania]]. Designed to a [[United States Navy]] specification, the helicopter was produced from 1949 to 1954, and was also used by the [[United States Army]] and foreign navies. The HUP/H-25 was the first helicopter to perform a [[Aerobatic maneuver#loop|loop]] and to be produced with an [[autopilot]].

==Design and development==
The design was a product of a competition by the U.S. Navy in 1945 for a compact utility/rescue helicopter to operate from ships including aircraft carriers, battleships, and cruisers.<ref name=Boeing_HUP/> Either 2<ref name=SB1911/><ref name=Baugher_4>{{cite web |url=http://www.joebaugher.com/navy_serials/thirdseries4.html |title=US Navy and US Marine Corps BuNos, Third Series ((30147 to 39998)) |last=Baugher |first=Joe |date=24 August 2018 |website=joebaugher.com |access-date=1 November 2018}}</ref> or 3<ref name=archives/><ref name=Watkins>http://1000aircraftphotos.com/Contributions/WatkinsRay/8891.htm accessdate:26 January 2014</ref>{{Disputed inline|Number built|date=November 2018}} prototypes—designated '''PV-14''' by the factory and '''XJHP-1''' by the Navy—were built and subjected to a side-by-side flight evaluation against the 3 prototypes of the [[Sikorsky XHJS-1]]; however, the XHJS was fundamentally a scaled-up version of the [[Sikorsky H-5]], and the increased weight and size magnified the design's problems with maintaining [[Center of gravity of an aircraft#Incorrect weight and balance in helicopters|proper weight and balance]] under varying loading conditions.<ref name=archives>{{cite web|title=S-53 (U.S.Navy (XHJS-1) |last1= Devine |first1= Vinny |url=https://www.sikorskyarchives.com/S-53%20(U.S.Navy%20(%20XHJS-1).php |date=10 April 2013 |website= Sikorsky Product History |publisher= Igor Sikorsky Historical Archives |access-date=1 November 2018}}</ref> The Piasecki won the competition,<ref name=archives/> and with the introduction of the aircraft configuration letter "U" for Utility in the 1950s,<ref>Swanborough and Bowers 1976, pp.8-9.</ref> the aircraft was ordered for production as the '''HUP-1'''.<ref name=SB1911/>

The design featured two three-bladed, {{convert|35|ft|m|adj=mid|-diameter}} rotors in tandem in which blades could be folded for storage; the relatively small rotor diameter allowed the aircraft to use aircraft carrier elevators with its blades fully extended.<ref name=Boeing_HUP/> The tandem overlapping rotor configuration was a development by Piasecki and was used in future helicopter designs by the company and successors including the [[Piasecki H-21|H-21]], [[Boeing Vertol CH-46 Sea Knight|HRB-1/CH-46]], and [[CH-47]]. The original HUP-1 was powered by a single [[Wright R-975 Whirlwind#Production by Continental Motors|Continental R-975-34]] radial engine, with a take-off rating of {{convert|525|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}, while later versions used the uprated R-975-42 or R-975-46A with {{convert|550|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name=SB1911/> To aid [[search and rescue]] (SAR) operations, the aircraft was equipped with an overhead winch capable of lifting 400 lb (181 kg), which could lower a rescue sling through an electrically-operated door available after the copilot’s seat was folded forward.<ref name=Boeing_HUP>{{cite web |url=https://www.boeing.com/history/products/hup-h-25-army-mule.page |title=HUP-1 Retriever/H-25 Army Mule Helicopter |author= |website=boeing.com |publisher=[[Boeing]] |access-date=1 November 2018}}</ref>

During a flight demonstration of its capability to withstand high [[g-force]], the type became the first helicopter to perform a [[Aerobatic maneuver#loop|loop]], albeit unintentionally.<ref name=Boeing_HUP/>

==Operational history==
[[File:Piasecki H-25A 116616 Fort Rucker AL 14.12.02R edited-2.jpg|thumb|left|H-25A Army Mule preserved in the US Army Aviation Museum, Alabama]]
The aircraft first entered service in February 1949 with the delivery of the first of 32 HUP-1 aircraft to the US Navy.<ref name=SB1911/> The improved '''HUP-2''' (Piasecki designation '''PV-18''') was soon introduced with a more powerful engine, deletion of the inward-canted horizontal stabilizer endplate fins, and various minor changes in equipment; a sub-variant equipped with dunking [[sonar]] for [[anti-submarine warfare]] was given the designation '''HUP-2S'''.<ref name=SB1911/><ref name=Boeing_HUP/> The HUP-2 was the first production helicopter equipped with an [[autopilot]].<ref name=Boeing_HUP/> The US Navy also tested a system called ''Raydist'' that allowed an unmanned HUP-2 to be directed from a ground station and by radio ordered to hover within five feet of the desired point.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=oN0DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA122&dq=1954+Popular+Mechanics+January&hl=en&sa=X&ei=TV0mT-7WMoGftwfi4dizCg&ved=0CEwQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=1954%20Popular%20Mechanics%20January&f=true "Radio Waves Hold Helicopter In Fixed Hovering Position"] ''Popular Mechanics'', May 1954, p. 122.</ref> [[Edo Aircraft Corporation|Edo]] tested a HUP-2 with a fiberglass hull and outrigger floats for amphibious operations.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Picture News: Watertight hull makes helicopter amphibious|magazine=[[Popular Science]]|date=February 1958|volume=172|issue=2|page=149}}</ref>

An upgraded version of the HUP-2 was built for the [[US Army]] and designated as the '''H-25A Army Mule''', but most were quickly withdrawn from Army service and converted for naval use under the designation '''HUP-3'''.<ref name=SB1911/><ref name=Boeing_HUP/><ref name=Baugher_13>{{cite web |url=http://www.joebaugher.com/navy_serials/thirdseries13.html |title=US Navy and US Marine Corps BuNos, Third Series (120341 to 126256) |last=Baugher |first=Joe |date=26 July 2018 |website=joebaugher.com |access-date=31 October 2018}}</ref><ref name=Walker_RCN/><ref name=Baugher_BuNo18/>

In 1954, the [[Royal Canadian Navy]] received 3 former US Army H-25A aircraft, which were modified and redesignated on delivery to conform to US Navy HUP-3 standards.<ref name=Walker_RCN/><ref name=Baugher_1951>{{cite web |url=http://www.joebaugher.com/usaf_serials/1951.html |title=1951 USAF Serial Numbers
|last=Baugher |first=Joe |date=2 September 2018 |website=joebaugher.com |access-date=31 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ingeniumcanada.org/aviation/collection-research/artifact-piasecki-hup-3.php |title=Piasecki HUP-3 |website=ingeniumcanada.org |publisher=Ingenium Canada - Canada Air and Space Museum |access-date=31 October 2018 }}</ref><ref name=Shearwater_HUP-3>{{cite web |url=http://www.shearwateraviationmuseum.ns.ca/exhibits/hup.htm |title=Piasecki HUP-3 |website=www.shearwateraviationmuseum.ns.ca |publisher=Shearwater Aviation Museum |access-date=1 November 2018 }}</ref> The aircraft were used aboard [[CCGS Labrador|HMCS ''Labrador'']] for SAR and varied utility duties, and were later used to support construction at [[Distant Early Warning Line]] radar sites.<ref name=Walker_RCN/><ref name=Shearwater_HUP-3/> The helicopters were subsequently posted to [[Victoria International Airport|NAF Patricia Bay]] and naval air station [[CFB Shearwater|HMCS ''Shearwater'']]; after the last 2 were struck off strength on 18 January 1964, 1 aircraft was donated to a technical school and the other 2 were sold as surplus.<ref name=Walker_RCN/><ref name=Shearwater_HUP-3/>

The US Army '''H-25''' designation was adopted by the US Navy in 1962<ref name=SB1911/> on introduction of the [[1962 United States Tri-Service aircraft designation system]]. The final units were withdrawn from US service in 1964.{{Citation needed|date=October 2018}} It also served with [[French Naval Aviation]] (Aeronavale) from 1953{{Citation needed|reason=Need more info on French service|date=October 2018}} to 1965.<ref name=Boeing_HUP/>

A total of 339 aircraft were delivered during the 6-year production run.<ref name=Boeing_HUP/>{{Disputed inline|Number built|date=November 2018}} A large number of surplus US Navy aircraft later appeared on the US civil registry, and at least 7 were transferred to the [[French Navy]].<ref name=Baugher_13/>

On 7 November 2009, former US Navy HUP-1, [[BuNo]] ''124925'',<ref name=Allnutt/> civil registration number ''N183YP'',<ref name=Baugher_13/> collided with high-voltage power lines in [[Adelanto, California]]; the subsequent crash and post-crash fire killed all 3 occupants and substantially damaged the aircraft.<ref name=NTSB_N183YP>{{cite web|url=https://app.ntsb.gov/pdfgenerator/ReportGeneratorFile.ashx?EventID=20091107X23541&AKey=1&RType=Final&IType=LA|title=NTSB Aviation Accident Final Report WPR10LA048 |publisher=[[National Transportation Safety Board]]|accessdate=5 November 2018}}</ref> Operated in association with [[Classic Rotors Museum|Classic Rotors]], the accident aircraft was the only airworthy example in the world.<ref name=Allnutt>{{cite news |last=Allnutt |first=Richard Mallory |date=25 December 2009 |title=Piasecki crash claims three lives |work=Aircraft Illustrated |location=Stamford, Lincolnshire, UK |publisher=Key Publishing Ltd. |issn=0002-2675}}</ref> The [[National Transportation Safety Board]] attributed the crash to ''"The pilot’s failure to maintain clearance from powerlines during en route flight."''<ref name=NTSB_N183YP/>

==Variants==
;XHJP-1
:Prototype, powered by a {{convert|525|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[Continental R-975]]-34 piston engine, equipped with large sloping endplate fins on the horizontal stabilizers. Piasecki-Vertol designation was '''PV-14'''. 2<ref name=SB1911/><ref name=Baugher_4/> or 3<ref name=archives/><ref name=Watkins/> produced.{{Disputed inline|Number built|date=November 2018}}

;HUP-1
:Utility transport and search and rescue helicopter for the [[US Navy]], largely similar to XHJP-1, Piasecki designation was '''PV-18'''. 32 built.<ref name=SB1911/><ref name=Boeing_HUP/>
[[File:CVE-106 AF-2 VS-22 sinking NAN10-53.jpg|thumb|A U.S. Navy HUP plane guard doing its work in 1953]]
;HUP-2
:Improved version, {{convert|550|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} Continental R-975-42 piston engine, horizontal stabilizer endplate fins eliminated.<ref name=SB1911/><ref name=Boeing_HUP/> 165 built for the US Navy,<ref name=SB1911/>{{Disputed inline|Number built|date=November 2018}} 15 for French Aeronavale.{{Citation needed|reason=Need more info on French service|date=October 2018}} Redesignated '''UH-25B''' in 1962.

;HUP-2S
:Anti-submarine warfare version of HUP-2 fitted with dunking sonar. 12 built.<ref name=Boeing_HUP/>

;HUP-3
:Naval utility conversion of H-25A aircraft transferred from US Army: 50 to US Navy,<ref name=Baugher_BuNo18>{{cite web |url=http://www.joebaugher.com/navy_serials/thirdseries18.html |title=US Navy and US Marine Corps BuNos, Third Series (145062 to 150138) |last=Baugher |first=Joe |date=2 October 2018 |website=joebaugher.com |access-date=31 October 2018}}</ref> 3 to Royal Canadian Navy.<ref name=Walker_RCN>{{cite web|title= Royal Canadian Navy – HUP detailed list |last1= Walker |first1= R.W.R. |url=http://www.rwrwalker.ca/RCN_HUP_detailed.html |work= Canadian Military Aircraft Serial Numbers |accessdate= 31 October 2018 }}</ref><ref name=Baugher_1951>{{cite web |url=http://www.joebaugher.com/usaf_serials/1951.html |title=1951 USAF Serial Numbers
|last=Baugher |first=Joe |date=2 September 2018 |website=joebaugher.com |access-date=31 October 2018}}</ref> Remaining USN aircraft redesignated '''UH-25C''' in 1962.

;H-25A Army Mule
:Utility transport helicopter for US Army, similar to HUP-2 but powered by a {{convert|550|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} Continental R-975-46A piston engine, and fitted with large doors, power-boosted controls, and strengthened floors.<ref name=SB1911/><ref name=Boeing_HUP/> 70 were delivered from 1953, but they were unsuitable for front-line use,<ref name="Harding p197-8"/> with 53 transferred to RCN and USN in 1954–1955,<ref name=Walker_RCN/><ref name=Baugher_1951/> and the remaining helicopters used for training, being withdrawn from army service by 1958.<ref name="Harding p197-8">Harding 1990, pp. 197–198.</ref>

;UH-25B
:HUP-2 redesignated after 1962.

;UH-25C
:HUP-3 redesignated after 1962.

