Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Jimdo

2013-10-24T14:34:26Z

Crazycomputers: Reverted edits by Brigit589 (talk): unexplained content removal (HG)

{{Infobox Dotcom company
| company_name = Jimdo GmbH
| company_logo = [[Image:Jimdo-logo.jpg]]
| company_type = [[Privately-held company|Private]]
| foundation = {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Hamburg]], [[Germany]] ({{Start date|2007}})
| founder = Matthias Henze Christian Springub Fridtjof Detzner
| location_city = {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Hamburg]]
| location_country = [[Germany]]
| company_slogan = Pages to the People
| language = [[German language|German]], [[English language|English]], [[French language|French]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Chinese language|Chinese]], [[Japanese language|Japanese]], [[Russian language|Russian]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[Polish language|Polish]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
| industry =
| num_employees = 160 (2013)<ref name="CrunchBase">{{ cite web | url=http://www.crunchbase.com/company/jimdo | title=Jimdo Company Profile | work=CrunchBase | publisher=[[TechCrunch]] }}</ref>
| url = [http://www.jimdo.com Jimdo]
| registration = Required
| launch_date = February 19, 2007<ref>{{ cite web | url=http://www.jimdo.com/2007/02/19/pages-to-the-people.-offical-jimdo-launch-in-germany./ | title=Pages to the People. {{sic|Off|ical|nolink=y}} Jimdo-launch in Germany}}</ref>
}}

'''Jimdo''' is a [[WYSIWYG]] web hosting service.<ref>{{ cite web | last=Kincaid | first=Jason | url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/06/10/AR2008061001667_pf.html | title=Weebly Adds AdSense Support For Drag And Drop Cash | publisher=[[TechCrunch|TechCrunch.com]] at [[The Washington Post]] | date=June 10, 2008 | accessdate=2009-04-30 }}</ref> Jimdo offers JimdoFree, a free [[web hosting]] service, JimdoPro and JimdoBusiness, both premium services. Jimdo is operated by '''Jimdo GmbH''', a [[Hamburg]], [[Germany]]-based company.<ref name="MinorityStake">"[http://www.alacrastore.com/storecontent/Thomson_M&A/United_Internet_AG_acquires_a_minority_stake_in_Jimdo_GmbH-1994482040 United Internet AG acquires a minority stake in Jimdo GmbH]." ''[[Thomson Reuters]]''. July 8, 2008. Retrieved on May 1, 2009.</ref> It competes with [[Wix.com|Wix]], [[Weebly]], [[Yola (webhost)|Yola]] (formerly Synthasite), [[Webs (web hosting)|Webs]], [[uCoz]], [[Webnode]] and other [[web hosting]] and creation sites.<ref>Kincaid, Jason. (June 10, 2008). "[http://www.techcrunch.com/2008/06/10/weebly-adds-adsense-support-for-drag-and-drop-cash/ Weebly Adds AdSense Support For Drag And Drop Cash]." ''[[TechCrunch]]''. Retrieved June 17, 2010.</ref>

==History==
Jimdo was founded in February 2007 by Fridtjof Detzner, Matthias Henze, and Christian Springub.<ref>"[http://www.myhostnews.com/2009/07/jimdopro-launches-professional-websites-made-easy/ JimdoPro Launches ‘Professional Websites Made Easy’]." MyHostNews. July 8, 2009. Retrieved on April 5, 2010.</ref>

In July 2008, [[United Internet AG]] purchased a 30 percent stake in Jimdo GmbH.<ref name="MinorityStake"/>

In 2009, Jimdo attempted to lure users of [[Google]] and Yahoo! In April 2009, after [[Yahoo!]] announced that [[GeoCities]] was closing, Jimdo announced that former GeoCities users were welcome on Jimdo.<ref>Marshall, Rosalie. "[http://www.vnunet.com/vnunet/news/2241092/yahoo-closing-geocities Yahoo closing Geocities web hosting service]." ''[[vnunet]]''. April 24, 2009. Retrieved on April 30, 2009.</ref> Jimdo started the "Lifeboat for GeoCities" promotion to help users transition to Jimdo.<ref>"[http://www.jimdo.com/2009/04/23/jimdo-s-lifeboat-for-geocities Jimdo's Lifeboat for GeoCities]." ''Jimdo''. Retrieved on April 30, 2009.</ref> Jimdo offered 10 percent discounts to users who moved from GeoCities and [[Google Page Creator]] to the JimdoPro service.<ref>"[http://www.jimdo.com/geocities Geocities]." ''Jimdo''. Retrieved on May 1, 2009.</ref>

In 2010, Jimdo added a "store" service that allows Jimdo website owners to conduct [[electronic commerce]] services.<ref name="WautersBreeze">Wauters, Robin. "[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/28/AR2010022801979.html Jimdo Makes Running Your Own Online Store A Breeze, Loses Investor]." [[TechCrunch.com]] at ''[[The Washington Post]]''. Sunday February 28, 2010. Retrieved on April 2, 2010.</ref> Also in 2010, United Internet withdrew from the company's board.<ref>[http://techcrunch.com/2010/02/28/jimdo-store/ Jimdo Buys Out United Internet]</ref>
In February 2012, the 5,000,000th Jimdo site went online.<ref>[http://www.homepage-baukasten.com/jimdo-feiert-baukasten-5-millionen-websites-in-5-jahren.html Jimdo: 5 million websites in 5 years]</ref>

==Corporate affairs==
The Jimdo head office is in [[Hamburg]]. The [[United States]] offices are in the [[Flatiron Building (San Francisco)|Flatiron Building]] in the [[Financial District, San Francisco|Financial District]] of [[San Francisco]].<ref>"[http://www.jimdo.com/about Contact]." Jimdo. Retrieved on 29 February 2012. "Jimdo GmbH Stresemannstr. 375 22761 Hamburg Germany" and "Jimdo US Office 548 Market St #56907 San Francisco, CA 94104 USA"</ref>

==Service==
The basic Jimdo service is free; users of the basic service have their website names as the site name and .jimdo.com. The two premium services, Jimdo Pro and Jimdo Business, allow users to have their own domain names. They also receive additional storage space and no advertisements. Jimdo Pro costs 5 [[euro]]s per month, and Jimdo Business costs 15 [[euro]]s per month.<ref name="Needlemananother">Needleman, Rafe. "[http://news.cnet.com/8301-17939_109-9704384-2.html Jimdo: Another super-simple site builder]." ''[[CNet]]''. April 3, 2007. Retrieved on April 30, 2009.</ref>
As of 2011, the languages available on Jimdo are Chinese, English, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Russian, Polish, Dutch, Portuguese and Spanish.<ref>"[http://www.jimdo.com/ Create a Free Website]." (Go to the upper right hand corner and select "English" - other languages are visible from here) Jimdo. Retrieved on April 3, 2010.</ref> The English-language service uses [[British English]].<ref name="Needlemananother"/>
To increase speed performance for their worldwide user base, Jimdo maintains data centers in the US, Germany and Japan.<ref name=server-locations>{{cite web|title=Server availability of five major website builders|url=http://www.websitetooltester.com/news/server-availability-of-jimdo-weebly-webnode-wix-and-webs/|publisher=Websitetooltester|accessdate=2 April 2012}}</ref>

==Reception==
Two months after the service launch in 2007, Rafe Needleman of ''[[CNet]]'' gave a positive review to Jimdo. Needleman described Jimdo as a "good service for creating a quick site to document a trip or other event, or to prototype a simple personal or business site." He also said that Jimdo was not "mature enough yet" for use by a United States-based small business, "but it's worth keeping track of."<ref name="Needlemananother"/>
More recently, [[VentureBeat]] reported on the opening of the US office in San Francisco and the launch of an online store feature, concluding "US readers will probably hear more about the company in the coming months".<ref>{{ cite web | last=Ha | first=Anthony | url=http://venturebeat.com/2010/09/22/jimdo-upgrades-its-tools-for-online-shopkeepers | title= Jimdo upgrades its tools for online shopkeepers | date=September 22, 2010 | accessdate=2011-05-12 }}</ref>
==JimdoTV==
On June 19, 2012, Jimdo launched JimdoTV U.S./United Kingdom, an internet television series where Jimdo staff interview Jimdo users. On launch day, Jimdo released a trailer video and the first episode, titled "Drawing with Yuki".

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Episode # !! Tite !! Air Date
|-
| Sp || "Christmas Special" (First Episode of JimdoTV Germany, English CC) || December 21, 2011
|-
| 1 || "Drawing with Yuki" || June 19, 2012
|}
[http://www.jimdo.com/pages/jimdotv JimdoTV]

== See also ==
{{Portal|Hamburg|Companies|Internet}}
* [[List of free web hosting services]]
{{-}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.jimdo.com/ Jimdo]
* [http://techhaze.com/2010/02/interview-with-jimdo-co-founder-matthias-henze-2/ Interview with co-founder Matthias Henze]
* [http://www.founderly.com/2011/09/jimdo-christian-springub-1-of-2/ Interview with Christian Springub]

[[Category:Web hosting]]
[[Category:Free web hosting services]]
[[Category:Companies based in Hamburg]]

Jimdo

2013-10-24T14:30:52Z

Crazycomputers: Reverted to revision 575584725 by Mark Arsten (talk): Rv removal of content. (TW)

Physik in Animationsfilmen

2011-10-03T21:32:50Z

Crazycomputers: Reverted edits by 99.102.21.159 (talk) to last revision by ClueBot NG (HG)

'''Cartoon physics''' is a jocular system of [[physical law|laws of physics]] that supersedes the normal laws, used in [[animation]] for [[humour|humorous]] effect. Normal physical laws are referential (i.e., objective, invariant), but cartoon physics are preferential (i.e., subjective, varying).

Many of the most famous [[United States|American]] [[animated cartoon|animated films]], particularly those from [[Warner Bros.]] and [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer|MGM]] studios, unconsciously developed a relatively consistent set of such "laws" that have become regularly applied in comic animation. For example, when a cartoon character runs off a cliff, [[gravitation|gravity]] has no effect until the character notices and reacts.<ref name="coyotusinterruptus">In a [[neologism]] contest held by ''[[New Scientist]]'', a winning entry coined the term "coyotus interruptus" for this phenomenon—a pun on [[coitus interruptus]] and [[Wile E. Coyote and Road Runner|Wile E. Coyote]], who fell to his doom this way particularly often.</ref>

In words attributed to [[Art Babbitt]], an animator with the Walt Disney Studios: "Animation follows the laws of physics — unless it is funnier otherwise."

== Examples ==
[[File:Cartoon physics WikiWorld.png|right|thumb|250px]]
Specific reference to ''cartoon physics'' extends back at least to June 1980, when an article "O'Donnell's Laws of Cartoon Motion"<ref>O'Donnell's Laws of Cartoon Motion", ''Esquire'', 6/80, reprinted in ''IEEE Institute'', 10/94; V.18 #7 p.12. [http://remarque.org/~doug/cartoon-physics.html Copy on Web]</ref> appeared in ''[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]]''. A version printed in 1994 by the [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers|IEEE]] in a journal for [[engineering|engineers]] helped spread the word among the technical crowd, which has expanded and refined the idea. These laws are outlined on dozens of websites.

O'Donnell's examples include:
* Any body suspended in space will remain in space until made aware of its situation. Then the regular laws of gravity take over. (The character walks off the edge of a cliff, remains suspended in midair, and doesn't fall until he looks down.)
* Any body passing through solid matter will leave a perforation conforming to its perimeter (the "silhouette of passage").
* Certain bodies can pass through solid walls painted to resemble tunnel entrances; others cannot. (Corollary: Portable holes work.)
* All principles of gravity are negated by fear. (i.e., scaring someone causes them to jump impossibly high in the air.)
* Any violent rearrangement of feline matter is impermanent. (In other words, cats heal fast and/or have an infinite number of lives.) Corollary: Cats can fit into unusually small spaces.
* Everything falls faster than an [[anvil]]. (A falling anvil will always land directly upon the character's head, squashing him flat or driving him into the ground, regardless of the time gap between the body's and the anvil's respective drops.)
* A body will contort and stay contorted to any hole or container that is smaller than it. (Cat goes in mouse hole and comes out as a long semicircle or person is crammed into guitar case and remains in the shape of a guitar when they come out.)
* Any vehicle on a path of travel is at a state of indeterminacy until an object enters a location which is in the path of travel. (Wolf walks into road and gets run over by a bus.)

== History of the idea ==
The idea that cartoons behave differently from the real world, but not randomly, is virtually as old as animation. [[Walt Disney]], for example, spoke of the "plausible impossible" (see ''[[The Plausible Impossible]]'', 1956).

More recently, it has been explicitly described by some cartoon characters, including [[List of Who Framed Roger Rabbit characters#Roger Rabbit|Roger Rabbit]], [[Bonkers (TV series)|Bonkers D. Bobcat]], and [[Yakko, Wakko, and Dot]], who say that [[toon]]s are allowed to bend or break natural laws for the purposes of comedy. Doing this is extremely tricky, so toons have a natural sense of comedic timing, giving them inherently funny properties.

In ''[[Who Framed Roger Rabbit]]'', for example, Roger is unable to escape handcuffs for most of a sequence, doing so only at the last moment. When Eddie Valiant asks, exasperated, "Do you mean to tell me you could've taken your hand out of that cuff at any time?!" Roger responds: "Not at ''any'' time! Only when it was ''funny''!"<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0096438/quotes IMBD quotes from "Roger Rabbit"]]</ref> Several aspects of cartoon physics were discussed in the film's dialogue, and the concept was a minor plot theme.

In 1993, Stephen R. Gould, then a financial training consultant, writing in ''[[New Scientist]]'', said that "... these seemingly nonsensical, phenomena can be described by logical laws similar to those in our world. Nonsensical events are by no means limited to the Looniverse. Laws that govern our own Universe often seem contrary to common sense."<ref>Stephen R. Gould, [http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg14019055.200--looney-tuniverse-ther-is-a-crazy-king-of-physics-at-work-in-the-world-of-cartoons--.html Looney Tuniverse: There is a crazy kind of physics at work in the world of cartoons] (1993) ''New Scientist''</ref> This theme is described by Dr. Alan Cholodenko in his article, "The Nutty Universe of Animation."<ref>Dr. Alan Cholodenko, "[http://www.ubishops.ca/baudrillardstudies/vol3_1/cholodenkopf.htm The Nutty Universe of Animation, The “Discipline” of All “Disciplines”, And That’s Not All, Folks!]" ''International Journal of Baudrillard Studies'' Volume 3, Number 1 (January 2006)</ref>

In a [[Garfield]] animated short entitled "Secrets of the Animated Cartoon" the characters Orson and Wade give demonstrations of different laws of the cartoons and show humorous examples of them.

==Non-exclusivity==
''Cartoon physics'' is not limited to either cartoons or physics. For example, a person recovering remarkably quickly from a serious injury would classify as [[biology]] rather than physics. [[Soap Opera Rapid Aging Syndrome]] is another non-cartoon example. Also, live-action shows can also be subject to the laws of cartoon physics, explaining why, for example, [[The Three Stooges]] did not go blind from all the eye-poking.

[[The Lexicon of Comicana|Printed cartoons]] have their own family of cartoon physics "laws" and conventions.

== See also ==
* [[Slapstick]]
* [[Magic satchel]]
* [[Acme Corporation]]
* [[12 basic principles of animation]]
* [[Toon (role-playing game)]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://funnies.paco.to/cartoon.html Cartoon Laws of Physics]
* [http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20050210/GLOSSARY/50213001/1005 Laws of Cartoon Thermodynamics] from [[Roger Ebert]]'s website.
* [http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2007/mariogravity.shtml Acceleration Due to Gravity: Super Mario Brothers] - a physicist's determination of the value of ''[[Standard gravity|g]]'' used in [[Super Mario Bros.]]
===Anime===
* [http://www.abcb.com/laws/index.htm The Laws of Anime]
* [http://www.cs.utah.edu/~duongsaa/more_htm/jk_100animeRules.htm 100 Laws of Anime Physics]
* [http://www.animeinfo.org/animeu/phys101.html Animeinfo.org: Anime Physics]
===Other===
* [[Kent Pitman]]'s [http://www.anotherwayout.com/soap-opera-physics.html Theory of RelativeTV (Soap Opera Physics)]

{{Animation}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cartoon Physics}}
[[Category:Cartoon physics|*]]
[[Category:Clichés]]
[[Category:Fictional superhuman features or abilities]]
[[Category:Pseudophysics]]

[[da:Animationsfysik]]
[[it:Fisica dei cartoni animati]]
[[ja:マンガ物理学]]
[[ta:பகடிப்பட இயற்பியல்]]
[[zh:动画物理学]]

Roberto Clemente

2011-09-29T15:17:02Z

Crazycomputers: Reverted edits by 24.188.154.56 (talk) unexplained removal of content (HG)

{{Infobox MLB player
|name=Roberto Walker Clemente
|image=Roberto Clemente Pirates.jpg
|position=[[Right fielder]]
|bats=Right
|throws=Right
|birth_date={{birth date|mf=yes|1934|8|18}}
|birth_place=[[Carolina, Puerto Rico]]
|death_date={{death date and age|mf=yes|1972|12|31|1934|8|18}}
|death_place=Off the coast of [[San Juan, Puerto Rico]]
|debutdate=April 17
|debutyear=1955
|debutteam=Pittsburgh Pirates
|finaldate=October 3
|finalyear=1972
|finalteam=Pittsburgh Pirates
|stat1label=[[Batting average]]
|stat1value=.317
|stat2label=[[Hit (baseball)|Hits]]
|stat2value=3,000
|stat3label=[[Home run]]s
|stat3value=240
|stat4label=[[Run batted in|Runs batted in]]
|stat4value=1,305
|teams=<nowiki></nowiki>
* [[Pittsburgh Pirates]] ({{by|1955}}–{{by|1972}})
|highlights=<nowiki></nowiki>
* 15× [[Major League Baseball All-Star Game|All-Star]] ([[1960 Major League Baseball All-Star Game (first game)|1960]], [[1960 Major League Baseball All-Star Game (second game)|1960²]], [[1961 Major League Baseball All-Star Game (first game)|1961]], [[1961 Major League Baseball All-Star Game (second game)|1961²]], [[1962 Major League Baseball All-Star Game (first game)|1962]], [[1962 Major League Baseball All-Star Game (second game)|1962²]], [[1963 Major League Baseball All-Star Game|1963]], [[1964 Major League Baseball All-Star Game|1964]], [[1965 Major League Baseball All-Star Game|1965]], [[1966 Major League Baseball All-Star Game|1966]], [[1967 Major League Baseball All-Star Game|1967]], [[1969 Major League Baseball All-Star Game|1969]], [[1970 Major League Baseball All-Star Game|1970]], [[1971 Major League Baseball All-Star Game|1971]], [[1972 Major League Baseball All-Star Game|1972]])
* 2× [[World Series]] champion ({{wsy|1960}}, {{wsy|1971}})
* 12× [[Gold Glove Award]] winner (1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972)
* 1966 [[NL MVP]]
* 1971 [[World Series MVP]]
* 1971 [[Babe Ruth Award]]
* [[Pittsburgh Pirates#Retired numbers|Pittsburgh Pirates #21]] retired
|hofdate={{by|1973}}
|hofvote=92.7% (first ballot)
}}
'''Roberto Clemente Walker''' (August 18, 1934 – December 31, 1972) was a [[Puerto Rican people|Puerto Rican]] [[Major League Baseball]] [[right fielder]]. He was born in [[Carolina, Puerto Rico]], the youngest of seven children. Clemente played his entire 18-year baseball career with the [[Pittsburgh Pirates]] (1955–72). He was awarded the [[National League]]'s [[MLB Most Valuable Player Award|Most Valuable Player Award]] in 1966. Clemente was selected to participate in the league's All Star Game on 12 occasions. He won 12 [[Gold Glove Awards]] and he led the league in batting average in four different seasons. He was also involved in humanitarian work in Puerto Rico and other Latin American countries, often delivering baseball equipment and food to them. He died in an [[Aviation accidents and incidents|aviation accident]] on December 31, 1972, while en route to deliver aid to earthquake victims in [[Nicaragua]]. He was elected to the [[National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum|Hall of Fame]] posthumously in 1973, thus becoming the first Latin American to be selected and the only current Hall of Famer for whom the mandatory five-year waiting period has been waived since the wait was instituted in 1954. Clemente is also the first Hispanic player to win a World Series as a starter (1960), win a league MVP award (1966) and win a World Series MVP award (1971).

== Early life ==
Roberto was born in [[Carolina, Puerto Rico]], to Don Melchor Clemente and Luisa Walker. He was the youngest of seven siblings, having four brothers and two sisters. During his childhood, Don Melchor worked as foreman of the sugar crops located in the municipality.<ref>{{cite book|quote=Roberto's father, Don Melchor Clemente, worked as foreman in the sugar fields.|author=Paul Rober Walker |title=Pride of Puerto Rico: The life of Roberto Clemente |year=1988 |publisher=Harcourt Brace & Company |location=United States |isbn= 0-15-307557-0|pages=3 |chapter=The way of the Jibaro}}</ref> The family's resources were limited and Roberto had to work to earn money; this work included delivering milk cans to the family's neighbors. Clemente demonstrated interest in baseball early in his life and would often play against neighboring [[barrio]]s. He studied in Vizcarondo High School, a public school located in Carolina. During his first year in high school, he was recruited by Roberto Marin to play [[softball]] with the Sello Rojo team; Marin had taken interest in Clemente when he saw him playing baseball in Barrio [[San Antón|San Anton]].<ref>{{cite book|quote=For the next two years, Roberto played for the Sello Rojo softball team.|author=Paul Rober Walker |title=Pride of Puerto Rico: The life of Roberto Clemente |year=1988 |publisher=Harcourt Brace & Company |location=United States |isbn= 0-15-307557-0|pages=20 |chapter=Where Are You Going, Momen?}}</ref> He was with the team two years, playing shortstop. Clemente joined Puerto Rico's amateur league when he was sixteen years old; while there, he played for the Ferdinand Juncos team, which represented the municipality of [[Juncos, Puerto Rico|Juncos]].<ref>{{cite book|quote=When he was sixteen, he played for the Ferdinand Juncos team in the Puerto Rican amateur league.|author=Paul Rober Walker |title=Pride of Puerto Rico: The life of Roberto Clemente |year=1988 |publisher=Harcourt Brace & Company |location=United States |isbn= 0-15-307557-0|pages=20 |chapter=Where Are You Going, Momen?}}</ref>

On November 14, 1964, he married Vera Zabala at San Fernando Church in Carolina. The couple had three children: Roberto Jr., Luis Roberto and Enrique Roberto.

== Baseball career ==
Clemente's professional career began when Pedrín Zorilla offered him a contract with the [[Santurce Crabbers (baseball)|Santurce Crabbers]] of the [[Puerto Rican Professional Baseball League|LBBPR]].<ref>{{cite book|quote="Well, Marin," said señor Zorilla, "we can give him $400 bonus and maybe $ 40.00 a week until he learns to wear a uniform." |author=Paul Rober Walker |title=Pride of Puerto Rico: The life of Roberto Clemente |year=1988 |publisher=Harcourt Brace & Company |location=United States |isbn= 0-15-307557-0|pages=25 |chapter=Tell the Man I Will Sign}}</ref> He was a bench player during his first campaign, but was promoted to the team's starting lineup the following season. During this season he hit .288 as the team's leadoff hitter. While Clemente was playing in the LBBPR, the [[Brooklyn Dodgers]] offered him a contract with the team's [[AAA (baseball)|Triple-A]] subsidiary.<ref>{{cite book|quote="Roberto," said Pedrin Zorilla, "I have spoken with Mr. Campanis. The Dodgers would like to sign you to a contract with their Triple-A team in Montreal. They will pay you a signing bonus of $10,000 and a salary of $5,000 for the year"|author=Paul Rober Walker |title=Pride of Puerto Rico: The life of Roberto Clemente |year=1988 |publisher=Harcourt Brace & Company |location=United States |isbn= 0-15-307557-0|pages=33 |chapter=Wearing the Uniform}}</ref> He then moved to Montreal to play with the [[Montreal Royals]]. The climate and language differences affected Clemente early on, but he received the assistance of his teammate [[Joe Black]], who was able to speak Spanish. In 1954, [[Clyde Sukeforth]], a scout for the [[Pittsburgh Pirates]], noticed that Clemente was being used as a bench player for the team and discussed the possibility of drafting Clemente to the Pirates with the team's manager, [[Max Macon]].<ref>{{cite book|quote="I noticed you haven’t been playing Clemente much." Sukeforth smiled across the dinner table at Max Macon. The two men had known each other for years. There was no sense in trying to fool each other. "Well, I don’t care if you never play him" continued the Pittsburgh scout. "We’re going to finish last, and we’re going to draft him number one."|author=Paul Rober Walker |title=Pride of Puerto Rico: The life of Roberto Clemente |year=1988 |publisher=Harcourt Brace & Company |location=United States |isbn= 0-15-307557-0|pages= 41|chapter=It's For Your Own Good}}</ref> The Pirates selected Clemente as the first selection of the rookie draft that took place on November 22, 1954.

=== Pittsburgh Pirates ===
Clemente debuted with the Pittsburgh Pirates on April 17, 1955 in the first game of a double header against the Brooklyn Dodgers.<ref>{{cite book|quote=It was Sunday, April 17, 1955, and the Pittsburgh Pirates were playing the first game of a double-header against the Brooklyn Dodgers.[...] For Roberto Clemente it was his first time at bat in the major leagues.|author=Paul Rober Walker |title=Pride of Puerto Rico: The life of Roberto Clemente |year=1988 |publisher=Harcourt Brace & Company |location=United States |language= |isbn= 0-15-307557-0|pages= |chapter=I play like Roberto Clemente}}</ref> At the beginning of his time with the Pirates, he experienced frustration because of racial tension with the local media and some teammates.<ref>{{cite book|quote=Even on his own team, some of the players made fun of him and called him a "nigger." Roberto grew furious at their insults.|author=Paul Rober Walker |title=Pride of Puerto Rico: The life of Roberto Clemente |year=1988 |publisher=Harcourt Brace & Company |location=United States |language= |isbn= 0-15-307557-0|pages= |chapter=I play like Roberto Clemente}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|quote=There were other insults as well. In the newspapers, the writers called him a "Puerto Rican hot dog." When they quoted the things he said they exaggerated his accent.|author=Paul Rober Walker |title=Pride of Puerto Rico: The life of Roberto Clemente |year=1988 |publisher=Harcourt Brace & Company |location=United States |language= |isbn= 0-15-307557-0|pages= |chapter=I play like Roberto Clemente}}</ref> Clemente responded to this by stating, "I don’t believe in color".<ref name="valores"/> He noted that, during his upbringing, he was taught to never discriminate against someone based on ethnicity.<ref name="valores">{{cite book|quote="I don’t believe in color," Roberto said. "I believe in people. I always respect everyone and thanks to God my mother and my father taught me never to hate, never to dislike someone based of their color.|author=Paul Rober Walker |title=Pride of Puerto Rico: The life of Roberto Clemente |year=1988 |publisher=Harcourt Brace & Company |location=United States |language= |isbn= 0-15-307557-0|pages= |chapter=I play like Roberto Clemente}}</ref>

During the middle of the season, Clemente was involved in a car accident; this caused him to miss several games with an injury in his lower back.<ref>{{cite book|quote=To make matters worse, Roberto had to sit out many games because of pain in his lower back. During the winter, a drunken driver had rammed into his car at sixty miles per hour.|author=Paul Rober Walker |title=Pride of Puerto Rico: The life of Roberto Clemente |year=1988 |publisher=Harcourt Brace & Company |location=United States |language= |isbn= 0-15-307557-0|pages= |chapter=I play like Roberto Clemente}}</ref>
He finished his rookie season with an [[Batting average|average]] of .255, despite confronting trouble hitting certain types of pitches.<ref>{{cite book|quote=Roberto continued to struggle at the plate through-out his rookie season, finally finishing with a .255 average.|author=Paul Rober Walker |title=Pride of Puerto Rico: The life of Roberto Clemente |year=1988 |publisher=Harcourt Brace & Company |location=United States |language= |isbn= 0-15-307557-0|pages= |chapter=I play like Roberto Clemente}}</ref> His defensive skills, however, were highlighted during this season.<ref>{{cite book|quote=In the outfield, however, he quickly established himself as an outstanding performer.|author=Paul Rober Walker |title=Pride of Puerto Rico: The life of Roberto Clemente |year=1988 |publisher=Harcourt Brace & Company |location=United States |language= |isbn= 0-15-307557-0|pages= |chapter=I play like Roberto Clemente}}</ref>

During the off season, Clemente played with the Santurce Crabbers in the Puerto Rican baseball winter league, where he was already considered a star.<ref>{{cite book|quote=Once again he was playing for the Santurce Crabbers. In the winter league he was an established star.|author=Paul Rober Walker |title=Pride of Puerto Rico: The life of Roberto Clemente |year=1988 |publisher=Harcourt Brace & Company |location=United States |language= |isbn= 0-15-307557-0|pages= |chapter=I play like Roberto Clemente}}</ref>

=== The 1960s ===
The Pirates experienced several difficult seasons through the 1950s, although they did manage their first winning season since 1948 in 1959. During the winter season of 1958-59, Clemente didn't play winter baseball in Puerto Rico; instead, he served in the [[United States Marine Corps Reserves]]. He spent six months in his military commitment at [[Marine Corps Recruit Depot Parris Island|Parris Island]], [[South Carolina]], and [[Camp LeJeune]] in [[North Carolina]]. At Parris Island, Clemente received his basic training with Platoon 346 of the 3rd Recruit Battalion.<ref>"Clemente, The Passion and Grace of Baseball's Last Hero"; By: David Maraniss; pag. 88; Publisher: Simon & Schuster; ISBN 978-0-7432-1781-1</ref> In Camp Lejeune, he served as an [[infantryman]]. The rigorous training program helped Clemente physically; he added strength by gaining ten pounds and said his back troubles had disappeared.
[[File:RobertoClementeStatueatPNCPark.jpg|thumb|left|Statue of Clemente in Pittsburgh.]]
He remained in the reserves until September 1964.<ref>{{cite book|title=Clemente to Start Six-Month Marine Corps Hitch, October 4,|publisher=The Sporting News|date=September 24, 1958|pages=7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Buc Flyhawk Now Marine Rookie|publisher=The Sporting News|date=November 19, 1958|pages=13}}</ref><ref name="Marine">{{cite web|url=http://www.usmc-mccs.org/sports/hof/2003-clemente.cfm|title=Marine Corps Sports Hall of Fame: Roberto Clemente|accessdate=2007-12-17}}</ref> Early in the 1960 season, Clemente led the league, batting an average of .353 and scoring [[Run batted in|Runs Batted In]] (RBIs) in twenty-five out of twenty-seven games.<ref>{{cite book|quote=In May, while the Pirates were fighting the San Francisco Giants for first place, Roberto drove in 25 runs in 27 games. By the end of the month he was leading the league with a batting average of .353 and the Pirates were ahead of the Giants by one and a half games.|author=Paul Rober Walker|title=Pride of Puerto Rico: The life of Roberto Clemente|year=1988|publisher=Harcourt Brace & Company|location=United States |isbn= 0-15-307557-0|pages=63 |chapter=Beat 'Em, Bucs!}}</ref> Roberto's batting average stayed above the .300 mark throughout the course of the campaign. In August, he was inactive for five games as a result of an injury on his chin; he received this injury when his head impacted a concrete wall while he was trying to catch a hard line hit that reached the park's outer wall. Following this accident, he was transported to a local hospital, where the doctors stitched his chin; this prohibited him from playing until the injury was healed.<ref>{{cite book|quote=Roberto was rushed to the hospital in an ambulance. The doctors stitched up his jaw and he sat out the next five games waiting for it to heal|author=Paul Rober Walker |title=Pride of Puerto Rico: The life of Roberto Clemente |year=1988 |publisher=Harcourt Brace & Company |location=United States |isbn= 0-15-307557-0|pages=64 |chapter=Beat 'Em, Bucs!}}</ref> The Pirates compiled a 95-59 record during the regular season, winning the National League pennant, and defeated the [[New York Yankees]] in a seven-game [[1960 World Series|World Series]]. Clemente batted .310 in the series, hitting safely at least once in every game.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ahora.com.do/Edicion1250/SECCIONES/deportes.html|title=Roberto Clemente Un verdadero símbolo latinoamericano|author=Juan Mercado|publisher=[A] hora.com|accessdate=2007-12-10}}</ref> His .314 batting average, 16 home runs, and defense during the course of the season earned him his first participation in the [[Major League Baseball All-Star Game|All-Star game]], where he served as a reserve player.

