Melissa Farley (Psychologin)

2009-08-14T11:42:37Z

ContiAWB: Removing under construction template from inactive article using AWB

{{Infobox Scientist
|image = 
|image_width = 150px |
|name = Melissa Farley
|box_width = 250px
|birth_date = 1942
|birth_place =
|death_date =
|death_place =
|residence = [[San Francisco]]
|nationality = [[United States|American]]
|field = [[Psychology]]
|work_institutions = Prostitution Research and Education 1996–<br>[[Kaiser Foundation Research Institute]] ([[Oakland, CA]]), 1993–2000
|alma_mater = [[University of Iowa]] (Ph.D., Counseling Psychology, 1973)<br>[[San Francisco State University]] (MS, Clinical Psychology, 1966)<br>[[Mills College]] (BA, Psychology, 1964)
|doctoral_advisor =
|doctoral_students =
|known_for = Research on the effects of [[prostitution]], [[sexual abuse]], and [[violence against women]]<ref name=farleycv>[http://disability-abuse.com/txt/OnlineFacultyCVs/FarleyCV.txt "Melissa Farley: Curriculum Vitae"], 2004.</ref>
|prizes =
|religion =
|footnotes }}

'''Melissa Farley''' (born 1942) is an [[United States|American]] [[clinical psychologist]] and researcher<ref name=farleycv/><ref>[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/e/a/1995/08/14/NEWS5272.dtl "Slick S.F. posters advocate decriminalizing prostitution"] by Kevin Foley, ''[[San Francisco Examiner]]'', August 14, 1995. "Melissa Farley, a San Francisco clinical and research psychologist who helped to interview 130 local prostitutes for a survey,..."</ref><ref name=zuger>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E02E6DC163DF93BA2575BC0A96E958260 "Many Prostitutes Suffer Combat Disorder, Study Finds"] by Abigail Zuger, ''[[New York Times]]'', August 18, 1998. "Dr. Melissa Farley, a psychologist and researcher at the Kaiser-Permanente Medical Center in San Francisco who directed the study with colleagues from Turkey and Africa."</ref> and [[feminist]] [[anti-pornography movement|anti-pornography]] and [[anti-prostitution movement|anti-prostitution]] activist.<ref name=oob>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3693/is_199405/ai_n8714216/pg_3 "Prostitution: The oldest use and abuse of women"] by Melissa Farley, ''[[off our backs]]'', May 1994. (''FindArticles.com'' archive, p 3.) "Melissa Farley is a fiminist [sp] psychologist and antipornography activist who understands that pornography is 'pictures of prostitution'".</ref><ref>[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2004/08/31/BAGCS8H7FV1.DTL "Sober forum, street theater on prostitution ballot issue"] by Patrick Hoge, ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'', August 31, 2004. "Melissa Farley, a San Francisco psychologist and anti-prostitution activist."</ref> Farley is best known for her studies of the effects of [[prostitution]], [[trafficking]], and [[Sexual abuse|sexual violence]].

==Research==
===Studies of prostitutes===
Since 1993, Farley has researched prostitution and trafficking in several countries. She is the author of several studies of prostitutes, which claim high rates of [[post-traumatic stress disorder]] among the women studied.<ref name=zuger/>

In a 2003 paper summarizing prostitution research carried out in locales in nine countries (Canada, Colombia, Germany, Mexico, South Africa, Thailand, Turkey, United States, and Zambia), Farley and others interviewed 854 people (782 women and girls, 44 transgendered individuals, and 28 men) currently active in prostitution or having recently exited.<ref name=9countries>[http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/pdf/Prostitutionin9Countries.pdf Prostitution and trafficking in nine countries: Update on violence and posttraumatic stress disorder] by Melissa Farley, Ann Cotton, Jacqueline Lynne, and others, ''Journal of Trauma Practice'' 2(3/4):33–74, 2003. {{DOI|10.1300/J189v02n03_03}}</ref> The prostitutes interviewed came from a variety of subsets of prostitution and other sex work – [[street prostitutes]], legal and illegal [[brothel]] workers, and prostitutes working in [[strip clubs]] were interviewed, though the prostitute populations interviewed varied between each country. Based on interviews with and questionnaires filled out by the subjects, the authors reported high rates of violence and post-traumatic stress: 71% of respondents had been [[physically assaulted]] while in prostitution, 63% had been [[raped]], and 68% were said to meet the criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder. They also report that 89% of the respondents wished to leave prostitution, but lacked the means to do so.<ref name=9countries/>