==Operators==
; {{flag|Canada|1921}}
* [[Royal Canadian Navy]] <ref name=" Piasecki H-25 History">{{cite web| last =| first =| authorlink =| coauthors =| title =Piasecki H-25 History| work =| publisher =Boeing| date =| url =http://www.boeing.com/history/boeing/hup.html| doi =| accessdate =2013-02-02| deadurl =yes| archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20121029172611/http://www.boeing.com/history/boeing/hup.html| archivedate =2012-10-29| df =}}</ref>
; {{FRA}}
* [[French Navy]] <ref name=" Piasecki H-25 History" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pictaero.com/en/pictures/picture,47204 |title= Piasecki PV-18 (HUP/H-25/UH-25) (Photo) |publisher= pictaero.com |date=|accessdate=2 February 2013}}</ref>
; {{USA}}:
* [[United States Army]] <ref name=" Piasecki H-25 History" />
* [[United States Navy]] <ref name=" Piasecki H-25 History" />

==Surviving aircraft==
[[File:HUP3-01A.JPG|thumb|Royal Canadian Navy HUP-3 ''51-16621'' at the [[Canadian Museum of Flight]]; this aircraft was later traded to [[Classic Rotors Museum|Classic Rotors]].<ref name=Shearwater_HUP-3/> ]]
For surviving aircraft, hyphenated numbers are original US Army Serial Numbers; six-digit numbers are original US Navy Bureau of Aeronautics (BuAer) Bureau Numbers (BuNo). All 50 H-25A/HUP-3 aircraft transferred from the US Army to the US Navy were given new bureau numbers; 3 aircraft transferred to the RCN were redesignated but retained their original US Army serial numbers.<ref name=Walker_RCN/><ref name=Baugher_1951/>

===Canada===
;On display
;;UH-25B (HUP-2)
*128529 - [[Shearwater Aviation Museum]] in Shearwater, Nova Scotia.<ref name=Skaarup>{{cite book |last=Skaarup |first=Howard |date=2009 |title=Canadian Warplanes |location=Bloomington, Indiana |publisher=iUniverse |page=520 |isbn=978-1-4401-6758-4 }}</ref> This aircraft has been restored to the appearance of ''51-16621'', the first RCN HUP-3.<ref name=Shearwater_HUP-3/>

;;UH-25C (HUP-3)
*51-16623 - [[Canada Aviation and Space Museum]] in Ottawa, Ontario.<ref>[http://www.aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=9090 "Piasecki HUP Retriever/51-16623."] ''aerialvisuals.ca'' Retrieved: 5 May 2016.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://casmuseum.techno-science.ca/en/collection-research/artifact-piasecki-hup-3.php|title=Piasecki HUP-3|author= [[Canada Aviation and Space Museum]]|work=techno-science.ca|accessdate=5 May 2016}}</ref>

===Netherlands===
;On display
;;UH-25B (HUP-2)
*130076 - Baris Business Park roadway roundabout in [[Rotterdam]]. This aircraft was originally used by the US Navy and was later transferred to the [[French Navy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.baris.nl/onze-helikopter/|title=De helikopter |website=www.baris.nl |publisher= Baris Groep |accessdate=1 November 2018 |language=Dutch |trans-title=The helicopter }}</ref>

===United Kingdom===
;On display
;;UH-25C (HUP-3)
*51-16622 - [[The Helicopter Museum (Weston)|The Helicopter Museum]] in Weston-super-Mare, England, wearing RCN markings.<ref name=Walker_RCN/><ref>[http://www.aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=11752 "Piasecki HUP Retriever/622 RCN."] ''aerialvisuals.ca'' Retrieved: 5 May 2016.</ref>

===United States===
;On display
;;H-25A Army Mule
*51-16616 - [[United States Army Aviation Museum]] in Fort Rucker, Alabama.<ref>[http://www.aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=17233 "Piasecki HUP Retriever/51-16616."] ''aerialvisuals.ca'' Retrieved: 5 May 2016.</ref>

;;HUP-1
*124915 - [[USS Hornet Museum]] in Alameda, California.<ref>[http://www.aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=10923 "Piasecki HUP Retriever/124915."] ''aerialvisuals.ca'' Retrieved: 25 April 2017.</ref>

;;UH-25B (HUP-2)
*128479 - [[American Helicopter Museum]] in West Chester, Pennsylvania.<ref>[http://www.aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=63563 "Piasecki HUP Retriever/128479."] ''aerialvisuals.ca'' Retrieved: 5 May 2016.</ref>
*128517 - [[Wings of Freedom Aviation Museum]] in Horsham, Pennsylvania.<ref>{{cite web|title=Piasecki HUP-2 "Retriever"|publisher=Wings of Freedom Aviation Museum|url=http://wingsoffreedommuseum.org/index.php/our-aircraft/13-aircraft/aircraft-rotorcraft/33-aircraft-hup-2-retriever|accessdate=26 August 2016}}</ref>
*128519 - [[Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum]] in New York City, New York.<ref>[http://www.aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=35971 "Piasecki HUP Retriever/128519."] ''aerialvisuals.ca'' Retrieved: 5 May 2016.</ref>
*128596 - [[Flying Leatherneck Aviation Museum]] in San Diego, California.<ref>[http://www.aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=419 "Piasecki HUP Retriever/128596."] ''aerialvisuals.ca'' Retrieved: 5 May 2016.</ref>
*130059 - [[USS Midway Museum]] in San Diego, California.<ref>[http://www.aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=29266 "Piasecki HUP Retriever/130059."] ''aerialvisuals.ca'' Retrieved: 5 May 2016.</ref>

;;UH-25C (HUP-3)
*147595 - [[Pima Air & Space Museum]] in Tucson, Arizona.<ref>[http://www.aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=34520 "Piasecki HUP Retriever/147595."] ''aerialvisuals.ca'' Retrieved: 5 May 2016.</ref>
*147600 - [[Air Zoo]] in Kalamazoo, Michigan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=10772|title=Piasecki HUP Retriever/147600|last=|first=|website=www.aerialvisuals.ca|access-date=2016-06-08}}</ref>
*147607 - [[National Naval Aviation Museum]] in Pensacola, Florida.<ref>[http://www.aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=26108 "Piasecki HUP Retriever/147607."] ''aerialvisuals.ca'' Retrieved: 5 May 2016.</ref>
*147628 - [[Mid-America Air Museum]] in Liberal, Kansas.<ref>[http://www.aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=75028 "Piasecki HUP Retriever/147628."] ''aerialvisuals.ca'' Retrieved: 5 May 2016.</ref>
*51-16621 - [[Classic Rotors Museum|Classic Rotors]] in Ramona, California.<ref name=N7089F>{{cite web|url = https://registry.faa.gov/aircraftinquiry/NNum_Results.aspx?NNumbertxt=7089F|title = N-Number Inquiry Results N7089F|accessdate = 1 November 2018|last = [[Federal Aviation Administration]]|date = 1 November 2018}}</ref> As of early November 2018, this is the only Piasecki-manufactured aircraft with valid [[FAA]] [[aircraft registration]].<ref name="FAA_Piasecki">{{cite web|url = https://registry.faa.gov/aircraftinquiry/AcftRef_Results.aspx?Mfrtxt=PIASECKI&Modeltxt=&PageNo=1|title = Manufacturer Inquiry Results Piasecki |accessdate = 5 November 2018|last = [[Federal Aviation Administration]]|date = 5 November 2018}}</ref> This former RCN aircraft is reportedly the last HUP/H-25 capable of being restored to [[airworthy]] condition; it was exchanged in 2000 by the [[Canadian Museum of Flight]] for unflyable HUP-2 ''128529'', which was subsequently traded again in 2002 to the Shearwater Aviation Museum and repainted as ''51-16621''.<ref name=Shearwater_HUP-3/><ref name=Skaarup/>

;Under restoration or in storage
;;UH-25B (HUP-2)
*130082 - [[USS Iowa Museum]] in San Pedro, California, being restored for display.<ref>[http://www.dailybreeze.com/general-news/20161018/historic-wartime-helicopter-to-be-pieced-together-for-san-pedros-battleship-iowa "Piasecki HUP Retriever/130082."] ''Daily Breeze'' Retrieved: 25 April 2017.</ref>

;;UH-25C (HUP-3)
*147610 - [[Yanks Air Museum]] in Chino, California, in storage.<ref>[http://www.aerialvisuals.ca/AirframeDossier.php?Serial=161310 "Piasecki HUP Retriever/147610."] ''aerialvisuals.ca'' Retrieved: 5 May 2016.</ref>

==Specifications (HUP-2)==
[[File:Piasecki H-25 orthographical image.svg|right|350px]]
{{aircraft specifications


|plane or copter?=copter
|jet or prop?=prop
|ref=Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1956–57<ref name="jawa56 p345">Bridgman 1956, p. 345.</ref>

|crew=2 pilots
|capacity=4 passengers
|length main= 56 ft 11 in
|length alt= 17.35 m
|span main= 35 ft 0 in
|span alt= 10.67 m
|height main= 13 ft 2 in
|height alt= 4.01 m
|area main= 1,924 ft²
|area alt= 179 m²
|airfoil=
|empty weight main= 4132 lb
|empty weight alt= 1874 kg
|loaded weight main= 5750 lb
|loaded weight alt= 2608 kg
|useful load main=
|useful load alt=
|max takeoff weight main= 6100 lb
|max takeoff weight alt= 2767 kg
|more general=
|engine (prop)=[[Wright R-975|Continental R-975]]-46A
|type of prop=radial
|number of props=1
|power main= 550 hp
|power alt= 410 kW
|power original=
|max speed main=91 knots
|max speed alt=105 mph, 169 km/h
|cruise speed main= 70 knots
|cruise speed alt= 80 mph, 129 km/h
|never exceed speed main=
|never exceed speed alt=
|range main=295 nmi
|range alt=340 mi, 547 km
|ceiling main= 10,000 ft
|ceiling alt= 3,050 m
|climb rate main= 1000 ft/min
|climb rate alt= 5.01 m/s
|loading main= 3 lb/ft²
|loading alt= 15 kg/m²
|thrust/weight=
|power/mass main= 0.09 hp/lb
|power/mass alt= 0.16 kW/kg
|more performance=
|armament=
|avionics=
}}

==See also==
{{aircontent

|related=
* [[Piasecki H-21]]
* [[Boeing Vertol CH-46 Sea Knight|CH-46 Sea Knight]]
|similar aircraft=
*[[Bell HSL]]
*[[Bristol Belvedere]]
*[[Harbin Z-5]]
*[[Mil Mi-4]]
*[[Sikorsky H-19 Chickasaw]]
|lists=
|see also=
}}

==References==
;Notes
{{Reflist}}
;Bibliography
*Bridgman, Leonard. ''Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1956–57''. New York: The McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1956.
* Harding, Stephen. ''U.S. Army Aircraft Since 1947''. Shrewsbury, UK:Airlife, 1990. {{ISBN|1-85310-102-8}}.
*{{cite book |ref=harv |last1=Swanborough |first1=Gordon |last2=Bowers |first2=Peter M. |date=1976 |title=United States Navy Aircraft since 1911 |edition=2nd |location=Annapolis, Maryland |publisher=Naval Institute Press |isbn=0-87021-968-5}}.

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080506193518/http://www.redstone.army.mil/history/aviation/factsheets/h25.html H-25 US Army Aviation history fact sheet]

{{Piasecki/Vertol aircraft}}
{{USAF helicopters}}
{{USN helicopters}}

[[Category:United States military helicopters]]
[[Category:Tandem rotor helicopters]]
[[Category:United States military aircraft 1950–1959]]
[[Category:1950s United States helicopters]]
[[Category:Piasecki Helicopter aircraft]]
[[Category:Single-engined piston helicopters]]
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1948]]

Lancair Mako

2019-05-08T07:52:15Z

Cydebot: Robot - Moving category United States civil utility aircraft 2010–2019 to :Category:2010s United States civil utility aircraft per CFD at Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2019 April 19.

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use American English|date=April 2019}}
{{short description|American light kit airplane}}

{|{{Infobox aircraft begin
| name= Mako
| image=File:Lancair Mako aircraft logo.png
| caption=aircraft logo
}}{{Infobox aircraft type
| type=[[Amateur-built aircraft]]
| national origin=[[United States]]
| manufacturer=[[Lancair]]
| designer=
| first flight=18 July 2017
| introduced=
| retired=
| status=In production (2019)
| primary user=
| more users= 
| produced= 2018-present
| number built=
| program cost= 
| unit cost= [[US$]]350,000 (base price, completed, 2019)
| developed from= [[Lancair ES]]
| variants with their own articles=
}}
|}
The '''Lancair Mako''' is an [[United States|American]] [[amateur-built aircraft]] designed and produced by [[Lancair]] of [[Uvalde, Texas]], introduced at [[AirVenture]] in 2017. The aircraft was first flown on 18 July 2017 and is supplied as a kit for amateur construction. It is named after [[Isurus|the shark]].<ref name="lancair.com">{{cite web|url = https://lancair.com/mako/|title = Mako|access-date = 9 April 2019|author=[[Lancair]] |work = lancair.com|year=2019 }}</ref><ref name="aopa.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.aopa.org/news-and-media/all-news/2017/july/26/lancair-mako-debuts|title=Lancair Mako debuts|date=26 July 2017|website=www.aopa.org|accessdate=9 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="flyingmag.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.flyingmag.com/lancair-brings-back-mako|title=Lancair Brings Back Mako|website=Flying Magazine|accessdate=9 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://generalaviationnews.com/2017/07/29/lancair-mako-introduced-at-airventure-2017/|title=Lancair MAKO introduced at AirVenture 2017|author=GA News|date=29 July 2017|website=General Aviation News|accessdate=9 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="auto"/>

The Mako was the first new design from Lancair since the company's purchase by Mark and Conrad Huffstutler and the company's relocation to [[Texas]] from [[Redmond, Oregon]] in 2017. The design is a development of the [[Lancair IV]] and [[Lancair ES]] and is related to the [[Cessna 350 Corvalis|Columbia 300]] and the later [[Cessna 400]].<ref name="aopa.org1">{{cite web|url=https://www.aopa.org/news-and-media/all-news/2018/june/pilot/lancair-mako-on-the-hunt|title=Lancair Mako: On the hunt|date=6 January 2018|website=www.aopa.org|accessdate=9 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="planeandpilotmag.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.planeandpilotmag.com/article/lancair-mako-make-airventure-debut/|title=Lancair MAKO To Make AirVenture Debut|website=Plane & Pilot Magazine|accessdate=9 April 2019}}</ref>

The design was intended to complete with the [[Type certificate|type certified]] [[Cirrus SR22]] and the now out-of-production [[Cessna TTx]], with higher performance for half the price.<ref name="aopa.org1"/><ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=https://www.flyingmag.com/lancair-turbo-mako-reviewed|title=We Fly: The Lancair Turbo Mako|first=Pia|last=Bergqvist |website=Flying Magazine|accessdate=9 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="aopa.org"/>

==Design and development==
The aircraft features a cantilever [[low-wing]], a four-seat enclosed cabin accessed by doors, [[tricycle landing gear]] with an optional automatic retractable fully castering nose wheel, main landing gear with [[wheel pants]] and a single engine in [[tractor configuration]].<ref name="lancair.com"/><ref name="aopa.org1"/><ref name="flyingmag.com"/><ref name="planeandpilotmag.com"/>

The optional retractable nose gear automatically retracts when the onboard sensors measure the airspeed over 100 knots, 1,000 feet above the ground, throttle position above 30% power, weight on the wheels and flap position up. All five parameters must be met for the nose wheel to retract. Retracting the nosewheel increases cruise speed by up to 12 knots, due to its location in the disturbed air of the propeller slipstream. The system is fully automatic; there is no cockpit selection lever.<ref name="aopa.org1"/><ref name="auto1"/><ref name="planeandpilotmag.com"/>

The aircraft is made from composites. The wing mounts [[Flap (aircraft)|flaps]]. The standard engines used are the {{convert|300|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[Lycoming IO-540]], the {{convert|300|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[Continental IO-550]], the [[turbocharged]] {{convert|350|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[Lycoming TIO-540]] and the turbocharged {{convert|350|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[Continental TSIO-550]] [[four-stroke]] powerplants for the ''T-Mako'' turbocharged version. A [[Ballistic Recovery Systems]] [[ballistic parachute]] is optional.<ref name="lancair.com"/><ref name="auto1"/><ref name="flyingmag.com"/>

