Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Internationale Arbeitsgemeinschaft Donauforschung

2014-11-21T19:40:37Z

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The International Association for Danube Research (IAD) was founded in 1956 and is the longest existing international scientific network in the Danube Region. IAD is an Association according to Austrian law with the goal of promoting and coordinating activities in the fields of limnology, water management, water protection and sustainable development in the Danube River basin (current structure and contact).

In 1998 IAD obtained observership in the International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River (ICPDR). Our delegates participate in various Expert Groups and develop tools and measures to protect the Danube River and to reach a sustainable river basin management as ultimate goal of the Water Framework Directive (EU-WFD).

As representative of the scientific community IAD also actively supports the implementation of the macro-regional EU-Danube Strategy as a step towards sustainable development in the Danube region.

Jamal Bakhshpour

2014-10-20T07:11:44Z

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'''Jamal Bakhshpour''' (* [[1944]] in Tabriz/ Iran is a is a contemporary iranian painter. He graduated from Fine Arts Vocational School, Faculty Of Decorative Arts in Tehran in 1967. Since then he had over 100 exhibitions worldwide. He lives and works in Germany since 1984. [[File:Jamal Bakhshpour.jpg|thumb|Jamal Bakhshpour]]

[[File:Jamal Bakhshpour - Don Quixote.jpg|thumb|Jamal Bakhshpour - Don Quixote]]

[[File:Jamal Bakhshpour1.jpg|thumb|Jamal Bakhshpour1]]

[[File:Jamal Bakhshpour2.jpg|thumb|Jamal Bakhshpour2]]

[[File:Jamal Bakhshpour3.jpg|thumb|Jamal Bakhshpour3]]

== Selected Solo Exhibitions ==

* 1970 Ghandriz Gallery, Tehran, Iran
* 1973 Seyhoun Gallery, Tehran, Iran
* 1974 Seyhoun Gallery, Tehran, Iran
* 1974 Meka Gallery, Cologne, Germany
* 1975 Seyhoun Gallery, Tehran, Iran
* 1977 Sheikh Gallery, Tehran, Iran
* 1984 Khaneh-e-Sabz Gallery, Tehran, Iran
* 1985 D’scho Gallery, Bochum, Germany
* 1985 Id Gallery, Dusseldrof Germany
* 1985 Flora Weggis Gallery, Luzern, Switzerland
* 1986 V.H.S, Cologne, Germany
* 1986 Bildzentrum Gallery, Cologne, Germany
* 1986 Press Club, Bonn, Germany
* 1986 Khaneh-e-Sabz Gallery, Tehran, Iran
* 1989 Sheikh Gallery, Tehran, Iran
* 1990 Azin Gallery, Tehran, Iran
* 1991 Sepehri Gallery, Tehran, Iran
* 1993 Interior Designer’s Gallery, Tehran, Iran
* 1994 Interior Designer’s Gallery, Tehran, Iran
* 1994 Stollwerk, Cologne, Germany
* 1995 Naghsh-e-Jahan Gallery, Tehran, Iran
* 1999 Interior Designer’s Gallery, Tehran, Iran
* 2000 Banhoff Gallery, Weidenberg, Germany
* 2000 db III Gallery, Cologne, Germany
* 2002 Blauhaus Gallery, Cologne , Germany
* 2002 Seyhoun Gallery, Tehran, Iran
* 2005 Assar Art Gallery, Tehran, Iran
* 2010 Art Center, Tehran, Iran
* 2010 Sin Gallery, Tehran, Iran

== Group Exhibitions ==

* 1971 Tehran Arts and Culture Museum( Selected as painter of the year)
* 1973 Sulivan Gallery, Tehran, Iran
* 1973 Tehran Gallery, Tehran, Iran
* 1973 Art section of Tehran International Fair, Tehran, Iran
* 1974 Takht-e-Jamshid Gallery, Tehran, Iran
* 1974 Seyhoun Gallery, Tehran, Iran
* 1974 First Tehran international Art Exhibit, Tehran, Iran
* 1975 Work Ministry Hall, Tehran, Iran
* 1975Iran Gallery, Tehran, Iran
* 1976 The International Art Fair ’76 Basle, Switzerland
* 1977 The International Art Fair ’77 Basle, Switzerland
* 1977 Mehr Shad Gallery, Tehran, Iran
* 1977 11th Art Ceremony, Shiraz, Iran
* 1978 Iranian Art exhibition in China
* 2000 Daumenkino Gallery, Cologne, Germany

== Weblinks ==

# http://www.jamalbakhshpour.com
# http://www.festiveart.com/artists/bakhshpour
# https://www.nyu.edu/greyart/collection/iranian%20art/i-bakhshpourwebpages/pictures/g1975.537-bakhshpour,-jama.html
# http://www.siingallery.com/?lang=en&m=artist&action=get&oid=5635

Geschichte von Syracuse (New York)

2014-07-05T03:43:27Z

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'''[[Syracuse, New York]]''', officially incorporated in 1825, has been a major crossroads over the last two centuries, first between the [[Erie Canal]] and its branch canals, then on the [[Rail transport in the United States|railway network]].

===Iroquois confederacy===
{{See also|Iroquois}}

The land around [[Onondaga Lake]] had been inhabited by Native Americans for 4,000 to 5,000 years. The Five Nations of the [[Iroquois|Iroquois Confederacy]] consists of the [[Mohawk people|Mohawks]], the [[Seneca people|Senecas]], the Onondagas, the Oneidas, and the [[Cayuga people|Cayugas]]. Each nation's territory is in what is now New York State. The Onondagas lived in the area around Onondaga Lake in [[Central New York]].<ref name="early">{{cite web|url=http://www.shadesofoakwood.com/pages/syrhist.html |title=Early History of Syracuse |accessdate=November 5, 2010 |work=|publisher=Shades of Oakwood, 2010}}</ref>

By 1722, the [[Tuscarora people]] joined with the [[Iroquois]] and the confederacy then became known as the Six Nations.<ref name="early"/>

===French contact===
{{See also|French in Syracuse, New York|Sainte Marie among the Iroquois}}

The first known Europeans in the area were the French, who arrived in 1615 when [[Samuel de Champlain]] launched an attack on the [[Onondaga nation|Onondagas]] with the aid of the [[Wyandot people|Huron]] and [[Algonquian peoples|Algonquian]] Indians, who were bitter enemies of the [[Iroquois]].<ref name="early"/> Champlain's attack on the Onondaga fortress, the location of which has been heavily debated but is now believed to have been at the head of Onondaga Lake, lasted six days and ended when Champlain withdrew wounded and defeated.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bradley|first=James W.|title=Evolution of the Onondaga Iroquois, Accommodating Change 1500–1655|year=1987|publisher=Syracuse University Press|location=Syracuse, NY|isbn=0-8032-6236-1|page=113|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-kdlRYsGCsoC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_atb#v=onepage&q=Champlain&f=false}}</ref>

During the 1640s, which were years of "troubling" battles between the French, Huron and Iroquois, many Jesuit priests were killed. Many French missionaries, who had arrived in the area from Canada, retreated to the north.<ref name="battles">{{cite web |url=http://cnylink.com/cnynews/view_news.php?news_id=1268838538 |title=A Path of History on Onondaga Lake |accessdate=December 3, 2010 |first=Farah |last=Jadran Pike |publisher=CNYlink Local News, March 7, 2010}}</ref>

On August 5, 1654, [[Simon LeMoyne|Father Simon LeMoyne]], a [[Jesuit]] missionary, arrived in the [[Onondaga people|Onondaga village]]. During his short stay, he drank from a spring that the [[Onondaga people|Onondagas]] believed to be foul due to an evil spirit. He found it to be a salt water spring and returned to Canada with salt from the water.<ref name="early"/>

A French mission, ''Sainte Marie Among the Iroquois'', or ''[[Sainte Marie among the Iroquois|Ste. Marie de Gannentaha]]'', was established in the summer of 1656, on [[Onondaga Lake]].<ref name="battles"/><ref name="saintemarie">{{cite web|url=http://www.superpages.com/cities/Syracuse-NY/ |title=Syracuse City Guide |accessdate=November 5, 2010 |publisher=SuperMedia LLC., 2010}}</ref>

===British arrive===
{{See also|British in Syracuse, New York}}

The British began to take an active interest in the land around [[Onondaga Lake]] in the early 1700s. They befriended the [[Onondaga people|Onondagas]] by giving them guns, which were highly prized. A British agent, [[Sir William Johnson, 1st Baronet|William Johnson]], acquired {{Convert|200,000|acre|m2}} of land in the [[Mohawk nation|Mohawk]] country near present-day [[Johnstown (city), New York|Johnstown, New York]]. In 1751, Johnson heard that the French intended on securing a military post in the vicinity of the salt springs. He discussed the consequences of that action with the [[Onondaga people|Onondagas]] and proposed that they grant him rights to all of [[Onondaga Lake]] and a two-mile (3 km) band of land around it. The [[Onondaga people|Onondagas]] agreed and were paid £350 sterling.<ref name="early"/>

===Revolutionary War===
{{See also|American Revolutionary War}}

[[File:Iroquois western goods.jpg|thumb|right|Iroquois engaging in trade with Europeans (1722)]]

As the [[American Revolutionary War|Revolutionary War]] approached, both the British and the Americans sought [[Iroquois]] support. The British succeeded and by the end of the war, only the [[Oneida nation|Oneidas]] and [[Tuscaroras]], a recent addition to the nation, remained neutral or friendly to the Americans.<ref name="early"/>

The result of the [[American Revolutionary War]] was the [[Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1784)]] enacted by the United States on October 22, 1784. The lands of the natives were distributed by treaties soon after. In 1788, the lands around [[Onondaga Lake]] were transferred from the [[Onondaga Nation]] to local salt producers.<ref name="brine"/>

The [[Oneida nation|Oneidas]] and the [[Tuscaroras]] were able to secure the lands that they inhabited. Offers of reservations were made to the four nations that opposed the Americans. The [[Onondaga people|Onondagas]], [[Seneca nation|Senecas]], and [[Cayuga nation|Cayugas]] accepted the offer; the [[Mohawk nation|Mohawks]] refused and sought refuge in Canada, as with other British sympathizers.<ref name="early"/>

In later years the [[Onondaga people|Onondagas]] began selling their land in order to gain items brought by white men to the area. Their reservation diminished slowly over time.<ref name="early"/>

===Early settlers===
{{See also|Notable citizens of Syracuse, New York}}

After the [[American Revolutionary War]], more settlers came to the area, mostly to trade with the [[Onondaga Nation]]. [[Ephraim Webster]] left the [[Continental Army]] to settle in 1784, with [[Asa Danforth]], another participant in the war. [[Comfort Tyler]], whose engineering skill contributed to regional development, arrived four years later. All three settled in Onondaga Hollow south of the present city center at the head of [[Onondaga Lake]], which was then marshy.

