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Zyklon Kenneth

2019-04-26T06:02:53Z

Cyclonebiskit: /* Preparations and impact */ shift image

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use South African English|date=March 2019}}
{{Current tropical cyclone|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox tropical cyclone
| Name=Intense Tropical Cyclone Kenneth
| Type=tropical cyclone
| Year=2019
| Basin=SWI
| Image location=Kenneth 2019-04-25 0745Z.jpg
| Image name=Cyclone Kenneth at peak intensity approaching Mozambique on 25 April
| Formed=21 April 2019
| Dissipated=Currently active
| Remnant low=
| 10-min winds=115
| 1-min winds=125
| gusts=165
| Pressure=934
| Fatalities=3 total
| Damagespre=
| Damages=
| Damagespost=
| Areas=[[Seychelles]], [[Comoro Islands]], Northern [[Madagascar]], [[Mozambique]], [[Tanzania]]
| Hurricane season=[[2018–19 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season]]
}}

'''Intense Tropical Cyclone Kenneth''' is a currently weakening [[tropical cyclone]] that has made landfall in northern [[Mozambique]] and is also affecting [[Tanzania]]. In addition, Kenneth was the most intense tropical cyclone to ever make landfall on [[Mozambique]] in the recorded history of the country.<ref name="thousands evacuated" /> The fourteenth tropical storm, record-breaking tenth tropical cyclone, and tenth intense tropical cyclone of the [[2018–19 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season]], Kenneth formed from a vortex that the [[Météo-France]] office on [[La Réunion]] (MFR) first mentioned on 17 April. The MFR continued to monitor the system over the next few days before designating it as Tropical Disturbance 14 on 21 April. The disturbance was located in a favorable environment to the north of Madagascar, which allowed it to strengthen into a tropical depression early on the next day. Several hours later, the MFR upgraded the system into a moderate tropical storm, assigning the name ''Kenneth''. The storm then began a period of [[rapid intensification]], becoming a severe tropical storm early on 24 April and a tropical cyclone in the middle of the day. The structure of the storm continued to improve, with a pinhole eye developing by 25 April. On that day, Kenneth peaked as an intense tropical cyclone with 10-minute winds of 215 km/h (130 mph) and a minimum central pressure of 934 [[hPa]] (27.58 [[inHg]]). At that time, Kenneth began to undergo an [[eyewall replacement cycle]] and began to weaken before making landfall later that day as an intense tropical cyclone, the most intense landfalling storm in the recorded history of Mozambique.<ref name="thousands evacuated" /> As a result of land interaction, Kenneth started to lose its convective structure as it made landfall. Following landfall, Kenneth rapidly degenerated into a tropical storm and shifted southward, with the MRF cancelling all major warnings for inland cities. Kenneth's structure continued to degrade as it moved further inland, with the MFR issuing its last warning at midnight, local time, on 26 April.

Prior to Kenneth's landfall, local authorities evacuated over 30,000 people in the path of the storm in northern Mozambique.<ref name="tens of thousands" /> On the island of [[Comoros]], Kenneth's winds and rains caused at least 3 deaths.

==Meteorological history==
{{storm path|Kenneth 2019 track.png}}
On 17 April, the MFR began monitoring vorticity to the north of [[Madagascar]].<ref>{{cite report |title=Bulletin for Cyclonic Activity and Significant Tropical Weather in the Southwest Indian Ocean |url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/zcit/ZCITA_201904171227.pdf |website=Meteo France La Reunion |accessdate=23 April 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423225248/http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/zcit/ZCITA_201904171227.pdf |archivedate=23 April 2019 |date=17 April 2019}}</ref> The MFR continued to monitor the system over the next few days, noting a significant increase in [[Atmospheric convection|deep convection]] on 21 April.<ref>{{cite report |title=Bulletin for Cyclonic Activity and Significant Tropical Weather in the Southwest Indian Ocean |url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/zcit/ZCITA_201904211237.pdf |website=Meteo France La Reunion |accessdate=23 April 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423230325/http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/zcit/ZCITA_201904211237.pdf |archivedate=23 April 2019 |date=21 April 2019}}</ref> On 22 April at 12:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]], the MFR began issuing advisories on the system, designating it as Tropical Disturbance 14.<ref>{{cite report |title=Tropical Disturbance 14: Warning Number 1 |url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_201904221200_1_14_20182019.pdf |website=Meteo France la Reunion |accessdate=24 April 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424004630/http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_201904221200_1_14_20182019.pdf |archivedate=24 April 2019 |date=22 April 2019}}</ref> Soon after, the [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) issued a [[tropical cyclone formation alert]], noting that the disturbance was located in a favorable environment with low [[Wind shear#Vertical component|vertical wind shear]] and warm [[sea surface temperatures]] of {{convert|29–30|C|F}}.<ref>{{cite report |title=Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (Invest 91S) |url=https://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/PGTW/Alphanumeric/Warning/Tropical_cyclone/20190422/143000/A_WTXS21PGTW221430_C_RJTD_20190422141617_42.txt |website=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |publisher=Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command |accessdate=24 April 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424004256/https://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/PGTW/Alphanumeric/Warning/Tropical_cyclone/20190422/143000/A_WTXS21PGTW221430_C_RJTD_20190422141617_42.txt |archivedate=24 April 2019 |date=22 April 2019}}</ref> Early on 23 April, the JTWC began issuing warnings on the system, classifying it as Tropical Cyclone 24S.<ref>{{cite report |title=Tropical Cyclone 24S (Twentyfour) Warning 001 |url=https://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/PGTW/Alphanumeric/Warning/Tropical_cyclone/20190423/030000/A_WTXS31PGTW230300_C_RJTD_20190423032631_79.txt |website=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |publisher=Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command |accessdate=24 April 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423185035/https://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/PGTW/Alphanumeric/Warning/Tropical_cyclone/20190423/030000/A_WTXS31PGTW230300_C_RJTD_20190423032631_79.txt |archivedate=23 April 2019 |date=23 April 2019}}</ref> A few hours later, the MFR upgraded the system to a tropical depression while it was moving west, under the influence of a low-to-mid-level [[Trough (meteorology)|ridge]] located to the south.<ref>{{cite report |title=Tropical Depression 14: Warning Number 3 |url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_201904230600_3_14_20182019.pdf |website=Meteo France la Reunion |accessdate=24 April 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423185642/http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_201904230600_3_14_20182019.pdf |archivedate=23 April 2019 |date=23 April 2019}}</ref> The MFR upgraded the depression to a moderate tropical storm at 12:00 UTC, assigning the name ''Kenneth'' to the storm. At that time, the MFR stated that cloud top temperatures had decreased to {{convert|-90|C|F}} and that the overall organization of the system had improved.<ref>{{cite report |title=Moderate Tropical Storm 14 (Kenneth): Warning 4 |url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_201904231200_KENNETH.pdf |website=Meteo France la Reunion |accessdate=24 April 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423185903/http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_201904231200_KENNETH.pdf |archivedate=23 April 2019 |date=23 April 2019}}</ref>

Soon after being named, Kenneth began to [[rapid intensification|rapidly intensify]], with the JTWC noting that a formative [[eye (cyclone)|eye]] feature had developed.<ref>{{cite report |title=Tropical Cyclone 24S (Kenneth) Warning 004 |url=https://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/PGTW/Alphanumeric/Warning/Tropical_cyclone/20190423/210000/A_WTXS31PGTW232100_C_RJTD_20190423222530_3.txt |website=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |publisher=Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command |accessdate=24 April 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424200836/https://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/PGTW/Alphanumeric/Warning/Tropical_cyclone/20190423/210000/A_WTXS31PGTW232100_C_RJTD_20190423222530_3.txt |archivedate=24 April 2019 |date=23 April 2019}}</ref> Around 00:00 UTC on 24 April, the MFR upgraded the system to a severe tropical storm.<ref>{{cite report |title=Severe Tropical Storm 14 (Kenneth): Warning 6 |url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_201904240000_KENNETH.pdf |website=Meteo France la Reunion |accessdate=24 April 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424014638/http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_201904240000_KENNETH.pdf |archivedate=24 April 2019 |date=24 April 2019}}</ref> A few hours later, the JTWC followed suit, upgrading Kenneth to the equivalent of a [[Saffir–Simpson scale|Category 1]] hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale.<ref>{{cite report |title=Tropical Cyclone 24S (Kenneth) Warning 005 |url=https://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/PGTW/Alphanumeric/Warning/Tropical_cyclone/20190424/030000/A_WTXS31PGTW240300_C_RJTD_20190424022531_1.txt |website=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |publisher=Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command |accessdate=24 April 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424202049/https://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/PGTW/Alphanumeric/Warning/Tropical_cyclone/20190424/030000/A_WTXS31PGTW240300_C_RJTD_20190424022531_1.txt |archivedate=24 April 2019 |date=24 April 2019}}</ref> At 12:00 UTC, Kenneth was upgraded by the MFR into the record-breaking tenth tropical cyclone of the [[2018–19 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season|season]]. At that time, the MFR stated that an eye was attempting to form within the [[central dense overcast]] of the storm, and that wind shear was beginning to decrease.<ref>{{cite report |title=Tropical Cyclone 14 (Kenneth): Warning 8 |url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_201904241200_KENNETH.pdf |website=Meteo France la Reunion |accessdate=24 April 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424204323/http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_201904241200_KENNETH.pdf |archivedate=24 April 2019 |date=24 April 2019}}</ref> Around 18:00 UTC, Kenneth strengthened into the equivalent of a Category 3 major hurricane. At that time, the Hahaya International Airport on [[Comoros Island]] reported winds of {{convert|36|kn|km/h mph}} while Kenneth was located about 55 km/h (35 mi) to the north.<ref>{{cite report |title=Tropical Cyclone 24S (Kenneth) Warning 008 |url=https://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/PGTW/Alphanumeric/Warning/Tropical_cyclone/20190424/210000/A_WTXS31PGTW242100_C_RJTD_20190424202631_29.txt |website=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |publisher=Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command |accessdate=24 April 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424210552/https://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/PGTW/Alphanumeric/Warning/Tropical_cyclone/20190424/210000/A_WTXS31PGTW242100_C_RJTD_20190424202631_29.txt |archivedate=24 April 2019 |date=24 April 2019}}</ref> Six hours later, the MFR upgraded Kenneth to intense tropical cyclone status, noting that the storm had a very cold convective ring and that the core had become more compact.<ref>{{cite report |title=Intense Tropical Cyclone 14 (Kenneth): Warning 10 |url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_201904250000_KENNETH.pdf |website=Meteo France la Reunion |accessdate=25 April 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425130422/http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_201904250000_KENNETH.pdf |archivedate=25 April 2019 |date=25 April 2019}}</ref> On 25 April, at 06:00 UTC, Kenneth reached peak intensity, with 10-minute [[Maximum sustained wind|sustained winds]] of 215 km/h (130 mph) and a [[Atmospheric pressure|minimum central pressure]] of 934 [[hPa]] (27.58 [[inHg]]). At that time, Kenneth had a pinhole eye surrounded by very strong convection; however, the storm also began to enter an [[eyewall replacement cycle]].<ref>{{cite report |title=Intense Tropical Cyclone 14 (Kenneth): Warning 11 |url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_201904250600_KENNETH.pdf |website=Meteo France la Reunion |accessdate=25 April 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425131513/http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_201904250600_KENNETH.pdf |archivedate=25 April 2019 |date=25 April 2019}}</ref> Meanwhile, the JTWC estimated that Kenneth peaked as a Category 4-equivalent tropical cyclone, with 1-minute sustained winds of 230 km/h (145 mph).<ref>{{cite report |title=Tropical Cyclone 24S (Kenneth) Warning 010 |url=https://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/PGTW/Alphanumeric/Warning/Tropical_cyclone/20190425/090000/A_WTXS31PGTW250900_C_RJTD_20190425083818_1.txt |website=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |publisher=Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command |accessdate=25 April 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425132413/https://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/PGTW/Alphanumeric/Warning/Tropical_cyclone/20190425/090000/A_WTXS31PGTW250900_C_RJTD_20190425083818_1.txt |archivedate=25 April 2019 |date=25 April 2019}}</ref> At that time, Kenneth slowly began to weaken, due to the eyewall replacement cycle, even as the storm neared the Mozambique coastline. Later that day, at 18:15 UTC, Kenneth made [[Landfall (meteorology)|landfall]] in [[Mozambique]] as an intense tropical cyclone, just north of [[Pemba, Mozambique|Pemba]], with 1-minute sustained winds of 225 km/h (140 mph), equivalent to a Category 4 hurricane.<ref name="humanitarian crisis" /> This made Kenneth the most intense landfalling tropical cyclone in the recorded history of Mozambique.<ref name="thousands evacuated">{{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/04/25/africa/cyclone-kenneth-mozambique-evacuation-intl/index.html|title=Cyclone Kenneth: Thousands evacuated as Mozambique is hit with the strongest storm in its history|author=Brandon Miller|publisher=Cable News Network|date=25 April 2019|accessdate=25 April 2019}}</ref> This also marked the second time in Mozambique's recorded history in which two storms have made landfall during the same cyclone season, at tropical cyclone intensity or higher.<ref name="tens of thousands />

After making landfall, Kenneth quickly weakened and degenerated into an "overland depression" within an hour, with 10-minute winds of 155 km/h (100 mph), the equivalent of a Category 2 hurricane.<ref>{{cite report |title=Overland Depression 14 (Kenneth): Warning 13 |url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/francais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSF_201904251800_KENNETH.pdf |website=Meteo France la Reunion |accessdate=26 April 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426014218/http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/francais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSF_201904251800_KENNETH.pdf |archivedate=26 April 2019 |language=fr |date=25 April 2019}}</ref> Shortly afterward, the JTWC issued its last warning on the system. Kenneth's central convection had rapidly shrunk, with only a small area remaining over land.<ref>{{cite report |title=Tropical Cyclone 24S (Kenneth) Warning 012 |url=https://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/PGTW/Alphanumeric/Warning/Tropical_cyclone/20190425/210000/A_WTXS31PGTW252100_C_RJTD_20190425202117_1.txt |website=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |publisher=Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command |accessdate=26 April 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426015416/https://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/PGTW/Alphanumeric/Warning/Tropical_cyclone/20190425/210000/A_WTXS31PGTW252100_C_RJTD_20190425202117_1.txt |archivedate=26 April 2019 |date=25 April 2019}}</ref> Despite still being in a favorable environment, Kenneth continued to rapidly weaken, due to interaction with land. At 00:00 UTC on 26 April, the MFR issued its last warning on Kenneth, reporting 10-minute sustained winds of 65 km/h (40 mph), while the system was located about 110 km (70 mi) inland in Mozambique.<ref>{{cite report |title=Overland Depression 14 (Ex-Kenneth): Warning 14 |url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_201904260000_EX-KENNETH.pdf |website=Meteo France la Reunion |accessdate=26 April 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426020013/http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_201904260000_EX-KENNETH.pdf |archivedate=26 April 2019 |date=26 April 2019}}</ref>

==Preparations and impact==
[[File:Kenneth 2019-04-25 1016Z.jpg|right|thumb|Satellite image of Cyclone Kenneth just before making landfall north of Pemba on 25 April]]
In [[Comoros]], Kenneth's winds and rains killed at least 3 people.<ref name="storm-battered">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-48050859 |title=Cyclone Kenneth: Storm-battered Mozambique hit again |website=BBC News |date=25 April 2019 |accessdate=25 April 2019}}</ref>

Kenneth was projected to bring additional flooding and wind damage to [[Mozambique]] within a day, about a month after [[Cyclone Idai]] had devastated the region, raising fears that the ongoing humanitarian crisis there could be worsened by the storm.<ref name="humanitarian crisis">{{cite web|url=https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/2019-04-24-tropical-cyclone-kenneth-forecast-mozambique|title=Tropical Cyclone Kenneth to Bring Feet of Rain, Damaging Winds to Mozambique Weeks After Idai Brings Humanitarian Crisis|author=Jonathan Belles|publisher=The Weather Company|date=24 April 2019|accessdate=24 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="taking aim">{{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/04/24/africa/storm-kenneth-mozambique-intl/index.html|title=Another tropical cyclone is taking aim at storm-wrecked Mozambique|author1=Brandon Miller|author2=Bukola Adebayo|publisher=Cable News Network|date=24 April 2019|accessdate=24 April 2019}}</ref> Local authorities in northern Mozambique evacuated more than 30,000 people ahead of the storm, given the expected impacts.<ref name="tens of thousands">{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/04/cyclone-kenneth-begins-landfall-northern-mozambique-190425182138888.html|title=Tens of thousands evacuated as Cyclone Kenneth hits Mozambique|author=|publisher=Al-Jazeera News|date=25 April 2019|accessdate=25 April 2019}}</ref>

Kenneth made [[landfall (meteorology)|landfall]] just north of Pemba, Mozambique, on Thursday evening, 25 April, at about 8:15 p.m., local time (18:15 UTC), with 1-minute sustained winds of 225 km/h (140 mph).<ref name="thousands evacuated" /> The IFRC reported widespread damage in the city, with power outages recorded throughout the city and numerous trees felled, which caused even more damage.<ref name="storm-battered" />

==See also==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}
* [[Hurricane Kenneth|Other storms named Kenneth]]
* [[Cyclone Fantala]]
* [[Cyclone Idai]] – An intense tropical cyclone that impacted [[Mozambique]] earlier in March 2019, causing catastrophic flooding, widespread damage, and extensive loss of life.
* [[1995–96 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season#Severe Tropical Storm Doloresse|Severe Tropical Storm Doloresse (1996)]] – A storm that took a similar path and killed 67 people in [[Mohéli]].

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.meteofrance.re/cyclone/saisons-passees/2018_2019/dirre/KENNETH MFR Track Data] of Intense Tropical Cyclone Kenneth {{fr}}
*[http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/tcdat/tc19/SHEM/24S.KENNETH/ 24S.KENNETH] from the [[United States Naval Research Laboratory]]

{{2018–19 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season buttons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kenneth}}
[[Category:2018–19 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season]]
[[Category:2019 in Madagascar]]
[[Category:Cyclones in Madagascar]]
[[Category:Tropical storms]]
[[Category:April 2019 events in Africa]]

Zyklon Kenneth

2019-04-26T06:02:39Z

Cyclonebiskit: /* Preparations and impact */ Comoros first

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use South African English|date=March 2019}}
{{Current tropical cyclone|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox tropical cyclone
| Name=Intense Tropical Cyclone Kenneth
| Type=tropical cyclone
| Year=2019
| Basin=SWI
| Image location=Kenneth 2019-04-25 0745Z.jpg
| Image name=Cyclone Kenneth at peak intensity approaching Mozambique on 25 April
| Formed=21 April 2019
| Dissipated=Currently active
| Remnant low=
| 10-min winds=115
| 1-min winds=125
| gusts=165
| Pressure=934
| Fatalities=3 total
| Damagespre=
| Damages=
| Damagespost=
| Areas=[[Seychelles]], [[Comoro Islands]], Northern [[Madagascar]], [[Mozambique]], [[Tanzania]]
| Hurricane season=[[2018–19 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season]]
}}

'''Intense Tropical Cyclone Kenneth''' is a currently weakening [[tropical cyclone]] that has made landfall in northern [[Mozambique]] and is also affecting [[Tanzania]]. In addition, Kenneth was the most intense tropical cyclone to ever make landfall on [[Mozambique]] in the recorded history of the country.<ref name="thousands evacuated" /> The fourteenth tropical storm, record-breaking tenth tropical cyclone, and tenth intense tropical cyclone of the [[2018–19 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season]], Kenneth formed from a vortex that the [[Météo-France]] office on [[La Réunion]] (MFR) first mentioned on 17 April. The MFR continued to monitor the system over the next few days before designating it as Tropical Disturbance 14 on 21 April. The disturbance was located in a favorable environment to the north of Madagascar, which allowed it to strengthen into a tropical depression early on the next day. Several hours later, the MFR upgraded the system into a moderate tropical storm, assigning the name ''Kenneth''. The storm then began a period of [[rapid intensification]], becoming a severe tropical storm early on 24 April and a tropical cyclone in the middle of the day. The structure of the storm continued to improve, with a pinhole eye developing by 25 April. On that day, Kenneth peaked as an intense tropical cyclone with 10-minute winds of 215 km/h (130 mph) and a minimum central pressure of 934 [[hPa]] (27.58 [[inHg]]). At that time, Kenneth began to undergo an [[eyewall replacement cycle]] and began to weaken before making landfall later that day as an intense tropical cyclone, the most intense landfalling storm in the recorded history of Mozambique.<ref name="thousands evacuated" /> As a result of land interaction, Kenneth started to lose its convective structure as it made landfall. Following landfall, Kenneth rapidly degenerated into a tropical storm and shifted southward, with the MRF cancelling all major warnings for inland cities. Kenneth's structure continued to degrade as it moved further inland, with the MFR issuing its last warning at midnight, local time, on 26 April.

Prior to Kenneth's landfall, local authorities evacuated over 30,000 people in the path of the storm in northern Mozambique.<ref name="tens of thousands" /> On the island of [[Comoros]], Kenneth's winds and rains caused at least 3 deaths.

==Meteorological history==
{{storm path|Kenneth 2019 track.png}}
On 17 April, the MFR began monitoring vorticity to the north of [[Madagascar]].<ref>{{cite report |title=Bulletin for Cyclonic Activity and Significant Tropical Weather in the Southwest Indian Ocean |url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/zcit/ZCITA_201904171227.pdf |website=Meteo France La Reunion |accessdate=23 April 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423225248/http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/zcit/ZCITA_201904171227.pdf |archivedate=23 April 2019 |date=17 April 2019}}</ref> The MFR continued to monitor the system over the next few days, noting a significant increase in [[Atmospheric convection|deep convection]] on 21 April.<ref>{{cite report |title=Bulletin for Cyclonic Activity and Significant Tropical Weather in the Southwest Indian Ocean |url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/zcit/ZCITA_201904211237.pdf |website=Meteo France La Reunion |accessdate=23 April 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423230325/http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/zcit/ZCITA_201904211237.pdf |archivedate=23 April 2019 |date=21 April 2019}}</ref> On 22 April at 12:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]], the MFR began issuing advisories on the system, designating it as Tropical Disturbance 14.<ref>{{cite report |title=Tropical Disturbance 14: Warning Number 1 |url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_201904221200_1_14_20182019.pdf |website=Meteo France la Reunion |accessdate=24 April 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424004630/http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_201904221200_1_14_20182019.pdf |archivedate=24 April 2019 |date=22 April 2019}}</ref> Soon after, the [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) issued a [[tropical cyclone formation alert]], noting that the disturbance was located in a favorable environment with low [[Wind shear#Vertical component|vertical wind shear]] and warm [[sea surface temperatures]] of {{convert|29–30|C|F}}.<ref>{{cite report |title=Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (Invest 91S) |url=https://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/PGTW/Alphanumeric/Warning/Tropical_cyclone/20190422/143000/A_WTXS21PGTW221430_C_RJTD_20190422141617_42.txt |website=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |publisher=Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command |accessdate=24 April 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424004256/https://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/PGTW/Alphanumeric/Warning/Tropical_cyclone/20190422/143000/A_WTXS21PGTW221430_C_RJTD_20190422141617_42.txt |archivedate=24 April 2019 |date=22 April 2019}}</ref> Early on 23 April, the JTWC began issuing warnings on the system, classifying it as Tropical Cyclone 24S.<ref>{{cite report |title=Tropical Cyclone 24S (Twentyfour) Warning 001 |url=https://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/PGTW/Alphanumeric/Warning/Tropical_cyclone/20190423/030000/A_WTXS31PGTW230300_C_RJTD_20190423032631_79.txt |website=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |publisher=Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command |accessdate=24 April 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423185035/https://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/PGTW/Alphanumeric/Warning/Tropical_cyclone/20190423/030000/A_WTXS31PGTW230300_C_RJTD_20190423032631_79.txt |archivedate=23 April 2019 |date=23 April 2019}}</ref> A few hours later, the MFR upgraded the system to a tropical depression while it was moving west, under the influence of a low-to-mid-level [[Trough (meteorology)|ridge]] located to the south.<ref>{{cite report |title=Tropical Depression 14: Warning Number 3 |url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_201904230600_3_14_20182019.pdf |website=Meteo France la Reunion |accessdate=24 April 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423185642/http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_201904230600_3_14_20182019.pdf |archivedate=23 April 2019 |date=23 April 2019}}</ref> The MFR upgraded the depression to a moderate tropical storm at 12:00 UTC, assigning the name ''Kenneth'' to the storm. At that time, the MFR stated that cloud top temperatures had decreased to {{convert|-90|C|F}} and that the overall organization of the system had improved.<ref>{{cite report |title=Moderate Tropical Storm 14 (Kenneth): Warning 4 |url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_201904231200_KENNETH.pdf |website=Meteo France la Reunion |accessdate=24 April 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423185903/http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_201904231200_KENNETH.pdf |archivedate=23 April 2019 |date=23 April 2019}}</ref>

Soon after being named, Kenneth began to [[rapid intensification|rapidly intensify]], with the JTWC noting that a formative [[eye (cyclone)|eye]] feature had developed.<ref>{{cite report |title=Tropical Cyclone 24S (Kenneth) Warning 004 |url=https://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/PGTW/Alphanumeric/Warning/Tropical_cyclone/20190423/210000/A_WTXS31PGTW232100_C_RJTD_20190423222530_3.txt |website=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |publisher=Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command |accessdate=24 April 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424200836/https://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/PGTW/Alphanumeric/Warning/Tropical_cyclone/20190423/210000/A_WTXS31PGTW232100_C_RJTD_20190423222530_3.txt |archivedate=24 April 2019 |date=23 April 2019}}</ref> Around 00:00 UTC on 24 April, the MFR upgraded the system to a severe tropical storm.<ref>{{cite report |title=Severe Tropical Storm 14 (Kenneth): Warning 6 |url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_201904240000_KENNETH.pdf |website=Meteo France la Reunion |accessdate=24 April 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424014638/http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_201904240000_KENNETH.pdf |archivedate=24 April 2019 |date=24 April 2019}}</ref> A few hours later, the JTWC followed suit, upgrading Kenneth to the equivalent of a [[Saffir–Simpson scale|Category 1]] hurricane on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale.<ref>{{cite report |title=Tropical Cyclone 24S (Kenneth) Warning 005 |url=https://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/PGTW/Alphanumeric/Warning/Tropical_cyclone/20190424/030000/A_WTXS31PGTW240300_C_RJTD_20190424022531_1.txt |website=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |publisher=Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command |accessdate=24 April 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424202049/https://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/PGTW/Alphanumeric/Warning/Tropical_cyclone/20190424/030000/A_WTXS31PGTW240300_C_RJTD_20190424022531_1.txt |archivedate=24 April 2019 |date=24 April 2019}}</ref> At 12:00 UTC, Kenneth was upgraded by the MFR into the record-breaking tenth tropical cyclone of the [[2018–19 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season|season]]. At that time, the MFR stated that an eye was attempting to form within the [[central dense overcast]] of the storm, and that wind shear was beginning to decrease.<ref>{{cite report |title=Tropical Cyclone 14 (Kenneth): Warning 8 |url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_201904241200_KENNETH.pdf |website=Meteo France la Reunion |accessdate=24 April 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424204323/http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_201904241200_KENNETH.pdf |archivedate=24 April 2019 |date=24 April 2019}}</ref> Around 18:00 UTC, Kenneth strengthened into the equivalent of a Category 3 major hurricane. At that time, the Hahaya International Airport on [[Comoros Island]] reported winds of {{convert|36|kn|km/h mph}} while Kenneth was located about 55 km/h (35 mi) to the north.<ref>{{cite report |title=Tropical Cyclone 24S (Kenneth) Warning 008 |url=https://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/PGTW/Alphanumeric/Warning/Tropical_cyclone/20190424/210000/A_WTXS31PGTW242100_C_RJTD_20190424202631_29.txt |website=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |publisher=Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command |accessdate=24 April 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424210552/https://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/PGTW/Alphanumeric/Warning/Tropical_cyclone/20190424/210000/A_WTXS31PGTW242100_C_RJTD_20190424202631_29.txt |archivedate=24 April 2019 |date=24 April 2019}}</ref> Six hours later, the MFR upgraded Kenneth to intense tropical cyclone status, noting that the storm had a very cold convective ring and that the core had become more compact.<ref>{{cite report |title=Intense Tropical Cyclone 14 (Kenneth): Warning 10 |url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_201904250000_KENNETH.pdf |website=Meteo France la Reunion |accessdate=25 April 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425130422/http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_201904250000_KENNETH.pdf |archivedate=25 April 2019 |date=25 April 2019}}</ref> On 25 April, at 06:00 UTC, Kenneth reached peak intensity, with 10-minute [[Maximum sustained wind|sustained winds]] of 215 km/h (130 mph) and a [[Atmospheric pressure|minimum central pressure]] of 934 [[hPa]] (27.58 [[inHg]]). At that time, Kenneth had a pinhole eye surrounded by very strong convection; however, the storm also began to enter an [[eyewall replacement cycle]].<ref>{{cite report |title=Intense Tropical Cyclone 14 (Kenneth): Warning 11 |url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_201904250600_KENNETH.pdf |website=Meteo France la Reunion |accessdate=25 April 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425131513/http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_201904250600_KENNETH.pdf |archivedate=25 April 2019 |date=25 April 2019}}</ref> Meanwhile, the JTWC estimated that Kenneth peaked as a Category 4-equivalent tropical cyclone, with 1-minute sustained winds of 230 km/h (145 mph).<ref>{{cite report |title=Tropical Cyclone 24S (Kenneth) Warning 010 |url=https://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/PGTW/Alphanumeric/Warning/Tropical_cyclone/20190425/090000/A_WTXS31PGTW250900_C_RJTD_20190425083818_1.txt |website=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |publisher=Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command |accessdate=25 April 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425132413/https://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/PGTW/Alphanumeric/Warning/Tropical_cyclone/20190425/090000/A_WTXS31PGTW250900_C_RJTD_20190425083818_1.txt |archivedate=25 April 2019 |date=25 April 2019}}</ref> At that time, Kenneth slowly began to weaken, due to the eyewall replacement cycle, even as the storm neared the Mozambique coastline. Later that day, at 18:15 UTC, Kenneth made [[Landfall (meteorology)|landfall]] in [[Mozambique]] as an intense tropical cyclone, just north of [[Pemba, Mozambique|Pemba]], with 1-minute sustained winds of 225 km/h (140 mph), equivalent to a Category 4 hurricane.<ref name="humanitarian crisis" /> This made Kenneth the most intense landfalling tropical cyclone in the recorded history of Mozambique.<ref name="thousands evacuated">{{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/04/25/africa/cyclone-kenneth-mozambique-evacuation-intl/index.html|title=Cyclone Kenneth: Thousands evacuated as Mozambique is hit with the strongest storm in its history|author=Brandon Miller|publisher=Cable News Network|date=25 April 2019|accessdate=25 April 2019}}</ref> This also marked the second time in Mozambique's recorded history in which two storms have made landfall during the same cyclone season, at tropical cyclone intensity or higher.<ref name="tens of thousands />

After making landfall, Kenneth quickly weakened and degenerated into an "overland depression" within an hour, with 10-minute winds of 155 km/h (100 mph), the equivalent of a Category 2 hurricane.<ref>{{cite report |title=Overland Depression 14 (Kenneth): Warning 13 |url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/francais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSF_201904251800_KENNETH.pdf |website=Meteo France la Reunion |accessdate=26 April 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426014218/http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/francais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSF_201904251800_KENNETH.pdf |archivedate=26 April 2019 |language=fr |date=25 April 2019}}</ref> Shortly afterward, the JTWC issued its last warning on the system. Kenneth's central convection had rapidly shrunk, with only a small area remaining over land.<ref>{{cite report |title=Tropical Cyclone 24S (Kenneth) Warning 012 |url=https://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/PGTW/Alphanumeric/Warning/Tropical_cyclone/20190425/210000/A_WTXS31PGTW252100_C_RJTD_20190425202117_1.txt |website=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |publisher=Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command |accessdate=26 April 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426015416/https://www.wis-jma.go.jp/d/o/PGTW/Alphanumeric/Warning/Tropical_cyclone/20190425/210000/A_WTXS31PGTW252100_C_RJTD_20190425202117_1.txt |archivedate=26 April 2019 |date=25 April 2019}}</ref> Despite still being in a favorable environment, Kenneth continued to rapidly weaken, due to interaction with land. At 00:00 UTC on 26 April, the MFR issued its last warning on Kenneth, reporting 10-minute sustained winds of 65 km/h (40 mph), while the system was located about 110 km (70 mi) inland in Mozambique.<ref>{{cite report |title=Overland Depression 14 (Ex-Kenneth): Warning 14 |url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_201904260000_EX-KENNETH.pdf |website=Meteo France la Reunion |accessdate=26 April 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426020013/http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/activiteope/bulletins/cmrs/CMRSA_201904260000_EX-KENNETH.pdf |archivedate=26 April 2019 |date=26 April 2019}}</ref>

==Preparations and impact==
In [[Comoros]], Kenneth's winds and rains killed at least 3 people.<ref name="storm-battered">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-48050859 |title=Cyclone Kenneth: Storm-battered Mozambique hit again |website=BBC News |date=25 April 2019 |accessdate=25 April 2019}}</ref>

Kenneth was projected to bring additional flooding and wind damage to [[Mozambique]] within a day, about a month after [[Cyclone Idai]] had devastated the region, raising fears that the ongoing humanitarian crisis there could be worsened by the storm.<ref name="humanitarian crisis">{{cite web|url=https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/2019-04-24-tropical-cyclone-kenneth-forecast-mozambique|title=Tropical Cyclone Kenneth to Bring Feet of Rain, Damaging Winds to Mozambique Weeks After Idai Brings Humanitarian Crisis|author=Jonathan Belles|publisher=The Weather Company|date=24 April 2019|accessdate=24 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="taking aim">{{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/04/24/africa/storm-kenneth-mozambique-intl/index.html|title=Another tropical cyclone is taking aim at storm-wrecked Mozambique|author1=Brandon Miller|author2=Bukola Adebayo|publisher=Cable News Network|date=24 April 2019|accessdate=24 April 2019}}</ref> Local authorities in northern Mozambique evacuated more than 30,000 people ahead of the storm, given the expected impacts.<ref name="tens of thousands">{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/04/cyclone-kenneth-begins-landfall-northern-mozambique-190425182138888.html|title=Tens of thousands evacuated as Cyclone Kenneth hits Mozambique|author=|publisher=Al-Jazeera News|date=25 April 2019|accessdate=25 April 2019}}</ref>

[[File:Kenneth 2019-04-25 1016Z.jpg|right|thumb|Satellite image of Cyclone Kenneth just before making landfall north of Pemba on 25 April]]
Kenneth made [[landfall (meteorology)|landfall]] just north of Pemba, Mozambique, on Thursday evening, 25 April, at about 8:15 p.m., local time (18:15 UTC), with 1-minute sustained winds of 225 km/h (140 mph).<ref name="thousands evacuated" /> The IFRC reported widespread damage in the city, with power outages recorded throughout the city and numerous trees felled, which caused even more damage.<ref name="storm-battered" />

==See also==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}
* [[Hurricane Kenneth|Other storms named Kenneth]]
* [[Cyclone Fantala]]
* [[Cyclone Idai]] – An intense tropical cyclone that impacted [[Mozambique]] earlier in March 2019, causing catastrophic flooding, widespread damage, and extensive loss of life.
* [[1995–96 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season#Severe Tropical Storm Doloresse|Severe Tropical Storm Doloresse (1996)]] – A storm that took a similar path and killed 67 people in [[Mohéli]].

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.meteofrance.re/cyclone/saisons-passees/2018_2019/dirre/KENNETH MFR Track Data] of Intense Tropical Cyclone Kenneth {{fr}}
*[http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/tcdat/tc19/SHEM/24S.KENNETH/ 24S.KENNETH] from the [[United States Naval Research Laboratory]]

{{2018–19 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season buttons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kenneth}}
[[Category:2018–19 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season]]
[[Category:2019 in Madagascar]]
[[Category:Cyclones in Madagascar]]
[[Category:Tropical storms]]
[[Category:April 2019 events in Africa]]

Hurrikan Maria

2017-09-19T14:30:04Z

Cyclonebiskit: /* Dominica */ tidbit

{{pp-pc1|expiry=01:38, 19 October 2017|small=yes}}
{{Distinguish|Hurricane Marie (2014)}}
{{Other hurricane uses|Tropical Storm Maria|the Atlantic hurricane of 2017}}
{{Notice|heading=Active hurricane disclaimer|For the most up-to-date information on Hurricane Maria, please refer to the [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCPAT5+shtml/ latest advisory from the National Hurricane Center]. Wikipedia is not meant to be used to [[WP:RISK|make life or death decisions]], and information on this page may be outdated.}}
{{Current weather event|tropical cyclone|date=September 2017}}

{{Infobox hurricane current
|name=Hurricane Maria
|category=cat5
|type=hurricane
|time=5:10 a.m [[Atlantic Time Zone|AST]] (09:10 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]) September 19
|image=Maria Geostationary VIS-IR 2017.png
|track=15L 2017 5day.png
|lat=16.0|N|lon=62.3|W
|within_units=10 [[Nautical mile|nm]]
|distance_from=About 45 mi (70 km) [[Points of the compass|WNW]] of [[Dominica]] About 235 mi (380 km) [[Points of the compass|SE]] of [[Saint Croix]]
|1sustained=140 kn (160 mph; 260 km/h)
|gusts=170 kn (195 mph; 315 km/h)
|pressure=930 [[Bar (unit)|mbar]] ([[Pascal (unit)|hPa]]; 27.46 [[Inches of Mercury|inHg]])
|movement=[[Points of the compass|WNW]] at 8 kn (9 mph; 15 km/h)
}}
'''Hurricane Maria''' is an extremely powerful [[tropical cyclone]] which recently made landfall on [[Dominica]], and is currently threatening the [[Leeward Islands]], [[Puerto Rico]], and the [[Dominican Republic]]. The thirteenth [[tropical cyclone naming|named storm]], seventh [[hurricane]], fourth [[major hurricane]], and second Category 5 hurricane of the unusually active [[2017 Atlantic hurricane season]], Maria formed on September 16 out of a [[tropical wave]] that was monitored by the [[National Hurricane Center]] beginning on September 14. It is the third major hurricane in a row to threaten the Leeward Islands with a direct strike or major impacts within two weeks, after [[Hurricane Irma]] caused catastrophic damage there and [[Hurricane Jose (2017)|Jose]], then a Category 4 hurricane, passed dangerously close just days after. At 23:30 UTC on September 18, Maria strengthened to a Category 5 hurricane, therefore making the [[2017 Atlantic hurricane season]] the first since [[2007 Atlantic hurricane season|2007]] to feature two Category 5 hurricanes, and [[List of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes#Systems|one of only six Atlantic hurricane seasons]] to feature two or more Category 5 hurricanes, as well as only the second (after 2007) to feature two hurricanes making landfall at Category 5 intensity.

==Meteorological history==
{{Storm path|Maria 2017 track.png}}
The [[National Hurricane Center]] (NHC) began monitoring two [[tropical wave]]s on September 13.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/xgtwo/gtwo_archive.php?current_issuance=201709140241&basin=atl&fdays=5|title=Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook|work=National Hurricane Center|first1=Michael|last1=Brennan|date=September 13, 2017|accessdate=September 17, 2017}}</ref> The easternmost one quickly spun up into what would become [[2017 Atlantic hurricane season#Tropical Storm Lee|Tropical Storm Lee]], while the western one continued moving generally to the west. With generally favorable conditions in the disturbance's path, development into a tropical cyclone seemed likely.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/xgtwo/gtwo_archive.php?current_issuance=201709142033&basin=atl&fdays=5|title=Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook|work=National Hurricane Center|first1=Eric|last1=Blake|date=September 14, 2017|accessdate=September 17, 2017}}</ref> The disturbance became better organized throughout the two days,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/xgtwo/gtwo_archive.php?current_issuance=201709152035&basin=atl&fdays=5|title=Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook|work=National Hurricane Center|first1=Eric|last1=Blake|date=September 15, 2017|accessdate=September 17, 2017}}</ref> and by 15:00 UTC on September 16, the rate of organization was enough to classify the system as a potential tropical cyclone.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al15/al152017.discus.001.shtml?|title=Potential Tropical Cyclone Fifteen Discussion Number 1|first1=John|last1=Cangialosi|work=National Hurricane Center|date=September 16, 2017|accessdate=September 17, 2017}}</ref> As the disturbance continued to grow increasingly well-defined throughout the course of the day, it was later upgraded to a moderate-range tropical storm – based on satellite estimates – at 21:00 UTC that day, receiving the name ''Maria''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al15/al152017.discus.002.shtml?|title=Tropical Storm Maria Discussion Number 2|first1=John|last1=Cangialosi|work=National Hurricane Center|date=September 16, 2017|accessdate=September 17, 2017}}</ref> A [[central dense overcast]] (CDO) developed atop the center of circulation, which enabled Maria to become further organized throughout the early morning hours of September 17.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al15/al152017.discus.004.shtml?|title=Tropical Storm Maria Discussion Number 4|first1=Richard|last1=Pasch|work=National Hurricane Center|date=September 17, 2017|accessdate=September 17, 2017}}</ref> Later that day, it was upgraded to a hurricane, based on reports from [[Hurricane Hunters]] that were investigating the storm.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al15/al152017.discus.005.shtml?|title=Hurricane Maria Discussion Number 6|first1=John|last1=Cangialosi|work=National Hurricane Center|date=September 17, 2017|accessdate=September 17, 2017}}</ref><ref name="usa today 1">{{cite web|last1=Stanglin|first1=Doug|title=Hurricane Jose ambles off U.S. coast as new Tropical Storm Maria tracks Irma's early path|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2017/09/16/hurricane-season-roars-tropical-storm-lee-forms-jose-threatens-east-coast/673482001/|website=[[USA Today]]|publisher=[[Gannett Company]]|accessdate=September 16, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916223638/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2017/09/16/hurricane-season-roars-tropical-storm-lee-forms-jose-threatens-east-coast/673482001/|archivedate=September 16, 2017|date=September 16, 2017}}</ref><ref name="weather channel 1">{{cite web|last1=Lam|first1=Linda|last2=Belles|first2=Jonathan|title=Tropical Storm Maria Expected to Rapidly Intensify On Approach to the Lesser Antilles; Hurricane Watches Issued|url=https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/tropical-storm-hurricane-maria-lesser-antilles|website=[[The Weather Channel]]|publisher=[[Landmark Media Enterprises]]|accessdate=September 16, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916223858/https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/tropical-storm-hurricane-maria-lesser-antilles|archivedate=September 16, 2017|date=September 16, 2017}}</ref> Shortly thereafter, Maria [[rapid deepening|explosively intensified]], with winds doubling from 80 mph (130 km/h) to 160 mph (260 km/h) in a 24-hour period, and the pressure decreasing from 982 mbar (hPa; 29.00 inHg) to 925 mbar (hPa; 28.23 inHg).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al15/al152017.discus.011.shtml?|title=Hurricane MARIA|website=www.nhc.noaa.gov|access-date=2017-09-18}}</ref> About an hour later, Maria made landfall on [[Dominica]], becoming the first hurricane on record to make landfall on the island at Category 5 intensity.<ref name="Masters Cat 5 landfall">{{Cite web |url=https://www.wunderground.com/cat6/category-5-hurricane-maria-hits-dominica |title=Category 5 Hurricane Maria Hits Dominica |last=Masters |first=Date |date=September 18, 2017 |publisher=[[Weather Underground]] |access-date=September 18, 2017}}</ref> Land interaction caused Maria to slightly weaken to a high-end Category 4 hurricane,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al15/al152017.discus.013.shtml?|title=Hurricane Maria Discussion Number 13|first1=Richard|last1=Pasch|work=National Hurricane Center|date=September 19, 2017|accessdate=September 19, 2017}}</ref> but Maria regained Category 5 status shortly after its eyewall moved over Dominica.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al15/al152017.update.09190905.shtml?|title=Hurricane Maria Tropical Cyclone Update|first1=Richard|last1=Pasch|work=National Hurricane Center|date=September 19, 2017|accessdate=September 19, 2017}}</ref>

====Current storm information====
As of 8:00 a.m [[Atlantic Time Zone|AST]] (12:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]) September 19, Hurricane Maria was located within 10 nautical miles of {{Coord|16.2|-62.8|name=Maria}}, about 85 miles (135 km) west of [[Guadeloupe]], and about 170 miles (275 km) southeast of [[Saint Croix]]. Maximum sustained winds are 140 knots (160 mph; 260 km/h), a Category 5 on the [[Saffir–Simpson scale]], with gusts to 165 knots (190 mph; 305 km/h). The minimum barometric pressure is 933 millibars (hPa; 27.55 inHg). The system is moving west-northwestward at 8 knots (9 mph; 15 km/h). Hurricane-force winds extend outward up to 30 miles (45 km) from the center of Maria, and tropical storm-force winds extended outward up to 125 miles (205 km) from the center.

For latest official information, see:
* The NHC's [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCPAT5+shtml/ latest public advisory on Hurricane Maria]
* The NHC's [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCMAT5+shtml/ latest forecast advisory on Hurricane Maria]
* The NHC's [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCDAT5+shtml/ latest forecast discussion on Hurricane Maria]

====Watches and warnings====
{{HurricaneWarningsTable
|HUW=
* '''[[British Overseas Territories]]'''
** [[British Virgin Islands]]
** [[Montserrat]]
* '''[[Dominica]]'''
* '''[[France]]'''
** [[Guadeloupe]]
** [[Martinique]]
* '''[[Saint Kitts and Nevis]]'''
* '''[[United States]]'''
** [[United States Virgin Islands]]
** [[Puerto Rico]], including [[Culebra, Puerto Rico|Culebra]] and [[Vieques, Puerto Rico|Vieques]]
| HUA=
* '''[[Antigua and Barbuda]]'''
* '''[[British Overseas Territories]]'''
** [[Anguilla]]
* '''[[Dominican Republic]]'''
** [[Isla Saona]] to [[Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic|Puerto Plata]]
* '''France'''
** [[Collectivity of Saint Martin|Saint Martin]]
** [[Saint Barthélemy]]
* '''[[Netherlands]]'''
** [[Saba]]
** [[Sint Eustatius]]
** [[Sint Maarten]]
|TRW=
* '''Antigua and Barbuda'''
* '''[[British Overseas Territories]]'''
** [[Anguilla]]
* '''Netherlands'''
** Saba
** Sint Eustatius
** Sint Maarten
* '''[[Saint Lucia]]'''
|TRA=
* '''Dominican Republic'''
** West of Puerto Plata to the northern Dominican Republic–[[Haiti]] border
* '''[[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]]'''
}}
{{clear}}

==Preparations==
Upon the initiation of the [[National Hurricane Center]] (NHC)'s first advisories for the system that would become Tropical Storm Maria on the morning of September 16, the government of [[France]] issued tropical storm watches for the islands of [[Martinique]] and [[Guadeloupe]], while [[St. Lucia]] issued a tropical storm watch for its citizens, and the government of [[Barbados]] issued a similar watch for [[Dominica]].<ref name="public advisory 1">{{cite web|last1=Cangialosi|first1=John|title=Potential Tropical Cyclone Fifteen Advisory Number 1|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al15/al152017.public.001.shtml?|website=[[National Hurricane Center]]|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] and [[National Weather Service]]|accessdate=September 16, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916215721/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al15/al152017.public.001.shtml|archivedate=September 16, 2017|date=September 16, 2017}}</ref> Barbados would later that day declare a tropical storm watch for its citizens and [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]].<ref name="public advisory 1a">{{cite web|last1=Cangialosi|first1=John|title=Tropical Depression Fifteen Intermediate Advisory Number 1A|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al15/al152017.public_a.001.shtml|website=[[National Hurricane Center]]|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] and [[National Weather Service]]|accessdate=September 16, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916220110/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al15/al152017.public_a.001.shtml|archivedate=September 16, 2017|date=September 16, 2017}}</ref> The government of [[Antigua and Barbuda]] issued Hurricane watches for the islands of [[Antigua]], [[Barbuda]], [[St. Kitts]], [[Nevis]], and [[Montserrat]] by the time of the NHC's second advisory which declared Maria a tropical storm.<ref name="public advisory 2">{{cite web|last1=Cangialosi|first1=John|title=Tropical Storm Maria Advisory Number 2|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al15/al152017.public.002.shtml|website=[[National Hurricane Center]]|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] and [[National Weather Service]]|accessdate=September 16, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916220327/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al15/al152017.public.002.shtml|archivedate=September 16, 2017|date=September 16, 2017}}</ref><ref name="washington post 1">{{cite web|last1=Porter|first1=Greg|title=Hurricane Jose lurks off the East Coast, Tropical Storm Maria threatens the Caribbean|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2017/09/16/hurricane-jose-lurks-off-the-east-coast-and-the-caribbean-faces-a-new-threat-as-tropics-remain-active/?utm_term=.e470cf551ff7|website=[[The Washington Post]]|publisher=[[Jeff Bezos|WP Company LLC]]|accessdate=September 16, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917000012/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2017/09/16/hurricane-jose-lurks-off-the-east-coast-and-the-caribbean-faces-a-new-threat-as-tropics-remain-active/?utm_term=.eca462e843ec|archivedate=September 16, 2017|date=September 16, 2017}}</ref> Evacuation orders were issued in Puerto Rico in advance of Maria, and officials announced that 450 shelters would be opened beginning during the afternoon of September 18.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Hurricane Maria upgraded to 'extremely dangerous' Category 4, islands including Puerto Rico brace for impact|last1=Shapiro|first1=Emily|last2=Hoyos|first2=Joshua|last3=Golembo|first3=Max|last4=Allen|first4=Karma|publisher=ABC News|date=September 18, 2017|accessdate=September 18, 2017}}</ref>
==Impact==
===Dominica===
Striking [[Dominica]] as a Category 5 hurricane, Maria caused severe damage. Roofs were blown off houses, including that of [[Prime Minister of Dominica|Prime Minister]] [[Roosevelt Skerrit]] who required rescue.<ref name="IBtimes PM roof">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ibtimes.com/hurricane-maria-now-category-5-blows-away-roof-dominica-pms-house-2591299 |title=Hurricane Maria, Now Category 5, Blows Away Roof Of Dominica PM's House |last=Paul |first=Pritha |date=September 19, 2017 |publisher=[[International Business Times]] |access-date=September 18, 2017}}</ref> Most of the island was left without cellular, radio, or internet service. Skerrit called the devastation "mind boggling" and indicated immediate priority was to rescue survivors rather than assess damage.<ref>{{cite news|author=Austin Ramzy|newspaper=New York Times|date=September 19, 2017|accessdate=September 19, 2017|title=Hurricane Maria Does ‘Mind Boggling’ Damage to Dominica, Leader Says|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/19/world/americas/hurricane-maria-caribbean.html}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}
* [[List of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes]]
**[[1928 Okeechobee hurricane|1928 San Felipe Segundo hurricane]] – The strongest and most destructive cyclone to affect Puerto Rico in modern times, the only recorded Category 5 hurricane to make landfall on the island
**[[Hurricane David]]
**[[Hurricane Irma]]
* [[Hurricane Harvey]]
* [[Hurricane Jose (2017)]]
* [[Hurricane Luis]]
* [[Hurricane Hortense]]
* [[Hurricane Marilyn]]
*[[Tropical cyclone#Climate change]]
*[[Tropical Storm Erika]]- Devastated the island of Dominica with severe flooding.

{{clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Hurricane Maria (2017)|Hurricane Maria}}
* The National Hurricane Center (NHC)'s [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/MARIA.shtml? advisory archive on Tropical Storm Maria]
* [https://weather.com/storms/hurricane-central/AL152017 Track and wind speed history] from [[The Weather Channel]]
{{Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes}}
{{2017 Atlantic hurricane season buttons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maria}}
[[Category:2017 Atlantic hurricane season]]
[[Category:2017 in Dominica]]
[[Category:2017 in Martinique]]
[[Category:Hurricanes in Dominica]]
[[Category:Hurricanes in Martinique]]
[[Category:September 2017 events]]
[[Category:Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes]]

Hurrikan Maria

2017-09-18T16:41:32Z

Cyclonebiskit: /* Meteorological history */ track up

{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Notice|heading=Active hurricane disclaimer|For the most up-to-date information on Hurricane Maria, please refer to the [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCPAT1+shtml/ latest advisory from the National Hurricane Center]. Wikipedia is not meant to be used to [[WP:RISK|make life or death decisions]], and information on this page may be outdated.}}
{{Current weather event|tropical cyclone|date=September 2017}}
{{Other hurricane uses|Tropical Storm Maria|the Atlantic hurricane of 2017}}
{{Infobox hurricane current
|name=Hurricane Maria
|category=cat3
|type=hurricane
|time=11:00 a.m [[Atlantic Time Zone|AST]] (15:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]) September 18
|image=Maria Geostationary VIS-IR 2017.png
|track=15L 2017 5day.png
|lat=14.7|N|lon=60.1|W
|within_units=15 [[Nautical mile|nm]]
|distance_from=About 60 mi (95 km) [[Points of the compass|E]] of [[Martinique]] About 95 mi (150 km) [[Points of the compass|ESE]] of [[Dominica]]
|1sustained=105 kn (120 mph; 195 km/h)
|gusts=130 kn (150 mph; 240 km/h)
|pressure=959 [[Bar (unit)|mbar]] ([[Pascal (unit)|hPa]]; 28.32 [[Inches of Mercury|inHg]])
|movement=[[Points of the compass|WNW]] at 9 kn (10 mph; 17 km/h)
}}

'''Hurricane Maria''' is currently a powerful [[tropical cyclone]] that is threatening the [[Leeward Islands]], [[Puerto Rico]], and the [[Dominican Republic]]. The thirteenth [[tropical cyclone naming|named storm]], seventh [[hurricane]] and fourth [[major hurricane]] of the [[2017 Atlantic hurricane season]], Maria formed on September 16 out of a [[tropical wave]] that was monitored by the [[National Hurricane Center]] starting on September 14. It is the third major hurricane in a row to threaten the Leeward Islands with a direct strike or major impacts within two weeks, after [[Hurricane Irma]] caused catastrophic damage there and [[Hurricane Jose (2017)|Jose]] passing dangerously close just days after as a Category 4. It is currently a Category 3,gusting to Category 4.

==Meteorological history==
{{Storm path|Maria 2017 track.png}}
The [[National Hurricane Center]] (NHC) began monitoring two [[tropical wave]]s on September 13.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/xgtwo/gtwo_archive.php?current_issuance=201709140241&basin=atl&fdays=5|title=Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook|work=National Hurricane Center|first1=Michael|last1=Brennan|date=September 13, 2017|accessdate=September 17, 2017}}</ref> The easternmost one would quickly spin up into what would be [[2017 Atlantic hurricane season#Tropical Storm Lee|Tropical Storm Lee]], while the western one continued moving generally to the west. With generally favorable conditions in the disturbance's path, development into a tropical cyclone seemed likely.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/xgtwo/gtwo_archive.php?current_issuance=201709142033&basin=atl&fdays=5|title=Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook|work=National Hurricane Center|first1=Eric|last1=Blake|date=September 14, 2017|accessdate=September 17, 2017}}</ref> The disturbance became better organized throughout the two days,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/xgtwo/gtwo_archive.php?current_issuance=201709152035&basin=atl&fdays=5|title=Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook|work=National Hurricane Center|first1=Eric|last1=Blake|date=September 15, 2017|accessdate=September 17, 2017}}</ref> and by 15:00 UTC on September 16, the rate of organization was enough to classify the system as a potential tropical cyclone.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al15/al152017.discus.001.shtml?|title=Potential Tropical Cyclone Fifteen Discussion Number 1|first1=John|last1=Cangialosi|work=National Hurricane Center|date=September 16, 2017|accessdate=September 17, 2017}}</ref> As the disturbance continued to grow increasingly well-defined throughout the course of the day, it was later upgraded to a moderate-range tropical storm – based on satellite estimates – at 21:00 UTC that day, receiving the name ''Maria''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al15/al152017.discus.002.shtml?|title=Tropical Storm Maria Discussion Number 2|first1=John|last1=Cangialosi|work=National Hurricane Center|date=September 16, 2017|accessdate=September 17, 2017}}</ref> A [[central dense overcast]] (CDO) developed atop the center of circulation, which enabled Maria to become further organized throughout the early morning hours of September 17.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al15/al152017.discus.004.shtml?|title=Tropical Storm Maria Discussion Number 4|first1=Richard|last1=Pasch|work=National Hurricane Center|date=September 17, 2017|accessdate=September 17, 2017}}</ref> Later that day, it was upgraded to a hurricane, based on reports from [[Hurricane Hunters]] that were investigating the storm.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al15/al152017.discus.005.shtml?|title=Hurricane Maria Discussion Number 6|first1=John|last1=Cangialosi|work=National Hurricane Center|date=September 17, 2017|accessdate=September 17, 2017}}</ref><ref name="usa today 1">{{cite web|last1=Stanglin|first1=Doug|title=Hurricane Jose ambles off U.S. coast as new Tropical Storm Maria tracks Irma's early path|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2017/09/16/hurricane-season-roars-tropical-storm-lee-forms-jose-threatens-east-coast/673482001/|website=[[USA Today]]|publisher=[[Gannett Company]]|accessdate=September 16, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916223638/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2017/09/16/hurricane-season-roars-tropical-storm-lee-forms-jose-threatens-east-coast/673482001/|archivedate=September 16, 2017|date=September 16, 2017}}</ref><ref name="weather channel 1">{{cite web|last1=Lam|first1=Linda|last2=Belles|first2=Jonathan|title=Tropical Storm Maria Expected to Rapidly Intensify On Approach to the Lesser Antilles; Hurricane Watches Issued|url=https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/tropical-storm-hurricane-maria-lesser-antilles|website=[[The Weather Channel]]|publisher=[[Landmark Media Enterprises]]|accessdate=September 16, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916223858/https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/tropical-storm-hurricane-maria-lesser-antilles|archivedate=September 16, 2017|date=September 16, 2017}}</ref>

====Current storm information====
As of 11:00 a.m [[Atlantic Time Zone|AST]] (15:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]) September 18, Hurricane Maria was located within 15 nautical miles of {{Coord|14.7|-60.1|name=Maria}}, about 60 miles (95 km) east of [[Martinique]], and about 95 miles (150 km) east-southeast of [[Dominica]]. Maximum sustained winds are 105 knots (120 mph; 195 km/h), a Category 3 on the [[Saffir–Simpson scale]], with gusts to 130 knots (150 mph; 240 km/h). The minimum barometric pressure is 959 millibars (hPa; 28.32 inHg). The system is moving west-northwest at 9 knots (10 mph; 17 km/h). Hurricane-force winds extend outward up to 15 miles (30 km) from the center of Maria, and tropical storm-force winds extended outward up to 125 miles (205 km) from the center.

For latest official information, see:
* The NHC's [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCPAT5+shtml/ latest public advisory on Hurricane Maria]
* The NHC's [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCMAT5+shtml/ latest forecast advisory on Hurricane Maria]
* The NHC's [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCDAT5+shtml/ latest forecast discussion on Hurricane Maria]

====Watches and warnings====
{{HurricaneWarningsTable
|HUW=
* '''[[Dominica]]'''
* '''[[France]]'''
** [[Guadeloupe]]
** [[Martinique]]
* '''[[British Overseas Territories]]'''
** [[British Virgin Islands]]
** [[Montserrat]]
* '''[[Saint Kitts and Nevis]]'''
* '''[[United States]]'''
** [[United States Virgin Islands]]
| HUA=
* '''[[Antigua and Barbuda]]'''
* '''[[British Overseas Territories]]'''
** [[Anguilla]]
* '''France'''
** [[Collectivity of Saint Martin|Saint Martin]]
** [[Saint Barthélemy]]
* '''[[Netherlands]]'''
** [[Saba]]
** [[Sint Eustatius]]
** [[Sint Maarten]]
* '''[[United States]]'''
** [[Puerto Rico]], including [[Vieques, Puerto Rico|Vieques]] and [[Culebra, Puerto Rico|Culebra]]
|TRW=
* '''Antigua and Barbuda'''
* '''[[British Overseas Territories]]'''
** [[Anguilla]]
* '''Netherlands'''
** Saba
** Sint Eustatius
* '''[[Saint Lucia]]'''
|TRA=
* '''[[Barbados]]'''
* '''[[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]]'''
}}
{{clear}}

==Preparations==
Upon the [[National Hurricane Center]] (NHC)'s first advisories for the system that would become Tropical Storm Maria on the morning of September 16, the government of [[France]] issued Tropical Storm watches for the islands of [[Martinique]] and [[Guadeloupe]], while [[St. Lucia]] issued a Tropical Storm watch for its citizens, and the government of [[Barbados]] issued a similar watch for [[Dominica]].<ref name="public advisory 1">{{cite web|last1=Cangialosi|first1=John|title=Potential Tropical Cyclone Fifteen Advisory Number 1|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al15/al152017.public.001.shtml?|website=[[National Hurricane Center]]|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] and [[National Weather Service]]|accessdate=September 16, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916215721/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al15/al152017.public.001.shtml|archivedate=September 16, 2017|date=September 16, 2017}}</ref> Barbados would later that day declare a Tropical Storm watch for its citizens and [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]].<ref name="public advisory 1a">{{cite web|last1=Cangialosi|first1=John|title=Tropical Depression Fifteen Intermediate Advisory Number 1A|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al15/al152017.public_a.001.shtml|website=[[National Hurricane Center]]|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] and [[National Weather Service]]|accessdate=September 16, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916220110/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al15/al152017.public_a.001.shtml|archivedate=September 16, 2017|date=September 16, 2017}}</ref> The government of [[Antigua and Barbuda]] issued Hurricane watches for the islands of [[Antigua]], [[Barbuda]], [[St. Kitts]], [[Nevis]], and [[Montserrat]] by the time of the NHC's second advisory which declared Maria a Tropical Storm.<ref name="public advisory 2">{{cite web|last1=Cangialosi|first1=John|title=Tropical Storm Maria Advisory Number 2|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al15/al152017.public.002.shtml|website=[[National Hurricane Center]]|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] and [[National Weather Service]]|accessdate=September 16, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916220327/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al15/al152017.public.002.shtml|archivedate=September 16, 2017|date=September 16, 2017}}</ref><ref name="washington post 1">{{cite web|last1=Porter|first1=Greg|title=Hurricane Jose lurks off the East Coast, Tropical Storm Maria threatens the Caribbean|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2017/09/16/hurricane-jose-lurks-off-the-east-coast-and-the-caribbean-faces-a-new-threat-as-tropics-remain-active/?utm_term=.e470cf551ff7|website=[[The Washington Post]]|publisher=[[Jeff Bezos|WP Company LLC]]|accessdate=September 16, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917000012/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2017/09/16/hurricane-jose-lurks-off-the-east-coast-and-the-caribbean-faces-a-new-threat-as-tropics-remain-active/?utm_term=.eca462e843ec|archivedate=September 16, 2017|date=September 16, 2017}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}
* [[Hurricane Jeanne]]
* [[Hurricane Irene]]
* [[Hurricane Marilyn]]

{{clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Hurricane Maria (2017)|Hurricane Maria}}
* The National Hurricane Center (NHC)'s [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/MARIA.shtml? advisory archive on Tropical Storm Maria]
* [https://weather.com/storms/hurricane-central/AL152017 Track and wind speed history] from [[The Weather Channel]]

{{2017 Atlantic hurricane season buttons}}

[[Category:2017 Atlantic hurricane season]]
[[Category:Category 3 Atlantic hurricanes]]

Hurrikan Maria

2017-09-18T16:35:49Z

Cyclonebiskit: /* Preparations */ doesn't provide much

{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Notice|heading=Active hurricane disclaimer|For the most up-to-date information on Hurricane Maria, please refer to the [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCPAT1+shtml/ latest advisory from the National Hurricane Center]. Wikipedia is not meant to be used to [[WP:RISK|make life or death decisions]], and information on this page may be outdated.}}
{{Current weather event|tropical cyclone|date=September 2017}}
{{Other hurricane uses|Tropical Storm Maria|the Atlantic hurricane of 2017}}
{{Infobox hurricane current
|name=Hurricane Maria
|category=cat3
|type=hurricane
|time=11:00 a.m [[Atlantic Time Zone|AST]] (15:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]) September 18
|image=Maria Geostationary VIS-IR 2017.png
|track=15L 2017 5day.png
|lat=14.7|N|lon=60.1|W
|within_units=15 [[Nautical mile|nm]]
|distance_from=About 60 mi (95 km) [[Points of the compass|E]] of [[Martinique]] About 95 mi (150 km) [[Points of the compass|ESE]] of [[Dominica]]
|1sustained=105 kn (120 mph; 195 km/h)
|gusts=130 kn (150 mph; 240 km/h)
|pressure=959 [[Bar (unit)|mbar]] ([[Pascal (unit)|hPa]]; 28.32 [[Inches of Mercury|inHg]])
|movement=[[Points of the compass|WNW]] at 9 kn (10 mph; 17 km/h)
}}

'''Hurricane Maria''' is currently a powerful [[tropical cyclone]] that is threatening the [[Leeward Islands]], [[Puerto Rico]], and the [[Dominican Republic]]. The thirteenth [[tropical cyclone naming|named storm]], seventh [[hurricane]] and fourth [[major hurricane]] of the [[2017 Atlantic hurricane season]], Maria formed on September 16 out of a [[tropical wave]] that was monitored by the [[National Hurricane Center]] starting on September 14. It is the third major hurricane in a row to threaten the Leeward Islands with a direct strike or major impacts within two weeks, after [[Hurricane Irma]] caused catastrophic damage there and [[Hurricane Jose (2017)|Jose]] passing dangerously close just days after as a Category 4. It is currently a Category 3.

==Meteorological history==

The [[National Hurricane Center]] (NHC) began monitoring two [[tropical wave]]s on September 13.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/xgtwo/gtwo_archive.php?current_issuance=201709140241&basin=atl&fdays=5|title=Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook|work=National Hurricane Center|first1=Michael|last1=Brennan|date=September 13, 2017|accessdate=September 17, 2017}}</ref> The easternmost one would quickly spin up into what would be [[2017 Atlantic hurricane season#Tropical Storm Lee|Tropical Storm Lee]], while the western one continued moving generally to the west. With generally favorable conditions in the disturbance's path, development into a tropical cyclone seemed likely.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/xgtwo/gtwo_archive.php?current_issuance=201709142033&basin=atl&fdays=5|title=Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook|work=National Hurricane Center|first1=Eric|last1=Blake|date=September 14, 2017|accessdate=September 17, 2017}}</ref> The disturbance became better organized throughout the two days,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/xgtwo/gtwo_archive.php?current_issuance=201709152035&basin=atl&fdays=5|title=Graphical Tropical Weather Outlook|work=National Hurricane Center|first1=Eric|last1=Blake|date=September 15, 2017|accessdate=September 17, 2017}}</ref> and by 15:00 UTC on September 16, the rate of organization was enough to classify the system as a potential tropical cyclone.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al15/al152017.discus.001.shtml?|title=Potential Tropical Cyclone Fifteen Discussion Number 1|first1=John|last1=Cangialosi|work=National Hurricane Center|date=September 16, 2017|accessdate=September 17, 2017}}</ref> As the disturbance continued to grow increasingly well-defined throughout the course of the day, it was later upgraded to a moderate-range tropical storm – based on satellite estimates – at 21:00 UTC that day, receiving the name ''Maria''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al15/al152017.discus.002.shtml?|title=Tropical Storm Maria Discussion Number 2|first1=John|last1=Cangialosi|work=National Hurricane Center|date=September 16, 2017|accessdate=September 17, 2017}}</ref> A [[central dense overcast]] (CDO) developed atop the center of circulation, which enabled Maria to become further organized throughout the early morning hours of September 17.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al15/al152017.discus.004.shtml?|title=Tropical Storm Maria Discussion Number 4|first1=Richard|last1=Pasch|work=National Hurricane Center|date=September 17, 2017|accessdate=September 17, 2017}}</ref> Later that day, it was upgraded to a hurricane, based on reports from [[Hurricane Hunters]] that were investigating the storm.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al15/al152017.discus.005.shtml?|title=Hurricane Maria Discussion Number 6|first1=John|last1=Cangialosi|work=National Hurricane Center|date=September 17, 2017|accessdate=September 17, 2017}}</ref><ref name="usa today 1">{{cite web|last1=Stanglin|first1=Doug|title=Hurricane Jose ambles off U.S. coast as new Tropical Storm Maria tracks Irma's early path|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2017/09/16/hurricane-season-roars-tropical-storm-lee-forms-jose-threatens-east-coast/673482001/|website=[[USA Today]]|publisher=[[Gannett Company]]|accessdate=September 16, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916223638/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2017/09/16/hurricane-season-roars-tropical-storm-lee-forms-jose-threatens-east-coast/673482001/|archivedate=September 16, 2017|date=September 16, 2017}}</ref><ref name="weather channel 1">{{cite web|last1=Lam|first1=Linda|last2=Belles|first2=Jonathan|title=Tropical Storm Maria Expected to Rapidly Intensify On Approach to the Lesser Antilles; Hurricane Watches Issued|url=https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/tropical-storm-hurricane-maria-lesser-antilles|website=[[The Weather Channel]]|publisher=[[Landmark Media Enterprises]]|accessdate=September 16, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916223858/https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/tropical-storm-hurricane-maria-lesser-antilles|archivedate=September 16, 2017|date=September 16, 2017}}</ref>

====Current storm information====
As of 11:00 a.m [[Atlantic Time Zone|AST]] (15:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]) September 18, Hurricane Maria was located within 15 nautical miles of {{Coord|14.7|-60.1|name=Maria}}, about 60 miles (95 km) east of [[Martinique]], and about 95 miles (150 km) east-southeast of [[Dominica]]. Maximum sustained winds are 105 knots (120 mph; 195 km/h), a Category 3 on the [[Saffir–Simpson scale]], with gusts to 130 knots (150 mph; 240 km/h). The minimum barometric pressure is 959 millibars (hPa; 28.32 inHg). The system is moving west-northwest at 9 knots (10 mph; 17 km/h). Hurricane-force winds extend outward up to 15 miles (30 km) from the center of Maria, and tropical storm-force winds extended outward up to 125 miles (205 km) from the center.

For latest official information, see:
* The NHC's [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCPAT5+shtml/ latest public advisory on Hurricane Maria]
* The NHC's [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCMAT5+shtml/ latest forecast advisory on Hurricane Maria]
* The NHC's [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCDAT5+shtml/ latest forecast discussion on Hurricane Maria]

====Watches and warnings====
{{HurricaneWarningsTable
|HUW=
* '''[[Dominica]]'''
* '''[[France]]'''
** [[Guadeloupe]]
** [[Martinique]]
* '''[[British Overseas Territories]]'''
** [[British Virgin Islands]]
** [[Montserrat]]
* '''[[Saint Kitts and Nevis]]'''
* '''[[United States]]'''
** [[United States Virgin Islands]]
| HUA=
* '''[[Antigua and Barbuda]]'''
* '''[[British Overseas Territories]]'''
** [[Anguilla]]
* '''France'''
** [[Collectivity of Saint Martin|Saint Martin]]
** [[Saint Barthélemy]]
* '''[[Netherlands]]'''
** [[Saba]]
** [[Sint Eustatius]]
** [[Sint Maarten]]
* '''[[United States]]'''
** [[Puerto Rico]], including [[Vieques, Puerto Rico|Vieques]] and [[Culebra, Puerto Rico|Culebra]]
|TRW=
* '''Antigua and Barbuda'''
* '''[[British Overseas Territories]]'''
** [[Anguilla]]
* '''Netherlands'''
** Saba
** Sint Eustatius
* '''[[Saint Lucia]]'''
|TRA=
* '''[[Barbados]]'''
* '''[[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]]'''
}}
{{clear}}

==Preparations==
Upon the [[National Hurricane Center]] (NHC)'s first advisories for the system that would become Tropical Storm Maria on the morning of September 16, the government of [[France]] issued Tropical Storm watches for the islands of [[Martinique]] and [[Guadeloupe]], while [[St. Lucia]] issued a Tropical Storm watch for its citizens, and the government of [[Barbados]] issued a similar watch for [[Dominica]].<ref name="public advisory 1">{{cite web|last1=Cangialosi|first1=John|title=Potential Tropical Cyclone Fifteen Advisory Number 1|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al15/al152017.public.001.shtml?|website=[[National Hurricane Center]]|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] and [[National Weather Service]]|accessdate=September 16, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916215721/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al15/al152017.public.001.shtml|archivedate=September 16, 2017|date=September 16, 2017}}</ref> Barbados would later that day declare a Tropical Storm watch for its citizens and [[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]].<ref name="public advisory 1a">{{cite web|last1=Cangialosi|first1=John|title=Tropical Depression Fifteen Intermediate Advisory Number 1A|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al15/al152017.public_a.001.shtml|website=[[National Hurricane Center]]|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] and [[National Weather Service]]|accessdate=September 16, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916220110/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al15/al152017.public_a.001.shtml|archivedate=September 16, 2017|date=September 16, 2017}}</ref> The government of [[Antigua and Barbuda]] issued Hurricane watches for the islands of [[Antigua]], [[Barbuda]], [[St. Kitts]], [[Nevis]], and [[Montserrat]] by the time of the NHC's second advisory which declared Maria a Tropical Storm.<ref name="public advisory 2">{{cite web|last1=Cangialosi|first1=John|title=Tropical Storm Maria Advisory Number 2|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al15/al152017.public.002.shtml|website=[[National Hurricane Center]]|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] and [[National Weather Service]]|accessdate=September 16, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916220327/http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al15/al152017.public.002.shtml|archivedate=September 16, 2017|date=September 16, 2017}}</ref><ref name="washington post 1">{{cite web|last1=Porter|first1=Greg|title=Hurricane Jose lurks off the East Coast, Tropical Storm Maria threatens the Caribbean|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2017/09/16/hurricane-jose-lurks-off-the-east-coast-and-the-caribbean-faces-a-new-threat-as-tropics-remain-active/?utm_term=.e470cf551ff7|website=[[The Washington Post]]|publisher=[[Jeff Bezos|WP Company LLC]]|accessdate=September 16, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917000012/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2017/09/16/hurricane-jose-lurks-off-the-east-coast-and-the-caribbean-faces-a-new-threat-as-tropics-remain-active/?utm_term=.eca462e843ec|archivedate=September 16, 2017|date=September 16, 2017}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}
* [[Hurricane Jeanne]]
* [[Hurricane Irene]]
* [[Hurricane Marilyn]]

{{clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Hurricane Maria (2017)|Hurricane Maria}}
* The National Hurricane Center (NHC)'s [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/MARIA.shtml? advisory archive on Tropical Storm Maria]
* [https://weather.com/storms/hurricane-central/AL152017 Track and wind speed history] from [[The Weather Channel]]

{{2017 Atlantic hurricane season buttons}}

[[Category:2017 Atlantic hurricane season]]
[[Category:Category 3 Atlantic hurricanes]]

Hurrikan Nicole

2016-10-26T12:26:42Z

Cyclonebiskit: Reverted to revision 746193168 by Gaelan (talk): Largest Atlantic hurricane template is questionable, record period very small. (TW)

{{Infobox hurricane
| Name=Hurricane Nicole
| Type=hurricane
| Year=2016
| Basin=Atl
| Image location=Nicole 2016-10-12 1750Z.jpg
| Image name=Hurricane Nicole rapidly intensifying south of [[Bermuda]] on October 12
| Formed=October 4, 2016
| Dissipated=October 20, 2016
| Extratropical=October 18
| 1-min winds=115
| Pressure=950
| Damages=Unknown
| Fatalities=1 direct, 1 missing
| Areas=[[Bermuda]], North Atlantic Coastlines
| Hurricane season=[[2016 Atlantic hurricane season]]
}}
'''Hurricane Nicole''' was the first major hurricane to directly impact or make landfall on [[Bermuda]] since [[Hurricane Fabian]] in [[2003 Atlantic hurricane season|2003]]. The fourteenth named storm, sixth hurricane and third major hurricane of the active [[2016 Atlantic hurricane season]], Nicole formed in the central Atlantic on October 4. The small, slow-moving storm defied forecasts by steadily organizing in spite of strong [[wind shear]], and it rapidly intensified to a [[Saffir-Simpson scale|Category 2 hurricane]] on October 7. The wind shear finally took its toll by October 8, reducing Nicole to a minimal tropical storm, as a building high pressure system forced the storm southwards. Intensification began once again as Nicole retreated towards Bermuda, with the storm briefly reaching Category 4 status. The [[eye (cyclone)|eye]] of the storm ultimately passed over Bermuda on October 13, at Category 3 hurricane status. The storm's approach to Bermuda forced schools, businesses, and government offices to close, while flight, bus, and ferry services were interrupted. In the end, the storm became the third longest-lived Atlantic hurricane of the 2010s, behind [[2011 Atlantic hurricane season#Hurricane Philippe|Hurricane Philippe]] of 2011, and [[Hurricane Nadine (2012)|Hurricane Nadine]] of 2012.

==Meteorological history==
{{storm path|Nicole 2016 track.png}}
On October 1, 2016, the [[National Hurricane Center]] (NHC) began monitoring a weak [[tropical wave]]-induced [[low pressure area]] producing scattered showers and thunderstorms, along with winds just shy of tropical storm intensity, over the central Atlantic. Strong [[wind shear]] prevented the disturbance from organizing significantly as it tracked northwestward for the next several days.<ref>{{cite web|author=Robbie Berg|title=Tropical Weather Outlook issued 2:00 am EDT Saturday, October 1, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/text/TWOAT/2016/TWOAT.201610010534.txt}}</ref> On October 4, satellite data confirmed the presence of a well-defined circulation center with gale-force winds.<ref>{{cite web|author=Richard Pasch|title=Tropical Weather Outlook issued 8 am EDT Tuesday, October 4, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/text/TWOAT/2016/TWOAT.201610041148.txt}}</ref><ref name="disc1">{{cite web|author=Richard Pasch|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 1|date=October 4, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.001.shtml?}}</ref> Around the same time, [[Atmospheric convection|thunderstorm activity]] became better organized and [[rainband|banding features]] began to evolve over the eastern side of the disturbance. As a result, the NHC classified the system as Tropical Storm ''Nicole'' at 15:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]], while it was located about {{convert|525|mi|km|abbr=on}} northeast of [[San Juan, Puerto Rico]]. The storm, still plagued by inhibiting wind shear, was forecast to remain weak.<ref name="disc1"/><ref>{{cite web|author=Richard Pasch|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Public Advisory Number 1|date=October 4, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.001.shtml?}}</ref>

Nicole's cloud pattern gradually improved on October 5, partially shielded from the effects of wind shear by an upper-level low situated atop the tropical storm. Although [[convection]] remained lopsided, a distinct mid-level [[eye (cyclone)|eye feature]] developed within the unusually small cyclone.<ref>{{cite web|author=Robbie Berg|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 6|date=October 5, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.006.shtml?}}</ref> The storm continued moving generally northwestward around a [[subtropical ridge]] to its north.<ref>{{cite web|author=John Cangialos|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 4|date=October 5, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.004.shtml?}}</ref> Nicole gradually intensified as it became more symmetrical in appearance, and at 18:00 UTC on October 6, it was upgraded to a [[Saffir-Simpson scale#Category 1|Category 1 hurricane]] about {{convert|345|mi|km|abbr=on}} south of Bermuda.<ref>{{cite web|author=Richard Pasche|title=Hurricane Nicole Special Advisory Number 10|date=October 6, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.010.shtml?}}</ref> A period of rapid intensification brought Nicole to its initial peak intensity as a Category 2 hurricane early on October 7, with sustained winds of 105 mph (165 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 968 mbar (28.59 inHg). At the same time, a pinhole eye became evident on satellite imagery.<ref>{{cite web|author=Eric Blake|title=Hurricane Nicole Public Advisory Number 12|date=October 7, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.012.shtml?}}</ref> Considering the strong shear produced by [[Outflow (meteorology)|outflow]] from powerful [[Hurricane Matthew]] to Nicole's southwest, the NHC described this strengthening trend as "unexpected."<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Hurricane Nicole Discussion Number 11|date=October 6, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.011.shtml?}}</ref> An approaching [[trough (meteorology)|trough]] eroded the ridge to the north, leaving the hurricane in an area of very weak steering currents;<ref>{{cite web|author=John Cangialos|title=Hurricane Nicole Discussion Number 8|date=October 6, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.008.shtml?}}</ref> consequently, its forward movement slowed to nearly stationary.<ref>{{cite web|author=Eric Blake|title=Hurricane Nicole Discussion Number 12|date=October 7, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.012.shtml?}}</ref>

[[File:Nicole 2016-10-04 1705Z.jpg|thumb|right|Nicole shortly after being classified as a tropical storm October 4]]
By early on October 7, Nicole had finally felt the effects of strong wind shear and quickly weakened back into a tropical storm.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 14|date=October 7, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.014.shtml?}}</ref> A new blocking [[high pressure area]] began forming to the north, driving Nicole slowly toward the south as the storm's convective pattern continued to deteriorate.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 15|date=October 7, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.015.shtml?}}</ref> On the morning of October 8, the storm's center was displaced far to the north of the waning deep convection, and Nicole further declined to a minimal tropical storm.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 18|date=October 8, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.018.shtml?}}</ref> However, later that day, unusually warm [[sea surface temperature]]s enabled a "tremendous burst of deep convection" close to the center, and Nicole began to reintensify. That the storm was able to survive in spite of as much as 50 mph (85 km/h) of northerly shear proved "puzzling" to forecasters.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 19|date=October 8, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.019.shtml?}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Robbie Berg|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 17|date=October 8, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.017.shtml?}}</ref> Convection oscillated in coverage and intensity throughout the day on October 9; bursts of deep convection, which at one point coalesced into a burgeoning [[central dense overcast]], repeatedly subsided to leave the center exposed. As steering currents slackened, Nicole slowed to a drift before the retreating ridge of high pressure allowed the storm to resume a northward course.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 23|date=October 9, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.023.shtml?}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Jack Beven|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 24|date=October 10, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.024.shtml}}</ref> By the morning of October 10, thunderstorms associated with the tropical storm had "faded away into a shallow and shapeless cloud mass", according to one NHC forecaster.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 26|date=October 10, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.026.shtml?}}</ref> The storm remained disorganized for the next day or so, until several bands of convection began to wrap around a ragged eye feature in response to abating wind shear.<ref>{{cite web|author=Daniel Brown|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 30|date=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.030.shtml?|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 12, 2016}}</ref> Nicole reattained Category 1 hurricane intensity at 18:00 UTC on October 11, and its satellite appearance continued to improve.<ref name="30a">{{cite news|author=Daniel Brown|title=Hurricane Nicole Intermediate Public Advisory Number 30A|date=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public_a.030.shtml?|publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref>

After meandering westward for a time, the hurricane turned north and soon accelerated toward the northeast as it recurved into the [[Tropical cyclone#Interaction with the mid-latitude westerlies|mid-latitude westerlies]]. While nearing Bermuda, Nicole exhibited a highly symmetrical cloud pattern centered around a large and well-defined eye.<ref>{{cite web|author=Daniel Brown|title=Hurricane Nicole Discussion Number 34|date=October 12, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 12, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.034.shtml?}}</ref> The storm underwent another period of rapid intensification, and eventually reached its peak intensity as a Category 4 major hurricane with winds of 130 mph (215 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 950 mbar (28.05 inHg).<ref>{{cite web|author=Michael Brennan|title=Hurricane Nicole Public Advisory Number 36|date=October 12, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCPAT5+shtml/130300.shtml?|accessdate=October 12, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref> Nicole maintained its strength for nine hours before starting to weaken because of increasing southwesterly shear.<ref>{{cite web|author=Daniel Brown, Robbie Berg|title=Hurricane Nicole Public Advisory Number 37A|date=October 13, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public_a.037.shtml?|accessdate=October 13, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref><ref name="disc38">{{cite web|author=Daniel Brown|title=Hurricane Nicole Discussion Number 38|date=October 13, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 13, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.038.shtml?}}</ref> At around 15:00 UTC on October 13, the eye of Nicole passed over Bermuda, marking a [[Landfall#Tropical cyclone|direct hit]].<ref name="adv38">{{cite web|author=Daniel Brown and Robbie Berg|title=Hurricane Nicole Public Advisory Number 38|date=October 13, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.038.shtml?|accessdate=October 13, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref> While passing the islands, the storm's inner core lost some of its structure, and the eye as viewed from radar was tilted to the southwest of the central clearing displayed on satellite.<ref name="disc38"/> At 09:00 UTC on October 14, a southwesterly wind shear reduced the system to Category 1 status, although [[Swell (ocean)|swells]] from Nicole affected Bermuda and portions of the U.S. east coast and [[Atlantic Canada]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Avila, Lixion|title=Hurricane Nicole Public Advisory Number 41|date=October 14, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.041.shtml?|accessdate=October 14, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref> In the early morning of October 15, Nicole weakened again to a tropical storm, only to restrengthen into a hurricane twelve hours later,<ref>{{cite web|author=Berg, Robbie|title=Hurricane Nicole Public Advisory Number 44|date=October 14, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.044.shtml?|accessdate=October 15, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref> becoming the first storm to strengthen to hurricane status thrice since [[Hurricane Tomas]] of [[2010 Atlantic hurricane season|2010]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Twin Typhoons in Philippines; Nicole of the North; Hundred-Degree Heat in Plains|url=https://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=3482|publisher=[[Weather Underground (weather service)|Weather Underground]]|date=October 17, 2016|accessdate=October 18, 2016}}</ref> {{cn span|Shortly after, Nicole slowed tremendously, as it became stationed south of a high pressure system. Its wind field started to expand drastically, eventually making it the fourth largest Atlantic hurricane ever recorded. Shortly after, Nicole finally transitioned into an [[extratropical cyclone]] on October 18, ending its nearly 2-week journey across the Atlantic basin.|date=October 2016}}

==Preparations and impact==
[[File:Nicole am2 2016290.jpg|thumb|right|A map of sea surface temperature anomalies along the track of Hurricane Nicole. The hurricane's winds [[upwelling|upwelled]] cooler waters below the surface, leaving behind a cold wake along its path.]]

===Bermuda===

On October 10, while the storm was still located about {{convert|415|mi|km|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} to the south, the [[Bermuda Weather Service]] issued a [[tropical cyclone watches and warnings|hurricane watch]] for the islands of Bermuda.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Public Advisory Number 27|date=October 10, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.027.shtml?}}</ref> A concurrent tropical storm warning was posted early the next morning,<ref>{{cite web|author=Lixon Avila|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Public Advisory Number 29|date=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.029.shtml?}}</ref> and both advisories were replaced with a hurricane warning when Nicole reintensified into a hurricane.<ref name="30a"/> Residents boarded up their homes and businesses and placed sandbags to minimize the effects of flooding. Small boats were removed from marinas for safe storage, while larger vessels that remained in the water were tightly secured.<ref>{{cite news|author=Guy Cabral and Lisa Simpson|title=Nicole: Residents make final preparations|date=October 12, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 12, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/storm/article/20161012/nicole-residents-make-final-preparations}}</ref> Schools and government offices closed for the duration of the storm, while ferry and bus services were suspended on October 12. Additionally, commercial flights to and from [[L.F. Wade International Airport]] were canceled.<ref>{{cite news|title=Advice, closures and cancellations|date=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/news/article/20161011/advice-closures-and-cancellations|accessdate=October 11, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Nicole upgraded to hurricane|date=October 11, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/news/article/20161011/nicole-upgraded-to-hurricane}}</ref> The threat of the storm prompted three cruise liners to cancel their scheduled stops at Bermuda.<ref>{{cite news|title=
Nicole on track to hit Bermuda|date=October 10, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/news/article/20161010/nicole-on-track-to-hit-bermuda}}</ref>

As a precaution, officials closed [[The Causeway, Bermuda|the Causeway]] late on October 12.<ref>{{cite news|author=Adrian Robson|title=
Island braced for direct hit|date=October 12, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 12, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/storm/article/20161012/island-braced-for-direct-hit}}</ref> Some 140 [[The Royal Bermuda Regiment|Royal Bermuda Regiment]] soldiers were deployed at strategic points, ready to assist in the aftermath of the storm.<ref>{{cite news|title=
Nicole live: Regiment adopts state of readiness|date=October 12, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 12, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/storm/article/20161012/nicole-live-regiment-adopts-state-of-readiness}}</ref> At the [[Cedarbridge Academy]], a government shelter was opened with [[Camp bed|cots]] and emergency supplies for storm victims.<ref>{{cite news|title=Photos: Shelter Opens At CedarBridge Academy|date=October 12, 2016|newspaper=Bernews|accessdate=October 12, 2016|url=http://bernews.com/2016/10/photos-hurricane-nicole-shelter/}}</ref> Bermuda's only daily newspaper, ''[[The Royal Gazette (Bermuda)|The Royal Gazette]]'', did not go to print on October 13.<ref>{{cite news|title=No Royal Gazette on Thursday|date=October 12, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 12, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/storm/article/20161012/no-royal-gazette-on-thursday}}</ref> With adverse weather conditions expected to impact a crucial [[NASA]] rocket tracking site in Bermuda, the launch of an [[International Space Station]] resupply spacecraft from Virginia's [[Wallops Flight Facility]] was postponed.<ref>{{cite web|author=Karen Northon|title=Atlantic Storm System Delays NASA Resupply Launch to Space Station|date=October 11, 2016|publisher=National Aeronautics and Space Administration|accessdate=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/atlantic-storm-system-delays-nasa-resupply-launch-to-space-station}}</ref> [[Cygnus CRS OA-5|The mission]] had already been delayed, in part due to the threat of Hurricane Matthew.<ref>{{cite web|author=Stephen Clark|title=Critical Antares rocket launch set for Friday night|date=October 10, 2016|publisher=Spaceflight Now|accessdate=October 11, 2016|url=http://spaceflightnow.com/2016/10/10/critical-antares-rocket-launch-set-for-friday-night/}}</ref>

Strong swells from the slow-moving storm started affecting Bermuda on October 6.<ref>{{cite web|title=BWS Daily Climatology Written Summary|date=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.weather.bm/climatereport/climateReport.asp|accessdate=October 11, 2016|publisher=Bermuda Weather Service}}</ref> Later, on October 11, gusty winds along the periphery of Nicole's circulation caused a brief power outage.<ref>{{cite news|author=Jonathan Bell|title=Belco reports first storm-related outage|date=October 11, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/news/article/20161011/belco-reports-first-storm-related-outage}}</ref> As the core of the hurricane passed over Bermuda, a [[Automated airport weather station#Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS)|weather station]] on Pearl Island recorded sustained winds of 87 mph (141 km/h) with gusts to 119 mph (191 km/h).<ref name="adv38"/> An elevated station at Commissioner's Point recorded slightly higher winds.<ref>{{cite web|author=Daniel Brown and Robbie Berg|title=Hurricane Nicole Tropical Cyclone Update|date=October 13, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.update.10131332.shtml?|accessdate=October 13, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref> The strong winds brought down trees and powerlines, leaving 27,341 households—approximately 90% of all electric customers in the territory—without service.<ref>{{cite news|title=Photos: The Aftermath Of Hurricane Nicole|date=October 13, 2016|newspaper=Bernews|accessdate=October 13, 2016|url=http://bernews.com/2016/10/photos-aftermath-hurricane-nicole}}</ref> Service was predominately restored within a few days, though isolated outages reappeared well after the storm's passage, when salt deposits began disrupting the [[electric power distribution]] system.<ref>{{cite news|title=Salt build-up causing electrical outages|date=October 20, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 24, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/news/article/20161020/salt-build-up-causing-electrical-outages}}</ref>

The terminal building at L.F. Wade International Airport was partially unroofed, and rainwater leaks were reported throughout the facility.<ref>{{cite web|author=Adam Zacharias|title=Airport rain leaks ‘amplified’ by Nicole|date=October 22, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 24, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/storm/article/20161022/airport-rain-leaks-amplified-by-nicole}}</ref> Agriculture took a significant hit, as the storm destroyed fields of fruit and vegetable crops in various stages of growth. At least one farmer reported a nearly total loss of young vegetable plants.<ref>{{cite web|author=Simon Jones|title=Farmers count the cost of hurricane damage|date=October 22, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 24, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/storm/article/20161022/farmers-count-cost-of-hurricane-damage}}</ref> Dozens of boats, some up to {{convert|80|ft|m|abbr=on}} in length, were ripped from their moorings and left damaged, sunken, or crushed upon rocky sections of coastline.<ref>{{cite news|author=Sarah Lagan|title=Dozens of boats damaged or sunk|date=October 18, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 24, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/news/article/20161018/dozens-of-boats-damaged-or-sunk}}</ref>

Initial reports indicated that some homes sustained roof damage, and low-lying roadways and buildings were flooded. Overall, the hurricane proved less damaging than initially feared, and no fatalities or serious injuries were reported.<ref name="live">{{cite news|title=Nicole live: storm moves on, Causeway shut|date=October 13, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 12, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/storm/article/20161013/nicole-live-storm-moves-on-causeway-shut}}</ref> An unusually high number of [[blackpoll warbler]]s were spotted in Bermuda after Hurricane Nicole disrupted their transoceanic migration, forcing them to seek shelter.<ref>{{cite news|author=Owain Johnston-Barnes|title=Blackpoll Warblers check in for a stopover|date=October 24, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/news/article/20161021/blackpoll-warblers-check-in-for-stopover}}</ref>

===Atlantic Coastlines===
Although only Bermuda was directly affected by the hurricane, Nicole's large size stirred a tremendous area of high seas. Long-period swells propagated across the entire North Atlantic for a prolonged period.<ref>{{cite report|author=Stacy Stewart|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=October 16, 2016|accessdate=October 19, 2016|title=Hurricane Nicole Discussion Number 51|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.051.shtml|location=Miami, Florida}}</ref> One surfer went missing in Puerto Rico in relation to these swells.<ref>{{cite news|author=Bihu Ray|newspaper=International Business Times|date=October 13, 2016|accessdate=October 19, 2016|title=Bermuda braces for extremely dangerous hurricane Nicole|url=http://www.ibtimes.sg/bermuda-braces-extremely-dangerous-hurricane-nicole-3889}}</ref> Along the [[Florida]] coastline, hundreds of baby sea turtles were washed back ashore; roughly 500 were rescued by the [[Marine Science Center|Volusia Marine Science Center]], and 75 by the [[Brevard Zoo]].<ref>{{cite news|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=Naples Daily News|date=October 17, 2016|accessdate=October 19, 2016|title=Hurricane Nicole pushes sea turtles back to Florida beaches|url=http://www.naplesnews.com/story/news/local/florida/2016/10/17/hurricane-nicole-pushes-sea-turtles-back-florida-beaches/92298692/|location=Melbourne, Florida}}</ref> In [[South Florida]], the swells combined with the annual [[king tide]], resulting in significant coastal flooding.<ref>{{cite news|author=Joey Flechas and Cresonia Hsieh|newspaper=Miami Herald|date=October 12, 2016|accessdate=October 19, 2016|title=King tides arriving in South Florida with extra swell from Hurricane Nicole|url=http://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/community/miami-dade/miami-beach/article107879707.html}}</ref> Water levels in [[Virginia Key]] and [[Miami]] rose {{convert|1|ft|m|abbr=on}} above forecast levels. Coastal roads in [[Ft. Lauderdale, Florida|Ft. Lauderdale]] became submerged with waves rolling into streets.<ref>{{cite news|author=Jess Swanson|newspaper=Broward Palm Beach New Times|date=October 14, 2016|accessdate=October 19, 2016|title=Hurricane Nicole and King Tide Already Flooding Fort Lauderdale|url=http://www.browardpalmbeach.com/news/hurricane-nicole-and-king-tide-already-flooding-fort-lauderdale-8153959}}</ref> In [[Rodanthe, North Carolina]], a large breaking wave pulled two teenagers out to sea; one managed to swim to shore safely while the other drowned. The [[United States Coast Guard]] assisted in search and rescue for nearly two days before the boy's body washed ashore. Between 20 and 30 other people required rescue from [[rip current]]s in the area.<ref>{{cite news|author=Irene Nolan|newspaper=Island Free Press|date=October 13, 2016|accessdate=October 19, 2016|title=Teen swimmer missing off Rodanthe beach|url=http://islandfreepress.org/2016Archives/10.13.2016-TeenSwimmerMissingOffRodantheBeach.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Irene Nolan|newspaper=Island Free Press|date=October 17, 2016|accessdate=October 19, 2016|title=Update: Body of missing swimmer found near Avon pier|url=http://islandfreepress.org/2016Archives/10.17.2016-UPDATEBodyOfMissingSwimmerFoundNearAvonPier.html}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Tropical cyclones}}
*[[Hurricane Nicole|Other storms of the same name]]
*[[Hurricane Dean (1989)]]
*[[Hurricane Fabian]]
*[[Hurricane Fay (2014)]]
*[[Hurricane Gonzalo]]
*[[List of Bermuda hurricanes]]
*[[List of Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/NICOLE.shtml? Advisory archive] from the National Hurricane Center
*[http://bernews.com/2016/10/photos-aftermath-hurricane-nicole/ Damage photo gallery] from ''Bernews''

{{2016 Atlantic hurricane season buttons}}

[[Category:Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes|Nicole (2016)]]
[[Category:2016 Atlantic hurricane season|Nicole]]
[[Category:Hurricanes in Bermuda|Nicole]]

Hurrikan Nicole

2016-10-19T18:20:11Z

Cyclonebiskit: Reverted good faith edits by 107.77.221.106 (talk): Still active. (TW)

{{Infobox hurricane
| Name=Hurricane Nicole
| Type=hurricane
| Year=2016
| Basin=Atl
| Image location=Nicole 2016-10-12 1750Z.jpg
| Image name=Hurricane Nicole rapidly intensifying south of [[Bermuda]] on October 12
| Formed=October 4, 2016
| Dissipated=Currently active
| Extratropical=October 18, 2016
| 1-min winds=115
| Pressure=950
| Damages=Unknown
| Fatalities=1 direct, 1 missing
| Areas=[[Bermuda]], North Atlantic Coastlines
| Hurricane season=[[2016 Atlantic hurricane season]]
}}
'''Hurricane Nicole''' was the first major hurricane to directly impact or make landfall on [[Bermuda]] since [[Hurricane Fabian]] in [[2003 Atlantic hurricane season|2003]]. The fourteenth named storm, sixth hurricane and third major hurricane of the active [[2016 Atlantic hurricane season]], Nicole formed in the central Atlantic on October 4. The small, slow-moving storm defied forecasts by steadily organizing in spite of strong [[wind shear]], and it rapidly intensified to a [[Saffir-Simpson scale|Category 2 hurricane]] on October 7. The wind shear finally took its toll by October 8, reducing Nicole to a minimal tropical storm, as a building high pressure system forced the storm southwards. Intensification began once again as Nicole retreated towards Bermuda, with the storm briefly reaching Category 4 status. The [[eye (cyclone)|eye]] of the storm ultimately passed over Bermuda on October 13, at Category 3 hurricane status. The storm's approach to Bermuda forced schools, businesses, and government offices to close, while flight, bus, and ferry services were interrupted. In the end, the storm became the third longest-lived Atlantic hurricane of the 2010s decade, behind [[2011 Atlantic hurricane season#Hurricane Philippe|Hurricane Philippe]] of 2011, and [[Hurricane Nadine (2012)|Hurricane Nadine]] of 2012.