A [[center stick]] or [[side stick]] are optional, as is a ThermaWing heated wing or TKS weeping wing [[ice protection system]]s, air conditioning and heated seats.<ref name="aopa.org1"/><ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto"/>

The company's Builder Assistance program is included with the kit purchase price.<ref name="lancair.com"/><ref name="flyingmag.com"/><ref name="planeandpilotmag.com"/>

Kit production commenced in January 2018, wit an initial goal of producing one kit per month.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wwwa.eaa.org/en/airventure/eaa-airventure-news-and-multimedia/eaa-airventure-news/eaa-airventure-oshkosh/07-27-2017-lancair-mako-kit-offers-four-seat-alternative|title=Lancair MAKO Kit Offers Four-Seat Alternative|website=wwwa.eaa.org|accessdate=9 April 2019}}</ref>

==Operational history==
In a 2017 flight test review [[Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association]] Pilot Editor at Large, Dave Hirschman described the design noting, "the Mako’s first impression is that it’s big and sleek—like its shark namesake. It strongly resembles a Lancair IV because the two models use the same fuselage and retractable nosewheel ... The Mako is sleek and appealing on the outside—and it’s comfortable, roomy, with good visibility and terrific avionics on the inside." Hirchman was critical of the nose gear retraction automation, saying, "Personally, I’d prefer either fixed or fully retractable landing gear. Call me old-fashioned, but if the gear moves, I want to have a lever for that—even though I recognize I’m less reliable than software."<ref name="aopa.org1"/>

[[Flying Magazine]] reviewer, Pia Bergqvist, flew the design in 2018 and wrote, "Flying the Mako is simply a joy. While the control feel could be a bit lighter (something Conrad is working on), it is a solid platform that will help the pilot stay out of trouble. I tried to get the airplane to stall but couldn’t get it to break. With Conrad’s help, we brought it to 56 knots, 6 knots below the red line on the airspeed indicator. An AOA gauge popped up automatically on the G3X, and it was well in the red. There was no tendency for the nose or a wing to drop as we floated downward at about 1,000 fpm."<ref name="auto1"/>



==Specifications (T-Mako) ==
{{Aircraft specs
|ref=Manufacturer<ref name="lancair.com"/>
|prime units?=kts

|genhide=

|crew=one
|capacity=three passengers
|length m=
|length ft=
|length in=
|length note=
|span m=
|span ft=
|span in=
|span note=
|height m=
|height ft=
|height in=
|height note=
|wing area sqm=
|wing area sqft=
|wing area note=
|aspect ratio=
|airfoil=
|empty weight kg=
|empty weight lb=2250
|empty weight note=
|gross weight kg=
|gross weight lb=3550
|gross weight note=
|fuel capacity={{convert|75|u.s.gal}}, optional {{convert|109|u.s.gal}}
|more general=

|eng1 number=1
|eng1 name=[[Continental TSIO-550]]
|eng1 type=six cylinder, air-cooled, [[turbocharged]] [[four stroke]] [[aircraft engine]]
|eng1 kw=
|eng1 hp=350

|prop blade number=3
|prop name=[[constant speed propeller]]
|prop dia m=
|prop dia ft=
|prop dia in=
|prop note=


|perfhide=

|max speed kmh=
|max speed mph=
|max speed kts=245
|max speed note=[[true airspeed]]
|cruise speed kmh=
|cruise speed mph=
|cruise speed kts=225
|cruise speed note=true airspeed at 25,000 feet
|stall speed kmh=
|stall speed mph=
|stall speed kts=58
|stall speed note=in landing configuration
|never exceed speed kmh=
|never exceed speed mph=
|never exceed speed kts=220
|never exceed speed note=[[indicated airspeed]]
|range km=
|range miles=
|range nmi=1100
|range note=
|endurance=
|ceiling m=
|ceiling ft=28000
|ceiling note=
|g limits=
|roll rate=
|glide ratio=
|climb rate ms=
|climb rate ftmin=
|climb rate note=
|time to altitude=
|lift to drag=
|wing loading kg/m2=
|wing loading lb/sqft=
|wing loading note=
|power/mass=
|thrust/weight=
|more performance=
|avionics=
*[[Garmin]] G3X Touch [[glass cockpit]]
}}

==See also==
*[[List of aerobatic aircraft]]
*[[List of seaplanes and amphibious aircraft]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|https://lancair.com/mako/}}
{{Lancair aircraft}}
[[Category:Lancair aircraft|Lancair aircraft]]
[[Category:United States sport aircraft 2010–2019]]
[[Category:2010s United States civil utility aircraft]]
[[Category:Single-engined tractor aircraft]]
[[Category:Low-wing aircraft]]
[[Category:Homebuilt aircraft]]
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 2017]]

Spencer Air Car

2019-05-08T07:48:10Z

Cydebot: Robot - Moving category United States civil utility aircraft 1970–1979 to :Category:1970s United States civil utility aircraft per CFD at Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2019 April 19.

{|{{Infobox Aircraft Begin
| name= S-12-D Air Car
| image=Spencer S-12-D Air Car Mill Valley CA 22.04.89R.jpg
| caption=Spencer Air Car at Mill Valley Seaplane base near San Francisco in April 1989 with engine cowling open
}}{{Infobox Aircraft Type
| type=single-engine amphibian
| national origin=[[United States]]
| manufacturer=Spencer-Larsen Aircraft Corporation, Spencer (homebuilt)
| designer=Percival H. "Spence" Spencer
| first flight=8 August 1941,<ref>Johnson, E. R., "Everyman's Amphibian," ''Aviation History'', November 2012, p. 15.</ref> May 1970 (homebuilt)<ref>Johnson, E. R. "Everyman's Amphibian," ''Aviation History'', November 2012, p. 15.</ref>
| introduced=1941, 1968 (homebuilt)
| retired=
| status=in operation
| primary user=private owner pilots
| number built=1 prototype, over 50 homebuilt completions<ref name="Simpson, 2001, p. 518">Simpson, 2001, p. 518</ref>
| developed from=SL-12C amphibian, [[Republic RC-3 Seabee|Republic Seabee]]
| variants with their own articles=
}}
|}

The '''Spencer Amphibian Air Car''' is an [[United States|American]] light [[amphibious aircraft]]. The name was first used in 1940 for a prototype air vehicle that developed into the [[Republic RC-3 Seabee|Republic Seabee]]. The name was later used by its designer Percival Spencer for a series of homebuilt amphibious aircraft roughly based on the Seabee design.<ref>{{cite journal|magazine=Air Trails|date=Summer 1971|page=82}}</ref>

==Design and development==

[[Percival H. Spencer]] formed the Spencer-Larsen Aircraft Corporation and designed the SL-12C amphibian. Disenfranchised with corporate policies in the development of the SL-12C amphibian, Spencer started the Spencer Amphibian Air Car in 1940. The original Spencer Amphibian Air Car was test flown in 1941. The aircraft was put into storage due to restrictions in place in America during World War II. The aircraft and rights to its design were sold to Republic as the "Seabee" in 1943.<ref>http://www.seabee.info/spencer.htm</ref> After leaving Republic, he designed the on-off two-seat '''Air Car'''. In 1968, Spencer and retired USAF Col. Dale L. "Andy" Anderson formed a new company to market a four-place amphibious homebuilt design once again called the Spencer Amphibian Air Car, with S-12C, S-12D, S-12E, and S-14 variants. The first example was test flown in 1970 in [[Chino, California]]. The unit had a build cost of $8700.00

The S-12-D Aircar is an improved and larger four-seat aircraft, which retains the basic layout of the Seabee. The two seat S-14 used advanced composites and was test flown by Spencer in 1983 at the age of 86. Its design did not meet expectations and the sole example was donated to the [[Experimental Aircraft Association]] Museum in [[Oshkosh, Wisconsin]].

The Air Car is built from wood, steel and glass-fibre. It has a strut-braced high wing and the cabin and fuel-carrying floats are similar to the Seabee, but the tail unit is more angular and a retractable tricycle undercarriage is fitted.

In addition to examples constructed by Spencer, plans of the design have been sold for home construction and the first [[homebuilt aircraft|amateur-built]] Air Car flew in September 1974. Over 50 had flown by 2001.<ref name="Simpson, 2001, p. 518"/> Examples are currently (2009) flying in the USA and Canada.

==Variants==

;Spencer Amphibian Air Car : initial two-seat version
;S-12-C : early production with {{convert|110|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} Lycoming
;S-12-D : main production version with {{convert|180|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[Lycoming O-360]] or {{convert|260|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[Lycoming O-540]]
[[File:Spencer-S12E.jpg|right|thumb|Spencer Air Car S-12-E]]
;S-12-E : prototype re-engined with {{convert|285|hp|kW|0|abbr=on}} [[Continental Tiara series|Continental Tiara 6-285]]
;S-14 Air Car Junior : two-seater, twin booms, [[Lycoming O-320]], one example
;Spencer-Larsen SL-12C
:Later prototype built in association with the [[(Victor A) Larsen Aircraft Co]], incorporating many design changes, but flight test were unsuccessful and the sole prototype was dismantled after 10 hours flying.<ref name="aerofiles Sk">{{cite web |url=http://aerofiles.com/_sk.html |title=American airplanes: sk - ss |publisher=Aerofiles.com |date=2009-03-16 |accessdate=2011-04-06}}</ref>

==Specifications S-12-D ==



{{aircraft specifications
|plane or copter?=plane
|jet or prop?=prop
|ref=Simpson, 2001, p. 519.
|crew=1
|capacity=3 passengers
|payload main=1,050 lbs
|payload alt=476 kg
|payload more=
|length main=26 ft 0 in
|length alt=7.92 m
|span main=37 ft 4 in
|span alt=11.38 m
|height main=9 ft 6 in
|height alt=2.9 m
|area main=
|area alt=
|airfoil=
|empty weight main=2,050 lbs
|empty weight alt= 930 kg
|loaded weight main=
|loaded weight alt=
|useful load main=1,050 lbs
|useful load alt= 476 kg
|max takeoff weight main=3,100 lbs
|max takeoff weight alt= 1,406 kg
|max takeoff weight more=
|more general=
|engine (prop)= [[Lycoming O-540|Lycoming O-540-E4B5]]
|type of prop= 
|number of props=1
|power main=260 h.p.
|power alt= 191 kW
|power original=
|power more=
|propeller or rotor?=
|propellers=
|number of propellers per engine=
|propeller diameter main=
|propeller diameter alt=
|max speed main=147 mph
|max speed alt=237 km/h
|max speed more=
|cruise speed main=135 mph
|cruise speed alt=217 km/h
|cruise speed more
|stall speed main=
|stall speed alt=
|stall speed more=
|never exceed speed main=
|never exceed speed alt=
|range main=700 miles
|range alt=1,127 km
|ferry range main=
|ferry range alt=
|ferry range more=
|ceiling main=
|ceiling alt=
|climb rate main=800 ft/min
|climb rate alt= 244 m/min
|loading main=
|loading alt=
|thrust/weight=
|power/mass main=
|power/mass alt=
|more performance=
|avionics=
}}

==References==
;Notes
{{reflist}}
;Bibliography
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|last=Simpson|first=Rod|title=Airlife's World Aircraft|year=2001|publisher=Airlife Publishing Ltd|isbn=1-84037-115-3}}

{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Spencer Air Car}}
*[http://aerofiles.com/_sk.html aerofiles]
*[http://www.google.com/patents?id=goluAAAAEBAJ&dq=d156778 SPENCER AMPHIBIAN AIRPLANE Percival H. Spencer]
*[http://earlyaviators.com/espencer.htm PERCIVAL HOPKINS SPENCER]

[[Category:1970s United States civil utility aircraft]]
[[Category:Homebuilt aircraft]]
[[Category:High-wing aircraft]]
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1941]]

Rockwell Commander 112

2019-05-08T07:47:59Z

{|{{Infobox Aircraft Begin
|name=Commander 112/114
|image=Commander112landing.jpg
|caption= Commander 112
}}{{Infobox Aircraft Type
|type=Four-seat cabin monoplane
|national origin=United States
|manufacturer=[[Rockwell International|Rockwell]]
|first flight=[[1970 in aviation|4 December 1970]]
|introduced={{avyear|1972}}
|variants with their own articles=
}}
|}
The '''Rockwell Commander 112''' is an [[United States|American]] four-seat single-engined [[general aviation]] aircraft designed and built by North American Rockwell (later [[Rockwell International]]) starting in 1972. In 1976 they introduced the turbocharged '''112TC''' and a version mounting a larger engine and other minor improvements as the '''Rockwell Commander 114'''. A total of approximately 1,000 examples of all models were produced before the production line shut down in 1980.

The rights to the design were sold to Commander Aircraft 1988. They improved the interior and made other minor upgrades to the '''Commander 114B''' series, released in 1992. Approximately 200 examples were produced before they shut down in 2002. Another attempt to begin production was made by Commander Premier who planned a '''Commander 115''' series, however, {{asof|2016|lc=yes}}, financial issues had delayed production indefinitely.

==Development==
===Original production===
[[File:Aero Cdr 112-098 PT-JAZ SP Marte 06.04.75 edited-3.jpg|thumb|right|Brazilian-registered Commander 112 at São Paulo's [[Campo de Marte Airport]] in 1975.]]
[[File:VHSLN.JPG|thumb|A late-build Commander 112A, sharing many similarities with the 114.]]
[[File:VHRNS.JPG|thumb|A late-model 114; with a different-shaped engine cowling and fresh-air inlet in the leading edge of the tail fin (seen in this photo with a red plug to prevent birds entering).]]