[[File:Onondaga-valley 1906.jpg|thumb|right|Onondaga Valley outside Syracuse, New York]]

In late 1788, after the [[Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1784)]], the [[Onondaga Nation]] relinquished part of their reservation including Onondaga Hollow to the local salt producers. The land was now open to settlers and the natives were left with only hunting and fishing rights. Tyler and Danforth began making salt for the family, but did not produce it to sell. Danforth built a sawmill and gristmill and Tyler laid the first roads and built bridges, and later supported the building of churches and schools.<ref name="early"/>

===Swamp land===
The ground upon which the city stands was originally part of the Onondaga Salt Springs Reservation. The first locality to receive a name was called Webster's Landing after early settler [[Ephraim Webster]], an Indian trader on the banks of the [[Onondaga Creek]].<ref name="bannan"/>

By 1793, the [[Westside, Syracuse|Westside]] of the future city was described as "dark, gloomy, and almost impenetrable swamp that was a favorite resort for wolves, bears, wildcats, mud-turtles, and swamp rattlesnakes." The western portion of the valley about Syracuse was originally timbered with [[Tsuga|hemlock]], [[birch]] and [[maple|soft maple]]; the eastern portion with [[Juniperus virginiana|cedar]] and [[pine]].<ref name="bannan">{{Cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=jioVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA181&lpg=PA181&dq=the+irish+of+onondaga+county&source=bl&ots=8hD-T4lC05&sig=2ShuQP-5dhtaYzPBEilZuGLD_2o&hl=en&ei=Bg_BTJ66IZT0tgPS4r3KCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CBkQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=the%20irish%20of%20onondaga%20county&f=false |title=Pioneer Irish of Onondaga: (about 1776–1847) |accessdate=October 23, 2010|first=Theresa |last=Bannan |publisher=The Knickerbocker Press, New York, 1913}}</ref>

[[File:Syracuse 1900 onon-creek.jpg|thumb|right|[[Onondaga Creek]] in Syracuse, New York]]

In 1804, an act was passed that directed the sale of {{Convert|250|acre|m2}} of the Onondaga Salt Springs Reservation for the purpose of "laying out and improving a road" running from lot 49, [[Manlius (village), New York|Manlius]], to lot 38, [[Onondaga, New York|Onondaga]], east and west through the reservation. [[James Geddes (engineer)|James Geddes]] laid out the road in "rather an irregular form so that as much dry land might be secured as possible."<ref name="bannan"/> The land, now the central portion of the city, was purchased by Abraham Walton for $6,650<ref name="atlantis"/> and the area was later named the Walton Tract. Michael Hogan and Charles Walton bought a portion of the tract in 1804 and sold it in 1814.<ref name="bannan"/>

The swamp was almost impassable, but gradually it was drained, cleared, and settled. A gristmill, called the old red mill, was erected in 1805 followed by a sawmill and tannery. Soon after, a settler named Bogardus opened a tavern and across Walton's land [[James Geddes (engineer)|James Geddes]] laid a {{convert|10|mi|km|adj=on}} [[corduroy road]], later part of the Genesee Turnpike.<ref name="atlantis"/>

In 1819 the water had not sufficiently subsided to allow passage until late May or June. Those going from [[Onondaga, New York|Onondaga]] to [[Salina, New York|Salina]] were obliged to pass around the area on the high ground east of the city "over by-ways" cut in every direction through the reservation for collecting wood in the winter for the salt works. Early residents preferred to travel on the road in the winter because it was frozen and covered with hard-packed snow.<ref name="bannan"/>

===Original settlement===
{{See also|John Wilkinson (Syracuse pioneer)}}

[[File:Syracuse 1843-0103 seal.gif|170px|left|Syracuse City Seal, 1843]]

The original settlement went through several name changes until 1824, first 'Salt Point' (1780), then 'Webster's Landing' (1786), 'Bogardus Corners' (1796), 'Milan' (1809), 'South Salina' (1812), 'Cossits’ Corners' (1814), and 'Corinth' (1817). The [[United States Postal Service|U.S. Postal Service]] rejected the name [[Corinth]] upon its application for a post office, stating there was already a [[Corinth, New York|post office by this name]] in New York.

It was named "Syracuse" in 1820 after an area thought to be similarly appearing in [[Syracuse, Sicily]].<ref>[http://syracusethenandnow.org/History/History.htm]</ref>

The village of Syracuse was laid out into streets and lots in 1819, but the first election of village officers did not occur until 1825. At the time of incorporation, the village had 15 merchants, one newspaper, a fire department, and several small industries.<ref name="atlantis"/> The first schoolhouse was erected in 1820, the first church ([[Baptist]]) was built in 1821, and the First Presbyterian Church in 1824. The first grist mill occupied the ground where Syracuse High School later stood, also the site of Central High School. The village of Lodi consisted of a cluster of homes, groceries, and small businesses on the [[Erie Canal]], east of Syracuse.<ref name="village">{{cite book|title=Onondaga Centennial – The Village and City of Syracuse |accessdate=October 26, 2010 |first=Dwight C.|last=Bruce |publisher=The Boston History Company, Publishers, 1896, Vol. I, pp. 440–471}}</ref>

Because of similarities such as a salt industry and a neighboring [[Village (New York)|village]] named [[Salina, New York|Salina]], the name Syracuse was chosen by village planner, [[John Wilkinson (Syracuse pioneer)|John Wilkinson]],<ref name="story">{{cite news |title=Revolutionary War veteran's son gave city its name |newspaper=[[The Post-Standard]] |location=Syracuse, New York |first= |last=|date=August 27, 2002| accessdate=July 23, 2010}}</ref> after [[Syracuse, Sicily]]. In 1825, the village of Syracuse was officially incorporated. By 1832, the city had four wards.<ref name="village"/>

[[File:Syracuse Seal.png|170px|left|Syracuse City Seal, 1848]]

During the winter of 1847–48 discussions about the incorporation of the three villages, [[Salina, New York|Salina]], Lodi and Syracuse began.

The period between 1830 and the incorporation of the city in 1847 was one of remarkable growth in all directions in the village of Syracuse. From a population of about 7,000 in 1830 it grew to 11,014 in 1840, and 22,271 in 1850. Industries multiplied, churches and schools were established, and from the small primitive community Syracuse became a large and thriving village, with a reputation for enterprise and progressiveness that was reaching out over [[New York State]].<ref name="village"/>

===Erie Canal===
[[File:Erie Canal at Salina Street, Syracuse.jpg|thumb|right|[[Erie Canal]] at Salina Street]]

{{See also|Erie Canal}}

The opening of the [[Erie Canal]] in 1825 caused a steep increase in the sale of salt, not only because of the improved and lower cost of transportation, but the ease of canal shipment caused [[New York State]] farms to change from wheat to pork production and curing pork required a lot of salt.<ref name="brine"/>

After the [[War of 1812]], it became difficult to obtain salt from abroad and commercial salt production became an important Syracuse industry. The [[Erie Canal]] allowed bulky and low-priced Onondaga salt to be transported to Chicago and beyond via the [[Great Lakes]] relatively quickly and inexpensively.<ref name="england">{{cite web|url=http://www.ilovethefingerlakes.com/basics/geology-saltmines.htm |title=Salt Mines and Brine Wells in the Finger Lakes|accessdate=November 10, 2010 |first= |last=|publisher=ILovetheFingerLakes.com, 2010}}</ref>

By 1830, the [[Erie Canal]], which ran through the village, was completed. Syracuse and Salina were combined into the City of Syracuse on December 14, 1847, with Harvey Baldwin the first mayor.<ref>{{cite web | title= Our Founders | url = http://www.syracuse.ny.us/Pdfs/Renewing%20Syracuse/Summer%202004/Issue%207%20Page%207.pdf | format = PDF | year = 2004 |publisher = City of Syracuse}}</ref>

===Salt industry===
[[File:Salt Sheds, Syracuse, NY.jpg|thumb|right|225px|Salt sheds c. 1908]]

{{See also|Salt industry in Syracuse, New York}}

[[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] missionaries visiting the region in the mid 17th century reported salty [[brine]] springs around the southern end of "Salt Lake", now [[Onondaga Lake]]. The 1788 [[Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1784)]], and the subsequent designation of the area by the [[Government of New York|State of New York]] as the Onondaga Salt Springs Reservation, provided the basis for commercial salt production from the late 18th century through the early 20th century.<ref name="brine">{{cite web|url=http://www.tribunes.com/tribune/sel/bell.htm |title=The Onondaga New York Salt Works (1654–1926) |accessdate=November 5, 2010 |first=Valerie Jackson |last=Bell |publisher=Science Tribune, October 1998}}</ref>

The end result of the [[Revolutionary War]] was the [[Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1784)]] enacted by the United States on October 22, 1784. The lands of the natives were distributed soon after. In 1788, the lands around [[Onondaga Lake]] were transferred from the [[Onondaga Nation]] to local salt producers with the stipulation that the property would be used to produce salt "for the common use of everyone."<ref name="brine"/>

Until 1900, the bulk of the salt used in the United States came from Syracuse.<ref>Encyclopedia AMERICANA,vol.26,1968</ref>

===Abolitionism and the Underground Railroad in Syracuse===
[[File:Syracuse 1897 townsend block.jpg|right|thumb|Townsend Block in Syracuse, New York in Clinton Square – The Jerry Rescue Building constructed in 1843]]

{{See also|Jerry Rescue}}

Syracuse became an active center for the [[Abolitionism in the United States|abolitionist]] movement, due in large part to the influence of [[Gerrit Smith]] and a group allied with him, mostly associated with the [[American Unitarian Association|Unitarian Church]] and its pastor Reverend [[Samuel May]] in Syracuse, and with [[Quakers]] in nearby [[Skaneateles (town), New York|Skaneateles]], supported by abolitionists in many other religious congregations.<ref name="The Jerry Rescue"/> Prior to the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], due to the work of [[Jermain Wesley Loguen]] and others in defiance of federal law, Syracuse was known as the "great central depot on the [[Underground Railroad]]".