During 1961 spring training, Clemente tried to modify his batting technique by using a heavier bat in order to slow the speed of his swing, following advice from Pirates' batting coach [[George Sisler]].<ref>{{cite book|quote=Now, in the spring of 1961, he made another improvement. He began using a heavier bat to slow down his swing and make better contact with the ball.|author=Paul Rober Walker |title=Pride of Puerto Rico: The life of Roberto Clemente |year=1988 |publisher=Harcourt Brace & Company |location=United States |isbn= 0-15-307557-0|pages=74 |chapter=Beat 'Em, Bucs!}}</ref> During the 1961 season, Clemente was selected as the starting right fielder for the National League in the All-Star game. In this game, he batted a triple on his first at-bat and scored the team's first run. With the American League ahead 4-3 in the tenth inning, Clemente hit a double that gave the National League a decisive 5-4 win.<ref>{{cite book|quote=Then he brought his bat around and smashed a line drive to right field. As Roberto raced for first, Willie Mays rounded third and headed for home. The National League had won by a score of 5-4!|author=Paul Rober Walker |title=Pride of Puerto Rico: The life of Roberto Clemente |year=1988 |publisher=Harcourt Brace & Company |location=United States |isbn= 0-15-307557-0|pages=77 |chapter=Beat 'Em, Bucs!}}</ref>

Following the season, he traveled to Puerto Rico along with [[Orlando Cepeda]], who was a native of [[Ponce, Puerto Rico|Ponce]]. When both players arrived, they were received by 18,000 people.<ref>{{cite book|quote=When the plane landed, Roberto and Cepeda received a hero's welcome. Eighteen thousand people stood cheering on the side of the road as they were driven from the airport to Sixto Escobar Stadium.|author=Paul Rober Walker |title=Pride of Puerto Rico: The life of Roberto Clemente |year=1988 |publisher=Harcourt Brace & Company |location=United States |isbn= 0-15-307557-0|pages=78–79 |chapter=Beat 'Em, Bucs!}}</ref> On November 14, 1964, Clemente married Vera Zabala. The ceremony took place in the church of San Fernando in Carolina and was attended by thousands of fanatics.<ref>{{cite book|quote=Thousands of people filled the plaza in Carolina on November 14, 1964. It was a beautiful sunny day., but they were not there for the sunshine. Inside the church of San Fernando, Roberto Clemente was marrying Vera Zabala.|author=Paul Rober Walker |title=Pride of Puerto Rico: The life of Roberto Clemente |year=1988 |publisher=Harcourt Brace & Company |location=United States |isbn= 0-15-307557-0|pages=84 |chapter=It Is My Life}}</ref> During this time, he was also involved in managing the ''Senadores de San Juan'' in the LBPPR, as well as playing with the team during the Major League offseason. During the course of the winter league, Clemente was injured and only participated as a pinch hitter in the league's All-Star game. He experienced a complication on his injury during the course of this game and underwent surgery shortly after being carried off of the playing field.<ref>{{cite book|quote=The injury had not affected his swing, and he smashed a hard line drive to right field. But as he limped to first base, his leg collapsed beneath him. He was rushed to the hospital, and a few days later, the doctors cut open his leg to drain a pool of blood in his thigh.|author=Paul Rober Walker |title=Pride of Puerto Rico: The life of Roberto Clemente |year=1988 |publisher=Harcourt Brace & Company |location=United States |isbn= 0-15-307557-0|pages=85 |chapter=It Is My Life}}</ref>

This condition limited his role with the Pirates in the first half of the 1965 season, during which he batted an average of .257. He was inactive for several games during this stage of the campaign before being fully active; when he returned to the starting lineup, he hit in thirty-three out of thirty-four games and his average improved to .340.<ref>{{cite book|quote=Clemente was back and so were the Pirates. Roberto hit safely in 33 out of 34 games, raising his average all the way up to .340.|author=Paul Rober Walker |title=Pride of Puerto Rico: The life of Roberto Clemente |year=1988 |publisher=Harcourt Brace & Company |location=United States |isbn= 0-15-307557-0|pages=88–89 |chapter=It Is My Life}}</ref> Roberto and Vera had their first son on August 17, 1965, when [[Roberto Clemente, Jr.]] was born; he was the first of three children, along with Luis Roberto and Enrique Roberto.<ref>{{cite book|quote=On August 17, 1965, while Roberto Sr. was chasing his third batting title, Vera gave birth to Roberto Jr.|author=Paul Rober Walker |title=Pride of Puerto Rico: The life of Roberto Clemente |year=1988 |publisher=Harcourt Brace & Company |location=United States |isbn= 0-15-307557-0|pages=90 |chapter=MVP}}</ref> During the 1960s, he batted over .300 in every year except 1968, when he hit .291.<ref name="ESPN">{{cite web|title=ESPN - Roberto Clemente MLB Career Stats - Major League Baseball|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/alltime/playercard?playerId=2482&type=0|publisher=ESPN|accessdate=2007-12-09}}</ref> He was selected to every All-Star game, and he was given a [[Gold Glove Award|Gold Glove]] every season from 1961 onwards.<ref name="ESPN"/> He led the National League in batting average four times (1961, 1964, 1965, and 1967), led the National League in hits twice (1964 and 1967), and won the Most Valuable Player award in the 1966 season, when he hit .317 while setting career highs in home runs (29) and RBI (119).<ref name="ESPN"/> In 1967, he registered a career high .357 average and hit twenty-three home runs and 110 runs batted in.<ref name="ESPN"/>

=== The 1970s ===
{{ external media
| align = center
| audio1 = You may watch Roberto Clemente's hit number 3,000 [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XsmqqPxb_xM '''here''']
}}
The 1970 season was the last one that the Pittsburgh Pirates played in [[Forbes Field]] before moving to [[Three Rivers Stadium]]; for Clemente, abandoning this stadium was an emotional situation. The Pirates' final game at Forbes Field took place on June 28, 1970. That day, Clemente noted that it was hard to play in a different field, saying, "I spent half my life there".<ref>{{cite book|quote=On June 28, 1970, the Pittsburgh Pirates played their last game at Forbes Field. For Roberto it was an emotional moment. "I spent half my life there", he said.|author=Paul Rober Walker |title=Pride of Puerto Rico: The life of Roberto Clemente |year=1988 |publisher=Harcourt Brace & Company |location=United States |isbn= 0-15-307557-0|pages=106 |chapter=I Don't Have The Words}}</ref> The night of July 4, 1970 was declared "Roberto Clemente Night"; on this day, several Puerto Rican fans traveled to Three Rivers Stadium and cheered Clemente while wearing traditional Puerto Rican indumentary. A ceremony to honor Clemente took place, during which he received a scroll with 300,000 signatures compiled in Puerto Rico, and several thousands of dollars were donated to charity work following Clemente's request.<ref>{{cite book|quote=A young Puerto Rican businessman named Juan Jiménez presented Roberto with a scroll containing 300,000 signatures from the people of Puerto Rico.|author=Paul Rober Walker |title=Pride of Puerto Rico: The life of Roberto Clemente |year=1988 |publisher=Harcourt Brace & Company |location=United States |isbn= 0-15-307557-0|pages=107 |chapter=I Don't Have The Words}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|quote=At Roberto's request, thousands of dollars were donated to help the crippled children at Pittsburgh's Children's Hospital.|author=Paul Rober Walker |title=Pride of Puerto Rico: The life of Roberto Clemente |year=1988 |publisher=Harcourt Brace & Company |location=United States |isbn= 0-15-307557-0|pages=108 |chapter=I Don't Have The Words}}</ref>

During the 1970 campaign, Clemente compiled an average of .352; the Pirates won the [[National League East]] pennant but were subsequently eliminated by the [[Cincinnati Reds]]. In the offseason, Clemente experienced some tense situations while he was working as manager of the Senators and when his father, Melchor Clemente, experienced medical problems and was subjected to a surgery.<ref>{{cite book|quote=That winter, Roberto had other concerns as well. Don Melchor fell seriously ll and had to have surgery.|author=Paul Rober Walker |title=Pride of Puerto Rico: The life of Roberto Clemente |year=1988 |publisher=Harcourt Brace & Company |location=United States |isbn= 0-15-307557-0|pages=111–112|chapter=I Don't Have The Words}}</ref>

In the 1971 season, the Pirates won the National League pennant and faced the Baltimore Orioles in the [[1971 World Series|World Series]]. Baltimore had won 100 games and swept the [[American League Championship Series]], both for the third consecutive year, and were the defending World Series champions. The Orioles won the first two games in the series, but Pittsburgh won the championship in seven games. This marked the second occasion that Clemente had won a World Series with the Pirates. Over the course of the series, Clemente batted a .414 average (12 hits in 29 [[at bat|at-bats]]), performed well defensively, and hit a solo home run in the deciding 2-1 seventh game victory.<ref name="ESPN 2"/> Following the conclusion of the season, he received the World Series Most Valuable Player award. Struggling with injuries, Clemente only managed to appear in 102 games in 1972, but he still hit .312 for his final .300 season.<ref name="ESPN 2"/> On September 30, in a game at Three Rivers Stadium, he hit a [[double (baseball)|double]] off [[Jon Matlack]] of the [[New York Mets]] for his 3,000th hit.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mlb.mlb.com/mlb/official_info/community/clemente.jsp|title=Roberto Clemente Award|publisher=Major League Baseball|accessdate=2007-12-09}}</ref> It was the last at-bat of his career during a regular season, though he did play in the 1972 NLCS playoffs against the Cincinnati Reds.<ref name="ESPN 2">{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/classic/biography/s/Clemente_Roberto.html|title=Clemente quietly grew in stature |author=Larry Schwartz |publisher=ESPN|accessdate=2007-12-09}}</ref> In the playoffs, he batted .235 as he went 4 for 17. His last game ever was at Cincinnati's [[Riverfront Stadium]] in the fifth game of the playoff series.

== Death in airplane accident ==
Clemente spent much of his time during the off-season involved in charity work. When [[Managua]], the capital city of [[Nicaragua]], was affected by a [[1972 Nicaragua earthquake|massive earthquake]] on December 23, 1972, Clemente (who had been visiting Managua three weeks before the quake) immediately set to work arranging emergency relief flights.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/kids/dreamteam/robertoclemente.html|title=White House Dream Team: Roberto Walker Clemente|publisher=White House|accessdate=2007-12-09}}</ref> He soon learned, however, that the aid packages on the first three flights had been diverted by corrupt officials of the [[Anastasio Somoza Debayle|Somoza]] government, never reaching victims of the quake.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archivo.elnuevodiario.com.ni/2004/diciembre/11-diciembre-2004/nacional/nacional-20041211-15.html|title=El vuelo solidario y temerario de Clemente|publisher=El Nuevo Diario|accessdate=2007-12-09}}</ref>

Clemente decided to accompany the fourth relief flight, hoping that his presence would ensure that the aid would be delivered to the survivors.<ref name="Gale">{{cite web|url=http://www.galegroup.com/free_resources/chh/bio/clemente_r.htm|title=Hispanic Heritage: Roberto Clemente|publisher=Gale Gengage Learning|accessdate=2007-12-09}}</ref> The airplane he chartered for a New Year's Eve flight, a [[Douglas DC-7]], had a history of mechanical problems and sub-par flight personnel, and it was overloaded by 5,000 pounds.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.latinosportslegends.com/Clemente-search.htm| title=Searching for the great Roberto Clemente| publisher=Latinosportslegends.com| date=2002-12-31| accessdate=2010-07-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1998/jan/04/sports/sp-9152|title=Clemente Remains Special to Ex-Mates|first=Hal|last=Bock|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=January 4, 1998|accessdate=June 29, 2010}}</ref> It crashed into the ocean off the coast of [[Isla Verde, Puerto Rico]] immediately after takeoff on December 31, 1972.<ref name="Latino Legends">{{cite web|url=http://www.latinosportslegends.com/clemente.htm|title=Roberto Clemente|publisher=Latino Legends in Sports|accessdate=2007-12-09}}</ref> A few days after the crash, the body of the pilot and part of the fuselage of the plane were found. An empty flight case apparently belonging to Clemente was the only personal item recovered from the plane. Clemente's teammate and close friend [[Manny Sanguillen]] was the only member of the Pirates not to attend Roberto's memorial service. The catcher chose instead to dive into the waters where Clemente's plane had crashed in an effort to find his teammate. Clemente's body was never recovered.<ref name="Latino Legends"/>

At the time of his death, Clemente had established several records with the Pirates, including most triples in a game (three) and hits in two consecutive games (ten),.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pittsburgh.pirates.mlb.com/pit/history/single_game_records.jsp|title=Pirates Single Game Records|publisher=Pittsburgh Pirates|accessdate=2008-01-09}}</ref> These include tying the record for most [[Gold Glove Award]]s won among outfielders with twelve, which he shares with [[Willie Mays]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://baseball-almanac.com/awards/aw_ggnl.shtml|title=Gold Glove National League Outfielders|publisher=Baseball Almanac|accessdate=2008-01-09}}</ref> He also became the only player to have ever hit a [[Walk-off home run|walk-off]] [[Home run#Inside-the-park home run|inside-the-park]] [[Grand slam (baseball)|grand slam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://leftfield.homestead.com/roberto_clemente.html|title=Roberto Clemente Presente!|publisher=leftfield.com|accessdate=2007-12-16}}</ref> He accomplished this historic baseball-event on July 25, 1956 in a 9-8 Pittsburgh win against the [[Chicago Cubs]], at [[Forbes Field]]. In addition, he was one of four players to have ten or more Gold Gloves and a lifetime batting average of over .300.

== Posthumous honors ==
[[File:Roberto Clemente Coliseum.JPG|right|200px|thumb|Roberto Clemente Coliseum]]
{{MLBBioRet
|Image = Pirates Roberto Clemente.png
|Name = Roberto Clemente
|Number = 21
|Team = Pittsburgh Pirates
|Year = 1973
|}}
On March 20, [[1973 in baseball|1973]], the [[Baseball Writers Association of America]] held a special election for the [[National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum|Baseball Hall of Fame]]. They voted to waive the waiting period for Clemente, due to the circumstances of his death, and posthumously elected him for induction into the Hall of Fame, giving him 393 of the 420 available votes, or 92% of the vote. Clemente's Hall of Fame plaque had originally read "Roberto Walker Clemente". In 2000, the plaque was recast to express his name in the proper Hispanic format, "Roberto Clemente Walker".<ref>{{cite web| title=Roberto Clemente Plaque is Recast to Correct Cultural Inaccuracy; New One Travels to Puerto Rico (November, 2000)| url= http://209.23.71.87/whats_new/press_releases/2000/pr2000_09_19.htm| publisher=National Hall of Fame and Museum| date=2000-09-18| accessdate=2008-02-03|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20030428013259/http://209.23.71.87/whats_new/press_releases/2000/pr2000_09_19.htm |archivedate = April 28, 2003}}</ref>

MLB presents the [[Roberto Clemente Award]] every year to the player who best follows Clemente's example with humanitarian work.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.baseballhalloffame.org/news/article.jsp?ymd=20070906&content_id=4991&vkey=hof_news|title=Baseball honors Roberto Clemente|author=Marc Zarefsku|publisher=National Baseball Hall of Fame|date=2007-09-06|accessdate=2007-12-10|archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080207084045/http://www.baseballhalloffame.org/news/article.jsp?ymd=20070906&content_id=4991&vkey=hof_news |archivedate = February 7, 2008}}</ref> In 1973, Clemente was awarded the [[Congressional Gold Medal]] and the first [[Presidential Citizens Medal]]. In 2002, he was awarded the [[Presidential Medal of Freedom]]. In 2003, he was inducted into the [[United States Marine Corps]] Sports Hall of Fame.<ref name="Marine"/> On October 26, 2005, Clemente was named a member of Major League Baseball's [[Latino Legends Team]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://houston.astros.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20051026&content_id=1260107&vkey=printer_friendly&fext=.jsp&c_id=mlb|title=Latino Legends team announced|author=Jesses Sanchez|publisher=Major League Baseball|date=2005-10-26|accessdate=2007-12-10}}</ref> At the [[Major League Baseball]] [[Major League Baseball All-Star Game|All-Star game]] in [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]] on July 11, 2006, many of the players on both teams wore yellow wristbands with the initials "RCW" in honor of Clemente. At the end of the fourth inning, Clemente was awarded the Commissioner's Historical Achievement Award by the Commissioner of Baseball; the award was accepted by his widow.<ref name="AS 2006">{{cite web|url=http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20060711&content_id=1553135&vkey=allstar2006&fext=.jsp|title=Baseball honors Clemente|author=Barry M. Bloom|publisher=Major League Baseball|date=2006-07-12|accessdate=2007-12-10}}</ref> During the award presentation, the [[Commissioner of Baseball]] [[Bud Selig]] stated that "Roberto was a hero in every sense of the word".<ref name="AS 2006"/>

[[PNC Park]], the home ballpark of the Pirates which opened in 2001, includes a right field wall {{convert|21|ft|m}} high, in reference to Clemente's uniform number and his normal fielding position during his years with the Pirates.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://pittsburgh.pirates.mlb.com/pit/ballpark/index.jsp| title=PNC Park Overview| publisher=Major League Baseball| accessdate=2008-04-16}}</ref> The Pirates originally erected a statue in memory of Clemente at [[Three Rivers Stadium]], an honor previously awarded to [[Honus Wagner]]. The statue was moved to [[PNC Park]] when it opened, and stands at the corner near the [[Roberto Clemente Bridge]]. There was talk of the team even naming PNC Park after Clemente, but despite popular sentiment, the team chose instead to sell the [[naming rights]] to locally-based [[PNC Financial Services]], with the bridge being renamed after him considered a compromise.<ref>http://www.pittsburghsportsreport.com/1998-Issues/psr9809/98090106.html</ref>

[[File:PresMedalFreedom.jpg|thumb|80px|left|Presidential Medal of Freedom]]
Puerto Rico has honored Clemente's memory by naming the coliseum in San Juan the [[Roberto Clemente Coliseum]]; two baseball parks are in Carolina, the professional one, [[Roberto Clemente Stadium]], and the Double-A. There is also the Escuela de los Deportes (School of Sports) that has the Double-A baseball park. Today, this sports complex is called ''Ciudad Deportiva Roberto Clemente''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rcsc21.com/index.php?page=homepage|title=Bienvenidos|publisher=Ciudad Deportiva Roberto Clemente (official website)|accessdate=2007-12-10}}</ref> In Pittsburgh, the [[Roberto Clemente Bridge|6th Street Bridge]] was renamed in his memory, and the Pirates [[Squad number#Retired numbers|retired]] his number 21 at the start of the 1973 season.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.post-gazette.com/regionstate/19990408clemente3.asp|title=Clemente's family helps to christen renamed bridge|author=Johnna A.|publisher=post-gazette.com|date=1999-04-08|accessdate=2007-12-10}}</ref> The City of Pittsburgh maintains [[Roberto Clemente Memorial Park]] along North Shore Drive in the city's North Side which includes a bronze relief by sculptor [[Eleanor Milleville]]. In 2007, the [[Roberto Clemente Museum]] opened in the [[Lawrenceville (Pittsburgh)|Lawrenceville]] section of Pittsburgh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/07204/803776-63.stm|title=Clemente Museum brightens Lower Lawrenceville outlook|author=Diana Nelson Jones|publisher=The Pittsburgh Gazette|date=2007-07-23|accessdate=2007-12-10}}</ref> Near the old [[Forbes Field]] where he began his pro career the city of Pittsburgh has renamed a street in his honor. In 1973, the state of New York opened [[Roberto Clemente State Park]] in [[The Bronx]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://nysparks.state.ny.us/parks/140/details.aspx| title=State Parks : Roberto Clemente State Park| publisher=New York State Office of Parks, Recreation & Historic Preservation| accessdate=2009-10-10}}</ref> Some schools, such as [[Roberto Clemente High School]] in [[Chicago, Illinois]] the [[Roberto Clemente Charter School]] in [[Allentown, Pennsylvania]] and Roberto Clemente Academy in [[Detroit, Michigan]], were named in his honor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clementehs.org/|title=About Us|publisher=Roberto Clemente Community Academy|accessdate=2007-12-10}}</ref> Clemente was inducted into the Hispanic Heritage Baseball Museum Hall of Fame. There's also a [[Roberto Clemente Stadium (Nicaragua)|Roberto Clemente Stadium]] in [[Masaya]], [[Nicaragua]]. There's also a middle school in [[Gaithersburg]],[[Maryland]] called [[Roberto W. Clemente Middle School]]

On August 17, 1984, the day before what would have been his 50th birthday, the [[United States Postal Service]] issued a [[postage stamp]] honoring Clemente.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hispanianews.com/archive/2001/April13/04.htm|title=National Postal Museum to feature Roberto Clemente Walker|publisher=Hispania News|accessdate=2007-12-10}}</ref> Designed by Juan Lopez-Bonilla, the spare clean design shows Clemente wearing his Pirates cap, with the Puerto Rican flag in the background. In 1999, he ranked Number 20 on ''[[The Sporting News]]''' list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players, the highest-ranking Latino player on the list.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.sportingnews.com/baseball/100/index-1.html|title=The Sporting News Baseball 100 Greatest Players|publisher=The Sporting News|accessdate=2007-12-09}}</ref> Later that year, Clemente was nominated as a finalist for the [[Major League Baseball All-Century Team]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://static.espn.go.com/mlb/news/1999/1023/129008.html|title=All-Century Team final voting|publisher=ESPN|date=1999-10-23|accessdate=2009-03-05}}</ref> As part of the Golden Anniversary of the Rawlings Gold Glove Award, Clemente was selected to the [[Rawlings Gold Glove Award#All-time Gold Glove Team|All-Time Rawlings Gold Glove Team]].<ref>[http://www.rawlingsgoldglove.com/about/all_time_winners Roberto Clemente at the Rawlings All Time Gold Glove Award winners]</ref>

Clemente's #21 remains active in Major League Baseball, and is worn by multiple players. Sammy Sosa wore #21 throughout his career as a tribute to his childhood hero.<ref>{{cite news | last = Cunniff | first = Bill | title = Sosa plays host at party at his island mansion | page = 3 | work = Chicago Sun-Times | date = 1999-11-26 | url = http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&p_theme=cstb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB424463A5BF794&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM | accessdate = 2008-10-04 }}</ref> The number is unofficially retired in the [[Puerto Rico Baseball League]]. While the topic of retiring #21 throughout Major League Baseball like Jackie Robinson's #42 has been broached, and supported by groups such as Hispanics Across America, Jackie Robinson's daughter disagrees, believing that Major League Baseball should honor him another way.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sharon Robinson: honor Clemente some other way|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/print?id=2304057&type=story|publisher=[[ESPN]] |date=January 24, 2006 |accessdate=2009-08-17 |agency=[[Associated Press]]|quote=The daughter of Jackie Robinson thinks Major League Baseball should not retire Roberto Clemente's No. 21, the [[New York Daily News]] reported Tuesday. The Hispanics Across America advocacy group wants Clemente's number set aside the way the late Robinson's No. 42 was nine years ago. But Sharon Robinson said that honor should remain for her father only.
}}</ref>

=== Biographies and documentaries ===
Clemente's life has been the subject of numerous books, articles and documentaries. [[David Maraniss]] wrote a book titled ''Clemente: The Passion and Grace of Baseball's Last Hero'', which was published in 2006. Clemente is also the subject of a one-hour biography as part of the [[Public Broadcasting Service]] history series, [[American Experience]] which premiered on April 21, 2008.<ref name="PBS">{{cite web| url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/clemente/| title=American Experience: Roberto Clemente| publisher=[[Public Broadcasting Service]]| accessdate=2008-07-29}}</ref> The film is directed by Bernardo Ruiz, narrated by [[Jimmy Smits]] and features interviews with Vera Clemente, [[Orlando Cepeda]] and [[George F. Will]].<ref name="PBS"/> The production received an [[ALMA Award]]. In 2011 ''[http://www.21comix.com/ 21: The Story of Roberto Clemente]'' was released, a graphic novel by Wilfred Santiago detailing Clemente's life in a comic-book format.

There is also a movie, called [[Chasing 3000]] based on a true story of two kids named Mickey (played by [[Ray Liotta]], [[Trevor Morgan]] and [[Blake Woodyard]]) and Roger (played by [[Jay Karnes]], [[Rory Culkin]] and [[Nicholas Brady]]) as they go on an adventure to travel across America to see Roberto Clemente's 3000th hit.

== Career statistics ==
''Offensive''
{|cellpadding=3 cellspacing=0 border=1 width=400
|- align=center
|[[Games played|G]]
|[[At bat|AB]]
|[[Run (baseball)|R]]
|[[Hit (baseball)|H]]
|[[Double (baseball)|2B]]
|[[Triple (baseball)|3B]]
|[[Home run|HR]]
|[[Run batted in|RBI]]
|[[Stolen base|SB]]
|[[Base on balls|BB]]
|[[Strikeout|SO]]
|[[Batting average|BA]]
|[[On-base percentage|OBP]]
|[[Slugging percentage|SLG]]
|[[On-base plus slugging|OPS]]
|- align=center
|2433
|9454
|1416
|3000
|440
|166
|240
|1305
|83
|621
|1230
|.317
|.359
|.475
|.834
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal box|Puerto Rico|Pittsburgh|Baseball|United States Marine Corps|Biography}}
* [[Roberto Clemente Museum]]
* [[List of players from Puerto Rico in Major League Baseball|Players from Puerto Rico in MLB]]
* [[List of Puerto Ricans]]
* [[Black history in Puerto Rico|Afro-Puerto Ricans]]
* [[List of top 300 Major League Baseball home run hitters]]
* [[List of Major League Baseball players with 400 doubles]]
* [[List of Major League Baseball players with 100 triples]]
* [[List of Major League Baseball players with 1000 runs]]
* [[List of Major League Baseball players with 1000 RBI]]
* [[3000 hit club]]
* [[List of Major League Baseball batting champions]]
* [[List of Major League Baseball triples champions]]
*[[Hispanics in the United States Marine Corps]]
{{clear}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{wikiquote}}
* {{baseballstats |br=c/clemero01 |fangraphs=1002340 |cube=roberto-clemente}}
*{{bbhof|clemente-roberto}}
* [http://www.latinosportslegends.com/clemente.htm Latino Sports Legends]
* [http://bioproj.sabr.org/bioproj.cfm?a=v&v=l&bid=1255&pid=2553 Society of American Baseball Research BioProject biography of Clemente]
* [http://baseball-almanac.com/players/player.php?p=clemero01 Baseball-almanac]
* [http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=3844 The American Presidency Project - ''Remarks at a Ceremony Honoring Roberto Clemente. May 14, 1973'']

{{s-start-collapsible|header={{s-ach}}}}
{{succession box |title=[[List of Major League Baseball batting champions|National League Batting Champion]] |before= [[Dick Groat]] [[Tommy Davis]] [[Matty Alou]] |years=1961 1964–1965 1967 |after= [[Tommy Davis]] [[Matty Alou]] [[Pete Rose]]}}
{{succession box |before = [[Willie Mays]] |title = [[MLB Most Valuable Player Award|National League Most Valuable Player]]|years = 1966 |after = [[Orlando Cepeda]]}}
{{succession box |before = [[Eddie Mathews]] [[Pete Rose]] [[Ron Santo]] |title = [[MLB Player of the Month|Major League Player of the Month]]|years = May 1960 May 1967 July 1969 |after = [[Lindy McDaniel]] [[Hank Aaron]] [[Willie Davis (baseball player)|Willie Davis]]}}
{{succession box |before = [[Brooks Robinson]] |title = [[World Series MVP Award|World Series MVP]]|years = [[1971 World Series|1971]] |after = [[Gene Tenace]]}}
{{succession box |before = [[Brooks Robinson]] |title = [[Babe Ruth Award]] |years = [[1971 in baseball|1971]] |after = [[Gene Tenace]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Pittsburgh Pirates}}
{{1960 Pittsburgh Pirates}}
{{1971 Pittsburgh Pirates}}
{{MLBLLT}}
{{World Series MVPs}}
{{NL OF Gold Glove Award}}
{{NL MVPs}}
{{Babe Ruth Award}}
{{3000 hit club}}
{{Pirates Retired Numbers}}
{{1973 Baseball HOF}}
{{Baseball Hall of Fame outfielders}}

{{good article}}

{{Persondata
|NAME = Roberto Clemente Walker
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Roberto Walker Clemente (common misspelling used in the original Hall of Fame plaque)
|SHORT DESCRIPTION = Puerto Rican professional baseball player, Major League Baseball Hall of Famer
|DATE OF BIRTH = August 18, 1934
|PLACE OF BIRTH = Carolina, Puerto Rico
|DATE OF DEATH = December 31, 1972
|PLACE OF DEATH = Atlantic ocean, off the coast of San Juan, Puerto Rico
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Clemente, Roberto}}
[[Category:People from Carolina, Puerto Rico]]
[[Category:National Baseball Hall of Fame inductees]]
[[Category:Major League Baseball right fielders]]
[[Category:Pittsburgh Pirates players]]
[[Category:National League All-Stars]]
[[Category:Major League Baseball players from Puerto Rico]]
[[Category:Gold Glove Award winners]]
[[Category:National League batting champions]]
[[Category:United States Marines]]
[[Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients]]
[[Category:Presidential Citizens Medal recipients]]
[[Category:Congressional Gold Medal recipients]]
[[Category:Puerto Rican Marines]]
[[Category:Puerto Rican military personnel]]
[[Category:Puerto Rican people of African descent]]
[[Category:Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in Puerto Rico]]
[[Category:Major League Baseball players with retired numbers]]
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:1972 deaths]]
[[Category:Missing air passengers]]

{{Link GA|es}}
[[es:Roberto Clemente]]
[[fr:Roberto Clemente]]
[[ko:로베르토 클레멘테]]
[[it:Roberto Clemente]]
[[ja:ロベルト・クレメンテ]]
[[pt:Roberto Clemente]]
[[zh:羅伯托·克萊門特]]

Peter Gotti

2011-09-28T23:24:30Z

Crazycomputers: Reverted edits by 84.229.85.120 (talk) to last revision by Materialscientist (HG)

{{Infobox criminal
| name = Peter Gotti
| image_name = PeterGotti.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1939|10|15}}
| birth_place = [[The Bronx]], [[New York City]], [[New York]], [[United States]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| charge = Attempted extortion, [[Conspiracy (crime)|conspiracy]], [[extortion]], [[money laundering]]
| conviction_penalty = [[Life imprisonment]]
| conviction_status = Incarcerated
| occupation = Caretaker of the Bergin Hunt and Fish Club, [[Crime boss]], [[Criminal]], [[Gangster]], [[Mafioso]], [[Mobster]], [[Racketeer]], [[Sanitation worker]]
| religion = [[Roman Catholic]]
| spouse = Catherine Gotti (1960-2002, divorced)
| children =
| nickname = "One Eyed Pete", "Petey Boy", "One Eye"
}}

'''Peter Gotti,''' also known as "One Eyed Pete", "Petey Boy", "One Eye" (born November 15, 1939), is a New York mobster who is the former boss of the [[Gambino crime family]] and the older brother of deceased Gambino [[crime boss|boss]] [[John Gotti]].

