https://de.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Commander+ShepardWikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]2025-06-04T16:00:17ZBenutzerbeiträgeMediaWiki 1.45.0-wmf.3https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Die_Entf%C3%BChrung_der_U-Bahn_Pelham_123&diff=62327726Die Entführung der U-Bahn Pelham 1232009-07-18T03:27:08Z<p>Commander Shepard: </p>
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<div>{{Infobox Film<br />
|OT = The Taking of Pelham 123<br />
|DT = Die Entführung der U-Bahn Pelham 123<br />
|PL = [[USA]]<br />
|PJ = 2009<br />
|LEN = 106<br />
|OS = englisch<br />
|AF =<br />
|BMUKK =<br />
|REG = [[Tony Scott]]<br />
|DRB = [[Brian Helgeland]]<br />
|PRO = [[Todd Black]],<br /> Tony Scott,<br /> [[Jason Blumenthal]],<br /> [[Steve Tisch]]<br />
|MUSIK = [[Harry Gregson-Williams]]<br />
|KAMERA = [[Tobias Schliessler]]<br />
|SCHNITT = [[Chris Lebenzon]]<br />
|DS =<br />
*[[Denzel Washington]]: Walter Garber<br />
*[[John Travolta]]: "Bernard Ryder"/Dennis Ford/"Mr. Blue"'''<br />
*[[James Gandolfini]]: Offizier von New York City<br />
*[[John Turturro]]: Camonetti<br />
*[[Luis Guzmán]]: Phil Ramos/"Mr. Green"<br />
*[[Ramón Rodríguez]]: Delgado<br />
*[[Victor Gojcaj]]: Bashkim/"Mr. Grey"<br />
*[[Robert Vataj]]: Emri/"Mr. Brown"<br />
*[[Gbenga Akinnagbe]]: Wallace<br />
*[[Michael Rispoli]]: John Johnson<br />
*[[Frank Wood]]: Kommissar Sterman<br />
*[[Aunjanue Ellis]]: Garbers Frau<br />
*[[Brian Haley]]: Captain Hill<br />
}}<br />
'''Die Entführung der U-Bahn Pelham 123''' ist ein amerikanischer Thriller von [[Tony Scott]] mit [[Denzel Washington]] und [[John Travolta]] in den Hauptrollen. Der Film kommt am 24. September 2009 in die deutschen Kinos.<br />
Unter demselben Originaltitel ''The taking of Pelham 123'' wurde schon 1974 ein Film mit dem deutschen Titel [[Stoppt die Todesfahrt der U-Bahn 123]] veröffentlicht. Die Hauptrollen spielten damals [[Walter Matthau]] und [[Robert Shaw]]. Beide Filme basieren auf [[John Godey]]s Roman ''Abfahrt Pelham 1 Uhr 23''.<br />
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== Handlung ==<br />
Die U-Bahn-Zug Pelham 123 in [[New York City]] wird überfallen, die Insassen als Geiseln genommen. Der Anführer der Geiselnehmer ''Ryder'' ([[John Travolta]]) fordert ein Lösegeld von 10 Millionen Dollar. Falls das nicht gezahlt würde werde er jede Stunde einen Passagier erschießen. Der Fahrdienstleiter ''Walter Garber'' ([[Denzel Washington]]) verhandelt mit ihm.<br />
Als der zu Ryders Bande gehörende U-Bahn-Fahrer Ramos erschossen wird, braucht Ryder einen neuen Fahrer und bietet alle Geiseln im Tausch gegen Garber.<br />
<br />
Im Verlauf der Handlung stellt sich heraus, dass es Ryder, einem ehemaligen Wertpapierhändler, gar nicht um das bescheidene Lösegeld ging: er hatte zu Recht darauf spekuliert, dass durch seinen terroristischen Akt die Aktienkurse in den Keller fallen und damit der Goldkurs steigen würde. Am Schluss wird Ryder von Garber auf der [[Manhattan Bridge]] erschossen.<br />
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== Kritiken ==<br />
{{Zitat|Viel wurde bei Tony Scott's ''Die Entführung der U-Bahn Pelham 123'' nicht falsch gemacht, allerdings auch nichts wirklich richtig.|[[Roger Ebert]]<ref>[http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20090610/REVIEWS/906109994 Kritik auf der Webseite Roger Eberts]</ref>}}<br />
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== Einzelnachweise ==<br />
<References/><br />
<br />
== Weblinks ==<br />
*{{IMDb Titel|tt1111422|Die Entführung der U-Bahn Pelham 123}}<br />
* [http://catchthetrain.com Offizielle Website des Films] (englisch)<br />
* [http://www.sonypictures.de/landing/pelham123/ Offizielle deutsche Website zum Film]<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Entfuhrung der U-Bahn Pelham 123, Die}}<br />
[[Kategorie:Filmtitel]]<br />
[[Kategorie:Filmtitel 2009]]<br />
[[Kategorie:US-amerikanischer Film]]<br />
[[Kategorie:Thriller]]<br />
<br />
[[en:The Taking of Pelham 123 (2009 film)]]<br />
[[fr:L'Attaque du métro 123]]<br />
[[ko:펠햄 123]]<br />
[[it:Pelham 123 - Ostaggi in metropolitana]]<br />
[[pl:Metro strachu]]<br />
[[pt:The Taking of Pelham 1 2 3]]<br />
[[ru:Опасные пассажиры поезда 123]]<br />
[[sv:Linje 1 2 3 kapad]]</div>Commander Shepardhttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cypher_(2002)&diff=61544642Cypher (2002)2009-06-25T08:44:37Z<p>Commander Shepard: Timothy Weber</p>
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<div>{{Infobox Film <br />
|DT = Cypher<br />
|OT = Cypher<br />
|PL = [[Vereinigte Staaten|USA]]<br />
|PJ = [[Filmjahr 2002|2002]]<br />
|AF = 16<br />
|LEN = 95<br />
|OS = [[Englische Sprache|Englisch]]<br />
|REG = [[Vincenzo Natali]]<br />
|DRB = [[Brian King]]<br />
|PRO = [[Wendy Grean]]<br />[[Paul Federbush]]<br />
|MUSIK = [[Michael Andrews (Komponist)|Michael Andrews]]<br />
|KAMERA = [[Derek Rogers]]<br />
|SCHNITT = [[Bert Kish]]<br />
|DS = *[[Jeremy Northam]]: Morgan Sullivan<br />
*[[Lucy Liu]]: Rita Foster<br />
*[[Nigel Bennett]]: Finster<br />
*[[Timothy Weber]]: Frank C. Callaway<br />
*[[David Hewlett]]: Virgil Dunn<br />
}}<br />
'''Cypher''' ist ein Agententhriller aus dem Jahr [[Filmjahr 2002|2002]]. Im Mittelpunkt steht die Hauptfigur ''Morgan Sullivan'', die von der Technologiefirma ''Digicorp'' als Agent angeheuert wird.<br />
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== Kurzfassung ==<br />
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Morgan Sullivan ist ein ganz normaler amerikanischer Durchschnittsbürger, der ein tristes Leben in einer Vorstadt führt. Aus diesem eintönigen Leben will er ausbrechen und bewirbt sich deshalb bei der Technologiefirma Digicorp, wo er als Agent arbeiten und die Konkurrenzfirma Sunways Systems ausspionieren soll. Er reist in Digicorps Auftrag zu verschiedenen Kongressen um schließlich festzustellen, dass seine Arbeit nicht ist, wofür er sie hält und er als Marionette in einem Netz von Spionage und Doppelspionage gefangen ist.<br />
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== Langfassung ==<br />
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Morgan Sullivan bewirbt sich bei Digicorp Technologies als Agent für Industriespionage und wird dabei mehrere Male (fünf Mal) dem sogenannten Neurographentest unterzogen. Er besteht die Aufnahmeprozedur und wird von Digicorp – vertreten durch Mr. Finster – angestellt. Seine Aufgabe besteht darin, Kongresse zu besuchen und diese mit einem Übermittlungsgerät (getarnt als Kugelschreiber) aufzunehmen und zu den Datenbanken von Digicorp zu schicken, was automatisch per Satellitenuplink erfolgt. Digicorp kreiert für Morgan Sullivan eine neue Identität mit dem Namen Jack Thursby, wohnhaft in San Jose, Kalifornien, wobei die Eigenschaften und der Charakter der neuen fiktiven Person der Entscheidungsfreiheit von Morgan Sullivan überlassen wird. Morgan entscheidet sich für den Job, obwohl – oder besser – gerade weil er dadurch gezwungen ist, seine Frau und Freunde anzulügen, was sein tägliches Auskommen anbelangt.<br />
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Der erste Auftrag führt ihn nach Buffalo, New York. Seiner Frau erzählt er, dass er Vorträge über eine von ihm erstellte Software halten soll und als Freelancer bezahlt wird. Auf dem Flughafen in San Jose bekommt er einen Aktenkoffer mit Informationen über den Kongress in Buffalo, ein Treffen von Herstellern von Kosmetik. Während des Fluges beginnt er zum ersten Mal, die von ihm gespielte Rolle des Jack Thursby mit eigenen Zügen zu versehen. Anstelle des Ginger Ale, das Morgan Sullivan wohl getrunken hätte, bestellt er einen Scotch, Single Malt, [[on the rocks]]. Im Hotel in Buffalo angekommen, fällt ihm beim Betreten seines Zimmers eine Asiatin an einer Eismaschine auf, zunächst aber ohne dass er dem weitere Beachtung schenkt. Der Kongress beginnt und er muss sich mit seiner neu angenommenen Rolle identifizieren lernen. Bei seinem ersten Gesprächspartner Fred Garfield gelingt das noch nicht sonderlich gut und er kommt mehrere Male ins Stocken. Er kann sich schließlich auf die Frage nach seiner Herkunft herausreden, indem er angibt, dass seine Heimat der Südpazifik ist. Ein Gebiet, das ihn interessiert und von dem er relativ viel weiß, weil er ein Buch darüber gelesen hat. Der Kongress beginnt und er schaltet sein Übertragungsgerät ein. Zunächst hört er noch aufmerksam zu, aber schon sehr bald verliert er die Konzentration und ermüdet.<br />
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Am Abend in der Hotelbar ist er wieder frischer und spielt sich ein wenig in den Mittelpunkt indem er vorgibt, schon einige Segelturns unternommen zu haben. Das Mittelmeer beschreibt er als wundervoll, aber er würde die Sunda-Inseln in der Banda-See empfehlen, wenn es sich um richtiges Segeln handeln soll. Neben Single Malt Scotch kommt nun auch sein zweites (neu zugelegtes) Steckenpferd ins Rennen. Er hat angefangen zu rauchen und legt besonderen Wert auf Cohiba Zigaretten, die er als seine Lieblingsmarke deklariert. Er gibt sich in der Herrenrunde zunächst noch weltmännisch, verlässt diese aber, als er die Asiatin von der Eismaschine an der Bar sitzen sieht. Er setzt sich neben sie, bestellt einen Scotch und versucht, sich ihr anzunähern. Sie gibt sich kalt bis spröde und lässt ihn zunächst auflaufen. Als sie aber merkt, dass er etwas Ermunterung braucht, ergreift sie die Initiative und stellt sich als Rita Foster vor. Er bietet ihr daraufhin eine seiner Zigaretten an und ein kurzes freundliches Gespräch beginnt, was aber genauso schnell wieder endet, als sie ihm mitteilt, dass sie nichts von „beringten“ Männern hält.<br />
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Auf dem Rückflug nach San Jose berichtet ihm Finster, dass die Übertragung des Kongresses gut gelaufen und sein nächster Einsatz bereits geplant ist und in Omaha, Nebraska erfolgen soll. Kurz nach dem Gespräch mit Finster plagen ihn schlimme Schmerzen und Visionen, die später in Schüben wiederkehren. Seine Frau ist nicht begeistert davon, dass er schon wieder wegfliegen will und beginnt einen unschönen Streit mit Morgan. Ihr fällt auch auf, dass er sich verändert hat und droht, ihn aus dem Haus zu werfen. Er fliegt trotzdem nach Omaha und als er nachts – wieder von Schmerzen und Visionen geplagt – im Hotelbett aufwacht, bemerkt er Geräusche auf dem Flur und geht ihnen nach. Es ist wieder Rita Foster, die in Richtung Hoteldach verschwindet. Er folgt ihr und wird plötzlich von einem Mann mit Pistole bedroht. Rita fragt ihn danach, was sein Übertragungsgerät sei. Ein zweiter Mann prüft den von ihm benannten Stift und Rita weist ihn an, den Stift bei dem Kongress nicht anzuschalten. Sie gibt ihm auch eine Dose mit Pillen, die gegen die Kopfschmerzen und die Alpträume helfen sollen. Die zwei Männer und Rita verschwinden in einem Helikopter und lassen Morgan mit vielen neuen Fragen zurück. Im Kongress schaltet er den Stift dann tatsächlich nicht ein. Auf dem Rückflug erfährt er im Telefonat von Finster, dass die Übertragung wie immer perfekt funktioniert hat. Er wird von Finster gleich zum nächsten Konvent nach Boise, Idaho geschickt, ohne dass er vorher zu Hause vorbeischauen kann. Weiterhin plagen ihn die Schmerzen und Visionen und er nimmt zum ersten Mal die Pillen von Rita Foster.<br />
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In Boise bekommt er bei Einchecken von der Dame an der Rezeption einen Zettel zugeschoben, auf dem der Schlüssel zu einer Telefonnummer steht. Er soll aus Hiob 13,17 (Job 13:17) den jeweils ersten Buchstaben jedes Wortes wählen, was er – auf seinem Zimmer angekommen – auch tut. (Job 13:17 hear diligently my speech, and my declaration with your ears). Am anderen Ende der Leitung meldet sich Rita und weist ihn an, sofort in den Keller des Hotels zu kommen. Dort steigt er auf die Ladefläche eines LKW an einer Laderampe und trifft dort Rita und zwei andere Männer. Rita eröffnet ihm, dass er bei jedem Kongress durch Drogen betäubt wurde, alle Kongressteilnehmer angehende Agenten von Digicorp seien und die Kongresse nur dafür da sind, um vom Eigentlichen abzulenken: alle Teilnehmer werden von Digicorp einer Gehirnwäsche unterzogen. Morgan lässt sich daraufhin ein Gegenmittel gegen die Drogen von Digicorp spritzen und wird von Rita wieder zurück ins Hotel gebracht. Sie warnt ihn allerdings eindringlich, dass er sich nichts anmerken lassen soll. <br />
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Im Kongressraum angekommen, beherzigt er ihren Rat und verhält sich unauffällig. Mit fortschreitender Zeit bemerkt er, wie alle um ihn herum zunächst müde werden und schließlich apathisch auf ihren Stühlen sitzen. Die Situation ändert sich nun, Kellner untersuchen die Kongressteilnehmer und es werden Helme hereingebracht, die für die automatisierte Gehirnwäsche gebraucht werden. Die Visionen von Morgan entpuppen sich nun als Inhalte der Gehirnwäsche und Morgan wird suggeriert, dass sein wirklicher Name Jack Thursby sei und nicht Morgan Sullivan. Allerdings schützt ihn das Gegengift von Rita davor, dass die Gehirnwäsche bei ihm funktioniert. Dafür ist ihm aber schwindelig und übel, während es den anderen Teilnehmern des Kongresses augenscheinlich gut geht. Im Hotelzimmer angekommen, packt er seine Sachen und will sich auf den Weg nach Hause machen. Auf dem Weg trifft er im Fahrstuhl auf eine ältere Dame, deren Handy klingelt und sagt, dass der Anruf für ihn sei. Am Telefon ist Rita, die ihm erklärt, dass er ab nun auf jeden Fall vorgeben muss, Jack Thursby zu sein. Gut geht es ihm immer noch nicht, aber er findet den Weg zum Flughafen. Dort nimmt er in einem Waschraum die letzten Tabletten, die er von Rita noch übrig hat. Noch im Waschraum wird er von einem Mitarbeiter von Digicorp angesprochen, der prüft, ob er sich wirklich für Jack Thursby hält. Die Prüfung besteht er und checkt darauf – immer noch deutlich angeschlagen – in sein Flugzeug ein. Das Flugzeug ist voll von betäubten Agenten und er wird ebenfalls betäubt, um darauf in seinem (neuen) Bett aufzuwachen. Er muss nun ganz Jack Thursby sein: mit neuer Frau und neuem Haus. Sein Tag beginnt damit, dass er sich bei einer neuen Firma vorstellen soll. In seinem Aktenkoffer findet er seinen Terminkalender mit einer Eintragung, dass er bei Sunways Systems vorstellig werden soll. In seinem Aktenkoffer findet ebenfalls das Buch „Sailing the South Pacific“, welches er auch schon als Morgan Sullivan bei der Vorstellung bei Digicorp dabei hatte. Bei Sunways Systems wird er ähnlichen Tests unterzogen wie bei Digicorp, allerdings mit einem anderen Ergebnis. Der Sicherheitschef von Sunways, Frank Callaway, eröffnet ihm, dass er bei den Neurographentests durchgefallen ist und er als Spion von Digicorp identifiziert wurde. Diese Fakten machen Callaway zu Morgans Erstaunen allerdings nicht sauer, sie erfreuen ihn sogar. Er eröffnet Morgan, dass Sunways Systems bei Sebastian Rooks einen Agenten bestellt hat, der unverändert durch Digicorps Gehirnwäsche durchkommt um zu erfahren, wie Digicorp immer wieder unbemerkt Agenten bei Sunways einschleusen kann und an welchen Informationen Digicorp grundsätzlich interessiert ist. Callaway will Morgan als Doppelagenten anheuern, um mit seiner Hilfe Gegenspionage zu betreiben. Zudem warnt Callaway ihn eindringlich, sich von Rita Foster fern zu halten, die er als Topagentin von Sebastian Rooks identifiziert. Morgan willigt schließlich ein, weil ihm klar wird, dass er ohne Sunways Hilfe kaum überleben würde. Von Callaway erfährt Morgan auch, dass seine frühere Frau das Haus verkauft und die Scheidung eingereicht hat. Für Sunways verwanzt er sein neues Haus und tut seiner neuen Frau gegenüber weiterhin so, als wäre er Jack Thursby und würde nun für Sunways arbeiten.<br />
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Seine neue Aufgabe für Sunways besteht darin, zu verschiedenen Agenten von Sunways zu fahren und Daten mit ihnen abzugleichen, wobei von Sunways gewollt ist, dass Digicorp über seine Frau und über andere Agenten an die von ihm gesammelten Daten herankommt. Auf diese Weise erfährt Sunways nicht nur, was Digicorp interessiert, durch das Verwenden gefälschter Daten bekommt Digicorp zusätzlich falsche Informationen zugespielt. Morgan wird allmählich klar, dass das nicht sein richtiges Leben sein kann und deshalb ruft er noch einmal die Nummer an, die durch Hiob 13,17 kodiert war. Er erreicht Rita Foster und bittet sie, ihm zu helfen. Sie sagt zu, mit Sebastian Rooks zu reden und Rita und Morgan treffen sich in einer Waschstraße. Rooks lässt durch Rita ausrichten, dass er Morgan helfen wird; nicht für Geld, sondern weil er glaubt, aus der Situation einen Vorteil für sich erreichen zu können. Rita erklärt Morgan, warum Sunways ihn mit Daten zu verschiedenen Agenten schickt und dass Digicorp die so gesammelten Daten stehlen wird und dass durch die Zahl der Aufträge Morgans Status als Geheimagent stetig steigen wird. Der letzte Auftrag von Sunways würde Morgan dann nach Wichita, Kansas bringen und dort würden auch Rita und Morgan sich wiedersehen.<br />
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Morgan übernimmt die ihm gestellte Aufgabe und erledigt sie zu aller Zufriedenheit. Schließlich kommt der Auftrag, eine Disk nach Wichita zu bringen. Callaway erklärt, dass in Wichita das isolierte Datenarchiv von Sunways ist und Daten dort nur über Disks hinein- oder hinausgelangen können. Morgan soll der nächste Datenkurier nach Wichita sein und Digicorp soll glauben, mit dem Ausspähen der Daten den Hauptgewinn getroffen zu haben. Auf dem Flug und im Hotel bekommt Morgan wieder eine Vision, die diesmal aber ein wenig anders ausfällt als sonst. Als er im Hotel von der Vision aufschreckt, sitzt Rita Foster vor ihm und gibt ihm eine Disk, die der von Sunways gleicht. Sie weist ihn an, die Disks zu vertauschen und steckt ihm auch einen Ring an, der ein Ortungsgerät enthält. Morgan würde sie gerne nach dem Besuch im Datentresor wiedersehen, aber sie lehnt das ab, weil ansonsten die neue Identität, die Sebastian Rooks Morgan verschaffen will, kompromittiert würde. Trotzdem scheint zwischen den beiden eine Verbindung zu bestehen und Morgan und Rita küssen sich zum Abschied.<br />
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Am nächsten Abend macht sich Morgan auf den Weg zum Datentresor. Er ruft ein Taxi und bemerkt zu spät, dass der Fahrer Finster von Digicorp ist. Auf der Fahrt lässt Finster ihn wissen, dass er von Sebastian Rooks angeheuert wurde, um Morgan bei Digicorp einzuschleusen und dass Rooks' eigentliche Idee war, auf diese Weise mit einem falschen Doppelagenten bei Sunways ins Datenarchiv zu gelangen, um still und heimlich mit Hilfe einer manipulierten Disk eine Datei zu klauen. Der Plan hätte nur einen Haken: Finster hat nur mitgespielt, um selbst an die Daten heranzukommen und war die ganze Zeit über loyal gegenüber Digicorp. Finster stellt ihm in Aussicht, dass, wenn Morgan diese Disk an ihn ausliefern würde, er für Morgan sorgen würde und ihn vor Rooks schützen könne. Er gibt ihm daher am Ende der Fahrt seine Telefonnummer und warnt ihn vor Sebastian Rooks. Niemand hätte bisher Rooks' Gesicht gesehen und jeder der es hat, lebte nicht lange genug um davon zu berichten. Es gibt nur eine Person, der Rooks vertraut: Rita Foster. Und Rita wäre ausschließlich Rooks treu ergeben.<br />
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Der Zugang zum Datentresor ist eine Art Aufzug, der tief in die Erde führt. Der Datenbeauftragte von Sunways, Virgil Dunn kommt im Aufzug an die Oberfläche, um Morgan abzuholen. Beide fahren mit dem Aufzug zum Tresorraum hinunter, wo Morgan einen Sicherheitscheck über sich ergehen lassen muss, bei dem aber der Ortungsring von Rita nicht bemerkt wird. Der Computerraum ist riesig und nachdem sie durch ihn hindurchgegangen sind, landen sie im Büro von Virgil, das etwas gemütlicher wirkt als der Rest des Tresorraums. Morgan gibt Virgil die Disk von Rooks, die vom System akzeptiert wird. Während die Daten geladen werden, unterhalten sich Morgan und Virgil. Virgil lädt Morgan auf einen Schluck selbstgebrannten Alkohol ein und erzählt ihm, dass er früher einmal der beste Maulwurfjäger der Branche war. Als die Neurographen aufkamen, wurde Virgil in den Datentresor versetzt. Um Morgan zu beweisen wie gut er ist, stellt er ihm zum Spaß ein paar Fragen. Die gestellten Fragen werden schnell intimer und Morgan lügt, was Virgil auch bemerkt. Schließlich fragt er, ob Morgan ein Doppelagent sei. Daraufhin schlägt Morgan Virgil mit einer Flasche nieder, bevor der ihn mit seiner Pistole ausschalten kann. Morgan nimmt die Disk mit den nun aufgespielten Daten aus dem Laufwerk sowie die Pistole und verlässt den Tresorraum. Virgil Dunn ist nach seinem Schlag auf den Kopf schneller wieder auf die Beine gekommen als Morgan erhofft hat und Morgan kann sich gerade noch rechtzeitig in den Fahrstuhl retten. 35 Fuß unter der Oberfläche stoppt der Fahrstuhl abrupt und Morgan klettert aus der Serviceluke in der Hoffnung, dass er den Rest bis zur Oberfläche anders zurücklegen kann. Er rettet sich gerade noch rechtzeitig an die Serviceleiter, als der Fahrstuhl mit rasanter Geschwindigkeit wieder nach unten saust. Die letzten Meter klettert er die Leiter hoch um dort einsehen zu müssen, dass er durch die Tür zur Oberfläche nicht durchkommen wird. Der Fahrstuhl kommt nun auch schon wieder hoch, vermutlich mit Sicherheitsleuten, und gerade noch rechtzeitig wird von Rita ein Loch in die Tür zur Oberfläche gesprengt und Morgan von ihr gerettet. Gemeinsam fliegen beide und ein anderer Mitarbeiter im Helikopter zu einem Hotel, das für einige Zeit das Hauptquartier von Sebastian Rooks ist. Noch im Helikopter gibt Morgan Rita die Disk.<br />