In 1970 Rockwell's Aero Commander division developed a new line of aircraft that would span everything from the fixed-gear four-seat market to a retractable twin-engine six-seat design<ref name=aopa>{{cite web |first=Peter |last=Bedell |date=5 November 2000 |title= Rockwell Commander 112: Commanding Style |website=AOPA |url=https://www.aopa.org/news-and-media/all-news/2000/november/pilot/rockwell-commander-112}}</ref>

The first models of this lineup were two versions of a four-seat low-wing monoplane, the fixed tricycle landing gear Commander 111 and the retractable tricycle landing gear Commander 112. The 111 was marketed at $17,950 and 112 at $22,100. Only two prototype Commander 111s were built; the company decided that only the Commander 112 would go into production.<ref>{{cite journal|magazine=Air Progress|date=December 1971|title=Aero Commander 112|page=52}}</ref>

The design had a modern look and considerable interior room that set it apart from older designs like the [[Piper Cherokee]] and [[Beechcraft Bonanza]]. As one reviewer put it:

{{cquote|If people bought airplanes based on looks and roominess alone, there would likely be a lot more Rockwell Commanders out in the field. This stout, four-seat single has a stylish look that is noticeably absent among many airplane designs dating to the 1950s and '60s. On the ramp the Commander's rakish nose, towering tail, and upright stance set it apart from its dowdy-looking competitors. Likewise, its interior volume is closer to that of a cabin-class twin than other four-seat singles.<ref name=aopa/>}}

The design had been made to follow the newly released FAR Part 23 standards for light aircraft, which had an emphasis on gust response and fatigue mitigation. The resulting design boasted considerable strength, a fact that Rockwell marketed heavily. Unfortunately, this also had an impact on performance, and in spite of its clean lines the 112 was slightly slower than similar aircraft like the [[Piper Arrow]].<ref name=aopa/>

A prototype Commander 112 crashed after the tail failed during testing, which led to a redesign of the tail unit. This delayed the delivery of the first production aircraft until late in 1972.<ref name="AnetA"/> It also led to changes that further increased the weight of the aircraft. This resulted it is being seriously underpowered; the 112 prototype was powered by a 180 hp (134 kW) [[Lycoming O-360]] engine, this was replaced by a 200 hp (149 kW) [[Lycoming O-360|IO-360]] engine in production aircraft.<ref name="TC"/> Even with this engine there is widespread agreement that the aircraft was underpowered.<ref name=aopa/> Another annoyance was that the fibreglass composite doors did not fit well and tended to leak.<ref name=aopa/>

===New versions===
After 123 production aircraft had been built a number of improvements were made to the 112 in 1974, producing the 112A. The doors were fixed by replacing them with new aluminum units, which added still more weight, but had the added benefit of making the cabin quieter.<ref name=aopa/> The wing was redesigned internally with increased fuel capacity and a 100 lb increase in maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) to 2,650 lb;<ref name="TC"/> After another 30 112s were built, Rockwell offered an option for increased fuel capacity (68 [[US gallon]] vs. 48 gallon standard tanks).<ref name="TC"/>

The 1976 Commander line introduced two new models, the Commander 112TC with a [[turbocharger|turbocharged]] engine of 210 hp and MTOW of 2,850 lb,<ref name="TC"/> and the Commander 114 with a six-cylinder [[Lycoming O-540|Lycoming IO-540]] engine of 260 hp.<ref name="AnetA"/> The 112TC had a significantly improved cruise speed of {{convert|160|knots}} when flying at higher altitudes, as high as {{convert|20000|feet}}, which was aided by a {{convert|32|inch}} increase in wingspan. However, the low climb performance made this useful only on long trips where the climb time was not a serious issue. In comparison, the 114 offered a far better powerplant for the airframe, providing roughly the same cruise speed as the 112TC but at lower altitudes, and the extra power giving it far better climb performance.<ref name=aopa/>

In 1977 the wing span stretch of the TC model was applied to the base 112 to produce the 112B. This allowed the 112B's [[maximum takeoff weight]] to rise to {{convert|2800|lbs}}, giving it a respectable useful load of {{convert|1000|lbs}}. Production of the 112B ended in 1979,<ref name=pap/> while the 112TC was further upgraded with a {{convert|50|lbs}} maximum weight increase and minor detail changes. The major change was a complete makeover of the avionics suite with a three-axis autopilot, producing the 112TCA "Alpine". This offered little more performance than the original 112TC, and was more expensive than similar offerings from other companies. A smaller set of upgrades, notably a three-bladed propeller and a slightly raised maximum takeoff weight of {{convert|3250|lbs}}, produced the 114A "Gran Turismo".<ref name=c115/><ref name=pap/> The 112TCA and 114A remained in production until 1980, when Rockwell shut down the production line with about 1,000 examples of the different models being delivered.<ref name=aopa2/>

===Commander Aircraft===
Following the end of production Rockwell sold the design rights to the Aero Commander suite to [[Gulfstream Aerospace|Gulfstream American]] in 1981.<ref name="TC">[http://rgl.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgMakeModel.nsf/0/38008c9446c7996a862574980068b1ed/$FILE/A12SO.pdf FAA Type Certificate A12SO.] Retrieved: 11 November 2008.</ref> Gulfstream was only interested in the [[Aero Commander 500|Turbo Commander]], and did not restart production of the 112/114 series. In 1988 Gulfstream sold the rights to Randall Greene, who set up Commander Aircraft to provide support for existing aircraft and build new aircraft.<ref name="AnetB">[http://www.airliners.net/aircraft-data/stats.main?id=168 Airliners.net Commander 114B data.] Retrieved: 11 November 2008.</ref>

The design was given a fairly extensive set of upgrades and recertified as the Commander 114B in 1992. Among the changes were a new streamlined cowling, strengthening of the airframe, changes to various air intakes, and a new prop. These improved cruise speed by a significant {{convert|8|knots}}, making it more competitive with similar models from other companies. More significant upgrades were carried out in the interior, which received a high-quality leather upholstery upgrade, reading lamps, better soundproofing and an optional powerful [[air conditioning]] unit.<ref name="AnetA">[http://www.airliners.net/aircraft-data/stats.main?id=342 Airliners.net Rockwell 112/114 data.] Retrieved: 11 November 2008.</ref> One reviewer summed it up as "an ultra-spacious interior that looks more like a luxury car than a spam can".<ref name=avweb>{{cite web |url=http://www.avweb.com/news/reviews/182571-1.html |title= The New Commander 114B |first=Carl |last=Marbach |date=18 November 1996 |website=AVWeb}}</ref>

In 1995 they added the 114TC, a version of the 114B with a 260 hp turbocharged engine, primarily to improve high altitude cruise speed to just over {{convert|200|knot}}s. The company marketed the aircraft primarily to non-traditional markets,<ref name=avweb/> namely [[Wall Street]] executives via [[The Wall Street Journal]], [[Forbes]], and [[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]], and middle eastern executives, for whom the extremely powerful air conditioning system was added.<ref>{{cite web |title= Commander 114 |url=https://www.aopa.org/go-fly/aircraft-and-ownership/aircraft-fact-sheets/commander-114 }}</ref>

The company had plans to reintroduce the 114B and 114TC as the 115 and 115TC. These featured a host of upgrades, mostly to the interior and avionics. However, these plans ended when production ended in 2002 after about 200 114Bs and turbocharged 114TCs had been built, and Commander Aircraft was subsequently liquidated.<ref>Niles, Russ. [http://www.avweb.com/avwebflash/briefs/189004-1.html "Commander Aircraft To Be Liquidated" - AVweb Briefs, 19 January 2005.] Retrieved: 11 November 2008.</ref>

=== Commander Premier Aircraft===
In 2005 the Commander Premier Aircraft Corporation (CPAC) was formed by over 50 owners of Commanders, in order to provide spare parts support for their aircraft.<ref name="CPAU"/> Commander Premier purchased the assets of Commander Aircraft from the bankruptcy trustee in mid-2005 and moved all production equipment from [[Oklahoma City]] to a new facility in [[Cape Girardeau, Missouri]].<ref name="CPAU">{{cite web |title= About Us |website= Commander Premier Aircraft Corporation |url= http://www.commanderpremier.com/About_us.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509144823/http://www.commanderpremier.com/About_us.htm |archive-date=9 May 2008}}</ref>

In addition to planning to produce the 115 and 115TC, they also planned on selling a cut-down 115AT ("Advanced Trainer") with a simplified interior, crew training and a complete set of spares, intending to sell it to pilot training schools looking for a high performance trainer.<ref name=c115>{{cite web |url=http://www.commanderpremier.com/115/115_1.htm |title=Commander 115 Series |website=Commander Premier Aircraft Corporation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080730010518/http://www.commanderpremier.com/115/115_1.htm |archive-date=30 July 2008}}</ref>

CPAC was sold to Ronald G. Strauss in 2009, and was to fall under the ownership of Aero-Base, a firm which Strauss owned. While CPAC had failed to establish a stable aircraft manufacturing operation in the city-financed factory at the [[Cape Girardeau Regional Airport]], it did at least manufacture parts and provide aircraft service.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aopa.org/aircraft/articles/2009/090714command.html |title=Will the Commander Rise Again? |first=Alton |last=Marsh |website=AOPA |date=14 July 2009}}</ref> In October 2011, CPAC was evicted from its city-owned hangar for unpaid lease obligations. By May 2012, CPAC was back in bankruptcy, the deal by Canadian fiancier Strauss having failed to achieve traction, with an unnamed firm not associated with Strauss showing interest in purchasing the company.<ref>{{cite news |title=Commander bankruptcy delayed for fourth time |url=http://www.semissourian.com/story/1851937.html |newspaper=Southeast Missourian |first= Scott |last=Moyers |date=23 May 2012}}</ref>

===Super Commander===
Jim Richards purchased a 1977 Commander 114 and was unimpressed with its performance, and began looking for a solution. This presented itself in the form of the [[Lycoming IO-580]], released in 1997. This is roughly the same size as the IO-540 and only slightly heavier, but offers 320 hp, a significant improvement over the 260 hp of the stock 114. Richards formed Aerodyme Corporation to sell and service conversions consisting of the engine, 78-inch Hartzell three-blade Scimitar prop and a new cowl to fit it. At least one 115 was also converted in this fashion, known as the "Super Commander".<ref name=aopa2>{{cite web |url=http://www.flyingmag.com/pilot-reports/pistons/new-power-commander |title= New Power to the Commander |first=Robert |last=Goyer |date= 12 April 2007}}</ref>

==Description==
The 112 and 114 are conventional layout monoplanes with the main wing set low and a mid-mounted horizontal stabilizer. This places the stabilizer outside the prop wash, and results in heavier handling at lower speeds.<ref name=aopa/>

The cabin is {{convert|47|inch}} wide and {{convert|49|inch}} high,<ref name=pap>{{cite web |url=http://www.planeandpilotmag.com/article/1977-rockwell-commander-112tc-a/#.WBdOh3cZPTU |website=Plane and Pilot |title= 1977 Rockwell Commander 112TC-A |date=1 December 2007}}</ref> compared to a contemporary aircraft like the Piper Arrow at {{convert|41|inch}} by {{convert|38|inch}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sats.aeroengineer.net/data/arrow.html |title= Piper PA-28R-201 Arrow}}</ref> This was the most spacious cabin of any design of the era.<ref name=pap/> There is a full-sized door on both sides of the aircraft, while most aircraft of this class have a full-sized passenger door on one side and a smaller door for the pilot on the other.<ref name=aopa/><ref name=avweb/>

The low mounted wing has significant dihedral<ref name=avweb/> and features fully faired retractible main landing gear. The gear use the [[Trailing arm|trailing-link design]] for additional travel and softer "even less-than-perfect" landings.<ref name=avweb/> The 112B, 112TC-A and 114A received larger main wheels and [[disc brake]]s as part of their upgrades.<ref name=pap/>

Both the wings and fuselage were built using new construction methods that built sections as complete assemblies rather than riveting together many individual parts. The aircraft has far fewer rivets than contemporary designs.<ref name=pap/> As part of the 1976 modifications, various air scoops were moved and redesigned, offering a slight performance increase, while the extended wing tips reduced the stall speed from {{convert|62|mph}} to {{convert|58|mph}} in the 112A.<ref name=pap/>

Early models featured front seat three-point harnesses where the shoulder belt was fixed to the seat itself. This was found to offer too little strength and was replaced with one fixed to the fuselage behind the seat as part of a 1987 Airworthiness Directive (AD).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rgl.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgAD.nsf/AOCADSearch/50D93B9ECAC46E4986256A4E00591314?OpenDocument |title= Airworthiness Directives; Gulfstream Model 112, 112TC and 114 Series Airplanes |website=Federal Aviation Administration |date=27 April 1987}}</ref> In spite of being designed specifically to avoid fatigue issues, the series has been subject to a number of ADs due to fatigue cracking, both in the main wing and the elevator.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/airworthiness_directives/search/?q=commander+112 |title= Airworthiness Directives; Airplanes, commander 112 |website=Federal Aviation Administration}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/airworthiness_directives/search/?q=commander+1124 |title= Airworthiness Directives; Airplanes, commander 114 |website=Federal Aviation Administration}}</ref>

==Variants==
[[File:VHZWM.JPG|thumb|right|Commander 114]]
[[File:G-JURG-RockwellCommander114-1980.jpg|thumb|A 1979-built 114A.]]
;111
:Fixed landing gear variant powered by a 180 hp [[Lycoming O-360]] engine, two prototypes built.
;112
:Production variant with retractable landing gear and powered by a 200 hp [[Lycoming O-360|Lycoming IO-360]], 125 built.
;112A
:Marketing name for a strengthened variant of the 112 to meet the [[Federal Aviation Regulations#Organization|FAR23 Amendment 7]] requirements with increased maximum takeoff weight, 364 built.
;112B
:112A with an increased maximum takeoff weight, increased wingspan, new propeller and larger wheels, 46 built.
;112TC
:112A with turbocharged [[Lycoming O-360|Lycoming TO-360]]-C1A6D engine, 108 built.
;112TCA
:112TC with increased load and higher takeoff weight and other improvements similar to 112B, later named Alpine Commander, 160 built.<ref name="TC"/>
;114
:112 with a 260 hp [[Lycoming O-540|Lycoming IO-540]]-T4A5D engine, 460 built.<ref name="TC"/>
;114A
:114 updated similar to 112B, later named Gran Turismo, 41 built.<ref name="TC"/>
;114B
:Variant of 114A built by Commander Aircraft with new propeller, revised engine cowling and a Lycoming IO-540-T45BD engine.
;114TC
:Variant of 114B with turbocharged [[Lycoming O-540|Lycoming TIO-540]]-AGIA engine.<ref name="TC"/>
;Super Commander
:[[Supplemental Type Certificate]] modification package including the [[Lycoming IO-580]] engine, three bladed prop, and new cowling.