==Background==
Peter Gotti was born to John and Fannie Gotti. Peter's brothers included Gambino boss [[John Gotti]], capo [[Gene Gotti]], capo [[Richard V. Gotti]], and soldier Vincent Gotti. Peter is the father of [[Peter Gotti Jr.]]. Peter Gotti has a wife Catherine; they live in [[Howard Beach, Queens]]. Peter's nickname "One Eye" derives from blindness from [[glaucoma]] in one eye.<ref>[http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/2002/06/05/2002-06-05_nab_newest_gambino_crime_boss.html "NAB NEWEST GAMBINO CRIME BOSS"] By JOHN MARZULLI New York Daily News June 5th 2002</ref>

Around 1960, at age 21, Peter Gotti started working as an associate for the Gambino family. In 1988, at age 49, the family inducted Peter Gotti as a full member, or [[made man]]. John Gotti did not believe his brother Peter had the ability to belong to [[Cosa Nostra]], which may have led to Peter's reputation as "the Dumbest Don." John Gotti designated Peter as caretaker of the [[Bergin Hunt and Fish Club]], and as a driver for John and Gene. In 1989, Peter was promoted to [[capo (Mafia)|capo]].

Like his father, Peter Gotti had a legitimate job as a sanitation worker for the [[New York City Department of Sanitation]]. Peter eventually retired from the Sanitation Department with a disability pension after injuring his head against the back end of a garbage truck.<ref name="dumbest"/> This accident generated many jokes at the Bergin about how the accident occurred to the one part of Peter's anatomy certain to sustain no lasting damage.{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}

==Rise to leadership==

Despite everyone's low expectations for Peter Gotti, he was soon fulfilling a more important role in the family. When John and Gene Gotti went to prison, Peter started relaying messages from the two leaders to the rest of the family. In 1999, Gambino acting boss [[John A. Gotti]], Peter's nephew was sent to prison and Peter became the new acting boss, with assistance from [[caporegime|capos]] [[Nicholas Corozzo|Nicholas "Little Nick" Corozzo]], a former rival of John Gotti and [[Jackie D'Amico|John "Jackie Nose" D'Amico]], a longtime Gotti associate. The three mobsters formed a "Committee" which ran the day-to-day operations of the Family. Sometime in late 2001 or early 2002, with ''official boss'' John Gotti dying in prison, Peter became the new ''sitting'' or ''official'' boss.

==Conviction and Prison==

In June 2002, a few days before his brother John's death, Peter Gotti was indicted on federal [[racketeering]] charges. During Peter Gotti's trial, federal prosecutors released information revealing that Peter was having an affair with Marjorie Alexander, a longtime girlfriend. Alexander then publicly acknowledged the liaison and declared her love for Peter. In response, Peter berated Alexander for causing the publicity and broke off all contact with her.<ref name="dumbest">[http://www.printthis.clickability.com/pt/cpt?action=cpt&title=The+Dumbest+Don&expire=&urlID=20045569&fb=Y&url=http%3A%2F%2Fnymag.com%2Fnymetro%2Fnews%2Fcrimelaw%2Ffeatures%2F10869%2F%23&partnerID=73272 "The Dumbest Don"] by By John Lombardi New York Magazine May 21, 2005</ref> Alexander later committed suicide. During this time Catherine Gotti, Peter's wife of 42 years, filed for divorce.

In 2003, Peter Gotti was convicted of extortion and money laundering activities centered on the [[Brooklyn]] and [[Staten Island]] waterfronts, and for the attempted extortion of film actor [[Steven Seagal]]. Judge [[Frederic Block]] of the [[United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York]] also sentenced Gotti to 9 years and 4 months in prison on April 15, 2004 for the money laundering and racketeering charges.<ref name="boss"/> Peter received over 20 years in prison. On December 22, 2004, Peter was convicted of extortion in the construction industry and for plotting to murder government informant and former Gambino underboss [[Sammy Gravano|Salvatore "Sammy the Bull" Gravano]].<ref>{{cite news|last=McFadden|first=Robert D.|title=Peter Gotti Is Found Guilty In Murder and Racket Case|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C00E7DC1130F930A15751C1A9629C8B63|accessdate=January 20, 2011|newspaper=The New York Times|date=December 23, 2004|author2=Lueck, Thomas J.}}</ref> Judge [[Richard C. Casey]] on July 27, 2005 sentenced Gotti to 25 years in prison regarding those charges.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mafia boss Peter Gotti sentenced to 25 years|url=http://www.mg.co.za/article/2005-07-28-mafia-boss-peter-gotti-sentenced-to-25-years|accessdate=January 20, 2011|newspaper=Mail & Guardian|date=July 28, 2005|agency=Agence France-Presse}}</ref>

Peter Gotti is imprisoned at the [[Federal Correctional Institution]] (FCI) in [[Terre Haute, Indiana]]. His projected release date, if he survives, is May 5, 2032.<ref>[http://www.bop.gov/locations/institutions/tha/index.jsp Bureau of Prisons Inmate Locator]</ref> During his last trial, lawyers stated that Peter Gotti was blind in one eye and suffered from [[thyroid]] [[goiter]], [[sciatica]], [[emphysema]], [[rheumatoid arthritis]], [[postconcussion syndrome]], and [[Clinical depression|depression]].<ref name="boss">{{cite news|last=Newman|first=Andy|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2004/04/16/nyregion/gambino-crime-boss-or-not-peter-gotti-gets-9-year-term.html|title=Gambino Crime Boss or Not, Peter Gotti Gets 9-Year Term|work=The New York Times|date=April 16, 2004|accessdate=January 20, 2011}}</ref>

In July 2011 Gangland writer [[Jerry Capeci]] reported that [[Domenico Cefalu]] had formally replaced Gotti as official Gambino boss.<ref>{{cite news |title= Wiseguy Sicilian Domenico Cefalu takes reins of Gambino crime family, once ruled by Gottis|author= John Marzulli|url= http://www.nydailynews.com/news/ny_crime/the_mob/2011/07/29/2011-07-29_wiseguy_sicilian_the_capo_of_the_gambinos.html|newspaper= New York Daily News|date= 2011-07-29|accessdate=July 29, 2011}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Mob Star: The Story of John Gotti by Gene Mustain & [[Jerry Capeci]] in 2002, ISBN 0-02-864416-6.
*Gotti: The Rise & Fall by [[Jerry Capeci]] in 1996, ISBN 0-451-40681-8.
*Mafia Dynasty: The Rise & Fall of the Gambino Crime Family by John H. Davis in 1994, ISBN 0-06-109184-7.

{{s-start}}
{{s-bus}}
{{s-bef|before=[[John A. Gotti|John "Junior" Gotti]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Gambino crime family]] Acting boss|years=1999–2002}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Arnold Squitieri|Arnold "Zeke" Squitieri]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[John Gotti]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Gambino crime family]] Boss|years=2002–2011}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Domenico Cefalu]]}}
{{end}}

{{Gambino crime family}}{{American Mafia}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Gotti, Peter
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = October 15, 1939
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[The Bronx]], [[New York City]], [[New York]], [[United States]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gotti, Peter}}
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century American criminals]]
[[Category:American extortionists]]
[[Category:American mobsters of Italian descent]]
[[Category:American money launderers]]
[[Category:American prisoners and detainees]]
[[Category:Gambino crime family]]
[[Category:Bosses of the Gambino crime family]]
[[Category:Incarcerated mobsters]]
[[Category:People from Brooklyn]]
[[Category:People convicted of racketeering]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of the United States federal government]]

[[fr:Peter Gotti]]
[[pl:Peter Gotti]]

Tea bag

2011-09-28T22:59:04Z

Crazycomputers: Reverted edits by 86.182.18.30 (talk) addition of unsourced content (HG)

[[File:Wiki-oral-scrotum.png|thumb|A woman being teabagged]]
To '''tea bag''' is a [[slang]] term for the act of a man placing his [[scrotum]] in the mouth of a sexual partner or onto the face or head of another person. The practice resembles dipping a [[tea bag]] into a cup of tea when it is done in a repeated in-and-out motion. As a form of [[non-penetrative sex]], it can be done for its own enjoyment or as [[foreplay]].

==Oral sex==
Along with the [[penis]], the scrotum is sensitive and considered to be an [[erogenous zone]]. This makes varying degrees of stimulation an integral part of [[oral sex]] for many men.<ref name="Lip Service">{{cite book|last1=MacLeod |first1=Debra |last2=MacLeod |first2=Don |title=Lip Service: A His and Hers Guide to the Art of Oral Sex & Seduction|publisher=Penguin Group|year=2009|pages=141–142|isbn=9781585426966|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=htH8JeSH9XwC&pg=PA142&dq=tea%20bagging&cd=7#v=onepage&q=tea%20bagging&f=false}}</ref> It is an activity used within the context of [[BDSM]] and [[male dominance]], with a [[Sexual domination|dominant]] man tea bagging his [[submissive]] partner as a variation of [[facesitting]] or to inflict [[erotic humiliation]]. Although it may be unappealing to some, it does not need to be physically harmful or uncomfortable for the individual performing the oral stimulation.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://media.www.jhunewsletter.com/media/storage/paper932/news/2007/03/22/Features/Make-Sure.Your.Bed.Is.Always.Comfortable-2789021.shtml|title=Make sure your bed is always comfortable|last=Wietsma|first=Ashley|date=22 March 2007|work=John Hopkins News-Letter|accessdate=24 March 2010}}</ref>

Its gain in prominence has been attributed to its depiction in the film [[Pecker (film)|''Pecker'']], which was released in [[1998 in film|1998]].<ref name="Baker 2004">{{cite book|last=Baker|first=Paul|title=Fantabulosa: The Dictionary of Polari and Gay Slang|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|year=2004|edition=reprint|pages=201|isbn=9780826473431|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=T72TJfZoywAC&pg=PP1&dq=tea-bag&cd=28#v=onepage&q=tea&f=false}}</ref> It has since become popular enough with couples to be discussed during an episode of ''[[Sex and the City]]''.<ref name="bedside">{{cite book|last=Gentry|first=Cynthia W.|title=The Bedside Orgasm Book: 365 Days of Sexual Ecstasy|publisher=Fair Winds|year=2005|page=293|isbn=1-59233-101-7|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=q8qtd61hoB8C&pg=PA293&dq=The+Bedside+Orgasm+Book:+365+Days+of+Sexual+Ecstasy+teabagging#v=onepage&q=&f=false}}</ref> Sex experts have praised various techniques that the performer can use during [[fellatio]] to increase their partner's pleasure. These include gently sucking and tugging on the scrotum and use of lips to ensure minimal contact with their teeth.<ref>{{cite book|last=Anderson|first=Dan|title=Sex Tips for Gay Guys|publisher=Macmillan|year=2002|edition=reprint, illustrated|page=94|isbn=9780312288730|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=_LIEYGxBZdgC&pg=PA94&dq=teabagging&cd=4#v=onepage&q=teabagging&f=false}}</ref><ref name="Paget">{{cite book|last=Paget |first=Lou|title=How to be a great lover: girlfriend-to-girlfriend totally explicit techniques that will blow his mind|publisher=Random House|year=1999|pages=148, 151|isbn=9780767902878}}</ref> It has also been recommended as a form of [[foreplay]] or [[safer sex]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.askmen.com/dating/love_tip_250/275_love_tip.html|title=5 Fun Foreplay Positions|publisher=[[AskMen.com]]|accessdate=24 March 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Fulbright|first=Yvonne K.|title=The Hot Guide to Safer Sex|publisher=Hunter House|year=2003|page=217|isbn=9780897934077|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=5WI9eS2Vh_wC&pg=PA217&dq=teabagging&cd=20#v=onepage&q=&f=false}}</ref>

According to columnist [[Dan Savage]], the person whose scrotum is being stimulated is known as "the teabagger" and "the teabaggee" is the one giving the stimulation: "A teabagger dips sack; a teabaggee receives dipped sack."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thestranger.com/seattle/SavageLove?oid=1473684|title=Savage Love|last=Savage|first=Dan|date=April 23, 2009|work=[[The Stranger (newspaper)|The Stranger]]|accessdate=April 19, 2010}}</ref> Sex and relationship experts have varying definitions on how the act is performed. Some consider the act to be as simple as fellatio involving the scrotum.<ref name="Paget"/> Others consider the position to involve the man squatting over his reclined partner while the testicles are repeatedly raised and lowered into the mouth. Whether or not licking and fondling is considered tea bagging was once debated on the ''Howard Stern Show''.<ref name="Marx">{{cite book|last=Marx|first=Eve|title=What's Your Sexual IQ?|publisher=Citadel Press|year=2004|page=91|isbn=9780806526102|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=UYTThJX7Vq8C&pg=PA85&dq=teabag&cd=5#v=twopage&q=teabagging&f=false}}</ref>

==Ridicule==

Tea bagging is not always carried out consensually such as when it is done as a practical joke.<ref name="Baker 2004"/> It has been used during [[hazing]] or [[bullying]] incidents with reports including groups holding down victims while the perpetrator "shoved his testicles in [the victim's] face"<ref name="Gay and Lesbian Times">{{cite news|url=http://www.gaylesbiantimes.com/?id=6927&issue=950|title=Is forcible ‘tea-bagging’ just hazing?|last=DeKoven|first=Robert|date=9 March 2006|work=[[Gay and Lesbian Times]]|accessdate=2009-11-02}}</ref> or puts his "crotch to his head."<ref name="Shacknews 2008-01-25">{{cite news|url=http://www.shacknews.com/onearticle.x/50966|title=Halo Inspires Schoolyard Bullies to Teabag Victims|last=Linde|first=Aaron|date=25 January 2008|work=Shacknews.com (from Asbury Park Press)|accessdate=2009-10-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legalreader.com/archives/003197.html|title=Legal Reader: Definition of Teabagging|accessdate=2007-05-20}}</ref>

Mimicking the act has become popular in multiplayer [[first person shooter]] video games. This is executed by the player who just killed an enemy running over to his corpse (if any) and repeatedly crouching in his opponent's face. This is done to humorously imply domination or humiliation.<ref name="Shacknews 2008-01-25" /> Although considered by some to be bad sportsmanship, its use is widespread throughout amateur and possibly even professional gaming.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sbpress.com/2008/09/the-art-and-history-of-tea-bagging/|title=The Art and History of Tea Bagging|last=Najib|first=Aminy|date=September 22, 2008|work=[[The Stony Brook Press]]|accessdate=April 15, 2010}}</ref>

In 2009, the right-leaning [[Tea Party movement]] formed in the United States, referencing the [[Boston Tea Party]] for its name. For the adherents of the Tea Party movement, the appellation "teabagger" emerged, prompting puns by politically-opposed commentators and protesters based on its sexual connotation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/04/09/rachel-maddow-ana-marie-c_n_185445.html|title='Tea-Bagging' Rallies Ruthlessly Mocked on Maddow Show|last=Linkins|first=Jason|date=15 April 2009|publisher=The Huffington Post|accessdate=30 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2009/04/16/cable-anchors-guests-use-tea-parties-platform-frat-house-humor/|title=Cable Anchors, Guests Use Tea Parties as Platform for Frat House Humor|date=April 16, 2009|publisher=Fox News|accessdate=April 24, 2010}}</ref>

==References==
{{Wiktionary|teabag|teabagged|teabagging}}
{{reflist|2}}

{{sex}}
{{Sexual slang}}

[[Category:Oral eroticism]]
[[Category:Practical jokes]]
[[Category:Sexual slang]]
[[Category:Sexual acts]]

[[cs:Teabagging]]
[[da:Teabagging]]
[[fa:چای کیسه‌ای (عمل جنسی)]]
[[pl:Teabagging]]
[[ru:Teabagging]]
[[uk:Teabagging]]
[[zh:吊茶包]]

Charles Bulfinch

2007-10-02T15:19:04Z

Crazycomputers: Reverted edits by 24.62.151.90 (talk) to version 161802260 by Crazycomputers using WikiBench

[[Image:Massachusetts State House, Boston, Massachusetts - oblique frontal view.JPG|thumb|right|300px|The [[Massachusetts State House]], designed by Charles Bulfinch and completed in 1798.]]
[[Image:Tontine Crescent, Boston, Massachusetts - Elevation and Plan.png|thumb|right|300px|Plan and elevation of the Tontine Crescent, designed by Charles Bulfinch, built 1793-1794. (No longer extant).]]
[[Image:Hollis Street Church, Boston, Massachusetts (1788).jpg|thumb|right|300px|The Hollis Street Church, built 1788.]]

'''Charles Bulfinch''' ([[August 8]] [[1763]] – [[April 15]] [[1844]]) was an early American architect, and regarded by many as the first native-born American to practice [[architecture]] as a [[architect|profession]]. That distinction is also claimed for [[Robert Mills (architect)|Robert Mills]].

Bulfinch split his career between his native [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] and [[Washington, D.C.]], where he served as Commissioner of Public Building and built the original rotunda and dome of the [[U.S. Capitol]]. His works are notable for their simplicity, balance, and good taste, and were the origin of a distinctive [[Federal style architecture|Federal style]] of classical domes, columns, and ornament that dominated early 19th-century American architecture.

Bulfinch was born in Boston to Thomas Bulfinch, a prominent physician, and educated at [[Boston Latin School]] and [[Harvard University]], from which he graduated with an AB in [[1781]] and Master's degree in [[1784]]. He then made a grand tour of [[Europe]] from [[1785]]-[[1787]], where he was influenced by the classical architecture in Italy and the neoclassical buildings of Sir [[Christopher Wren]], [[Robert Adam]], and others in England. [[Thomas Jefferson]] became something of a mentor in Europe, as he would later be to [[Robert Mills (architect)|Robert Mills]]. Upon his return to the United States in 1787, he became a promoter of the ship ''Columbia'''s voyage around the world under command of Captain [[Robert Gray (sea-captain)|Robert Gray]] (1755-1806). It was the first American ship to circumnavigate the globe. In 1788 he married Hannah Apthorp.

Among Bulfinch's first works were his very first building, the Hollis Street Church (1788); a memorial column on [[Beacon Hill, Boston, Massachusetts|Beacon Hill]] (1789), the first monument to the [[American Revolution]]; the Federal Street theater (1793); the ''Tontine Crescent'' (built 1793-1794, now demolished), fashioned after [[John Wood, the Younger|John Wood]]'s [[Royal Crescent]]; the [[Old State House (Hartford)|Old State House]] in [[Hartford, Connecticut]] (1796); and the [[Massachusetts State House]] (1798). Over the course of ten years, Bulfinch built a remarkable number of private dwellings in Boston, including a series of three [[Harrison Gray Otis House|houses in Boston]] for [[Harrison Gray Otis (lawyer)|Harrison Gray Otis]] (1796, 1800, 1806), and the John Phillips House (1804). He built several churches in Boston, of which [[St. Stephen's Church, Boston|New North]] (built 1802-1804) is the last standing.

Serving from 1791 to 1795 on Boston's board of selectmen, he resigned due to business pressures but returned in 1799. From 1799 to 1817 he was the chairman of Boston's board of selectmen continuously, and served as a paid Police Superintendent, improving the city's streets, drains, and lighting. Under his direction, both the infrastructure and civic center of Boston were transformed into a dignified classical style. Bulfinch was responsible for the design of the [[Boston Common]], the remodeling and enlargement of [[Faneuil Hall]] (1805), and the construction of [[India Wharf]]. In these Boston years he also designed the Massachusetts State Prison (1803); University Hall for [[Harvard University]] (1813-1814); the Meeting House in [[Lancaster, Massachusetts]] (1815-17); and the Bulfinch Building of [[Massachusetts General Hospital]] (1818). Despite this great activity and civic involvement, Bulfinch was insolvent several times starting in 1796, including at the start of his work on the statehouse, and was jailed for the month of July 1811 for debt (in a prison he had designed himself). There was no payment for his services as selectman, and he received only $1,400 for designing and overseeing the construction of the State House.

[[Image:Charles_Bulfinch.jpg|thumb|left|Charles Bulfinch]]

In the summer of 1817, Bulfinch's roles as selectman, designer and public official blended during a visit by President [[James Monroe]]. The two men were almost constantly in each other's company for the week-long visit, and a few months later (1818) Monroe appointed Bulfinch the [[Architect of the Capitol]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], which had been burned by the British in 1814, succeeding [[Benjamin Henry Latrobe]] (1764-1820). In this position he was paid a salary of $2,500 per year plus expenses.

As Commissioner of Public Building, Bulfinch completed the Capitol's wings and central portion, designed the western approach and portico, and constructed the Capitol's original low wooden dome to his own design (replaced by the present cast-iron dome in the mid-1850s). In 1829 Bulfinch completed the construction of the Capitol, 36 years after its cornerstone was laid. During his interval in Washington, Bulfinch also drew plans for the State House in [[Augusta, Maine]] (1829-32). He returned to Boston in 1830, where he died on [[April 15]] [[1844]], aged 80, and was buried in King's Chapel Burial Ground in Boston. His tomb was later moved to [[Mount Auburn Cemetery]] in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]].

Bulfinch married Hannah Apthorp, his first cousin. Their sons include [[Thomas Bulfinch]] (1796-1867) of ''Bulfinch's Mythology'', and [[Stephen Greenleaf Bulfinch]] (1809-1870), Unitarian clergyman and author.

In [[1943]], a [[United States]] [[Liberty ship]] named the [[SS Charles Bulfinch|SS ''Charles Bulfinch'']] was launched. She was scrapped in [[1971]].

<gallery>
Image:1st Harrison Gray Otis House.JPG|1st [[Harrison Gray Otis (lawyer)|Harrison Gray Otis]] House, 141 Cambridge Street.
Image:2nd Harrison Gray Otis House.JPG|2nd [[Harrison Gray Otis (lawyer)|Harrison Gray Otis]] House, 85 Mount Vernon Street.
Image:Faneuil Hall, Boston, Massachusetts.JPG|[[Faneuil Hall]] expansion.
Image:University Hall (Harvard University) - east facade.JPG|[[University Hall (Harvard University)]]
Image:Massachusetts General Hospital, Bulfinch Building.jpg|[[Massachusetts General Hospital]]
Image:Bulfinch steeple (Boylston Market, Boston) - Arlington, MA.jpg|Tower, [[Arlington, Massachusetts]]
Image:Meeting House (1815), Lancaster, Massachusetts.jpg|Meeting House, [[Lancaster, Massachusetts]]
Image:MaineStateHouse1.JPG|[[Maine State House]], [[Augusta, Maine]]
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{Wikisource1911Enc|Bulfinch, Charles}}
* [[Faneuil Hall]]
* [[Harrison Gray Otis House]]
* [[Massachusetts State House]]
* [[Old State House (Hartford)]]
* [[Maine State House]]

== References ==
* ''Charles Bulfinch: Architect and Citizen'', C. A. Place, Da Capo Press, 1968
* ''The Architecture of Charles Bulfinch'', H. Kirker, Harvard University Press, 1998

==External links==
* [http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=7004576 Charles Bulfinch's Photo & Gravesite]

[[Category:American architects|Bulfinch, Charles]]
[[Category:Architects of the Capitol|Bulfinch, Charles]]
[[Category:Boston Latin School alumni|Bulfinch, Charles]]
[[Category:People from Boston, Massachusetts|Bulfinch, Charles]]
[[Category:People from Washington, D.C.|Bulfinch, Charles]]
[[Category:1763 births|Bulfinch, Charles]]
[[Category:1844 deaths|Bulfinch, Charles]]

[[fr:Charles Bulfinch]]

Charles Bulfinch

2007-10-02T15:17:30Z

Crazycomputers: Reverted edits by 24.62.151.90 (talk) to version 161801846 by 24.62.151.90 using WikiBench

In den Fängen einer Sekte

2007-07-26T02:47:20Z

Crazycomputers: Reverting myself after discussion at User talk:74.134.251.24

{{Infobox Simpsons episode
| episode_name = The Joy of Sect
| image = [[Image:The Joy Of Sect.PNG|200px]]
| episode_no = 191
| prod_code = 5F23
| airdate = [[February 8]], [[1998]]
| show runner = [[David Mirkin]]
| writer = [[Steve O'Donnell (writer)|Steve O'Donnell]]
| director = [[Steven Dean Moore]]
| couch_gag = Tiny versions of the Simpsons climb on the couch, and Santa's Little Helper runs off with Homer.
| commentary = [[Matt Groening]] [[David Mirkin]] [[Steve O'Donnell]] [[Yeardley Smith]] [[Steven Dean Moore]]
| season = 9
}}

"'''The Joy of Sect'''" is the thirteenth episode of ''[[The Simpsons]]''<nowiki>'</nowiki> [[The Simpsons (season 9)|ninth season]].

==Plot==
[[Image:The Simpsons 5F23.png|left|200px|thumb|Mr. Burns as the god of his new religion]]
While taking [[Bart Simpson|Bart]] to the airport, [[Homer Simpson|Homer]] sees two people (Glen and Jane) telling people about a new religion, the "[[Religion in The Simpsons#Movementarianism|Movementarians]]". They invite Homer to come to an introductory session. Everyone there comes to worship the Movementarian leader after being brainwashed by their video, which states that all Movementarians will be taken by a spaceship to Blisstonia, a new planet. Homer, however, doesn't pay enough attention to the video to be affected by it. After Glen and Jane's other methods fail on Homer, they finally get him by singing the theme to [[Batman (TV series)|''Batman'']], replacing the word ''Batman'' with the word ''leader''.

Homer moves his entire family to the Movementarian compound, a vast [[agriculture|agricultural]] facility fenced off with [[barbed wire]] (and an [[The Prisoner|"anti escape orb"]]), where everyone is forced to grow and harvest [[lima bean]]s from dawn to dusk. [[Montgomery Burns|Mr. Burns]], learning that Movementarianism is gaining much popularity in [[Springfield (The Simpsons)|Springfield]], makes a new religion of his own. But the Springfieldians are convinced not to praise him as their new god when he catches fire after being bowed down to by [[Waylon Smithers|Smithers]], with [[Lenny Leonard|Lenny]] finding [[Special K]] more interesting than Burns. The children resist [[brainwashing]] at first, but Greg and Jane have their ways: [[Bart Simpson|Bart]] is taken by their "Lil' Bastard Brainwashing Kit", [[Lisa Simpson|Lisa]] decides that getting good grades is more important (even though she knows it's stupid to say "[[The Leader (The Simpsons)|The Leader]]" created everything, even the [[Morse Code]]), and [[Maggie Simpson|Maggie]] is brainwashed by [[Barney & Friends|Barney the Dinosaur]] or someone like him who sings "I love him, he loves me, we're the Leader's family". [[Marge Simpson|Marge]], however, resists all their methods and just barely escapes the compound (even the "anti escape orb", which accidentally captures [[Hans Moleman]]). She gets help from [[Reverend Timothy Lovejoy|Reverend Lovejoy]], [[Flanders|Ned Flanders]], and [[Groundskeeper Willie|Willie]], who help her kidnap the family. Marge kidnaps them by posing as the anonymous character of "The Leader" and telling them to come in to "his" [[limousine]].

In [[Ned Flanders]]' [[rumpus room]], Marge brings back her children by promising them hover-bikes (which are fake). Homer remains strong, but gives in when Ned offers him a beer. Just as a single drop lands on Homer's tongue, he is captured by the Movementarians' lawyers. Back at the compound, Homer reveals that he is himself again and opens the Forbidden Barn (which was said to house "The Leader's" spaceship) intending to expose the fraud of the Movementarians. The door is opened and to Homer's surprise reveals "one hell of a giant spaceship." However, as it flies off, the ship falls apart revealing "The Leader", on a pedal-powered aircraft, running off with everyone's money, and everyone's faith is broken. However, "The Leader" does not get very far, crashing on [[Cletus Spuckler|Cletus Spuckler's]] front porch. In the end, Cletus gets the money, by pointing a shotgun at "The Leader." The followers go home glumly and Moe is shown to practice voodoo witchcraft by sticking a beer bottle into a doll Barney and causing the real Barney to want beer. The Simpsons go home and get hypnotized by a [[FOX]] commercial.