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Im Hotel angekommen bittet Rita Morgan in den Raum, in dem Morgan Rooks endlich kennenlernen soll. Sie geht kurz raus, verschließt vorher allerdings die Türen mit einer Fernbedienung. Morgan versetzt das etwas in Panik, dort eingesperrt zu sein und er ruft Finster an. Finster ortet den Anruf, angeblich um ihm zu Hilfe zu kommen, während Morgan die Pistole von Virgil Dunn zieht und damit die mit Champagner zurückgekehrte Rita bedroht. Er zeigt ihr auch die richtige Disk und droht, sie zu zerbrechen, denn im Hubschrauber hat er ihr die ursprüngliche Disk von Sunways gegeben. Er will keine Lügen mehr hören und als Rita versucht, die Disk an sich zu nehmen löst sich ein Schuss, der Ritas linke Schulter durchschlägt. Das erschreckt ihn erst einmal und er leistet Folge als sie sagt, er solle sich auf den Weg machen und Rooks finden. In einem anderen Zimmer sieht er eine Golfausrüstung, einige Scotchflaschen, Cohiba Zigarettenkippen und ein Bild, das ihn und Rita zeigen könnte. Er bekommt daraufhin fürchterliche Kopfschmerzen und alles dreht sich. Nachdem er das Zimmer verlassen hat, sieht er Rita, die wieder auf den Beinen steht und ihm erklärt, dass er Sebastian Rooks sei. Sie erklärt ihm, dass schon die Figur des Morgan Sullivan nicht echt gewesen sei und er, Sebastian Rooks, sich die ganze Geschichte ausgedacht habe, um an diese eine Datei von Sunways zu kommen. Als er sie fragt, was für Daten auf der Disk seien, kann sie ihm das nicht beantworten. Obwohl Ritas Geschichte und seine Gefühle ihm sagen, dass das die Wahrheit ist, kann er es immer noch nicht glauben und sich auch nicht an Sebastian Rooks erinnern.<br />
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Finster hat es mittlerweile geschafft, mit einigen Sicherheitskräften in das Hotel zu kommen und will sich nun Rooks schnappen, aber Callaway von Sunways ist ebenfalls gekommen und die wenige Zeit, die Callaway und Finster brauchen, um ihre Rivalitäten zu klären, reicht Morgan und Rita, um über einen Geheimgang auf das Dach des Hotels zu gelangen und in den Helikopter zu steigen. Rita hat den Helikopter selbst nie geflogen und Morgan erinnert sich immer noch nicht, dass er eigentlich Sebastian Rooks ist. Rita sagt ihm, dass er sich immer erinnert hätte, dass er sie liebt und das hilft ihm, Rooks in sich wieder zu finden. Er startet den Helikopter und aktiviert das Sicherheitssystem, so dass die Kugeln von Sunways und Digicorp abprallen. Sie steigen auf und Callaway und Finster glauben, dass sie zu spät gekommen sind und nur Rita und Morgan im Helikopter seien. Plötzlich wird Finster klar, dass Morgan Sullivan Sebastian Rooks ist, aber da ist es für alle auf den Hoteldach auch schon zu spät. Rooks zündet einen ferngesteuerten Sprengsatz, der alle auf dem Dach tötet.<br />
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Sebastian Rooks und Rita Foster segeln auf einem Zweimaster – mutmaßlich irgendwo im Südpazifik – in der Abendsonne. Ritas Wunde ist verbunden, der Arm in einer Schlinge und sie liest im Buch „Sailing the South Pacific“. Rooks legt die Disk in sein Notebook und zeigt Rita, was sich auf der Disk befindet. Es ist die Datei über Rita, die nicht nur alle wesentlichen Lebensdaten von Rita enthält, sondern auch ihre unbedingte Tötung bei nächster Gelegenheit fordert. Die Datei im Sunways Datentresor wurde gelöscht und diese Disk ist die einzige verbliebene Kopie. Rooks wirft die Disk ins Meer und damit ist Rita wieder frei. Rita und Rooks küssen sich, zum Schluss steckt sich Rooks eine letzte Cohiba Zigarette an.<br />
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== Wissenswertes und Entwicklungen im Film ==<br />
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Cypher ist bewusst zeitlos angelegt und kann in einer nahen Zukunft oder Vergangenheit oder auch in einer möglichen Parallelwelt spielen (Detailfehler gibt es dabei allerdings, dazu später mehr). Der ursprüngliche Titel und auch Arbeitstitel des Films war „Company Man“, wurde allerdings verworfen, als ein anderer Film mit diesem Titel etwas früher erschien.<br />
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Das Wort Cypher stand ursprünglich für die Zahl 0, aber später auch für „Ziffer“ sowie „Verschlüsselung“. Im Speziellen die Bedeutung „Verschlüsselung“ trifft auf den Film zu, da zum tieferen Verständnis des Films viel Entschlüsselungsarbeit vom Zuschauer bewältigt werden muss.<br />
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Der Film beginnt nahezu schwarz-weiß und je weiter die Handlung fortschreitet, desto mehr Farben kann man erkennen. Die Farben sind ein Spiegel von Morgans Seele, die zunächst farblos und blass scheint und im Laufe der Entwicklung und mit der Entwicklung seines Selbstbewusstseins bekommt auch der Film Farbe. Zunächst sind es statt des Grau gelbe/warme Farbtöne, die später ins rötliche wechseln. Die Farbgebung wurde zum einen durch die Beleuchtung am Set, die Kleidung und auch das Makeup beeinflusst, den finalen Schliff hat der Film allerdings in der digitalen Farbkorrektur erhalten. Die innere Wandlung Morgans kann man neben dem Gesamtbild des Films auch an Morgan selbst ablesen: Seine Haltung, seine Frisur und seine Art sich zu geben ändern sich in einem Maße, dass man den Morgan Sullivan am Filmanfang fast nicht für den Sebastian Rooks am Ende des Films halten möchte.<br />
Die Bilderfolge zeigt diese Veränderungen anhand markanter Filmstellen (von oben nach unten, vorangestellt die Zeit im Film):<br />
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Bild 1 um 0:01'27" Ankunft für die Bewerbung bei Digicorp<br><br />
Bild 2 um 0:12'45" Beginnende Müdigkeit während des ersten Kongresses<br><br />
Bild 3 um 0:19'10" Identifizierung mit der Rolle des Jack Thursby<br><br />
Bild 4 um 0:43'23" Vorstellung bei Sunways<br><br />
Bild 5 um 1:09'21" Im Datentresor: „Sind sie ein Doppelagent?“<br><br />
Bild 6 um 1:25'25" Nach getaner Arbeit<br><br />
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Im ganzen Film kommen keine Polizisten vor, auch wenn man an zwei Stellen eine Polizeisirene hören kann. Die Macht geht von Großkonzernen aus, die eigene Sicherheitseinheiten unterhalten und über weitreichende Befugnisse verfügen.<br />
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Rita Foster wurde nach [[Rita Hayworth]] benannt, was zum Teil auch den über weite Teile des Films roten Haaren von Lucy Liu zuzuschreiben ist.<br />
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Der ganze Film wurde in [[Toronto]], Kanada gedreht, der Heimatstadt von Vincenzo Natali. Das gilt selbst für die Schlusssequenz auf dem Wasser. Mit dem Zweimastsegler wurde der [[ Ontario]] befahren.<br />
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80 % des Films wurden „on location“ gedreht und nur 20 % im Studio. Dafür wurden nur 35 Drehtage/-nächte veranschlagt, damit sich die Kosten im Rahmen halten. Der Film hat nur 7.500.000 US$ gekostet und war damit erstaunlich günstig, besonders wenn man die Kosten und das Ergebnis vergleicht, das ein ca. viermal so hohes Budget vermuten lässt.<br />
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Die Firma CORE hat den Film an 206 Stellen durch [[Computer Generated Imagery|CGI]] erstellt oder verbessert.<br />
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Digicorp Technologies soll dem Zuschauer durch die fast ausschließliche Verwendung der Farbe schwarz und der überwiegend eckigen Formen als Bösewicht vermittelt werden und<br />
Sunways Systems durch die Verwendung von viel weiß und runden Formen als die Guten. Tatsächlich sind aber beide Firmen nur wie die zwei Seiten einer Münze: Sie unterscheiden sich zwar in der Optik, sind aber ansonsten identisch: beide verfolgen die gleichen Ziele mit den gleichen Mitteln und beide sind rücksichts- und gnadenlos auf ihren eigenen Vorteil bedacht. Das Einzige, was die eine Firma von vollständiger Machtübernahme abhält ist die andere Firma der gleichen Stärke. Im Übrigen ist auch Rooks – die womöglich dritte Macht – mit der ursprünglichen Entwicklung und dem Verkauf der Neurographen sowie dem erstmaligen Einsatz der maschinellen Gehirnwäsche auf seinen Vorteil bedacht, auch wenn er nicht offensichtlich über die gleichen logistischen Mittel verfügt. Der Grund, warum Rooks dem Zuschauer dann doch eher sympathisch erscheint, liegt in seiner Motivation: Rooks handelt aus Liebe, er möchte seine Freundin Rita von der Verfolgung durch Sunways befreien. Das ist zwar eigennützige und nicht selbstlose Liebe, aber dennoch weit ehrenhafter als die Gier nach Macht oder Geld, welche Sunways oder Digicorp treibt. <br />
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Der [[Helikopter]] im Film ist komplett mit dem Computer generiert und wurde von Todd Cherniawsky entworfen. Modelle oder ähnliches wurden nicht angefertigt.<br />
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Wie bei einem typischen Musikstück, kommt auch dieser Film auf die gleiche „Note“ zurück: Der Film „entspringt“ dem Kopf Morgan Sullivans und endet in ihm, dann allerdings wieder mit dem Bewusstsein von Sebastian Rooks ausgestattet.<br />
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Je mehr Morgan Sullivan lügt, desto mehr Wahrheit über seine eigentliche Identität Sebastian Rooks fördert er zutage.<br />
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Der Film wurde mit [[35 mm|35-mm-Material]] gedreht. Für die [[Postproduktion]] wurde der Film zunächst komplett digitalisiert und dann nachbearbeitet. Diese Daten wurden auch für die Erstellung der [[DVD]] verwendet. Der Scan selbst wurde mit den Negativen angefertigt, die auch durch die Kamera liefen (und nicht mit einer Arbeitskopie), so dass das Ergebnis der DVD technisch das derzeit beste ist, was unter Zuhilfenahme von 35mm-Film möglich ist. Noch bessere Qualität ist nur noch durch die Begehung eines rein digitalen Weges möglich, wobei auf analoges Filmmaterial völlig verzichtet und bei den Dreharbeiten mit digitalen Kameras gearbeitet wird.<br />
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Als eine von ganz wenigen DVDs (derzeit ca. 15 Spielfilme und viele davon wurden durch MC One veröffentlicht, Stand Feb. 2007) enthält die DVD-Headphone-Surround-Sound und auch das Menü der DVD ist mit besonderer Hingabe gestaltet.<br />
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Die DVD wurde zunächst als Doppel-DVD im Pappschuber mit Spiegelfolie und mit vielen Extras herausgegeben, dann aber unter derselben Artikelnummer 4&nbsp;042662&nbsp;330350 auch als Einzel-DVD ohne Pappschuber veröffentlicht. Auf einschlägigen Internetauktionsseiten kann ab und an noch eine der Doppel-DVDs erworben werden, aber leider werden auch die Einzel-DVDs häufig mit dem üppigen Inhalt der Doppel-DVD beworben, so dass ein Nachfragen immer angeraten ist, sofern man das volle Material genießen will.<br />
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== Trivia ==<br />
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Morgan Sullivans rote Fäden, an denen er sich zu seiner wahren Identität entlanghangelt, sind [[Single-Malt-Whisky|Single Malt Scotch]], [[Cohiba (Zigarettenmarke)|Cohiba-Zigaretten]] und die Vorliebe für das Segeln, letzteres meistens symbolisiert durch das Buch „Sailing the South Pacific“. Bis auf die Zigaretten handelt es sich aber um keine realen Produkte. Alle gezeigten Scotch Marken existieren in Wirklichkeit nicht und auch das gezeigte Buch „Sailing the South Pacific“ von Capt. D. Norton kann man nicht kaufen. Hier gab es also mal keine Schleichwerbung (abgesehen von Cohiba, dazu gleich mehr).<br />
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Cohiba-Produkte sind wie alle kubanischen Erzeugnisse wegen des Handelsembargos der USA gegen Kuba in den USA nicht legal zu bekommen und das schon seit 1960. Cohiba-Zigarren werden weltweit als die besten ihrer Art geschätzt, sind zudem sündhaft teuer und wenn das auch für die Zigaretten nicht im gleichen Maße gilt, so ist die Cohiba-Zigarette für die Zwecke dieses Films doch außerordentlich gut geeignet. Die Packung und auch die Zigaretten haben einen enorm hohen Wiedererkennungswert und dürften in den USA schon wegen des Handelsembargos kaum geraucht werden. Die Szene, in der Morgan zu erkennen beginnt, dass er Sebastian Rooks ist, würde nicht viel aussagen, wenn der umgedrehte Zigarettenstummel eine Lucky oder Marlboro gewesen wäre. Hier war Exklusivität und Seltenheit durchaus nötig.<br />
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Kurz vor Filmende kann man einen Einblick in Rita Fosters Leben bekommen, wenn man die Datei von Sunways liest. Danach ist Rita am 6. Januar 1971 geboren, mit vier Jahren zur Waise geworden, wurde von einer Zirkusgruppe aufgenommen und ist nach einer Welttournee 1982 im Westen geblieben. Sie hat nach einer kurzen Modell-Karriere mit einem Doktor in Kriminologie an der [[Stanford University]] abgeschlossen. Die Ausführungen ihrer wissenschaftlichen Arbeit haben die Zuständigen bei Stanford entsetzt (weil sie nicht ins Klischee passten) und sie hat wegen des großen Widerstands die Uni verlassen. Auf nicht bekannte Weise kreuzt Rooks ihren Weg und zusammen organisieren sie verschiedene Raubzüge, unter anderem im Vatikan. Dass sie in der Folge dauerhaft ein Projekt von Sunways sabotieren, das als „Triad Info Highjacking“ benannt wird, sorgt dafür, dass Rooks und Foster ins Visier von Sunways geraten und da Sunways an Rooks nicht herankommt, schlägt Callaway (der im übrigen auch diese Datei angelegt hat) vor, Rita zu eliminieren, da er sie für Rooks [[Achillesferse]] hält. Der hohe Sicherheitsgrad dieser Datei (benannt mit Code Orange File, accessible only with Level 6 Security Clearance), dass Callaway der Verfasser der Datei ist und der Umstand, dass Callaway durch Rooks vom Hoteldach gebombt wurde, lassen es wahrscheinlich erscheinen, dass sonst keiner genug von Rita Foster weiß und sie am Ende durch Rooks Handlung tatsächlich völlig von Verfolgung durch Sunways oder Digicorp befreit ist.<br />
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Es gibt trotz der gewollten Zeitlosigkeit des Films einige Stellen, durch die der Film und die Zeit in der er spielt, sehr konkret eingegrenzt werden können:<br />
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* Rita Fosters Geburtstag wird in der eben beschriebenen Szene offenbart.<br />
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* Morgan Sullivans und Jack Thursbys Geburtstag stehen auf den [[Führerschein]]en. In beiden Fällen ist dies der 13. August 1965. Sullivans Führerschein wurde am 29. Juni 2001 ausgestellt und läuft am 30. Mai 2003 ab. Thursbys Führerschein wurde am 1. April 2001 ausgestellt und läuft am 20. Juli 2005 ab.<br />
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* In einer Szene sieht man hinter dem Redner eine Grafik (eine der Präsentationsseiten), auf der Jahreszahlen stehen (sehr kurz bevor man sieht, wie die Gehirnwäsche durchgeführt wird). Danach spielt die Handlung nach Mai 2001.<br />
<!-- * Morgans Auto (VW Golf II) verrät ebenfalls grob den Zeitraum. Anm.: Es ist ein Golf 2, passt also nicht wirklich rein --><br />
* Von all diesen Hinweisen grenzt Morgan Sullivans Führerschein den Zeitraum am stärksten ein: Juni 2001 bis maximal Mai 2003.<br />
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Trotz dieser Hinweise, die noch dazu alle stichhaltig sind und sich auch nicht widersprechen, sollte man den in den Film aufgenommenen Details nicht zuviel Bedeutung beimessen, denn viele Elemente der Requisite wurden bewusst den 1960ern für einen klaren, zeitlosen Stil und Bildeindruck entnommen und Natali selbst äußert sich dahingehend, dass er die Handlung bewusst zeitlos angelegt hat. <br />
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== Hintergrund ==<br />
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Vincenzo Natali, der seinen Durchbruch mit dem Psycho-Thriller [[Cube (Film)|''Cube'']] feierte, hat mit seinem zweiten Film Cypher vier Jahre nach ''Cube'' einen Film geschaffen, der sich weniger fiktional als ''Cube'' präsentiert und der auch für ein breiteres Publikum gedacht ist, ohne allerdings dabei den Bereich des Independent Films zu verlassen. Cypher ist sehr intelligentes Kino, das auch Vorwürfe an die moderne Gesellschaft und die immer weiter fortschreitende Transparenz des Menschen macht, auch wenn er nicht vordergründig sozialkritisch ist.<br />
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Zwischen dem ersten Lesen des Drehbuchs und dem Drehbeginn vergingen nur acht Monate. Natali fand in L.A. recht schnell einen Finanzierer für Cypher, weil ein Streik der Drehbuchautoren und Schauspieler in der Luft lag und auf diese Weise ein schnelles „Eintüten“ von Seiten der Geldgeber geboten war. Dadurch blieb den Finanzierern auch nicht viel Zeit, Drehbuchänderungen zu überlegen oder Natali Vorschriften zu machen, so dass die Erstellung des Films ungewöhnlich wenig von Seiten der Geldgeber gegängelt wurde und Natali über fast völlige künstlerische Freiheit verfügte (beschränkt nur durch die vorhandenen finanziellen Mittel). Der befürchtete Streik fand dann übrigens doch nicht statt.<br />
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Genau wie ''Cube'' wurde der Film nur in wenigen Kinos gezeigt und ist eher in Europa und Japan bekannt als in Amerika. Eine landesweit flächendeckende Vorführung in Kinos erfordert erhebliche finanzielle Mittel, die umso größer sein müssen, je größer das Land bzw. die Zahl der Kinos ist. Einen Kinostart in den USA zu finanzieren kostet daher erheblich mehr als beispielsweise in Deutschland oder Japan.<br />
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Die Vielschichtigkeit und die vielen Puzzleteile, die der Zuschauer zusammensetzen muss, machen ihn schwerer verdaulich als triviale, oberflächliche Filme und das verhindert einen großen Bekanntheitsgrad. Typischerweise bilden sich die Zuschauer deswegen auch unterschiedliche Meinungen zur Intention dieses Films: der Film ist sozialkritisch und prangert unsere Gesellschaft an, sagen die einen. Es handelt sich um einen Agenten-Thriller, finden andere. Es ist eine wunderschöne Liebesgeschichte, meinen dritte (und auch Lucy Liu) und vermutlich haben alle recht.<br />
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Der dritte, diesem nachfolgende Film von Natali heißt ''Nothing'' und befasst sich wieder nicht mit typischem filmischem Mainstream.<br />
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== Quellen ==<br />
Ausschließliche Quelle für die Informationen auf dieser Seite ist die Doppel-DVD "Cypher" in der deutschen Fassung der Fa. media corporation one (mcone) mit der EAN 4042662330350 (Achtung! dieselbe Nummer findet auch bei der Einzel-DVD Verwendung). Diese Quellenangabe bezieht sich nicht nur auf die Inhalte des Films selber, sondern auch auf Deutungen, Intentionen und Theorienfindungen, da diese den auf der DVD enthaltenen Interviews und Hintergrundkommentaren mit dem Regisseur entnommen sind.<br />
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== Weblinks ==<br />
* {{IMDb Titel|tt0284978|Cypher}}<br />
* [http://www.ofdb.de/view.php?page=film&fid=28442 ''Cypher''] in der [[Online-Filmdatenbank]]<br />
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[[Kategorie:Filmtitel]]<br />
[[Kategorie:Filmtitel 2002]]<br />
[[Kategorie:Science-Fiction-Film]]<br />
[[Kategorie:Thriller]]<br />
[[Kategorie:US-amerikanischer Film]]<br />
<br />
[[en:Cypher (film)]]<br />
[[fr:Cypher]]<br />
[[it:Cypher (film)]]<br />
[[ru:Кодер (фильм)]]</div>Commander Shepardhttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jewgeni_Jewgenjewitsch_Koroljow&diff=69690689Jewgeni Jewgenjewitsch Koroljow2009-06-18T03:55:36Z<p>Commander Shepard: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{tone|date=June 2009}}<br />