On October 1, 1851, William Henry, a freed slave known as "Jerry", was arrested under the [[Fugitive Slave Law]]. The anti-slavery [[Liberty Party (1840s)|Liberty Party]] was holding its state convention in the city, and when word of the arrest spread several hundred [[Abolitionism in the United States|abolitionist]]s, including [[Charles Augustus Wheaton]], broke into the city jail and freed Jerry, known as the [[Jerry Rescue]]. In the aftermath, the Congregationalist minister [[Samuel Ringgold Ward]] had to flee to Canada to escape persecution because of his participation.<ref name="The Jerry Rescue">{{cite web|author=Edward H. Knoblauch |url=http://www.nyhistory.com/gerritsmith/jerry.htm |title=The Jerry Rescue – New York History Net |publisher=Nyhistory.com |date=2008-02-20 |accessdate=2011-01-28}}</ref>

===Exponential city growth===
[[File:Syracuse 1900 mccarthy.jpg|thumb|right|McCarthy Building – c.1895 (later Hunter-Tuppen Department Store)]]

{{See also|Downtown Syracuse|Clinton Square}}

The first telegraphic message was received via [[Albany, New York]] in 1840. The population by 1848 had grown to 18,741.<ref name="growth">{{cite news |title=Events in City's History 1848–1897|newspaper=[[Syracuse Herald]] |location=Syracuse, New York |first= |last=|date=October 10, 1897| accessdate=October 26, 2010}}</ref>

In 1850 Henry A. Dillare erected a five-story block where the McCarthy Department Store later stood.<ref name="growth"/> The city market in the City Hall building was abandoned the latter part of 1852.<ref name="growth"/>

By 1853, the city was divided into eight wards and in 1856, the ten city banks reported an aggregate capital of $1,535,000.<ref name="growth"/>

On May 23, 1869, the Onondaga County Savings Bank building opened. The first levy for city taxes collected was $58,441. John Greenway, brewer, gave a public barbecue in [[Clinton Square]] on New Year's Day, 1870.<ref name="growth"/>

During 1875, there were 200 smallpox deaths.<ref name="growth"/> In 1879, the population had grown to 62,243.<ref name="boyds1879">{{cite book|title=Boyd's Syracuse City Directory |location=Syracuse, New York |first=Andrew |last=Boyd |year=1879| accessdate=October 26, 2010}}</ref>

The telephone was first exhibited on June 12, 1879. The cornerstone of the County Clerk's building was laid on August 11, 1880. Electric light was introduced into the central parts of the city in 1883.<ref name="growth"/>

Geddes was annexed by the city on May 17, 1886 and on February 3, 1887, the village of Danforth became part of the city.<ref name="growth"/>

By 1887, the city was divided into 11 wards, by 1891 it had split to 14 and by 1893 there were 19 wards. City Hall was completed in 1892.<ref name="growth"/>

The [[New York State Fair]] permanently located in the city limits in 1888.<ref name="growth"/>

===City streets===
[[James Geddes (engineer)|James Geddes]] was hired in 1797 to survey Onondaga Salt Springs Reservation and lay out the first road in Salt Point.<ref name="atlantis">{{cite web|url=http://madeinatlantis.com/new_york/syracuse.htm |title=New York, Syracuse |accessdate=November 3, 2010 |first= |last=|publisher=Atlantis, 2010}}</ref>

[[File:View of the Boulevard, Syracuse, NY.jpg|thumb|right|225px|View of the Boulevard c. 1908]]

In 1798, Salt Point became the [[Salina, New York|village of Salina]]. The Surveyor-General, [[Simeon DeWitt]], employed Geddes to design the streets. Although Geddes had no formal training in surveying, DeWitt saw great potential in him. Soon Geddes sold his interest in the salt works to pursue other interests and surveying continued to be an important role for much of his life.<ref name="atlantis"/>

Geddes later surveyed and laid out the village of [[Geddes, New York|Geddes]] with approximately 20 lots on either side of West Genesee Street in 1807.<ref name="lake">{{cite web|url=http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~nysghs/99th_anniv_4_19_1931.htm |title=Rich in Tradition, Village of Geddes Recalls Many Events as It Marks the 99th Anniversary of Its Incorporation |accessdate=August 24, 2010 |last= |work=|publisher=Syracuse Herald, April 19, 1931, Section 2, Pgs. 6 & 10}}</ref>

In 1812, early settler [[Comfort Tyler]], then a state assemblyman, secured a charter for the Seneca Turnpike Company. With $100,000 he initiated the construction of a turnpike road (a toll road) on the old state road between [[Utica, New York|Utica]] and [[Canandaigua (city), New York|Canandaigua]]. The road was finished in late 1812 and was "fairly flat and improved communications between the eastern and western areas" and was commonly known as the Seneca Turnpike. This road is now Genesee Street in Syracuse.<ref name="atlantis"/>

From 1803 through 1804, the Cherry Valley Turnpike, which passed through [[Cazenovia (town), New York|Cazenovia]] and intersected the Seneca Turnpike at [[Manlius (village), New York|Manlius]], was under construction. In 1807, roads around [[Onondaga Hill, New York|Onondaga Hill]] and [[Oswego, New York|Oswego]] to [[Salina, New York|Salina]] were in the planning stages.<ref name="atlantis"/>

[[File:Syracuse 1921 james-st.jpg|thumb|right|225px|James Street in Syracuse, New York about 1921]]

A road was approved in 1809 from Free Street and Salt Street in [[Salina, New York|Salina]] to the [[Cicero, New York|town of Cicero]]. The Cold Spring Road was approved in 1817, from [[Liverpool, New York|Liverpool]] to the [[Seneca River (New York)|Seneca River]] at [[Cold Spring Harbor, New York|Cold Springs]]. In 1820, Geddes laid a road between [[Salina, New York|Salina]] and the Geddes Works. To deal with the swampy bogs he first filled the area with brush and debris from the swamp. This road is now Hiawatha Boulevard.<ref name="atlantis" />

A swing bridge in Salina Street was built in 1874, according to an act of the Legislature that year. The first asphalt pavement was laid in 1880.<ref name="growth"/>

James Street was an exclusive residential thoroughfare by the late 19th century. The architectural styles of its homes varied from modified [[Spanish Revival]] and [[Renaissance Revival architecture|Italian Renaissance Revival]] to [[Greek Revival]] and [[Queen Anne Style architecture (United States)|Queen Anne]], from [[Victorian Gothic]] to [[Georgian Colonial]]. West Genesee Street, part of the Genesee Turnpike, had been through many changes since the "old red mill" was built on the banks of [[Onondaga Creek]]. For years, it was a choice residential street. Later, with the invention of the automobile, it became a busy commercial thoroughfare.<ref name="atlantis"/>

The official opening of the new State Fair Boulevard took place on September 2, 1916. Visitors to the [[New York State Fair]] that year were "pleased" with the {{convert|40|ft|m|adj=on}} wide smooth concrete surface of the road from Hiawatha Avenue to the fairgrounds. The old boulevard had caused much trouble with its "mud holes and sticky surface when wet and clouds of dust when dry."<ref name="boulevard">{{cite news |title=Official Opening of State Fair Boulevard |newspaper=[[Syracuse Herald]] |location=Syracuse, New York |first= |last=|date=September 3, 1916| accessdate=November 6, 2010}}</ref>

Exhibitors at the fair who had to haul over the boulevard found their trips cut in half and "the horses drawing loads will be saved greatly."<ref name="boulevard"/>

===Railroad influence===
{{See also|Railroads in Syracuse, New York}}

[[File:Syracuse 1920 vanderbilt sq.jpg|thumb|right|Vanderbilt Square in Syracuse about 1920]]

The first railroad station was in Vanderbilt Square, along East Washington Street between Salina and Warren Streets, named for Commodore [[Cornelius Vanderbilt]], a railroad magnate and millionaire whose [[New York Central Railroad]] "dominated Washington Street for 100 years."

From 1839 city life revolved around Vanderbilt Square: the magnet was the railroad station and the hostelries that grew up around it. In the old station Henry Clay was welcomed on his visit to the [[New York State Fair]] in 1849. [[Daniel Webster]], [[Winfield Scott|General Winfield Scott]], [[Louis Kossuth]], John Brown, [[Stephen A. Douglas]], and other notables were greeted there.