Farley and the coauthors of this paper state that their findings contradict what they refer to as "myths" about prostitution: that street prostitution is worse for prostitutes than other forms of prostitution, that [[male prostitution]] is different from female prostitution, that individuals who are in prostitution have freely consented to it, that most prostitutes are in prostitution as a result of [[drug addiction]], that there is a qualitative difference between prostitution and [[sex trafficking|human trafficking]], and that legalizing or decriminalizing prostitution would [[harm reduction|reduce its harm]].<ref name=9countries/>

In a 1998 paper on San Francisco street prostitutes (one of the populations also included in the above-mentioned "Prostitution in Nine Countries" study), Farley and co-author Howard Barkan report notable lifetime histories of violence in the lives of those surveyed. In childhood, 57% of the respondents report [[sexual abuse]] and 49% report other [[child abuse|physical abuse]]. Later in life, while in prostitution, 68% reported being raped, 82% reported being physically assaulted, and 83% reported being threatened with a weapon. Incidence and severity of post-traumatic stress disorder were reported to positively correlate with the amount of violence the individual had been subjected to. Also, 84% of the respondents reported a history of [[homelessness]].<ref>[http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/prostitution_research/000021.html Prostitution, violence, and post-traumatic stress disorder] by Melissa Farley and Howard Barkan, ''Women & Health'' 27(3):37–49, 1998. {{DOI|10.1300/J013v27n03_03}}</ref>

In September 2007, Farley published a book on [[Prostitution in Nevada|prostitution and sex trafficking in the state of Nevada]]. In the book, Farley claims that, though Nevada has legal [[brothels]], 90% of prostitution taking place in the state is conducted in [[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]] and [[Reno, Nevada|Reno]], both in counties where prostitution is illegal, or otherwise outside legally designated brothels. She also claims that Las Vegas in particular is a major destination for sex traffickers. She also claims that 81% of the 45 legal brothel workers she interviewed would like to leave prostitution, but in many cases are physically prevented from doing so. Farley additionally states that she had been threatened at gunpoint by one of the brothel owners during the course of the interviews.<ref name=lvrj>[http://www.lvrj.com/news/9612332.html "Outlaw industry, ex-prostitutes say"] by Lynnette Curtis, ''[[Las Vegas Review-Journal]]'', September 6, 2007.</ref><ref name=pahrump>[http://www.pahrumpvalleytimes.com/2007/Sep-07-Fri-2007/news/16519321.html "Panel: Brothels aid sex trafficking"] by Mark Waite, ''Pahrump Valley Times'', September 7, 2007.</ref>