{{Infobox Tennis player<br />
|playername= Evgeny Korolev<br />
|image= [[File:Korolev 2009 Delray 1.jpg|200px]]<br />
|country= {{RUS}}<br />
|nickname= ''Zhenya''<br />''The Russian Confined Machine''<br />''Power Merchant''<br />''The Evegnster''<br />
|residence= [[Moscow]], Russia<br />
|datebirth= {{birth date and age|1988|2|14}}<br />
|placebirth= Moscow, Russia<br />
|height= {{height|m=1.85}}<br />
|weight= {{convert|82|kg|lb|abbr=on}}<br />
|turnedpro= 2005<br />
|plays= Right-handed; two-handed backhand<br />
|careerprizemoney= $804,621<br />
|singlesrecord= 50–54<br />
|singlestitles= 0<br />
|highestsinglesranking= No. 63 (April 16, 2007)<br />
|AustralianOpenresult= 2R (2008, 2009)<br />
|FrenchOpenresult= 2R (2007)<br />
|Wimbledonresult= 1R (2007, 2008)<br />
|USOpenresult= 2R (2008)<br />
|doublesrecord= 1–10<br />
|doublestitles= 0<br />
|highestdoublesranking=No. 261 (November 6, 2006)<br />
|grandslamsdoublesresults= yes<br />
|AustralianOpenDoublesresult = 1R (2007)<br />
|FrenchOpenDoublesresult = 1R (2009)<br />
|updated= April 13, 2009<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Evgeny Korolev''' ({{lang-ru|Евгений Королёв}}) is a Russian tennis player and the cousin of retired Russian player [[Anna Kournikova]].<ref>[http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20090301/sp_afp/tennisatpusa;_ylt=Al9fggMrwui7OHhYSXSqwPALMxIF Kournikova's Cousin Korolev to Face Fish in Final] Yahoo Sports, March 1, 2009</ref> He began playing tennis at age four with his father and picked up his first ATP points at age 15 in three German Challengers. He can speak Russian, German, English and Spanish.<br />
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==Playing style==<br />
Evgeny Korolev is an offensive baseliner with knock out power off both wings. Korolev has a very solid and compact backhand that can generate clean winners from anywhere on the court and also his best shot when defending and getting himself back into rallies, however his forehand although the more erratic and unreliable wing can generate unbelievable power, despite the power of the backhand Korolev has a more pacy forehand however makes a lot of errors off that wing. Korolev also gets minor criticisms for being one dimensional however has amazing drop shots and drive volleys off both the forehand and backhand sides, his overheads are also reliable and he possesses a bomb of a first serve, the second serve can also be a weakness based on the fact that he tends to rush. However, overall, Evgeny looks to hit players off the court with his immense ground strokes and extremely powerful shot making.<br />
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==Nicknames and biggest scalps==<br />
This russian sensation has many nicknames with Zhenya being the most popular one, however many of his fellow players call him "The Evgenster" based on his robotic strokes and mature personality, he is also known to be referred to as the "The Russian Confined Machine" and also "The Power Merchant", Korolev has also beat the best of the best earning him a reoputation for being well known around the world as a destructive tennis player with long term possibilities of winning multiple grand slams along with terrorsing the history books, his big time wins have come against opposition such as Nikolay Davydenko, Fernando Gonzalez, James Blake and Carlos Moya along with many more on an endless resume of quite stupendous results, Korolev is also said to be unstoppable when at his best given his demolition of the ball and the ability to clean the line with ruthless and easy power, fellow proffesionals, David Nalbandian, Andy Murray, Marat Safin, Mardy Fish and also commentators Mark Petchety and Frew McMillan have all illuded to the fact that Korolev can beat anybody when in the Evgeny zone tribal mood, lets be assured that this magical russian is going nowhere any time soon.<br />
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==Personal==<br />
Evgeny was raised in Moscow, and began playing tennis at age four with his father, Evgeny, who still coaches him and used to play hockey. Evgeny also never played the junior circuit and picked up his first ATP points at age 15 in three German Challengers which was a method used by fellow professionals Nicolas Almagro and David Ferrer. Mother, Irina, is a housewife and sometimes travels to tournaments as well. He also has one older brother, Alexey, who is his physio therapist and helps with his business matters and considers him his best friend and "buddy" (works in Moscow). Evgeny also had a private tutor that helped him speak Russian, German and English due to the wealth of the Korolev name however firstly started learning English. Evgeny says that his Favorite players growing up were Pete Sampras, Andre Agassi and Stefan Edberg and admired Sampras the most due to his professionalism and dedication to the sport. His hobbies include hockey and enjoys playing or skating anytime he has a chance, Evgeny also enjoys working on his fitness and goes to the gym at least 10 times a week, however Evgeny does not like Night clubs and says that he would much rather work out, although this is influenced by his dislike to alcahol and also cigarettes. He also likes hard rock and favorite groups are Metallica, Three Doors Down, Oasis, Creed and Green Day. Favorite surfaces are hard and clay courts and considers backhand his favorite shot however admits to generating more power off his forehand wing. Coached by father, Evgeny.<br />
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==Career==<br />
Evgeny began playing the main tour in 2004 at the age of 16, Evgeny began playing Challengers and Futures in order to become physically stronger and took the respective circuits apart with a brutal run of wins. At the age of 16 Evgeny lapped up his first future towards the end of 2004 and compiled an extremely respectable win loss record at such as young age.<br />
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In 2005, he continued where he left off by winning 3 futures and a challenger event. He started off the year with a final loss in a German futures event however beat fellow hopeful [[Andrey Golubev]] on the way. He however continued to progress and develop by later claiming his 2nd futures win in France, to which he disposed of home favorite Mathieu Moncourt in the final with ease. He later won another futures event in Austria before crushing his way through another F1 event within France for his 4th Futures success. At this stage it was becoming evident that the Big game of Korolev's was far too strong for the lower sectors of the game which influenced him to start playing more challenger events to which he did. Aachen challenger was then bulldozed for the second year running as Evgeny ran through [[Igor Kunitsyn]] and [[Dominik Meffert]] on his way to the title.<br />
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2006 then began, and Evgeny wasted no time in putting the tennis world on notice, this occurred in Marseille where Evgeny claimed a win over fellow countryman and Current world number 5 [[Nikolay Davydenko]], he eventually went on to lose in the Quarter Finals to french veteran [[Sebastian Grosjean]]. This proved to be no fluke when Evgeny shortly after beat former World Number 1 and Grand Slam winner [[Carlos Moya]] before eliminating [[Andreas Seppi]] on his Grand Slam debut at Roland Garros before going out in a thriller to [[Gaston Gaudio]]. He then won another challenger, however lost in Aachen challenger after two previous triumphs, Evgeny lost to Sluiter in the final however before that match compiled a 14 match winning streak in that tournament which is a true reflection of his talent.<br />
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Evgeny then went on to the Australian Open 2007 however lost a very tight match to [[Fernando Gonzalez]] who went on to be runner up, Evgeny also lost to [[Radek Stepanek]] and [[James Blake]] prior to the event which was an indication that only world class players were able to see the talented Russian off. He then continued to impress in the American swing with a semi final birth against [[Jurgen Melzer]], despite that semi final loss Evgeny claimed wins over James Blake and Sam Querrey along the way, and despite some controversy from Del Potro, Evgeny was the deserved winner of that group. Korolev then played his first master series event in Indian well to which he was eliminated by Novak Djokovic in straight sets, however described it has a learning curve after wins over Simon Gruel and close friend Dmitry Tursunov. He later lost in the US Open to talented Swiss Stanislas Wawrinka in a power stroke encounter that went the distance. Evgeny then once again claimed the Aachen challenger title by defeating Andreas Beck in the final to win the tournament for a third time. He then went on to St. Petersburg, a tournament he was very much looking forward to however faced his practice partner Andy Murray and went out in straight sets although gave a very good showing against the British number 1, It is understood that they have been very close friends ever since undergoing fitness sessions, practice hits and also spotted having meals together within a Russian Alkmo magazine in which Andy claimed the young Russian would be an immense talent.<br />
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In 2008 Korolev also began quickly claiming victories over the likes of Paul Henri Mathieu and Fernando Gonzalez, Korolev reached the quarterfinals in his second event of the year in Sydney, losing to Frenchman [[Fabrice Santoro]]. During the second round of a tournament in Las Vegas, Korolev was leading 6–3 5–2 against number one seed [[Fernando González]] of Chile. He served for the match twice and was broken each time. He eventually prevailed in a second set tiebreak but needed 11 match points to win. He said that if he had lost that second set, he would have lost the match. Korolev reached his first semifinal of the year, losing to [[Nicolas Almagro]] in Valencia. Korolev then went to Rome and faced Robin Soderling first round in which the two battled in an heated encounter in which Soderling told Korolev to be quiet when the Swede argued with umpire Fergus Murphy over a line call before being rightly interrupted by Evgeny, however Korolev not only won that one but also beat Soderling again at the US Open later that year, Evgeny when asked about his clashes with the fiery Swede insisted that they were not friends and that he did not like Soderling, his evident frustration continued when asked why the problem based on Soderling's charming personality to the media to which Koroelv stated "You know, it's easy to take to somebody when the only time they are being a gentleman is on the cameras, but you're not in the locker room, lets just say he is very two faced". After losing in the first round in Munich and [[French Open|Roland Garros]], Korolev reached his third quarterfinal of the year, losing to number one Russian [[Nikolay Davydenko]]. At the [[US Open]], Evgeny beat Swiss [[Robin Soderling]] before losing to [[Gael Monfils]] in the second round. After undergoing another hernia surgery, Evgeny made a comeback on the Challenger Circuit in the fall. His biggest successes were a title win in [[Aachen]], Germany and a semifinal showing in [[Dusseldorf]].<br />
<br />
At the 2009 Australian Open, Korolev made his way through qualifying and upset former world number 1, Carlos Moya, in the first round. He lost to [[Roger Federer]] in round 2 in straight sets. At the end of February, Korolev reached his first ATP World Tour final at the Delray Beach tournament in the United States. Again starting in qualifying, he won 7 straight matches (including wins over world number 38, Igor Kunitsyn, and Guillermo Garcia Lopez) before eventually falling in the final to top seed, Mardy Fish, 7-5, 6-3. The fine week in Delray Beach pushed Korolev back into the ATP Tour's top 100 players, at number 79. After early losses in [[Masters 1000]] events in [[Indian Wells]] and [[Miami]] including a loss in the [[Sunrise, Florida]] Challenger, Evgeny moved on to [[Houston]], his first clay tournament of the year and the fist in the US. It was a success as he reached his second semifinal of the year, losing to former world #1 and eventual champion [[Lleyton Hewitt]]. That result brought him to the #72 world ranking. Evgeny has since however struggled to build on that great run with Masters 1000 defeats to Juan Monaco and Eduardo Schwank when aiming to qualify and was also put out of Munich is straight sets to talented french man Jeremy Chardy. However Korolev did manage to claim a victory in Dusseldorf with a solid routine win over Andreas Seppi building on their career battles to 2-0 in favour of the stunning Russian ball hitter, however went on to lose to both Troicki of Serbia and also Pocket dynamo Maximo Gonzalez of Argentina. Roland Garros on the other hand was not a fortunate event for Evgeny with Korolev having to pull out of a match with Gimeno Traver after his continuing ankle problem which forced him out of doubles the week prior to the event. His next scheduled event will be Queens Club to which his friend Andy Murray recommended him for a wildcard spot during his Malaria campaign with David Beckham, although the nice gesture has been unnecessary with Korolev's ranking solidifying his spot as a guaranteed entrant despite worries of his ankle possibly forcing him out of tennis up until November depending on a scan.<br />
<br />
Evgeny is also working on a new website to which he will be using the same web design and functions as the World number 3 and 4, he also in insists that after shutting his old website off previously he has still got all of the content and will communicate to his fans over a new device called twitter after the recommendation from some of his fellow professionals.<br />
<br />
==Singles Titles (8)==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"<br />
|'''Legend (Singles)'''<br />
|- bgcolor="#e5d1cb"<br />
| Grand Slam (0)<br />
|- bgcolor="ffffcc"<br />
| Tennis Masters Cup (0)<br />
|- bgcolor="silver"<br />
| ATP Masters Series (0)<br />
|- bgcolor="#dfe2e9"<br />
| ATP Tour (0)<br />
|- bgcolor="moccasin"<br />
| Challengers (4)<br />
|- bgcolor="CFFCFF"<br />
| Futures (4)<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- bgcolor="#efefef"<br />
|'''No.'''<br />
|'''Date'''<br />
|'''Tournament'''<br />
|'''Surface'''<br />
|'''Opponent in the final'''<br />
|'''Score'''<br />
|- bgcolor="CFFCFF"<br />
| 1.<br />
| Sep. 13, 2004<br />
| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Friedberg]]<br />
| Clay<br />
| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Marius Zay]]<br />
| 6–2 6–2<br />
|- bgcolor="CFFCFF"<br />
| 2.<br />
| Apr. 4, 2005<br />
| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Angers]]<br />
| Clay (I)<br />
| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Mathieu Montcourt]]<br />
| 5–7 6–3 7–6(3)<br />
|- bgcolor="CFFCFF"<br />
| 3.<br />
| Jul. 18, 2005<br />
| {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Kramsach]]<br />
| Clay<br />
| {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Armin Sandbichler]]<br />
| 7–6(1) 6–0<br />
|- bgcolor="CFFCFF"<br />
| 4.<br />
| Sep. 12, 2005<br />
| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Mulhouse]]<br />
| Hard<br />
| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Philipp Hammer]]<br />
| 6–4 6–3<br />
|- bgcolor="moccasin"<br />
| 5.<br />
| Oct. 31, 2005<br />
| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Lambertz Open by STAWAG|Aachen]]<br />
| Carpet (I)<br />
| {{flagicon|NED}} [[Raemon Sluiter]]<br />
| 6–3 7–6(7)<br />
|- bgcolor="moccasin"<br />
| 6.<br />
| Sep. 4, 2006<br />
| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Düsseldorf]]<br />
| Clay<br />
| {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Andreas Vinciguerra]]<br />
| 7–6(4) 6–3<br />
|- bgcolor="moccasin"<br />
| 7.<br />
| Oct. 29, 2007<br />
| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Lambertz Open by STAWAG|Aachen]]<br />
| Carpet (I)<br />
| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Andreas Beck (tennis)|Andreas Beck]]<br />
| 6–4 6–4<br />
|- bgcolor="moccasin"<br />
| 8.<br />
| Oct. 27, 2008<br />
| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Lambertz Open by STAWAG|Aachen]]<br />
| Carpet (I)<br />
| {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Ruben Bemelmans]]<br />
| 7–6(5) 7–6(3)<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Runners-up (1)==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"<br />
|'''Legend (Singles)'''<br />
|- bgcolor="#e5d1cb"<br />
| Grand Slam (0)<br />
|- bgcolor="ffffcc"<br />
| Tennis Masters Cup (0)<br />
|- bgcolor="silver"<br />
| ATP Masters Series (0)<br />
|- bgcolor="#dfe2e9"<br />
| ATP Tour (1)<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- bgcolor="#efefef"<br />
|'''No.'''<br />
|'''Date'''<br />
|'''Tournament'''<br />
|'''Surface'''<br />
|'''Opponent in the final'''<br />
|'''Score'''<br />
|- bgcolor="#dfe2e9"<br />
| 1.<br />
| March 1, 2009<br />
| [[Delray Beach]], United States<br />
| Hard<br />
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Mardy Fish]]<br />
| 5-7, 3-6<br />
|- bgcolor="#silver"<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
http://www.atpworldtour.com/tennis/5/en/players/playerprofiles/highlights.asp?playernumber=K760<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{commonscat}}<br />
* {{ATP|id=K760}}<br />
* [http://evgenykorolev.net/ Official website]<br />
<br />
{{Lifetime|1988||Korolev, Evgeny}}<br />
<br />
<!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] --><br />
{{Persondata<br />
|NAME= Korolev, Evgeny<br />
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES= Королёв, Евгений (Russian) <br />
|SHORT DESCRIPTION= Tennis player<br />
|DATE OF BIRTH= 1988-2-14<br />
|PLACE OF BIRTH= [[Moscow]], [[Russia]]<br />
|DATE OF DEATH=<br />
|PLACE OF DEATH=<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Russian tennis players]]<br />
<br />
[[ar:يفجيني كوروليف]]<br />
[[cs:Jevgenij Koroljov]]<br />
[[da:Jevgenij Korolev]]<br />
[[es:Yevgeni Koroliov]]<br />
[[fr:Evgeny Korolev]]<br />
[[hu:Jevgenyij Jevgenyijevics Koroljov]]<br />
[[ja:エフゲニー・コロレフ]]<br />
[[pl:Jewgienij Korolow]]<br />
[[pt:Evgeny Korolev]]<br />
[[ru:Королёв, Евгений Евгеньевич]]<br />
[[sk:Jevgenij Jevgenievič Koroľov]]<br />
[[zh:葉甫根尼·科羅廖夫]]</div>Commander Shepardhttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jewgeni_Jewgenjewitsch_Koroljow&diff=69690687Jewgeni Jewgenjewitsch Koroljow2009-06-18T03:54:47Z<p>Commander Shepard: /* Career */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox Tennis player<br />
|playername= Evgeny Korolev<br />
|image= [[File:Korolev 2009 Delray 1.jpg|200px]]<br />
|country= {{RUS}}<br />
|nickname= ''Zhenya''<br />''The Russian Confined Machine''<br />''Power Merchant''<br />''The Evegnster''<br />
|residence= [[Moscow]], Russia<br />
|datebirth= {{birth date and age|1988|2|14}}<br />
|placebirth= Moscow, Russia<br />
|height= {{height|m=1.85}}<br />
|weight= {{convert|82|kg|lb|abbr=on}}<br />
|turnedpro= 2005<br />
|plays= Right-handed; two-handed backhand<br />
|careerprizemoney= $804,621<br />
|singlesrecord= 50–54<br />
|singlestitles= 0<br />
|highestsinglesranking= No. 63 (April 16, 2007)<br />
|AustralianOpenresult= 2R (2008, 2009)<br />
|FrenchOpenresult= 2R (2007)<br />
|Wimbledonresult= 1R (2007, 2008)<br />
|USOpenresult= 2R (2008)<br />
|doublesrecord= 1–10<br />
|doublestitles= 0<br />
|highestdoublesranking=No. 261 (November 6, 2006)<br />
|grandslamsdoublesresults= yes<br />
|AustralianOpenDoublesresult = 1R (2007)<br />
|FrenchOpenDoublesresult = 1R (2009)<br />
|updated= April 13, 2009<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Evgeny Korolev''' (also '''Yevgeny Korolyov''') ({{lang-ru|'''Евгений Королёв'''}}) is a Russian tennis player and the cousin of retired Russian player [[Anna Kournikova]].<ref>[http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20090301/sp_afp/tennisatpusa;_ylt=Al9fggMrwui7OHhYSXSqwPALMxIF Kournikova's Cousin Korolev to Face Fish in Final] Yahoo Sports, March 1, 2009</ref> He began playing tennis at age four with his father and picked up his first ATP points at age 15 in three German Challengers. He can speak Russian, German, English and Spanish.<br />
<br />
==Playing style==<br />