==Specifications (114A Gran Turismo)==
{{aerospecs
|ref=<ref>{{cite book|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982-1985)|publisher=Orbis Publishing |date=1985 |page= 2813}}</ref>
|met or eng?=eng
|crew=one
|capacity=pilot and three passengers
|length m=7.63
|length ft=25
|length in=0½
|span m=9.98
|span ft=32
|span in=9.1
|height m=2.57
|height ft=8
|height in=5
|wing area sqm=14.12
|wing area sqft=152.0
|aspect ratio=7.740
|empty weight kg=939
|empty weight lb=2070
|gross weight kg=1479
|gross weight lb=3260
|eng1 number=1
|eng1 type=[[Lycoming O-540|Lycoming IO-540]]-T4B5D
|eng1 kw=194
|eng1 hp=260
|max speed kmh=307
|max speed mph=191
|cruise speed kmh=291
|cruise speed mph=181
|range km=1308
|range miles=813
|ceiling m=5030
|ceiling ft=16,500
|climb rate ms=
|climb rate ftmin=
|max speed knots=166
|cruise speed knots=157}}

==See also==
{{aircontent
|see also=
*[[2002 Pirelli Tower plane crash]]
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|last=Taylor|first=Michael J. H.|title=Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation|year=1989|publisher=Studio Editions|location=London}}
*{{cite book|last=Mondey|first=David|title=Encyclopedia of the World's Commercial and Private Aircraft|year=1981|publisher=Crescent Books|location=New York|page=220}}

==External links==
{{commons category-inline|Rockwell Commander 112}}

{{Aero Commander aircraft}}

[[Category:1970s United States civil utility aircraft]]
[[Category:Cruciform tail aircraft]]
[[Category:Single-engined tractor aircraft]]
[[Category:Low-wing aircraft]]
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1970]]

Interceptor 400

2019-05-08T07:46:27Z

Cydebot: Robot - Moving category United States civil utility aircraft 1960–1969 to :Category:1960s United States civil utility aircraft per CFD at Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2019 April 19.

{|{{Infobox aircraft begin
|name = Interceptor 400
|image = 
|caption = 
}}{{Infobox aircraft type
|type = Light aircraft
|national origin = 
|manufacturer = [[Interceptor Corporation]]
|designer = 
|first flight = 27 June 1969
|introduced = 
|retired = 
|status = 
|primary user = 
|more users = 
|produced = 
|number built = 1
|program cost = 
|unit cost = 
|developed from = [[Aero Commander 200]]
|variants with their own articles = 
}}
|}

The '''Interceptor 400''' was a [[turboprop]]-powered single-engined light aircraft developed from the [[Meyers 200]] single engine piston plane.<ref>{{cite journal|magazine=Air Progress|date=December 1971|page=19}}</ref> It attracted buyers but was unable to obtain adequate manufacturing financing, and was perhaps too far ahead of its time. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, at the time of its development, the market for single-engined turboprops was still a decade away.

==Design and development==
Development of the aircraft commenced when [[Lymon Lyon]] approached [[Aero Commander (aircraft manufacturer)|Aero Commander]] to build him a one-off modification of the 200, to be powered by a turboprop. His request came just as Aero Commander was realizing that the 200 piston engine aircraft was not economically viable in volumes they sought, and instead, offered to sell Lyon the 200 [[type certificate]] and work that Aero Commander had begun on a turbine engine conversion model 400 instead. Lyon and a group of investors assembled by entrepreneur and merger and acquisition expert Thomas W Itin, then formed the Interceptor Corporation to develop and market the 400 turbine engine version, the Interceptor 400 aircraft.

The plant was moved from the Aero Commander site in Albany Ga to Norman Oklahoma where the engineering was completed for the Interceptor 400 type certificate

Its first flight was on June 27, 1969, and certification was obtained in [[1971 in aviation|1971]]. However, without adequately funded buyers, major Interceptor investor [[Paul Luce]] eventually took possession of the company's intellectual property and the prototype Interceptor 400 when the firm could not repay capital he had loaned it. The rights are now owned by [[Prop-Jets Inc]], in which Luce has a 50% stake. There is one Interceptor 400 plane still registered and still flying.

A militarized version, the '''Interceptor I400-M''' reached at least the planning stage. It was envisaged for a wide variety of roles, including [[trainer aircraft|training]], [[reconnaissance aircraft|reconnaissance]], [[Forward Air Control]], and [[Counter-Insurgency]], as well as general utility duties.

On May 22, 2014 GlobalParts Group, of [[Augusta, Kansas]] announced they had acquired the type certificate of the Interceptor 400 and two other Meyers Aircraft designs.<ref name="GlobalParts">{{cite web|url = http://www.avweb.com/avwebflash/news/Meyers-Revival-Eyed222041-1.html|title = Meyers Revival Eyed|accessdate = 27 May 2014}}</ref>

==Specifications (Interceptor 400)==
{{aerospecs
|ref=Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1971–72<ref name="JAWA71 p324">Taylor 1971, p. 324.</ref>
|met or eng?=eng
|genhide=
|crew=1
|capacity=3 passengers
|length m=8.22
|length ft=26
|length in=11½
|span m=9.29
|span ft=30
|span in=6
|height m=
|height ft=
|height in=
|wing area sqm=16.0 m²
|wing area sqft=161.5
|swept area sqm=
|swept area sqft=
|rot area sqm=
|rot area sqft=
|volume m3=
|volume ft3=
|aspect ratio=
|empty weight kg=1,043
|empty weight lb=2,300
|gross weight kg=1,816
|gross weight lb=4,005
|lift kg=
|lift lb=
|eng1 number=1
|eng1 type=[[Garrett TPE331]]-1-101 turboprop
|eng1 kw=298
|eng1 hp=400
|eng1 kn=
|eng1 lbf=
|eng1 kn-ab=
|eng1 lbf-ab=
|perfhide=
|max speed kmh=463
|max speed mph=287
|max speed mach=
|cruise speed kmh=452
|cruise speed mph=281
|stall speed kmh=111
|stall speed mph=69<ref>flaps and gear down</ref>
|stall speed kts=
|range km=1,609
|range miles=1,000
|range nm=
|endurance h=
|endurance min=
|ceiling m=7,315
|ceiling ft=24,000
|g limits=
|roll rate=
|glide ratio=
|climb rate ms=10.2
|climb rate ftmin=2,000+
|sink rate ms=
|sink rate ftmin=
}}

==See also==
{{aircontent
|related=
* [[Meyers 200]]
* [[Meyers MAC-145]]
|similar aircraft=
*[[Pilatus PC-12]]
*[[Piper PA-46|Piper Malibu Meridian]]
*[[SOCATA TB family]]
|lists=
* [[List of aircraft of World War II]]
* [[List of aircraft of Japan during World War II]]
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

* [[John W. R. Taylor|Taylor, John W. R.]] ''Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1971–72''. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Co, 1971. {{ISBN|0-354-00094-2}}.

==External links==
* [http://www.meyersaircraft.com/ Meyers Aircraft Home Page]
* [http://www.meyersmovement.com Meyers Aircraft Owner Community by Type Certificate and OEM assets holder, Global Parts Group, Inc.]
* [http://airbum.com/pireps/PirepInterceptor400.html Aviation Journalist Bud Davisson's review of the Interceptor 400]

[[Category:1960s United States civil utility aircraft]]
[[Category:Single-engined turboprop aircraft]]
[[Category:Single-engined tractor aircraft]]
[[Category:Low-wing aircraft]]
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1969]]

Temco D-16

2019-05-08T07:45:24Z

Cydebot: Robot - Moving category United States civil utility aircraft 1950–1959 to :Category:1950s United States civil utility aircraft per CFD at Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2019 April 19.

{|{{Infobox Aircraft Begin
|name=Temco D-16
|image=Riley-Temco (Ryan) D-16 Twin Navion.jpg
|caption=Temco D-16A
}}{{Infobox Aircraft Type
|type=Business & touring aircraft
|manufacturer=[[Temco Aircraft]]
|designer=
|first flight=1952
|introduced=1953
|retired=
|status=
|primary user=
|more users=
|produced=1953-1957
|number built=110
|developed from=[[Ryan Navion]]
|variants with their own articles=
}}
|}
The '''Temco D-16''' is a 1950s twin engine civil aircraft from the [[United States]]. It was produced by conversion of a [[Ryan Navion]] to replace its single engine with two wing-mounted engines. It is commonly known as the '''Twin Navion''', although that name is also often applied to a later similar conversion, the [[Camair 480]].

==Background==
The project began in 1951 as a requirement by Charles Daubenberger for an inexpensive replacement for the corporate Ryan Navion operated by his Dauby Equipment Company, to achieve better reliability while crossing high mountain ranges. He commissioned Roger Keeney of the Acme Aircraft Company to provide a solution, that evolved into a twin engine conversion of a Navion.<ref name=twinnavion>[http://www.twinnavion.com/ twinnavion.com]</ref>

==Design and development==
Jack Riley Sr. built the first model with a team of four.<ref>{{cite journal|magazine=Air Progress|title=The Man Who Invented the STC|author=Gene Smith|date=September 1989}}</ref> With encouragement from Lycoming, the 125 hp [[Lycoming O-290]] four-cylinder engine was selected for the project. Design changes from the basic Navion structure included strengthened wing spars, that supported engine mounts and other components from [[Piper PA-18 Super Cub]], plus new engine nacelles, a faired nose section that replaced the existing engine and cowling, and a new vertical tail and rudder based on the existing horizontal stabilizer. During testing in 1952, the aircraft was initially named the X-16 Bi-Navion. On 10 November 1952, it was granted certification by the [[Civil Aeronautics Administration (United States)|Civil Aeronautics Administration]] (CAA), after which it was renamed as the D-16 Twin Navion.<ref name=twinnavion/><ref name=rws2001>Simpson 2001</ref>

A second aircraft was converted for Jack Riley, who specified 140 hp engines, and he purchased the production rights from Dauby. [[Advanced Aircraft|Riley Aircraft]] then started production of the Riley D-16 Twin Navion, that standardized the design with 150 hp [[Lycoming O-320]] engines and other improvements. In March 1953, after 19 conversions had been carried out, Riley subcontracted production to [[Temco Aircraft]]. Temco then purchased the sole production rights, and produced a further 46 conversions under the name Temco D-16. In September 1954, the design was upgraded to include 170 hp [[Lycoming O-340]] engines plus increased fuel capacity in wingtip tanks, officially named Temco D-16A but typically marketed as the ''Riley 55'' for the 1955 model year.<ref name=twinnavion/><ref name=rws2001/><ref name=rws1995>Simpson 1995</ref><ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1954/1954%20-%200342.html Flight, 5 February 1954, p. 166]</ref><ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/FlightPDFArchive/1955/1955%20-%200052.PDF Flight, 14 January 1955, p. 52]</ref>

==Operational history==
In 1957, after 45 conversions to D-16A specification, production ceased in the face of competition from more cost-effective new-build types such as the [[Piper PA-23 Apache]]. Many of the D-16 models were upgraded to D-16A standards. In 2012, about 52 Temco D-16 and D-16A models remain on the US civil aircraft register, and at least three are preserved in museum collections.<ref name=twinnavion/><ref name=rws2001>Simpson 2001</ref><ref name=rws1995>Simpson 1995</ref><ref>Ogden 2007</ref>

==Specifications (D-16) ==
{{Aircraft specs
|ref=Simpson 2001 and FAA Spec 2A1<ref name=rws2001/><ref>FAA Specification 2A1</ref>
|prime units?=imp
|genhide=
|crew=one
|capacity=three passengers
|length m=8.28
|length ft=27
|length in=2
|length note=
|span m=10.16
|span ft=33
|span in=4
|span note=
|height m=2.9
|height ft=9
|height in=6
|height note=
|wing area sqm=16.56
|wing area sqft=178.3
|wing area note=
|airfoil=
|empty weight kg=1,043
|empty weight lb=2,300
|empty weight note=
|gross weight kg=
|gross weight lb=
|gross weight note=
|max takeoff weight kg=1,519
|max takeoff weight lb=3,350
|max takeoff weight note=
|fuel capacity=59.5 US gal
|more general=
|eng1 number=2
|eng1 name=[[Lycoming O-320]]
|eng1 type=air-cooled [[flat-four]]
|eng1 kw=111.8
|eng1 hp=150
|eng1 note=
|power original=
|thrust original=
|more power=
|prop blade number=2
|prop name=
|prop dia m=
|prop dia ft=
|prop dia in=
|prop note=
|perfhide=
|max speed kmh=290
|max speed mph=180
|max speed kts=157
|max speed note=
|cruise speed kmh=274
|cruise speed mph=170
|cruise speed kts=148
|cruise speed note=
|stall speed kmh=
|stall speed mph=
|stall speed kts=
|stall speed note=
|never exceed speed kmh=
|never exceed speed mph=190
|never exceed speed kts=165
|never exceed speed note=
|minimum control speed kmh=
|minimum control speed mph=
|minimum control speed kts=
|minimum control speed note=
|range km=1,120
|range miles=700
|range nmi=609
|range note=
|ferry range km=
|ferry range miles=
|ferry range nmi=
|ferry range note=
|endurance=
|ceiling m=6,096
|ceiling ft=20,000
|ceiling note=
|climb rate ms=7.1
|climb rate ftmin=1,400
|climb rate note=
|time to altitude=
|lift to drag=
|wing loading kg/m2
|wing loading lb/sqft=
|wing loading note=
|power/mass=
|thrust/weight=
|more performance=
|avionics=
}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Aviation}}
{{aircontent
|related=
*[[Ryan Navion]]
|similar aircraft=
|lists=
|see also=
}}

==References==
;Notes
{{Reflist}}

;Bibliography
*[http://rgl.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgMakeModel.nsf/0/e0d402a92678a395862577ae006922c7/$FILE/2A1%20Rev%205.pdf FAA Specification 2A1 Rev 5]
*Ogden, Bob. 2007. ''Aviation Museums and Collections of North America''. Air-Britain {{ISBN|0-85130-385-4}}
*Simpson, R. W. 1995. ''Airlife's General Aviation''. Airlife Publishing {{ISBN|1-85310-577-5}}
*Simpson, Rod. 2001. ''Airlife's World Aircraft''. Airlife Publishing {{ISBN|1-84037-115-3}}

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline|Temco D-16}}

{{Temco aircraft}}

[[Category:Temco aircraft]]
[[Category:1950s United States civil utility aircraft]]
[[Category:Low-wing aircraft]]
[[Category:Twin-engined tractor aircraft]]
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1952]]

Robertson Skylark SRX-1

2019-05-08T07:45:18Z

{|{{Infobox Aircraft Begin
| name=Robertson Skylark SRX-1
| image=
| caption=
}}{{Infobox Aircraft Type
| type=[[STOL]] aircraft
| national origin=[[United States of America]]
| manufacturer=[[Robertson Development Corp]]
| designer=[[James L. Robertson]]
| first flight=1955
| introduced=
| retired=
| status=
| primary user=
| more users= 
| produced= 
| number built=
| program cost= 
| unit cost= 
| developed from=
| variants with their own articles=
}}
|}

The '''Robertson Skylark SRX-1''' is a five place high performance [[STOL]] aircraft designed in the 1950s. It was intended to be operated out of {{convert|120|ft|m|0|abbr=on}} landing strips with {{convert|150|mph|km/h|0|abbr=on}} cruise speeds.<ref>{{cite journal|magazine=Flying Magazine|date=July 1954|page=37}}</ref>


==Design==
The aircraft was designed by James L. Robertson, son of [[William B. Robertson]], [[Robertson Aircraft Corporation]] founder at the age of 27. The aircraft is designed to be stall-proof and spin-proof and is capable of a {{convert|25|mph|km/h|0|abbr=on}} minimum flight speed. It was also the first light aircraft in America to be designed to accommodate a [[turboprop]] engine.<ref>{{cite journal|magazine=Experimenter|title=Project Skylark|date=April 1955}}</ref>

The Skylark is all metal, with a steel tube internal structure. It incorporates [[shrouds]], [[Flap (aircraft)|flaps]], [[spoilerons]], [[Turbulator|turbulator control]], [[stabilator]]s, [[elevance]]s, and spinner duct cooling.<ref>{{cite book|title=Survey of research projects in the field of aviation safety, Issue 6 Cornell University| author=Daniel and Florence Guggenheim Aviation Safety Center}}</ref>

==Operational history==
Test flights were performed by aerobatic pilot [[Marion Cole]]. He featured the aircraft as part of his Cole Brothers airshows. The aircraft is able to take off in 100 feet.