Her prostitution studies have been criticized by [[sociologist]] [[Ronald Weitzer]], for alleged problems with their methodology. In particular, Weitzer was critical of what he viewed as the lack of transparency in how the interviews were conducted and how the responses were translated into statistical data, as well as the [[sampling bias]] toward highly marginalized groups of prostitutes (such as street prostitutes) and for the way the findings of Farley's studies have been more generally applied to demonstrate the harm of sex work of all kinds.<ref name=weitzer1>[http://web.archive.org/web/20060111065947/http://www.woodhullfoundation.org/content/otherpublications/WeitzerVAW-1.pdf “Flawed Theory and Method in Studies of Prostitution”] by Ronald Weitzer, ''Violence Against Women'' 11(7): 934–949, July 2005.</ref> Farley's critics also claim that her findings are heavily influenced by her [[radical feminist]] ideology.<ref>Weitzer, “Flawed Theory and Method in Studies of Prostitution” (above-cited); "The articles in question are by Jody Raphael and Deborah Shapiro (2004), Melissa Farley (2004), and Janice Raymond (2004). At least two of the authors (Farley and Raymond) are activists involved in the antiprostitution campaign. [...] The three articles are only the most recent examples in a long line of writings on the sex industry by authors who adopt an extreme version of radical feminist theory—extreme in the sense that it is absolutist, doctrinaire, and unscientific."</ref><ref>[http://www.genderhealth.org/pubs/LtrMillerTrafficking.pdf Letter to Ambassador John Miller] by Ann Jordan and others, ''Center for Health and Gender Equity'', April 21, 2005, p 4.</ref><ref name=commentary>[http://myweb.dal.ca/mgoodyea/Documents/Client%20studies/FarleyCritique-2.doc "A Commentary on ‘Challenging Men’s Demand for Prostitution in Scotland’: A Research Report Based on Interviews with 110 Men who Bought Women in Prostitution, (Jan Macleod, Melissa Farley, Lynn Anderson, Jacqueline Golding, 2008)"] by Teela Sanders, Jane Scoular, Michael Goodyear, and others, April 29, 2008. "The researchers were defined as people wanting to end violence against women - but presumably this may introduce bias into how the research was run. If you are asking someone to disclose buying sex but you openly disagree with this how can you hear what they say?"</ref>

Farley has also been criticized for accepting significant funding from anti-prostitution organizations. She has acknowledged that 30% of funding for a prominent research project into prostitution was provided by the United States Department of State [[Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons]], an agency with an outspoken policy which conflates prostitution with trafficking. However, Farley has stated that such funding has not in any way swayed her research, in particular its methods or conclusions.<ref>[http://swopeast.blogspot.com/2007/09/response-to-melissa-farley.html Response to Melissa Farley] by Jill Brenneman, ''SWOP East'' (website), September 18, 2007</ref>

===Studies of men who buy sex===
Farley is also co-author of a series of studies of men who buy sex. The first of these studies were released in April and May 2008, based on interviews with [[John (prostitution)|johns]] in [[Edinburgh]] and [[Chicago]], respectively. Each of these reports were taken from structured interviews with over 100 men in each city, who responded to newspaper ads placed by the researchers. The study claims high rates of abusive, predatory, and dehumanizing attitudes towards prostitutes and women in general on the part of [[John (prostitution)|johns]]. The studies states that many of the men described their behavior as an addiction. The studies also stated that a large percentage of the men said that the possibility of public exposure or being placed on a [[sex offender registry]] would be effective in stopping them from buying sex from prostitutes. Similar surveys of johns in [[India]] and [[Cambodia]] are said to be forthcoming.<ref>[http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/scottish-news/2008/04/28/sex-industry-in-scotland-inside-the-deluded-minds-of-the-punters-86908-20397545/ "Sex industry in Scotland: Inside the deluded minds of the punters"] by Annie Brown, ''[[Daily Record (Scotland)|Daily Record]]'', April 28, 2008. Accessed 2008-05-11.</ref><ref>''[http://whiteribbonscotland.files.wordpress.com/2008/04/challenging_mens_demand.pdf Challenging men's demand for prostitution in Scotland]'' by J Macleod, M Farley, L Anderson, and J Golding, ''Women's Support Project'', April 2008. ISBN 978-0-9558976-0-3.</ref><ref>[http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/chi-sex-trade-studymay06,0,3574868.story "Some men say using prostitutes is an addiction"] by David Heinzmann, ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'', May 5, 2008. Accessed 2008-05-11.</ref>

In response to the Scottish study, a paper authored by some 15 academics and sexual health experts was submitted to the Scottish Parliament, strongly rebuking the methods and conclusions of the study. Amongst other things, the report states - "This research violates fundamental principles of human research ethics in that there is no evidence of any benefit to the population studied. Rather the purpose of the research appears to have been to vilify the population of men who were chosen to be interviewed. " In addition they criticize the work as biased, ill informed and unhelpful.<ref name=commentary/>