Evgeny Korolev is an offensive baseliner with knock out power off both wings. Korolev has a very solid and compact backhand that can generate clean winners from anywhere on the court and also his best shot when defending and getting himself back into rallies, however his forehand although the more erratic and unreliable wing can generate unbelievable power, despite the power of the backhand Korolev has a more pacy forehand however makes a lot of errors off that wing. Korolev also gets minor criticisms for being one dimensional however has amazing drop shots and drive volleys off both the forehand and backhand sides, his overheads are also reliable and he possesses a bomb of a first serve, the second serve can also be a weakness based on the fact that he tends to rush. However, overall, Evgeny looks to hit players off the court with his immense ground strokes and extremely powerful shot making.<br />
<br />
==Nicknames and biggest scalps==<br />
This russian sensation has many nicknames with Zhenya being the most popular one, however many of his fellow players call him "The Evgenster" based on his robotic strokes and mature personality, he is also known to be referred to as the "The Russian Confined Machine" and also "The Power Merchant", Korolev has also beat the best of the best earning him a reoputation for being well known around the world as a destructive tennis player with long term possibilities of winning multiple grand slams along with terrorsing the history books, his big time wins have come against opposition such as Nikolay Davydenko, Fernando Gonzalez, James Blake and Carlos Moya along with many more on an endless resume of quite stupendous results, Korolev is also said to be unstoppable when at his best given his demolition of the ball and the ability to clean the line with ruthless and easy power, fellow proffesionals, David Nalbandian, Andy Murray, Marat Safin, Mardy Fish and also commentators Mark Petchety and Frew McMillan have all illuded to the fact that Korolev can beat anybody when in the Evgeny zone tribal mood, lets be assured that this magical russian is going nowhere any time soon.<br />
<br />
==Personal==<br />
Evgeny was raised in Moscow, and began playing tennis at age four with his father, Evgeny, who still coaches him and used to play hockey. Evgeny also never played the junior circuit and picked up his first ATP points at age 15 in three German Challengers which was a method used by fellow professionals Nicolas Almagro and David Ferrer. Mother, Irina, is a housewife and sometimes travels to tournaments as well. He also has one older brother, Alexey, who is his physio therapist and helps with his business matters and considers him his best friend and "buddy" (works in Moscow). Evgeny also had a private tutor that helped him speak Russian, German and English due to the wealth of the Korolev name however firstly started learning English. Evgeny says that his Favorite players growing up were Pete Sampras, Andre Agassi and Stefan Edberg and admired Sampras the most due to his professionalism and dedication to the sport. His hobbies include hockey and enjoys playing or skating anytime he has a chance, Evgeny also enjoys working on his fitness and goes to the gym at least 10 times a week, however Evgeny does not like Night clubs and says that he would much rather work out, although this is influenced by his dislike to alcahol and also cigarettes. He also likes hard rock and favorite groups are Metallica, Three Doors Down, Oasis, Creed and Green Day. Favorite surfaces are hard and clay courts and considers backhand his favorite shot however admits to generating more power off his forehand wing. Coached by father, Evgeny.<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Evgeny began playing the main tour in 2004 at the age of 16, Evgeny began playing Challengers and Futures in order to become physically stronger and took the respective circuits apart with a brutal run of wins. At the age of 16 Evgeny lapped up his first future towards the end of 2004 and compiled an extremely respectable win loss record at such as young age.<br />
<br />
In 2005, he continued where he left off by winning 3 futures and a challenger event. He started off the year with a final loss in a German futures event however beat fellow hopeful [[Andrey Golubev]] on the way. He however continued to progress and develop by later claiming his 2nd futures win in France, to which he disposed of home favorite Mathieu Moncourt in the final with ease. He later won another futures event in Austria before crushing his way through another F1 event within France for his 4th Futures success. At this stage it was becoming evident that the Big game of Korolev's was far too strong for the lower sectors of the game which influenced him to start playing more challenger events to which he did. Aachen challenger was then bulldozed for the second year running as Evgeny ran through [[Igor Kunitsyn]] and [[Dominik Meffert]] on his way to the title.<br />
<br />
2006 then began, and Evgeny wasted no time in putting the tennis world on notice, this occurred in Marseille where Evgeny claimed a win over fellow countryman and Current world number 5 [[Nikolay Davydenko]], he eventually went on to lose in the Quarter Finals to french veteran [[Sebastian Grosjean]]. This proved to be no fluke when Evgeny shortly after beat former World Number 1 and Grand Slam winner [[Carlos Moya]] before eliminating [[Andreas Seppi]] on his Grand Slam debut at Roland Garros before going out in a thriller to [[Gaston Gaudio]]. He then won another challenger, however lost in Aachen challenger after two previous triumphs, Evgeny lost to Sluiter in the final however before that match compiled a 14 match winning streak in that tournament which is a true reflection of his talent.<br />
<br />
Evgeny then went on to the Australian Open 2007 however lost a very tight match to [[Fernando Gonzalez]] who went on to be runner up, Evgeny also lost to [[Radek Stepanek]] and [[James Blake]] prior to the event which was an indication that only world class players were able to see the talented Russian off. He then continued to impress in the American swing with a semi final birth against [[Jurgen Melzer]], despite that semi final loss Evgeny claimed wins over James Blake and Sam Querrey along the way, and despite some controversy from Del Potro, Evgeny was the deserved winner of that group. Korolev then played his first master series event in Indian well to which he was eliminated by Novak Djokovic in straight sets, however described it has a learning curve after wins over Simon Gruel and close friend Dmitry Tursunov. He later lost in the US Open to talented Swiss Stanislas Wawrinka in a power stroke encounter that went the distance. Evgeny then once again claimed the Aachen challenger title by defeating Andreas Beck in the final to win the tournament for a third time. He then went on to St. Petersburg, a tournament he was very much looking forward to however faced his practice partner Andy Murray and went out in straight sets although gave a very good showing against the British number 1, It is understood that they have been very close friends ever since undergoing fitness sessions, practice hits and also spotted having meals together within a Russian Alkmo magazine in which Andy claimed the young Russian would be an immense talent.<br />
<br />
In 2008 Korolev also began quickly claiming victories over the likes of Paul Henri Mathieu and Fernando Gonzalez, Korolev reached the quarterfinals in his second event of the year in Sydney, losing to Frenchman [[Fabrice Santoro]]. During the second round of a tournament in Las Vegas, Korolev was leading 6–3 5–2 against number one seed [[Fernando González]] of Chile. He served for the match twice and was broken each time. He eventually prevailed in a second set tiebreak but needed 11 match points to win. He said that if he had lost that second set, he would have lost the match. Korolev reached his first semifinal of the year, losing to [[Nicolas Almagro]] in Valencia. Korolev then went to Rome and faced Robin Soderling first round in which the two battled in an heated encounter in which Soderling told Korolev to be quiet when the Swede argued with umpire Fergus Murphy over a line call before being rightly interrupted by Evgeny, however Korolev not only won that one but also beat Soderling again at the US Open later that year, Evgeny when asked about his clashes with the fiery Swede insisted that they were not friends and that he did not like Soderling, his evident frustration continued when asked why the problem based on Soderling's charming personality to the media to which Koroelv stated "You know, it's easy to take to somebody when the only time they are being a gentleman is on the cameras, but you're not in the locker room, lets just say he is very two faced". After losing in the first round in Munich and [[French Open|Roland Garros]], Korolev reached his third quarterfinal of the year, losing to number one Russian [[Nikolay Davydenko]]. At the [[US Open]], Evgeny beat Swiss [[Robin Soderling]] before losing to [[Gael Monfils]] in the second round. After undergoing another hernia surgery, Evgeny made a comeback on the Challenger Circuit in the fall. His biggest successes were a title win in [[Aachen]], Germany and a semifinal showing in [[Dusseldorf]].<br />
<br />
At the 2009 Australian Open, Korolev made his way through qualifying and upset former world number 1, Carlos Moya, in the first round. He lost to [[Roger Federer]] in round 2 in straight sets. At the end of February, Korolev reached his first ATP World Tour final at the Delray Beach tournament in the United States. Again starting in qualifying, he won 7 straight matches (including wins over world number 38, Igor Kunitsyn, and Guillermo Garcia Lopez) before eventually falling in the final to top seed, Mardy Fish, 7-5, 6-3. The fine week in Delray Beach pushed Korolev back into the ATP Tour's top 100 players, at number 79. After early losses in [[Masters 1000]] events in [[Indian Wells]] and [[Miami]] including a loss in the [[Sunrise, Florida]] Challenger, Evgeny moved on to [[Houston]], his first clay tournament of the year and the fist in the US. It was a success as he reached his second semifinal of the year, losing to former world #1 and eventual champion [[Lleyton Hewitt]]. That result brought him to the #72 world ranking. Evgeny has since however struggled to build on that great run with Masters 1000 defeats to Juan Monaco and Eduardo Schwank when aiming to qualify and was also put out of Munich is straight sets to talented french man Jeremy Chardy. However Korolev did manage to claim a victory in Dusseldorf with a solid routine win over Andreas Seppi building on their career battles to 2-0 in favour of the stunning Russian ball hitter, however went on to lose to both Troicki of Serbia and also Pocket dynamo Maximo Gonzalez of Argentina. Roland Garros on the other hand was not a fortunate event for Evgeny with Korolev having to pull out of a match with Gimeno Traver after his continuing ankle problem which forced him out of doubles the week prior to the event. His next scheduled event will be Queens Club to which his friend Andy Murray recommended him for a wildcard spot during his Malaria campaign with David Beckham, although the nice gesture has been unnecessary with Korolev's ranking solidifying his spot as a guaranteed entrant despite worries of his ankle possibly forcing him out of tennis up until November depending on a scan.<br />
<br />
Evgeny is also working on a new website to which he will be using the same web design and functions as the World number 3 and 4, he also in insists that after shutting his old website off previously he has still got all of the content and will communicate to his fans over a new device called twitter after the recommendation from some of his fellow professionals.<br />
<br />
==Singles Titles (8)==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"<br />
|'''Legend (Singles)'''<br />
|- bgcolor="#e5d1cb"<br />
| Grand Slam (0)<br />
|- bgcolor="ffffcc"<br />
| Tennis Masters Cup (0)<br />
|- bgcolor="silver"<br />
| ATP Masters Series (0)<br />
|- bgcolor="#dfe2e9"<br />
| ATP Tour (0)<br />
|- bgcolor="moccasin"<br />
| Challengers (4)<br />
|- bgcolor="CFFCFF"<br />
| Futures (4)<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- bgcolor="#efefef"<br />
|'''No.'''<br />
|'''Date'''<br />
|'''Tournament'''<br />
|'''Surface'''<br />
|'''Opponent in the final'''<br />
|'''Score'''<br />
|- bgcolor="CFFCFF"<br />
| 1.<br />
| Sep. 13, 2004<br />
| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Friedberg]]<br />
| Clay<br />
| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Marius Zay]]<br />
| 6–2 6–2<br />
|- bgcolor="CFFCFF"<br />
| 2.<br />
| Apr. 4, 2005<br />
| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Angers]]<br />
| Clay (I)<br />
| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Mathieu Montcourt]]<br />
| 5–7 6–3 7–6(3)<br />
|- bgcolor="CFFCFF"<br />
| 3.<br />
| Jul. 18, 2005<br />
| {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Kramsach]]<br />
| Clay<br />
| {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Armin Sandbichler]]<br />
| 7–6(1) 6–0<br />
|- bgcolor="CFFCFF"<br />
| 4.<br />
| Sep. 12, 2005<br />
| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Mulhouse]]<br />
| Hard<br />
| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Philipp Hammer]]<br />
| 6–4 6–3<br />
|- bgcolor="moccasin"<br />
| 5.<br />
| Oct. 31, 2005<br />
| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Lambertz Open by STAWAG|Aachen]]<br />
| Carpet (I)<br />
| {{flagicon|NED}} [[Raemon Sluiter]]<br />
| 6–3 7–6(7)<br />
|- bgcolor="moccasin"<br />
| 6.<br />
| Sep. 4, 2006<br />
| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Düsseldorf]]<br />
| Clay<br />
| {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Andreas Vinciguerra]]<br />
| 7–6(4) 6–3<br />
|- bgcolor="moccasin"<br />
| 7.<br />
| Oct. 29, 2007<br />
| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Lambertz Open by STAWAG|Aachen]]<br />
| Carpet (I)<br />
| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Andreas Beck (tennis)|Andreas Beck]]<br />
| 6–4 6–4<br />
|- bgcolor="moccasin"<br />
| 8.<br />
| Oct. 27, 2008<br />
| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Lambertz Open by STAWAG|Aachen]]<br />
| Carpet (I)<br />
| {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Ruben Bemelmans]]<br />
| 7–6(5) 7–6(3)<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Runners-up (1)==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"<br />
|'''Legend (Singles)'''<br />
|- bgcolor="#e5d1cb"<br />
| Grand Slam (0)<br />
|- bgcolor="ffffcc"<br />
| Tennis Masters Cup (0)<br />
|- bgcolor="silver"<br />
| ATP Masters Series (0)<br />
|- bgcolor="#dfe2e9"<br />
| ATP Tour (1)<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- bgcolor="#efefef"<br />
|'''No.'''<br />
|'''Date'''<br />
|'''Tournament'''<br />
|'''Surface'''<br />
|'''Opponent in the final'''<br />
|'''Score'''<br />
|- bgcolor="#dfe2e9"<br />
| 1.<br />
| March 1, 2009<br />
| [[Delray Beach]], United States<br />
| Hard<br />
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Mardy Fish]]<br />
| 5-7, 3-6<br />
|- bgcolor="#silver"<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
http://www.atpworldtour.com/tennis/5/en/players/playerprofiles/highlights.asp?playernumber=K760<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{commonscat}}<br />
* {{ATP|id=K760}}<br />
* [http://evgenykorolev.net/ Official website]<br />
<br />
{{Lifetime|1988||Korolev, Evgeny}}<br />
<br />
<!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] --><br />
{{Persondata<br />
|NAME= Korolev, Evgeny<br />
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES= Королёв, Евгений (Russian) <br />
|SHORT DESCRIPTION= Tennis player<br />
|DATE OF BIRTH= 1988-2-14<br />
|PLACE OF BIRTH= [[Moscow]], [[Russia]]<br />
|DATE OF DEATH=<br />
|PLACE OF DEATH=<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Russian tennis players]]<br />
<br />
[[ar:يفجيني كوروليف]]<br />
[[cs:Jevgenij Koroljov]]<br />
[[da:Jevgenij Korolev]]<br />
[[es:Yevgeni Koroliov]]<br />
[[fr:Evgeny Korolev]]<br />
[[hu:Jevgenyij Jevgenyijevics Koroljov]]<br />
[[ja:エフゲニー・コロレフ]]<br />
[[pl:Jewgienij Korolow]]<br />
[[pt:Evgeny Korolev]]<br />
[[ru:Королёв, Евгений Евгеньевич]]<br />
[[sk:Jevgenij Jevgenievič Koroľov]]<br />
[[zh:葉甫根尼·科羅廖夫]]</div>Commander Shepardhttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jewgeni_Jewgenjewitsch_Koroljow&diff=69690685Jewgeni Jewgenjewitsch Koroljow2009-06-18T03:54:09Z<p>Commander Shepard: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox Tennis player<br />
|playername= Evgeny Korolev<br />
|image= [[File:Korolev 2009 Delray 1.jpg|200px]]<br />
|country= {{RUS}}<br />
|nickname= ''Zhenya''<br />''The Russian Confined Machine''<br />''Power Merchant''<br />''The Evegnster''<br />
|residence= [[Moscow]], Russia<br />
|datebirth= {{birth date and age|1988|2|14}}<br />
|placebirth= Moscow, Russia<br />
|height= {{height|m=1.85}}<br />
|weight= {{convert|82|kg|lb|abbr=on}}<br />
|turnedpro= 2005<br />
|plays= Right-handed; two-handed backhand<br />
|careerprizemoney= $804,621<br />
|singlesrecord= 50–54<br />
|singlestitles= 0<br />
|highestsinglesranking= No. 63 (April 16, 2007)<br />
|AustralianOpenresult= 2R (2008, 2009)<br />
|FrenchOpenresult= 2R (2007)<br />
|Wimbledonresult= 1R (2007, 2008)<br />
|USOpenresult= 2R (2008)<br />
|doublesrecord= 1–10<br />
|doublestitles= 0<br />
|highestdoublesranking=No. 261 (November 6, 2006)<br />
|grandslamsdoublesresults= yes<br />
|AustralianOpenDoublesresult = 1R (2007)<br />
|FrenchOpenDoublesresult = 1R (2009)<br />
|updated= April 13, 2009<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Evgeny Korolev''' (also '''Yevgeny Korolyov''') ({{lang-ru|'''Евгений Королёв'''}}) is a Russian tennis player and the cousin of retired Russian player [[Anna Kournikova]].<ref>[http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20090301/sp_afp/tennisatpusa;_ylt=Al9fggMrwui7OHhYSXSqwPALMxIF Kournikova's Cousin Korolev to Face Fish in Final] Yahoo Sports, March 1, 2009</ref> He began playing tennis at age four with his father and picked up his first ATP points at age 15 in three German Challengers. He can speak Russian, German, English and Spanish.<br />
<br />
==Playing style==<br />
Evgeny Korolev is an offensive baseliner with knock out power off both wings. Korolev has a very solid and compact backhand that can generate clean winners from anywhere on the court and also his best shot when defending and getting himself back into rallies, however his forehand although the more erratic and unreliable wing can generate unbelievable power, despite the power of the backhand Korolev has a more pacy forehand however makes a lot of errors off that wing. Korolev also gets minor criticisms for being one dimensional however has amazing drop shots and drive volleys off both the forehand and backhand sides, his overheads are also reliable and he possesses a bomb of a first serve, the second serve can also be a weakness based on the fact that he tends to rush. However, overall, Evgeny looks to hit players off the court with his immense ground strokes and extremely powerful shot making.<br />
<br />
==Nicknames and biggest scalps==<br />
This russian sensation has many nicknames with Zhenya being the most popular one, however many of his fellow players call him "The Evgenster" based on his robotic strokes and mature personality, he is also known to be referred to as the "The Russian Confined Machine" and also "The Power Merchant", Korolev has also beat the best of the best earning him a reoputation for being well known around the world as a destructive tennis player with long term possibilities of winning multiple grand slams along with terrorsing the history books, his big time wins have come against opposition such as Nikolay Davydenko, Fernando Gonzalez, James Blake and Carlos Moya along with many more on an endless resume of quite stupendous results, Korolev is also said to be unstoppable when at his best given his demolition of the ball and the ability to clean the line with ruthless and easy power, fellow proffesionals, David Nalbandian, Andy Murray, Marat Safin, Mardy Fish and also commentators Mark Petchety and Frew McMillan have all illuded to the fact that Korolev can beat anybody when in the Evgeny zone tribal mood, lets be assured that this magical russian is going nowhere any time soon.<br />
<br />
==Personal==<br />