==Reception==
Jeff Shalda of ''The Simpsons Archive'', used the episode as an example of one of the ''"good qualities present in The Simpsons"'', while analyzing why some other aspects of ''The Simpsons'' makes Christians upset.<ref>{{cite paper
| author = Shalda, Jeff.
| title = Religion in the Simpsons
| version = Online
| publisher = The Simpsons Archive
| date = December 29, 2000
| url = http://www.snpp.com/other/papers/jsh.paper.html
| format =
| accessdate = 2007-02-10}} The Simpsons also looks at the problem of cults in "The Joy of Sect." In this episode, Homer and many of the other residents of Springfield join a cult led by a mysterious leader. In the end, they find out that the Leader started the group to steal their money. So, with all the good qualities present in The Simpsons, why are some Christians still upset?
</ref> The book ''I Can't Believe It's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide'' commented that the episode was "an odd one", with "a lot of good moments", and went on to state that it was "a nice twist to see Burns determined to be loved".<ref>{{cite book
| last = Martyn
| first = Warren
| authorlink = Warren Martyn
| coauthors = Adrian Wood
| title = I Can't Believe It's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide
| publisher = Virgin Books
| date = 2000
| location =
| pages =
| url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/cult/simpsons/episodeguide/season9/page13.shtml
| doi =
| id = }}</ref>

==Trivia==
*This episode is the origin of the term "Jerkass Homer," used by [[alt.tv.simpsons]] members to describe a perceived change in Homer's personality later in the series. Homer shouts "Outta my way, Jerkass!" while driving into the Movementarian compound, and once again when he's told there will be a free movie.
*Flanders produces the sound of the hoverbikes using a comb and wax paper, [[John Lennon]] reportedly used this on [[The Beatles]] song "[[Lovely Rita]]", albeit producing a different sound. In a later episode, Flanders is revealed to be a big Beatles fan, having a separate room in his house where he keeps all his collectibles. The leader uses this same method to make the sound of the spaceship.
*The scene of Marge being chased by an "anti escape orb" (homage to [[The Prisoner]]) is seen again in [[The Computer Wore Menace Shoes]]. Here the bubble is chasing Marge but instead it caught [[Hans Moleman]] and it closes over him.
*Bart uses the term "rubes" which he picked up in the previous episode, [[Bart Carny]]
*One of the members of the sect uses a Lil' Bastard Brainwashing Kit on Bart
*This is the last episode executive produced by David Mirkin.
*All of the [[Special K]] references (and most of the subplot about Mr. Burns starting a rival cult) are cut out in syndication.

==Cultural references==
*This episode is in part a parody of the [[Jim Jones]] cult, as there are many similarities between his cult and this episode. Examples include followers being brainwashed into thinking that they would live in bliss and paradise, then being forced to harvest in the farm from dawn till dusk, while being under heavily armed guard. Also, people in [[Jonestown]] were not allowed to leave. This is referenced in one scene where Marge decides to go and confronts the [[Squeaky Voiced Teen]]. He says "People are free to go whenever they wish" and the camera then pans across a field riddled with [[barbed wire]] (with several Movementarians stuck), alligators, a [[land mine|mine field]], and the [[Rover (The Prisoner)|Rover]] guard "balloon" from ''[[The Prisoner]]''.
*The episode also includes many references to [[Scientology]]. These references include the Leader's strong physical resemblance to [[Lafayette Ronald Hubbard]] an [[Orientation (film)|orientation film]] shown at the Movementarian compound; the resemblance of the cult recruiters' outfits to that of [[Sea Org]]; Homer's ten trillion year contract with the cult (and the billion year contracts Scientology members sign when they join Sea Org); the centrality of [[Space opera in Scientology doctrine|UFOs]] to the cult; how the cult became the central focus of Springfield in a manner similar to [[Clearwater, Florida]], the idea that the founder invented virtually everything in the world, and the use of [[Scientology and the legal system|lawyers on the part of the cult to squash dissent]]. Finally, the leader attempting to make off with the money of Springfield's residents may be seen as a swipe at [[L. Ron Hubbard|Hubbard]]. The voice of Bart Simpson, [[Nancy Cartwright (actress)|Nancy Cartwright]], is a practicing Scientologist.
*The "group criticism" session used by the group to try to take Homer is a reference to the setup of the [[Oneida Society]].
*The episode also contains many jokes that reference other groups. Among those not previously mentioned there's the groups [[UFO]] obsession which could be seen as linked to [[Heaven's Gate (cult)|Heaven's Gate]], the [[Raelians]], or much less likely, [[Chen Tao]].
*At one part of the episode Bart is stopped by a [[Hare Krishna]] guy who asks him "Have you heard of [[Krishna]] Consciousness?". To which Homer replies "This, Bart, is a [[crazy]] man!". This is in reference to the Hare Krishna movements' promotion of Krishna's teachings by actively selling books on the street, and in [[airports]]. [http://www.snpp.com/episodes/5F23 Episode Ref]
*The scene where Marge jumps over the back of alligators while fleeing the Movementarian compound spoofs [[James Bond]]'s famous stunt from ''[[Live and Let Die (film)|Live and Let Die]]''.
*Rover (the famous defense balloon from ''[[The Prisoner]]'') gives chase to Marge and engulfs [[Hans Moleman]] instead.
*The title of this episode is a play on the title of the book ''[[The Joy of Sex]]''.
*Close to the end of the episode, where "The Leader" is apparently escaping in a spaceship, [[Reverend Lovejoy]] throws his collar on the floor and exclaims "He's the Real Deal!" This could be seen as a play at the [[Raelian Church]], as a book has been written about [[Rael]] and his Religious Movement called "The Rael Deal"
*The Leader's choice of a chauffeur-driven [[Rolls-Royce Phantom V]] or VI could either be a parody of the Hare Krishnu spiritualist [[Kirtanananda Swami]], who was famous for owning a fleet of Rolls-Royces, including several customized Phantoms, and whose fraud trial was in the news at the time the episode aired, or of [[Rajneesh|Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh]], who had a fleet of 90 Rolls-Royces at his [[Antelope, Oregon]] compound.
*The scene where [[Groundskeeper Willie]] gets the attention of Marge and Reverend Lovejoy by running his fingernails across the stained glass windows before offering to kidnap, "deprogram", or kill Homer at a price is a spoof of a scene from the [[Steven Spielberg]] film ''[[Jaws (film)|Jaws]]'', where the character [[Quint (Jaws character)|Quint]], portrayed by [[Robert Shaw (actor)|Robert Shaw]], runs his fingernails across the chalkboard to get the attention of the town's people before offering to capture or kill the shark.
*The mass-marriage performed by the Movementarians may be a reference to the one held by [[Reverend Moon]] and the [[Unification Church]].
*The scene in the airport with religious zealots asking Homer to convert to different religions is obviously a parody of the first ''[[Airplane!]]'' movie.

==See also==
*[[Cults in literature and popular culture]]
*[[Religion in The Simpsons]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote|The_Simpsons#The_Joy_of_Sect_.5B9.13.5D|"The Joy of Sect"}}
{{portal|The Simpsons}}
;Summaries
*{{snpp capsule|5F23}}
*{{imdb title|id=0779676|title=The Joy of Sect (1998)}}
*[http://www.tv.com/episode/1476/summary.html Summary and quotes], at [[TV.com]]
*[http://www.allmovie.com/cg/avg.dll?p=avg&sql=1:285009 Overview], [[All Movie Guide]], Mark Deming
;Analysis/reviews
*[http://www.snpp.com/other/papers/jsh.paper.html Religion in The Simpsons], Jeff Shalda, ''The Simpsons Archive'', December 2000.
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/cult/simpsons/episodeguide/season9/page13.shtml BBC - The Joy of Sect], Tagline: "Homer does a different sort of moonie."

{{DEFAULTSORT:Joy of Sect, The}}
[[Category:Fictional religions]]
[[Category:The Simpsons episodes, season 9]]
[[Category:Fictional cults]]
[[Category:Cult related media]]

[[fr:Un coup de pied aux cultes]]

In den Fängen einer Sekte

2007-07-26T02:14:01Z

Crazycomputers: Reverted edits by 74.134.251.24 (talk) to version 146591461 by 70.118.227.22 using WikiBench

{{Infobox Simpsons episode
| episode_name = The Joy of Sect
| image = [[Image:The Joy Of Sect.PNG|200px]]
| episode_no = 191
| prod_code = 5F23
| airdate = [[February 8]], [[1998]]
| show runner = [[David Mirkin]]
| writer = [[Steve O'Donnell (writer)|Steve O'Donnell]]
| director = [[Steven Dean Moore]]
| couch_gag = Tiny versions of the Simpsons climb on the couch, and Santa's Little Helper runs off with Homer.
| commentary = [[Matt Groening]] [[David Mirkin]] [[Steve O'Donnell]] [[Yeardley Smith]] [[Steven Dean Moore]]
| season = 9
}}

"'''The Joy of Sect'''" is the thirteenth episode of ''[[The Simpsons]]''<nowiki>'</nowiki> [[The Simpsons (season 9)|ninth season]].

==Plot==
[[Image:The Simpsons 5F23.png|left|200px|thumb|Mr. Burns as the god of his new religion]]
While taking [[Bart Simpson|Bart]] to the airport, [[Homer Simpson|Homer]] sees two people (Glen and Jane) telling people about a new religion, the "[[Religion in The Simpsons#Movementarianism|Movementarians]]". They invite Homer to come to an introductory session. Everyone there comes to worship the Movementarian leader after being brainwashed by their video, which states that all Movementarians will be taken by a spaceship to Blisstonia, a new planet. Homer, however, doesn't pay enough attention to the video to be affected by it. After Glen and Jane's other methods fail on Homer, they finally get him by singing the theme to [[Batman (TV series)|''Batman'']], replacing the word ''Batman'' with the word ''leader''.

Homer moves his entire family to the Movementarian compound, a vast [[agriculture|agricultural]] facility fenced off with [[barbed wire]] (and an [[The Prisoner|"anti escape orb"]]), where everyone is forced to grow and harvest [[lima bean]]s from dawn to dusk. [[Montgomery Burns|Mr. Burns]], learning that Movementarianism is gaining much popularity in [[Springfield (The Simpsons)|Springfield]], makes a new religion of his own. But the Springfieldians are convinced not to praise him as their new god when he catches fire after being bowed down to by [[Waylon Smithers|Smithers]], with [[Lenny Leonard|Lenny]] finding [[Special K]] more interesting than Burns. The children resist [[brainwashing]] at first, but Greg and Jane have their ways: [[Bart Simpson|Bart]] is taken by their "Lil' Bastard Brainwashing Kit", [[Lisa Simpson|Lisa]] decides that getting good grades is more important (even though she knows it's stupid to say "[[The Leader (The Simpsons)|The Leader]]" created everything, even the [[Morse Code]]), and [[Maggie Simpson|Maggie]] is brainwashed by [[Barney & Friends|Barney the Dinosaur]] or someone like him who sings "I love him, he loves me, we're the Leader's family". [[Marge Simpson|Marge]], however, resists all their methods and just barely escapes the compound (even the "anti escape orb", which accidentally captures [[Hans Moleman]]). She gets help from [[Reverend Timothy Lovejoy|Reverend Lovejoy]], [[Flanders|Ned Flanders]], and [[Groundskeeper Willie|Willie]], who help her kidnap the family. Marge kidnaps them by posing as the anonymous character of "The Leader" and telling them to come in to "his" [[limousine]].

In [[Ned Flanders]]' [[rumpus room]], Marge brings back her children by promising them hover-bikes (which are fake). Homer remains strong, but gives in when Ned offers him a beer. Just as a single drop lands on Homer's tongue, he is captured by the Movementarians' lawyers. Back at the compound, Homer reveals that he is himself again and opens the Forbidden Barn (which was said to house "The Leader's" spaceship) intending to expose the fraud of the Movementarians. The door is opened and to Homer's surprise reveals "one hell of a giant spaceship." However, as it flies off, the ship falls apart revealing "The Leader", on a pedal-powered aircraft, running off with everyone's money, and everyone's faith is broken. However, "The Leader" does not get very far, crashing on [[Cletus Spuckler|Cletus Spuckler's]] front porch. In the end, Cletus gets the money, by pointing a shotgun at "The Leader." The followers go home glumly and Moe is shown to practice voodoo witchcraft by sticking a beer bottle into a doll Barney and causing the real Barney to want beer. The Simpsons go home and get hypnotized by a [[FOX]] commercial.

==Reception==
Jeff Shalda of ''The Simpsons Archive'', used the episode as an example of one of the ''"good qualities present in The Simpsons"'', while analyzing why some other aspects of ''The Simpsons'' makes Christians upset.<ref>{{cite paper
| author = Shalda, Jeff.
| title = Religion in the Simpsons
| version = Online
| publisher = The Simpsons Archive
| date = December 29, 2000
| url = http://www.snpp.com/other/papers/jsh.paper.html
| format =
| accessdate = 2007-02-10}} The Simpsons also looks at the problem of cults in "The Joy of Sect." In this episode, Homer and many of the other residents of Springfield join a cult led by a mysterious leader. In the end, they find out that the Leader started the group to steal their money. So, with all the good qualities present in The Simpsons, why are some Christians still upset?
</ref> The book ''I Can't Believe It's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide'' commented that the episode was "an odd one", with "a lot of good moments", and went on to state that it was "a nice twist to see Burns determined to be loved".<ref>{{cite book
| last = Martyn
| first = Warren
| authorlink = Warren Martyn
| coauthors = Adrian Wood
| title = I Can't Believe It's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide
| publisher = Virgin Books
| date = 2000
| location =
| pages =
| url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/cult/simpsons/episodeguide/season9/page13.shtml
| doi =
| id = }}</ref>

==Trivia==
{{Trivia|date=June 2007}}
*This episode is the origin of the term "Jerkass Homer," used by [[alt.tv.simpsons]] members to describe a perceived change in Homer's personality later in the series. Homer shouts "Outta my way, Jerkass!" while driving into the Movementarian compound, and once again when he's told there will be a free movie.
*Flanders produces the sound of the hoverbikes using a comb and wax paper, [[John Lennon]] reportedly used this on [[The Beatles]] song "[[Lovely Rita]]", albeit producing a different sound. In a later episode, Flanders is revealed to be a big Beatles fan, having a separate room in his house where he keeps all his collectibles. The leader uses this same method to make the sound of the spaceship.
*The scene of Marge being chased by an "anti escape orb" (homage to [[The Prisoner]]) is seen again in [[The Computer Wore Menace Shoes]]. Here the bubble is chasing Marge but instead it caught [[Hans Moleman]] and it closes over him.
*Bart uses the term "rubes" which he picked up in the previous episode, [[Bart Carny]]
*One of the members of the sect uses a Lil' Bastard Brainwashing Kit on Bart
*This is the last episode executive produced by David Mirkin.
*All of the [[Special K]] references (and most of the subplot about Mr. Burns starting a rival cult) are cut out in syndication.

==Cultural references==
*This episode is in part a parody of the [[Jim Jones]] cult, as there are many similarities between his cult and this episode. Examples include followers being brainwashed into thinking that they would live in bliss and paradise, then being forced to harvest in the farm from dawn till dusk, while being under heavily armed guard. Also, people in [[Jonestown]] were not allowed to leave. This is referenced in one scene where Marge decides to go and confronts the [[Squeaky Voiced Teen]]. He says "People are free to go whenever they wish" and the camera then pans across a field riddled with [[barbed wire]] (with several Movementarians stuck), alligators, a [[land mine|mine field]], and the [[Rover (The Prisoner)|Rover]] guard "balloon" from ''[[The Prisoner]]''.
*The episode also includes many references to [[Scientology]]. These references include the Leader's strong physical resemblance to [[Lafayette Ronald Hubbard]] an [[Orientation (film)|orientation film]] shown at the Movementarian compound; the resemblance of the cult recruiters' outfits to that of [[Sea Org]]; Homer's ten trillion year contract with the cult (and the billion year contracts Scientology members sign when they join Sea Org); the centrality of [[Space opera in Scientology doctrine|UFOs]] to the cult; how the cult became the central focus of Springfield in a manner similar to [[Clearwater, Florida]], the idea that the founder invented virtually everything in the world, and the use of [[Scientology and the legal system|lawyers on the part of the cult to squash dissent]]. Finally, the leader attempting to make off with the money of Springfield's residents may be seen as a swipe at [[L. Ron Hubbard|Hubbard]]. The voice of Bart Simpson, [[Nancy Cartwright (actress)|Nancy Cartwright]], is a practicing Scientologist.
*The "group criticism" session used by the group to try to take Homer is a reference to the setup of the [[Oneida Society]].
*The episode also contains many jokes that reference other groups. Among those not previously mentioned there's the groups [[UFO]] obsession which could be seen as linked to [[Heaven's Gate (cult)|Heaven's Gate]], the [[Raelians]], or much less likely, [[Chen Tao]].
*At one part of the episode Bart is stopped by a [[Hare Krishna]] guy who asks him "Have you heard of [[Krishna]] Consciousness?". To which Homer replies "This, Bart, is a [[crazy]] man!". This is in reference to the Hare Krishna movements' promotion of Krishna's teachings by actively selling books on the street, and in [[airports]]. [http://www.snpp.com/episodes/5F23 Episode Ref]
*The scene where Marge jumps over the back of alligators while fleeing the Movementarian compound spoofs [[James Bond]]'s famous stunt from ''[[Live and Let Die (film)|Live and Let Die]]''.
*Rover (the famous defense balloon from ''[[The Prisoner]]'') gives chase to Marge and engulfs [[Hans Moleman]] instead.
*The title of this episode is a play on the title of the book ''[[The Joy of Sex]]''.
*Close to the end of the episode, where "The Leader" is apparently escaping in a spaceship, [[Reverend Lovejoy]] throws his collar on the floor and exclaims "He's the Real Deal!" This could be seen as a play at the [[Raelian Church]], as a book has been written about [[Rael]] and his Religious Movement called "The Rael Deal"
*The Leader's choice of a chauffeur-driven [[Rolls-Royce Phantom V]] or VI could either be a parody of the Hare Krishnu spiritualist [[Kirtanananda Swami]], who was famous for owning a fleet of Rolls-Royces, including several customized Phantoms, and whose fraud trial was in the news at the time the episode aired, or of [[Rajneesh|Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh]], who had a fleet of 90 Rolls-Royces at his [[Antelope, Oregon]] compound.
*The scene where [[Groundskeeper Willie]] gets the attention of Marge and Reverend Lovejoy by running his fingernails across the stained glass windows before offering to kidnap, "deprogram", or kill Homer at a price is a spoof of a scene from the [[Steven Spielberg]] film ''[[Jaws (film)|Jaws]]'', where the character [[Quint (Jaws character)|Quint]], portrayed by [[Robert Shaw (actor)|Robert Shaw]], runs his fingernails across the chalkboard to get the attention of the town's people before offering to capture or kill the shark.
*The mass-marriage performed by the Movementarians may be a reference to the one held by [[Reverend Moon]] and the [[Unification Church]].
*The scene in the airport with religious zealots asking Homer to convert to different religions is obviously a parody of the first ''[[Airplane!]]'' movie.

==See also==
*[[Cults in literature and popular culture]]
*[[Religion in The Simpsons]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote|The_Simpsons#The_Joy_of_Sect_.5B9.13.5D|"The Joy of Sect"}}
{{portal|The Simpsons}}
;Summaries
*{{snpp capsule|5F23}}
*{{imdb title|id=0779676|title=The Joy of Sect (1998)}}
*[http://www.tv.com/episode/1476/summary.html Summary and quotes], at [[TV.com]]
*[http://www.allmovie.com/cg/avg.dll?p=avg&sql=1:285009 Overview], [[All Movie Guide]], Mark Deming
;Analysis/reviews
*[http://www.snpp.com/other/papers/jsh.paper.html Religion in The Simpsons], Jeff Shalda, ''The Simpsons Archive'', December 2000.
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/cult/simpsons/episodeguide/season9/page13.shtml BBC - The Joy of Sect], Tagline: "Homer does a different sort of moonie."

{{DEFAULTSORT:Joy of Sect, The}}
[[Category:Fictional religions]]
[[Category:The Simpsons episodes, season 9]]
[[Category:Fictional cults]]
[[Category:Cult related media]]

[[fr:Un coup de pied aux cultes]]

Abdul Sattar Edhi

2007-07-26T00:53:17Z

Crazycomputers: Reverted edits by 207.112.111.86 (talk) to version 146944631 by Barticus88 using WikiBench

[[Image:Abdul_sattar.jpg|thumb|right|Dr. Abdul Sattar Edhi]]

'''Dr. Abdul Sattar Edhi''', ([[Urdu]]: '''عبد الستار ایدھی'''), or '''Edhi''', as he is often known, is one of the most active [[philanthropy|philanthropists]] in [[Pakistan]] and in the whole world. He is head of the [[Edhi Foundation]] in [[Pakistan]]. Edhi foundation branches are spread all over world. His wife Begum [[Bilquis Edhi]], heads the ''Bilquis Edhi Foundation''. They both received [[1986]] [[Ramon Magsaysay Award]] for Public Service. He is also the recipient of the [[Lenin Peace Prize]]. ''[[Maulana]] Edhi'', as he is often referred to, is of the [[Memon]] community. According to the [[Guinness World Records]], Edhi Foundation has the '''largest private ambulance service network in the world.'''

==Early Life==
Edhi was born in 1928 in [[Bantva]] in the [[Gujarat]] state of present day [[India]]. His father was a textile trader and earned a modest income for his family. He was a natural born leader and would encourage his friends to hold tiny circuses and perform gymnastics for the locals. When his mother would send him to school she would give him two [[paisa]], one to spend for himself and the other to spend for another. At the age of eleven he started to take care of his mother who suffered [[paralysis]] from severe [[diabetes]]. From an early age Edhi learned to help others before himself - this would be crucial to success in his life later on.

==Starting Up==
In 1947 his family migrated to [[Karachi]], [[Pakistan]] after the [[Partition of India]]. In 1951 he used the money he saved up while he was looking after his mother to purchase a small shop. It was at this shop where he opened a tiny dispensary with the help of a doctor who taught him basic medical care. He also encouraged his friends to give literacy classes there. Edhi had spent his life a simple man, and would continue to do so, he would sleep on a concrete bench outside the dispensary so he was available at any time to help people.

In 1957 a major [[flu]] epidemic swept [[Karachi]], Edhi was quick to react, he set up tents on the outskirts of the city to distribute free [[immunizations]]. Grateful residents donated generously to Edhi and so did the rest of [[Pakistan]] after hearing of his deeds. With all the donation money he bought the rest of the building his dispensary was located in, and opened a free maternity centre and nursing school, and so [[Edhi Foundation]] was born.

==Growth of Edhi Foundation==
In the years that followed, [[Edhi Foundation]] grew through all of Pakistan. After the flu epidemic, a businessman donated a large sum to Edhi and with the money he purchased an ambulance vehicle which he drove himself. Today the Foundation has over 600 ambulances located all over the country. He himself continues to travel with call outs out of [[Karachi]] to the rest of the [[Sindh]] province, the response time and services the ambulances provide are renowned for being better than the municipal ones. Along with hospitals and ambulance services, [[Edhi Foundation]] has set up clinics, maternity homes, mental asylums, homes for the physically handicapped, blood banks, orphanages, adoption centers, mortuaries, shelters for runaway children and battered women, schools, nursing courses and soup kitchens. A unique part of every Edhi centre is that there is a carriage outside each one, so that women who cannot afford to keep their children or have had a child out of wedlock and cannot keep it, can simply place their baby in the basket and [[Edhi Foundation]] will place it into an orphanage and give them a free education

Not only has the Foundation grown throughout all of Pakistan but it has grown internationally as well. Edhi's charity has been an integral part of every crisis and disaster in the Muslim world, with himself going out personally to other countries to lend his own support and personally manage his charity's operations. The Foundation has been present in [[Afghanistan]], [[Iraq]], [[Chechnya]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia]], [[Sudan]], [[Ethiopia]] and the countries affected by the [[Boxing Day Tsunami]], to name a few.

==Modern Legacy==
Today not just in Pakistan, but in the Muslim world, Abdul Sattar Edhi has earned a reputation as being one of the most selfless and honorable human beings today. Despite his fame and reputation he continues to lead a simple life, he wears traditional Pakistani [[Shalwar Kameez]], of which he only owns one or two, and he owns one pair of slippers, which he has supposedly worn for the last twenty years. This is despite the fact the [[Edhi Foundation]] has a $10 million budget, out of which he takes nothing for himself. His son Faisal once stated that when the Foundation was setting up in [[Afghanistan]], local staff had purchased chairs for guests and the press when a new center was being opened, when Edhi arrived he was furious because the money that was spent on the chairs could have been used to help people, that night he slept on the clinic floor with the ambulance drivers.

Today [[Edhi Foundation]] continues to grow. Edhi, looking to the future, has stated that he aims to build a hospital every 500 km in Pakistan. Although he is given the title [[Maulana]] out of respect, he himself dislikes the title as he has never been to a religious school and he is not an Islamic cleric. He prefers being called 'Doctor' as he has received an honorary doctorate from [[Institute_of_Business_Administration_Karachi|The Institute of Business Administration]] in [[Pakistan]] for services to humanity.<ref name="iba_dr">http://www.dawn.com/2005/10/27/local9.htm</ref> He is also famous for being very shy about his popularity and when people personally praise him for his work. He also refuses to accept donations from governments or formal religious organisations, because according to him they set 'conditions'. Both General [[Zia-ul-Haq]] and the Italian government sent him generous donations, which he sent back.

In 1996 his autobiography, ''[[A Mirror to the Blind]]'' was published.

According to the [[Guinness Book of World Records]], as of 1997, [[Edhi Foundation]]'s ambulance service is the largest volunteer ambulance service in the world.<ref name="guinnes_book">http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com
Guinness Book of World records on Abdul Sattar Edhi</ref> He also personally holds the world record for having gone the longest time working without having taken a holiday. As of when the record was set, he still has not taken a day off work.

==Honors received==
'''International Awards'''
* [[1988]] [[Lenin Peace Prize]]
* [[1986]] [[Ramon Magsaysay Award]] for Public Service
* [[1992]] [[Paul Harris Fellow Rotary International Foundation]]
* In [[2000]], [[Edhi]] was awarded the [[International Balzan Prize]] for [[altruism|Humanity]], [[Peace]] and [[Brotherhood]].
* On [[26 March]] [[2005]], [[Edhi]] was presented with the [[Life Time Achievement Award]] by the [[World Memon Organisation]] (WMO).
* On [[11 November]] [[2006]], [[Edhi]] was presented with an [[Honorary Doctorate]] Degree by the [[Institute of Business Administration Karachi]] (IBA).<ref name="Dawn">http://www.dawn.com/2006/11/12/local1.htm</ref>

'''National Awards'''
* [[Nishan-e-Imtiaz]] from [[Government of Pakistan]] [[1989]].
* Human Rights Award " by Pakistan Human Rights Society.
* Khidmat Award " by Pakistan Academy of Medical Sciences.
* Shield of Honour " by [[Pakistan Army]] (E & C).
* Silver Jubilee Shield " by College of Physicians and Surgeons, Pakistan.(1962-1987)
* Recognition of meritorious services to oppressed humanity during eighties " (1989) by Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Government of Pakistan. 45 Years Of Selfless Service.
* The Social Worker of Sub-Continent - 1989 " by Government of Sind
* Pakistan Civic Award 1992 - by Pakistan Civic Society.

Several other awards are listed here.

== Notes ==
<div class="references-small">
<references/>
</div>

==See also==
*[[Pakistan]]
*[[Edhi Foundation]]

==External links==
*[http://www.edhifoundation.com/ Edhi Foundation Unofficial site]
*[http://www.contactpakistan.com/socialwork/Edhi/livinglegend.htm Interview of Edhi]
* [http://www.rmaf.org.ph/Awardees/Citation/CitationEdhiAbd.htm Ramon Magsaysay Award Citation]
* [http://www.islamicity.com/articles/Articles.asp?ref=SW0412-2541 Article on Abdul Sattar Edhi]
* [http://www.jazbah.org/bilquis.php Article on Bilquis Edhi]
* [http://ifaqeer.blogspot.com/2005/10/who-do-pakistanis-turn-to.html Blog post about Mr. Edhi after the October 2005 earthquake that hit Pakistan the hardest]

[[Category:1931 births|Edhi, Abdul Sattar]]
[[Category:Living people|Edhi, Abdul Sattar]]
[[Category:Pakistani philanthropists|Edhi, Abdul Sattar]]
[[Category:Autobiographers|Edhi, Abdul Sattar]]
[[Category:People from Karachi District|Edhi, Abdul Sattar]]
[[Category:Gujarati people|Edhi, Abdul Sattar]]
[[Category:Nishan-e-Imtiaz|Edhi, Abdul Sattar]]
[[Category:Muhajir|Edhi, Abdul Sattar]]
[[Category:Memon people]]
[[Category:Pakistani people]]

Peter Yoshiro Saeki

2007-07-23T21:20:04Z

Crazycomputers: Reverted edits by 200.90.209.231 (talk) to last version by 71.111.244.206

'''(Paul) Yoshiro Saeki''', (1871-1965), [[Japan]]ese scholar of [[religion]] and [[law]], was consulted on the rebuilding of [[Hiroshima]] after the [[atomic bomb]] blast of [[August 6]] [[1945]]. He advised rebuilding the city as a relatively small and well-planned space.

A partial bibliography of his works as listed in the [[Library of Congress]] would include:

* ''Keikyo hibun kenkyu. The Nestorian monument in China'', (Place: Publisher, era 44 [1911]).

* ''The Nestorian Monument in China'', (London: SPCK, 1916).

* ''The luminous religion, a study of Nestorian Christianity in China, with a translation of the inscription upon the Nestorian tablet'', with Mrs. C. E. Couling, (London: Carey press, 1925).

* ''Roma ho koyo'', 1927.

* ''Keikyo no kenkyu'', (Tokyo: Toho Bunka Gakuin Tokyo Kenkyujo-- Hatsubaijo Bunkyudo Shoten, Showa 10 [1935]; reprinted Tokyo: Meicho Fukyukai, Showa 53 [1978 & 1980].

* Articles in the ''Journal of the North China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society'' from 1932 to 1936.

* ''Shina Kirisutokyo no kenkyu'', (Place: Publisher, Showa 18-24 [1943-49]) 4 vols.

* ''Nestorian Documents and Relics in China'', (Tokyo: Toho bunkwa gakuin: The Academy of oriental culture, 1937; 2nd edition, Tokyo: Maruzen, 1951). An English language abridgement of ''Keikyo no kenkyu''.

* ''Catalogue of the Nestorian literature and relics'', (Tokyo: Maruzen,1950).

* ''Chūgoku ni okeru Keikyo suibo no rekishi'', (Kyoto: Habado Enkei Doshisha Toho Bunka Koza Iinkai, Showa 30 [1955]).

* ''Roma-teikoku Kirisutokyo hogo kitei no kenkyu''. (Place: Publisher, 1957).

* ''Saeki Yoshiro iko narabini den'', (Place: Publisher, Showa 45 [1970]).

==Sources==

* [http://www.city.hiroshima.jp/kikaku/joho/toukei/History-E/c04.html Article on the Planning for Hiroshima's reconstruction.]