The first street railway was built in Salina Street in 1859<ref name="growth"/> and Syracuse was soon known "far and wide" as the city where the trains passed through the middle of [[Downtown Syracuse|downtown]]. Travelers caught "intimate glimpses" of the city, its people, stores and houses as the trains slowed on their way through town.<ref name="atlantis"/>

On February 18, 1861, [[Abraham Lincoln]], on the way to his inauguration, bowed from a coach platform.<ref name="lincoln">{{cite news |title=Lincoln in Syracuse; Seen in Joy, Sorrow |newspaper=[[The Post-Standard]] |location=Syracuse, New York |first=Darwin |last=Faulkner |date=February 12, 1962 pg.20}}</ref> and on April 26, 1865, his funeral train stopped for 30 minutes.<ref name="lincoln"/>

During the 1930s, the city's fourth rail station was constructed along Erie Boulevard East when the line through Syracuse was elevated: trains ran through the center of downtown, along Washington Street. That elevated section later was abandoned and replaced by [[Interstate 690]].<ref name="vanderbilt">{{cite news|url=http://www.syracuse.com/news/index.ssf/2009/01/historians_uncover_old_railroa.html |title=Historians uncover old railroad tunnel under Syracuse's Fayette Street |first=Dick |last=Case |accessdate=October 27, 2010 |work=|newspaper=[[The Post-Standard]]|date=January 27, 2009}}</ref>

===Interurban and Streetcar railway===
{{See also|Interurban and Streetcar railway in Syracuse, New York}}

[[File:Empire-united-railways 1912.jpg|thumb|right|Empire United Railways – Halloran Building – Clinton and Warren Streets in Syracuse, New York – 1912]]

In addition to the multitude of rail services, [[Interurban and Streetcar railway in Syracuse, New York|interurbans and streetcars]] flourished until the automobile, airplane and [[bus]] took their place by the early 1940s.<ref name="suburbcity"/>

The [[Streetcar|trolley]] or [[streetcar]] served travel as early as 1859. In the early days they were either horse-drawn or fueled by steam and by the end of the 19th century they were electric driven. The city was one of the first in the United States to adopt electricity as a transportation motive power.<ref name="suburbcity">{{cite web |url=http://www.smtcmpo.org/docs/reports/SMTCFinalCert2002.pdf |title=Certification Review |first=|last= |accessdate=February 19, 2011|work=|publisher=Syracuse Metropolitan Transportation Council, November 2002}}</ref>

[[Interurban]]s linked the city with the countryside,<ref name="suburbcity"/> which allowed people who lived in the suburbs and farming communities to work in Syracuse. The era was short-lived, lasting just over 40 years. The first [[interurban]] line was built in 1885 to [[Oneida, New York|Oneida]] and the last line completed to [[Oswego, New York|Oswego]] in 1911. By 1932, "every bit" of track had been removed.<ref name="suburbcity"/>

===City services===
By 1839, the "turbulent element" of the population became too unruly to be controlled by the old constabulary, and a committee consisting of the trustees of the village, with Thomas T. Davis, [[John Wilkinson (Syracuse pioneer)|John Wilkinson]] and David S. Colvin, was appointed early in 1840 "to report amendments to the ordinances that will give the village a more vigorous police."<ref name="village"/>

[[File:Looking South on Salina Street, Syracuse, NY.jpg|thumb|right|South Salina Street c. 1905]]

In May 1839, it was resolved by the trustees that "there shall hereafter be a police justice in Syracuse, who shall be appointed in the same manner as the judges of the County Courts," and an act of Legislature was procured for this purpose.<ref name="village"/>

The first gas company in the city began business in 1849.<ref name="growth"/>

The Syracuse Fire Department built Engine House 1 in 1859 and a watch tower was constructed in the rear of Engine House 2 in 1862. The department added two steam engines to their fleet in 1866. By 1878, expenses for the fire department were $30,000 per year.<ref name="growth"/>

The matter of a stable city water supply from either Tully Lake or [[Skaneateles Lake]] was discussed during 1870 and 1871.<ref name="growth"/> [[Skaneateles Lake]] was chosen and in 1894 the modern water supply system was finally operational.<ref name="atlantis"/>

===Industrial growth===
{{See also|Industry in Syracuse, New York|Syracuse (manufactured products)}}

[[File:Syracuse 1908-1220 industry.jpg|550px|thumb|right|Wonderful Facts about Syracuse's Industries – Syracuse Herald in 1908]]

The [[Salt industry in Syracuse, New York|salt industry]] declined after the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], but a new [[Syracuse (industry)|manufacturing industry]] arose in its place. Manufacturing proliferated in Syracuse, New York from the late 1870s through the early 20th century. Franklin Chase, author of the 1924 history "Syracuse and Its Environs," summed up the early 20th century in Syracuse with this claim: "In truth, Syracuse manufactured more different articles numerically than even New York City itself."<ref name="brown">{{cite web|url=http://syracusethenandnow.org/History/IndustrialAgeFedSyracuseBoom.htm |title=Industrial Age Fed Syracuse Boom |accessdate=July 29, 2010|work=|publisher=Syracuse Then and Now, 2010}}</ref>

During the early years, numerous businesses and stores were established, including the [[Franklin (automobile)|Franklin Automobile Company]], which produced automobiles with air-cooled engines. In 1902, the [[Franklin (automobile)]] Model A attained the distinction of being the first four-cylinder automobile produced in the United States.<ref name="wilkinson">{{cite web|url=http://auto.howstuffworks.com/1932-1934-Franklin-v122.htm |title=1932–1934 Franklin V-12 |accessdate=July 17, 2010|work=|publisher=HowStuffWorks, Inc., 2008–2010}}</ref>

Other important industries included the [[Crouse-Hinds Company]], manufacturer of traffic signals; and the [[Craftsman Workshops]], the center of [[Gustav Stickley|Gustav Stickley's]] handmade furniture empire.

The first [[Solvay Process Company]] plant in the United States, was erected on the southwestern shore of Onondaga lake in 1884 and the village was given the name [[Solvay, New York]] to commemorate its inventor, [[Ernest Solvay]]. In 1861, he developed the [[ammonia-soda process]] for the manufacture of [[soda ash]] (anhydrous [[sodium carbonate]], a rare chemical called [[natrite]], to distinguish it from natural [[natron]] of antiquity) from [[brine]] wells dug in the southern end of Tully valley (as a source of [[sodium chloride]]) and [[limestone]] (as a source of [[calcium carbonate]]).<ref>http://ny.water.usgs.gov/pubs/fs/fs13900/FS139-00.pdf</ref> The process was an improvement over the earlier [[Leblanc process]].

The Syracuse Solvay plant was the incubator for a large chemical industry complex owned by [[Allied Signal]] in Syracuse, the result of which made [[Onondaga Lake]] the most polluted in the nation.

===Early public education===
The first public education in the area occurred in 1797 in Salt Point, later the first ward of the city, where school was held in a salt block, a special building erected for processing salt. The first district school organized within the present city limits was in the [[Geddes, New York|village of Geddes]] where the earliest known schoolhouse was erected in 1804 on the site that was later occupied by Porter School.<ref name="cityschools">{{cite book |title=A History of the Schools of Syracuse |publisher=C. W. Bardeen, Publisher. Syracuse, New York |first=Edward |last=Smith |date=January 1, 1893| accessdate=November 23, 2010}}</ref>

The first schoolhouse to annex into the city was constructed in 1805 in the [[Salina, New York|town of Salina]] which was incorporated in 1809. The building, designated as "No. 1," was constructed "according to the fashion of the day" with the faces of the children turned toward the four walls and the instructor in the middle of the room. The village of Salina was incorporated in 1824 and the school remained "No. 1" until the city of Syracuse was incorporated in 1848. At that time, the spring term opened with about 50 pupils in all grades of the "elementary studies." During the winter, the older students, many of them larger than the teacher, increased the total to over 100. The number increased so that it became necessary to "seat some of the pupils on the wood-pile."<ref name="cityschools"/>

The first school house in the village of Syracuse limits was built on Church Street (West Willow Street) at the corner of Franklin Street about 1826. Local schools passed into the control of the Syracuse Board of Education in the spring of 1848.<ref name="cityschools"/>

The first high school building was erected in 1868 and was called High School.<ref name="atlantis"/>

Night schools for adults were established in the 1890. By 1936, under the depression era [[Works Progress Administration|WPA]], funding was provided to hire 300 teachers to instruct 15,000 adults.<ref name="atlantis"/>

[[File:Syracuse 1920 crouse college.jpg|thumb|right|[[Syracuse University]] – Crouse College about 1920]]

In 1930, the city opened a special school for crippled children and by 1932 the Children's court was established.<ref name="atlantis"/>

===Syracuse University chartered===
{{Main|Syracuse University}}

[[Syracuse University]] was chartered in 1870 as a [[Methodist Episcopal Church|Methodist-Episcopal]] institution and opened its doors for instruction in September 1871.<ref name="atlantis"/>

[[Geneva Medical College]] was founded in 1834 in [[Geneva, New York]].<ref name="upstate">{{cite web|url=http://www.upstate.edu/com/about/history.php |title=History of the College of Medicine |accessdate=June 4, 2010|work=|publisher=SUNY Upstate Medical Center}}</ref> It is now known as [[Upstate Medical University]], the largest medical college in the Syracuse area, one of only four in the [[State University of New York]] system, and two of only five medical schools in the state north of New York City. The other State medical school being in Buffalo.