Evgeny was raised in Moscow, and began playing tennis at age four with his father, Evgeny, who still coaches him and used to play hockey. Evgeny also never played the junior circuit and picked up his first ATP points at age 15 in three German Challengers which was a method used by fellow professionals Nicolas Almagro and David Ferrer. Mother, Irina, is a housewife and sometimes travels to tournaments as well. He also has one older brother, Alexey, who is his physio therapist and helps with his business matters and considers him his best friend and "buddy" (works in Moscow). Evgeny also had a private tutor that helped him speak Russian, German and English due to the wealth of the Korolev name however firstly started learning English. Evgeny says that his Favorite players growing up were Pete Sampras, Andre Agassi and Stefan Edberg and admired Sampras the most due to his professionalism and dedication to the sport. His hobbies include hockey and enjoys playing or skating anytime he has a chance, Evgeny also enjoys working on his fitness and goes to the gym at least 10 times a week, however Evgeny does not like Night clubs and says that he would much rather work out, although this is influenced by his dislike to alcahol and also cigarettes. He also likes hard rock and favorite groups are Metallica, Three Doors Down, Oasis, Creed and Green Day. Favorite surfaces are hard and clay courts and considers backhand his favorite shot however admits to generating more power off his forehand wing. Coached by father, Evgeny.<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Evgeny began playing the main tour in 2004 at the age of 16, Evgeny began playing Challengers and Futures in order to become physically stronger and took the respective circuits apart with a brutal run of wins. At the age of 16 Evgeny lapped up his first future towards the end of 2004 and compiled an extremely respectable win loss record at such as young age.<br />
<br />
In 2005 he continued where he left off by winning 3 futures and a challenger event. He started off the year with a final loss in a German futures event however beat fellow hopeful Andrey Golubev on the way. He however continued to progress and develop by later claiming his 2nd futures win in France, to which he disposed of home favorite Mathieu Moncourt in the final with ease. He later won another futures event in Austria before crushing his way through another F1 event within France for his 4th Futures success. At this stage it was becoming evident that the Big game of Korolev's was far too strong for the lower sectors of the game which influenced him to start playing more challenger events to which he did. Aachen challenger was then bulldozed for the second year running as Evgeny ran through [[Igor Kunitsyn]] and [[Dominik Meffert]] on his way to the title.<br />
<br />
2006 then began, and Evgeny wasted no time in putting the tennis world on notice, this occurred in Marseille where Evgeny claimed a win over fellow countryman and Current world number 5 [[Nikolay Davydenko]], he eventually went on to lose in the Quarter Finals to french veteran [[Sebastian Grosjean]]. This proved to be no fluke when Evgeny shortly after beat former World Number 1 and Grand Slam winner [[Carlos Moya]] before eliminating [[Andreas Seppi]] on his Grand Slam debut at Roland Garros before going out in a thriller to [[Gaston Gaudio]]. He then won another challenger, however lost in Aachen challenger after two previous triumphs, Evgeny lost to Sluiter in the final however before that match compiled a 14 match winning streak in that tournament which is a true reflection of his talent.<br />
<br />
Evgeny then went on to the Australian Open 2007 however lost a very tight match to [[Fernando Gonzalez]] who went on to be runner up, Evgeny also lost to [[Radek Stepanek]] and [[James Blake]] prior to the event which was an indication that only world class players were able to see the talented Russian off. He then continued to impress in the American swing with a semi final birth against [[Jurgen Melzer]], despite that semi final loss Evgeny claimed wins over James Blake and Sam Querrey along the way, and despite some controversy from Del Potro, Evgeny was the deserved winner of that group. Korolev then played his first master series event in Indian well to which he was eliminated by Novak Djokovic in straight sets, however described it has a learning curve after wins over Simon Gruel and close friend Dmitry Tursunov. He later lost in the US Open to talented Swiss Stanislas Wawrinka in a power stroke encounter that went the distance. Evgeny then once again claimed the Aachen challenger title by defeating Andreas Beck in the final to win the tournament for a third time. He then went on to St. Petersburg, a tournament he was very much looking forward to however faced his practice partner Andy Murray and went out in straight sets although gave a very good showing against the British number 1, It is understood that they have been very close friends ever since undergoing fitness sessions, practice hits and also spotted having meals together within a Russian Alkmo magazine in which Andy claimed the young Russian would be an immense talent.<br />
<br />
In 2008 Korolev also began quickly claiming victories over the likes of Paul Henri Mathieu and Fernando Gonzalez, Korolev reached the quarterfinals in his second event of the year in Sydney, losing to Frenchman [[Fabrice Santoro]]. During the second round of a tournament in Las Vegas, Korolev was leading 6–3 5–2 against number one seed [[Fernando González]] of Chile. He served for the match twice and was broken each time. He eventually prevailed in a second set tiebreak but needed 11 match points to win. He said that if he had lost that second set, he would have lost the match. Korolev reached his first semifinal of the year, losing to [[Nicolas Almagro]] in Valencia. Korolev then went to Rome and faced Robin Soderling first round in which the two battled in an heated encounter in which Soderling told Korolev to be quiet when the Swede argued with umpire Fergus Murphy over a line call before being rightly interrupted by Evgeny, however Korolev not only won that one but also beat Soderling again at the US Open later that year, Evgeny when asked about his clashes with the fiery Swede insisted that they were not friends and that he did not like Soderling, his evident frustration continued when asked why the problem based on Soderling's charming personality to the media to which Koroelv stated "You know, it's easy to take to somebody when the only time they are being a gentleman is on the cameras, but you're not in the locker room, lets just say he is very two faced". After losing in the first round in Munich and [[French Open|Roland Garros]], Korolev reached his third quarterfinal of the year, losing to number one Russian [[Nikolay Davydenko]]. At the [[US Open]], Evgeny beat Swiss [[Robin Soderling]] before losing to [[Gael Monfils]] in the second round. After undergoing another hernia surgery, Evgeny made a comeback on the Challenger Circuit in the fall. His biggest successes were a title win in [[Aachen]], Germany and a semifinal showing in [[Dusseldorf]].<br />
<br />
At the 2009 Australian Open, Korolev made his way through qualifying and upset former world number 1, Carlos Moya, in the first round. He lost to [[Roger Federer]] in round 2 in straight sets. At the end of February, Korolev reached his first ATP World Tour final at the Delray Beach tournament in the United States. Again starting in qualifying, he won 7 straight matches (including wins over world number 38, Igor Kunitsyn, and Guillermo Garcia Lopez) before eventually falling in the final to top seed, Mardy Fish, 7-5, 6-3. The fine week in Delray Beach pushed Korolev back into the ATP Tour's top 100 players, at number 79. After early losses in [[Masters 1000]] events in [[Indian Wells]] and [[Miami]] including a loss in the [[Sunrise, Florida]] Challenger, Evgeny moved on to [[Houston]], his first clay tournament of the year and the fist in the US. It was a success as he reached his second semifinal of the year, losing to former world #1 and eventual champion [[Lleyton Hewitt]]. That result brought him to the #72 world ranking. Evgeny has since however struggled to build on that great run with Masters 1000 defeats to Juan Monaco and Eduardo Schwank when aiming to qualify and was also put out of Munich is straight sets to talented french man Jeremy Chardy. However Korolev did manage to claim a victory in Dusseldorf with a solid routine win over Andreas Seppi building on their career battles to 2-0 in favour of the stunning Russian ball hitter, however went on to lose to both Troicki of Serbia and also Pocket dynamo Maximo Gonzalez of Argentina. Roland Garros on the other hand was not a fortunate event for Evgeny with Korolev having to pull out of a match with Gimeno Traver after his continuing ankle problem which forced him out of doubles the week prior to the event. His next scheduled event will be Queens Club to which his friend Andy Murray recommended him for a wildcard spot during his Malaria campaign with David Beckham, although the nice gesture has been unnecessary with Korolev's ranking solidifying his spot as a guaranteed entrant despite worries of his ankle possibly forcing him out of tennis up until November depending on a scan.<br />
<br />
Evgeny is also working on a new website to which he will be using the same web design and functions as the World number 3 and 4, he also in insists that after shutting his old website off previously he has still got all of the content and will communicate to his fans over a new device called twitter after the recommendation from some of his fellow professionals.<br />
<br />
==Singles Titles (8)==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"<br />
|'''Legend (Singles)'''<br />
|- bgcolor="#e5d1cb"<br />
| Grand Slam (0)<br />
|- bgcolor="ffffcc"<br />
| Tennis Masters Cup (0)<br />
|- bgcolor="silver"<br />
| ATP Masters Series (0)<br />
|- bgcolor="#dfe2e9"<br />
| ATP Tour (0)<br />
|- bgcolor="moccasin"<br />
| Challengers (4)<br />
|- bgcolor="CFFCFF"<br />
| Futures (4)<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- bgcolor="#efefef"<br />
|'''No.'''<br />
|'''Date'''<br />
|'''Tournament'''<br />
|'''Surface'''<br />
|'''Opponent in the final'''<br />
|'''Score'''<br />
|- bgcolor="CFFCFF"<br />
| 1.<br />
| Sep. 13, 2004<br />
| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Friedberg]]<br />
| Clay<br />
| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Marius Zay]]<br />
| 6–2 6–2<br />
|- bgcolor="CFFCFF"<br />
| 2.<br />
| Apr. 4, 2005<br />
| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Angers]]<br />
| Clay (I)<br />
| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Mathieu Montcourt]]<br />
| 5–7 6–3 7–6(3)<br />
|- bgcolor="CFFCFF"<br />
| 3.<br />
| Jul. 18, 2005<br />
| {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Kramsach]]<br />
| Clay<br />
| {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Armin Sandbichler]]<br />
| 7–6(1) 6–0<br />
|- bgcolor="CFFCFF"<br />
| 4.<br />
| Sep. 12, 2005<br />
| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Mulhouse]]<br />
| Hard<br />
| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Philipp Hammer]]<br />
| 6–4 6–3<br />
|- bgcolor="moccasin"<br />
| 5.<br />
| Oct. 31, 2005<br />
| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Lambertz Open by STAWAG|Aachen]]<br />
| Carpet (I)<br />
| {{flagicon|NED}} [[Raemon Sluiter]]<br />
| 6–3 7–6(7)<br />
|- bgcolor="moccasin"<br />
| 6.<br />
| Sep. 4, 2006<br />
| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Düsseldorf]]<br />
| Clay<br />
| {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Andreas Vinciguerra]]<br />
| 7–6(4) 6–3<br />
|- bgcolor="moccasin"<br />
| 7.<br />
| Oct. 29, 2007<br />
| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Lambertz Open by STAWAG|Aachen]]<br />
| Carpet (I)<br />
| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Andreas Beck (tennis)|Andreas Beck]]<br />
| 6–4 6–4<br />
|- bgcolor="moccasin"<br />
| 8.<br />
| Oct. 27, 2008<br />
| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Lambertz Open by STAWAG|Aachen]]<br />
| Carpet (I)<br />
| {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Ruben Bemelmans]]<br />
| 7–6(5) 7–6(3)<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Runners-up (1)==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"<br />
|'''Legend (Singles)'''<br />
|- bgcolor="#e5d1cb"<br />
| Grand Slam (0)<br />
|- bgcolor="ffffcc"<br />
| Tennis Masters Cup (0)<br />
|- bgcolor="silver"<br />
| ATP Masters Series (0)<br />
|- bgcolor="#dfe2e9"<br />
| ATP Tour (1)<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- bgcolor="#efefef"<br />
|'''No.'''<br />
|'''Date'''<br />
|'''Tournament'''<br />
|'''Surface'''<br />
|'''Opponent in the final'''<br />
|'''Score'''<br />
|- bgcolor="#dfe2e9"<br />
| 1.<br />
| March 1, 2009<br />
| [[Delray Beach]], United States<br />
| Hard<br />
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Mardy Fish]]<br />
| 5-7, 3-6<br />
|- bgcolor="#silver"<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
http://www.atpworldtour.com/tennis/5/en/players/playerprofiles/highlights.asp?playernumber=K760<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{commonscat}}<br />
* {{ATP|id=K760}}<br />
* [http://evgenykorolev.net/ Official website]<br />
<br />
{{Lifetime|1988||Korolev, Evgeny}}<br />
<br />
<!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] --><br />
{{Persondata<br />
|NAME= Korolev, Evgeny<br />
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES= Королёв, Евгений (Russian) <br />
|SHORT DESCRIPTION= Tennis player<br />
|DATE OF BIRTH= 1988-2-14<br />
|PLACE OF BIRTH= [[Moscow]], [[Russia]]<br />
|DATE OF DEATH=<br />
|PLACE OF DEATH=<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Russian tennis players]]<br />
<br />
[[ar:يفجيني كوروليف]]<br />
[[cs:Jevgenij Koroljov]]<br />
[[da:Jevgenij Korolev]]<br />
[[es:Yevgeni Koroliov]]<br />
[[fr:Evgeny Korolev]]<br />
[[hu:Jevgenyij Jevgenyijevics Koroljov]]<br />
[[ja:エフゲニー・コロレフ]]<br />
[[pl:Jewgienij Korolow]]<br />
[[pt:Evgeny Korolev]]<br />
[[ru:Королёв, Евгений Евгеньевич]]<br />
[[sk:Jevgenij Jevgenievič Koroľov]]<br />
[[zh:葉甫根尼·科羅廖夫]]</div>Commander Shepardhttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jewgeni_Jewgenjewitsch_Koroljow&diff=69690684Jewgeni Jewgenjewitsch Koroljow2009-06-18T03:52:28Z<p>Commander Shepard: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox Tennis player<br />
|playername= Evgeny Korolev<br />
|image= [[File:Korolev 2009 Delray 1.jpg|200px]]<br />
|country= {{RUS}}<br />
|residence= [[Moscow]], Russia<br />
|datebirth= {{birth date and age|1988|2|14}}<br />
|placebirth= Moscow, Russia<br />
|height= {{height|m=1.85}}<br />
|weight= {{convert|82|kg|lb|abbr=on}}<br />
|turnedpro= 2005<br />
|plays= Right-handed; two-handed backhand<br />
|careerprizemoney= $804,621<br />
|singlesrecord= 50–54<br />
|singlestitles= 0 (8 In Challenger Events)<br />
|Nicknames= "Zhenya" , "The Russian Confined Machine", "Power Merchant" and "The Evegnster"<br />
|highestsinglesranking= No. 63 (April 16, 2007)<br />
|AustralianOpenresult= 2R (2008, 2009)<br />
|FrenchOpenresult= 2R (2007)<br />
|Wimbledonresult= 1R (2007, 2008)<br />
|USOpenresult= 2R (2008)<br />
|doublesrecord= 1–10<br />
|doublestitles= 0<br />
|highestdoublesranking=No. 261 (November 6, 2006)<br />
|grandslamsdoublesresults= yes<br />
|AustralianOpenDoublesresult = 1R (2007)<br />
|FrenchOpenDoublesresult = 1R (2009)<br />
|WimbledonDoublesresult = –<br />
|USOpenDoublesresult = –<br />
|updated= April 13, 2009<br />
}}<br />
'''Evgeny Korolev''' (also '''Yevgeny Korolyov''') ({{lang-ru|'''Евгений Королёв'''}}) is a Russian tennis player and the cousin of retired Russian player [[Anna Kournikova]]<ref>[http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20090301/sp_afp/tennisatpusa;_ylt=Al9fggMrwui7OHhYSXSqwPALMxIF Kournikova's Cousin Korolev to Face Fish in Final] Yahoo Sports, March 1, 2009</ref>. He began playing tennis at age four with his father and picked up his first ATP points at age 15 in three German Challengers. He can speak Russian, German, English and Spanish.<br />
<br />
==Playing style==<br />
Evgeny Korolev is an offensive baseliner with knock out power off both wings. Korolev has a very solid and compact backhand that can generate clean winners from anywhere on the court and also his best shot when defending and getting himself back into rallies, however his forehand although the more erratic and unreliable wing can generate unbelievable power, despite the power of the backhand Korolev has a more pacy forehand however makes a lot of errors off that wing. Korolev also gets minor criticisms for being one dimensional however has amazing drop shots and drive volleys off both the forehand and backhand sides, his overheads are also reliable and he possesses a bomb of a first serve, the second serve can also be a weakness based on the fact that he tends to rush. However, overall, Evgeny looks to hit players off the court with his immense ground strokes and extremely powerful shot making.<br />
<br />
==Nicknames and biggest scalps==<br />
This russian sensation has many nicknames with Zhenya being the most popular one, however many of his fellow players call him "The Evgenster" based on his robotic strokes and mature personality, he is also known to be referred to as the "The Russian Confined Machine" and also "The Power Merchant", Korolev has also beat the best of the best earning him a reoputation for being well known around the world as a destructive tennis player with long term possibilities of winning multiple grand slams along with terrorsing the history books, his big time wins have come against opposition such as Nikolay Davydenko, Fernando Gonzalez, James Blake and Carlos Moya along with many more on an endless resume of quite stupendous results, Korolev is also said to be unstoppable when at his best given his demolition of the ball and the ability to clean the line with ruthless and easy power, fellow proffesionals, David Nalbandian, Andy Murray, Marat Safin, Mardy Fish and also commentators Mark Petchety and Frew McMillan have all illuded to the fact that Korolev can beat anybody when in the Evgeny zone tribal mood, lets be assured that this magical russian is going nowhere any time soon.<br />
<br />
==Personal==<br />
Evgeny was raised in Moscow, and began playing tennis at age four with his father, Evgeny, who still coaches him and used to play hockey. Evgeny also never played the junior circuit and picked up his first ATP points at age 15 in three German Challengers which was a method used by fellow professionals Nicolas Almagro and David Ferrer. Mother, Irina, is a housewife and sometimes travels to tournaments as well. He also has one older brother, Alexey, who is his physio therapist and helps with his business matters and considers him his best friend and "buddy" (works in Moscow). Evgeny also had a private tutor that helped him speak Russian, German and English due to the wealth of the Korolev name however firstly started learning English. Evgeny says that his Favorite players growing up were Pete Sampras, Andre Agassi and Stefan Edberg and admired Sampras the most due to his professionalism and dedication to the sport. His hobbies include hockey and enjoys playing or skating anytime he has a chance, Evgeny also enjoys working on his fitness and goes to the gym at least 10 times a week, however Evgeny does not like Night clubs and says that he would much rather work out, although this is influenced by his dislike to alcahol and also cigarettes. He also likes hard rock and favorite groups are Metallica, Three Doors Down, Oasis, Creed and Green Day. Favorite surfaces are hard and clay courts and considers backhand his favorite shot however admits to generating more power off his forehand wing. Coached by father, Evgeny.<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Evgeny began playing the main tour in 2004 at the age of 16, Evgeny began playing Challengers and Futures in order to become physically stronger and took the respective circuits apart with a brutal run of wins. At the age of 16 Evgeny lapped up his first future towards the end of 2004 and compiled an extremely respectable win loss record at such as young age.<br />
<br />
In 2005 he continued where he left off by winning 3 futures and a challenger event. He started off the year with a final loss in a German futures event however beat fellow hopeful Andrey Golubev on the way. He however continued to progress and develop by later claiming his 2nd futures win in France, to which he disposed of home favorite Mathieu Moncourt in the final with ease. He later won another futures event in Austria before crushing his way through another F1 event within France for his 4th Futures success. At this stage it was becoming evident that the Big game of Korolev's was far too strong for the lower sectors of the game which influenced him to start playing more challenger events to which he did. Aachen challenger was then bulldozed for the second year running as Evgeny ran through [[Igor Kunitsyn]] and [[Dominik Meffert]] on his way to the title.<br />