==Meteorological history==
{{storm path|Nicole 2016 track.png}}
On October 1, 2016, the [[National Hurricane Center]] (NHC) began monitoring a weak [[tropical wave]]-induced [[low pressure area]] producing scattered showers and thunderstorms, along with winds just shy of tropical storm intensity, over the central Atlantic. Strong [[wind shear]] prevented the disturbance from organizing significantly as it tracked northwestward for the next several days.<ref>{{cite web|author=Robbie Berg|title=Tropical Weather Outlook issued 2:00 am EDT Saturday, October 1, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/text/TWOAT/2016/TWOAT.201610010534.txt}}</ref> On October 4, satellite data confirmed the presence of a well-defined circulation center with gale-force winds.<ref>{{cite web|author=Richard Pasch|title=Tropical Weather Outlook issued 8 am EDT Tuesday, October 4, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/text/TWOAT/2016/TWOAT.201610041148.txt}}</ref><ref name="disc1">{{cite web|author=Richard Pasch|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 1|date=October 4, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.001.shtml?}}</ref> Around the same time, [[Atmospheric convection|thunderstorm activity]] became better organized and [[rainband|banding features]] began to evolve over the eastern side of the disturbance. As a result, the NHC classified the system as Tropical Storm ''Nicole'' at 15:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]], while it was located about {{convert|525|mi|km|abbr=on}} northeast of [[San Juan, Puerto Rico]]. The storm, still plagued by inhibiting wind shear, was forecast to remain weak.<ref name="disc1"/><ref>{{cite web|author=Richard Pasch|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Public Advisory Number 1|date=October 4, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.001.shtml?}}</ref>

[[File:Nicole 2016-10-04 1705Z.jpg|thumb|right|Nicole shortly after being classified as a tropical storm October 4]]
Nicole's cloud pattern gradually improved on October 5, partially shielded from the effects of wind shear by an upper-level low situated atop the tropical storm. Although [[convection]] remained lopsided, a distinct mid-level [[eye (cyclone)|eye feature]] developed within the unusually small cyclone.<ref>{{cite web|author=Robbie Berg|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 6|date=October 5, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.006.shtml?}}</ref> The storm continued moving generally northwestward around a [[subtropical ridge]] to its north.<ref>{{cite web|author=John Cangialos|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 4|date=October 5, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.004.shtml?}}</ref> Nicole gradually intensified as it became more symmetrical in appearance, and at 18:00 UTC on October 6, it was upgraded to a [[Saffir-Simpson scale#Category 1|Category 1 hurricane]] about {{convert|345|mi|km|abbr=on}} south of Bermuda.<ref>{{cite web|author=Richard Pasche|title=Hurricane Nicole Special Advisory Number 10|date=October 6, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.010.shtml?}}</ref> A period of rapid intensification brought Nicole to its initial peak intensity as a Category 2 hurricane early on October 7, with sustained winds of 105 mph (165 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 968 mbar (28.59 inHg). At the same time, a pinhole eye became evident on satellite imagery.<ref>{{cite web|author=Eric Blake|title=Hurricane Nicole Public Advisory Number 12|date=October 7, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.012.shtml?}}</ref> Considering the strong shear produced by [[Outflow (meteorology)|outflow]] from powerful [[Hurricane Matthew]] to Nicole's southwest, the NHC described this strengthening trend as "unexpected."<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Hurricane Nicole Discussion Number 11|date=October 6, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.011.shtml?}}</ref> An approaching [[trough (meteorology)|trough]] eroded the ridge to the north, leaving the hurricane in an area of very weak steering currents;<ref>{{cite web|author=John Cangialos|title=Hurricane Nicole Discussion Number 8|date=October 6, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.008.shtml?}}</ref> consequently, its forward movement slowed to nearly stationary.<ref>{{cite web|author=Eric Blake|title=Hurricane Nicole Discussion Number 12|date=October 7, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.012.shtml?}}</ref>

By early on October 7, Nicole had finally felt the effects of strong wind shear and quickly weakened back into a tropical storm.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 14|date=October 7, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.014.shtml?}}</ref> A new blocking [[high pressure area]] began forming to the north, driving Nicole slowly toward the south as the storm's convective pattern continued to deteriorate.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 15|date=October 7, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.015.shtml?}}</ref> On the morning of October 8, the storm's center was displaced far to the north of the waning deep convection, and Nicole further declined to a minimal tropical storm.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 18|date=October 8, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.018.shtml?}}</ref> However, later that day, unusually warm [[sea surface temperature]]s enabled a "tremendous burst of deep convection" close to the center, and Nicole began to reintensify. That the storm was able to survive in spite of as much as 50 mph (85 km/h) of northerly shear proved "puzzling" to forecasters.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 19|date=October 8, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.019.shtml?}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Robbie Berg|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 17|date=October 8, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.017.shtml?}}</ref> Convection oscillated in coverage and intensity throughout the day on October 9; bursts of deep convection, which at one point coalesced into a burgeoning [[central dense overcast]], repeatedly subsided to leave the center exposed. As steering currents slackened, Nicole slowed to a drift before the retreating ridge of high pressure allowed the storm to resume a northward course.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 23|date=October 9, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.023.shtml?}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Jack Beven|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 24|date=October 10, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.024.shtml}}</ref> By the morning of October 10, thunderstorms associated with the tropical storm had "faded away into a shallow and shapeless cloud mass", according to one NHC forecaster.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 26|date=October 10, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.026.shtml?}}</ref> The storm remained disorganized for the next day or so, until several bands of convection began to wrap around a ragged eye feature in response to abating wind shear.<ref>{{cite web|author=Daniel Brown|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 30|date=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.030.shtml?|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 12, 2016}}</ref> Nicole reattained Category 1 hurricane intensity at 18:00 UTC on October 11, and its satellite appearance continued to improve.<ref name="30a">{{cite news|author=Daniel Brown|title=Hurricane Nicole Intermediate Public Advisory Number 30A|date=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public_a.030.shtml?|publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref>

After meandering westward for a time, the hurricane turned north and soon accelerated toward the northeast as it recurved into the [[Tropical cyclone#Interaction with the mid-latitude westerlies|mid-latitude westerlies]]. While nearing Bermuda, Nicole exhibited a highly symmetrical cloud pattern centered around a large and well-defined eye.<ref>{{cite web|author=Daniel Brown|title=Hurricane Nicole Discussion Number 34|date=October 12, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 12, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.034.shtml?}}</ref> The storm underwent another period of rapid intensification, and eventually reached its peak intensity as a Category 4 major hurricane with winds of 130 mph (215 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 950 mbar (28.05 inHg).<ref>{{cite web|author=Michael Brennan|title=Hurricane Nicole Public Advisory Number 36|date=October 12, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCPAT5+shtml/130300.shtml?|accessdate=October 12, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref> Nicole maintained its strength for nine hours before starting to weaken because of increasing southwesterly shear.<ref>{{cite web|author=Daniel Brown, Robbie Berg|title=Hurricane Nicole Public Advisory Number 37A|date=October 13, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public_a.037.shtml?|accessdate=October 13, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref><ref name="disc38">{{cite web|author=Daniel Brown|title=Hurricane Nicole Discussion Number 38|date=October 13, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 13, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.038.shtml?}}</ref> At around 15:00 UTC on October 13, the eye of Nicole passed over Bermuda, marking a [[Landfall#Tropical cyclone|direct hit]].<ref name="adv38">{{cite web|author=Daniel Brown and Robbie Berg|title=Hurricane Nicole Public Advisory Number 38|date=October 13, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.038.shtml?|accessdate=October 13, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref> While passing the islands, the storm's inner core lost some of its structure, and the eye as viewed from radar was tilted to the southwest of the central clearing displayed on satellite.<ref name="disc38"/> At 09:00 UTC on October 14, a southwesterly wind shear reduced the system to Category 1 status, although [[Swell (ocean)|swells]] from Nicole affected Bermuda and portions of the U.S. east coast and [[Atlantic Canada]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Avila, Lixion|title=Hurricane Nicole Public Advisory Number 41|date=October 14, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.041.shtml?|accessdate=October 14, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref> In the early morning of October 15, Nicole weakened again to a tropical storm, only to restrengthen into a hurricane twelve hours later,<ref>{{cite web|author=Berg, Robbie|title=Hurricane Nicole Public Advisory Number 44|date=October 14, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.044.shtml?|accessdate=October 15, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref> becoming the first storm to strengthen to hurricane status thrice since [[Hurricane Tomas]] of [[2010 Atlantic hurricane season|2010]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Twin Typhoons in Philippines; Nicole of the North; Hundred-Degree Heat in Plains|url=https://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=3482|publisher=[[Weather Underground (weather service)|Weather Underground]]|date=October 17, 2016|accessdate=October 18, 2016}}</ref> Shortly after, Nicole slowed tremendously, as it became stationed south of a high pressure system. Its wind field started to expand drastically, eventually making it the fourth largest Atlantic hurricane ever recorded. Shortly after, Nicole finally transitioned into an [[extratropical cyclone]] on October 18, ending its nearly 2-week journey across the Atlantic basin.

==Preparations and impact==
[[File:Nicole am2 2016290.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.3|A map of sea surface temperature anomalies along the track of Hurricane Nicole. The hurricane's winds [[upwelling|upwelled]] cooler waters below the surface, leaving behind a cold wake along its path.]]

===Bermuda===

On October 10, while the storm was still located about {{convert|415|mi|km|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} to the south, the [[Bermuda Weather Service]] issued a [[tropical cyclone watches and warnings|hurricane watch]] for the islands of Bermuda.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Public Advisory Number 27|date=October 10, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.027.shtml?}}</ref> A concurrent tropical storm warning was posted early the next morning,<ref>{{cite web|author=Lixon Avila|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Public Advisory Number 29|date=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.029.shtml?}}</ref> and both advisories were replaced with a hurricane warning when Nicole reintensified into a hurricane.<ref name="30a"/> Residents boarded up their homes and businesses and placed sandbags to minimize the effects of flooding. Small boats were removed from marinas for safe storage, while larger vessels that remained in the water were tightly secured.<ref>{{cite news|author=Guy Cabral and Lisa Simpson|title=Nicole: Residents make final preparations|date=October 12, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 12, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/storm/article/20161012/nicole-residents-make-final-preparations}}</ref> Schools and government offices closed for the duration of the storm, while ferry and bus services were suspended on October 12. Additionally, commercial flights to and from [[L.F. Wade International Airport]] were canceled.<ref>{{cite news|title=Advice, closures and cancellations|date=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/news/article/20161011/advice-closures-and-cancellations|accessdate=October 11, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Nicole upgraded to hurricane|date=October 11, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/news/article/20161011/nicole-upgraded-to-hurricane}}</ref> The threat of the storm prompted three cruise liners to cancel their scheduled stops at Bermuda.<ref>{{cite news|title=
Nicole on track to hit Bermuda|date=October 10, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/news/article/20161010/nicole-on-track-to-hit-bermuda}}</ref>

As a precaution, officials closed [[The Causeway, Bermuda|the Causeway]] late on October 12.<ref>{{cite news|author=Adrian Robson|title=
Island braced for direct hit|date=October 12, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 12, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/storm/article/20161012/island-braced-for-direct-hit}}</ref> Some 140 [[The Royal Bermuda Regiment|Royal Bermuda Regiment]] soldiers were deployed at strategic points, ready to assist in the aftermath of the storm.<ref>{{cite news|title=
Nicole live: Regiment adopts state of readiness|date=October 12, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 12, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/storm/article/20161012/nicole-live-regiment-adopts-state-of-readiness}}</ref> At the [[Cedarbridge Academy]], a government shelter was opened with [[Camp bed|cots]] and emergency supplies for storm victims.<ref>{{cite news|title=Photos: Shelter Opens At CedarBridge Academy|date=October 12, 2016|newspaper=Bernews|accessdate=October 12, 2016|url=http://bernews.com/2016/10/photos-hurricane-nicole-shelter/}}</ref> Bermuda's only daily newspaper, ''[[The Royal Gazette (Bermuda)|The Royal Gazette]]'', did not go to print on October 13.<ref>{{cite news|title=No Royal Gazette on Thursday|date=October 12, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 12, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/storm/article/20161012/no-royal-gazette-on-thursday}}</ref> With adverse weather conditions expected to impact a crucial [[NASA]] rocket tracking site in Bermuda, the launch of an [[International Space Station]] resupply spacecraft from Virginia's [[Wallops Flight Facility]] was postponed.<ref>{{cite web|author=Karen Northon|title=Atlantic Storm System Delays NASA Resupply Launch to Space Station|date=October 11, 2016|publisher=National Aeronautics and Space Administration|accessdate=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/atlantic-storm-system-delays-nasa-resupply-launch-to-space-station}}</ref> [[Cygnus CRS OA-5|The mission]] had already been delayed, in part due to the threat of Hurricane Matthew.<ref>{{cite web|author=Stephen Clark|title=Critical Antares rocket launch set for Friday night|date=October 10, 2016|publisher=Spaceflight Now|accessdate=October 11, 2016|url=http://spaceflightnow.com/2016/10/10/critical-antares-rocket-launch-set-for-friday-night/}}</ref>

Strong swells from the slow-moving storm started affecting Bermuda on October 6.<ref>{{cite web|title=BWS Daily Climatology Written Summary|date=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.weather.bm/climatereport/climateReport.asp|accessdate=October 11, 2016|publisher=Bermuda Weather Service}}</ref> Later, on October 11, gusty winds along the periphery of Nicole's circulation caused a brief power outage.<ref>{{cite news|author=Jonathan Bell|title=Belco reports first storm-related outage|date=October 11, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/news/article/20161011/belco-reports-first-storm-related-outage}}</ref> As the core of the hurricane passed over Bermuda, a [[Automated airport weather station#Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS)|weather station]] on Pearl Island recorded sustained winds of 87 mph (141 km/h) with gusts to 119 mph (191 km/h).<ref name="adv38"/> An elevated station at Commissioner's Point recorded slightly higher winds.<ref>{{cite web|author=Daniel Brown and Robbie Berg|title=Hurricane Nicole Tropical Cyclone Update|date=October 13, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.update.10131332.shtml?|accessdate=October 13, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref> The strong winds brought down trees and powerlines, leaving 27,341 households—approximately 90% of all electric customers in the territory—without service.<ref>{{cite news|title=Photos: The Aftermath Of Hurricane Nicole|date=October 13, 2016|newspaper=Bernews|accessdate=October 13, 2016|url=http://bernews.com/2016/10/photos-aftermath-hurricane-nicole}}</ref> Initial reports indicated that some buildings sustained roof damage, as did safety walls along the Causeway. Low-lying roadways and buildings were flooded, and the rough surf tore boats from their mooring and drove them aground. Overall, the hurricane proved less damaging than initially feared, and no fatalities or serious injuries were reported.<ref name="live">{{cite news|title=Nicole live: storm moves on, Causeway shut|date=October 13, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 12, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/storm/article/20161013/nicole-live-storm-moves-on-causeway-shut}}</ref>

===Atlantic Coastlines===
Although only Bermuda was directly affected by the hurricane, Nicole's large size stirred a tremendous area of high seas. Long-period swells propagated across the entire North Atlantic for a prolonged period.<ref>{{cite report|author=Stacy Stewart|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=October 16, 2016|accessdate=October 19, 2016|title=Hurricane Nicole Discussion Number 51|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.051.shtml|location=Miami, Florida}}</ref> One surfer went missing in Puerto Rico in relation to these swells.<ref>{{cite news|author=Bihu Ray|newspaper=International Business Times|date=October 13, 2016|accessdate=October 19, 2016|title=Bermuda braces for extremely dangerous hurricane Nicole|url=http://www.ibtimes.sg/bermuda-braces-extremely-dangerous-hurricane-nicole-3889}}</ref> Along the [[Florida]] coastline, hundreds of baby sea turtles were washed back ashore; roughly 500 were rescued by the [[Marine Science Center|Volusia Marine Science Center]], and 75 by the [[Brevard Zoo]].<ref>{{cite news|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=Naples Daily News|date=October 17, 2016|accessdate=October 19, 2016|title=Hurricane Nicole pushes sea turtles back to Florida beaches|url=http://www.naplesnews.com/story/news/local/florida/2016/10/17/hurricane-nicole-pushes-sea-turtles-back-florida-beaches/92298692/|location=Melbourne, Florida}}</ref> In [[South Florida]], the swells combined with the annual [[king tide]], resulting in significant coastal flooding.<ref>{{cite news|author=Joey Flechas and Cresonia Hsieh|newspaper=Miami Herald|date=October 12, 2016|accessdate=October 19, 2016|title=King tides arriving in South Florida with extra swell from Hurricane Nicole|url=http://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/community/miami-dade/miami-beach/article107879707.html}}</ref> Water levels in [[Virginia Key]] and [[Miami]] rose {{convert|1|ft|m|abbr=on}} above forecast levels. Coastal roads in [[Ft. Lauderdale, Florida|Ft. Lauderdale]] became submerged with waves rolling into streets.<ref>{{cite news|author=Jess Swanson|newspaper=Broward Palm Beach New Times|date=October 14, 2016|accessdate=October 19, 2016|title=Hurricane Nicole and King Tide Already Flooding Fort Lauderdale|url=http://www.browardpalmbeach.com/news/hurricane-nicole-and-king-tide-already-flooding-fort-lauderdale-8153959}}</ref> In [[Rodanthe, North Carolina]], a large breaking wave pulled two teenagers out to sea; one managed to swim to shore safely while the other drowned. The [[United States Coast Guard]] assisted in search and rescue for nearly two days before the boy's body washed ashore. Between 20 and 30 other people required rescue from [[rip current]]s in the area.<ref>{{cite news|author=Irene Nolan|newspaper=Island Free Press|date=October 13, 2016|accessdate=October 19, 2016|title=Teen swimmer missing off Rodanthe beach|url=http://islandfreepress.org/2016Archives/10.13.2016-TeenSwimmerMissingOffRodantheBeach.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Irene Nolan|newspaper=Island Free Press|date=October 17, 2016|accessdate=October 19, 2016|title=Update: Body of missing swimmer found near Avon pier|url=http://islandfreepress.org/2016Archives/10.17.2016-UPDATEBodyOfMissingSwimmerFoundNearAvonPier.html}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Tropical cyclones}}
*[[Hurricane Nicole|Other storms of the same name]]
*[[Hurricane Dean (1989)]]
*[[Hurricane Fabian]]
*[[Hurricane Fay (2014)]]
*[[Hurricane Gonzalo]]
*[[List of Bermuda hurricanes]]
*[[List of Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/NICOLE.shtml? Advisory archive] from the National Hurricane Center
*[http://bernews.com/2016/10/photos-aftermath-hurricane-nicole/ Damage photo gallery] from ''Bernews''

{{2016 Atlantic hurricane season buttons}}

[[Category:Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes|Nicole (2016)]]
[[Category:2016 Atlantic hurricane season|Nicole]]
[[Category:Hurricanes in Bermuda|Nicole]]

Hurrikan Nicole

2016-10-19T16:12:35Z

Cyclonebiskit: /* Atlantic Coastlines */ King tides

{{Infobox hurricane
| Name=Hurricane Nicole
| Type=hurricane
| Year=2016
| Basin=Atl
| Image location=Nicole 2016-10-12 1750Z.jpg
| Image name=Hurricane Nicole rapidly intensifying south of [[Bermuda]] on October 12
| Formed=October 4, 2016
| Dissipated=Currently active
| Extratropical=October 18, 2016
| 1-min winds=115
| Pressure=950
| Damages=Unknown
| Fatalities=1 direct, 1 missing
| Areas=[[Bermuda]], North Atlantic Coastlines
| Hurricane season=[[2016 Atlantic hurricane season]]
}}
'''Hurricane Nicole''' was the first major hurricane to directly impact or make landfall on [[Bermuda]] since [[Hurricane Fabian]] in [[2003 Atlantic hurricane season|2003]]. The fourteenth named storm, sixth hurricane and third major hurricane of the active [[2016 Atlantic hurricane season]], Nicole formed in the central Atlantic on October 4. The small, slow-moving storm defied forecasts by steadily organizing in spite of strong [[wind shear]], and it rapidly intensified to a [[Saffir-Simpson scale|Category 2 hurricane]] on October 7. The wind shear finally took its toll by October 8, reducing Nicole to a minimal tropical storm, as a building high pressure system forced the storm southwards. Intensification began once again as Nicole retreated towards Bermuda, with the storm briefly reaching Category 4 status. The [[eye (cyclone)|eye]] of the storm ultimately passed over Bermuda on October 13, at Category 3 hurricane status. The storm's approach to Bermuda forced schools, businesses, and government offices to close, while flight, bus, and ferry services were interrupted. In the end, the storm became the third longest-lived Atlantic hurricane of the 2010s decade, behind [[2011 Atlantic hurricane season#Hurricane Philippe|Hurricane Philippe]] of 2011, and [[Hurricane Nadine (2012)|Hurricane Nadine]] of 2012.

==Meteorological history==
{{storm path|Nicole 2016 track.png}}
On October 1, 2016, the [[National Hurricane Center]] (NHC) began monitoring a weak [[tropical wave]]-induced [[low pressure area]] producing scattered showers and thunderstorms, along with winds just shy of tropical storm intensity, over the central Atlantic. Strong [[wind shear]] prevented the disturbance from organizing significantly as it tracked northwestward for the next several days.<ref>{{cite web|author=Robbie Berg|title=Tropical Weather Outlook issued 2:00 am EDT Saturday, October 1, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/text/TWOAT/2016/TWOAT.201610010534.txt}}</ref> On October 4, satellite data confirmed the presence of a well-defined circulation center with gale-force winds.<ref>{{cite web|author=Richard Pasch|title=Tropical Weather Outlook issued 8 am EDT Tuesday, October 4, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/text/TWOAT/2016/TWOAT.201610041148.txt}}</ref><ref name="disc1">{{cite web|author=Richard Pasch|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 1|date=October 4, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.001.shtml?}}</ref> Around the same time, [[Atmospheric convection|thunderstorm activity]] became better organized and [[rainband|banding features]] began to evolve over the eastern side of the disturbance. As a result, the NHC classified the system as Tropical Storm ''Nicole'' at 15:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]], while it was located about {{convert|525|mi|km|abbr=on}} northeast of [[San Juan, Puerto Rico]]. The storm, still plagued by inhibiting wind shear, was forecast to remain weak.<ref name="disc1"/><ref>{{cite web|author=Richard Pasch|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Public Advisory Number 1|date=October 4, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.001.shtml?}}</ref>

[[File:Nicole 2016-10-04 1705Z.jpg|thumb|right|Nicole shortly after being classified as a tropical storm October 4]]
Nicole's cloud pattern gradually improved on October 5, partially shielded from the effects of wind shear by an upper-level low situated atop the tropical storm. Although [[convection]] remained lopsided, a distinct mid-level [[eye (cyclone)|eye feature]] developed within the unusually small cyclone.<ref>{{cite web|author=Robbie Berg|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 6|date=October 5, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.006.shtml?}}</ref> The storm continued moving generally northwestward around a [[subtropical ridge]] to its north.<ref>{{cite web|author=John Cangialos|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 4|date=October 5, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.004.shtml?}}</ref> Nicole gradually intensified as it became more symmetrical in appearance, and at 18:00 UTC on October 6, it was upgraded to a [[Saffir-Simpson scale#Category 1|Category 1 hurricane]] about {{convert|345|mi|km|abbr=on}} south of Bermuda.<ref>{{cite web|author=Richard Pasche|title=Hurricane Nicole Special Advisory Number 10|date=October 6, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.010.shtml?}}</ref> A period of rapid intensification brought Nicole to its initial peak intensity as a Category 2 hurricane early on October 7, with sustained winds of 105 mph (165 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 968 mbar (28.59 inHg). At the same time, a pinhole eye became evident on satellite imagery.<ref>{{cite web|author=Eric Blake|title=Hurricane Nicole Public Advisory Number 12|date=October 7, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.012.shtml?}}</ref> Considering the strong shear produced by [[Outflow (meteorology)|outflow]] from powerful [[Hurricane Matthew]] to Nicole's southwest, the NHC described this strengthening trend as "unexpected."<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Hurricane Nicole Discussion Number 11|date=October 6, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.011.shtml?}}</ref> An approaching [[trough (meteorology)|trough]] eroded the ridge to the north, leaving the hurricane in an area of very weak steering currents;<ref>{{cite web|author=John Cangialos|title=Hurricane Nicole Discussion Number 8|date=October 6, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.008.shtml?}}</ref> consequently, its forward movement slowed to nearly stationary.<ref>{{cite web|author=Eric Blake|title=Hurricane Nicole Discussion Number 12|date=October 7, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.012.shtml?}}</ref>

By early on October 7, Nicole had finally felt the effects of strong wind shear and quickly weakened back into a tropical storm.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 14|date=October 7, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.014.shtml?}}</ref> A new blocking [[high pressure area]] began forming to the north, driving Nicole slowly toward the south as the storm's convective pattern continued to deteriorate.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 15|date=October 7, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.015.shtml?}}</ref> On the morning of October 8, the storm's center was displaced far to the north of the waning deep convection, and Nicole further declined to a minimal tropical storm.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 18|date=October 8, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.018.shtml?}}</ref> However, later that day, unusually warm [[sea surface temperature]]s enabled a "tremendous burst of deep convection" close to the center, and Nicole began to reintensify. That the storm was able to survive in spite of as much as 50 mph (85 km/h) of northerly shear proved "puzzling" to forecasters.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 19|date=October 8, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.019.shtml?}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Robbie Berg|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 17|date=October 8, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.017.shtml?}}</ref> Convection oscillated in coverage and intensity throughout the day on October 9; bursts of deep convection, which at one point coalesced into a burgeoning [[central dense overcast]], repeatedly subsided to leave the center exposed. As steering currents slackened, Nicole slowed to a drift before the retreating ridge of high pressure allowed the storm to resume a northward course.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 23|date=October 9, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.023.shtml?}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Jack Beven|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 24|date=October 10, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.024.shtml}}</ref> By the morning of October 10, thunderstorms associated with the tropical storm had "faded away into a shallow and shapeless cloud mass", according to one NHC forecaster.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 26|date=October 10, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.026.shtml?}}</ref> The storm remained disorganized for the next day or so, until several bands of convection began to wrap around a ragged eye feature in response to abating wind shear.<ref>{{cite web|author=Daniel Brown|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 30|date=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.030.shtml?|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 12, 2016}}</ref> Nicole reattained Category 1 hurricane intensity at 18:00 UTC on October 11, and its satellite appearance continued to improve.<ref name="30a">{{cite news|author=Daniel Brown|title=Hurricane Nicole Intermediate Public Advisory Number 30A|date=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public_a.030.shtml?|publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref>

After meandering westward for a time, the hurricane turned north and soon accelerated toward the northeast as it recurved into the [[Tropical cyclone#Interaction with the mid-latitude westerlies|mid-latitude westerlies]]. While nearing Bermuda, Nicole exhibited a highly symmetrical cloud pattern centered around a large and well-defined eye.<ref>{{cite web|author=Daniel Brown|title=Hurricane Nicole Discussion Number 34|date=October 12, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 12, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.034.shtml?}}</ref> The storm underwent another period of rapid intensification, and eventually reached its peak intensity as a Category 4 major hurricane with winds of 130 mph (215 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 950 mbar (28.05 inHg).<ref>{{cite web|author=Michael Brennan|title=Hurricane Nicole Public Advisory Number 36|date=October 12, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCPAT5+shtml/130300.shtml?|accessdate=October 12, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref> Nicole maintained its strength for nine hours before starting to weaken because of increasing southwesterly shear.<ref>{{cite web|author=Daniel Brown, Robbie Berg|title=Hurricane Nicole Public Advisory Number 37A|date=October 13, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public_a.037.shtml?|accessdate=October 13, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref><ref name="disc38">{{cite web|author=Daniel Brown|title=Hurricane Nicole Discussion Number 38|date=October 13, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 13, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.038.shtml?}}</ref> At around 15:00 UTC on October 13, the eye of Nicole passed over Bermuda, marking a [[Landfall#Tropical cyclone|direct hit]].<ref name="adv38">{{cite web|author=Daniel Brown and Robbie Berg|title=Hurricane Nicole Public Advisory Number 38|date=October 13, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.038.shtml?|accessdate=October 13, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref> While passing the islands, the storm's inner core lost some of its structure, and the eye as viewed from radar was tilted to the southwest of the central clearing displayed on satellite.<ref name="disc38"/> At 09:00 UTC on October 14, a southwesterly wind shear reduced the system to Category 1 status, although [[Swell (ocean)|swells]] from Nicole affected Bermuda and portions of the U.S. east coast and [[Atlantic Canada]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Avila, Lixion|title=Hurricane Nicole Public Advisory Number 41|date=October 14, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.041.shtml?|accessdate=October 14, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref> In the early morning of October 15, Nicole weakened again to a tropical storm, only to restrengthen into a hurricane twelve hours later,<ref>{{cite web|author=Berg, Robbie|title=Hurricane Nicole Public Advisory Number 44|date=October 14, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.044.shtml?|accessdate=October 15, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref> becoming the first storm to strengthen to hurricane status thrice since [[Hurricane Tomas]] of [[2010 Atlantic hurricane season|2010]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Twin Typhoons in Philippines; Nicole of the North; Hundred-Degree Heat in Plains|url=https://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=3482|publisher=[[Weather Underground (weather service)|Weather Underground]]|date=October 17, 2016|accessdate=October 18, 2016}}</ref> Shortly after, Nicole slowed tremendously, as it became stationed south of a high pressure system. Its wind field started to expand drastically, eventually making it the fourth largest Atlantic hurricane ever recorded. Shortly after, Nicole finally transitioned into an [[extratropical cyclone]] on October 18, ending its nearly 2-week journey across the Atlantic basin.

==Preparations and impact==
[[File:Nicole am2 2016290.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.3|A map of sea surface temperature anomalies along the track of Hurricane Nicole. The hurricane's winds [[upwelling|upwelled]] cooler waters below the surface, leaving behind a cold wake along its path.]]

===Bermuda===

On October 10, while the storm was still located about {{convert|415|mi|km|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} to the south, the [[Bermuda Weather Service]] issued a [[tropical cyclone watches and warnings|hurricane watch]] for the islands of Bermuda.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Public Advisory Number 27|date=October 10, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.027.shtml?}}</ref> A concurrent tropical storm warning was posted early the next morning,<ref>{{cite web|author=Lixon Avila|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Public Advisory Number 29|date=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.029.shtml?}}</ref> and both advisories were replaced with a hurricane warning when Nicole reintensified into a hurricane.<ref name="30a"/> Residents boarded up their homes and businesses and placed sandbags to minimize the effects of flooding. Small boats were removed from marinas for safe storage, while larger vessels that remained in the water were tightly secured.<ref>{{cite news|author=Guy Cabral and Lisa Simpson|title=Nicole: Residents make final preparations|date=October 12, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 12, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/storm/article/20161012/nicole-residents-make-final-preparations}}</ref> Schools and government offices closed for the duration of the storm, while ferry and bus services were suspended on October 12. Additionally, commercial flights to and from [[L.F. Wade International Airport]] were canceled.<ref>{{cite news|title=Advice, closures and cancellations|date=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/news/article/20161011/advice-closures-and-cancellations|accessdate=October 11, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Nicole upgraded to hurricane|date=October 11, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/news/article/20161011/nicole-upgraded-to-hurricane}}</ref> The threat of the storm prompted three cruise liners to cancel their scheduled stops at Bermuda.<ref>{{cite news|title=
Nicole on track to hit Bermuda|date=October 10, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/news/article/20161010/nicole-on-track-to-hit-bermuda}}</ref>

As a precaution, officials closed [[The Causeway, Bermuda|the Causeway]] late on October 12.<ref>{{cite news|author=Adrian Robson|title=
Island braced for direct hit|date=October 12, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 12, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/storm/article/20161012/island-braced-for-direct-hit}}</ref> Some 140 [[The Royal Bermuda Regiment|Royal Bermuda Regiment]] soldiers were deployed at strategic points, ready to assist in the aftermath of the storm.<ref>{{cite news|title=
Nicole live: Regiment adopts state of readiness|date=October 12, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 12, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/storm/article/20161012/nicole-live-regiment-adopts-state-of-readiness}}</ref> At the [[Cedarbridge Academy]], a government shelter was opened with [[Camp bed|cots]] and emergency supplies for storm victims.<ref>{{cite news|title=Photos: Shelter Opens At CedarBridge Academy|date=October 12, 2016|newspaper=Bernews|accessdate=October 12, 2016|url=http://bernews.com/2016/10/photos-hurricane-nicole-shelter/}}</ref> Bermuda's only daily newspaper, ''[[The Royal Gazette (Bermuda)|The Royal Gazette]]'', did not go to print on October 13.<ref>{{cite news|title=No Royal Gazette on Thursday|date=October 12, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 12, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/storm/article/20161012/no-royal-gazette-on-thursday}}</ref> With adverse weather conditions expected to impact a crucial [[NASA]] rocket tracking site in Bermuda, the launch of an [[International Space Station]] resupply spacecraft from Virginia's [[Wallops Flight Facility]] was postponed.<ref>{{cite web|author=Karen Northon|title=Atlantic Storm System Delays NASA Resupply Launch to Space Station|date=October 11, 2016|publisher=National Aeronautics and Space Administration|accessdate=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/atlantic-storm-system-delays-nasa-resupply-launch-to-space-station}}</ref> [[Cygnus CRS OA-5|The mission]] had already been delayed, in part due to the threat of Hurricane Matthew.<ref>{{cite web|author=Stephen Clark|title=Critical Antares rocket launch set for Friday night|date=October 10, 2016|publisher=Spaceflight Now|accessdate=October 11, 2016|url=http://spaceflightnow.com/2016/10/10/critical-antares-rocket-launch-set-for-friday-night/}}</ref>

Strong swells from the slow-moving storm started affecting Bermuda on October 6.<ref>{{cite web|title=BWS Daily Climatology Written Summary|date=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.weather.bm/climatereport/climateReport.asp|accessdate=October 11, 2016|publisher=Bermuda Weather Service}}</ref> Later, on October 11, gusty winds along the periphery of Nicole's circulation caused a brief power outage.<ref>{{cite news|author=Jonathan Bell|title=Belco reports first storm-related outage|date=October 11, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/news/article/20161011/belco-reports-first-storm-related-outage}}</ref> As the core of the hurricane passed over Bermuda, a [[Automated airport weather station#Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS)|weather station]] on Pearl Island recorded sustained winds of 87 mph (141 km/h) with gusts to 119 mph (191 km/h).<ref name="adv38"/> An elevated station at Commissioner's Point recorded slightly higher winds.<ref>{{cite web|author=Daniel Brown and Robbie Berg|title=Hurricane Nicole Tropical Cyclone Update|date=October 13, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.update.10131332.shtml?|accessdate=October 13, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref> The strong winds brought down trees and powerlines, leaving 27,341 households—approximately 90% of all electric customers in the territory—without service.<ref>{{cite news|title=Photos: The Aftermath Of Hurricane Nicole|date=October 13, 2016|newspaper=Bernews|accessdate=October 13, 2016|url=http://bernews.com/2016/10/photos-aftermath-hurricane-nicole}}</ref> Initial reports indicated that some buildings sustained roof damage, as did safety walls along the Causeway. Low-lying roadways and buildings were flooded, and the rough surf tore boats from their mooring and drove them aground. Overall, the hurricane proved less damaging than initially feared, and no fatalities or serious injuries were reported.<ref name="live">{{cite news|title=Nicole live: storm moves on, Causeway shut|date=October 13, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 12, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/storm/article/20161013/nicole-live-storm-moves-on-causeway-shut}}</ref>

===Atlantic Coastlines===
Although only Bermuda was directly affected by the hurricane, Nicole's large size stirred a tremendous area of high seas. Long-period swells propagated across the entire North Atlantic for a prolonged period.<ref>{{cite report|author=Stacy Stewart|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=October 16, 2016|accessdate=October 19, 2016|title=Hurricane Nicole Discussion Number 51|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.051.shtml|location=Miami, Florida}}</ref> One surfer went missing in Puerto Rico in relation to these swells.<ref>{{cite news|author=Bihu Ray|newspaper=International Business Times|date=October 13, 2016|accessdate=October 19, 2016|title=Bermuda braces for extremely dangerous hurricane Nicole|url=http://www.ibtimes.sg/bermuda-braces-extremely-dangerous-hurricane-nicole-3889}}</ref> Along the [[Florida]] coastline, hundreds of baby sea turtles were washed back ashore; roughly 500 were rescued by the [[Marine Science Center|Volusia Marine Science Center]], and 75 by the [[Brevard Zoo]].<ref>{{cite news|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=Naples Daily News|date=October 17, 2016|accessdate=October 19, 2016|title=Hurricane Nicole pushes sea turtles back to Florida beaches|url=http://www.naplesnews.com/story/news/local/florida/2016/10/17/hurricane-nicole-pushes-sea-turtles-back-florida-beaches/92298692/|location=Melbourne, Florida}}</ref> In [[South Florida]], the swells combined with the annual [[king tide]], resulting in significant coastal flooding.<ref>{{cite news|author=Joey Flechas and Cresonia Hsieh|newspaper=Miami Herald|date=October 12, 2016|accessdate=October 19, 2016|title=King tides arriving in South Florida with extra swell from Hurricane Nicole|url=http://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/community/miami-dade/miami-beach/article107879707.html}}</ref> Water levels in [[Virginia Key]] and [[Miami]] rose {{convert|1|ft|m|abbr=on}} above forecast levels. Coastal roads in [[Ft. Lauderdale, Florida|Ft. Lauderdale]] became submerged with waves rolling into streets.<ref>{{cite news|author=Jess Swanson|newspaper=Broward Palm Beach New Times|date=October 14, 2016|accessdate=October 19, 2016|title=Hurricane Nicole and King Tide Already Flooding Fort Lauderdale|url=http://www.browardpalmbeach.com/news/hurricane-nicole-and-king-tide-already-flooding-fort-lauderdale-8153959}}</ref> In [[Rodanthe, North Carolina]], a large breaking wave pulled two teenagers out to sea; one managed to swim to shore safely while the other drowned. The [[United States Coast Guard]] assisted in search and rescue for nearly two days before the boy's body washed ashore. Between 20 and 30 other people required rescue from [[rip current]]s in the area.<ref>{{cite news|author=Irene Nolan|newspaper=Island Free Press|date=October 13, 2016|accessdate=October 19, 2016|title=Teen swimmer missing off Rodanthe beach|url=http://islandfreepress.org/2016Archives/10.13.2016-TeenSwimmerMissingOffRodantheBeach.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Irene Nolan|newspaper=Island Free Press|date=October 17, 2016|accessdate=October 19, 2016|title=Update: Body of missing swimmer found near Avon pier|url=http://islandfreepress.org/2016Archives/10.17.2016-UPDATEBodyOfMissingSwimmerFoundNearAvonPier.html}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Tropical cyclones}}
*[[Hurricane Nicole|Other storms of the same name]]
*[[Hurricane Dean (1989)]]
*[[Hurricane Fabian]]
*[[Hurricane Fay (2014)]]
*[[Hurricane Gonzalo]]
*[[List of Bermuda hurricanes]]
*[[List of Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/NICOLE.shtml? Advisory archive] from the National Hurricane Center
*[http://bernews.com/2016/10/photos-aftermath-hurricane-nicole/ Damage photo gallery] from ''Bernews''

{{2016 Atlantic hurricane season buttons}}

[[Category:Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes|Nicole (2016)]]
[[Category:2016 Atlantic hurricane season|Nicole]]
[[Category:Hurricanes in Bermuda|Nicole]]

Hurrikan Nicole

2016-10-19T16:03:22Z

Cyclonebiskit: /* Atlantic Coastlines */ tidbit

{{Infobox hurricane
| Name=Hurricane Nicole
| Type=hurricane
| Year=2016
| Basin=Atl
| Image location=Nicole 2016-10-12 1750Z.jpg
| Image name=Hurricane Nicole rapidly intensifying south of [[Bermuda]] on October 12
| Formed=October 4, 2016
| Dissipated=Currently active
| Extratropical=October 18, 2016
| 1-min winds=115
| Pressure=950
| Damages=Unknown
| Fatalities=1 direct, 1 missing
| Areas=[[Bermuda]], North Atlantic Coastlines
| Hurricane season=[[2016 Atlantic hurricane season]]
}}
'''Hurricane Nicole''' was the first major hurricane to directly impact or make landfall on [[Bermuda]] since [[Hurricane Fabian]] in [[2003 Atlantic hurricane season|2003]]. The fourteenth named storm, sixth hurricane and third major hurricane of the active [[2016 Atlantic hurricane season]], Nicole formed in the central Atlantic on October 4. The small, slow-moving storm defied forecasts by steadily organizing in spite of strong [[wind shear]], and it rapidly intensified to a [[Saffir-Simpson scale|Category 2 hurricane]] on October 7. The wind shear finally took its toll by October 8, reducing Nicole to a minimal tropical storm, as a building high pressure system forced the storm southwards. Intensification began once again as Nicole retreated towards Bermuda, with the storm briefly reaching Category 4 status. The [[eye (cyclone)|eye]] of the storm ultimately passed over Bermuda on October 13, at Category 3 hurricane status. The storm's approach to Bermuda forced schools, businesses, and government offices to close, while flight, bus, and ferry services were interrupted. In the end, the storm became the third longest-lived Atlantic hurricane of the 2010s decade, behind [[2011 Atlantic hurricane season#Hurricane Philippe|Hurricane Philippe]] of 2011, and [[Hurricane Nadine (2012)|Hurricane Nadine]] of 2012.

==Meteorological history==
{{storm path|Nicole 2016 track.png}}
On October 1, 2016, the [[National Hurricane Center]] (NHC) began monitoring a weak [[tropical wave]]-induced [[low pressure area]] producing scattered showers and thunderstorms, along with winds just shy of tropical storm intensity, over the central Atlantic. Strong [[wind shear]] prevented the disturbance from organizing significantly as it tracked northwestward for the next several days.<ref>{{cite web|author=Robbie Berg|title=Tropical Weather Outlook issued 2:00 am EDT Saturday, October 1, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/text/TWOAT/2016/TWOAT.201610010534.txt}}</ref> On October 4, satellite data confirmed the presence of a well-defined circulation center with gale-force winds.<ref>{{cite web|author=Richard Pasch|title=Tropical Weather Outlook issued 8 am EDT Tuesday, October 4, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/text/TWOAT/2016/TWOAT.201610041148.txt}}</ref><ref name="disc1">{{cite web|author=Richard Pasch|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 1|date=October 4, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.001.shtml?}}</ref> Around the same time, [[Atmospheric convection|thunderstorm activity]] became better organized and [[rainband|banding features]] began to evolve over the eastern side of the disturbance. As a result, the NHC classified the system as Tropical Storm ''Nicole'' at 15:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]], while it was located about {{convert|525|mi|km|abbr=on}} northeast of [[San Juan, Puerto Rico]]. The storm, still plagued by inhibiting wind shear, was forecast to remain weak.<ref name="disc1"/><ref>{{cite web|author=Richard Pasch|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Public Advisory Number 1|date=October 4, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.001.shtml?}}</ref>

[[File:Nicole 2016-10-04 1705Z.jpg|thumb|right|Nicole shortly after being classified as a tropical storm October 4]]
Nicole's cloud pattern gradually improved on October 5, partially shielded from the effects of wind shear by an upper-level low situated atop the tropical storm. Although [[convection]] remained lopsided, a distinct mid-level [[eye (cyclone)|eye feature]] developed within the unusually small cyclone.<ref>{{cite web|author=Robbie Berg|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 6|date=October 5, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.006.shtml?}}</ref> The storm continued moving generally northwestward around a [[subtropical ridge]] to its north.<ref>{{cite web|author=John Cangialos|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 4|date=October 5, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.004.shtml?}}</ref> Nicole gradually intensified as it became more symmetrical in appearance, and at 18:00 UTC on October 6, it was upgraded to a [[Saffir-Simpson scale#Category 1|Category 1 hurricane]] about {{convert|345|mi|km|abbr=on}} south of Bermuda.<ref>{{cite web|author=Richard Pasche|title=Hurricane Nicole Special Advisory Number 10|date=October 6, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.010.shtml?}}</ref> A period of rapid intensification brought Nicole to its initial peak intensity as a Category 2 hurricane early on October 7, with sustained winds of 105 mph (165 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 968 mbar (28.59 inHg). At the same time, a pinhole eye became evident on satellite imagery.<ref>{{cite web|author=Eric Blake|title=Hurricane Nicole Public Advisory Number 12|date=October 7, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.012.shtml?}}</ref> Considering the strong shear produced by [[Outflow (meteorology)|outflow]] from powerful [[Hurricane Matthew]] to Nicole's southwest, the NHC described this strengthening trend as "unexpected."<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Hurricane Nicole Discussion Number 11|date=October 6, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.011.shtml?}}</ref> An approaching [[trough (meteorology)|trough]] eroded the ridge to the north, leaving the hurricane in an area of very weak steering currents;<ref>{{cite web|author=John Cangialos|title=Hurricane Nicole Discussion Number 8|date=October 6, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.008.shtml?}}</ref> consequently, its forward movement slowed to nearly stationary.<ref>{{cite web|author=Eric Blake|title=Hurricane Nicole Discussion Number 12|date=October 7, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.012.shtml?}}</ref>

By early on October 7, Nicole had finally felt the effects of strong wind shear and quickly weakened back into a tropical storm.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 14|date=October 7, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.014.shtml?}}</ref> A new blocking [[high pressure area]] began forming to the north, driving Nicole slowly toward the south as the storm's convective pattern continued to deteriorate.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 15|date=October 7, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.015.shtml?}}</ref> On the morning of October 8, the storm's center was displaced far to the north of the waning deep convection, and Nicole further declined to a minimal tropical storm.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 18|date=October 8, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.018.shtml?}}</ref> However, later that day, unusually warm [[sea surface temperature]]s enabled a "tremendous burst of deep convection" close to the center, and Nicole began to reintensify. That the storm was able to survive in spite of as much as 50 mph (85 km/h) of northerly shear proved "puzzling" to forecasters.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 19|date=October 8, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.019.shtml?}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Robbie Berg|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 17|date=October 8, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.017.shtml?}}</ref> Convection oscillated in coverage and intensity throughout the day on October 9; bursts of deep convection, which at one point coalesced into a burgeoning [[central dense overcast]], repeatedly subsided to leave the center exposed. As steering currents slackened, Nicole slowed to a drift before the retreating ridge of high pressure allowed the storm to resume a northward course.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 23|date=October 9, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.023.shtml?}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Jack Beven|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 24|date=October 10, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.024.shtml}}</ref> By the morning of October 10, thunderstorms associated with the tropical storm had "faded away into a shallow and shapeless cloud mass", according to one NHC forecaster.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 26|date=October 10, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.026.shtml?}}</ref> The storm remained disorganized for the next day or so, until several bands of convection began to wrap around a ragged eye feature in response to abating wind shear.<ref>{{cite web|author=Daniel Brown|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 30|date=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.030.shtml?|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 12, 2016}}</ref> Nicole reattained Category 1 hurricane intensity at 18:00 UTC on October 11, and its satellite appearance continued to improve.<ref name="30a">{{cite news|author=Daniel Brown|title=Hurricane Nicole Intermediate Public Advisory Number 30A|date=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public_a.030.shtml?|publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref>

After meandering westward for a time, the hurricane turned north and soon accelerated toward the northeast as it recurved into the [[Tropical cyclone#Interaction with the mid-latitude westerlies|mid-latitude westerlies]]. While nearing Bermuda, Nicole exhibited a highly symmetrical cloud pattern centered around a large and well-defined eye.<ref>{{cite web|author=Daniel Brown|title=Hurricane Nicole Discussion Number 34|date=October 12, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 12, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.034.shtml?}}</ref> The storm underwent another period of rapid intensification, and eventually reached its peak intensity as a Category 4 major hurricane with winds of 130 mph (215 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 950 mbar (28.05 inHg).<ref>{{cite web|author=Michael Brennan|title=Hurricane Nicole Public Advisory Number 36|date=October 12, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCPAT5+shtml/130300.shtml?|accessdate=October 12, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref> Nicole maintained its strength for nine hours before starting to weaken because of increasing southwesterly shear.<ref>{{cite web|author=Daniel Brown, Robbie Berg|title=Hurricane Nicole Public Advisory Number 37A|date=October 13, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public_a.037.shtml?|accessdate=October 13, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref><ref name="disc38">{{cite web|author=Daniel Brown|title=Hurricane Nicole Discussion Number 38|date=October 13, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 13, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.038.shtml?}}</ref> At around 15:00 UTC on October 13, the eye of Nicole passed over Bermuda, marking a [[Landfall#Tropical cyclone|direct hit]].<ref name="adv38">{{cite web|author=Daniel Brown and Robbie Berg|title=Hurricane Nicole Public Advisory Number 38|date=October 13, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.038.shtml?|accessdate=October 13, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref> While passing the islands, the storm's inner core lost some of its structure, and the eye as viewed from radar was tilted to the southwest of the central clearing displayed on satellite.<ref name="disc38"/> At 09:00 UTC on October 14, a southwesterly wind shear reduced the system to Category 1 status, although [[Swell (ocean)|swells]] from Nicole affected Bermuda and portions of the U.S. east coast and [[Atlantic Canada]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Avila, Lixion|title=Hurricane Nicole Public Advisory Number 41|date=October 14, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.041.shtml?|accessdate=October 14, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref> In the early morning of October 15, Nicole weakened again to a tropical storm, only to restrengthen into a hurricane twelve hours later,<ref>{{cite web|author=Berg, Robbie|title=Hurricane Nicole Public Advisory Number 44|date=October 14, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.044.shtml?|accessdate=October 15, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref> becoming the first storm to strengthen to hurricane status thrice since [[Hurricane Tomas]] of [[2010 Atlantic hurricane season|2010]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Twin Typhoons in Philippines; Nicole of the North; Hundred-Degree Heat in Plains|url=https://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=3482|publisher=[[Weather Underground (weather service)|Weather Underground]]|date=October 17, 2016|accessdate=October 18, 2016}}</ref> Shortly after, Nicole slowed tremendously, as it became stationed south of a high pressure system. Its wind field started to expand drastically, eventually making it the fourth largest Atlantic hurricane ever recorded. Shortly after, Nicole finally transitioned into an [[extratropical cyclone]] on October 18, ending its nearly 2-week journey across the Atlantic basin.

==Preparations and impact==
[[File:Nicole am2 2016290.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.3|A map of sea surface temperature anomalies along the track of Hurricane Nicole. The hurricane's winds [[upwelling|upwelled]] cooler waters below the surface, leaving behind a cold wake along its path.]]

===Bermuda===

On October 10, while the storm was still located about {{convert|415|mi|km|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} to the south, the [[Bermuda Weather Service]] issued a [[tropical cyclone watches and warnings|hurricane watch]] for the islands of Bermuda.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Public Advisory Number 27|date=October 10, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.027.shtml?}}</ref> A concurrent tropical storm warning was posted early the next morning,<ref>{{cite web|author=Lixon Avila|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Public Advisory Number 29|date=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.029.shtml?}}</ref> and both advisories were replaced with a hurricane warning when Nicole reintensified into a hurricane.<ref name="30a"/> Residents boarded up their homes and businesses and placed sandbags to minimize the effects of flooding. Small boats were removed from marinas for safe storage, while larger vessels that remained in the water were tightly secured.<ref>{{cite news|author=Guy Cabral and Lisa Simpson|title=Nicole: Residents make final preparations|date=October 12, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 12, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/storm/article/20161012/nicole-residents-make-final-preparations}}</ref> Schools and government offices closed for the duration of the storm, while ferry and bus services were suspended on October 12. Additionally, commercial flights to and from [[L.F. Wade International Airport]] were canceled.<ref>{{cite news|title=Advice, closures and cancellations|date=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/news/article/20161011/advice-closures-and-cancellations|accessdate=October 11, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Nicole upgraded to hurricane|date=October 11, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/news/article/20161011/nicole-upgraded-to-hurricane}}</ref> The threat of the storm prompted three cruise liners to cancel their scheduled stops at Bermuda.<ref>{{cite news|title=
Nicole on track to hit Bermuda|date=October 10, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/news/article/20161010/nicole-on-track-to-hit-bermuda}}</ref>

As a precaution, officials closed [[The Causeway, Bermuda|the Causeway]] late on October 12.<ref>{{cite news|author=Adrian Robson|title=
Island braced for direct hit|date=October 12, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 12, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/storm/article/20161012/island-braced-for-direct-hit}}</ref> Some 140 [[The Royal Bermuda Regiment|Royal Bermuda Regiment]] soldiers were deployed at strategic points, ready to assist in the aftermath of the storm.<ref>{{cite news|title=
Nicole live: Regiment adopts state of readiness|date=October 12, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 12, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/storm/article/20161012/nicole-live-regiment-adopts-state-of-readiness}}</ref> At the [[Cedarbridge Academy]], a government shelter was opened with [[Camp bed|cots]] and emergency supplies for storm victims.<ref>{{cite news|title=Photos: Shelter Opens At CedarBridge Academy|date=October 12, 2016|newspaper=Bernews|accessdate=October 12, 2016|url=http://bernews.com/2016/10/photos-hurricane-nicole-shelter/}}</ref> Bermuda's only daily newspaper, ''[[The Royal Gazette (Bermuda)|The Royal Gazette]]'', did not go to print on October 13.<ref>{{cite news|title=No Royal Gazette on Thursday|date=October 12, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 12, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/storm/article/20161012/no-royal-gazette-on-thursday}}</ref> With adverse weather conditions expected to impact a crucial [[NASA]] rocket tracking site in Bermuda, the launch of an [[International Space Station]] resupply spacecraft from Virginia's [[Wallops Flight Facility]] was postponed.<ref>{{cite web|author=Karen Northon|title=Atlantic Storm System Delays NASA Resupply Launch to Space Station|date=October 11, 2016|publisher=National Aeronautics and Space Administration|accessdate=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/atlantic-storm-system-delays-nasa-resupply-launch-to-space-station}}</ref> [[Cygnus CRS OA-5|The mission]] had already been delayed, in part due to the threat of Hurricane Matthew.<ref>{{cite web|author=Stephen Clark|title=Critical Antares rocket launch set for Friday night|date=October 10, 2016|publisher=Spaceflight Now|accessdate=October 11, 2016|url=http://spaceflightnow.com/2016/10/10/critical-antares-rocket-launch-set-for-friday-night/}}</ref>

Strong swells from the slow-moving storm started affecting Bermuda on October 6.<ref>{{cite web|title=BWS Daily Climatology Written Summary|date=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.weather.bm/climatereport/climateReport.asp|accessdate=October 11, 2016|publisher=Bermuda Weather Service}}</ref> Later, on October 11, gusty winds along the periphery of Nicole's circulation caused a brief power outage.<ref>{{cite news|author=Jonathan Bell|title=Belco reports first storm-related outage|date=October 11, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/news/article/20161011/belco-reports-first-storm-related-outage}}</ref> As the core of the hurricane passed over Bermuda, a [[Automated airport weather station#Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS)|weather station]] on Pearl Island recorded sustained winds of 87 mph (141 km/h) with gusts to 119 mph (191 km/h).<ref name="adv38"/> An elevated station at Commissioner's Point recorded slightly higher winds.<ref>{{cite web|author=Daniel Brown and Robbie Berg|title=Hurricane Nicole Tropical Cyclone Update|date=October 13, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.update.10131332.shtml?|accessdate=October 13, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref> The strong winds brought down trees and powerlines, leaving 27,341 households—approximately 90% of all electric customers in the territory—without service.<ref>{{cite news|title=Photos: The Aftermath Of Hurricane Nicole|date=October 13, 2016|newspaper=Bernews|accessdate=October 13, 2016|url=http://bernews.com/2016/10/photos-aftermath-hurricane-nicole}}</ref> Initial reports indicated that some buildings sustained roof damage, as did safety walls along the Causeway. Low-lying roadways and buildings were flooded, and the rough surf tore boats from their mooring and drove them aground. Overall, the hurricane proved less damaging than initially feared, and no fatalities or serious injuries were reported.<ref name="live">{{cite news|title=Nicole live: storm moves on, Causeway shut|date=October 13, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 12, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/storm/article/20161013/nicole-live-storm-moves-on-causeway-shut}}</ref>

===Atlantic Coastlines===
Although only Bermuda was directly affected by the hurricane, Nicole's large size stirred a tremendous area of high seas. Long-period swells propagated across the entire North Atlantic for a prolonged period.<ref>{{cite report|author=Stacy Stewart|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=October 16, 2016|accessdate=October 19, 2016|title=Hurricane Nicole Discussion Number 51|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.051.shtml|location=Miami, Florida}}</ref> One surfer went missing in Puerto Rico in relation to these swells.<ref>{{cite news|author=Bihu Ray|newspaper=International Business Times|date=October 13, 2016|accessdate=October 19, 2016|title=Bermuda braces for extremely dangerous hurricane Nicole|url=http://www.ibtimes.sg/bermuda-braces-extremely-dangerous-hurricane-nicole-3889}}</ref> Along the [[Florida]] coastline, hundreds of baby sea turtles were washed back ashore; roughly 500 were rescued by the [[Marine Science Center|Volusia Marine Science Center]], and 75 by the [[Brevard Zoo]].<ref>{{cite news|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=Naples Daily News|date=October 17, 2016|accessdate=October 19, 2016|title=Hurricane Nicole pushes sea turtles back to Florida beaches|url=http://www.naplesnews.com/story/news/local/florida/2016/10/17/hurricane-nicole-pushes-sea-turtles-back-florida-beaches/92298692/|location=Melbourne, Florida}}</ref> In [[Rodanthe, North Carolina]], a large breaking wave pulled two teenagers out to sea; one managed to swim to shore safely while the other drowned. The [[United States Coast Guard]] assisted in search and rescue for nearly two days before the boy's body washed ashore. Between 20 and 30 other people required rescue from [[rip current]]s in the area.<ref>{{cite news|author=Irene Nolan|newspaper=Island Free Press|date=October 13, 2016|accessdate=October 19, 2016|title=Teen swimmer missing off Rodanthe beach|url=http://islandfreepress.org/2016Archives/10.13.2016-TeenSwimmerMissingOffRodantheBeach.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Irene Nolan|newspaper=Island Free Press|date=October 17, 2016|accessdate=October 19, 2016|title=Update: Body of missing swimmer found near Avon pier|url=http://islandfreepress.org/2016Archives/10.17.2016-UPDATEBodyOfMissingSwimmerFoundNearAvonPier.html}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Tropical cyclones}}
*[[Hurricane Nicole|Other storms of the same name]]
*[[Hurricane Dean (1989)]]
*[[Hurricane Fabian]]
*[[Hurricane Fay (2014)]]
*[[Hurricane Gonzalo]]
*[[List of Bermuda hurricanes]]
*[[List of Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/NICOLE.shtml? Advisory archive] from the National Hurricane Center
*[http://bernews.com/2016/10/photos-aftermath-hurricane-nicole/ Damage photo gallery] from ''Bernews''

{{2016 Atlantic hurricane season buttons}}

[[Category:Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes|Nicole (2016)]]
[[Category:2016 Atlantic hurricane season|Nicole]]
[[Category:Hurricanes in Bermuda|Nicole]]

Hurrikan Nicole

2016-10-19T16:02:23Z

Cyclonebiskit: still active as ET

{{Infobox hurricane
| Name=Hurricane Nicole
| Type=hurricane
| Year=2016
| Basin=Atl
| Image location=Nicole 2016-10-12 1750Z.jpg
| Image name=Hurricane Nicole rapidly intensifying south of [[Bermuda]] on October 12
| Formed=October 4, 2016
| Dissipated=Currently active
| Extratropical=October 18, 2016
| 1-min winds=115
| Pressure=950
| Damages=Unknown
| Fatalities=1 direct, 1 missing
| Areas=[[Bermuda]], North Atlantic Coastlines
| Hurricane season=[[2016 Atlantic hurricane season]]
}}
'''Hurricane Nicole''' was the first major hurricane to directly impact or make landfall on [[Bermuda]] since [[Hurricane Fabian]] in [[2003 Atlantic hurricane season|2003]]. The fourteenth named storm, sixth hurricane and third major hurricane of the active [[2016 Atlantic hurricane season]], Nicole formed in the central Atlantic on October 4. The small, slow-moving storm defied forecasts by steadily organizing in spite of strong [[wind shear]], and it rapidly intensified to a [[Saffir-Simpson scale|Category 2 hurricane]] on October 7. The wind shear finally took its toll by October 8, reducing Nicole to a minimal tropical storm, as a building high pressure system forced the storm southwards. Intensification began once again as Nicole retreated towards Bermuda, with the storm briefly reaching Category 4 status. The [[eye (cyclone)|eye]] of the storm ultimately passed over Bermuda on October 13, at Category 3 hurricane status. The storm's approach to Bermuda forced schools, businesses, and government offices to close, while flight, bus, and ferry services were interrupted. In the end, the storm became the third longest-lived Atlantic hurricane of the 2010s decade, behind [[2011 Atlantic hurricane season#Hurricane Philippe|Hurricane Philippe]] of 2011, and [[Hurricane Nadine (2012)|Hurricane Nadine]] of 2012.

==Meteorological history==
{{storm path|Nicole 2016 track.png}}
On October 1, 2016, the [[National Hurricane Center]] (NHC) began monitoring a weak [[tropical wave]]-induced [[low pressure area]] producing scattered showers and thunderstorms, along with winds just shy of tropical storm intensity, over the central Atlantic. Strong [[wind shear]] prevented the disturbance from organizing significantly as it tracked northwestward for the next several days.<ref>{{cite web|author=Robbie Berg|title=Tropical Weather Outlook issued 2:00 am EDT Saturday, October 1, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/text/TWOAT/2016/TWOAT.201610010534.txt}}</ref> On October 4, satellite data confirmed the presence of a well-defined circulation center with gale-force winds.<ref>{{cite web|author=Richard Pasch|title=Tropical Weather Outlook issued 8 am EDT Tuesday, October 4, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/text/TWOAT/2016/TWOAT.201610041148.txt}}</ref><ref name="disc1">{{cite web|author=Richard Pasch|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 1|date=October 4, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.001.shtml?}}</ref> Around the same time, [[Atmospheric convection|thunderstorm activity]] became better organized and [[rainband|banding features]] began to evolve over the eastern side of the disturbance. As a result, the NHC classified the system as Tropical Storm ''Nicole'' at 15:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]], while it was located about {{convert|525|mi|km|abbr=on}} northeast of [[San Juan, Puerto Rico]]. The storm, still plagued by inhibiting wind shear, was forecast to remain weak.<ref name="disc1"/><ref>{{cite web|author=Richard Pasch|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Public Advisory Number 1|date=October 4, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.001.shtml?}}</ref>

[[File:Nicole 2016-10-04 1705Z.jpg|thumb|right|Nicole shortly after being classified as a tropical storm October 4]]
Nicole's cloud pattern gradually improved on October 5, partially shielded from the effects of wind shear by an upper-level low situated atop the tropical storm. Although [[convection]] remained lopsided, a distinct mid-level [[eye (cyclone)|eye feature]] developed within the unusually small cyclone.<ref>{{cite web|author=Robbie Berg|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 6|date=October 5, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.006.shtml?}}</ref> The storm continued moving generally northwestward around a [[subtropical ridge]] to its north.<ref>{{cite web|author=John Cangialos|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 4|date=October 5, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.004.shtml?}}</ref> Nicole gradually intensified as it became more symmetrical in appearance, and at 18:00 UTC on October 6, it was upgraded to a [[Saffir-Simpson scale#Category 1|Category 1 hurricane]] about {{convert|345|mi|km|abbr=on}} south of Bermuda.<ref>{{cite web|author=Richard Pasche|title=Hurricane Nicole Special Advisory Number 10|date=October 6, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.010.shtml?}}</ref> A period of rapid intensification brought Nicole to its initial peak intensity as a Category 2 hurricane early on October 7, with sustained winds of 105 mph (165 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 968 mbar (28.59 inHg). At the same time, a pinhole eye became evident on satellite imagery.<ref>{{cite web|author=Eric Blake|title=Hurricane Nicole Public Advisory Number 12|date=October 7, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.012.shtml?}}</ref> Considering the strong shear produced by [[Outflow (meteorology)|outflow]] from powerful [[Hurricane Matthew]] to Nicole's southwest, the NHC described this strengthening trend as "unexpected."<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Hurricane Nicole Discussion Number 11|date=October 6, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.011.shtml?}}</ref> An approaching [[trough (meteorology)|trough]] eroded the ridge to the north, leaving the hurricane in an area of very weak steering currents;<ref>{{cite web|author=John Cangialos|title=Hurricane Nicole Discussion Number 8|date=October 6, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.008.shtml?}}</ref> consequently, its forward movement slowed to nearly stationary.<ref>{{cite web|author=Eric Blake|title=Hurricane Nicole Discussion Number 12|date=October 7, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.012.shtml?}}</ref>

By early on October 7, Nicole had finally felt the effects of strong wind shear and quickly weakened back into a tropical storm.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 14|date=October 7, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.014.shtml?}}</ref> A new blocking [[high pressure area]] began forming to the north, driving Nicole slowly toward the south as the storm's convective pattern continued to deteriorate.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 15|date=October 7, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.015.shtml?}}</ref> On the morning of October 8, the storm's center was displaced far to the north of the waning deep convection, and Nicole further declined to a minimal tropical storm.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 18|date=October 8, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.018.shtml?}}</ref> However, later that day, unusually warm [[sea surface temperature]]s enabled a "tremendous burst of deep convection" close to the center, and Nicole began to reintensify. That the storm was able to survive in spite of as much as 50 mph (85 km/h) of northerly shear proved "puzzling" to forecasters.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 19|date=October 8, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.019.shtml?}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Robbie Berg|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 17|date=October 8, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.017.shtml?}}</ref> Convection oscillated in coverage and intensity throughout the day on October 9; bursts of deep convection, which at one point coalesced into a burgeoning [[central dense overcast]], repeatedly subsided to leave the center exposed. As steering currents slackened, Nicole slowed to a drift before the retreating ridge of high pressure allowed the storm to resume a northward course.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 23|date=October 9, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.023.shtml?}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Jack Beven|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 24|date=October 10, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.024.shtml}}</ref> By the morning of October 10, thunderstorms associated with the tropical storm had "faded away into a shallow and shapeless cloud mass", according to one NHC forecaster.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 26|date=October 10, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.026.shtml?}}</ref> The storm remained disorganized for the next day or so, until several bands of convection began to wrap around a ragged eye feature in response to abating wind shear.<ref>{{cite web|author=Daniel Brown|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 30|date=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.030.shtml?|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 12, 2016}}</ref> Nicole reattained Category 1 hurricane intensity at 18:00 UTC on October 11, and its satellite appearance continued to improve.<ref name="30a">{{cite news|author=Daniel Brown|title=Hurricane Nicole Intermediate Public Advisory Number 30A|date=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public_a.030.shtml?|publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref>

After meandering westward for a time, the hurricane turned north and soon accelerated toward the northeast as it recurved into the [[Tropical cyclone#Interaction with the mid-latitude westerlies|mid-latitude westerlies]]. While nearing Bermuda, Nicole exhibited a highly symmetrical cloud pattern centered around a large and well-defined eye.<ref>{{cite web|author=Daniel Brown|title=Hurricane Nicole Discussion Number 34|date=October 12, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 12, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.034.shtml?}}</ref> The storm underwent another period of rapid intensification, and eventually reached its peak intensity as a Category 4 major hurricane with winds of 130 mph (215 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 950 mbar (28.05 inHg).<ref>{{cite web|author=Michael Brennan|title=Hurricane Nicole Public Advisory Number 36|date=October 12, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCPAT5+shtml/130300.shtml?|accessdate=October 12, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref> Nicole maintained its strength for nine hours before starting to weaken because of increasing southwesterly shear.<ref>{{cite web|author=Daniel Brown, Robbie Berg|title=Hurricane Nicole Public Advisory Number 37A|date=October 13, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public_a.037.shtml?|accessdate=October 13, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref><ref name="disc38">{{cite web|author=Daniel Brown|title=Hurricane Nicole Discussion Number 38|date=October 13, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 13, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.038.shtml?}}</ref> At around 15:00 UTC on October 13, the eye of Nicole passed over Bermuda, marking a [[Landfall#Tropical cyclone|direct hit]].<ref name="adv38">{{cite web|author=Daniel Brown and Robbie Berg|title=Hurricane Nicole Public Advisory Number 38|date=October 13, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.038.shtml?|accessdate=October 13, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref> While passing the islands, the storm's inner core lost some of its structure, and the eye as viewed from radar was tilted to the southwest of the central clearing displayed on satellite.<ref name="disc38"/> At 09:00 UTC on October 14, a southwesterly wind shear reduced the system to Category 1 status, although [[Swell (ocean)|swells]] from Nicole affected Bermuda and portions of the U.S. east coast and [[Atlantic Canada]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Avila, Lixion|title=Hurricane Nicole Public Advisory Number 41|date=October 14, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.041.shtml?|accessdate=October 14, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref> In the early morning of October 15, Nicole weakened again to a tropical storm, only to restrengthen into a hurricane twelve hours later,<ref>{{cite web|author=Berg, Robbie|title=Hurricane Nicole Public Advisory Number 44|date=October 14, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.044.shtml?|accessdate=October 15, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref> becoming the first storm to strengthen to hurricane status thrice since [[Hurricane Tomas]] of [[2010 Atlantic hurricane season|2010]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Twin Typhoons in Philippines; Nicole of the North; Hundred-Degree Heat in Plains|url=https://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=3482|publisher=[[Weather Underground (weather service)|Weather Underground]]|date=October 17, 2016|accessdate=October 18, 2016}}</ref> Shortly after, Nicole slowed tremendously, as it became stationed south of a high pressure system. Its wind field started to expand drastically, eventually making it the fourth largest Atlantic hurricane ever recorded. Shortly after, Nicole finally transitioned into an [[extratropical cyclone]] on October 18, ending its nearly 2-week journey across the Atlantic basin.

==Preparations and impact==
[[File:Nicole am2 2016290.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.3|A map of sea surface temperature anomalies along the track of Hurricane Nicole. The hurricane's winds [[upwelling|upwelled]] cooler waters below the surface, leaving behind a cold wake along its path.]]

===Bermuda===

On October 10, while the storm was still located about {{convert|415|mi|km|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} to the south, the [[Bermuda Weather Service]] issued a [[tropical cyclone watches and warnings|hurricane watch]] for the islands of Bermuda.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Public Advisory Number 27|date=October 10, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.027.shtml?}}</ref> A concurrent tropical storm warning was posted early the next morning,<ref>{{cite web|author=Lixon Avila|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Public Advisory Number 29|date=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.029.shtml?}}</ref> and both advisories were replaced with a hurricane warning when Nicole reintensified into a hurricane.<ref name="30a"/> Residents boarded up their homes and businesses and placed sandbags to minimize the effects of flooding. Small boats were removed from marinas for safe storage, while larger vessels that remained in the water were tightly secured.<ref>{{cite news|author=Guy Cabral and Lisa Simpson|title=Nicole: Residents make final preparations|date=October 12, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 12, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/storm/article/20161012/nicole-residents-make-final-preparations}}</ref> Schools and government offices closed for the duration of the storm, while ferry and bus services were suspended on October 12. Additionally, commercial flights to and from [[L.F. Wade International Airport]] were canceled.<ref>{{cite news|title=Advice, closures and cancellations|date=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/news/article/20161011/advice-closures-and-cancellations|accessdate=October 11, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Nicole upgraded to hurricane|date=October 11, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/news/article/20161011/nicole-upgraded-to-hurricane}}</ref> The threat of the storm prompted three cruise liners to cancel their scheduled stops at Bermuda.<ref>{{cite news|title=
Nicole on track to hit Bermuda|date=October 10, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/news/article/20161010/nicole-on-track-to-hit-bermuda}}</ref>

As a precaution, officials closed [[The Causeway, Bermuda|the Causeway]] late on October 12.<ref>{{cite news|author=Adrian Robson|title=
Island braced for direct hit|date=October 12, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 12, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/storm/article/20161012/island-braced-for-direct-hit}}</ref> Some 140 [[The Royal Bermuda Regiment|Royal Bermuda Regiment]] soldiers were deployed at strategic points, ready to assist in the aftermath of the storm.<ref>{{cite news|title=
Nicole live: Regiment adopts state of readiness|date=October 12, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 12, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/storm/article/20161012/nicole-live-regiment-adopts-state-of-readiness}}</ref> At the [[Cedarbridge Academy]], a government shelter was opened with [[Camp bed|cots]] and emergency supplies for storm victims.<ref>{{cite news|title=Photos: Shelter Opens At CedarBridge Academy|date=October 12, 2016|newspaper=Bernews|accessdate=October 12, 2016|url=http://bernews.com/2016/10/photos-hurricane-nicole-shelter/}}</ref> Bermuda's only daily newspaper, ''[[The Royal Gazette (Bermuda)|The Royal Gazette]]'', did not go to print on October 13.<ref>{{cite news|title=No Royal Gazette on Thursday|date=October 12, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 12, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/storm/article/20161012/no-royal-gazette-on-thursday}}</ref> With adverse weather conditions expected to impact a crucial [[NASA]] rocket tracking site in Bermuda, the launch of an [[International Space Station]] resupply spacecraft from Virginia's [[Wallops Flight Facility]] was postponed.<ref>{{cite web|author=Karen Northon|title=Atlantic Storm System Delays NASA Resupply Launch to Space Station|date=October 11, 2016|publisher=National Aeronautics and Space Administration|accessdate=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/atlantic-storm-system-delays-nasa-resupply-launch-to-space-station}}</ref> [[Cygnus CRS OA-5|The mission]] had already been delayed, in part due to the threat of Hurricane Matthew.<ref>{{cite web|author=Stephen Clark|title=Critical Antares rocket launch set for Friday night|date=October 10, 2016|publisher=Spaceflight Now|accessdate=October 11, 2016|url=http://spaceflightnow.com/2016/10/10/critical-antares-rocket-launch-set-for-friday-night/}}</ref>

Strong swells from the slow-moving storm started affecting Bermuda on October 6.<ref>{{cite web|title=BWS Daily Climatology Written Summary|date=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.weather.bm/climatereport/climateReport.asp|accessdate=October 11, 2016|publisher=Bermuda Weather Service}}</ref> Later, on October 11, gusty winds along the periphery of Nicole's circulation caused a brief power outage.<ref>{{cite news|author=Jonathan Bell|title=Belco reports first storm-related outage|date=October 11, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/news/article/20161011/belco-reports-first-storm-related-outage}}</ref> As the core of the hurricane passed over Bermuda, a [[Automated airport weather station#Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS)|weather station]] on Pearl Island recorded sustained winds of 87 mph (141 km/h) with gusts to 119 mph (191 km/h).<ref name="adv38"/> An elevated station at Commissioner's Point recorded slightly higher winds.<ref>{{cite web|author=Daniel Brown and Robbie Berg|title=Hurricane Nicole Tropical Cyclone Update|date=October 13, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.update.10131332.shtml?|accessdate=October 13, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref> The strong winds brought down trees and powerlines, leaving 27,341 households—approximately 90% of all electric customers in the territory—without service.<ref>{{cite news|title=Photos: The Aftermath Of Hurricane Nicole|date=October 13, 2016|newspaper=Bernews|accessdate=October 13, 2016|url=http://bernews.com/2016/10/photos-aftermath-hurricane-nicole}}</ref> Initial reports indicated that some buildings sustained roof damage, as did safety walls along the Causeway. Low-lying roadways and buildings were flooded, and the rough surf tore boats from their mooring and drove them aground. Overall, the hurricane proved less damaging than initially feared, and no fatalities or serious injuries were reported.<ref name="live">{{cite news|title=Nicole live: storm moves on, Causeway shut|date=October 13, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 12, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/storm/article/20161013/nicole-live-storm-moves-on-causeway-shut}}</ref>

===Atlantic Coastlines===
Although only Bermuda was directly affected by the hurricane, Nicole's large size stirred a tremendous area of high seas. Long-period swells propagated across the entire North Atlantic for a prolonged period.<ref>{{cite report|author=Stacy Stewart|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=October 16, 2016|accessdate=October 19, 2016|title=Hurricane Nicole Discussion Number 51|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.051.shtml|location=Miami, Florida}}</ref> One surfer went missing in Puerto Rico in relation to these swells.<ref>{{cite news|author=Bihu Ray|newspaper=International Business Times|date=October 13, 2016|accessdate=October 19, 2016|title=Bermuda braces for extremely dangerous hurricane Nicole|url=http://www.ibtimes.sg/bermuda-braces-extremely-dangerous-hurricane-nicole-3889}}</ref> Along the [[Florida]] coastline, hundreds of baby sea turtles were washed back ashore; roughly 500 were rescued by the [[Marine Science Center|Volusia Marine Science Center]], and 75 by the [[Brevard Zoo]].<ref>{{cite news|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=Naples Daily News|date=October 17, 2016|accessdate=October 19, 2016|title=Hurricane Nicole pushes sea turtles back to Florida beaches|url=http://www.naplesnews.com/story/news/local/florida/2016/10/17/hurricane-nicole-pushes-sea-turtles-back-florida-beaches/92298692/|location=Melbourne, Florida}}</ref> In [[Rodanthe, North Carolina]], a large breaking wave pulled two teenagers out to sea; one managed to swim to shore safely while the other drowned. The [[United States Coast Guard]] assisted in search and rescue for nearly two days before the boy's body washed ashore.<ref>{{cite news|author=Irene Nolan|newspaper=Island Free Press|date=October 13, 2016|accessdate=October 19, 2016|title=Teen swimmer missing off Rodanthe beach|url=http://islandfreepress.org/2016Archives/10.13.2016-TeenSwimmerMissingOffRodantheBeach.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Irene Nolan|newspaper=Island Free Press|date=October 17, 2016|accessdate=October 19, 2016|title=Update: Body of missing swimmer found near Avon pier|url=http://islandfreepress.org/2016Archives/10.17.2016-UPDATEBodyOfMissingSwimmerFoundNearAvonPier.html}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Tropical cyclones}}
*[[Hurricane Nicole|Other storms of the same name]]
*[[Hurricane Dean (1989)]]
*[[Hurricane Fabian]]
*[[Hurricane Fay (2014)]]
*[[Hurricane Gonzalo]]
*[[List of Bermuda hurricanes]]
*[[List of Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/NICOLE.shtml? Advisory archive] from the National Hurricane Center
*[http://bernews.com/2016/10/photos-aftermath-hurricane-nicole/ Damage photo gallery] from ''Bernews''

{{2016 Atlantic hurricane season buttons}}

[[Category:Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes|Nicole (2016)]]
[[Category:2016 Atlantic hurricane season|Nicole]]
[[Category:Hurricanes in Bermuda|Nicole]]

Hurrikan Nicole

2016-10-19T16:00:01Z

Cyclonebiskit: add death to infobox

{{Infobox hurricane
| Name=Hurricane Nicole
| Type=hurricane
| Year=2016
| Basin=Atl
| Image location=Nicole 2016-10-12 1750Z.jpg
| Image name=Hurricane Nicole rapidly intensifying south of [[Bermuda]] on October 12
| Formed=October 4, 2016
| Dissipated=October 18, 2016
| 1-min winds=115
| Pressure=950
| Damages=Unknown
| Fatalities=1 direct, 1 missing
| Areas=[[Bermuda]], North Atlantic Coastlines
| Hurricane season=[[2016 Atlantic hurricane season]]
}}
'''Hurricane Nicole''' was the first major hurricane to directly impact or make landfall on [[Bermuda]] since [[Hurricane Fabian]] in [[2003 Atlantic hurricane season|2003]]. The fourteenth named storm, sixth hurricane and third major hurricane of the active [[2016 Atlantic hurricane season]], Nicole formed in the central Atlantic on October 4. The small, slow-moving storm defied forecasts by steadily organizing in spite of strong [[wind shear]], and it rapidly intensified to a [[Saffir-Simpson scale|Category 2 hurricane]] on October 7. The wind shear finally took its toll by October 8, reducing Nicole to a minimal tropical storm, as a building high pressure system forced the storm southwards. Intensification began once again as Nicole retreated towards Bermuda, with the storm briefly reaching Category 4 status. The [[eye (cyclone)|eye]] of the storm ultimately passed over Bermuda on October 13, at Category 3 hurricane status. The storm's approach to Bermuda forced schools, businesses, and government offices to close, while flight, bus, and ferry services were interrupted. In the end, the storm became the third longest-lived Atlantic hurricane of the 2010s decade, behind [[2011 Atlantic hurricane season#Hurricane Philippe|Hurricane Philippe]] of 2011, and [[Hurricane Nadine (2012)|Hurricane Nadine]] of 2012.

==Meteorological history==
{{storm path|Nicole 2016 track.png}}
On October 1, 2016, the [[National Hurricane Center]] (NHC) began monitoring a weak [[tropical wave]]-induced [[low pressure area]] producing scattered showers and thunderstorms, along with winds just shy of tropical storm intensity, over the central Atlantic. Strong [[wind shear]] prevented the disturbance from organizing significantly as it tracked northwestward for the next several days.<ref>{{cite web|author=Robbie Berg|title=Tropical Weather Outlook issued 2:00 am EDT Saturday, October 1, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/text/TWOAT/2016/TWOAT.201610010534.txt}}</ref> On October 4, satellite data confirmed the presence of a well-defined circulation center with gale-force winds.<ref>{{cite web|author=Richard Pasch|title=Tropical Weather Outlook issued 8 am EDT Tuesday, October 4, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/text/TWOAT/2016/TWOAT.201610041148.txt}}</ref><ref name="disc1">{{cite web|author=Richard Pasch|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 1|date=October 4, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.001.shtml?}}</ref> Around the same time, [[Atmospheric convection|thunderstorm activity]] became better organized and [[rainband|banding features]] began to evolve over the eastern side of the disturbance. As a result, the NHC classified the system as Tropical Storm ''Nicole'' at 15:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]], while it was located about {{convert|525|mi|km|abbr=on}} northeast of [[San Juan, Puerto Rico]]. The storm, still plagued by inhibiting wind shear, was forecast to remain weak.<ref name="disc1"/><ref>{{cite web|author=Richard Pasch|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Public Advisory Number 1|date=October 4, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.001.shtml?}}</ref>

[[File:Nicole 2016-10-04 1705Z.jpg|thumb|right|Nicole shortly after being classified as a tropical storm October 4]]
Nicole's cloud pattern gradually improved on October 5, partially shielded from the effects of wind shear by an upper-level low situated atop the tropical storm. Although [[convection]] remained lopsided, a distinct mid-level [[eye (cyclone)|eye feature]] developed within the unusually small cyclone.<ref>{{cite web|author=Robbie Berg|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 6|date=October 5, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.006.shtml?}}</ref> The storm continued moving generally northwestward around a [[subtropical ridge]] to its north.<ref>{{cite web|author=John Cangialos|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 4|date=October 5, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.004.shtml?}}</ref> Nicole gradually intensified as it became more symmetrical in appearance, and at 18:00 UTC on October 6, it was upgraded to a [[Saffir-Simpson scale#Category 1|Category 1 hurricane]] about {{convert|345|mi|km|abbr=on}} south of Bermuda.<ref>{{cite web|author=Richard Pasche|title=Hurricane Nicole Special Advisory Number 10|date=October 6, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.010.shtml?}}</ref> A period of rapid intensification brought Nicole to its initial peak intensity as a Category 2 hurricane early on October 7, with sustained winds of 105 mph (165 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 968 mbar (28.59 inHg). At the same time, a pinhole eye became evident on satellite imagery.<ref>{{cite web|author=Eric Blake|title=Hurricane Nicole Public Advisory Number 12|date=October 7, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.012.shtml?}}</ref> Considering the strong shear produced by [[Outflow (meteorology)|outflow]] from powerful [[Hurricane Matthew]] to Nicole's southwest, the NHC described this strengthening trend as "unexpected."<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Hurricane Nicole Discussion Number 11|date=October 6, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.011.shtml?}}</ref> An approaching [[trough (meteorology)|trough]] eroded the ridge to the north, leaving the hurricane in an area of very weak steering currents;<ref>{{cite web|author=John Cangialos|title=Hurricane Nicole Discussion Number 8|date=October 6, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.008.shtml?}}</ref> consequently, its forward movement slowed to nearly stationary.<ref>{{cite web|author=Eric Blake|title=Hurricane Nicole Discussion Number 12|date=October 7, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.012.shtml?}}</ref>

By early on October 7, Nicole had finally felt the effects of strong wind shear and quickly weakened back into a tropical storm.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 14|date=October 7, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.014.shtml?}}</ref> A new blocking [[high pressure area]] began forming to the north, driving Nicole slowly toward the south as the storm's convective pattern continued to deteriorate.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 15|date=October 7, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.015.shtml?}}</ref> On the morning of October 8, the storm's center was displaced far to the north of the waning deep convection, and Nicole further declined to a minimal tropical storm.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 18|date=October 8, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.018.shtml?}}</ref> However, later that day, unusually warm [[sea surface temperature]]s enabled a "tremendous burst of deep convection" close to the center, and Nicole began to reintensify. That the storm was able to survive in spite of as much as 50 mph (85 km/h) of northerly shear proved "puzzling" to forecasters.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 19|date=October 8, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.019.shtml?}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Robbie Berg|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 17|date=October 8, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.017.shtml?}}</ref> Convection oscillated in coverage and intensity throughout the day on October 9; bursts of deep convection, which at one point coalesced into a burgeoning [[central dense overcast]], repeatedly subsided to leave the center exposed. As steering currents slackened, Nicole slowed to a drift before the retreating ridge of high pressure allowed the storm to resume a northward course.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 23|date=October 9, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.023.shtml?}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Jack Beven|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 24|date=October 10, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.024.shtml}}</ref> By the morning of October 10, thunderstorms associated with the tropical storm had "faded away into a shallow and shapeless cloud mass", according to one NHC forecaster.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 26|date=October 10, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.026.shtml?}}</ref> The storm remained disorganized for the next day or so, until several bands of convection began to wrap around a ragged eye feature in response to abating wind shear.<ref>{{cite web|author=Daniel Brown|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 30|date=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.030.shtml?|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 12, 2016}}</ref> Nicole reattained Category 1 hurricane intensity at 18:00 UTC on October 11, and its satellite appearance continued to improve.<ref name="30a">{{cite news|author=Daniel Brown|title=Hurricane Nicole Intermediate Public Advisory Number 30A|date=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public_a.030.shtml?|publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref>

After meandering westward for a time, the hurricane turned north and soon accelerated toward the northeast as it recurved into the [[Tropical cyclone#Interaction with the mid-latitude westerlies|mid-latitude westerlies]]. While nearing Bermuda, Nicole exhibited a highly symmetrical cloud pattern centered around a large and well-defined eye.<ref>{{cite web|author=Daniel Brown|title=Hurricane Nicole Discussion Number 34|date=October 12, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 12, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.034.shtml?}}</ref> The storm underwent another period of rapid intensification, and eventually reached its peak intensity as a Category 4 major hurricane with winds of 130 mph (215 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 950 mbar (28.05 inHg).<ref>{{cite web|author=Michael Brennan|title=Hurricane Nicole Public Advisory Number 36|date=October 12, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCPAT5+shtml/130300.shtml?|accessdate=October 12, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref> Nicole maintained its strength for nine hours before starting to weaken because of increasing southwesterly shear.<ref>{{cite web|author=Daniel Brown, Robbie Berg|title=Hurricane Nicole Public Advisory Number 37A|date=October 13, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public_a.037.shtml?|accessdate=October 13, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref><ref name="disc38">{{cite web|author=Daniel Brown|title=Hurricane Nicole Discussion Number 38|date=October 13, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 13, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.038.shtml?}}</ref> At around 15:00 UTC on October 13, the eye of Nicole passed over Bermuda, marking a [[Landfall#Tropical cyclone|direct hit]].<ref name="adv38">{{cite web|author=Daniel Brown and Robbie Berg|title=Hurricane Nicole Public Advisory Number 38|date=October 13, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.038.shtml?|accessdate=October 13, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref> While passing the islands, the storm's inner core lost some of its structure, and the eye as viewed from radar was tilted to the southwest of the central clearing displayed on satellite.<ref name="disc38"/> At 09:00 UTC on October 14, a southwesterly wind shear reduced the system to Category 1 status, although [[Swell (ocean)|swells]] from Nicole affected Bermuda and portions of the U.S. east coast and [[Atlantic Canada]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Avila, Lixion|title=Hurricane Nicole Public Advisory Number 41|date=October 14, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.041.shtml?|accessdate=October 14, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref> In the early morning of October 15, Nicole weakened again to a tropical storm, only to restrengthen into a hurricane twelve hours later,<ref>{{cite web|author=Berg, Robbie|title=Hurricane Nicole Public Advisory Number 44|date=October 14, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.044.shtml?|accessdate=October 15, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref> becoming the first storm to strengthen to hurricane status thrice since [[Hurricane Tomas]] of [[2010 Atlantic hurricane season|2010]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Twin Typhoons in Philippines; Nicole of the North; Hundred-Degree Heat in Plains|url=https://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=3482|publisher=[[Weather Underground (weather service)|Weather Underground]]|date=October 17, 2016|accessdate=October 18, 2016}}</ref> Shortly after, Nicole slowed tremendously, as it became stationed south of a high pressure system. Its wind field started to expand drastically, eventually making it the fourth largest Atlantic hurricane ever recorded. Shortly after, Nicole finally transitioned into an [[extratropical cyclone]] on October 18, ending its nearly 2-week journey across the Atlantic basin.

==Preparations and impact==
[[File:Nicole am2 2016290.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.3|A map of sea surface temperature anomalies along the track of Hurricane Nicole. The hurricane's winds [[upwelling|upwelled]] cooler waters below the surface, leaving behind a cold wake along its path.]]