===Health care===
The first public hospital opened in the city in 1870. The Milbank Memorial Fund, provided approximately $450,000 for public health projects during a nine-year period from 1923 through 1931 and "helped give Syracuse a high rank in health standards."<ref name="atlantis"/>

===Telephone service===
{{Main|Syracuse Telephonic Exchange}}

The [[Syracuse Telephonic Exchange]] was founded after [[Frederick C. Brower]] introduced the Bell telephone to Syracuse in 1878.<ref name="bell">{{cite news |title=F. C. Brower's Auto May Predate Duryea |newspaper=[[Syracuse Herald-Journal]] |location=Syracuse, New York |first= |last=|date=September 26, 1954| accessdate=August 14, 2011}}</ref> He had seen the device exhibited at the [[Philadelphia Exposition of 1876]] and secured [[Central New York]] rights from the Bell system.<ref name="vehiclemakers">{{cite news |title=Automobile Spurred Growth of Central N.Y. Industry |date=January 10, 1984 |first= |last= |accessdate=August 14, 2011 |work=|publisher=Farber and Associates, LLC 2009–2011}}</ref> His father, Hiram C. Brower, was credited with installing the first "speaking tubes" in Syracuse and also the first enunciators and began the first telephone exchange which had about 1,000 subscribers.<ref name="hiramdeath">{{cite news |title=H. C. Brower Dies. In Same Place of Business 64 Years |newspaper=[[Syracuse Herald-Journal|Syracuse Journal]] |location=Syracuse, New York |first= |last= |date=November 20, 1911| accessdate=August 15, 2011}}</ref>

During 1879, Mathew J. Myers, who operated a local telegraph and messenger service in the city, opened an exchange in the tower of the [[Gridley Building]] after sub-leasing the rights from Brower.<ref name="twophones">{{cite news |title=Phones Here Soon After Invention |newspaper=[[Syracuse Herald-Journal|Syracuse Journal]] |location=Syracuse, New York |first= |last=|date=March 20, 1939| accessdate=August 15, 2011}}</ref> D. L. Pyke, superintendent of [[Western Union]], opened a rival exchange in the Wieting Block in [[Downtown Syracuse]]. During 1880, the two rival exchanges merged and named the [[Syracuse Telephonic Exchange]] which was eventually consolidated into the [[New York Telephone Company]].<ref name="twophones"/>

===Twentieth century===
{{See also|List of tallest buildings in Syracuse, New York}}

[[File:Fayette Street, Looking East, Syracuse, NY.jpg|thumb|right|Fayette Street c. 1920]]

By the 20th century, Syracuse University was no longer sectarian and had grown from a few classrooms located in downtown Syracuse into a major research institution. It is nationally recognized for its [[college basketball]], [[college football]], and [[college lacrosse]] teams. In 1911, under the leadership of Syracuse University trustee, [[Louis Marshall]], the [[History of the New York State College of Forestry|New York State College of Forestry]] was re-established in close association with Syracuse University; it since has evolved into the [[State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry|SUNY-ESF]]. [[Le Moyne College]] was founded in 1946; [[Onondaga Community College]] in 1962.

World War II sparked significant industrial expansion in the area: specialty steel, fasteners, custom machining. After the war, two of the Big Three automobile manufacturers ([[General Motors]] and [[Chrysler]]) had major operations in the area. Syracuse was headquarters for [[Carrier Corporation]], Crouse-Hinds traffic signal manufacturing, and [[General Electric]] had its main television manufacturing plant at Electronics Parkway in Syracuse.

===Mid century===
Syracuse's population peaked at 221,000 in 1950. Immigration from abroad introduced many ethnic groups to the city, particularly German, Irish, Italian, and Polish. African Americans had lived in Syracuse since [[Revolutionary War]] days, but between 1940 and 1960, some of the three million African Americans who migrated from the South to northern cities also settled in Syracuse. In the 1980s, many immigrants from Africa and Central America also moved to Syracuse, as they did to many northern cities – sometimes under the auspices of several religious charities. However, these new Syracusans could not make up for the flow of residents out of Syracuse, either to its suburbs or out of state, due to job loss.

Much of the city fabric changed after World War II, although [[Pioneer Homes]], one of the earliest government housing projects in the US, had been completed earlier, in 1941. Many of Syracuse's landmark buildings were demolished in the 1950s and 1960s. The federal [[Urban Renewal]] program cleared large sectors that remained undeveloped for many decades, although several new museums and government buildings were built.

The manufacturing industry in Syracuse began to falter in the 1970s. Many small businesses failed during this time, which contributed to an already increasing [[unemployment rate]]. [[Rockwell International]] moved their factory outside New York state. [[General Electric]] moved its television manufacturing operations to [[Suffolk, Virginia]] and later to Singapore. The [[Carrier Corporation]] moved its headquarters out of Syracuse and outsourced manufacturing to Asian locations. Nevertheless, although city population has declined since 1950, the [[Syracuse metropolitan area]] population has remained fairly stable, even growing by 2.5 percent since 1970. While this growth rate is greater than much of Upstate New York, it is far below the national average during that period.

== See also ==
{{Portal bar|Syracuse, New York}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Syracuse, New York}}
{{Commons category|NYPL Stereoscopic views of Syracuse, New York}}

* [http://www.cnyhistory.org/ Onondaga County Historical Association Museum & Research Center]
* [http://www.syracusethenandnow.net/ Syracuse Then And Now (Historical Site)]
* [http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~mstone/ German Immigrant Ancestors in Syracuse and Onondaga County, New York (Historical)]
* [http://www.rootsweb.com/~nyononda/SYRACUSE/SYRACUSE.HTM Syracuse history/genealogy]
* [http://www.syracusenostalgia.com/ Syracuse Nostalgia]

{{Syracuse, New York|state=expanded}}

[[Category:History of Syracuse, New York| ]]

Huang Ming

2011-12-21T01:14:50Z

CorenSearchBot: Tagging possible copyvio of http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/cgw2006/198243.htm

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{{Chinese name|[[Huang (surname)|Huang]]}}

'''Huang Ming''' (born 1958) is a Chinese engineer and politician, a [[solar energy]] researcher, innovator and entrepreneur. He established the [[solar water heater]] manufacturing company [[Himin Solar]]. He was a deputee to the [[10th National People's Congress|10th]] and the [[11th National People's Congress]]. As a politician he has played a central role in developing of [[Renewable energy in the People's Republic of China|renewable energy in China]], including the passing of the [[Renewable Energy Law of the People’s Republic of China|Renewable Energy Act]] in 2005. His company Himin was central in the development of the [[Solar Valley (China)|Solar Valley]] in the city of [[Dezhou]]. Huang Ming was awarded the [[Right Livelihood Award|Right Livelihood Honorary Award]] in 2011.<ref>{{cite web |title=Huang Ming (China) |url=http://www.rightlivelihood.org/huang.html |publisher=[[Right Livelihood Award]]|accessdate=21 December 2011}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Huang, Ming}}
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Chinese engineers]]
[[Category:Chinese politicians]]
[[Category:Republic of China politicians from Shandong]]
[[Category:Right Livelihood Award laureates]]

{{China-scientist-stub}}

Gordon Sondland

2011-06-22T18:00:34Z

CorenSearchBot: Tagging possible copyvio of http://www.sondlanddurant.org

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{{New unreviewed article|source=ArticleWizard|date=June 2011}}

'''Gordon D. Sondland'''

'''Gordon Sondland''' is Founder and Chairman of Provenance Hotels and co-founder of the Aspen Companies. Provenance owns and operates several award winning boutique hotels on the West Coast. The hotels include Hotel Murano, the number six hotel in the US according to Conde Naste magazine, as well as the Hotel deLuxe and Hotel Lucia in Portland, OR and the Hotel Max in Seattle, WA.

Sondland was a member of the transition team for Governor Ted Kulongoski's administration and was appointed by Governor Kulongoski to serve on the board of the Governor's Office of Film & Television. In 2007 President George W. Bush appointed Sondland as a member of the Commission on White House Fellows. Sondland joined the Board of Trustees at the [[Portland Art Museum]] in 1996 and was elected Chair of the Executive Committee in 2009. The Board of Trustees Room at the Portland Art Museum is named after Sondland and his wife Katherine Durant. A gallery in the Center for NW Contemporary Art also bears his name.

Sondland founded the Gordon D. Sondland & Katherine J. Durant Foundation in 1993 which makes gifts to help families and boost communities. In 2009 the Foundation gave $1 million to the Portland Art Museum to endow permanent access for children under the age of eighteen in perpetuity.

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.example.com/ example.com]
* [http://www.sondlanddurant.org/]
* [http://provenancehotels.com/]
* [http://www.aspencapital.com/the-team]
* [http://www.concierge.com/tools/travelawards/goldlist/2011/regions/northamerica/usa/washington/]
* [http://www.usatoday.com/travel/hotels/2010-01-04-best-hotels-in-the-world_N.htm]
* [http://oregonfilm.org/about/]
* [http://www.pdxcityclub.org/content/dinner-gus-van-sant-and-gordon-sondland]
* [http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/fellows/about/commissionerservice.html]
* [http://portlandartmuseum.org/about/news/releases/Free-Admission-Celebration/]
* [http://portlandartmuseum.org/visit/rentalservices/venues/Sondland-Durant-Trustee-Room/]
* [http://www.sondlanddurant.org/]


[[Category:Articles created via the Article Wizard]]

Kentucky Broodmare of the Year

2011-06-12T00:02:52Z

CorenSearchBot: Tagging possible copyvio of http://www.tbheritage.com/HistoricDams/AmBroodmareofYear.html

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"This is a list of the KTOB Broodmares of the Year, elected annually by the Kentucky Thoroughbred Owners and Breeders Association. The main criteria is that the mare be boarded in the state of Kentucky, which makes it a restricted ballot, but generally a fair one considering the quality of the mares boarding in Kentucky." -Anne Peters

----

<div style="font-size:90%; width:25%; float:left">
* 1946 - Bloodroot
* 1947 - Potheen
* 1948 - Our Page
* 1949 - Easy Lass
* 1950 - Hildene
* 1951 - Alpenstock III
* 1952 - Ace Card
* 1953 - Gaga
* 1954 - Traffic Court
* 1955 - Iron Reward
* 1956 - Swoon
* 1957 - Belle Jeep
* 1958 - [[Miss Disco]]
* 1959 - Knight's Daughter
* 1960 - Siama
* 1961 - Striking
* 1962 - Track Medal
* 1963 - [[Misty Morn]]
* 1964 - [[Maid of Flight]]
* 1965 - [[Pocahontas]]
* 1966 - Juliet’s Nurse
* 1967 - Kerala
* 1968 - Delta
* 1969 - All Beautiful
* 1970 - [[Levee]]
</div>
<div style="font-size:90%; width:25%; float:left">
* 1971 - Iberia
* 1972 - Moment of Truth II
* 1973 - [[Somethingroyal]]
* 1974 - [[Cosmah]]
* 1975 - [[Shenanigans]]
* 1976 - Gazala II
* 1977 - Sweet Tooth
* 1978 - Primonetta
* 1979 - Smartaire
* 1980 - Key Bridge
* 1981 - Natashka
* 1982 - Best In Show
* 1983 - Courtly Dee
* 1984 - Hasty Queen II
* 1985 - Dunce Cap II
* 1986 - [[Too Bald]]
* 1987 - Banja Luka
* 1988 - Grecian Banner
* 1989 - Relaxing
* 1990 - Kamar
* 1991 - Toll Booth
* 1992 - [[Weekend Surprise]]
* 1993 - Glowing Tribute
* 1994 - Fall Aspen
* 1995 - Northern Sunset (IRE)
</div>
<div style="font-size:90%; width:25%; float:left">
* 1996 - [[Personal Ensign]]
* 1997 - Slightly Dangerous
* 1998 - In Neon
* 1999 - Anne Campbell
* 2000 - Primal Force
* 2001 - Turko's Turn
* 2002 - [[Toussaud]]
* 2003 - [[Prospectors Delite]]
* 2004 - Dear Birdie
* 2005 - Baby Zip
* 2006 - [[Cara Rafaela]]
* 2007 - [[Better Than Honour]]
* 2008 - [[Vertigineux]]
* 2009 - [[Sweet Life]]
* 2010 - Liable
</div>
 

==References==
* [http://www.racingpost.com/news/bloodstock/blame-distorted-humor-dream-ahead-liable-named-kentucky-broodmare-of-the-year/850545/ bloodhorse.com]
* [http://www.tbheritage.com/HistoricDams/AmBroodmareofYear.html tbheritage.com]

Z213: Exit

2011-05-13T03:13:01Z

CorenSearchBot: Tagging possible copyvio of http://www.theadirondackreview.com/book122.html

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Z213: Exit is the third installment in the “Poena Damni” trilogy by the Greek writer Dimitris Lyacos.