==Specifications (Robertson Skylark SRX-1) ==
{{Aircraft specs
|ref=Experimenter
|prime units?=kts

|genhide=

|crew=1
|capacity=4 passengers
|length m=
|length ft=30
|length in=6
|length note=
|span m=
|span ft=40
|span in=
|span note=
|height m=
|height ft=7
|height in=10
|height note=
|wing area sqm=
|wing area sqft=
|wing area note=
|aspect ratio=
|airfoil=
|empty weight kg=
|empty weight lb=2250
|empty weight note=
|gross weight kg=
|gross weight lb=3500
|gross weight note=
|fuel capacity=
|more general=

|eng1 number=1
|eng1 name=[[Continental GE260-2X]]
|eng1 type=
|eng1 kw=
|eng1 hp=260

|prop blade number=2
|prop name=[[Hartzell Propeller|Hartzell]] HC-12x20-8C
|prop dia m=
|prop dia ft=
|prop dia in=
|prop note=

|rot number=
|rot dia m=
|rot dia ft=
|rot dia in=
|rot area sqm=
|rot area sqft=
|rot area note=

|perfhide=

|max speed kmh=
|max speed mph=165
|max speed kts=
|max speed note=
|cruise speed kmh=
|cruise speed mph=
|cruise speed kts=
|cruise speed note=
|stall speed kmh=
|stall speed mph=
|stall speed kts=
|stall speed note=
|never exceed speed kmh=
|never exceed speed mph=
|never exceed speed kts=
|never exceed speed note=
|minimum control speed kmh=
|minimum control speed mph=
|minimum control speed kts=
|minimum control speed note=
|range km=
|range miles=
|range nmi=
|range note=
|endurance=
|ceiling m=
|ceiling ft=
|ceiling note=
|g limits=
|roll rate=
|glide ratio=
|climb rate ms=
|climb rate ftmin=
|climb rate note=
|time to altitude=
|lift to drag=
|wing loading kg/m2
|wing loading lb/sqft=
|wing loading note=
|power/mass=
|thrust/weight=
|more performance=
|avionics=
}}


{{aircontent

|see also=
|related=
|similar aircraft=
|lists=
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=zSADAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA60&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=true "Plane Takes Off in 100 Feet.] ''Popular Science'', July 1954, p. 60.



[[Category:1950s United States civil utility aircraft]]
[[Category:STOL aircraft]]
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1955]]

Bellanca CH-400 Skyrocket

2019-05-08T07:41:02Z

Cydebot: Robot - Moving category United States civil utility aircraft 1930–1939 to :Category:1930s United States civil utility aircraft per CFD at Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2019 April 19.

{|{{Infobox Aircraft Begin
|name=CH-400 Skyrocket
|image=Bellanca XRE-3 Skyrocket USMC c1933.jpeg
|caption=XRE-3
}}{{Infobox Aircraft Type
|type=Civil utility aircraft
|manufacturer=[[Bellanca]]
|designer=
|first flight= 1930
|introduced=
|retired=
|status=
|primary user=Private pilot owners
|more users=
|produced=
|number built=32
|variants with their own articles=
}}
|}
The '''Bellanca CH-400 Skyrocket''' is a six-seat utility aircraft built in the [[United States]] in the 1930s, a continuation of the design lineage that had started with the [[Bellanca WB-2]]. Retaining the same basic airframe of the preceding [[Bellanca CH-200|CH-200]] and [[Bellanca CH-300|CH-300]], the CH-400 was fitted with a more powerful [[Pratt & Whitney Wasp]] [[radial engine]].

Three examples were purchased by the [[U.S. Navy]] under the designation '''RE'''. Two were used for radio research, and one as an [[air ambulance]] for the [[U.S. Marine Corps]]. This latter aircraft was reconfigured to carry two stretchers.

The aircraft was also available in a deluxe version for private pilot owners, fitted with a more powerful Wasp variant providing 450 hp (336 kW) and detail enhancements.

Two of these aircraft were purchased by the government of the [[Dominion of Newfoundland]] in 1937, and one later ended in private hands. NC10294 was changed to VO-BCD and NC13155 to VO-BDF.

==Variants==
;CH-400: Six-seat utility aircraft., powered by a [[Pratt & Whitney Wasp]] radial piston engine.
;XRE-1: One aircraft used for radio research work at [[Naval Support Facility Anacostia|Naval Air Station Anacostia]].
;XRE-2: One light transport aircraft for the US Navy.
;XRE-3: One two-stretcher air ambulance aircraft for the US Marine Corps.

== Military operators==
;{{USA}}
*[[United States Marine Corps]]
*[[United States Navy]]
* Philippine Taxi Service prior to Japanese occupation in WWII;
* US Far East Air Force during Japanese occupation of parts of The Philippines.
: Pg. 348, DOOMED AT THE START, William H. Bartsch

==Specifications==
{{Aircraft specs
|ref=American airplane specifications<ref>{{cite magazine|title=American airplane specifications|magazine=[[Aviation Week & Space Technology|Aviation]]|date=January 1933 |volume=32 |issue=1| pages=28–31 |url=http://archive.aviationweek.com/issue/19330101#!&pid=28|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
|prime units?=imp

|genhide=

|crew=one
|capacity=five passengers
|length m=
|length ft=27
|length in=10
|span m=
|span ft=46
|span in=4
|height m=
|height ft=8
|height in=4
|wing area sqm=
|wing area sqft=273
|empty weight kg=
|empty weight lb=2592
|gross weight kg=
|gross weight lb=4600
|fuel capacity={{convert|120|USgal|impgal L|abbr=on}}

|eng1 number=1
|eng1 name=[[Pratt & Whitney Wasp]] C
|eng1 type=[[radial engine]]
|eng1 kw=
|eng1 hp=420
|eng1 shp=
|eng1 kn=
|eng1 lbf=
|eng1 kn-ab=
|eng1 lbf-ab=

|prop blade number=
|prop name=
|prop dia m=
|prop dia ft=
|prop dia in=


|perfhide=

|max speed kmh=
|max speed mph=155
|max speed kts=
|cruise speed kmh=
|cruise speed mph=130
|cruise speed kts=
|range km=
|range miles=750
|range nmi=
|ceiling m=
|ceiling ft=20000
|climb rate ms=
|climb rate ftmin=1250
|more performance=

|avionics=
}}

==References==
{{Commons category|Bellanca}}
{{reflist}}

* {{cite book |last= Taylor |first= Michael J. H. |title=Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation |year=1989 |publisher=Studio Editions |location=London |pages=149 }}
* [http://www.aerofiles.com/_bella.html aerofiles.com]

{{Bellanca aircraft}}

[[Category:Bellanca aircraft|CH-400]]
[[Category:High-wing aircraft]]
[[Category:Single-engined tractor aircraft]]
[[Category:1930s United States civil utility aircraft]]
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1930]]

Bellanca CH-300 Pacemaker

2019-05-08T07:39:03Z

Cydebot: Robot - Moving category United States civil utility aircraft 1920–1929 to :Category:1920s United States civil utility aircraft per CFD at Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2019 April 19.

{|{{Infobox Aircraft Begin
|name=CH-300 Pacemaker
|image=Bellanca Pacemaker.jpg
|caption=Bellanca CH-300 ''CF-ATN'' Pacemaker [[Canada Aviation Museum]]
}}{{Infobox Aircraft Type
|type=Civil utility aircraft
|manufacturer=[[Bellanca]]
|designer=
|first flight=[[1929 in aviation|1929]]
|introduced=
|retired=
|status=
|primary user=
|more users=
|produced=
|number built=approximately 35
|developed from=[[Bellanca CH-200]]
|variants with their own articles=[[Bellanca CH-400]]
}}
|}
The '''Bellanca CH-300 Pacemaker''' was a six-seat utility aircraft, built primarily in the United States in the 1920s and 1930s. It was a development of the [[Bellanca CH-200]], fitted with a more powerful engine and, like the CH-200, soon became renowned for its long-distance endurance.

==Design and development==
[[Bellanca]] further developed the earlier CH-200 to create the CH-300 Pacemaker. The CH-300 was a conventional, high-wing braced monoplane with fixed tailwheel undercarriage. Like other Bellanca aircraft of the period, it featured "flying struts".{{#tag:ref|The Bellanca wing struts serve not only to brace the wing structure, but are also airfoils that contribute to the lift of the aircraft.|group=N}} While the CH-200 was powered by 220 hp [[Wright J-5]] engines, the CH-300 series Pacemakers were powered by 300 hp [[Wright J-6]]s. Late in the series, some -300s were fitted with 420 hp [[Pratt & Whitney]] [[Pratt & Whitney Wasp|Wasp]]s, leading to the CH-400 Skyrocket series.

==Operational history==
[[File:1929_Bellanca_Pacemaker_over_HNL.jpeg|thumb|right|[[Hawaiian Airlines]] restored their first Bellanca, NC-251M, seen flying over Honolulu International Airport]]
Pacemakers were renowned for their long-distance capabilities as well as reliability and weight lifting attributes, which contributed to their successful operation throughout the world. In 1929, George Haldeman completed the first nonstop flight from New York to Cuba in 12 hours, 56 minutes, flying an early CH-300 (c. 1,310 miles, 101.3 mph). In 1931, a Bellanca fitted with a [[Packard DR-980]] [[Diesel engine|diesel]], piloted by [[Walter E. Lees|Walter Lees]] and [[Frederick Brossy]], set a record for staying aloft for 84 hours and 33 minutes without being refuelled. This record was not broken until 55 years later.

In Alaska and the Canadian bush, Bellancas were very popular. Canadian-operated Bellancas were initially imported from the United States, but later, six were built by Canadian Vickers in Montreal and delivered to the RCAF (added to the first order of 29 made in 1929), which used them mainly for aerial photography.

In May 1964, Capt. A.G.K.(Gath) Edward, a senior Air Canada pilot, and Ken Molson (the then curator of the Aviation Museum of Canada based at Rockcliffe) traveled to Juneau Alaska to ferry Bellanca Pacemaker NC3005 back to the museum which had obtained the aircraft. Edward had flown a similar model of the Pacemaker floatplane for General Airways starting in June 1935 during his bushflying days. He and Molson delivered it to its final resting place in the museum on May 30, 1964, after a trip taking five days and just over 30 hours of flight time. The aircraft was reregistered CF-ATN as the original registered a/c was destroyed in an accident in June 1938.

==Operators==
;{{flag|Canada|1921}}
:[[Austin Airways]]
:[[Canadian Airways]]
:[[Royal Canadian Air Force]] (13)
:[[Starratt Airways]]

;{{ELS}}
:[[TACA Airlines]]

;{{MEX}}
:[[Aeronaves de Mexico]]

;{{NOR}}
:[[Widerøes Flyveselskap]]

;{{US}}
:[[Civil Aeronautics Authority]] (5+)
:[[Department Of Commerce]]
:[[Hawaiian Airlines|Inter-Island Airways]] (Hawaiian Airlines)
:[[Star Air Service]]
:[[Wien Air Alaska]]

==Record attempts==

One of the first records set by a Bellanca CH-300 series aircraft occurred on July 28–30, 1931, when [[Russell Norton Boardman]] (age 33) and [[John Louis Polando]] (age 29) flew from [[Floyd Bennett Field]] — a famous [[New York City]]-area early airport on western Long Island from which many record flights originated — to [[Istanbul, Turkey]] aboard an earlier model of the [[Wright R-975]]-powered CH-300, a Bellanca "Special J-300" high-wing monoplane named ''[[Cape Cod (aircraft)|Cape Cod]]'', registration ''NR761W'', making it safely to Istanbul nonstop in 49:20 hours, establishing a distance record of {{convert|5011.8|mi|km|1}}, the first known nonstop record flight in aviation history whose distance surpassed either the English (5,000 mi) or metric (8,000 km) mark.<ref>{{cite news |title='Cape Cod's' Success Climaxes 5 Years [of] Bellanca Records |work=The Sunday Morning Star, Wilmington, DE |date=August 2, 1931 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2293&dat=19310802&id=pM4mAAAAIBAJ&sjid=OgIGAAAAIBAJ&pg=3141,5940038 |deadurl=no |accessdate=September 4, 2013}}</ref>

On June 3, 1932, Stanislaus F. Hausner, flying a Bellanca CH Pacemaker named ''Rose Marie'', powered by a 300-hp Wright J-6, attempted a transatlantic flight from Floyd Bennett Field, New York, to Warsaw, Poland. The attempt failed when he made a forced landing at sea; he was rescued by a British tanker eight days later.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20091026191034/http://www.geocities.com/floyd_bennett_field/1930s.html "The Golden Age of Aviation at Floyd Bennett Field: The 1930s."]''Gateway National Recreation Area'', September 11, 2007. Retrieved: May 16, 2009.</ref>[[File:10 litai (2001).jpg|246 px|thumb|Bellanca CH-300, "Lituanica", on the reverse of 10 [[litas]] banknote]]On July 15, 1933 6:24 AM two Lithuanian pilots Steponas Darius ir Stasys Girėnas flying a heavily modified CH-300 lifted off from ''Floyd Bennet Field'' to attempt a non stop transatlantic flight. They successfully crossed the Atlantic, however crashed in the forest near Pszczelnik, Poland. Flying replica of the plane is on display in Lithuanian museum of Aviation, the wreckage of the original is kept in Vytautas Magnus War museum, Kaunas, Lithuania.