===Other research===
{{Expand|section|date=July 2009}}
Farley has also been author or co-author of several studies sponsored by [[Kaiser Foundation Research Institute]] on the long-term health effects of sexual abuse and trauma. Several of these papers report higher rates of [[dissociation]] and [[somatization]] in patients with a history of childhood sexual abuse than those without such history.<ref name=FarleyKeaney1>Keaney JC, Farley M. (1996). Dissociation in an outpatient sample of women reporting childhood sexual abuse. ''Psychological Reports'' 78(1): 59–65. [[doi:10.2466/PR0.78.1.59-65]]. PMID 8839296.</ref><ref name=FarleyKeaney2> Farley M, Keaney JC. (1997). Physical symptoms, somatization, and dissociation in women survivors of childhood sexual assault. ''Women & Health'' 25(3): 33–45. [[doi:10.1300/J013v25n03 03]].</ref><ref name=FarleyPatsalides>Farley M, Patsalides BM. (2001). Physical symptoms, posttraumatic stress disorder, and healthcare utilization of women with and without childhood physical and sexual abuse. Psychological Reports 89(3): 595–606. [[doi:10.2466/PR0.89.7.595-606]]. PMID 9273982.</ref> The frequency of such symptoms was reported to be higher in those with greater numbers of perpetrators in an individuals sexual abuse history.<ref name=FarleyKeaney2/> One study reported higher rates of PTSD, emergency room and medical visits, and prescriptions in patients with a history of sexual abuse than those without. The study also reported relatively high rates of such outcomes in those with unclear memories of abuse.<ref name=FarleyPatsalides/>

==Activism and views==
Farley is a leading proponent of the abolitionist view of prostitution<ref>[http://toledoblade.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060924/COLUMNIST03/609240366/ "Feminists fight over prostitution"] by Roberta deBoer, ''[[Toledo Blade]]'', September 24, 2006.</ref> holding that prostitution is inherently exploitive and traumatizing, and should therefore be abolished. She is an opponent of across-the-board decriminalization of prostitution, instead advocating the "[[Prostitution in Sweden|Swedish model]]" of prostitution laws, in which paying for sex, [[pimping]] and [[human trafficking]] are illegal, while the selling of sex is decriminalized, along with the funding of social services to "motivate prostitutes to seek help to leave their way of life." Such an approach is based on the point of view that prostitutes are the weaker partner in the transaction and are exploited.<ref name=yalejournal>[http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/pdfs/FarleyYaleLaw2006.pdf "Prostitution, trafficking, and cultural amnesia: What we must not know in order to keep the business of sexual exploitation running smoothly"] by Melissa Farley, ''Yale Journal of Law and Feminism'' 18(1):109–144, Spring 2006.</ref> She is also largely opposed to [[sex workers' rights]] activists and groups, such as [[COYOTE]], which advocate legalizing or decriminalizing both prostitution and the purchase of sexual services.<ref>"Ex-prostitutes' quilt honors slain women" by [[Associated Press]], ''Las Vegas Review-Journal'', April 13, 1994, p 14.</ref><ref name=mercury>[http://www.portlandmercury.com/portland/Content?oid=26820 "Prostitution: Pro or Con?"] by Katia Dunn, ''[[Portland Mercury]]'', May 9, 2002.</ref> Many of these activists are likewise strongly opposed to Farley's perspective, holding that Farley's research discredits and misrepresents women working in the [[sex industry]] and lacks accountability toward them.<ref name=mercury/><ref>[http://www.unlvrebelyell.com/article.php?ID=11040 "A victimless crime?"] by Alicia Portillo, ''The Rebel Yell'' ([[UNLV]] student newspaper), September 20, 2007.</ref>