In the beginning, the speaker escapes from some type of imprisonment consisting of wards, personnel and people being inexplicably taken away to be thrown into pits. The mysteriousness and opaqueness of the story lends itself well to projections and associations. The prisonlike setting renders up concentration camps, penal colonies, slave populations and post-apocalyptic visions. The hero could be an escaped slave, criminal, a trespasser, a minority, or some kind of rebel.

Cam Ye O’er Frae France

2011-05-09T17:27:53Z

CorenSearchBot: Tagging possible copyvio of http://www.musiclyricsatoz.com/lyrics/391002-lyrics-Unknown-Cam_Ye_Over_Frae_France

{{csb-pageincludes|1=http://www.musiclyricsatoz.com/lyrics/391002-lyrics-Unknown-Cam_Ye_Over_Frae_France}}

'''Cam ye o'er frae France''' is a [[Scots language|Scots]] mocking<ref>[http://books.google.de/books?id=kWr1KaDAxZEC&pg=PA35&dq=Cam+Ye+O%27er+Frae+France&hl=de&ei=9QbITcr9Mcr1sgbXpZiXDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CFQQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q&f=false]</ref> folk song from the time of the [[Jacobitism#Hanoverians|Jacobite Revolution]] in the 18th century.

==Background==
After the death of Queen [[Anne of Great Britain|Anne]] the British crown passed on to [[George I of Great Britain|George]], the [[Elector of Hanover]]. In is [[entourage]] George I brought with him a number of German courtiers, including his mistress [[Melusine von der Schulenburg, Duchess of Kendal|Melusine von der Schulenburg]], who he later created the [[Duchess of Kendal]], - commonly referred to as ''the Sow'' - and his half-sister [[Sophia von Kielmansegg, Countess of Darlington|Sophia von Kielmansegg]], known as ''the Goosie'' for her appearence. George I's wife [[Sophia Dorothea of Celle]] remained in Hanover, imprisoned at [[Ahlden House]] after her affair with [[Philip Christoph von Königsmarck]] - the ''blade'' in the song . Another historic personalities in the song is [[John Erskine, 22nd Earl of Mar]], ''Bobbing John'', who recruited in the Scottish Highlands for the Hanoverian cause. The nickname ''Geordie Whelps'' is a reference to the [[House of Welf]], the original line of the [[House of Hanover]].<ref>Ewan MacColl, 'The Jacobite Risings'</ref>

==Lyrics==

Cam ye o'er frae France? Cam ye down by Lunnon? 
Saw ye Geordie Whelps and his bonny woman? 
Were ye at the place ca'd the Kittle Housie? 
Saw ye Geordie's grace riding on a goosie? 

Geordie, he's a man there is little doubt o't; 
He's done a' he can, wha can do without it? 
Down there came a blade linkin' like my lordie; 
He wad drive a trade at the loom o' Geordie. 

Though the claith were bad, blythly may we niffer; 
Gin we get a wab, it makes little differ. 
We hae tint our plaid, bannet, belt and swordie, 
Ha's and mailins braid -- but we hae a Geordie! 

Jocky's gane to France and Montgomery's lady; 
There they'll learn to dance: Madam, are ye ready? 
They'll be back belyve belted, brisk and lordly; 
Brawly may they thrive to dance a jig wi' Geordie! 

Hey for Sandy Don! Hey for Cockolorum! 
Hey for Bobbing John and his Highland Quorum! 
Mony a sword and lance swings at Highland hurdie; 
How they'll skip and dance o'er the bum o' Geordie! 

(Repeat first verse) 

===Glossary===
belyve=quickly; 
blade=a person of weak, soft constitution from rapid overgrowth; 
braid=broad; 
brawly=wall; 
claith=cloth; 
gane=gone; 
gin=if, whether; 
ha's and mailins=houses and farmlands; 
hurdie=buttock; 
kittle housie=brothel; 
linkin=tripping along; 
Lunnon=London; 
niffer=haggle or exchange; 
tint=lost; 
wab=web (or length) of cloth) 
<ref>Folk Songs and Ballads of Scotland</ref>

==References==
<references/>

[[category:Jacobitism]]
[[Category:Scottish folk songs]]

Cloughoughter Castle

2011-03-19T00:39:32Z

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{{Infobox Historic building
|image= Clogh Oughter Castle Cavan Ireland geograph 1405851 by Oliver Dixon.jpg
|caption=Cloughoughter Castle sits on an island in [[Lough Oughter]]
|name=Cloughoughter Castle
|location=[[Lough Oughter]], [[County Cavan|Cavan]]
|location_country=Ireland
|map_type=Ireland
|latitude=54.0101
|longitude=-7.2318
|architect=
|client=[[de Lacy|William Gorm de Lacy]]
|engineer=
|construction_start_date=1200 - 1224
|completion_date=
|date_demolished= 1653
|cost=
|structural_system=
|style=
|size=
}}

'''Cloughoughter Castle''' is a ruined circular castle, situated on a small island in [[Lough Oughter]], 4 kilometres east of the town of [[Killeshandra]] in [[County Cavan]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]].

==History==
[[File:November 2003LoughOughter 080.jpg|thumb|200px|left|[[Lough Oughter]], the castles surroundings.]]
It is thought that the castle was built on the site of an old [[Crannóg|crannóg]]. After the Normans seized parts of the O'Rourke [[Kingdom of Breifne]], construction probably began between 1200 and 1224 by the Anglo-Norman [[de Lacy|William Gorm de Lacy]]. The lower two storeys of cloughoughter can be accredited to this phase; it had loops but no entrance on the ground floor, three doorways and at least two windows at first-floor level and possibly a curtan wall on the west side.

In 1233 fell under the control of the O'Reilly clan. A great battle, fought between the O'Rourkes and the O'Reillys, in the year 1256 near Ballinamore led to the division of Breifne between the [[O'Rourke]]s and [[O'Reilly]]s. The castle which was in the territory of [[East Breifne]], roughly today's [[County Cavan]], fell under the control of the [[O'Reilly]] clan. The O'Reilly's built up the castle to its present height.

The castle played an important role in the dynastic power struggles of the O'Reillys and in conflicts with their former overlords, the O'Rourkes before the split of Breifne, and during this time it also served as a prison. When [[Philip O'Reilly]] was held here in the 1360s he had ''no allowance save a sheaf of oats for day and night and a cup of water, so that he was compelled to drink his own urine''.<ref>[http://www.irelandseye.com/aarticles/travel/attractions/castles/clogough.shtm] - Ireland's Eye.com, Cloughoughter Castle</ref>

==After the Plantations==
During the plantations, the castle was captured by Englishman [[Richard Wingfield]] who granted it to captain Hugh Culme who built his residence by the lake. During the [[Irish Rebellion of 1641|Rebellion of 1641|]] the cloughoughter was retaken by the O'Reillys and once again used as a prison. Cloughoughter was destroyed by gunpowder in March 1653, immediately after the castle fell in the [[Cromwellian conquest of Ireland|Cromwellian Invasion]]. After this, in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries the picturesque castle ruin was depicted by many artists, including [[William Ashford]].<ref>[http://www.oracleireland.com/Ireland/Countys/cavan/z-cloughougher-castle.htm] - Explore Cavan, Cloughoughter</ref>

During conservation works in 1987, finds at the castle included four human skeletons, likely casualties from the 1653 invasion.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External Links==
*[http://www.triskelle.eu/attractions/killykeenforestpark.php/ Triskelle - Attractions of Ireland]
*[http://www.jstor.org/pss/25507754/ S. K. Kirker - Cloughoughter Castle]

{{Historic Irish houses}}
{{National Monuments of Ireland}}

[[Category:Ruins in the Republic of Ireland|Cashel]]
[[Category:National Monuments in County Cavan]]
[[Category:Castles in County Cavan]]

Portlick Castle

2010-08-04T18:42:13Z

CorenSearchBot: Tagging possible copyvio of http://www.portlickcastle.com

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Portlick Castle is a 12th century Dillon Castle located on the shores of Lough Ree with 30 acres of walled gardens, wooded areas and pasture land. The castle and period extensions have all been extensively renovated to a very high standard.

Ereignis von Edirne

2010-05-28T13:07:35Z

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'''Edirne incident''' was a chain of events in the [[Ottoman Empire]] which resulted in dethroning the sultan.