[[Category:Japanese academics|Saeki, P.Y.]]
[[Category:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|Saeki, P.Y.]]
[[Category:Japanese people|Saeki, P. Y.]]

Apalachee

2007-04-27T23:27:49Z

Crazycomputers: Reverted edits by 72.77.254.79 (talk) to version 123386310 by 152.17.62.122 using VS

[[Image:FLMap-Apalachee-Tribe.png|thumb|right|300px|Approximate area of the Apalachee culture region.]]
The '''Apalachee''' were an [[Native Americans in the United States|Indian tribe]] that lived in [[Apalachee Province]], [[Florida]] until the tribe was largely destroyed and dispersed in the 18th century. They lived between the [[Aucilla River]] and [[Ochlockonee River]], at the head of [[Apalachee Bay]], and were first encountered by [[Spanish people|Spanish]] explorers in the 16th century. The Apalachee spoke a now-[[extinct language|extinct]] [[Muskogean languages|Muskogean language]], documented by letters written in the Spanish Colonial period.

The [[Appalachian Mountains]] were named after them.

== Culture ==

In about 1100 [[agriculture]] became important in the area that became the Apalachee domain. This area was part of the [[Fort Walton Culture]], the Florida sub-culture of the [[Mississippian culture]] with their capital as [[Anhaica]]. The Apalachee lived in towns of various size, or on individual farmsteads of 1/2 acre or so in size. Smaller settlements might have a single [[mound]] and a few houses. Larger towns (50 to 100 houses) would have several mounds. Villages and towns were often situated by lakes. The largest Apalachee community was at [[Lake Jackson (Tallahassee, Florida)|Lake Jackson]] on the north side of present-day [[Tallahassee, Florida|Tallahassee]], [[Florida]]. This community had several mounds, some of which are now protected in [[Lake Jackson Mounds Archaeological State Park]], and 200 or more houses.

The Apalachee grew [[maize|corn]], [[bean]]s, [[Squash (fruit)|squash]], [[pumpkin]]s and [[sunflower]]s. They gathered [[Strawberry|wild strawberries]], the roots and shoots of the [[Common Greenbrier|greenbrier vine]], greens such as [[Fat Hen|lambsquarters]], the roots of one or more unidentified aquatic plants used to make flour, [[hickory]] nuts, [[acorn]]s, [[Saw Palmetto|saw palmetto]] berries and [[persimmon]]s. They caught fish and [[turtle]]s in the lakes and rivers, and [[oyster]]s and fish on the Gulf Coast. They hunted [[White-tailed Deer|deer]], [[American Black Bear|black bear]]s, [[rabbit]]s and [[duck]]s.

The Apalachee were part of a trade network that extended from the [[Gulf Coast of the United States|Gulf Coast]] to the [[Great Lakes]], and westward to what is now [[Oklahoma]]. The Apalachee acquired copper artifacts, sheets of [[mica]], [[greenstone]] and [[galena]] through this trade. The Apalachee probably paid for these imports with shells, pearls, shark teeth, preserved fish and [[sea turtle]] meat, salt and [[Yaupon Holly|cassina]] leaves and twigs (used to make the [[black drink]]).

The Apalachee made tools from stone, bone and shell. They made pottery, wove cloth and cured [[Buckskin (leather)|buckskin]]. They built houses covered with [[Arecaceae|palm]] leaves or the bark of [[Taxodium|cypress]] or [[poplar]] trees. They stored food in pits in the ground lined with [[matting]], and [[Smoking (food)|smoked]] or [[Drying (food)|dried]] food on racks over fires. (When [[Hernando de Soto (explorer)|Hernando de Sotò]] seized the Apalachee town of Anhaico in 1539, he found enough stored food to feed his 600 men and 220 horses for five months.)

The Apalachee men wore a deerskin [[loincloth]]. The women wore a skirt of [[Spanish moss]] or other plant fibers. The men painted their bodies with [[red ochre]] placed feathers in their hair when they prepared for battle. The men smoked [[tobacco]].

The Apalachee [[Scalping|scalped]] opponents they killed, and exhibited the scalps as a sign of their ability. Taking a scalp was a means of entering the [[warrior]] class, and was celebrated with a scalp dance using headdresses made of bird beaks and animal fur. The village or clan of a slain warrior was expected to avenge his death.

The Apalachee played a ball game that was described in detail by Spaniards in the 17th century. Two teams kicked and hit a small ball, made by wrapping buckskin around dried mud, trying to hit a goal post. There was only one goal, with an [[Bald Eagle|eagle]]'s nest set on top. Players scored one point if they hit the post with the ball, and two points if the ball landed in the nest. Eleven points won the game. Spectators gambled heavily on the games.

Up to 50 men played on a team. The best players were highly prized, and villages gave them houses, planted their fields for them, and overlooked their misdeeds in an effort to keep such players on their teams. The giving of challenges for a game and the erection of goalposts involved rituals and ceremonies. The game itself had few rules and could be quite violent. Serious injuries and even deaths occurred in the games.

== Spanish encounters ==

Two [[Spanish people|Spanish]] expeditions encountered the Apalachee in the first half of the 16th century. The expedition of [[Pánfilo de Narváez]] entered the Apalachee domain in 1528. Spanish cruelty towards the Apalachee was met with resistance, and the [[Narváez expedition]] turned to the coast on Apalachee Bay, where it built five boats, and attempted to sail to [[Mexico]].

In 1539, Hernando de Sotò landed with a large contingence of men and horses on the west coast of the [[peninsula]] of Florida, searching for gold. The people he encountered told him that gold could be found in ''Apalachee''. It is not known if this was a reference to the mountains of northern [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], which is a source of gold, or to the copper artifacts that the Apalachee had acquired through trade. In any case, it served to send de Sotò and his men away.

Due to their prior experience with the Narváez expedition and to the reports they heard of the fighting between the de Sotò expedition and the tribes it encountered, the Apalachee feared and hated the Spanish. The de Sotò expedition entered the Apalachee domain, and the Spanish soldiers are described as ''lancing every Indian encountered on both sides of the road.'' De Sotò and his men seized the Apalachee town of [[Anhaica]], on the site of present-day [[Tallahassee, Florida|Tallahassee]], [[Florida]], and spent the winter of 1539-1540 there.

The Apalachee fought back with small raids and ambushes. Their arrows could penetrate two layers of [[chain mail]]. They quickly learned to target the horses, which previously gave the Spanish a large advantage against the unmounted Apalachee. The Apalachee were described as ''being more pleased in killing one of these animals than they were in killing four Christians.'' In the spring of 1540, de Sotò and his men left the Apalachee domain and headed north into what is now the state of Georgia.

== Spanish missions ==
[[Image:Apalachee Nation flag.svg|right|thumb|Flag of the Apalachee Nation]]
About 1600 the [[Spain|Spanish]] Franciscans founded a successful mission among them, but in 1704 (during [[Queen Anne's War]]) men from [[Carolina]] in [[North America]] traveled southwards to [[Florida]] and attacked the Apalachee and the Spanish missionaries who lived amongst them, in what became known as the [[Apalachee Massacre]]. Some of the Apalachee were killed, others who were captured and sold into slavery kept their tribal identity for some time. Others were given to the [[Creek people|Creek]] Indians who had assisted the men from [[Carolina]], and others fled westward accepting an offer to live in French-controlled [[Mobile, Alabama|Mobile]]. In [[1763]], most of these Apalachees relocated to [[Rapides Parish]] in [[Louisiana]]. The tribe's descendants are still in Rapides Parish Louisiana under the guidance of Chief Gilmer Bennett.<ref name=Talimali>[http://www.nsula.edu/regionalfolklife/apalachee/Epilogue.html The Talimali Band of Apalachee]</ref>

== More about the Apalachee today==

[[Image:Chief-59.jpg|thumb|right|As of 2006, Gilmer Bennett is Chief of the Apalachees]]
Today the tribal office located in [[Libuse, Louisiana|Libuse]], [[Louisiana]] serves approximately 300 members. As of 2006, Gilmer Bennett is Chief of the Apalachees.<ref name=Talimali/>
The tribe has been featured in The Wall Street Journal along with other news publications. The [[Public Broadcasting Service]] show [[History Detectives]] aired a special about the tribe in 2006.<ref>[http://www.pbs.org/opb/historydetectives/investigations/407_crystalcross.html Mystery Crystal Cross]</ref> Mission San Luis, a ''living history'' museum in Tallahassee, Florida,<ref>[http://www.missionsanluis.org/ Friends of Mission San Luis, Inc. home page]</ref> that re-creates one of the Spanish missions to the Apalachee, also received the ''Preserve America'' Presidential Award in 2006.<ref>[http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2006/05/images/20060501-1_d-0278-515h.html Presentation of the ''Preserve America'' award by President Bush]</ref>

==See also==
*[[Muskogean languages]]
*[[Queen Anne's War]]

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
*Horwitz, Tony - "[http://www.weyanoke.org/doc/WSJ-ApalacheeTribe.doc Apalachee Tribe, Missing for Centuries, Comes Out of Hiding]", The Wall Street Journal, March 9, 2005; Page A1
*Raeke, Richard - "[http://www.sptimes.com/2003/07/20/Floridian/The_Apalachee_trail.shtml The Apalachee Trail]", St. Petersburg Times; July 20, 2003
*''Handbook of American Indians'', ed. F. W. Hodge (Washington, 1907).
* {{1911}}
*Brown, Robin C. 1994. ''Florida's First People''. [[Sarasota, Florida]]: Pineapple Press, Inc. ISBN 1-56164-032-8

==External links==
*[http://fcit.usf.edu/Florida/lessons/apalach/apalach1.htm Florida lessons]
*[http://www.archaeology.org/online/news/apalachee.html Apalachee]
*[http://www.nsula.edu/regionalfolklife/apalachee/kisatchiehills.html] regional folk life

[[Category:Muskogean languages]]
[[Category:Extinct languages of North America]]
[[Category:Indigenous languages of the North American Southeast]]
[[Category:Native American tribes in Florida]]
[[Category:Pre-Columbian cultures]]
[[Category:Mound builders]]

[[ca:Apalachee]]
[[es:Apalache]]
[[eo:Apalaĉoj]]
[[hr:Apalachee]]
[[pl:Apalakowie]]

Alabama-Schaufelstör

2007-04-10T18:35:37Z

Crazycomputers: Reverted edits by 216.229.196.29 (talk) to last version by ESkog

{{Taxobox
| color = pink
| name = Alabama sturgeon
| status = CR
| image =
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption =
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| classis = [[Actinopterygii]]
| ordo = [[Acipenseriformes]]
| familia = [[Acipenseridae]]
| genus = ''[[Scaphirhynchus]]''
| species = '''''S. suttkusi'''''
| binomial = ''Scaphirhynchus suttkusi''
| binomial_authority = (Williams & Clemmer, [[1991]])
}}
The '''Alabama sturgeon''', ''Scaphirhynchus suttkusi'', is a [[critically endangered species]] of [[sturgeon]] native to the [[United States of America]] and now only believed to exist in 130 miles of the lower [[Alabama River]].<ref name="Bouma1">{{cite news|last = Bouma|first = Katherine|title = Alabama sturgeon caught in Wilcox, raises hopes for possible breeding|publisher = The Birmingham News|date = [[2007-04-05]]|url = http://www.al.com/news/birminghamnews/index.ssf?/base/news/117576094897930.xml&coll=2|accessdate = 2007-04-06}}</ref> The fish has a distinctive yellowish-orange color is and believed to have a lifespan of 12 to 20 years. Biologists have known of the fish since the 1950s or 1960s, but the large diversity of aquatic species in [[Alabama]] prevented formal identification until 1991.

== Protected status controversy ==
The Alabama sturgeon was first proposed for protected status in the early 1990s, although by then the fish was already so rare its survival was uncertain. The sturgeon's protection was opposed by a variety of industries located along Alabama's rivers for the feared economic impact. The opponents' main arguments were that it was already extinct or that it was not a distinct species. In response to this opposition, the [[U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service]] ceased efforts to place the fish on the Endangered Species List. Then Ray Vaughan, an environmental lawyer in [[Montgomery, Alabama]], sued the Service and, in 2000, won, requiring Fish and Wildlife to list the fish for protection.<ref name="Bouma1" />

== Recent efforts ==
In 1993, state and federal biologists began a program to help save the Alabama sturgeon through a captive breeding program. Unfortunately, only six fish have been captured since then, all male. The last fish in captivity died in 2002. The most recent specimen was captured in April 2007. After determining the fish was a male, sperm were collected, a small tracking device implanted, and plans were made to release it once it had fully healed.<ref name="Bouma2">{{cite news|last = Bouma|first = Katherine|title = Alabama sturgeon a male, to be freed carrying tracker|publisher = The Birmingham News|date = [[2007-04-06]]|url = http://www.al.com/birminghamnews/stories/index.ssf?/base/news/1175847731193450.xml&coll=2|accessdate = 2007-04-06}}</ref>

==References==
<references />
* {{IUCN2006|assessors=Sturgeon Specialist Group|year=1996|id=19942|title=Scaphyrhynchus suttkusi|downloaded=6 April 2007}}
* {{ITIS|ID=201895|taxon=Scaphirhynchus suttkusi|year=2007|date=06 April}}
* {{FishBase_species|genus=Scaphirhynchus|species=suttkusi|year=2007|month=April}}

[[Category:Acipenseridae]]

{{fish-stub}}

Nixonmaske

2007-03-28T05:04:09Z

Crazycomputers: Reverted edits by 219.77.81.89 (talk) to version 117405515 by Jogers using VS

[[Image:Richard Nixon mask.jpg|thumb|250px|right|A typical Richard Nixon mask.]]
A '''Richard Nixon mask''' is a [[mask]] with the features of U.S. President [[Richard Nixon]]. These were commercially available and quite popular in the waning days of the Nixon Administration. They are generally made out of thick [[latex]] [[rubber]] or similar flexible [[Casting|castable]] compounds.

One of the notable features of most Richard Nixon masks is the classically [[caricature]]d nose, sometimes called the ''ski-jump nose''. This prominent feature is reminiscent of the nose prosthetic used in performances of the play ''[[Cyrano de Bergerac (play)|Cyrano de Bergerac]]''. Many of the different versions of the Nixon mask have a wide grinning smile as well.

The masks enjoyed a brief initial period of popularity as a [[fad]] and sparked a commercial demand for masks resembling famous people, most notably [[President of the United States|Presidents]] of the [[United States]]. For its part, the Richard Nixon mask remains popular today, worn both for humorous effect, and in peace marches and similar "public displays of disaffection". According to ''[[Harper's]]'' magazine's October 2002 "Index", Nixon masks were the best-selling political mask for the previous five years for top U.S. costume wholesaler [[Morris Costumes]]. [http://www.harpers.org/HarpersIndex2002-10.html#994413405151111]

==Famous people who have worn the Nixon mask==
*[[Hunter S. Thompson]] - Political reporter
*[[Manic Street Preachers]] - Welsh band in their video "The Love of Richard Nixon"

==Fictional characters who have worn the Nixon mask==
*The corpse - ''[[Men at Work (film)|Men at Work]]''
*Wendy - ''[[The Ice Storm]]''
*One of the bank robbers in ''[[Point Break]]''
*[[Bookmobile]] driver - ''[[South Park]]''
*[[Jack McFarland]]'s biological father on ''[[Will & Grace]]''
*Robbers in ''[[Best Seller]]''
*A protester in the director's cut of ''[[Nixon (movie)|Nixon]]''
*Killer in [[B-movie]] ''Horror House On Highway 5''
*[[Eric Forman]] - ''[[That '70s Show]]''
*Meatwad in the ''[[Aqua Teen Hunger Force]]'' episode, "The Shaving"
*[[Peter Griffin]] - ''[[Family Guy]]'' episode, "15 Minutes of Shame"
*One of the [[cheerleader]] bank robbers in ''[[Sugar and Spice]]''
*A group of [[convenience store]] robbers in ''[[Batman: The Dark Knight Returns]]''
*Uncle Joey on ''[[Full House]]'' recalled [[streaking]] on the field at one of his [[high school]]'s [[American football|football]] games while wearing one.
*The passengers on the fictitious "Mayflower" moon shuttle in the movie ''[[Airplane II: The Sequel]] when the shuttle was flying at .5 Worp speed.

[[Category:Masks|Nixon, Richard, mask]]
[[Category:Richard Nixon|Mask, Richard Nixon]]

Royal Warrant of Precedence

2007-03-27T05:28:40Z

Crazycomputers: Reverted edits by 203.58.93.58 (talk) to version 115951435 by Craigy144 using VS

A '''Royal Warrant of Precedence''' is a [[warrant (law)|warrant]] issued by the [[British monarchy|Monarch of the United Kingdom]] to determine [[Order of precedence|precedence]] amongst individuals or organisations.

Most of these types of warrants are issued to grant a rank to a member of the nobility or gentry which they would normally have enjoyed when their relative (usually their sibling) inherits a title, but failed to automatically assume due to such circumstances as the death of their father (see [[courtesy title]]). The warrants are usually issued to the following effect:

{{cquotetxt|''The King/Queen has been pleased to ordain that <name> shall henceforth have, hold and enjoy the title, rank, place, pre-eminence and precedence as the younger son/daughter of a duke/marquess/earl etc. which would have been due to him/her had his/her father, <name>, survived his <eg. brother>, <name and title>, and thereby succeeded to the said title and dignity of Duke/Marquess/Earl etc. of Somewhere.''
''And to command that the said Royal Concession and Declaration be recorded in His/Her Majesty's [[College of Arms]] [and also in His/Her Majesty's [[Court of the Lord Lyon|Lyon Office]] if a Scottish title].''}}

Below is a list of such warrants in descending order of rank (note: the Order of Precedence for males and females is separate from one another):

==Younger son of a duke==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Date
!Warrant in favour of
!Sibling of
|-
|1936
|[[Lord John FitzRoy|John Percy Samuel FitzRoy]]
|[[Charles FitzRoy, 10th Duke of Grafton]]
|-
|1963
|[[Robert Grosvenor, 5th Duke of Westminster|Robert George Grosvenor]]
|[[Gerald Grosvenor, 4th Duke of Westminster]]
|-
|1975
|[[Lord Michael Fitzalan-Howard|Hon. Sir Michael Fitzalan-Howard]] [[Lord Martin Fitzalan-Howard|Hon. Martin Fitzalan-Howard]] [[Lord Mark Fitzalan-Howard|Hon. Mark Fitzalan-Howard]]
|[[Miles Stapleton-Fitzalan-Howard, 17th Duke of Norfolk]]
|}

==Younger son of a marquess==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Date
!Warrant in favour of
!Sibling of
|-
|1831
|[[Lord Frederick FitzClarence|Frederick FitzClarence]] [[Lord Adolphus FitzClarence|Adolphus FitzClarence]] [[Lord Augustus FitzClarence|Augustus FitzClarence]]
|N/A (illegitimate child of [[William IV of the United Kingdom|William IV]])
|-
|1871
|[[Lord William Seymour|William Frederick Ernest Seymour]]
|[[Francis Seymour, 5th Marquess of Hertford]]
|-
|1907
|[[Lord Walter Hervey|Walter John Hervey]] [[Lord Manners Hervey|Manners William Hervey]] [[Herbert Hervey, 5th Marquess of Bristol|Herbert Arthur Robert Hervey]]
|[[Frederick Hervey, 4th Marquess of Bristol]]
|-
|1917
|[[Lord Leopold Mountbatten|Sir Leopold Arthur Louis Mountbatten]]
|[[Alexander Mountbatten, 1st Marquess of Carisbrooke]]
|-
|1917
|[[Lord Edward Gleichen|(Albert) Edward Wilfred, Count Gleichen]]
|N/A (son of [[Prince Victor of Hohenlohe-Langenburg]])
|-
|1937
|[[Lord Adam Gordon|Adam Granville Gordon]] [[Lord Roderic Gordon|Roderic Armyne Gordon]] [[Lord Douglas Gordon|Douglas Claude Alexander Gordon]]
|[[Douglas Gordon, 12th Marquess of Huntly]]
|-
|1941
|[[Lord John Kerr|John Andrew Christopher Kerr]]
|[[Peter Kerr, 12th Marquess of Lothian]]
|-
|1953
|[[Lord Ulick Browne|Ulick Browne]]
|[[Denis Browne, 10th Marquess of Sligo]]
|-
|1970
|[[Lord Timothy Paulet|Timothy Guy Paulet]]
|[[Nigel Paulet, 18th Marquess of Winchester]]
|-
|1973
|[[Lord George Tottenham|George Robert Tottenham]]
|[[Charles Tottenham, 8th Marquess of Ely]]
|-
|1977
|[[Lord Desmond Chichester|Hon. Desmond Clive Chichester]]
|[[Dermot Chichester, 7th Marquess of Donnegall]]
|}

==Younger son of an earl==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Date
!Warrant in favour of
!Sibling
|-
|1923
|[[Montague Eliot, 8th Earl of St Germans|Montague Charles Eliot]] [[Christian Eliot|Christian Edward Cornwallis Eliot]] [[Arthur Eliot|Arthur Ernest Henry Eliot]] [[Edward Eliot|Edward Granville Eliot]]
|[[Granville Eliot, 7th Earl of St Germans]]
|-
|1925
|[[Charles Bernard|Charles Brodrick Amyas Bernard]]
|[[Percy Bernard, 5th Earl of Bandon]]
|-
|1930
|[[John Bonynge Coventry]]
|[[George Coventry, 10th Earl of Coventry]]
|-
|1935
|[[Frederick John Boyle]] [[Reginald Courtenay Boyle]]
|[[William Boyle, 12th Earl of Cork]]
|-
|1938
|[[Charles Kitchener|Charles Eaton Kitchener]]
|[[Henry Kitchener, 3rd Earl Kitchener]]
|-
|1941
|[[Stephen Temple-Gore-Langton, 7th Earl Temple of Stowe|(Ronald) Stephen Brydges Temple-Gore-Langton]]
|[[Chandos Temple-Gore-Langton, 6th Earl Temple of Stowe]]
|-
|1953
|[[Patrick Maitland, 17th Earl of Lauderdale|Patrick Francis Maitland, Master of Lauderdale]]
|[[Alfred Maitland, 16th Earl of Lauderdale]]
|-
|1953
|[[Christian Herbert, 6th Earl of Powis|Christian Victor Charles Herbert]]
|[[Edward Herbert, 5th Earl of Powis]]
|-
|1954
|[[Anthony Lowther|Anthony George Lowther]]
|[[James Lowther, 7th Earl of Lonsdale]]
|-
|1962
|[[Peter Needham|(Arthur Edward) Peter Needham]]
|[[Francis Needham, 5th Earl of Kilmorey]]
|-
|1963
|[[Robin Michael Parker]] [[Nigel Geoffrey Parker]]
|[[John Parker, 6th Earl of Morley]]
|-
|1967
|[[John Boyle, 14th Earl of Cork|John William Boyle]]
|[[Patrick Boyle, 13th Earl of Cork]]
|-
|1974
|[[Albemarle Bowes-Lyon|(Michael) Albemarle Bowes-Lyon]]
|[[Fergus Bowes-Lyon, 17th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne]]
|-
|1974
|[[Nicholas Cunliffe-Lister, 3rd Earl of Swinton|Nicholas John Cunliffe-Lister]]
|[[David Cunliffe-Lister, 2nd Earl of Swinton]]
|-
|1991
|[[David Mark Herbert]] [[Andrew Clive Herbert]]
|[[George Herbert, 7th Earl of Powis]]
|-
|1992
|[[Simon Hastings-Bass|Simon Aubrey Robin Hood Hastings-Bass]] [[John Hastings-Bass|John Peter Robin Hood Hastings-Bass]]
|[[William Hastings-Bass, 17th Earl of Huntingdon]]
|-
|2004
|[[Charles George Yule Balfour]]
|[[Roderick Balfour, 5th Earl of Balfour]]
|}

==Younger son of a viscount==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Date
!Warrant in favour of
!Sibling
|-
|1934
|[[Alexander Hood, 7th Viscount Hood|Alexander Lambert Hood]]
|[[Samuel Hood, 6th Viscount Hood]]
|-
|1939
|[[William Allenby|(Claude) William Hynman Allenby]]
|[[Dudley Allenby, 2nd Viscount Allenby]]
|-
|1973
|[[Edmund Monckton-Arundell, 11th Viscount Galway|Edmund Savile Monckton-Arundell]]
|[[William Monckton-Arundell, 10th Viscount Galway]]
|}

==Younger son of a baron/lord of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Date
!Warrant in favour of
!Sibling of
|-
|1917
|[[Robert Disney Leith Alexander]]
|[[Gervase Disney Alexander, 15th Baron Cobham]]
|-
|1921
|[[Gavin Campbell, 5th Baron Stratheden and Campbell|Gavin Campbell]]
|[[Alaistair Campbell, 4th Baron Stratheden and Campbell]]
|-
|1924
|[[Peter Hotham]] [[John David Hotham]]
|[[Henry Hotham, 7th Baron Hotham]]
|-
|1929
|[[Brian Arthur O'Neill]] [[Terence O'Neill|Terence Marne O'Neill]]
|[[Shane O'Neill, 3rd Baron O'Neill]]
|-
|1929
|[[Algernon Howard|Algernon George Mowbray Frederick Howard]]
|[[Gordon Howard, 5th Earl of Effingham]]
|-
|1930
|[[David Bethell, 5th Baron Westbury|David Allan Bethell]]
|[[Richard Bethell, 4th Baron Westbury]]
|-
|1933
|[[David Fellowes|(John) David Fellowes]]
|[[Ailwyn Fellowes, 3rd Baron de Ramsey]]
|-
|1934
|[[Michael Thomas Henderson]] [[Roderic Henderson|Roderic Harold Dalzell Henderson]]
|[[Alexander Henderson, 2nd Baron Faringdon]]
|-
|1935
|[[Bryan Bellew, 6th Baron Bellew|Bryan Bertram Bellew]] [[George Bellew|George Rothe Bellew]] [[Patrick Herbert Bellew]]
|[[Edward Bellew, 5th Baron Bellew]]
|-
|1937
|[[James Weyland Darling]]
|[[Robert Darling, 2nd Baron Darling]]
|-
|1940
|[[Ronald Kay-Shuttleworth, 3rd Baron Shuttleworth|Ronald Orland Lawrence Kay-Shuttleworth]]
|[[Richard Kay-Shuttleworth, 2nd Baron Shuttleworth]]
|-
|1941
|[[Peter Gough-Calthorpe, 10th Baron Calthorpe|Peter Waldo Somerset Gough-Calthorpe]]
|[[Ronald Gough-Calthorpe, 9th Gough-Calthorpe]]
|-
|1942
|[[Terence Eden, 8th Baron Auckland|Terence Eden]]
|[[Geoffrey Eden, 7th Baron Auckland]]
|-
|1942
|[[David Gibson|(William) David Gibson]]
|[[Edward Gibson, 3rd Baron Ashbourne]]
|-
|1944
|[[Grey Aldworth Neville]]
|[[Henry Neville, 9th Baron Braybrooke]]
|-
|1944
|[[Peter de Brissac Dickinson]] [[Hugh Geoffrey Dickinson]] [[David Christopher Dickinson]]
|[[Richard Dickinson, 2nd Baron Dickinson]]
|-
|1945
|[[Peter Thellusson|Peter Robert Thellusson]]
|[[Charles Thellusson, 8th Baron Rendlesham]]
|-
|1945
|[[Francis Hepburne-Scott|Francis Michael Hepburne-Scott]]
|[[Henry Hepburne-Scott, 10th Lord Polwarth]]
|-
|1946
|[[William Rollo|William Hereward Charles Rollo]]
|[[John Rollo, 12th Lord Rollo]]
|-
|1948
|[[Cecil Irby, 8th Baron Boston|Cecil Eustace Irby]]
|[[Greville Irby, 7th Baron Boston]]
|-
|1950
|[[Richard Sandys|Sir Richard Augustus Sandys]]
|[[Arthur Sandys, 6th Baron Sandys]]
|-
|1950
|[[Cailain Campbell-Gray|Cailain Douglas Campbell-Gray]]
|[[Angus Campbell-Gray, 22nd Lord Gray]]
|-
|1951
|[[Christopher Chetwode|Christopher Roger Chetwode]]
|[[Philip Chetwode, 2nd Baron Chetwode]]
|-
|1958
|[[Arthur Wynn|Arthur Romer Wynn]] [[Rowland Wynn|Rowland Tempest Beresford Wynn]]
|[[Robert Wynn, 6th Baron Newborough]]
|-
|1961
|[[George Christian Darell Jeffreys]]
|[[Mark Jeffreys, 2nd Baron Jeffreys]]
|-
|1963
|[[Richard Strachey|Richard Towneley Strachey]]
|[[Charles Strachey, 4th Baron O'Hagan]]
|-
|1964
|[[Peter Charles Baillie]]
|[[Michael Baillie, 3rd Baron Burton]]
|-
|1967
|[[Michael Mosley]]
|[[Nicholas Mosley|Nicholas Mosley, 3rd Baron Ravensdale]]
|-
|1969
|[[Richard Nall-Cain|Richard Philip Christopher Nall-Cain]] [[David Nall-Cain|David Michael Anthony Nall-Cain]]
|[[Charles Nall-Cain, 3rd Baron Brocket]]
|-
|1973
|[[Richard Morgan Oliver Stanley]]
|[[Thomas Stanley, 8th Baron Stanley of Alderley]]
|-
|1976
|[[Anthony Paul Irby]]
|[[Gerald Irby, 9th Baron Boston]]
|-
|1983
|[[Adam Mark Haslingden Russell]] [[Daniel Charles Edward Russell]]
|[[Simon Russell, 3rd Baron Russell of Liverpool]]
|-
|1989
|[[Charles Rea|Charles Julian Rea]]
|[[Nicolas Rea, 3rd Baron Rea]]
|-
|1991
[[Edward Arundell|Edward Renfric Arundell]]
|[[John Arundell, 10th Baron Talbot of Malahide]]
|-
|1991
|[[Mark Hugh Gordon Palmer]]
|[[Adrian Palmer 4th Baron Palmer]]
|-
|2003
|[[George Ponsonby (farmer)|(Ashley) George Ponsonby]]
|[[Rupert Ponsonby, 7th Baron de Mauley]]
|}