===Bermuda===

On October 10, while the storm was still located about {{convert|415|mi|km|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} to the south, the [[Bermuda Weather Service]] issued a [[tropical cyclone watches and warnings|hurricane watch]] for the islands of Bermuda.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Public Advisory Number 27|date=October 10, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.027.shtml?}}</ref> A concurrent tropical storm warning was posted early the next morning,<ref>{{cite web|author=Lixon Avila|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Public Advisory Number 29|date=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.029.shtml?}}</ref> and both advisories were replaced with a hurricane warning when Nicole reintensified into a hurricane.<ref name="30a"/> Residents boarded up their homes and businesses and placed sandbags to minimize the effects of flooding. Small boats were removed from marinas for safe storage, while larger vessels that remained in the water were tightly secured.<ref>{{cite news|author=Guy Cabral and Lisa Simpson|title=Nicole: Residents make final preparations|date=October 12, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 12, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/storm/article/20161012/nicole-residents-make-final-preparations}}</ref> Schools and government offices closed for the duration of the storm, while ferry and bus services were suspended on October 12. Additionally, commercial flights to and from [[L.F. Wade International Airport]] were canceled.<ref>{{cite news|title=Advice, closures and cancellations|date=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/news/article/20161011/advice-closures-and-cancellations|accessdate=October 11, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Nicole upgraded to hurricane|date=October 11, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/news/article/20161011/nicole-upgraded-to-hurricane}}</ref> The threat of the storm prompted three cruise liners to cancel their scheduled stops at Bermuda.<ref>{{cite news|title=
Nicole on track to hit Bermuda|date=October 10, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/news/article/20161010/nicole-on-track-to-hit-bermuda}}</ref>

As a precaution, officials closed [[The Causeway, Bermuda|the Causeway]] late on October 12.<ref>{{cite news|author=Adrian Robson|title=
Island braced for direct hit|date=October 12, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 12, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/storm/article/20161012/island-braced-for-direct-hit}}</ref> Some 140 [[The Royal Bermuda Regiment|Royal Bermuda Regiment]] soldiers were deployed at strategic points, ready to assist in the aftermath of the storm.<ref>{{cite news|title=
Nicole live: Regiment adopts state of readiness|date=October 12, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 12, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/storm/article/20161012/nicole-live-regiment-adopts-state-of-readiness}}</ref> At the [[Cedarbridge Academy]], a government shelter was opened with [[Camp bed|cots]] and emergency supplies for storm victims.<ref>{{cite news|title=Photos: Shelter Opens At CedarBridge Academy|date=October 12, 2016|newspaper=Bernews|accessdate=October 12, 2016|url=http://bernews.com/2016/10/photos-hurricane-nicole-shelter/}}</ref> Bermuda's only daily newspaper, ''[[The Royal Gazette (Bermuda)|The Royal Gazette]]'', did not go to print on October 13.<ref>{{cite news|title=No Royal Gazette on Thursday|date=October 12, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 12, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/storm/article/20161012/no-royal-gazette-on-thursday}}</ref> With adverse weather conditions expected to impact a crucial [[NASA]] rocket tracking site in Bermuda, the launch of an [[International Space Station]] resupply spacecraft from Virginia's [[Wallops Flight Facility]] was postponed.<ref>{{cite web|author=Karen Northon|title=Atlantic Storm System Delays NASA Resupply Launch to Space Station|date=October 11, 2016|publisher=National Aeronautics and Space Administration|accessdate=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/atlantic-storm-system-delays-nasa-resupply-launch-to-space-station}}</ref> [[Cygnus CRS OA-5|The mission]] had already been delayed, in part due to the threat of Hurricane Matthew.<ref>{{cite web|author=Stephen Clark|title=Critical Antares rocket launch set for Friday night|date=October 10, 2016|publisher=Spaceflight Now|accessdate=October 11, 2016|url=http://spaceflightnow.com/2016/10/10/critical-antares-rocket-launch-set-for-friday-night/}}</ref>

Strong swells from the slow-moving storm started affecting Bermuda on October 6.<ref>{{cite web|title=BWS Daily Climatology Written Summary|date=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.weather.bm/climatereport/climateReport.asp|accessdate=October 11, 2016|publisher=Bermuda Weather Service}}</ref> Later, on October 11, gusty winds along the periphery of Nicole's circulation caused a brief power outage.<ref>{{cite news|author=Jonathan Bell|title=Belco reports first storm-related outage|date=October 11, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/news/article/20161011/belco-reports-first-storm-related-outage}}</ref> As the core of the hurricane passed over Bermuda, a [[Automated airport weather station#Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS)|weather station]] on Pearl Island recorded sustained winds of 87 mph (141 km/h) with gusts to 119 mph (191 km/h).<ref name="adv38"/> An elevated station at Commissioner's Point recorded slightly higher winds.<ref>{{cite web|author=Daniel Brown and Robbie Berg|title=Hurricane Nicole Tropical Cyclone Update|date=October 13, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.update.10131332.shtml?|accessdate=October 13, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref> The strong winds brought down trees and powerlines, leaving 27,341 households—approximately 90% of all electric customers in the territory—without service.<ref>{{cite news|title=Photos: The Aftermath Of Hurricane Nicole|date=October 13, 2016|newspaper=Bernews|accessdate=October 13, 2016|url=http://bernews.com/2016/10/photos-aftermath-hurricane-nicole}}</ref> Initial reports indicated that some buildings sustained roof damage, as did safety walls along the Causeway. Low-lying roadways and buildings were flooded, and the rough surf tore boats from their mooring and drove them aground. Overall, the hurricane proved less damaging than initially feared, and no fatalities or serious injuries were reported.<ref name="live">{{cite news|title=Nicole live: storm moves on, Causeway shut|date=October 13, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 12, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/storm/article/20161013/nicole-live-storm-moves-on-causeway-shut}}</ref>

===Atlantic Coastlines===
Although only Bermuda was directly affected by the hurricane, Nicole's large size stirred a tremendous area of high seas. Long-period swells propagated across the entire North Atlantic for a prolonged period.<ref>{{cite report|author=Stacy Stewart|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=October 16, 2016|accessdate=October 19, 2016|title=Hurricane Nicole Discussion Number 51|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.051.shtml|location=Miami, Florida}}</ref> One surfer went missing in Puerto Rico in relation to these swells.<ref>{{cite news|author=Bihu Ray|newspaper=International Business Times|date=October 13, 2016|accessdate=October 19, 2016|title=Bermuda braces for extremely dangerous hurricane Nicole|url=http://www.ibtimes.sg/bermuda-braces-extremely-dangerous-hurricane-nicole-3889}}</ref> Along the [[Florida]] coastline, hundreds of baby sea turtles were washed back ashore; roughly 500 were rescued by the [[Marine Science Center|Volusia Marine Science Center]], and 75 by the [[Brevard Zoo]].<ref>{{cite news|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=Naples Daily News|date=October 17, 2016|accessdate=October 19, 2016|title=Hurricane Nicole pushes sea turtles back to Florida beaches|url=http://www.naplesnews.com/story/news/local/florida/2016/10/17/hurricane-nicole-pushes-sea-turtles-back-florida-beaches/92298692/|location=Melbourne, Florida}}</ref> In [[Rodanthe, North Carolina]], a large breaking wave pulled two teenagers out to sea; one managed to swim to shore safely while the other drowned. The [[United States Coast Guard]] assisted in search and rescue for nearly two days before the boy's body washed ashore.<ref>{{cite news|author=Irene Nolan|newspaper=Island Free Press|date=October 13, 2016|accessdate=October 19, 2016|title=Teen swimmer missing off Rodanthe beach|url=http://islandfreepress.org/2016Archives/10.13.2016-TeenSwimmerMissingOffRodantheBeach.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Irene Nolan|newspaper=Island Free Press|date=October 17, 2016|accessdate=October 19, 2016|title=Update: Body of missing swimmer found near Avon pier|url=http://islandfreepress.org/2016Archives/10.17.2016-UPDATEBodyOfMissingSwimmerFoundNearAvonPier.html}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Tropical cyclones}}
*[[Hurricane Nicole|Other storms of the same name]]
*[[Hurricane Dean (1989)]]
*[[Hurricane Fabian]]
*[[Hurricane Fay (2014)]]
*[[Hurricane Gonzalo]]
*[[List of Bermuda hurricanes]]
*[[List of Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/NICOLE.shtml? Advisory archive] from the National Hurricane Center
*[http://bernews.com/2016/10/photos-aftermath-hurricane-nicole/ Damage photo gallery] from ''Bernews''

{{2016 Atlantic hurricane season buttons}}

[[Category:Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes|Nicole (2016)]]
[[Category:2016 Atlantic hurricane season|Nicole]]
[[Category:Hurricanes in Bermuda|Nicole]]

Hurrikan Nicole

2016-10-19T15:59:25Z

Cyclonebiskit: /* Preparations and impact */ swells; one death

{{Infobox hurricane
| Name=Hurricane Nicole
| Type=hurricane
| Year=2016
| Basin=Atl
| Image location=Nicole 2016-10-12 1750Z.jpg
| Image name=Hurricane Nicole rapidly intensifying south of [[Bermuda]] on October 12
| Formed=October 4, 2016
| Dissipated=October 18, 2016
| 1-min winds=115
| Pressure=950
| Damages=Unknown
| Fatalities=None
| Areas=[[Bermuda]]
| Hurricane season=[[2016 Atlantic hurricane season]]
}}
'''Hurricane Nicole''' was the first major hurricane to directly impact or make landfall on [[Bermuda]] since [[Hurricane Fabian]] in [[2003 Atlantic hurricane season|2003]]. The fourteenth named storm, sixth hurricane and third major hurricane of the active [[2016 Atlantic hurricane season]], Nicole formed in the central Atlantic on October 4. The small, slow-moving storm defied forecasts by steadily organizing in spite of strong [[wind shear]], and it rapidly intensified to a [[Saffir-Simpson scale|Category 2 hurricane]] on October 7. The wind shear finally took its toll by October 8, reducing Nicole to a minimal tropical storm, as a building high pressure system forced the storm southwards. Intensification began once again as Nicole retreated towards Bermuda, with the storm briefly reaching Category 4 status. The [[eye (cyclone)|eye]] of the storm ultimately passed over Bermuda on October 13, at Category 3 hurricane status. The storm's approach to Bermuda forced schools, businesses, and government offices to close, while flight, bus, and ferry services were interrupted. In the end, the storm became the third longest-lived Atlantic hurricane of the 2010s decade, behind [[2011 Atlantic hurricane season#Hurricane Philippe|Hurricane Philippe]] of 2011, and [[Hurricane Nadine (2012)|Hurricane Nadine]] of 2012.

==Meteorological history==
{{storm path|Nicole 2016 track.png}}
On October 1, 2016, the [[National Hurricane Center]] (NHC) began monitoring a weak [[tropical wave]]-induced [[low pressure area]] producing scattered showers and thunderstorms, along with winds just shy of tropical storm intensity, over the central Atlantic. Strong [[wind shear]] prevented the disturbance from organizing significantly as it tracked northwestward for the next several days.<ref>{{cite web|author=Robbie Berg|title=Tropical Weather Outlook issued 2:00 am EDT Saturday, October 1, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/text/TWOAT/2016/TWOAT.201610010534.txt}}</ref> On October 4, satellite data confirmed the presence of a well-defined circulation center with gale-force winds.<ref>{{cite web|author=Richard Pasch|title=Tropical Weather Outlook issued 8 am EDT Tuesday, October 4, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/text/TWOAT/2016/TWOAT.201610041148.txt}}</ref><ref name="disc1">{{cite web|author=Richard Pasch|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 1|date=October 4, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.001.shtml?}}</ref> Around the same time, [[Atmospheric convection|thunderstorm activity]] became better organized and [[rainband|banding features]] began to evolve over the eastern side of the disturbance. As a result, the NHC classified the system as Tropical Storm ''Nicole'' at 15:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]], while it was located about {{convert|525|mi|km|abbr=on}} northeast of [[San Juan, Puerto Rico]]. The storm, still plagued by inhibiting wind shear, was forecast to remain weak.<ref name="disc1"/><ref>{{cite web|author=Richard Pasch|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Public Advisory Number 1|date=October 4, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.001.shtml?}}</ref>

[[File:Nicole 2016-10-04 1705Z.jpg|thumb|right|Nicole shortly after being classified as a tropical storm October 4]]
Nicole's cloud pattern gradually improved on October 5, partially shielded from the effects of wind shear by an upper-level low situated atop the tropical storm. Although [[convection]] remained lopsided, a distinct mid-level [[eye (cyclone)|eye feature]] developed within the unusually small cyclone.<ref>{{cite web|author=Robbie Berg|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 6|date=October 5, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.006.shtml?}}</ref> The storm continued moving generally northwestward around a [[subtropical ridge]] to its north.<ref>{{cite web|author=John Cangialos|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 4|date=October 5, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.004.shtml?}}</ref> Nicole gradually intensified as it became more symmetrical in appearance, and at 18:00 UTC on October 6, it was upgraded to a [[Saffir-Simpson scale#Category 1|Category 1 hurricane]] about {{convert|345|mi|km|abbr=on}} south of Bermuda.<ref>{{cite web|author=Richard Pasche|title=Hurricane Nicole Special Advisory Number 10|date=October 6, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.010.shtml?}}</ref> A period of rapid intensification brought Nicole to its initial peak intensity as a Category 2 hurricane early on October 7, with sustained winds of 105 mph (165 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 968 mbar (28.59 inHg). At the same time, a pinhole eye became evident on satellite imagery.<ref>{{cite web|author=Eric Blake|title=Hurricane Nicole Public Advisory Number 12|date=October 7, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.012.shtml?}}</ref> Considering the strong shear produced by [[Outflow (meteorology)|outflow]] from powerful [[Hurricane Matthew]] to Nicole's southwest, the NHC described this strengthening trend as "unexpected."<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Hurricane Nicole Discussion Number 11|date=October 6, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.011.shtml?}}</ref> An approaching [[trough (meteorology)|trough]] eroded the ridge to the north, leaving the hurricane in an area of very weak steering currents;<ref>{{cite web|author=John Cangialos|title=Hurricane Nicole Discussion Number 8|date=October 6, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.008.shtml?}}</ref> consequently, its forward movement slowed to nearly stationary.<ref>{{cite web|author=Eric Blake|title=Hurricane Nicole Discussion Number 12|date=October 7, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.012.shtml?}}</ref>

By early on October 7, Nicole had finally felt the effects of strong wind shear and quickly weakened back into a tropical storm.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 14|date=October 7, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.014.shtml?}}</ref> A new blocking [[high pressure area]] began forming to the north, driving Nicole slowly toward the south as the storm's convective pattern continued to deteriorate.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 15|date=October 7, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.015.shtml?}}</ref> On the morning of October 8, the storm's center was displaced far to the north of the waning deep convection, and Nicole further declined to a minimal tropical storm.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 18|date=October 8, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.018.shtml?}}</ref> However, later that day, unusually warm [[sea surface temperature]]s enabled a "tremendous burst of deep convection" close to the center, and Nicole began to reintensify. That the storm was able to survive in spite of as much as 50 mph (85 km/h) of northerly shear proved "puzzling" to forecasters.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 19|date=October 8, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.019.shtml?}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Robbie Berg|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 17|date=October 8, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.017.shtml?}}</ref> Convection oscillated in coverage and intensity throughout the day on October 9; bursts of deep convection, which at one point coalesced into a burgeoning [[central dense overcast]], repeatedly subsided to leave the center exposed. As steering currents slackened, Nicole slowed to a drift before the retreating ridge of high pressure allowed the storm to resume a northward course.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 23|date=October 9, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.023.shtml?}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Jack Beven|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 24|date=October 10, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.024.shtml}}</ref> By the morning of October 10, thunderstorms associated with the tropical storm had "faded away into a shallow and shapeless cloud mass", according to one NHC forecaster.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 26|date=October 10, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.026.shtml?}}</ref> The storm remained disorganized for the next day or so, until several bands of convection began to wrap around a ragged eye feature in response to abating wind shear.<ref>{{cite web|author=Daniel Brown|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 30|date=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.030.shtml?|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 12, 2016}}</ref> Nicole reattained Category 1 hurricane intensity at 18:00 UTC on October 11, and its satellite appearance continued to improve.<ref name="30a">{{cite news|author=Daniel Brown|title=Hurricane Nicole Intermediate Public Advisory Number 30A|date=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public_a.030.shtml?|publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref>

After meandering westward for a time, the hurricane turned north and soon accelerated toward the northeast as it recurved into the [[Tropical cyclone#Interaction with the mid-latitude westerlies|mid-latitude westerlies]]. While nearing Bermuda, Nicole exhibited a highly symmetrical cloud pattern centered around a large and well-defined eye.<ref>{{cite web|author=Daniel Brown|title=Hurricane Nicole Discussion Number 34|date=October 12, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 12, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.034.shtml?}}</ref> The storm underwent another period of rapid intensification, and eventually reached its peak intensity as a Category 4 major hurricane with winds of 130 mph (215 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 950 mbar (28.05 inHg).<ref>{{cite web|author=Michael Brennan|title=Hurricane Nicole Public Advisory Number 36|date=October 12, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCPAT5+shtml/130300.shtml?|accessdate=October 12, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref> Nicole maintained its strength for nine hours before starting to weaken because of increasing southwesterly shear.<ref>{{cite web|author=Daniel Brown, Robbie Berg|title=Hurricane Nicole Public Advisory Number 37A|date=October 13, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public_a.037.shtml?|accessdate=October 13, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref><ref name="disc38">{{cite web|author=Daniel Brown|title=Hurricane Nicole Discussion Number 38|date=October 13, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 13, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.038.shtml?}}</ref> At around 15:00 UTC on October 13, the eye of Nicole passed over Bermuda, marking a [[Landfall#Tropical cyclone|direct hit]].<ref name="adv38">{{cite web|author=Daniel Brown and Robbie Berg|title=Hurricane Nicole Public Advisory Number 38|date=October 13, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.038.shtml?|accessdate=October 13, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref> While passing the islands, the storm's inner core lost some of its structure, and the eye as viewed from radar was tilted to the southwest of the central clearing displayed on satellite.<ref name="disc38"/> At 09:00 UTC on October 14, a southwesterly wind shear reduced the system to Category 1 status, although [[Swell (ocean)|swells]] from Nicole affected Bermuda and portions of the U.S. east coast and [[Atlantic Canada]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Avila, Lixion|title=Hurricane Nicole Public Advisory Number 41|date=October 14, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.041.shtml?|accessdate=October 14, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref> In the early morning of October 15, Nicole weakened again to a tropical storm, only to restrengthen into a hurricane twelve hours later,<ref>{{cite web|author=Berg, Robbie|title=Hurricane Nicole Public Advisory Number 44|date=October 14, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.044.shtml?|accessdate=October 15, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref> becoming the first storm to strengthen to hurricane status thrice since [[Hurricane Tomas]] of [[2010 Atlantic hurricane season|2010]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Twin Typhoons in Philippines; Nicole of the North; Hundred-Degree Heat in Plains|url=https://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=3482|publisher=[[Weather Underground (weather service)|Weather Underground]]|date=October 17, 2016|accessdate=October 18, 2016}}</ref> Shortly after, Nicole slowed tremendously, as it became stationed south of a high pressure system. Its wind field started to expand drastically, eventually making it the fourth largest Atlantic hurricane ever recorded. Shortly after, Nicole finally transitioned into an [[extratropical cyclone]] on October 18, ending its nearly 2-week journey across the Atlantic basin.

==Preparations and impact==
[[File:Nicole am2 2016290.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.3|A map of sea surface temperature anomalies along the track of Hurricane Nicole. The hurricane's winds [[upwelling|upwelled]] cooler waters below the surface, leaving behind a cold wake along its path.]]

===Bermuda===

On October 10, while the storm was still located about {{convert|415|mi|km|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} to the south, the [[Bermuda Weather Service]] issued a [[tropical cyclone watches and warnings|hurricane watch]] for the islands of Bermuda.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Public Advisory Number 27|date=October 10, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.027.shtml?}}</ref> A concurrent tropical storm warning was posted early the next morning,<ref>{{cite web|author=Lixon Avila|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Public Advisory Number 29|date=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.029.shtml?}}</ref> and both advisories were replaced with a hurricane warning when Nicole reintensified into a hurricane.<ref name="30a"/> Residents boarded up their homes and businesses and placed sandbags to minimize the effects of flooding. Small boats were removed from marinas for safe storage, while larger vessels that remained in the water were tightly secured.<ref>{{cite news|author=Guy Cabral and Lisa Simpson|title=Nicole: Residents make final preparations|date=October 12, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 12, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/storm/article/20161012/nicole-residents-make-final-preparations}}</ref> Schools and government offices closed for the duration of the storm, while ferry and bus services were suspended on October 12. Additionally, commercial flights to and from [[L.F. Wade International Airport]] were canceled.<ref>{{cite news|title=Advice, closures and cancellations|date=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/news/article/20161011/advice-closures-and-cancellations|accessdate=October 11, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Nicole upgraded to hurricane|date=October 11, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/news/article/20161011/nicole-upgraded-to-hurricane}}</ref> The threat of the storm prompted three cruise liners to cancel their scheduled stops at Bermuda.<ref>{{cite news|title=
Nicole on track to hit Bermuda|date=October 10, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/news/article/20161010/nicole-on-track-to-hit-bermuda}}</ref>

As a precaution, officials closed [[The Causeway, Bermuda|the Causeway]] late on October 12.<ref>{{cite news|author=Adrian Robson|title=
Island braced for direct hit|date=October 12, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 12, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/storm/article/20161012/island-braced-for-direct-hit}}</ref> Some 140 [[The Royal Bermuda Regiment|Royal Bermuda Regiment]] soldiers were deployed at strategic points, ready to assist in the aftermath of the storm.<ref>{{cite news|title=
Nicole live: Regiment adopts state of readiness|date=October 12, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 12, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/storm/article/20161012/nicole-live-regiment-adopts-state-of-readiness}}</ref> At the [[Cedarbridge Academy]], a government shelter was opened with [[Camp bed|cots]] and emergency supplies for storm victims.<ref>{{cite news|title=Photos: Shelter Opens At CedarBridge Academy|date=October 12, 2016|newspaper=Bernews|accessdate=October 12, 2016|url=http://bernews.com/2016/10/photos-hurricane-nicole-shelter/}}</ref> Bermuda's only daily newspaper, ''[[The Royal Gazette (Bermuda)|The Royal Gazette]]'', did not go to print on October 13.<ref>{{cite news|title=No Royal Gazette on Thursday|date=October 12, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 12, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/storm/article/20161012/no-royal-gazette-on-thursday}}</ref> With adverse weather conditions expected to impact a crucial [[NASA]] rocket tracking site in Bermuda, the launch of an [[International Space Station]] resupply spacecraft from Virginia's [[Wallops Flight Facility]] was postponed.<ref>{{cite web|author=Karen Northon|title=Atlantic Storm System Delays NASA Resupply Launch to Space Station|date=October 11, 2016|publisher=National Aeronautics and Space Administration|accessdate=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/atlantic-storm-system-delays-nasa-resupply-launch-to-space-station}}</ref> [[Cygnus CRS OA-5|The mission]] had already been delayed, in part due to the threat of Hurricane Matthew.<ref>{{cite web|author=Stephen Clark|title=Critical Antares rocket launch set for Friday night|date=October 10, 2016|publisher=Spaceflight Now|accessdate=October 11, 2016|url=http://spaceflightnow.com/2016/10/10/critical-antares-rocket-launch-set-for-friday-night/}}</ref>

Strong swells from the slow-moving storm started affecting Bermuda on October 6.<ref>{{cite web|title=BWS Daily Climatology Written Summary|date=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.weather.bm/climatereport/climateReport.asp|accessdate=October 11, 2016|publisher=Bermuda Weather Service}}</ref> Later, on October 11, gusty winds along the periphery of Nicole's circulation caused a brief power outage.<ref>{{cite news|author=Jonathan Bell|title=Belco reports first storm-related outage|date=October 11, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/news/article/20161011/belco-reports-first-storm-related-outage}}</ref> As the core of the hurricane passed over Bermuda, a [[Automated airport weather station#Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS)|weather station]] on Pearl Island recorded sustained winds of 87 mph (141 km/h) with gusts to 119 mph (191 km/h).<ref name="adv38"/> An elevated station at Commissioner's Point recorded slightly higher winds.<ref>{{cite web|author=Daniel Brown and Robbie Berg|title=Hurricane Nicole Tropical Cyclone Update|date=October 13, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.update.10131332.shtml?|accessdate=October 13, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref> The strong winds brought down trees and powerlines, leaving 27,341 households—approximately 90% of all electric customers in the territory—without service.<ref>{{cite news|title=Photos: The Aftermath Of Hurricane Nicole|date=October 13, 2016|newspaper=Bernews|accessdate=October 13, 2016|url=http://bernews.com/2016/10/photos-aftermath-hurricane-nicole}}</ref> Initial reports indicated that some buildings sustained roof damage, as did safety walls along the Causeway. Low-lying roadways and buildings were flooded, and the rough surf tore boats from their mooring and drove them aground. Overall, the hurricane proved less damaging than initially feared, and no fatalities or serious injuries were reported.<ref name="live">{{cite news|title=Nicole live: storm moves on, Causeway shut|date=October 13, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 12, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/storm/article/20161013/nicole-live-storm-moves-on-causeway-shut}}</ref>

===Atlantic Coastlines===
Although only Bermuda was directly affected by the hurricane, Nicole's large size stirred a tremendous area of high seas. Long-period swells propagated across the entire North Atlantic for a prolonged period.<ref>{{cite report|author=Stacy Stewart|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=October 16, 2016|accessdate=October 19, 2016|title=Hurricane Nicole Discussion Number 51|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.051.shtml|location=Miami, Florida}}</ref> One surfer went missing in Puerto Rico in relation to these swells.<ref>{{cite news|author=Bihu Ray|newspaper=International Business Times|date=October 13, 2016|accessdate=October 19, 2016|title=Bermuda braces for extremely dangerous hurricane Nicole|url=http://www.ibtimes.sg/bermuda-braces-extremely-dangerous-hurricane-nicole-3889}}</ref> Along the [[Florida]] coastline, hundreds of baby sea turtles were washed back ashore; roughly 500 were rescued by the [[Marine Science Center|Volusia Marine Science Center]], and 75 by the [[Brevard Zoo]].<ref>{{cite news|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=Naples Daily News|date=October 17, 2016|accessdate=October 19, 2016|title=Hurricane Nicole pushes sea turtles back to Florida beaches|url=http://www.naplesnews.com/story/news/local/florida/2016/10/17/hurricane-nicole-pushes-sea-turtles-back-florida-beaches/92298692/|location=Melbourne, Florida}}</ref> In [[Rodanthe, North Carolina]], a large breaking wave pulled two teenagers out to sea; one managed to swim to shore safely while the other drowned. The [[United States Coast Guard]] assisted in search and rescue for nearly two days before the boy's body washed ashore.<ref>{{cite news|author=Irene Nolan|newspaper=Island Free Press|date=October 13, 2016|accessdate=October 19, 2016|title=Teen swimmer missing off Rodanthe beach|url=http://islandfreepress.org/2016Archives/10.13.2016-TeenSwimmerMissingOffRodantheBeach.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Irene Nolan|newspaper=Island Free Press|date=October 17, 2016|accessdate=October 19, 2016|title=Update: Body of missing swimmer found near Avon pier|url=http://islandfreepress.org/2016Archives/10.17.2016-UPDATEBodyOfMissingSwimmerFoundNearAvonPier.html}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Tropical cyclones}}
*[[Hurricane Nicole|Other storms of the same name]]
*[[Hurricane Dean (1989)]]
*[[Hurricane Fabian]]
*[[Hurricane Fay (2014)]]
*[[Hurricane Gonzalo]]
*[[List of Bermuda hurricanes]]
*[[List of Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/NICOLE.shtml? Advisory archive] from the National Hurricane Center
*[http://bernews.com/2016/10/photos-aftermath-hurricane-nicole/ Damage photo gallery] from ''Bernews''

{{2016 Atlantic hurricane season buttons}}

[[Category:Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes|Nicole (2016)]]
[[Category:2016 Atlantic hurricane season|Nicole]]
[[Category:Hurricanes in Bermuda|Nicole]]

Hurrikan Nicole

2016-10-19T15:39:49Z

Cyclonebiskit: /* Preparations and impact */ SST map

{{Infobox hurricane
| Name=Hurricane Nicole
| Type=hurricane
| Year=2016
| Basin=Atl
| Image location=Nicole 2016-10-12 1750Z.jpg
| Image name=Hurricane Nicole rapidly intensifying south of [[Bermuda]] on October 12
| Formed=October 4, 2016
| Dissipated=October 18, 2016
| 1-min winds=115
| Pressure=950
| Damages=Unknown
| Fatalities=None
| Areas=[[Bermuda]]
| Hurricane season=[[2016 Atlantic hurricane season]]
}}
'''Hurricane Nicole''' was the first major hurricane to directly impact or make landfall on [[Bermuda]] since [[Hurricane Fabian]] in [[2003 Atlantic hurricane season|2003]]. The fourteenth named storm, sixth hurricane and third major hurricane of the active [[2016 Atlantic hurricane season]], Nicole formed in the central Atlantic on October 4. The small, slow-moving storm defied forecasts by steadily organizing in spite of strong [[wind shear]], and it rapidly intensified to a [[Saffir-Simpson scale|Category 2 hurricane]] on October 7. The wind shear finally took its toll by October 8, reducing Nicole to a minimal tropical storm, as a building high pressure system forced the storm southwards. Intensification began once again as Nicole retreated towards Bermuda, with the storm briefly reaching Category 4 status. The [[eye (cyclone)|eye]] of the storm ultimately passed over Bermuda on October 13, at Category 3 hurricane status. The storm's approach to Bermuda forced schools, businesses, and government offices to close, while flight, bus, and ferry services were interrupted. In the end, the storm became the third longest-lived Atlantic hurricane of the 2010s decade, behind [[2011 Atlantic hurricane season#Hurricane Philippe|Hurricane Philippe]] of 2011, and [[Hurricane Nadine (2012)|Hurricane Nadine]] of 2012.

==Meteorological history==
{{storm path|Nicole 2016 track.png}}
On October 1, 2016, the [[National Hurricane Center]] (NHC) began monitoring a weak [[tropical wave]]-induced [[low pressure area]] producing scattered showers and thunderstorms, along with winds just shy of tropical storm intensity, over the central Atlantic. Strong [[wind shear]] prevented the disturbance from organizing significantly as it tracked northwestward for the next several days.<ref>{{cite web|author=Robbie Berg|title=Tropical Weather Outlook issued 2:00 am EDT Saturday, October 1, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/text/TWOAT/2016/TWOAT.201610010534.txt}}</ref> On October 4, satellite data confirmed the presence of a well-defined circulation center with gale-force winds.<ref>{{cite web|author=Richard Pasch|title=Tropical Weather Outlook issued 8 am EDT Tuesday, October 4, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/text/TWOAT/2016/TWOAT.201610041148.txt}}</ref><ref name="disc1">{{cite web|author=Richard Pasch|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 1|date=October 4, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.001.shtml?}}</ref> Around the same time, [[Atmospheric convection|thunderstorm activity]] became better organized and [[rainband|banding features]] began to evolve over the eastern side of the disturbance. As a result, the NHC classified the system as Tropical Storm ''Nicole'' at 15:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]], while it was located about {{convert|525|mi|km|abbr=on}} northeast of [[San Juan, Puerto Rico]]. The storm, still plagued by inhibiting wind shear, was forecast to remain weak.<ref name="disc1"/><ref>{{cite web|author=Richard Pasch|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Public Advisory Number 1|date=October 4, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.001.shtml?}}</ref>

[[File:Nicole 2016-10-04 1705Z.jpg|thumb|right|Nicole shortly after being classified as a tropical storm October 4]]
Nicole's cloud pattern gradually improved on October 5, partially shielded from the effects of wind shear by an upper-level low situated atop the tropical storm. Although [[convection]] remained lopsided, a distinct mid-level [[eye (cyclone)|eye feature]] developed within the unusually small cyclone.<ref>{{cite web|author=Robbie Berg|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 6|date=October 5, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.006.shtml?}}</ref> The storm continued moving generally northwestward around a [[subtropical ridge]] to its north.<ref>{{cite web|author=John Cangialos|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 4|date=October 5, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.004.shtml?}}</ref> Nicole gradually intensified as it became more symmetrical in appearance, and at 18:00 UTC on October 6, it was upgraded to a [[Saffir-Simpson scale#Category 1|Category 1 hurricane]] about {{convert|345|mi|km|abbr=on}} south of Bermuda.<ref>{{cite web|author=Richard Pasche|title=Hurricane Nicole Special Advisory Number 10|date=October 6, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.010.shtml?}}</ref> A period of rapid intensification brought Nicole to its initial peak intensity as a Category 2 hurricane early on October 7, with sustained winds of 105 mph (165 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 968 mbar (28.59 inHg). At the same time, a pinhole eye became evident on satellite imagery.<ref>{{cite web|author=Eric Blake|title=Hurricane Nicole Public Advisory Number 12|date=October 7, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.012.shtml?}}</ref> Considering the strong shear produced by [[Outflow (meteorology)|outflow]] from powerful [[Hurricane Matthew]] to Nicole's southwest, the NHC described this strengthening trend as "unexpected."<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Hurricane Nicole Discussion Number 11|date=October 6, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.011.shtml?}}</ref> An approaching [[trough (meteorology)|trough]] eroded the ridge to the north, leaving the hurricane in an area of very weak steering currents;<ref>{{cite web|author=John Cangialos|title=Hurricane Nicole Discussion Number 8|date=October 6, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.008.shtml?}}</ref> consequently, its forward movement slowed to nearly stationary.<ref>{{cite web|author=Eric Blake|title=Hurricane Nicole Discussion Number 12|date=October 7, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.012.shtml?}}</ref>

By early on October 7, Nicole had finally felt the effects of strong wind shear and quickly weakened back into a tropical storm.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 14|date=October 7, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.014.shtml?}}</ref> A new blocking [[high pressure area]] began forming to the north, driving Nicole slowly toward the south as the storm's convective pattern continued to deteriorate.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 15|date=October 7, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.015.shtml?}}</ref> On the morning of October 8, the storm's center was displaced far to the north of the waning deep convection, and Nicole further declined to a minimal tropical storm.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 18|date=October 8, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.018.shtml?}}</ref> However, later that day, unusually warm [[sea surface temperature]]s enabled a "tremendous burst of deep convection" close to the center, and Nicole began to reintensify. That the storm was able to survive in spite of as much as 50 mph (85 km/h) of northerly shear proved "puzzling" to forecasters.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 19|date=October 8, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.019.shtml?}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Robbie Berg|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 17|date=October 8, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.017.shtml?}}</ref> Convection oscillated in coverage and intensity throughout the day on October 9; bursts of deep convection, which at one point coalesced into a burgeoning [[central dense overcast]], repeatedly subsided to leave the center exposed. As steering currents slackened, Nicole slowed to a drift before the retreating ridge of high pressure allowed the storm to resume a northward course.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 23|date=October 9, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.023.shtml?}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Jack Beven|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 24|date=October 10, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.024.shtml}}</ref> By the morning of October 10, thunderstorms associated with the tropical storm had "faded away into a shallow and shapeless cloud mass", according to one NHC forecaster.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 26|date=October 10, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.026.shtml?}}</ref> The storm remained disorganized for the next day or so, until several bands of convection began to wrap around a ragged eye feature in response to abating wind shear.<ref>{{cite web|author=Daniel Brown|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 30|date=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.030.shtml?|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 12, 2016}}</ref> Nicole reattained Category 1 hurricane intensity at 18:00 UTC on October 11, and its satellite appearance continued to improve.<ref name="30a">{{cite news|author=Daniel Brown|title=Hurricane Nicole Intermediate Public Advisory Number 30A|date=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public_a.030.shtml?|publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref>

After meandering westward for a time, the hurricane turned north and soon accelerated toward the northeast as it recurved into the [[Tropical cyclone#Interaction with the mid-latitude westerlies|mid-latitude westerlies]]. While nearing Bermuda, Nicole exhibited a highly symmetrical cloud pattern centered around a large and well-defined eye.<ref>{{cite web|author=Daniel Brown|title=Hurricane Nicole Discussion Number 34|date=October 12, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 12, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.034.shtml?}}</ref> The storm underwent another period of rapid intensification, and eventually reached its peak intensity as a Category 4 major hurricane with winds of 130 mph (215 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 950 mbar (28.05 inHg).<ref>{{cite web|author=Michael Brennan|title=Hurricane Nicole Public Advisory Number 36|date=October 12, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCPAT5+shtml/130300.shtml?|accessdate=October 12, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref> Nicole maintained its strength for nine hours before starting to weaken because of increasing southwesterly shear.<ref>{{cite web|author=Daniel Brown, Robbie Berg|title=Hurricane Nicole Public Advisory Number 37A|date=October 13, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public_a.037.shtml?|accessdate=October 13, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref><ref name="disc38">{{cite web|author=Daniel Brown|title=Hurricane Nicole Discussion Number 38|date=October 13, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 13, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.038.shtml?}}</ref> At around 15:00 UTC on October 13, the eye of Nicole passed over Bermuda, marking a [[Landfall#Tropical cyclone|direct hit]].<ref name="adv38">{{cite web|author=Daniel Brown and Robbie Berg|title=Hurricane Nicole Public Advisory Number 38|date=October 13, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.038.shtml?|accessdate=October 13, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref> While passing the islands, the storm's inner core lost some of its structure, and the eye as viewed from radar was tilted to the southwest of the central clearing displayed on satellite.<ref name="disc38"/> At 09:00 UTC on October 14, a southwesterly wind shear reduced the system to Category 1 status, although [[Swell (ocean)|swells]] from Nicole affected Bermuda and portions of the U.S. east coast and [[Atlantic Canada]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Avila, Lixion|title=Hurricane Nicole Public Advisory Number 41|date=October 14, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.041.shtml?|accessdate=October 14, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref> In the early morning of October 15, Nicole weakened again to a tropical storm, only to restrengthen into a hurricane twelve hours later,<ref>{{cite web|author=Berg, Robbie|title=Hurricane Nicole Public Advisory Number 44|date=October 14, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.044.shtml?|accessdate=October 15, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref> becoming the first storm to strengthen to hurricane status thrice since [[Hurricane Tomas]] of [[2010 Atlantic hurricane season|2010]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Twin Typhoons in Philippines; Nicole of the North; Hundred-Degree Heat in Plains|url=https://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=3482|publisher=[[Weather Underground (weather service)|Weather Underground]]|date=October 17, 2016|accessdate=October 18, 2016}}</ref> Shortly after, Nicole slowed tremendously, as it became stationed south of a high pressure system. Its wind field started to expand drastically, eventually making it the fourth largest Atlantic hurricane ever recorded. Shortly after, Nicole finally transitioned into an [[extratropical cyclone]] on October 18, ending its nearly 2-week journey across the Atlantic basin.

==Preparations and impact==
[[File:Nicole am2 2016290.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.3|A map of sea surface temperature anomalies along the track of Hurricane Nicole. The hurricane's winds [[upwelling|upwelled]] cooler waters below the surface, leaving behind a cold wake along its path.]]
On October 10, while the storm was still located about {{convert|415|mi|km|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} to the south, the [[Bermuda Weather Service]] issued a [[tropical cyclone watches and warnings|hurricane watch]] for the islands of Bermuda.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Public Advisory Number 27|date=October 10, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.027.shtml?}}</ref> A concurrent tropical storm warning was posted early the next morning,<ref>{{cite web|author=Lixon Avila|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Public Advisory Number 29|date=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.029.shtml?}}</ref> and both advisories were replaced with a hurricane warning when Nicole reintensified into a hurricane.<ref name="30a"/> Residents boarded up their homes and businesses and placed sandbags to minimize the effects of flooding. Small boats were removed from marinas for safe storage, while larger vessels that remained in the water were tightly secured.<ref>{{cite news|author=Guy Cabral and Lisa Simpson|title=Nicole: Residents make final preparations|date=October 12, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 12, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/storm/article/20161012/nicole-residents-make-final-preparations}}</ref> Schools and government offices closed for the duration of the storm, while ferry and bus services were suspended on October 12. Additionally, commercial flights to and from [[L.F. Wade International Airport]] were canceled.<ref>{{cite news|title=Advice, closures and cancellations|date=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/news/article/20161011/advice-closures-and-cancellations|accessdate=October 11, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Nicole upgraded to hurricane|date=October 11, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/news/article/20161011/nicole-upgraded-to-hurricane}}</ref> The threat of the storm prompted three cruise liners to cancel their scheduled stops at Bermuda.<ref>{{cite news|title=
Nicole on track to hit Bermuda|date=October 10, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/news/article/20161010/nicole-on-track-to-hit-bermuda}}</ref>

As a precaution, officials closed [[The Causeway, Bermuda|the Causeway]] late on October 12.<ref>{{cite news|author=Adrian Robson|title=
Island braced for direct hit|date=October 12, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 12, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/storm/article/20161012/island-braced-for-direct-hit}}</ref> Some 140 [[The Royal Bermuda Regiment|Royal Bermuda Regiment]] soldiers were deployed at strategic points, ready to assist in the aftermath of the storm.<ref>{{cite news|title=
Nicole live: Regiment adopts state of readiness|date=October 12, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 12, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/storm/article/20161012/nicole-live-regiment-adopts-state-of-readiness}}</ref> At the [[Cedarbridge Academy]], a government shelter was opened with [[Camp bed|cots]] and emergency supplies for storm victims.<ref>{{cite news|title=Photos: Shelter Opens At CedarBridge Academy|date=October 12, 2016|newspaper=Bernews|accessdate=October 12, 2016|url=http://bernews.com/2016/10/photos-hurricane-nicole-shelter/}}</ref> Bermuda's only daily newspaper, ''[[The Royal Gazette (Bermuda)|The Royal Gazette]]'', did not go to print on October 13.<ref>{{cite news|title=No Royal Gazette on Thursday|date=October 12, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 12, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/storm/article/20161012/no-royal-gazette-on-thursday}}</ref> With adverse weather conditions expected to impact a crucial [[NASA]] rocket tracking site in Bermuda, the launch of an [[International Space Station]] resupply spacecraft from Virginia's [[Wallops Flight Facility]] was postponed.<ref>{{cite web|author=Karen Northon|title=Atlantic Storm System Delays NASA Resupply Launch to Space Station|date=October 11, 2016|publisher=National Aeronautics and Space Administration|accessdate=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/atlantic-storm-system-delays-nasa-resupply-launch-to-space-station}}</ref> [[Cygnus CRS OA-5|The mission]] had already been delayed, in part due to the threat of Hurricane Matthew.<ref>{{cite web|author=Stephen Clark|title=Critical Antares rocket launch set for Friday night|date=October 10, 2016|publisher=Spaceflight Now|accessdate=October 11, 2016|url=http://spaceflightnow.com/2016/10/10/critical-antares-rocket-launch-set-for-friday-night/}}</ref>

Strong swells from the slow-moving storm started affecting Bermuda on October 6.<ref>{{cite web|title=BWS Daily Climatology Written Summary|date=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.weather.bm/climatereport/climateReport.asp|accessdate=October 11, 2016|publisher=Bermuda Weather Service}}</ref> Later, on October 11, gusty winds along the periphery of Nicole's circulation caused a brief power outage.<ref>{{cite news|author=Jonathan Bell|title=Belco reports first storm-related outage|date=October 11, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/news/article/20161011/belco-reports-first-storm-related-outage}}</ref> As the core of the hurricane passed over Bermuda, a [[Automated airport weather station#Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS)|weather station]] on Pearl Island recorded sustained winds of 87 mph (141 km/h) with gusts to 119 mph (191 km/h).<ref name="adv38"/> An elevated station at Commissioner's Point recorded slightly higher winds.<ref>{{cite web|author=Daniel Brown and Robbie Berg|title=Hurricane Nicole Tropical Cyclone Update|date=October 13, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.update.10131332.shtml?|accessdate=October 13, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref> The strong winds brought down trees and powerlines, leaving 27,341 households—approximately 90% of all electric customers in the territory—without service.<ref>{{cite news|title=Photos: The Aftermath Of Hurricane Nicole|date=October 13, 2016|newspaper=Bernews|accessdate=October 13, 2016|url=http://bernews.com/2016/10/photos-aftermath-hurricane-nicole}}</ref> Initial reports indicated that some buildings sustained roof damage, as did safety walls along the Causeway. Low-lying roadways and buildings were flooded, and the rough surf tore boats from their mooring and drove them aground. Overall, the hurricane proved less damaging than initially feared, and no fatalities or serious injuries were reported.<ref name="live">{{cite news|title=Nicole live: storm moves on, Causeway shut|date=October 13, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 12, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/storm/article/20161013/nicole-live-storm-moves-on-causeway-shut}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Tropical cyclones}}
*[[Hurricane Nicole|Other storms of the same name]]
*[[Hurricane Dean (1989)]]
*[[Hurricane Fabian]]
*[[Hurricane Fay (2014)]]
*[[Hurricane Gonzalo]]
*[[List of Bermuda hurricanes]]
*[[List of Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/NICOLE.shtml? Advisory archive] from the National Hurricane Center
*[http://bernews.com/2016/10/photos-aftermath-hurricane-nicole/ Damage photo gallery] from ''Bernews''

{{2016 Atlantic hurricane season buttons}}

[[Category:Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes|Nicole (2016)]]
[[Category:2016 Atlantic hurricane season|Nicole]]
[[Category:Hurricanes in Bermuda|Nicole]]

Hurrikan Nicole

2016-10-17T15:34:47Z

Cyclonebiskit: rmv OR

{{Infobox hurricane current
|name=Hurricane Nicole
|category=cat1
|type=hurricane
|time=11:00 a.m. [[Atlantic Time Zone|AST]] (15:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]) October 17
|image=Nicole Geostationary VIS-IR 2016.png
|track=15L 2016 5day.gif
|lat=41.4|N|lon=44.6|W
|within_units=30 [[nautical mile|nm]]
|distance_from=About 560 mi (900 km) SE of [[Cape Race, Newfoundland]]
|1sustained=65 kt (75 mph; 120 km/h)
|gusts=80 kt (90 mph; 150 km/h)
|pressure=962 [[Bar (unit)|mbar]] ([[Pascal (unit)|hPa]]; 28.41 [[Inches of Mercury|inHg]])
|movement=NNE at 8 kt (9 mph; 15 km/h)
}}
'''Hurricane Nicole''' is currently an enormous [[tropical cyclone]] over the north [[Atlantic Ocean]]. It was the first major hurricane to directly impact or make landfall on [[Bermuda]] since [[Hurricane Fabian]] in 2003. The fourteenth named storm, sixth hurricane and third [[major hurricane]] of the active [[2016 Atlantic hurricane season]], Nicole formed in the central Atlantic on October 4. The small, slow-moving storm defied forecasts by steadily organizing in spite of strong [[wind shear]], and it rapidly intensified to a [[Saffir-Simpson scale|Category 2 hurricane]] on October 7. The wind shear finally took its toll by October 8, reducing Nicole to a weak tropical storm, as a building high pressure system forced the storm southwards. Intensification began once again as Nicole retreated towards Bermuda, with the storm briefly reaching Category 4 status. The storm ultimately passed over Bermuda on October 13, the [[eye (cyclone)|eye]] of Category 3 hurricane status. The storm's approach to Bermuda forced schools, businesses, and government offices to close, while flight, bus, and ferry services were interrupted.

==Meteorological history==
{{storm path|Nicole 2016 track.png}}
On October 1, 2016, the [[National Hurricane Center]] (NHC) began monitoring a weak [[tropical wave]]-induced [[low pressure area]] producing scattered showers and thunderstorms, along with winds just shy of tropical storm intensity, over the central Atlantic. Strong [[wind shear]] prevented the disturbance from organizing significantly as it tracked northwestward for the next several days.<ref>{{cite web|author=Robbie Berg|title=Tropical Weather Outlook issued 2:00 am EDT Saturday, October 1, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/text/TWOAT/2016/TWOAT.201610010534.txt}}</ref> On October 4, satellite data confirmed the presence of a well-defined circulation center with gale-force winds.<ref>{{cite web|author=Richard Pasch|title=Tropical Weather Outlook issued 8 am EDT Tuesday, October 4, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/text/TWOAT/2016/TWOAT.201610041148.txt}}</ref><ref name="disc1">{{cite web|author=Richard Pasch|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 1|date=October 4, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.001.shtml?}}</ref> Around the same time, [[Atmospheric convection|thunderstorm activity]] became better organized and [[rainband|banding features]] began to evolve over the eastern side of the disturbance. As a result, the NHC classified the system as Tropical Storm ''Nicole'' at 15:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]], while it was located about {{convert|525|mi|km|abbr=on}} northeast of [[San Juan, Puerto Rico]]. The storm, still plagued by inhibiting wind shear, was forecast to remain weak.<ref name="disc1"/><ref>{{cite web|author=Richard Pasch|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Public Advisory Number 1|date=October 4, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.001.shtml?}}</ref>

[[File:Nicole 2016-10-04 1705Z.jpg|thumb|right|Nicole shortly after being classified as a tropical storm October 4]]
Nicole's cloud pattern gradually improved on October 5, partially shielded from the effects of wind shear by an upper-level low situated atop the tropical storm. Although [[convection]] remained lopsided, a distinct mid-level [[eye (cyclone)|eye feature]] developed within the unusually small cyclone.<ref>{{cite web|author=Robbie Berg|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 6|date=October 5, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.006.shtml?}}</ref> The storm continued moving generally northwestward around a [[subtropical ridge]] to its north.<ref>{{cite web|author=John Cangialos|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 4|date=October 5, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.004.shtml?}}</ref> Nicole gradually intensified as it became more symmetrical in appearance, and at 18:00 UTC on October 6, it was upgraded to a [[Saffir-Simpson scale#Category 1|Category 1 hurricane]] about {{convert|345|mi|km|abbr=on}} south of Bermuda.<ref>{{cite web|author=Richard Pasche|title=Hurricane Nicole Special Advisory Number 10|date=October 6, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.010.shtml?}}</ref> A period of rapid intensification brought Nicole to its initial peak intensity as a Category 2 hurricane early on October 7, with sustained winds of 105 mph (165 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 968 mbar (28.59 inHg). At the same time, a pinhole eye became evident on satellite imagery.<ref>{{cite web|author=Eric Blake|title=Hurricane Nicole Public Advisory Number 12|date=October 7, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.012.shtml?}}</ref> Considering the strong shear produced by [[Outflow (meteorology)|outflow]] from powerful [[Hurricane Matthew]] to Nicole's southwest, the NHC described this strengthening trend as "unexpected."<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Hurricane Nicole Discussion Number 11|date=October 6, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.011.shtml?}}</ref> An approaching [[trough (meteorology)|trough]] eroded the ridge to the north, leaving the hurricane in an area of very weak steering currents;<ref>{{cite web|author=John Cangialos|title=Hurricane Nicole Discussion Number 8|date=October 6, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.008.shtml?}}</ref> consequently, its forward movement slowed to nearly stationary.<ref>{{cite web|author=Eric Blake|title=Hurricane Nicole Discussion Number 12|date=October 7, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.012.shtml?}}</ref>

By early on October 7, Nicole had finally felt the effects of strong wind shear and quickly weakened back into a tropical storm.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 14|date=October 7, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.014.shtml?}}</ref> A new blocking [[high pressure area]] began forming to the north, driving Nicole slowly toward the south as the storm's convective pattern continued to deteriorate.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 15|date=October 7, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.015.shtml?}}</ref> On the morning of October 8, the storm's center was displaced far to the north of the waning deep convection, and Nicole further declined to a minimal tropical storm.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 18|date=October 8, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.018.shtml?}}</ref> However, later that day, unusually warm [[sea surface temperature]]s enabled a "tremendous burst of deep convection" close to the center, and Nicole began to reintensify. That the storm was able to survive in spite of as much as {{convert|50|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} of northerly shear proved "puzzling" to forecasters.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 19|date=October 8, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.019.shtml?}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Robbie Berg|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 17|date=October 8, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.017.shtml?}}</ref> Convection oscillated in coverage and intensity throughout the day on October 9; bursts of deep convection, which at one point coalesced into a burgeoning [[central dense overcast]], repeatedly subsided to leave the center exposed. As steering currents slackened, Nicole slowed to a drift before the retreating ridge of high pressure allowed the storm to resume a northward course.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 23|date=October 9, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.023.shtml?}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Jack Beven|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 24|date=October 10, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.024.shtml}}</ref> By the morning of October 10, thunderstorms associated with the tropical storm had "faded away into a shallow and shapeless cloud mass", according to one NHC forecaster.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 26|date=October 10, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.026.shtml?}}</ref> The storm remained disorganized for the next day or so, until several bands of convection began to wrap around a ragged eye feature in response to abating wind shear.<ref>{{cite web|author=Daniel Brown|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 30|date=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.030.shtml?|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 12, 2016}}</ref> Nicole reattained Category 1 hurricane intensity at 18:00 UTC on October 11, and its satellite appearance continued to improve.<ref name="30a">{{cite news|author=Daniel Brown|title=Hurricane Nicole Intermediate Public Advisory Number 30A|date=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public_a.030.shtml?|publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref>

After meandering westward for a time, the hurricane turned north and soon accelerated toward the northeast as it recurved into the [[Tropical cyclone#Interaction with the mid-latitude westerlies|mid-latitude westerlies]]. While nearing Bermuda, Nicole exhibited a highly symmetrical cloud pattern centered around a large and well-defined eye.<ref>{{cite web|author=Daniel Brown|title=Hurricane Nicole Discussion Number 34|date=October 12, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 12, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.034.shtml?}}</ref> The storm underwent another period of rapid intensification, and eventually reached its peak intensity as a Category 4 major hurricane with winds of 130 mph (215 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 950 mbar (28.05 inHg).<ref>{{cite web|author=Michael Brennan|title=Hurricane Nicole Public Advisory Number 36|date=October 12, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCPAT5+shtml/130300.shtml?|accessdate=October 12, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref> Nicole maintained its strength for nine hours before starting to weaken because of increasing southwesterly shear.<ref>{{cite web|author=Daniel Brown, Robbie Berg|title=Hurricane Nicole Public Advisory Number 37A|date=October 13, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public_a.037.shtml?|accessdate=October 13, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref><ref name="disc38">{{cite web|author=Daniel Brown|title=Hurricane Nicole Discussion Number 38|date=October 13, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 13, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.038.shtml?}}</ref> At around 15:00 UTC on October 13, the eye of Nicole passed over Bermuda, marking a [[Landfall#Tropical cyclone|direct hit]].<ref name="adv38">{{cite web|author=Daniel Brown and Robbie Berg|title=Hurricane Nicole Public Advisory Number 38|date=October 13, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.038.shtml?|accessdate=October 13, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref> While passing the islands, the storm's inner core lost some of its structure, and the eye as viewed from radar was tilted to the southwest of the central clearing displayed on satellite.<ref name="disc38"/> At 09:00 UTC on October 14, a southwesterly windshear reduced the system to Category 1 status, although [[Swell (ocean)|swells]] from Nicole continue to affect Bermuda and portions of the U.S. east coast and [[Atlantic Canada]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Avila, Lixion|title=Hurricane Nicole Public Advisory Number 41|date=October 14, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.041.shtml?|accessdate=October 14, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref> In the early morning of October 15, Nicole weakened again to a tropical storm, however strengthened back into a hurricane only twelve hours later.<ref>{{cite web|author=Berg, Robbie|title=Hurricane Nicole Public Advisory Number 44|date=October 14, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.044.shtml?|accessdate=October 15, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref>Shortly after, Nicole slowed tremendously, as it became stationed south the high pressure system.

===Current storm information===
As of 11:00 a.m. [[Atlantic Standard Time|AST]] (15:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]) October 17, Hurricane Nicole is located within 30 [[nautical mile]]s of {{coord|41.4|-44.6|dim:5000km|name=Nicole}}, about 560 miles (900 km) southeast of [[Cape Race, Newfoundland]]. Maximum sustained winds are 65 knots (75 mph; 120 km/h), with gusts up to 80 knots (90 mph; 150 km/h). The minimum barometric pressure is 962 mbar (hPa; 28.41 inHg), and the system is moving north-northeast at 8 knots (9 mph; 15 km/h). Hurricane-force winds extend outward up to 90 miles (150 km) from the center of Nicole, and tropical-storm-force winds extend outward up to 415 miles (665 km).

For latest official information, see:
* The NHC's [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCPAT5+shtml/ latest public advisory on Hurricane Nicole]
* The NHC's [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCMAT5+shtml/ latest forecast advisory on Hurricane Nicole]

==Preparations and impact==
On October 10, while the storm was still located about {{convert|415|mi|km|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} to the south, the [[Bermuda Weather Service]] issued a [[tropical cyclone watches and warnings|hurricane watch]] for the islands of Bermuda.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Public Advisory Number 27|date=October 10, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.027.shtml?}}</ref> A concurrent tropical storm warning was posted early the next morning,<ref>{{cite web|author=Lixon Avila|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Public Advisory Number 29|date=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.029.shtml?}}</ref> and both advisories were replaced with a hurricane warning when Nicole reintensified into a hurricane.<ref name="30a"/> Residents boarded up their homes and businesses and placed sandbags to minimize the effects of flooding. Small boats were removed from marinas for safe storage, while larger vessels that remained in the water were tightly secured.<ref>{{cite news|author=Guy Cabral and Lisa Simpson|title=Nicole: Residents make final preparations|date=October 12, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 12, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/storm/article/20161012/nicole-residents-make-final-preparations}}</ref> Schools and government offices closed for the duration of the storm, while ferry and bus services were suspended on October 12. Additionally, commercial flights to and from [[L.F. Wade International Airport]] were canceled.<ref>{{cite news|title=Advice, closures and cancellations|date=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/news/article/20161011/advice-closures-and-cancellations|accessdate=October 11, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Nicole upgraded to hurricane|date=October 11, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/news/article/20161011/nicole-upgraded-to-hurricane}}</ref> The threat of the storm prompted three cruise liners to cancel their scheduled stops at Bermuda.<ref>{{cite news|title=
Nicole on track to hit Bermuda|date=October 10, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/news/article/20161010/nicole-on-track-to-hit-bermuda}}</ref>

As a precaution, officials closed [[The Causeway, Bermuda|the Causeway]] late on October 12.<ref>{{cite news|author=Adrian Robson|title=
Island braced for direct hit|date=October 12, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 12, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/storm/article/20161012/island-braced-for-direct-hit}}</ref> Some 140 [[The Royal Bermuda Regiment|Royal Bermuda Regiment]] soldiers were deployed at strategic points, ready to assist in the aftermath of the storm.<ref>{{cite news|title=
Nicole live: Regiment adopts state of readiness|date=October 12, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 12, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/storm/article/20161012/nicole-live-regiment-adopts-state-of-readiness}}</ref> At the [[Cedarbridge Academy]], a government shelter was opened with [[Camp bed|cots]] and emergency supplies for storm victims.<ref>{{cite news|title=Photos: Shelter Opens At CedarBridge Academy|date=October 12, 2016|newspaper=Bernews|accessdate=October 12, 2016|url=http://bernews.com/2016/10/photos-hurricane-nicole-shelter/}}</ref> Bermuda's only daily newspaper, ''[[The Royal Gazette (Bermuda)|The Royal Gazette]]'', did not go to print on October 13.<ref>{{cite news|title=No Royal Gazette on Thursday|date=October 12, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 12, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/storm/article/20161012/no-royal-gazette-on-thursday}}</ref> With adverse weather conditions expected to impact a crucial [[NASA]] rocket tracking site in Bermuda, the launch of an [[International Space Station]] resupply spacecraft from Virginia's [[Wallops Flight Facility]] was postponed.<ref>{{cite web|author=Karen Northon|title=Atlantic Storm System Delays NASA Resupply Launch to Space Station|date=October 11, 2016|publisher=National Aeronautics and Space Administration|accessdate=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/atlantic-storm-system-delays-nasa-resupply-launch-to-space-station}}</ref> [[Cygnus CRS OA-5|The mission]] had already been delayed, in part due to the threat of Hurricane Matthew.<ref>{{cite web|author=Stephen Clark|title=Critical Antares rocket launch set for Friday night|date=October 10, 2016|publisher=Spaceflight Now|accessdate=October 11, 2016|url=http://spaceflightnow.com/2016/10/10/critical-antares-rocket-launch-set-for-friday-night/}}</ref>

Strong swells from the slow-moving storm started affecting Bermuda on October 6.<ref>{{cite web|title=BWS Daily Climatology Written Summary|date=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.weather.bm/climatereport/climateReport.asp|accessdate=October 11, 2016|publisher=Bermuda Weather Service}}</ref> Later, on October 11, gusty winds along the periphery of Nicole's circulation caused a brief power outage.<ref>{{cite news|author=Jonathan Bell|title=Belco reports first storm-related outage|date=October 11, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/news/article/20161011/belco-reports-first-storm-related-outage}}</ref> As the core of the hurricane passed over Bermuda, a [[Automated airport weather station#Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS)|weather station]] on Pearl Island recorded sustained winds of 87 mph (141 km/h) with gusts to 119 mph (191 km/h).<ref name="adv38"/> An elevated station at Commissioner's Point recorded slightly higher winds.<ref>{{cite web|author=Daniel Brown and Robbie Berg|title=Hurricane Nicole Tropical Cyclone Update|date=October 13, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.update.10131332.shtml?|accessdate=October 13, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref> The strong winds brought down trees and powerlines, leaving 27,341 households—approximately 90% of all electric customers in the territory—without service.<ref>{{cite news|title=Photos: The Aftermath Of Hurricane Nicole|date=October 13, 2016|newspaper=Bernews|accessdate=October 13, 2016|url=http://bernews.com/2016/10/photos-aftermath-hurricane-nicole}}</ref> Initial reports indicated that some buildings sustained roof damage, as did safety walls along the Causeway. Low-lying roadways and buildings were flooded, and the rough surf tore boats from their mooring and drove them aground. Overall, the hurricane proved less damaging than initially feared, and no fatalities or serious injuries were reported.<ref name="live">{{cite news|title=Nicole live: storm moves on, Causeway shut|date=October 13, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 12, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/storm/article/20161013/nicole-live-storm-moves-on-causeway-shut}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Tropical cyclones}}
*[[Hurricane Nicole|Other storms of the same name]]
*[[Hurricane Dean (1989)]]
*[[Hurricane Fabian]]
*[[Hurricane Fay (2014)]]
*[[Hurricane Gonzalo]]
*[[List of Bermuda hurricanes]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/NICOLE.shtml? Advisory archive] from the National Hurricane Center
*[http://bernews.com/2016/10/photos-aftermath-hurricane-nicole/ Damage photo gallery] from ''Bernews''

{{2016 Atlantic hurricane season buttons}}

[[Category:Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes|Nicole (2016)]]
[[Category:2016 Atlantic hurricane season|Nicole]]
[[Category:Hurricanes in Bermuda|Nicole]]

Hurrikan Nicole

2016-10-12T17:50:33Z

Cyclonebiskit: /* Meteorological history */ image

{{Infobox hurricane current
|name=Hurricane Nicole
|category=cat2
|type=hurricane
|time=2:00 p.m. [[Atlantic Time Zone|AST]] (18:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]) October 12
|image=Nicole Geostationary VIS-IR 2016.png
|track=15L 2016 5day.gif
|lat=28.8|N|lon=66.8|W
|within_units=20 [[nautical mile|nm]]
|distance_from=About 270 mi (435 km) SSW of [[Bermuda]]
|1sustained=85 kt (100 mph; 155 km/h)
|gusts=105 kt (120 mph; 195 km/h)
|pressure=969 [[Bar (unit)|mbar]] ([[Pascal (unit)|hPa]]; 28.62 [[Inches of Mercury|inHg]])
|movement=N at 7 kt (8 mph; 13 km/h)
}}
'''Hurricane Nicole''' is an active [[tropical cyclone]] currently threatening the [[British Overseas Territory]] of [[Bermuda]], where preparations are underway. The 15th [[tropical cyclone]], 14th named storm, and 6th hurricane of the [[2016 Atlantic hurricane season]], Nicole formed in the central Atlantic on October 4. The small, slow-moving storm defied forecasts by steadily organizing in spite of strong [[wind shear]], and it rapidly intensified to a [[Saffir-Simpson scale|Category 2 hurricane]] on October 7. The wind shear finally took its toll by October 8, reducing Nicole to a weak tropical storm, but more favorable conditions allowed the cyclone to reintensify into a hurricane a couple days later. The storm's approach to Bermuda forced schools, businesses, and government offices to close, while flight, bus, and ferry services were interrupted.

==Meteorological history==
{{storm path|Nicole 2016 track.png}}
On October 1, 2016, the [[National Hurricane Center]] (NHC) began monitoring a weak [[tropical wave]]-induced [[low pressure area]] producing scattered showers and thunderstorms, along with winds just shy of tropical storm intensity, over the central Atlantic. Strong [[wind shear]] prevented the disturbance from organizing significantly as it tracked northwestward for the next several days.<ref>{{cite web|author=Robbie Berg|title=Tropical Weather Outlook issued 2:00 am EDT Saturday, October 1, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/text/TWOAT/2016/TWOAT.201610010534.txt}}</ref> On October 4, satellite data confirmed the presence of a well-defined circulation center with gale-force winds.<ref>{{cite web|author=Richard Pasch|title=Tropical Weather Outlook issued 8 am EDT Tuesday, October 4, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/text/TWOAT/2016/TWOAT.201610041148.txt}}</ref><ref name="disc1">{{cite web|author=Richard Pasch|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 1|date=October 4, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.001.shtml?}}</ref> Around the same time, [[Atmospheric convection|thunderstorm activity]] became better organized and [[rainband|banding features]] began to evolve over the eastern side of the disturbance. As a result, the NHC classified the system as Tropical Storm ''Nicole'' at 15:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]], while it was located about {{convert|525|mi|km|abbr=on}} northeast of [[San Juan]], [[Puerto Rico]]. The storm, still plagued by inhibiting wind shear, was forecast to remain weak.<ref name="disc1"/><ref>{{cite web|author=Richard Pasch|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Public Advisory Number 1|date=October 4, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.001.shtml?}}</ref>

Nicole's cloud pattern gradually improved on October 5, partially shielded from the effects of wind shear by an upper-level low situated atop the tropical storm. Although convection remained lopsided, a distinct mid-level [[eye (cyclone)|eye feature]] developed within the unusually small cyclone.<ref>{{cite web|author=Robbie Berg|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 6|date=October 5, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.006.shtml?}}</ref> The storm continued moving generally northwestward around a [[subtropical ridge]] to its north.<ref>{{cite web|author=John Cangialos|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 4|date=October 5, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.004.shtml?}}</ref> Nicole gradually intensified as it became more symmetrical in appearance, and at 18:00 UTC on October 6, it was upgraded to a [[Saffir-Simpson scale#Category 1|Category 1 hurricane]] about {{convert|345|mi|km|abbr=on}} south of Bermuda.<ref>{{cite web|author=Richard Pasche|title=Hurricane Nicole Special Advisory Number 10|date=October 6, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.010.shtml?}}</ref> A period of rapid intensification brought Nicole to its initial peak intensity as a Category 2 hurricane early on October 7, with sustained winds of {{convert|105|mph|km/h|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} and a minimum pressure of {{convert|968|hPa|inHg|abbr=on|lk=on}}. At the same time, a pinhole eye became evident on satellite imagery.<ref>{{cite web|author=Eric Blake|title=Hurricane Nicole Public Advisory Number 12|date=October 7, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.012.shtml?}}</ref> Considering the strong shear produced by [[Outflow (meteorology)|outflow]] from powerful [[Hurricane Matthew]] to Nicole's southwest, the NHC described this strengthening trend as "unexpected."<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Hurricane Nicole Discussion Number 11|date=October 6, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.011.shtml?}}</ref> An approaching [[trough (meteorology)|trough]] eroded the ridge to the north, leaving the hurricane in an area of very weak steering currents;<ref>{{cite web|author=John Cangialos|title=Hurricane Nicole Discussion Number 8|date=October 6, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.008.shtml?}}</ref> consequently, its forward movement slowed to nearly stationary.<ref>{{cite web|author=Eric Blake|title=Hurricane Nicole Discussion Number 12|date=October 7, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.012.shtml?}}</ref>

[[File:Tropical Storm Nicole 2016-10-04 1705z.jpg|thumb|right|Nicole shortly after being classified as a tropical storm on October 4]]
By early on October 7, Nicole had finally felt the effects of strong wind shear and quickly weakened back into a tropical storm.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 14|date=October 7, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.014.shtml?}}</ref> A new blocking [[high pressure area]] began forming to the north, driving Nicole slowly toward the south as the storm's convective pattern continued to deteriorate.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 15|date=October 7, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.015.shtml?}}</ref> On the morning of October 8, the storm's center was displaced far to the north of the waning deep convection, and Nicole further declined to a minimal tropical storm.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 18|date=October 8, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.018.shtml?}}</ref> However, later that day, warm [[sea surface temperature]]s enabled a "tremendous burst of deep convection" close to the center, and Nicole began to reintensify. That the storm was able to survive in spite of as much as {{convert|50|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} of northerly shear proved "puzzling" to forecasters.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 19|date=October 8, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.019.shtml?}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Robbie Berg|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 17|date=October 8, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.017.shtml?}}</ref> Convection oscillated in coverage and intensity throughout the day on October 9; bursts of deep convection, which at one point coalesced into a burgeoning [[central dense overcast]], repeatedly subsided to leave the center exposed. As steering currents slackened, Nicole slowed to a drift before the retreating ridge of high pressure allowed the storm to resume a northward course.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 23|date=October 9, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.023.shtml?}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Jack Beven|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 24|date=October 10, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.024.shtml}}</ref> By the morning of October 10, thunderstorms associated with the tropical storm had "faded away into a shallow and shapeless cloud mass", according to one NHC forecaster.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 26|date=October 10, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.026.shtml?}}</ref> The storm remained disorganized for the next day or so, until several bands of convection began to wrap around a ragged eye feature in response to abating wind shear.<ref>{{cite web|author=Daniel Brown|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Discussion Number 30|date=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.discus.030.shtml?|publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref> Nicole reattained Category 1 hurricane intensity at 18:00 UTC on October 11, and its satellite appearance continued to improve.<ref name="30a">{{cite news|author=Daniel Brown|title=Hurricane Nicole Intermediate Public Advisory Number 30A|date=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public_a.030.shtml?|publisher=National Hurricane Center}}</ref>

====Current storm information====
As of 2:00 p.m. [[Atlantic Standard Time|AST]] (18:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]) October 12, Hurricane Nicole is located within 20 [[nautical mile]]s of {{coord|28.8|-66.8|dim:5000km|name=Nicole}}, about 270 miles (435 km) south-southwest of [[Bermuda]]. Maximum sustained winds are 85 knots (100 mph; 155 km/h), with gusts up to 105 knots (120 mph; 195 km/h). The minimum barometric pressure is 969 mbar (hPa; 28.62 inHg), and the system is currently moving north at 7 knots (8 mph; 13 km/h). Hurricane-force winds extend outward up to 45 miles (75 km) from the center, and tropical-storm-force winds extend outward up to 160 miles (260 km) from the center of Nicole.

For latest official information, see:
* The NHC's [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCPAT5+shtml/ latest public advisory on Hurricane Nicole]
* The NHC's [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCDAT5+shtml/ forecast advisory on Hurricane Nicole]

====Watches and warnings====
{{HurricaneWarningsTable
| HUW =
* '''[[United Kingdom]]'''
** '''[[Bermuda]]'''
| source= [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCPAT5+shtml/110236.shtml National Hurricane Center's latest Public Advisory]
}}
{{clear}}

==Preparations and impact==
On October 10, while the storm was still located about {{convert|415|mi|km|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} to the south, the [[Bermuda Weather Service]] issued a [[tropical cyclone watches and warnings|hurricane watch]] for the islands of Bermuda.<ref>{{cite web|author=Todd Kimberlain|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Public Advisory Number 27|date=October 10, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.027.shtml?}}</ref> A concurrent tropical storm warning was posted early the next morning,<ref>{{cite web|author=Lixon Avila|title=Tropical Storm Nicole Public Advisory Number 29|date=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al15/al152016.public.029.shtml?}}</ref> and both advisories were replaced with a hurricane warning when Nicole reintensified into a hurricane.<ref name="30a"/> The threat of the storm prompted three cruise liners to cancel their scheduled stops at Bermuda, and local officials urged residents to prepare for dangerous weather conditions.<ref>{{cite news|title=
Nicole on track to hit Bermuda|date=October 10, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 10, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/news/article/20161010/nicole-on-track-to-hit-bermuda}}</ref> Residents boarded up their homes and businesses and placed sandbags to minimize the effects of flooding. Small boats were removed from marinas for safe storage, while larger vessels that remained in the water were tightly secured.<ref>{{cite news|author=Guy Cabral and Lisa Simpson|title=Nicole: Residents make final preparations|date=October 12, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 12, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/storm/article/20161012/nicole-residents-make-final-preparations}}</ref>

Schools and government offices were slated to close for the duration of the storm, while ferry and bus services were expected to be suspended on October 12. Commercial flights to and from Bermuda were canceled. Additionally, [[The Royal Bermuda Regiment|Royal Bermuda Regiment]] soldiers prepared to be deployed at strategic points to help in the aftermath of the storm.<ref>{{cite news|title=Advice, closures and cancellations|date=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/news/article/20161011/advice-closures-and-cancellations|accessdate=October 11, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Nicole upgraded to hurricane|date=October 11, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/news/article/20161011/nicole-upgraded-to-hurricane}}</ref> As a precaution, officials decided to close [[The Causeway, Bermuda|the Causeway]] starting late on October 12.<ref>{{cite news|author=Adrian Robson|title=
Island braced for direct hit|date=October 12, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 12, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/storm/article/20161012/island-braced-for-direct-hit}}</ref> With adverse weather conditions expected to impact a crucial [[NASA]] rocket tracking site in Bermuda, the launch of an [[International Space Station]] resupply spacecraft from Virginia's [[Wallops Flight Facility]] was postponed.<ref>{{cite web|author=Karen Northon|title=Atlantic Storm System Delays NASA Resupply Launch to Space Station|date=October 11, 2016|publisher=National Aeronautics and Space Administration|accessdate=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/atlantic-storm-system-delays-nasa-resupply-launch-to-space-station}}</ref> [[Cygnus CRS OA-5|The mission]] had already been delayed, in part due to the threat of Hurricane Matthew.<ref>{{cite web|author=Stephen Clark|title=Critical Antares rocket launch set for Friday night|date=October 10, 2016|publisher=Spaceflight Now|accessdate=October 11, 2016|url=http://spaceflightnow.com/2016/10/10/critical-antares-rocket-launch-set-for-friday-night/}}</ref>

Strong swells from the slow-moving storm started affecting Bermuda on October 6.<ref>{{cite web|title=BWS Daily Climatology Written Summary|date=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.weather.bm/climatereport/climateReport.asp|accessdate=October 11, 2016|publisher=Bermuda Weather Service}}</ref> Gusty winds along the periphery of Nicole's circulation caused a brief power outage on the evening of October 11.<ref>{{cite news|author=Jonathan Bell|title=Belco reports first storm-related outage|date=October 11, 2016|newspaper=The Royal Gazette|accessdate=October 11, 2016|url=http://www.royalgazette.com/news/article/20161011/belco-reports-first-storm-related-outage}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Bermuda hurricanes]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/NICOLE.shtml? Advisory archive] from the National Hurricane Center

{{2016 Atlantic hurricane season buttons}}

[[Category:Atlantic tropical storms|Nicole (2016)]]
[[Category:2016 Atlantic hurricane season|Nicole]]
[[Category:Hurricanes in Bermuda|Nicole]]

Hurrikan Hermine

2016-09-01T13:45:31Z

Cyclonebiskit: /* Meteorological history */ track is up

{{Infobox hurricane current
|name=Tropical Storm Hermine
|category=storm
|type=tropical storm
|time=7:00 a.m. [[Central Time Zone|CDT]] (12:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]) September 1
|image=Hermine Geostationary VIS-IR 2016.png
|track=09L 2016 5day.gif
|lat=27.1|N|lon=86.2|W
|within_units=20 [[nautical mile|nm]]
|distance_from=About 195 mi (310 km) SSW of [[Apalachicola, Florida]] About 235 mi (380 km) WSW of [[Tampa, Florida]]
|1sustained=55 kt (65 mph; 100 km/h)
|gusts=65 kt (75 mph; 120 km/h)
|pressure=992 [[Bar (unit)|mbar]] ([[Pascal (unit)|hPa]]); (29.29 [[Inches of Mercury|inHg]])
|movement=NNE at 10 knots (12 mph; 19 km/h)
}}
'''Tropical Storm Hermine''' is a currently active [[tropical cyclone]] that is threatening northwestern [[Florida]]. The ninth tropical depression and eighth [[tropical cyclone naming|named storm]], Hermine developed from a long-tracked [[tropical wave]] that had previously crossed the [[Lesser Antilles|Lesser]] and [[Greater Antilles]].

==Meteorological history==
{{storm path|Hermine 2016 track.png}}
On August 18, the [[National Hurricane Center]] (NHC) first noted a [[tropical wave]] as a potential area for [[tropical cyclogenesis|development]], associated with an area of disorganized [[convection (meteorology)|convection]] about 300 mi (480 km) southwest of [[Cabo Verde]]. Environmental conditions were expected to be favorable for continued organization.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Weather Outlook|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=August 18, 2016|accessdate=August 28, 2016|author=Stacy Stewart|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/text/TWOAT/2016/TWOAT.201608181748.txt|format=TXT}}</ref> Dry and stable air was an initial inhibiting factor in development,<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Weather Outlook|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=August 19, 2016|accessdate=August 28, 2016|author=Jack Beven|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/text/TWOAT/2016/TWOAT.201608191745.txt|format=TXT}}</ref> although the convection and circulation had become better defined by August 21.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Weather Outlook|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=August 21, 2016|accessdate=August 28, 2016|author=Stacy Stewart|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/text/TWOAT/2016/TWOAT.201608210553.txt|format=TXT}}</ref> By August 23, the system had developed an elongated and poorly-defined circulation, as indicated by the Hurricane Hunters.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Weather Outlook|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=August 23, 2016|accessdate=August 28, 2016|author=Todd Kimberlain|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/text/TWOAT/2016/TWOAT.201608231749.txt|format=TXT}}</ref> On the next day, the low pressure area crossed [[Guadeloupe]] into the [[Caribbean Sea]] while producing [[gale]]-force winds.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Weather Outlook|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=August 24, 2016|accessdate=August 28, 2016|author=Todd Kimberlain|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/text/TWOAT/2016/TWOAT.201608240506.txt|format=TXT}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Weather Outlook|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=August 24, 2016|accessdate=August 28, 2016|author=Daniel Brown|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/text/TWOAT/2016/TWOAT.201608241532.txt|format=TXT}}</ref> By this point, the NHC noted that the system could develop into a tropical depression at any time, as the system was only lacking a well-defined circulation.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Weather Outlook|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=August 24, 2016|accessdate=August 28, 2016|author=Daniel Brown|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/text/TWOAT/2016/TWOAT.201608241750.txt|format=TXT}}</ref>

Marginal [[wind shear]] disrupted the system's organization, and it passed north of Puerto Rico without further development,<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Weather Outlook|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=August 25, 2016|accessdate=August 28, 2016|author=Jack Beven|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/text/TWOAT/2016/TWOAT.201608250536.txt|format=TXT}}</ref> with winds dropping below gale-force on August 25.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Weather Outlook|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=August 25, 2016|accessdate=August 28, 2016|author=Daniel Brown|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/text/TWOAT/2016/TWOAT.201608251747.txt|format=TXT}}</ref> The low pressure area crossed the southern [[Bahamas]] with scattered convection,<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Weather Outlook|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=August 27, 2016|accessdate=August 28, 2016|author=Robbie Berg|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/text/TWOAT/2016/TWOAT.201608270553.txt|format=TXT}}</ref> becoming more defined on August 27 while moving near the northern Cuban coast.<ref name="two827">{{cite report|title=Tropical Weather Outlook|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=August 27, 2016|accessdate=August 28, 2016|author=Lixion Avila|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/text/TWOAT/2016/TWOAT.201608272340.txt|format=TXT}}</ref> Wind shear prevented quicker development,<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Weather Outlook|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=August 28, 2016|accessdate=August 28, 2016|author=Daniel Brown|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/text/TWOAT/2016/TWOAT.201608280542.txt|format=TXT}}</ref> although conditions became more favorable closer to the Gulf of Mexico. On August 28, the convection increased and became more organized.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Weather Outlook|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=August 28, 2016|accessdate=August 28, 2016|author=Michael Brennan|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/text/TWOAT/2016/TWOAT.201608281732.txt|format=TXT}}</ref> Later that day, the Hurricane Hunters observed a well-defined circulation. Based on the observations and the convective organization, the NHC initiated advisories on Tropical Depression Nine at 21:00 UTC on August 28 about halfway between the [[Florida Keys]] and the north coast of Cuba.<ref>{{cite report|author=Michael Brennan|title=Tropical Depression Nine Discussion Number 1|date=August 28, 2016|accessdate=August 28, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al09/al092016.discus.001.shtml?}}</ref> Deep convection increased further as the depression moved more into the Gulf of Mexico,<ref name="d92">{{cite report|author=Richard Pasch|title=Tropical Depression Nine Discussion Number 4|date=August 29, 2016|accessdate=August 29, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al09/al092016.discus.004.shtml?}}</ref> steered by a [[ridge (meteorology)|ridge]] over southern Florida,<ref name="d6">{{cite report|author=Stacy Stewart|title=Tropical Depression Nine Discussion Number 6|date=August 30, 2016|accessdate=August 31, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al09/al092016.discus.006.shtml?}}</ref> although it remained ragged and displaced from the circulation.<ref>{{cite report|author=Richard Pasch|title=Tropical Depression Nine Discussion Number 5|date=August 29, 2016|accessdate=August 31, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al09/al092016.discus.005.shtml?}}</ref> Dry air to the system's west negated the otherwise favorable warm waters.<ref name="d6"/> The depression failed to organize more on August 30 as the low- and mid-level circulations remained misaligned.<ref>{{cite report|author=Richard Pasch|title=Tropical Depression Nine Discussion Number 9|date=August 30, 2016|accessdate=August 31, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al09/al092016.discus.009.shtml?}}</ref> A large plume of convection developed over the system on August 31 as [[outflow (meteorology)|outflow]] improved and wind shear decreased.<ref>{{cite report|author=Stacy Stewart|title=Tropical Depression Nine Discussion Number 10|date=August 31, 2016|accessdate=August 31, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al09/al092016.discus.010.shtml?}}</ref> Later that day, reports from the Hurricane Hunters indicated that the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Hermine about 395 mi (640 km) southwest of [[Apalachicola, Florida]].<ref>{{cite report|author=Richard Pasch|date=August 31, 2016|title=Tropical Storm Hermine Intermediate Advisory Number 12A|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=August 31, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al09/al092016.public_a.012.shtml?}}</ref>

Late on August 31, Hermine began accelerating to the northeast, influenced by a developing mid-level [[trough (meteorology)|trough]] over the southeastern United States.<ref>{{cite report|author=Richard Pasch|title=Tropical Storm Hermine Discussion Number 13|date=August 31, 2016|accessdate=September 1, 2016|publisher=National Hurricane Center|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al09/al092016.discus.013.shtml?}}</ref>

===Current storm information===

As of 7:00 a.m. [[Central Time Zone|CDT]] (12:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]) September 1, Tropical Storm Hermine is located near {{coord|27.1|-86.2|dim:5000km|name=Hermine}}, about 195 miles (310 km) south-southwest of [[Apalachicola, Florida]], or about 235 miles (380 km) west-southwest of [[Tampa, Florida]]. Maximum sustained winds are 55 knots (65 mph; 100 km/h), with gusts up to 65 knots (75 mph; 120 km/h). The minimum barometric pressure is 992 mbar (hPa; 29.29 inHg), and the system is moving north-northeast at 10 knots (12 mph; 19 km/h). Tropical-storm-force winds extend outward up to 140 miles (220 km) to the east of the center.

For latest official information, see:
* The NHC's [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCPAT4+shtml/282050.shtml? latest Public Advisory on Tropical Storm Hermine]
* The NHC's [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCMAT4+shtml/282046.shtml? latest Forecast Advisory on Tropical Storm Hermine]

===Watches and warnings===

{{HurricaneWarningsTable
| HUW=
* '''[[United States]]'''
** '''[[Florida]]'''
*** [[Suwannee River]] to [[Mexico Beach, Florida|Mexico Beach]]
| HUA=
* '''United States'''
** '''Florida'''
*** [[Anclote River]] to Suwannee River
*** West of Mexico Beach to [[Destin, Florida|Destin]]
| TRW=
* '''United States'''
** '''Florida'''
*** Anclote River to Suwannee River
*** West of Mexico Beach to Destin
** '''Florida'''–'''[[South Carolina]]'''
*** [[Marineland, Florida|Marineland]] to [[Santee River|South Santee River]]
| TRA=
* '''United States'''
** '''South Carolina–[[North Carolina]]'''
*** North of South Santee River to [[Surf City, North Carolina|Surf City]]
}}
{{clear}}

==Preparations and impact==
While in its developmental stages, the precursor low dropped {{convert|3|to|5|in|mm|abbr=on}} of rainfall across the northern Cuba.<ref name="two827"/> [[Candelaria, Cuba|Candelaria]] in western Cuba recorded {{convert|310.8|mm|in|abbr=on|order=flip}}. The rains alleviated drought conditions and helped replenish reservoirs, while also causing landslides.<ref name="cub"/> The [[Zaza Reservoir]] – the largest in Cuba – increased its total water volume by 495 million ft³ (14 million m³), bringing the levels to 30% capacity. In [[Batabanó, Cuba|Batabanó]] on Cuba's southern coast, the southerly winds and {{convert|215|mm|in|abbr=on|order=flip}} of rainfall caused moderate flooding.<ref>{{cite news|agency=EFE|title=Temporal de lluvias provoca inundación en una localidad costera|date=August 30, 2016|language=Spanish|publisher=El Mundo|url=http://elmundo.sv/cuba-temporal-de-lluvias-provoca-inundacion-en-una-localidad-costera/}}</ref> Near Havana, the electric company shut off power to prevent accidents, while damage occurred to gas lines.<ref name="cub">{{cite news|title=Alertan de inundaciones repentinas en Cuba por intensas lluvias|language=Spanish|publisher=Marti Noticas|date=August 30, 2016|accessdate=August 31, 2016|url=http://www.martinoticias.com/a/cuba-lluvias-inundaciones-tormenta/128940.html}}</ref>

On August 30, the NHC issued a [[tropical cyclone warnings and watches|hurricane watch]] from [[Indian Pass, Florida|Indian Pass]] to the mouth of the [[Anclote River]], while a tropical storm watch was issued westward to the [[Walton County, Florida|Walton]]–[[Bay County, Florida|Bay]] county line.<ref>{{cite report|author=Richard Pasch|date=August 30, 2016|title=Tropical Depression Nine Intermediate Advisory Number 9|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=August 31, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al09/al092016.public.009.shtml?}}</ref> On the next day, a tropical storm warning was issued between the Anclote River to the Walton-Bay county line,<ref>{{cite report|author=Richard Pasch|date=August 31, 2016|title=Tropical Depression Nine Intermediate Advisory Number 11|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=August 31, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al09/al092016.public.011.shtml?}}</ref> and a tropical storm watch was added for the Atlantic coast between [[Marineland, Florida]] to the [[Altamaha River|Altamaha Sound]] in Georgia.<ref>{{cite report|author=Richard Pasch|date=August 31, 2016|title=Tropical Depression Nine Intermediate Advisory Number 12|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=August 31, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al09/al092016.public.012.shtml?}}</ref> At 03:00 UTC on September 1, a hurricane warning was posted in Florida from the [[Suwannee River]] to [[Mexico Beach, Florida|Mexico Beach]].<ref>{{cite report|author=Stacy Stewart|date=September 1, 2016|title=Tropical Storm Hermine Advisory Number 14|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=September 1, 2016|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/al09/al092016.public.014.shtml?}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}
*[[List of Florida hurricanes (2000–present)]]
*[[Tropical Storm Hermine (disambiguation)|Other tropical cyclones of the same name]]
*[[Tropical Storm Barry (2001)]]
*[[Tropical Storm Andrea (2013)]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}

*[http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2016/HERMINE.shtml? Tropical Storm Hermine Advisory Archive]

{{2016 Atlantic hurricane season buttons}}

[[Category:2016 Atlantic hurricane season|Hermine]]
[[Category:Atlantic tropical storms|Hermine (2016)]]
[[Category:August 2016 events in the United States]]
[[Category:Hurricanes in Florida|Hermine (2016)]]
[[Category:September 2016 events in the United States]]

Pokémon Go

2016-07-06T23:25:30Z

Cyclonebiskit: published by Niantic

{{pp-vandalism|expiry=17:48, 13 July 2016|small=yes}}
{{Use American English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox video game
| title = Pokémon GO
| image = Pokemon Go.png
| caption =
| developer = [[Niantic, Inc.|Niantic]] [[The Pokémon Company]]
| publisher = Niantic
| distributor = [[Nintendo]]
| series = ''[[Pokémon (video game series)|Pokémon]]''
| engine =[[Unity (game engine)|Unity]]
| platforms = [[iOS]], [[Android (operating system)|Android]]
| released = {{Video game release new|NZ|July 6, 2016|EU|TBD|NA|TBD}}
| genre = [[Augmented reality]]
| modes =
| producer =
| designer =
| programmer =
| artist =
| writer =
| composer = [[Junichi Masuda]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pokemon.com/us/pokemon-video-games/pokemon-go/|title=Pokémon GO|work=pokemon.com|accessdate=2016-06-15}}</ref>
}}

'''''Pokémon GO''''' is an [[Augmented reality|augmented-reality]] game developed by [[Niantic, Inc.|Niantic]] for [[iOS]] and [[Android (operating system)|Android]] devices.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ign.com/articles/2015/09/10/pokemon-go-coming-to-smartphones |title=Pokémon GO Coming to Smartphones |last=Reilly |first=Luke |work=[[IGN]] |publisher=[[Ziff Davis]] |date=September 10, 2015 |accessdate=September 10, 2015 }}</ref> The game was partially released in July 2016,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gamespot.com/articles/pokemon-go-is-available-now-on-android-devices/1100-6441523/|title=Pokemon Go Is Available Now on Android Devices|last=|first=|date=July 6, 2016|website=GameSpot|publisher=|access-date=July 5, 2016}}</ref> along with a small wearable device developed by [[Nintendo]], which uses a [[Bluetooth]] connection to notify users when a Pokémon is nearby with an [[LED]] and a light rumble.<ref name=Verge>{{cite web|last1=Webster|first1=Andrew|title=With Pokémon Go, Nintendo is showing that it takes mobile seriously|url=http://www.theverge.com/2015/9/10/9300101/pokemon-go-nintendo-mobile-games|work=[[The Verge]]|publisher=[[Vox Media]]|date=September 10, 2015|accessdate=September 11, 2015}}</ref> The game allows players to capture, battle, train, and trade virtual Pokémon who appear throughout the real world.<ref name=Verge/> The game is [[free-to-play]], although it supports [[in-app purchases]].<ref name=freetoplay>{{cite web|last1=Domanico|first1=Anthony|title=Catch Pokemon in real life with Nintendo's upcoming mobile game|url=http://www.cnet.com/news/nintendo-is-coming-to-mobile-in-a-big-way-with-pokemon-go/|work=[[CNET]]|publisher=[[CBS Interactive]]|date=September 10, 2015|accessdate=September 14, 2015}}</ref> The Pokémon Go Plus wearable device will be sold separately from the app.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vrfocus.com/2016/06/pokemon-go-gets-a-release-date/|title=Pokémon Go Gets A Release Date|website=VRFocus|access-date=2016-06-15}}</ref><ref>http://www.hngn.com/articles/201477/20160628/pokemon-go-release-date-news-and-price-preorder-now-available.htm</ref>

The game requires Android 4.4 and up, or iOS 8.0 or later.<ref>[http://nintendonews.com/blog/pokemon-go-rolling-out-android-ios/ Kevin McMinn. Jul 5, 2016. Nintendo News: Pokémon GO Begins Rolling Out on Android and iOS]</ref>

==Gameplay==
Different [[List of Pokémon|Pokémon]] live in different areas of the world; for example, [[Gameplay of Pokémon#Pokémon types|water-type]] Pokémon live near water. A wristband device called the Pokémon Go Plus will be available for use with the app, enabling a more heads-up gaming experience than [[Ingress (video game)|Ingress]] provides. {{Dubious|date=July 2016}} The device uses Bluetooth technology to connect with the players smart device and uses vibration and a flashing light to alert the player of the presence of a nearby Pokémon. The player presses the button in a coded sequence to catch the Pokémon, and can check the app later to discover which Pokémon has been captured.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://venturebeat.com/2015/12/16/how-niantic-will-marry-animated-characters-with-mobile-location-data-in-pokemon-go/|title=How Pokémon Go will benefit from Niantic's lessons from Ingress on location-based game design |work=[[VentureBeat]]|first=Dean|last=Takahashi|date=December 16, 2015|accessdate=June 16, 2016}}</ref>

==Development==
The idea for the game was conceived in 2013 by [[Satoru Iwata]] of [[Nintendo]] and Tsunekazu Ishihara of [[The Pokémon Company]] as an [[April Fools' Day]] collaboration with [[Google]] called Pokémon Challenge,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnet.com/news/googles-april-fools-prank-puts-pokemon-in-the-real-world/|title=Google's April Fools' prank puts Pokemon in the real world|publisher=[[CNET]]}}</ref> with Tatsuo Nomura of [[Google Maps]] (now senior project manager at Niantic<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.engadget.com/2016/06/10/living-the-trainer-life-with-pokemon-go/|publisher=[[Engadget]]|title=Living the trainer life with 'Pokémon Go'}}</ref>) at the center of the project.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qqbsdqjgj-k|title=Pokémon GO - Demonstration - Nintendo E3 2016 |website=[[YouTube]]|publisher=[[Nintendo]]|at=3m 26s}}</ref> In 2015, Ishihara dedicated his speech at the game's announcement on September 10 to Iwata, who died two months earlier.<ref name="Announcement details">{{cite web |url=http://www.geeksnack.com/2015/09/10/pokemon-go-is-brought-up-into-the-real-world-through-ios-and-android/ |title=Pokémon go is brought up into the real world through iOS and Android |publisher=GeekSnack |accessdate=September 17, 2015}}</ref> The decision to create the Go Plus rather than create a [[smart watch]] app was to increase uptake among players for whom a smart watch is prohibitively expensive.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.polygon.com/a/smartwatch-history-guide-evolution/watch-future|title=Watch Future - Time killers: The strange history of wrist gaming|work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]|first=Brian|last= Crecente|date=July 12, 2015|accessdate=June 16, 2016}}</ref>

On March 4, 2016, Niantic announced a Japan-exclusive [[Software release life cycle#Beta|beta test]] would begin later that month, allowing players to assist in refining the game before its full release. The beta test will be expanded to other countries at a later date.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Frank|first1=Allegra|title=Pokémon Go heading out to the field in Japanese-only beta test|url=http://www.polygon.com/2016/3/4/11161010/pokemon-go-field-test-beta-japan|website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]|publisher=[[Vox Media]]|accessdate=March 4, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304230453/http://www.polygon.com/2016/3/4/11161010/pokemon-go-field-test-beta-japan|archivedate=March 4, 2016|deadurl=no|date=March 4, 2016}}</ref> On April 7, it was announced that the beta would expand to Australia and New Zealand.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vooks.net/pokemon-go-field-testing-is-expanding-to-australia-and-new-zealand/ |title=Pokémon GO field testing is expanding to Australia and New Zealand |last1=Vuckovic |first1=Daniel |date=8 April 2016 |website=Vooks |access-date=8 April 2016}}</ref>
Then, on May 16, the signups for the field test were opened to the USA.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nianticlabs.com/blog/pokemon-fieldtest-us/|title=Pokémon GO field testing expands to the United States|publisher=Niantic Labs|date=16 May 2016|author=The Pokémon GO Development Team|accessdate=2016-05-19}}</ref> On May 25, [[Niantic labs|Niantic Labs]] released "And today, we’re expanding that field test to the United States to get more feedback to improve the game."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nianticlabs.com/blog/pokemon-ft-us-start/|title=Pedersoli, Tiziano (26 May 2016). Warmer! Closer!|website=www.nianticlabs.com|access-date=2016-05-25}}</ref> On June 27, The Pokémon Company announced that the test would come to an end on June 30.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Dornbush|first1=Jonathan|title=Pokémon Go Period Ending This Week|url=http://m.ign.com/articles/2016/06/27/pokemon-go-beta-period-ending-this-week|website=IGN|accessdate=27 June 2016}}</ref>

On July 6, 2016, the game was made available in Australia and New Zealand on [[Google Play]] and the [[App Store (iOS)|App Store]] for [[Android (operating system)|Android]] and [[iOS]] devices.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kotaku.com.au/2016/07/pokemon-go-is-live-in-australia-right-now/|title=Pokemon GO Is Live In Australia Right Now|last=Walker|first=Alex|access-date=2016-07-06}}</ref>

== Criticism ==
The video game has faced some criticism from organizations such as Northern Territory Police, Fire and Emergency Services in Australia, a Facebook page post was made reminding players that they do not need to be inside a police station to use the "Pokestop" to collect items. They also reminded players to play safely by looking both ways and away from your phone when crossing the street.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/143359822402689/photos/a.155432537862084.40926.143359822402689/1141877905884204/?type=3&theater|title=For those budding Pokemon Trainers out there...|last=|first=|date=|website=Facebook|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theverge.com/2016/7/6/12106892/pokemon-go-police-station-facebook-page|title=Pokémon Go sends players to police station, police say don’t come in|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{official website}}

{{Pokémon spin-offs}}
{{Nintendo applications for smart devices}}
{{Portal bar|Pokémon|Nintendo|Video games}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pokemon Go}}
[[Category:Android (operating system) games]]
[[Category:Augmented reality applications]]
[[Category:Free-to-play video games]]
[[Category:iOS games]]
[[Category:Mind control in fiction]]
[[Category:Mixed reality games]]
[[Category:Outdoor locating games]]
[[Category:Pokémon video games]]
[[Category:2016 video games]]

Pokémon Go

2016-06-02T22:34:21Z

Cyclonebiskit: Reverted good faith edits by 192.133.129.164 (talk). (TW)

{{Infobox video game
| title = Pokémon GO
| image = Pokemon Go.png
| caption =
| developer = [[Niantic, Inc.|Niantic]]
| publisher = [[The Pokémon Company]]
| series = ''[[Pokémon (video game series)|Pokémon]]''
| engine =
| platforms = [[iOS]], [[Android (operating system)|Android]]
| released = {{Video game release||Q2 2016}}
| genre = [[Augmented reality]]
| modes =
| director =
| producer =
| designer =
| programmer =
| artist =
| writer =
| composer =
}}
'''''Pokémon GO''''' is an upcoming [[Augmented reality|augmented-reality]] game developed by [[Niantic, Inc.|Niantic]] for [[iOS]] and [[Android (operating system)|Android]] devices.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ign.com/articles/2015/09/10/pokemon-go-coming-to-smartphones |title=Pokémon GO Coming to Smartphones |last=Reilly |first=Luke |work=[[IGN]] |publisher=[[Ziff Davis]] |date=September 10, 2015 |accessdate=September 10, 2015 }}</ref> The game will be released sometime in Summer 2016, alongside the Pokémon Go Plus, a small wearable device developed by [[Nintendo]], which uses a [[Bluetooth]] connection to notify users when a [[List of Pokémon|Pokémon]] is nearby with an [[LED]] and a light rumble.<ref name=Verge>{{cite web|last1=Webster|first1=Andrew|title=With Pokémon Go, Nintendo is showing that it takes mobile seriously|url=http://www.theverge.com/2015/9/10/9300101/pokemon-go-nintendo-mobile-games|work=[[The Verge]]|publisher=[[Vox Media]]|date=September 10, 2015|accessdate=September 11, 2015}}</ref> The game will allow players to capture, battle, train, and trade virtual Pokémon who appear throughout the real world.<ref name=Verge/> The game will be [[free-to-play]], although it will support [[in-app purchases]].<ref name=freetoplay>{{cite web|last1=Domanico|first1=Anthony|title=Catch Pokemon in real life with Nintendo's upcoming mobile game|url=http://www.cnet.com/news/nintendo-is-coming-to-mobile-in-a-big-way-with-pokemon-go/|work=[[CNET]]|publisher=[[CBS Interactive]]|date=September 10, 2015|accessdate=September 14, 2015}}</ref>

==Gameplay==
Different [[List of Pokémon|Pokémon]] will live in different areas of the world; for example, [[Gameplay of Pokémon#Pokémon types|Water-type]] Pokémon will live near water. It's anticipated that events will be held where players can trade Pokémon to build their collection. A wristband device called the Pokémon Go Plus will be available for use with the app, enabling a more heads-up gaming experience than [[Ingress (video game)|Ingress]] provides. The device uses vibration and a flashing light to alert the player of the presence of a nearby Pokémon. The player presses the button in a coded sequence to catch the Pokémon, and can check the app later to discover which Pokémon has been captured.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://venturebeat.com/2015/12/16/how-niantic-will-marry-animated-characters-with-mobile-location-data-in-pokemon-go/|title=How Pokémon Go will benefit from Niantic's lessons from Ingress on location-based game design - GamesBeat - Games - by Dean Takahashi|work=VentureBeat}}</ref>

==Development==
The idea for the game was conceived in 2013 by [[Satoru Iwata]] of [[Nintendo]] and Tsunekazu Ishihara of [[The Pokémon Company]]. In 2015, Ishihara dedicated his speech at the game's announcement on September 10 to Iwata, who died two months earlier.<ref name="Announcement details">{{cite web |url=http://www.geeksnack.com/2015/09/10/pokemon-go-is-brought-up-into-the-real-world-through-ios-and-android/ |title=Pokémon go is brought up into the real world through iOS and Android |publisher=GeekSnack |accessdate=September 17, 2015}}</ref> The decision to create the Go Plus rather than create a [[smart watch]] app was to increase uptake among players for whom a smart watch is prohibitively expensive.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.polygon.com/a/smartwatch-history-guide-evolution/watch-future|title=Watch Future - Time killers: The strange history of wrist gaming|work=Polygon.com}}</ref>