<br />
2006 then began, and Evgeny wasted no time in putting the tennis world on notice, this occurred in Marseille where Evgeny claimed a win over fellow countryman and Current world number 5 [[Nikolay Davydenko]], he eventually went on to lose in the Quarter Finals to french veteran [[Sebastian Grosjean]]. This proved to be no fluke when Evgeny shortly after beat former World Number 1 and Grand Slam winner [[Carlos Moya]] before eliminating [[Andreas Seppi]] on his Grand Slam debut at Roland Garros before going out in a thriller to [[Gaston Gaudio]]. He then won another challenger, however lost in Aachen challenger after two previous triumphs, Evgeny lost to Sluiter in the final however before that match compiled a 14 match winning streak in that tournament which is a true reflection of his talent.<br />
<br />
Evgeny then went on to the Australian Open 2007 however lost a very tight match to [[Fernando Gonzalez]] who went on to be runner up, Evgeny also lost to [[Radek Stepanek]] and [[James Blake]] prior to the event which was an indication that only world class players were able to see the talented Russian off. He then continued to impress in the American swing with a semi final birth against [[Jurgen Melzer]], despite that semi final loss Evgeny claimed wins over James Blake and Sam Querrey along the way, and despite some controversy from Del Potro, Evgeny was the deserved winner of that group. Korolev then played his first master series event in Indian well to which he was eliminated by Novak Djokovic in straight sets, however described it has a learning curve after wins over Simon Gruel and close friend Dmitry Tursunov. He later lost in the US Open to talented Swiss Stanislas Wawrinka in a power stroke encounter that went the distance. Evgeny then once again claimed the Aachen challenger title by defeating Andreas Beck in the final to win the tournament for a third time. He then went on to St. Petersburg, a tournament he was very much looking forward to however faced his practice partner Andy Murray and went out in straight sets although gave a very good showing against the British number 1, It is understood that they have been very close friends ever since undergoing fitness sessions, practice hits and also spotted having meals together within a Russian Alkmo magazine in which Andy claimed the young Russian would be an immense talent.<br />
<br />
In 2008 Korolev also began quickly claiming victories over the likes of Paul Henri Mathieu and Fernando Gonzalez, Korolev reached the quarterfinals in his second event of the year in Sydney, losing to Frenchman [[Fabrice Santoro]]. During the second round of a tournament in Las Vegas, Korolev was leading 6–3 5–2 against number one seed [[Fernando González]] of Chile. He served for the match twice and was broken each time. He eventually prevailed in a second set tiebreak but needed 11 match points to win. He said that if he had lost that second set, he would have lost the match. Korolev reached his first semifinal of the year, losing to [[Nicolas Almagro]] in Valencia. Korolev then went to Rome and faced Robin Soderling first round in which the two battled in an heated encounter in which Soderling told Korolev to be quiet when the Swede argued with umpire Fergus Murphy over a line call before being rightly interrupted by Evgeny, however Korolev not only won that one but also beat Soderling again at the US Open later that year, Evgeny when asked about his clashes with the fiery Swede insisted that they were not friends and that he did not like Soderling, his evident frustration continued when asked why the problem based on Soderling's charming personality to the media to which Koroelv stated "You know, it's easy to take to somebody when the only time they are being a gentleman is on the cameras, but you're not in the locker room, lets just say he is very two faced". After losing in the first round in Munich and [[French Open|Roland Garros]], Korolev reached his third quarterfinal of the year, losing to number one Russian [[Nikolay Davydenko]]. At the [[US Open]], Evgeny beat Swiss [[Robin Soderling]] before losing to [[Gael Monfils]] in the second round. After undergoing another hernia surgery, Evgeny made a comeback on the Challenger Circuit in the fall. His biggest successes were a title win in [[Aachen]], Germany and a semifinal showing in [[Dusseldorf]].<br />
<br />
At the 2009 Australian Open, Korolev made his way through qualifying and upset former world number 1, Carlos Moya, in the first round. He lost to [[Roger Federer]] in round 2 in straight sets. At the end of February, Korolev reached his first ATP World Tour final at the Delray Beach tournament in the United States. Again starting in qualifying, he won 7 straight matches (including wins over world number 38, Igor Kunitsyn, and Guillermo Garcia Lopez) before eventually falling in the final to top seed, Mardy Fish, 7-5, 6-3. The fine week in Delray Beach pushed Korolev back into the ATP Tour's top 100 players, at number 79. After early losses in [[Masters 1000]] events in [[Indian Wells]] and [[Miami]] including a loss in the [[Sunrise, Florida]] Challenger, Evgeny moved on to [[Houston]], his first clay tournament of the year and the fist in the US. It was a success as he reached his second semifinal of the year, losing to former world #1 and eventual champion [[Lleyton Hewitt]]. That result brought him to the #72 world ranking. Evgeny has since however struggled to build on that great run with Masters 1000 defeats to Juan Monaco and Eduardo Schwank when aiming to qualify and was also put out of Munich is straight sets to talented french man Jeremy Chardy. However Korolev did manage to claim a victory in Dusseldorf with a solid routine win over Andreas Seppi building on their career battles to 2-0 in favour of the stunning Russian ball hitter, however went on to lose to both Troicki of Serbia and also Pocket dynamo Maximo Gonzalez of Argentina. Roland Garros on the other hand was not a fortunate event for Evgeny with Korolev having to pull out of a match with Gimeno Traver after his continuing ankle problem which forced him out of doubles the week prior to the event. His next scheduled event will be Queens Club to which his friend Andy Murray recommended him for a wildcard spot during his Malaria campaign with David Beckham, although the nice gesture has been unnecessary with Korolev's ranking solidifying his spot as a guaranteed entrant despite worries of his ankle possibly forcing him out of tennis up until November depending on a scan.<br />
<br />
Evgeny is also working on a new website to which he will be using the same web design and functions as the World number 3 and 4, he also in insists that after shutting his old website off previously he has still got all of the content and will communicate to his fans over a new device called twitter after the recommendation from some of his fellow professionals.<br />
<br />
==Singles Titles (8)==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"<br />
|'''Legend (Singles)'''<br />
|- bgcolor="#e5d1cb"<br />
| Grand Slam (0)<br />
|- bgcolor="ffffcc"<br />
| Tennis Masters Cup (0)<br />
|- bgcolor="silver"<br />
| ATP Masters Series (0)<br />
|- bgcolor="#dfe2e9"<br />
| ATP Tour (0)<br />
|- bgcolor="moccasin"<br />
| Challengers (4)<br />
|- bgcolor="CFFCFF"<br />
| Futures (4)<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- bgcolor="#efefef"<br />
|'''No.'''<br />
|'''Date'''<br />
|'''Tournament'''<br />
|'''Surface'''<br />
|'''Opponent in the final'''<br />
|'''Score'''<br />
|- bgcolor="CFFCFF"<br />
| 1.<br />
| Sep. 13, 2004<br />
| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Friedberg]]<br />
| Clay<br />
| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Marius Zay]]<br />
| 6–2 6–2<br />
|- bgcolor="CFFCFF"<br />
| 2.<br />
| Apr. 4, 2005<br />
| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Angers]]<br />
| Clay (I)<br />
| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Mathieu Montcourt]]<br />
| 5–7 6–3 7–6(3)<br />
|- bgcolor="CFFCFF"<br />
| 3.<br />
| Jul. 18, 2005<br />
| {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Kramsach]]<br />
| Clay<br />
| {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Armin Sandbichler]]<br />
| 7–6(1) 6–0<br />
|- bgcolor="CFFCFF"<br />
| 4.<br />
| Sep. 12, 2005<br />
| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Mulhouse]]<br />
| Hard<br />
| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Philipp Hammer]]<br />
| 6–4 6–3<br />
|- bgcolor="moccasin"<br />
| 5.<br />
| Oct. 31, 2005<br />
| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Lambertz Open by STAWAG|Aachen]]<br />
| Carpet (I)<br />
| {{flagicon|NED}} [[Raemon Sluiter]]<br />
| 6–3 7–6(7)<br />
|- bgcolor="moccasin"<br />
| 6.<br />
| Sep. 4, 2006<br />
| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Düsseldorf]]<br />
| Clay<br />
| {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Andreas Vinciguerra]]<br />
| 7–6(4) 6–3<br />
|- bgcolor="moccasin"<br />
| 7.<br />
| Oct. 29, 2007<br />
| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Lambertz Open by STAWAG|Aachen]]<br />
| Carpet (I)<br />
| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Andreas Beck (tennis)|Andreas Beck]]<br />
| 6–4 6–4<br />
|- bgcolor="moccasin"<br />
| 8.<br />
| Oct. 27, 2008<br />
| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Lambertz Open by STAWAG|Aachen]]<br />
| Carpet (I)<br />
| {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Ruben Bemelmans]]<br />
| 7–6(5) 7–6(3)<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Runners-up (1)==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"<br />
|'''Legend (Singles)'''<br />
|- bgcolor="#e5d1cb"<br />
| Grand Slam (0)<br />
|- bgcolor="ffffcc"<br />
| Tennis Masters Cup (0)<br />
|- bgcolor="silver"<br />
| ATP Masters Series (0)<br />
|- bgcolor="#dfe2e9"<br />
| ATP Tour (1)<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|- bgcolor="#efefef"<br />
|'''No.'''<br />
|'''Date'''<br />
|'''Tournament'''<br />
|'''Surface'''<br />
|'''Opponent in the final'''<br />
|'''Score'''<br />
|- bgcolor="#dfe2e9"<br />
| 1.<br />
| March 1, 2009<br />
| [[Delray Beach]], United States<br />
| Hard<br />
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Mardy Fish]]<br />
| 5-7, 3-6<br />
|- bgcolor="#silver"<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
http://www.atpworldtour.com/tennis/5/en/players/playerprofiles/highlights.asp?playernumber=K760<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{commonscat}}<br />
* {{ATP|id=K760}}<br />
* [http://evgenykorolev.net/ Official website]<br />
<br />
{{Lifetime|1988||Korolev, Evgeny}}<br />
<br />
<!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] --><br />
{{Persondata<br />
|NAME= Korolev, Evgeny<br />
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES= Королёв, Евгений (Russian) <br />
|SHORT DESCRIPTION= Tennis player<br />
|DATE OF BIRTH= 1988-2-14<br />
|PLACE OF BIRTH= [[Moscow]], [[Russia]]<br />
|DATE OF DEATH=<br />
|PLACE OF DEATH=<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Russian tennis players]]<br />
<br />
[[ar:يفجيني كوروليف]]<br />
[[cs:Jevgenij Koroljov]]<br />
[[da:Jevgenij Korolev]]<br />
[[es:Yevgeni Koroliov]]<br />
[[fr:Evgeny Korolev]]<br />
[[hu:Jevgenyij Jevgenyijevics Koroljov]]<br />
[[ja:エフゲニー・コロレフ]]<br />
[[pl:Jewgienij Korolow]]<br />
[[pt:Evgeny Korolev]]<br />
[[ru:Королёв, Евгений Евгеньевич]]<br />
[[sk:Jevgenij Jevgenievič Koroľov]]<br />
[[zh:葉甫根尼·科羅廖夫]]</div>Commander Shepardhttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aylar_Lie&diff=115586540Aylar Lie2009-05-17T20:27:00Z<p>Commander Shepard: /* Work */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Female adult bio|<br />
|photo=<!-- Image with unknown copyright status removed: [[Image:Aylar Lie.jpg|200px]] --><br />
|caption=|<br />
birth={{birth date and age|1984|02|12}}|<br />
death=|<br />
location= [[Tehran]], [[Iran]]|<br />
birthname=Sharareh Dianati|<br />
measurements= 91-60-80 cm (36D-24-32)|<br />
height = {{height|m=1.57}}|<br />
weight = {{convert|52|kg|lb st|abbr=on}}|<br />
eye color = Brown|<br />
hair color = Black|<br />
natural bust = |<br />
ethnicity = [[Iranian people|Iranian]]|<br />
alias = Diana Lie<br>Princess Diana<br>Aylar Dianati|<br />
homepage= http://www.aylar.no|<br />
iafd=Diana02|<br />
imdb=1536949|<br />
afdb=36836|<br />
}}<br />
'''Aylar Lie''' (born '''Sharareh Dianati''' on February 12, 1984) is a [[Norway|Norwegian]] [[model (person)|model]] of [[Iran|Iranian]] parentage that has gained [[celebrity]] status in [[Norway]] as a former [[Pornographic actor|pornographic actress]] and model. <br />
== Career ==<br />
=== Work ===<br />
Aylar (آیلار) arrived in Norway as a two-year-old and was raised by Norwegian foster parents.{{ref|childhood}} She is fluent in [[Persian language|Persian]] (Farsi), [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] and [[English language|English]].{{ref|aylarsite}}<br />
Aylar started out as a [[hardcore pornography|hardcore pornographic]] actress. She was starring in a few porn movies until she decided to take her chance as a model, and finish her porn-industry career. Aylar Lie competed at the [[Miss Norway]] pageant in 2004, but was disqualified from the contest when it was found she had starred in adult films. Candidates to the pageant must not have been pictured naked in any commercial production or publication. Her adult film career has made her the target of much criticism and even some death threats from her homeland.<ref>[http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/showbiz/bizarre/article714849.ece Basshunter babe Aylar Lie can't return to Iran because of death threats over her X-rated past and videos | The Sun |HomePage|Showbiz|Bizarre<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> In 2005, she participated in [[Big Brother (Sweden and Norway)|NordicBig Brother]]. She is a friend of Swedish glamour models [[Marie Plosjö]], [[Natacha Peyre]] and Elita Löfblad, who all also appeared in her ''Team Aylar'' and in Lie's documentary Aylar - Ett År I Rampelyset (''Aylar - A Year In The Limelight'').<br />
Her plans for 2006 included the promotion of her hand-picked team of models, called ''Team Aylar''. The members of Team Aylar originally included Elita Löfblad, Natacha Peyre, Marie Plosjö Charlotte Fredriksen, Linn Irene (Linni) Meister, Cathrine Aschim and Lisa Marie Winther.{{ref|teamaylar}}<br />
<br />
===Music career===<br />
In 2006, she released a single, a cover of [[Sabrina Salerno|Sabrina]]'s "Boys (Summertime Love)" hit from 1987.<br />
<br />
She also stars in the [[Basshunter]] video for the songs "[[Now You're Gone]]", "[[All I Ever Wanted (Basshunter song)|All I Ever Wanted]]","[[I Miss You (Basshunter song)|I Miss You]]" and "[[Angel in the Night]]". This bought her the nickname of 'Basshunter Girl'<br />
<br />
Aylar also appeared in the video for the 2007 summer hit single "First Time" created by [[Sunblock (band)|Sunblock]].<br />
<br />
She also features alongside [[Eritrea]]n-Norwegian singer Youssef from [[Madcon]] on the vocals and video on the song "Mamacita".<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
*{{note|robbie}} [http://pub.tv2.no/nettavisen/english/article315943.ece Nettavisen article on Robbie Williams response to Lie's allegations] (December 15, 2004; retrieved on November 24, 2005)<br />
*{{note|aylarsite}} http://www.aylar.no ; retrieved on April 07, 2006)<br />
*{{note|teamaylar}} http://pub.tv2.no/nettavisen/side2/kjendis/article462121.ece ; (September 25, 2005 retrieved on April 07, 2006)<br />
*{{note|miss_norway}} http://pub.tv2.no/nettavisen/english/article267959.ece ; (August 20, 2004 retrieved on April 07, 2006)<br />
*{{note|childhood}} http://pub.tv2.no/nettavisen/english/article267959.ece ; (August 21, 2004 retrieved on April 07, 2006)<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lie, Aylar}}<br />
[[Category:1984 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Female pornographic film actors]]<br />
[[Category:Iranian female models]]<br />
[[Category:Norwegian pornographic film actors]]<br />
[[Category:Iranian porn stars]]<br />
[[Category:People from Tehran]]<br />
[[Category:People from Asker]]<br />
[[Category:Iranian immigrants to Norway]]<br />
<br />
[[es:Aylar Lie]]<br />
[[fa:آیلار دیانتی لی]]<br />
[[fr:Aylar Lie]]<br />
[[ia:Aylar Lie]]<br />
[[it:Aylar Lie]]<br />
[[no:Aylar Lie]]<br />
[[nn:Aylar Lie]]<br />
[[pl:Aylar Lie]]<br />
[[sv:Aylar Lie]]</div>Commander Shepardhttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neboj%C5%A1a_Novakovi%C4%87&diff=59990046Nebojša Novaković2009-05-12T21:24:57Z<p>Commander Shepard: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox Fußballspieler<br />
| kurzname = Nebojša Novaković<br />
| bild = <br />
| langname = Nebojša Novaković<br />
| geburtstag = [[29. Oktober]] [[1964]]<br />
| geburtsort = [[Sarajevo]]<br />
| geburtsland = [[Jugoslawien]], heute<br/>[[Bosnien und Herzegowina]]<br />
| jetztverein = [[AIK Solna|AIK]]<br />
| jugendjahre = {{0}}{{0}}{{0}}{{0}}–1984<br />
| jugendvereine = Bratstvo Vojkovići<br />
| jahre = 1984–1988<br />1988–1991<br />1991–1993<br />1993–1996<br />1997–2001<br />2002<br />
| vereine = [[Famos Sarajevo]]<br />[[Dinamo Vojkovići]]<br />[[Vasalunds IF]]<br />[[Djurgårdens IF ]]<br />[[AIK Solna|AIK]]<br />[[Väsby IK]]<br />
| spiele (tore) = {{0}}<br />{{0}}<br />{{0}}<br />{{0}}44 {{0}}(8)<br />104 (27)<br />{{0}}<br />
| nationaljahre = <br />
| nationalmannschaft = <br />
| länderspiele (tore) = <br />
| trainervereine = [[Väsby IK]] (Assistent)<br />[[AIK Solna|AIK]] (Assistent)<br />[[Sandefjord Fotball]] (Assistent)<br />
| trainerjahre = 2003<br />2004–2008<br />2009–<br />
| lgupdate = <br />
| nmupdate = <br />
|}}<br />
'''Nebojša Novaković''' (* [[29. Oktober]] [[1964]] in [[Sarajevo]], [[Jugoslawien]]) ist ein ehemaliger [[Bosnien und Herzegowina|bosnischer]] [[Fußball]]spieler. Derzeit arbeitet der ehemalige [[Stürmer (Fußball)|Stürmer]], der als Spieler mehrere nationale Titel mit dem schwedischen Klub [[AIK Solna|AIK]] gewann, als Assistenztrainer in [[Nordeuropa]].<br />
<br />
== Werdegang ==<br />
Novaković begann mit dem Fußballspielen bei ''Bratstvo Vojkovići''. Ab 1984 spielte er für [[Famos Sarajevo]] und [[Dinamo Vojkovići]] im jugoslawischen Profifußball. Um den aufkommenden [[Jugoslawienkriege]]n zu entfliehen, nahm er 1991 ein Angebot des schwedischen Klubs [[Vasalunds IF]] an, in der [[Superettan|zweiten schwedischen Liga]] zu spielen. <br />
<br />
1993 wechselte Novaković zu [[Djurgårdens IF]] (DIF) in die [[Fotbollsallsvenskan|Allsvenskan]]. Nach einigen Anlaufschwierigkeiten konnte sich der Stürmer beim Erstligisten etablieren. Nach drei Jahren für den Klub wechselte er im Frühjahr 1997 zum Lokalrivalen AIK. <br />
<br />
Bei seinem neuen Arbeitgeber erlebte Novaković seine erfolgreichste Zeit. Nach anfänglichen Anfeindungen durch die AIK-Anhänger, da er vom DIF gekommen war, sorgte er bereits in seinem ersten Pflichtspiel für den Klub aus Solna für Aufmerksamkeit. Am 6. März 1997 trat der Klub als amtierender Pokalsieger im [[Europapokal der Pokalsieger (Fußball)|Europapokal der Pokalsieger]] gegen den [[FC Barcelona]] in [[Camp Nou]] an und Novaković gab in der ersten Spielminute die Vorarbeit zum 1:0-Treffer durch [[Pascal Simpson]]. Allerdings konnte der katalanische Klub das Spiel mit 3:1 für sich entscheiden und nach einem für die schwedische Mannschaft beachtlichen 1:1-Unentschieden im Rückspiel scheiterte man am späteren Titelgewinner. <br />
<br />
Im Sommer 1997 war Novaković bei der Titelverteidigung des [[Svenska Cupen]] durch einen 2:1-Erfolg im Finale über [[IF Elfsborg]] beteiligt und auch in der [[Fotbollsallsvenskan 1997|Erstligaspielzeit 1997]] wusste er als vereinsinterner Torschützenkönig zu überzeugen. Die folgende Saison war noch erfolgreicher, da er mit dem Klub den zehnten Meistertitel der Vereinsgeschichte erreichte. Auch 1999 gelang ein Titelgewinn, als abermals der schwedische Pokal geholt wurde. In der [[UEFA Champions League 1999/2000|Champions-League-Spielzeit 1999/2000]] erreichte AIK die Hauptrunde und es kam zum Wiedersehen mit dem FC Barcelona. Am 14. September 1999 brachte Novaković seine Farben in der 72. Spielminute in Führung, jedoch gelang den Katalanen in den letzten fünf Minuten noch die Wende zu einem 2:1-Auswärtserfolg im [[Råsundastadion]]. Am Ende der Gruppenphase schied AIK als Tabellenletzter mit nur einem Punkt aus dem Wettbewerb aus. 2001 verließ er nach über 100 Erstligaspieloen den Klub und ließ in der Spielzeit 2002 beim unterklassigen [[Väsby IK]] ausklingen, wo er in der Spielzeit 2003 unter [[Rikard Norling]] als Assistenztrainer arbeitete.<br />