==Daughter of a duke==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Date
!Warrant in favour of
!Sibling of
|-
|1914
|[[Lady Elspeth Campbell|Elspeth Angela Campbell]]
|[[Niall Campbell, 10th Duke of Argyll]]
|-
|1925
|[[Lady Julia Hulbert|Julia Margaret Hulbert]] [[Lady Beatrice Skelton|Beatrice Jane Skelton]] [[Lady Gertrude Seymour|Gertrude Ward Seymour]] [[Lady Agnes Seymour|Agnes Mary Seymour]]
|[[Edward Seymour, 16th Duke of Somerset]]
|-
|1931
|[[Lady Jane Nelson|(Margaret) Jane FitzRoy]] [[Lady Mary Williams|Mary Rose FitzRoy]]
|[[John FitzRoy, 9th Duke of Grafton]]
|-
|1936
|[[Anna Byron, Baroness Byron]] [[Lady Victoria Seymour|Victoria Alexandrina Mabel Seymour]] [[Lady Violet Wilson|Violet Freddie Wilson]]
|[[Charles FitzRoy, 10th Duke of Grafton]]
|-
|1954
|[[Lady Dorothy Mack|Dorothy Alice Margaret Augusta Mack]]
|[[William Grosvenor, 3rd Duke of Westminster]]
|-
|1975
|[[Lady Mariegold Jamieson|Hon. Mariegold Magdalene Jamieson]] [[Lady Miriam Hubbard|Hon. Miriam Hubbard]] [[Lady Miranda Emmet|Hon. Miranda Mary Emmet]] [[Lady Mirabel Kelly|Mirabel Magdalene Kelly]]
|[[Miles Stapleton-Fitzalan-Howard, 17th Duke of Norfolk]]
|-
|2003
|[[Lady Lucy Pelham|Lucy Helen Pelham]] [[Lady Katharine Watts|Katharine Mary Watts]] [[Lady Alice Fremantle|Alice Marian Fremantle]]
|[[Francis Egerton, 7th Duke of Sutherland]]
|}

==Daughter of a marquess==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Date
!Warrant in favour of
!Sibling of
|-
|1831
|[[Sophia Sidney, Baroness De L'Isle and Dudley|Sophia FitzClarence]] [[Lady Mary Fox|Mary Fox]] [[Lady Augusta Hallyburton|Augusta Kennedy-Erskine]]
|N/A (illegitimate child of [[William IV of the United Kingdom|William IV]])
|-
|1871
|[[Emily Ormsby-Gore, Baroness Harlech|Emily Charlotte Ormsby-Gore]] [[Matilda Rice|Matilda Horatia Seymour]] [[Princess Victor of Hohenlohe-Langenburg|Laura, Countess Gleichen]]
|[[Francis Seymour, 5th Marquess of Hertford]]
|-
|1907
|[[Lady Maria Welby|Maria Louisa Helen Welby]] [[Lady Geraldine Hoare|Geraldine Mariana Hoare]]
|[[Frederick Hervey, 4th Marquess of Bristol]]
|-
|1917
|[[Lady Sylvia Gleichen|Sylvia Gay, Countess Gleichen]]
|N/A (wife of [[Lord Edward Gleichen]])
|-
|1917
|[[Lady Feodora Gleichen|Countess Feodora Georgina Maud Gleichen]] [[Lady Valda Machell|Countess Victoria "Valda" Alice Leopoldina Ada Laura Machell]] [[Lady Helena Gleichen|Countess Helena Emily Gleichen]]
|N/A (sister of [[Lord Edward Gleichen]])
|-
|1930
|[[Lady Anne Kerr|Anne Cecil Kerr]] [[Lady Margaret Kerr|Margaret Mary Kerr]] [[Lady Minna Butler-Thwing|(Gertrude) Minna Butler-Thwing]]
|[[Philip Kerr, 11th Marquess of Lothian]]
|-
|1953
|[[Lady Sheelah Treherne|Sheelah Annette Treherne]] [[Lady Noreen Branson|Noreen Branson]]
|[[Denis Browne, 10th Marquess of Sligo]]
|-
|1970
|[[Lady Pamela O'Leary|Pamela Paulet]] [[Lady Eileen Fitton|Eileen Cecil Theo Fitton]]
|[[Richard Paule, 17th Marquess of Winchester]]
|-
|1970
|[[Lady Jane Fisher|(Angela) Jane Paulet]]
|[[Nigel Paulet, 18th Marquess of Winchester]]
|-
|1970
|[[Lady Marioth Hay|Marioth Christina James]] [[Lady Caroline Tyrrell|Caroline Susan Elizabeth Tyrrell]]
|[[David Hay, 12th Marquess of Tweeddale]]
|-
|1973
|[[Lady Dora Pink|Dora Elizabeth Pink]]
|[[Charles Tottenham, 8th Marquess of Ely]]
|-
|1992
|[[Lady Caroline Borg|Caroline Sylvia Borg]]
|[[Robin Hill, 8th Marquess of Downshire]]
|-
|2003
|[[Lady Angela Keating|Angela Isabel Mary Keating]] [[Lady Henrietta Purbrick|Henrietta Emily Charlotte Purbrick]]
|[[Christopher Nevill, 6th Marquess of Abergavenny]]
|}

==Daughter of an earl==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Date
!Warrant in favour of
!Sibling of
|-
|1910
|[[Lady Mary Dew|Mary Emily Dew]]
|[[Charles Somerset, 6th Earl of Carrick]]
|-
|1921
|[[Lady Cynthia Payne|Cynthia Lettice Margaret Bernard]]
|[[Percy Bernard, 5th Earl of Bandon]]
|-
|1923
|[[Blanche Eaton|Blanche Elizabeth Eaton]]
|[[Granville Eliot, 7th Earl of St Germans]]
|-
|1927
|[[Lady Jaquetta Williams|Jaquetta Williams]] [[Lady Mabel Lunn|Mabel Stafford Lunn]]
|[[Henry Northcote, 3rd Earl of Iddesleigh]]
|-
|1937
|[[Lady Joanna Crane|(Helen Christina) Joanna Crane]]
|[[Sholto Douglas, 20th Earl of Morton]]
|-
|1930
|[[Helena Ryder, Countess of Harrowby|Helena Ryder, Viscountess Sandon]] [[Peggy Hoare|Peggy Virginia Hoare]]
|[[George Coventry, 10th Earl of Coventry]]
|-
|1935
|[[Lady Caroline Drummond|Caroline Elizabeth Drummond]] [[Lady Cecilia Corbally|Cecilia Georgiana Corbally]] [[Lady Theresa Herbert|Theresa Selina Herbert]] [[Lady Evelyn Boyle|Evelyn Blanche Boyle]] [[Lady Geraldine Boyle|Geraldine Lilian Boyle]]
|[[William Boyle, 12th Earl of Cork]]
|-
|1938
|[[Lady Enid Browne|Enid Doreen Grace Browne]]
|[[Edwyn Scudamore-Stanhope, 10th Earl of Chesterfield]]
|-
|1938
|[[Lady Kenya Tatton-Brown|Kenya Kitchener]]
|[[Henry Kitchener, 3rd Earl Kitchener]]
|-
|1941
|[[Lady Ann Bathurst|(Elizabeth) Ann Bathurst]]
|[[Chandos Temple-Gore-Langton, 6th Earl Temple of Stowe]]
|-
|1942
|[[Lady Angela Milles-Lade|Angela Milles-Lade]] [[Lady Diana Milles-Lade|Diana Milles-Lade]] [[Isabel Stanley, Countess of Derby|Isabel Milles-Lade]]
|[[George Milles-Lade, 4th Earl Sondes]]
|-
|1943
|[[Lady Lillian Hardinge|Lilian Frances Hardinge]] [[Lady Clementine Metge|Clementine Ivy Metge]]
|[[Ronald Graham-Toler, 5th Earl of Norbury]]
|-
|1944
|[[Lady Lilian Austin|Lilian Mary Theodora Austin]]
|[[Roger Lumley, 11th Earl of Scarbrough]]
|-
|1947
|[[Lady Edith Foxwell|Edith Sybil Foxwell]]
|N/A (neice of [[Horace Lambart, 11th Earl of Cavan]])
|-
|1948
|[[Lady Janet Chard|Janet Chard]] [[Lady Nicola Morley|Nicola Marianne Morley]] [[Lady Alison Sinclair|(Margaret) Alison Sinclair]] [[Lady Meredith Sinclair|(Euphemia) Meredith Sinclair]]
|[[James Sinclair, 19th Earl of Caithness]]
|-
|1950
|[[Lady Barbara Bossom|Barbara Joan North]] [[Lady Angela Whiteley|Angela Mary North]]
|[[Edward North, 9th Earl of Guilford]]
|-
|1951
|[[Lady Doreen Gwinnett|Doreen Stella Gwinnett]]
|[[Galbraith Lowry-Corry, 7th Earl of Belmore]]
|-
|1953
|[[Lady Mary Blumer|(Ella) Mary Blumer]]
|[[Alfred Maitland, 16th Earl of Lauderdale]]
|-
|1953
|[[Mary Biddulph, Baroness Biddulph|Hon. Mary Helena Maitland]] [[Lady Elizabeth Maitland|Hon. Elizabeth Sylvia Maitland]]
|N/A (first cousin twice removed of [[Alfred Maitland, 16th Earl of Lauderdale]])
|-
|1953
|[[Dorothy Hepburn-Stuart-Forbes-Trefusis|Dorothy Marguerite Elizabeth Hepburn-Stuart-Forbes-Trefusis]] [[Phyllis Holt|Phyllis Hedworth Camilla Holt]]
|[[Edward Herbert, 5th Earl of Powis]]
|-
|1954
|[[Anne Mary Fane]]
|[[James Lowther, 7th Earl of Lonsdale]]
|-
|1956
|[[Lady Rosemary Steel|Rosemary Verena Edith Villiers]]
|[[George Villiers, 7th Earl of Clarendon]]
|-
|1960
|[[Lady Anne Ashford|(Winifred) Anne Grizel Cochrane]]
|[[Ian Cochrane, 14th Earl of Dundonald]]
|-
|1961
|[[Lady Elizabeth Shakerley|Elizabeth Georgiana Anson]]
|[[Patrick Anson, 5th Earl of Lichfield]]
|-
|1962
|[[Lady Frances Ashley-Cooper|Frances Mary Elizabeth Ashley-Cooper]]
|[[Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 10th Earl of Shaftesbury]]
|-
|1962
|[[Lady Mary Combe|Mary Esther Constance Combe]]
|[[Francis Needham, 5th Earl of Kilmorey]]
|-
|1964
|[[Lady Elizabeth Francis|Elizabeth Francis]]
|[[Robert Annesley, 9th Earl Annesley]]
|-
|1967
|[[Lady Margaret Ayre|Margaret Isabel Ayre]]
|[[James of Mar, 29th Earl of Mar]]
|-
|1967
|[[Lady Elizabeth Dodd-Noble|Elizabeth Theresa Dodd-Noble]]
|[[Patrick Boyle, 13th Earl of Cork]]
|-
|1969
|[[Lady Elizabeth Mays-Smith|Hon. Elizabeth Maria Nugent]] [[Lady Henrietta Marinori|Hon. Henrietta Guinness]]
|[[Benjamin Guinness, 3rd Earl of Iveagh]]
|-
|1971
|[[Lady Jane Foljambe|Jane Rosamond Mary Foljambe]]
|[[Edward Foljambe, 5th Earl of Liverpool]]
|-
|1972
|[[Lady Jean Bibby|Jean Douglas Bibby]]
|[[John Carnegie, 12th Earl of Northesk]]
|-
|1974
|[[Lady Mary Colman|Mary Cecilia Colman]] [[Lady Patricia Tetley|Patricia Maud Tetley]]
|[[Fergus Bowes-Lyon, 17th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne]]
|-
|1976
|[[Lady Anne Marsham|Anne Rhoda Marsham]]
|[[Michael Marsham, 7th Earl of Romney]]
|-
|1977
|[[Lady Jemima Yorke|Jemima Rose Yorke]]
|[[Joseph Yorke, 10th Earl of Hardwicke]]
|-
|1977
|[[Lady Diana Moorhouse|Diana Merial Moorhouse]]
|[[Anthony Coke, 6th Earl of Leicester]]
|-
|1980
|[[Lady Rose Lauritzen|Rose Deidre Margaret Lauritzen]]
|[[Rufus Keppel, 10th Earl of Albemarle]]
|-
|1986
|[[Lady Helen Motteux|Helen Moncrieff Motteux]]
|[[George Hobart-Hampden, 10th Earl of Buckinghamshire]]
|-
|1990
|[[Lady Jean Babington-Smith|Jean Mary Babington-Smith]]
|[[John Meade, 7th Earl of Clanwilliam]]
|-
|1991
|[[Lady Elizabeth Holden|Elizabeth Barbarina Holden]]
|[[George Herbert, 7th Earl of Powis]]
|-
|1992
|[[Lady Emma Balding|Emma Alice Mary Balding]]
|[[William Hastings-Bass, 17th Earl of Huntingdon]]
|-
|1995
|[[Lady Lucinda Bellville|Hon. Lucinda Ruth Bellville]] [[Lady Emma Cordingley|Hon. Emma Geraldine Anne Cordingley]]
|[[Quentin Wallop, 10th Earl of Portsmouth]]
|-
|2000
|[[Lady Sophia Child Villers|Sophia Georgiana Child Villiers]] [[Lady Helen Child Villiers|Helen Katherine Luisa Child Villiers]] [[Lady Luciana Child Villiers|Luciana Dorothea Sacha Child Villiers]]
|[[William Villiers, 10th Earl of Jersey]]
|-
|2006
|[[Lady Lavinia Macdonald Lockhart|Lavinia Macdonald Lockhart]] [[Lady Sarah Ward|Sarah Ward]]
|[[Julian Marsham, 8th Earl of Romney]]
|}

==Daughter of a viscount==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Date
!Warrant in favour of
!Sibling of
|-
|1914
|[[Dorothy Nelson-Ward]] [[Rachel Caulfield]]
|[[James Caulfield, 8th Viscount Charlemont]]
|-
|1930
|[[Magdalen Simpson-Pedler|Magdalen Blanche Gillilan]] [[Rosamond Mary Cary]]
|[[Richard Curzon, 2nd Viscount Scarsdale]]
|-
|1934
|[[Hilda Dillon|Hilda Ellen Dillon]] [[Margaret Sophia Taylor]] [[Evelina Mahaffy|Evelina Victoria Mahaffy]] [[Vere Marsden|Vere Mary Marsden]]
|[[Arthur Dillon, 18th Viscount Dillon]]
|-
|1946
|[[Sydney Freeman|Sydney Lilian Sebright Freeman]] [[Evelyn Byng|Evelyn Beatrice Byng]] [[Gladys Portsmouth|Gladys Irene Portsmouth]]
|[[Arthur Byng, 10th Viscount Torrington]]
|-
|1950
|[[Rosemary Goolden]] [[Jennifer Sullivan|Jennifer Lowther]]
|N/A (aunt of [[Nicholas Lowther, 2nd Viscount Ullswater]])
|-
|1951
|[[Kirstin Welton|Kirstin Elizabeth Lowther]]
|[[Nicholas Lowther, 2nd Viscount Ullswater]]
|-
|1953
|[[Bridget Gaussen|(Diana) Bridget Devereux]]
|[[Robert Devereux, 18th Viscount Hereford]]
|-
|1953
|[[Angela Hargreaves]]
|[[John Goschen, 3rd Viscount Goschen]]
|-
|1953
|[[Rosemary Tennyson-d'Eyncourt]]
|[[Robert Devereux, 18th Viscount Hereford]]
|-
|1973
|[[Rosamond Vere Read]]
|[[William Monckton-Arundell, 10th Viscount Galway]]
|-
|1980
|[[Avril Curzon|(Christian) Avril Curzon]]
|[[Francis Curzon, 3rd Viscount Scarsdale]]
|-
|1988
|[[Lucia Anne Lewis]] [[Jocelyne Allfrey]]
|[[Francis FitzRoy Newdegate, 3rd Viscount Daventry]]
|-
|1995
|[[Jennifer Smith-Bingham]] [[Diana Harrap]]
|[[Alastair Akers-Douglas, 4th Viscount Chilston]]
|-
|2000
|[[Barbara Gilmour|Barbara Marie-Louise Constance Gilmour]] [[Denise Orange|(Anne) Denise Orange]]
|[[Richard Berry, 3rd Viscount Kemsley]]
|}

==Daughter of a baron/lord of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Date
!Warrant in favour of
!Sibling of
|-
|1895
|[[Florence Maria Daly]] [[Elinor Gertrude Daly]]
|[[James Daly, 4th Baron Dunsandle and Clanconal]]
|-
|1904
|[[Amy Huntsman|Amy Louise Goodfellow]] [[Minnie Savile|Minnie Emma Susan Savile]]
|[[John Savile, 2nd Baron Savile]]
|-
|1917
|[[Mary Isabel Shaw]] [[Muriel Thornely|Muriel Helen Thornely]]
|[[Gervase Disney Alexander, 15th Baron Cobham]]
|-
|1924
|[[Eleanor Du Preez|Eleanor Ethel Hotham]] [[Elizabeth Dulcie Smith|Elizabeth Hotham]]
|[[Henry Hotham, 7th Baron Hotham]]
|-
|1921
|[[Lucy Storrs|Lucy Anna Maria Storrs]] [[Marion Tower|Marion Isabella Tower]] [[Violet Cockayne-Cust|Violet Emily Cockayne-Cust]] [[Annette Wheatley|Annette Katherine Wheatley]]
|[[Adelbert Cust, 5th Baron Brownlow]]
|-
|1921
|[[Jean Seton|Jean Campbell]]
|[[Alaistair Campbell, 4th Baron Stratheden and Campbell]]
|-
|1923
|[[Gladys Foljambe]] [[Dorothy Meldon|Dorothy Albreda Bewicke-Copley]]
|[[Robert Bewicke-Copley, 5th Baron Cromwell]]
|-
|1924
|[[Catherine Bower|Catherine Muriel Hotham]]
|[[Henry Hotham, 7th Baron Hotham]]
|-
|1929
|[[Sibyl Buxton]]
|[[Shane O'Neill, 3rd Baron O'Neill]]
|-
|1930
|[[Veronica Innes|Veronica Wenefryde Nefertari Bethell]]
|[[Richard Bethell, 4th Baron Westbury]]
|-
|1931
|[[Moyra Williams|(Ursula) Moyra Lubbock]]
|[[John Lubbock, 3rd Baron Avebury]]
|-
|1933
|[[Ursula MacDonald|Ursula Katharine Hanbury-Tracy]]
|[[Richard Hanbury-Tracy, 6th Baron Sudeley]]
|-
|1933
|[[Diana Broughton|Diana Rosamond Broughton]]
|[[Ailwyn Fellowes, 3rd Baron de Ramsey]]
|-
|1934
|[[Peggy Stockdale|Margaret "Peggy" Violet Stockdale]]
|[[Alexander Henderson, 2nd Baron Faringdon]]
|-
|1935
|[[Guendaline Ada Thomas]] [[Ada Kate Alexander|Ada Kate Domvile]]
|[[Edward Bellew, 5th Baron Bellew]]
|-
|1937
|[[Diana Frederica Price]] [[Joan Gifford]]
|[[Charles Gifford, 5th Baron Gifford]]
|-
|1938
|[[Mary Greenough|Mary Heritage Banbury]]
|[[Charles Banbury, 2nd Baron Banbury of Southam]]
|-
|1938
|[[Miriam Louisa Rothschild]] [[Liberty Rothschild|Elizabeth "Liberty" Charlotte Rothschild]] [[Nica de Koenigswarter|Kathleen "Nica" Annie Pannonica de Koenigswarter]]
|[[Victor Rothschild, 3rd Baron Rothschild]]
|-
|1938
|[[Daisy Hobson]] [[Ivy Mitchison]] [[Lily Everett]]
|[[Ernest Denison, 6th Baron Londesborough]]
|-
|1940
|[[Rosemary Florence Angela Kay-Shuttleworth|Rosemary Kay-Shuttleworth]]
|[[Richard Kay-Shuttleworth, 2nd Baron Shuttleworth]]
|-
|1942
|[[Ivy Maude Dawson]]
|[[Geoffrey Eden, 7th Baron Auckland]]
|-
|1942
|[[Erica Rutland|Erica Alba Rutland]] [[Kathleen Russell|Kathleen Mary Russell]] [[Elizabeth Marion Richardson]]
|[[Edward Gibson, 3rd Baron Ashbourne]]
|-
|1943
|[[Pamela Colyer|Pamela Muriel Dorine Colyer]]
|N/A (granddaughter of [[Hugo Hirst, 1st Baron Hirst]])
|-
|1944
|[[Magdalene Grace Neville]] [[Evelyn Neville]] [[Mirabel Mary Neville]] [[Audrey Neville]] [[Cicely Neville]]
|[[Henry Neville, 9th Baron Braybrooke]]
|-
|1945
|[[Cynthia Thellusson|Cynthia Adeline Elizabeth]]
|[[Charles Thellusson, 8th Baron Rendlesham]]
|-
|1946
|[[Torfrida Rollo|Torfrida Henrietta Louisa Rollo]] [[Gylla MacGregor|Gylla Constance Susan MacGregor]]
|[[John Rollo, 12th Lord Rollo]]
|-
|1946
|[[Rosina MacNamee, 24th Baroness Audley|Rosina Lois Veronica MacNamee]]
|[[Thomas Touchet-Jesson, 23rd Baron Audley]]
|-
|1947
|[[Anne Dirkse-van-Schalkwyk|(Lilian) Anne Grenville Morgan-Grenville]] [[Caroline Glynne-Walton|(Caroline) Jane Grenville Morgan-Grenville]]
|[[Mary Freeman-Grenville, 12th Lady Kinloss]]
|-
|1947
|[[Dorothy Anne Graham]] [[Susan Silence Beauchamp]]
|[[John North, 13th Baron North]]
|-
|1948
|[[Diana May|Diana Marie Faith Crofton]]
|[[Blaise Crofton, 5th Baron Crofton]]
|-
|1948
|[[Caroline Banner|Caroline Yorke Banner]] [[Mary Harmer|Mary Dorothy Harmer]]
|[[Arthur Cocks, 7th Baron Somers]]
|-
|1948
|[[Evelyn Irby|Evelyn Augusta Irby]]
|[[Greville Irby, 7th Baron Boston]]
|-
|1949
|[[Rose Talbot|Rose Maud Talbot]]
|[[Milo Talbot, 7th Baron Talbot de Malahide]]
|-
|1949
|[[Frances Gibson|Frances Phoebe Phillimore]]
|[[Robert Phillimore, 3rd Baron Phillimore]]
|-
|1950
|[[Mary Chippindale|Mary Cassandra Chippindale]]
|[[Arthur Sandys, 6th Baron Sandys]]
|-
|1950
|[[Fiona Fabling|Fiona Faith Campbell-Gray]] [[Christine Anne Lockhart]]
|[[Angus Campbell-Gray, 22nd Lord Gray]]
|-
|1951
|[[Sophie Woodhams|Sophie Harriet Liddell]]
|[[Arthur Liddell, 8th Baron Ravensworth]]
|-
|1955
|[[Rose Skinner|Rose Marian Skinner]]
|[[Geoffrey Rowley-Conwy, 9th Baron Langford]]
|-
|1963
|[[Frances Gibson|Frances Towneley Strachey]] [[Jane Strachey|Jane Towneley Strachey]]
|[[Charles Strachey, 4th Baron O'Hagan]]
|-
|1964
|[[Jeryl Wheeler-Bennett|Jeryl Marcia Sarah Smith-Ryland]]
|[[Philip Gurdon, 3rd Baron Cranworth]]
|-
|1964
|[[Judith Evelyn Maud Campbell]]
|[[Michael Baillie, 3rd Baron Burton]]
|-
|1967
|[[Vivien Elisabeth Adam]]
|[[Nicholas Mosley|Nicholas Mosley, 3rd Baron Ravensdale]]
|-
|1977
|[[Elaine Whidborne|Elaine Barbara Julia Whidborne]]
|[[Andrew St John, 21st Baron St John of Bletso]]
|-
|1979
|[[Ann Newman|Ann Rosemary Hope Newman]] [[Stella Hope Robinson]] [[Lorna Hanley|Lorna Margaret Dorothy Hanley]]
|[[Gordon Hope-Morley, 3rd Baron Hollenden]]
|-
|1982
|[[Meriel Davina Long]]
|[[Hugh Edwardes, 8th Baron Kensington]]
|-
|1983
|[[Emma Kiloran Russell]] [[Annabel Eliot|Annabel Tacy Russell]] [[Lucy Russell|Lucy Leonora Catherine Russell]]
|[[Simon Russell, 3rd Baron Russell of Liverpool]]
|-
|1986
|[[Daphne Brazier-Creagh|Daphne Angela Brazier-Creagh]]
|[[John Brownlow, 5th Baron Lurgan]]
|-
|1997
|[[Anna Somers Cocks]] [[Frances Somers Cocks]]
|[[Philip Somers Cocks, 9th Baron Somers]]
|}

==Wife of a baronet==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Date
!Warrant in favour of
!Deceased husband
|-
|1858
|[[Hannah Havelock|Hannah Shepherd Havelock]]
|[[Henry Havelock|Sir Henry Havelock]]
|-
|1948
|[[Barbara Montgomery-Cuninghame]]
|[[Alexander Montgomery-Cuninghame]] (son of [[Thomas Montgomery-Cuninghame|Sir Thomas Montgomery-Cuninghame, 10th Baronet]])
|-
|1958
|[[Alice Mary Clifford]]
|[[George Gilbert Joseph Clifford]] (nephew of [[Sir Walter Clifford, 4th Baronet]])
|}

==References==
*[http://www.gazette-online.co.uk/ The London Gazette]

[[Category:Peerage]]

Marge Simpson

2006-10-25T17:51:27Z

Crazycomputers: Reverted edits by 81.110.110.152 (talk) to version 83649306 by Obi777 using VS

{{Simpsons character
| image=
| caption = '''Marge Simpson'''
| name= Marge Simpson
| gender=[[Female]]
| age= 39

| job=homemaker

| relatives=Husband [[Homer Simpson|Homer]], son [[Bart Simpson|Bart]], daughters [[Lisa Simpson|Lisa]] and [[Maggie Simpson|Maggie]], father-in-law [[Abraham Simpson|Abe]], father [[Clancy Bouvier]], mother [[Jackie (The Simpsons)|Jacqueline]], sisters [[Bouvier sisters|Patty and Selma]], aunt to [[Ling Bouvier]], mother-in-law [[Mona Simpson (The Simpsons)|Mona Simpson]], and brother-in-law [[Herb Powell]]. (See [[Simpson family]])|
appearance=[[The Tracey Ullman Show]], Simpsons Short: Good Night|
voiceactor=[[Julie Kavner]]|
}}
'''Marjorie "Marge" Simpson''', née Bouvier, (age 34 or so), is a [[fictional character]] featured in the [[animated series|animated television series]] ''[[The Simpsons]]'' and is voiced by [[Julie Kavner]]. She is the well-meaning and patient wife of [[Homer Simpson|Homer]]. Her most notable physical feature is her [[blue hair]], styled into an improbably high [[beehive (hairstyle)|beehive]] (kept in place by Johnson's Water Seal); she is proud to have never met anyone with taller hair outside [[Graceland]]. Homer once mentioned that she actually dyes her hair blue, being "gray as a mule since she was seventeen".

Marge spends most of her time doing housework, minding [[Maggie Simpson|Maggie]], being supportive of [[Lisa Simpson|Lisa]], and either disciplining [[Bart Simpson|Bart]] or protecting him from Homer's wrath. She was named after and loosely based on Margaret "Marge" Groening, mother of series creator [[Matt Groening]]. In many ways, Marge Simpson is modeled on the stereotypical 1950s suburban [[housewife]], right down to the (faux) pearl necklace.

==Age==
As with other Simpson characters, there are inconsistencies in Marge's actual birthdate. In first-season episode "[[Life on the Fast Lane]]", Marge's age was said to be 34, but her age was later changed to 38, possibly because she and Homer attended their twentieth anniversary [[high school|high-school]] [[reunion]] in one episode. In seventeenth season episode "[[Regarding Margie]]", Homer mentions that Marge is his age, meaning she could be anywhere between 36 and 40. In "[[Bart After Dark]]" she claims to have lived in Springfield for 37 years. Her birthday was [[March 18]] (considering the air date of "Life on the Fast Lane"), but the episode "[[Homer's Paternity Coot]]" suggests that her birthday is in February, when she mentions that her birthstone would be the [[emerald]] (the birthstone for May) if she were born three months later. However, in episode (17x17), "[[Kiss Kiss, Bang Bangalore]]", she says her birthday is in May.

==Employment==
Marge has taken on various jobs, many of which have lasted only one episode each, among them:
* Homemaker (1980 to present); this was the only thing on her resume/CV before Lisa added to it.<ref>''The Simpsons'', [[Marge Gets a Job]].</ref>
* [[Pretzel]] maker/saleswoman<ref>''The Simpsons'', [[The Twisted World of Marge Simpson]].</ref>
* [[Police officer]]<ref>''The Simpsons'', [[The Springfield Connection]].</ref>
* [[Trade show|Trade-show]] model<ref>''The Simpsons'', [[Large Marge]].</ref>
* [[Realtor]] (she sold the infamous "Murder House" to [[Ned Flanders]])<ref>''The Simpsons'', [[Realty Bites]].</ref>
* [[Springfield Nuclear Power Plant]] worker.<ref>''The Simpsons'', [[Marge Gets a Job]].</ref>
* [[Actress]] / musical singer <ref>''The Simpsons'', [[A Streetcar Named Marge]].</ref>
* Professional artist <ref>''The Simpsons'', [[Brush with Greatness]].</ref>
* [[Substitute teacher]] at [[Springfield (The Simpsons)|Springfield]] [[Elementary School]]<ref>''The Simpsons'', [[The PTA Disbands!]].</ref>
* Endowed shoe spokesperson<ref>''The Simpsons'', [[Large Marge]].</ref>
* Radical activist against violence in children's television<ref>''The Simpsons'', [[Itchy & Scratchy & Marge]].</ref>
* [[Novelist]]<ref>''The Simpsons'', [[Diatribe of a Mad Housewife]].</ref>
* Waitress on roller skates {{fact}}
*"Curator of large mammals" (after Lisa added it to her resume)
* The church "Listen Lady"<ref>''The Simpsons'', [[In Marge We Trust]].</ref>
* [[Female bodybuilder]]<ref>''The Simpsons'', [[Strong Arms of the Ma]].</ref>
* [[Bartender]]/[[waitress]] at [[Moe's Tavern]]<ref>''The Simpsons'', [[Mommie Beerest]].</ref>
* Sideshow Marge (although not seen, she references to it in<ref>''The Simpsons'', [[Eight Misbehavin']].</ref>
* Marriage Counselor<ref>''The Simpsons'', [[Homer and Marge Turn a Couple Play]].</ref>
* Carpenter<ref>''The Simpsons'', [[Please Homer, Don't Hammer 'Em...]].</ref>

==Biography==
Marge's family are fairly recent [[Immigration|immigrants]], although she claims to be a third-generation Springfielder. The family originally chose to settle in Springfield rather than Stenchburg because they admired the life story of [[Jebediah Springfield]].