==Survivors==
[[Hawaiian Airlines]] owns a CH-300 known to be in flying condition, although it has recently been disassembled for shipment to the mainland for needed maintenance.<ref name="The Only One Flying">Dufault, Randy. [https://www.eaa.org/en/airventure/eaa-airventure-news-and-multimedia/eaa-airventure-news/eaa-airventure-oshkosh/07-29-2016-the-only-one-flying "The Only One Flying"] ''July 29, 2016''</ref> The aircraft was acquired new in 1929 by Inter-Island Airways (renamed Hawaiian Airlines in 1941) and used for sightseeing over [[Oahu]] for two years before being sold in 1933. Acquired from an aviation enthusiast in Oregon in early 2009, the aircraft was restored at the [[Port Townsend Aero Museum]] and was unveiled at [[Honolulu International Airport]] in 2009.<ref>Booker, Deborah. [http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2009/Oct/09/ln/hawaii910090345.html "Hawaiian Air's first plane returns."] ''[[The Honolulu Advertiser]], October 9, 2009. Retrieved: November 18, 2010.''</ref>

[[File:Bellanca CH-300 Pacemaker NC688E.jpg|246 px|thumb|Bellanca CH-300 Pacemaker NC688E at EAA AirVenture, Oshkosh in July 2016]]
In July 2016 at the [[EAA AirVenture Oshkosh]], a restored CH-300 (on wheels, not on floats as in the picture above) was brought by the current owner John Pike. This is a second CH-300 known to be in flying condition (and the only one currently flying).<ref name="The Only One Flying" />

A CH-300 Pacemaker is displayed at the [[Canada Aviation and Space Museum]]. This aircraft formerly served with [[Alaska Coastal Airlines]]. Another example is owned by the [[Virginia Aviation Museum]], but this aircraft has been modified to [[Bellanca CH-400|CH-400 Skyrocket]]-configuration and painted to resemble [[Bellanca WB-2|WB-2]] [[Columbia (Bellanca WB-2)|''Columbia'']], which made two pioneering transatlantic flights.

==Variants==

*'''CH-300W''' – CH-300 converted to use a [[Pratt & Whitney R-985]] engine (one converted)<ref name="aerofiles">[http://aerofiles.com/_bella.html "Bellanca."] ''Aerofiles.'' Retrieved: December 28, 2009.</ref>
*'''300-W''' – Built with a [[Pratt & Whitney R-985]] engine (seven built)<ref name="aerofiles" />
*'''PM-300 Pacemaker Freighter''' – Cargo version (two built)


==Specifications==
[[File:Bellanca_CH-300_Pacemaker_3-view_Aero_Digest_April,1930.png|thumb|Bellanca CH-300 Pacemaker 3-view drawing from Aero Digest April,1930]]
{{aerospecs
|met or eng?=eng
|crew=one pilot
|capacity=five passengers
|length m=8.5
|length ft=27
|length in=9
|span m=14.1
|span ft=46
|span in=4
|height m=2.5
|height ft=8
|height in=4
|wing area sqm=
|wing area sqft=
|empty weight kg=1,032
|empty weight lb=2,275
|gross weight kg=1,847
|gross weight lb=4,072
|eng1 number=1
|eng1 type=[[Wright J-6]] radial
|eng1 kw=246
|eng1 hp=330
|eng2 number=
|eng2 type=
|eng2 kw=
|eng2 hp=
|max speed kmh=266
|max speed mph=165
|cruise speed kmh=
|cruise speed mph=
|range km=1,086
|range miles=675
|endurance h=
|endurance min=
|ceiling m=
|ceiling ft=
|climb rate ms=
|climb rate ftmin=
}}

==See also==
{{aircontent|
|related=
*[[Bellanca CH-400]]
|similar aircraft=
|lists=
*[[List of aircraft of the Spanish Republican Air Force]]
|see also=
*[[Giuseppe Mario Bellanca]]
}}

==References==
;Notes
{{Reflist|group=N}}
;Citations
{{Reflist}}
;Bibliography
{{Refbegin}}
* Szurovy, Geza. ''Bushplanes''. St. Paul, Minnesota: Zenith Press, 2004. {{ISBN|0-7603-1478-0}}.
* Taylor, Michael J.H. ''Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation''. London: Studio Editions, 1989, p. 149.
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Bellanca Pacemaker}}
* [http://www.aerofiles.com/_bella.html aerofiles.com]
* [http://www.aviation.technomuses.ca/collections/artifacts/aircraft/BellancaCH-300Pacemaker.shtml Canada Aviation Museum website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070707220713/http://www.vam.smv.org/Aircraft/Civilian/index.html Virginia Aviation Museum website]

{{Bellanca}}

[[Category:1920s United States civil utility aircraft]]
[[Category:Bellanca aircraft|CH-300]]
[[Category:High-wing aircraft]]
[[Category:Single-engined tractor aircraft]]
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1929]]

Bellanca CH-200

2019-05-08T07:39:02Z

__NOTOC__

{|{{Infobox Aircraft Begin
|name=CH-200 Pacemaker
|image=Bellanca CH-200 NC30E.jpg
|caption=
}}{{Infobox Aircraft Type
|type=Civil utility aircraft
|manufacturer=[[Bellanca]]
|designer=[[Giuseppe Mario Bellanca]]
|first flight=[[1928 in aviation|1928]]
|introduced=
|retired=
|status=
|primary user=
|more users=
|produced=
|number built=
|developed from=[[Wright-Bellanca WB-2]]
|variants with their own articles=
}}
|}
The '''Bellanca CH-200 Pacemaker''' was a six-seat, high-wing, single-engine utility aircraft built in the United States in the 1920s. It was a development of the [[Wright WB-2]] that Bellanca had acquired the rights to in [[1926 in aviation|1926]] and was the first Bellanca-branded aircraft to gain a [[type certificate]]. The CH-200 was used in a number of pioneering long-distance flights and attempts on distance and endurance records.

==Operational history==
At the 1928 Los Angeles Air Races, a CH-200 piloted by [[Victor Dallin]] took second place in the speed trials (average of 104.65 mph/168 km/h) and won the efficiency trials. The same year, Lt [[Royal Thomas]] set a world endurance record of 35 hours 25 minutes in a CH-200 re-engined with a [[Packard DR-980]] [[diesel engine]].

Between 11 December [[1928 in aviation|1928]] and 25 June [[1929 in aviation|1929]], Peruvian aviators [[Carlos Martínez de Pinillos]] and [[Carlos Zegarra Lanfranco]] flew a CH-200 named ''Perú'' on a tour of Latin America. During that time, they covered 20,635 km (12,866 miles), in 157 hours 55 minutes of total flight, visiting 13 countries and 25 cities along the way.






==Specifications==
{{aerospecs
|met or eng?=eng
|crew=one pilot
|capacity=five passengers
|length m=8.5 m
|length ft=27
|length in=9
|span m=14.1
|span ft=46
|span in=4
|dia m=
|dia ft=
|dia in=
|height m=
|height ft=
|height in=
|wing area sqm=
|wing area sqft=
|rot area sqm=
|rot area sqft=
|aspect ratio=
|empty weight kg=
|empty weight lb=
|gross weight kg=
|gross weight lb=
|eng1 number=1
|eng1 type=[[Wright J-5]] radial
|eng1 kw=164
|eng1 hp=220
|eng1 kn=
|eng1 lbf=
|eng1 kn-ab=
|eng1 lbf-ab=
|eng2 number=
|eng2 type=
|eng2 kw=
|eng2 hp=
|eng2 kn=
|eng2 lbf=
|eng2 kn-ab=
|eng2 lbf-ab=
|max speed kmh=203
|max speed mph=126
|max speed mach=
|cruise speed kmh=
|cruise speed mph=
|range km=1,290
|range miles=800
|endurance h=
|endurance min=
|ceiling m=
|ceiling ft=
|glide ratio=
|climb rate ms=
|climb rate ftmin=
|sink rate ms=
|sink rate ftmin=
|armament1=
|armament2=
|armament3=
|armament4=
|armament5=
|armament6=
}}

==See also==
{{aircontent

|related=
* [[Bellanca CH-300|CH-300]]
* [[Bellanca CH-400|CH-400]]
}}

==References==
{{commons category|Bellanca}}
* {{cite book |last= Taylor |first= Michael J. H. |title=Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation |year=1989 |publisher=Studio Editions |location=London |pages=149 }}
* [http://www.aerofiles.com/_bella.html aerofiles.com]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071212140023/http://www.shanaberger.com/bellanca_ch400.htm shanaberger.com]


{{Bellanca}}

[[Category:1920s United States civil utility aircraft]]
[[Category:Bellanca aircraft|CH-200]]
[[Category:Single-engined tractor aircraft]]
[[Category:High-wing aircraft]]
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1928]]

Curtiss-Wright CW-12

2019-05-08T07:37:47Z

Cydebot: Robot - Moving category United States civil trainer aircraft 1930–1939 to :Category:1930s United States civil trainer aircraft per CFD at Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2019 April 19.

{|{{Infobox Aircraft Begin
|name=CW-12 Sport Trainer and CW-16 Light Sport
|image=curtiss travel air cw-12q g-aaok arp.jpg
|caption=[[Curtiss-Wright]] Travel Air CW-12W (built 2009)
}}{{Infobox Aircraft Type
|type=Civil trainer
|manufacturer=[[Curtiss-Wright]]
|designer=
|first flight=[[1931 in aviation|1931]]
|introduced=
|retired=
|status=Some airworthy in 2009
|primary user=Private owners
|more users=
|produced=
|number built=63
|variants with their own articles=
}}
|}
The '''Curtiss-Wright CW-12 Sport Trainer''' and '''CW-16 Light Sport''' (also marketed under the [[Travel Air]] brand that Curtiss-Wright had recently acquired) were high-performance training aircraft designed by [[Herbert Rawdon]] and [[Ted A. Wells|Ted Wells]] and built in the United States in the early 1930s.

==Development==
The CW-12 and CW-16 shared the same basic design as conventional single-bay biplanes with staggered wings braced with N-struts. The pilot and instructor sat in tandem, open cockpits, the forward cockpit of the CW-12 having a single seat, while the CW-16's forward cockpit could seat two passengers side-by-side. Both versions of the aircraft were available in a variety of engine choices, and some CW-16s were exported as trainers to the air forces of Bolivia and Ecuador.

==Variants==
[[File:Curtiss Travel Air 16E.jpg|thumb|right|Curtiss Travel Air 16E at the [[Historic Aircraft Restoration Museum]]]]
;CW-12
*'''CW-12K''' - version powered by [[Kinner K-5]] engine (2 built)
*'''CW-12Q''' - version powered by Wright-built [[de Havilland Gipsy]] (26 built)
*'''CW-12W''' - version powered by [[Warner Scarab]] (12 built + 1 replica)

;CW-16
* '''CW-16E''' - version powered by [[Wright J-6 Whirlwind 5]] engine (10 built)
* '''CW-16K''' - version powered by [[Kinner B-5]] engine (11 built)
* '''CW-16W''' - version powered by Warner Scarab engine (1 built)

==Operators==
Civil owners in USA and United Kingdom

;{{ARG}}
*[[Argentine Navy]] purchased 15 CW-16Es in 1935, with 13 more possibly being built from 1938. The type remained in use until 1949.<ref name="hagae p76">Hagedorn ''Air Enthusiast'' March to May 1992, p. 76.</ref>
;{{BOL}}
*[[Bolivian Air Force]] purchased three CW-16s in 1934, with the type in use until 1943.<ref name="hagae p75"/>
;{{BRA}}
*[[Brazilian Air Force]] received 15 CW-16Ws, with {{convert|125|hp|kW|abbr=on}} Warner Scarab engines in 1935, the type remaining in service until 1940.<ref name="hagae p75"/>
;{{COL}}
*[[Colombian Air Force]] received six CW-16s in 1933.<ref name="hagae p75">Hagedorn ''Air Enthusiast'' March to May 1992, p. 75.</ref>
;{{ECU}}
*[[Ecuadorian Air Force]] purchased six CW-16Es in 1935, with three more CW-16s following in 1936. Three remained in use until 1944.<ref name="hagae p75-6">Hagedorn ''Air Enthusiast'' March to May 1992, pp. 75–76.</ref>

==Specifications (CW-12Q)==
{{Aircraft specs
|ref=Curtiss Aircraft 1907–1947<ref name=Bowers>{{cite book |last1=Bowers |first1=Peter M. |title=Curtiss aircraft, 1907-1947 |date=1979 |publisher=Putnam |location=London |isbn=0370100298 |pages=402-403}}</ref>
|prime units?=imp

|crew=2
|length ft=21
|length in=5
|length note=
|span ft=28
|span in=10
|span note=
|height ft=8
|height in=10
|height note=
|wing area sqft=206
|wing area note=
|aspect ratio=
|airfoil=Clark Y (15%)<ref name="Selig">{{cite web |last1=Lednicer |first1=David |title=The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage |url=https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html |website=m-selig.ae.illinois.edu |accessdate=16 April 2019}}</ref>
|empty weight lb=1071
|empty weight note=
|gross weight lb=1725
|gross weight note=
|max takeoff weight lb=
|max takeoff weight note=
|fuel capacity=
|more general=

|eng1 number=1
|eng1 name=Curtiss-Wright licence-built [[de Havilland Gipsy]]
|eng1 type=4-cylinder air-cooled in-line piston engine
|eng1 hp=90

|prop blade number=2
|prop name=fixed-pitch propeller
|prop dia ft=
|prop dia in=
|prop dia note=

|max speed mph=105
|max speed note=
|cruise speed mph=88
|cruise speed note=
|stall speed mph=
|stall speed note=
|never exceed speed mph=
|never exceed speed note=
|range miles=390
|range note=
|combat range miles=
|combat range note=
|ferry range miles=
|ferry range note=
|endurance=
|ceiling ft=12000
|ceiling note=
|g limits=
|roll rate=
|climb rate ftmin=600
|climb rate note=
|time to altitude=
|wing loading lb/sqft=
|wing loading note=
|fuel consumption lb/mi=
|power/mass=
|more performance=
}}

==References==
{{commons category|Curtiss-Wright CW-12}}
{{reflist}}

* {{cite book|last= Bowers|first= Peter M.|authorlink= Peter M. Bowers |title=Curtiss Aircraft 1907–1947 |year= 1979|publisher=Putnam |location=London |isbn=0-370-10029-8 }}
* {{cite magazine|last=Hagedorn|first=Dan|title=Curtiss Types In Latin America|magazine=[[Air Enthusiast]]|issue=Forty-five|date=March–May 1992|pages=61–77|issn=0143-5450}}
* {{cite book |last= Taylor |first= Michael J. H. |title=Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation |year=1989 |publisher=Studio Editions |location=London |page=288 }}
* {{cite book |title=World Aircraft Information Files |publisher=Bright Star Publishing|location=London |pages=File 891 Sheet 54 }}



==See also==
{{aircontent


|related=

|similar aircraft=

|lists=

|see also=

}}

{{Curtiss-Wright aircraft}}

[[Category:1930s United States civil trainer aircraft]]
[[Category:Single-engined tractor aircraft]]
[[Category:Biplanes]]
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1931]]

Lycoming ALF 502

2019-05-08T07:03:26Z

Cydebot: Robot - Moving category Turbofan engines 1980–1989 to :Category:1980s turbofan engines per CFD at Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2019 April 19.