<br />
2004 kehrte Novaković zu AIK zurück und arbeitete im Trainerteam von [[Patrick Englund]]. Obwohl dieser nach misslungenem Klassenerhalt entlassen wurde, blieb Novaković beim Klub und wurde unter dem neu verpflichteten Norling Assistenztrainer. Als in der [[Fotbollsallsvenskan 2008|Erstligaspielzeit 2008]] abermals die Qualifikation für das internationale Geschäft verpasst wurde, entließ AIK das Trainerteam. Für die folgende Spielzeit ging er nach Norwegen, um dem langjährig in Schweden tätigen [[Patrick Walker]] bei [[Sandefjord Fotball]] in der [[Tippeligaen]] zu assistieren.<ref>[http://tb.no/article/20090110/SPORT/269319943/1011/NYHETER „Novakovic til Sandefjord“ – Nachricht bei tb.no] (abgerufen am 3. März 2009)</ref><br />
<br />
== Erfolge ==<br />
* Schwedischer Meister: 1998<br />
* Schwedischer Pokalsieger: 1997, 1999<br />
<br />
== Einzelnachweise ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
== Weblinks ==<br />
* [http://aik.se/fotboll/aikindex.html?/fotboll/historik/500aikare/nebonova.html „NEBOJSA NOVAKOVIC - DRÖMMÅLET MOT BARCELONA“ - Artikel über Novaković bei ''AIK'']<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Novakovic, Nebojsa}}<br />
[[Kategorie:Fußballspieler (Bosnien und Herzegowina)]]<br />
[[Kategorie:Fußballtrainer (Bosnien und Herzegowina)]]<br />
[[Kategorie:Geboren 1964]]<br />
[[Kategorie:Mann]]<br />
<br />
{{Personendaten<br />
|NAME=Novaković, Nebojša<br />
|ALTERNATIVNAMEN=<br />
|KURZBESCHREIBUNG=bosnischer Fußballspieler<br />
|GEBURTSDATUM=29. Oktober 1964<br />
|GEBURTSORT=[[Sarajevo]], Jugoslawien, heute Bosnien und Herzegowina<br />
|STERBEDATUM=<br />
|STERBEORT=<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[en:Nebojša Novaković]]<br />
[[sv:Nebojša Novaković]]</div>Commander Shepardhttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eli_Lilly&diff=139611069Eli Lilly2009-05-11T17:03:11Z<p>Commander Shepard: /* Philanthropy */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{otheruses|Eli Lilly (disambiguation)}}<br />
{{Infobox Person<br />
|name = Eli Lilly<br />
|image = Colonel eli lilly in 1885.JPG<br />
|image_size = <br />
|caption = Colonel Eli Lilly in 1885<br />
|birth_date = {{birth date|1838|7|8}}<br />
|birth_place = [[Baltimore, Maryland]]<br />
|death_date = {{death date and age|1898|6|6|1838|7|8}}<br />
|death_place = [[Indianapolis]], [[Indiana]]<br />
|death_cause = [[Cancer]]<br />
|resting_place = [[Crown Hill Cemetery]]<br>{{USCity|Indianapolis|Indiana}}<br />
|resting_place_coordinates = <br />
|nationality = American<br />
|known_for = [[Eli Lilly and Company|Eli Lilly & co.]]<br>[[Philanthropy]]<br />
|education = [[Pharmacology]]<br />
|alma_mater = [[Depauw University|Asbury College]]<br />
|employer = <br />
|occupation = [[Pharmaceutical]] [[Chemist]]<br />[[Soldier]]<br />[[Industrialist]]<br />
|years_active =<br />
|home_town = [[Indianapolis, Indiana]]<br />
|title = Colonel<br />
|boards = <br />
|religion = [[Methodist]]<br />
|spouse = Emily Lemen (1860–1866)<br>Maria Cynthia Sloan (1869–1898)<br />
|partner = <br />
|party = [[US Republican|Republican]]<br />
|children = [[Josiah K. Lilly, Sr.]]<br />
|parents = Esther & Gustavus Lilly<br />
|relations = [[Eli Lilly (industrialist)|Eli Lilly]] (Grandson)<br>[[Josiah K. Lilly, Jr.]] (Grandson)<br />
|signature = Colonel eli lilly signature.JPG<br />
|allegiance=[[United States of America|United States]]<br />[[Union (American Civil War)|Union]]<br />
|branch= [[United States Army]]<br>[[Union Army]]<br />
|serviceyears=1861–1864<br />
|rank= [[Colonel (United States)|Colonel]]<br />
|commands=[[18th Battery, Indiana Light Artillery]]<br />
|unit=<br />
|battles=[[American Civil War]]<br />
* [[Battle of Hoover's Gap]]<br />
* [[Second Battle of Chattanooga]]<br />
* [[Battle of Chickamauga]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Eli Lilly''' (July 8, 1838 – June 6, 1898) was an American [[soldier]], [[pharmaceutical]] [[chemist]], [[industrialist]], and founder of the eponymous [[Eli Lilly and Company]] pharmaceutical corporation. Lilly enlisted in the [[Union Army]] during the [[American Civil War]]; he recruited a company of men to serve with him in an artillery battery, was later promoted to [[colonel]], and was given command of a [[cavalry]] unit. He was captured near the end of the war and held as a [[prisoner-of-war]] until its conclusion. After the war, he attempted to run a [[plantation]] in [[Mississippi]], but failed and returned to his pharmacy profession after the death of his wife. Lilly remarried and worked in several pharmacies with partners before opening his own business in 1876 with plans to manufacture drugs and market them [[wholesale]] to pharmacies.<br />
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His company was successful and he soon became wealthy after making numerous advances in medicinal drug manufacturing. Two of the early advances he pioneered were creating gelatin capsules to hold medicine and fruit flavoring for liquid medicines. Eli Lilly & Company was the first pharmaceutical firm of its kind; it staffed a dedicated research department and put in place numerous quality-assurance measures. <br />
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Using his wealth, Lilly engaged in numerous [[philanthropy|philanthropic]] pursuits. He turned over the management of the company to his son in 1890 so that he himself could continue his engagement in charity and civic advancement as his primary focus. He helped found the organization that became the Indianapolis [[Chamber of Commerce]], was the primary patron of Indiana's branch of the [[Charity Organization Society]], and personally funded the creation of the city's children's hospital. He continued his active involvement with many organizations until his death from [[cancer]] in 1898.<br />
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Lilly was an advocate of federal regulation of the pharmaceutical industry, and many of his suggested reforms were enacted into law in 1906, resulting in the creation of the [[Food and Drug Administration]]. He was also among the pioneers of the concept of [[prescription drugs|prescriptions]], and helped form what became the common practice of giving addictive or dangerous medicines only to people who had first seen a physician. The company he founded has since grown into one of the largest and most influential pharmaceutical corporations in the world, and the largest corporation in [[Indiana]]. Using the wealth generated by the company, his son and grandsons created the [[Lilly Endowment]] to continue Lilly's legacy of philanthropy. The endowment remains one of the [[List of wealthiest charitable foundations|largest charitable benefactors]] in the world.<br />
<br />
==Early Life==<br />
===Family and background===<br />
Eli Lilly was born the son of Gustavus and Esther Lilly in [[Baltimore, Maryland]] on July 8, 1838. His family was of [[Sweden|Swedish]] descent and had moved to the [[low country]] of [[France]] before his great-grandparents immigrated to [[Maryland]] in 1789.<ref name = p58>Price, p. 58</ref> The Lilly family moved to [[Kentucky]], where Lilly first enrolled in public school. His family moved again in 1852 to [[Indiana]], where he apprenticed to become a [[printing press|printer]]. Lilly grew up in a Methodist household, and his family was [[prohibition]]ist and anti-slavery; their beliefs served as part of their motivation for moving to [[Indiana]].<ref name = p59> Price, p. 59</ref> He and his family were members of the [[US Democrat|Democratic party]] during his early life, but they became [[US Republican|Republicans]] during the years leading up to the Civil War.<ref name = p60/><br />
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Lilly became interested in chemicals at an early age. While on a trip visiting his aunt and uncle, he was taken to visit an [[apothecary]], where he first witnessed the creation of drugs.<ref>Hallett, p. 313</ref> In 1854, he served an apprenticeship to become a chemist and pharmacist under Henry Lawrence at the Good Samaritan Drug Store in [[Lafayette, Indiana|Lafayette]]. In addition to learning to mix chemicals, Lawrence taught Lilly how to manage funds and operate a business. His parents enrolled him <br />
in [[pharmacology]] studies at the Methodist-operated Asbury College (now [[Depauw University]]), and he graduated after two years.<ref name = m1>Madison, p. 1</ref> In 1859, he took a position at Perkin's and Coon's Pharmacy in [[Indianapolis]]. Lilly became acquainted with Emily Lemen, the daughter of a local merchant, and the couple married in 1860. The couple returned to [[Greencastle, Indiana|Greencastle]], where Lilly opened a his own drug store in 1861.<ref name = b911> Bodenhamer, p. 911</ref><ref name = h314>Hallett, p. 314</ref><br />
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===American Civil War===<br />
[[file:Eli_Lilly_Battery_American_Civil_War_recruitment_poster.png|thumb|right|Lilly's [[American Civil War|war]] recruitment poster]]<br />
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Lilly enlisted in the [[Union Army]] at the start of the [[American Civil War]], and his first child, [[Josiah K. Lilly Sr.|Josiah]], was born in 1861 while he was away. Lilly actively recruited among his classmates, friends, local merchants and farmers, asking them to join him in forming a unit. He had recruitment posters created and posted them around Indianapolis, promising to form the "crack battery of Indiana".<ref name = m1/> His unit, the [[18th Independent Battery Indiana Light Artillery|18th Battery, Indiana Light Artillery]], was known as the Lilly Battery and consisted of six ten-pound [[Parrott rifle|Parrott guns]] and 150 men. He mustered in at Indianapolis and spent a brief time drilling. His unit was assigned to the [[Lightning Brigade]] commanded by Colonel [[John T. Wilder]] in 1862 and Lilly was elected to serve as the commanding officer of his battery from August until the winter of 1863, when his three-year enlistment expired. His only prior military experience had been in a Lafayette [[Indiana Legion]] unit, and several of his artillerymen considered him too young and intemperate to command. Despite his initial inexperience, he became a competent artillery officer and his battery was instrumental in several important battles. He first saw action in the 1863 [[Battle of Hoover's Gap]], and he was later in the [[Second Battle of Chattanooga]] and the [[Battle of Chickamauga]].<ref name = b911/><br />
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When Lilly's term of enlistment ended, he reenlisted and was promoted to become a [[Major (United States)|major]] of [[cavalry]] and given command of the 9th Indiana Cavalry. During a mission in [[Alabama]] in the December 1864, he was captured by Major General [[Nathan B. Forrest]] and held in a [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] prisoner-of-war camp until the end of the war in the spring of 1865, when he was paroled and returned home.<ref name = p59/> He was granted the [[Brevet (military)|brevetted]] rank of colonel before being mustered out of the army.<ref name = m1/> In his later life he obtained a large atlas and marked the path of his movements in the war and the location of battles and skirmishes. He often used the atlas when telling war stories.<ref name = m2>Madison, p. 2</ref> His colonel's title stayed with him for the rest of his life, and his friends and family used it as a nickname for him. Lilly later served as chairman of the [[Grand Army of the Republic]] in 1893, a brotherhood of Civil War veterans. During his term he helped organize an event that brought tens of thousands of war veterans, including Lilly's battery, together in Indianapolis for a reunion and a large parade.<ref name = p60> Price, p. 60</ref><ref name = b911/><br />
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===Business ventures===<br />
After the war, Lilly attempted a new business venture and purchased a {{convert|1200|acre|ha|adj=on}} cotton plantation in [[Mississippi]].<ref>Loderhose, p. 103</ref> Shortly after moving to their new home, the entire family was stricken with mosquito-borne [[malaria]], a disease common in the region at that time. Although Lilly and his son recovered, his wife Emily died on August 20, 1866. She was eight months pregnant with the couple’s second child; their unborn son could not be saved and was stillborn. The death devastated Lilly; he wrote to his family, “I can hardly tell you how it glares at me&nbsp;...it’s a bitter, bitter truth&nbsp;... Emily is indeed dead.”<ref name = p59/> She was initially buried on the plantation, but later that year her body was disinterred and moved to Indiana to be reburied. Lilly’s return to Indiana following her death allowed the plantation to fall into disrepair and his crop to fail. His partner was unable to maintain the plantation because of a drought and then disappeared with the business's remaining money. Lilly was forced to file [[bankruptcy]] in 1868.<ref name = h314/> Josiah was sent to live with Lilly's parents in Greencastle while he worked to resolve the situation on the plantation.<ref name = m6>Madison, p. 6</ref> He remarried in 1869, this time to Maria Cynthia Sloan, and began working for Pattison, Moore & Talbott, a medicinal wholesale company. The business was purchased by H. Daly and Company during his employment there.<ref name = b911/><br />
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In 1869, Lilly left Indiana and, with a partner, opened a successful drug store, Binford and Lilly, in [[Paris, Illinois]]. He soon sent for his son.<ref name = m6/> The business was profitable and allowed Lilly to save money, but he was more interested in medicinal manufacturing than running a pharmacy. He formulated a plan to create a medicinal wholesale company of his own. In 1873, Lilly left the partnership and returned to Indianapolis, where he opened a drug store, Johnson and Lilly, with a new partner. Three years later, Lilly dissolved the partnership; his share of the assets amounted to several pieces of equipment, a few gallons of unmixed chemicals, and a small amount of money. He had previously approached a family friend, Augustus Keifer, to create a new partnership. Keifer and two associated drug stores agreed to purchase all their drugs from Lilly at a cost lower than they were currently paying.<ref name = h314/> On May 10, 1876, Lilly opened a laboratory to manufacture drugs. The sign for the business said “Eli Lilly, Chemist”.<ref name = p59/><ref name = b911/><ref name = m4>Madison, p. 4</ref><br />
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==Later life==<br />
===Eli Lilly & co.===<br />
{{main|Eli Lilly and Company}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Original Eli Lilly and Company laboratory in 1876.jpg|thumb|right|A photo of Lilly's first laboratory building. Lilly and son Josiah are on the right side of the doorway.]]<br />
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Lilly's manufacturing venture began with three employees, including his 14-year-old son Josiah, who had quit school to work with his father. The elder Lilly had $1,400 (${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|1400|1876|2009}}}} in 2009 [[chained dollars]]) in [[working capital]].<ref name = m6/> His first innovation was gelatin-coating for pills and capsules. Other early innovations included fruit flavoring for medicines and sugarcoated pills, making the medicines easier to take.<ref name = p59/> Following his experience with the low-quality medicines used in the Civil War, Lilly committed himself to producing only high-quality prescription drugs, in contrast to the common and often ineffective [[patent medicine]]s of the day. One of the first medicines he began to produce was [[quinine]], a drug used to treat malaria, <ref name = p57/> which became his best-selling medicine.<ref name = l104>Loderhose, p. 104</ref> His products gained a reputation for quality and became popular in the city. In his first year of business, sales reached $4,470 (${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|4470|1876|2009}}}} in 2009 chained dollars), and by 1879 they had grown to $48,000 (${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|48000|1879|2009}}}} in 2009 chained dollars). Sales expanded rapidly and he began to acquire customers outside of Indiana. Lilly hired his brother, James, as his first full-time salesman in 1878. James, and the subsequent sales team that developed, marketed the company's drugs nationally. Other family members were also employed by the growing company; Lilly's cousin Evan Lilly was hired as a bookkeeper and his grandsons, Eli and Josiah, were hired to run errands and perform other odd jobs. In 1881, he formally incorporated the company, naming it Eli Lilly and Company. By the late 1880s, he was one of the Indianapolis area's leading businessmen with over one hundred employees and $200,000 (${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|200000|1885|2009}}}} in 2009 chained dollars) in annual sales.<ref name = b911/><ref name = m4/><br />
[[File:1886 Eli Lilly and Company newspaper advertisement image.jpg|thumb|left|An 1886 drawing of Lilly's plant on McCarty Street.]]<br />
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To accommodate his growing business, Lilly acquired additional facilities for research and production. He purchased a complex of buildings on McCarty Street in south Indianapolis; other businesses followed, and the area began to develop into a major business section of the city. Believing that it would be an advantage for his son to gain a greater technical knowledge, Lilly sent Josiah to attend Philadelphia School of Pharmacy in 1880. Upon returning to the business in 1882, Josiah was named superintendent of the laboratory.<ref name = h314/><ref name = m6/> In 1890, Lilly turned over the management his business to Josiah, who ran the company for several decades.<ref name = b911/> The company flourished despite the tumultuous economic conditions in the 1890s.<ref name = p60/> In 1894, Lilly purchased a manufacturing plant to be used solely for creating capsules. Several technological advances were made by the company, and the capsule creation was automated. Over the next few years, they annually created tens of millions of capsules and pills.<ref>Podczeck, pp. 12–13</ref><br />
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Although there were many other small pharmaceutical companies in the United States, Eli Lilly and Company distinguished itself from the others by having a permanent research staff, inventing superior techniques for the mass production of medicinal drugs, and its strong focus on quality.<ref>Bodenhamer, p. 540</ref> At first, Lilly was the company’s only researcher, but as his business grew, he created a laboratory and employed a department dedicated to creating new drugs, hiring his first research scientist in 1886. The department's methods of research were based on Lilly’s. He insisted on quality assurance, and instituted mechanisms to ensure that the drugs being produced worked as advertised, had the correct combination of ingredients, and that only the correct dosages of medicines were contained in each pill. He was aware of the addictive and dangerous nature of some of his drugs, and pioneered the concept of giving such drugs only to people who had first seen a physician to determine if they needed the medicine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lilly.com/about/history/|title=Milestones in Medical Research|publisher=Eli Lilly & co|accessdate=2009-04-07}}</ref><ref name = m3>Madison, p. 3</ref><br />
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===Philanthropy===<br />
By the time of his partial retirement from his business, Lilly was a millionaire. He had been involved in civic affairs for several years and became increasingly [[philanthropy|philanthropic]], granting funds to charitable groups in the city.<ref name = m5>Madison, p. 5</ref> Working with a group of twenty-five other businessmen, he had begun sponsoring the [[Charity Organization Society]] in the late 1870s and soon became the primary patron of its Indiana chapter. The society was the forerunner of the [[United Way of America|United Way]] and worked to organize charitable groups under a central leadership. It allowed the many organizations to easily interact and better help people in need by coordinating their efforts and identifying areas with the greatest need.<ref name = p57> Price, p. 57</ref><br />