On March 4, 2016, Niantic announced a Japan-exclusive [[Software release life cycle#Beta|beta test]] would begin later that month, allowing players to assist in refining the game before its full release. The beta test will be expanded to other countries at a later date.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Frank|first1=Allegra|title=Pokémon Go heading out to the field in Japanese-only beta test|url=http://www.polygon.com/2016/3/4/11161010/pokemon-go-field-test-beta-japan|website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]|publisher=[[Vox Media]]|accessdate=March 4, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304230453/http://www.polygon.com/2016/3/4/11161010/pokemon-go-field-test-beta-japan|archivedate=March 4, 2016|deadurl=no|date=March 4, 2016}}</ref> On April 7, it was announced that the beta would expand to Australia and New Zealand.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vooks.net/pokemon-go-field-testing-is-expanding-to-australia-and-new-zealand/ |title=Pokémon GO field testing is expanding to Australia and New Zealand |last1=Vuckovic |first1=Daniel |date=8 April 2016 |website=Vooks |access-date=8 April 2016}}</ref>
Then, on May 16th, the signups for the field test were opened to the USA.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nianticlabs.com/blog/pokemon-fieldtest-us/|title=Pokémon GO field testing expands to the United States|publisher=Niantic Labs|date=16 May 2016|author=The Pokémon GO Development Team|accessdate=2016-05-19}}</ref> On May 25th, [[Niantic labs|Niantic Labs]] released "And today, we’re expanding that field test to the United States to get more feedback to improve the game."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nianticlabs.com/blog/pokemon-ft-us-start/|title=Pedersoli, Tiziano (26 May 2016). Warmer! Closer!|website=www.nianticlabs.com|access-date=2016-05-25}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{official website}}

{{Pokémon spin-offs}}
{{Nintendo applications for smart devices}}
{{Portal bar|Pokémon|Nintendo|Video games}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pokemon GO}}
[[Category:Android (operating system) games]]
[[Category:Augmented reality applications]]
[[Category:Free-to-play video games]]
[[Category:IOS games]]
[[Category:Mind control in fiction]]
[[Category:Mixed reality games]]
[[Category:Outdoor locating games]]
[[Category:Pokémon video games]]
[[Category:Upcoming video games scheduled for 2016]]

Pokémon Go

2016-06-02T22:07:05Z

Cyclonebiskit: Reverted 1 edit by 192.133.129.164 (talk) to last revision by TizPed. (TW)

Pokémon Go

2016-05-19T18:29:12Z

Cyclonebiskit: Reverted 1 edit by 60.231.77.58 (talk). (TW)

{{Infobox video game
| title = Pokémon GO
| image = Pokemon Go.png
| caption =
| developer = [[Niantic, Inc.|Niantic]]
| publisher = [[The Pokémon Company]]
| series = ''[[Pokémon (video game series)|Pokémon]]''
| engine =
| platforms = [[iOS]], [[Android (operating system)|Android]]
| released = {{Video game release||Q2 2016}}
| genre = [[Augmented reality]]
| modes =
| director =
| producer =
| designer =
| programmer =
| artist =
| writer =
| composer =
}}
'''''Pokémon GO''''' is an upcoming [[Augmented reality|augmented-reality]] game developed by [[Niantic, Inc.|Niantic]] for [[iOS]] and [[Android (operating system)|Android]] devices.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ign.com/articles/2015/09/10/pokemon-go-coming-to-smartphones |title=Pokémon GO Coming to Smartphones |last=Reilly |first=Luke |work=[[IGN]] |publisher=[[Ziff Davis]] |date=September 10, 2015 |accessdate=September 10, 2015 }}</ref> The game will be released sometime in Summer 2016, alongside the Pokémon Go Plus, a small wearable device developed by [[Nintendo]], which uses a [[Bluetooth]] connection to notify users when a [[List of Pokémon|Pokémon]] is nearby with an [[LED]] and a light rumble.<ref name=Verge>{{cite web|last1=Webster|first1=Andrew|title=With Pokémon Go, Nintendo is showing that it takes mobile seriously|url=http://www.theverge.com/2015/9/10/9300101/pokemon-go-nintendo-mobile-games|work=[[The Verge]]|publisher=[[Vox Media]]|date=September 10, 2015|accessdate=September 11, 2015}}</ref> The game will allow players to capture, battle, train, and trade virtual Pokémon who appear throughout the real world.<ref name=Verge/> The game will be [[free-to-play]], although it will support [[in-app purchases]].<ref name=freetoplay>{{cite web|last1=Domanico|first1=Anthony|title=Catch Pokemon in real life with Nintendo's upcoming mobile game|url=http://www.cnet.com/news/nintendo-is-coming-to-mobile-in-a-big-way-with-pokemon-go/|work=[[CNET]]|publisher=[[CBS Interactive]]|date=September 10, 2015|accessdate=September 14, 2015}}</ref>

==Gameplay==
Different [[List of Pokémon|Pokémon]] will live in different areas of the world; for example, [[Gameplay of Pokémon#Pokémon types|Water-type]] Pokémon will live near water. It's anticipated that events will be held where players can trade Pokémon to build their collection. A wristband device called the Pokémon Go Plus will be available for use with the app, enabling a more heads-up gaming experience than [[Ingress (video game)|Ingress]] provides. The device uses vibration and a flashing light to alert the player of the presence of a nearby Pokémon. The player presses the button in a coded sequence to catch the Pokémon, and can check the app later to find out which Pokémon has been captured.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://venturebeat.com/2015/12/16/how-niantic-will-marry-animated-characters-with-mobile-location-data-in-pokemon-go/|title=How Pokémon Go will benefit from Niantic's lessons from Ingress on location-based game design - GamesBeat - Games - by Dean Takahashi|work=VentureBeat}}</ref>

==Development==
The idea for the game was conceived in 2013 by [[Satoru Iwata]] of [[Nintendo]] and Tsunekazu Ishihara of [[The Pokémon Company]]. In 2015, Ishihara dedicated his speech at the game's announcement on September 10 to Iwata, who died two months earlier.<ref name="Announcement details">{{cite web |url=http://www.geeksnack.com/2015/09/10/pokemon-go-is-brought-up-into-the-real-world-through-ios-and-android/ |title=Pokémon go is brought up into the real world through iOS and Android |publisher=GeekSnack |accessdate=September 17, 2015}}</ref> The decision to create the Go Plus rather than create a [[smart watch]] app was to increase uptake among players for whom a smart watch is prohibitively expensive.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.polygon.com/a/smartwatch-history-guide-evolution/watch-future|title=Watch Future - Time killers: The strange history of wrist gaming|work=Polygon.com}}</ref>

On March 4, 2016, Niantic announced a Japan-exclusive [[Software release life cycle#Beta|beta test]] would begin later that month, allowing players to assist in refining the game before its full release. The beta test will be expanded to other countries at a later date.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Frank|first1=Allegra|title=Pokémon Go heading out to the field in Japanese-only beta test|url=http://www.polygon.com/2016/3/4/11161010/pokemon-go-field-test-beta-japan|website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]|publisher=[[Vox Media]]|accessdate=March 4, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304230453/http://www.polygon.com/2016/3/4/11161010/pokemon-go-field-test-beta-japan|archivedate=March 4, 2016|deadurl=no|date=March 4, 2016}}</ref> On April 7, it was announced that the beta would expand to Australia and New Zealand.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vooks.net/pokemon-go-field-testing-is-expanding-to-australia-and-new-zealand/ |title=Pokémon GO field testing is expanding to Australia and New Zealand |last1=Vuckovic |first1=Daniel |date=8 April 2016 |website=Vooks |access-date=8 April 2016}}</ref>
And on May 16th, the signups for the field test were opened to the USA.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nianticlabs.com/blog/pokemon-fieldtest-us/|title=Pokémon GO field testing expands to the United States|publisher=Niantic Labs|date=16 May 2016|author=The Pokémon GO Development Team|accessdate=2016-05-19}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{official website}}

{{Pokémon spin-offs}}
{{Nintendo applications for smart devices}}
{{Portal bar|Pokémon|Nintendo|Video games}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pokemon GO}}
[[Category:Android (operating system) games]]
[[Category:Augmented reality applications]]
[[Category:Free-to-play video games]]
[[Category:IOS games]]
[[Category:Mind control in fiction]]
[[Category:Mixed reality games]]
[[Category:Outdoor locating games]]
[[Category:Pokémon video games]]
[[Category:Upcoming video games scheduled for 2016]]

Pokémon Go

2016-04-28T01:57:07Z

Cyclonebiskit: Reverted 1 edit by Adriangana (talk): Rvt spam. (TW)

{{Infobox video game
| title = Pokémon GO
| image = Pokemon Go.png
| caption =
| developer = [[Niantic, Inc.|Niantic]]
| publisher = [[The Pokémon Company]]
| series = ''[[Pokémon (video game series)|Pokémon]]''
| engine =
| platforms = [[iOS]], [[Android (operating system)|Android]]
| released = {{Video game release||TBA 2016}}
| genre = [[Augmented reality]]
| modes =
| director =
| producer =
| designer =
| programmer =
| artist =
| writer =
| composer =
}}
'''''Pokémon GO''''' is an upcoming [[Augmented reality|augmented-reality]] game developed by [[Niantic, Inc.|Niantic]] for [[iOS]] and [[Android (operating system)|Android]] devices.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ign.com/articles/2015/09/10/pokemon-go-coming-to-smartphones |title=Pokémon GO Coming to Smartphones |last=Reilly |first=Luke |work=[[IGN]] |publisher=[[Ziff Davis]] |date=September 10, 2015 |accessdate=September 10, 2015 }}</ref> The game will be released sometime in 2016, alongside the Pokémon Go Plus, a small wearable device developed by [[Nintendo]], which uses a [[Bluetooth]] connection to notify users when a [[List of Pokémon|Pokémon]] is nearby with an [[LED]] and a light rumble.<ref name=Verge>{{cite web|last1=Webster|first1=Andrew|title=With Pokémon Go, Nintendo is showing that it takes mobile seriously|url=http://www.theverge.com/2015/9/10/9300101/pokemon-go-nintendo-mobile-games|work=[[The Verge]]|publisher=[[Vox Media]]|date=September 10, 2015|accessdate=September 11, 2015}}</ref> The game will allow players to capture, battle, train, and trade virtual Pokémon who appear throughout the real world.<ref name=Verge/> The game will be [[free-to-play]], although it will support [[in-app purchases]].<ref name=freetoplay>{{cite web|last1=Domanico|first1=Anthony|title=Catch Pokemon in real life with Nintendo's upcoming mobile game|url=http://www.cnet.com/news/nintendo-is-coming-to-mobile-in-a-big-way-with-pokemon-go/|work=[[CNET]]|publisher=[[CBS Interactive]]|date=September 10, 2015|accessdate=September 14, 2015}}</ref>

==Gameplay==
Different [[List of Pokémon|Pokémon]] will live in different areas of the world; for example, [[Gameplay of Pokémon#Pokémon types|water-type]] Pokémon will live near water. There will be events held where players can trade Pokémon to build up their collection. A wristband device called the "Pokémon Go Plus" will ship with the game, to allow a more "heads-up" gaming experience than ''[[Ingress (video game)|Ingress]]'', where the player can be alerted to a nearby Pokémon by the Go Plus vibrating, press the button in a coded sequence to capture it and check the app later to find out what they've captured.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://venturebeat.com/2015/12/16/how-niantic-will-marry-animated-characters-with-mobile-location-data-in-pokemon-go/|title=How Pokémon Go will benefit from Niantic's lessons from Ingress on location-based game design - GamesBeat - Games - by Dean Takahashi|work=VentureBeat}}</ref>

==Development==
The idea for the game was conceived in 2013 by [[Satoru Iwata]] of [[Nintendo]] and Tsunekazu Ishihara of [[The Pokémon Company]]. In 2015, Ishihara dedicated his speech at the game's announcement on September 10 to Iwata, who died two months earlier.<ref name="Announcement details">{{cite web |url=http://www.geeksnack.com/2015/09/10/pokemon-go-is-brought-up-into-the-real-world-through-ios-and-android/ |title=Pokémon go is brought up into the real world through iOS and Android |publisher=GeekSnack |accessdate=September 17, 2015}}</ref> Ishihara and his wife had played ''Ingress''. The decision to create the Go Plus rather than create a [[smart watch]] app was to increase uptake among players for whom a smart watch is prohibitively expensive.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.polygon.com/a/smartwatch-history-guide-evolution/watch-future|title=Watch Future - Time killers: The strange history of wrist gaming|work=Polygon.com}}</ref>

On March 4, 2016, Niantic announced a Japan-exclusive [[Software release life cycle#Beta|beta test]] would begin later that month, allowing players to assist in refining the game before its full release. The beta test will be expanded to other countries at a later date.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Frank|first1=Allegra|title=Pokémon Go heading out to the field in Japanese-only beta test|url=http://www.polygon.com/2016/3/4/11161010/pokemon-go-field-test-beta-japan|website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]|publisher=[[Vox Media]]|accessdate=March 4, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304230453/http://www.polygon.com/2016/3/4/11161010/pokemon-go-field-test-beta-japan|archivedate=March 4, 2016|deadurl=no|date=March 4, 2016}}</ref> On April 7, it was announced that the beta would expand to Australia and New Zealand.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vooks.net/pokemon-go-field-testing-is-expanding-to-australia-and-new-zealand/ |title=Pokémon GO field testing is expanding to Australia and New Zealand |last1=Vuckovic |first1=Daniel |date=8 April 2016 |website=Vooks |access-date=8 April 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{official website}}

{{Pokémon spin-offs}}
{{Nintendo applications for smart devices}}
{{Portal bar|Pokémon|Nintendo|Video games}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pokemon GO}}
[[Category:Android (operating system) games]]
[[Category:Augmented reality applications]]
[[Category:Free-to-play video games]]
[[Category:IOS games]]
[[Category:Mind control in fiction]]
[[Category:Mixed reality games]]
[[Category:Outdoor locating games]]
[[Category:Pokémon video games]]
[[Category:Upcoming video games scheduled for 2016]]

Pokémon Go

2016-04-21T01:56:04Z

Cyclonebiskit: /* Development */ assumed to be same year unless otherwise stated, merge into same line

{{Infobox video game
| title = Pokémon GO
| image = Pokemon Go.png
| caption =
| developer = [[Niantic, Inc.|Niantic]]
| publisher = [[The Pokémon Company]]
| series = ''[[Pokémon (video game series)|Pokémon]]''
| engine =
| platforms = [[iOS]], [[Android (operating system)|Android]]
| released = {{Video game release||TBA 2016}}
| genre = [[Augmented reality]]
| modes =
| director =
| producer =
| designer =
| programmer =
| artist =
| writer =
| composer =
}}
'''''Pokémon GO''''' is an upcoming [[Augmented reality|augmented-reality]] game developed by [[Niantic, Inc.|Niantic]] for [[iOS]] and [[Android (operating system)|Android]] devices.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ign.com/articles/2015/09/10/pokemon-go-coming-to-smartphones |title=Pokémon GO Coming to Smartphones |last=Reilly |first=Luke |work=[[IGN]] |publisher=[[Ziff Davis]] |date=September 10, 2015 |accessdate=September 10, 2015 }}</ref> The game will be released sometime in 2016, alongside the Pokémon Go Plus, a small wearable device developed by [[Nintendo]], which uses a [[Bluetooth]] connection to notify users when a [[List of Pokémon|Pokémon]] is nearby with a [[LED]] and a light rumble.<ref name=Verge>{{cite web|last1=Webster|first1=Andrew|title=With Pokémon Go, Nintendo is showing that it takes mobile seriously|url=http://www.theverge.com/2015/9/10/9300101/pokemon-go-nintendo-mobile-games|work=[[The Verge]]|publisher=[[Vox Media]]|date=September 10, 2015|accessdate=September 11, 2015}}</ref> The game will allow players to capture, battle, train and trade virtual Pokémon who appear throughout the real world.<ref name=Verge/> The game will be [[free-to-play]], although it will support [[in-app purchases]].<ref name=freetoplay>{{cite web|last1=Domanico|first1=Anthony|title=Catch Pokemon in real life with Nintendo's upcoming mobile game|url=http://www.cnet.com/news/nintendo-is-coming-to-mobile-in-a-big-way-with-pokemon-go/|work=[[CNET]]|publisher=[[CBS Interactive]]|date=September 10, 2015|accessdate=September 14, 2015}}</ref>

==Gameplay==
Different [[List of Pokémon|Pokémon]] will live in different areas of the world; for example, [[Gameplay of Pokémon#Pokémon types|water-type]] Pokémon will live near water. There will be events held where players can trade Pokémon to build up their collection. A wristband device called the "Pokémon Go Plus" will ship with the game, to allow a more "heads-up" gaming experience than ''[[Ingress (video game)|Ingress]]'', where the player can be alerted to a nearby Pokémon by the Go Plus vibrating, press the button in a coded sequence to capture it and check the app later to find out what they've captured.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://venturebeat.com/2015/12/16/how-niantic-will-marry-animated-characters-with-mobile-location-data-in-pokemon-go/|title=How Pokémon Go will benefit from Niantic's lessons from Ingress on location-based game design - GamesBeat - Games - by Dean Takahashi|work=VentureBeat}}</ref>

==Development==
The idea for the game was conceived in 2013 by [[Satoru Iwata]] of [[Nintendo]] and Tsunekazu Ishihara of [[The Pokémon Company]]. In 2015, Ishihara dedicated his speech at the game's announcement on September 10 to Iwata, who died two months earlier.<ref name="Announcement details">{{cite web |url=http://www.geeksnack.com/2015/09/10/pokemon-go-is-brought-up-into-the-real-world-through-ios-and-android/ |title=Pokémon go is brought up into the real world through iOS and Android |publisher=GeekSnack |accessdate=September 17, 2015}}</ref> Ishihara and his wife had played ''Ingress''. The decision to create the Go Plus rather than create a [[smart watch]] app was to increase uptake among players for whom a smart watch is prohibitively expensive.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.polygon.com/a/smartwatch-history-guide-evolution/watch-future|title=Watch Future - Time killers: The strange history of wrist gaming|work=Polygon.com}}</ref>

On March 4, 2016, Niantic announced a Japan-exclusive [[Software release life cycle#Beta|beta test]] would begin later that month, allowing players to assist in refining the game before its full release. The beta test will be expanded to other countries at a later date.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Frank|first1=Allegra|title=Pokémon Go heading out to the field in Japanese-only beta test|url=http://www.polygon.com/2016/3/4/11161010/pokemon-go-field-test-beta-japan|website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]|publisher=[[Vox Media]]|accessdate=March 4, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304230453/http://www.polygon.com/2016/3/4/11161010/pokemon-go-field-test-beta-japan|archivedate=March 4, 2016|deadurl=no|date=March 4, 2016}}</ref> On April 8, it was announced that the beta would expand to Australia and New Zealand.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vooks.net/pokemon-go-field-testing-is-expanding-to-australia-and-new-zealand/ |title=Pokémon GO field testing is expanding to Australia and New Zealand |last1=Vuckovic |first1=Daniel |date=8 April 2016 |website=Vooks |access-date=8 April 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{official website}}

{{Pokémon spin-offs}}
{{Nintendo applications for smart devices}}
{{Portal bar|Pokémon|Nintendo|Video games}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pokemon GO}}
[[Category:Android (operating system) games]]
[[Category:Augmented reality applications]]
[[Category:Free-to-play video games]]
[[Category:IOS games]]
[[Category:Mind control in fiction]]
[[Category:Mixed reality games]]
[[Category:Outdoor locating games]]
[[Category:Pokémon video games]]
[[Category:Upcoming video games scheduled for 2016]]

Pokémon Go

2016-04-21T01:55:03Z

Cyclonebiskit: Reverted 1 edit by 2602:304:B3C7:C520:9544:CABD:285D:9F5D (talk). (TW)

{{Infobox video game
| title = Pokémon GO
| image = Pokemon Go.png
| caption =
| developer = [[Niantic, Inc.|Niantic]]
| publisher = [[The Pokémon Company]]
| series = ''[[Pokémon (video game series)|Pokémon]]''
| engine =
| platforms = [[iOS]], [[Android (operating system)|Android]]
| released = {{Video game release||TBA 2016}}
| genre = [[Augmented reality]]
| modes =
| director =
| producer =
| designer =
| programmer =
| artist =
| writer =
| composer =
}}
'''''Pokémon GO''''' is an upcoming [[Augmented reality|augmented-reality]] game developed by [[Niantic, Inc.|Niantic]] for [[iOS]] and [[Android (operating system)|Android]] devices.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ign.com/articles/2015/09/10/pokemon-go-coming-to-smartphones |title=Pokémon GO Coming to Smartphones |last=Reilly |first=Luke |work=[[IGN]] |publisher=[[Ziff Davis]] |date=September 10, 2015 |accessdate=September 10, 2015 }}</ref> The game will be released sometime in 2016, alongside the Pokémon Go Plus, a small wearable device developed by [[Nintendo]], which uses a [[Bluetooth]] connection to notify users when a [[List of Pokémon|Pokémon]] is nearby with a [[LED]] and a light rumble.<ref name=Verge>{{cite web|last1=Webster|first1=Andrew|title=With Pokémon Go, Nintendo is showing that it takes mobile seriously|url=http://www.theverge.com/2015/9/10/9300101/pokemon-go-nintendo-mobile-games|work=[[The Verge]]|publisher=[[Vox Media]]|date=September 10, 2015|accessdate=September 11, 2015}}</ref> The game will allow players to capture, battle, train and trade virtual Pokémon who appear throughout the real world.<ref name=Verge/> The game will be [[free-to-play]], although it will support [[in-app purchases]].<ref name=freetoplay>{{cite web|last1=Domanico|first1=Anthony|title=Catch Pokemon in real life with Nintendo's upcoming mobile game|url=http://www.cnet.com/news/nintendo-is-coming-to-mobile-in-a-big-way-with-pokemon-go/|work=[[CNET]]|publisher=[[CBS Interactive]]|date=September 10, 2015|accessdate=September 14, 2015}}</ref>

==Gameplay==
Different [[List of Pokémon|Pokémon]] will live in different areas of the world; for example, [[Gameplay of Pokémon#Pokémon types|water-type]] Pokémon will live near water. There will be events held where players can trade Pokémon to build up their collection. A wristband device called the "Pokémon Go Plus" will ship with the game, to allow a more "heads-up" gaming experience than ''[[Ingress (video game)|Ingress]]'', where the player can be alerted to a nearby Pokémon by the Go Plus vibrating, press the button in a coded sequence to capture it and check the app later to find out what they've captured.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://venturebeat.com/2015/12/16/how-niantic-will-marry-animated-characters-with-mobile-location-data-in-pokemon-go/|title=How Pokémon Go will benefit from Niantic's lessons from Ingress on location-based game design - GamesBeat - Games - by Dean Takahashi|work=VentureBeat}}</ref>

==Development==
The idea for the game was conceived in 2013 by [[Satoru Iwata]] of [[Nintendo]] and Tsunekazu Ishihara of [[The Pokémon Company]]. In 2015, Ishihara dedicated his speech at the game's announcement on September 10 to Iwata, who died two months earlier.<ref name="Announcement details">{{cite web |url=http://www.geeksnack.com/2015/09/10/pokemon-go-is-brought-up-into-the-real-world-through-ios-and-android/ |title=Pokémon go is brought up into the real world through iOS and Android |publisher=GeekSnack |accessdate=September 17, 2015}}</ref> Ishihara and his wife had played ''Ingress''. The decision to create the Go Plus rather than create a [[smart watch]] app was to increase uptake among players for whom a smart watch is prohibitively expensive.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.polygon.com/a/smartwatch-history-guide-evolution/watch-future|title=Watch Future - Time killers: The strange history of wrist gaming|work=Polygon.com}}</ref>

On March 4, 2016, Niantic announced a Japan-exclusive [[Software release life cycle#Beta|beta test]] would begin later that month, allowing players to assist in refining the game before its full release. The beta test will be expanded to other countries at a later date.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Frank|first1=Allegra|title=Pokémon Go heading out to the field in Japanese-only beta test|url=http://www.polygon.com/2016/3/4/11161010/pokemon-go-field-test-beta-japan|website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]|publisher=[[Vox Media]]|accessdate=March 4, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304230453/http://www.polygon.com/2016/3/4/11161010/pokemon-go-field-test-beta-japan|archivedate=March 4, 2016|deadurl=no|date=March 4, 2016}}</ref>

On April 8, 2016 it was announced that the beta would expand to Australia and New Zealand.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vooks.net/pokemon-go-field-testing-is-expanding-to-australia-and-new-zealand/ |title=Pokémon GO field testing is expanding to Australia and New Zealand |last1=Vuckovic |first1=Daniel |date=8 April 2016 |website=Vooks |access-date=8 April 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{official website}}

{{Pokémon spin-offs}}
{{Nintendo applications for smart devices}}
{{Portal bar|Pokémon|Nintendo|Video games}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pokemon GO}}
[[Category:Android (operating system) games]]
[[Category:Augmented reality applications]]
[[Category:Free-to-play video games]]
[[Category:IOS games]]
[[Category:Mind control in fiction]]
[[Category:Mixed reality games]]
[[Category:Outdoor locating games]]
[[Category:Pokémon video games]]
[[Category:Upcoming video games scheduled for 2016]]

Pokémon Go

2016-04-06T21:42:08Z

Cyclonebiskit: Reverted 1 edit by 2602:306:32B8:2CD0:B1D6:8CED:46FF:63C3 (talk): No source. (TW)

{{Infobox video game
| title = Pokémon GO
| image = Pokemon Go.png
| caption =
| developer = [[Niantic, Inc.|Niantic]]
| publisher = [[The Pokémon Company]]
| series = ''[[Pokémon (video game series)|Pokémon]]''
| engine =
| platforms = [[iOS]], [[Android (operating system)|Android]]
| released = {{Video game release||TBA 2016}}
| genre = [[Augmented reality]]
| modes =
| director =
| producer =
| designer =
| programmer =
| artist =
| writer =
| composer =
}}
'''''Pokémon GO''''' is an upcoming [[Augmented reality|augmented-reality]] game developed by [[Niantic, Inc.|Niantic]] for [[iOS]] and [[Android (operating system)|Android]] devices.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ign.com/articles/2015/09/10/pokemon-go-coming-to-smartphones |title=Pokémon GO Coming to Smartphones |last=Reilly |first=Luke |work=[[IGN]] |publisher=[[Ziff Davis]] |date=September 10, 2015 |accessdate=September 10, 2015 }}</ref> The game will be released sometime in 2016, alongside the Pokémon Go Plus, a small wearable device developed by [[Nintendo]], which uses a [[Bluetooth]] connection to notify users when a [[List of Pokémon|Pokémon]] is nearby with a [[LED]] and a light rumble.<ref name=Verge>{{cite web|last1=Webster|first1=Andrew|title=With Pokémon Go, Nintendo is showing that it takes mobile seriously|url=http://www.theverge.com/2015/9/10/9300101/pokemon-go-nintendo-mobile-games|work=[[The Verge]]|publisher=[[Vox Media]]|date=September 10, 2015|accessdate=September 11, 2015}}</ref> The game will allow players to capture, battle, train and trade virtual Pokémon who appear throughout the real world.<ref name=Verge/> The game will be [[free-to-play]], although it will support [[in-app purchases]].<ref name=freetoplay>{{cite web|last1=Domanico|first1=Anthony|title=Catch Pokemon in real life with Nintendo's upcoming mobile game|url=http://www.cnet.com/news/nintendo-is-coming-to-mobile-in-a-big-way-with-pokemon-go/|work=[[CNET]]|publisher=[[CBS Interactive]]|date=September 10, 2015|accessdate=September 14, 2015}}</ref>

==Gameplay==
Different [[List of Pokémon|Pokémon]] will live in different areas of the world; for example, [[Gameplay of Pokémon#Pokémon types|water-type]] Pokémon will live near water. There will be events held where players can trade Pokémon to build up their collection. A wristband device called the "Pokémon Go Plus" will ship with the game, to allow a more "heads-up" gaming experience than ''[[Ingress (video game)|Ingress]]'', where the player can be alerted to a nearby Pokémon by the Go Plus vibrating, press the button in a coded sequence to capture it and check the app later to find out what they've captured.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://venturebeat.com/2015/12/16/how-niantic-will-marry-animated-characters-with-mobile-location-data-in-pokemon-go/|title=How Pokémon Go will benefit from Niantic's lessons from Ingress on location-based game design - GamesBeat - Games - by Dean Takahashi|work=VentureBeat}}</ref>

==Development==
The idea for the game was conceived in 2013 by [[Satoru Iwata]] of [[Nintendo]] and Tsunekazu Ishihara of [[The Pokémon Company]]. In 2015, Ishihara dedicated his speech at the game's announcement on September 10 to Iwata, who died two months earlier.<ref name="Announcement details">{{cite web |url=http://www.geeksnack.com/2015/09/10/pokemon-go-is-brought-up-into-the-real-world-through-ios-and-android/ |title=Pokémon go is brought up into the real world through iOS and Android |publisher=GeekSnack |accessdate=September 17, 2015}}</ref> Ishihara and his wife had played ''Ingress''. The decision to create the Go Plus rather than create a [[smart watch]] app was to increase uptake among players for whom a smart watch is prohibitively expensive.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.polygon.com/a/smartwatch-history-guide-evolution/watch-future|title=Watch Future - Time killers: The strange history of wrist gaming|work=Polygon.com}}</ref>

On March 4, 2016, Niantic announced a Japan-exclusive [[Software release life cycle#Beta|beta test]] would begin later that month, allowing players to assist in refining the game before its full release. The beta test will be expanded to other countries at a later date.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Frank|first1=Allegra|title=Pokémon Go heading out to the field in Japanese-only beta test|url=http://www.polygon.com/2016/3/4/11161010/pokemon-go-field-test-beta-japan|website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]|publisher=[[Vox Media]]|accessdate=March 4, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304230453/http://www.polygon.com/2016/3/4/11161010/pokemon-go-field-test-beta-japan|archivedate=March 4, 2016|deadurl=no|date=March 4, 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{official website}}

{{Pokémon spin-offs}}
{{Portal bar|Pokémon|Nintendo|Video games}}
{{Nintendo applications for smart devices}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pokemon GO}}
[[Category:Android (operating system) games]]
[[Category:Augmented reality applications]]
[[Category:Free-to-play video games]]
[[Category:IOS games]]
[[Category:Mind control in fiction]]
[[Category:Mixed reality games]]
[[Category:Outdoor locating games]]
[[Category:Pokémon video games]]
[[Category:Upcoming video games scheduled for 2016]]

Pokémon Go

2016-04-01T17:34:11Z

Cyclonebiskit: Reverted 1 edit by 129.174.182.33 (talk) to last revision by 72.220.189.29. (TW)

{{Infobox video game
| title = Pokémon GO
| image = Pokemon Go.png
| caption =
| developer = [[Niantic, Inc.|Niantic]]
| publisher = [[The Pokémon Company]]
| series = ''[[Pokémon (video game series)|Pokémon]]''
| engine =
| platforms = [[iOS]], [[Android (operating system)|Android]]
| released = {{Video game release||TBA 2016}}
| genre = [[Augmented reality]]
| modes =
| director =
| producer =
| designer =
| programmer =
| artist =
| writer =
| composer =
}}
'''''Pokémon GO''''' is an upcoming [[Augmented reality|augmented-reality]] game developed by [[Niantic, Inc.|Niantic]] for [[iOS]] and [[Android (operating system)|Android]] devices.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ign.com/articles/2015/09/10/pokemon-go-coming-to-smartphones |title=Pokémon GO Coming to Smartphones |last=Reilly |first=Luke |work=[[IGN]] |publisher=[[Ziff Davis]] |date=September 10, 2015 |accessdate=September 10, 2015 }}</ref> The game will be released sometime in 2016, alongside the Pokémon Go Plus, a small wearable device developed by [[Nintendo]], which uses a [[Bluetooth]] connection to notify users when a [[List of Pokémon|Pokémon]] is nearby with a [[LED]] and a light rumble.<ref name=Verge>{{cite web|last1=Webster|first1=Andrew|title=With Pokémon Go, Nintendo is showing that it takes mobile seriously|url=http://www.theverge.com/2015/9/10/9300101/pokemon-go-nintendo-mobile-games|work=[[The Verge]]|publisher=[[Vox Media]]|date=September 10, 2015|accessdate=September 11, 2015}}</ref> The game will allow players to capture, battle, train and trade virtual Pokémon who appear throughout the real world.<ref name=Verge/> The game will be [[free-to-play]], although it will support [[in-app purchases]].<ref name=freetoplay>{{cite web|last1=Domanico|first1=Anthony|title=Catch Pokemon in real life with Nintendo's upcoming mobile game|url=http://www.cnet.com/news/nintendo-is-coming-to-mobile-in-a-big-way-with-pokemon-go/|work=[[CNET]]|publisher=[[CBS Interactive]]|date=September 10, 2015|accessdate=September 14, 2015}}</ref>

==Gameplay==
Different [[List of Pokémon|Pokémon]] will live in different areas of the world; for example, [[Gameplay of Pokémon#Pokémon types|water-type]] Pokémon will live near water. There will be events held where players can trade Pokémon to build up their collection. A wristband device called the "Pokémon Go Plus" will ship with the game, to allow a more "heads-up" gaming experience than ''[[Ingress (video game)|Ingress]]'', where the player can be alerted to a nearby Pokémon by the Go Plus vibrating, press the button in a coded sequence to capture it and check the app later to find out what they've captured.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://venturebeat.com/2015/12/16/how-niantic-will-marry-animated-characters-with-mobile-location-data-in-pokemon-go/|title=How Pokémon Go will benefit from Niantic's lessons from Ingress on location-based game design - GamesBeat - Games - by Dean Takahashi|work=VentureBeat}}</ref>

==Development==
The idea for the game was conceived in 2013 by [[Satoru Iwata]] of [[Nintendo]] and Tsunekazu Ishihara of [[The Pokémon Company]]. In 2015, Ishihara dedicated his speech at the game's announcement on September 10 to Iwata, who died two months earlier.<ref name="Announcement details">{{cite web |url=http://www.geeksnack.com/2015/09/10/pokemon-go-is-brought-up-into-the-real-world-through-ios-and-android/ |title=Pokémon go is brought up into the real world through iOS and Android |publisher=GeekSnack |accessdate=September 17, 2015}}</ref> Ishihara and his wife had played ''Ingress''. The decision to create the Go Plus rather than create a [[smart watch]] app was to increase uptake among players for whom a smart watch is prohibitively expensive.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.polygon.com/a/smartwatch-history-guide-evolution/watch-future|title=Watch Future - Time killers: The strange history of wrist gaming|work=Polygon.com}}</ref>

On March 4, 2016, Niantic announced a Japan-exclusive [[Software release life cycle#Beta|beta test]] would begin later that month, allowing players to assist in refining the game before its full release. The beta test will be expanded to other countries at a later date.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Frank|first1=Allegra|title=Pokémon Go heading out to the field in Japanese-only beta test|url=http://www.polygon.com/2016/3/4/11161010/pokemon-go-field-test-beta-japan|website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]|publisher=[[Vox Media]]|accessdate=March 4, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304230453/http://www.polygon.com/2016/3/4/11161010/pokemon-go-field-test-beta-japan|archivedate=March 4, 2016|deadurl=no|date=March 4, 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{official website}}

{{Pokémon spin-offs}}
{{Portal bar|Pokémon|Nintendo|Video games}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pokemon GO}}
[[Category:Android (operating system) games]]
[[Category:Augmented reality applications]]
[[Category:Free-to-play video games]]
[[Category:IOS games]]
[[Category:Mind control in fiction]]
[[Category:Mixed reality games]]
[[Category:Outdoor locating games]]
[[Category:Pokémon video games]]
[[Category:Upcoming video games scheduled for 2016]]

Zyklon Winston

2016-02-22T01:59:17Z

Cyclonebiskit: 17 deaths

{{Current weather event|date=February 2016}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox hurricane current
|name=Winston
|AUScategory=Aus5
|category=cat4
|type=tropical cyclone
|time=18:00 [[UTC+12:00|FST]] (06:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]), February 21
|image=Winston 2016-02-20 0130Z (cropped).jpg
|track=JTWC sh1116.gif
|lat=17.6|S|lon=174.0|E
|distance_from={{convert|214|nmi|abbr=on}} [[Points of the compass|W]] of [[Nadi]], [[Fiji]]
|10sustained=205 [[km/h]] (125 [[miles per hour|mph]])
|1sustained=230 km/h (145 mph)
|pressure=930 [[Pascal (unit)|hPa]] ([[Bar (unit)|mbar]]; 27.47 [[Inches of Mercury|inHg]])
|movement=WSW at {{convert|7|kn|abbr=on}}
}}

'''Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston''' (which also may be referred to as '''Hurricane Winston''')<ref>{{cite news|author=Nasik Swami|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Hurricane Winston makes landfall in Viti Levu|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342493}}</ref> is currently a powerful [[tropical cyclone]] that was the first recorded [[Tropical cyclone scales#Australia and Fiji|Category 5]] storm to make [[landfall]] in [[Fiji]]. The system was first noted as a tropical disturbance on February 7, 2016, when it was located to the northwest of [[Port Villa]], [[Vanuatu]]. Over the next few days, the system gradually developed as it moved southeast, acquiring [[gale]]-force winds by February 11. The following day it underwent [[Rapid deepening|rapid intensification]] and attained ten-minute [[maximum sustained wind]]s of 175 km/h (110 mph). Less favourable environmental conditions prompted weakening thereafter. After turning northeast on February 14, Winston stalled to the north of [[Tonga]] on February 17. Regaining strength, the storm doubled back to the west, achieving Category 5 status on both the Australian tropical cyclone scale and the [[Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale]] on February 19. It reached its peak intensity the next day with ten-minute sustained winds of 230 km/h (145 mph) and a pressure of 915 hPa (mbar; 27.03 inHg), shortly before making [[landfall]] on [[Viti Levu]], Fiji.

In advance of the storm's arrival in Fiji, numerous shelters were opened, and a nationwide curfew was instituted during the evening of February 20. Striking Fiji as a Category 5 on February 20, Winston inflicted extensive damage on many islands and killed at least 17 people. Communications were temporarily lost with at least six islands.

==Fiji cyclone history==
Though frequented by tropical cyclones, the main islands of Fiji—[[Viti Levu]] and [[Vanua Levu]]—do not regularly experience major cyclones.<ref name="WaPo"/> The strongest storm to impact the main islands since records began in 1941 was [[Cyclone Evan|Evan]] in December 2012, which skirted the western coast of Viti Levu as a Category 4 system on both the Australian scale and the [[Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Jeff Masters|publisher=Weather Underground|date=December 17, 2012|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=A grinch in paradise: Category 4 Tropical Cyclone Evan slams Fiji|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=2313}}</ref> The strongest storm to make [[landfall]] on either Viti Levu or Vanua Levu was [[Cyclone Nigel|Nigel]] in 1985, with ten-minute sustained winds of 150 km/h (90 mph) and one-minute sustained winds of 195 km/h (120 mph). The relative lack of major cyclones affecting the capital city of [[Suva]], located along the southeastern coast of Viti Levu, has led to complacency among residents. Many assume that strong storms are confined to northern and western areas. With Winston approaching Fiji from the east and directly threatening Suva, Angela Fritz of ''[[The Washington Post]]'' called the storm a "worst-case scenario".<ref name="WaPo">{{cite news|author=Angela Fritz|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Catastrophic Cyclone Winston bears down on Fiji’s main island in worst case scenario|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2016/02/19/catastrophic-cyclone-winston-bears-down-on-fijis-main-island-in-worst-case-scenario/}}</ref>

==Meteorological history==
{{Storm path|Winston 2016 track.png}}
On February 7, 2016, the [[Fiji Meteorological Service]] (FMS) started to monitor Tropical Disturbance 09F, which had developed about {{convert|1000|km|mi|disp=5|abbr=on}} northwest of [[Port Villa]], [[Vanuatu]].<ref name="TDS 7/2">{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 7, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Summary for Area Equator to 25S, 160E to 120W|url=http://www.met.gov.fj/aifs_prods/20036.txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fBiTyQOw|archivedate=February 7, 2016}}</ref> Over the next few days the system moved southeast and gradually developed further within a favourable environment.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 10, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Western and South Pacific Oceans|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ab/abpw10.pgtw..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fBilWDlQ|archivedate=February 10, 2016}}</ref> On February 10, the United States-based [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) initiated advisories on the system and classified it as Tropical Cyclone 11P, while it was located about {{convert|860|km|mi|disp=5|abbr=on}} to the west-northwest of [[Suva, Fiji]].<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 10, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Eleven) Warning Nr 001|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps51.pgtw..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fCXhQArO|archivedate=February 10, 2016}}</ref> The FMS upgraded it to Category 1 status on the [[Tropical cyclone scales#Australia and Fiji|Australian tropical cyclone scale]] and [[Tropical cyclone naming|assigned it the name]] ''Winston'' early on February 11; at this time the storm was situated roughly {{convert|820|km|abbr=on}} west-northwest of [[Suva]], [[Fiji]]. Embedded within a northwesterly deep layer [[mean flow]], the system tracked southeast.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A4|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fECxlyvf|archivedate=February 11, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> Around 12:00 [[UTC]] on the same day, Winston intensified into a Category 2 tropical cyclone as a small, well-defined [[Eye (cyclone)|eye]] developed within deepening [[Atmospheric convection|convection]].<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A6|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fECxFPOB|archivedate=February 11, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning Nr 003|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fED589F1|archivedate=February 11, 2016}}</ref>

Situated within a very favourable environment—featuring [[sea surface temperature]]s of {{convert|30|to|31|C|F|abbr=on}}, robust upper-level [[Outflow (meteorology)|outflow]], and light to moderate [[wind shear]]<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning Nr 005|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|accessdate=February 19, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fFB0vxy6|archivedate=February 12, 2016}}</ref>—Winston [[rapid deepening|rapidly intensified]] on February 12, becoming a Category 3 severe tropical cyclone by 06:00 UTC,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A9|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fFAdmdS7|archivedate=February 12, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> and then a Category 4 only six hours later.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A10|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fFAdUbTv|archivedate=February 12, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> The system presented a well-defined eye enveloped by deep convection, and it reached its initial peak intensity at 18:00 UTC, with ten-minute [[maximum sustained wind]]s of 175 km/h (110 mph)<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A11|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHps9anU|archivedate=February 12, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> and the JTWC estimated one-minute maximum sustained winds at 205 km/h (125 mph).<ref name="JTWCRBT">{{cite web|publisher=[[US Naval Research Laboratory]], Marine Meteorology|work=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=[Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Rolling Best Track]|url=http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/tcdat/tc16/SHEM/11P.WINSTON/trackfile.txt|format=.TXT}}</ref> Soon thereafter, increasing wind shear prompted weakening;<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 13, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 007|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 14, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHqHeYyg}}</ref> convection warmed and became increasingly ragged in appearance. On February 14, Winston turned northeast as a [[subtropical ridge]] positioned itself to the north.<ref name="JTWC008">{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 14, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 008|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 14, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHqHNXSh}}</ref>

[[File:Tatiana and Winston 2016-02-12 0330Z.jpg|thumb|right|Cyclones [[2015–16 Australian region cyclone season#Tropical Cyclone Tatiana|Tatiana]] ''(left)'' and Winston ''(right)'' on February 12]]
Persistent wind shear displaced convection from the center of Winston, leaving its circulation partially exposed. The system degraded below severe tropical cyclone status by 00:00 UTC on February 15 as a result.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A19|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 15, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMyYNv9j|archivedate=February 17, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> Conditions became more favourable for development on February 16, with shear relaxing over the cyclone. A prominent [[Rainband|banding feature]] wrapped into the circulation that day, marking the start of reintensification.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 013|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMzA3Uwv}}</ref> An eye reformed later that day within increasing convection,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 014|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz9mPiC}}</ref> and Winston regained severe tropical cyclone intensity by 18:00 UTC.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A26|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMyWAzSC|archivedate=February 17, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> The storm's core became increasingly compact and defined as it strengthened,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 016|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz99ChM}}</ref> and a [[central dense overcast]] became established on February 17.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 017|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz8s7zr}}</ref> Later that day, Winston entered a region of weak steering currents and the storm became nearly stationary.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 018|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz8ZUfC}}</ref> The storm's eye became more readily apparent late on February 17 as it doubled back to the west.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A30|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOckgt6X|archivedate=February 17, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 020|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOdPd6wF}}</ref>

A strengthening [[Ridge (meteorology)|ridge]] to the south propelled Winston west by February 18, directing the intensifying cyclone at Fiji. The storm's eye grew in size that day,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 021|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOdPLzQc}}</ref> and upper-level outflow became more defined.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 022|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOdP4Vsr}}</ref> Winston's overall structure became increasingly symmetric,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 022|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQvK1Yzy}}</ref> and the system acquired traits of an [[annular tropical cyclone]].<ref name="WU219"/> Marked intensification took place on February 19 as the storm's {{convert|27|km|mi|abbr=on}} wide eye became surrounded by intense convection.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 024|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQvJUWEJ}}</ref> Winston acquired Category 5 status—the highest level on the Australian intensity scale—by 06:00 UTC, with ten-minute sustained winds reaching 205 km/h (125 mph).<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A37|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQuDp9nf|archivedate=February 20, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> Fueled by nearly perfect conditions for intensification,<ref name="WU219"/> Winston deepened further and the JTWC estimated it to have acquired one-minute sustained winds of 265 km/h (165 mph) by 18:00 UTC, classifying it as a Category 5-equivalent on the [[Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale]].<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 027|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQvIxDMw}}</ref> Around this time, the cyclone passed directly over the small island of [[Vanua Balavu]].<ref name="WU219">{{cite web|author=Jeff Masters and Bob Henson|publisher=Weather Underground|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Fiji Pounded by its First Category 5 Storm on Record: Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=3249}}</ref> Wind gusts of {{convert|325|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} were reported on the island.<ref name="RNZ1"/>

Passing just south of [[Vanua Levu]], Winston achieved its peak intensity early on February 20 with ten-minute sustained winds of 230 km/h (145 mph) and a pressure of 915 hPa (mbar; 27.03 inHg).<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A42|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fRY3FW1U|archivedate=February 20, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> The JTWC estimated Winston to have been slightly stronger, with one-minute sustained winds of 285 km/h (180 mph).<ref name="JTWCRBT"/> It soon made [[landfall]] in the [[Rakiraki District, Fiji|Rakiraki District]] on [[Viti Levu]] at peak strength.<ref>{{cite web|author=Jon Erdman|publisher=The Weather Channel|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone Winston Makes Category 5 Landfall; Strongest on Record in Fiji|url=https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/tropical-cyclone-winston-fiji-strongest-landfall}}</ref><ref name="RNZ1">{{cite web|publisher=Radio New Zealand|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Winston leaves trail of destruction|url=http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/world/297041/winston-leaves-trail-of-destruction}}</ref> Winston is the only known Category 5 storm, on both the Australian tropical cyclone scale and the Saffir-Simpson scale, to directly impact Fiji, and is accordingly the most intense storm on record to strike the nation.<ref>{{cite news|author=Losalini Bolatagici|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Winston the strongest, first Category 5 cyclone to hit Fiji|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342485}}</ref>

==Impact==
===Fiji===
[[File:Winston 2016 landfall.gif|thumb|right|Winston making landfall in Viti Levu on February 20]]
On February 14, the FMS began issuing [[tropical cyclone warnings and watches|tropical cyclone warnings]] for the southern [[Lau Islands]] of Fiji.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 14, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number One for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 14, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHqPounr}}</ref> These gradually expanded in coverage through February 15,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 15, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number Seven for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 15, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fK9R4kov}}</ref> but were discontinued on February 16 as Winston moved away from the nation.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number Fifteen for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz4G0ZI}}</ref> Warnings resumed on February 18 after Winston doubled back toward Fiji, and were issued for northern and eastern islands.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number Sixteen for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOcuonPM}}</ref> Most of the northern islands in the storm's immediate path were placed under [[hurricane warning]]s on February 19.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number Twenty-Four for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQuJZt8h}}</ref> All shelters across the Southern [[Lau Islands]], [[Koro Island]], and [[Taveuni]] were opened on February 19; more than 700 shelters opened across the entirety of Fiji.<ref name="RNZ1"/><ref>{{cite web|author=Savaira Tabua|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Evacuation centres activated in upper Lau group|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37673/evacuation-centres-activated-in-upper-lau-group}}
*{{cite web|author=Ellen Stolz|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Koro Island and Taveuni brace for TC Winston|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37682/koro-island-and-taveuni-brace-for-tc-winston}}
*{{cite web|author=Farzana Nisha|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Evacuation centers are ready: NDMO|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37675/evacuation-centers-are-ready-ndmo}}
*</ref> The [[Republic of Fiji Military Forces]] were placed on standby for relief efforts.<ref>{{cite web|author=Akosita Talei|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=RFMF on standby for TC Winston|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37672/rfmf-on-standby-for-tc-winston}}</ref> A [[state of emergency]] was declared during the afternoon of February 20.<ref>{{cite news|author=Nasik Swami|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Fiji declares State of Natural Disaster|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342488}}</ref> A nationwide [[curfew]] was enacted starting at 6:00 p.m. local time.<ref>{{cite news|author=Indra Singh|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Nationwide Curfew as TC Winston batters Fiji group|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37707/nationwide-curfew-as-tc-winston-batters-fiji-group}}</ref> Public transportation was suspended across Viti Levu, and the Fiji Roads Authority strongly advised residents to avoid travel unless necessary. Prime Minister [[Frank Bainimarama]] called the storm "an ordeal of the most grievous kind".<ref name="RNZ1"/>

Striking the nation on February 20, Winston brought widespread damage to numerous islands.<ref name="RNZ1"/> Approximately 80 percent of the nation's 900,000 people lost power,<ref name="GuardianFeb21"/> including the entirety of Vanua Levu,<ref>{{cite web|author=Elenoa Turagaiviu|publisher=Fiji Broadcast Corporation|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016|title=Restoration of essential services is a priority url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37744/restoration-of-essential-services-is-a-priority-}}</ref> as hurricane-force winds downed trees and power lines.<ref name="RNZ1"/> Communications with Vanua Balavu, Lakeba, Cicia, Nayau, Taveuni, and [[Qamea]] were lost on February 20.<ref>{{cite news|author=Luke Rawalai|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=TC Winston: Telecommunications to Taveuni cut|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342476}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Aliki Bia|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=No links to some islands in Lau Group|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37701/no-links-to-some-islands-in-lau-group}}</ref> Landline telephone service was lost on [[Matuku Island]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Tokasa Rainima|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Matuku prepares for bad weather|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37691/matuku-prepares-for-bad-weather}}</ref> At least 17 people were killed across the nation.<ref>{{cite news|author=Kevin Conlon, Joshua Berlinger, and Ralph Ellis|work=CNN|publisher=Turner Broadcasting System|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016|title=In Fiji, 17 dead from 'monster' Cyclone Winston; schools shuttered for a week|url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/02/21/asia/fiji-tropical-cyclone-winston/}}</ref> Of these, 7 occurred in [[Ra Province]], 3 in Nadi, 2 on Ovalau Island, and 1 on Koro Island.<ref name="GuardianFeb21">{{cite news|author=Nadia Khomami|newspaper=The Guardian|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016|title= Cyclone Winston: Fiji counts deaths and damage from giant storm |url=http://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/feb/20/cyclone-winston-virgin-australia-and-jetstar-cancel-services-to-and-from-fiji}}</ref><ref name="FBC10deaths">{{cite web|author=Maciu Bolaitamana|publisher=Fiji Broadcast Corporation|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016|title=West claim 10 lives |url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37760/west-claim-10-lives-}}</ref> Seven people are also missing after sailing in the storm near the [[Yasawa Islands]].<ref name="FBC10deaths"/>

Across the entirety of Fiji's [[Eastern Division, Fiji|Eastern Division]], 150 houses were destroyed, with 60 additional homes sustaining some degree of damage.<ref name="sitrep1">{{cite report|author1=UN Office for the Coordination of Human Affairs|title=Fiji: Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston Situation Report No. 1 (as of 21 February 2016)|url=https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/en/node/120198|publisher=ReliefWeb|accessdate=February 21, 2016|format=PDF|date=February 21, 2016|type=Situation report}}</ref> Koro Island sustained severe damage, with schools destroyed and many structures losing their roof.<ref>{{cite web|author=Savaira Tabua|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Teachers quarters blown away|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37708/teachers-quarters-blown-away}}</ref> Kade Village was leveled, with all structures destroyed.<ref>{{cite news|author=Talebula Kate|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016|title=All houses destroyed in island village|url=http://fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342562}}</ref> One person died in [[Nabasovi]] when his home collapsed and twelve people were injured in [[Nabuna]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Farzana Nisha|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Death of an elderly man confirmed|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37732/death-of-an-elderly-man-confirmed}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Tokasa Rainima|publisher=Fiji Broadcast Corporation|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016|title=12 villagers injured in Nabuna, Koro|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37757/12-villagers-injured-in-nabuna,-koro}}</ref> Significant damage was reported across [[Ovalau]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Ellen Stolz|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Ovalau experiencing destructive winds|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37704/ovalau-experiencing-destructive-winds}}</ref>

On Viti Levu, strong winds destroyed at least two homes in Waidamu; the [[Waidamu River]] also topped its banks and flooded nearby communities.<ref>{{cite news|author=Nasik Swami|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Two houses blown away in Nausori|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342490}}</ref> In [[Drauniivi]] village, 64 homes were completely destroyed and 70 more sustained damage.<ref>{{cite news|author=Margaret Wise|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 22, 2016|accessdate=February 22, 2016|title=Times team crosses damaged bridge|url=http://fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342670}}</ref> Hundreds of homes were destroyed in and around Rakiraki Town, with the area described as "[a scene of] devastation and despair" by the ''[[Fiji Times]]''.<ref>{{cite news|author=Repeka Nasiko|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 22, 2016|accessdate=February 22, 2016|title=Rakiraki Town shut down|url=http://fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342673}}</ref>

===Other South Pacific nations===
Impacting [[Tonga]] twice within the span of a few days, Winston caused significant damage across northern Tonga. Approximately 2,500 people sought refuge in shelters. The first passage of the storm resulted in mostly crop damage while the second brought greater structural damage. At least 10 homes were destroyed and 200 more were damaged.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Radio New Zealand International|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Despite some damage, Tonga escapes the worst of Winston|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342283}}</ref>

Winston also affected [[Niue]] on February 16; the FMS issued tropical cyclone and damaging heavy swell warnings for the island nation.<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/6fMzj4znk</ref>

==Aftermath==
===Fiji===
All schools across Fiji suspended classes for a week because of severe damage to the educational infrastructure.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ritika Pratap|publisher=Fiji Broadcast Corporation|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016|title=Schools to go on one week break|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37742/schools-to-go-on-one-week-break-}}</ref> In [[Labasa]], two people were arrested for breaking curfew and others were reprimanded.<ref>{{cite web|author=Elenoa Turagaiviu|publisher=Fiji Broadcast Corporation|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016|title=Two people arrested in Labasa|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37750/two-people-arrested-in-labasa}}</ref> The government of New Zealand set aside an initial [[New Zealand dollar|NZ]]$50,000 to the High Commission of the Republic of the Fiji Islands to New Zealand in preparation for relief efforts, alongside NZ$170,000 worth of relief supplies. The country also dispatched a [[Lockheed P-3 Orion]] to aid in aerial surveillance and assessments of the damage situation in Fiji.<ref name="nzorionfiji">{{cite web|last1=McCully|first1=Murray|title=NZ sends Orion and releases aid to Fiji|url=https://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/nz-sends-orion-and-releases-aid-fiji|website=beehive.govt.nz|publisher=Government of New Zealand|accessdate=February 21, 2016|date=February 21, 2016}}</ref> Australia provided an immediate relief package worth A$5 million on February 22.<ref>{{cite news|author=Avinesh Gopal|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 22, 2016|accessdate=February 22, 2016|title=Australia gives $5m assistance package to Fiji|url=http://fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342667}}</ref>

===Tonga===
The nation of Tonga received money and aid from New Zealand, which also provided 8,000 people with clean water.<ref>{{Cite web|title = 5 Things to Know About Tropical Cyclone Winston|url = http://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/cyclone-winston-impacts-preps|website = The Weather Channel|access-date = February 20, 2016}}</ref> Australia also provided assistance to Tonga, including the distribution of [[Australian dollar|A]]$300,000 worth of humanitarian supplies through the [[Tonga Red Cross Society]], two surveillance and assessment aircraft, and two disaster management experts from the [[Australian Civilian Corps]] to aid in relief efforts.<ref name="australiaaid">{{cite news|title=Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://dfat.gov.au/news/news/Pages/tropical-cyclone-winston.aspx|accessdate=February 21, 2016|agency=Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade|publisher=Government of Australia|date=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fSsJb9kE|archivedate=February 21, 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}
*[[Cyclone Pam]]
*[[Cyclone Oscar]]
*[[Cyclone Daman]]
*[[Cyclone Evan]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{SPAC EL's}}

{{2015–16 South Pacific cyclone season buttons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Winston (2016)}}
[[Category:2015–16 South Pacific cyclone season]]
[[Category:2016 in Fiji]]
[[Category:Category 5 South Pacific cyclones]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Fiji]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Niue]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Tonga]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Vanuatu]]

Zyklon Winston

2016-02-22T01:41:44Z

Cyclonebiskit: /* Fiji */ Contact made with Rakiraki

{{Current weather event|date=February 2016}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox hurricane current
|name=Winston
|AUScategory=Aus5
|category=cat4
|type=tropical cyclone
|time=18:00 [[UTC+12:00|FST]] (06:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]), February 21
|image=Winston 2016-02-20 0130Z (cropped).jpg
|track=JTWC sh1116.gif
|lat=17.6|S|lon=174.0|E
|distance_from={{convert|214|nmi|abbr=on}} [[Points of the compass|W]] of [[Nadi]], [[Fiji]]
|10sustained=205 [[km/h]] (125 [[miles per hour|mph]])
|1sustained=230 km/h (145 mph)
|pressure=930 [[Pascal (unit)|hPa]] ([[Bar (unit)|mbar]]; 27.47 [[Inches of Mercury|inHg]])
|movement=WSW at {{convert|7|kn|abbr=on}}
}}

'''Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston''' (which also may be referred to as '''Hurricane Winston''')<ref>{{cite news|author=Nasik Swami|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Hurricane Winston makes landfall in Viti Levu|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342493}}</ref> is currently a powerful [[tropical cyclone]] that was the first recorded [[Tropical cyclone scales#Australia and Fiji|Category 5]] storm to make [[landfall]] in [[Fiji]]. The system was first noted as a tropical disturbance on February 7, 2016, when it was located to the northwest of [[Port Villa]], [[Vanuatu]]. Over the next few days, the system gradually developed as it moved southeast, acquiring [[gale]]-force winds by February 11. The following day it underwent [[Rapid deepening|rapid intensification]] and attained ten-minute [[maximum sustained wind]]s of 175 km/h (110 mph). Less favourable environmental conditions prompted weakening thereafter. After turning northeast on February 14, Winston stalled to the north of [[Tonga]] on February 17. Regaining strength, the storm doubled back to the west, achieving Category 5 status on both the Australian tropical cyclone scale and the [[Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale]] on February 19. It reached its peak intensity the next day with ten-minute sustained winds of 230 km/h (145 mph) and a pressure of 915 hPa (mbar; 27.03 inHg), shortly before making [[landfall]] on [[Viti Levu]], Fiji.

In advance of the storm's arrival in Fiji, numerous shelters were opened, and a nationwide curfew was instituted during the evening of February 20. Striking Fiji as a Category 5 on February 20, Winston inflicted extensive damage on many islands and killed at least 13 people. Communications were temporarily lost with at least six islands.

==Fiji cyclone history==
Though frequented by tropical cyclones, the main islands of Fiji—[[Viti Levu]] and [[Vanua Levu]]—do not regularly experience major cyclones.<ref name="WaPo"/> The strongest storm to impact the main islands since records began in 1941 was [[Cyclone Evan|Evan]] in December 2012, which skirted the western coast of Viti Levu as a Category 4 system on both the Australian scale and the [[Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Jeff Masters|publisher=Weather Underground|date=December 17, 2012|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=A grinch in paradise: Category 4 Tropical Cyclone Evan slams Fiji|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=2313}}</ref> The strongest storm to make [[landfall]] on either Viti Levu or Vanua Levu was [[Cyclone Nigel|Nigel]] in 1985, with ten-minute sustained winds of 150 km/h (90 mph) and one-minute sustained winds of 195 km/h (120 mph). The relative lack of major cyclones affecting the capital city of [[Suva]], located along the southeastern coast of Viti Levu, has led to complacency among residents. Many assume that strong storms are confined to northern and western areas. With Winston approaching Fiji from the east and directly threatening Suva, Angela Fritz of ''[[The Washington Post]]'' called the storm a "worst-case scenario".<ref name="WaPo">{{cite news|author=Angela Fritz|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Catastrophic Cyclone Winston bears down on Fiji’s main island in worst case scenario|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2016/02/19/catastrophic-cyclone-winston-bears-down-on-fijis-main-island-in-worst-case-scenario/}}</ref>

==Meteorological history==
{{Storm path|Winston 2016 track.png}}
On February 7, 2016, the [[Fiji Meteorological Service]] (FMS) started to monitor Tropical Disturbance 09F, which had developed about {{convert|1000|km|mi|disp=5|abbr=on}} northwest of [[Port Villa]], [[Vanuatu]].<ref name="TDS 7/2">{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 7, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Summary for Area Equator to 25S, 160E to 120W|url=http://www.met.gov.fj/aifs_prods/20036.txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fBiTyQOw|archivedate=February 7, 2016}}</ref> Over the next few days the system moved southeast and gradually developed further within a favourable environment.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 10, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Western and South Pacific Oceans|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ab/abpw10.pgtw..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fBilWDlQ|archivedate=February 10, 2016}}</ref> On February 10, the United States-based [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) initiated advisories on the system and classified it as Tropical Cyclone 11P, while it was located about {{convert|860|km|mi|disp=5|abbr=on}} to the west-northwest of [[Suva, Fiji]].<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 10, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Eleven) Warning Nr 001|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps51.pgtw..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fCXhQArO|archivedate=February 10, 2016}}</ref> The FMS upgraded it to Category 1 status on the [[Tropical cyclone scales#Australia and Fiji|Australian tropical cyclone scale]] and [[Tropical cyclone naming|assigned it the name]] ''Winston'' early on February 11; at this time the storm was situated roughly {{convert|820|km|abbr=on}} west-northwest of [[Suva]], [[Fiji]]. Embedded within a northwesterly deep layer [[mean flow]], the system tracked southeast.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A4|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fECxlyvf|archivedate=February 11, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> Around 12:00 [[UTC]] on the same day, Winston intensified into a Category 2 tropical cyclone as a small, well-defined [[Eye (cyclone)|eye]] developed within deepening [[Atmospheric convection|convection]].<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A6|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fECxFPOB|archivedate=February 11, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning Nr 003|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fED589F1|archivedate=February 11, 2016}}</ref>

Situated within a very favourable environment—featuring [[sea surface temperature]]s of {{convert|30|to|31|C|F|abbr=on}}, robust upper-level [[Outflow (meteorology)|outflow]], and light to moderate [[wind shear]]<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning Nr 005|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|accessdate=February 19, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fFB0vxy6|archivedate=February 12, 2016}}</ref>—Winston [[rapid deepening|rapidly intensified]] on February 12, becoming a Category 3 severe tropical cyclone by 06:00 UTC,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A9|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fFAdmdS7|archivedate=February 12, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> and then a Category 4 only six hours later.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A10|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fFAdUbTv|archivedate=February 12, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> The system presented a well-defined eye enveloped by deep convection, and it reached its initial peak intensity at 18:00 UTC, with ten-minute [[maximum sustained wind]]s of 175 km/h (110 mph)<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A11|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHps9anU|archivedate=February 12, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> and the JTWC estimated one-minute maximum sustained winds at 205 km/h (125 mph).<ref name="JTWCRBT">{{cite web|publisher=[[US Naval Research Laboratory]], Marine Meteorology|work=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=[Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Rolling Best Track]|url=http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/tcdat/tc16/SHEM/11P.WINSTON/trackfile.txt|format=.TXT}}</ref> Soon thereafter, increasing wind shear prompted weakening;<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 13, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 007|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 14, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHqHeYyg}}</ref> convection warmed and became increasingly ragged in appearance. On February 14, Winston turned northeast as a [[subtropical ridge]] positioned itself to the north.<ref name="JTWC008">{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 14, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 008|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 14, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHqHNXSh}}</ref>

[[File:Tatiana and Winston 2016-02-12 0330Z.jpg|thumb|right|Cyclones [[2015–16 Australian region cyclone season#Tropical Cyclone Tatiana|Tatiana]] ''(left)'' and Winston ''(right)'' on February 12]]
Persistent wind shear displaced convection from the center of Winston, leaving its circulation partially exposed. The system degraded below severe tropical cyclone status by 00:00 UTC on February 15 as a result.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A19|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 15, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMyYNv9j|archivedate=February 17, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> Conditions became more favourable for development on February 16, with shear relaxing over the cyclone. A prominent [[Rainband|banding feature]] wrapped into the circulation that day, marking the start of reintensification.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 013|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMzA3Uwv}}</ref> An eye reformed later that day within increasing convection,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 014|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz9mPiC}}</ref> and Winston regained severe tropical cyclone intensity by 18:00 UTC.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A26|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMyWAzSC|archivedate=February 17, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> The storm's core became increasingly compact and defined as it strengthened,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 016|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz99ChM}}</ref> and a [[central dense overcast]] became established on February 17.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 017|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz8s7zr}}</ref> Later that day, Winston entered a region of weak steering currents and the storm became nearly stationary.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 018|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz8ZUfC}}</ref> The storm's eye became more readily apparent late on February 17 as it doubled back to the west.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A30|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOckgt6X|archivedate=February 17, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 020|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOdPd6wF}}</ref>

A strengthening [[Ridge (meteorology)|ridge]] to the south propelled Winston west by February 18, directing the intensifying cyclone at Fiji. The storm's eye grew in size that day,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 021|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOdPLzQc}}</ref> and upper-level outflow became more defined.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 022|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOdP4Vsr}}</ref> Winston's overall structure became increasingly symmetric,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 022|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQvK1Yzy}}</ref> and the system acquired traits of an [[annular tropical cyclone]].<ref name="WU219"/> Marked intensification took place on February 19 as the storm's {{convert|27|km|mi|abbr=on}} wide eye became surrounded by intense convection.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 024|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQvJUWEJ}}</ref> Winston acquired Category 5 status—the highest level on the Australian intensity scale—by 06:00 UTC, with ten-minute sustained winds reaching 205 km/h (125 mph).<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A37|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQuDp9nf|archivedate=February 20, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> Fueled by nearly perfect conditions for intensification,<ref name="WU219"/> Winston deepened further and the JTWC estimated it to have acquired one-minute sustained winds of 265 km/h (165 mph) by 18:00 UTC, classifying it as a Category 5-equivalent on the [[Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale]].<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 027|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQvIxDMw}}</ref> Around this time, the cyclone passed directly over the small island of [[Vanua Balavu]].<ref name="WU219">{{cite web|author=Jeff Masters and Bob Henson|publisher=Weather Underground|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Fiji Pounded by its First Category 5 Storm on Record: Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=3249}}</ref> Wind gusts of {{convert|325|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} were reported on the island.<ref name="RNZ1"/>

Passing just south of [[Vanua Levu]], Winston achieved its peak intensity early on February 20 with ten-minute sustained winds of 230 km/h (145 mph) and a pressure of 915 hPa (mbar; 27.03 inHg).<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A42|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fRY3FW1U|archivedate=February 20, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> The JTWC estimated Winston to have been slightly stronger, with one-minute sustained winds of 285 km/h (180 mph).<ref name="JTWCRBT"/> It soon made [[landfall]] in the [[Rakiraki District, Fiji|Rakiraki District]] on [[Viti Levu]] at peak strength.<ref>{{cite web|author=Jon Erdman|publisher=The Weather Channel|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone Winston Makes Category 5 Landfall; Strongest on Record in Fiji|url=https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/tropical-cyclone-winston-fiji-strongest-landfall}}</ref><ref name="RNZ1">{{cite web|publisher=Radio New Zealand|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Winston leaves trail of destruction|url=http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/world/297041/winston-leaves-trail-of-destruction}}</ref> Winston is the only known Category 5 storm, on both the Australian tropical cyclone scale and the Saffir-Simpson scale, to directly impact Fiji, and is accordingly the most intense storm on record to strike the nation.<ref>{{cite news|author=Losalini Bolatagici|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Winston the strongest, first Category 5 cyclone to hit Fiji|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342485}}</ref>

==Impact==
===Fiji===
[[File:Winston 2016 landfall.gif|thumb|right|Winston making landfall in Viti Levu on February 20]]
On February 14, the FMS began issuing [[tropical cyclone warnings and watches|tropical cyclone warnings]] for the southern [[Lau Islands]] of Fiji.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 14, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number One for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 14, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHqPounr}}</ref> These gradually expanded in coverage through February 15,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 15, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number Seven for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 15, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fK9R4kov}}</ref> but were discontinued on February 16 as Winston moved away from the nation.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number Fifteen for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz4G0ZI}}</ref> Warnings resumed on February 18 after Winston doubled back toward Fiji, and were issued for northern and eastern islands.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number Sixteen for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOcuonPM}}</ref> Most of the northern islands in the storm's immediate path were placed under [[hurricane warning]]s on February 19.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number Twenty-Four for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQuJZt8h}}</ref> All shelters across the Southern [[Lau Islands]], [[Koro Island]], and [[Taveuni]] were opened on February 19; more than 700 shelters opened across the entirety of Fiji.<ref name="RNZ1"/><ref>{{cite web|author=Savaira Tabua|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Evacuation centres activated in upper Lau group|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37673/evacuation-centres-activated-in-upper-lau-group}}
*{{cite web|author=Ellen Stolz|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Koro Island and Taveuni brace for TC Winston|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37682/koro-island-and-taveuni-brace-for-tc-winston}}
*{{cite web|author=Farzana Nisha|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Evacuation centers are ready: NDMO|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37675/evacuation-centers-are-ready-ndmo}}
*</ref> The [[Republic of Fiji Military Forces]] were placed on standby for relief efforts.<ref>{{cite web|author=Akosita Talei|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=RFMF on standby for TC Winston|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37672/rfmf-on-standby-for-tc-winston}}</ref> A [[state of emergency]] was declared during the afternoon of February 20.<ref>{{cite news|author=Nasik Swami|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Fiji declares State of Natural Disaster|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342488}}</ref> A nationwide [[curfew]] was enacted starting at 6:00 p.m. local time.<ref>{{cite news|author=Indra Singh|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Nationwide Curfew as TC Winston batters Fiji group|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37707/nationwide-curfew-as-tc-winston-batters-fiji-group}}</ref> Public transportation was suspended across Viti Levu, and the Fiji Roads Authority strongly advised residents to avoid travel unless necessary. Prime Minister [[Frank Bainimarama]] called the storm "an ordeal of the most grievous kind".<ref name="RNZ1"/>

Striking the nation on February 20, Winston brought widespread damage to numerous islands.<ref name="RNZ1"/> Approximately 80 percent of the nation's 900,000 people lost power,<ref name="GuardianFeb21"/> including the entirety of Vanua Levu,<ref>{{cite web|author=Elenoa Turagaiviu|publisher=Fiji Broadcast Corporation|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016|title=Restoration of essential services is a priority url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37744/restoration-of-essential-services-is-a-priority-}}</ref> as hurricane-force winds downed trees and power lines.<ref name="RNZ1"/> Communications with Vanua Balavu, Lakeba, Cicia, Nayau, Taveuni, and [[Qamea]] were lost on February 20.<ref>{{cite news|author=Luke Rawalai|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=TC Winston: Telecommunications to Taveuni cut|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342476}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Aliki Bia|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=No links to some islands in Lau Group|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37701/no-links-to-some-islands-in-lau-group}}</ref> Landline telephone service was lost on [[Matuku Island]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Tokasa Rainima|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Matuku prepares for bad weather|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37691/matuku-prepares-for-bad-weather}}</ref> At least 13 people were killed across the nation: 7 in [[Ra Province]], 3 in Nadi, 2 on Ovalau Island, and 1 on Koro Island.<ref name="GuardianFeb21">{{cite news|author= Nadia Khomami|newspaper=The Guardian|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016|title= Cyclone Winston: Fiji counts deaths and damage from giant storm |url=http://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/feb/20/cyclone-winston-virgin-australia-and-jetstar-cancel-services-to-and-from-fiji}}</ref><ref name="FBC10deaths">{{cite web|author=Maciu Bolaitamana|publisher=Fiji Broadcast Corporation|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016|title=West claim 10 lives |url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37760/west-claim-10-lives-}}</ref> Seven people are also missing after sailing in the storm near the [[Yasawa Islands]].<ref name="FBC10deaths"/>

Across the entirety of Fiji's [[Eastern Division, Fiji|Eastern Division]], 150 houses were destroyed, with 60 additional homes sustaining some degree of damage.<ref name="sitrep1">{{cite report|author1=UN Office for the Coordination of Human Affairs|title=Fiji: Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston Situation Report No. 1 (as of 21 February 2016)|url=https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/en/node/120198|publisher=ReliefWeb|accessdate=February 21, 2016|format=PDF|date=February 21, 2016|type=Situation report}}</ref> Koro Island sustained severe damage, with schools destroyed and many structures losing their roof.<ref>{{cite web|author=Savaira Tabua|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Teachers quarters blown away|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37708/teachers-quarters-blown-away}}</ref> Kade Village was leveled, with all structures destroyed.<ref>{{cite news|author=Talebula Kate|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016|title=All houses destroyed in island village|url=http://fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342562}}</ref> One person died in [[Nabasovi]] when his home collapsed and twelve people were injured in [[Nabuna]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Farzana Nisha|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Death of an elderly man confirmed|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37732/death-of-an-elderly-man-confirmed}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Tokasa Rainima|publisher=Fiji Broadcast Corporation|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016|title=12 villagers injured in Nabuna, Koro|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37757/12-villagers-injured-in-nabuna,-koro}}</ref> Significant damage was reported across [[Ovalau]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Ellen Stolz|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Ovalau experiencing destructive winds|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37704/ovalau-experiencing-destructive-winds}}</ref>

On Viti Levu, strong winds destroyed at least two homes in Waidamu; the [[Waidamu River]] also topped its banks and flooded nearby communities.<ref>{{cite news|author=Nasik Swami|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Two houses blown away in Nausori|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342490}}</ref> In [[Drauniivi]] village, 64 homes were completely destroyed and 70 more sustained damage.<ref>{{cite news|author=Margaret Wise|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 22, 2016|accessdate=February 22, 2016|title=Times team crosses damaged bridge|url=http://fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342670}}</ref> Hundreds of homes were destroyed in and around Rakiraki Town, with the area described as "[a scene of] devastation and despair" by the ''[[Fiji Times]]''.<ref>{{cite news|author=Repeka Nasiko|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 22, 2016|accessdate=February 22, 2016|title=Rakiraki Town shut down|url=http://fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342673}}</ref>

===Other South Pacific nations===
Impacting [[Tonga]] twice within the span of a few days, Winston caused significant damage across northern Tonga. Approximately 2,500 people sought refuge in shelters. The first passage of the storm resulted in mostly crop damage while the second brought greater structural damage. At least 10 homes were destroyed and 200 more were damaged.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Radio New Zealand International|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Despite some damage, Tonga escapes the worst of Winston|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342283}}</ref>

Winston also affected [[Niue]] on February 16; the FMS issued tropical cyclone and damaging heavy swell warnings for the island nation.<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/6fMzj4znk</ref>

==Aftermath==
===Fiji===
All schools across Fiji suspended classes for a week because of severe damage to the educational infrastructure.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ritika Pratap|publisher=Fiji Broadcast Corporation|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016|title=Schools to go on one week break|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37742/schools-to-go-on-one-week-break-}}</ref> In [[Labasa]], two people were arrested for breaking curfew and others were reprimanded.<ref>{{cite web|author=Elenoa Turagaiviu|publisher=Fiji Broadcast Corporation|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016|title=Two people arrested in Labasa|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37750/two-people-arrested-in-labasa}}</ref> The government of New Zealand set aside an initial [[New Zealand dollar|NZ]]$50,000 to the High Commission of the Republic of the Fiji Islands to New Zealand in preparation for relief efforts, alongside NZ$170,000 worth of relief supplies. The country also dispatched a [[Lockheed P-3 Orion]] to aid in aerial surveillance and assessments of the damage situation in Fiji.<ref name="nzorionfiji">{{cite web|last1=McCully|first1=Murray|title=NZ sends Orion and releases aid to Fiji|url=https://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/nz-sends-orion-and-releases-aid-fiji|website=beehive.govt.nz|publisher=Government of New Zealand|accessdate=February 21, 2016|date=February 21, 2016}}</ref> Australia provided an immediate relief package worth A$5 million on February 22.<ref>{{cite news|author=Avinesh Gopal|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 22, 2016|accessdate=February 22, 2016|title=Australia gives $5m assistance package to Fiji|url=http://fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342667}}</ref>

===Tonga===
The nation of Tonga received money and aid from New Zealand, which also provided 8,000 people with clean water.<ref>{{Cite web|title = 5 Things to Know About Tropical Cyclone Winston|url = http://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/cyclone-winston-impacts-preps|website = The Weather Channel|access-date = February 20, 2016}}</ref> Australia also provided assistance to Tonga, including the distribution of [[Australian dollar|A]]$300,000 worth of humanitarian supplies through the [[Tonga Red Cross Society]], two surveillance and assessment aircraft, and two disaster management experts from the [[Australian Civilian Corps]] to aid in relief efforts.<ref name="australiaaid">{{cite news|title=Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://dfat.gov.au/news/news/Pages/tropical-cyclone-winston.aspx|accessdate=February 21, 2016|agency=Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade|publisher=Government of Australia|date=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fSsJb9kE|archivedate=February 21, 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}
*[[Cyclone Pam]]
*[[Cyclone Oscar]]
*[[Cyclone Daman]]
*[[Cyclone Evan]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{SPAC EL's}}

{{2015–16 South Pacific cyclone season buttons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Winston (2016)}}
[[Category:2015–16 South Pacific cyclone season]]
[[Category:2016 in Fiji]]
[[Category:Category 5 South Pacific cyclones]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Fiji]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Niue]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Tonga]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Vanuatu]]

Zyklon Winston

2016-02-22T01:34:35Z

Cyclonebiskit: /* Fiji */ Aus.

{{Current weather event|date=February 2016}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox hurricane current
|name=Winston
|AUScategory=Aus5
|category=cat4
|type=tropical cyclone
|time=18:00 [[UTC+12:00|FST]] (06:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]), February 21
|image=Winston 2016-02-20 0130Z (cropped).jpg
|track=JTWC sh1116.gif
|lat=17.6|S|lon=174.0|E
|distance_from={{convert|214|nmi|abbr=on}} [[Points of the compass|W]] of [[Nadi]], [[Fiji]]
|10sustained=205 [[km/h]] (125 [[miles per hour|mph]])
|1sustained=230 km/h (145 mph)
|pressure=930 [[Pascal (unit)|hPa]] ([[Bar (unit)|mbar]]; 27.47 [[Inches of Mercury|inHg]])
|movement=WSW at {{convert|7|kn|abbr=on}}
}}

'''Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston''' (which also may be referred to as '''Hurricane Winston''')<ref>{{cite news|author=Nasik Swami|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Hurricane Winston makes landfall in Viti Levu|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342493}}</ref> is currently a powerful [[tropical cyclone]] that was the first recorded [[Tropical cyclone scales#Australia and Fiji|Category 5]] storm to make [[landfall]] in [[Fiji]]. The system was first noted as a tropical disturbance on February 7, 2016, when it was located to the northwest of [[Port Villa]], [[Vanuatu]]. Over the next few days, the system gradually developed as it moved southeast, acquiring [[gale]]-force winds by February 11. The following day it underwent [[Rapid deepening|rapid intensification]] and attained ten-minute [[maximum sustained wind]]s of 175 km/h (110 mph). Less favourable environmental conditions prompted weakening thereafter. After turning northeast on February 14, Winston stalled to the north of [[Tonga]] on February 17. Regaining strength, the storm doubled back to the west, achieving Category 5 status on both the Australian tropical cyclone scale and the [[Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale]] on February 19. It reached its peak intensity the next day with ten-minute sustained winds of 230 km/h (145 mph) and a pressure of 915 hPa (mbar; 27.03 inHg), shortly before making [[landfall]] on [[Viti Levu]], Fiji.

In advance of the storm's arrival in Fiji, numerous shelters were opened, and a nationwide curfew was instituted during the evening of February 20. Striking Fiji as a Category 5 on February 20, Winston inflicted extensive damage on many islands and killed at least 13 people. Communications were temporarily lost with at least six islands.

==Fiji cyclone history==
Though frequented by tropical cyclones, the main islands of Fiji—[[Viti Levu]] and [[Vanua Levu]]—do not regularly experience major cyclones.<ref name="WaPo"/> The strongest storm to impact the main islands since records began in 1941 was [[Cyclone Evan|Evan]] in December 2012, which skirted the western coast of Viti Levu as a Category 4 system on both the Australian scale and the [[Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Jeff Masters|publisher=Weather Underground|date=December 17, 2012|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=A grinch in paradise: Category 4 Tropical Cyclone Evan slams Fiji|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=2313}}</ref> The strongest storm to make [[landfall]] on either Viti Levu or Vanua Levu was [[Cyclone Nigel|Nigel]] in 1985, with ten-minute sustained winds of 150 km/h (90 mph) and one-minute sustained winds of 195 km/h (120 mph). The relative lack of major cyclones affecting the capital city of [[Suva]], located along the southeastern coast of Viti Levu, has led to complacency among residents. Many assume that strong storms are confined to northern and western areas. With Winston approaching Fiji from the east and directly threatening Suva, Angela Fritz of ''[[The Washington Post]]'' called the storm a "worst-case scenario".<ref name="WaPo">{{cite news|author=Angela Fritz|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Catastrophic Cyclone Winston bears down on Fiji’s main island in worst case scenario|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2016/02/19/catastrophic-cyclone-winston-bears-down-on-fijis-main-island-in-worst-case-scenario/}}</ref>

==Meteorological history==
{{Storm path|Winston 2016 track.png}}
On February 7, 2016, the [[Fiji Meteorological Service]] (FMS) started to monitor Tropical Disturbance 09F, which had developed about {{convert|1000|km|mi|disp=5|abbr=on}} northwest of [[Port Villa]], [[Vanuatu]].<ref name="TDS 7/2">{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 7, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Summary for Area Equator to 25S, 160E to 120W|url=http://www.met.gov.fj/aifs_prods/20036.txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fBiTyQOw|archivedate=February 7, 2016}}</ref> Over the next few days the system moved southeast and gradually developed further within a favourable environment.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 10, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Western and South Pacific Oceans|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ab/abpw10.pgtw..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fBilWDlQ|archivedate=February 10, 2016}}</ref> On February 10, the United States-based [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) initiated advisories on the system and classified it as Tropical Cyclone 11P, while it was located about {{convert|860|km|mi|disp=5|abbr=on}} to the west-northwest of [[Suva, Fiji]].<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 10, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Eleven) Warning Nr 001|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps51.pgtw..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fCXhQArO|archivedate=February 10, 2016}}</ref> The FMS upgraded it to Category 1 status on the [[Tropical cyclone scales#Australia and Fiji|Australian tropical cyclone scale]] and [[Tropical cyclone naming|assigned it the name]] ''Winston'' early on February 11; at this time the storm was situated roughly {{convert|820|km|abbr=on}} west-northwest of [[Suva]], [[Fiji]]. Embedded within a northwesterly deep layer [[mean flow]], the system tracked southeast.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A4|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fECxlyvf|archivedate=February 11, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> Around 12:00 [[UTC]] on the same day, Winston intensified into a Category 2 tropical cyclone as a small, well-defined [[Eye (cyclone)|eye]] developed within deepening [[Atmospheric convection|convection]].<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A6|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fECxFPOB|archivedate=February 11, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning Nr 003|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fED589F1|archivedate=February 11, 2016}}</ref>

Situated within a very favourable environment—featuring [[sea surface temperature]]s of {{convert|30|to|31|C|F|abbr=on}}, robust upper-level [[Outflow (meteorology)|outflow]], and light to moderate [[wind shear]]<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning Nr 005|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|accessdate=February 19, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fFB0vxy6|archivedate=February 12, 2016}}</ref>—Winston [[rapid deepening|rapidly intensified]] on February 12, becoming a Category 3 severe tropical cyclone by 06:00 UTC,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A9|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fFAdmdS7|archivedate=February 12, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> and then a Category 4 only six hours later.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A10|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fFAdUbTv|archivedate=February 12, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> The system presented a well-defined eye enveloped by deep convection, and it reached its initial peak intensity at 18:00 UTC, with ten-minute [[maximum sustained wind]]s of 175 km/h (110 mph)<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A11|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHps9anU|archivedate=February 12, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> and the JTWC estimated one-minute maximum sustained winds at 205 km/h (125 mph).<ref name="JTWCRBT">{{cite web|publisher=[[US Naval Research Laboratory]], Marine Meteorology|work=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=[Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Rolling Best Track]|url=http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/tcdat/tc16/SHEM/11P.WINSTON/trackfile.txt|format=.TXT}}</ref> Soon thereafter, increasing wind shear prompted weakening;<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 13, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 007|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 14, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHqHeYyg}}</ref> convection warmed and became increasingly ragged in appearance. On February 14, Winston turned northeast as a [[subtropical ridge]] positioned itself to the north.<ref name="JTWC008">{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 14, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 008|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 14, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHqHNXSh}}</ref>

[[File:Tatiana and Winston 2016-02-12 0330Z.jpg|thumb|right|Cyclones [[2015–16 Australian region cyclone season#Tropical Cyclone Tatiana|Tatiana]] ''(left)'' and Winston ''(right)'' on February 12]]
Persistent wind shear displaced convection from the center of Winston, leaving its circulation partially exposed. The system degraded below severe tropical cyclone status by 00:00 UTC on February 15 as a result.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A19|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 15, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMyYNv9j|archivedate=February 17, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> Conditions became more favourable for development on February 16, with shear relaxing over the cyclone. A prominent [[Rainband|banding feature]] wrapped into the circulation that day, marking the start of reintensification.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 013|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMzA3Uwv}}</ref> An eye reformed later that day within increasing convection,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 014|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz9mPiC}}</ref> and Winston regained severe tropical cyclone intensity by 18:00 UTC.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A26|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMyWAzSC|archivedate=February 17, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> The storm's core became increasingly compact and defined as it strengthened,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 016|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz99ChM}}</ref> and a [[central dense overcast]] became established on February 17.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 017|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz8s7zr}}</ref> Later that day, Winston entered a region of weak steering currents and the storm became nearly stationary.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 018|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz8ZUfC}}</ref> The storm's eye became more readily apparent late on February 17 as it doubled back to the west.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A30|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOckgt6X|archivedate=February 17, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 020|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOdPd6wF}}</ref>

A strengthening [[Ridge (meteorology)|ridge]] to the south propelled Winston west by February 18, directing the intensifying cyclone at Fiji. The storm's eye grew in size that day,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 021|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOdPLzQc}}</ref> and upper-level outflow became more defined.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 022|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOdP4Vsr}}</ref> Winston's overall structure became increasingly symmetric,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 022|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQvK1Yzy}}</ref> and the system acquired traits of an [[annular tropical cyclone]].<ref name="WU219"/> Marked intensification took place on February 19 as the storm's {{convert|27|km|mi|abbr=on}} wide eye became surrounded by intense convection.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 024|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQvJUWEJ}}</ref> Winston acquired Category 5 status—the highest level on the Australian intensity scale—by 06:00 UTC, with ten-minute sustained winds reaching 205 km/h (125 mph).<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A37|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQuDp9nf|archivedate=February 20, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> Fueled by nearly perfect conditions for intensification,<ref name="WU219"/> Winston deepened further and the JTWC estimated it to have acquired one-minute sustained winds of 265 km/h (165 mph) by 18:00 UTC, classifying it as a Category 5-equivalent on the [[Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale]].<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 027|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQvIxDMw}}</ref> Around this time, the cyclone passed directly over the small island of [[Vanua Balavu]].<ref name="WU219">{{cite web|author=Jeff Masters and Bob Henson|publisher=Weather Underground|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Fiji Pounded by its First Category 5 Storm on Record: Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=3249}}</ref> Wind gusts of {{convert|325|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} were reported on the island.<ref name="RNZ1"/>

Passing just south of [[Vanua Levu]], Winston achieved its peak intensity early on February 20 with ten-minute sustained winds of 230 km/h (145 mph) and a pressure of 915 hPa (mbar; 27.03 inHg).<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A42|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fRY3FW1U|archivedate=February 20, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> The JTWC estimated Winston to have been slightly stronger, with one-minute sustained winds of 285 km/h (180 mph).<ref name="JTWCRBT"/> It soon made [[landfall]] in the [[Rakiraki District, Fiji|Rakiraki District]] on [[Viti Levu]] at peak strength.<ref>{{cite web|author=Jon Erdman|publisher=The Weather Channel|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone Winston Makes Category 5 Landfall; Strongest on Record in Fiji|url=https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/tropical-cyclone-winston-fiji-strongest-landfall}}</ref><ref name="RNZ1">{{cite web|publisher=Radio New Zealand|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Winston leaves trail of destruction|url=http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/world/297041/winston-leaves-trail-of-destruction}}</ref> Winston is the only known Category 5 storm, on both the Australian tropical cyclone scale and the Saffir-Simpson scale, to directly impact Fiji, and is accordingly the most intense storm on record to strike the nation.<ref>{{cite news|author=Losalini Bolatagici|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Winston the strongest, first Category 5 cyclone to hit Fiji|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342485}}</ref>

==Impact==
===Fiji===
[[File:Winston 2016 landfall.gif|thumb|right|Winston making landfall in Viti Levu on February 20]]
On February 14, the FMS began issuing [[tropical cyclone warnings and watches|tropical cyclone warnings]] for the southern [[Lau Islands]] of Fiji.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 14, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number One for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 14, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHqPounr}}</ref> These gradually expanded in coverage through February 15,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 15, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number Seven for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 15, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fK9R4kov}}</ref> but were discontinued on February 16 as Winston moved away from the nation.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number Fifteen for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz4G0ZI}}</ref> Warnings resumed on February 18 after Winston doubled back toward Fiji, and were issued for northern and eastern islands.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number Sixteen for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOcuonPM}}</ref> Most of the northern islands in the storm's immediate path were placed under [[hurricane warning]]s on February 19.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number Twenty-Four for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQuJZt8h}}</ref> All shelters across the Southern [[Lau Islands]], [[Koro Island]], and [[Taveuni]] were opened on February 19; more than 700 shelters opened across the entirety of Fiji.<ref name="RNZ1"/><ref>{{cite web|author=Savaira Tabua|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Evacuation centres activated in upper Lau group|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37673/evacuation-centres-activated-in-upper-lau-group}}
*{{cite web|author=Ellen Stolz|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Koro Island and Taveuni brace for TC Winston|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37682/koro-island-and-taveuni-brace-for-tc-winston}}
*{{cite web|author=Farzana Nisha|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Evacuation centers are ready: NDMO|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37675/evacuation-centers-are-ready-ndmo}}
*</ref> The [[Republic of Fiji Military Forces]] were placed on standby for relief efforts.<ref>{{cite web|author=Akosita Talei|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=RFMF on standby for TC Winston|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37672/rfmf-on-standby-for-tc-winston}}</ref> A [[state of emergency]] was declared during the afternoon of February 20.<ref>{{cite news|author=Nasik Swami|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Fiji declares State of Natural Disaster|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342488}}</ref> A nationwide [[curfew]] was enacted starting at 6:00 p.m. local time.<ref>{{cite news|author=Indra Singh|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Nationwide Curfew as TC Winston batters Fiji group|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37707/nationwide-curfew-as-tc-winston-batters-fiji-group}}</ref> Public transportation was suspended across Viti Levu, and the Fiji Roads Authority strongly advised residents to avoid travel unless necessary. Prime Minister [[Frank Bainimarama]] called the storm "an ordeal of the most grievous kind".<ref name="RNZ1"/>

Striking the nation on February 20, Winston brought widespread damage to numerous islands.<ref name="RNZ1"/> Approximately 80 percent of the nation's 900,000 people lost power,<ref name="GuardianFeb21"/> including the entirety of Vanua Levu,<ref>{{cite web|author=Elenoa Turagaiviu|publisher=Fiji Broadcast Corporation|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016|title=Restoration of essential services is a priority url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37744/restoration-of-essential-services-is-a-priority-}}</ref> as hurricane-force winds downed trees and power lines.<ref name="RNZ1"/> Communications with Vanua Balavu, Lakeba, Cicia, Nayau, Taveuni, and [[Qamea]] were lost on February 20.<ref>{{cite news|author=Luke Rawalai|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=TC Winston: Telecommunications to Taveuni cut|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342476}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Aliki Bia|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=No links to some islands in Lau Group|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37701/no-links-to-some-islands-in-lau-group}}</ref> Landline telephone service was lost on [[Matuku Island]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Tokasa Rainima|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Matuku prepares for bad weather|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37691/matuku-prepares-for-bad-weather}}</ref> At least 13 people were killed across the nation: 7 in [[Ra Province]], 3 in Nadi, 2 on Ovalau Island, and 1 on Koro Island.<ref name="GuardianFeb21">{{cite news|author= Nadia Khomami|newspaper=The Guardian|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016|title= Cyclone Winston: Fiji counts deaths and damage from giant storm |url=http://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/feb/20/cyclone-winston-virgin-australia-and-jetstar-cancel-services-to-and-from-fiji}}</ref><ref name="FBC10deaths">{{cite web|author=Maciu Bolaitamana|publisher=Fiji Broadcast Corporation|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016|title=West claim 10 lives |url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37760/west-claim-10-lives-}}</ref> Seven people are also missing after sailing in the storm near the [[Yasawa Islands]].<ref name="FBC10deaths"/>

Across the entirety of Fiji's [[Eastern Division, Fiji|Eastern Division]], 150 houses were destroyed, with 60 additional homes sustaining some degree of damage.<ref name="sitrep1">{{cite report|author1=UN Office for the Coordination of Human Affairs|title=Fiji: Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston Situation Report No. 1 (as of 21 February 2016)|url=https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/en/node/120198|publisher=ReliefWeb|accessdate=February 21, 2016|format=PDF|date=February 21, 2016|type=Situation report}}</ref> Koro Island sustained severe damage, with schools destroyed and many structures losing their roof.<ref>{{cite web|author=Savaira Tabua|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Teachers quarters blown away|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37708/teachers-quarters-blown-away}}</ref> Kade Village was leveled, with all structures destroyed.<ref>{{cite news|author=Talebula Kate|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016|title=All houses destroyed in island village|url=http://fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342562}}</ref> One person died in [[Nabasovi]] when his home collapsed and twelve people were injured in [[Nabuna]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Farzana Nisha|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Death of an elderly man confirmed|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37732/death-of-an-elderly-man-confirmed}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Tokasa Rainima|publisher=Fiji Broadcast Corporation|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016|title=12 villagers injured in Nabuna, Koro|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37757/12-villagers-injured-in-nabuna,-koro}}</ref> Significant damage was reported across [[Ovalau]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Ellen Stolz|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Ovalau experiencing destructive winds|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37704/ovalau-experiencing-destructive-winds}}</ref>

On Viti Levu, strong winds destroyed at least two homes in Waidamu; the [[Waidamu River]] also topped its banks and flooded nearby communities.<ref>{{cite news|author=Nasik Swami|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Two houses blown away in Nausori|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342490}}</ref> In [[Drauniivi]] village, 64 homes were completely destroyed and 70 more sustained damage.<ref>{{cite news|author=Margaret Wise|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 22, 2016|accessdate=February 22, 2016|title=Times team crosses damaged bridge|url=http://fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342670}}</ref> Nearly two days after the storm, Rakiraki remained isolated and no contact had been made with locals or officials.<ref>{{cite news|author=Margaret Wise|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 22, 2016|accessdate=February 22, 2016|title=No word from Ra, islands yet|url=http://fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342668}}</ref>

===Other South Pacific nations===
Impacting [[Tonga]] twice within the span of a few days, Winston caused significant damage across northern Tonga. Approximately 2,500 people sought refuge in shelters. The first passage of the storm resulted in mostly crop damage while the second brought greater structural damage. At least 10 homes were destroyed and 200 more were damaged.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Radio New Zealand International|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Despite some damage, Tonga escapes the worst of Winston|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342283}}</ref>

Winston also affected [[Niue]] on February 16; the FMS issued tropical cyclone and damaging heavy swell warnings for the island nation.<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/6fMzj4znk</ref>

==Aftermath==
===Fiji===
All schools across Fiji suspended classes for a week because of severe damage to the educational infrastructure.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ritika Pratap|publisher=Fiji Broadcast Corporation|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016|title=Schools to go on one week break|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37742/schools-to-go-on-one-week-break-}}</ref> In [[Labasa]], two people were arrested for breaking curfew and others were reprimanded.<ref>{{cite web|author=Elenoa Turagaiviu|publisher=Fiji Broadcast Corporation|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016|title=Two people arrested in Labasa|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37750/two-people-arrested-in-labasa}}</ref> The government of New Zealand set aside an initial [[New Zealand dollar|NZ]]$50,000 to the High Commission of the Republic of the Fiji Islands to New Zealand in preparation for relief efforts, alongside NZ$170,000 worth of relief supplies. The country also dispatched a [[Lockheed P-3 Orion]] to aid in aerial surveillance and assessments of the damage situation in Fiji.<ref name="nzorionfiji">{{cite web|last1=McCully|first1=Murray|title=NZ sends Orion and releases aid to Fiji|url=https://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/nz-sends-orion-and-releases-aid-fiji|website=beehive.govt.nz|publisher=Government of New Zealand|accessdate=February 21, 2016|date=February 21, 2016}}</ref> Australia provided an immediate relief package worth A$5 million on February 22.<ref>{{cite news|author=Avinesh Gopal|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 22, 2016|accessdate=February 22, 2016|title=Australia gives $5m assistance package to Fiji|url=http://fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342667}}</ref>

===Tonga===
The nation of Tonga received money and aid from New Zealand, which also provided 8,000 people with clean water.<ref>{{Cite web|title = 5 Things to Know About Tropical Cyclone Winston|url = http://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/cyclone-winston-impacts-preps|website = The Weather Channel|access-date = February 20, 2016}}</ref> Australia also provided assistance to Tonga, including the distribution of [[Australian dollar|A]]$300,000 worth of humanitarian supplies through the [[Tonga Red Cross Society]], two surveillance and assessment aircraft, and two disaster management experts from the [[Australian Civilian Corps]] to aid in relief efforts.<ref name="australiaaid">{{cite news|title=Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://dfat.gov.au/news/news/Pages/tropical-cyclone-winston.aspx|accessdate=February 21, 2016|agency=Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade|publisher=Government of Australia|date=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fSsJb9kE|archivedate=February 21, 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}
*[[Cyclone Pam]]
*[[Cyclone Oscar]]
*[[Cyclone Daman]]
*[[Cyclone Evan]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{SPAC EL's}}

{{2015–16 South Pacific cyclone season buttons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Winston (2016)}}
[[Category:2015–16 South Pacific cyclone season]]
[[Category:2016 in Fiji]]
[[Category:Category 5 South Pacific cyclones]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Fiji]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Niue]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Tonga]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Vanuatu]]

Zyklon Winston

2016-02-22T01:33:12Z

Cyclonebiskit: /* Fiji */ more for Viti Levu

{{Current weather event|date=February 2016}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox hurricane current
|name=Winston
|AUScategory=Aus5
|category=cat4
|type=tropical cyclone
|time=18:00 [[UTC+12:00|FST]] (06:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]), February 21
|image=Winston 2016-02-20 0130Z (cropped).jpg
|track=JTWC sh1116.gif
|lat=17.6|S|lon=174.0|E
|distance_from={{convert|214|nmi|abbr=on}} [[Points of the compass|W]] of [[Nadi]], [[Fiji]]
|10sustained=205 [[km/h]] (125 [[miles per hour|mph]])
|1sustained=230 km/h (145 mph)
|pressure=930 [[Pascal (unit)|hPa]] ([[Bar (unit)|mbar]]; 27.47 [[Inches of Mercury|inHg]])
|movement=WSW at {{convert|7|kn|abbr=on}}
}}

'''Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston''' (which also may be referred to as '''Hurricane Winston''')<ref>{{cite news|author=Nasik Swami|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Hurricane Winston makes landfall in Viti Levu|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342493}}</ref> is currently a powerful [[tropical cyclone]] that was the first recorded [[Tropical cyclone scales#Australia and Fiji|Category 5]] storm to make [[landfall]] in [[Fiji]]. The system was first noted as a tropical disturbance on February 7, 2016, when it was located to the northwest of [[Port Villa]], [[Vanuatu]]. Over the next few days, the system gradually developed as it moved southeast, acquiring [[gale]]-force winds by February 11. The following day it underwent [[Rapid deepening|rapid intensification]] and attained ten-minute [[maximum sustained wind]]s of 175 km/h (110 mph). Less favourable environmental conditions prompted weakening thereafter. After turning northeast on February 14, Winston stalled to the north of [[Tonga]] on February 17. Regaining strength, the storm doubled back to the west, achieving Category 5 status on both the Australian tropical cyclone scale and the [[Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale]] on February 19. It reached its peak intensity the next day with ten-minute sustained winds of 230 km/h (145 mph) and a pressure of 915 hPa (mbar; 27.03 inHg), shortly before making [[landfall]] on [[Viti Levu]], Fiji.