== Background ==

By the [[treaty of Karlowitz]] (1699) Ottoman Empire had to cede vast territories to Holy alliance countries. It was clear that both the army and the civil institutions had to be reformed. The sultan [[Mustafa II]] who had earlier proved himself to be a competant leader, however had lost interest in government. He was living in [[Edirne]] and the de facto ruler of the empire was
[[Sheikh ul-Islam]] '''Feyzullah Efendi''' who had also been his teacher. A very ambitious man, Feyzullah Efendi gained much power through [[nepotism]]. But by this policy, he also made many enemies. On the other hand, Mustafa’s insistence to live in Edirne rather than the capital aroused suspicion that Mustafa might plan to form a new army and abolish the existing military units.

== The rebellion ==

Ottoman Empire was backing a candidate to throne during [[Georgia]]n civil war. The [[porte]] decided to send an army to be effective in the area. However the sallaries of the army members had been delayed and one subunit of [[Janissary]]
named '''Cebeci''' revolted demanding full payment before the operation. (19 July 1703) With the support of other army units as well as some [[İstanbul]] citizens and most [[ulema]] ( religious leaders) the revolters began controlling İstanbul for several weeks. Although they sent a group of representatives to Edirne, Feyzullah Efendi jailed them. <ref>[http://www.edirneden.com/goster.php?id=788 (''In Turkish'')]</ref> This provoked the revolters and they began to march to Edirne. The sultan anounced that he had deposed Feyzullah Efendi. But it was too late and the revolters decided to dethrone Mustafa III .<ref>Prof. Yaşar Yüce-Prof. Ali Sevim: ''Türkiye tarihi Cilt III'', AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, İstanbul, 1991 p 247-250 </ref> . The sultan tried to form a defend line at the outskirts of Edirne. But even the sultan’s soldiers joined the revolters. On 23 Aug. 1703, Mustafa II was deposed and his brother [[Ahmet III]] became the new sultan. Feyzullah Efendi was killed by the rebels.

== Aftermath ==

Ahmet III quickly moved to İstanbul to end any suspicion of transfering the capital to Edirne. Then, in a period of 6 months he was able to check the power of the rebel leaders.

== References ==
<references/>

Donamon Castle

2009-08-17T09:53:15Z

CorenSearchBot: Tagging possible copyvio of http://www.goireland.com/roscommon/donamon-castle-attraction-castles-historical-id13467.htm

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Donamon Castle stands on raised ground overlooking the River Suck and is still inhabited. The site is referred to in the Annals of the Four Masters in 1154 as the seat of the O'Finaghtys, who owned all the land for miles around. The castle passed into the hands of the Burkes and in 1656 was bought by Robert King of Rickingham, one of Cromwell's henchmen, for £133.

In 1668 King's son, Lord Kingston, leased the castle to Thomas Caulfield and among the most colourful of the Caulfields was St. George (1697-1778), Member of Parliament, judge, miser and cattle-fancier.

In 1939, the Divine Word Missionaries from Germany bought the castle, which was in a ruinous condition and the grounds a wilderness. During World War II, being cut off from their sister hoses, they suffered much privation but, now, everything is restored and worth a visit.
<ref>http://www.goireland.com/roscommon/donamon-castle-attraction-castles-historical-id13467.htm</ref>

Adam Powers, der Jongleur

2009-06-25T19:25:55Z

CorenSearchBot: Tagging possible copyvio of http://design.osu.edu/carlson/history/tree/iii.html

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'''''Digital Scene Simulation''''' is a 1981 computer animation created by [[Adam Powers]] and [[Gary Demos]]. It was one of the earliest [[CGI]] animations created and released in the market. However, the computer animation didn't became popular and turns out to be a low budget.

== Development ==

While at CalTech, Gary Demos was made aware of the work of John Whitney, Sr. who was teaching classes there, experimenting with early CG images. Whitney's work, and that of the University of Utah, prompted Demos in 1972 to go to work for Evans and Sutherland. E&S used DEC PDP-11 computers along with custom E&S hardware, including the Picture System and a variation of the UofU frame buffer. At E&S, Demos began discussions about filmmaking with Ivan Sutherland, and together they started a company in LA called the Picture/Design Group. Demos met John Whitney Jr. at P/DG, and they started to work on some joint projects with Information International, Inc. Founded in 1962, III was in the business of creating digital scanners and other image processing equipment. Jim Blinn developed software (TRANEW) for III, which ran on a modified DEC 10, called the Foonly F1, which came out of the Stanford Research group and was originally used for OCR.

The III graphics effort was founded as Motion Pictures Product Group by Whitney and Demos (with [[Art Durinski]], [[Tom McMahon]], and [[Karol Brandt]]) in 1974. Early software was written by Blinn, Frank Crow, Craig Reynolds, and Larry Malone.They did some early film tests and broadcast graphics work for the European market. Motion picture work included ''[[TRON]]'', ''[[Futureworld]]'', ''[[Westworld]]'', and ''[[Looker]]''. They also produced Adam Powers, the Juggler as a demo of their capabilities. They marketed their services as "Digital Scene Simulation", and did several spots for [[Mercedes-Benz]], [[ABC]] and [[KCET]]. III hired [[Richard Taylor]], an art director at Robert Abel, to handle the creative director efforts there. He brought a sense of film production to III, which in his words were lacking. He directed "Adam Powers" and was assigned as the effects supervisor for TRON (III produced the MCP, the Solar Sailor, and Sark's Carrier). Other projects included tests for Close Encounters, Star Wars, The Black Hole and the Empire Strikes Back, a stereo production called Magic Journeys, and many groundbreaking television promotion sequences.

Although they defined much of the early commercial perception of CGI, disputes regarding the computing power necessary to continue in the business prompted Whitney and Demos to leave to establish Digital Productions in 1982. They departed before TRON was completed, so much of the III contract was taken up by MAGI. Richard Taylor continued to handle the effects supervision, and was hired by MAGI when the film wrapped.

== External Links ==

* [http://design.osu.edu/carlson/history/lesson6.html/ CG Images Section 6]

Barretstown Castle

2009-05-21T11:36:04Z

CorenSearchBot: Tagging possible copyvio of http://www.barretstown.org/content.asp?ContentId=513

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=Barretstown Castle=

Barretstown Castle stands on the site of a late 12th century Anglo-Norman Castle and is rumoured to have been built around the original keep of that ancient edifice.

The first historical mention of the place is in a 1547 inquisition held after the suppression of religious houses, when Barretstown Castle was listed as the property of the Archbishop of Dublin, from whom it was promptly confiscated by the English crown.

Since that time, the Castle was held by the Eustace family on a series of ‘permanent leases.’ Early in the 18th century the Borrowes family acquired the estate, and retained possession for some 200 years.

Unlike the Eustace Baronets of the 16th and 17th centuries, the five Baronets who spanned the 19th century played no part in public life. This quiet aristocratic reign ended with the flamboyant Sir Kildare, 10th Baronet (1852-1924), whose father Rev. Sir Erasmus, 8th Baronet, had significantly modified the residence in a medieval, romantic, asymmetrical style.

[[Image:Castlebarretstown.JPG|right]]

In 1918, the Borrowes family having left Ireland, Barretstown was purchased by Sir George Sheppard Murray, a Scotsman who converted the estate into a fine stud farm, and planted many of the exotic trees that dominate the landscape.

In 1962 Elizabeth Arden acquired the Castle from the Murray family. Over five years, Ms Arden applied her famous talents for beauty and style to an extensive reconstruction, redecoration and refurnishing of the Castle. Her influence dominates the look of the house to this day. The door of Barretstown Castle is reputed to have been painted red after her famous brand of perfume 'Red Door', and remains so to this day.

After Ms Arden’s death in 1967, the international biscuit tycoon Garfield Weston took up residence. Under his ownership the grounds were significantly improved, particularly through the addition of a magnificent lake in front of the Castle.

The Weston Family, which owns Dublin’s famous department store Brown Thomas, presented the estate to the Irish Government in 1977, during which time it was used for national and international conferences and seminars, as well as being used as a part of the Irish National Stud.

----

== Barretstown Castle Now ==

[[Image:NewmanPaul.jpg|left]]
The Irish Government has leased the castle and its grounds to The Barretstown Gang Camp Fund for the next 90 years for a nominal €1.26 per year.

The Barretstown Gang Camp opened in August 1994, serving 124 children. With the completion of the new medical centre and programme hall, the 1995 programme catered for nearly 300 children from Ireland, Great Britain, Germany, France, United States, and children affected by the Chernobyl disaster. And this year in 2009 Barretstown will serve 1900 children from around Europe.

Barretstown is Part of Paul Newman Hole in the Wall Gang Camps

Forest History Society

2008-12-17T16:03:03Z

CorenSearchBot: Tagging possible copyvio of http://www.foresthistory.org

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The Forest History Society is unique as the only organization on the planet solely dedicated to preserving forest and conservation history. From the Alvin J. Huss Archives, which contain the records of industry and conservation organizations worldwide, to the more than 9,000 volumes of the Carl A. Weyerhaeuser Library, there is no more comprehensive compilation of materials related to forest history in the world.