Farley is also an anti-pornography activist.<ref name=oob/> In 1985, she led a National Rampage Against Penthouse alongside [[Nikki Craft]]. The "Rampage" was a campaign of public destruction of bookstore-owned copies of ''[[Penthouse magazine|Penthouse]]'' and ''[[Hustler]]'' (which they denounced as violent [[pornography]]). Farley was arrested 13 different times in 9 different states for these actions.<ref name=femicide>[http://www.nostatusquo.com/ACLU/Porn/rampage1femicide1991.pdf "Fighting Femicide in the United States: The Rampage Against Penthouse"] by Melissa Farley, in Jill Radford and [[Diana E. H. Russell]] (eds.), ''Femicide: The Politics of Woman Killing'', New York: Twayne Publishers, 1992.</ref><ref>
"2 Groups on 'Midwestern Rampage' 'Violent Pornography' Protested" by Terry Hyland, ''[[Omaha World-Herald]]'', February 25, 1985.</ref><ref>"Protesters of Porn Guilty of Destruction", ''Omaha World-Herald'', March 10, 1985.</ref> In March 2007, she testified in hearings about Kink.com's purchase of the [[San Francisco Armory]], comparing the images produced by [[Kink.com]] to images of [[prisoner abuse at Abu Ghraib]].<ref name=sfgtv>[http://sanfrancisco.granicus.com/MediaPlayer.php?view_id=20&clip_id=3256 "San Francisco Planning Commission - Special Public Hearing"], ''SFGTV'', March 8, 2007. (link to streaming [[Windows Media]] video and downloadable [[MP3]] audio)</ref><ref>[http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/blog/2007/02/kinkcom_in_san_francisco_women.html "Kink.Com in San Francisco: Women and Gay Men's Abu Ghraib"] by Melissa Farley, ''Traffick Jamming'' (blog), February 8, 2007.</ref>

As of 2009, she is currently director of Prostitution Research and Education, a San Francisco [[nonprofit organization]].

On April 29, 2009, Farley argued on the radio show ''Intelligence Squared U.S.'' for the proposition "It Is Wrong To Pay For Sex".<ref>[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=103639465 Is It Wrong To Pay For Sex?] 2009-04-29</ref>