As a child, Marge developed a fear of flying after being shocked to learn that her father was an flight attendant instead of the pilot he claimed to be. (Ironically, she had also harbored aspirations of becoming an astronaut). On her first day of school, she was teased for having a [[lunch box]] with a picture of [[The Monkees]] on it. Marge is a talented painter. She had an intense crush on [[Ringo Starr]], and painted several portraits of him (including one in which they are depicted as married) and wrote to him as a teen, but received a response only 25 years later, which inspires her to enter an art contest.

Marge claims her most famous moment occurred in high school when she and her friend Chloe worked on the school paper, and busted a young [[Moe Szyslak]], then a cafeteria worker who spat in some soup to "teach them to give him his first job outta prison!"

After [[high school]], before marrying Homer and birthing Bart, Marge worked as a "roller-waitress" at a [[drive-through]] restaurant. She sometimes collects [[unemployment benefits]] from her short lived jobs.

Marge has two older sisters, twins [[Patty and Selma]] (both also voiced by Kavner). Her father, a former flight attendant and baby photographer, died as a result of a freak roller coaster accident. Her disapproving mother, [[Jackie (The Simpsons)|Jacqueline]], is still alive but rarely seen. All female members of the Bouvier family (except Marge) are heavy smokers with gruff voices and sarcastic, snarky demeanors. None of the other Bouvier family members approve of Marge's marriage to Homer.

Marge apparently makes very bad [[Ice Cream Sundae|ice-cream sundaes]], though she is otherwise a highly regarded cook, especially for her celebrated [[pork chops]]; she manages to feed her entire family with only twelve [[dollars]] a week. (She pads Homer's food with [[sawdust]]). She also prepares various commemorative [[hams]], including an emergency ham, a condolence ham, an [[earthquake]] ham and a celebration ham. She is also quite jealous of women who seem to be better parents than her.

In spite of her image as a stereotypical [[sitcom]] mother with relatively high morals, Marge, who can appear naive and gullible, has her share of escapades to the disdain of Springfield's less forgiving residents. She once had a tumultuous stint as a [[police officer]] in the Springfield Police Department, took classes for [[Road rage (phenomenon)|road rage]], was jailed for "[[misdemeanor]] [[shoplifting]]", became a [[gambling]] addict, showed alcoholic tendencies, engaged in a memorable cross-country police chase (à la ''[[Thelma and Louise]]''), had [[sex]] with [[Natural Born Kissers|Homer at a miniature golf course]] (resulting in the couple running about completely naked, and eventually being photographed on a football field in broad daylight, to which a humiliated Marge grumbles, "It ''would'' have to be camera day..."), and mistakenly received[[breast implants]] (in "[[Large Marge]]"). These are just some of the strange situations in which Marge has found herself. She also displays a surprisingly strong will. In "[[The Joy of Sect]]", she escapes brainwashing by the [[Movementarians|Movementarian Church]], and in "[[Bart-Mangled Banner]]", in prison she questions Lisa when Lisa begins losing her beliefs after watching propaganda cartoons. Marge is the only member of the family who actively encourages [[church]] attendance.

Politically, Marge generally aligns with the [[United States Democratic Party]]. She once mentions that she voted for [[Jimmy Carter]] ("twice" according to Lisa) and supported the candidacy of their state's democratic [[governor]] [[List of one-time characters from The Simpsons#Mary Bailey|Mary Bailey]].

It was revealed in the episode "[[The Way We Weren't]]" that Marge first met Homer when they were 10 years old, attending summer camp. Although she never knew his real name (he told her it was "Elvis Jagger Abdul-Jabbar"), they shared a brief mutual attraction. The short relationship ended when Homer did not show up for a date, leaving Marge heartbroken. It was later revealed that the stand-up was entirely unintentional, as Homer had fallen off a cliff and gotten trapped in a fat camp at the time.

Marge briefly participated in [[student activism]] as a [[teenager]] in high school. After engaging in her only protest, she is forced to serve school detention, where she happens to meet Homer for the second time (although she did not recognize him from their earlier courtship at camp), the couple begin dating. Marge becomes pregnant with first child Bart, in her mid- to late twenties. Consequently, she and Homer marry, in a low-budget wedding at a combined wedding [[chapel]] and [[casino]] across the state line.

Besides Homer, Marge has had a number of admirers, including [[C. Montgomery Burns]], Springfield Isotopes player Flash Baylor and high school classmate and ex-millionaire [[List of recurring characters from The Simpsons#Artie Ziff|Artie Ziff]] (who recently got over her and is now interested in Marge's sister, Selma). Probably Marge's most persistent admirer (who never seemed to get completely over her) is Homer's friend and pub owner [[Moe Szyslak]]. On several occasions, Moe has tried to steal Marge from Homer. His first attempt occurs in Season 5 ("[[Secrets of a Successful Marriage]]"), and his most recent attempt occurs in Aruba in Season 16 ("[[Mommie Beerest]]"). Moe's and Marge's [[love-hate relationship]] has become a recurring gag.

Her favorite foods are buttered [[noodles]], julienned [[potatoes]] and [[peach]] crumble. In the episode "[[Burns, Baby Burns]]", she mentions that spring and winter are her favorite seasons, followed by autumn.

She is afflicted with various untreated [[mental illnesses]], including [[ludopathy]] and [[psychosomatic stress]] from her family and childhood.
She has experienced a tapestry of [[psychological trauma]]s, such as learning that her father was a pioneering airline steward, being raked by biplane machine gun fire in a cornfield, having her toy airplane cart catch fire, and being teased with her food as a baby. She also suffers from chronic foot pain.

Marge has a very parochial worldview that, for example, sees self-denying domestic servitude in the suburbs as the only valid life choice for women. This is evidenced both by her espousing this lifestyle to those around her as opportunity presents, and by her annoyance when more cosmopolitan influences come to town and broaden people's perspectives (especially those of her children). Her insistent adherence to a limited worldview is probably a coping mechanism which helps her justify being married to perhaps the most apish man in Springfield.

==Height and hair==
Marge's official height seems to vary. In the episode "[[Marge in Chains]]", she is 6 ft 3 in, 8 ft 6 in including hair. Her beehive hairdo has been described as 3 feet tall, which would make her 5 ft 6 in or 5 ft 7 in. In the episode "[[Homer Alone]]", her height is 5 ft 4 in -- 6 ft 2 in including hair. In "[[Who Shot Mr. Burns?|Who Shot Mr. Burns? (Part Two)]]", in the couch gag, she seems to be over 7 ft including hair, but around 5 ft without it. She is also shorter than Homer, who has been depicted as 6 ft in his police lineup photos in various episodes. In the episode where Marge and Homer's tryst in a miniature golf course is foiled, they briefly stand behind a lawn display, and a completely [[naked]] Marge appears to be only two inches shorter than [[Homer]], suggesting her height to be 5 ft 10 in.

There are times when her ample hairdo seems to take on a life of its own. In "[[Scenes from the Class Struggle in Springfield]]", Marge plays cards with other club members, and when she realises she had a winning hand, her mind -- then her hair -- starts talking to her. The top of her hair says, "Don't listen to me, I'm just hair. Your head stopped 18 inches ago."

==Interesting Facts==
{{toomuchtrivia}}
* Once dated (more accurately will date) Krusty the Clown ("[[Future-Drama]]")
* Was a junior member of [[The Last of the Red Hat Mamas|The Cheery Red Tomatoes]], a homage to the [[Red Hat Society]].
* In France, the actor and actress who voice Homer and Marge are married in real life [http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9ronique_Augereau#Anecdote]
*Marge appeared on the cover of ''[[Maxim (magazine)|Maxim]]''.
* She's apparently fluent in [[French language|French]] and [[German language|German]].
* Marge has confessed that her hair isn't really blue but, in fact, gray.
* [[:de:Elisabeth Volkmann|Elisabeth Volkmann]], who voiced Marge in Germany, died in July 2006.
* She is left-handed.
* She has webbed toes.
*She appears to have significant athletic ability, as seen in her escape from the Movementarian cult.
* In the episode "[[Krusty Gets Kancelled]]", Marge appears in the episode with no lines of dialogue.
* Her [[shoe]] size is 13AA.
* In the episode "[[Homer to the Max]]", when Homer announces that he has changed his name to Max Power, Marge is concerned about her tattoo that is an undefined place on her body. This suggests that she has a possible tattoo related to the "Homer Simpson" name.
* In the Czech language version, she is voiced by a man - actor Jiří Lábus.{{citation needed}}
* Marge's favorite James Bond is [[George Lazenby]]
* She is allergic to fish.
* Her fingers calloused to the point of being virtually indestructible from a lifetime of sewing. (She can bend pins by attempting to pierce her fingers with them, and her fingers are fireproof).
* She likes to eavesdrop on others' prayers and spy on people.

==See also==
* [[Characters from The Simpsons]]

==References==

<div class="references-small"><references/></div>

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
*[http://www.sim64.co.uk/marge.html Marge Simpson's Christmas message 2004]
*[http://www.turninto.com/?p=marge TurnInto] How to become Marge Simpson

{{Simpsons characters}}

[[Category:The Simpsons characters|Simpson, Marge]]
[[Category:Fictional police officers|Simpson, Marge]]
[[Category:Fictional Democrats|Simpson, Marge]]
[[Category:Fictional Protestants|Simpson, Marge]]
[[Category:Fictional gamblers|Simpson, Marge]]
[[Category:Fictional mothers|Simpson, Marge]]
[[Category:Fictional artists|Simpson, Marge]]
[[Category:Animation protagonists|Simpson, Marge]]
[[Category:Ageless fictional characters|Simpson, Marge]]
[[da:Marge Simpson]]
[[de:Marge Simpson#Marge Simpson]]
[[es:Marge Simpson]]
[[fr:Marge Simpson]]
[[it:Marge Simpson]]
[[nl:Marge Simpson]]
[[no:Marge Simpson]]
[[pt:Marge Simpson]]
[[ru:Мардж Симпсон]]
[[sq:Marge Simpson]]
[[fi:Marge Simpson]]
[[sv:Marge Simpson]]
[[tr:Marge Simpson]]

Spotted Dick

2006-10-09T13:21:35Z

Crazycomputers: Reverted edits by Biscut222 (talk) to last version by Richard W.M. Jones

[[Image:Spotted Dick Wikimeet London 2005.jpg|thumb|Spotted Dick and custard]]
[[Image:Spotted Dick-640x480.jpg|thumb|right|A can of Spotted Dick sponge pudding.]]

'''Spotted Dick''' is a [[steam]]ed [[suet]] [[pudding]] containing [[dried fruit]], usually [[Zante currant|currant]]s. The [[dessert]] is especially popular in the [[United Kingdom]], usually served either with [[custard]] or with [[butter]] and [[brown sugar]]. ''Spotted'' refers to the [[currants]] (which resemble spots), and ''Dick'' may be a corruption of the word ''[[dough]]''.

Most [[recipe]]s for spotted dick include the following:

* [[White bread|White]] [[breadcrumbs|bread crumb]]s
* Self-raising [[flour]]
* Shredded [[suet]]
* [[Raisin]]s or [[Zante currant|currant]]s
* [[Salt]]
* [[Nutmeg]]
* [[Ginger]]
* [[Mace (spice)|Mace]]
* [[Citrus fruit]] [[peel (fruit)|peel]]
* [[Egg (food)|Egg]]s
* [[Brandy]]

==External links==
* [http://www.straightdope.com/mailbag/mspotteddick.html ''Straight Dope'' on the etymology of the name]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/2249273.stm BBC article on controversy over the name]

[[Category:British desserts]]
[[Category:Puddings]]

Todd Grisham

2006-09-01T02:37:56Z

Crazycomputers: Reverted edits by Dtnix77 (talk) to last version by 86.144.187.129

{{Infobox Wrestler|
name=Todd Grisham
|image=ToddGrisham.jpg
|names=Todd Grisham
|height=
|weight=
|birth_date = [[January 9]], [[1976]]
|death_date =
|birth_place = [[Hattiesburg]], [[Mississippi]]
|resides=
|billed=
|trainer=
|debut= [[2004]]
|retired=
|}}

'''Todd Grisham''' (born [[January 9]] [[1976]] in [[Hattiesburg]], [[Mississippi]]) is an [[United States|American]] presenter/announcer working for [[World Wrestling Entertainment]].

In the WWE, Grisham formerly co-hosted [[The WWE Experience]] with [[Lisa Moretti|Ivory]], but after her release, he hosted it alone until mid 2006, [[Josh Lomberger|Josh Mathews]] started hosting the show. He also hosts WWE's premier web cast show, [[WWE Byte This!]], and does play-by-play for [[WWE HEAT]] alongside [[Jonathan Coachman]]. In addition, he does backstage interviews for [[WWE RAW|RAW]]. On the October 31, 2005 episode of [[WWE RAW|RAW]], Grisham's was dressed up like [[Harry Caray]] for Halloween and conducted several interviews imitating [[Will Ferrell]] imitating [[Harry Caray]]. Since then, [[WWE Byte This!]] has apparently been cancelled.

He also began hosting Raw's catch-up program [[WWE The Bottom Line]] after [[Marc Loyd]] was released from the company.

He also took over [[Marc Loyd]]'s duty of doing [[WWE]] Canadian updates. Todd brings new found charisma and a sense of humor to his updates, a refreshing change from Loyd's monotone updates. Todd has been known to call himself "T.G." and "The Grish". His favorite references to Canadian fans are "My favorite country to the North" and "My favorite country that starts with a 'C'" which is usually followed up by "Although [[Cameroon]] is a close second" or "Way better than [[Chad]]". Occasionally, former [[WWE Velocity]] announcers [[Josh Lomberger|Josh Mathews]] and [[Steve Romero]] have filled in temporarily.

Grisham would also host ''WWE Unlimited'' segments, a web-only broadcast that allows viewers to witness events during commercial breaks of RAW. However, on [[May 1]], [[2006]] Grisham was able to call the main event on WWE RAW, alongside [[Jerry "The King" Lawler]] filling in for [[Joey Styles]], who had just quit ([[kayfabe]]).

==Sportscasting==

Grisham attended [[Wingate University]] on a soccer scholarship, later transferring to [[West Georgia University]] where he received his degree in communications. His first professional job in the television industry was with [[KTVO]] of [[Ottumwa, Iowa]] where he worked for a year and a half. He then went on to work as a [[sportscaster]] for [[KOLD-TV]] for approximately five years before signing a two-year contract with WWE as an announcer, officially joining them on January 14, 2004. [http://www.kold.com/Global/story.asp?S=169315&nav=14RV1AuM1AyO] [http://www.toddgrisham.net/info/interview1.html] [http://www.tv.com/todd-grisham/person/283460/biography.html]
[[Image:Todd Grisham - KOLD-TV.jpg|right|thumb|Grisham publicity photo with KOLD-TV.]]

==Trivia==
*One notable slip in Todd Grisham's temporary ring announcing position occurred when he had called a number one contender's match for the [[Intercontinental Championship]] ([[RAW]]) between [[Shelton Benjamin]] and [[Carlito]], but instead accidentally calling it the [[Cruiserweight Championship]] ([[SmackDown]]). Commentators [[Jim Ross]] and [[Jerry "The King" Lawler]] used it as an excuse to how much they missed normal announcer [[Lillian Garcia]] who was injured ([[kayfabe]]) the week before after a [[Samoan Drop]] from [[Nelson Frazier, Jr.|Viscera]].

*Todd Grisham did another botched slip of enunciation during the [[Chris Benoit]] DVD [[Hard Knocks: The Chris Benoit Story]] during a match between the [[Pegasus]] Kid ([[Chris Benoit]]) and Japanese wrestling legend, [[Jushin "Thunder" Liger]] as Grisham would pronounce Jushin as "Justin," and much to Todd's chagrin, Benoit would correct him.

*During an episode of [[WWE.Com]] [[Byte This!]], he responded to a letter sent in by controversial superstar [[The Ultimate Warrior]] ([[Jim Hellwig]]) where the Warrior declined the invite to come to the show to talk about his DVD, [[The Self Destruction of the Ultimate Warrior]]. During the letter, Warrior went on to insult recovering cancer patient [[Bobby Heenan]] and called Todd Grisham "gay". Todd responded in good humor by saying he may have experimented in college, but that was no reason for that claim. Also on the same episode, current [[Raw]] Superstar [[Matt Striker]] dressed up as the Warrior and cut a humorous and dead-on impersonation.

*Grisham also participated in a series of conversations on Byte This with fans of [[Total Nonstop Action Wrestling]] who interrupted the show to either proclaim TNA a superior product, or to insult Todd directly when he chose to sugercoat and dodge TNA related questions, Todd held his own against the attacks and retaliated with his own retorts, some humorous, and some hostile (once calling one TNA fan a "retard")

*Todd Grisham won the Wrestling Oberver Newsletter award for [[Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards#Worst Television Announcer|Worst Television Announcer]] in 2004.

==External links==
* [http://www.wwe.com/superstars/raw/toddgrisham/ WWE webpage]
* [http://www.toddgrisham.net ToddGrisham.net] (This website was closed as of February 2005 however, there is still a personal message there from former moderator Mandi.)
* {{imdb name|id=1658886|name=Todd Grisham}}
* {{tvtome person|id=283460|name=Todd Grisham}}

[[Category:1976 births|Grisham, Todd]]
[[Category:People from Mississippi|Grisham, Todd]]
[[Category:Professional wrestling announcers|Grisham, Todd]]
[[Category:Living people|Grisham, Todd]]

J-, K- und N-Klasse

2006-08-21T06:41:35Z

Crazycomputers: Reverted edits by Mikepurdy (talk) to last version by TomTheHand

{| border="1" align="right" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="330" style="margin-left:1em;margin-bottom:1em"
|align="center" colspan="2"|[[Image:HMS Juno (F46).jpg|330px|[[HMS Juno (F46)|''Juno'']]]]
|-
!style="color: white; height: 30px; background: navy no-repeat scroll top left;"|
'''J, K and N class'''
!style="color: white; height: 30px; background: navy no-repeat scroll top left;"|
[[Image:Naval Ensign of the United Kingdom.svg|60px|RN Ensign]]
|-
!colspan="2" align="center" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: navy no-repeat scroll top left;"|General Characteristics
|-
|Displacement:
|1,690 [[tonnage|tons]] (standard), 2,330 tons (full)
|-
|Length:
|356 ft [[o/a]] (108.66 m)
|-
|Beam:
|35 ft 8 in (10.87 m)
|-
|Draught:
|9 ft (2.74 m)
|-
|Propulsion:
|3 x Admiralty 3-drum boilers, [[steam turbines]], 2 shafts, 40,000 shp
|-
|Speed:
|36 kt
|-
|Range:
|484 tons oil, 5,500 nm at 15 kt
|-
|Complement:
|183 (218 as leader)
|-
|align="center" colspan="2"|Armament (as built):
|-
|colspan="2"|4 x twin 4.7 in L/45 QF Mark XII, mounting CP Mk.XIX 
1 x quad [[2-pounder gun|2 pdr "pom-pom"]] mount Mk.VII 
2 x quad Vickers 0.5 in [[Machine gun|MG]] AA 
2 x pentad tubes for 21 in torpedoes Mk.IX 
|-
|align="center" colspan="2"|Armament (war modifications):
|-
|colspan="2"|3 x twin 4.7 in L/45 QF Mk.XII, mounting CP Mk.XIX 
1 x single 4 in gun QF Mk.V on mounting HA Mk.III 
1 x quad 2 pdr "pom-pom" mount Mk.VII 
Up to 4 x single and/or twin [[Oerlikon 20 mm cannon|20 mm Oerlikon guns]] 
1 x quad tubes for 21 in [[torpedo]]es Mk.IX 
|}
The '''J, K and N class''' was a [[ship class|class]] of 24 [[destroyer]]s of the [[Royal Navy]] launched in [[1938]]. They were a return to a smaller vessel, with a heavier [[torpedo]] armament, after the [[Tribal class destroyer (1936)|Tribal class]] that emphasised guns over torpedoes. The ships were built in three flotillas or groups, eight each of ships with names beginning with "''J-''", "''K-''" and "''N-''". The flag superior of the [[pennant number]]s changed from "F" to "G" in 1940.

==Design history==

The design was intended as a smaller follow on from the preceding Tribal class, and incorporated one radical new idea that was a departure from all previous Royal Navy destroyer designs. That was the adoption of a two boiler room layout. This reduced hull length and allowed for a single funnel, both reducing the profile and increasing the arcs of fire of the light [[anti-aircraft]] (A/A) weapons. However, this also increased vulnerability, as there were now two consecutive large compartments with the resultant risk of a single well placed hit flooding both and resulting in a total loss of boiler power. This illustrates somewhat the Admiralty's attitude to the expendable nature of destroyers.

Another advance was made in construction techniques, by the adoption of longitudinal framing - that is, the strength members around which the hull was built were the longitudinals, rather than the transverse frames. The bow form was also modified from that of the preceding [[Tribal class destroyer|Tribal class]] design; the clipper bow replaced by a straight stem with increased sheer. This change was not a success and as a consequence these ships were very wet forwards. This shortcoming was rectified from the [[S and T class destroyer|"S" class]] onwards by returning to the earlier form.

Despite the vulnerability of the boiler layout, the design was to prove compact, strong and very successful, forming the basis of all Royal Navy destroyer construction from the [[O and P class destroyer|O class]] up to the [[Cr class destroyer|Cr class]] of 1944.

The armament was based on that of the Tribals, but replaced one twin 4.7 in L/45 QF Mark XII gun on mounting CP Mk.XIX with an additional bank of torpedo tubes. These mountings were capable of 40 ° elevation and 340 ° of training. Curiously, 'X' mounting was shipped so that the blind 20 ° arc was across the stern, rather than the more logical forward position where fire was obscured by the bridge and masts anyway. This meant that they were unable to fire dead astern. With the tubes now pentad, a heavy load of 10 torpedoes Mk.IX were now carried. The A/A armament remained the same, comprised of a quadruple [[2-pounder gun|2 pdr gun Mark.VIII]] on mounting Mk.VII and a pair of quadruble Vickers 0.5 in [[machine gun]]s, and was later to prove to be woefully inadequate. Fire control arrangements also differed from the Tribals, and the dedicated high-angle (H/A) rangefinder director was not fitted, instead only a 9 foot rangefinder was carried behind the usual destroyer director control tower (DCT). In the event, the rangefinder was heavily modified to allow it to control the main armament for A/A fire, and was known as the "3 man modified rangefinder".

The "N" class were ordered in 1940 as repeats of the "J" design, after delays and cost over-runs associated with the larger and more complicated [[L and M class destroyer|"L and M" class]]. The only design change was to mount the "X" 4.7 inch mounting in the more logical position with the 20° training blindspot forward. While building, the same early wartime modifications as the "J"s and "''K''"s were applied, with a pair of twin power-operated 0.5 in machine gun turrets briefly carried on the [[quarterdeck]] before being replaced by single 20 mm Oerlikons.

==Modifications==
In 1940 and 1941, to improve the [[anti-aircraft]] capabilities, all ships had their after torpedo tubes landed and replaced with a single 4 inch gun QF Mark V on mounting HA Mark III. The useless multiple 0.5 inch machine guns were replaced with single [[Oerlikon 20 mm cannon|20 mm Oerlikon guns]], with a further pair added abreast the searchlight platform amidships. The high-speed destroyer [[minesweeper (ship)|mine sweeps]] were replaced with a rack and two throwers for 45 depth charges and Radar Type 286 air warning was added at the masthead alongside Radar Type 285 fire control on the H/A rangefinder-director.

In 1942 the 4 in gun was removed and the torpedoes returned to all surviving vessels. The 20 mm Oerlikon guns were replaced with twin mountings (except those on the quarterdeck) and Radar Type 291 replaced Type 286. ''Jervis'', ''Kelvin'', ''Nerissa'' and ''Norman'' had the searchlight replaced with the "lantern" for Radar Type 271 surface search; ''Javelin'' and ''Kimberley'' having the lighter Radar Type 272 fitted at the truck of the foremast. ''Napier'', ''Nizam'' and ''Norseman'' (and later, ''Norman'') had American Radar SG1 fitted at the head of a new lattice foremast, ''Norman'' replacing her Type 271 set with a single 40 mm Bofors gun. By the end of the war, the surviving "J" and "K" ships carried a lattice mast with Radar Type 293 target indication at the truck and Type 291 air warning at the head.

==Service==
Being amongst the Royal Navy's most modern and powerful destroyers at the outbreak of war, they were heavily committed. As a result, losses were heavy and of 24 ships built, six "J", six "K" and one "N" class were war losses.

==J class==
*[[HMS Jackal (F22)|''Jackal'']] (lost on [[12 May]] [[1942]])
*[[HMS Jaguar (F34)|''Jaguar'']] (lost on [[26 March]] [[1942]])
*[[HMS Janus (F53)|''Janus'']] (lost on [[23 January]] [[1944]])
*[[HMS Javelin (F61)|''Javelin'']]
*[[HMS Jersey (F72)|''Jersey'']] (lost on [[2 May]] [[1941]])
*[[HMS Jervis (F00)|''Jervis'']]
*[[HMS Juno (F46)|''Juno'']] (lost on [[21 May]] [[1941]])
*[[HMS Jupiter (F85)|''Jupiter'']] (lost on [[27 February]] [[1942]])

==K class==
*[[HMS Kandahar (F28)|''Kandahar'']] (lost on [[20 December]] [[1941]])
*[[HMS Kashmir (F12)|''Kashmir'']] (lost on [[23 May]] [[1941]])
*[[HMS Kelly (F01)|''Kelly'']] (lost on [[23 May]] [[1941]])
*[[HMS Kelvin (F37)|''Kelvin'']]
*[[HMS Khartoum (F45)|''Khartoum'']] (lost on [[23 June]] [[1940]])
*[[HMS Kimberley (F50)|''Kimberley'']]
*[[HMS Kingston (F64)|''Kingston'']] (lost on [[11 April]] [[1942]])
*[[HMS Kipling (F91)|''Kipling'']] (lost on [[11 May]] [[1942]])

==N class==
===[[Royal Australian Navy]]===
*[[HMAS Napier (G97)|''Napier'']]
*[[HMAS Nepal (G25)|''Nepal'']]
*[[HMAS Nestor (G02)|''Nestor'']] (lost on [[16 June]] [[1942]])
*[[HMAS Nizam (G38)|''Nizam'']]
*[[HMAS Norman (G49)|''Norman'']]

===[[Royal Navy]]===
*[[HMS Nerissa (G65)|''Nerissa'']] (to [[Polish Navy|Poland]] as [[ORP Piorun (G65)|''Piorun'']] )
*[[HMS Noble (G84)|''Noble'']] (to the [[Royal Netherlands Navy|Netherlands]] as [[HNLMS Van Galen (G84)|''Van Galen'']])
*[[HMS Nonpareil (G16)|''Nonpareil'']] (to the [[Royal Netherlands Navy|Netherlands]] as [[HNLMS Tjerk Hiddes (G16)|''Tjerk Hiddes'']])

==External links==
*[http://www.uboat.net/allies/warships/class.html?ID=18 J class at Uboat.net ]
*[http://www.uboat.net/allies/warships/class.html?ID=30 L class at Uboat.net ]
*[http://www.uboat.net/allies/warships/class.html?ID=29 N class at Uboat.net ]

[[Category:Destroyer classes]]
[[Category:J, K and N class destroyers| ]]

[[pl:Niszczyciele typu N]]

Southwest Pacific Area

2006-08-21T06:41:33Z

Crazycomputers: Reverted edits by Mikepurdy (talk) to last version by MrBoo

:''This article deals with the military command/theatre known as the South West Pacific Area. The same name is occasionally used in a purely geographical sense. More common collective names for countries in the region include: South Pacific, [[Oceania]], [[Australasia]] and [[South East Asia]].''

'''South West Pacific Area''' (SWPA) was the name given to one of the four major [[Allied]] commands in the [[Pacific War|Pacific theatre]] of [[World War II]], during [[1942]]-[[1945|45]]. The SWPA included the [[Philippines]], [[Borneo]], the [[Dutch East Indies]] (excluding [[Sumatra]]), [[Australia]], the Territory of [[New Guinea]] (including the [[Bismarck Archipelago]]), the western part of the [[Solomon Islands]] and some neighbouring territories. The supreme commander, General [[Douglas MacArthur]], was in charge of primarily [[United States]] and Australian forces. [[Netherlands|Dutch]], Filipino, [[United Kingdom|British]] and other Allied forces also served in the SWPA.
[[Image:Pacific Theater Areas;map1.JPG|thumb|280px|right|A map of the Pacific Theater.]]

==Origins==
The name "South West Pacific Area" appears to have originated in [[United Kingdom|British]] military circles in [[1941]], purely in reference to British forces under the short-lived [[American-British-Dutch-Australian Command]] (ABDA). The rapid [[Japan]]ese advance through the Dutch East Indies effectively divided the "ABDA Area" in two, and in late February 1942, ABDA was wound up at the recommendation of its commander, the British General [[Archibald Wavell]], who — as [[Commander in Chief in India]] — retained responsibility for Allied operations in [[Burma Campaign|Burma]] and [[Sumatra]] (which fell to the Japanese on [[28 March]] 1942), and against Japanese held [[Singapore]], [[Malaya]] and [[Thailand]].

On [[March 24]] [[1942]], the newly-formed British-US [[Combined Chiefs of Staff]] issued a directive designating the Pacific theater an area of American strategic responsibility. Six days later the US [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]] (JCS) divided the Pacific theater into three areas: the Pacific Ocean Areas (POA), the [[South West Pacific Area|Southwest Pacific Area]] (SWPA), and the [[South East Pacific Area]]. Therefore most of the [[Pacific Ocean]] and its islands fell under a separate Allied command, [[Pacific Ocean Areas]], headed by US Admiral [[Chester Nimitz]].

The Allied commander in the Philippines, General [[Douglas MacArthur]] was elevated to the post of '''Supreme Allied Commander South West Pacific Area'''. As the Japanese surrounded US and [[Philippines|Filipino]] forces in the Philippines, MacArthur was ordered by US President [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Franklin D. Roosevelt]] to leave his headquarters on [[Bataan Peninsula]], near [[Manila]], and to relocate to [[Melbourne, Australia]].

[[Image:Curtinmacarthur.jpg|thumb|220px|right|General MacArthur and Australian Prime Minister [[John Curtin]].]] On [[April 17]], the Australian government, led by Prime Minister [[John Curtin]], directed Australian personnel to treat orders from MacArthur as equivalent its own. In fact, for most of 1942, MacArthur commanded more Australians than US personnel. He also commanded some Dutch forces which had retreated to Australia. Later in the war, some British and other Allied forces also came under MacArthur's command.