In advance of the storm's arrival in Fiji, numerous shelters were opened, and a nationwide curfew was instituted during the evening of February 20. Striking Fiji as a Category 5 on February 20, Winston inflicted extensive damage on many islands and killed at least 13 people. Communications were temporarily lost with at least six islands.

==Fiji cyclone history==
Though frequented by tropical cyclones, the main islands of Fiji—[[Viti Levu]] and [[Vanua Levu]]—do not regularly experience major cyclones.<ref name="WaPo"/> The strongest storm to impact the main islands since records began in 1941 was [[Cyclone Evan|Evan]] in December 2012, which skirted the western coast of Viti Levu as a Category 4 system on both the Australian scale and the [[Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Jeff Masters|publisher=Weather Underground|date=December 17, 2012|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=A grinch in paradise: Category 4 Tropical Cyclone Evan slams Fiji|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=2313}}</ref> The strongest storm to make [[landfall]] on either Viti Levu or Vanua Levu was [[Cyclone Nigel|Nigel]] in 1985, with ten-minute sustained winds of 150 km/h (90 mph) and one-minute sustained winds of 195 km/h (120 mph). The relative lack of major cyclones affecting the capital city of [[Suva]], located along the southeastern coast of Viti Levu, has led to complacency among residents. Many assume that strong storms are confined to northern and western areas. With Winston approaching Fiji from the east and directly threatening Suva, Angela Fritz of ''[[The Washington Post]]'' called the storm a "worst-case scenario".<ref name="WaPo">{{cite news|author=Angela Fritz|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Catastrophic Cyclone Winston bears down on Fiji’s main island in worst case scenario|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2016/02/19/catastrophic-cyclone-winston-bears-down-on-fijis-main-island-in-worst-case-scenario/}}</ref>

==Meteorological history==
{{Storm path|Winston 2016 track.png}}
On February 7, 2016, the [[Fiji Meteorological Service]] (FMS) started to monitor Tropical Disturbance 09F, which had developed about {{convert|1000|km|mi|disp=5|abbr=on}} northwest of [[Port Villa]], [[Vanuatu]].<ref name="TDS 7/2">{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 7, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Summary for Area Equator to 25S, 160E to 120W|url=http://www.met.gov.fj/aifs_prods/20036.txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fBiTyQOw|archivedate=February 7, 2016}}</ref> Over the next few days the system moved southeast and gradually developed further within a favourable environment.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 10, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Western and South Pacific Oceans|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ab/abpw10.pgtw..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fBilWDlQ|archivedate=February 10, 2016}}</ref> On February 10, the United States-based [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) initiated advisories on the system and classified it as Tropical Cyclone 11P, while it was located about {{convert|860|km|mi|disp=5|abbr=on}} to the west-northwest of [[Suva, Fiji]].<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 10, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Eleven) Warning Nr 001|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps51.pgtw..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fCXhQArO|archivedate=February 10, 2016}}</ref> The FMS upgraded it to Category 1 status on the [[Tropical cyclone scales#Australia and Fiji|Australian tropical cyclone scale]] and [[Tropical cyclone naming|assigned it the name]] ''Winston'' early on February 11; at this time the storm was situated roughly {{convert|820|km|abbr=on}} west-northwest of [[Suva]], [[Fiji]]. Embedded within a northwesterly deep layer [[mean flow]], the system tracked southeast.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A4|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fECxlyvf|archivedate=February 11, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> Around 12:00 [[UTC]] on the same day, Winston intensified into a Category 2 tropical cyclone as a small, well-defined [[Eye (cyclone)|eye]] developed within deepening [[Atmospheric convection|convection]].<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A6|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fECxFPOB|archivedate=February 11, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning Nr 003|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fED589F1|archivedate=February 11, 2016}}</ref>

Situated within a very favourable environment—featuring [[sea surface temperature]]s of {{convert|30|to|31|C|F|abbr=on}}, robust upper-level [[Outflow (meteorology)|outflow]], and light to moderate [[wind shear]]<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning Nr 005|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|accessdate=February 19, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fFB0vxy6|archivedate=February 12, 2016}}</ref>—Winston [[rapid deepening|rapidly intensified]] on February 12, becoming a Category 3 severe tropical cyclone by 06:00 UTC,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A9|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fFAdmdS7|archivedate=February 12, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> and then a Category 4 only six hours later.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A10|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fFAdUbTv|archivedate=February 12, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> The system presented a well-defined eye enveloped by deep convection, and it reached its initial peak intensity at 18:00 UTC, with ten-minute [[maximum sustained wind]]s of 175 km/h (110 mph)<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A11|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHps9anU|archivedate=February 12, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> and the JTWC estimated one-minute maximum sustained winds at 205 km/h (125 mph).<ref name="JTWCRBT">{{cite web|publisher=[[US Naval Research Laboratory]], Marine Meteorology|work=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=[Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Rolling Best Track]|url=http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/tcdat/tc16/SHEM/11P.WINSTON/trackfile.txt|format=.TXT}}</ref> Soon thereafter, increasing wind shear prompted weakening;<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 13, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 007|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 14, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHqHeYyg}}</ref> convection warmed and became increasingly ragged in appearance. On February 14, Winston turned northeast as a [[subtropical ridge]] positioned itself to the north.<ref name="JTWC008">{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 14, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 008|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 14, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHqHNXSh}}</ref>

[[File:Tatiana and Winston 2016-02-12 0330Z.jpg|thumb|right|Cyclones [[2015–16 Australian region cyclone season#Tropical Cyclone Tatiana|Tatiana]] ''(left)'' and Winston ''(right)'' on February 12]]
Persistent wind shear displaced convection from the center of Winston, leaving its circulation partially exposed. The system degraded below severe tropical cyclone status by 00:00 UTC on February 15 as a result.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A19|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 15, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMyYNv9j|archivedate=February 17, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> Conditions became more favourable for development on February 16, with shear relaxing over the cyclone. A prominent [[Rainband|banding feature]] wrapped into the circulation that day, marking the start of reintensification.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 013|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMzA3Uwv}}</ref> An eye reformed later that day within increasing convection,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 014|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz9mPiC}}</ref> and Winston regained severe tropical cyclone intensity by 18:00 UTC.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A26|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMyWAzSC|archivedate=February 17, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> The storm's core became increasingly compact and defined as it strengthened,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 016|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz99ChM}}</ref> and a [[central dense overcast]] became established on February 17.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 017|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz8s7zr}}</ref> Later that day, Winston entered a region of weak steering currents and the storm became nearly stationary.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 018|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz8ZUfC}}</ref> The storm's eye became more readily apparent late on February 17 as it doubled back to the west.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A30|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOckgt6X|archivedate=February 17, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 020|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOdPd6wF}}</ref>

A strengthening [[Ridge (meteorology)|ridge]] to the south propelled Winston west by February 18, directing the intensifying cyclone at Fiji. The storm's eye grew in size that day,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 021|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOdPLzQc}}</ref> and upper-level outflow became more defined.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 022|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOdP4Vsr}}</ref> Winston's overall structure became increasingly symmetric,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 022|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQvK1Yzy}}</ref> and the system acquired traits of an [[annular tropical cyclone]].<ref name="WU219"/> Marked intensification took place on February 19 as the storm's {{convert|27|km|mi|abbr=on}} wide eye became surrounded by intense convection.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 024|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQvJUWEJ}}</ref> Winston acquired Category 5 status—the highest level on the Australian intensity scale—by 06:00 UTC, with ten-minute sustained winds reaching 205 km/h (125 mph).<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A37|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQuDp9nf|archivedate=February 20, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> Fueled by nearly perfect conditions for intensification,<ref name="WU219"/> Winston deepened further and the JTWC estimated it to have acquired one-minute sustained winds of 265 km/h (165 mph) by 18:00 UTC, classifying it as a Category 5-equivalent on the [[Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale]].<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 027|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQvIxDMw}}</ref> Around this time, the cyclone passed directly over the small island of [[Vanua Balavu]].<ref name="WU219">{{cite web|author=Jeff Masters and Bob Henson|publisher=Weather Underground|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Fiji Pounded by its First Category 5 Storm on Record: Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=3249}}</ref> Wind gusts of {{convert|325|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} were reported on the island.<ref name="RNZ1"/>

Passing just south of [[Vanua Levu]], Winston achieved its peak intensity early on February 20 with ten-minute sustained winds of 230 km/h (145 mph) and a pressure of 915 hPa (mbar; 27.03 inHg).<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A42|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fRY3FW1U|archivedate=February 20, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> The JTWC estimated Winston to have been slightly stronger, with one-minute sustained winds of 285 km/h (180 mph).<ref name="JTWCRBT"/> It soon made [[landfall]] in the [[Rakiraki District, Fiji|Rakiraki District]] on [[Viti Levu]] at peak strength.<ref>{{cite web|author=Jon Erdman|publisher=The Weather Channel|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone Winston Makes Category 5 Landfall; Strongest on Record in Fiji|url=https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/tropical-cyclone-winston-fiji-strongest-landfall}}</ref><ref name="RNZ1">{{cite web|publisher=Radio New Zealand|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Winston leaves trail of destruction|url=http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/world/297041/winston-leaves-trail-of-destruction}}</ref> Winston is the only known Category 5 storm, on both the Australian tropical cyclone scale and the Saffir-Simpson scale, to directly impact Fiji, and is accordingly the most intense storm on record to strike the nation.<ref>{{cite news|author=Losalini Bolatagici|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Winston the strongest, first Category 5 cyclone to hit Fiji|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342485}}</ref>

==Impact==
===Fiji===
[[File:Winston 2016 landfall.gif|thumb|right|Winston making landfall in Viti Levu on February 20]]
On February 14, the FMS began issuing [[tropical cyclone warnings and watches|tropical cyclone warnings]] for the southern [[Lau Islands]] of Fiji.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 14, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number One for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 14, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHqPounr}}</ref> These gradually expanded in coverage through February 15,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 15, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number Seven for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 15, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fK9R4kov}}</ref> but were discontinued on February 16 as Winston moved away from the nation.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number Fifteen for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz4G0ZI}}</ref> Warnings resumed on February 18 after Winston doubled back toward Fiji, and were issued for northern and eastern islands.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number Sixteen for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOcuonPM}}</ref> Most of the northern islands in the storm's immediate path were placed under [[hurricane warning]]s on February 19.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number Twenty-Four for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQuJZt8h}}</ref> All shelters across the Southern [[Lau Islands]], [[Koro Island]], and [[Taveuni]] were opened on February 19; more than 700 shelters opened across the entirety of Fiji.<ref name="RNZ1"/><ref>{{cite web|author=Savaira Tabua|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Evacuation centres activated in upper Lau group|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37673/evacuation-centres-activated-in-upper-lau-group}}
*{{cite web|author=Ellen Stolz|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Koro Island and Taveuni brace for TC Winston|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37682/koro-island-and-taveuni-brace-for-tc-winston}}
*{{cite web|author=Farzana Nisha|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Evacuation centers are ready: NDMO|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37675/evacuation-centers-are-ready-ndmo}}
*</ref> The [[Republic of Fiji Military Forces]] were placed on standby for relief efforts.<ref>{{cite web|author=Akosita Talei|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=RFMF on standby for TC Winston|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37672/rfmf-on-standby-for-tc-winston}}</ref> A [[state of emergency]] was declared during the afternoon of February 20.<ref>{{cite news|author=Nasik Swami|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Fiji declares State of Natural Disaster|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342488}}</ref> A nationwide [[curfew]] was enacted starting at 6:00 p.m. local time.<ref>{{cite news|author=Indra Singh|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Nationwide Curfew as TC Winston batters Fiji group|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37707/nationwide-curfew-as-tc-winston-batters-fiji-group}}</ref> Public transportation was suspended across Viti Levu, and the Fiji Roads Authority strongly advised residents to avoid travel unless necessary. Prime Minister [[Frank Bainimarama]] called the storm "an ordeal of the most grievous kind".<ref name="RNZ1"/>

Striking the nation on February 20, Winston brought widespread damage to numerous islands.<ref name="RNZ1"/> Approximately 80 percent of the nation's 900,000 people lost power,<ref name="GuardianFeb21"/> including the entirety of Vanua Levu,<ref>{{cite web|author=Elenoa Turagaiviu|publisher=Fiji Broadcast Corporation|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016|title=Restoration of essential services is a priority url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37744/restoration-of-essential-services-is-a-priority-}}</ref> as hurricane-force winds downed trees and power lines.<ref name="RNZ1"/> Communications with Vanua Balavu, Lakeba, Cicia, Nayau, Taveuni, and [[Qamea]] were lost on February 20.<ref>{{cite news|author=Luke Rawalai|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=TC Winston: Telecommunications to Taveuni cut|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342476}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Aliki Bia|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=No links to some islands in Lau Group|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37701/no-links-to-some-islands-in-lau-group}}</ref> Landline telephone service was lost on [[Matuku Island]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Tokasa Rainima|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Matuku prepares for bad weather|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37691/matuku-prepares-for-bad-weather}}</ref> At least 13 people were killed across the nation: 7 in [[Ra Province]], 3 in Nadi, 2 on Ovalau Island, and 1 on Koro Island.<ref name="GuardianFeb21">{{cite news|author= Nadia Khomami|newspaper=The Guardian|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016|title= Cyclone Winston: Fiji counts deaths and damage from giant storm |url=http://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/feb/20/cyclone-winston-virgin-australia-and-jetstar-cancel-services-to-and-from-fiji}}</ref><ref name="FBC10deaths">{{cite web|author=Maciu Bolaitamana|publisher=Fiji Broadcast Corporation|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016|title=West claim 10 lives |url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37760/west-claim-10-lives-}}</ref> Seven people are also missing after sailing in the storm near the [[Yasawa Islands]].<ref name="FBC10deaths"/>

Across the entirety of Fiji's [[Eastern Division, Fiji|Eastern Division]], 150 houses were destroyed, with 60 additional homes sustaining some degree of damage.<ref name="sitrep1">{{cite report|author1=UN Office for the Coordination of Human Affairs|title=Fiji: Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston Situation Report No. 1 (as of 21 February 2016)|url=https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/en/node/120198|publisher=ReliefWeb|accessdate=February 21, 2016|format=PDF|date=February 21, 2016|type=Situation report}}</ref> Koro Island sustained severe damage, with schools destroyed and many structures losing their roof.<ref>{{cite web|author=Savaira Tabua|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Teachers quarters blown away|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37708/teachers-quarters-blown-away}}</ref> Kade Village was leveled, with all structures destroyed.<ref>{{cite news|author=Talebula Kate|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016|title=All houses destroyed in island village|url=http://fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342562}}</ref> One person died in [[Nabasovi]] when his home collapsed and twelve people were injured in [[Nabuna]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Farzana Nisha|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Death of an elderly man confirmed|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37732/death-of-an-elderly-man-confirmed}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Tokasa Rainima|publisher=Fiji Broadcast Corporation|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016|title=12 villagers injured in Nabuna, Koro|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37757/12-villagers-injured-in-nabuna,-koro}}</ref> Significant damage was reported across [[Ovalau]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Ellen Stolz|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Ovalau experiencing destructive winds|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37704/ovalau-experiencing-destructive-winds}}</ref>

On Viti Levu, strong winds destroyed at least two homes in Waidamu; the [[Waidamu River]] also topped its banks and flooded nearby communities.<ref>{{cite news|author=Nasik Swami|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Two houses blown away in Nausori|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342490}}</ref> In [[Drauniivi]] village, 64 homes were completely destroyed and 70 more sustained damage.<ref>{{cite news|author=Margaret Wise|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 22, 2016|accessdate=February 22, 2016|title=Times team crosses damaged bridge|url=http://fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342670}}</ref> Nearly two days after the storm, Rakiraki remained isolated and no contact had been made with locals or officials.<ref>{{cite news|author=Margaret Wise|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 22, 2016|accessdate=February 22, 2016|title=No word from Ra, islands yet|url=http://fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342668}}</ref>

===Other South Pacific nations===
Impacting [[Tonga]] twice within the span of a few days, Winston caused significant damage across northern Tonga. Approximately 2,500 people sought refuge in shelters. The first passage of the storm resulted in mostly crop damage while the second brought greater structural damage. At least 10 homes were destroyed and 200 more were damaged.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Radio New Zealand International|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Despite some damage, Tonga escapes the worst of Winston|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342283}}</ref>

Winston also affected [[Niue]] on February 16; the FMS issued tropical cyclone and damaging heavy swell warnings for the island nation.<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/6fMzj4znk</ref>

==Aftermath==
===Fiji===
All schools across Fiji suspended classes for a week because of severe damage to the educational infrastructure.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ritika Pratap|publisher=Fiji Broadcast Corporation|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016|title=Schools to go on one week break|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37742/schools-to-go-on-one-week-break-}}</ref> In [[Labasa]], two people were arrested for breaking curfew and others were reprimanded.<ref>{{cite web|author=Elenoa Turagaiviu|publisher=Fiji Broadcast Corporation|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016|title=Two people arrested in Labasa|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37750/two-people-arrested-in-labasa}}</ref> The government of New Zealand set aside an initial [[New Zealand dollar|NZ]]$50,000 to the High Commission of the Republic of the Fiji Islands to New Zealand in preparation for relief efforts, alongside NZ$170,000 worth of relief supplies. The country also dispatched a [[Lockheed P-3 Orion]] to aid in aerial surveillance and assessments of the damage situation in Fiji.<ref name="nzorionfiji">{{cite web|last1=McCully|first1=Murray|title=NZ sends Orion and releases aid to Fiji|url=https://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/nz-sends-orion-and-releases-aid-fiji|website=beehive.govt.nz|publisher=Government of New Zealand|accessdate=February 21, 2016|date=February 21, 2016}}</ref>

===Tonga===
The nation of Tonga received money and aid from New Zealand, which also provided 8,000 people with clean water.<ref>{{Cite web|title = 5 Things to Know About Tropical Cyclone Winston|url = http://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/cyclone-winston-impacts-preps|website = The Weather Channel|access-date = February 20, 2016}}</ref> Australia also provided assistance to Tonga, including the distribution of [[Australian dollar|A]]$300,000 worth of humanitarian supplies through the [[Tonga Red Cross Society]], two surveillance and assessment aircraft, and two disaster management experts from the [[Australian Civilian Corps]] to aid in relief efforts.<ref name="australiaaid">{{cite news|title=Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://dfat.gov.au/news/news/Pages/tropical-cyclone-winston.aspx|accessdate=February 21, 2016|agency=Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade|publisher=Government of Australia|date=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fSsJb9kE|archivedate=February 21, 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}
*[[Cyclone Pam]]
*[[Cyclone Oscar]]
*[[Cyclone Daman]]
*[[Cyclone Evan]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{SPAC EL's}}

{{2015–16 South Pacific cyclone season buttons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Winston (2016)}}
[[Category:2015–16 South Pacific cyclone season]]
[[Category:2016 in Fiji]]
[[Category:Category 5 South Pacific cyclones]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Fiji]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Niue]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Tonga]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Vanuatu]]

Zyklon Winston

2016-02-21T18:10:53Z

Cyclonebiskit: /* Fiji */ Nabuna

{{Current weather event|date=February 2016}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox hurricane current
|name=Winston
|AUScategory=Aus5
|category=cat4
|type=tropical cyclone
|time=18:00 [[UTC+12:00|FST]] (06:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]), February 21
|image=Winston 2016-02-20 0130Z (cropped).jpg
|track=JTWC sh1116.gif
|lat=17.6|S|lon=174.0|E
|distance_from={{convert|214|nmi|abbr=on}} [[Points of the compass|W]] of [[Nadi]], [[Fiji]]
|10sustained=205 [[km/h]] (125 [[miles per hour|mph]])
|1sustained=230 km/h (145 mph)
|pressure=930 [[Pascal (unit)|hPa]] ([[Bar (unit)|mbar]]; 27.47 [[Inches of Mercury|inHg]])
|movement=WSW at {{convert|7|kn|abbr=on}}
}}

'''Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston''' (also referred to as '''Hurricane Winston''')<ref>{{cite news|author=Nasik Swami|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Hurricane Winston makes landfall in Viti Levu|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342493}}</ref> is currently a powerful [[tropical cyclone]] that was the first recorded [[Tropical cyclone scales#Australia and Fiji|Category 5]] storm to make [[landfall]] in [[Fiji]]. The system was first noted as a tropical disturbance on February 7, 2016, when it was located to the northwest of [[Port Villa]], [[Vanuatu]]. Over the next few days, the system gradually developed as it moved southeast, acquiring [[gale]]-force winds by February 11. The following day it underwent [[Rapid deepening|rapid intensification]] and attained ten-minute [[maximum sustained wind]]s of 175 km/h (110 mph). Less favourable environmental conditions prompted weakening thereafter. After turning northeast on February 14, Winston stalled to the north of [[Tonga]] on February 17. Regaining strength, the storm doubled back to the west, achieving Category 5 status on both the Australian tropical cyclone scale and the [[Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale]] on February 19. It reached its peak intensity the next day with ten-minute sustained winds of 230 km/h (145 mph) and a pressure of 915 hPa (mbar; 27.03 inHg), shortly before making [[landfall]] on [[Viti Levu]], Fiji.

In advance of the storm's arrival in Fiji, numerous shelters were opened, and a nationwide curfew was instituted during the evening of February 20. Striking Fiji as a Category 5 on February 20, Winston inflicted extensive damage on many islands and killed at least 13 people. Communications were temporarily lost with at least six islands.

==Fiji cyclone history==
Though frequented by tropical cyclones, the main islands of Fiji—[[Viti Levu]] and [[Vanua Levu]]—do not regularly experience major cyclones.<ref name="WaPo"/> The strongest storm to impact the main islands since records began in 1941 was [[Cyclone Evan|Evan]] in December 2012, which skirted the western coast of Viti Levu as a Category 4 system on both the Australian scale and the [[Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Jeff Masters|publisher=Weather Underground|date=December 17, 2012|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=A grinch in paradise: Category 4 Tropical Cyclone Evan slams Fiji|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=2313}}</ref> The strongest storm to make [[landfall]] on either Viti Levu or Vanua Levu was [[Cyclone Nigel|Nigel]] in 1985, with ten-minute sustained winds of 150 km/h (90 mph) and one-minute sustained winds of 195 km/h (120 mph). The relative lack of major cyclones affecting the capital city of [[Suva]], located along the southeastern coast of Viti Levu, has led to complacency among residents. Many assume that strong storms are confined to northern and western areas. With Winston approaching Fiji from the east and directly threatening Suva, Angela Fritz of ''[[The Washington Post]]'' called the storm a "worst-case scenario".<ref name="WaPo">{{cite news|author=Angela Fritz|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Catastrophic Cyclone Winston bears down on Fiji’s main island in worst case scenario|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2016/02/19/catastrophic-cyclone-winston-bears-down-on-fijis-main-island-in-worst-case-scenario/}}</ref>

==Meteorological history==
{{Storm path|Winston 2016 track.png}}
On February 7, 2016, the [[Fiji Meteorological Service]] (FMS) started to monitor Tropical Disturbance 09F, which had developed about {{convert|1000|km|mi|disp=5|abbr=on}} northwest of [[Port Villa]], [[Vanuatu]].<ref name="TDS 7/2">{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 7, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Summary for Area Equator to 25S, 160E to 120W|url=http://www.met.gov.fj/aifs_prods/20036.txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fBiTyQOw|archivedate=February 7, 2016}}</ref> Over the next few days the system moved southeast and gradually developed further within a favourable environment.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 10, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Western and South Pacific Oceans|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ab/abpw10.pgtw..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fBilWDlQ|archivedate=February 10, 2016}}</ref> On February 10, the United States-based [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) initiated advisories on the system and classified it as Tropical Cyclone 11P, while it was located about {{convert|860|km|mi|disp=5|abbr=on}} to the west-northwest of [[Suva, Fiji]].<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 10, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Eleven) Warning Nr 001|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps51.pgtw..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fCXhQArO|archivedate=February 10, 2016}}</ref> The FMS upgraded it to Category 1 status on the [[Tropical cyclone scales#Australia and Fiji|Australian tropical cyclone scale]] and [[Tropical cyclone naming|assigned it the name]] ''Winston'' early on February 11; at this time the storm was situated roughly {{convert|820|km|abbr=on}} west-northwest of [[Suva]], [[Fiji]]. Embedded within a northwesterly deep layer [[mean flow]], the system tracked southeast.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A4|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fECxlyvf|archivedate=February 11, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> Around 12:00 [[UTC]] on the same day, Winston intensified into a Category 2 tropical cyclone as a small, well-defined [[Eye (cyclone)|eye]] developed within deepening [[Atmospheric convection|convection]].<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A6|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fECxFPOB|archivedate=February 11, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning Nr 003|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fED589F1|archivedate=February 11, 2016}}</ref>

Situated within a very favourable environment—featuring [[sea surface temperature]]s of {{convert|30|to|31|C|F|abbr=on}}, robust upper-level [[Outflow (meteorology)|outflow]], and light to moderate [[wind shear]]<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning Nr 005|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|accessdate=February 19, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fFB0vxy6|archivedate=February 12, 2016}}</ref>—Winston [[rapid deepening|rapidly intensified]] on February 12, becoming a Category 3 severe tropical cyclone by 06:00 UTC,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A9|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fFAdmdS7|archivedate=February 12, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> and then a Category 4 only six hours later.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A10|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fFAdUbTv|archivedate=February 12, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> The system presented a well-defined eye enveloped by deep convection, and it reached its initial peak intensity at 18:00 UTC, with ten-minute [[maximum sustained wind]]s of 175 km/h (110 mph)<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A11|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHps9anU|archivedate=February 12, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> and the JTWC estimated one-minute maximum sustained winds at 205 km/h (125 mph).<ref name="JTWCRBT">{{cite web|publisher=[[US Naval Research Laboratory]], Marine Meteorology|work=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=[Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Rolling Best Track]|url=http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/tcdat/tc16/SHEM/11P.WINSTON/trackfile.txt|format=.TXT}}</ref> Soon thereafter, increasing wind shear prompted weakening;<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 13, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 007|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 14, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHqHeYyg}}</ref> convection warmed and became increasingly ragged in appearance. On February 14, Winston turned northeast as a [[subtropical ridge]] positioned itself to the north.<ref name="JTWC008">{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 14, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 008|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 14, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHqHNXSh}}</ref>

[[File:Tatiana and Winston 2016-02-12 0330Z.jpg|thumb|right|Cyclones [[2015–16 Australian region cyclone season#Tropical Cyclone Tatiana|Tatiana]] ''(left)'' and Winston ''(right)'' on February 12]]
Persistent wind shear displaced convection from the center of Winston, leaving its circulation partially exposed. The system degraded below severe tropical cyclone status by 00:00 UTC on February 15 as a result.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A19|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 15, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMyYNv9j|archivedate=February 17, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> Conditions became more favourable for development on February 16, with shear relaxing over the cyclone. A prominent [[Rainband|banding feature]] wrapped into the circulation that day, marking the start of reintensification.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 013|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMzA3Uwv}}</ref> An eye reformed later that day within increasing convection,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 014|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz9mPiC}}</ref> and Winston regained severe tropical cyclone intensity by 18:00 UTC.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A26|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMyWAzSC|archivedate=February 17, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> The storm's core became increasingly compact and defined as it strengthened,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 016|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz99ChM}}</ref> and a [[central dense overcast]] became established on February 17.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 017|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz8s7zr}}</ref> Later that day, Winston entered a region of weak steering currents and the storm became nearly stationary.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 018|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz8ZUfC}}</ref> The storm's eye became more readily apparent late on February 17 as it doubled back to the west.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A30|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOckgt6X|archivedate=February 17, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 020|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOdPd6wF}}</ref>

A strengthening [[Ridge (meteorology)|ridge]] to the south propelled Winston west by February 18, directing the intensifying cyclone at Fiji. The storm's eye grew in size that day,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 021|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOdPLzQc}}</ref> and upper-level outflow became more defined.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 022|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOdP4Vsr}}</ref> Winston's overall structure became increasingly symmetric,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 022|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQvK1Yzy}}</ref> and the system acquired traits of an [[annular tropical cyclone]].<ref name="WU219"/> Marked intensification took place on February 19 as the storm's {{convert|27|km|mi|abbr=on}} wide eye became surrounded by intense convection.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 024|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQvJUWEJ}}</ref> Winston acquired Category 5 status—the highest level on the Australian intensity scale—by 06:00 UTC, with ten-minute sustained winds reaching 205 km/h (125 mph).<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A37|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQuDp9nf|archivedate=February 20, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> Fueled by nearly perfect conditions for intensification,<ref name="WU219"/> Winston deepened further and the JTWC estimated it to have acquired one-minute sustained winds of 265 km/h (165 mph) by 18:00 UTC, classifying it as a Category 5-equivalent on the [[Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale]].<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 027|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQvIxDMw}}</ref> Around this time, the cyclone passed directly over the small island of [[Vanua Balavu]].<ref name="WU219">{{cite web|author=Jeff Masters and Bob Henson|publisher=Weather Underground|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Fiji Pounded by its First Category 5 Storm on Record: Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=3249}}</ref> Wind gusts of {{convert|325|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} were reported on the island.<ref name="RNZ1"/>

Passing just south of [[Vanua Levu]], Winston achieved its peak intensity early on February 20 with ten-minute sustained winds of 230 km/h (145 mph) and a pressure of 915 hPa (mbar; 27.03 inHg).<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A42|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fRY3FW1U|archivedate=February 20, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> The JTWC estimated Winston to have been slightly stronger, with one-minute sustained winds of 285 km/h (180 mph).<ref name="JTWCRBT"/> It soon made [[landfall]] in the [[Rakiraki District, Fiji|Rakiraki District]] on [[Viti Levu]] at peak strength.<ref>{{cite web|author=Jon Erdman|publisher=The Weather Channel|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone Winston Makes Category 5 Landfall; Strongest on Record in Fiji|url=https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/tropical-cyclone-winston-fiji-strongest-landfall}}</ref><ref name="RNZ1">{{cite web|publisher=Radio New Zealand|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Winston leaves trail of destruction|url=http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/world/297041/winston-leaves-trail-of-destruction}}</ref> Winston is the only known Category 5 storm, on both the Australian tropical cyclone scale and the Saffir-Simpson scale, to directly impact Fiji, and is accordingly the most intense storm on record to strike the nation.<ref>{{cite news|author=Losalini Bolatagici|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Winston the strongest, first Category 5 cyclone to hit Fiji|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342485}}</ref>

==Impact==
===Fiji===
[[File:Winston 2016 landfall.gif|thumb|right|Winston making landfall in Viti Levu on February 20]]
On February 14, the FMS began issuing [[tropical cyclone warnings and watches|tropical cyclone warnings]] for the southern [[Lau Islands]] of Fiji.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 14, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number One for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 14, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHqPounr}}</ref> These gradually expanded in coverage through February 15,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 15, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number Seven for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 15, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fK9R4kov}}</ref> but were discontinued on February 16 as Winston moved away from the nation.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number Fifteen for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz4G0ZI}}</ref> Warnings resumed on February 18 after Winston doubled back toward Fiji, and were issued for northern and eastern islands.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number Sixteen for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOcuonPM}}</ref> Most of the northern islands in the storm's immediate path were placed under [[hurricane warning]]s on February 19.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number Twenty-Four for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQuJZt8h}}</ref> All shelters across the Southern [[Lau Islands]], [[Koro Island]], and [[Taveuni]] were opened on February 19; more than 700 shelters opened across the entirety of Fiji.<ref name="RNZ1"/><ref>{{cite web|author=Savaira Tabua|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Evacuation centres activated in upper Lau group|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37673/evacuation-centres-activated-in-upper-lau-group}}
*{{cite web|author=Ellen Stolz|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Koro Island and Taveuni brace for TC Winston|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37682/koro-island-and-taveuni-brace-for-tc-winston}}
*{{cite web|author=Farzana Nisha|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Evacuation centers are ready: NDMO|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37675/evacuation-centers-are-ready-ndmo}}
*</ref> The [[Republic of Fiji Military Forces]] were placed on standby for relief efforts.<ref>{{cite web|author=Akosita Talei|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=RFMF on standby for TC Winston|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37672/rfmf-on-standby-for-tc-winston}}</ref> A [[state of emergency]] was declared during the afternoon of February 20.<ref>{{cite news|author=Nasik Swami|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Fiji declares State of Natural Disaster|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342488}}</ref> A nationwide [[curfew]] was enacted starting at 6:00 p.m. local time.<ref>{{cite news|author=Indra Singh|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Nationwide Curfew as TC Winston batters Fiji group|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37707/nationwide-curfew-as-tc-winston-batters-fiji-group}}</ref> Public transportation was suspended across Viti Levu, and the Fiji Roads Authority strongly advised residents to avoid travel unless necessary. Prime Minister [[Frank Bainimarama]] called the storm "an ordeal of the most grievous kind".<ref name="RNZ1"/>

Striking the nation on February 20, Winston brought widespread damage to numerous islands.<ref name="RNZ1"/> Approximately 80 percent of the nation's 900,000 people lost power,<ref name="GuardianFeb21"/> including the entirety of Vanua Levu,<ref>{{cite web|author=Elenoa Turagaiviu|publisher=Fiji Broadcast Corporation|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016|title=Restoration of essential services is a priority url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37744/restoration-of-essential-services-is-a-priority-}}</ref> as hurricane-force winds downed trees and power lines.<ref name="RNZ1"/> Communications with Vanua Balavu, Lakeba, Cicia, Nayau, Taveuni, and [[Qamea]] were lost on February 20.<ref>{{cite news|author=Luke Rawalai|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=TC Winston: Telecommunications to Taveuni cut|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342476}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Aliki Bia|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=No links to some islands in Lau Group|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37701/no-links-to-some-islands-in-lau-group}}</ref> Landline telephone service was lost on [[Matuku Island]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Tokasa Rainima|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Matuku prepares for bad weather|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37691/matuku-prepares-for-bad-weather}}</ref> At least 13 people were killed across the nation: 7 in [[Ra Province]], 3 in Nadi, 2 on Ovalau Island, and 1 on Koro Island.<ref name="GuardianFeb21">{{cite news|author= Nadia Khomami|newspaper=The Guardian|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016|title= Cyclone Winston: Fiji counts deaths and damage from giant storm |url=http://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/feb/20/cyclone-winston-virgin-australia-and-jetstar-cancel-services-to-and-from-fiji}}</ref><ref name="FBC10deaths">{{cite web|author=Maciu Bolaitamana|publisher=Fiji Broadcast Corporation|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016|title=West claim 10 lives |url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37760/west-claim-10-lives-}}</ref> Seven people are also missing after sailing in the storm near the [[Yasawa Islands]].<ref name="FBC10deaths"/>

Across the entirety of Fiji's [[Eastern Division, Fiji|Eastern Division]], 150 houses were destroyed, with 60 additional homes sustaining some degree of damage.<ref name="sitrep1">{{cite report|author1=UN Office for the Coordination of Human Affairs|title=Fiji: Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston Situation Report No. 1 (as of 21 February 2016)|url=https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/en/node/120198|publisher=ReliefWeb|accessdate=February 21, 2016|format=PDF|date=February 21, 2016|type=Situation report}}</ref> Koro Island sustained severe damage, with schools destroyed and many structures losing their roof.<ref>{{cite web|author=Savaira Tabua|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Teachers quarters blown away|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37708/teachers-quarters-blown-away}}</ref> Kade Village was leveled, with all structures destroyed.<ref>{{cite news|author=Talebula Kate|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016|title=All houses destroyed in island village|url=http://fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342562}}</ref> One person died in [[Nabasovi]] when his home collapsed and twelve people were injured in [[Nabuna]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Farzana Nisha|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Death of an elderly man confirmed|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37732/death-of-an-elderly-man-confirmed}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Tokasa Rainima|publisher=Fiji Broadcast Corporation|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016|title=12 villagers injured in Nabuna, Koro|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37757/12-villagers-injured-in-nabuna,-koro}}</ref> Significant damage was reported across [[Ovalau]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Ellen Stolz|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Ovalau experiencing destructive winds|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37704/ovalau-experiencing-destructive-winds}}</ref>

On Viti Levu, strong winds destroyed at least two homes in Waidamu; the [[Waidamu River]] also topped its banks and flooded nearby communities.<ref>{{cite news|author=Nasik Swami|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Two houses blown away in Nausori|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342490}}</ref>

===Other South Pacific nations===
Impacting [[Tonga]] twice within the span of a few days, Winston caused significant damage across northern Tonga. Approximately 2,500 people sought refuge in shelters. The first passage of the storm resulted in mostly crop damage while the second brought greater structural damage. At least 10 homes were destroyed and 200 more were damaged.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Radio New Zealand International|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Despite some damage, Tonga escapes the worst of Winston|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342283}}</ref>

Winston also affected [[Niue]] on February 16; the FMS issued tropical cyclone and damaging heavy swell warnings for the island nation.<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/6fMzj4znk</ref>

==Aftermath==
===Fiji===
All schools across Fiji suspended classes for a week because of severe damage to the educational infrastructure.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ritika Pratap|publisher=Fiji Broadcast Corporation|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016|title=Schools to go on one week break|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37742/schools-to-go-on-one-week-break-}}</ref> In [[Labasa]], two people were arrested for breaking curfew and others were reprimanded.<ref>{{cite web|author=Elenoa Turagaiviu|publisher=Fiji Broadcast Corporation|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016|title=Two people arrested in Labasa|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37750/two-people-arrested-in-labasa}}</ref> The government of New Zealand set aside an initial [[New Zealand dollar|NZ]]$50,000 to the High Commission of the Republic of the Fiji Islands to New Zealand in preparation for relief efforts, alongside NZ$170,000 worth of relief supplies. The country also dispatched a [[Lockheed P-3 Orion]] to aid in aerial surveillance and assessments of the damage situation in Fiji.<ref name="nzorionfiji">{{cite web|last1=McCully|first1=Murray|title=NZ sends Orion and releases aid to Fiji|url=https://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/nz-sends-orion-and-releases-aid-fiji|website=beehive.govt.nz|publisher=Government of New Zealand|accessdate=February 21, 2016|date=February 21, 2016}}</ref>

===Tonga===
The nation of Tonga received money and aid from New Zealand, which also provided 8,000 people with clean water.<ref>{{Cite web|title = 5 Things to Know About Tropical Cyclone Winston|url = http://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/cyclone-winston-impacts-preps|website = The Weather Channel|access-date = February 20, 2016}}</ref> Australia also provided assistance to Tonga, including the distribution of [[Australian dollar|A]]$300,000 worth of humanitarian supplies through the [[Tonga Red Cross Society]], two surveillance and assessment aircraft, and two disaster management experts from the [[Australian Civilian Corps]] to aid in relief efforts.<ref name="australiaaid">{{cite news|title=Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://dfat.gov.au/news/news/Pages/tropical-cyclone-winston.aspx|accessdate=February 21, 2016|agency=Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade|publisher=Government of Australia|date=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fSsJb9kE|archivedate=February 21, 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}
*[[Cyclone Oscar]]
*[[Cyclone Daman]]
*[[Cyclone Evan]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{SPAC EL's}}

{{2015–16 South Pacific cyclone season buttons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Winston (2016)}}
[[Category:2015–16 South Pacific cyclone season]]
[[Category:2016 in Fiji]]
[[Category:Category 5 South Pacific cyclones]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Fiji]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Niue]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Tonga]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Vanuatu]]

Zyklon Winston

2016-02-21T17:08:03Z

Cyclonebiskit: /* Fiji */ Kade Village destroyed

{{Current weather event|date=February 2016}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox hurricane current
|name=Winston
|AUScategory=Aus5
|category=cat4
|type=tropical cyclone
|time=18:00 [[UTC+12:00|FST]] (06:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]), February 21
|image=Winston 2016-02-20 0130Z (cropped).jpg
|track=JTWC sh1116.gif
|lat=17.6|S|lon=174.0|E
|distance_from={{convert|214|nmi|abbr=on}} [[Points of the compass|W]] of [[Nadi]], [[Fiji]]
|10sustained=205 [[km/h]] (125 [[miles per hour|mph]])
|1sustained=230 km/h (145 mph)
|pressure=930 [[Pascal (unit)|hPa]] ([[Bar (unit)|mbar]]; 27.47 [[Inches of Mercury|inHg]])
|movement=WSW at {{convert|7|kn|abbr=on}}
}}

'''Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston''' (also referred to as '''Hurricane Winston''')<ref>{{cite news|author=Nasik Swami|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Hurricane Winston makes landfall in Viti Levu|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342493}}</ref> is currently a powerful [[tropical cyclone]] that was the first recorded [[Tropical cyclone scales#Australia and Fiji|Category 5]] storm to make [[landfall]] in [[Fiji]]. The system was first noted as a tropical disturbance on February 7, 2016, when it was located to the northwest of [[Port Villa]], [[Vanuatu]]. Over the next few days, the system gradually developed as it moved southeast, acquiring [[gale]]-force winds by February 11. The following day it underwent [[Rapid deepening|rapid intensification]] and attained ten-minute [[maximum sustained wind]]s of 175 km/h (110 mph). Less favourable environmental conditions prompted weakening thereafter. After turning northeast on February 14, Winston stalled to the north of [[Tonga]] on February 17. Regaining strength, the storm doubled back to the west, achieving Category 5 status on both the Australian tropical cyclone scale and the [[Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale]] on February 19. It reached its peak intensity the next day with ten-minute sustained winds of 230 km/h (145 mph) and a pressure of 915 hPa (mbar; 27.03 inHg), shortly before making [[landfall]] on [[Viti Levu]], Fiji.

In advance of the storm's arrival in Fiji, numerous shelters were opened, and a nationwide curfew was instituted during the evening of February 20. Striking Fiji as a Category 5 on February 20, Winston inflicted extensive damage on many islands and killed at least 13 people. Communications were temporarily lost with at least six islands.

==Fiji cyclone history==
Though frequented by tropical cyclones, the main islands of Fiji—[[Viti Levu]] and [[Vanua Levu]]—do not regularly experience major cyclones.<ref name="WaPo"/> The strongest storm to impact the main islands since records began in 1941 was [[Cyclone Evan|Evan]] in December 2012, which skirted the western coast of Viti Levu as a Category 4 system on both the Australian scale and the [[Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Jeff Masters|publisher=Weather Underground|date=December 17, 2012|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=A grinch in paradise: Category 4 Tropical Cyclone Evan slams Fiji|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=2313}}</ref> The strongest storm to make [[landfall]] on either Viti Levu or Vanua Levu was [[Cyclone Nigel|Nigel]] in 1985, with ten-minute sustained winds of 150 km/h (90 mph) and one-minute sustained winds of 195 km/h (120 mph). The relative lack of major cyclones affecting the capital city of [[Suva]], located along the southeastern coast of Viti Levu, has led to complacency among residents. Many assume that strong storms are confined to northern and western areas. With Winston approaching Fiji from the east and directly threatening Suva, Angela Fritz of ''[[The Washington Post]]'' called the storm a "worst-case scenario".<ref name="WaPo">{{cite news|author=Angela Fritz|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Catastrophic Cyclone Winston bears down on Fiji’s main island in worst case scenario|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2016/02/19/catastrophic-cyclone-winston-bears-down-on-fijis-main-island-in-worst-case-scenario/}}</ref>

==Meteorological history==
{{Storm path|Winston 2016 track.png}}
On February 7, 2016, the [[Fiji Meteorological Service]] (FMS) started to monitor Tropical Disturbance 09F, which had developed about {{convert|1000|km|mi|disp=5|abbr=on}} northwest of [[Port Villa]], [[Vanuatu]].<ref name="TDS 7/2">{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 7, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Summary for Area Equator to 25S, 160E to 120W|url=http://www.met.gov.fj/aifs_prods/20036.txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fBiTyQOw|archivedate=February 7, 2016}}</ref> Over the next few days the system moved southeast and gradually developed further within a favourable environment.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 10, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Western and South Pacific Oceans|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ab/abpw10.pgtw..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fBilWDlQ|archivedate=February 10, 2016}}</ref> On February 10, the United States-based [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) initiated advisories on the system and classified it as Tropical Cyclone 11P, while it was located about {{convert|860|km|mi|disp=5|abbr=on}} to the west-northwest of [[Suva, Fiji]].<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 10, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Eleven) Warning Nr 001|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps51.pgtw..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fCXhQArO|archivedate=February 10, 2016}}</ref> The FMS upgraded it to Category 1 status on the [[Tropical cyclone scales#Australia and Fiji|Australian tropical cyclone scale]] and [[Tropical cyclone naming|assigned it the name]] ''Winston'' early on February 11; at this time the storm was situated roughly {{convert|820|km|abbr=on}} west-northwest of [[Suva]], [[Fiji]]. Embedded within a northwesterly deep layer [[mean flow]], the system tracked southeast.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A4|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fECxlyvf|archivedate=February 11, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> Around 12:00 [[UTC]] on the same day, Winston intensified into a Category 2 tropical cyclone as a small, well-defined [[Eye (cyclone)|eye]] developed within deepening [[Atmospheric convection|convection]].<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A6|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fECxFPOB|archivedate=February 11, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning Nr 003|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fED589F1|archivedate=February 11, 2016}}</ref>

Situated within a very favourable environment—featuring [[sea surface temperature]]s of {{convert|30|to|31|C|F|abbr=on}}, robust upper-level [[Outflow (meteorology)|outflow]], and light to moderate [[wind shear]]<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning Nr 005|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|accessdate=February 19, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fFB0vxy6|archivedate=February 12, 2016}}</ref>—Winston [[rapid deepening|rapidly intensified]] on February 12, becoming a Category 3 severe tropical cyclone by 06:00 UTC,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A9|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fFAdmdS7|archivedate=February 12, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> and then a Category 4 only six hours later.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A10|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fFAdUbTv|archivedate=February 12, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> The system presented a well-defined eye enveloped by deep convection, and it reached its initial peak intensity at 18:00 UTC, with ten-minute [[maximum sustained wind]]s of 175 km/h (110 mph)<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A11|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHps9anU|archivedate=February 12, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> and the JTWC estimated one-minute maximum sustained winds at 205 km/h (125 mph).<ref name="JTWCRBT">{{cite web|publisher=[[US Naval Research Laboratory]], Marine Meteorology|work=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=[Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Rolling Best Track]|url=http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/tcdat/tc16/SHEM/11P.WINSTON/trackfile.txt|format=.TXT}}</ref> Soon thereafter, increasing wind shear prompted weakening;<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 13, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 007|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 14, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHqHeYyg}}</ref> convection warmed and became increasingly ragged in appearance. On February 14, Winston turned northeast as a [[subtropical ridge]] positioned itself to the north.<ref name="JTWC008">{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 14, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 008|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 14, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHqHNXSh}}</ref>

[[File:Tatiana and Winston 2016-02-12 0330Z.jpg|thumb|right|Cyclones [[2015–16 Australian region cyclone season#Tropical Cyclone Tatiana|Tatiana]] ''(left)'' and Winston ''(right)'' on February 12]]
Persistent wind shear displaced convection from the center of Winston, leaving its circulation partially exposed. The system degraded below severe tropical cyclone status by 00:00 UTC on February 15 as a result.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A19|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 15, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMyYNv9j|archivedate=February 17, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> Conditions became more favourable for development on February 16, with shear relaxing over the cyclone. A prominent [[Rainband|banding feature]] wrapped into the circulation that day, marking the start of reintensification.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 013|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMzA3Uwv}}</ref> An eye reformed later that day within increasing convection,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 014|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz9mPiC}}</ref> and Winston regained severe tropical cyclone intensity by 18:00 UTC.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A26|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMyWAzSC|archivedate=February 17, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> The storm's core became increasingly compact and defined as it strengthened,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 016|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz99ChM}}</ref> and a [[central dense overcast]] became established on February 17.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 017|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz8s7zr}}</ref> Later that day, Winston entered a region of weak steering currents and the storm became nearly stationary.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 018|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz8ZUfC}}</ref> The storm's eye became more readily apparent late on February 17 as it doubled back to the west.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A30|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOckgt6X|archivedate=February 17, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 020|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOdPd6wF}}</ref>

A strengthening [[Ridge (meteorology)|ridge]] to the south propelled Winston west by February 18, directing the intensifying cyclone at Fiji. The storm's eye grew in size that day,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 021|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOdPLzQc}}</ref> and upper-level outflow became more defined.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 022|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOdP4Vsr}}</ref> Winston's overall structure became increasingly symmetric,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 022|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQvK1Yzy}}</ref> and the system acquired traits of an [[annular tropical cyclone]].<ref name="WU219"/> Marked intensification took place on February 19 as the storm's {{convert|27|km|mi|abbr=on}} wide eye became surrounded by intense convection.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 024|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQvJUWEJ}}</ref> Winston acquired Category 5 status—the highest level on the Australian intensity scale—by 06:00 UTC, with ten-minute sustained winds reaching 205 km/h (125 mph).<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A37|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQuDp9nf|archivedate=February 20, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> Fueled by nearly perfect conditions for intensification,<ref name="WU219"/> Winston deepened further and the JTWC estimated it to have acquired one-minute sustained winds of 265 km/h (165 mph) by 18:00 UTC, classifying it as a Category 5-equivalent on the [[Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale]].<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 027|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQvIxDMw}}</ref> Around this time, the cyclone passed directly over the small island of [[Vanua Balavu]].<ref name="WU219">{{cite web|author=Jeff Masters and Bob Henson|publisher=Weather Underground|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Fiji Pounded by its First Category 5 Storm on Record: Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=3249}}</ref> Wind gusts of {{convert|325|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} were reported on the island.<ref name="RNZ1"/>

Passing just south of [[Vanua Levu]], Winston achieved its peak intensity early on February 20 with ten-minute sustained winds of 230 km/h (145 mph) and a pressure of 915 hPa (mbar; 27.03 inHg).<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A42|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fRY3FW1U|archivedate=February 20, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> The JTWC estimated Winston to have been slightly stronger, with one-minute sustained winds of 285 km/h (180 mph).<ref name="JTWCRBT"/> It soon made [[landfall]] in the [[Rakiraki District, Fiji|Rakiraki District]] on [[Viti Levu]] at peak strength.<ref>{{cite web|author=Jon Erdman|publisher=The Weather Channel|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone Winston Makes Category 5 Landfall; Strongest on Record in Fiji|url=https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/tropical-cyclone-winston-fiji-strongest-landfall}}</ref><ref name="RNZ1">{{cite web|publisher=Radio New Zealand|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Winston leaves trail of destruction|url=http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/world/297041/winston-leaves-trail-of-destruction}}</ref> Winston is the only known Category 5 storm, on both the Australian tropical cyclone scale and the Saffir-Simpson scale, to directly impact Fiji, and is accordingly the most intense storm on record to strike the nation.<ref>{{cite news|author=Losalini Bolatagici|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Winston the strongest, first Category 5 cyclone to hit Fiji|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342485}}</ref>

==Impact==
===Fiji===
[[File:Winston 2016 landfall.gif|thumb|right|Winston making landfall in Viti Levu on February 20]]
On February 14, the FMS began issuing [[tropical cyclone warnings and watches|tropical cyclone warnings]] for the southern [[Lau Islands]] of Fiji.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 14, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number One for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 14, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHqPounr}}</ref> These gradually expanded in coverage through February 15,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 15, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number Seven for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 15, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fK9R4kov}}</ref> but were discontinued on February 16 as Winston moved away from the nation.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number Fifteen for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz4G0ZI}}</ref> Warnings resumed on February 18 after Winston doubled back toward Fiji, and were issued for northern and eastern islands.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number Sixteen for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOcuonPM}}</ref> Most of the northern islands in the storm's immediate path were placed under [[hurricane warning]]s on February 19.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number Twenty-Four for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQuJZt8h}}</ref> All shelters across the Southern [[Lau Islands]], [[Koro Island]], and [[Taveuni]] were opened on February 19; more than 700 shelters opened across the entirety of Fiji.<ref name="RNZ1"/><ref>{{cite web|author=Savaira Tabua|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Evacuation centres activated in upper Lau group|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37673/evacuation-centres-activated-in-upper-lau-group}}
*{{cite web|author=Ellen Stolz|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Koro Island and Taveuni brace for TC Winston|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37682/koro-island-and-taveuni-brace-for-tc-winston}}
*{{cite web|author=Farzana Nisha|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Evacuation centers are ready: NDMO|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37675/evacuation-centers-are-ready-ndmo}}
*</ref> The [[Republic of Fiji Military Forces]] were placed on standby for relief efforts.<ref>{{cite web|author=Akosita Talei|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=RFMF on standby for TC Winston|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37672/rfmf-on-standby-for-tc-winston}}</ref> A [[state of emergency]] was declared during the afternoon of February 20.<ref>{{cite news|author=Nasik Swami|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Fiji declares State of Natural Disaster|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342488}}</ref> A nationwide [[curfew]] was enacted starting at 6:00 p.m. local time.<ref>{{cite news|author=Indra Singh|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Nationwide Curfew as TC Winston batters Fiji group|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37707/nationwide-curfew-as-tc-winston-batters-fiji-group}}</ref> Public transportation was suspended across Viti Levu, and the Fiji Roads Authority strongly advised residents to avoid travel unless necessary. Prime Minister [[Frank Bainimarama]] called the storm "an ordeal of the most grievous kind".<ref name="RNZ1"/>

Striking the nation on February 20, Winston brought widespread damage to numerous islands.<ref name="RNZ1"/> Approximately 80 percent of the nation's 900,000 people lost power,<ref name="GuardianFeb21"/> including the entirety of Vanua Levu,<ref>{{cite web|author=Elenoa Turagaiviu|publisher=Fiji Broadcast Corporation|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016|title=Restoration of essential services is a priority url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37744/restoration-of-essential-services-is-a-priority-}}</ref> as hurricane-force winds downed trees and power lines.<ref name="RNZ1"/> Communications with Vanua Balavu, Lakeba, Cicia, Nayau, Taveuni, and [[Qamea]] were lost on February 20.<ref>{{cite news|author=Luke Rawalai|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=TC Winston: Telecommunications to Taveuni cut|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342476}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Aliki Bia|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=No links to some islands in Lau Group|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37701/no-links-to-some-islands-in-lau-group}}</ref> Landline telephone service was lost on [[Matuku Island]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Tokasa Rainima|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Matuku prepares for bad weather|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37691/matuku-prepares-for-bad-weather}}</ref> At least 13 people were killed across the nation: 7 in [[Ra Province]], 3 in Nadi, 2 on Ovalau Island, and 1 on Koro Island.<ref name="GuardianFeb21">{{cite news|author= Nadia Khomami|newspaper=The Guardian|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016|title= Cyclone Winston: Fiji counts deaths and damage from giant storm |url=http://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/feb/20/cyclone-winston-virgin-australia-and-jetstar-cancel-services-to-and-from-fiji}}</ref><ref name="FBC10deaths">{{cite web|author=Maciu Bolaitamana|publisher=Fiji Broadcast Corporation|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016|title=West claim 10 lives |url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37760/west-claim-10-lives-}}</ref> Seven people are also missing after sailing in the storm near the [[Yasawa Islands]].<ref name="FBC10deaths"/>

Across the entirety of Fiji's [[Eastern Division, Fiji|Eastern Division]], 150 houses were destroyed, with 60 additional homes sustaining some degree of damage.<ref name="sitrep1">{{cite report|author1=UN Office for the Coordination of Human Affairs|title=Fiji: Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston Situation Report No. 1 (as of 21 February 2016)|url=https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/en/node/120198|publisher=ReliefWeb|accessdate=February 21, 2016|format=PDF|date=February 21, 2016|type=Situation report}}</ref> Koro Island sustained severe damage, with schools destroyed and many structures losing their roof.<ref>{{cite web|author=Savaira Tabua|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Teachers quarters blown away|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37708/teachers-quarters-blown-away}}</ref> Kade Village was leveled, with all structures destroyed.<ref>{{cite news|author=Talebula Kate|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016|title=All houses destroyed in island village|url=http://fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342562}}</ref> One person died in [[Nabasovi]] when his home collapsed.<ref>{{cite web|author=Farzana Nisha|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Death of an elderly man confirmed|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37732/death-of-an-elderly-man-confirmed}}</ref> Significant damage was reported across [[Ovalau]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Ellen Stolz|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Ovalau experiencing destructive winds|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37704/ovalau-experiencing-destructive-winds}}</ref>

On Viti Levu, strong winds destroyed at least two homes in Waidamu; the [[Waidamu River]] also topped its banks and flooded nearby communities.<ref>{{cite news|author=Nasik Swami|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Two houses blown away in Nausori|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342490}}</ref>

===Other South Pacific nations===
Impacting [[Tonga]] twice within the span of a few days, Winston caused significant damage across northern Tonga. Approximately 2,500 people sought refuge in shelters. The first passage of the storm resulted in mostly crop damage while the second brought greater structural damage. At least 10 homes were destroyed and 200 more were damaged.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Radio New Zealand International|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Despite some damage, Tonga escapes the worst of Winston|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342283}}</ref>

Winston also affected [[Niue]] on February 16; the FMS issued tropical cyclone and damaging heavy swell warnings for the island nation.<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/6fMzj4znk</ref>

==Aftermath==
===Fiji===
All schools across Fiji suspended classes for a week because of severe damage to the educational infrastructure.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ritika Pratap|publisher=Fiji Broadcast Corporation|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016|title=Schools to go on one week break|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37742/schools-to-go-on-one-week-break-}}</ref> In [[Labasa]], two people were arrested for breaking curfew and others were reprimanded.<ref>{{cite web|author=Elenoa Turagaiviu|publisher=Fiji Broadcast Corporation|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016|title=Two people arrested in Labasa|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37750/two-people-arrested-in-labasa}}</ref> The government of New Zealand set aside an initial [[New Zealand dollar|NZ]]$50,000 to the High Commission of the Republic of the Fiji Islands to New Zealand in preparation for relief efforts, alongside NZ$170,000 worth of relief supplies. The country also dispatched a [[Lockheed P-3 Orion]] to aid in aerial surveillance and assessments of the damage situation in Fiji.<ref name="nzorionfiji">{{cite web|last1=McCully|first1=Murray|title=NZ sends Orion and releases aid to Fiji|url=https://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/nz-sends-orion-and-releases-aid-fiji|website=beehive.govt.nz|publisher=Government of New Zealand|accessdate=February 21, 2016|date=February 21, 2016}}</ref>

===Tonga===
The nation of Tonga received money and aid from New Zealand, which also provided 8,000 people with clean water.<ref>{{Cite web|title = 5 Things to Know About Tropical Cyclone Winston|url = http://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/cyclone-winston-impacts-preps|website = The Weather Channel|access-date = February 20, 2016}}</ref> Australia also provided assistance to Tonga, including the distribution of [[Australian dollar|A]]$300,000 worth of humanitarian supplies through the [[Tonga Red Cross Society]], two surveillance and assessment aircraft, and two disaster management experts from the [[Australian Civilian Corps]] to aid in relief efforts.<ref name="australiaaid">{{cite news|title=Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://dfat.gov.au/news/news/Pages/tropical-cyclone-winston.aspx|accessdate=February 21, 2016|agency=Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade|publisher=Government of Australia|date=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fSsJb9kE|archivedate=February 21, 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}
*[[Cyclone Oscar]]
*[[Cyclone Daman]]
*[[Cyclone Evan]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{SPAC EL's}}

{{2015–16 South Pacific cyclone season buttons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Winston (2016)}}
[[Category:2015–16 South Pacific cyclone season]]
[[Category:2016 in Fiji]]
[[Category:Category 5 South Pacific cyclones]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Fiji]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Niue]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Tonga]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Vanuatu]]

Zyklon Winston

2016-02-21T16:48:38Z

Cyclonebiskit: {{Current weather event|date=February 2016}}

{{Current weather event|date=February 2016}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox hurricane current
|name=Winston
|AUScategory=Aus5
|category=cat4
|type=tropical cyclone
|time=18:00 [[UTC+12:00|FST]] (06:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]), February 21
|image=Winston 2016-02-20 0130Z (cropped).jpg
|track=JTWC sh1116.gif
|lat=17.6|S|lon=174.0|E
|distance_from={{convert|214|nmi|abbr=on}} [[Points of the compass|W]] of [[Nadi]], [[Fiji]]
|10sustained=205 [[km/h]] (125 [[miles per hour|mph]])
|1sustained=230 km/h (145 mph)
|pressure=930 [[Pascal (unit)|hPa]] ([[Bar (unit)|mbar]]; 27.47 [[Inches of Mercury|inHg]])
|movement=WSW at {{convert|7|kn|abbr=on}}
}}

'''Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston''' (also referred to as '''Hurricane Winston''')<ref>{{cite news|author=Nasik Swami|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Hurricane Winston makes landfall in Viti Levu|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342493}}</ref> is currently a powerful [[tropical cyclone]] that was the first recorded [[Tropical cyclone scales#Australia and Fiji|Category 5]] storm to make [[landfall]] in [[Fiji]]. The system was first noted as a tropical disturbance on February 7, 2016, when it was located to the northwest of [[Port Villa]], [[Vanuatu]]. Over the next few days, the system gradually developed as it moved southeast, acquiring [[gale]]-force winds by February 11. The following day it underwent [[Rapid deepening|rapid intensification]] and attained ten-minute [[maximum sustained wind]]s of 175 km/h (110 mph). Less favourable environmental conditions prompted weakening thereafter. After turning northeast on February 14, Winston stalled to the north of [[Tonga]] on February 17. Regaining strength, the storm doubled back to the west, achieving Category 5 status on both the Australian tropical cyclone scale and the [[Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale]] on February 19. It reached its peak intensity the next day with ten-minute sustained winds of 230 km/h (145 mph) and a pressure of 915 hPa (mbar; 27.03 inHg), shortly before making [[landfall]] on [[Viti Levu]], Fiji.

In advance of the storm's arrival in Fiji, numerous shelters were opened, and a nationwide curfew was instituted during the evening of February 20. Striking Fiji as a Category 5 on February 20, Winston inflicted extensive damage on many islands and killed at least 13 people. Communications were temporarily lost with at least six islands.

==Fiji cyclone history==
Though frequented by tropical cyclones, the main islands of Fiji—[[Viti Levu]] and [[Vanua Levu]]—do not regularly experience major cyclones.<ref name="WaPo"/> The strongest storm to impact the main islands since records began in 1941 was [[Cyclone Evan|Evan]] in December 2012, which skirted the western coast of Viti Levu as a Category 4 system on both the Australian scale and the [[Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Jeff Masters|publisher=Weather Underground|date=December 17, 2012|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=A grinch in paradise: Category 4 Tropical Cyclone Evan slams Fiji|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=2313}}</ref> The strongest storm to make [[landfall]] on either Viti Levu or Vanua Levu was [[Cyclone Nigel|Nigel]] in 1985, with ten-minute sustained winds of 150 km/h (90 mph) and one-minute sustained winds of 195 km/h (120 mph). The relative lack of major cyclones affecting the capital city of [[Suva]], located along the southeastern coast of Viti Levu, has led to complacency among residents. Many assume that strong storms are confined to northern and western areas. With Winston approaching Fiji from the east and directly threatening Suva, Angela Fritz of ''[[The Washington Post]]'' called the storm a "worst-case scenario".<ref name="WaPo">{{cite news|author=Angela Fritz|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Catastrophic Cyclone Winston bears down on Fiji’s main island in worst case scenario|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2016/02/19/catastrophic-cyclone-winston-bears-down-on-fijis-main-island-in-worst-case-scenario/}}</ref>

==Meteorological history==
{{Storm path|Winston 2016 track.png}}
On February 7, 2016, the [[Fiji Meteorological Service]] (FMS) started to monitor Tropical Disturbance 09F, which had developed about {{convert|1000|km|mi|disp=5|abbr=on}} northwest of [[Port Villa]], [[Vanuatu]].<ref name="TDS 7/2">{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 7, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Summary for Area Equator to 25S, 160E to 120W|url=http://www.met.gov.fj/aifs_prods/20036.txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fBiTyQOw|archivedate=February 7, 2016}}</ref> Over the next few days the system moved southeast and gradually developed further within a favourable environment.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 10, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Western and South Pacific Oceans|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ab/abpw10.pgtw..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fBilWDlQ|archivedate=February 10, 2016}}</ref> On February 10, the United States-based [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) initiated advisories on the system and classified it as Tropical Cyclone 11P, while it was located about {{convert|860|km|mi|disp=5|abbr=on}} to the west-northwest of [[Suva, Fiji]].<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 10, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Eleven) Warning Nr 001|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps51.pgtw..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fCXhQArO|archivedate=February 10, 2016}}</ref> The FMS upgraded it to Category 1 status on the [[Tropical cyclone scales#Australia and Fiji|Australian tropical cyclone scale]] and [[Tropical cyclone naming|assigned it the name]] ''Winston'' early on February 11; at this time the storm was situated roughly {{convert|820|km|abbr=on}} west-northwest of [[Suva]], [[Fiji]]. Embedded within a northwesterly deep layer [[mean flow]], the system tracked southeast.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A4|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fECxlyvf|archivedate=February 11, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> Around 12:00 [[UTC]] on the same day, Winston intensified into a Category 2 tropical cyclone as a small, well-defined [[Eye (cyclone)|eye]] developed within deepening [[Atmospheric convection|convection]].<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A6|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fECxFPOB|archivedate=February 11, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning Nr 003|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fED589F1|archivedate=February 11, 2016}}</ref>

Situated within a very favourable environment—featuring [[sea surface temperature]]s of {{convert|30|to|31|C|F|abbr=on}}, robust upper-level [[Outflow (meteorology)|outflow]], and light to moderate [[wind shear]]<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning Nr 005|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|accessdate=February 19, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fFB0vxy6|archivedate=February 12, 2016}}</ref>—Winston [[rapid deepening|rapidly intensified]] on February 12, becoming a Category 3 severe tropical cyclone by 06:00 UTC,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A9|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fFAdmdS7|archivedate=February 12, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> and then a Category 4 only six hours later.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A10|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fFAdUbTv|archivedate=February 12, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> The system presented a well-defined eye enveloped by deep convection, and it reached its initial peak intensity at 18:00 UTC, with ten-minute [[maximum sustained wind]]s of 175 km/h (110 mph)<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A11|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHps9anU|archivedate=February 12, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> and the JTWC estimated one-minute maximum sustained winds at 205 km/h (125 mph).<ref name="JTWCRBT">{{cite web|publisher=[[US Naval Research Laboratory]], Marine Meteorology|work=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=[Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Rolling Best Track]|url=http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/tcdat/tc16/SHEM/11P.WINSTON/trackfile.txt|format=.TXT}}</ref> Soon thereafter, increasing wind shear prompted weakening;<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 13, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 007|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 14, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHqHeYyg}}</ref> convection warmed and became increasingly ragged in appearance. On February 14, Winston turned northeast as a [[subtropical ridge]] positioned itself to the north.<ref name="JTWC008">{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 14, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 008|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 14, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHqHNXSh}}</ref>

[[File:Tatiana and Winston 2016-02-12 0330Z.jpg|thumb|right|Cyclones [[2015–16 Australian region cyclone season#Tropical Cyclone Tatiana|Tatiana]] ''(left)'' and Winston ''(right)'' on February 12]]
Persistent wind shear displaced convection from the center of Winston, leaving its circulation partially exposed. The system degraded below severe tropical cyclone status by 00:00 UTC on February 15 as a result.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A19|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 15, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMyYNv9j|archivedate=February 17, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> Conditions became more favourable for development on February 16, with shear relaxing over the cyclone. A prominent [[Rainband|banding feature]] wrapped into the circulation that day, marking the start of reintensification.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 013|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMzA3Uwv}}</ref> An eye reformed later that day within increasing convection,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 014|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz9mPiC}}</ref> and Winston regained severe tropical cyclone intensity by 18:00 UTC.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A26|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMyWAzSC|archivedate=February 17, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> The storm's core became increasingly compact and defined as it strengthened,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 016|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz99ChM}}</ref> and a [[central dense overcast]] became established on February 17.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 017|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz8s7zr}}</ref> Later that day, Winston entered a region of weak steering currents and the storm became nearly stationary.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 018|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz8ZUfC}}</ref> The storm's eye became more readily apparent late on February 17 as it doubled back to the west.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A30|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOckgt6X|archivedate=February 17, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 020|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOdPd6wF}}</ref>

A strengthening [[Ridge (meteorology)|ridge]] to the south propelled Winston west by February 18, directing the intensifying cyclone at Fiji. The storm's eye grew in size that day,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 021|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOdPLzQc}}</ref> and upper-level outflow became more defined.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 022|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOdP4Vsr}}</ref> Winston's overall structure became increasingly symmetric,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 022|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQvK1Yzy}}</ref> and the system acquired traits of an [[annular tropical cyclone]].<ref name="WU219"/> Marked intensification took place on February 19 as the storm's {{convert|27|km|mi|abbr=on}} wide eye became surrounded by intense convection.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 024|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQvJUWEJ}}</ref> Winston acquired Category 5 status—the highest level on the Australian intensity scale—by 06:00 UTC, with ten-minute sustained winds reaching 205 km/h (125 mph).<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A37|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQuDp9nf|archivedate=February 20, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> Fueled by nearly perfect conditions for intensification,<ref name="WU219"/> Winston deepened further and the JTWC estimated it to have acquired one-minute sustained winds of 265 km/h (165 mph) by 18:00 UTC, classifying it as a Category 5-equivalent on the [[Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale]].<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 027|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQvIxDMw}}</ref> Around this time, the cyclone passed directly over the small island of [[Vanua Balavu]].<ref name="WU219">{{cite web|author=Jeff Masters and Bob Henson|publisher=Weather Underground|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Fiji Pounded by its First Category 5 Storm on Record: Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=3249}}</ref> Wind gusts of {{convert|325|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} were reported on the island.<ref name="RNZ1"/>

Passing just south of [[Vanua Levu]], Winston achieved its peak intensity early on February 20 with ten-minute sustained winds of 230 km/h (145 mph) and a pressure of 915 hPa (mbar; 27.03 inHg).<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A42|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fRY3FW1U|archivedate=February 20, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> The JTWC estimated Winston to have been slightly stronger, with one-minute sustained winds of 285 km/h (180 mph).<ref name="JTWCRBT"/> It soon made [[landfall]] in the [[Rakiraki District, Fiji|Rakiraki District]] on [[Viti Levu]] at peak strength.<ref>{{cite web|author=Jon Erdman|publisher=The Weather Channel|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone Winston Makes Category 5 Landfall; Strongest on Record in Fiji|url=https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/tropical-cyclone-winston-fiji-strongest-landfall}}</ref><ref name="RNZ1">{{cite web|publisher=Radio New Zealand|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Winston leaves trail of destruction|url=http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/world/297041/winston-leaves-trail-of-destruction}}</ref> Winston is the only known Category 5 storm, on both the Australian tropical cyclone scale and the Saffir-Simpson scale, to directly impact Fiji, and is accordingly the most intense storm on record to strike the nation.<ref>{{cite news|author=Losalini Bolatagici|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Winston the strongest, first Category 5 cyclone to hit Fiji|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342485}}</ref>

==Impact==
===Fiji===
[[File:Winston 2016 landfall.gif|thumb|right|Winston making landfall in Viti Levu on February 20]]
On February 14, the FMS began issuing [[tropical cyclone warnings and watches|tropical cyclone warnings]] for the southern [[Lau Islands]] of Fiji.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 14, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number One for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 14, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHqPounr}}</ref> These gradually expanded in coverage through February 15,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 15, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number Seven for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 15, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fK9R4kov}}</ref> but were discontinued on February 16 as Winston moved away from the nation.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number Fifteen for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz4G0ZI}}</ref> Warnings resumed on February 18 after Winston doubled back toward Fiji, and were issued for northern and eastern islands.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number Sixteen for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOcuonPM}}</ref> Most of the northern islands in the storm's immediate path were placed under [[hurricane warning]]s on February 19.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number Twenty-Four for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQuJZt8h}}</ref> All shelters across the Southern [[Lau Islands]], [[Koro Island]], and [[Taveuni]] were opened on February 19; more than 700 shelters opened across the entirety of Fiji.<ref name="RNZ1"/><ref>{{cite web|author=Savaira Tabua|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Evacuation centres activated in upper Lau group|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37673/evacuation-centres-activated-in-upper-lau-group}}
*{{cite web|author=Ellen Stolz|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Koro Island and Taveuni brace for TC Winston|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37682/koro-island-and-taveuni-brace-for-tc-winston}}
*{{cite web|author=Farzana Nisha|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Evacuation centers are ready: NDMO|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37675/evacuation-centers-are-ready-ndmo}}
*</ref> The [[Republic of Fiji Military Forces]] were placed on standby for relief efforts.<ref>{{cite web|author=Akosita Talei|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=RFMF on standby for TC Winston|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37672/rfmf-on-standby-for-tc-winston}}</ref> A [[state of emergency]] was declared during the afternoon of February 20.<ref>{{cite news|author=Nasik Swami|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Fiji declares State of Natural Disaster|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342488}}</ref> A nationwide [[curfew]] was enacted starting at 6:00 p.m. local time.<ref>{{cite news|author=Indra Singh|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Nationwide Curfew as TC Winston batters Fiji group|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37707/nationwide-curfew-as-tc-winston-batters-fiji-group}}</ref> Public transportation was suspended across Viti Levu, and the Fiji Roads Authority strongly advised residents to avoid travel unless necessary. Prime Minister [[Frank Bainimarama]] called the storm "an ordeal of the most grievous kind".<ref name="RNZ1"/>

Striking the nation on February 20, Winston brought widespread damage to numerous islands.<ref name="RNZ1"/> Approximately 80 percent of the nation's 900,000 people lost power,<ref name="GuardianFeb21"/> including the entirety of Vanua Levu,<ref>{{cite web|author=Elenoa Turagaiviu|publisher=Fiji Broadcast Corporation|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016|title=Restoration of essential services is a priority url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37744/restoration-of-essential-services-is-a-priority-}}</ref> as hurricane-force winds downed trees and power lines.<ref name="RNZ1"/> Communications with Vanua Balavu, Lakeba, Cicia, Nayau, Taveuni, and [[Qamea]] were lost on February 20.<ref>{{cite news|author=Luke Rawalai|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=TC Winston: Telecommunications to Taveuni cut|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342476}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Aliki Bia|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=No links to some islands in Lau Group|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37701/no-links-to-some-islands-in-lau-group}}</ref> Landline telephone service was lost on [[Matuku Island]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Tokasa Rainima|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Matuku prepares for bad weather|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37691/matuku-prepares-for-bad-weather}}</ref> At least 13 people were killed across the nation: 7 in [[Ra Province]], 3 in Nadi, 2 on Ovalau Island, and 1 on Koro Island.<ref name="GuardianFeb21">{{cite news|author= Nadia Khomami|newspaper=The Guardian|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016|title= Cyclone Winston: Fiji counts deaths and damage from giant storm |url=http://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/feb/20/cyclone-winston-virgin-australia-and-jetstar-cancel-services-to-and-from-fiji}}</ref><ref name="FBC10deaths">{{cite web|author=Maciu Bolaitamana|publisher=Fiji Broadcast Corporation|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016|title=West claim 10 lives |url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37760/west-claim-10-lives-}}</ref> Seven people are also missing after sailing in the storm near the [[Yasawa Islands]].<ref name="FBC10deaths"/>

Across the entirety of Fiji's [[Eastern Division, Fiji|Eastern Division]], 150 houses were destroyed, with 60 additional homes sustaining some degree of damage.<ref name="sitrep1">{{cite report|author1=UN Office for the Coordination of Human Affairs|title=Fiji: Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston Situation Report No. 1 (as of 21 February 2016)|url=https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/en/node/120198|publisher=ReliefWeb|accessdate=February 21, 2016|format=PDF|date=February 21, 2016|type=Situation report}}</ref> Koro Island sustained severe damage, with schools destroyed and many structures losing their roof.<ref>{{cite web|author=Savaira Tabua|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Teachers quarters blown away|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37708/teachers-quarters-blown-away}}</ref> One person died in [[Nabasovi]] when his home collapsed.<ref>{{cite web|author=Farzana Nisha|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Death of an elderly man confirmed|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37732/death-of-an-elderly-man-confirmed}}</ref> Significant damage was reported across [[Ovalau]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Ellen Stolz|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Ovalau experiencing destructive winds|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37704/ovalau-experiencing-destructive-winds}}</ref>

On Viti Levu, strong winds destroyed at least two homes in Waidamu; the [[Waidamu River]] also topped its banks and flooded nearby communities.<ref>{{cite news|author=Nasik Swami|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Two houses blown away in Nausori|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342490}}</ref>

===Other South Pacific nations===
Impacting [[Tonga]] twice within the span of a few days, Winston caused significant damage across northern Tonga. Approximately 2,500 people sought refuge in shelters. The first passage of the storm resulted in mostly crop damage while the second brought greater structural damage. At least 10 homes were destroyed and 200 more were damaged.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Radio New Zealand International|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Despite some damage, Tonga escapes the worst of Winston|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342283}}</ref>

Winston also affected [[Niue]] on February 16; the FMS issued tropical cyclone and damaging heavy swell warnings for the island nation.<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/6fMzj4znk</ref>

==Aftermath==
===Fiji===
All schools across Fiji suspended classes for a week because of severe damage to the educational infrastructure.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ritika Pratap|publisher=Fiji Broadcast Corporation|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016|title=Schools to go on one week break|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37742/schools-to-go-on-one-week-break-}}</ref> In [[Labasa]], two people were arrested for breaking curfew and others were reprimanded.<ref>{{cite web|author=Elenoa Turagaiviu|publisher=Fiji Broadcast Corporation|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016|title=Two people arrested in Labasa|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37750/two-people-arrested-in-labasa}}</ref> The government of New Zealand set aside an initial [[New Zealand dollar|NZ]]$50,000 to the High Commission of the Republic of the Fiji Islands to New Zealand in preparation for relief efforts, alongside NZ$170,000 worth of relief supplies. The country also dispatched a [[Lockheed P-3 Orion]] to aid in aerial surveillance and assessments of the damage situation in Fiji.<ref name="nzorionfiji">{{cite web|last1=McCully|first1=Murray|title=NZ sends Orion and releases aid to Fiji|url=https://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/nz-sends-orion-and-releases-aid-fiji|website=beehive.govt.nz|publisher=Government of New Zealand|accessdate=February 21, 2016|date=February 21, 2016}}</ref>

===Tonga===
The nation of Tonga received money and aid from New Zealand, which also provided 8,000 people with clean water.<ref>{{Cite web|title = 5 Things to Know About Tropical Cyclone Winston|url = http://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/cyclone-winston-impacts-preps|website = The Weather Channel|access-date = February 20, 2016}}</ref> Australia also provided assistance to Tonga, including the distribution of [[Australian dollar|A]]$300,000 worth of humanitarian supplies through the [[Tonga Red Cross Society]], two surveillance and assessment aircraft, and two disaster management experts from the [[Australian Civilian Corps]] to aid in relief efforts.<ref name="australiaaid">{{cite news|title=Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://dfat.gov.au/news/news/Pages/tropical-cyclone-winston.aspx|accessdate=February 21, 2016|agency=Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade|publisher=Government of Australia|date=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fSsJb9kE|archivedate=February 21, 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}
*[[Cyclone Oscar]]
*[[Cyclone Daman]]
*[[Cyclone Evan]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{SPAC EL's}}

{{2015–16 South Pacific cyclone season buttons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Winston (2016)}}
[[Category:2015–16 South Pacific cyclone season]]
[[Category:2016 in Fiji]]
[[Category:Category 5 South Pacific cyclones]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Fiji]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Niue]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Tonga]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Vanuatu]]

Zyklon Winston

2016-02-21T16:47:32Z

Cyclonebiskit: /* Fiji */ 80% without power

{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox hurricane current
|name=Winston
|AUScategory=Aus5
|category=cat4
|type=tropical cyclone
|time=18:00 [[UTC+12:00|FST]] (06:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]), February 21
|image=Winston 2016-02-20 0130Z (cropped).jpg
|track=JTWC sh1116.gif
|lat=17.6|S|lon=174.0|E
|distance_from={{convert|214|nmi|abbr=on}} [[Points of the compass|W]] of [[Nadi]], [[Fiji]]
|10sustained=205 [[km/h]] (125 [[miles per hour|mph]])
|1sustained=230 km/h (145 mph)
|pressure=930 [[Pascal (unit)|hPa]] ([[Bar (unit)|mbar]]; 27.47 [[Inches of Mercury|inHg]])
|movement=WSW at {{convert|7|kn|abbr=on}}
}}

'''Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston''' (also referred to as '''Hurricane Winston''')<ref>{{cite news|author=Nasik Swami|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Hurricane Winston makes landfall in Viti Levu|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342493}}</ref> is currently a powerful [[tropical cyclone]] that was the first recorded [[Tropical cyclone scales#Australia and Fiji|Category 5]] storm to make [[landfall]] in [[Fiji]]. The system was first noted as a tropical disturbance on February 7, 2016, when it was located to the northwest of [[Port Villa]], [[Vanuatu]]. Over the next few days, the system gradually developed as it moved southeast, acquiring [[gale]]-force winds by February 11. The following day it underwent [[Rapid deepening|rapid intensification]] and attained ten-minute [[maximum sustained wind]]s of 175 km/h (110 mph). Less favourable environmental conditions prompted weakening thereafter. After turning northeast on February 14, Winston stalled to the north of [[Tonga]] on February 17. Regaining strength, the storm doubled back to the west, achieving Category 5 status on both the Australian tropical cyclone scale and the [[Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale]] on February 19. It reached its peak intensity the next day with ten-minute sustained winds of 230 km/h (145 mph) and a pressure of 915 hPa (mbar; 27.03 inHg), shortly before making [[landfall]] on [[Viti Levu]], Fiji.

In advance of the storm's arrival in Fiji, numerous shelters were opened, and a nationwide curfew was instituted during the evening of February 20. Striking Fiji as a Category 5 on February 20, Winston inflicted extensive damage on many islands and killed at least 13 people. Communications were temporarily lost with at least six islands.

==Fiji cyclone history==
Though frequented by tropical cyclones, the main islands of Fiji—[[Viti Levu]] and [[Vanua Levu]]—do not regularly experience major cyclones.<ref name="WaPo"/> The strongest storm to impact the main islands since records began in 1941 was [[Cyclone Evan|Evan]] in December 2012, which skirted the western coast of Viti Levu as a Category 4 system on both the Australian scale and the [[Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Jeff Masters|publisher=Weather Underground|date=December 17, 2012|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=A grinch in paradise: Category 4 Tropical Cyclone Evan slams Fiji|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=2313}}</ref> The strongest storm to make [[landfall]] on either Viti Levu or Vanua Levu was [[Cyclone Nigel|Nigel]] in 1985, with ten-minute sustained winds of 150 km/h (90 mph) and one-minute sustained winds of 195 km/h (120 mph). The relative lack of major cyclones affecting the capital city of [[Suva]], located along the southeastern coast of Viti Levu, has led to complacency among residents. Many assume that strong storms are confined to northern and western areas. With Winston approaching Fiji from the east and directly threatening Suva, Angela Fritz of ''[[The Washington Post]]'' called the storm a "worst-case scenario".<ref name="WaPo">{{cite news|author=Angela Fritz|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Catastrophic Cyclone Winston bears down on Fiji’s main island in worst case scenario|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2016/02/19/catastrophic-cyclone-winston-bears-down-on-fijis-main-island-in-worst-case-scenario/}}</ref>

==Meteorological history==
{{Storm path|Winston 2016 track.png}}
On February 7, 2016, the [[Fiji Meteorological Service]] (FMS) started to monitor Tropical Disturbance 09F, which had developed about {{convert|1000|km|mi|disp=5|abbr=on}} northwest of [[Port Villa]], [[Vanuatu]].<ref name="TDS 7/2">{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 7, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Summary for Area Equator to 25S, 160E to 120W|url=http://www.met.gov.fj/aifs_prods/20036.txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fBiTyQOw|archivedate=February 7, 2016}}</ref> Over the next few days the system moved southeast and gradually developed further within a favourable environment.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 10, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Western and South Pacific Oceans|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ab/abpw10.pgtw..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fBilWDlQ|archivedate=February 10, 2016}}</ref> On February 10, the United States-based [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) initiated advisories on the system and classified it as Tropical Cyclone 11P, while it was located about {{convert|860|km|mi|disp=5|abbr=on}} to the west-northwest of [[Suva, Fiji]].<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 10, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Eleven) Warning Nr 001|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps51.pgtw..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fCXhQArO|archivedate=February 10, 2016}}</ref> The FMS upgraded it to Category 1 status on the [[Tropical cyclone scales#Australia and Fiji|Australian tropical cyclone scale]] and [[Tropical cyclone naming|assigned it the name]] ''Winston'' early on February 11; at this time the storm was situated roughly {{convert|820|km|abbr=on}} west-northwest of [[Suva]], [[Fiji]]. Embedded within a northwesterly deep layer [[mean flow]], the system tracked southeast.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A4|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fECxlyvf|archivedate=February 11, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> Around 12:00 [[UTC]] on the same day, Winston intensified into a Category 2 tropical cyclone as a small, well-defined [[Eye (cyclone)|eye]] developed within deepening [[Atmospheric convection|convection]].<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A6|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fECxFPOB|archivedate=February 11, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning Nr 003|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fED589F1|archivedate=February 11, 2016}}</ref>

Situated within a very favourable environment—featuring [[sea surface temperature]]s of {{convert|30|to|31|C|F|abbr=on}}, robust upper-level [[Outflow (meteorology)|outflow]], and light to moderate [[wind shear]]<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning Nr 005|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|accessdate=February 19, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fFB0vxy6|archivedate=February 12, 2016}}</ref>—Winston [[rapid deepening|rapidly intensified]] on February 12, becoming a Category 3 severe tropical cyclone by 06:00 UTC,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A9|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fFAdmdS7|archivedate=February 12, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> and then a Category 4 only six hours later.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A10|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fFAdUbTv|archivedate=February 12, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> The system presented a well-defined eye enveloped by deep convection, and it reached its initial peak intensity at 18:00 UTC, with ten-minute [[maximum sustained wind]]s of 175 km/h (110 mph)<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A11|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHps9anU|archivedate=February 12, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> and the JTWC estimated one-minute maximum sustained winds at 205 km/h (125 mph).<ref name="JTWCRBT">{{cite web|publisher=[[US Naval Research Laboratory]], Marine Meteorology|work=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=[Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Rolling Best Track]|url=http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/tcdat/tc16/SHEM/11P.WINSTON/trackfile.txt|format=.TXT}}</ref> Soon thereafter, increasing wind shear prompted weakening;<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 13, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 007|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 14, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHqHeYyg}}</ref> convection warmed and became increasingly ragged in appearance. On February 14, Winston turned northeast as a [[subtropical ridge]] positioned itself to the north.<ref name="JTWC008">{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 14, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 008|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 14, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHqHNXSh}}</ref>

[[File:Tatiana and Winston 2016-02-12 0330Z.jpg|thumb|right|Cyclones [[2015–16 Australian region cyclone season#Tropical Cyclone Tatiana|Tatiana]] ''(left)'' and Winston ''(right)'' on February 12]]
Persistent wind shear displaced convection from the center of Winston, leaving its circulation partially exposed. The system degraded below severe tropical cyclone status by 00:00 UTC on February 15 as a result.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A19|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 15, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMyYNv9j|archivedate=February 17, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> Conditions became more favourable for development on February 16, with shear relaxing over the cyclone. A prominent [[Rainband|banding feature]] wrapped into the circulation that day, marking the start of reintensification.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 013|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMzA3Uwv}}</ref> An eye reformed later that day within increasing convection,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 014|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz9mPiC}}</ref> and Winston regained severe tropical cyclone intensity by 18:00 UTC.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A26|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMyWAzSC|archivedate=February 17, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> The storm's core became increasingly compact and defined as it strengthened,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 016|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz99ChM}}</ref> and a [[central dense overcast]] became established on February 17.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 017|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz8s7zr}}</ref> Later that day, Winston entered a region of weak steering currents and the storm became nearly stationary.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 018|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz8ZUfC}}</ref> The storm's eye became more readily apparent late on February 17 as it doubled back to the west.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A30|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOckgt6X|archivedate=February 17, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 020|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOdPd6wF}}</ref>

A strengthening [[Ridge (meteorology)|ridge]] to the south propelled Winston west by February 18, directing the intensifying cyclone at Fiji. The storm's eye grew in size that day,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 021|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOdPLzQc}}</ref> and upper-level outflow became more defined.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 022|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOdP4Vsr}}</ref> Winston's overall structure became increasingly symmetric,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 022|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQvK1Yzy}}</ref> and the system acquired traits of an [[annular tropical cyclone]].<ref name="WU219"/> Marked intensification took place on February 19 as the storm's {{convert|27|km|mi|abbr=on}} wide eye became surrounded by intense convection.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 024|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQvJUWEJ}}</ref> Winston acquired Category 5 status—the highest level on the Australian intensity scale—by 06:00 UTC, with ten-minute sustained winds reaching 205 km/h (125 mph).<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A37|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQuDp9nf|archivedate=February 20, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> Fueled by nearly perfect conditions for intensification,<ref name="WU219"/> Winston deepened further and the JTWC estimated it to have acquired one-minute sustained winds of 265 km/h (165 mph) by 18:00 UTC, classifying it as a Category 5-equivalent on the [[Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale]].<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 027|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQvIxDMw}}</ref> Around this time, the cyclone passed directly over the small island of [[Vanua Balavu]].<ref name="WU219">{{cite web|author=Jeff Masters and Bob Henson|publisher=Weather Underground|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Fiji Pounded by its First Category 5 Storm on Record: Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=3249}}</ref> Wind gusts of {{convert|325|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} were reported on the island.<ref name="RNZ1"/>

Passing just south of [[Vanua Levu]], Winston achieved its peak intensity early on February 20 with ten-minute sustained winds of 230 km/h (145 mph) and a pressure of 915 hPa (mbar; 27.03 inHg).<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A42|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fRY3FW1U|archivedate=February 20, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> The JTWC estimated Winston to have been slightly stronger, with one-minute sustained winds of 285 km/h (180 mph).<ref name="JTWCRBT"/> It soon made [[landfall]] in the [[Rakiraki District, Fiji|Rakiraki District]] on [[Viti Levu]] at peak strength.<ref>{{cite web|author=Jon Erdman|publisher=The Weather Channel|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone Winston Makes Category 5 Landfall; Strongest on Record in Fiji|url=https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/tropical-cyclone-winston-fiji-strongest-landfall}}</ref><ref name="RNZ1">{{cite web|publisher=Radio New Zealand|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Winston leaves trail of destruction|url=http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/world/297041/winston-leaves-trail-of-destruction}}</ref> Winston is the only known Category 5 storm, on both the Australian tropical cyclone scale and the Saffir-Simpson scale, to directly impact Fiji, and is accordingly the most intense storm on record to strike the nation.<ref>{{cite news|author=Losalini Bolatagici|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Winston the strongest, first Category 5 cyclone to hit Fiji|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342485}}</ref>

==Impact==
===Fiji===
[[File:Winston 2016 landfall.gif|thumb|right|Winston making landfall in Viti Levu on February 20]]
On February 14, the FMS began issuing [[tropical cyclone warnings and watches|tropical cyclone warnings]] for the southern [[Lau Islands]] of Fiji.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 14, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number One for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 14, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHqPounr}}</ref> These gradually expanded in coverage through February 15,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 15, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number Seven for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 15, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fK9R4kov}}</ref> but were discontinued on February 16 as Winston moved away from the nation.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number Fifteen for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz4G0ZI}}</ref> Warnings resumed on February 18 after Winston doubled back toward Fiji, and were issued for northern and eastern islands.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number Sixteen for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOcuonPM}}</ref> Most of the northern islands in the storm's immediate path were placed under [[hurricane warning]]s on February 19.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number Twenty-Four for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQuJZt8h}}</ref> All shelters across the Southern [[Lau Islands]], [[Koro Island]], and [[Taveuni]] were opened on February 19; more than 700 shelters opened across the entirety of Fiji.<ref name="RNZ1"/><ref>{{cite web|author=Savaira Tabua|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Evacuation centres activated in upper Lau group|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37673/evacuation-centres-activated-in-upper-lau-group}}
*{{cite web|author=Ellen Stolz|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Koro Island and Taveuni brace for TC Winston|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37682/koro-island-and-taveuni-brace-for-tc-winston}}
*{{cite web|author=Farzana Nisha|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Evacuation centers are ready: NDMO|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37675/evacuation-centers-are-ready-ndmo}}
*</ref> The [[Republic of Fiji Military Forces]] were placed on standby for relief efforts.<ref>{{cite web|author=Akosita Talei|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=RFMF on standby for TC Winston|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37672/rfmf-on-standby-for-tc-winston}}</ref> A [[state of emergency]] was declared during the afternoon of February 20.<ref>{{cite news|author=Nasik Swami|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Fiji declares State of Natural Disaster|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342488}}</ref> A nationwide [[curfew]] was enacted starting at 6:00 p.m. local time.<ref>{{cite news|author=Indra Singh|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Nationwide Curfew as TC Winston batters Fiji group|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37707/nationwide-curfew-as-tc-winston-batters-fiji-group}}</ref> Public transportation was suspended across Viti Levu, and the Fiji Roads Authority strongly advised residents to avoid travel unless necessary. Prime Minister [[Frank Bainimarama]] called the storm "an ordeal of the most grievous kind".<ref name="RNZ1"/>

Striking the nation on February 20, Winston brought widespread damage to numerous islands.<ref name="RNZ1"/> Approximately 80 percent of the nation's 900,000 people lost power,<ref name="GuardianFeb21"/> including the entirety of Vanua Levu,<ref>{{cite web|author=Elenoa Turagaiviu|publisher=Fiji Broadcast Corporation|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016|title=Restoration of essential services is a priority url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37744/restoration-of-essential-services-is-a-priority-}}</ref> as hurricane-force winds downed trees and power lines.<ref name="RNZ1"/> Communications with Vanua Balavu, Lakeba, Cicia, Nayau, Taveuni, and [[Qamea]] were lost on February 20.<ref>{{cite news|author=Luke Rawalai|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=TC Winston: Telecommunications to Taveuni cut|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342476}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Aliki Bia|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=No links to some islands in Lau Group|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37701/no-links-to-some-islands-in-lau-group}}</ref> Landline telephone service was lost on [[Matuku Island]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Tokasa Rainima|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Matuku prepares for bad weather|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37691/matuku-prepares-for-bad-weather}}</ref> At least 13 people were killed across the nation: 7 in [[Ra Province]], 3 in Nadi, 2 on Ovalau Island, and 1 on Koro Island.<ref name="GuardianFeb21">{{cite news|author= Nadia Khomami|newspaper=The Guardian|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016|title= Cyclone Winston: Fiji counts deaths and damage from giant storm |url=http://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/feb/20/cyclone-winston-virgin-australia-and-jetstar-cancel-services-to-and-from-fiji}}</ref><ref name="FBC10deaths">{{cite web|author=Maciu Bolaitamana|publisher=Fiji Broadcast Corporation|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016|title=West claim 10 lives |url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37760/west-claim-10-lives-}}</ref> Seven people are also missing after sailing in the storm near the [[Yasawa Islands]].<ref name="FBC10deaths"/>

Across the entirety of Fiji's [[Eastern Division, Fiji|Eastern Division]], 150 houses were destroyed, with 60 additional homes sustaining some degree of damage.<ref name="sitrep1">{{cite report|author1=UN Office for the Coordination of Human Affairs|title=Fiji: Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston Situation Report No. 1 (as of 21 February 2016)|url=https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/en/node/120198|publisher=ReliefWeb|accessdate=February 21, 2016|format=PDF|date=February 21, 2016|type=Situation report}}</ref> Koro Island sustained severe damage, with schools destroyed and many structures losing their roof.<ref>{{cite web|author=Savaira Tabua|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Teachers quarters blown away|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37708/teachers-quarters-blown-away}}</ref> One person died in [[Nabasovi]] when his home collapsed.<ref>{{cite web|author=Farzana Nisha|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Death of an elderly man confirmed|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37732/death-of-an-elderly-man-confirmed}}</ref> Significant damage was reported across [[Ovalau]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Ellen Stolz|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Ovalau experiencing destructive winds|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37704/ovalau-experiencing-destructive-winds}}</ref>

On Viti Levu, strong winds destroyed at least two homes in Waidamu; the [[Waidamu River]] also topped its banks and flooded nearby communities.<ref>{{cite news|author=Nasik Swami|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Two houses blown away in Nausori|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342490}}</ref>

===Other South Pacific nations===
Impacting [[Tonga]] twice within the span of a few days, Winston caused significant damage across northern Tonga. Approximately 2,500 people sought refuge in shelters. The first passage of the storm resulted in mostly crop damage while the second brought greater structural damage. At least 10 homes were destroyed and 200 more were damaged.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Radio New Zealand International|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Despite some damage, Tonga escapes the worst of Winston|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342283}}</ref>

Winston also affected [[Niue]] on February 16; the FMS issued tropical cyclone and damaging heavy swell warnings for the island nation.<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/6fMzj4znk</ref>

==Aftermath==
===Fiji===
All schools across Fiji suspended classes for a week because of severe damage to the educational infrastructure.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ritika Pratap|publisher=Fiji Broadcast Corporation|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016|title=Schools to go on one week break|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37742/schools-to-go-on-one-week-break-}}</ref> In [[Labasa]], two people were arrested for breaking curfew and others were reprimanded.<ref>{{cite web|author=Elenoa Turagaiviu|publisher=Fiji Broadcast Corporation|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016|title=Two people arrested in Labasa|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37750/two-people-arrested-in-labasa}}</ref> The government of New Zealand set aside an initial [[New Zealand dollar|NZ]]$50,000 to the High Commission of the Republic of the Fiji Islands to New Zealand in preparation for relief efforts, alongside NZ$170,000 worth of relief supplies. The country also dispatched a [[Lockheed P-3 Orion]] to aid in aerial surveillance and assessments of the damage situation in Fiji.<ref name="nzorionfiji">{{cite web|last1=McCully|first1=Murray|title=NZ sends Orion and releases aid to Fiji|url=https://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/nz-sends-orion-and-releases-aid-fiji|website=beehive.govt.nz|publisher=Government of New Zealand|accessdate=February 21, 2016|date=February 21, 2016}}</ref>

===Tonga===
The nation of Tonga received money and aid from New Zealand, which also provided 8,000 people with clean water.<ref>{{Cite web|title = 5 Things to Know About Tropical Cyclone Winston|url = http://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/cyclone-winston-impacts-preps|website = The Weather Channel|access-date = February 20, 2016}}</ref> Australia also provided assistance to Tonga, including the distribution of [[Australian dollar|A]]$300,000 worth of humanitarian supplies through the [[Tonga Red Cross Society]], two surveillance and assessment aircraft, and two disaster management experts from the [[Australian Civilian Corps]] to aid in relief efforts.<ref name="australiaaid">{{cite news|title=Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://dfat.gov.au/news/news/Pages/tropical-cyclone-winston.aspx|accessdate=February 21, 2016|agency=Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade|publisher=Government of Australia|date=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fSsJb9kE|archivedate=February 21, 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}
*[[Cyclone Oscar]]
*[[Cyclone Daman]]
*[[Cyclone Evan]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{SPAC EL's}}

{{2015–16 South Pacific cyclone season buttons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Winston (2016)}}
[[Category:2015–16 South Pacific cyclone season]]
[[Category:2016 in Fiji]]
[[Category:Category 5 South Pacific cyclones]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Fiji]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Niue]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Tonga]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Vanuatu]]

Zyklon Winston

2016-02-21T16:44:26Z

Cyclonebiskit: /* Fiji */ adjust caption

{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox hurricane current
|name=Winston
|AUScategory=Aus5
|category=cat4
|type=tropical cyclone
|time=18:00 [[UTC+12:00|FST]] (06:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]), February 21
|image=Winston 2016-02-20 0130Z (cropped).jpg
|track=JTWC sh1116.gif
|lat=17.6|S|lon=174.0|E
|distance_from={{convert|214|nmi|abbr=on}} [[Points of the compass|W]] of [[Nadi]], [[Fiji]]
|10sustained=205 [[km/h]] (125 [[miles per hour|mph]])
|1sustained=230 km/h (145 mph)
|pressure=930 [[Pascal (unit)|hPa]] ([[Bar (unit)|mbar]]; 27.47 [[Inches of Mercury|inHg]])
|movement=WSW at {{convert|7|kn|abbr=on}}
}}

'''Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston''' (also referred to as '''Hurricane Winston''')<ref>{{cite news|author=Nasik Swami|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Hurricane Winston makes landfall in Viti Levu|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342493}}</ref> is currently a powerful [[tropical cyclone]] that was the first recorded [[Tropical cyclone scales#Australia and Fiji|Category 5]] storm to make [[landfall]] in [[Fiji]]. The system was first noted as a tropical disturbance on February 7, 2016, when it was located to the northwest of [[Port Villa]], [[Vanuatu]]. Over the next few days, the system gradually developed as it moved southeast, acquiring [[gale]]-force winds by February 11. The following day it underwent [[Rapid deepening|rapid intensification]] and attained ten-minute [[maximum sustained wind]]s of 175 km/h (110 mph). Less favourable environmental conditions prompted weakening thereafter. After turning northeast on February 14, Winston stalled to the north of [[Tonga]] on February 17. Regaining strength, the storm doubled back to the west, achieving Category 5 status on both the Australian tropical cyclone scale and the [[Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale]] on February 19. It reached its peak intensity the next day with ten-minute sustained winds of 230 km/h (145 mph) and a pressure of 915 hPa (mbar; 27.03 inHg), shortly before making [[landfall]] on [[Viti Levu]], Fiji.