==Major works==
* Macleod J, Farley M, Anderson L, Golding J. (2008). ''[http://whiteribbonscotland.files.wordpress.com/2008/04/challenging_mens_demand.pdf Challenging men's demand for prostitution in Scotland]''. Glasgow: Women's Support Project. ISBN 978-0-9558976-0-3
* Farley M. (2007). ''Prostitution and trafficking in Nevada: making the connections''. San Francisco: Prostitution Research and Education. ISBN 0615162053
* Farley M (ed). (2004). ''Prostitution, trafficking and traumatic stress''. Binghamton, NY: Haworth Maltreatment & Trauma Press. ISBN 0789023784 (hardcover) ISBN 0789023792 (paperback)
* Farley M. (2004). [http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/FarleyVAW.pdf "Bad for the body, bad for the heart": Prostitution harms women even if legalized or decriminalized.] ''Violence Against Women'' 10(10): 1087–1125. {{DOI|10.1177/1077801204268607}}
* Farley M, Cotton A, Lynne J, Zumbeck S, Spiwak F, Reyes ME, Alvarez D, Sezgin U. (2003). [http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/pdf/Prostitutionin9Countries.pdf Prostitution and trafficking in nine countries: Update on violence and posttraumatic stress disorder.] ''Journal of Trauma Practice'' 2(3/4):33–74. {{DOI|10.1300/J189v02n03_03}}
* Farley M, Patsalides BM. (2001). Physical symptoms, posttraumatic stress disorder, and healthcare utilization of women with and without childhood physical and sexual abuse. ''Psychological Reports'' 89(3):595–606. {{DOI|10.2466/PR0.89.7.595-606}}
* Farley M, Barkan H. (1998). [http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/prostitution_research/000021.html Prostitution, violence, and post-traumatic stress disorder.] ''[[Women & Health]]'' 27(3):37–49. {{DOI|10.1300/J013v27n03_03}}
* Farley M, Baral I, Kiremire M, Sezgin U. (1998). [http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/prostitution_research/000020.html Prostitution in five countries: Violence and posttraumatic stress disorder.] ''Feminism & Psychology'' 8(4):405–426. {{DOI|10.1300/J013v27n03_03}}
* Farley M, Keaney JC. (1997). Physical symptoms, somatization, and dissociation in women survivors of childhood sexual assault. ''Women & Health'' 25(3):33–45. {{DOI|10.1300/J013v25n03_03}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{linkfarm}}
===By Melissa Farley===
*[http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/ Prostitution Research and Education]
**[http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/c-prostitution-research.html Prostitution Research] – select publications.
**[http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/blog/ Traffick Jamming] – Melissa Farley's blog.
*[http://disability-abuse.com/txt/OnlineFacultyCVs/FarleyCV.txt Melissa Farley CV], 2004. – Includes list of publications as of 2004.
*[http://www.captivedaughters.org/demanddynamics/demandforprostitution.htm "The Demand for Prostitution"] by Melissa Farley, ''Captive Daughters'' (website).
*[http://www.nostatusquo.com/ACLU/ohBROTHER/farley.html Letter to the Editor] by Melissa Farley , ''Changing Men'', September 29 and November 6, 1992.
* [http://www.mediawatch.com/wordpress/?p=21 "Ten Lies About Sadomasochism"] by Melissa Farley, ''Sinister Wisdom'' #50, Summer/Fall 1993, p. 29-37. (Archived at ''MediaWatch.com''.)
* [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3693/is_199405/ai_n8714216/pg_1 "Prostitution: The oldest use and abuse of women"] by Melissa Farley, ''[[off our backs]]'', May 1994. (Archived at ''FindArticles.com''.)
* [http://www.nostatusquo.com/ACLU/Porn/WhyIMade.html "Why I Made the Choice To Become A Prostitute"] by Nikki Craft and Melissa Farley, ''Always Causing Legal Unrest'' (website), 1996.
*[http://www.caase.org/uploads/File/Cotton=Farley=Baron.pdf "Attitudes Toward Prostitution and Acceptance of Rape Myths"] by Ann Cotton, Melissa Farley, and Robert Baron, ''Journal of Applied Social Psychology'' 32:1–8, 2002.
*[http://www.cwis.org/fwj/61/prostitution_of_indigenous_women.htm “Prostitution of Indigenous Women: Sex Inequality and the Colonization of Canada’s First Nations Women”] by Melissa Farley and Jacqueline Lynne, ''Fourth World Journal'' 6(1):1–29, 2005.
*[http://web.archive.org/web/20060504185243/http://sisyphe.org/breve.php3?id_breve=440 "Prostitution and sex trafficking as severe forms of violence against women"] by Melissa Farely, ''Sisyphe'' (website), September 9, 2005. (Archived at [[Internet Archive#Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]], May 4, 2006.)
*[http://www.caase.org/uploads/File/FarleyRentinganOrgan11-06.pdf "Renting an Organ for Ten Minutes: What Tricks Tell Us about Prostitution, Pornography, and Trafficking"] by Melissa Farley, from: ''Pornography: Driving the Demand in International Sex Trafficking'', Captive Daughters Media, 2007. ISBN 1425758851
*[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/12/opinion/12farley.html?ref=opinion The Myth of the Victimless Crime] by Melissa Farley and [[Victor Malarek]], ''[[New York Times]]'', March 12, 2008.