In July, MacArthur moved his headquarters north, to [[Brisbane, Australia]].

One result of the division of the [[Pacific theatre]] into two separate Allied/U.S. commands was that each competed for scarce resources in an economy-of-force theater, and each was headed by a commander in chief (CinC) from a different service. In particular, the division of the [[Solomon Islands]] caused problems, since the battles of the [[Solomon Islands campaign]] in 1942–1943 ranged over the whole region, with the main [[Japan]]ese bases in SWPA and the main Allied bases in POA. The main Allied offensives were undertaken from the POA.

Although MacArthur had been ordered by Roosevelt to appoint as many Australian and Dutch officers to senior positions as possible, most of his immediate staff was made up of US Army officers who had served under him in the Philippines. The [[Australian Army]] CinC, General Thomas Blamey, was appointed Commander, Allied Land Forces. However the CinCs of the [[Royal Australian Air Force]] and the [[Royal Australian Navy]] were sidelined from 1942 as their subordinates were put under the operational control of the U.S. [[Fifth Air Force]] and U.S. [[Seventh Fleet]]. Similarly, from mid-1943, the [[U.S. Sixth Army]] (code name ''Alamo Force'') was deployed under MacArthur's direct control, meaning that Blamey was excluded from command of the vast majority of U.S. land forces in the theatre after that time.

In 1945, following the [[Battle of Leyte|Allied landings in the Philippines]], MacArthur moved his headquarters back to [[Manila]].

Forces from the SWPA were to have made up a significant proportion of the Allied units set aside for the [[Operation Downfall|proposed invasion of Japan]], scheduled to take place from November 1945.

==Major campaigns in the theatre==
* [[Battle of the Philippines (1941-42)|Philippines campaign, 1942]]
* [[New Guinea campaign]], 1942-45
* [[Philippines campaign, 1944-45]]
* [[Borneo campaign, 1945]]

==Command structure (combat units) ==
''Ranks cited are those on assumption of each position.''
 
'''[[General of the Army|General]] [[Douglas MacArthur]], [[Philippine Army]]/[[U.S. Army]], Supreme Commander''' (1942-45)
* Staff officers (all U.S. Army)
**[[Major General]] [[Richard K. Sutherland]] (Chief of Staff)
*** [[Brigadier General]] [[Richard J. Marshall]] (Deputy Chief of Staff)
=== US Army Forces Far East ===
* ''US and Philippines Army forces in the Philippines, 1942''
* '''[[Lieutenant General]] [[Jonathan M. Wainwright]]''' (U.S. Army), Wainwright held the position until the Allied surrender on May 6, 1942, after which it was vacant.
=== Allied Land Forces (1942-45) ===
''[[Australian Army]] officers, except where stated.''
*'''General [[Thomas Blamey]]''', Allied Land Forces
====New Guinea Force (1942-44)====
*''Allied land forces in the Territory of New Guinea''
** Lt Gen. [[Sydney Rowell]], [[New Guinea Force]] (until September 1942)
** Gen. Blamey (in direct command), September 1942 to 1943)
** Lt Gen. [[Iven Mackay]], (January 30, 1943 to May 21,1943
** Lt Gen. [[Leslie Morshead]] May 21, 1943 to August 28, 1943)
** Lt Gen. Mackay (second time), (August 28, 1943 to January 20, 1944)
'''Advanced New Guinea Force'''
*''Allied front line land forces in New Guinea'' 
** 1942-44
*** Lt Gen. [[Edmund Herring]] (1942-43)
*** Lt Gen. (temporary) [[Robert Eichelberger]] (U.S. Army) (1943-44)

====Australian First Army (1944-45)====
*''Australian front line land units, 1944-45''
**Lt Gen. '''[[Vernon Sturdee]]''', (1944-45)
=== U.S. Sixth Army (1943-45)===
* '''Lt Gen. [[Walter Krueger]]''', [[U.S. Sixth Army]] (a.k.a. ''Alamo Force'', in theatre from June 1, 1943)
===U.S. Eighth Army (1944-45)===
* '''Lt Gen. [[Robert Eichelberger]]''', [[U.S. Eighth Army]] (formed 1944)

===Allied Air Forces===
''[[United States Army Air Forces]] officers, except where stated.''
*'''General [[George Howard Brett (military)|George Brett]]''', Allied Air Forces (until August 4, 1942)
*'''Lt Gen. [[George Kenney]]''', Allied Air Forces (from August 4, 1942)

====1942-44====
'''U.S. [[Fifth Air Force]]'''
*''Controlled Allied air operations in the ''Northeastern Area'' (New Guinea, including islands)
** Gen. Kenney (direct command)

'''RAAF Command'''
*''Controlled Allied air operations in the ''Northwestern Area'' (Australia and the Dutch East Indies).
** [[Air Vice-Marshal]] [[William Bostock]], [[Royal Australian Air Force]].

====1944-45====
'''[[Far East Air Force|U.S. Far East Air Force]]''' 
''Philippines area and southern islands of Japan.'' 
Gen. George Kenney
*'''U.S. Fifth Air Force'''
Maj. Gen. [[Ennis Whitehead]]
*'''U.S. [[Thirteenth Air Force]]''' (from Pacific Ocean Areas)
Lt. Gen. [[Hubert R. Harmon]] (1944) 
Maj. Gen. [[St. Clair Streett]] (1944-45) 
Maj. Gen. [[Paul B. Wurtsmith]] (1945) 
*'''U.S. [[Seventh Air Force]] ''' (from POA, mid-1945)
Maj. Gen. [[Thomas D. White]]

'''RAAF Command''' ''Allied operations in Australia, Dutch East Indies and the Territory of New Guinea.'' 
AVM William Bostock

===Allied Naval Forces===
''[[U.S. Navy]] officers, except where stated.''
*'''[[Admiral]] [[Herbert F. Leary]]''', Allied Naval Forces, April 20, 1942-September 11, 1942
*'''[[Vice Admiral]] [[Arthur S. Carpender]]''', Allied Naval Forces, February 19, 1943-November 26, 1943; and Commander, [[U.S. 7th Fleet]], (from March 15, 1943)
*'''Adm. [[Thomas C. Kinkaid]]''', November 26, 1943-September 2, 1945; and Commander U.S. 7th Fleet
'''Southwest Pacific Sea Frontiers'''
*''Australian coastal waters'' 
** Vice Adm. Sir [[Guy Royle]] (British [[Royal Navy]])

==See also==
*[[U.S. I Corps]]
*[[Australian I Corps]]
*[[Australian II Corps]]
*[[Maroubra Force]]
*[[Australian First Tactical Air Force]]

==External links==
*[http://www.defence.gov.au/adc/Cdclms/Command%20evolution.doc Prof. David Horner, 2002, "The Evolution of Australian Higher Command Arrangements" (Australian Department of Defence)]
*[http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-P-Strategy/Strategy-11.html U.S. Army in World War II (official history) "Organization and Command of the Pacific" (U.S. Army) ]
*[http://research.airuniv.edu/papers/ay1997/acsc/97-0609A.pdf Maj. Jonathan B. Wills, 1997, "How Southwest Pacific Area Operations in WWII Influenced the Royal Australian Air Force" (U.S. Air Force)]

[[Category:World War II Allied commands]]
[[Category:World War II forces and units]]

Dogs Playing Poker

2006-07-09T05:04:02Z

Crazycomputers: rv unrelated link

[[Image:Hisstationand4aces-coolidge.jpg|thumb|275px|''His Station and Four Aces'' by C. M. Coolidge, [[1903]].]]
'''''Dogs Playing Poker''''' is a series of [[oil painting]]s by [[Cassius Marcellus Coolidge|C. M. Coolidge]]. All the paintings in the series feature [[Anthropomorphism|anthropomorphized]] dogs in behaviours of playing [[poker]], smoking [[cigar]]s, dancing, playing baseball, and testifying in court.[http://www.tenbyten.net/luckydog.html] Of the 16 paintings, the nine of Coolidge's paintings in which dogs are seated around a card table playing [[poker]] and smoking [[cigar]]s, have become
astronomically popular, being described as "indelibly burned into the public subconscious".[http://www.tenbyten.net/luckydog.html]

Already keen on painting dogs in human situations, In 1903, an advertising firm, [[Brown & Bigelow]] commissioned a series of 16 paintings from Coolidge to depict [[dog]]s acting like humans for cigar advertisements.[http://www.ooowoo.com/dogs-playing-poker.html]

They show various stages of what might be the same poker game; for example, in ''A Bold Bluff'', a [[St. Bernard (dog)|Saint Bernard]]'s hand can be seen by the viewer but not by the other dogs; in ''Waterloo'', the Saint Bernard takes his winnings. ''Looks Like Four of a Kind'' is a well-known painting that was a follow-on to the original series. It’s after 1:00 am according to the grandfather clock included in some of the paintings. The titles in the series are:
*''A Bachelor's Dog''
*''A Bold Bluff''
*''Breach of Promise Suit''
*''A Friend in Need''
*''His Station and Four Aces''
*''New Year's Eve in Dog Ville''
*''One to Tie Two to Win''
*''Pinched with Four Aces''
*''Poker Sympathy''
*''Post Mortem''
*''The Reunion''
*''Riding the Goat''
*''Sitting up with a Sick Friend''
*''Stranger in Camp''
*''Ten Miles to a Garage''
*''Waterloo: Two''

==Analysis==
The series has a [[kitsch]] appeal that has made it part of American [[Popular culture|pop culture]]. For example, in [[Larry Shue]]'s play ''[[The Foreigner (play)|The Foreigner]]'', a character staying in a lodge remarks she does not want to be in her room because "the damned painting [in there] is Dogs Playing Poker."

<blockquote>"Its main appeal is how funny it is. Poker’s a fairly cerebral activity, so the idea of dogs playing is patently absurd. And contemporary artists love its kitsch, which has a lot to do with the fact that it’s so God damn bad as a painting." -[[Jim McManus]] <ref>[http://www.tenbyten.net/luckydog.html]</ref></blockquote>
<blockquote>"Anthropomorphic animals = immediate humor." <ref>[http://gaming.unlv.edu/gallery/a_friend_in_need.htm]</ref></blockquote>
<blockquote>"A wry and whimsical satire on middle–class, human male entertainment." <ref>[http://www.tenbyten.net/luckydog.html]</ref></blockquote>

==Popularity==
*There was a poker [[computer game]] based on the paintings, [http://www.dogsplayingpoker.tv/ Dogs Playing poker]. 
*A film, ''[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0160289/ Four Dogs Playing Poker]'', was made in [[2000 in film|2000]].

*"paintings occupy a rarefied echelon of artworks with Edward Hopper’s Nighthawks, Grant Wood’s American Gothic, and Andy Warhol’s Campbell Soup Cans"[http://www.tenbyten.net/luckydog.html]

On [[February 15]], [[2005]], two of the paintings, ''A Bold Bluff'' and ''Waterloo'', sold for [[US $]]590,400. [http://money.cnn.com/2005/02/16/news/newsmakers/poker_dogs/]
The auction set an auction record for Coolidge, whose previous top sale was $74,000.

==References==
* ''San Jose Mercury News'', Feb 11, 2005; "A New York auction offers artistic treats for dog lovers"

==External links==
*[http://www.dogsplayingpoker.org/ http://www.dogsplayingpoker.org/] - A website dedicated to this cultural theme
* [http://www.santacruzpl.org/readyref/files/d-f/dogpkr.shtml Short piece on the painting]
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20050205140559/http://www.michaels.com/art/online/artistproducts?artistid=289 A collection of Coolidge paintings]

[[Category:Modern paintings]]
[[Category:Dogs in popular culture]]
[[Category:Cultural appropriation]]
[[Category:1903 paintings]]

Benutzer:Southpark/Wauwau

2006-07-09T05:04:02Z

Crazycomputers: rv unrelated link

Liste der kanadischen Regionen

2006-06-22T09:30:09Z

Crazycomputers: Reverted edits by 207.200.116.198 (talk) to version 56318144 using VandalSniper

{{Canadian politics}}
__TOC__
==National regions==

[[Image:Map Canada political.png|350px|right|Map of Canada]]From west to east, [[Canada|Canadian]] [[Provinces and territories of Canada|provinces and territories]] are normally grouped into the following [[region]]s:

*[[Western Canada]]
:*[[British Columbia]]
:*[[Canadian Prairies|Prairies]]
::*[[Alberta]]
::*[[Saskatchewan]]
::*[[Manitoba]]
*[[Central Canada]]
:*[[Ontario]]
:*[[Quebec]]
*[[Atlantic Canada]]
:*[[Maritimes]]
::*[[New Brunswick]]
::*[[Prince Edward Island]]
::*[[Nova Scotia]]
:*[[Newfoundland and Labrador]]
*[[Northern Canada]] (The North)
:*[[Yukon]]
:*[[Northwest Territories]]
:*[[Nunavut]]

Additionally, Central Canada and Atlantic Canada are sometimes grouped together as [[Eastern Canada]].

Other regions are:

*[[English Canada]], sometimes known as the ''Rest of Canada'' (excluding Quebec) when considering topics of language
*[[French Canada]]
*[[Pacific Canada]]
*[[Acadia]]
*[[Quebec-Windsor Corridor]]
*[[Four Corners (Canada)|Four Corners]]

==Provincial regions==

By province and territory:

<table><tr><td valign=top>
===Alberta===
*[[Alberta's Heartland]]
*[[Northern Alberta]]
*[[Alberta's Rockies]]
*[[Southern Alberta]]
*[[Calgary Region]]
*[[Edmonton Capital Region]]
*[[Cypress Hills]]
*[[Central Alberta]]

===British Columbia===
*[[British Columbia Interior]]
*[[Lower Mainland]]
*[[Vancouver Island]]
*[[Northern British Columbia]]
*[[Kootenays]]
*[[British Columbian Rockies]]
*[[Central British Columbia]]
*[[Fraser Valley]]
*[[Greater Vancouver Area]]
*[[Gulf Islands]]
*[[Sunshine Coast, British Columbia|Sunshine Coast]]
*[[Okanagan]]
*[[Thompson Nicola]]
*[[Whistler & Area]]
*[[Bowen Island]]
*[[Pender Island]]
*[[Queen Charlotte Islands]]
*[[Nechako]]
*[[North Coast (British Columbia)|North Coast]]
*[[Peace River (region)|Peace River]]
*[[Cariboo]]
*[[Greater Victoria, British Columbia|Greater Victoria]]
*[[North Shore (Greater Vancouver)|North Shore]]

===Manitoba===
:''see [[list of Manitoba regions]]''
*[[Northern Region, Manitoba|Northern]]
*[[Interlake Region, Manitoba|Interlake]]
*[[Central Plains Region, Manitoba|Central Plains]]
*[[Eastman Region, Manitoba|Eastman]]
*[[Westman Region, Manitoba|Westman]]
*[[Winnipeg Capital Region, Manitoba|Winnipeg Capital Region]]
*[[Parkland Region, Manitoba|Parkland]]
*[[Pembina Valley Region, Manitoba|Pembina Valley]]

===New Brunswick===
*[[Acadian Peninsula]]
*[[North shore (New Brunswick)|North shore]]
*[[Gulf shore (New Brunswick)|Gulf shore]]
*[[Fudy shore (New Brunswick)|Fundy shore]]
*[[Fundy Isles]]
*[[Kennebecasis River|Kennebacasis River valley]]
*[[Republic of Madawaska]]
*[[Miramichi River valley|Miramichi valley]]
*[[St. John River|St. John valley]]
*[[Tantramar Marshes|Tantramar]]
*[[Moncton, New Brunswick|Greater Moncton]]
*[[Saint John, New Brunswick|Greater Saint John]]
*[[Fredericton, New Brunswick|Greater Fredericton]]

===Newfoundland and Labrador===
*[[Labrador]]
**[[Labrador West, Newfoundland and Labrador|Labrador West]]
**[[Labrador Coast]]
**[[Nunatsiavut]]
*[[Newfoundland]]
**[[Avalon Peninsula]]
**[[Burin Peninsula]]
**[[Bonavista Peninsula]]
**[[South Coast (Newfoundland)|South Coast]]
**[[West Coast (Newfoundland)|West Coast]]
***[[Bay of Islands (Newfoundland)|Bay of Islands]]
****[[South Shore Bay of Islands]]
****[[North Shore Bay of Islands]]
****[[Corner Brook]]
***[[Bonne Bay]]
***[[Gros Morne]]
***[[Port au Port Peninsula]]
**[[Great Northern Peninsula]]
***[[White Bay (Newfoundland)|White Bay]]
**[[Northeast Coast (Newfoundland)|Northeast Coast]]
**[[Fogo Island]]

===Northwest Territories===
*[[Mackenzie River Delta]]
*[[Mackenzie River Valley]]

<td valign=top>
===Nova Scotia===
*[[Cape Breton Island]]
*[[Industrial Cape Breton]]
*[[Cape Breton Regional Municipality, Nova Scotia|Cape Breton Regional Municipality]] (CBRM)
*[[Sable Island]]
*[[South shore (Nova Scotia)|South shore]]
*[[Eastern shore (Nova Scotia)|Eastern shore]]
*[[North shore (Nova Scotia)|North shore]]
*[[Central Nova Scotia]]
*[[Northern Nova Scotia]]
*[[Annapolis Valley]]
*[[Halifax Regional Municipality]] (HRM)

===Nunavut===
*''Official regions''
**[[Kivalliq Region, Nunavut|Kivalliq]]
**[[Kitikmeot Region, Nunavut|Kitikmeot]]
**[[Qikiqtaaluk Region, Nunavut|Qikiqtaaluk]]

===Ontario===
*[[Bluewater, Ontario|Bluewater]]
*[[Bruce Peninsula]]
*[[Central Ontario]]
*[[Eastern Ontario]]
*[[Georgian Triangle]]
*[[Golden Horseshoe]]
*[[Greater Toronto Area]]
*[[Kawartha Lakes]]
*[[Kitchener-Waterloo]]
*[[Muskoka]]
*[[National Capital Region (Canada)|National Capital Region]]
*[[Niagara Peninsula]]
*[[Nickel Belt]]
*[[Northern Ontario]]
**[[Northeastern Ontario]]
**[[Northwestern Ontario]]
*[[Ottawa Valley]]
*[[Pelee Island]]
*[[Southern Ontario]]
*[[Thousand Islands]]
*[[Western Ontario]]

===Prince Edward Island===
*[[North shore (Prince Edward Island)|North shore]]
*[[South shore (Prince Edward Island)|South shore]]
*[[Prince County, Prince Edward Island|West Prince]]
*[[Prince County, Prince Edward Island|East Prince/Summerside area]]
*[[Queens County, Prince Edward Island|Queens]]
*[[Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island|Charlottetown area]]
*[[Kings County, Prince Edward Island|Kings]]

===Quebec===
:''see [[list of Quebec regions]]''
*[[Eastern Townships]]
*[[Montérégie]]
*[[Laurentian Mountains]]
*[[Greater Montreal Area]]
*[[Nord-du-Quebec|Northern Quebec]]
*[[Outaouais]]
*[[Greater Quebec City Area]]
*[[Saguenay]]
*[[Sud-de-Saint-Laurent]]
*[[Eastern Quebec]]
*[[Gaspésie]]
*[[Côte-Nord]]
*[[Île Jésus]]
*[[Island of Montreal]]
*[[Île Perrot]]
*[[Île d'Orléans]]
*[[Île-Bizard, Quebec]]
*[[Anticosti Island]]
*[[Magdalen Islands]]

===Saskatchewan===
*[[East Central Saskatchewan]]
*[[Northern Saskatchewan]]
*[[Greater Regina Area]]
*[[Greater Saskatoon Area]]
*[[Southeastern Saskatchewan]]
*[[Southwestern Saskatchewan]]
*[[West Central Saskatchewan]]
*[[Cypress Hills]]

===Yukon===
*[[Klondike, Yukon|Klondike]]
</tr></td></table>

==See also==
* [[Geography of Canada]]
* [[List of regions of the United States]]
* [[Lists of unofficial regions by country]]

{{listdev}}

[[Category:Regions of Canada|*]]

Lance Sharkey

2006-05-02T06:49:45Z

Crazycomputers: no references here

{{Unreferenced}}
'''Lawrence (Lance) Louis Sharkey''' ([[18 August]] [[1898]]–[[13 May]] [[1967]]) was the secretary of [[Communist Party of Australia]] from 1948 to 1965. From obscure rural beginnings he was to become a member of the executive of the Communist International or [[Comintern]]. He was an orthodox communist in the [[Stalinist]] mould unswerving in his support for the [[Soviet Union]].

Sharkey was born at Warry Creek, near Cargo, [[New South Wales]], [[Australia]]. His farming parents, Michael and Mary, were of Irish descent and raised him as a [[Roman Catholic]]. He left school at fourteen and commenced an apprenticeship as coachmaker in [[Orange]]. He later claimed that itnerant bushworks drew him into the anti conscription struggle during [[World War I]] and into support of the [[Industrial Workers of the World]].

After the war he moved to [[Sydney]] and obtained a job as a lift attendant. In 1922 he joined the [[CPA]]. Sharkey became a member of the [[Federated Miscellaneous Workers Union of Australia]] and was elected to its executive. He lost the post in 1925 after organising the Trades Hall cleaners, who had been sacked but later reinstated, but was to be made a union delegate to the Labor Council of New South Wales in 1928.

Sharkey was elected to the executive of the CPA in 1926 but was dumped in 1927 when he resisted the turn from a 'united front' with the [[ALP]]. In 1928, he re-emerged as a strong advocate of the [[Comintern]]'s new line of opposstion to all forms of reform. He rose to prominence with the rise of fellow CPA leaders [[Bert Moxon]] and [[J.B. Miles]]. After they won control of the party in 1929 he became editor of its newspaper ''Workers' Weekly''. In 1930 he visited the [[Soviet Union]], for the first time, as the Australian delegate to the Comintern. At the congress Sharkey was elected to the executive of the Comintern.

When the Australian government declared the CPA illegal in June 1940, Sharkey and other party leaders went underground. He resumed open political activity after the Germans invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941 as the ban was relaxed later and removed by 1942.

With the onset of the [[Cold War]] Sharkey displaced Miles as party secretary and CPA became openly hostile to the ALP and withdrew conditional support for its program of post war reconstruction.

In March 1949 Sharkey told a Sydney journalist that' ''if Soviet Forces in pursuit of aggressors entered Australia, Australian workers would welcome them'' '. He was tried and consequently found guilty of uttering seditious words. The High Court upheld his conviction and in October was sentenced to three years imprisonment. The term was later reduced and he served thirteen months. On his release he embarked on national speaking tour. He then spent six months at a sanatorium in the Soviet Union for treatment of a heart condition.

Under his strong leadership he was able to ensure that the party minimised the impact of [[Nikita Krushchev]]'s repudiation of [[Joseph Stalin]] in 1956. Later in 1961 he rejected the Chinese position of the Sino-Soviet Split. He ceded the post of party secretary to [[Laurie Aarons]] in 1965.

Sharkey was lauded in heyday as a heroic communist leader but his reputation sank with the fortunes of the party. His dogmatism led
to his consistent support for the worst abuses of Stalinist dictatorship. Under repressive circumstances that included constant surveillance by the [[Australian Security Intelligence Organisation]] the strain took its toll and drunken binges on visits to the Soviet Union were notorious.

He died of a heart attack in 1967 in Sydney and was cremated.

[[Category:1898 births|Sharkey, Lance]]
[[Category:1967 deaths|Sharkey, Lance]]
[[Category:Australian communists|Sharkey, Lance]]

Pakistan Movement

2006-03-23T11:22:45Z

Crazycomputers: rvv: more vandalism

'''Pakistan Movement''' is a name given to the independence struggle carried out by the [[Muslim]]s of British India to create a separate homeland. This struggle was led by the [[Muslim League]]. Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali [[Jinnah]] was head of the movement. The other Muslim League leaders were: [[Allama Iqbal]], [[Liaqat Ali Khan]], [[Fatima Jinnah]], [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy|Suhrawardy]] and [[Abdur Rab Nishtar|Sardar Abdur Rab Nishtar]].

The [[Pakistan Resolution]] was passed in [[1940]] at [[Lahore]]. Muslim League made this resolution its main objective election campaigns. Soon after [[World War II]], the [[United Kingdom|British]] were convinced that keeping British colony in South Asia was no longer possible, as the United Kingdom itself was economically shattered by the war. British South Asia was divided into [[Pakistan]] and [[India]].

The idea of Pakistan was presented by Allama Iqbal in 1930. Iqbal asked Jinnah to focus his energies towards getting an independent homeland for Muslims of the South Asia.

==Timeline==

{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
<div style="font-size: 85%">
*[[1857]] [[War of Indian Independence of 1857]]
*[[1885]] [[Indian National Congress|Formation of the Indian National Congress]]
*[[1905]] [[Partition of Bengal]]
*[[1906]] Simla Deputation
*[[1906]] [[Muslim League|Founding of the All-India Muslim League]]
*[[1909]] [[Government of India Act 1909|Minto – Morley Reforms]]
*[[1911]] [[Partition of Bengal|Annulment of the Partition of Bengal]]
*[[1914]]-18 [[World War I]]
*[[1916]] [[Lucknow Pact]]
*[[1919]] [[Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms]]
*[[1919]]-23 [[Khilafat Movement]]
*[[1922]]-29 Hindu – Muslim Riots
*[[1927]] Delhi Muslim Proposals
*[[1928]] [[Nehru Report]]
*[[1929]] [[Fourteen Points of Jinnah]]
*[[1930]] [[Simon Commission|Simon Commission Report]]
*[[1930]] [[Allahabad Address|Allam Iqbal Address]]
*1930-32 Round Table Conferences
</div>
{{col-2}}
<div style="font-size: 85%">
*1932 Communal Award (1932)
*[[1933]] [[Now or Never|Now or Never Pamphlet]]
*[[1935]] [[Government of India Act 1935]]
*1937 Elections
*1937-39 Congress Rule in the Provinces
*1938 Pirpur Report
*[[1939]]-[[1945|45]] [[World War II]]
*[[1940]] [[Pakistan Resolution]]
*[[1942]] [[Cripps' mission]]
*1944 Gandhi - Jinnah Talks
*1945 The Simla Conference
*[[1946]] [[1946 Cabinet Mission to India]]
*1946 [[Direct Action Day]]
*1946 Interim Government Installed in Office
*1946 June 3 Partition Plan
*1947 August 14 - Dominion of Pakistan, with George VI as King
*1952 Elizabeth II proclaimed Queen of Pakistan
*1954 Dominion of Pakistan becomes Republic of Pakistan
</div>
{{col-end}}

==Statements and Sayings==

;[[Allama Iqbal]]

:{|style="border:1px; border: thin solid white; background-color:#f6f6FF; margin:20px;" cellpadding="10"
|-
|"I would like to see the Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, Sind and Baluchistan amalgamated into a single State. Self-government within the British Empire, or without the British Empire, the formation of a consolidated North-West Indian Muslim State appears to me to be the final destiny of the Muslims, at least of North-West India." <ref name="res1">[http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/txt_iqbal_1930.html Sir Muhammad Iqbal’s 1930 Presidential Address], from Columbia University site</ref>
|}

;[[Choudhary Rahmat Ali]]

:{|style="border:1px; border: thin solid white; background-color:#f6f6FF; margin:20px;" cellpadding="10"
|-
|"At this solemn hour in the history of India, when British and Indian statesmen are laying the foundations of a Federal Constitution for that land, we address this appeal to you, in the name of our common heritage, on behalf of our thirty million Muslim brethren who live in PAKSTAN - by which we mean the five Northern units of India, Viz: Punjab, North-West Frontier Province (Afghan Province), Kashmir, Sind and Baluchistan - for your sympathy and support in our grim and fateful struggle against political crucifixion and complete annihilation."<ref name="res2">[http://www.zyworld.com/slam33/non.htm Now or Never; Are we to live or perish forever? (1933)], Pakistan History Website</ref>
|}

;[[Quaid-i-Azam]]

:{|style="border:1px; border: thin solid white; background-color:#f6f6FF; margin:20px;" cellpadding="10"
|-
|"It is extremely difficult to appreciate why our Hindu friends fail to understand the real nature of Islam and Hinduism. They are not religious in the strict sense of the word, but are, in fact, different and distinct social orders, and it is a dream that the Hindus and Muslims can ever evolve a common nationality, and this misconception of one Indian nation has troubles and will lead India to destruction if we fail to revise our notions in time. The Hindus and Muslims belong to two different religious philosophies, social customs, literatures. They neither intermarry nor interdine together and, indeed, they belong to two different civilizations which are based mainly on conflicting ideas and conceptions. Their aspect on life and of life are different. It is quite clear that Hindus and Mussalmans derive their inspiration from different sources of history. They have different epics, different heroes, and different episodes. Very often the hero of one is a foe of the other and, likewise, their victories and defeats overlap. To yoke together two such nations under a single state, one as a numerical minority and the other as a majority, must lead to growing discontent and final destruction of any fabric that may be so built for the government of such a state.” <ref name="res3">[http://www.nazariapak.info/data/quaid/statements/two-nation.asp Excerpt from the Presidential Address delivered by Quaid-i-Azam at Lahore, March 22-23, 1940], Nazariapak.info</ref>
|}

pakistan sucks balls

== External links ==
<div style="font-size: 90%">
* {{cite web
| title = Important Events at a Glance (1857 to 1947)
| work = Nazariapak.info
| url = http://nazariapak.info/data/history/glance/chronology.asp
}}
* {{cite web
| title = Pakistan Movement
| work = Pioneers of Freedom
| url = http://www.cybercity-online.net/pof/pakistan_movement.html
}}
* {{cite web
| title = The Pakistan Movement
| work = Story of Pakistan website
| url = http://www.storyofpakistan.com/timeline06.htm
}}
* {{cite web
| title = Iqbal and the Pakistan Movement
| work = Iqbal Academy Pakistan
| url = http://www.allamaiqbal.com/person/movement/move_main.htm
}}
* {{cite web
| title = History of Pakistan Movement
| work = Azadi2000
| url = http://www.brain.net.pk/~wisetech/50/history/
}}
* {{cite web
| title = The Pakistan Movement (Picture Gallery)
| work = Pakistan.gov
| url = http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/Quaid/movement_pic.htm
}}
</div>

[[Category:Pakistan movement]]

{{PakCreation}}
{{Pakistan-stub}}

Pakistan Movement

2006-03-23T11:20:20Z

Crazycomputers: rvv: vandalism by a lot of people

Lance Sharkey

2006-03-23T06:22:49Z

Crazycomputers: please expand

{{expand}}
'''Lawrence (Lance) Louis Sharkey''' (18 August 1898-13 May 1967) was the secretary of [[Australian Communist Party]] from 1948 to 1965. From obscure rural beginnings he was to become a member of the executive of the Communist International.