In advance of the storm's arrival in Fiji, numerous shelters were opened, and a nationwide curfew was instituted during the evening of February 20. Striking Fiji as a Category 5 on February 20, Winston inflicted extensive damage on many islands and killed at least 13 people. Communications were temporarily lost with at least six islands.

==Fiji cyclone history==
Though frequented by tropical cyclones, the main islands of Fiji—[[Viti Levu]] and [[Vanua Levu]]—do not regularly experience major cyclones.<ref name="WaPo"/> The strongest storm to impact the main islands since records began in 1941 was [[Cyclone Evan|Evan]] in December 2012, which skirted the western coast of Viti Levu as a Category 4 system on both the Australian scale and the [[Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Jeff Masters|publisher=Weather Underground|date=December 17, 2012|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=A grinch in paradise: Category 4 Tropical Cyclone Evan slams Fiji|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=2313}}</ref> The strongest storm to make [[landfall]] on either Viti Levu or Vanua Levu was [[Cyclone Nigel|Nigel]] in 1985, with ten-minute sustained winds of 150 km/h (90 mph) and one-minute sustained winds of 195 km/h (120 mph). The relative lack of major cyclones affecting the capital city of [[Suva]], located along the southeastern coast of Viti Levu, has led to complacency among residents. Many assume that strong storms are confined to northern and western areas. With Winston approaching Fiji from the east and directly threatening Suva, Angela Fritz of ''[[The Washington Post]]'' called the storm a "worst-case scenario".<ref name="WaPo">{{cite news|author=Angela Fritz|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Catastrophic Cyclone Winston bears down on Fiji’s main island in worst case scenario|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2016/02/19/catastrophic-cyclone-winston-bears-down-on-fijis-main-island-in-worst-case-scenario/}}</ref>

==Meteorological history==
{{Storm path|Winston 2016 track.png}}
On February 7, 2016, the [[Fiji Meteorological Service]] (FMS) started to monitor Tropical Disturbance 09F, which had developed about {{convert|1000|km|mi|disp=5|abbr=on}} northwest of [[Port Villa]], [[Vanuatu]].<ref name="TDS 7/2">{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 7, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Summary for Area Equator to 25S, 160E to 120W|url=http://www.met.gov.fj/aifs_prods/20036.txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fBiTyQOw|archivedate=February 7, 2016}}</ref> Over the next few days the system moved southeast and gradually developed further within a favourable environment.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 10, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Western and South Pacific Oceans|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ab/abpw10.pgtw..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fBilWDlQ|archivedate=February 10, 2016}}</ref> On February 10, the United States-based [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) initiated advisories on the system and classified it as Tropical Cyclone 11P, while it was located about {{convert|860|km|mi|disp=5|abbr=on}} to the west-northwest of [[Suva, Fiji]].<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 10, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Eleven) Warning Nr 001|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps51.pgtw..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fCXhQArO|archivedate=February 10, 2016}}</ref> The FMS upgraded it to Category 1 status on the [[Tropical cyclone scales#Australia and Fiji|Australian tropical cyclone scale]] and [[Tropical cyclone naming|assigned it the name]] ''Winston'' early on February 11; at this time the storm was situated roughly {{convert|820|km|abbr=on}} west-northwest of [[Suva]], [[Fiji]]. Embedded within a northwesterly deep layer [[mean flow]], the system tracked southeast.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A4|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fECxlyvf|archivedate=February 11, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> Around 12:00 [[UTC]] on the same day, Winston intensified into a Category 2 tropical cyclone as a small, well-defined [[Eye (cyclone)|eye]] developed within deepening [[Atmospheric convection|convection]].<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A6|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fECxFPOB|archivedate=February 11, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning Nr 003|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fED589F1|archivedate=February 11, 2016}}</ref>

Situated within a very favourable environment—featuring [[sea surface temperature]]s of {{convert|30|to|31|C|F|abbr=on}}, robust upper-level [[Outflow (meteorology)|outflow]], and light to moderate [[wind shear]]<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning Nr 005|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|accessdate=February 19, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fFB0vxy6|archivedate=February 12, 2016}}</ref>—Winston [[rapid deepening|rapidly intensified]] on February 12, becoming a Category 3 severe tropical cyclone by 06:00 UTC,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A9|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fFAdmdS7|archivedate=February 12, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> and then a Category 4 only six hours later.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A10|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fFAdUbTv|archivedate=February 12, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> The system presented a well-defined eye enveloped by deep convection, and it reached its initial peak intensity at 18:00 UTC, with ten-minute [[maximum sustained wind]]s of 175 km/h (110 mph)<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A11|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHps9anU|archivedate=February 12, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> and the JTWC estimated one-minute maximum sustained winds at 205 km/h (125 mph).<ref name="JTWCRBT">{{cite web|publisher=[[US Naval Research Laboratory]], Marine Meteorology|work=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=[Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Rolling Best Track]|url=http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/tcdat/tc16/SHEM/11P.WINSTON/trackfile.txt|format=.TXT}}</ref> Soon thereafter, increasing wind shear prompted weakening;<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 13, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 007|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 14, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHqHeYyg}}</ref> convection warmed and became increasingly ragged in appearance. On February 14, Winston turned northeast as a [[subtropical ridge]] positioned itself to the north.<ref name="JTWC008">{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 14, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 008|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 14, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHqHNXSh}}</ref>

[[File:Tatiana and Winston 2016-02-12 0330Z.jpg|thumb|right|Cyclones [[2015–16 Australian region cyclone season#Tropical Cyclone Tatiana|Tatiana]] ''(left)'' and Winston ''(right)'' on February 12]]
Persistent wind shear displaced convection from the center of Winston, leaving its circulation partially exposed. The system degraded below severe tropical cyclone status by 00:00 UTC on February 15 as a result.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A19|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 15, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMyYNv9j|archivedate=February 17, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> Conditions became more favourable for development on February 16, with shear relaxing over the cyclone. A prominent [[Rainband|banding feature]] wrapped into the circulation that day, marking the start of reintensification.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 013|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMzA3Uwv}}</ref> An eye reformed later that day within increasing convection,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 014|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz9mPiC}}</ref> and Winston regained severe tropical cyclone intensity by 18:00 UTC.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A26|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMyWAzSC|archivedate=February 17, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> The storm's core became increasingly compact and defined as it strengthened,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 016|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz99ChM}}</ref> and a [[central dense overcast]] became established on February 17.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 017|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz8s7zr}}</ref> Later that day, Winston entered a region of weak steering currents and the storm became nearly stationary.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 018|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz8ZUfC}}</ref> The storm's eye became more readily apparent late on February 17 as it doubled back to the west.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A30|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOckgt6X|archivedate=February 17, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 020|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOdPd6wF}}</ref>

A strengthening [[Ridge (meteorology)|ridge]] to the south propelled Winston west by February 18, directing the intensifying cyclone at Fiji. The storm's eye grew in size that day,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 021|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOdPLzQc}}</ref> and upper-level outflow became more defined.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 022|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOdP4Vsr}}</ref> Winston's overall structure became increasingly symmetric,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 022|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQvK1Yzy}}</ref> and the system acquired traits of an [[annular tropical cyclone]].<ref name="WU219"/> Marked intensification took place on February 19 as the storm's {{convert|27|km|mi|abbr=on}} wide eye became surrounded by intense convection.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 024|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQvJUWEJ}}</ref> Winston acquired Category 5 status—the highest level on the Australian intensity scale—by 06:00 UTC, with ten-minute sustained winds reaching 205 km/h (125 mph).<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A37|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQuDp9nf|archivedate=February 20, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> Fueled by nearly perfect conditions for intensification,<ref name="WU219"/> Winston deepened further and the JTWC estimated it to have acquired one-minute sustained winds of 265 km/h (165 mph) by 18:00 UTC, classifying it as a Category 5-equivalent on the [[Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale]].<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 027|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQvIxDMw}}</ref> Around this time, the cyclone passed directly over the small island of [[Vanua Balavu]].<ref name="WU219">{{cite web|author=Jeff Masters and Bob Henson|publisher=Weather Underground|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Fiji Pounded by its First Category 5 Storm on Record: Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=3249}}</ref> Wind gusts of {{convert|325|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} were reported on the island.<ref name="RNZ1"/>

Passing just south of [[Vanua Levu]], Winston achieved its peak intensity early on February 20 with ten-minute sustained winds of 230 km/h (145 mph) and a pressure of 915 hPa (mbar; 27.03 inHg).<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A42|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fRY3FW1U|archivedate=February 20, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> The JTWC estimated Winston to have been slightly stronger, with one-minute sustained winds of 285 km/h (180 mph).<ref name="JTWCRBT"/> It soon made [[landfall]] in the [[Rakiraki District, Fiji|Rakiraki District]] on [[Viti Levu]] at peak strength.<ref>{{cite web|author=Jon Erdman|publisher=The Weather Channel|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone Winston Makes Category 5 Landfall; Strongest on Record in Fiji|url=https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/tropical-cyclone-winston-fiji-strongest-landfall}}</ref><ref name="RNZ1">{{cite web|publisher=Radio New Zealand|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Winston leaves trail of destruction|url=http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/world/297041/winston-leaves-trail-of-destruction}}</ref> Winston is the only known Category 5 storm, on both the Australian tropical cyclone scale and the Saffir-Simpson scale, to directly impact Fiji, and is accordingly the most intense storm on record to strike the nation.<ref>{{cite news|author=Losalini Bolatagici|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Winston the strongest, first Category 5 cyclone to hit Fiji|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342485}}</ref>

==Impact==
===Fiji===
[[File:Winston 2016 landfall.gif|thumb|right|Winston making landfall in Viti Levu on February 20]]
On February 14, the FMS began issuing [[tropical cyclone warnings and watches|tropical cyclone warnings]] for the southern [[Lau Islands]] of Fiji.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 14, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number One for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 14, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHqPounr}}</ref> These gradually expanded in coverage through February 15,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 15, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number Seven for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 15, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fK9R4kov}}</ref> but were discontinued on February 16 as Winston moved away from the nation.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number Fifteen for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz4G0ZI}}</ref> Warnings resumed on February 18 after Winston doubled back toward Fiji, and were issued for northern and eastern islands.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number Sixteen for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOcuonPM}}</ref> Most of the northern islands in the storm's immediate path were placed under [[hurricane warning]]s on February 19.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number Twenty-Four for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQuJZt8h}}</ref> All shelters across the Southern [[Lau Islands]], [[Koro Island]], and [[Taveuni]] were opened on February 19; more than 700 shelters opened across the entirety of Fiji.<ref name="RNZ1"/><ref>{{cite web|author=Savaira Tabua|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Evacuation centres activated in upper Lau group|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37673/evacuation-centres-activated-in-upper-lau-group}}
*{{cite web|author=Ellen Stolz|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Koro Island and Taveuni brace for TC Winston|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37682/koro-island-and-taveuni-brace-for-tc-winston}}
*{{cite web|author=Farzana Nisha|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Evacuation centers are ready: NDMO|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37675/evacuation-centers-are-ready-ndmo}}
*</ref> The [[Republic of Fiji Military Forces]] were placed on standby for relief efforts.<ref>{{cite web|author=Akosita Talei|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=RFMF on standby for TC Winston|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37672/rfmf-on-standby-for-tc-winston}}</ref> A [[state of emergency]] was declared during the afternoon of February 20.<ref>{{cite news|author=Nasik Swami|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Fiji declares State of Natural Disaster|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342488}}</ref> A nationwide [[curfew]] was enacted starting at 6:00 p.m. local time.<ref>{{cite news|author=Indra Singh|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Nationwide Curfew as TC Winston batters Fiji group|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37707/nationwide-curfew-as-tc-winston-batters-fiji-group}}</ref> Public transportation was suspended across Viti Levu, and the Fiji Roads Authority strongly advised residents to avoid travel unless necessary. Prime Minister [[Frank Bainimarama]] called the storm "an ordeal of the most grievous kind".<ref name="RNZ1"/>

Striking the nation on February 20, Winston brought widespread damage to numerous islands. Large areas of the country, including the entirety of Vanua Levu,<ref>{{cite web|author=Elenoa Turagaiviu|publisher=Fiji Broadcast Corporation|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016|title=Restoration of essential services is a priority url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37744/restoration-of-essential-services-is-a-priority-}}</ref> were left without power as hurricane-force winds downed trees and power lines.<ref name="RNZ1"/> Communications with Vanua Balavu, Lakeba, Cicia, Nayau, Taveuni, and [[Qamea]] were lost on February 20.<ref>{{cite news|author=Luke Rawalai|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=TC Winston: Telecommunications to Taveuni cut|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342476}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Aliki Bia|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=No links to some islands in Lau Group|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37701/no-links-to-some-islands-in-lau-group}}</ref> Landline telephone service was lost on [[Matuku Island]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Tokasa Rainima|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Matuku prepares for bad weather|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37691/matuku-prepares-for-bad-weather}}</ref> At least 13 people were killed across the nation: 7 in [[Ra Province]], 3 in Nadi, 2 on Ovalau Island, and 1 on Koro Island.<ref name="FBC10deaths">{{cite web|author=Maciu Bolaitamana|publisher=Fiji Broadcast Corporation|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016|title=West claim 10 lives |url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37760/west-claim-10-lives-}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author= Nadia Khomami|newspaper=The Guardian|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016|title= Cyclone Winston: Fiji counts deaths and damage from giant storm |url=http://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/feb/20/cyclone-winston-virgin-australia-and-jetstar-cancel-services-to-and-from-fiji}}</ref> Seven people are also missing after sailing in the storm near the [[Yasawa Islands]].<ref name="FBC10deaths"/>

Across the entirety of Fiji's [[Eastern Division, Fiji|Eastern Division]], 150 houses were destroyed, with 60 additional homes sustaining some degree of damage.<ref name="sitrep1">{{cite report|author1=UN Office for the Coordination of Human Affairs|title=Fiji: Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston Situation Report No. 1 (as of 21 February 2016)|url=https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/en/node/120198|publisher=ReliefWeb|accessdate=February 21, 2016|format=PDF|date=February 21, 2016|type=Situation report}}</ref> Koro Island sustained severe damage, with schools destroyed and many structures losing their roof.<ref>{{cite web|author=Savaira Tabua|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Teachers quarters blown away|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37708/teachers-quarters-blown-away}}</ref> One person died in [[Nabasovi]] when his home collapsed.<ref>{{cite web|author=Farzana Nisha|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Death of an elderly man confirmed|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37732/death-of-an-elderly-man-confirmed}}</ref> Significant damage was reported across [[Ovalau]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Ellen Stolz|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Ovalau experiencing destructive winds|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37704/ovalau-experiencing-destructive-winds}}</ref>

On Viti Levu, strong winds destroyed at least two homes in Waidamu; the [[Waidamu River]] also topped its banks and flooded nearby communities.<ref>{{cite news|author=Nasik Swami|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Two houses blown away in Nausori|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342490}}</ref>

===Other South Pacific nations===
Impacting [[Tonga]] twice within the span of a few days, Winston caused significant damage across northern Tonga. Approximately 2,500 people sought refuge in shelters. The first passage of the storm resulted in mostly crop damage while the second brought greater structural damage. At least 10 homes were destroyed and 200 more were damaged.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Radio New Zealand International|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Despite some damage, Tonga escapes the worst of Winston|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342283}}</ref>

Winston also affected [[Niue]] on February 16; the FMS issued tropical cyclone and damaging heavy swell warnings for the island nation.<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/6fMzj4znk</ref>

==Aftermath==
===Fiji===
All schools across Fiji suspended classes for a week because of severe damage to the educational infrastructure.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ritika Pratap|publisher=Fiji Broadcast Corporation|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016|title=Schools to go on one week break|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37742/schools-to-go-on-one-week-break-}}</ref> In [[Labasa]], two people were arrested for breaking curfew and others were reprimanded.<ref>{{cite web|author=Elenoa Turagaiviu|publisher=Fiji Broadcast Corporation|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016|title=Two people arrested in Labasa|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37750/two-people-arrested-in-labasa}}</ref> The government of New Zealand set aside an initial [[New Zealand dollar|NZ]]$50,000 to the High Commission of the Republic of the Fiji Islands to New Zealand in preparation for relief efforts, alongside NZ$170,000 worth of relief supplies. The country also dispatched a [[Lockheed P-3 Orion]] to aid in aerial surveillance and assessments of the damage situation in Fiji.<ref name="nzorionfiji">{{cite web|last1=McCully|first1=Murray|title=NZ sends Orion and releases aid to Fiji|url=https://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/nz-sends-orion-and-releases-aid-fiji|website=beehive.govt.nz|publisher=Government of New Zealand|accessdate=February 21, 2016|date=February 21, 2016}}</ref>

===Tonga===
The nation of Tonga received money and aid from New Zealand, which also provided 8,000 people with clean water.<ref>{{Cite web|title = 5 Things to Know About Tropical Cyclone Winston|url = http://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/cyclone-winston-impacts-preps|website = The Weather Channel|access-date = February 20, 2016}}</ref> Australia also provided assistance to Tonga, including the distribution of [[Australian dollar|A]]$300,000 worth of humanitarian supplies through the [[Tonga Red Cross Society]], two surveillance and assessment aircraft, and two disaster management experts from the [[Australian Civilian Corps]] to aid in relief efforts.<ref name="australiaaid">{{cite news|title=Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://dfat.gov.au/news/news/Pages/tropical-cyclone-winston.aspx|accessdate=February 21, 2016|agency=Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade|publisher=Government of Australia|date=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fSsJb9kE|archivedate=February 21, 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}
*[[Cyclone Oscar]]
*[[Cyclone Daman]]
*[[Cyclone Evan]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{SPAC EL's}}

{{2015–16 South Pacific cyclone season buttons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Winston (2016)}}
[[Category:2015–16 South Pacific cyclone season]]
[[Category:2016 in Fiji]]
[[Category:Category 5 South Pacific cyclones]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Fiji]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Niue]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Tonga]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Vanuatu]]

Zyklon Winston

2016-02-21T16:40:34Z

Cyclonebiskit: 13 deaths

{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox hurricane current
|name=Winston
|AUScategory=Aus5
|category=cat4
|type=tropical cyclone
|time=18:00 [[UTC+12:00|FST]] (06:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]), February 21
|image=Winston 2016-02-20 0130Z (cropped).jpg
|track=JTWC sh1116.gif
|lat=17.6|S|lon=174.0|E
|distance_from={{convert|214|nmi|abbr=on}} [[Points of the compass|W]] of [[Nadi]], [[Fiji]]
|10sustained=205 [[km/h]] (125 [[miles per hour|mph]])
|1sustained=230 km/h (145 mph)
|pressure=930 [[Pascal (unit)|hPa]] ([[Bar (unit)|mbar]]; 27.47 [[Inches of Mercury|inHg]])
|movement=WSW at {{convert|7|kn|abbr=on}}
}}

'''Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston''' (also referred to as '''Hurricane Winston''')<ref>{{cite news|author=Nasik Swami|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Hurricane Winston makes landfall in Viti Levu|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342493}}</ref> is currently a powerful [[tropical cyclone]] that was the first recorded [[Tropical cyclone scales#Australia and Fiji|Category 5]] storm to make [[landfall]] in [[Fiji]]. The system was first noted as a tropical disturbance on February 7, 2016, when it was located to the northwest of [[Port Villa]], [[Vanuatu]]. Over the next few days, the system gradually developed as it moved southeast, acquiring [[gale]]-force winds by February 11. The following day it underwent [[Rapid deepening|rapid intensification]] and attained ten-minute [[maximum sustained wind]]s of 175 km/h (110 mph). Less favourable environmental conditions prompted weakening thereafter. After turning northeast on February 14, Winston stalled to the north of [[Tonga]] on February 17. Regaining strength, the storm doubled back to the west, achieving Category 5 status on both the Australian tropical cyclone scale and the [[Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale]] on February 19. It reached its peak intensity the next day with ten-minute sustained winds of 230 km/h (145 mph) and a pressure of 915 hPa (mbar; 27.03 inHg), shortly before making [[landfall]] on [[Viti Levu]], Fiji.

In advance of the storm's arrival in Fiji, numerous shelters were opened, and a nationwide curfew was instituted during the evening of February 20. Striking Fiji as a Category 5 on February 20, Winston inflicted extensive damage on many islands and killed at least 13 people. Communications were temporarily lost with at least six islands.

==Fiji cyclone history==
Though frequented by tropical cyclones, the main islands of Fiji—[[Viti Levu]] and [[Vanua Levu]]—do not regularly experience major cyclones.<ref name="WaPo"/> The strongest storm to impact the main islands since records began in 1941 was [[Cyclone Evan|Evan]] in December 2012, which skirted the western coast of Viti Levu as a Category 4 system on both the Australian scale and the [[Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Jeff Masters|publisher=Weather Underground|date=December 17, 2012|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=A grinch in paradise: Category 4 Tropical Cyclone Evan slams Fiji|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=2313}}</ref> The strongest storm to make [[landfall]] on either Viti Levu or Vanua Levu was [[Cyclone Nigel|Nigel]] in 1985, with ten-minute sustained winds of 150 km/h (90 mph) and one-minute sustained winds of 195 km/h (120 mph). The relative lack of major cyclones affecting the capital city of [[Suva]], located along the southeastern coast of Viti Levu, has led to complacency among residents. Many assume that strong storms are confined to northern and western areas. With Winston approaching Fiji from the east and directly threatening Suva, Angela Fritz of ''[[The Washington Post]]'' called the storm a "worst-case scenario".<ref name="WaPo">{{cite news|author=Angela Fritz|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Catastrophic Cyclone Winston bears down on Fiji’s main island in worst case scenario|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2016/02/19/catastrophic-cyclone-winston-bears-down-on-fijis-main-island-in-worst-case-scenario/}}</ref>

==Meteorological history==
{{Storm path|Winston 2016 track.png}}
On February 7, 2016, the [[Fiji Meteorological Service]] (FMS) started to monitor Tropical Disturbance 09F, which had developed about {{convert|1000|km|mi|disp=5|abbr=on}} northwest of [[Port Villa]], [[Vanuatu]].<ref name="TDS 7/2">{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 7, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Summary for Area Equator to 25S, 160E to 120W|url=http://www.met.gov.fj/aifs_prods/20036.txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fBiTyQOw|archivedate=February 7, 2016}}</ref> Over the next few days the system moved southeast and gradually developed further within a favourable environment.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 10, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Western and South Pacific Oceans|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ab/abpw10.pgtw..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fBilWDlQ|archivedate=February 10, 2016}}</ref> On February 10, the United States-based [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) initiated advisories on the system and classified it as Tropical Cyclone 11P, while it was located about {{convert|860|km|mi|disp=5|abbr=on}} to the west-northwest of [[Suva, Fiji]].<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 10, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Eleven) Warning Nr 001|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps51.pgtw..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fCXhQArO|archivedate=February 10, 2016}}</ref> The FMS upgraded it to Category 1 status on the [[Tropical cyclone scales#Australia and Fiji|Australian tropical cyclone scale]] and [[Tropical cyclone naming|assigned it the name]] ''Winston'' early on February 11; at this time the storm was situated roughly {{convert|820|km|abbr=on}} west-northwest of [[Suva]], [[Fiji]]. Embedded within a northwesterly deep layer [[mean flow]], the system tracked southeast.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A4|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fECxlyvf|archivedate=February 11, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> Around 12:00 [[UTC]] on the same day, Winston intensified into a Category 2 tropical cyclone as a small, well-defined [[Eye (cyclone)|eye]] developed within deepening [[Atmospheric convection|convection]].<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A6|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fECxFPOB|archivedate=February 11, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning Nr 003|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fED589F1|archivedate=February 11, 2016}}</ref>

Situated within a very favourable environment—featuring [[sea surface temperature]]s of {{convert|30|to|31|C|F|abbr=on}}, robust upper-level [[Outflow (meteorology)|outflow]], and light to moderate [[wind shear]]<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning Nr 005|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|accessdate=February 19, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fFB0vxy6|archivedate=February 12, 2016}}</ref>—Winston [[rapid deepening|rapidly intensified]] on February 12, becoming a Category 3 severe tropical cyclone by 06:00 UTC,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A9|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fFAdmdS7|archivedate=February 12, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> and then a Category 4 only six hours later.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A10|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fFAdUbTv|archivedate=February 12, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> The system presented a well-defined eye enveloped by deep convection, and it reached its initial peak intensity at 18:00 UTC, with ten-minute [[maximum sustained wind]]s of 175 km/h (110 mph)<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A11|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHps9anU|archivedate=February 12, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> and the JTWC estimated one-minute maximum sustained winds at 205 km/h (125 mph).<ref name="JTWCRBT">{{cite web|publisher=[[US Naval Research Laboratory]], Marine Meteorology|work=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=[Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Rolling Best Track]|url=http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/tcdat/tc16/SHEM/11P.WINSTON/trackfile.txt|format=.TXT}}</ref> Soon thereafter, increasing wind shear prompted weakening;<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 13, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 007|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 14, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHqHeYyg}}</ref> convection warmed and became increasingly ragged in appearance. On February 14, Winston turned northeast as a [[subtropical ridge]] positioned itself to the north.<ref name="JTWC008">{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 14, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 008|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 14, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHqHNXSh}}</ref>

[[File:Tatiana and Winston 2016-02-12 0330Z.jpg|thumb|right|Cyclones [[2015–16 Australian region cyclone season#Tropical Cyclone Tatiana|Tatiana]] ''(left)'' and Winston ''(right)'' on February 12]]
Persistent wind shear displaced convection from the center of Winston, leaving its circulation partially exposed. The system degraded below severe tropical cyclone status by 00:00 UTC on February 15 as a result.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A19|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 15, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMyYNv9j|archivedate=February 17, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> Conditions became more favourable for development on February 16, with shear relaxing over the cyclone. A prominent [[Rainband|banding feature]] wrapped into the circulation that day, marking the start of reintensification.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 013|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMzA3Uwv}}</ref> An eye reformed later that day within increasing convection,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 014|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz9mPiC}}</ref> and Winston regained severe tropical cyclone intensity by 18:00 UTC.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A26|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMyWAzSC|archivedate=February 17, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> The storm's core became increasingly compact and defined as it strengthened,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 016|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz99ChM}}</ref> and a [[central dense overcast]] became established on February 17.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 017|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz8s7zr}}</ref> Later that day, Winston entered a region of weak steering currents and the storm became nearly stationary.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 018|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz8ZUfC}}</ref> The storm's eye became more readily apparent late on February 17 as it doubled back to the west.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A30|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOckgt6X|archivedate=February 17, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 020|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOdPd6wF}}</ref>

A strengthening [[Ridge (meteorology)|ridge]] to the south propelled Winston west by February 18, directing the intensifying cyclone at Fiji. The storm's eye grew in size that day,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 021|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOdPLzQc}}</ref> and upper-level outflow became more defined.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 022|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOdP4Vsr}}</ref> Winston's overall structure became increasingly symmetric,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 022|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQvK1Yzy}}</ref> and the system acquired traits of an [[annular tropical cyclone]].<ref name="WU219"/> Marked intensification took place on February 19 as the storm's {{convert|27|km|mi|abbr=on}} wide eye became surrounded by intense convection.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 024|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQvJUWEJ}}</ref> Winston acquired Category 5 status—the highest level on the Australian intensity scale—by 06:00 UTC, with ten-minute sustained winds reaching 205 km/h (125 mph).<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A37|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQuDp9nf|archivedate=February 20, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> Fueled by nearly perfect conditions for intensification,<ref name="WU219"/> Winston deepened further and the JTWC estimated it to have acquired one-minute sustained winds of 265 km/h (165 mph) by 18:00 UTC, classifying it as a Category 5-equivalent on the [[Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale]].<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 027|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQvIxDMw}}</ref> Around this time, the cyclone passed directly over the small island of [[Vanua Balavu]].<ref name="WU219">{{cite web|author=Jeff Masters and Bob Henson|publisher=Weather Underground|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Fiji Pounded by its First Category 5 Storm on Record: Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=3249}}</ref> Wind gusts of {{convert|325|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} were reported on the island.<ref name="RNZ1"/>

Passing just south of [[Vanua Levu]], Winston achieved its peak intensity early on February 20 with ten-minute sustained winds of 230 km/h (145 mph) and a pressure of 915 hPa (mbar; 27.03 inHg).<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A42|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fRY3FW1U|archivedate=February 20, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> The JTWC estimated Winston to have been slightly stronger, with one-minute sustained winds of 285 km/h (180 mph).<ref name="JTWCRBT"/> It soon made [[landfall]] in the [[Rakiraki District, Fiji|Rakiraki District]] on [[Viti Levu]] at peak strength.<ref>{{cite web|author=Jon Erdman|publisher=The Weather Channel|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone Winston Makes Category 5 Landfall; Strongest on Record in Fiji|url=https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/tropical-cyclone-winston-fiji-strongest-landfall}}</ref><ref name="RNZ1">{{cite web|publisher=Radio New Zealand|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Winston leaves trail of destruction|url=http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/world/297041/winston-leaves-trail-of-destruction}}</ref> Winston is the only known Category 5 storm, on both the Australian tropical cyclone scale and the Saffir-Simpson scale, to directly impact Fiji, and is accordingly the most intense storm on record to strike the nation.<ref>{{cite news|author=Losalini Bolatagici|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Winston the strongest, first Category 5 cyclone to hit Fiji|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342485}}</ref>

==Impact==
===Fiji===
[[File:Winston 2016 landfall.gif|thumb|right|Winston crossing over Viti Levu on February 20]]
On February 14, the FMS began issuing [[tropical cyclone warnings and watches|tropical cyclone warnings]] for the southern [[Lau Islands]] of Fiji.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 14, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number One for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 14, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHqPounr}}</ref> These gradually expanded in coverage through February 15,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 15, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number Seven for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 15, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fK9R4kov}}</ref> but were discontinued on February 16 as Winston moved away from the nation.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number Fifteen for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz4G0ZI}}</ref> Warnings resumed on February 18 after Winston doubled back toward Fiji, and were issued for northern and eastern islands.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number Sixteen for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOcuonPM}}</ref> Most of the northern islands in the storm's immediate path were placed under [[hurricane warning]]s on February 19.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number Twenty-Four for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQuJZt8h}}</ref> All shelters across the Southern [[Lau Islands]], [[Koro Island]], and [[Taveuni]] were opened on February 19; more than 700 shelters opened across the entirety of Fiji.<ref name="RNZ1"/><ref>{{cite web|author=Savaira Tabua|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Evacuation centres activated in upper Lau group|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37673/evacuation-centres-activated-in-upper-lau-group}}
*{{cite web|author=Ellen Stolz|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Koro Island and Taveuni brace for TC Winston|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37682/koro-island-and-taveuni-brace-for-tc-winston}}
*{{cite web|author=Farzana Nisha|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Evacuation centers are ready: NDMO|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37675/evacuation-centers-are-ready-ndmo}}
*</ref> The [[Republic of Fiji Military Forces]] were placed on standby for relief efforts.<ref>{{cite web|author=Akosita Talei|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=RFMF on standby for TC Winston|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37672/rfmf-on-standby-for-tc-winston}}</ref> A [[state of emergency]] was declared during the afternoon of February 20.<ref>{{cite news|author=Nasik Swami|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Fiji declares State of Natural Disaster|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342488}}</ref> A nationwide [[curfew]] was enacted starting at 6:00 p.m. local time.<ref>{{cite news|author=Indra Singh|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Nationwide Curfew as TC Winston batters Fiji group|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37707/nationwide-curfew-as-tc-winston-batters-fiji-group}}</ref> Public transportation was suspended across Viti Levu, and the Fiji Roads Authority strongly advised residents to avoid travel unless necessary. Prime Minister [[Frank Bainimarama]] called the storm "an ordeal of the most grievous kind".<ref name="RNZ1"/>

Striking the nation on February 20, Winston brought widespread damage to numerous islands. Large areas of the country, including the entirety of Vanua Levu,<ref>{{cite web|author=Elenoa Turagaiviu|publisher=Fiji Broadcast Corporation|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016|title=Restoration of essential services is a priority url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37744/restoration-of-essential-services-is-a-priority-}}</ref> were left without power as hurricane-force winds downed trees and power lines.<ref name="RNZ1"/> Communications with Vanua Balavu, Lakeba, Cicia, Nayau, Taveuni, and [[Qamea]] were lost on February 20.<ref>{{cite news|author=Luke Rawalai|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=TC Winston: Telecommunications to Taveuni cut|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342476}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Aliki Bia|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=No links to some islands in Lau Group|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37701/no-links-to-some-islands-in-lau-group}}</ref> Landline telephone service was lost on [[Matuku Island]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Tokasa Rainima|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Matuku prepares for bad weather|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37691/matuku-prepares-for-bad-weather}}</ref> At least 13 people were killed across the nation: 7 in [[Ra Province]], 3 in Nadi, 2 on Ovalau Island, and 1 on Koro Island.<ref name="FBC10deaths">{{cite web|author=Maciu Bolaitamana|publisher=Fiji Broadcast Corporation|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016|title=West claim 10 lives |url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37760/west-claim-10-lives-}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author= Nadia Khomami|newspaper=The Guardian|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016|title= Cyclone Winston: Fiji counts deaths and damage from giant storm |url=http://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2016/feb/20/cyclone-winston-virgin-australia-and-jetstar-cancel-services-to-and-from-fiji}}</ref> Seven people are also missing after sailing in the storm near the [[Yasawa Islands]].<ref name="FBC10deaths"/>

Across the entirety of Fiji's [[Eastern Division, Fiji|Eastern Division]], 150 houses were destroyed, with 60 additional homes sustaining some degree of damage.<ref name="sitrep1">{{cite report|author1=UN Office for the Coordination of Human Affairs|title=Fiji: Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston Situation Report No. 1 (as of 21 February 2016)|url=https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/en/node/120198|publisher=ReliefWeb|accessdate=February 21, 2016|format=PDF|date=February 21, 2016|type=Situation report}}</ref> Koro Island sustained severe damage, with schools destroyed and many structures losing their roof.<ref>{{cite web|author=Savaira Tabua|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Teachers quarters blown away|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37708/teachers-quarters-blown-away}}</ref> One person died in [[Nabasovi]] when his home collapsed.<ref>{{cite web|author=Farzana Nisha|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Death of an elderly man confirmed|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37732/death-of-an-elderly-man-confirmed}}</ref> Significant damage was reported across [[Ovalau]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Ellen Stolz|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Ovalau experiencing destructive winds|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37704/ovalau-experiencing-destructive-winds}}</ref>

On Viti Levu, strong winds destroyed at least two homes in Waidamu; the [[Waidamu River]] also topped its banks and flooded nearby communities.<ref>{{cite news|author=Nasik Swami|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Two houses blown away in Nausori|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342490}}</ref>

===Other South Pacific nations===
Impacting [[Tonga]] twice within the span of a few days, Winston caused significant damage across northern Tonga. Approximately 2,500 people sought refuge in shelters. The first passage of the storm resulted in mostly crop damage while the second brought greater structural damage. At least 10 homes were destroyed and 200 more were damaged.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Radio New Zealand International|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Despite some damage, Tonga escapes the worst of Winston|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342283}}</ref>

Winston also affected [[Niue]] on February 16; the FMS issued tropical cyclone and damaging heavy swell warnings for the island nation.<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/6fMzj4znk</ref>

==Aftermath==
===Fiji===
All schools across Fiji suspended classes for a week because of severe damage to the educational infrastructure.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ritika Pratap|publisher=Fiji Broadcast Corporation|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016|title=Schools to go on one week break|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37742/schools-to-go-on-one-week-break-}}</ref> In [[Labasa]], two people were arrested for breaking curfew and others were reprimanded.<ref>{{cite web|author=Elenoa Turagaiviu|publisher=Fiji Broadcast Corporation|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016|title=Two people arrested in Labasa|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37750/two-people-arrested-in-labasa}}</ref> The government of New Zealand set aside an initial [[New Zealand dollar|NZ]]$50,000 to the High Commission of the Republic of the Fiji Islands to New Zealand in preparation for relief efforts, alongside NZ$170,000 worth of relief supplies. The country also dispatched a [[Lockheed P-3 Orion]] to aid in aerial surveillance and assessments of the damage situation in Fiji.<ref name="nzorionfiji">{{cite web|last1=McCully|first1=Murray|title=NZ sends Orion and releases aid to Fiji|url=https://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/nz-sends-orion-and-releases-aid-fiji|website=beehive.govt.nz|publisher=Government of New Zealand|accessdate=February 21, 2016|date=February 21, 2016}}</ref>

===Tonga===
The nation of Tonga received money and aid from New Zealand, which also provided 8,000 people with clean water.<ref>{{Cite web|title = 5 Things to Know About Tropical Cyclone Winston|url = http://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/cyclone-winston-impacts-preps|website = The Weather Channel|access-date = February 20, 2016}}</ref> Australia also provided assistance to Tonga, including the distribution of [[Australian dollar|A]]$300,000 worth of humanitarian supplies through the [[Tonga Red Cross Society]], two surveillance and assessment aircraft, and two disaster management experts from the [[Australian Civilian Corps]] to aid in relief efforts.<ref name="australiaaid">{{cite news|title=Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://dfat.gov.au/news/news/Pages/tropical-cyclone-winston.aspx|accessdate=February 21, 2016|agency=Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade|publisher=Government of Australia|date=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fSsJb9kE|archivedate=February 21, 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}
*[[Cyclone Oscar]]
*[[Cyclone Daman]]
*[[Cyclone Evan]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{SPAC EL's}}

{{2015–16 South Pacific cyclone season buttons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Winston (2016)}}
[[Category:2015–16 South Pacific cyclone season]]
[[Category:2016 in Fiji]]
[[Category:Category 5 South Pacific cyclones]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Fiji]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Niue]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Tonga]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Vanuatu]]

Zyklon Winston

2016-02-21T01:58:13Z

Cyclonebiskit: /* Fiji */ arrests

{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox hurricane current
|name=Winston
|AUScategory=Aus5
|category=cat4
|type=tropical cyclone
|time=06:00 [[UTC+12:00|FST]] February 21 (18:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]], February 20)
|image=Winston 2016-02-19 2330Z.png
|track=JTWC sh1116.gif
|lat=17.6|S|lon=175.7|E
|distance_from={{convert|100|nmi|abbr=on}} [[Points of the compass|W]] of [[Nadi]], [[Fiji]]
|10sustained=205 [[km/h]] (125 [[miles per hour|mph]])
|1sustained=240 km/h (150 mph)
|pressure=930 [[Pascal (unit)|hPa]] ([[Bar (unit)|mbar]]; 27.47 [[Inches of Mercury|inHg]])
|movement=W at {{convert|13|kn|abbr=on}}
}}


'''Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston''' (also referred to as '''Hurricane Winston'''<ref>{{cite news|author=Nasik Swami|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Hurricane Winston makes landfall in Viti Levu|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342493}}</ref>) was the first recorded [[Tropical cyclone scales#Australia and Fiji|Category 5]] storm to make [[landfall]] in [[Fiji]]. The system was first noted as a tropical disturbance on February 7 2016, when it was located to the northwest of Port Villa, Vanuatu. Over the next few days, the system gradually developed as it moved southeast, acquiring [[gale]]-force winds by February 11. The following day it underwent [[Rapid deepening|rapid intensification]] and attained ten-minute [[maximum sustained wind]]s of 175 km/h (110 mph). Less favourable environmental conditions prompted weakening thereafter. After turning northeast on February 14, Winston stalled to the north of [[Tonga]] on February 17. Regaining strength, the storm doubled back to the west, achieving Category 5 status on February 19. It reached its peak intensity the next day with ten-minute sustained winds of 230 km/h (145 mph) and a pressure of 915 hPa (mbar; 27.03 inHg), shortly before making [[landfall]] on [[Viti Levu]], Fiji.

In advance of the storm's arrival in Fiji, numerous shelters were opened, and a nationwide curfew was instituted during the evening of February 20. Striking Fiji as a Category 5 on February 20, Winston inflicted extensive damage on many islands, and killed at least one person. Communications were lost with at least six islands.

==Fiji cyclone history==
Though frequented by tropical cyclones, the main islands of Fiji—[[Viti Levu]] and [[Vanua Levu]]—do not regularly experience major cyclones.<ref name="WaPo"/> The strongest storm to impact the main islands since records began in 1941 was [[Cyclone Evan|Evan]] in December 2012, which skirted the western coast of Viti Levu as a Category 4 system on both the Australian scale and the [[Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Jeff Masters|publisher=Weather Underground|date=December 17, 2012|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=A grinch in paradise: Category 4 Tropical Cyclone Evan slams Fiji|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=2313}}</ref> The strongest storm to make [[landfall]] on either Viti Levu or Vanua Levu was [[Cyclone Nigel|Nigel]] in 1985, with ten-minute sustained winds of 150 km/h (90 mph) and one-minute sustained winds of 195 km/h (120 mph). The relative lack of major cyclones affecting the capital city of [[Suva]], located along the southeastern coast of Viti Levu, has led to complacency among residents. Many assume that strong storms are confined to northern and western areas. With Winston approaching Fiji from the east and directly threatening Suva, Angela Fritz of ''[[The Washington Post]]'' called the storm a "worst-case scenario".<ref name="WaPo">{{cite news|author=Angela Fritz|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Catastrophic Cyclone Winston bears down on Fiji’s main island in worst case scenario|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2016/02/19/catastrophic-cyclone-winston-bears-down-on-fijis-main-island-in-worst-case-scenario/}}</ref>

==Meteorological history==
{{Storm path|Winston 2016 track.png}}
On February 7, 2016, the [[Fiji Meteorological Service]] (FMS) started to monitor Tropical Disturbance 09F, which had developed about {{convert|1000|km|mi|disp=5|abbr=on}} northwest of [[Port Villa]], [[Vanuatu]].<ref name="TDS 7/2">{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 7, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Summary for Area Equator to 25S, 160E to 120W|url=http://www.met.gov.fj/aifs_prods/20036.txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fBiTyQOw|archivedate=February 7, 2016}}</ref> Over the next few days the system moved southeast and gradually developed further within a favourable environment.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 10, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Western and South Pacific Oceans|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ab/abpw10.pgtw..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fBilWDlQ|archivedate=February 10, 2016}}</ref> On February 10, the United States-based [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) initiated advisories on the system and classified it as Tropical Cyclone 11P, while it was located about {{convert|860|km|mi|disp=5|abbr=on}} to the west-northwest of [[Suva, Fiji]].<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 10, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Eleven) Warning Nr 001|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps51.pgtw..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fCXhQArO|archivedate=February 10, 2016}}</ref> The FMS upgraded it to Category 1 status on the [[Tropical cyclone scales#Australia and Fiji|Australian tropical cyclone scale]] and [[Tropical cyclone naming|assigned it the name]] ''Winston'' early on February 11; at this time the storm was situated roughly {{convert|820|km|abbr=on}} west-northwest of [[Suva]], [[Fiji]]. Embedded within a northwesterly deep layer [[mean flow]], the system tracked southeast.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A4|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fECxlyvf|archivedate=February 11, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> Around 12:00 [[UTC]] on the same day, Winston intensified into a Category 2 tropical cyclone as a small, well-defined [[Eye (cyclone)|eye]] developed within deepening [[Atmospheric convection|convection]].<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A6|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fECxFPOB|archivedate=February 11, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning Nr 003|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fED589F1|archivedate=February 11, 2016}}</ref>

Situated within a very favourable environment—featuring [[sea surface temperature]]s of {{convert|30|to|31|C|F|abbr=on}}, robust upper-level [[Outflow (meteorology)|outflow]], and light to moderate [[wind shear]]<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning Nr 005|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|accessdate=February 19, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fFB0vxy6|archivedate=February 12, 2016}}</ref>—Winston [[rapid deepening|rapidly intensified]] on February 12, becoming a Category 3 severe tropical cyclone by 06:00 UTC,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A9|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fFAdmdS7|archivedate=February 12, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> and then a Category 4 only six hours later.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A10|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fFAdUbTv|archivedate=February 12, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> The system presented a well-defined eye enveloped by deep convection, and it reached its initial peak intensity at 18:00 UTC, with ten-minute [[maximum sustained wind]]s of 175 km/h (110 mph)<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A11|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHps9anU|archivedate=February 12, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> and the JTWC estimated one-minute maximum sustained winds at 205 km/h (125 mph).<ref name="JTWCRBT">{{cite web|publisher=[[US Naval Research Laboratory]], Marine Meteorology|work=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=[Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Rolling Best Track]|url=http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/tcdat/tc16/SHEM/11P.WINSTON/trackfile.txt|format=.TXT}}</ref> Soon thereafter, increasing wind shear prompted weakening;<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 13, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 007|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 14, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHqHeYyg}}</ref> convection warmed and became increasingly ragged in appearance. On February 14, Winston turned northeast as a [[subtropical ridge]] positioned itself to the north.<ref name="JTWC008">{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 14, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 008|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 14, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHqHNXSh}}</ref>

[[File:Tatiana and Winston 2016-02-12 0330Z.jpg|thumb|right|Cyclones [[2015–16 Australian region cyclone season#Tropical Cyclone Tatiana|Tatiana]] ''(left)'' and Winston ''(right)'' on February 12]]
Persistent wind shear displaced convection from the center of Winston, leaving its circulation partially exposed. The system degraded below severe tropical cyclone status by 00:00 UTC on February 15 as a result.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A19|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 15, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMyYNv9j|archivedate=February 17, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> Conditions became more favourable for development on February 16, with shear relaxing over the cyclone. A prominent [[Rainband|banding feature]] wrapped into the circulation that day, marking the start of reintensification.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 013|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMzA3Uwv}}</ref> An eye reformed later that day within increasing convection,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 014|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz9mPiC}}</ref> and Winston regained severe tropical cyclone intensity by 18:00 UTC.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A26|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMyWAzSC|archivedate=February 17, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> The storm's core became increasingly compact and defined as it strengthened,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 016|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz99ChM}}</ref> and a [[central dense overcast]] became established on February 17.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 017|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz8s7zr}}</ref> Later that day, Winston entered a region of weak steering currents and the storm became nearly stationary.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 018|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz8ZUfC}}</ref> The storm's eye became more readily apparent late on February 17 as it doubled back to the west.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A30|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOckgt6X|archivedate=February 17, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 020|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOdPd6wF}}</ref>

A strengthening [[Ridge (meteorology)|ridge]] to the south propelled Winston west by February 18, directing the intensifying cyclone at Fiji. The storm's eye grew in size this day,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 021|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOdPLzQc}}</ref> and upper-level outflow became more defined.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 022|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOdP4Vsr}}</ref> Winston's overall structure became increasingly symmetric,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 022|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQvK1Yzy}}</ref> and the system acquired traits of an [[annular tropical cyclone]].<ref name="WU219"/> Marked intensification took place on February 19 as the storm's {{convert|27|km|mi|abbr=on}} wide eye became surrounded by intense convection.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 024|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQvJUWEJ}}</ref> Winston acquired Category 5 status—the highest level on the Australian intensity scale—by 06:00 UTC, with ten-minute sustained winds reaching 205 km/h (125 mph).<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A37|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQuDp9nf|archivedate=February 20, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> Fueled by nearly perfect conditions for intensification,<ref name="WU219"/> Winston deepened further and the JTWC estimated it to have acquired one-minute sustained winds of 265 km/h (165 mph) by 18:00 UTC, classifying it as a Category 5-equivalent on the [[Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale]].<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 027|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQvIxDMw}}</ref> Around this time, the cyclone passed directly over the small island of [[Vanua Balavu]].<ref name="WU219">{{cite web|author=Jeff Masters and Bob Henson|publisher=Weather Underground|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Fiji Pounded by its First Category 5 Storm on Record: Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=3249}}</ref> Wind gusts of {{convert|268|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} were reported on the island.<ref name="RNZ1"/>

Passing just south of [[Vanua Levu]], Winston achieved its peak intensity early on February 20 with ten-minute sustained winds of 230 km/h (145 mph) and a pressure of 915 hPa (mbar; 27.03 inHg).<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A42|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fRY3FW1U|archivedate=February 20, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> The JTWC estimated Winston to have been slightly stronger, with one-minute sustained winds of 285 km/h (180 mph).<ref name="JTWCRBT"/> It soon made [[landfall]] in the [[Rakiraki District, Fiji|Rakiraki District]] on [[Viti Levu]] at peak strength.<ref>{{cite web|author=Jon Erdman|publisher=The Weather Channel|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone Winston Makes Category 5 Landfall; Strongest on Record in Fiji|url=https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/tropical-cyclone-winston-fiji-strongest-landfall}}</ref><ref name="RNZ1">{{cite web|publisher=Radio New Zealand|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Winston leaves trail of destruction|url=http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/world/297041/winston-leaves-trail-of-destruction}}</ref> Winston is the only known Category 5 storm, on both the Australian tropical cyclone scale and the Saffir-Simpson scale, to directly impact Fiji, and is accordingly the most intense storm on record to strike the nation.<ref>{{cite news|author=Losalini Bolatagici|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Winston the strongest, first Category 5 cyclone to hit Fiji|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342485}}</ref>

==Impact==
===Fiji===
[[File:Winston 2016-02-20 0125z (eye).jpg|thumb|right|The eye of Winston over [[Koro Island]] on February 20.]]
On February 14, the FMS began issuing [[tropical cyclone warnings and watches|tropical cyclone warnings]] for the southern [[Lau Islands]] of Fiji.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 14, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number One for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 14, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHqPounr}}</ref> These gradually expanded in coverage through February 15,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 15, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number Seven for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 15, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fK9R4kov}}</ref> but were discontinued on February 16 as Winston moved away from the nation.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number Fifteen for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz4G0ZI}}</ref> Warnings resumed on February 18 after Winston doubled back toward Fiji, and were issued for northern and eastern islands.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number Sixteen for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOcuonPM}}</ref> Most of the northern islands in the storm's immediate path were placed under [[hurricane warning]]s on February 19.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number Twenty-Four for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQuJZt8h}}</ref> All shelters across the Southern [[Lau Islands]], [[Koro Island]], and [[Taveuni]] were opened on February 19; more than 700 shelters opened across the entirety of Fiji.<ref name="RNZ1"/><ref>{{cite web|author=Savaira Tabua|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Evacuation centres activated in upper Lau group|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37673/evacuation-centres-activated-in-upper-lau-group}}
*{{cite web|author=Ellen Stolz|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Koro Island and Taveuni brace for TC Winston|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37682/koro-island-and-taveuni-brace-for-tc-winston}}
*{{cite web|author=Farzana Nisha|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Evacuation centers are ready: NDMO|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37675/evacuation-centers-are-ready-ndmo}}
*</ref> The [[Republic of Fiji Military Forces]] were placed on standby for relief efforts.<ref>{{cite web|author=Akosita Talei|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=RFMF on standby for TC Winston|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37672/rfmf-on-standby-for-tc-winston}}</ref> A [[state of emergency]] was declared during the afternoon of February 20.<ref>{{cite news|author=Nasik Swami|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Fiji declares State of Natural Disaster|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342488}}</ref> A nationwide [[curfew]] was enacted starting at 6:00 p.m. local time.<ref>{{cite news|author=Indra Singh|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Nationwide Curfew as TC Winston batters Fiji group|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37707/nationwide-curfew-as-tc-winston-batters-fiji-group}}</ref> Public transportation was suspended across Viti Levu, and the Fiji Roads Authority strongly advised residents to avoid travel unless necessary. Prime Minister [[Frank Bainimarama]] called the storm "an ordeal of the most grievous kind".<ref name="RNZ1"/>

Striking the nation on February 20, Winston brought widespread damage to numerous islands. Large areas of the country, including the entirety of Vanua Levu,<ref>{{cite web|author=Elenoa Turagaiviu|publisher=Fiji Broadcast Corporation|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016|title=Restoration of essential services is a priority url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37744/restoration-of-essential-services-is-a-priority-}}</ref> were left without power as hurricane-force winds downed trees and power lines.<ref name="RNZ1"/> Communications with Vanua Balavu, Lakeba, Cicia, Nayau, Taveuni, and [[Qamea]] were lost on February 20.<ref>{{cite news|author=Luke Rawalai|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=TC Winston: Telecommunications to Taveuni cut|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342476}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Aliki Bia|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=No links to some islands in Lau Group|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37701/no-links-to-some-islands-in-lau-group}}</ref> Landline telephone service was lost on [[Matuku Island]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Tokasa Rainima|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Matuku prepares for bad weather|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37691/matuku-prepares-for-bad-weather}}</ref> Koro Island sustained severe damage, with schools destroyed and many structures losing their roof.<ref>{{cite web|author=Savaira Tabua|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Teachers quarters blown away|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37708/teachers-quarters-blown-away}}</ref> One person died in [[Nabasovi]] when his home collapsed.<ref>{{cite web|author=Farzana Nisha|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Death of an elderly man confirmed|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37732/death-of-an-elderly-man-confirmed}}</ref> Significant damage was reported across [[Ovalau]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Ellen Stolz|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Ovalau experiencing destructive winds|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37704/ovalau-experiencing-destructive-winds}}</ref>

On Viti Levu, strong winds destroyed at least two homes in Waidamu; the [[Waidamu River]] also topped its banks and flooded nearby communities.<ref>{{cite news|author=Nasik Swami|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Two houses blown away in Nausori|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342490}}</ref>

===Other South Pacific nations===
Impacting [[Tonga]] twice within the span of a few days, Winston caused significant damage across northern Tonga. Approximately 2,500 people sought refuge in shelters. The first passage of the storm resulted in mostly crop damage while the second brought greater structural damage. At least 10 homes were destroyed and 200 more were damaged.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Radio New Zealand International|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Despite some damage, Tonga escapes the worst of Winston|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342283}}</ref>

Winston also affected [[Niue]] on February 16; the FMS issued tropical cyclone and damaging heavy swell warnings for the island nation.<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/6fMzj4znk</ref>

==Aftermath==
===Fiji===
All schools across Fiji suspended classes for a week due to severe damage to the educational infrastructure.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ritika Pratap|publisher=Fiji Broadcast Corporation|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016|title=Schools to go on one week break|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37742/schools-to-go-on-one-week-break-}}</ref> In [[Labasa]], two people were arrested for breaking curfew and others were reprimanded.<ref>{{cite web|author=Elenoa Turagaiviu|publisher=Fiji Broadcast Corporation|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016|title=Two people arrested in Labasa|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37750/two-people-arrested-in-labasa}}</ref>

===Tonga===
The nation of Tonga received money and aid from New Zealand, which also provided 8,000 people with clean water.<ref>{{Cite web|title = 5 Things to Know About Tropical Cyclone Winston|url = http://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/cyclone-winston-impacts-preps|website = The Weather Channel|access-date = February 20, 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}
*[[Cyclone Oscar]]
*[[Cyclone Daman]]
*[[Cyclone Evan]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{SPAC EL's}}

{{2015–16 South Pacific cyclone season buttons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Winston (2016)}}
[[Category:2015–16 South Pacific cyclone season]]
[[Category:2016 in Fiji]]
[[Category:Category 5 South Pacific cyclones]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Fiji]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Niue]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Tonga]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Vanuatu]]

Zyklon Winston

2016-02-20T22:45:14Z

Cyclonebiskit: also called "Hurricane Winston" in Fiji, worth mentioning in lede

{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox hurricane current
|name=Winston
|AUScategory=Aus5
|category=cat4
|type=tropical cyclone
|time=06:00 [[UTC+12:00|FST]] February 21 (18:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]], February 20)
|image=Winston 2016-02-19 2330Z.png
|track=JTWC sh1116.gif
|lat=17.6|S|lon=175.7|E
|distance_from={{convert|100|nmi|abbr=on}} [[Points of the compass|W]] of [[Nadi]], [[Fiji]]
|10sustained=205 [[km/h]] (125 [[miles per hour|mph]])
|1sustained=240 km/h (150 mph)
|pressure=930 [[Pascal (unit)|hPa]] ([[Bar (unit)|mbar]]; 27.47 [[Inches of Mercury|inHg]])
|movement=W at {{convert|13|kn|abbr=on}}
}}


'''Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston''' (also referred to as '''Hurricane Winston'''<ref>{{cite news|author=Nasik Swami|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Hurricane Winston makes landfall in Viti Levu|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342493}}</ref>) was the first [[Tropical cyclone scales#Australia and Fiji|Category 5]] storm to make [[landfall]] in [[Fiji]] on record. The system was first noted as a tropical disturbance on February 7 2016, while it was located to the northwest of Port Villa, Vanuatu. Over the next few days the system gradually developed as it moved southeast, acquiring [[gale]]-force winds by February 11. The following day it underwent [[Rapid deepening|rapid intensification]] and attained ten-minute [[maximum sustained wind]]s of 175 km/h (110 mph). Less favourable environmental conditions prompted weakening thereafter. After turning northeast on February 14, Winston stalled to the north of [[Tonga]] on February 17. Regaining strength, the storm doubled back to the west, achieving Category 5 status on February 19. It reached its peak intensity the next day with ten-minute sustained winds of 230 km/h (145 mph) and a pressure of 915 hPa (mbar; 27.03 inHg), shortly before making [[landfall]] on [[Viti Levu]], Fiji.

In advance of the storm's arrival in Fiji, numerous shelters were opened; a nationwide curfew was instituted during the evening of February 20. Striking Fiji as a Category 5 on February 20, Winston inflicted extensive damage across multiple islands and killed at least one person. Communications were lost with at least six islands.

==Fiji cyclone history==
Though frequented by tropical cyclones, the main islands of Fiji—[[Viti Levu]] and [[Vanua Levu]]—do not regularly experience major cyclones.<ref name="WaPo"/> The strongest storm to impact the main islands since records began in 1941 was [[Cyclone Evan|Evan]] in December 2012, which skirted the western coast of Viti Levu as a Category 4 system on both the Australian scale and the [[Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Jeff Masters|publisher=Weather Underground|date=December 17, 2012|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=A grinch in paradise: Category 4 Tropical Cyclone Evan slams Fiji|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=2313}}</ref> The strongest storm to make [[landfall]] on either Viti Levu or Vanua Levu was [[Cyclone Nigel|Nigel]] in 1985, with ten-minute sustained winds of 150 km/h (90 mph) and one-minute sustained winds of 195 km/h (120 mph). The relative lack of major cyclones affecting the capital city of [[Suva]], located along the southeastern coast of Viti Levu, has led to complacency among residents. Many assume that strong storms are confined to northern and western areas. With Winston approaching Fiji from the east and directly threatening Suva, Angela Fritz of ''[[The Washington Post]]'' called the storm a "worst-case scenario".<ref name="WaPo">{{cite news|author=Angela Fritz|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Catastrophic Cyclone Winston bears down on Fiji’s main island in worst case scenario|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2016/02/19/catastrophic-cyclone-winston-bears-down-on-fijis-main-island-in-worst-case-scenario/}}</ref>

==Meteorological history==
{{Storm path|Winston 2016 track.png}}
On February 7, 2016, the [[Fiji Meteorological Service]] (FMS) started to monitor Tropical Disturbance 09F, which had developed about {{convert|1000|km|mi|disp=5|abbr=on}} northwest of [[Port Villa]], [[Vanuatu]].<ref name="TDS 7/2">{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 7, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Summary for Area Equator to 25S, 160E to 120W|url=http://www.met.gov.fj/aifs_prods/20036.txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fBiTyQOw|archivedate=February 7, 2016}}</ref> Over the next few days the system moved southeast and gradually developed further within a favourable environment.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 10, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Western and South Pacific Oceans|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ab/abpw10.pgtw..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fBilWDlQ|archivedate=February 10, 2016}}</ref> On February 10, the United States-based [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) initiated advisories on the system and classified it as Tropical Cyclone 11P, while it was located about {{convert|860|km|mi|disp=5|abbr=on}} to the west-northwest of [[Suva, Fiji]].<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 10, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Eleven) Warning Nr 001|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps51.pgtw..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fCXhQArO|archivedate=February 10, 2016}}</ref> The FMS upgraded it to Category 1 status on the [[Tropical cyclone scales#Australia and Fiji|Australian tropical cyclone scale]] and [[Tropical cyclone naming|assigned it the name]] ''Winston'' early on February 11; at this time the storm was situated roughly {{convert|820|km|abbr=on}} west-northwest of [[Suva]], [[Fiji]]. Embedded within a northwesterly deep layer [[mean flow]], the system tracked southeast.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A4|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fECxlyvf|archivedate=February 11, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> Around 12:00 [[UTC]] on the same day, Winston intensified into a Category 2 tropical cyclone as a small, well-defined [[Eye (cyclone)|eye]] developed within deepening [[Atmospheric convection|convection]].<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A6|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fECxFPOB|archivedate=February 11, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning Nr 003|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fED589F1|archivedate=February 11, 2016}}</ref>

Situated within a very favourable environment—featuring [[sea surface temperature]]s of {{convert|30|to|31|C|F|abbr=on}}, robust upper-level [[Outflow (meteorology)|outflow]], and light to moderate [[wind shear]]<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning Nr 005|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|accessdate=February 19, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fFB0vxy6|archivedate=February 12, 2016}}</ref>—Winston [[rapid deepening|rapidly intensified]] on February 12, becoming a Category 3 severe tropical cyclone by 06:00 UTC,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A9|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fFAdmdS7|archivedate=February 12, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> and then a Category 4 only six hours later.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A10|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fFAdUbTv|archivedate=February 12, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> The system presented a well-defined eye enveloped by deep convection, and it reached its initial peak intensity at 18:00 UTC, with ten-minute [[maximum sustained wind]]s of 175 km/h (110 mph)<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A11|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHps9anU|archivedate=February 12, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> and the JTWC estimatd one-minute maximum sustained winds at 205 km/h (125 mph).<ref name="JTWCRBT">{{cite web|publisher=[[US Naval Research Laboratory]], Marine Meteorology|work=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=[Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Rolling Best Track]|url=http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/tcdat/tc16/SHEM/11P.WINSTON/trackfile.txt|format=.TXT}}</ref> Soon thereafter, increasing wind shear prompted weakening;<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 13, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 007|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 14, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHqHeYyg}}</ref> convection warmed and became increasingly ragged in appearance. On February 14, Winston turned northeast as a [[subtropical ridge]] positioned itself to the north.<ref name="JTWC008">{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 14, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 008|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 14, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHqHNXSh}}</ref>

[[File:Tatiana and Winston 2016-02-12 0330Z.jpg|thumb|right|Cyclones [[2015–16 Australian region cyclone season#Tropical Cyclone Tatiana|Tatiana]] ''(left)'' and Winston ''(right)'' on February 12]]
Persistent wind shear displaced convection from the center of Winston, leaving its circulation partially exposed. The system degraded below severe tropical cyclone status by 00:00 UTC on February 15 as a result.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A19|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 15, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMyYNv9j|archivedate=February 17, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> Conditions became more favourable for development on February 16, with shear relaxing over the cyclone. A prominent [[Rainband|banding feature]] wrapped into the circulation that day, marking the start of reintensification.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 013|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMzA3Uwv}}</ref> An eye reformed later that day within increasing convection,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 014|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz9mPiC}}</ref> and Winston regained severe tropical cyclone intensity by 18:00 UTC.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A26|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMyWAzSC|archivedate=February 17, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> The storm's core became increasingly compact and defined as it strengthened,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 016|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz99ChM}}</ref> and a [[central dense overcast]] became established on February 17.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 017|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz8s7zr}}</ref> Later that day, Winston entered a region of weak steering currents and the storm became nearly stationary.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 018|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz8ZUfC}}</ref> The storm's eye became more readily apparent late on February 17 as it doubled back to the west.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A30|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOckgt6X|archivedate=February 17, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 020|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOdPd6wF}}</ref>

A strengthening [[Ridge (meteorology)|ridge]] to the south propelled Winston west by February 18, directing the intensifying cyclone at Fiji. The storm's eye grew in size this day,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 021|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOdPLzQc}}</ref> and upper-level outflow became more defined.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 022|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOdP4Vsr}}</ref> Winston's overall structure became increasingly symmetric,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 022|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQvK1Yzy}}</ref> and the system acquired traits of an [[annular tropical cyclone]].<ref name="WU219"/> Marked intensification took place on February 19 as the storm's {{convert|27|km|mi|abbr=on}} wide eye became surrounded by intense convection.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 024|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQvJUWEJ}}</ref> Winston acquired Category 5 status—the highest level on the Australian intensity scale—by 06:00 UTC, with ten-minute sustained winds reaching 205 km/h (125 mph).<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A37|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQuDp9nf|archivedate=February 20, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> Fueled by nearly perfect conditions for intensification,<ref name="WU219"/> Winston deepened further and the JTWC estimated it to have acquired one-minute sustained winds of 265 km/h (165 mph) by 18:00 UTC, classifying it as a Category 5-equivalent on the [[Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale]].<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 027|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQvIxDMw}}</ref> Around this time, the cyclone passed directly over the small island of [[Vanua Balavu]].<ref name="WU219">{{cite web|author=Jeff Masters and Bob Henson|publisher=Weather Underground|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Fiji Pounded by its First Category 5 Storm on Record: Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=3249}}</ref> Wind gusts of {{convert|268|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} were reported on the island.<ref name="RNZ1"/>

Passing just south of [[Vanua Levu]], Winston achieved its peak intensity early on February 20 with ten-minute sustained winds of 230 km/h (145 mph) and a pressure of 915 hPa (mbar; 27.03 inHg).<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A42|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fRY3FW1U|archivedate=February 20, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> The JTWC estimated Winston to have been slightly stronger, with one-minute sustained winds of 285 km/h (180 mph).<ref name="JTWCRBT"/> It soon made [[landfall]] in the [[Rakiraki District, Fiji|Rakiraki District]] on [[Viti Levu]] at peak strength.<ref>{{cite web|author=Jon Erdman|publisher=The Weather Channel|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone Winston Makes Category 5 Landfall; Strongest on Record in Fiji|url=https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/tropical-cyclone-winston-fiji-strongest-landfall}}</ref><ref name="RNZ1">{{cite web|publisher=Radio New Zealand|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Winston leaves trail of destruction|url=http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/world/297041/winston-leaves-trail-of-destruction}}</ref> Winston is the only known Category 5 storm, on both the Australian tropical cyclone scale and the Saffir-Simpson scale, to directly impact Fiji, and is accordingly the most intense storm on record to strike the nation.<ref>{{cite news|author=Losalini Bolatagici|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Winston the strongest, first Category 5 cyclone to hit Fiji|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342485}}</ref>

==Impact==
===Fiji===
[[File:Winston 2016-02-20 0125z (eye).jpg|thumb|right|The eye of Winston over [[Koro Island]] on February 20.]]
On February 14, the FMS began issuing [[tropical cyclone warnings and watches|tropical cyclone warnings]] for the southern [[Lau Islands]] of Fiji.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 14, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number One for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 14, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHqPounr}}</ref> These gradually expanded in coverage through February 15,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 15, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number Seven for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 15, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fK9R4kov}}</ref> but were discontinued on February 16 as Winston moved away from the nation.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number Fifteen for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz4G0ZI}}</ref> Warnings resumed on February 18 after Winston doubled back toward Fiji, and were issued for northern and eastern islands.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number Sixteen for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOcuonPM}}</ref> Most of the northern islands in the storm's immediate path were placed under [[hurricane warning]]s on February 19.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number Twenty-Four for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQuJZt8h}}</ref> All shelters across the Southern [[Lau Islands]], [[Koro Island]], and [[Taveuni]] were opened on February 19; more than 700 shelters opened across the entirety of Fiji.<ref name="RNZ1"/><ref>{{cite web|author=Savaira Tabua|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Evacuation centres activated in upper Lau group|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37673/evacuation-centres-activated-in-upper-lau-group}}
*{{cite web|author=Ellen Stolz|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Koro Island and Taveuni brace for TC Winston|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37682/koro-island-and-taveuni-brace-for-tc-winston}}
*{{cite web|author=Farzana Nisha|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Evacuation centers are ready: NDMO|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37675/evacuation-centers-are-ready-ndmo}}
*</ref> The [[Republic of Fiji Military Forces]] were placed on standby for relief efforts.<ref>{{cite web|author=Akosita Talei|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=RFMF on standby for TC Winston|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37672/rfmf-on-standby-for-tc-winston}}</ref> A [[state of emergency]] was declared during the afternoon of February 20.<ref>{{cite news|author=Nasik Swami|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Fiji declares State of Natural Disaster|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342488}}</ref> A nationwide [[curfew]] was enacted starting at 6:00 p.m. local time.<ref>{{cite news|author=Indra Singh|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Nationwide Curfew as TC Winston batters Fiji group|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37707/nationwide-curfew-as-tc-winston-batters-fiji-group}}</ref> Public transportation was suspended across Viti Levu, and the Fiji Roads Authority strongly advised residents to avoid travel unless necessary. Prime Minister [[Frank Bainimarama]] called the storm "an ordeal of the most grievous kind".<ref name="RNZ1"/>

Striking the nation on February 20, Winston brought widespread damage to numerous islands. Large areas of the country, including the entirety of Vanua Levu,<ref>{{cite web|author=Elenoa Turagaiviu|publisher=Fiji Broadcast Corporation|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016|title=Restoration of essential services is a priorityhttp://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37744/restoration-of-essential-services-is-a-priority-}}</ref>|url= were left without power as hurricane-force winds downed trees and power lines.<ref name="RNZ1"/> Communications with Vanua Balavu, Lakeba, Cicia, Nayau, Taveuni, and [[Qamea]] were lost on February 20.<ref>{{cite news|author=Luke Rawalai|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=TC Winston: Telecommunications to Taveuni cut|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342476}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Aliki Bia|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=No links to some islands in Lau Group|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37701/no-links-to-some-islands-in-lau-group}}</ref> Landline telephone service was lost on [[Matuku Island]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Tokasa Rainima|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Matuku prepares for bad weather|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37691/matuku-prepares-for-bad-weather}}</ref> Koro Island sustained severe damage, with schools destroyed and many structures losing their roof.<ref>{{cite web|author=Savaira Tabua|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Teachers quarters blown away|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37708/teachers-quarters-blown-away}}</ref> One person died in [[Nabasovi]] when his home collapsed.<ref>{{cite web|author=Farzana Nisha|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Death of an elderly man confirmed|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37732/death-of-an-elderly-man-confirmed}}</ref> Significant damage was reported across [[Ovalau]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Ellen Stolz|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Ovalau experiencing destructive winds|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37704/ovalau-experiencing-destructive-winds}}</ref>

On Viti Levu, strong winds destroyed at least two homes in Waidamu; the [[Waidamu River]] also topped its banks and flooded nearby communities.<ref>{{cite news|author=Nasik Swami|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Two houses blown away in Nausori|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342490}}</ref>

===Other South Pacific nations===
Impacting [[Tonga]] twice within the span of a few days, Winston caused significant damage across northern Tonga. Approximately 2,500 people sought refuge in shelters. The first passage of the storm resulted in mostly crop damage while the second brought greater structural damage. At least 10 homes were destroyed and 200 more were damaged.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Radio New Zealand International|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Despite some damage, Tonga escapes the worst of Winston|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342283}}</ref>

Winston also affected [[Niue]] on February 16; the FMS issued tropical cyclone and damaging heavy swell warnings for the island nation.<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/6fMzj4znk</ref>

==Aftermath==
===Fiji===
All schools across Fiji suspended classes for a week due to severe damage to educational infrastructure.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ritika Pratap|publisher=Fiji Broadcast Corporation|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016|title=Schools to go on one week break|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37742/schools-to-go-on-one-week-break-}}</ref>

===Tonga===
The nation of Tonga received money and aid from New Zealand and the country provided 8,000 people with clean water.<ref>{{Cite web|title = 5 Things to Know About Tropical Cyclone Winston|url = http://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/cyclone-winston-impacts-preps|website = The Weather Channel|access-date = February 20, 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}
*[[Cyclone Oscar]]
*[[Cyclone Daman]]
*[[Cyclone Evan]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{SPAC EL's}}

{{2015–16 South Pacific cyclone season buttons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Winston (2016)}}
[[Category:2015–16 South Pacific cyclone season]]
[[Category:2016 in Fiji]]
[[Category:Category 5 South Pacific cyclones]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Fiji]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Niue]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Tonga]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Vanuatu]]

Zyklon Winston

2016-02-20T22:25:24Z

Cyclonebiskit: /* Fiji */ all of Vanua Levu lost power

{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox hurricane current
|name=Winston
|AUScategory=Aus5
|category=cat4
|type=tropical cyclone
|time=06:00 [[UTC+12:00|FST]] February 21 (18:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]], February 20)
|image=Winston 2016-02-19 2330Z.png
|track=JTWC sh1116.gif
|lat=17.6|S|lon=175.7|E
|distance_from={{convert|100|nmi|abbr=on}} [[Points of the compass|W]] of [[Nadi]], [[Fiji]]
|10sustained=205 [[km/h]] (125 [[miles per hour|mph]])
|1sustained=240 km/h (150 mph)
|pressure=930 [[Pascal (unit)|hPa]] ([[Bar (unit)|mbar]]; 27.47 [[Inches of Mercury|inHg]])
|movement=W at {{convert|13|kn|abbr=on}}
}}


'''Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston''' was the first [[Tropical cyclone scales#Australia and Fiji|Category 5]] storm to make [[landfall]] in [[Fiji]] on record. The system was first noted as a tropical disturbance on February 7 2016, while it was located to the northwest of Port Villa, Vanuatu. Over the next few days the system gradually developed as it moved southeast, acquiring [[gale]]-force winds by February 11. The following day it underwent [[Rapid deepening|rapid intensification]] and attained ten-minute [[maximum sustained wind]]s of 175 km/h (110 mph). Less favourable environmental conditions prompted weakening thereafter. After turning northeast on February 14, Winston stalled to the north of [[Tonga]] on February 17. Regaining strength, the storm doubled back to the west, achieving Category 5 status on February 19. It reached its peak intensity the next day with ten-minute sustained winds of 230 km/h (145 mph) and a pressure of 915 hPa (mbar; 27.03 inHg), shortly before making [[landfall]] on [[Viti Levu]], Fiji.

In advance of the storm's arrival in Fiji, numerous shelters were opened; a nationwide curfew was instituted during the evening of February 20. Striking Fiji as a Category 5 on February 20, Winston inflicted extensive damage across multiple islands and killed at least one person. Communications were lost with at least six islands.

==Fiji cyclone history==
Though frequented by tropical cyclones, the main islands of Fiji—[[Viti Levu]] and [[Vanua Levu]]—do not regularly experience major cyclones.<ref name="WaPo"/> The strongest storm to impact the main islands since records began in 1941 was [[Cyclone Evan|Evan]] in December 2012, which skirted the western coast of Viti Levu as a Category 4 system on both the Australian scale and the [[Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Jeff Masters|publisher=Weather Underground|date=December 17, 2012|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=A grinch in paradise: Category 4 Tropical Cyclone Evan slams Fiji|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=2313}}</ref> The strongest storm to make [[landfall]] on either Viti Levu or Vanua Levu was [[Cyclone Nigel|Nigel]] in 1985, with ten-minute sustained winds of 150 km/h (90 mph) and one-minute sustained winds of 195 km/h (120 mph). The relative lack of major cyclones affecting the capital city of [[Suva]], located along the southeastern coast of Viti Levu, has led to complacency among residents. Many assume that strong storms are confined to northern and western areas. With Winston approaching Fiji from the east and directly threatening Suva, Angela Fritz of ''[[The Washington Post]]'' called the storm a "worst-case scenario".<ref name="WaPo">{{cite news|author=Angela Fritz|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Catastrophic Cyclone Winston bears down on Fiji’s main island in worst case scenario|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2016/02/19/catastrophic-cyclone-winston-bears-down-on-fijis-main-island-in-worst-case-scenario/}}</ref>

==Meteorological history==
{{Storm path|Winston 2016 track.png}}
On February 7, 2016, the [[Fiji Meteorological Service]] (FMS) started to monitor Tropical Disturbance 09F, which had developed about {{convert|1000|km|mi|disp=5|abbr=on}} northwest of [[Port Villa]], [[Vanuatu]].<ref name="TDS 7/2">{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 7, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Summary for Area Equator to 25S, 160E to 120W|url=http://www.met.gov.fj/aifs_prods/20036.txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fBiTyQOw|archivedate=February 7, 2016}}</ref> Over the next few days the system moved southeast and gradually developed further within a favourable environment.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 10, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Western and South Pacific Oceans|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ab/abpw10.pgtw..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fBilWDlQ|archivedate=February 10, 2016}}</ref> On February 10, the United States-based [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) initiated advisories on the system and classified it as Tropical Cyclone 11P, while it was located about {{convert|860|km|mi|disp=5|abbr=on}} to the west-northwest of [[Suva, Fiji]].<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 10, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Eleven) Warning Nr 001|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps51.pgtw..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fCXhQArO|archivedate=February 10, 2016}}</ref> The FMS upgraded it to Category 1 status on the [[Tropical cyclone scales#Australia and Fiji|Australian tropical cyclone scale]] and [[Tropical cyclone naming|assigned it the name]] ''Winston'' early on February 11; at this time the storm was situated roughly {{convert|820|km|abbr=on}} west-northwest of [[Suva]], [[Fiji]]. Embedded within a northwesterly deep layer [[mean flow]], the system tracked southeast.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A4|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fECxlyvf|archivedate=February 11, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> Around 12:00 [[UTC]] on the same day, Winston intensified into a Category 2 tropical cyclone as a small, well-defined [[Eye (cyclone)|eye]] developed within deepening [[Atmospheric convection|convection]].<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A6|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fECxFPOB|archivedate=February 11, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning Nr 003|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fED589F1|archivedate=February 11, 2016}}</ref>

Situated within a very favourable environment—featuring [[sea surface temperature]]s of {{convert|30|to|31|C|F|abbr=on}}, robust upper-level [[Outflow (meteorology)|outflow]], and light to moderate [[wind shear]]<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning Nr 005|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|accessdate=February 19, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fFB0vxy6|archivedate=February 12, 2016}}</ref>—Winston [[rapid deepening|rapidly intensified]] on February 12, becoming a Category 3 severe tropical cyclone by 06:00 UTC,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A9|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fFAdmdS7|archivedate=February 12, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> and then a Category 4 only six hours later.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A10|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fFAdUbTv|archivedate=February 12, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> The system presented a well-defined eye enveloped by deep convection, and it reached its initial peak intensity at 18:00 UTC, with ten-minute [[maximum sustained wind]]s of 175 km/h (110 mph)<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A11|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHps9anU|archivedate=February 12, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> and the JTWC estimatd one-minute maximum sustained winds at 205 km/h (125 mph).<ref name="JTWCRBT">{{cite web|publisher=[[US Naval Research Laboratory]], Marine Meteorology|work=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=[Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Rolling Best Track]|url=http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/tcdat/tc16/SHEM/11P.WINSTON/trackfile.txt|format=.TXT}}</ref> Soon thereafter, increasing wind shear prompted weakening;<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 13, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 007|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 14, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHqHeYyg}}</ref> convection warmed and became increasingly ragged in appearance. On February 14, Winston turned northeast as a [[subtropical ridge]] positioned itself to the north.<ref name="JTWC008">{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 14, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 008|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 14, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHqHNXSh}}</ref>

[[File:Tatiana and Winston 2016-02-12 0330Z.jpg|thumb|right|Cyclones [[2015–16 Australian region cyclone season#Tropical Cyclone Tatiana|Tatiana]] ''(left)'' and Winston ''(right)'' on February 12]]
Persistent wind shear displaced convection from the center of Winston, leaving its circulation partially exposed. The system degraded below severe tropical cyclone status by 00:00 UTC on February 15 as a result.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A19|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 15, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMyYNv9j|archivedate=February 17, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> Conditions became more favourable for development on February 16, with shear relaxing over the cyclone. A prominent [[Rainband|banding feature]] wrapped into the circulation that day, marking the start of reintensification.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 013|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMzA3Uwv}}</ref> An eye reformed later that day within increasing convection,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 014|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz9mPiC}}</ref> and Winston regained severe tropical cyclone intensity by 18:00 UTC.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A26|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMyWAzSC|archivedate=February 17, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> The storm's core became increasingly compact and defined as it strengthened,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 016|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz99ChM}}</ref> and a [[central dense overcast]] became established on February 17.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 017|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz8s7zr}}</ref> Later that day, Winston entered a region of weak steering currents and the storm became nearly stationary.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 018|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz8ZUfC}}</ref> The storm's eye became more readily apparent late on February 17 as it doubled back to the west.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A30|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOckgt6X|archivedate=February 17, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 020|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOdPd6wF}}</ref>

A strengthening [[Ridge (meteorology)|ridge]] to the south propelled Winston west by February 18, directing the intensifying cyclone at Fiji. The storm's eye grew in size this day,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 021|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOdPLzQc}}</ref> and upper-level outflow became more defined.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 022|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOdP4Vsr}}</ref> Winston's overall structure became increasingly symmetric,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 022|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQvK1Yzy}}</ref> and the system acquired traits of an [[annular tropical cyclone]].<ref name="WU219"/> Marked intensification took place on February 19 as the storm's {{convert|27|km|mi|abbr=on}} wide eye became surrounded by intense convection.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 024|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQvJUWEJ}}</ref> Winston acquired Category 5 status—the highest level on the Australian intensity scale—by 06:00 UTC, with ten-minute sustained winds reaching 205 km/h (125 mph).<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A37|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQuDp9nf|archivedate=February 20, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> Fueled by nearly perfect conditions for intensification,<ref name="WU219"/> Winston deepened further and the JTWC estimated it to have acquired one-minute sustained winds of 265 km/h (165 mph) by 18:00 UTC, classifying it as a Category 5-equivalent on the [[Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale]].<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 027|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQvIxDMw}}</ref> Around this time, the cyclone passed directly over the small island of [[Vanua Balavu]].<ref name="WU219">{{cite web|author=Jeff Masters and Bob Henson|publisher=Weather Underground|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Fiji Pounded by its First Category 5 Storm on Record: Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=3249}}</ref> Wind gusts of {{convert|268|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} were reported on the island.<ref name="RNZ1"/>

Passing just south of [[Vanua Levu]], Winston achieved its peak intensity early on February 20 with ten-minute sustained winds of 230 km/h (145 mph) and a pressure of 915 hPa (mbar; 27.03 inHg).<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A42|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fRY3FW1U|archivedate=February 20, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> The JTWC estimated Winston to have been slightly stronger, with one-minute sustained winds of 285 km/h (180 mph).<ref name="JTWCRBT"/> It soon made [[landfall]] in the [[Rakiraki District, Fiji|Rakiraki District]] on [[Viti Levu]] at peak strength.<ref>{{cite web|author=Jon Erdman|publisher=The Weather Channel|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone Winston Makes Category 5 Landfall; Strongest on Record in Fiji|url=https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/tropical-cyclone-winston-fiji-strongest-landfall}}</ref><ref name="RNZ1">{{cite web|publisher=Radio New Zealand|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Winston leaves trail of destruction|url=http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/world/297041/winston-leaves-trail-of-destruction}}</ref> Winston is the only known Category 5 storm, on both the Australian tropical cyclone scale and the Saffir-Simpson scale, to directly impact Fiji, and is accordingly the most intense storm on record to strike the nation.<ref>{{cite news|author=Losalini Bolatagici|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Winston the strongest, first Category 5 cyclone to hit Fiji|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342485}}</ref>

==Impact==
===Fiji===
[[File:Winston 2016-02-20 0125z (eye).jpg|thumb|right|The eye of Winston over [[Koro Island]] on February 20.]]
On February 14, the FMS began issuing [[tropical cyclone warnings and watches|tropical cyclone warnings]] for the southern [[Lau Islands]] of Fiji.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 14, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number One for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 14, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHqPounr}}</ref> These gradually expanded in coverage through February 15,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 15, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number Seven for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 15, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fK9R4kov}}</ref> but were discontinued on February 16 as Winston moved away from the nation.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number Fifteen for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz4G0ZI}}</ref> Warnings resumed on February 18 after Winston doubled back toward Fiji, and were issued for northern and eastern islands.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number Sixteen for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOcuonPM}}</ref> Most of the northern islands in the storm's immediate path were placed under [[hurricane warning]]s on February 19.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number Twenty-Four for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQuJZt8h}}</ref> All shelters across the Southern [[Lau Islands]], [[Koro Island]], and [[Taveuni]] were opened on February 19; more than 700 shelters opened across the entirety of Fiji.<ref name="RNZ1"/><ref>{{cite web|author=Savaira Tabua|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Evacuation centres activated in upper Lau group|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37673/evacuation-centres-activated-in-upper-lau-group}}
*{{cite web|author=Ellen Stolz|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Koro Island and Taveuni brace for TC Winston|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37682/koro-island-and-taveuni-brace-for-tc-winston}}
*{{cite web|author=Farzana Nisha|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Evacuation centers are ready: NDMO|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37675/evacuation-centers-are-ready-ndmo}}
*</ref> The [[Republic of Fiji Military Forces]] were placed on standby for relief efforts.<ref>{{cite web|author=Akosita Talei|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=RFMF on standby for TC Winston|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37672/rfmf-on-standby-for-tc-winston}}</ref> A [[state of emergency]] was declared during the afternoon of February 20.<ref>{{cite news|author=Nasik Swami|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Fiji declares State of Natural Disaster|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342488}}</ref> A nationwide [[curfew]] was enacted starting at 6:00 p.m. local time.<ref>{{cite news|author=Indra Singh|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Nationwide Curfew as TC Winston batters Fiji group|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37707/nationwide-curfew-as-tc-winston-batters-fiji-group}}</ref> Public transportation was suspended across Viti Levu, and the Fiji Roads Authority strongly advised residents to avoid travel unless necessary. Prime Minister [[Frank Bainimarama]] called the storm "an ordeal of the most grievous kind".<ref name="RNZ1"/>

Striking the nation on February 20, Winston brought widespread damage to numerous islands. Large areas of the country, including the entirety of Vanua Levu,<ref>{{cite web|author=Elenoa Turagaiviu|publisher=Fiji Broadcast Corporation|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016|title=Restoration of essential services is a priorityhttp://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37744/restoration-of-essential-services-is-a-priority-}}</ref>|url= were left without power as hurricane-force winds downed trees and power lines.<ref name="RNZ1"/> Communications with Vanua Balavu, Lakeba, Cicia, Nayau, Taveuni, and [[Qamea]] were lost on February 20.<ref>{{cite news|author=Luke Rawalai|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=TC Winston: Telecommunications to Taveuni cut|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342476}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Aliki Bia|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=No links to some islands in Lau Group|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37701/no-links-to-some-islands-in-lau-group}}</ref> Landline telephone service was lost on [[Matuku Island]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Tokasa Rainima|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Matuku prepares for bad weather|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37691/matuku-prepares-for-bad-weather}}</ref> Koro Island sustained severe damage, with schools destroyed and many structures losing their roof.<ref>{{cite web|author=Savaira Tabua|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Teachers quarters blown away|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37708/teachers-quarters-blown-away}}</ref> One person died in [[Nabasovi]] when his home collapsed.<ref>{{cite web|author=Farzana Nisha|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Death of an elderly man confirmed|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37732/death-of-an-elderly-man-confirmed}}</ref> Significant damage was reported across [[Ovalau]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Ellen Stolz|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Ovalau experiencing destructive winds|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37704/ovalau-experiencing-destructive-winds}}</ref>

On Viti Levu, strong winds destroyed at least two homes in Waidamu; the [[Waidamu River]] also topped its banks and flooded nearby communities.<ref>{{cite news|author=Nasik Swami|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Two houses blown away in Nausori|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342490}}</ref>

===Other South Pacific nations===
Impacting [[Tonga]] twice within the span of a few days, Winston caused significant damage across northern Tonga. Approximately 2,500 people sought refuge in shelters. The first passage of the storm resulted in mostly crop damage while the second brought greater structural damage. At least 10 homes were destroyed and 200 more were damaged.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Radio New Zealand International|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Despite some damage, Tonga escapes the worst of Winston|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342283}}</ref>

Winston also affected [[Niue]] on February 16; the FMS issued tropical cyclone and damaging heavy swell warnings for the island nation.<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/6fMzj4znk</ref>

==Aftermath==
===Fiji===
All schools across Fiji suspended classes for a week due to severe damage to educational infrastructure.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ritika Pratap|publisher=Fiji Broadcast Corporation|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016|title=Schools to go on one week break|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37742/schools-to-go-on-one-week-break-}}</ref>

===Tonga===
The nation of Tonga received money and aid from New Zealand and the country provided 8,000 people with clean water.<ref>{{Cite web|title = 5 Things to Know About Tropical Cyclone Winston|url = http://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/cyclone-winston-impacts-preps|website = The Weather Channel|access-date = February 20, 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}
*[[Cyclone Oscar]]
*[[Cyclone Daman]]
*[[Cyclone Evan]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{SPAC EL's}}

{{2015–16 South Pacific cyclone season buttons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Winston (2016)}}
[[Category:2015–16 South Pacific cyclone season]]
[[Category:2016 in Fiji]]
[[Category:Category 5 South Pacific cyclones]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Fiji]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Niue]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Tonga]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Vanuatu]]

Zyklon Winston

2016-02-20T22:15:01Z

Cyclonebiskit: /* Meteorological history */ tweak

{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox hurricane current
|name=Winston
|AUScategory=Aus5
|category=cat4
|type=tropical cyclone
|time=06:00 [[UTC+12:00|FST]] February 21 (18:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]], February 20)
|image=Winston 2016-02-19 2330Z.png
|track=JTWC sh1116.gif
|lat=17.6|S|lon=175.7|E
|distance_from={{convert|100|nmi|abbr=on}} [[Points of the compass|W]] of [[Nadi]], [[Fiji]]
|10sustained=205 [[km/h]] (125 [[miles per hour|mph]])
|1sustained=240 km/h (150 mph)
|pressure=930 [[Pascal (unit)|hPa]] ([[Bar (unit)|mbar]]; 27.47 [[Inches of Mercury|inHg]])
|movement=W at {{convert|13|kn|abbr=on}}
}}


'''Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston''' was the first [[Tropical cyclone scales#Australia and Fiji|Category 5]] storm to make [[landfall]] in [[Fiji]] on record. The system was first noted as a tropical disturbance on February 7 2016, while it was located to the northwest of Port Villa, Vanuatu. Over the next few days the system gradually developed as it moved southeast, acquiring [[gale]]-force winds by February 11. The following day it underwent [[Rapid deepening|rapid intensification]] and attained ten-minute [[maximum sustained wind]]s of 175 km/h (110 mph). Less favourable environmental conditions prompted weakening thereafter. After turning northeast on February 14, Winston stalled to the north of [[Tonga]] on February 17. Regaining strength, the storm doubled back to the west, achieving Category 5 status on February 19. It reached its peak intensity the next day with ten-minute sustained winds of 230 km/h (145 mph) and a pressure of 915 hPa (mbar; 27.03 inHg), shortly before making [[landfall]] on [[Viti Levu]], Fiji.