===Criticism of Melissa Farley===
*[http://www.sexwork.com/whatisnew/farley.html "A Feminist View That All Sexworkers are Abused and Sick"], ''Sexwork.org'', 2002.
*[http://www.sfbg.com/39/04/news_prostitution.html "The pimps are coming!: Opponents of Berkeley's prostitution measure use alarmist rhetoric"] by Ann Harrison, ''[[San Francisco Bay Guardian]]'', October 27, 2004.
*[http://www.lvrj.com/opinion/9812702.html "Nevada Views: Vegas and the sex industry"] by Kate Hausbeck, Barbara Brents, and Crystal Jackson, ''Las Vegas Review-Journal'', September 16, 2007.
* [http://deepthroated.wordpress.com/2007/09/17/review-of-prostitution-and-trafficking-in-nevada-making-the-connections/ Review of ''Prostitution and Trafficking in Nevada, Making the Connections''] by Barbara Brents, ''Bound, Not Gagged'' (blog), September 17, 2007.
*[http://www.lasvegassun.com/news/2008/jan/31/bewildered-academics-pore-over-sex-trade-hysteria/ "Bewildered, academics pore over sex-trade hysteria"] by Abigail Goldman, ''[[Las Vegas Sun]]'', January 31, 2008.

===Debates between Melissa Farley and others===
*[http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/FarleyVAW.pdf "'Bad for the Body, Bad for the Heart': Prostitution Harms Women Even If Legalized or Decriminalized"] by Melissa Farley, ''Violence Against Women'' 10(10): 1087-1125, October 2004.
**[http://web.archive.org/web/20060111065947/http://www.woodhullfoundation.org/content/otherpublications/WeitzerVAW-1.pdf “Flawed Theory and Method in Studies of Prostitution”] by Ronald Weitzer, ''Violence Against Women'' 11(7): 934–949, July 2005.
**[http://www.nostatusquo.com/farley/FarleyResponse.pdf "Prostitution Harms Women Even if Indoors: Reply to Weitzer"] by Melissa Farley, ''Violence Against Women'' 11(7): 950–964, July 2005.
**[http://www.geocities.com/wikispace/weitzer.2005b.pdf "Rehashing Tired Claims About Prostitution: A Response to Farley and Raphael and Shapiro"] by Ronald Weitzer, ''Violence Against Women'' 11(7): 971–977, July 2005.
*[http://www.thenation.com/doc/20050829/nathan "Oversexed"] by Debbie Nathan, ''[[The Nation]]'', August 11, 2005.
**[http://action.web.ca/home/catw/readingroom.shtml?x=81265 "Unequal"] by Melissa Farley, ''[[Coalition Against Trafficking in Women]]'' (website), August 30, 2005.
*[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=103639465 "It's Wrong to Pay For Sex"], Intelligence Squared, April 21, 2009.

===Panel and symposium discussions===
*[http://ylsqtss.law.yale.edu/qtmedia/events06/sexforsalepanel1.mov "Sex For Sale Symposium: Panel on Prostitution"], [[Yale University|Yale]] Law School, February 4, 2006. ([[Quicktime]] MOV video. Archived at ''Yale Journal of Law and Feminism'' website.)

===News articles, reports, and editorials===
*[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E02E6DC163DF93BA2575BC0A96E958260 "Many Prostitutes Suffer Combat Disorder, Study Finds"] by Abigail Zuger, ''[[New York Times]]'', August 18, 1998.
*[http://www.klas-tv.com/Global/story.asp?S=7029088 "Former Prostitutes Wage War Against Prostitution"] by Edward Lawrence, ''[[KLAS-TV]] Eyewitness News'', September 5, 2007.
*[http://select.nytimes.com/2007/09/04/opinion/04herbert.html "City as Predator"] by [[Bob Herbert]], ''New York Times'', September 4, 2007.
*[http://select.nytimes.com/2007/09/08/opinion/08herbert.html "Escape From Las Vegas"] by Bob Herbert, ''New York Times'', September 8, 2007.
*[http://select.nytimes.com/2007/09/11/opinion/11herbert.html "Fantasies, Well-Meant"] by Bob Herbert, ''New York Times'', September 11, 2007.
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/g2/story/0,,2164107,00.html "'It's like you sign a contract to be raped'"] by Julie Bindel, ''[[The Guardian]]'', September 7, 2007.