{|{{Infobox Aircraft Begin
|name= ALF 502/LF 507
|image= File:ALF502.JPG
|caption= ALF 502 removed from a Bombardier Challenger 600-1A11
}}
{{Infobox Aircraft Engine
|type= [[Geared turbofan|Geared]] [[turbofan]]
|national origin = [[United States]]
|manufacturer= [[Lycoming Engines]] [[Honeywell Aerospace]]
|first run= 1980
|major applications= [[Bombardier Challenger 600]] [[British Aerospace 146]] [[Northrop YA-9]]
|number built =
|program cost =
|unit cost =
|developed from =
|variants with their own articles =
|developed into =
}}
|}
[[File:AJ-2 Savage test bed for Lycoming engines in flight.jpeg|thumb|The YF102-LD-100 was tested on an [[North American AJ Savage|AJ Savage]] in the early 1970s.]]

The '''Lycoming ALF 502/LF 507''' (now Honeywell) is a [[geared turbofan]] engine produced by [[Lycoming Engines]], [[AlliedSignal]], and then [[Honeywell Aerospace]].

The original YF102 was developed at the [[Stratford Army Engine Plant]] in Connecticut by adding a fan to the [[Lycoming T55]] engine, which was used as the gas generator.<ref>{{cite book |title=The History of North American Small Gas Turbine Aircraft Engines |last=Leyes |first=Richard A., II |author2=William A. Fleming |year=1999 |publisher=American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics |location=Reston, VA |isbn=1-56347-332-1}}</ref> Six engines were built for the [[Northrop YA-9]] prototype ground-attack aircraft. These engines were later reused in the [[C-8A Quiet Short-Haul Research Aircraft]] (QSRA).

The ALF 502 was certified in 1980 and used on the [[British Aerospace 146]] and [[Bombardier Challenger 600]]. The derated FADEC-equipped LF 507 was used on the [[Avro RJ]] update of the BAe 146.

==Variants==
[[File:Australian Corporate Jet Centres (VH-JPQ) Canadair CL-600-1A11 Challenger 600 taxiing at Wagga Wagga Airport (3) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Honeywell ALF 502 on an early [[Challenger 600]]]]

The ALF502 is a high bypass turbofan with geared fan, axial-centrifugal flow high pressure compressor, reverse flow annular combustor, two-stage high pressure turbine, two-stage low pressure turbine :<ref name=TCDS>{{cite web |url= http://rgl.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgMakeModel.nsf/0/3f30606514a3b28086256bea006c249c/$FILE/e6ne.pdf |title= Type Certificate Data Sheet E6NE |date= June 7, 2002 |publisher= FAA}}</ref>
; ALF502R-3 (single-stage LP compressor)
* ALF502R-4: R-3 with higher thrust
* ALF502R-5: R-4 with improved first-stage and second-stage turbine nozzle assemblies
* ALF502R-3A: R-3 with gas producer turbine improvements, but operated at higher thrust
; ALF502L (two-stage LP compressor)
* ALF502L-2: L with fan blade modification for increased altitude performance
* ALF502L-3: L-2 with turbine improvements and automatic power reserve features
* ALF502L-2A: L-2 with gas producer turbine improvements and automatic power reserve features
* ALF502L-2C: L-2A without automatic power reserve
* ALF502R-6: L-2C with R-5 accessory gearbox
* LF507-1H: R-6 with lower, flat-rated thrust
* LF507-1F: 507-1H with a single-channel FADEC with hydromechanical backup

==Applications==
[[File:BEL RJ1H OO-DWG 3nov14 LFBO-1.jpg|thumb|Honeywell LF 507s on an [[Avro RJ]]]]

;YF102
* [[Northrop YA-9]]
* [[C-8A Quiet Short-Haul Research Aircraft]]

;ALF 502
* [[Bombardier Challenger 600]]: early CL-600 (1A11) series, 81 built from 1978 to 1982
* [[British Aerospace 146]]

;LF 507
* [[Avro RJ]]

==Specifications==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Type Certificate Data Sheet<ref name=TCDS/>
! Variant
! ALF502R-3
! ALF502R-4/5/3A
! ALF502L/L-2/L-3/L-2A/L-2C/R-6
! LF507-1H/1F
|-
! Configuration
| colspan=12 | High bypass turbofan, geared fan
|-
! Fan diameter
| colspan=4 | {{cvt|40.25|in|mm}}<ref name=specs>{{cite web | title=ALF 502 Turbofan Engine -Honeywell Aerospace | url=http://www.honeywell.com/sites/portal?smap=aerospace&page=Propulsion_Engines3&theme=T5&catID=CDAB5CA0F-004C-6DBB-B50C-20859E156C16&id=H8D86112E-572B-E3ED-33CB-C2D8ED91628F&sel=1g | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305232900/http://www.honeywell.com/sites/portal?smap=aerospace&page=Propulsion_Engines3&theme=T5&catID=CDAB5CA0F-004C-6DBB-B50C-20859E156C16&id=H8D86112E-572B-E3ED-33CB-C2D8ED91628F&sel=1g | dead-url=yes | archive-date=March 5, 2012 | date=November 29, 2010 }}</ref>
|-
! Gear ratio
| colspan=4 | 2.3:1<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1993/1993%20-%202096.html |title= Engine for Change |work=Flight International |date= 25 August 1993 |author= Graham Warwick }}</ref>
|-
! Bypass ratio
| colspan=4 | 5.7:1
|-
! Compressor
| colspan=2 | 1 LP, 7-stage axial<ref name=specs/> + centrifugal HP
| colspan=2 | 2 LP, 7-stage axial<ref name=specs/> + centrifugal HP
|-
! Combustor
| colspan=4 | reverse flow annular
|-
! Turbine
| colspan=4 | two-stage HP, two-stage LP
|-
! Takeoff thrust
| {{cvt|6,700|lbf|kN}}
| {{cvt|6,970|lbf|kN}}
| {{cvt|7,500|lbf|kN}}
| {{cvt|7,000|lbf|kN}}
|-
! Length
| colspan=2 | {{cvt|63.66|in|mm}}
| colspan=2 | {{cvt|65.57|in|mm}}
|-
! Height
| colspan=2 | {{cvt|55.5|in|mm}}
| colspan=2 | {{cvt|54.5|in|mm}}
|-
! Width
| colspan=2 | {{cvt|47.8|in|mm}}
| colspan=2 | {{cvt|48.6|in|mm}}
|-
! Weight {{efn|includes essential engine accessories but excludes starter, hydraulic pump, integrated drive generator and exhaust nozzle}}
| colspan=2 | {{cvt|1,336|lb|kg}}
| colspan=2 | {{cvt|1,375|lb|kg}} (1F: {{cvt|1,385|lb|kg}})
|-
! LP RPM
| colspan=4 | 7,184 - 7,374
|-
! HP RPM
| colspan=4 | 19,280 - 19,760
|-
! [[Thrust specific fuel consumption|TSFC]]
| colspan=4 | {{cvt|0.406|lb/lbf|kg/kN}}/h<ref name=specs/>
|-
! Thrust/weight
| {{#expr:6700/1336round2}}
| {{#expr:6970/1336round2}}
| {{#expr:7500/1375round2}}
| {{#expr:7000/1375round2}}
|}

==See also==
{{Aircontent
|related=
* [[Honeywell HTF7000]] (AS907), ALF502/LF507 successor

|similar engines=
* [[GE CF34]]
* [[Pratt & Whitney Canada PW300]]
* [[Rolls-Royce AE 3007]]

'''Geared turbofans'''
* [[Garrett TFE731]]
* [[Pratt & Whitney PW1000G]]
* [[Turbomeca Aspin]]/[[Turbomeca Astafan|Astafan]]
* [[IAE SuperFan]]
* [[Rolls-Royce/SNECMA M45H|Rolls-Royce/SNECMA M45SD]]

|lists=
* [[List of aircraft engines]]

}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Lycoming ALF 502}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080216183330/http://www.honeywell.com/sites/aero/Propulsion_Engines.htm Honeywell propulsion products page]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080517224926/http://www.swiss-technical-services.com/tsindex/print/pr-honeywell-alf_502_507-technical-details Technical details from Swiss International Air Lines]
* {{cite web |url= https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19730004744.pdf |title= Design study of an air pump and integral lift engine ALF-504 using the Lycoming 502 core |author= Dale Raunch |publisher= NASA |date= July 1972}}

{{Lycoming aeroengines}}
{{Garrett/Honeywell aeroengines}}
{{USAF gas turbine engines}}

[[Category:Geared turbofan engines]]
[[Category:High-bypass turbofan engines]]
[[Category:Honeywell|ALF 502]]
[[Category:Honeywell|LF507]]
[[Category:Lycoming aircraft engines|ALF 502]]
[[Category:Lycoming aircraft engines|LF507]]
[[Category:Mixed-compressor gas turbines]]
[[Category:1980s turbofan engines]]

Aviasud Sirocco

2019-05-08T04:05:20Z

Cydebot: Robot - Moving category French ultralight aircraft 1980–1989 to :Category:1980s French ultralight aircraft per CFD at Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2019 April 19.

{|{{Infobox aircraft begin
| name = Sirocco
| image = Aviasud Sirocco G-MNRT.jpg
| caption = 
| alt = 
}}{{Infobox aircraft type
|type = single-seat ultralight aircraft
|national origin = [[France]]
|manufacturer = [[Aviasud Engineering]] / [[Aériane]]
|design group = 
|designer = 
|first flight = 
|introduced = 
|retired = 
|status = 
|primary user = 
|more users = 
|produced = 
|number built = more than 200<ref name="WDLA15">Tacke, Willi; Marino Boric; et al: ''World Directory of Light Aviation 2015-16'', page 12. Flying Pages Europe SARL, 2015. {{ISSN|1368-485X}}</ref>
|program cost = 
|unit cost = 
|developed from = 
|variants with their own articles = [[AC Sirocco nG]]
|developed into = 
}}
|}
The '''Aviasud Sirocco''' is a single-seat [[ultralight]] available in [[kitplane|kit]] or fully assembled form and originally produced by [[Aviasud Engineering]] in 1983. It is of pod-and-boom design with tricycle undercarriage and [[pusher configuration]]. The fuselage is of [[composite material|composite]] construction. In 1984, one was flown by [[Patrice Franceschi]] in a circumnavigation of the earth.<ref name="WDLA11">Bayerl, Robby; Martin Berkemeier; et al: ''World Directory of Leisure Aviation 2011-12'', page 12. WDLA UK, Lancaster UK, 2011. ISSN 1368-485X</ref>

In 1989, manufacture transferred to [[Aériane]] in Belgium. In 2007, the rights to the Sirocco were acquired by [[Aero Consult Light Aircraft]], who have redesigned the tailplane and wings and who re-launched the aircraft as the [[AC Sirocco nG]]. The first flight of the nG prototype for this was in May 2009. The Sirocco NG is available as a kit, or in its lighter version (FAR 103/SSDR) fully built.<ref name="WDLA11" /><ref name="WDLA15">Tacke, Willi; Marino Boric; et al: ''World Directory of Light Aviation 2015-16'', page 12. Flying Pages Europe SARL, 2015. {{ISSN|1368-485X}}</ref>

== Description ==
The aircraft has two wings which can be dismounted for transport. The leading edge box consists of a spar and fibreglass leading edge, supplemented by an alloy rear strut. The wing profile is defined by preformed aluminum ribs. The trailing edge spar is laminated fiberglass. These three elements are interconnected by compression rods, cables and ribs, and ensure the shape and tension of the fabric coating for good aerodynamic efficiency. The coating is "Bainbridge" Dacron, 170 gr/m². Once in place on the fuselage, cables and a kingpost stay the two wings.

The fuselage and vertical fin are made of a fiberglass-polyester structure consisting of 2 half shells molded and stiffened by frames and smoothed to have a lightweight structure with an aerodynamic shape. Once completed they are assembled by gluing, which ensures rigidity.

The landing gear is made from glass-epoxy. The main gear is flexible; the front axle is steerable and has a brake drum. The steering control is a lever on the right of the cockpit, with locking in a neutral position.

The two stroke-type engine may have a power ranging from {{convert|24|hp|kW|abbr=on}} [[König SC 430]]RD to {{convert|40|hp|kW|abbr=on}} [[Rotax 447]], and is mounted on the rear of the central mast. Starting is manual.

The pilot is in a recumbent position in the cockpit.
The canopy is removable; flights are possible without the canopy in hot weather. For the winter there is an electric heater. The pilot is kept in his seat by a 3-point belt; the seat is fixed, but the rudder pedals are adjustable (3 positions) depending on the size of the pilot. The mini control stick is central.

One-piece tailplane (fully mobile/all-flying) controlled by rigid rods and ball joints. A trim tab helps balance the machine at all speeds, to improve comfort for long flights.

==Specifications (Sirocco)==
{{Aircraft specs
|ref=
|prime units?=met

|crew= 1
|capacity=
|length m=5.08
|span m=10.06
|height m=2.8
|wing area sqft=141
|empty weight kg=131
|gross weight kg=248

|eng1 number=1
|eng1 name=[[Rotax 447]]
|eng1 type=2-cyl. two-stroke air-cooled in-line piston engine
|eng1 kw=26

|VNE (Velocity Never Exceed) kmh=118
|cruise speed kmh=80
|stall speed kmh=43
|climb rate ms=5.08
}}

==See also==
* [[E-Go]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.ParaZoom.de/ ParaZoom—the current manufacturer of the Sirocco]
*[http://www.sirocco-ul.de ParaZoom—Sirocco Homepage , the current manufacturer of the Sirocco]
*[http://speleotrove.com/sirocco/ The Sirocco Microlight]—description, images, early articles, ''etc.''
*[http://museedelta.free.fr/sirocco_adidas.htm ''Le Sirocco du tour du monde'']—the Sirocco that toured the world
{{aircontent|
|related=
|similar aircraft=
|sequence=
|lists=
|see also=
}}

[[Category:1980s French ultralight aircraft]]
[[Category:Homebuilt aircraft]]
[[Category:Single-engined pusher aircraft]]