In advance of the storm's arrival in Fiji, numerous shelters were opened; a nationwide curfew was instituted during the evening of February 20. Striking Fiji as a Category 5 on February 20, Winston inflicted extensive damage across multiple islands and killed at least one person. Communications were lost with at least six islands.

==Fiji cyclone history==
Though frequented by tropical cyclones, the main islands of Fiji—[[Viti Levu]] and [[Vanua Levu]]—do not regularly experience major cyclones.<ref name="WaPo"/> The strongest storm to impact the main islands since records began in 1941 was [[Cyclone Evan|Evan]] in December 2012, which skirted the western coast of Viti Levu as a Category 4 system on both the Australian scale and the [[Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Jeff Masters|publisher=Weather Underground|date=December 17, 2012|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=A grinch in paradise: Category 4 Tropical Cyclone Evan slams Fiji|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=2313}}</ref> The strongest storm to make [[landfall]] on either Viti Levu or Vanua Levu was [[Cyclone Nigel|Nigel]] in 1985, with ten-minute sustained winds of 150 km/h (90 mph) and one-minute sustained winds of 195 km/h (120 mph). The relative lack of major cyclones affecting the capital city of [[Suva]], located along the southeastern coast of Viti Levu, has led to complacency among residents. Many assume that strong storms are confined to northern and western areas. With Winston approaching Fiji from the east and directly threatening Suva, Angela Fritz of ''[[The Washington Post]]'' called the storm a "worst-case scenario".<ref name="WaPo">{{cite news|author=Angela Fritz|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Catastrophic Cyclone Winston bears down on Fiji’s main island in worst case scenario|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2016/02/19/catastrophic-cyclone-winston-bears-down-on-fijis-main-island-in-worst-case-scenario/}}</ref>

==Meteorological history==
{{Storm path|Winston 2016 track.png}}
On February 7, 2016, the [[Fiji Meteorological Service]] (FMS) started to monitor Tropical Disturbance 09F, which had developed about {{convert|1000|km|mi|disp=5|abbr=on}} northwest of [[Port Villa]], [[Vanuatu]].<ref name="TDS 7/2">{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 7, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Summary for Area Equator to 25S, 160E to 120W|url=http://www.met.gov.fj/aifs_prods/20036.txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fBiTyQOw|archivedate=February 7, 2016}}</ref> Over the next few days the system moved southeast and gradually developed further within a favourable environment.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 10, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Western and South Pacific Oceans|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ab/abpw10.pgtw..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fBilWDlQ|archivedate=February 10, 2016}}</ref> On February 10, the United States-based [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) initiated advisories on the system and classified it as Tropical Cyclone 11P, while it was located about {{convert|860|km|mi|disp=5|abbr=on}} to the west-northwest of [[Suva, Fiji]].<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 10, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Eleven) Warning Nr 001|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps51.pgtw..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fCXhQArO|archivedate=February 10, 2016}}</ref> The FMS upgraded it to Category 1 status on the [[Tropical cyclone scales#Australia and Fiji|Australian tropical cyclone scale]] and [[Tropical cyclone naming|assigned it the name]] ''Winston'' early on February 11; at this time the storm was situated roughly {{convert|820|km|abbr=on}} west-northwest of [[Suva]], [[Fiji]]. Embedded within a northwesterly deep layer [[mean flow]], the system tracked southeast.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A4|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fECxlyvf|archivedate=February 11, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> Around 12:00 [[UTC]] on the same day, Winston intensified into a Category 2 tropical cyclone as a small, well-defined [[Eye (cyclone)|eye]] developed within deepening [[Atmospheric convection|convection]].<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A6|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fECxFPOB|archivedate=February 11, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning Nr 003|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fED589F1|archivedate=February 11, 2016}}</ref>

Situated within a very favourable environment—featuring [[sea surface temperature]]s of {{convert|30|to|31|C|F|abbr=on}}, robust upper-level [[Outflow (meteorology)|outflow]], and light to moderate [[wind shear]]<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning Nr 005|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|accessdate=February 19, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fFB0vxy6|archivedate=February 12, 2016}}</ref>—Winston [[rapid deepening|rapidly intensified]] on February 12, becoming a Category 3 severe tropical cyclone by 06:00 UTC,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A9|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fFAdmdS7|archivedate=February 12, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> and then a Category 4 only six hours later.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A10|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fFAdUbTv|archivedate=February 12, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> The system presented a well-defined eye enveloped by deep convection, and it reached its initial peak intensity at 18:00 UTC, with ten-minute [[maximum sustained wind]]s of 175 km/h (110 mph)<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A11|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHps9anU|archivedate=February 12, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> and the JTWC estimatd one-minute maximum sustained winds at 205 km/h (125 mph).<ref name="JTWCRBT">{{cite web|publisher=[[US Naval Research Laboratory]], Marine Meteorology|work=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=[Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Rolling Best Track]|url=http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/tcdat/tc16/SHEM/11P.WINSTON/trackfile.txt|format=.TXT}}</ref> Soon thereafter, increasing wind shear prompted weakening;<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 13, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 007|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 14, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHqHeYyg}}</ref> convection warmed and became increasingly ragged in appearance. On February 14, Winston turned northeast as a [[subtropical ridge]] positioned itself to the north.<ref name="JTWC008">{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 14, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 008|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 14, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHqHNXSh}}</ref>

[[File:Tatiana and Winston 2016-02-12 0330Z.jpg|thumb|right|Cyclones [[2015–16 Australian region cyclone season#Tropical Cyclone Tatiana|Tatiana]] ''(left)'' and Winston ''(right)'' on February 12]]
Persistent wind shear displaced convection from the center of Winston, leaving its circulation partially exposed. The system degraded below severe tropical cyclone status by 00:00 UTC on February 15 as a result.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A19|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 15, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMyYNv9j|archivedate=February 17, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> Conditions became more favourable for development on February 16, with shear relaxing over the cyclone. A prominent [[Rainband|banding feature]] wrapped into the circulation that day, marking the start of reintensification.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 013|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMzA3Uwv}}</ref> An eye reformed later that day within increasing convection,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 014|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz9mPiC}}</ref> and Winston regained severe tropical cyclone intensity by 18:00 UTC.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A26|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMyWAzSC|archivedate=February 17, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> The storm's core became increasingly compact and defined as it strengthened,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 016|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz99ChM}}</ref> and a [[central dense overcast]] became established on February 17.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 017|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz8s7zr}}</ref> Later that day, Winston entered a region of weak steering currents and the storm became nearly stationary.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 018|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz8ZUfC}}</ref> The storm's eye became more readily apparent late on February 17 as it doubled back to the west.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A30|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOckgt6X|archivedate=February 17, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 020|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOdPd6wF}}</ref>

A strengthening [[Ridge (meteorology)|ridge]] to the south propelled Winston west by February 18, directing the intensifying cyclone at Fiji. The storm's eye grew in size this day,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 021|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOdPLzQc}}</ref> and upper-level outflow became more defined.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 022|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOdP4Vsr}}</ref> Winston's overall structure became increasingly symmetric,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 022|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQvK1Yzy}}</ref> and the system acquired traits of an [[annular tropical cyclone]].<ref name="WU219"/> Marked intensification took place on February 19 as the storm's {{convert|27|km|mi|abbr=on}} wide eye became surrounded by intense convection.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 024|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQvJUWEJ}}</ref> Winston acquired Category 5 status—the highest level on the Australian intensity scale—by 06:00 UTC, with ten-minute sustained winds reaching 205 km/h (125 mph).<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A37|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQuDp9nf|archivedate=February 20, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> Fueled by nearly perfect conditions for intensification,<ref name="WU219"/> Winston deepened further and the JTWC estimated it to have acquired one-minute sustained winds of 265 km/h (165 mph) by 18:00 UTC, classifying it as a Category 5-equivalent on the [[Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale]].<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 027|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQvIxDMw}}</ref> Around this time, the cyclone passed directly over the small island of [[Vanua Balavu]].<ref name="WU219">{{cite web|author=Jeff Masters and Bob Henson|publisher=Weather Underground|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Fiji Pounded by its First Category 5 Storm on Record: Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=3249}}</ref> Wind gusts of {{convert|268|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} were reported on the island.<ref name="RNZ1"/>

Passing just south of [[Vanua Levu]], Winston achieved its peak intensity early on February 20 with ten-minute sustained winds of 230 km/h (145 mph) and a pressure of 915 hPa (mbar; 27.03 inHg).<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A42|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fRY3FW1U|archivedate=February 20, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> The JTWC estimated Winston to have been slightly stronger, with one-minute sustained winds of 285 km/h (180 mph).<ref name="JTWCRBT"/> It soon made [[landfall]] in the [[Rakiraki District, Fiji|Rakiraki District]] on [[Viti Levu]] at peak strength.<ref>{{cite web|author=Jon Erdman|publisher=The Weather Channel|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone Winston Makes Category 5 Landfall; Strongest on Record in Fiji|url=https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/tropical-cyclone-winston-fiji-strongest-landfall}}</ref><ref name="RNZ1">{{cite web|publisher=Radio New Zealand|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Winston leaves trail of destruction|url=http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/world/297041/winston-leaves-trail-of-destruction}}</ref> Winston is the only known Category 5 storm, on both the Australian tropical cyclone scale and the Saffir-Simpson scale, to directly impact Fiji, and is accordingly the most intense storm on record to strike the nation.<ref>{{cite news|author=Losalini Bolatagici|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Winston the strongest, first Category 5 cyclone to hit Fiji|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342485}}</ref>

==Impact==
===Fiji===
[[File:Winston 2016-02-20 0125z (eye).jpg|thumb|right|The eye of Winston over [[Koro Island]] on February 20.]]
On February 14, the FMS began issuing [[tropical cyclone warnings and watches|tropical cyclone warnings]] for the southern [[Lau Islands]] of Fiji.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 14, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number One for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 14, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHqPounr}}</ref> These gradually expanded in coverage through February 15,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 15, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number Seven for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 15, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fK9R4kov}}</ref> but were discontinued on February 16 as Winston moved away from the nation.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number Fifteen for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz4G0ZI}}</ref> Warnings resumed on February 18 after Winston doubled back toward Fiji, and were issued for northern and eastern islands.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number Sixteen for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOcuonPM}}</ref> Most of the northern islands in the storm's immediate path were placed under [[hurricane warning]]s on February 19.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number Twenty-Four for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQuJZt8h}}</ref> All shelters across the Southern [[Lau Islands]], [[Koro Island]], and [[Taveuni]] were opened on February 19; more than 700 shelters opened across the entirety of Fiji.<ref name="RNZ1"/><ref>{{cite web|author=Savaira Tabua|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Evacuation centres activated in upper Lau group|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37673/evacuation-centres-activated-in-upper-lau-group}}
*{{cite web|author=Ellen Stolz|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Koro Island and Taveuni brace for TC Winston|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37682/koro-island-and-taveuni-brace-for-tc-winston}}
*{{cite web|author=Farzana Nisha|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Evacuation centers are ready: NDMO|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37675/evacuation-centers-are-ready-ndmo}}
*</ref> The [[Republic of Fiji Military Forces]] were placed on standby for relief efforts.<ref>{{cite web|author=Akosita Talei|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=RFMF on standby for TC Winston|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37672/rfmf-on-standby-for-tc-winston}}</ref> A [[state of emergency]] was declared during the afternoon of February 20.<ref>{{cite news|author=Nasik Swami|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Fiji declares State of Natural Disaster|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342488}}</ref> A nationwide [[curfew]] was enacted starting at 6:00 p.m. local time.<ref>{{cite news|author=Indra Singh|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Nationwide Curfew as TC Winston batters Fiji group|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37707/nationwide-curfew-as-tc-winston-batters-fiji-group}}</ref> Public transportation was suspended across Viti Levu, and the Fiji Roads Authority strongly advised residents to avoid travel unless necessary. Prime Minister [[Frank Bainimarama]] called the storm "an ordeal of the most grievous kind".<ref name="RNZ1"/>

Striking the nation on February 20, Winston brought widespread damage to numerous islands. Large areas of the country were left without power as hurricane-force winds downed trees and power lines.<ref name="RNZ1"/> Communications with Vanua Balavu, Lakeba, Cicia, Nayau, Taveuni, and [[Qamea]] were lost on February 20.<ref>{{cite news|author=Luke Rawalai|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=TC Winston: Telecommunications to Taveuni cut|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342476}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Aliki Bia|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=No links to some islands in Lau Group|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37701/no-links-to-some-islands-in-lau-group}}</ref> Landline telephone service was lost on [[Matuku Island]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Tokasa Rainima|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Matuku prepares for bad weather|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37691/matuku-prepares-for-bad-weather}}</ref> Koro Island sustained severe damage, with schools destroyed and many structures losing their roof.<ref>{{cite web|author=Savaira Tabua|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Teachers quarters blown away|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37708/teachers-quarters-blown-away}}</ref> One person died in [[Nabasovi]] when his home collapsed.<ref>{{cite web|author=Farzana Nisha|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Death of an elderly man confirmed|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37732/death-of-an-elderly-man-confirmed}}</ref> Significant damage was reported across [[Ovalau]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Ellen Stolz|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Ovalau experiencing destructive winds|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37704/ovalau-experiencing-destructive-winds}}</ref>

On Viti Levu, strong winds destroyed at least two homes in Waidamu; the [[Waidamu River]] also topped its banks and flooded nearby communities.<ref>{{cite news|author=Nasik Swami|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Two houses blown away in Nausori|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342490}}</ref>

===Other South Pacific nations===
Impacting [[Tonga]] twice within the span of a few days, Winston caused significant damage across northern Tonga. Approximately 2,500 people sought refuge in shelters. The first passage of the storm resulted in mostly crop damage while the second brought greater structural damage. At least 10 homes were destroyed and 200 more were damaged.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Radio New Zealand International|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Despite some damage, Tonga escapes the worst of Winston|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342283}}</ref>

Winston also affected [[Niue]] on February 16; the FMS issued tropical cyclone and damaging heavy swell warnings for the island nation.<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/6fMzj4znk</ref>

==Aftermath==
===Fiji===
All schools across Fiji suspended classes for a week due to severe damage to educational infrastructure.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ritika Pratap|publisher=Fiji Broadcast Corporation|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016|title=Schools to go on one week break|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37742/schools-to-go-on-one-week-break-}}</ref>

===Tonga===
The nation of Tonga received money and aid from New Zealand and the country provided 8,000 people with clean water.<ref>{{Cite web|title = 5 Things to Know About Tropical Cyclone Winston|url = http://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/cyclone-winston-impacts-preps|website = The Weather Channel|access-date = February 20, 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}
*[[Cyclone Oscar]]
*[[Cyclone Daman]]
*[[Cyclone Evan]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{SPAC EL's}}

{{2015–16 South Pacific cyclone season buttons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Winston (2016)}}
[[Category:2015–16 South Pacific cyclone season]]
[[Category:2016 in Fiji]]
[[Category:Category 5 South Pacific cyclones]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Fiji]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Niue]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Tonga]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Vanuatu]]

Zyklon Winston

2016-02-20T22:13:04Z

Cyclonebiskit: /* Fiji */ clarify

{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox hurricane current
|name=Winston
|AUScategory=Aus5
|category=cat4
|type=tropical cyclone
|time=06:00 [[UTC+12:00|FST]] February 21 (18:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]], February 20)
|image=Winston 2016-02-19 2330Z.png
|track=JTWC sh1116.gif
|lat=17.6|S|lon=175.7|E
|distance_from={{convert|100|nmi|abbr=on}} [[Points of the compass|W]] of [[Nadi]], [[Fiji]]
|10sustained=205 [[km/h]] (125 [[miles per hour|mph]])
|1sustained=240 km/h (150 mph)
|pressure=930 [[Pascal (unit)|hPa]] ([[Bar (unit)|mbar]]; 27.47 [[Inches of Mercury|inHg]])
|movement=W at {{convert|13|kn|abbr=on}}
}}


'''Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston''' was the first [[Tropical cyclone scales#Australia and Fiji|Category 5]] storm to make [[landfall]] in [[Fiji]] on record. The system was first noted as a tropical disturbance on February 7 2016, while it was located to the northwest of Port Villa, Vanuatu. Over the next few days the system gradually developed as it moved southeast, acquiring [[gale]]-force winds by February 11. The following day it underwent [[Rapid deepening|rapid intensification]] and attained ten-minute [[maximum sustained wind]]s of 175 km/h (110 mph). Less favourable environmental conditions prompted weakening thereafter. After turning northeast on February 14, Winston stalled to the north of [[Tonga]] on February 17. Regaining strength, the storm doubled back to the west, achieving Category 5 status on February 19. It reached its peak intensity the next day with ten-minute sustained winds of 230 km/h (145 mph) and a pressure of 915 hPa (mbar; 27.03 inHg), shortly before making [[landfall]] on [[Viti Levu]], Fiji.

In advance of the storm's arrival in Fiji, numerous shelters were opened; a nationwide curfew was instituted during the evening of February 20. Striking Fiji as a Category 5 on February 20, Winston inflicted extensive damage across multiple islands and killed at least one person. Communications were lost with at least six islands.

==Fiji cyclone history==
Though frequented by tropical cyclones, the main islands of Fiji—[[Viti Levu]] and [[Vanua Levu]]—do not regularly experience major cyclones.<ref name="WaPo"/> The strongest storm to impact the main islands since records began in 1941 was [[Cyclone Evan|Evan]] in December 2012, which skirted the western coast of Viti Levu as a Category 4 system on both the Australian scale and the [[Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Jeff Masters|publisher=Weather Underground|date=December 17, 2012|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=A grinch in paradise: Category 4 Tropical Cyclone Evan slams Fiji|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=2313}}</ref> The strongest storm to make [[landfall]] on either Viti Levu or Vanua Levu was [[Cyclone Nigel|Nigel]] in 1985, with ten-minute sustained winds of 150 km/h (90 mph) and one-minute sustained winds of 195 km/h (120 mph). The relative lack of major cyclones affecting the capital city of [[Suva]], located along the southeastern coast of Viti Levu, has led to complacency among residents. Many assume that strong storms are confined to northern and western areas. With Winston approaching Fiji from the east and directly threatening Suva, Angela Fritz of ''[[The Washington Post]]'' called the storm a "worst-case scenario".<ref name="WaPo">{{cite news|author=Angela Fritz|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Catastrophic Cyclone Winston bears down on Fiji’s main island in worst case scenario|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2016/02/19/catastrophic-cyclone-winston-bears-down-on-fijis-main-island-in-worst-case-scenario/}}</ref>

==Meteorological history==
{{Storm path|Winston 2016 track.png}}
On February 7, 2016, the [[Fiji Meteorological Service]] (FMS) started to monitor Tropical Disturbance 09F, which had developed about {{convert|1000|km|mi|disp=5|abbr=on}} northwest of [[Port Villa]], [[Vanuatu]].<ref name="TDS 7/2">{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 7, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Summary for Area Equator to 25S, 160E to 120W|url=http://www.met.gov.fj/aifs_prods/20036.txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fBiTyQOw|archivedate=February 7, 2016}}</ref> Over the next few days the system moved south-westwards and gradually developed further within a favourable environment.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 10, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Western and South Pacific Oceans|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ab/abpw10.pgtw..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fBilWDlQ|archivedate=February 10, 2016}}</ref> On February 10, the United States-based [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) initiated advisories on the system and classified it as Tropical Cyclone 11P, while it was located about {{convert|860|km|mi|disp=5|abbr=on}} to the west-northwest of [[Suva, Fiji]].<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 10, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Eleven) Warning Nr 001|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps51.pgtw..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fCXhQArO|archivedate=February 10, 2016}}</ref> The FMS upgraded it to Category 1 status on the [[Tropical cyclone scales#Australia and Fiji|Australian tropical cyclone scale]] and [[Tropical cyclone naming|assigned it the name]] ''Winston'' early on February 11; at this time the storm was situated roughly {{convert|820|km|abbr=on}} west-northwest of [[Suva]], [[Fiji]]. Embedded within a northwesterly deep layer [[mean flow]], the system tracked southeast.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A4|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fECxlyvf|archivedate=February 11, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> Around 12:00 [[UTC]] on the same day, Winston intensified into a Category 2 tropical cyclone as a small, well-defined [[Eye (cyclone)|eye]] developed within deepening [[Atmospheric convection|convection]].<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A6|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fECxFPOB|archivedate=February 11, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning Nr 003|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fED589F1|archivedate=February 11, 2016}}</ref>

Situated within a very favourable environment—featuring [[sea surface temperature]]s of {{convert|30|to|31|C|F|abbr=on}}, robust upper-level [[Outflow (meteorology)|outflow]], and light to moderate [[wind shear]]<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning Nr 005|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|accessdate=February 19, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fFB0vxy6|archivedate=February 12, 2016}}</ref>—Winston [[rapid deepening|rapidly intensified]] on February 12, becoming a Category 3 severe tropical cyclone by 06:00 UTC,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A9|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fFAdmdS7|archivedate=February 12, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> and then a Category 4 only six hours later.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A10|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fFAdUbTv|archivedate=February 12, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> The system presented a well-defined eye enveloped by deep convection, and it reached its initial peak intensity at 18:00 UTC, with ten-minute [[maximum sustained wind]]s of 175 km/h (110 mph)<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A11|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHps9anU|archivedate=February 12, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> and the JTWC estimatd one-minute maximum sustained winds at 205 km/h (125 mph).<ref name="JTWCRBT">{{cite web|publisher=[[US Naval Research Laboratory]], Marine Meteorology|work=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=[Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Rolling Best Track]|url=http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/tcdat/tc16/SHEM/11P.WINSTON/trackfile.txt|format=.TXT}}</ref> Soon thereafter, increasing wind shear prompted weakening;<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 13, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 007|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 14, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHqHeYyg}}</ref> convection warmed and became increasingly ragged in appearance. On February 14, Winston turned northeast as a [[subtropical ridge]] positioned itself to the north.<ref name="JTWC008">{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 14, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 008|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 14, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHqHNXSh}}</ref>

[[File:Tatiana and Winston 2016-02-12 0330Z.jpg|thumb|right|Cyclones [[2015–16 Australian region cyclone season#Tropical Cyclone Tatiana|Tatiana]] ''(left)'' and Winston ''(right)'' on February 12]]
Persistent wind shear displaced convection from the center of Winston, leaving its circulation partially exposed. The system degraded below severe tropical cyclone status by 00:00 UTC on February 15 as a result.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A19|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 15, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMyYNv9j|archivedate=February 17, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> Conditions became more favourable for development on February 16, with shear relaxing over the cyclone. A prominent [[Rainband|banding feature]] wrapped into the circulation that day, marking the start of reintensification.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 013|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMzA3Uwv}}</ref> An eye reformed later that day within increasing convection,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 014|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz9mPiC}}</ref> and Winston regained severe tropical cyclone intensity by 18:00 UTC.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A26|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMyWAzSC|archivedate=February 17, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> The storm's core became increasingly compact and defined as it strengthened,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 016|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz99ChM}}</ref> and a [[central dense overcast]] became established on February 17.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 017|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz8s7zr}}</ref> Later that day, Winston entered a region of weak steering currents and the storm became nearly stationary.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 018|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz8ZUfC}}</ref> The storm's eye became more readily apparent late on February 17 as it doubled back to the west.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A30|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOckgt6X|archivedate=February 17, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 020|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOdPd6wF}}</ref>

A strengthening [[Ridge (meteorology)|ridge]] to the south propelled Winston west by February 18, directing the intensifying cyclone at Fiji. The storm's eye grew in size this day,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 021|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOdPLzQc}}</ref> and upper-level outflow became more defined.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 022|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOdP4Vsr}}</ref> Winston's overall structure became increasingly symmetric,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 022|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQvK1Yzy}}</ref> and the system acquired traits of an [[annular tropical cyclone]].<ref name="WU219"/> Marked intensification took place on February 19 as the storm's {{convert|27|km|mi|abbr=on}} wide eye became surrounded by intense convection.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 024|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQvJUWEJ}}</ref> Winston acquired Category 5 status—the highest level on the Australian intensity scale—by 06:00 UTC, with ten-minute sustained winds reaching 205 km/h (125 mph).<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A37|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQuDp9nf|archivedate=February 20, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> Fueled by nearly perfect conditions for intensification,<ref name="WU219"/> Winston deepened further and the JTWC estimated it to have acquired one-minute sustained winds of 265 km/h (165 mph) by 18:00 UTC, classifying it as a Category 5-equivalent on the [[Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale]].<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 027|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQvIxDMw}}</ref> Around this time, the cyclone passed directly over the small island of [[Vanua Balavu]].<ref name="WU219">{{cite web|author=Jeff Masters and Bob Henson|publisher=Weather Underground|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Fiji Pounded by its First Category 5 Storm on Record: Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=3249}}</ref> Wind gusts of {{convert|268|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} were reported on the island.<ref name="RNZ1"/>

Passing just south of [[Vanua Levu]], Winston achieved its peak intensity early on February 20 with ten-minute sustained winds of 230 km/h (145 mph) and a pressure of 915 hPa (mbar; 27.03 inHg).<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A42|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fRY3FW1U|archivedate=February 20, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> The JTWC estimated Winston to have been slightly stronger, with one-minute sustained winds of 285 km/h (180 mph).<ref name="JTWCRBT"/> It soon made [[landfall]] in the [[Rakiraki District, Fiji|Rakiraki District]] on [[Viti Levu]] at peak strength.<ref>{{cite web|author=Jon Erdman|publisher=The Weather Channel|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone Winston Makes Category 5 Landfall; Strongest on Record in Fiji|url=https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/tropical-cyclone-winston-fiji-strongest-landfall}}</ref><ref name="RNZ1">{{cite web|publisher=Radio New Zealand|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Winston leaves trail of destruction|url=http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/world/297041/winston-leaves-trail-of-destruction}}</ref> Winston is the only known Category 5 storm, on both the Australian tropical cyclone scale and the Saffir-Simpson scale, to directly impact Fiji, and is accordingly the most intense storm on record to strike the nation.<ref>{{cite news|author=Losalini Bolatagici|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Winston the strongest, first Category 5 cyclone to hit Fiji|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342485}}</ref>

==Impact==
===Fiji===
[[File:Winston 2016-02-20 0125z (eye).jpg|thumb|right|The eye of Winston over [[Koro Island]] on February 20.]]
On February 14, the FMS began issuing [[tropical cyclone warnings and watches|tropical cyclone warnings]] for the southern [[Lau Islands]] of Fiji.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 14, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number One for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 14, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHqPounr}}</ref> These gradually expanded in coverage through February 15,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 15, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number Seven for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 15, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fK9R4kov}}</ref> but were discontinued on February 16 as Winston moved away from the nation.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number Fifteen for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz4G0ZI}}</ref> Warnings resumed on February 18 after Winston doubled back toward Fiji, and were issued for northern and eastern islands.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number Sixteen for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOcuonPM}}</ref> Most of the northern islands in the storm's immediate path were placed under [[hurricane warning]]s on February 19.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number Twenty-Four for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQuJZt8h}}</ref> All shelters across the Southern [[Lau Islands]], [[Koro Island]], and [[Taveuni]] were opened on February 19; more than 700 shelters opened across the entirety of Fiji.<ref name="RNZ1"/><ref>{{cite web|author=Savaira Tabua|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Evacuation centres activated in upper Lau group|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37673/evacuation-centres-activated-in-upper-lau-group}}
*{{cite web|author=Ellen Stolz|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Koro Island and Taveuni brace for TC Winston|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37682/koro-island-and-taveuni-brace-for-tc-winston}}
*{{cite web|author=Farzana Nisha|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Evacuation centers are ready: NDMO|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37675/evacuation-centers-are-ready-ndmo}}
*</ref> The [[Republic of Fiji Military Forces]] were placed on standby for relief efforts.<ref>{{cite web|author=Akosita Talei|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=RFMF on standby for TC Winston|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37672/rfmf-on-standby-for-tc-winston}}</ref> A [[state of emergency]] was declared during the afternoon of February 20.<ref>{{cite news|author=Nasik Swami|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Fiji declares State of Natural Disaster|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342488}}</ref> A nationwide [[curfew]] was enacted starting at 6:00 p.m. local time.<ref>{{cite news|author=Indra Singh|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Nationwide Curfew as TC Winston batters Fiji group|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37707/nationwide-curfew-as-tc-winston-batters-fiji-group}}</ref> Public transportation was suspended across Viti Levu, and the Fiji Roads Authority strongly advised residents to avoid travel unless necessary. Prime Minister [[Frank Bainimarama]] called the storm "an ordeal of the most grievous kind".<ref name="RNZ1"/>

Striking the nation on February 20, Winston brought widespread damage to numerous islands. Large areas of the country were left without power as hurricane-force winds downed trees and power lines.<ref name="RNZ1"/> Communications with Vanua Balavu, Lakeba, Cicia, Nayau, Taveuni, and [[Qamea]] were lost on February 20.<ref>{{cite news|author=Luke Rawalai|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=TC Winston: Telecommunications to Taveuni cut|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342476}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Aliki Bia|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=No links to some islands in Lau Group|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37701/no-links-to-some-islands-in-lau-group}}</ref> Landline telephone service was lost on [[Matuku Island]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Tokasa Rainima|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Matuku prepares for bad weather|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37691/matuku-prepares-for-bad-weather}}</ref> Koro Island sustained severe damage, with schools destroyed and many structures losing their roof.<ref>{{cite web|author=Savaira Tabua|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Teachers quarters blown away|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37708/teachers-quarters-blown-away}}</ref> One person died in [[Nabasovi]] when his home collapsed.<ref>{{cite web|author=Farzana Nisha|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Death of an elderly man confirmed|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37732/death-of-an-elderly-man-confirmed}}</ref> Significant damage was reported across [[Ovalau]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Ellen Stolz|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Ovalau experiencing destructive winds|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37704/ovalau-experiencing-destructive-winds}}</ref>

On Viti Levu, strong winds destroyed at least two homes in Waidamu; the [[Waidamu River]] also topped its banks and flooded nearby communities.<ref>{{cite news|author=Nasik Swami|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Two houses blown away in Nausori|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342490}}</ref>

===Other South Pacific nations===
Impacting [[Tonga]] twice within the span of a few days, Winston caused significant damage across northern Tonga. Approximately 2,500 people sought refuge in shelters. The first passage of the storm resulted in mostly crop damage while the second brought greater structural damage. At least 10 homes were destroyed and 200 more were damaged.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Radio New Zealand International|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Despite some damage, Tonga escapes the worst of Winston|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342283}}</ref>

Winston also affected [[Niue]] on February 16; the FMS issued tropical cyclone and damaging heavy swell warnings for the island nation.<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/6fMzj4znk</ref>

==Aftermath==
===Fiji===
All schools across Fiji suspended classes for a week due to severe damage to educational infrastructure.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ritika Pratap|publisher=Fiji Broadcast Corporation|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016|title=Schools to go on one week break|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37742/schools-to-go-on-one-week-break-}}</ref>

===Tonga===
The nation of Tonga received money and aid from New Zealand and the country provided 8,000 people with clean water.<ref>{{Cite web|title = 5 Things to Know About Tropical Cyclone Winston|url = http://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/cyclone-winston-impacts-preps|website = The Weather Channel|access-date = February 20, 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}
*[[Cyclone Oscar]]
*[[Cyclone Daman]]
*[[Cyclone Evan]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{SPAC EL's}}

{{2015–16 South Pacific cyclone season buttons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Winston (2016)}}
[[Category:2015–16 South Pacific cyclone season]]
[[Category:2016 in Fiji]]
[[Category:Category 5 South Pacific cyclones]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Fiji]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Niue]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Tonga]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Vanuatu]]

Zyklon Winston

2016-02-20T22:11:44Z

Cyclonebiskit: /* Meteorological history */ Department of Redundancy Department

{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox hurricane current
|name=Winston
|AUScategory=Aus5
|category=cat4
|type=tropical cyclone
|time=06:00 [[UTC+12:00|FST]] February 21 (18:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]], February 20)
|image=Winston 2016-02-19 2330Z.png
|track=JTWC sh1116.gif
|lat=17.6|S|lon=175.7|E
|distance_from={{convert|100|nmi|abbr=on}} [[Points of the compass|W]] of [[Nadi]], [[Fiji]]
|10sustained=205 [[km/h]] (125 [[miles per hour|mph]])
|1sustained=240 km/h (150 mph)
|pressure=930 [[Pascal (unit)|hPa]] ([[Bar (unit)|mbar]]; 27.47 [[Inches of Mercury|inHg]])
|movement=W at {{convert|13|kn|abbr=on}}
}}


'''Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston''' was the first [[Tropical cyclone scales#Australia and Fiji|Category 5]] storm to make [[landfall]] in [[Fiji]] on record. The system was first noted as a tropical disturbance on February 7 2016, while it was located to the northwest of Port Villa, Vanuatu. Over the next few days the system gradually developed as it moved southeast, acquiring [[gale]]-force winds by February 11. The following day it underwent [[Rapid deepening|rapid intensification]] and attained ten-minute [[maximum sustained wind]]s of 175 km/h (110 mph). Less favourable environmental conditions prompted weakening thereafter. After turning northeast on February 14, Winston stalled to the north of [[Tonga]] on February 17. Regaining strength, the storm doubled back to the west, achieving Category 5 status on February 19. It reached its peak intensity the next day with ten-minute sustained winds of 230 km/h (145 mph) and a pressure of 915 hPa (mbar; 27.03 inHg), shortly before making [[landfall]] on [[Viti Levu]], Fiji.

In advance of the storm's arrival in Fiji, numerous shelters were opened; a nationwide curfew was instituted during the evening of February 20. Striking Fiji as a Category 5 on February 20, Winston inflicted extensive damage across multiple islands and killed at least one person. Communications were lost with at least six islands.

==Fiji cyclone history==
Though frequented by tropical cyclones, the main islands of Fiji—[[Viti Levu]] and [[Vanua Levu]]—do not regularly experience major cyclones.<ref name="WaPo"/> The strongest storm to impact the main islands since records began in 1941 was [[Cyclone Evan|Evan]] in December 2012, which skirted the western coast of Viti Levu as a Category 4 system on both the Australian scale and the [[Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Jeff Masters|publisher=Weather Underground|date=December 17, 2012|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=A grinch in paradise: Category 4 Tropical Cyclone Evan slams Fiji|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=2313}}</ref> The strongest storm to make [[landfall]] on either Viti Levu or Vanua Levu was [[Cyclone Nigel|Nigel]] in 1985, with ten-minute sustained winds of 150 km/h (90 mph) and one-minute sustained winds of 195 km/h (120 mph). The relative lack of major cyclones affecting the capital city of [[Suva]], located along the southeastern coast of Viti Levu, has led to complacency among residents. Many assume that strong storms are confined to northern and western areas. With Winston approaching Fiji from the east and directly threatening Suva, Angela Fritz of ''[[The Washington Post]]'' called the storm a "worst-case scenario".<ref name="WaPo">{{cite news|author=Angela Fritz|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Catastrophic Cyclone Winston bears down on Fiji’s main island in worst case scenario|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2016/02/19/catastrophic-cyclone-winston-bears-down-on-fijis-main-island-in-worst-case-scenario/}}</ref>

==Meteorological history==
{{Storm path|Winston 2016 track.png}}
On February 7, 2016, the [[Fiji Meteorological Service]] (FMS) started to monitor Tropical Disturbance 09F, which had developed about {{convert|1000|km|mi|disp=5|abbr=on}} northwest of [[Port Villa]], [[Vanuatu]].<ref name="TDS 7/2">{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 7, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Summary for Area Equator to 25S, 160E to 120W|url=http://www.met.gov.fj/aifs_prods/20036.txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fBiTyQOw|archivedate=February 7, 2016}}</ref> Over the next few days the system moved south-westwards and gradually developed further within a favourable environment.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 10, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Western and South Pacific Oceans|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ab/abpw10.pgtw..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fBilWDlQ|archivedate=February 10, 2016}}</ref> On February 10, the United States-based [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) initiated advisories on the system and classified it as Tropical Cyclone 11P, while it was located about {{convert|860|km|mi|disp=5|abbr=on}} to the west-northwest of [[Suva, Fiji]].<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 10, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Eleven) Warning Nr 001|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps51.pgtw..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fCXhQArO|archivedate=February 10, 2016}}</ref> The FMS upgraded it to Category 1 status on the [[Tropical cyclone scales#Australia and Fiji|Australian tropical cyclone scale]] and [[Tropical cyclone naming|assigned it the name]] ''Winston'' early on February 11; at this time the storm was situated roughly {{convert|820|km|abbr=on}} west-northwest of [[Suva]], [[Fiji]]. Embedded within a northwesterly deep layer [[mean flow]], the system tracked southeast.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A4|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fECxlyvf|archivedate=February 11, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> Around 12:00 [[UTC]] on the same day, Winston intensified into a Category 2 tropical cyclone as a small, well-defined [[Eye (cyclone)|eye]] developed within deepening [[Atmospheric convection|convection]].<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A6|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fECxFPOB|archivedate=February 11, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning Nr 003|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fED589F1|archivedate=February 11, 2016}}</ref>

Situated within a very favourable environment—featuring [[sea surface temperature]]s of {{convert|30|to|31|C|F|abbr=on}}, robust upper-level [[Outflow (meteorology)|outflow]], and light to moderate [[wind shear]]<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning Nr 005|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|accessdate=February 19, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fFB0vxy6|archivedate=February 12, 2016}}</ref>—Winston [[rapid deepening|rapidly intensified]] on February 12, becoming a Category 3 severe tropical cyclone by 06:00 UTC,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A9|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fFAdmdS7|archivedate=February 12, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> and then a Category 4 only six hours later.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A10|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fFAdUbTv|archivedate=February 12, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> The system presented a well-defined eye enveloped by deep convection, and it reached its initial peak intensity at 18:00 UTC, with ten-minute [[maximum sustained wind]]s of 175 km/h (110 mph)<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A11|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHps9anU|archivedate=February 12, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> and the JTWC estimatd one-minute maximum sustained winds at 205 km/h (125 mph).<ref name="JTWCRBT">{{cite web|publisher=[[US Naval Research Laboratory]], Marine Meteorology|work=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=[Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Rolling Best Track]|url=http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/tcdat/tc16/SHEM/11P.WINSTON/trackfile.txt|format=.TXT}}</ref> Soon thereafter, increasing wind shear prompted weakening;<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 13, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 007|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 14, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHqHeYyg}}</ref> convection warmed and became increasingly ragged in appearance. On February 14, Winston turned northeast as a [[subtropical ridge]] positioned itself to the north.<ref name="JTWC008">{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 14, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 008|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 14, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHqHNXSh}}</ref>

[[File:Tatiana and Winston 2016-02-12 0330Z.jpg|thumb|right|Cyclones [[2015–16 Australian region cyclone season#Tropical Cyclone Tatiana|Tatiana]] ''(left)'' and Winston ''(right)'' on February 12]]
Persistent wind shear displaced convection from the center of Winston, leaving its circulation partially exposed. The system degraded below severe tropical cyclone status by 00:00 UTC on February 15 as a result.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A19|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 15, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMyYNv9j|archivedate=February 17, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> Conditions became more favourable for development on February 16, with shear relaxing over the cyclone. A prominent [[Rainband|banding feature]] wrapped into the circulation that day, marking the start of reintensification.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 013|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMzA3Uwv}}</ref> An eye reformed later that day within increasing convection,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 014|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz9mPiC}}</ref> and Winston regained severe tropical cyclone intensity by 18:00 UTC.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A26|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMyWAzSC|archivedate=February 17, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> The storm's core became increasingly compact and defined as it strengthened,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 016|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz99ChM}}</ref> and a [[central dense overcast]] became established on February 17.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 017|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz8s7zr}}</ref> Later that day, Winston entered a region of weak steering currents and the storm became nearly stationary.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 018|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz8ZUfC}}</ref> The storm's eye became more readily apparent late on February 17 as it doubled back to the west.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A30|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOckgt6X|archivedate=February 17, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 020|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOdPd6wF}}</ref>

A strengthening [[Ridge (meteorology)|ridge]] to the south propelled Winston west by February 18, directing the intensifying cyclone at Fiji. The storm's eye grew in size this day,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 021|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOdPLzQc}}</ref> and upper-level outflow became more defined.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 022|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOdP4Vsr}}</ref> Winston's overall structure became increasingly symmetric,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 022|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQvK1Yzy}}</ref> and the system acquired traits of an [[annular tropical cyclone]].<ref name="WU219"/> Marked intensification took place on February 19 as the storm's {{convert|27|km|mi|abbr=on}} wide eye became surrounded by intense convection.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 024|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQvJUWEJ}}</ref> Winston acquired Category 5 status—the highest level on the Australian intensity scale—by 06:00 UTC, with ten-minute sustained winds reaching 205 km/h (125 mph).<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A37|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQuDp9nf|archivedate=February 20, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> Fueled by nearly perfect conditions for intensification,<ref name="WU219"/> Winston deepened further and the JTWC estimated it to have acquired one-minute sustained winds of 265 km/h (165 mph) by 18:00 UTC, classifying it as a Category 5-equivalent on the [[Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale]].<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 027|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQvIxDMw}}</ref> Around this time, the cyclone passed directly over the small island of [[Vanua Balavu]].<ref name="WU219">{{cite web|author=Jeff Masters and Bob Henson|publisher=Weather Underground|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Fiji Pounded by its First Category 5 Storm on Record: Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=3249}}</ref> Wind gusts of {{convert|268|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} were reported on the island.<ref name="RNZ1"/>

Passing just south of [[Vanua Levu]], Winston achieved its peak intensity early on February 20 with ten-minute sustained winds of 230 km/h (145 mph) and a pressure of 915 hPa (mbar; 27.03 inHg).<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A42|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fRY3FW1U|archivedate=February 20, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> The JTWC estimated Winston to have been slightly stronger, with one-minute sustained winds of 285 km/h (180 mph).<ref name="JTWCRBT"/> It soon made [[landfall]] in the [[Rakiraki District, Fiji|Rakiraki District]] on [[Viti Levu]] at peak strength.<ref>{{cite web|author=Jon Erdman|publisher=The Weather Channel|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone Winston Makes Category 5 Landfall; Strongest on Record in Fiji|url=https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/tropical-cyclone-winston-fiji-strongest-landfall}}</ref><ref name="RNZ1">{{cite web|publisher=Radio New Zealand|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Winston leaves trail of destruction|url=http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/world/297041/winston-leaves-trail-of-destruction}}</ref> Winston is the only known Category 5 storm, on both the Australian tropical cyclone scale and the Saffir-Simpson scale, to directly impact Fiji, and is accordingly the most intense storm on record to strike the nation.<ref>{{cite news|author=Losalini Bolatagici|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Winston the strongest, first Category 5 cyclone to hit Fiji|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342485}}</ref>

==Impact==
===Fiji===
[[File:Winston 2016-02-20 0125z (eye).jpg|thumb|right|The eye of Winston over [[Koro Island]] on February 20.]]
On February 14, the FMS began issuing [[tropical cyclone warnings and watches|tropical cyclone warnings]] for the southern [[Lau Islands]] of Fiji.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 14, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number One for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 14, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHqPounr}}</ref> These gradually expanded in coverage through February 15,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 15, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number Seven for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 15, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fK9R4kov}}</ref> but were discontinued on February 16 as Winston moved away from the nation.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number Fifteen for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz4G0ZI}}</ref> They were raised again on February 18 after Winston doubled back toward Fiji.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number Sixteen for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOcuonPM}}</ref> Most of the northern islands in the storm's immediate path were placed under [[hurricane warning]]s on February 19.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number Twenty-Four for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQuJZt8h}}</ref> All shelters across the Southern [[Lau Islands]], [[Koro Island]], and [[Taveuni]] were opened on February 19; more than 700 shelters opened across the entirety of Fiji.<ref name="RNZ1"/><ref>{{cite web|author=Savaira Tabua|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Evacuation centres activated in upper Lau group|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37673/evacuation-centres-activated-in-upper-lau-group}}
*{{cite web|author=Ellen Stolz|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Koro Island and Taveuni brace for TC Winston|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37682/koro-island-and-taveuni-brace-for-tc-winston}}
*{{cite web|author=Farzana Nisha|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Evacuation centers are ready: NDMO|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37675/evacuation-centers-are-ready-ndmo}}
*</ref> The [[Republic of Fiji Military Forces]] were placed on standby for relief efforts.<ref>{{cite web|author=Akosita Talei|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=RFMF on standby for TC Winston|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37672/rfmf-on-standby-for-tc-winston}}</ref> A [[state of emergency]] was declared during the afternoon of February 20.<ref>{{cite news|author=Nasik Swami|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Fiji declares State of Natural Disaster|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342488}}</ref> A nationwide [[curfew]] was enacted starting at 6:00 p.m. local time.<ref>{{cite news|author=Indra Singh|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Nationwide Curfew as TC Winston batters Fiji group|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37707/nationwide-curfew-as-tc-winston-batters-fiji-group}}</ref> Public transportation was suspended across Viti Levu, and the Fiji Roads Authority strongly advised residents to avoid travel unless necessary. Prime Minister [[Frank Bainimarama]] called the storm "an ordeal of the most grievous kind".<ref name="RNZ1"/>

Striking the nation on February 20, Winston brought widespread damage to numerous islands. Large areas of the country were left without power as hurricane-force winds downed trees and power lines.<ref name="RNZ1"/> Communications with Vanua Balavu, Lakeba, Cicia, Nayau, Taveuni, and [[Qamea]] were lost on February 20.<ref>{{cite news|author=Luke Rawalai|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=TC Winston: Telecommunications to Taveuni cut|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342476}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Aliki Bia|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=No links to some islands in Lau Group|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37701/no-links-to-some-islands-in-lau-group}}</ref> Landline telephone service was lost on [[Matuku Island]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Tokasa Rainima|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Matuku prepares for bad weather|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37691/matuku-prepares-for-bad-weather}}</ref> Koro Island sustained severe damage, with schools destroyed and many structures losing their roof.<ref>{{cite web|author=Savaira Tabua|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Teachers quarters blown away|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37708/teachers-quarters-blown-away}}</ref> One person died in [[Nabasovi]] when his home collapsed.<ref>{{cite web|author=Farzana Nisha|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Death of an elderly man confirmed|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37732/death-of-an-elderly-man-confirmed}}</ref> Significant damage was reported across [[Ovalau]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Ellen Stolz|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Ovalau experiencing destructive winds|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37704/ovalau-experiencing-destructive-winds}}</ref>

On Viti Levu, strong winds destroyed at least two homes in Waidamu; the [[Waidamu River]] also topped its banks and flooded nearby communities.<ref>{{cite news|author=Nasik Swami|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Two houses blown away in Nausori|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342490}}</ref>

===Other South Pacific nations===
Impacting [[Tonga]] twice within the span of a few days, Winston caused significant damage across northern Tonga. Approximately 2,500 people sought refuge in shelters. The first passage of the storm resulted in mostly crop damage while the second brought greater structural damage. At least 10 homes were destroyed and 200 more were damaged.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Radio New Zealand International|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Despite some damage, Tonga escapes the worst of Winston|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342283}}</ref>

Winston also affected [[Niue]] on February 16; the FMS issued tropical cyclone and damaging heavy swell warnings for the island nation.<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/6fMzj4znk</ref>

==Aftermath==
===Fiji===
All schools across Fiji suspended classes for a week due to severe damage to educational infrastructure.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ritika Pratap|publisher=Fiji Broadcast Corporation|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016|title=Schools to go on one week break|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37742/schools-to-go-on-one-week-break-}}</ref>

===Tonga===
The nation of Tonga received money and aid from New Zealand and the country provided 8,000 people with clean water.<ref>{{Cite web|title = 5 Things to Know About Tropical Cyclone Winston|url = http://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/cyclone-winston-impacts-preps|website = The Weather Channel|access-date = February 20, 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}
*[[Cyclone Oscar]]
*[[Cyclone Daman]]
*[[Cyclone Evan]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{SPAC EL's}}

{{2015–16 South Pacific cyclone season buttons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Winston (2016)}}
[[Category:2015–16 South Pacific cyclone season]]
[[Category:2016 in Fiji]]
[[Category:Category 5 South Pacific cyclones]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Fiji]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Niue]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Tonga]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Vanuatu]]

Zyklon Winston

2016-02-20T22:11:07Z

Cyclonebiskit: /* Fiji */ clean up warnings

{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox hurricane current
|name=Winston
|AUScategory=Aus5
|category=cat4
|type=tropical cyclone
|time=06:00 [[UTC+12:00|FST]] February 21 (18:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]], February 20)
|image=Winston 2016-02-19 2330Z.png
|track=JTWC sh1116.gif
|lat=17.6|S|lon=175.7|E
|distance_from={{convert|100|nmi|abbr=on}} [[Points of the compass|W]] of [[Nadi]], [[Fiji]]
|10sustained=205 [[km/h]] (125 [[miles per hour|mph]])
|1sustained=240 km/h (150 mph)
|pressure=930 [[Pascal (unit)|hPa]] ([[Bar (unit)|mbar]]; 27.47 [[Inches of Mercury|inHg]])
|movement=W at {{convert|13|kn|abbr=on}}
}}


'''Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston''' was the first [[Tropical cyclone scales#Australia and Fiji|Category 5]] storm to make [[landfall]] in [[Fiji]] on record. The system was first noted as a tropical disturbance on February 7 2016, while it was located to the northwest of Port Villa, Vanuatu. Over the next few days the system gradually developed as it moved southeast, acquiring [[gale]]-force winds by February 11. The following day it underwent [[Rapid deepening|rapid intensification]] and attained ten-minute [[maximum sustained wind]]s of 175 km/h (110 mph). Less favourable environmental conditions prompted weakening thereafter. After turning northeast on February 14, Winston stalled to the north of [[Tonga]] on February 17. Regaining strength, the storm doubled back to the west, achieving Category 5 status on February 19. It reached its peak intensity the next day with ten-minute sustained winds of 230 km/h (145 mph) and a pressure of 915 hPa (mbar; 27.03 inHg), shortly before making [[landfall]] on [[Viti Levu]], Fiji.

In advance of the storm's arrival in Fiji, numerous shelters were opened; a nationwide curfew was instituted during the evening of February 20. Striking Fiji as a Category 5 on February 20, Winston inflicted extensive damage across multiple islands and killed at least one person. Communications were lost with at least six islands.

==Fiji cyclone history==
Though frequented by tropical cyclones, the main islands of Fiji—[[Viti Levu]] and [[Vanua Levu]]—do not regularly experience major cyclones.<ref name="WaPo"/> The strongest storm to impact the main islands since records began in 1941 was [[Cyclone Evan|Evan]] in December 2012, which skirted the western coast of Viti Levu as a Category 4 system on both the Australian scale and the [[Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Jeff Masters|publisher=Weather Underground|date=December 17, 2012|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=A grinch in paradise: Category 4 Tropical Cyclone Evan slams Fiji|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=2313}}</ref> The strongest storm to make [[landfall]] on either Viti Levu or Vanua Levu was [[Cyclone Nigel|Nigel]] in 1985, with ten-minute sustained winds of 150 km/h (90 mph) and one-minute sustained winds of 195 km/h (120 mph). The relative lack of major cyclones affecting the capital city of [[Suva]], located along the southeastern coast of Viti Levu, has led to complacency among residents. Many assume that strong storms are confined to northern and western areas. With Winston approaching Fiji from the east and directly threatening Suva, Angela Fritz of ''[[The Washington Post]]'' called the storm a "worst-case scenario".<ref name="WaPo">{{cite news|author=Angela Fritz|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Catastrophic Cyclone Winston bears down on Fiji’s main island in worst case scenario|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2016/02/19/catastrophic-cyclone-winston-bears-down-on-fijis-main-island-in-worst-case-scenario/}}</ref>

==Meteorological history==
{{Storm path|Winston 2016 track.png}}
On February 7, 2016, the [[Fiji Meteorological Service]] (FMS) started to monitor Tropical Disturbance 09F, which had developed about {{convert|1000|km|mi|disp=5|abbr=on}} northwest of [[Port Villa]], [[Vanuatu]].<ref name="TDS 7/2">{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 7, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Summary for Area Equator to 25S, 160E to 120W|url=http://www.met.gov.fj/aifs_prods/20036.txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fBiTyQOw|archivedate=February 7, 2016}}</ref> Over the next few days the system moved south-westwards and gradually developed further within a favourable environment for further development.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 10, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Western and South Pacific Oceans|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ab/abpw10.pgtw..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fBilWDlQ|archivedate=February 10, 2016}}</ref> On February 10, the United States-based [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) initiated advisories on the system and classified it as Tropical Cyclone 11P, while it was located about {{convert|860|km|mi|disp=5|abbr=on}} to the west-northwest of [[Suva, Fiji]].<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 10, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Eleven) Warning Nr 001|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps51.pgtw..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fCXhQArO|archivedate=February 10, 2016}}</ref> The FMS upgraded it to Category 1 status on the [[Tropical cyclone scales#Australia and Fiji|Australian tropical cyclone scale]] and [[Tropical cyclone naming|assigned it the name]] ''Winston'' early on February 11; at this time the storm was situated roughly {{convert|820|km|abbr=on}} west-northwest of [[Suva]], [[Fiji]]. Embedded within a northwesterly deep layer [[mean flow]], the system tracked southeast.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A4|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fECxlyvf|archivedate=February 11, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> Around 12:00 [[UTC]] on the same day, Winston intensified into a Category 2 tropical cyclone as a small, well-defined [[Eye (cyclone)|eye]] developed within deepening [[Atmospheric convection|convection]].<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A6|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fECxFPOB|archivedate=February 11, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning Nr 003|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fED589F1|archivedate=February 11, 2016}}</ref>

Situated within a very favourable environment—featuring [[sea surface temperature]]s of {{convert|30|to|31|C|F|abbr=on}}, robust upper-level [[Outflow (meteorology)|outflow]], and light to moderate [[wind shear]]<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning Nr 005|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|accessdate=February 19, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fFB0vxy6|archivedate=February 12, 2016}}</ref>—Winston [[rapid deepening|rapidly intensified]] on February 12, becoming a Category 3 severe tropical cyclone by 06:00 UTC,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A9|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fFAdmdS7|archivedate=February 12, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> and then a Category 4 only six hours later.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A10|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fFAdUbTv|archivedate=February 12, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> The system presented a well-defined eye enveloped by deep convection, and it reached its initial peak intensity at 18:00 UTC, with ten-minute [[maximum sustained wind]]s of 175 km/h (110 mph)<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A11|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHps9anU|archivedate=February 12, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> and the JTWC estimatd one-minute maximum sustained winds at 205 km/h (125 mph).<ref name="JTWCRBT">{{cite web|publisher=[[US Naval Research Laboratory]], Marine Meteorology|work=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=[Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Rolling Best Track]|url=http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/tcdat/tc16/SHEM/11P.WINSTON/trackfile.txt|format=.TXT}}</ref> Soon thereafter, increasing wind shear prompted weakening;<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 13, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 007|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 14, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHqHeYyg}}</ref> convection warmed and became increasingly ragged in appearance. On February 14, Winston turned northeast as a [[subtropical ridge]] positioned itself to the north.<ref name="JTWC008">{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 14, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 008|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 14, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHqHNXSh}}</ref>

[[File:Tatiana and Winston 2016-02-12 0330Z.jpg|thumb|right|Cyclones [[2015–16 Australian region cyclone season#Tropical Cyclone Tatiana|Tatiana]] ''(left)'' and Winston ''(right)'' on February 12]]
Persistent wind shear displaced convection from the center of Winston, leaving its circulation partially exposed. The system degraded below severe tropical cyclone status by 00:00 UTC on February 15 as a result.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A19|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 15, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMyYNv9j|archivedate=February 17, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> Conditions became more favourable for development on February 16, with shear relaxing over the cyclone. A prominent [[Rainband|banding feature]] wrapped into the circulation that day, marking the start of reintensification.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 013|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMzA3Uwv}}</ref> An eye reformed later that day within increasing convection,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 014|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz9mPiC}}</ref> and Winston regained severe tropical cyclone intensity by 18:00 UTC.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A26|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMyWAzSC|archivedate=February 17, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> The storm's core became increasingly compact and defined as it strengthened,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 016|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz99ChM}}</ref> and a [[central dense overcast]] became established on February 17.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 017|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz8s7zr}}</ref> Later that day, Winston entered a region of weak steering currents and the storm became nearly stationary.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 018|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz8ZUfC}}</ref> The storm's eye became more readily apparent late on February 17 as it doubled back to the west.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A30|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOckgt6X|archivedate=February 17, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 020|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOdPd6wF}}</ref>

A strengthening [[Ridge (meteorology)|ridge]] to the south propelled Winston west by February 18, directing the intensifying cyclone at Fiji. The storm's eye grew in size this day,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 021|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOdPLzQc}}</ref> and upper-level outflow became more defined.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 022|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOdP4Vsr}}</ref> Winston's overall structure became increasingly symmetric,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 022|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQvK1Yzy}}</ref> and the system acquired traits of an [[annular tropical cyclone]].<ref name="WU219"/> Marked intensification took place on February 19 as the storm's {{convert|27|km|mi|abbr=on}} wide eye became surrounded by intense convection.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 024|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQvJUWEJ}}</ref> Winston acquired Category 5 status—the highest level on the Australian intensity scale—by 06:00 UTC, with ten-minute sustained winds reaching 205 km/h (125 mph).<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A37|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQuDp9nf|archivedate=February 20, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> Fueled by nearly perfect conditions for intensification,<ref name="WU219"/> Winston deepened further and the JTWC estimated it to have acquired one-minute sustained winds of 265 km/h (165 mph) by 18:00 UTC, classifying it as a Category 5-equivalent on the [[Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale]].<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 027|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQvIxDMw}}</ref> Around this time, the cyclone passed directly over the small island of [[Vanua Balavu]].<ref name="WU219">{{cite web|author=Jeff Masters and Bob Henson|publisher=Weather Underground|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Fiji Pounded by its First Category 5 Storm on Record: Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=3249}}</ref> Wind gusts of {{convert|268|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} were reported on the island.<ref name="RNZ1"/>

Passing just south of [[Vanua Levu]], Winston achieved its peak intensity early on February 20 with ten-minute sustained winds of 230 km/h (145 mph) and a pressure of 915 hPa (mbar; 27.03 inHg).<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A42|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fRY3FW1U|archivedate=February 20, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> The JTWC estimated Winston to have been slightly stronger, with one-minute sustained winds of 285 km/h (180 mph).<ref name="JTWCRBT"/> It soon made [[landfall]] in the [[Rakiraki District, Fiji|Rakiraki District]] on [[Viti Levu]] at peak strength.<ref>{{cite web|author=Jon Erdman|publisher=The Weather Channel|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone Winston Makes Category 5 Landfall; Strongest on Record in Fiji|url=https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/tropical-cyclone-winston-fiji-strongest-landfall}}</ref><ref name="RNZ1">{{cite web|publisher=Radio New Zealand|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Winston leaves trail of destruction|url=http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/world/297041/winston-leaves-trail-of-destruction}}</ref> Winston is the only known Category 5 storm, on both the Australian tropical cyclone scale and the Saffir-Simpson scale, to directly impact Fiji, and is accordingly the most intense storm on record to strike the nation.<ref>{{cite news|author=Losalini Bolatagici|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Winston the strongest, first Category 5 cyclone to hit Fiji|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342485}}</ref>

==Impact==
===Fiji===
[[File:Winston 2016-02-20 0125z (eye).jpg|thumb|right|The eye of Winston over [[Koro Island]] on February 20.]]
On February 14, the FMS began issuing [[tropical cyclone warnings and watches|tropical cyclone warnings]] for the southern [[Lau Islands]] of Fiji.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 14, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number One for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 14, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHqPounr}}</ref> These gradually expanded in coverage through February 15,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 15, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number Seven for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 15, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fK9R4kov}}</ref> but were discontinued on February 16 as Winston moved away from the nation.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number Fifteen for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz4G0ZI}}</ref> They were raised again on February 18 after Winston doubled back toward Fiji.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number Sixteen for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOcuonPM}}</ref> Most of the northern islands in the storm's immediate path were placed under [[hurricane warning]]s on February 19.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Special Weather Bulletin Number Twenty-Four for Fiji On Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwfj40.nffn..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQuJZt8h}}</ref> All shelters across the Southern [[Lau Islands]], [[Koro Island]], and [[Taveuni]] were opened on February 19; more than 700 shelters opened across the entirety of Fiji.<ref name="RNZ1"/><ref>{{cite web|author=Savaira Tabua|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Evacuation centres activated in upper Lau group|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37673/evacuation-centres-activated-in-upper-lau-group}}
*{{cite web|author=Ellen Stolz|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Koro Island and Taveuni brace for TC Winston|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37682/koro-island-and-taveuni-brace-for-tc-winston}}
*{{cite web|author=Farzana Nisha|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Evacuation centers are ready: NDMO|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37675/evacuation-centers-are-ready-ndmo}}
*</ref> The [[Republic of Fiji Military Forces]] were placed on standby for relief efforts.<ref>{{cite web|author=Akosita Talei|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=RFMF on standby for TC Winston|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37672/rfmf-on-standby-for-tc-winston}}</ref> A [[state of emergency]] was declared during the afternoon of February 20.<ref>{{cite news|author=Nasik Swami|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Fiji declares State of Natural Disaster|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342488}}</ref> A nationwide [[curfew]] was enacted starting at 6:00 p.m. local time.<ref>{{cite news|author=Indra Singh|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Nationwide Curfew as TC Winston batters Fiji group|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37707/nationwide-curfew-as-tc-winston-batters-fiji-group}}</ref> Public transportation was suspended across Viti Levu, and the Fiji Roads Authority strongly advised residents to avoid travel unless necessary. Prime Minister [[Frank Bainimarama]] called the storm "an ordeal of the most grievous kind".<ref name="RNZ1"/>

Striking the nation on February 20, Winston brought widespread damage to numerous islands. Large areas of the country were left without power as hurricane-force winds downed trees and power lines.<ref name="RNZ1"/> Communications with Vanua Balavu, Lakeba, Cicia, Nayau, Taveuni, and [[Qamea]] were lost on February 20.<ref>{{cite news|author=Luke Rawalai|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=TC Winston: Telecommunications to Taveuni cut|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342476}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Aliki Bia|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=No links to some islands in Lau Group|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37701/no-links-to-some-islands-in-lau-group}}</ref> Landline telephone service was lost on [[Matuku Island]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Tokasa Rainima|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Matuku prepares for bad weather|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37691/matuku-prepares-for-bad-weather}}</ref> Koro Island sustained severe damage, with schools destroyed and many structures losing their roof.<ref>{{cite web|author=Savaira Tabua|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Teachers quarters blown away|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37708/teachers-quarters-blown-away}}</ref> One person died in [[Nabasovi]] when his home collapsed.<ref>{{cite web|author=Farzana Nisha|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Death of an elderly man confirmed|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37732/death-of-an-elderly-man-confirmed}}</ref> Significant damage was reported across [[Ovalau]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Ellen Stolz|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Ovalau experiencing destructive winds|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37704/ovalau-experiencing-destructive-winds}}</ref>

On Viti Levu, strong winds destroyed at least two homes in Waidamu; the [[Waidamu River]] also topped its banks and flooded nearby communities.<ref>{{cite news|author=Nasik Swami|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Two houses blown away in Nausori|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342490}}</ref>

===Other South Pacific nations===
Impacting [[Tonga]] twice within the span of a few days, Winston caused significant damage across northern Tonga. Approximately 2,500 people sought refuge in shelters. The first passage of the storm resulted in mostly crop damage while the second brought greater structural damage. At least 10 homes were destroyed and 200 more were damaged.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Radio New Zealand International|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Despite some damage, Tonga escapes the worst of Winston|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342283}}</ref>

Winston also affected [[Niue]] on February 16; the FMS issued tropical cyclone and damaging heavy swell warnings for the island nation.<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/6fMzj4znk</ref>

==Aftermath==
===Fiji===
All schools across Fiji suspended classes for a week due to severe damage to educational infrastructure.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ritika Pratap|publisher=Fiji Broadcast Corporation|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016|title=Schools to go on one week break|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37742/schools-to-go-on-one-week-break-}}</ref>

===Tonga===
The nation of Tonga received money and aid from New Zealand and the country provided 8,000 people with clean water.<ref>{{Cite web|title = 5 Things to Know About Tropical Cyclone Winston|url = http://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/cyclone-winston-impacts-preps|website = The Weather Channel|access-date = February 20, 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}
*[[Cyclone Oscar]]
*[[Cyclone Daman]]
*[[Cyclone Evan]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{SPAC EL's}}

{{2015–16 South Pacific cyclone season buttons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Winston (2016)}}
[[Category:2015–16 South Pacific cyclone season]]
[[Category:2016 in Fiji]]
[[Category:Category 5 South Pacific cyclones]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Fiji]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Niue]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Tonga]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Vanuatu]]

Zyklon Winston

2016-02-20T21:01:00Z

Cyclonebiskit: /* Aftermath */ schools in Fiji

{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox hurricane current
|name=Winston
|AUScategory=Aus5
|category=cat4
|type=tropical cyclone
|time=06:00 [[UTC+12:00|FST]] February 21 (18:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]], February 20)
|image=Winston 2016-02-19 2330Z.png
|track=JTWC sh1116.gif
|lat=17.6|S|lon=175.7|E
|distance_from={{convert|100|nmi|abbr=on}} [[Points of the compass|W]] of [[Nadi]], [[Fiji]]
|10sustained=205 [[km/h]] (125 [[miles per hour|mph]])
|1sustained=240 km/h (150 mph)
|pressure=930 [[Pascal (unit)|hPa]] ([[Bar (unit)|mbar]]; 27.47 [[Inches of Mercury|inHg]])
|movement=W at {{convert|13|kn|abbr=on}}
}}


'''Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston''' was the first [[Tropical cyclone scales#Australia and Fiji|Category 5]] storm to make [[landfall]] in [[Fiji]] on record. The system was first noted as a tropical disturbance on February 7, while it was located to the northwest of Port Villa, Vanuatu. Over the next few days the system gradually developed as it moved southeast, acquiring [[gale]]-force winds by February 11. The following day it underwent [[Rapid deepening|rapid intensification]] and attained ten-minute [[maximum sustained wind]]s of 175 km/h (110 mph). Less favourable environmental conditions prompted weakening thereafter. After turning northeast on February 14, Winston stalled to the north of [[Tonga]] on February 17. Regaining strength, the storm doubled back to the west, achieving Category 5 status on February 19. It reached its peak intensity the next day with ten-minute sustained winds of 230 km/h (145 mph) and a pressure of 915 hPa (mbar; 27.03 inHg), shortly before making [[landfall]] on [[Viti Levu]], Fiji.

In advance of the storm's arrival in Fiji, numerous shelters were opened; a nationwide curfew was instituted during the evening of February 20. Striking Fiji as a Category 5 on February 20, Winston inflicted extensive damage across multiple islands and killed at least one person. Communications were lost with at least six islands.

==Fiji cyclone history==
Though frequented by tropical cyclones, the main islands of Fiji—[[Viti Levu]] and [[Vanua Levu]]—do not regularly experience major cyclones.<ref name="WaPo"/> The strongest storm to impact the main islands since records began in 1941 was [[Cyclone Evan|Evan]] in December 2012, which skirted the western coast of Viti Levu as a Category 4 system on both the Australian scale and the [[Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Jeff Masters|publisher=Weather Underground|date=December 17, 2012|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=A grinch in paradise: Category 4 Tropical Cyclone Evan slams Fiji|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=2313}}</ref> The strongest storm to make [[landfall]] on either Viti Levu or Vanua Levu was [[Cyclone Nigel|Nigel]] in 1985, with ten-minute sustained winds of 150 km/h (90 mph) and one-minute sustained winds of 195 km/h (120 mph). The relative lack of major cyclones affecting the capital city of [[Suva]], located along the southeastern coast of Viti Levu, has led to complacency among residents. Many assume that strong storms are confined to northern and western areas. With Winston approaching Fiji from the east and directly threatening Suva, Angela Fritz of ''[[The Washington Post]]'' called the storm a "worst-case scenario".<ref name="WaPo">{{cite news|author=Angela Fritz|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Catastrophic Cyclone Winston bears down on Fiji’s main island in worst case scenario|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2016/02/19/catastrophic-cyclone-winston-bears-down-on-fijis-main-island-in-worst-case-scenario/}}</ref>

==Meteorological history==
{{Storm path|Winston 2016 track.png}}
On February 7, 2016, the [[Fiji Meteorological Service]] (FMS) started to monitor Tropical Disturbance 09F, which had developed about {{convert|1000|km|mi|disp=5|abbr=on}} northwest of [[Port Villa]], [[Vanuatu]].<ref name="TDS 7/2">{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 7, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Summary for Area Equator to 25S, 160E to 120W|url=http://www.met.gov.fj/aifs_prods/20036.txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fBiTyQOw|archivedate=February 7, 2016}}</ref> Over the next few days the system moved south-westwards and gradually developed further within a favourable environment for further development.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 10, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Western and South Pacific Oceans|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ab/abpw10.pgtw..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fBilWDlQ|archivedate=February 10, 2016}}</ref> On February 10, the United States-based [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) initiated advisories on the system and classified it as Tropical Cyclone 11P, while it was located about {{convert|860|km|mi|disp=5|abbr=on}} to the west-northwest of [[Suva, Fiji]].<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 10, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Eleven) Warning Nr 001|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps51.pgtw..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fCXhQArO|archivedate=February 10, 2016}}</ref> The FMS upgraded it to Category 1 status on the [[Tropical cyclone scales#Australia and Fiji|Australian tropical cyclone scale]] and [[Tropical cyclone naming|assigned it the name]] ''Winston'' early on February 11; at this time the storm was situated roughly {{convert|820|km|abbr=on}} west-northwest of [[Suva]], [[Fiji]]. Embedded within a northwesterly deep layer [[mean flow]], the system tracked southeast.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A4|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fECxlyvf|archivedate=February 11, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> Around 12:00 [[UTC]] on the same day, Winston intensified into a Category 2 tropical cyclone as a small, well-defined [[Eye (cyclone)|eye]] developed within deepening [[Atmospheric convection|convection]].<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A6|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fECxFPOB|archivedate=February 11, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning Nr 003|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fED589F1|archivedate=February 11, 2016}}</ref>

Situated within a very favourable environment—featuring [[sea surface temperature]]s of {{convert|30|to|31|C|F|abbr=on}}, robust upper-level [[Outflow (meteorology)|outflow]], and light to moderate [[wind shear]]<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning Nr 005|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|accessdate=February 19, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fFB0vxy6|archivedate=February 12, 2016}}</ref>—Winston [[rapid deepening|rapidly intensified]] on February 12, becoming a Category 3 severe tropical cyclone by 06:00 UTC,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A9|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fFAdmdS7|archivedate=February 12, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> and then a Category 4 only six hours later.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A10|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fFAdUbTv|archivedate=February 12, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> The system presented a well-defined eye enveloped by deep convection, and it reached its initial peak intensity at 18:00 UTC, with ten-minute [[maximum sustained wind]]s of 175 km/h (110 mph)<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A11|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHps9anU|archivedate=February 12, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> and the JTWC estimatd one-minute maximum sustained winds at 205 km/h (125 mph).<ref name="JTWCRBT">{{cite web|publisher=[[US Naval Research Laboratory]], Marine Meteorology|work=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=[Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Rolling Best Track]|url=http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/tcdat/tc16/SHEM/11P.WINSTON/trackfile.txt|format=.TXT}}</ref> Soon thereafter, increasing wind shear prompted weakening;<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 13, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 007|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 14, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHqHeYyg}}</ref> convection warmed and became increasingly ragged in appearance. On February 14, Winston turned northeast as a [[subtropical ridge]] positioned itself to the north.<ref name="JTWC008">{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 14, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 008|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 14, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHqHNXSh}}</ref>

[[File:Tatiana and Winston 2016-02-12 0330Z.jpg|thumb|right|Cyclones [[2015–16 Australian region cyclone season#Tropical Cyclone Tatiana|Tatiana]] ''(left)'' and Winston ''(right)'' on February 12]]
Persistent wind shear displaced convection from the center of Winston, leaving its circulation partially exposed. The system degraded below severe tropical cyclone status by 00:00 UTC on February 15 as a result.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A19|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 15, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMyYNv9j|archivedate=February 17, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> Conditions became more favourable for development on February 16, with shear relaxing over the cyclone. A prominent [[Rainband|banding feature]] wrapped into the circulation that day, marking the start of reintensification.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 013|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMzA3Uwv}}</ref> An eye reformed later that day within increasing convection,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 014|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz9mPiC}}</ref> and Winston regained severe tropical cyclone intensity by 18:00 UTC.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A26|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMyWAzSC|archivedate=February 17, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> The storm's core became increasingly compact and defined as it strengthened,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 016|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz99ChM}}</ref> and a [[central dense overcast]] became established on February 17.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 017|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz8s7zr}}</ref> Later that day, Winston entered a region of weak steering currents and the storm became nearly stationary.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 018|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz8ZUfC}}</ref> The storm's eye became more readily apparent late on February 17 as it doubled back to the west.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A30|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOckgt6X|archivedate=February 17, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 020|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOdPd6wF}}</ref>

A strengthening [[Ridge (meteorology)|ridge]] to the south propelled Winston west by February 18, directing the intensifying cyclone at Fiji. The storm's eye grew in size this day,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 021|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOdPLzQc}}</ref> and upper-level outflow became more defined.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 022|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOdP4Vsr}}</ref> Winston's overall structure became increasingly symmetric,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 022|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQvK1Yzy}}</ref> and the system acquired traits of an [[annular tropical cyclone]].<ref name="WU219"/> Marked intensification took place on February 19 as the storm's {{convert|27|km|mi|abbr=on}} wide eye became surrounded by intense convection.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 024|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQvJUWEJ}}</ref> Winston acquired Category 5 status—the highest level on the Australian intensity scale—by 06:00 UTC, with ten-minute sustained winds reaching 205 km/h (125 mph).<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A37|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQuDp9nf|archivedate=February 20, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> Fueled by nearly perfect conditions for intensification,<ref name="WU219"/> Winston deepened further and the JTWC estimated it to have acquired one-minute sustained winds of 265 km/h (165 mph) by 18:00 UTC, classifying it as a Category 5-equivalent on the [[Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale]].<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 027|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQvIxDMw}}</ref> Around this time, the cyclone passed directly over the small island of [[Vanua Balavu]].<ref name="WU219">{{cite web|author=Jeff Masters and Bob Henson|publisher=Weather Underground|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Fiji Pounded by its First Category 5 Storm on Record: Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=3249}}</ref> Wind gusts of {{convert|268|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} were reported on the island.<ref name="RNZ1"/>

Passing just south of [[Vanua Levu]], Winston achieved its peak intensity early on February 20 with ten-minute sustained winds of 230 km/h (145 mph) and a pressure of 915 hPa (mbar; 27.03 inHg).<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A42|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fRY3FW1U|archivedate=February 20, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> The JTWC estimated Winston to have been slightly stronger, with one-minute sustained winds of 285 km/h (180 mph).<ref name="JTWCRBT"/> It soon made [[landfall]] in the [[Rakiraki District, Fiji|Rakiraki District]] on [[Viti Levu]] at peak strength.<ref>{{cite web|author=Jon Erdman|publisher=The Weather Channel|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone Winston Makes Category 5 Landfall; Strongest on Record in Fiji|url=https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/tropical-cyclone-winston-fiji-strongest-landfall}}</ref><ref name="RNZ1">{{cite web|publisher=Radio New Zealand|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Winston leaves trail of destruction|url=http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/world/297041/winston-leaves-trail-of-destruction}}</ref> Winston is the only known Category 5 storm, on both the Australian tropical cyclone scale and the Saffir-Simpson scale, to directly impact Fiji, and is accordingly the most intense storm on record to strike the nation.<ref>{{cite news|author=Losalini Bolatagici|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Winston the strongest, first Category 5 cyclone to hit Fiji|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342485}}</ref>

==Impacts==
===Fiji===
[[File:Winston 2016-02-20 0125z (eye).jpg|thumb|right|The eye of Winston over [[Koro Island]] on February 20.]]
Ahead of Winston affecting Fiji for a second time, the FMS issued various tropical cyclone gale-, storm- and hurricane-force wind warnings for the island nation.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Category five TC Winston continues to head our way|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37679/category-five-tc-winston-continues-to-head-our-way}}</ref> All shelters across the Southern [[Lau Islands]], [[Koro Island]], and [[Taveuni]] were opened on February 19; more than 700 shelters opened across the entirety of Fiji.<ref name="RNZ1"/><ref>{{cite web|author=Savaira Tabua|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Evacuation centres activated in upper Lau group|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37673/evacuation-centres-activated-in-upper-lau-group}}
*{{cite web|author=Ellen Stolz|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Koro Island and Taveuni brace for TC Winston|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37682/koro-island-and-taveuni-brace-for-tc-winston}}
*{{cite web|author=Farzana Nisha|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Evacuation centers are ready: NDMO|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37675/evacuation-centers-are-ready-ndmo}}
*</ref> The [[Republic of Fiji Military Forces]] were placed on standby for relief efforts.<ref>{{cite web|author=Akosita Talei|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=RFMF on standby for TC Winston|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37672/rfmf-on-standby-for-tc-winston}}</ref> A [[state of emergency]] was declared during the afternoon of February 20.<ref>{{cite news|author=Nasik Swami|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Fiji declares State of Natural Disaster|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342488}}</ref> A nationwide [[curfew]] was enacted starting at 6:00 p.m. local time.<ref>{{cite news|author=Indra Singh|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Nationwide Curfew as TC Winston batters Fiji group|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37707/nationwide-curfew-as-tc-winston-batters-fiji-group}}</ref> Public transportation was suspended across Viti Levu, and the Fiji Roads Authority strongly advised residents to avoid travel unless necessary. Prime Minister [[Frank Bainimarama]] called the storm "an ordeal of the most grievous kind".<ref name="RNZ1"/>

Striking the nation on February 20, Winston brought widespread damage to numerous islands. Large areas of the country were left without power as hurricane-force winds downed trees and power lines.<ref name="RNZ1"/> Communications with Vanua Balavu, Lakeba, Cicia, Nayau, Taveuni, and [[Qamea]] were lost on February 20.<ref>{{cite news|author=Luke Rawalai|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=TC Winston: Telecommunications to Taveuni cut|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342476}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Aliki Bia|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=No links to some islands in Lau Group|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37701/no-links-to-some-islands-in-lau-group}}</ref> Landline telephone service was lost on [[Matuku Island]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Tokasa Rainima|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Matuku prepares for bad weather|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37691/matuku-prepares-for-bad-weather}}</ref> Koro Island sustained severe damage, with schools destroyed and many structures losing their roof.<ref>{{cite web|author=Savaira Tabua|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Teachers quarters blown away|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37708/teachers-quarters-blown-away}}</ref> One person died in [[Nabasovi]] when his home collapsed.<ref>{{cite web|author=Farzana Nisha|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Death of an elderly man confirmed|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37732/death-of-an-elderly-man-confirmed}}</ref> Significant damage was reported across [[Ovalau]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Ellen Stolz|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Ovalau experiencing destructive winds|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37704/ovalau-experiencing-destructive-winds}}</ref>

On Viti Levu, strong winds destroyed at least two homes in Waidamu; the [[Waidamu River]] also topped its banks and flooded nearby communities.<ref>{{cite news|author=Nasik Swami|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Two houses blown away in Nausori|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342490}}</ref>

===Other South Pacific nations===
Impacting [[Tonga]] twice within the span of a few days, Winston caused significant damage across northern Tonga. Approximately 2,500 people sought refuge in shelters. The first passage of the storm resulted in mostly crop damage while the second brought greater structural damage. At least 10 homes were destroyed and 200 more were damaged.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Radio New Zealand International|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Despite some damage, Tonga escapes the worst of Winston|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342283}}</ref>

Winston also affected [[Niue]] on February 16; the FMS issued tropical cyclone and damaging heavy swell warnings for the island nation.<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/6fMzj4znk</ref>

==Aftermath==
===Fiji===
All schools across Fiji suspended classes for a week due to severe damage to educational infrastructure.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ritika Pratap|publisher=Fiji Broadcast Corporation|date=February 21, 2016|accessdate=February 21, 2016|title=Schools to go on one week break|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37742/schools-to-go-on-one-week-break-}}</ref>

===Tonga===
The nation of Tonga received money and aid from New Zealand and the country provided 8,000 people with clean water.<ref>{{Cite web|title = 5 Things to Know About Tropical Cyclone Winston|url = http://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/cyclone-winston-impacts-preps|website = The Weather Channel|access-date = February 20, 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}
*[[Cyclone Oscar]]
*[[Cyclone Daman]]
*[[Cyclone Evan]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{SPAC EL's}}

{{2015–16 South Pacific cyclone season buttons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Winston (2016)}}
[[Category:2015–16 South Pacific cyclone season]]
[[Category:2016 in Fiji]]
[[Category:Category 5 South Pacific cyclones]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Fiji]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Niue]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Tonga]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Vanuatu]]

Zyklon Winston

2016-02-20T20:11:23Z

Cyclonebiskit: /* Meteorological history */ fix

{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox hurricane current
|name=Winston
|AUScategory=Aus5
|category=cat4
|type=tropical cyclone
|time=06:00 [[UTC+12:00|FST]] February 21 (18:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]], February 20)
|image=Winston 2016-02-19 2330Z.png
|track=JTWC sh1116.gif
|lat=17.6|S|lon=175.7|E
|distance_from={{convert|100|nmi|abbr=on}} [[Points of the compass|W]] of [[Nadi]], [[Fiji]]
|10sustained=205 [[km/h]] (125 [[miles per hour|mph]])
|1sustained=240 km/h (150 mph)
|pressure=930 [[Pascal (unit)|hPa]] ([[Bar (unit)|mbar]]; 27.47 [[Inches of Mercury|inHg]])
|movement=W at {{convert|13|kn|abbr=on}}
}}


'''Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston''' was the first [[Tropical cyclone scales#Australia and Fiji|Category 5]] storm to make [[landfall]] in [[Fiji]] on record. The system was first noted as a tropical disturbance on February 7, while it was located to the northwest of Port Villa, Vanuatu. Over the next few days the system gradually developed as it moved southeast, acquiring [[gale]]-force winds by February 11. The following day it underwent [[Rapid deepening|rapid intensification]] and attained ten-minute [[maximum sustained wind]]s of 175 km/h (110 mph). Less favourable environmental conditions prompted weakening thereafter. After turning northeast on February 14, Winston stalled to the north of [[Tonga]] on February 17. Regaining strength, the storm doubled back to the west, achieving Category 5 status on February 19. It reached its peak intensity the next day with ten-minute sustained winds of 230 km/h (145 mph) and a pressure of 915 hPa (mbar; 27.03 inHg), shortly before making [[landfall]] on [[Viti Levu]], Fiji.

In advance of the storm's arrival in Fiji, numerous shelters were opened; a nationwide curfew was instituted during the evening of February 20. Striking Fiji as a Category 5 on February 20, Winston inflicted extensive damage across multiple islands and killed at least one person. Communications were lost with at least six islands.

==Fiji cyclone history==
Though frequented by tropical cyclones, the main islands of Fiji—[[Viti Levu]] and [[Vanua Levu]]—do not regularly experience major cyclones.<ref name="WaPo"/> The strongest storm to impact the main islands since records began in 1941 was [[Cyclone Evan|Evan]] in December 2012, which skirted the western coast of Viti Levu as a Category 4 system on both the Australian scale and the [[Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Jeff Masters|publisher=Weather Underground|date=December 17, 2012|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=A grinch in paradise: Category 4 Tropical Cyclone Evan slams Fiji|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=2313}}</ref> The strongest storm to make [[landfall]] on either Viti Levu or Vanua Levu was [[Cyclone Nigel|Nigel]] in 1985, with ten-minute sustained winds of 150 km/h (90 mph) and one-minute sustained winds of 195 km/h (120 mph). The relative lack of major cyclones affecting the capital city of [[Suva]], located along the southeastern coast of Viti Levu, has led to complacency among residents. Many assume that strong storms are confined to northern and western areas. With Winston approaching Fiji from the east and directly threatening Suva, Angela Fritz of ''[[The Washington Post]]'' called the storm a "worst-case scenario".<ref name="WaPo">{{cite news|author=Angela Fritz|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Catastrophic Cyclone Winston bears down on Fiji’s main island in worst case scenario|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2016/02/19/catastrophic-cyclone-winston-bears-down-on-fijis-main-island-in-worst-case-scenario/}}</ref>

==Meteorological history==
{{Storm path|Winston 2016 track.png}}
On February 7, 2016, the [[Fiji Meteorological Service]] (FMS) started to monitor Tropical Disturbance 09F, which had developed about {{convert|1000|km|mi|disp=5|abbr=on}} northwest of [[Port Villa]], [[Vanuatu]].<ref name="TDS 7/2">{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 7, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Summary for Area Equator to 25S, 160E to 120W|url=http://www.met.gov.fj/aifs_prods/20036.txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fBiTyQOw|archivedate=February 7, 2016}}</ref> Over the next few days the system moved south-westwards and gradually developed further within a favourable environment for further development.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 10, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Western and South Pacific Oceans|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ab/abpw10.pgtw..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fBilWDlQ|archivedate=February 10, 2016}}</ref> On February 10, the United States-based [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) initiated advisories on the system and classified it as Tropical Cyclone 11P, while it was located about {{convert|860|km|mi|disp=5|abbr=on}} to the west-northwest of [[Suva, Fiji]].<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 10, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Eleven) Warning Nr 001|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps51.pgtw..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fCXhQArO|archivedate=February 10, 2016}}</ref> The FMS upgraded it to Category 1 status on the [[Tropical cyclone scales#Australia and Fiji|Australian tropical cyclone scale]] and [[Tropical cyclone naming|assigned it the name]] ''Winston'' early on February 11; at this time the storm was situated roughly {{convert|820|km|abbr=on}} west-northwest of [[Suva]], [[Fiji]]. Embedded within a northwesterly deep layer [[mean flow]], the system tracked southeast.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A4|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fECxlyvf|archivedate=February 11, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> Around 12:00 [[UTC]] on the same day, Winston intensified into a Category 2 tropical cyclone as a small, well-defined [[Eye (cyclone)|eye]] developed within deepening [[Atmospheric convection|convection]].<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A6|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fECxFPOB|archivedate=February 11, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning Nr 003|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fED589F1|archivedate=February 11, 2016}}</ref>

Situated within a very favourable environment—featuring [[sea surface temperature]]s of {{convert|30|to|31|C|F|abbr=on}}, robust upper-level [[Outflow (meteorology)|outflow]], and light to moderate [[wind shear]]<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning Nr 005|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|accessdate=February 19, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fFB0vxy6|archivedate=February 12, 2016}}</ref>—Winston [[rapid deepening|rapidly intensified]] on February 12, becoming a Category 3 severe tropical cyclone by 06:00 UTC,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A9|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fFAdmdS7|archivedate=February 12, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> and then a Category 4 only six hours later.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A10|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fFAdUbTv|archivedate=February 12, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> The system presented a well-defined eye enveloped by deep convection, and it reached its initial peak intensity at 18:00 UTC, with ten-minute [[maximum sustained wind]]s of 175 km/h (110 mph)<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A11|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHps9anU|archivedate=February 12, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> and the JTWC estimatd one-minute maximum sustained winds at 205 km/h (125 mph).<ref name="JTWCRBT">{{cite web|publisher=[[US Naval Research Laboratory]], Marine Meteorology|work=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=[Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Rolling Best Track]|url=http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/tcdat/tc16/SHEM/11P.WINSTON/trackfile.txt|format=.TXT}}</ref> Soon thereafter, increasing wind shear prompted weakening;<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 13, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 007|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 14, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHqHeYyg}}</ref> convection warmed and became increasingly ragged in appearance. On February 14, Winston turned northeast as a [[subtropical ridge]] positioned itself to the north.<ref name="JTWC008">{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 14, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 008|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 14, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHqHNXSh}}</ref>

[[File:Tatiana and Winston 2016-02-12 0330Z.jpg|thumb|right|Cyclones [[2015–16 Australian region cyclone season#Tropical Cyclone Tatiana|Tatiana]] ''(left)'' and Winston ''(right)'' on February 12]]
Persistent wind shear displaced convection from the center of Winston, leaving its circulation partially exposed. The system degraded below severe tropical cyclone status by 00:00 UTC on February 15 as a result.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A19|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 15, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMyYNv9j|archivedate=February 17, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> Conditions became more favourable for development on February 16, with shear relaxing over the cyclone. A prominent [[Rainband|banding feature]] wrapped into the circulation that day, marking the start of reintensification.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 013|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMzA3Uwv}}</ref> An eye reformed later that day within increasing convection,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 014|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz9mPiC}}</ref> and Winston regained severe tropical cyclone intensity by 18:00 UTC.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A26|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMyWAzSC|archivedate=February 17, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> The storm's core became increasingly compact and defined as it strengthened,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 016|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz99ChM}}</ref> and a [[central dense overcast]] became established on February 17.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 017|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz8s7zr}}</ref> Later that day, Winston entered a region of weak steering currents and the storm became nearly stationary.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 018|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz8ZUfC}}</ref> The storm's eye became more readily apparent late on February 17 as it doubled back to the west.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A30|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOckgt6X|archivedate=February 17, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 020|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOdPd6wF}}</ref>

A strengthening [[Ridge (meteorology)|ridge]] to the south propelled Winston west by February 18, directing the intensifying cyclone at Fiji. The storm's eye grew in size this day,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 021|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOdPLzQc}}</ref> and upper-level outflow became more defined.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 022|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOdP4Vsr}}</ref> Winston's overall structure became increasingly symmetric,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 022|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQvK1Yzy}}</ref> and the system acquired traits of an [[annular tropical cyclone]].<ref name="WU219"/> Marked intensification took place on February 19 as the storm's {{convert|27|km|mi|abbr=on}} wide eye became surrounded by intense convection.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 024|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQvJUWEJ}}</ref> Winston acquired Category 5 status—the highest level on the Australian intensity scale—by 06:00 UTC, with ten-minute sustained winds reaching 205 km/h (125 mph).<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A37|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQuDp9nf|archivedate=February 20, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> Fueled by nearly perfect conditions for intensification,<ref name="WU219"/> Winston deepened further and the JTWC estimated it to have acquired one-minute sustained winds of 265 km/h (165 mph) by 18:00 UTC, classifying it as a Category 5-equivalent on the [[Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale]].<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 027|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQvIxDMw}}</ref> Around this time, the cyclone passed directly over the small island of [[Vanua Balavu]].<ref name="WU219">{{cite web|author=Jeff Masters and Bob Henson|publisher=Weather Underground|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Fiji Pounded by its First Category 5 Storm on Record: Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=3249}}</ref> Wind gusts of {{convert|268|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} were reported on the island.<ref name="RNZ1"/>

Passing just south of [[Vanua Levu]], Winston achieved its peak intensity early on February 20 with ten-minute sustained winds of 230 km/h (145 mph) and a pressure of 915 hPa (mbar; 27.03 inHg).<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A42|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fRY3FW1U|archivedate=February 20, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> The JTWC estimated Winston to have been slightly stronger, with one-minute sustained winds of 285 km/h (180 mph).<ref name="JTWCRBT"/> It soon made [[landfall]] in the [[Rakiraki District, Fiji|Rakiraki District]] on [[Viti Levu]] at peak strength.<ref>{{cite web|author=Jon Erdman|publisher=The Weather Channel|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone Winston Makes Category 5 Landfall; Strongest on Record in Fiji|url=https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/tropical-cyclone-winston-fiji-strongest-landfall}}</ref><ref name="RNZ1">{{cite web|publisher=Radio New Zealand|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Winston leaves trail of destruction|url=http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/world/297041/winston-leaves-trail-of-destruction}}</ref> Winston is the only known Category 5 storm, on both the Australian tropical cyclone scale and the Saffir-Simpson scale, to directly impact Fiji, and is accordingly the most intense storm on record to strike the nation.<ref>{{cite news|author=Losalini Bolatagici|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Winston the strongest, first Category 5 cyclone to hit Fiji|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342485}}</ref>

==Impacts==
===Fiji===
[[File:Winston 2016-02-20 0125z (eye).jpg|thumb|right|The eye of Winston over [[Koro Island]] on February 20.]]
Ahead of Winston affecting Fiji for a second time, the FMS issued various tropical cyclone gale-, storm- and hurricane-force wind warnings for the island nation.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Category five TC Winston continues to head our way|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37679/category-five-tc-winston-continues-to-head-our-way}}</ref> All shelters across the Southern [[Lau Islands]], [[Koro Island]], and [[Taveuni]] were opened on February 19; more than 700 shelters opened across the entirety of Fiji.<ref name="RNZ1"/><ref>{{cite web|author=Savaira Tabua|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Evacuation centres activated in upper Lau group|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37673/evacuation-centres-activated-in-upper-lau-group}}
*{{cite web|author=Ellen Stolz|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Koro Island and Taveuni brace for TC Winston|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37682/koro-island-and-taveuni-brace-for-tc-winston}}
*{{cite web|author=Farzana Nisha|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Evacuation centers are ready: NDMO|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37675/evacuation-centers-are-ready-ndmo}}
*</ref> The [[Republic of Fiji Military Forces]] were placed on standby for relief efforts.<ref>{{cite web|author=Akosita Talei|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=RFMF on standby for TC Winston|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37672/rfmf-on-standby-for-tc-winston}}</ref> A [[state of emergency]] was declared during the afternoon of February 20.<ref>{{cite news|author=Nasik Swami|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Fiji declares State of Natural Disaster|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342488}}</ref> A nationwide [[curfew]] was enacted starting at 6:00 p.m. local time.<ref>{{cite news|author=Indra Singh|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Nationwide Curfew as TC Winston batters Fiji group|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37707/nationwide-curfew-as-tc-winston-batters-fiji-group}}</ref> Public transportation was suspended across Viti Levu, and the Fiji Roads Authority strongly advised residents to avoid travel unless necessary. Prime Minister [[Frank Bainimarama]] called the storm "an ordeal of the most grievous kind".<ref name="RNZ1"/>

Striking the nation on February 20, Winston brought widespread damage to numerous islands. Large areas of the country were left without power as hurricane-force winds downed trees and power lines.<ref name="RNZ1"/> Communications with Vanua Balavu, Lakeba, Cicia, Nayau, Taveuni, and [[Qamea]] were lost on February 20.<ref>{{cite news|author=Luke Rawalai|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=TC Winston: Telecommunications to Taveuni cut|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342476}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Aliki Bia|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=No links to some islands in Lau Group|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37701/no-links-to-some-islands-in-lau-group}}</ref> Landline telephone service was lost on [[Matuku Island]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Tokasa Rainima|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Matuku prepares for bad weather|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37691/matuku-prepares-for-bad-weather}}</ref> Koro Island sustained severe damage, with schools destroyed and many structures losing their roof.<ref>{{cite web|author=Savaira Tabua|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Teachers quarters blown away|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37708/teachers-quarters-blown-away}}</ref> One person died in [[Nabasovi]] when his home collapsed.<ref>{{cite web|author=Farzana Nisha|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Death of an elderly man confirmed|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37732/death-of-an-elderly-man-confirmed}}</ref> Significant damage was reported across [[Ovalau]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Ellen Stolz|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Ovalau experiencing destructive winds|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37704/ovalau-experiencing-destructive-winds}}</ref>

On Viti Levu, strong winds destroyed at least two homes in Waidamu; the [[Waidamu River]] also topped its banks and flooded nearby communities.<ref>{{cite news|author=Nasik Swami|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Two houses blown away in Nausori|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342490}}</ref>

===Other South Pacific nations===
Impacting [[Tonga]] twice within the span of a few days, Winston caused significant damage across northern Tonga. Approximately 2,500 people sought refuge in shelters. The first passage of the storm resulted in mostly crop damage while the second brought greater structural damage. At least 10 homes were destroyed and 200 more were damaged.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Radio New Zealand International|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Despite some damage, Tonga escapes the worst of Winston|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342283}}</ref>

Winston also affected [[Niue]] on February 16; the FMS issued tropical cyclone and damaging heavy swell warnings for the island nation.<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/6fMzj4znk</ref>

==Aftermath==

===Tonga===
The nation of Tonga received money and aid from New Zealand and the country provided 8,000 people with clean water.<ref>{{Cite web|title = 5 Things to Know About Tropical Cyclone Winston|url = http://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/cyclone-winston-impacts-preps|website = The Weather Channel|access-date = February 20, 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}
*[[Cyclone Oscar]]
*[[Cyclone Daman]]
*[[Cyclone Evan]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{SPAC EL's}}

{{2015–16 South Pacific cyclone season buttons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Winston (2016)}}
[[Category:2015–16 South Pacific cyclone season]]
[[Category:2016 in Fiji]]
[[Category:Category 5 South Pacific cyclones]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Fiji]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Niue]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Tonga]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Vanuatu]]

Zyklon Winston

2016-02-20T20:06:30Z

Cyclonebiskit: /* Meteorological history */ fix

{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox hurricane current
|name=Winston
|AUScategory=Aus5
|category=cat4
|type=tropical cyclone
|time=06:00 [[UTC+12:00|FST]] February 21 (18:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]], February 20)
|image=Winston 2016-02-19 2330Z.png
|track=JTWC sh1116.gif
|lat=17.6|S|lon=175.7|E
|distance_from={{convert|100|nmi|abbr=on}} [[Points of the compass|W]] of [[Nadi]], [[Fiji]]
|10sustained=205 [[km/h]] (125 [[miles per hour|mph]])
|1sustained=240 km/h (150 mph)
|pressure=930 [[Pascal (unit)|hPa]] ([[Bar (unit)|mbar]]; 27.47 [[Inches of Mercury|inHg]])
|movement=W at {{convert|13|kn|abbr=on}}
}}


'''Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston''' was the first [[Tropical cyclone scales#Australia and Fiji|Category 5]] storm to make [[landfall]] in [[Fiji]] on record. The system was first noted as a tropical disturbance on February 7, while it was located to the northwest of Port Villa, Vanuatu. Over the next few days the system gradually developed as it moved southeast, acquiring [[gale]]-force winds by February 11. The following day it underwent [[Rapid deepening|rapid intensification]] and attained ten-minute [[maximum sustained wind]]s of 175 km/h (110 mph). Less favourable environmental conditions prompted weakening thereafter. After turning northeast on February 14, Winston stalled to the north of [[Tonga]] on February 17. Regaining strength, the storm doubled back to the west, achieving Category 5 status on February 19. It reached its peak intensity the next day with ten-minute sustained winds of 230 km/h (145 mph) and a pressure of 915 hPa (mbar; 27.03 inHg), shortly before making [[landfall]] on [[Viti Levu]], Fiji.