{{Wikiquote|Melissa Farley}}

[[Category:People from San Francisco, California]]
[[Category:University of Iowa alumni]]
[[Category:American psychologists]]
[[Category:Feminist studies scholars]]
[[Category:Sex industry researchers]]
[[Category:Anti-pornography activists]]
[[Category:Anti-prostitution activists]]
[[Category:Human trafficking]]
{{Lifetime|1942||Farley, Melissa}}

Drimnagh Castle

2008-04-15T21:23:43Z

ContiAWB: Disambiguating links to Kevin Moran, various other fixes using AWB

[[Image:Drymnagh castle Dublin 1820.jpg|thumb|right|280px|The Castle in 1820]]
[[Image:Drimnagh castle 1820.jpg|thumb|right|280px|Another view from 1820]]
'''Drimnagh Castle''' ({{irish place name|Caisleán Dhroimeanaigh}}) is a [[Normans|Norman]] [[castle]] located in [[Drimnagh]], a suburb of [[Dublin, Ireland]]. It is the only remaining castle in Ireland with a flooded [[moat]] around it. Drimnagh Castle Christian Brothers Schools located next to the site of the castle.

==History==
The earliest recorded owner of Drimnagh Castle was Hugo de Berneval who is mentioned in the state papers relating to Ireland in 1216. Hugo de Berneval was sent to Ireland on the 23rd August 1216 at King John's expense. King John granted Hugo: Seisin of his land at Drimnagh and Terenure in the Vale of Dublin, 12th December 1216.

The last occupants of Drimnagh Castle were the Hatch family, dairy farmers, who bequeathed the castle and surrounding grounds to the Christian Brothers in the mid 1950s. The buildings within the moat consist of a 15th century great hall with an attached 16th century tower, also a large early 20th century stone building used as a stable and a ballroom at one time and a coach house. Initially the brothers lived and ran a school there until 1956 when they moved to their new schools and monastery close by. By the mid 1980s the castle was a ruin with fallen roofs, missing windows and partly collapsed masonry.

In 1986 Peter Pearson a well known artist, with An Taisce, the national trust for Ireland, set up a local committee and got AnCo the state training authority, involved in a conservation and restoration programme. All work was carried out by hand; the construction of a 15th century medieval oak roof over the great hall, mullioned stone windows, lime mortars for building stone and plastering and wood carving in oak. A formal 17th century style garden was also created.

By 1996 the work programme finished although the castle was far from being restored.
Today the castle provides tours to the public and can be hired as a venue for weddings and other events. Dry stone walling courses are also run there.

==A note of interest==
Drimnagh Castle has long been a school very heavily involved in sports and some of the school's most famous pupils include, [[Eamon Coughlan|Eamonn Coughlan]] - athletics (4-time [[Olympic Games|olympian]]), [[Kevin Moran (footballer)|Kevin Moran]] - [[Gaelic Athletic Association]] (Dublin), Soccer ([[Manchester United]], [[Sporting Gijon]], [[Blackburn Rovers]], Republic of Ireland) and [[Nial Quinn]] - GAA (Dublin minors), Soccer ([[Arsenal]], [[Manchester City]], [[Sunderland A.F.C.|Sunderland ]], Republic of Ireland)

A number of movies and TV productions have been filmed at Drimnagh Castle, most notably 'The Abduction Club' 2002 directed by Stephen Schwartz, '[[Ella Enchanted (film)|Ella Enchanted]]' 2004 directed by [[Tommy O'Haver]] and '[[The Tudors]]' 2007 created by [[Michael Hirst]].

==See also==
* [[Drimnagh Castle Primary School]]
* [[Drimnagh Castle Secondary School]]
==External links==
* [http://www.dublintourist.com/details/drimnagh_castle.shtml Drimnagh Castle on Dublin Tourist]
* [http://www.iol.ie/~drimnagh/ Drimnagh Castle Secondary School]

{{Historic Irish houses}}

[[Category:Castles in Dublin]]
[[Category:Visitor attractions in County Dublin]]

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Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Melissa Farley (Psychologin)

Drimnagh Castle