==External Links==
* [http://www.foresthistory.org]

{{nonprofit-org-stub}}

Papstwahl 1119

2008-08-15T23:19:47Z

CorenSearchBot: Tagging possible copyvio of List of papal conclaves

{{csb-wikipage|1=List of papal conclaves}}

The '''papal election from January 29 to February 2, 1119''' was the smallest papal election of the 12th century currently considered legitimate by the [[Roman Catholic Church]], and the only one that took place without the participation of a single one of the [[cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinal-bishops]], whom had been designated the sole electors of the pope by ''[[In Nomine Domini]]'' (1059).<ref name="miranda">Miranda, Salvador. 1998. "[http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/conclave-xii.htm#1119 Papal elections of the XII Century (1100-1198)]".</ref>

Only two cardinal priests and four cardinal deacons participated in the election, five ''creatures'' of [[Pope Paschal II]] and one ''creature'' of [[Pope Urban II]]. The election took place in [[Cluny Abbey]] in France, while the rest of the [[College of Cardinals]] remained in Rome. A [[:Category:Non-cardinals elected pope|non-cardinal]] Guy de Bourgogne, the [[Archbishop of Vienne, France]] was elected [[Pope Callixtus II]], and crowned in Vienne on February 9; Callixtus II reached Rome on June 3, 1120.<ref name="miranda"/>

==Cardinal electors==
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="width:100%"
! width="*" | Elector
! width="*" | Nationality
! width="*" | Cardinalatial order and [[Titulus (Roman Catholic)|title]]
! width="*" | Elevated
! width="*" | Elevator
! width="*" | Other ecclesiastical titles
! width="*" | Notes
|- valign="top"
|[[Giovanni Cremense]]
|
|Cardinal-priest of S. Crisogono
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Guido Galli]], O.S.B.
|
|Cardinal-priest of S. Balbina
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Gregorio Papareschi]], Can.Reg.Lat.
|
|Cardinal-deacon; deaconry unknown
|
|
|Archdeacon of the Holy Roman Church.
|
|-
|[[Pietro Pierleoni]]
|
|Cardinal-deacon of Ss. Cosma e Damiano
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Crisogono Malcondini]]
|
|Cardinal-deacon of S. Nicola in Carcere
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Roscemanno Sanseverino]], O.S.B.Cas.
|
|Cardinal-deacon of S. Giorgio in Velabro
|
|
|
|Of the [[Counts of Marsi]]
|}

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Papal conclaves 1800-2005}}

[[Category:Papal elections]]

Robin Wayne Bailey

2008-03-04T21:42:43Z

CorenSearchBot: Tagging possible copyvio of http://www.robinwaynebailey.net/bib.htm

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Robin Wayne Bailey is the author of numerous fantasy and science fiction works, including DragonKin. His other well-known works include the Frost series, the Brothers of the Dragon series, and his Fritz Leiber-inspired Fafhrd and Gray Mouser novel, Swords Against The Shadowland. He was president of SFWA 2005-2007.

===Bibliography===
===Novels and Books===

* SWORDS IN THE STORM (forthcoming)

* SWORD AGAINST THE SHADOWLAND, reissue (forthcoming)

* TURN LEFT TO TOMORROW, Yard Dog Books, 2007

* DRAGONKIN: UNDERSKY, iBooks/Simon & Shuster, 2006

* DRAGONKIN: TALISMAN, iBooks/Simon & Shuster, 2004

* DRAGONKIN, iBooks/Simon & Shuster, 2003

* NIGHT'S ANGEL, Meisha Merlin Books, 2002

* SWORDS AGAINST THE SHADOWLAND, White Wolf Books, 1998

* SHADOWDANCE, White Wolf Books, 1996

* TRIUMPH OF THE DRAGON, Roc Books, 1995, (Published in UK as THE PALACE OF SOULS)

* FLAMES OF THE DRAGON, Roc Books, 1994 (Published in UK as STRAIGHT ON TIL MOURNING)

* BROTHERS OF THE DRAGON, Roc Books, 1993

* THE LOST CITY OF ZORK, Avon Books, 1991

* NIGHTWATCH, tsr Books, 1990

* ENCHANTER, Avon Books, 1989

* THE LAKE OF FIRE, Bantam Books, 1989

* BLOODSONGS, Tor Books, 1986

* SKULL GATE, Tor Books, 1985

* FROST, Timsecape Books, 1983; Tor Books edition 1987

===as editor===

* ARCHITECTS OF DREAMS: THE SFWA AUTHOR-EMERITUS ANTHOLOGY, Meisha Merlin Books, 2003

* THROUGH MY GLASSES DARKLY: FIVE STORIES BY FRANK M. ROBINSON, KaCSFFS Press, 2002

===Short Stories, Novelets, Novellas===

* "The Children's Crusade," HEROES IN TRAINING, edited by Martin H. Greenberg and Jim C. Hines, Daw Books

* "Touch of Moonlight," LACE AND BLADE, edited by Deborah J. Ross, Norilana Books

* "The Return of Don Ramon," TALES OF ZORRO, edited by Richard Dean Starr, Moonstone Books

* "Shin-Gi-Tai," WOMEN AT WAR, edited by Tanya Huff & Martin Greenberg, Daw Books

* "Princess Injera Vs. the Spanakopitoi of Doom," TURN THE OTHER CHICK, edited by Esther M. Friesner, Baen Books

* "The Terminal Solution," RE-VISIONS, edited by Julie Czerneda & Isaac Szpindel, Daw Books (available August 2004

* "Toy Soldiers," FUTURE WARS, edited by Martin Greenberg & Larry Segriff, Daw Books

* "Keepers of Earth," SILICON DREAMS, edited by Martin Greenberg & Larry Segriff, Daw Books, reprinted in SCIENCE FICTION: THE BEST OF 2001, edited by Robert Silverberg & Karen Haber

* "Angel on the Outward Side," FAR FRONTIERS, edited by Martin Greenberg & Larry Segriff, Daw Books

* "The Golden Cats," CATFANTASTIC V, edited by Andre Norton, Daw Books

* "The Case of Prince Charming," THE CHICK IS IN THE MAIL, edited by Esther Friesner, Baen Books

* "Doing Time," PAST IMPERFECT, edited by Martin Greenberg & Larry Segriff, Daw Books

* "Two Against Thebes," THE FURTHER ADVENTURES OF XENA, edited by Martin Greenberg & John Helfers, Ace Books

* "The Woman Who Loved Death," SPELL FANTASTIC, edited by Martin Greenberg & Larry Segriff, Daw Books

* "Blindfold," GUARDSMEN OF TOMORROW, edited by Martin Greenberg & Larry Segriff, Daw Books

* "Yonada," ABSOLUTE MAGNITUDE, reprinted in THEBEST OF ABSOLUTE MAGNITUDE, edited by Stephen Pagel & Warren Lapine, Tor Books

* "Eyes of Moonlight, Tears of Stone," MARIAN ZIMMER BRADLEY'S FANTASY WORLDS, edited by Marian Z. Bradley

* "Such Stuff As Dreams Are Made Of," X-MEN: LEGENDS, edited by Stan Lee, Ace Books

* "The Weeping Loon," MARIAN ZIMMER BRADLEY'S FANTASY MAGAZINE

* "Songchild," SPACE OPERA, edited by Anne McCaffery & Elizabeth Ann Scarborough, Daw Books

* "Prometheus Bringing Fire," FUTURE NET, edited by Martin Greenberg & Larry Segriff, Daw Books

* "Cocoons," FANTASTIC ALICE, edited by Margaret Weis, Ace Books

* "The Moon Who Loved the Man," SPELLS OF WONDER, edited by Marian Z. Bradley, Daw Books

* "The Woodland of Zarad-Thra," SWORD & SORCERESS IV, edited by Marian Z. Bradley, Daw Books

* "Primitives" (with Rob Chilson), AMAZING STORIES, July 1987

* "Child of Orcus," SWORD & SORCERESS, edited by Marian Z. Bradley, Daw Books

===Stories for THIEVES WORLD===

* "Protection," THIEVES WORLD: ENEMIES OF FORTUNE, edited by Lynn Abbey, Tor Books (available December 2004)

* "Ring of Sea and Fire," THIEVES WORLD: TURNING POINTS, edited by Lynn Abbey, Tor Books

* "The Stars Are Tears," BENDING THE LANDSCAPE: FANTASY, edited by Nicola Griffith & Stephen Pagel, White Wolf Books

* "The Fire in a God's Eye," THIEVES WORLD: STEALER'S SKY, edited by Robert Lyn Asprin & Lynn Abbey, Ace Books

* "The Promise of Heaven," THIEVES WORLD: UNEASY ALLIANCES, edited by Robert Lyn Asprin & Lynn Abbey, Ace Books

* "Keeping Promises," THIEVES WORLD: THE DEAD OF WINTER, edited by Robert Lyn Asprin & Lynn Abbey, Ace Books

* "Daughter of the Sun," THIEVES WORLD: WINGS OF OMEN, edited by Robert Lynn Asprin and Lynn Abbey, Ace Books

* "Lovers Who Slay Together," THIEVES WORLD: BLOOD TIES, edited by Robert Lyn Asprin & Lynn Abbey, Ace Books

* [http://www.robinwaynebailey.net/ Robin Wayne Bailey website]
* [http://www.sff.net/people/sfreader/bailey.htm Unofficial Robin Wayne Bailey website]
* [http://www.myspace.com/robinwaynebailey MySpace fan site (endorsed by Robin)]
[[SFWA]]

Belagerung von Sardes

2008-02-27T12:48:16Z

CorenSearchBot: Tagging possible copyvio of Siege of Sardis

{{csb-wikipage|1=Siege of Sardis}}

{{Infobox Military Conflict|
conflict=Siege of Sardis (546 BC)
|partof=the Wars of [[Cyrus the Great]]
|image=
|caption=
|date=[[546 BC]]
|place=[[Sardis]], [[Lydia]]
|result=Decisive [[Persian Empire|Persian]] victory.
|territory=Anatolia officially annexed by Persia.
|combatant1=[[Lydia|Lydian Empire]]
|combatant2=[[Achaemenid|Achaemenid Empire]]
|commander1=[[Croesus]]
|commander2=[[Cyrus the Great]] [[Harpagus]]?
|strength1=Unknown
|strength2=Unknown
|casualties1=Unknown
|casualties2=Unknown
}}
{{Campaignbox Wars of Cyrus the Great}}

In the '''Siege of Sardis''' ([[546 BC]]), it was the last decisive conflict after the [[Battle of Thymbra]], which was fought between the forces of [[Croesus]] of [[Lydia]] and [[Cyrus the Great]], Cyrus followed Croesus to his city. He laid siege to it for 14 days, and then captured it.

The siege was to be known as the final event before [[Lydia]] was officially annexed by the [[Achaemenid|Achaemenid Empire]]. The [[Ionians]] and other Asian [[Greeks]] revolted against Cyrus, and the revolt was finally put down by his best commander [[Harpagus]] the [[Mede]] in [[542 BC]].

{{-}}
{{Iran-stub}}
[[Category:Sieges]]
[[Category:6th century BC conflicts]]
[[Category:546 BC]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Achaemenid Empire|Thymbra 546 BC]]