In advance of the storm's arrival in Fiji, numerous shelters were opened; a nationwide curfew was instituted during the evening of February 20. Striking Fiji as a Category 5 on February 20, Winston inflicted extensive damage across multiple islands and killed at least one person. Communications were lost with at least six islands.

==Fiji cyclone history==
Though frequented by tropical cyclones, the main islands of Fiji—[[Viti Levu]] and [[Vanua Levu]]—do not regularly experience major cyclones.<ref name="WaPo"/> The strongest storm to impact the main islands since records began in 1941 was [[Cyclone Evan|Evan]] in December 2012, which skirted the western coast of Viti Levu as a Category 4 system on both the Australian scale and the [[Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Jeff Masters|publisher=Weather Underground|date=December 17, 2012|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=A grinch in paradise: Category 4 Tropical Cyclone Evan slams Fiji|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=2313}}</ref> The strongest storm to make [[landfall]] on either Viti Levu or Vanua Levu was [[Cyclone Nigel|Nigel]] in 1985, with ten-minute sustained winds of 150 km/h (90 mph) and one-minute sustained winds of 195 km/h (120 mph). The relative lack of major cyclones affecting the capital city of [[Suva]], located along the southeastern coast of Viti Levu, has led to complacency among residents. Many assume that strong storms are confined to northern and western areas. With Winston approaching Fiji from the east and directly threatening Suva, Angela Fritz of ''[[The Washington Post]]'' called the storm a "worst-case scenario".<ref name="WaPo">{{cite news|author=Angela Fritz|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Catastrophic Cyclone Winston bears down on Fiji’s main island in worst case scenario|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2016/02/19/catastrophic-cyclone-winston-bears-down-on-fijis-main-island-in-worst-case-scenario/}}</ref>

==Meteorological history==
{{Storm path|Winston 2016 track.png}}
On February 7, 2016, the [[Fiji Meteorological Service]] (FMS) started to monitor Tropical Disturbance 09F, which had developed about {{convert|1000|km|mi|disp=5|abbr=on}} northwest of [[Port Villa]], [[Vanuatu]].<ref name="TDS 7/2">{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 7, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Summary for Area Equator to 25S, 160E to 120W|url=http://www.met.gov.fj/aifs_prods/20036.txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fBiTyQOw|archivedate=February 7, 2016}}</ref> Over the next few days the system moved south-westwards and gradually developed further within a favourable environment for further development.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 10, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Western and South Pacific Oceans|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ab/abpw10.pgtw..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fBilWDlQ|archivedate=February 10, 2016}}</ref> On February 10, the United States-based [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) initiated advisories on the system and classified it as Tropical Cyclone 11P, while it was located about {{convert|860|km|mi|disp=5|abbr=on}} to the west-northwest of [[Suva, Fiji]].<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 10, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Eleven) Warning Nr 001|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps51.pgtw..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fCXhQArO|archivedate=February 10, 2016}}</ref> The FMS upgraded it to Category 1 status on the [[Tropical cyclone scales#Australia and Fiji|Australian tropical cyclone scale]] and [[Tropical cyclone naming|assigned it the name]] ''Winston'' early on February 11; at this time the storm was situated roughly {{convert|820|km|abbr=on}} west-northwest of [[Suva]], [[Fiji]]. Embedded within a northwesterly deep layer [[mean flow]], the system tracked southeast.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A4|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fECxlyvf|archivedate=February 11, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> Around 12:00 [[UTC]] on the same day, Winston intensified into a Category 2 tropical cyclone as a small, well-defined [[Eye (cyclone)|eye]] developed within deepening [[Atmospheric convection|convection]].<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A6|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fECxFPOB|archivedate=February 11, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning Nr 003|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fED589F1|archivedate=February 11, 2016}}</ref>

Situated within a very favourable environment—featuring [[sea surface temperature]]s of {{convert|30|to|31|C|F|abbr=on}}, robust upper-level [[Outflow (meteorology)|outflow]], and light to moderate [[wind shear]]<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning Nr 005|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|accessdate=February 19, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fFB0vxy6|archivedate=February 12, 2016}}</ref>—Winston [[rapid deepening|rapidly intensified]] on February 12, becoming a Category 3 severe tropical cyclone by 06:00 UTC,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A9|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fFAdmdS7|archivedate=February 12, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> and then a Category 4 only six hours later.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A10|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fFAdUbTv|archivedate=February 12, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> The system presented a well-defined eye enveloped by deep convection, and it reached its initial peak intensity at 18:00 UTC, with ten-minute [[maximum sustained wind]]s of 175 km/h (110 mph)<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A11|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHps9anU|archivedate=February 12, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> and the JTWC estimatd one-minute maximum sustained winds at 205 km/h (125 mph).<ref name="JTWCRBT">{{cite web|publisher=[[US Naval Research Laboratory]], Marine Meteorology|work=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=[Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Rolling Best Track]|url=http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/tcdat/tc16/SHEM/11P.WINSTON/trackfile.txt|format=.TXT}}</ref> Soon thereafter, increasing wind shear prompted weakening;<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 13, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 007|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 14, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHqHeYyg}}</ref> convection warmed and became increasingly ragged in appearance. On February 14, Winston turned northeast as a [[subtropical ridge]] positioned itself to the north.<ref name="JTWC008">{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 14, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 008|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 14, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHqHNXSh}}</ref>

[[File:Tatiana and Winston 2016-02-12 0330Z.jpg|thumb|right|Cyclones [[2015–16 Australian region cyclone season#Tropical Cyclone Tatiana|Tatiana]] ''(left)'' and Winston ''(right)'' on February 12]]
Persistent wind shear displaced convection from the center of Winston, leaving its circulation partially exposed. The system degraded below severe tropical cyclone status by 00:00 UTC on February 15 as a result.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A19|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 15, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMyYNv9j|archivedate=February 17, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> Conditions became more favourable for development on February 16, with shear relaxing over the cyclone. A prominent [[Rainband|banding feature]] wrapped into the circulation that day, marking the start of reintensification.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 013|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMzA3Uwv}}</ref> An eye reformed later that day within increasing convection,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 014|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz9mPiC}}</ref> and Winston regained severe tropical cyclone intensity by 18:00 UTC.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A26|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMyWAzSC|archivedate=February 17, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> The storm's core became increasingly compact and defined as it strengthened,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 016|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz99ChM}}</ref> and a [[central dense overcast]] became established on February 17.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 017|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz8s7zr}}</ref> Later that day, Winston entered a region of weak steering currents and the storm became nearly stationary.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 018|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz8ZUfC}}</ref> The storm's eye became more readily apparent late on February 17 as it doubled back to the west.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A30|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOckgt6X|archivedate=February 17, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 020|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOdPd6wF}}</ref>

A strengthening [[Ridge (meteorology)|ridge]] to the south propelled Winston west by February 18, directing the intensifying cyclone at Fiji. The storm's eye grew in size this day,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 021|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOdPLzQc}}</ref> and upper-level outflow became more defined.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 022|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOdP4Vsr}}</ref> Winston's overall structure became increasingly symmetric,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 022|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQvK1Yzy}}</ref> and the system acquired traits of an [[annular tropical cyclone]].<ref name="WU219"/> Marked intensification took place on February 19 as the storm's {{convert|27|km|mi|abbr=on}} wide eye became surrounded by intense convection.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 024|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQvJUWEJ}}</ref> Winston acquired Category 5 status—the highest level on the Australian intensity scale—by 06:00 UTC, with ten-minute sustained winds reaching 205 km/h (125 mph).<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A37|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQuDp9nf|archivedate=February 20, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> Fueled by nearly perfect conditions for intensification,<ref name="WU219"/> Winston deepened further and the JTWC estimated it to have acquired one-minute sustained winds of 265 km/h (165 mph) by 18:00 UTC, classifying it as a Category 5-equivalent on the [[Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale]].<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 027|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQvIxDMw}}</ref> Around this time, the cyclone passed directly over the small island of [[Vanua Balavu]].<ref name="WU219">{{cite web|author=Jeff Masters and Bob Henson|publisher=Weather Underground|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Fiji Pounded by its First Category 5 Storm on Record: Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=3249}}</ref> Wind gusts of {{convert|268|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} were reported on the island.<ref name="RNZ1"/>

Passing just south of [[Vanua Levu]], Winston achieved its peak intensity early on February 20 with ten-minute sustained winds of 230 km/h (145 mph) and a pressure of 915 hPa (mbar; 27.03 inHg).<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A42|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fRY3FW1U|archivedate=February 20, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> The JTWC estimated Winston to have been slightly stronger, with one-minute sustained winds of 285 km/h (185 mph).<ref name="JTWCRBT"/> It soon made [[landfall]] in the [[Rakiraki District, Fiji|Rakiraki District]] on [[Viti Levu]] at peak strength.<ref>{{cite web|author=Jon Erdman|publisher=The Weather Channel|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone Winston Makes Category 5 Landfall; Strongest on Record in Fiji|url=https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/tropical-cyclone-winston-fiji-strongest-landfall}}</ref><ref name="RNZ1">{{cite web|publisher=Radio New Zealand|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Winston leaves trail of destruction|url=http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/world/297041/winston-leaves-trail-of-destruction}}</ref> Winston is the only known Category 5 storm, on both the Australian tropical cyclone scale and the Saffir-Simpson scale, to directly impact Fiji, and is accordingly the most intense storm on record to strike the nation.<ref>{{cite news|author=Losalini Bolatagici|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Winston the strongest, first Category 5 cyclone to hit Fiji|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342485}}</ref>

==Impacts==
===Fiji===
[[File:Winston 2016-02-20 0125z (eye).jpg|thumb|right|The eye of Winston over [[Koro Island]] on February 20.]]
Ahead of Winston affecting Fiji for a second time, the FMS issued various tropical cyclone gale-, storm- and hurricane-force wind warnings for the island nation.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Category five TC Winston continues to head our way|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37679/category-five-tc-winston-continues-to-head-our-way}}</ref> All shelters across the Southern [[Lau Islands]], [[Koro Island]], and [[Taveuni]] were opened on February 19; more than 700 shelters opened across the entirety of Fiji.<ref name="RNZ1"/><ref>{{cite web|author=Savaira Tabua|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Evacuation centres activated in upper Lau group|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37673/evacuation-centres-activated-in-upper-lau-group}}
*{{cite web|author=Ellen Stolz|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Koro Island and Taveuni brace for TC Winston|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37682/koro-island-and-taveuni-brace-for-tc-winston}}
*{{cite web|author=Farzana Nisha|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Evacuation centers are ready: NDMO|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37675/evacuation-centers-are-ready-ndmo}}
*</ref> The [[Republic of Fiji Military Forces]] were placed on standby for relief efforts.<ref>{{cite web|author=Akosita Talei|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=RFMF on standby for TC Winston|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37672/rfmf-on-standby-for-tc-winston}}</ref> A [[state of emergency]] was declared during the afternoon of February 20.<ref>{{cite news|author=Nasik Swami|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Fiji declares State of Natural Disaster|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342488}}</ref> A nationwide [[curfew]] was enacted starting at 6:00 p.m. local time.<ref>{{cite news|author=Indra Singh|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Nationwide Curfew as TC Winston batters Fiji group|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37707/nationwide-curfew-as-tc-winston-batters-fiji-group}}</ref> Public transportation was suspended across Viti Levu, and the Fiji Roads Authority strongly advised residents to avoid travel unless necessary. Prime Minister [[Frank Bainimarama]] called the storm "an ordeal of the most grievous kind".<ref name="RNZ1"/>

Striking the nation on February 20, Winston brought widespread damage to numerous islands. Large areas of the country were left without power as hurricane-force winds downed trees and power lines.<ref name="RNZ1"/> Communications with Vanua Balavu, Lakeba, Cicia, Nayau, Taveuni, and [[Qamea]] were lost on February 20.<ref>{{cite news|author=Luke Rawalai|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=TC Winston: Telecommunications to Taveuni cut|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342476}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Aliki Bia|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=No links to some islands in Lau Group|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37701/no-links-to-some-islands-in-lau-group}}</ref> Landline telephone service was lost on [[Matuku Island]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Tokasa Rainima|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Matuku prepares for bad weather|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37691/matuku-prepares-for-bad-weather}}</ref> Koro Island sustained severe damage, with schools destroyed and many structures losing their roof.<ref>{{cite web|author=Savaira Tabua|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Teachers quarters blown away|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37708/teachers-quarters-blown-away}}</ref> One person died in [[Nabasovi]] when his home collapsed.<ref>{{cite web|author=Farzana Nisha|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Death of an elderly man confirmed|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37732/death-of-an-elderly-man-confirmed}}</ref> Significant damage was reported across [[Ovalau]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Ellen Stolz|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Ovalau experiencing destructive winds|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37704/ovalau-experiencing-destructive-winds}}</ref>

On Viti Levu, strong winds destroyed at least two homes in Waidamu; the [[Waidamu River]] also topped its banks and flooded nearby communities.<ref>{{cite news|author=Nasik Swami|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Two houses blown away in Nausori|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342490}}</ref>

===Other South Pacific nations===
Impacting [[Tonga]] twice within the span of a few days, Winston caused significant damage across northern Tonga. Approximately 2,500 people sought refuge in shelters. The first passage of the storm resulted in mostly crop damage while the second brought greater structural damage. At least 10 homes were destroyed and 200 more were damaged.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Radio New Zealand International|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Despite some damage, Tonga escapes the worst of Winston|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342283}}</ref>

Winston also affected [[Niue]] on February 16; the FMS issued tropical cyclone and damaging heavy swell warnings for the island nation.<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/6fMzj4znk</ref>

==Aftermath==

===Tonga===
The nation of Tonga received money and aid from New Zealand and the country provided 8,000 people with clean water.<ref>{{Cite web|title = 5 Things to Know About Tropical Cyclone Winston|url = http://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/cyclone-winston-impacts-preps|website = The Weather Channel|access-date = February 20, 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}
*[[Cyclone Oscar]]
*[[Cyclone Daman]]
*[[Cyclone Evan]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{SPAC EL's}}

{{2015–16 South Pacific cyclone season buttons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Winston (2016)}}
[[Category:2015–16 South Pacific cyclone season]]
[[Category:2016 in Fiji]]
[[Category:Category 5 South Pacific cyclones]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Fiji]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Niue]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Tonga]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Vanuatu]]

Zyklon Winston

2016-02-20T19:39:56Z

Cyclonebiskit: 18z RSMC update

{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox hurricane current
|name=Winston
|AUScategory=Aus5
|category=cat4
|type=tropical cyclone
|time=06:00 [[UTC+12:00|FST]] February 21 (18:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]], February 20)
|image=Winston 2016-02-19 2330Z.png
|track=JTWC sh1116.gif
|lat=17.6|S|lon=175.7|E
|distance_from={{convert|100|nmi|abbr=on}} [[Points of the compass|W]] of [[Nadi]], [[Fiji]]
|10sustained=205 [[km/h]] (125 [[miles per hour|mph]])
|1sustained=240 km/h (150 mph)
|pressure=930 [[Pascal (unit)|hPa]] ([[Bar (unit)|mbar]]; 27.47 [[Inches of Mercury|inHg]])
|movement=W at {{convert|13|kn|abbr=on}}
}}


'''Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston''' was the first [[Tropical cyclone scales#Australia and Fiji|Category 5]] storm to make [[landfall]] in [[Fiji]] on record. The system was first noted as a tropical disturbance on February 7, while it was located to the northwest of Port Villa, Vanuatu. Over the next few days the system gradually developed as it moved southeast, acquiring [[gale]]-force winds by February 11. The following day it underwent [[Rapid deepening|rapid intensification]] and attained ten-minute [[maximum sustained wind]]s of 175 km/h (110 mph). Less favourable environmental conditions prompted weakening thereafter. After turning northeast on February 14, Winston stalled to the north of [[Tonga]] on February 17. Regaining strength, the storm doubled back to the west, achieving Category 5 status on February 19. It reached its peak intensity the next day with ten-minute sustained winds of 230 km/h (145 km/h) and a pressure of 915 hPa (mbar; 27.03 inHg), shortly before making [[landfall]] on [[Viti Levu]], Fiji.

In advance of the storm's arrival in Fiji, numerous shelters were opened; a nationwide curfew was instituted during the evening of February 20. Striking Fiji as a Category 5 on February 20, Winston inflicted extensive damage across multiple islands and killed at least one person. Communications were lost with at least six islands.

==Fiji cyclone history==
Though frequented by tropical cyclones, the main islands of Fiji—[[Viti Levu]] and [[Vanua Levu]]—do not regularly experience major cyclones.<ref name="WaPo"/> The strongest storm to impact the main islands since records began in 1941 was [[Cyclone Evan|Evan]] in December 2012, which skirted the western coast of Viti Levu as a Category 4 system on both the Australian scale and the [[Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Jeff Masters|publisher=Weather Underground|date=December 17, 2012|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=A grinch in paradise: Category 4 Tropical Cyclone Evan slams Fiji|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=2313}}</ref> The strongest storm to make [[landfall]] on either Viti Levu or Vanua Levu was [[Cyclone Nigel|Nigel]] in 1985, with ten-minute sustained winds of 150 km/h (90 mph) and one-minute sustained winds of 195 km/h (120 mph). The relative lack of major cyclones affecting the capital city of [[Suva]], located along the southeastern coast of Viti Levu, has led to complacency among residents. Many assume that strong storms are confined to northern and western areas. With Winston approaching Fiji from the east and directly threatening Suva, Angela Fritz of ''[[The Washington Post]]'' called the storm a "worst-case scenario".<ref name="WaPo">{{cite news|author=Angela Fritz|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Catastrophic Cyclone Winston bears down on Fiji’s main island in worst case scenario|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2016/02/19/catastrophic-cyclone-winston-bears-down-on-fijis-main-island-in-worst-case-scenario/}}</ref>

==Meteorological history==
{{Storm path|Winston 2016 track.png}}
On February 7, 2016, the [[Fiji Meteorological Service]] (FMS) started to monitor Tropical Disturbance 09F, which had developed about {{convert|1000|km|mi|disp=5|abbr=on}} northwest of [[Port Villa]], [[Vanuatu]].<ref name="TDS 7/2">{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 7, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Summary for Area Equator to 25S, 160E to 120W|url=http://www.met.gov.fj/aifs_prods/20036.txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fBiTyQOw|archivedate=February 7, 2016}}</ref> Over the next few days the system moved south-westwards and gradually developed further within a favourable environment for further development.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 10, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Western and South Pacific Oceans|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ab/abpw10.pgtw..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fBilWDlQ|archivedate=February 10, 2016}}</ref> On February 10, the United States-based [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) initiated advisories on the system and classified it as Tropical Cyclone 11P, while it was located about {{convert|860|km|mi|disp=5|abbr=on}} to the west-northwest of [[Suva, Fiji]].<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 10, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Eleven) Warning Nr 001|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps51.pgtw..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fCXhQArO|archivedate=February 10, 2016}}</ref> The FMS upgraded it to Category 1 status on the [[Tropical cyclone scales#Australia and Fiji|Australian tropical cyclone scale]] and [[Tropical cyclone naming|assigned it the name]] ''Winston'' early on February 11; at this time the storm was situated roughly {{convert|820|km|abbr=on}} west-northwest of [[Suva]], [[Fiji]]. Embedded within a northwesterly deep layer [[mean flow]], the system tracked southeast.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A4|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fECxlyvf|archivedate=February 11, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> Around 12:00 [[UTC]] on the same day, Winston intensified into a Category 2 tropical cyclone as a small, well-defined [[Eye (cyclone)|eye]] developed within deepening [[Atmospheric convection|convection]].<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A6|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fECxFPOB|archivedate=February 11, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning Nr 003|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fED589F1|archivedate=February 11, 2016}}</ref>

Situated within a very favourable environment—featuring [[sea surface temperature]]s of {{convert|30|to|31|C|F|abbr=on}}, robust upper-level [[Outflow (meteorology)|outflow]], and light to moderate [[wind shear]]<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning Nr 005|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|accessdate=February 19, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fFB0vxy6|archivedate=February 12, 2016}}</ref>—Winston [[rapid deepening|rapidly intensified]] on February 12, becoming a Category 3 severe tropical cyclone by 06:00 UTC,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A9|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fFAdmdS7|archivedate=February 12, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> and then a Category 4 only six hours later.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A10|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fFAdUbTv|archivedate=February 12, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> The system presented a well-defined eye enveloped by deep convection, and it reached its initial peak intensity at 18:00 UTC, with ten-minute [[maximum sustained wind]]s of 175 km/h (110 mph)<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A11|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHps9anU|archivedate=February 12, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> and the JTWC estimatd one-minute maximum sustained winds at 205 km/h (125 mph).<ref name="JTWCRBT">{{cite web|publisher=[[US Naval Research Laboratory]], Marine Meteorology|work=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=[Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Rolling Best Track]|url=http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/tcdat/tc16/SHEM/11P.WINSTON/trackfile.txt|format=.TXT}}</ref> Soon thereafter, increasing wind shear prompted weakening;<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 13, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 007|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 14, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHqHeYyg}}</ref> convection warmed and became increasingly ragged in appearance. On February 14, Winston turned northeast as a [[subtropical ridge]] positioned itself to the north.<ref name="JTWC008">{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 14, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 008|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 14, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHqHNXSh}}</ref>

[[File:Tatiana and Winston 2016-02-12 0330Z.jpg|thumb|right|Cyclones [[2015–16 Australian region cyclone season#Tropical Cyclone Tatiana|Tatiana]] ''(left)'' and Winston ''(right)'' on February 12]]
Persistent wind shear displaced convection from the center of Winston, leaving its circulation partially exposed. The system degraded below severe tropical cyclone status by 00:00 UTC on February 15 as a result.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A19|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 15, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMyYNv9j|archivedate=February 17, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> Conditions became more favourable for development on February 16, with shear relaxing over the cyclone. A prominent [[Rainband|banding feature]] wrapped into the circulation that day, marking the start of reintensification.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 013|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMzA3Uwv}}</ref> An eye reformed later that day within increasing convection,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 014|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz9mPiC}}</ref> and Winston regained severe tropical cyclone intensity by 18:00 UTC.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A26|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMyWAzSC|archivedate=February 17, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> The storm's core became increasingly compact and defined as it strengthened,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 016|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz99ChM}}</ref> and a [[central dense overcast]] became established on February 17.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 017|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz8s7zr}}</ref> Later that day, Winston entered a region of weak steering currents and the storm became nearly stationary.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 018|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz8ZUfC}}</ref> The storm's eye became more readily apparent late on February 17 as it doubled back to the west.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A30|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOckgt6X|archivedate=February 17, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 020|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOdPd6wF}}</ref>

A strengthening [[Ridge (meteorology)|ridge]] to the south propelled Winston west by February 18, directing the intensifying cyclone at Fiji. The storm's eye grew in size this day,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 021|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOdPLzQc}}</ref> and upper-level outflow became more defined.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 022|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOdP4Vsr}}</ref> Winston's overall structure became increasingly symmetric,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 022|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQvK1Yzy}}</ref> and the system acquired traits of an [[annular tropical cyclone]].<ref name="WU219"/> Marked intensification took place on February 19 as the storm's {{convert|27|km|mi|abbr=on}} wide eye became surrounded by intense convection.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 024|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQvJUWEJ}}</ref> Winston acquired Category 5 status—the highest level on the Australian intensity scale—by 06:00 UTC, with ten-minute sustained winds reaching 205 km/h (125 mph).<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A37|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQuDp9nf|archivedate=February 20, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> Fueled by nearly perfect conditions for intensification,<ref name="WU219"/> Winston deepened further and the JTWC estimated it to have acquired one-minute sustained winds of 265 km/h (165 mph) by 18:00 UTC, classifying it as a Category 5-equivalent on the [[Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale]].<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 027|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQvIxDMw}}</ref> Around this time, the cyclone passed directly over the small island of [[Vanua Balavu]].<ref name="WU219">{{cite web|author=Jeff Masters and Bob Henson|publisher=Weather Underground|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Fiji Pounded by its First Category 5 Storm on Record: Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=3249}}</ref> Wind gusts of {{convert|268|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} were reported on the island.<ref name="RNZ1"/>

Passing just south of [[Vanua Levu]], Winston achieved its peak intensity early on February 20 with ten-minute sustained winds of 230 km/h (145 km/h) and a pressure of 915 hPa (mbar; 27.03 inHg).<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A42|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fRY3FW1U|archivedate=February 20, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> The JTWC estimated Winston to have been slightly stronger, with one-minute sustained winds of 285 km/h (185 mph).<ref name="JTWCRBT"/> It soon made [[landfall]] in the [[Rakiraki District, Fiji|Rakiraki District]] on [[Viti Levu]] at peak strength.<ref>{{cite web|author=Jon Erdman|publisher=The Weather Channel|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone Winston Makes Category 5 Landfall; Strongest on Record in Fiji|url=https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/tropical-cyclone-winston-fiji-strongest-landfall}}</ref><ref name="RNZ1">{{cite web|publisher=Radio New Zealand|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Winston leaves trail of destruction|url=http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/world/297041/winston-leaves-trail-of-destruction}}</ref> Winston is the only known Category 5 storm, on both the Australian tropical cyclone scale and the Saffir-Simpson scale, to directly impact Fiji, and is accordingly the most intense storm on record to strike the nation.<ref>{{cite news|author=Losalini Bolatagici|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Winston the strongest, first Category 5 cyclone to hit Fiji|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342485}}</ref>

==Effects in Fiji==
[[File:Winston 2016-02-20 0125z (eye).jpg|thumb|right|The eye of Winston over [[Koro Island]] on February 20.]]
Ahead of Winston affecting Fiji for a second time, the FMS issued various tropical cyclone gale-, storm- and hurricane-force wind warnings for the island nation.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Category five TC Winston continues to head our way|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37679/category-five-tc-winston-continues-to-head-our-way}}</ref> All shelters across the Southern [[Lau Islands]], [[Koro Island]], and [[Taveuni]] were opened on February 19; more than 700 shelters opened across the entirety of Fiji.<ref name="RNZ1"/><ref>{{cite web|author=Savaira Tabua|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Evacuation centres activated in upper Lau group|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37673/evacuation-centres-activated-in-upper-lau-group}}
*{{cite web|author=Ellen Stolz|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Koro Island and Taveuni brace for TC Winston|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37682/koro-island-and-taveuni-brace-for-tc-winston}}
*{{cite web|author=Farzana Nisha|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Evacuation centers are ready: NDMO|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37675/evacuation-centers-are-ready-ndmo}}
*</ref> The [[Republic of Fiji Military Forces]] were placed on standby for relief efforts.<ref>{{cite web|author=Akosita Talei|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=RFMF on standby for TC Winston|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37672/rfmf-on-standby-for-tc-winston}}</ref> A [[state of emergency]] was declared during the afternoon of February 20.<ref>{{cite news|author=Nasik Swami|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Fiji declares State of Natural Disaster|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342488}}</ref> A nationwide [[curfew]] was enacted starting at 6:00 p.m. local time.<ref>{{cite news|author=Indra Singh|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Nationwide Curfew as TC Winston batters Fiji group|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37707/nationwide-curfew-as-tc-winston-batters-fiji-group}}</ref> Public transportation was suspended across Viti Levu, and the Fiji Roads Authority strongly advised residents to avoid travel unless necessary. Prime Minister [[Frank Bainimarama]] called the storm "an ordeal of the most grievous kind".<ref name="RNZ1"/>

Striking the nation on February 20, Winston brought widespread damage to numerous islands. Large areas of the country were left without power as hurricane-force winds downed trees and power lines.<ref name="RNZ1"/> Communications with Vanua Balavu, Lakeba, Cicia, Nayau, Taveuni, and [[Qamea]] were lost on February 20.<ref>{{cite news|author=Luke Rawalai|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=TC Winston: Telecommunications to Taveuni cut|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342476}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Aliki Bia|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=No links to some islands in Lau Group|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37701/no-links-to-some-islands-in-lau-group}}</ref> Landline telephone service was lost on [[Matuku Island]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Tokasa Rainima|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Matuku prepares for bad weather|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37691/matuku-prepares-for-bad-weather}}</ref> Koro Island sustained severe damage, with schools destroyed and many structures losing their roof.<ref>{{cite web|author=Savaira Tabua|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Teachers quarters blown away|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37708/teachers-quarters-blown-away}}</ref> One person died in [[Nabasovi]] when his home collapsed.<ref>{{cite web|author=Farzana Nisha|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Death of an elderly man confirmed|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37732/death-of-an-elderly-man-confirmed}}</ref> Significant damage was reported across [[Ovalau]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Ellen Stolz|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Ovalau experiencing destructive winds|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37704/ovalau-experiencing-destructive-winds}}</ref>

On Viti Levu, strong winds destroyed at least two homes in Waidamu; the [[Waidamu River]] also topped its banks and flooded nearby communities.<ref>{{cite news|author=Nasik Swami|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Two houses blown away in Nausori|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342490}}</ref>

==Other South Pacific nations==
Impacting [[Tonga]] twice within the span of a few days, Winston caused significant damage across northern Tonga. Approximately 2,500 people sought refuge in shelters. The first passage of the storm resulted in mostly crop damage while the second brought greater structural damage. At least 10 homes were destroyed and 200 more were damaged.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Radio New Zealand International|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Despite some damage, Tonga escapes the worst of Winston|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342283}}</ref>

Winston also affected [[Niue]] on February 16; the FMS issued tropical cyclone and damaging heavy swell warnings for the island nation.<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/6fMzj4znk</ref>

==Aftermath==

===Tonga===
The nation of Tonga received money and aid from New Zealand and the country provided 8,000 people with clean water.<ref>{{Cite web|title = 5 Things to Know About Tropical Cyclone Winston|url = http://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/cyclone-winston-impacts-preps|website = The Weather Channel|access-date = February 20, 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}
*[[Cyclone Oscar]]
*[[Cyclone Daman]]
*[[Cyclone Evan]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{SPAC EL's}}

{{2015–16 South Pacific cyclone season buttons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Winston (2016)}}
[[Category:2015–16 South Pacific cyclone season]]
[[Category:2016 in Fiji]]
[[Category:Category 5 South Pacific cyclones]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Fiji]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Niue]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Tonga]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Vanuatu]]

Zyklon Winston

2016-02-20T18:46:46Z

Cyclonebiskit: JTWC down to 130 kt at 18z

{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox hurricane current
|name=Winston
|AUScategory=Aus5
|category=cat4
|type=tropical cyclone
|time=12:00 FST (00:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]), February 20
|image=Winston 2016-02-19 2330Z.png
|track=JTWC sh1116.gif
|lat=17.0|S|lon=179.9|E
|distance_from={{convert|239|nmi|abbr=on}} [[Points of the compass|E]] of [[Suva]], [[Fiji]]
|10sustained=230 [[km/h]] (145 [[miles per hour|mph]])
|1sustained=240 km/h (150 mph)
|pressure=915 [[Pascal (unit)|hPa]] ([[Bar (unit)|mbar]]; 27.02 [[Inches of Mercury|inHg]])
|movement=W at {{convert|13|kn|abbr=on}}
}}


'''Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston''' was the first [[Tropical cyclone scales#Australia and Fiji|Category 5]] storm to make [[landfall]] in [[Fiji]] on record. The system was first noted as a tropical disturbance on February 7, while it was located to the northwest of Port Villa, Vanuatu. Over the next few days the system gradually developed as it moved southeast, acquiring [[gale]]-force winds by February 11. The following day it underwent [[Rapid deepening|rapid intensification]] and attained ten-minute [[maximum sustained wind]]s of 175 km/h (110 mph). Less favourable environmental conditions prompted weakening thereafter. After turning northeast on February 14, Winston stalled to the north of [[Tonga]] on February 17. Regaining strength, the storm doubled back to the west, achieving Category 5 status on February 19. It reached its peak intensity the next day with ten-minute sustained winds of 230 km/h (145 km/h) and a pressure of 915 hPa (mbar; 27.03 inHg), shortly before making [[landfall]] on [[Viti Levu]], Fiji.

In advance of the storm's arrival in Fiji, numerous shelters were opened; a nationwide curfew was instituted during the evening of February 20. Striking Fiji as a Category 5 on February 20, Winston inflicted extensive damage across multiple islands and killed at least one person. Communications were lost with at least six islands.

==Fiji cyclone history==
Though frequented by tropical cyclones, the main islands of Fiji—[[Viti Levu]] and [[Vanua Levu]]—do not regularly experience major cyclones.<ref name="WaPo"/> The strongest storm to impact the main islands since records began in 1941 was [[Cyclone Evan|Evan]] in December 2012, which skirted the western coast of Viti Levu as a Category 4 system on both the Australian scale and the [[SSHWS]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Jeff Masters|publisher=Weather Underground|date=December 17, 2012|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=A grinch in paradise: Category 4 Tropical Cyclone Evan slams Fiji|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=2313}}</ref> The strongest storm to make [[landfall]] on either Viti Levu or Vanua Levu was [[Cyclone Nigel|Nigel]] in 1985, with ten-minute sustained winds of 150 km/h (90 mph) and one-minute sustained winds of 195 km/h (120 mph). The relative lack of major cyclones affecting the capital city of [[Suva]], located along the southeastern coast of Viti Levu, has led to complacency among residents. Many assume that strong storms are confined to northern and western areas. With Winston approaching Fiji from the east and directly threatening Suva, Angela Fritz of ''[[The Washington Post]]'' called the storm a "worst-case scenario".<ref name="WaPo">{{cite news|author=Angela Fritz|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Catastrophic Cyclone Winston bears down on Fiji’s main island in worst case scenario|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2016/02/19/catastrophic-cyclone-winston-bears-down-on-fijis-main-island-in-worst-case-scenario/}}</ref>

==Meteorological history==
{{Storm path|Winston 2016 track.png}}
On February 7, 2016, the [[Fiji Meteorological Service]] (FMS) started to monitor Tropical Disturbance 09F, which had developed about {{convert|1000|km|mi|disp=5|abbr=on}} northwest of [[Port Villa]], [[Vanuatu]].<ref name="TDS 7/2">{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 7, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Summary for Area Equator to 25S, 160E to 120W|url=http://www.met.gov.fj/aifs_prods/20036.txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fBiTyQOw|archivedate=February 7, 2016}}</ref> Over the next few days the system moved south-westwards and gradually developed further within a favourable environment for further development.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 10, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Western and South Pacific Oceans|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ab/abpw10.pgtw..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fBilWDlQ|archivedate=February 10, 2016}}</ref> On February 10, the United States-based [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) initiated advisories on the system and classified it as Tropical Cyclone 11P, while it was located about {{convert|860|km|mi|disp=5|abbr=on}} to the west-northwest of [[Suva, Fiji]].<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 10, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Eleven) Warning Nr 001|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps51.pgtw..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fCXhQArO|archivedate=February 10, 2016}}</ref> The FMS upgraded it to Category 1 status on the [[Tropical cyclone scales#Australia and Fiji|Australian tropical cyclone scale]] and [[Tropical cyclone naming|assigned it the name]] ''Winston'' early on February 11; at this time the storm was situated roughly {{convert|820|km|abbr=on}} west-northwest of [[Suva]], [[Fiji]]. Embedded within a northwesterly deep layer [[mean flow]], the system tracked southeast.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A4|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fECxlyvf|archivedate=February 11, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> Around 12:00 [[UTC]] on the same day, Winston intensified into a Category 2 tropical cyclone as a small, well-defined [[Eye (cyclone)|eye]] developed within deepening [[Atmospheric convection|convection]].<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A6|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fECxFPOB|archivedate=February 11, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning Nr 003|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fED589F1|archivedate=February 11, 2016}}</ref>

Situated within a very favourable environment—featuring [[sea surface temperature]]s of {{convert|30|to|31|C|F|abbr=on}}, robust upper-level [[Outflow (meteorology)|outflow]], and light to moderate [[wind shear]]<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning Nr 005|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|accessdate=February 19, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fFB0vxy6|archivedate=February 12, 2016}}</ref>—Winston [[rapid deepening|rapidly intensified]] on February 12, becoming a Category 3 severe tropical cyclone by 06:00 UTC,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A9|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fFAdmdS7|archivedate=February 12, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> and then a Category 4 only six hours later.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A10|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fFAdUbTv|archivedate=February 12, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> The system presented a well-defined eye enveloped by deep convection, and it reached its initial peak intensity at 18:00 UTC, with ten-minute [[maximum sustained wind]]s of 175 km/h (110 mph)<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A11|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHps9anU|archivedate=February 12, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> and the JTWC estimatd one-minute maximum sustained winds at 205 km/h (125 mph).<ref name="JTWCRBT">{{cite web|publisher=[[US Naval Research Laboratory]], Marine Meteorology|work=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=[Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Rolling Best Track]|url=http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/tcdat/tc16/SHEM/11P.WINSTON/trackfile.txt|format=.TXT}}</ref> Soon thereafter, increasing wind shear prompted weakening;<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 13, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 007|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 14, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHqHeYyg}}</ref> convection warmed and became increasingly ragged in appearance. On February 14, Winston turned northeast as a [[subtropical ridge]] positioned itself to the north.<ref name="JTWC008">{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 14, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 008|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 14, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHqHNXSh}}</ref>

[[File:Tatiana and Winston 2016-02-12 0330Z.jpg|thumb|right|Cyclones [[2015–16 Australian region cyclone season#Tropical Cyclone Tatiana|Tatiana]] ''(left)'' and Winston ''(right)'' on February 12]]
Persistent wind shear displaced convection from the center of Winston, leaving its circulation partially exposed. The system degraded below severe tropical cyclone status by 00:00 UTC on February 15 as a result.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A19|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 15, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMyYNv9j|archivedate=February 17, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> Conditions became more favourable for development on February 16, with shear relaxing over the cyclone. A prominent [[Rainband|banding feature]] wrapped into the circulation that day, marking the start of reintensification.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 013|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMzA3Uwv}}</ref> An eye reformed later that day within increasing convection,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 014|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz9mPiC}}</ref> and Winston regained severe tropical cyclone intensity by 18:00 UTC.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A26|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMyWAzSC|archivedate=February 17, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> The storm's core became increasingly compact and defined as it strengthened,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 016|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz99ChM}}</ref> and a [[central dense overcast]] became established on February 17.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 017|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz8s7zr}}</ref> Later that day, Winston entered a region of weak steering currents and the storm became nearly stationary.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 018|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz8ZUfC}}</ref> The storm's eye became more readily apparent late on February 17 as it doubled back to the west.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A30|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOckgt6X|archivedate=February 17, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 020|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOdPd6wF}}</ref>

A strengthening [[Ridge (meteorology)|ridge]] to the south propelled Winston west by February 18, directing the intensifying cyclone at Fiji. The storm's eye grew in size this day,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 021|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOdPLzQc}}</ref> and upper-level outflow became more defined.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 022|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOdP4Vsr}}</ref> Winston's overall structure became increasingly symmetric,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 022|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQvK1Yzy}}</ref> and the system acquired traits of an [[annular tropical cyclone]].<ref name="WU219"/> Marked intensification took place on February 19 as the storm's {{convert|27|km|mi|abbr=on}} wide eye became surrounded by intense convection.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 024|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQvJUWEJ}}</ref> Winston acquired Category 5 status—the highest level on the Australian intensity scale—by 06:00 UTC, with ten-minute sustained winds reaching 205 km/h (125 mph).<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A37|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQuDp9nf|archivedate=February 20, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> Fueled by nearly perfect conditions for intensification,<ref name="WU219"/> Winston deepened further and the JTWC estimated it to have acquired one-minute sustained winds of 265 km/h (165 mph) by 18:00 UTC, classifying it as a Category 5-equivalent on the [[Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale]].<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 027|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQvIxDMw}}</ref> Around this time, the cyclone passed directly over the small island of [[Vanua Balavu]].<ref name="WU219">{{cite web|author=Jeff Masters and Bob Henson|publisher=Weather Underground|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Fiji Pounded by its First Category 5 Storm on Record: Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=3249}}</ref> Wind gusts of {{convert|268|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} were reported on the island.<ref name="RNZ1"/>

Passing just south of [[Vanua Levu]], Winston achieved its peak intensity early on February 20 with ten-minute sustained winds of 230 km/h (145 km/h) and a pressure of 915 hPa (mbar; 27.03 inHg).<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A42|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fRY3FW1U|archivedate=February 20, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> The JTWC estimated Winston to have been slightly stronger, with one-minute sustained winds of 285 km/h (185 mph).<ref name="JTWCRBT"/> It soon made [[landfall]] in the [[Rakiraki District, Fiji|Rakiraki District]] on [[Viti Levu]] at peak strength.<ref>{{cite web|author=Jon Erdman|publisher=The Weather Channel|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone Winston Makes Category 5 Landfall; Strongest on Record in Fiji|url=https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/tropical-cyclone-winston-fiji-strongest-landfall}}</ref><ref name="RNZ1">{{cite web|publisher=Radio New Zealand|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Winston leaves trail of destruction|url=http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/world/297041/winston-leaves-trail-of-destruction}}</ref> Winston is the only known Category 5 storm, on both the Australian tropical cyclone scale and the Saffir-Simpson scale, to directly impact Fiji, and is accordingly the most intense storm on record to strike the nation.<ref>{{cite news|author=Losalini Bolatagici|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Winston the strongest, first Category 5 cyclone to hit Fiji|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342485}}</ref>

==Effects in Fiji==
[[File:Winston 2016-02-20 0125z (eye).jpg|thumb|right|The eye of Winston over [[Koro Island]] on February 20.]]
Ahead of Winston affecting Fiji for a second time, the FMS issued various tropical cyclone gale-, storm- and hurricane-force wind warnings for the island nation.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Category five TC Winston continues to head our way|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37679/category-five-tc-winston-continues-to-head-our-way}}</ref> All shelters across the Southern [[Lau Islands]], [[Koro Island]], and [[Taveuni]] were opened on February 19; more than 700 shelters opened across the entirety of Fiji.<ref name="RNZ1"/><ref>{{cite web|author=Savaira Tabua|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Evacuation centres activated in upper Lau group|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37673/evacuation-centres-activated-in-upper-lau-group}}
*{{cite web|author=Ellen Stolz|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Koro Island and Taveuni brace for TC Winston|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37682/koro-island-and-taveuni-brace-for-tc-winston}}
*{{cite web|author=Farzana Nisha|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Evacuation centers are ready: NDMO|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37675/evacuation-centers-are-ready-ndmo}}
*</ref> The [[Republic of Fiji Military Forces]] were placed on standby for relief efforts.<ref>{{cite web|author=Akosita Talei|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=RFMF on standby for TC Winston|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37672/rfmf-on-standby-for-tc-winston}}</ref> A [[state of emergency]] was declared during the afternoon of February 20.<ref>{{cite news|author=Nasik Swami|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Fiji declares State of Natural Disaster|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342488}}</ref> A nationwide [[curfew]] was enacted starting at 6:00 p.m. local time.<ref>{{cite news|author=Indra Singh|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Nationwide Curfew as TC Winston batters Fiji group|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37707/nationwide-curfew-as-tc-winston-batters-fiji-group}}</ref> Public transportation was suspended across Viti Levu, and the Fiji Roads Authority strongly advised residents to avoid travel unless necessary. Prime Minister [[Frank Bainimarama]] called the storm "an ordeal of the most grievous kind".<ref name="RNZ1"/>

Striking the nation on February 20, Winston brought widespread damage to numerous islands. Large areas of the country were left without power as hurricane-force winds downed trees and power lines.<ref name="RNZ1"/> Communications with Vanua Balavu, Lakeba, Cicia, Nayau, Taveuni, and [[Qamea]] were lost on February 20.<ref>{{cite news|author=Luke Rawalai|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=TC Winston: Telecommunications to Taveuni cut|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342476}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Aliki Bia|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=No links to some islands in Lau Group|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37701/no-links-to-some-islands-in-lau-group}}</ref> Landline telephone service was lost on [[Matuku Island]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Tokasa Rainima|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Matuku prepares for bad weather|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37691/matuku-prepares-for-bad-weather}}</ref> Koro Island sustained severe damage, with schools destroyed and many structures losing their roof.<ref>{{cite web|author=Savaira Tabua|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Teachers quarters blown away|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37708/teachers-quarters-blown-away}}</ref> One person died in [[Nabasovi]] when his home collapsed.<ref>{{cite web|author=Farzana Nisha|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Death of an elderly man confirmed|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37732/death-of-an-elderly-man-confirmed}}</ref> Significant damage was reported across [[Ovalau]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Ellen Stolz|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Ovalau experiencing destructive winds|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37704/ovalau-experiencing-destructive-winds}}</ref>

On Viti Levu, strong winds destroyed at least two homes in Waidamu; the [[Waidamu River]] also topped its banks and flooded nearby communities.<ref>{{cite news|author=Nasik Swami|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Two houses blown away in Nausori|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342490}}</ref>

==Other South Pacific nations==
Impacting [[Tonga]] twice within the span of a few days, Winston caused significant damage across northern Tonga. Approximately 2,500 people sought refuge in shelters. The first passage of the storm resulted in mostly crop damage while the second brought greater structural damage. At least 10 homes were destroyed and 200 more were damaged.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Radio New Zealand International|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Despite some damage, Tonga escapes the worst of Winston|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342283}}</ref>

Winston also affected [[Niue]] on February 16; the FMS issued tropical cyclone and damaging heavy swell warnings for the island nation.<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/6fMzj4znk</ref>

==Aftermath==

===Tonga===
The nation of Tonga received money and aid from New Zealand and the country provided 8,000 people with clean water.<ref>{{Cite web|title = 5 Things to Know About Tropical Cyclone Winston|url = http://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/cyclone-winston-impacts-preps|website = The Weather Channel|access-date = February 20, 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}
*[[Cyclone Oscar]]
*[[Cyclone Daman]]
*[[Cyclone Evan]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{SPAC EL's}}

{{2015–16 South Pacific cyclone season buttons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Winston (2016)}}
[[Category:2015–16 South Pacific cyclone season]]
[[Category:2016 in Fiji]]
[[Category:Category 5 South Pacific cyclones]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Fiji]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Niue]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Tonga]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Vanuatu]]

Zyklon Winston

2016-02-20T18:45:03Z

Cyclonebiskit: flesh out lede a bit

{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox hurricane current
|name=Winston
|AUScategory=Aus5
|category=cat5
|type=tropical cyclone
|time=12:00 FST (00:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]), February 20
|image=Winston 2016-02-19 2330Z.png
|track=JTWC sh1116.gif
|lat=17.0|S|lon=179.9|E
|distance_from={{convert|239|nmi|abbr=on}} [[Points of the compass|E]] of [[Suva]], [[Fiji]]
|10sustained=230 [[km/h]] (145 [[miles per hour|mph]])
|1sustained=260 km/h (160 mph)
|pressure=915 [[Pascal (unit)|hPa]] ([[Bar (unit)|mbar]]; 27.02 [[Inches of Mercury|inHg]])
|movement=W at {{convert|13|kn|abbr=on}}
}}


'''Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston''' was the first [[Tropical cyclone scales#Australia and Fiji|Category 5]] storm to make [[landfall]] in [[Fiji]] on record. The system was first noted as a tropical disturbance on February 7, while it was located to the northwest of Port Villa, Vanuatu. Over the next few days the system gradually developed as it moved southeast, acquiring [[gale]]-force winds by February 11. The following day it underwent [[Rapid deepening|rapid intensification]] and attained ten-minute [[maximum sustained wind]]s of 175 km/h (110 mph). Less favourable environmental conditions prompted weakening thereafter. After turning northeast on February 14, Winston stalled to the north of [[Tonga]] on February 17. Regaining strength, the storm doubled back to the west, achieving Category 5 status on February 19. It reached its peak intensity the next day with ten-minute sustained winds of 230 km/h (145 km/h) and a pressure of 915 hPa (mbar; 27.03 inHg), shortly before making [[landfall]] on [[Viti Levu]], Fiji.

In advance of the storm's arrival in Fiji, numerous shelters were opened; a nationwide curfew was instituted during the evening of February 20. Striking Fiji as a Category 5 on February 20, Winston inflicted extensive damage across multiple islands and killed at least one person. Communications were lost with at least six islands.

==Fiji cyclone history==
Though frequented by tropical cyclones, the main islands of Fiji—[[Viti Levu]] and [[Vanua Levu]]—do not regularly experience major cyclones.<ref name="WaPo"/> The strongest storm to impact the main islands since records began in 1941 was [[Cyclone Evan|Evan]] in December 2012, which skirted the western coast of Viti Levu as a Category 4 system on both the Australian scale and the [[SSHWS]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Jeff Masters|publisher=Weather Underground|date=December 17, 2012|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=A grinch in paradise: Category 4 Tropical Cyclone Evan slams Fiji|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=2313}}</ref> The strongest storm to make [[landfall]] on either Viti Levu or Vanua Levu was [[Cyclone Nigel|Nigel]] in 1985, with ten-minute sustained winds of 150 km/h (90 mph) and one-minute sustained winds of 195 km/h (120 mph). The relative lack of major cyclones affecting the capital city of [[Suva]], located along the southeastern coast of Viti Levu, has led to complacency among residents. Many assume that strong storms are confined to northern and western areas. With Winston approaching Fiji from the east and directly threatening Suva, Angela Fritz of ''[[The Washington Post]]'' called the storm a "worst-case scenario".<ref name="WaPo">{{cite news|author=Angela Fritz|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Catastrophic Cyclone Winston bears down on Fiji’s main island in worst case scenario|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2016/02/19/catastrophic-cyclone-winston-bears-down-on-fijis-main-island-in-worst-case-scenario/}}</ref>

==Meteorological history==
{{Storm path|Winston 2016 track.png}}
On February 7, 2016, the [[Fiji Meteorological Service]] (FMS) started to monitor Tropical Disturbance 09F, which had developed about {{convert|1000|km|mi|disp=5|abbr=on}} northwest of [[Port Villa]], [[Vanuatu]].<ref name="TDS 7/2">{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 7, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Summary for Area Equator to 25S, 160E to 120W|url=http://www.met.gov.fj/aifs_prods/20036.txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fBiTyQOw|archivedate=February 7, 2016}}</ref> Over the next few days the system moved south-westwards and gradually developed further within a favourable environment for further development.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 10, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Western and South Pacific Oceans|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ab/abpw10.pgtw..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fBilWDlQ|archivedate=February 10, 2016}}</ref> On February 10, the United States-based [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) initiated advisories on the system and classified it as Tropical Cyclone 11P, while it was located about {{convert|860|km|mi|disp=5|abbr=on}} to the west-northwest of [[Suva, Fiji]].<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 10, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Eleven) Warning Nr 001|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps51.pgtw..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fCXhQArO|archivedate=February 10, 2016}}</ref> The FMS upgraded it to Category 1 status on the [[Tropical cyclone scales#Australia and Fiji|Australian tropical cyclone scale]] and [[Tropical cyclone naming|assigned it the name]] ''Winston'' early on February 11; at this time the storm was situated roughly {{convert|820|km|abbr=on}} west-northwest of [[Suva]], [[Fiji]]. Embedded within a northwesterly deep layer [[mean flow]], the system tracked southeast.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A4|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fECxlyvf|archivedate=February 11, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> Around 12:00 [[UTC]] on the same day, Winston intensified into a Category 2 tropical cyclone as a small, well-defined [[Eye (cyclone)|eye]] developed within deepening [[Atmospheric convection|convection]].<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A6|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fECxFPOB|archivedate=February 11, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning Nr 003|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fED589F1|archivedate=February 11, 2016}}</ref>

Situated within a very favourable environment—featuring [[sea surface temperature]]s of {{convert|30|to|31|C|F|abbr=on}}, robust upper-level [[Outflow (meteorology)|outflow]], and light to moderate [[wind shear]]<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning Nr 005|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|accessdate=February 19, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fFB0vxy6|archivedate=February 12, 2016}}</ref>—Winston [[rapid deepening|rapidly intensified]] on February 12, becoming a Category 3 severe tropical cyclone by 06:00 UTC,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A9|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fFAdmdS7|archivedate=February 12, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> and then a Category 4 only six hours later.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A10|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fFAdUbTv|archivedate=February 12, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> The system presented a well-defined eye enveloped by deep convection, and it reached its initial peak intensity at 18:00 UTC, with ten-minute [[maximum sustained wind]]s of 175 km/h (110 mph)<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A11|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHps9anU|archivedate=February 12, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> and the JTWC estimatd one-minute maximum sustained winds at 205 km/h (125 mph).<ref name="JTWCRBT">{{cite web|publisher=[[US Naval Research Laboratory]], Marine Meteorology|work=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=[Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Rolling Best Track]|url=http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/tcdat/tc16/SHEM/11P.WINSTON/trackfile.txt|format=.TXT}}</ref> Soon thereafter, increasing wind shear prompted weakening;<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 13, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 007|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 14, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHqHeYyg}}</ref> convection warmed and became increasingly ragged in appearance. On February 14, Winston turned northeast as a [[subtropical ridge]] positioned itself to the north.<ref name="JTWC008">{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 14, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 008|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 14, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHqHNXSh}}</ref>

[[File:Tatiana and Winston 2016-02-12 0330Z.jpg|thumb|right|Cyclones [[2015–16 Australian region cyclone season#Tropical Cyclone Tatiana|Tatiana]] ''(left)'' and Winston ''(right)'' on February 12]]
Persistent wind shear displaced convection from the center of Winston, leaving its circulation partially exposed. The system degraded below severe tropical cyclone status by 00:00 UTC on February 15 as a result.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A19|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 15, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMyYNv9j|archivedate=February 17, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> Conditions became more favourable for development on February 16, with shear relaxing over the cyclone. A prominent [[Rainband|banding feature]] wrapped into the circulation that day, marking the start of reintensification.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 013|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMzA3Uwv}}</ref> An eye reformed later that day within increasing convection,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 014|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz9mPiC}}</ref> and Winston regained severe tropical cyclone intensity by 18:00 UTC.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A26|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMyWAzSC|archivedate=February 17, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> The storm's core became increasingly compact and defined as it strengthened,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 016|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz99ChM}}</ref> and a [[central dense overcast]] became established on February 17.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 017|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz8s7zr}}</ref> Later that day, Winston entered a region of weak steering currents and the storm became nearly stationary.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 018|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz8ZUfC}}</ref> The storm's eye became more readily apparent late on February 17 as it doubled back to the west.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A30|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOckgt6X|archivedate=February 17, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 020|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOdPd6wF}}</ref>

A strengthening [[Ridge (meteorology)|ridge]] to the south propelled Winston west by February 18, directing the intensifying cyclone at Fiji. The storm's eye grew in size this day,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 021|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOdPLzQc}}</ref> and upper-level outflow became more defined.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 022|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOdP4Vsr}}</ref> Winston's overall structure became increasingly symmetric,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 022|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQvK1Yzy}}</ref> and the system acquired traits of an [[annular tropical cyclone]].<ref name="WU219"/> Marked intensification took place on February 19 as the storm's {{convert|27|km|mi|abbr=on}} wide eye became surrounded by intense convection.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 024|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQvJUWEJ}}</ref> Winston acquired Category 5 status—the highest level on the Australian intensity scale—by 06:00 UTC, with ten-minute sustained winds reaching 205 km/h (125 mph).<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A37|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQuDp9nf|archivedate=February 20, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> Fueled by nearly perfect conditions for intensification,<ref name="WU219"/> Winston deepened further and the JTWC estimated it to have acquired one-minute sustained winds of 265 km/h (165 mph) by 18:00 UTC, classifying it as a Category 5-equivalent on the [[Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale]].<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 027|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQvIxDMw}}</ref> Around this time, the cyclone passed directly over the small island of [[Vanua Balavu]].<ref name="WU219">{{cite web|author=Jeff Masters and Bob Henson|publisher=Weather Underground|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Fiji Pounded by its First Category 5 Storm on Record: Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=3249}}</ref> Wind gusts of {{convert|268|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} were reported on the island.<ref name="RNZ1"/>

Passing just south of [[Vanua Levu]], Winston achieved its peak intensity early on February 20 with ten-minute sustained winds of 230 km/h (145 km/h) and a pressure of 915 hPa (mbar; 27.03 inHg).<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A42|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fRY3FW1U|archivedate=February 20, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> The JTWC estimated Winston to have been slightly stronger, with one-minute sustained winds of 285 km/h (185 mph).<ref name="JTWCRBT"/> It soon made [[landfall]] in the [[Rakiraki District, Fiji|Rakiraki District]] on [[Viti Levu]] at peak strength.<ref>{{cite web|author=Jon Erdman|publisher=The Weather Channel|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone Winston Makes Category 5 Landfall; Strongest on Record in Fiji|url=https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/tropical-cyclone-winston-fiji-strongest-landfall}}</ref><ref name="RNZ1">{{cite web|publisher=Radio New Zealand|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Winston leaves trail of destruction|url=http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/world/297041/winston-leaves-trail-of-destruction}}</ref> Winston is the only known Category 5 storm, on both the Australian tropical cyclone scale and the Saffir-Simpson scale, to directly impact Fiji, and is accordingly the most intense storm on record to strike the nation.<ref>{{cite news|author=Losalini Bolatagici|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Winston the strongest, first Category 5 cyclone to hit Fiji|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342485}}</ref>

==Effects in Fiji==
[[File:Winston 2016-02-20 0125z (eye).jpg|thumb|right|The eye of Winston over [[Koro Island]] on February 20.]]
Ahead of Winston affecting Fiji for a second time, the FMS issued various tropical cyclone gale-, storm- and hurricane-force wind warnings for the island nation.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Category five TC Winston continues to head our way|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37679/category-five-tc-winston-continues-to-head-our-way}}</ref> All shelters across the Southern [[Lau Islands]], [[Koro Island]], and [[Taveuni]] were opened on February 19; more than 700 shelters opened across the entirety of Fiji.<ref name="RNZ1"/><ref>{{cite web|author=Savaira Tabua|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Evacuation centres activated in upper Lau group|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37673/evacuation-centres-activated-in-upper-lau-group}}
*{{cite web|author=Ellen Stolz|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Koro Island and Taveuni brace for TC Winston|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37682/koro-island-and-taveuni-brace-for-tc-winston}}
*{{cite web|author=Farzana Nisha|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Evacuation centers are ready: NDMO|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37675/evacuation-centers-are-ready-ndmo}}
*</ref> The [[Republic of Fiji Military Forces]] were placed on standby for relief efforts.<ref>{{cite web|author=Akosita Talei|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=RFMF on standby for TC Winston|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37672/rfmf-on-standby-for-tc-winston}}</ref> A [[state of emergency]] was declared during the afternoon of February 20.<ref>{{cite news|author=Nasik Swami|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Fiji declares State of Natural Disaster|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342488}}</ref> A nationwide [[curfew]] was enacted starting at 6:00 p.m. local time.<ref>{{cite news|author=Indra Singh|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Nationwide Curfew as TC Winston batters Fiji group|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37707/nationwide-curfew-as-tc-winston-batters-fiji-group}}</ref> Public transportation was suspended across Viti Levu, and the Fiji Roads Authority strongly advised residents to avoid travel unless necessary. Prime Minister [[Frank Bainimarama]] called the storm "an ordeal of the most grievous kind".<ref name="RNZ1"/>

Striking the nation on February 20, Winston brought widespread damage to numerous islands. Large areas of the country were left without power as hurricane-force winds downed trees and power lines.<ref name="RNZ1"/> Communications with Vanua Balavu, Lakeba, Cicia, Nayau, Taveuni, and [[Qamea]] were lost on February 20.<ref>{{cite news|author=Luke Rawalai|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=TC Winston: Telecommunications to Taveuni cut|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342476}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Aliki Bia|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=No links to some islands in Lau Group|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37701/no-links-to-some-islands-in-lau-group}}</ref> Landline telephone service was lost on [[Matuku Island]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Tokasa Rainima|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Matuku prepares for bad weather|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37691/matuku-prepares-for-bad-weather}}</ref> Koro Island sustained severe damage, with schools destroyed and many structures losing their roof.<ref>{{cite web|author=Savaira Tabua|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Teachers quarters blown away|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37708/teachers-quarters-blown-away}}</ref> One person died in [[Nabasovi]] when his home collapsed.<ref>{{cite web|author=Farzana Nisha|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Death of an elderly man confirmed|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37732/death-of-an-elderly-man-confirmed}}</ref> Significant damage was reported across [[Ovalau]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Ellen Stolz|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Ovalau experiencing destructive winds|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37704/ovalau-experiencing-destructive-winds}}</ref>

On Viti Levu, strong winds destroyed at least two homes in Waidamu; the [[Waidamu River]] also topped its banks and flooded nearby communities.<ref>{{cite news|author=Nasik Swami|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Two houses blown away in Nausori|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342490}}</ref>

==Other South Pacific nations==
Impacting [[Tonga]] twice within the span of a few days, Winston caused significant damage across northern Tonga. Approximately 2,500 people sought refuge in shelters. The first passage of the storm resulted in mostly crop damage while the second brought greater structural damage. At least 10 homes were destroyed and 200 more were damaged.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Radio New Zealand International|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Despite some damage, Tonga escapes the worst of Winston|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342283}}</ref>

Winston also affected [[Niue]] on February 16; the FMS issued tropical cyclone and damaging heavy swell warnings for the island nation.<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/6fMzj4znk</ref>

==Aftermath==

===Tonga===
The nation of Tonga received money and aid from New Zealand and the country provided 8,000 people with clean water.<ref>{{Cite web|title = 5 Things to Know About Tropical Cyclone Winston|url = http://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/cyclone-winston-impacts-preps|website = The Weather Channel|access-date = February 20, 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}
*[[Cyclone Oscar]]
*[[Cyclone Daman]]
*[[Cyclone Evan]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{SPAC EL's}}

{{2015–16 South Pacific cyclone season buttons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Winston (2016)}}
[[Category:2015–16 South Pacific cyclone season]]
[[Category:2016 in Fiji]]
[[Category:Category 5 South Pacific cyclones]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Fiji]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Niue]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Tonga]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Vanuatu]]

Zyklon Winston

2016-02-20T18:38:01Z

Cyclonebiskit: /* Meteorological history */ 268 km/h gust

{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox hurricane current
|name=Winston
|AUScategory=Aus5
|category=cat5
|type=tropical cyclone
|time=12:00 FST (00:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]), February 20
|image=Winston 2016-02-19 2330Z.png
|track=JTWC sh1116.gif
|lat=17.0|S|lon=179.9|E
|distance_from={{convert|239|nmi|abbr=on}} [[Points of the compass|E]] of [[Suva]], [[Fiji]]
|10sustained=230 [[km/h]] (145 [[miles per hour|mph]])
|1sustained=260 km/h (160 mph)
|pressure=915 [[Pascal (unit)|hPa]] ([[Bar (unit)|mbar]]; 27.02 [[Inches of Mercury|inHg]])
|movement=W at {{convert|13|kn|abbr=on}}
}}


'''Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston''' was the first [[Tropical cyclone scales#Australia and Fiji|Category 5]] storm to make [[landfall]] in [[Fiji]] on record. The system was first noted as a tropical disturbance during February 7, while it was located to the northwest of Port Villa, Vanuatu. Over the next few days the system gradually developed further before it was named Winston as it developed into a Category 1 tropical cyclone.

In advance of the storm's arrival in Fiji, numerous shelters were opened; a nationwide curfew was instituted during the evening of February 20. Striking Fiji as a Category 5 on February 20, Winston inflicted extensive damage across multiple islands and killed at least one person. Communications were lost with at least six islands.

==Fiji cyclone history==
Though frequented by tropical cyclones, the main islands of Fiji—[[Viti Levu]] and [[Vanua Levu]]—do not regularly experience major cyclones.<ref name="WaPo"/> The strongest storm to impact the main islands since records began in 1941 was [[Cyclone Evan|Evan]] in December 2012, which skirted the western coast of Viti Levu as a Category 4 system on both the Australian scale and the [[SSHWS]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Jeff Masters|publisher=Weather Underground|date=December 17, 2012|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=A grinch in paradise: Category 4 Tropical Cyclone Evan slams Fiji|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=2313}}</ref> The strongest storm to make [[landfall]] on either Viti Levu or Vanua Levu was [[Cyclone Nigel|Nigel]] in 1985, with ten-minute sustained winds of 150 km/h (90 mph) and one-minute sustained winds of 195 km/h (120 mph). The relative lack of major cyclones affecting the capital city of [[Suva]], located along the southeastern coast of Viti Levu, has led to complacency among residents. Many assume that strong storms are confined to northern and western areas. With Winston approaching Fiji from the east and directly threatening Suva, Angela Fritz of ''[[The Washington Post]]'' called the storm a "worst-case scenario".<ref name="WaPo">{{cite news|author=Angela Fritz|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Catastrophic Cyclone Winston bears down on Fiji’s main island in worst case scenario|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2016/02/19/catastrophic-cyclone-winston-bears-down-on-fijis-main-island-in-worst-case-scenario/}}</ref>

==Meteorological history==
{{Storm path|Winston 2016 track.png}}
On February 7, 2016, the [[Fiji Meteorological Service]] (FMS) started to monitor Tropical Disturbance 09F, which had developed about {{convert|1000|km|mi|disp=5|abbr=on}} northwest of [[Port Villa]], [[Vanuatu]].<ref name="TDS 7/2">{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 7, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Summary for Area Equator to 25S, 160E to 120W|url=http://www.met.gov.fj/aifs_prods/20036.txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fBiTyQOw|archivedate=February 7, 2016}}</ref> Over the next few days the system moved south-westwards and gradually developed further within a favourable environment for further development.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 10, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Western and South Pacific Oceans|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ab/abpw10.pgtw..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fBilWDlQ|archivedate=February 10, 2016}}</ref> On February 10, the United States-based [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) initiated advisories on the system and classified it as Tropical Cyclone 11P, while it was located about {{convert|860|km|mi|disp=5|abbr=on}} to the west-northwest of [[Suva, Fiji]].<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 10, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Eleven) Warning Nr 001|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps51.pgtw..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fCXhQArO|archivedate=February 10, 2016}}</ref> The FMS upgraded it to Category 1 status on the [[Tropical cyclone scales#Australia and Fiji|Australian tropical cyclone scale]] and [[Tropical cyclone naming|assigned it the name]] ''Winston'' early on February 11; at this time the storm was situated roughly {{convert|820|km|abbr=on}} west-northwest of [[Suva]], [[Fiji]]. Embedded within a northwesterly deep layer [[mean flow]], the system tracked southeast.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A4|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fECxlyvf|archivedate=February 11, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> Around 12:00 [[UTC]] on the same day, Winston intensified into a Category 2 tropical cyclone as a small, well-defined [[Eye (cyclone)|eye]] developed within deepening [[Atmospheric convection|convection]].<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A6|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fECxFPOB|archivedate=February 11, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning Nr 003|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fED589F1|archivedate=February 11, 2016}}</ref>

Situated within a very favourable environment—featuring [[sea surface temperature]]s of {{convert|30|to|31|C|F|abbr=on}}, robust upper-level [[Outflow (meteorology)|outflow]], and light to moderate [[wind shear]]<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning Nr 005|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|accessdate=February 19, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fFB0vxy6|archivedate=February 12, 2016}}</ref>—Winston [[rapid deepening|rapidly intensified]] on February 12, becoming a Category 3 severe tropical cyclone by 06:00 UTC,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A9|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fFAdmdS7|archivedate=February 12, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> and then a Category 4 only six hours later.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A10|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fFAdUbTv|archivedate=February 12, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> The system presented a well-defined eye enveloped by deep convection, and it reached its initial peak intensity at 18:00 UTC, with ten-minute [[maximum sustained wind]]s of 175 km/h (110 mph)<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A11|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHps9anU|archivedate=February 12, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> and the JTWC estimatd one-minute maximum sustained winds at 205 km/h (125 mph).<ref name="JTWCRBT">{{cite web|publisher=[[US Naval Research Laboratory]], Marine Meteorology|work=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=[Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Rolling Best Track]|url=http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/tcdat/tc16/SHEM/11P.WINSTON/trackfile.txt|format=.TXT}}</ref> Soon thereafter, increasing wind shear prompted weakening;<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 13, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 007|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 14, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHqHeYyg}}</ref> convection warmed and became increasingly ragged in appearance. On February 14, Winston turned northeast as a [[subtropical ridge]] positioned itself to the north.<ref name="JTWC008">{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 14, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 008|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 14, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHqHNXSh}}</ref>

[[File:Tatiana and Winston 2016-02-12 0330Z.jpg|thumb|right|Cyclones [[2015–16 Australian region cyclone season#Tropical Cyclone Tatiana|Tatiana]] ''(left)'' and Winston ''(right)'' on February 12]]
Persistent wind shear displaced convection from the center of Winston, leaving its circulation partially exposed. The system degraded below severe tropical cyclone status by 00:00 UTC on February 15 as a result.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A19|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 15, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMyYNv9j|archivedate=February 17, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> Conditions became more favourable for development on February 16, with shear relaxing over the cyclone. A prominent [[Rainband|banding feature]] wrapped into the circulation that day, marking the start of reintensification.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 013|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMzA3Uwv}}</ref> An eye reformed later that day within increasing convection,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 014|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz9mPiC}}</ref> and Winston regained severe tropical cyclone intensity by 18:00 UTC.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A26|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMyWAzSC|archivedate=February 17, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> The storm's core became increasingly compact and defined as it strengthened,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 016|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz99ChM}}</ref> and a [[central dense overcast]] became established on February 17.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 017|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz8s7zr}}</ref> Later that day, Winston entered a region of weak steering currents and the storm became nearly stationary.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 018|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz8ZUfC}}</ref> The storm's eye became more readily apparent late on February 17 as it doubled back to the west.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A30|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOckgt6X|archivedate=February 17, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 020|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOdPd6wF}}</ref>

A strengthening [[Ridge (meteorology)|ridge]] to the south propelled Winston west by February 18, directing the intensifying cyclone at Fiji. The storm's eye grew in size this day,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 021|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOdPLzQc}}</ref> and upper-level outflow became more defined.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 022|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOdP4Vsr}}</ref> Winston's overall structure became increasingly symmetric,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 022|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQvK1Yzy}}</ref> and the system acquired traits of an [[annular tropical cyclone]].<ref name="WU219"/> Marked intensification took place on February 19 as the storm's {{convert|27|km|mi|abbr=on}} wide eye became surrounded by intense convection.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 024|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQvJUWEJ}}</ref> Winston acquired Category 5 status—the highest level on the Australian intensity scale—by 06:00 UTC, with ten-minute sustained winds reaching 205 km/h (125 mph).<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A37|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQuDp9nf|archivedate=February 20, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> Fueled by nearly perfect conditions for intensification,<ref name="WU219"/> Winston deepened further and the JTWC estimated it to have acquired one-minute sustained winds of 265 km/h (165 mph) by 18:00 UTC, classifying it as a Category 5-equivalent on the [[Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale]].<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 027|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQvIxDMw}}</ref> Around this time, the cyclone passed directly over the small island of [[Vanua Balavu]].<ref name="WU219">{{cite web|author=Jeff Masters and Bob Henson|publisher=Weather Underground|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Fiji Pounded by its First Category 5 Storm on Record: Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=3249}}</ref> Wind gusts of {{convert|268|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} were reported on the island.<ref name="RNZ1"/>

Passing just south of [[Vanua Levu]], Winston achieved its peak intensity early on February 20 with ten-minute sustained winds of 230 km/h (145 km/h) and a pressure of 915 hPa (mbar; 27.03 inHg).<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A42|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fRY3FW1U|archivedate=February 20, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> The JTWC estimated Winston to have been slightly stronger, with one-minute sustained winds of 285 km/h (185 mph).<ref name="JTWCRBT"/> It soon made [[landfall]] in the [[Rakiraki District, Fiji|Rakiraki District]] on [[Viti Levu]] at peak strength.<ref>{{cite web|author=Jon Erdman|publisher=The Weather Channel|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone Winston Makes Category 5 Landfall; Strongest on Record in Fiji|url=https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/tropical-cyclone-winston-fiji-strongest-landfall}}</ref><ref name="RNZ1">{{cite web|publisher=Radio New Zealand|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Winston leaves trail of destruction|url=http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/world/297041/winston-leaves-trail-of-destruction}}</ref> Winston is the only known Category 5 storm, on both the Australian tropical cyclone scale and the Saffir-Simpson scale, to directly impact Fiji, and is accordingly the most intense storm on record to strike the nation.<ref>{{cite news|author=Losalini Bolatagici|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Winston the strongest, first Category 5 cyclone to hit Fiji|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342485}}</ref>

==Effects in Fiji==
[[File:Winston 2016-02-20 0125z (eye).jpg|thumb|right|The eye of Winston over [[Koro Island]] on February 20.]]
Ahead of Winston affecting Fiji for a second time, the FMS issued various tropical cyclone gale-, storm- and hurricane-force wind warnings for the island nation.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Category five TC Winston continues to head our way|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37679/category-five-tc-winston-continues-to-head-our-way}}</ref> All shelters across the Southern [[Lau Islands]], [[Koro Island]], and [[Taveuni]] were opened on February 19; more than 700 shelters opened across the entirety of Fiji.<ref name="RNZ1"/><ref>{{cite web|author=Savaira Tabua|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Evacuation centres activated in upper Lau group|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37673/evacuation-centres-activated-in-upper-lau-group}}
*{{cite web|author=Ellen Stolz|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Koro Island and Taveuni brace for TC Winston|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37682/koro-island-and-taveuni-brace-for-tc-winston}}
*{{cite web|author=Farzana Nisha|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Evacuation centers are ready: NDMO|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37675/evacuation-centers-are-ready-ndmo}}
*</ref> The [[Republic of Fiji Military Forces]] were placed on standby for relief efforts.<ref>{{cite web|author=Akosita Talei|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=RFMF on standby for TC Winston|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37672/rfmf-on-standby-for-tc-winston}}</ref> A [[state of emergency]] was declared during the afternoon of February 20.<ref>{{cite news|author=Nasik Swami|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Fiji declares State of Natural Disaster|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342488}}</ref> A nationwide [[curfew]] was enacted starting at 6:00 p.m. local time.<ref>{{cite news|author=Indra Singh|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Nationwide Curfew as TC Winston batters Fiji group|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37707/nationwide-curfew-as-tc-winston-batters-fiji-group}}</ref> Public transportation was suspended across Viti Levu, and the Fiji Roads Authority strongly advised residents to avoid travel unless necessary. Prime Minister [[Frank Bainimarama]] called the storm "an ordeal of the most grievous kind".<ref name="RNZ1"/>

Striking the nation on February 20, Winston brought widespread damage to numerous islands. Large areas of the country were left without power as hurricane-force winds downed trees and power lines.<ref name="RNZ1"/> Communications with Vanua Balavu, Lakeba, Cicia, Nayau, Taveuni, and [[Qamea]] were lost on February 20.<ref>{{cite news|author=Luke Rawalai|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=TC Winston: Telecommunications to Taveuni cut|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342476}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Aliki Bia|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=No links to some islands in Lau Group|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37701/no-links-to-some-islands-in-lau-group}}</ref> Landline telephone service was lost on [[Matuku Island]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Tokasa Rainima|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Matuku prepares for bad weather|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37691/matuku-prepares-for-bad-weather}}</ref> Koro Island sustained severe damage, with schools destroyed and many structures losing their roof.<ref>{{cite web|author=Savaira Tabua|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Teachers quarters blown away|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37708/teachers-quarters-blown-away}}</ref> One person died in [[Nabasovi]] when his home collapsed.<ref>{{cite web|author=Farzana Nisha|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Death of an elderly man confirmed|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37732/death-of-an-elderly-man-confirmed}}</ref> Significant damage was reported across [[Ovalau]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Ellen Stolz|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Ovalau experiencing destructive winds|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37704/ovalau-experiencing-destructive-winds}}</ref>

On Viti Levu, strong winds destroyed at least two homes in Waidamu; the [[Waidamu River]] also topped its banks and flooded nearby communities.<ref>{{cite news|author=Nasik Swami|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Two houses blown away in Nausori|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342490}}</ref>

==Other South Pacific nations==
Impacting [[Tonga]] twice within the span of a few days, Winston caused significant damage across northern Tonga. Approximately 2,500 people sought refuge in shelters. The first passage of the storm resulted in mostly crop damage while the second brought greater structural damage. At least 10 homes were destroyed and 200 more were damaged.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Radio New Zealand International|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Despite some damage, Tonga escapes the worst of Winston|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342283}}</ref>

Winston also affected [[Niue]] on February 16; the FMS issued tropical cyclone and damaging heavy swell warnings for the island nation.<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/6fMzj4znk</ref>

==Aftermath==

===Tonga===
The nation of Tonga received money and aid from New Zealand and the country provided 8,000 people with clean water.<ref>{{Cite web|title = 5 Things to Know About Tropical Cyclone Winston|url = http://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/cyclone-winston-impacts-preps|website = The Weather Channel|access-date = February 20, 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}
*[[Cyclone Oscar]]
*[[Cyclone Daman]]
*[[Cyclone Evan]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{SPAC EL's}}

{{2015–16 South Pacific cyclone season buttons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Winston (2016)}}
[[Category:2015–16 South Pacific cyclone season]]
[[Category:2016 in Fiji]]
[[Category:Category 5 South Pacific cyclones]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Fiji]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Niue]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Tonga]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Vanuatu]]

Zyklon Winston

2016-02-20T18:37:24Z

Cyclonebiskit: /* Effects in Fiji */ 700 shelters; other bits

{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox hurricane current
|name=Winston
|AUScategory=Aus5
|category=cat5
|type=tropical cyclone
|time=12:00 FST (00:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]), February 20
|image=Winston 2016-02-19 2330Z.png
|track=JTWC sh1116.gif
|lat=17.0|S|lon=179.9|E
|distance_from={{convert|239|nmi|abbr=on}} [[Points of the compass|E]] of [[Suva]], [[Fiji]]
|10sustained=230 [[km/h]] (145 [[miles per hour|mph]])
|1sustained=260 km/h (160 mph)
|pressure=915 [[Pascal (unit)|hPa]] ([[Bar (unit)|mbar]]; 27.02 [[Inches of Mercury|inHg]])
|movement=W at {{convert|13|kn|abbr=on}}
}}


'''Severe Tropical Cyclone Winston''' was the first [[Tropical cyclone scales#Australia and Fiji|Category 5]] storm to make [[landfall]] in [[Fiji]] on record. The system was first noted as a tropical disturbance during February 7, while it was located to the northwest of Port Villa, Vanuatu. Over the next few days the system gradually developed further before it was named Winston as it developed into a Category 1 tropical cyclone.

In advance of the storm's arrival in Fiji, numerous shelters were opened; a nationwide curfew was instituted during the evening of February 20. Striking Fiji as a Category 5 on February 20, Winston inflicted extensive damage across multiple islands and killed at least one person. Communications were lost with at least six islands.

==Fiji cyclone history==
Though frequented by tropical cyclones, the main islands of Fiji—[[Viti Levu]] and [[Vanua Levu]]—do not regularly experience major cyclones.<ref name="WaPo"/> The strongest storm to impact the main islands since records began in 1941 was [[Cyclone Evan|Evan]] in December 2012, which skirted the western coast of Viti Levu as a Category 4 system on both the Australian scale and the [[SSHWS]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Jeff Masters|publisher=Weather Underground|date=December 17, 2012|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=A grinch in paradise: Category 4 Tropical Cyclone Evan slams Fiji|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=2313}}</ref> The strongest storm to make [[landfall]] on either Viti Levu or Vanua Levu was [[Cyclone Nigel|Nigel]] in 1985, with ten-minute sustained winds of 150 km/h (90 mph) and one-minute sustained winds of 195 km/h (120 mph). The relative lack of major cyclones affecting the capital city of [[Suva]], located along the southeastern coast of Viti Levu, has led to complacency among residents. Many assume that strong storms are confined to northern and western areas. With Winston approaching Fiji from the east and directly threatening Suva, Angela Fritz of ''[[The Washington Post]]'' called the storm a "worst-case scenario".<ref name="WaPo">{{cite news|author=Angela Fritz|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Catastrophic Cyclone Winston bears down on Fiji’s main island in worst case scenario|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2016/02/19/catastrophic-cyclone-winston-bears-down-on-fijis-main-island-in-worst-case-scenario/}}</ref>

==Meteorological history==
{{Storm path|Winston 2016 track.png}}
On February 7, 2016, the [[Fiji Meteorological Service]] (FMS) started to monitor Tropical Disturbance 09F, which had developed about {{convert|1000|km|mi|disp=5|abbr=on}} northwest of [[Port Villa]], [[Vanuatu]].<ref name="TDS 7/2">{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 7, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Summary for Area Equator to 25S, 160E to 120W|url=http://www.met.gov.fj/aifs_prods/20036.txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fBiTyQOw|archivedate=February 7, 2016}}</ref> Over the next few days the system moved south-westwards and gradually developed further within a favourable environment for further development.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 10, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Significant Tropical Weather Advisory for the Western and South Pacific Oceans|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ab/abpw10.pgtw..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fBilWDlQ|archivedate=February 10, 2016}}</ref> On February 10, the United States-based [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] (JTWC) initiated advisories on the system and classified it as Tropical Cyclone 11P, while it was located about {{convert|860|km|mi|disp=5|abbr=on}} to the west-northwest of [[Suva, Fiji]].<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 10, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Eleven) Warning Nr 001|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps51.pgtw..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fCXhQArO|archivedate=February 10, 2016}}</ref> The FMS upgraded it to Category 1 status on the [[Tropical cyclone scales#Australia and Fiji|Australian tropical cyclone scale]] and [[Tropical cyclone naming|assigned it the name]] ''Winston'' early on February 11; at this time the storm was situated roughly {{convert|820|km|abbr=on}} west-northwest of [[Suva]], [[Fiji]]. Embedded within a northwesterly deep layer [[mean flow]], the system tracked southeast.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A4|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fECxlyvf|archivedate=February 11, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> Around 12:00 [[UTC]] on the same day, Winston intensified into a Category 2 tropical cyclone as a small, well-defined [[Eye (cyclone)|eye]] developed within deepening [[Atmospheric convection|convection]].<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A6|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fECxFPOB|archivedate=February 11, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 11, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning Nr 003|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fED589F1|archivedate=February 11, 2016}}</ref>

Situated within a very favourable environment—featuring [[sea surface temperature]]s of {{convert|30|to|31|C|F|abbr=on}}, robust upper-level [[Outflow (meteorology)|outflow]], and light to moderate [[wind shear]]<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning Nr 005|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|accessdate=February 19, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fFB0vxy6|archivedate=February 12, 2016}}</ref>—Winston [[rapid deepening|rapidly intensified]] on February 12, becoming a Category 3 severe tropical cyclone by 06:00 UTC,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A9|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fFAdmdS7|archivedate=February 12, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> and then a Category 4 only six hours later.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A10|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fFAdUbTv|archivedate=February 12, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> The system presented a well-defined eye enveloped by deep convection, and it reached its initial peak intensity at 18:00 UTC, with ten-minute [[maximum sustained wind]]s of 175 km/h (110 mph)<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 12, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A11|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHps9anU|archivedate=February 12, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> and the JTWC estimatd one-minute maximum sustained winds at 205 km/h (125 mph).<ref name="JTWCRBT">{{cite web|publisher=[[US Naval Research Laboratory]], Marine Meteorology|work=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=[Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Rolling Best Track]|url=http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/tcdat/tc16/SHEM/11P.WINSTON/trackfile.txt|format=.TXT}}</ref> Soon thereafter, increasing wind shear prompted weakening;<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 13, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 007|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 14, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHqHeYyg}}</ref> convection warmed and became increasingly ragged in appearance. On February 14, Winston turned northeast as a [[subtropical ridge]] positioned itself to the north.<ref name="JTWC008">{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 14, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 008|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 14, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fHqHNXSh}}</ref>

[[File:Tatiana and Winston 2016-02-12 0330Z.jpg|thumb|right|Cyclones [[2015–16 Australian region cyclone season#Tropical Cyclone Tatiana|Tatiana]] ''(left)'' and Winston ''(right)'' on February 12]]
Persistent wind shear displaced convection from the center of Winston, leaving its circulation partially exposed. The system degraded below severe tropical cyclone status by 00:00 UTC on February 15 as a result.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A19|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 15, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMyYNv9j|archivedate=February 17, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> Conditions became more favourable for development on February 16, with shear relaxing over the cyclone. A prominent [[Rainband|banding feature]] wrapped into the circulation that day, marking the start of reintensification.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 013|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMzA3Uwv}}</ref> An eye reformed later that day within increasing convection,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 014|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz9mPiC}}</ref> and Winston regained severe tropical cyclone intensity by 18:00 UTC.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A26|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMyWAzSC|archivedate=February 17, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> The storm's core became increasingly compact and defined as it strengthened,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 016|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz99ChM}}</ref> and a [[central dense overcast]] became established on February 17.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 017|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz8s7zr}}</ref> Later that day, Winston entered a region of weak steering currents and the storm became nearly stationary.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 018|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 17, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMz8ZUfC}}</ref> The storm's eye became more readily apparent late on February 17 as it doubled back to the west.<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A30|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 17, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOckgt6X|archivedate=February 17, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 020|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOdPd6wF}}</ref>

A strengthening [[Ridge (meteorology)|ridge]] to the south propelled Winston west by February 18, directing the intensifying cyclone at Fiji. The storm's eye grew in size this day,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 021|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOdPLzQc}}</ref> and upper-level outflow became more defined.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 022|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 18, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fOdP4Vsr}}</ref> Winston's overall structure became increasingly symmetric,<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 18, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 022|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQvK1Yzy}}</ref> and the system acquired traits of an [[annular tropical cyclone]].<ref name="WU219"/> Marked intensification took place on February 19 as the storm's {{convert|27|km|mi|abbr=on}} wide eye became surrounded by intense convection.<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 024|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQvJUWEJ}}</ref> Winston acquired Category 5 status—the highest level on the Australian intensity scale—by 06:00 UTC, with ten-minute sustained winds reaching 205 km/h (125 mph).<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A37|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQuDp9nf|archivedate=February 20, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> Fueled by nearly perfect conditions for intensification,<ref name="WU219"/> Winston deepened further and the JTWC estimated it to have acquired one-minute sustained winds of 265 km/h (165 mph) by 18:00 UTC, classifying it as a Category 5-equivalent on the [[Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale]].<ref>{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone 11P (Winston) Warning NR 027|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fQvIxDMw}}</ref> Around this time, the cyclone passed directly over the small island of [[Vanua Balavu]].<ref name="WU219">{{cite web|author=Jeff Masters and Bob Henson|publisher=Weather Underground|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Fiji Pounded by its First Category 5 Storm on Record: Tropical Cyclone Winston|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=3249}}</ref>

Passing just south of [[Vanua Levu]], Winston achieved its peak intensity early on February 20 with ten-minute sustained winds of 230 km/h (145 km/h) and a pressure of 915 hPa (mbar; 27.03 inHg).<ref>{{cite report|title=Tropical Disturbance Advisory Number A42|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/wt/wtps11.nffn..txt|publisher=Fiji Meteorological Service|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fRY3FW1U|archivedate=February 20, 2016|type=Advisory}}</ref> The JTWC estimated Winston to have been slightly stronger, with one-minute sustained winds of 285 km/h (185 mph).<ref name="JTWCRBT"/> It soon made [[landfall]] in the [[Rakiraki District, Fiji|Rakiraki District]] on [[Viti Levu]] at peak strength.<ref>{{cite web|author=Jon Erdman|publisher=The Weather Channel|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Tropical Cyclone Winston Makes Category 5 Landfall; Strongest on Record in Fiji|url=https://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/tropical-cyclone-winston-fiji-strongest-landfall}}</ref><ref name="RNZ1">{{cite web|publisher=Radio New Zealand|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Winston leaves trail of destruction|url=http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/world/297041/winston-leaves-trail-of-destruction}}</ref> Winston is the only known Category 5 storm, on both the Australian tropical cyclone scale and the Saffir-Simpson scale, to directly impact Fiji, and is accordingly the most intense storm on record to strike the nation.<ref>{{cite news|author=Losalini Bolatagici|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Winston the strongest, first Category 5 cyclone to hit Fiji|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342485}}</ref>

==Effects in Fiji==
[[File:Winston 2016-02-20 0125z (eye).jpg|thumb|right|The eye of Winston over [[Koro Island]] on February 20.]]
Ahead of Winston affecting Fiji for a second time, the FMS issued various tropical cyclone gale-, storm- and hurricane-force wind warnings for the island nation.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Category five TC Winston continues to head our way|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37679/category-five-tc-winston-continues-to-head-our-way}}</ref> All shelters across the Southern [[Lau Islands]], [[Koro Island]], and [[Taveuni]] were opened on February 19; more than 700 shelters opened across the entirety of Fiji.<ref name="RNZ1"/><ref>{{cite web|author=Savaira Tabua|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=Evacuation centres activated in upper Lau group|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37673/evacuation-centres-activated-in-upper-lau-group}}
*{{cite web|author=Ellen Stolz|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Koro Island and Taveuni brace for TC Winston|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37682/koro-island-and-taveuni-brace-for-tc-winston}}
*{{cite web|author=Farzana Nisha|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Evacuation centers are ready: NDMO|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37675/evacuation-centers-are-ready-ndmo}}
*</ref> The [[Republic of Fiji Military Forces]] were placed on standby for relief efforts.<ref>{{cite web|author=Akosita Talei|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|title=RFMF on standby for TC Winston|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37672/rfmf-on-standby-for-tc-winston}}</ref> A [[state of emergency]] was declared during the afternoon of February 20.<ref>{{cite news|author=Nasik Swami|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Fiji declares State of Natural Disaster|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342488}}</ref> A nationwide [[curfew]] was enacted starting at 6:00 p.m. local time.<ref>{{cite news|author=Indra Singh|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Nationwide Curfew as TC Winston batters Fiji group|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37707/nationwide-curfew-as-tc-winston-batters-fiji-group}}</ref> Public transportation was suspended across Viti Levu, and the Fiji Roads Authority strongly advised residents to avoid travel unless necessary. Prime Minister [[Frank Bainimarama]] called the storm "an ordeal of the most grievous kind".<ref name="RNZ1"/>

Striking the nation on February 20, Winston brought widespread damage to numerous islands. Large areas of the country were left without power as hurricane-force winds downed trees and power lines.<ref name="RNZ1"/> Communications with Vanua Balavu, Lakeba, Cicia, Nayau, Taveuni, and [[Qamea]] were lost on February 20.<ref>{{cite news|author=Luke Rawalai|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=TC Winston: Telecommunications to Taveuni cut|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342476}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Aliki Bia|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=No links to some islands in Lau Group|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37701/no-links-to-some-islands-in-lau-group}}</ref> Landline telephone service was lost on [[Matuku Island]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Tokasa Rainima|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Matuku prepares for bad weather|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37691/matuku-prepares-for-bad-weather}}</ref> Koro Island sustained severe damage, with schools destroyed and many structures losing their roof.<ref>{{cite web|author=Savaira Tabua|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Teachers quarters blown away|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37708/teachers-quarters-blown-away}}</ref> One person died in [[Nabasovi]] when his home collapsed.<ref>{{cite web|author=Farzana Nisha|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Death of an elderly man confirmed|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37732/death-of-an-elderly-man-confirmed}}</ref> Significant damage was reported across [[Ovalau]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Ellen Stolz|publisher=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Ovalau experiencing destructive winds|url=http://www.fbc.com.fj/fiji/37704/ovalau-experiencing-destructive-winds}}</ref>

On Viti Levu, strong winds destroyed at least two homes in Waidamu; the [[Waidamu River]] also topped its banks and flooded nearby communities.<ref>{{cite news|author=Nasik Swami|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Two houses blown away in Nausori|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342490}}</ref>

==Other South Pacific nations==
Impacting [[Tonga]] twice within the span of a few days, Winston caused significant damage across northern Tonga. Approximately 2,500 people sought refuge in shelters. The first passage of the storm resulted in mostly crop damage while the second brought greater structural damage. At least 10 homes were destroyed and 200 more were damaged.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Radio New Zealand International|newspaper=Fiji Times|date=February 20, 2016|accessdate=February 20, 2016|title=Despite some damage, Tonga escapes the worst of Winston|url=http://www.fijitimes.com/story.aspx?id=342283}}</ref>

Winston also affected [[Niue]] on February 16; the FMS issued tropical cyclone and damaging heavy swell warnings for the island nation.<ref>http://www.webcitation.org/6fMzj4znk</ref>

==Aftermath==

===Tonga===
The nation of Tonga received money and aid from New Zealand and the country provided 8,000 people with clean water.<ref>{{Cite web|title = 5 Things to Know About Tropical Cyclone Winston|url = http://weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/cyclone-winston-impacts-preps|website = The Weather Channel|access-date = February 20, 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}
*[[Cyclone Oscar]]
*[[Cyclone Daman]]
*[[Cyclone Evan]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{SPAC EL's}}

{{2015–16 South Pacific cyclone season buttons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Winston (2016)}}
[[Category:2015–16 South Pacific cyclone season]]
[[Category:2016 in Fiji]]
[[Category:Category 5 South Pacific cyclones]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Fiji]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Niue]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Tonga]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in Vanuatu]]