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[[File:Indianapolis-indiana-soldiers-sailors-monument.jpg|thumb|right|[[Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument (Indianapolis)|Indiana Soldiers and Sailors Monument]] in [[Indianapolis]]. The [[Colonel Eli Lilly Civil War Museum]] is inside it.]]<br />
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Lilly wished to encourage economic growth and general development in Indianapolis. He attempted to achieve those goals by supporting local commercial organizations financially and through his personal advocacy and promotion. He first became active in local civics in 1879. As a result of his proposal for a [[public water supply]] company to meet the needs of the city, the Indianapolis Water Company was created. In 1890, Lilly founded the Commercial Club and was elected as its first president.<ref name = m5/> The club was the primary vehicle for his city development goals and was a precursor to the Indianapolis [[Chamber of Commerce]].<ref name = p57/> The group was instrumental in making numerous advances for the city, including city-wide paved streets, elevated railways to allow vehicles and people to pass beneath them, and a city sewage system. The companies were created through private and public investments and operated at low-cost; in practice they belonged to customers of the company who slowly bought each company back from its initial investors. The model was later followed in most parts of the state to provide water and electricity. The group also helped fund the creation of parks, monuments, and memorials, and successfully attracted investment from other businessmen and organizations to expand the city's growing industries.<ref name = b912> Bodenhamer, p. 912</ref><br />
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After the [[Indiana Gas Boom|Gas Boom]] began to sweep the state in the 1880s, Lilly and his Commercial Club advocated the creation of a public corporation to pump the natural gas from the ground, pipe it to the city from the [[Trenton Gas Field]], and provide it at low cost to businesses and homes. The project led to the creation of the Consumer Gas Trust Company, which was named by Lilly.<ref name = p57/> The company provided low-cost heating fuel that made urban living much more desirable. The gas was further used to create electricity to run the city’s first public transportation venture, a streetcar system.<ref>Glass, p. 16</ref><br />
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During the [[Panic of 1893]], Lilly created a commission to help provide food and shelter to the poor people who were adversely affected. <ref name = m5/> His work with the commission led him to personally donate enough funds to create a children's hospital in Indianapolis to care for the many children of families who had no money to pay for routine medical care.<ref name = is>{{cite web|url=http://www2.indystar.com/library/factfiles/business/companies/lilly/lilly.html|title=Eli Lilly & co.|work=[[The Indianapolis Star]]|date=2001-01-01|accessdate=2009-04-08}}</ref><br />
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Lilly's friends often urged him to seek public office, and they attempted to nominate him to run for [[Governor of Indiana]] as a Republican in 1896, but he refused. He shunned public office and instead wanted to focus his attention on his philanthropic organizations. He did regularly endorse candidates, and made substantial donations to politicians who advanced his causes.<ref name = p60/> Lilly became friends with former Governor [[Oliver P. Morton]], who suggested that Lilly use his Commercial Club to advocate for the creation of a memorial to Indiana’s many veterans of the Civil War. Accepting the suggestion, Lilly began raising funds to build the [[Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument (Indianapolis)|Indiana Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument]]. Construction began in 1888, but the monument was not completed until 1901. The interior of the monument houses a civil war museum that was later named in honor of Lilly.<ref name = p59/><br />
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Lilly was an avid fisherman and built a family cottage on [[Lake Wawasee]] in 1887, where he had enjoyed regular vacations and recreation since 1880. In 1892, he built the Wawasee Inn on the lake. The site became a haven for the family, and his grandson later expanded the estate. He also owned a large home on Tennessee Street in Indianapolis, where he spent most of his time.<ref name = m5/> Lilly developed cancer in 1897 and died in his Indianapolis home on June 6, 1898. His [[bier]] was held on June 9 and attended by thousands before he was moved to his burial site, a large [[sepulcher]] in Indianapolis's [[Crown Hill Cemetery]].<ref name = b912/><br />
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==Legacy==<br />
[[File:Colonel Eli Lilly, Josiah Kirby Lilly Sr., Eli Lilly Jr..jpg|thumb|right|Colonel Eli Lilly (right) with son [[Josiah K. Lilly Sr.]] (left) and grandson [[Eli Lilly (industrialist)|Eli Lilly]] (center)]]<br />
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By 1898, Lilly's namesake company had a product line of 2,005 items and annual sales over $300,000 (${{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|300000|1898|2009}}}} in 2009 chained dollars).<ref name = b912/> Josiah Lilly inherited the company following his father's death,<ref name = m6/> and continued to build the company before passing it on to his own sons, [[Eli Lilly (industrialist) |Eli Lilly]] and [[Josiah K. Lilly Jr.]] Josiah and his two sons continued the philanthropy practiced by Lilly and later established the [[Lilly Endowment]] that in 1998 became the [[List of wealthiest charitable foundations|largest philanthropic endowment]] in the world in terms of assets and charitable giving; it has since been surpassed but still remains in the top ten.<ref name = l104/><ref name=us>{{cite web|accessdate=2009-04-10|url=http://foundationcenter.org/findfunders/topfunders/top100assets.html|title=Top 100 U.S. Foundations by Asset Size |publisher=Foundation Center }}</ref> The company played an important role in delivering medicine to the victims of the devastating [[1906 San Francisco Earthquake]].<ref name = is/> Lilly's company has since grown into one of the largest pharmaceutical companies in the world, and under Lilly’s grandson's leadership developed many new innovations, including the pioneering and development of [[insulin]] during the 1920s, the mass production of [[penicillin]] during the 1940s, and the promotion of advancements in the mass production of medicines. Innovation continued at the company after it was made a [[Public company|publicly-traded corporation]] in 1952, and it developed [[Humulin]], [[Merthiolate]], [[Prozac]], and many other medicines.<ref name = p60/><ref name = is/> According to [[Forbes]], Eli Lilly & Co. was the 229th largest company in the world and 152nd in the United States in 2007, with a worth of $17 billion ([[USD]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://finapps.forbes.com/finapps/jsp/finance/compinfo/CIAtAGlance.jsp?sedol=2516152| title=Eli Lilly & Company (NYSE: LLY) At A Glance| work=[[Forbes]]| accessdate=2009-04-08}}</ref> It is the largest corporation and the largest charitable benefactor in Indiana.<ref name = p58/><br />
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Lilly's greatest contributions were his standardized and methodical creation of drugs, his dedication to research and development, and the actual value of the drugs he created. He pioneered the modern pharmaceutical industry, and many of his innovations later became standard practice. His ethical reforms, in a trade that was marked by ridiculous claims of miracle medicines, began a period of rapid advancement in the development of medicinal drugs.<ref>Madison, pp. 17&ndash;18, 21</ref> Lilly had advocated for federal regulation on medicines; His son continued the advocacy after his death and in 1906 Congress passed the [[Pure Food and Drug Act]], leading to the creation of the Federal [[Food and Drug Administration]].<ref>Madison, pp. 51, 112&ndash;115</ref><ref name = is/><br />
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The [[Colonel Eli Lilly Civil War Museum]], located below the Sailors' and Soldiers' Monument in Indianapolis, is named in Lilly's honor. It opened in October 1999 and features exhibits about [[Indiana in the American Civil War|Indiana during the war period]] and the war in general.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.in.gov/iwm/2335.htm|title=Colonel Eli Lilly Civil War Museum|publisher=Indiana Historical Bureau|accessdate=2009-04-08}}</ref><br />
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==See also==<br />
{{portal|American Civil War|Acw bs 7a.png}}<br />
{{portalpar|Indiana|Flag of Indiana.svg|50}}<br />
*[[Eli Lilly and Company|Eli Lilly & co.]]<br />
*[[History of Indiana]]<br />
*[[Indiana in the American Civil War]]<br />
*[[Lilly Endowment]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
*{{cite book|title=The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis|author=Bodenhamer, David J.|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=1994|isbn=0253312221}}<br />
*{{cite book|title=The Gas Boom of East Central Indiana|author= Glass, James A. & Kohrman, David|isbn=0738539635|year=2005|publisher=Arcadia Publishing}}<br />
*{{cite book|author=Hallett, Anthony & Dianne|title=Entrepreneur Magazine Encyclopedia of Entrepreneurs|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|year=1997|isbn=0471175366}}<br />
*{{cite book|title=Legendary Hoosiers: Famous Folks from the State of Indiana|author=Loderhose, Gary|isbn=1578600979|publisher=Emmis Books|year=2001|http://books.google.com/books?id=ZZysyYgk5EoC}}<br />
*{{cite book|author=Madison, James H|title=Eli Lilly: A Life, 1885-1977|isbn=0871950472|year=1989|publisher=[[Indiana Historical Society]]}}<br />
*{{cite book|title=Pharmaceutical capsules|author=Podczeck, Fridrun & Jones, Brian E|publisher=Pharmaceutical Press|year=2004|isbn=0853695687}}<br />
*{{cite book|title=Indiana Legends|author=Price, Nelson|publisher=Emmis Books|year=1997|isbn=1578600065}}<br />
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==External links==<br />
*{{findagrave|1903}} Retrieved on 2008-09-28<br />
*{{cite web|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20040815040557/http://www.ccs.k12.in.us/mte/mt/HoosierWeb/HoosiersI-Q/page6.html|title= On-line biography|accessdate=2009-04-14}}<br />
*{{cite web|url=http://www.lilly.com/|title= Eli Lilly & co. website|accessdate=2009-04-14}}<br />
*{{cite web|url=http://learningtogive.org/papers/paper153.html|author=Ivcevich, Kelly A|title=Lilly Endowment|publisher=[[The LEAGUE (nonprofit)|Community League]]|accessdate=2009-04-10}}<br />
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{{Indiana history}}<br />
<br />
{{Persondata<br />
|NAME= Lilly, Colonel Eli<br />
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=<br />
|SHORT DESCRIPTION= [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] [[Union Army|Army]] officer, businessman, philanthropist<br />
|DATE OF BIRTH= July 8, 1838<br />
|PLACE OF BIRTH= [[Baltimore, Maryland]]<br />
|DATE OF DEATH= June 6, 1898<br />
|PLACE OF DEATH= [[Indiana]]<br />
}}<br />
{{Lifetime|1838|1898|Lilly, Colonel Eli}}<br />
{{featured article}}<br />
[[Category:American planters]]<br />
[[Category:American Methodists]]<br />
[[Category:American scientists]]<br />
[[Category:People from Indianapolis, Indiana]]<br />
[[Category:People from Kentucky]]<br />
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[[Category:People of Indiana in the American Civil War]]<br />
[[Category:Union Army officers]]<br />
[[Category:United States Army officers]]<br />
[[Category:Eli Lilly and Company]]<br />
[[Category:Burials at Crown Hill Cemetery, Indianapolis]]<br />
[[Category:Cancer deaths in Indiana]]<br />
[[Category:Indiana Republicans]]<br />
[[Category:Indiana philanthropists]]<br />
[[Category:Presidents of Eli Lilly and Company]]<br />
[[Category:Swedish-Americans]]<br />
[[Category:Indiana businesspeople]]<br />
<br />
[[fr:Colonel Eli Lilly]]</div>Commander Shepardhttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Da_Vinci_Code_%E2%80%93_Sakrileg_(Computerspiel)&diff=119010823The Da Vinci Code – Sakrileg (Computerspiel)2009-04-21T16:22:49Z<p>Commander Shepard: /* Critical reception */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{dablink|For other uses, see [[The Da Vinci Code (disambiguation)]].}}<br />
{{Infobox VG<br />
| title = The Da Vinci Code<br />
| image = [[Image:The Da Vinci Code.jpg]]<br />
| developer = [[The Collective, Inc.]]<br />
| publisher = [[2K Games]]<br />
| designer = [[David Fried]]<br />Jeremy Lee<small>([[Game producer|Producer]])<br />
| composer = [[Winifred Phillips]], music produced by [[Winnie Waldron]]<br />
| engine =<br />
| released = {{vgrelease|EU=[[May 16]] [[2007]]<ref>[http://uk.playstation.com/games-media/games/detail/item36832/The-Da-Vinci-Code/ PlayStation Games & Media - The Da Vinci Code<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>|NA=[[May 19]], [[2006]]}}<br />
| genre = [[Action game|Action]], [[Adventure game|Adventure]]<br />
| modes = [[Single player]]<br />
| ratings = {{vgratings|ESRB=T|PEGI=16+}}<br />
| platforms = [[PlayStation 2]], [[Xbox]], [[Microsoft Windows]], [[Mobile phone]]<br />
| media = [[Compact Disc|CD]], [[DVD]]<br />
}}<br />
'''''The Da Vinci Code''''' is a [[video game]] for [[PlayStation 2]], [[Xbox]] and [[Microsoft Windows]] based on the [[The Da Vinci Code|novel]] by [[Dan Brown]]. It is not associated with the [[The Da Vinci Code (film)|film]], and as such the characters have no resemblance to their movie counterparts. Some differences exist between the film and the game. For example, instead of "[[Opus Dei]]", the name of the sect is "Manus Dei" (hand of God).<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
''The Da Vinci Code'' game is a third-person [[action game|action]] and [[adventure game]]. Its story is based upon that of the book, rather than the film, and has several gameplay elements that appear in neither. The computer game version of the book was released on May 19, 2006, developed by [[The Collective, Inc.|The Collective]] and published by [[2K Games]], playable on [[Microsoft Windows]], [[PlayStation 2]] and [[Xbox]]. A preview of the game was also presented at the [[E3]] tradeshow in [[Los Angeles]] on May 10, 2006.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://ps2.ign.com/articles/701/701890p1.html| title=The Da Vinci Code Preview| first=Douglass C.| last=Perry| date=April 14, 2006| accessdate=2006-05-19}}</ref><br />
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The aim of the game, as with both book and film, is to locate the [[Holy Grail]]. To achieve this goal, the player must gather clues, solve puzzles, and successfully evade or defeat enemies.<br />
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According to lead artist David Robert Donatucci, development began in early 2005, and was released in May 2006.<br />
<br />
==Characters==<br />
*[[Robert Langdon]]: A professor at Harvard University, Robert Langdon teaches [[Symbology]]. When brought to Jacques Sauniere's dead body by the police, however, his job is put aside as he is thrown into a world of mystery and danger. It is usually from his point of view that the player goes through the game.<br />
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*[[Sophie Neveu]]: Sophie Neveu works for the French police in the cryptography department. Supposedly the granddaughter of Jacques Sauniere (although this is later proved to be untrue), she rushes to aid Robert Langdon in the quest to uncover the reason behind his brutal murder. She helps throughout the game by providing useful hints, and some sections of the game are played through her point of view.<br />
<br />
*[[Silas (The Da Vinci Code)|Silas]]: A murderer from a very young age, Silas was eventually caught by police and sent to prison. Once free, he was taken in by a priest of Manus Dei, Manuel Aringarosa. From here, he got his purpose in life and sets out to destroy the secret that the Priory have worked so hard to protect. He is one of the key enemies that the player must try to escape.<br />
<br />
*[[Bezu Fache]]: Bezu Fache is a French police officer who happened to find Jaques Sauniere's body in the grand art gallery, Louvre. He suspects that Robert Langdon is guilty for Jaques Sauinieres murder. He travels from France to London, trying to find Robert Langdon and Sophie Neveu.<br />
<br />
*[[Jacques Saunière]]: Jaques Sauniere was a seventy-three year old man who was a member of the [[Priory of Sion]]. He was murdered by Silas in the Grand Art Gallery, Louvre. His job was to protect Sophie Neveu as she was the end of Jesus's bloodline. In his last dying moments he started a long journey for Sophie Neveu and Robert Langdon to solve the [[DaVinci Code]].<br />
<br />
==Critical reception==<br />
The game was generally rather poorly received, criticized for poor implementation and [[Software bug|buggy]] gameplay, with [[BBC News]] referring to it as a "frustrating movie tie-in, with endless cut scenes and patchy gameplay. The vast majority of play involves aimlessly wandering around churches, art galleries and stately homes hoping to stumble across an object of interest." [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/5007998.stm] [[GameSpy]] called it a "bland and uninspiring attempt to cash in on a successful franchise", with poor presentation and a frustrating combat system. [http://xbox.gamespy.com/xbox/the-da-vinci-code/710344p2.html]<br />
However, critics did commend the games intuitive puzzles and strong storyline. The game's music was commended by Jeff Hall of the music review site ''ScreenSounds'' as "a fine piece of contemporary action scoring"<ref>[http://screensounds.blogspot.com/2006_06_01_archive.html "ScreenSounds: June 2006"] Screensounds.blogspot.com. Accessed [[March 21]], [[2008]].</ref>, while Jonathan Fildes of BBC News wrote, "The accompanying music lends a suitably ethereal atmosphere to proceedings."<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/5007998.stm "BBC NEWS"] News.bbc.co.uk. Accessed [[March 21]], [[2008]].</ref> and Juan Castro of IGN described the music as "moody, atmospheric and decidedly creepy. It's the right kind of music for slow-paced puzzle solving."<ref>[http://xbox.ign.com/articles/709/709818p2.html "IGN: The Da Vinci Code Review"] Xbox.ign.com. Accessed [[March 21]], [[2008]].</ref><br />
<br />
==Other game ports==<br />
A port of the game was also made for mobile phones.<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
<br />
The original musical soundtrack of [[The Da Vinci Code (video game)|The Da Vinci Code]] video game was composed by [[Winifred Phillips]].<ref>[http://www.mobygames.com/game/ps2/da-vinci-code/credits "Game Credits for The Da Vinci Code"] Mobygames.com. Accessed [[July 22]], [[2008]].</ref> The musical style for the game score was an amalgam of contemporary and classical instruments and techniques which were inspired by the Dan Brown novel. The music of The Da Vinci Code videogame has received positive reviews. In his review of the videogame, Juan Castro of IGN wrote: “(The music is) fitting – moody, atmospheric and decidedly creepy. It’s the right kind of music for slow-paced puzzle solving.”<ref>[http://xbox.ign.com/articles/709/709818p2.html "IGN: The Da Vinci Code Review"] IGN.com. Accessed [[July 22]], [[2008]].</ref><br />
<br />
{{tracklist<br />
| collapsed = yes<br />
| headline = <big>Track listing</big><br />
| title1 = The Louvre<br />
| length1 = 5:46<br />
| title2 = Bank of Zurich<br />
| length2 = 4:31<br />
| title3 = St. Sulpice Church<br />
| length3 = 4:50<br />
| title4 = Sauniere's Mansion<br />
| length4 = 4:09<br />
| title5 = Chateau Villette<br />
| length5 = 4:43<br />
| title6 = Biggin Hill Airport<br />
| length6 = 5:04<br />
| title7 = Temple Church<br />
| length7 = 5:47<br />
| title8 = Westminster Abbey<br />
| length8 = 4:36<br />
| title9 = Rosslyn Chapel<br />
| length9 = 5:39<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
*''[[The Da Vinci Code]]''<br />
*''[[The Da Vinci Code (film)]]''<br />
*''[[The Da Vinci Code WebQuests]]''<br />
*''[[The Da Vinci Game]]''<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
*[http://www.2kgames.com/davincicode/unlockthecode.html Official Website]<br />
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/5007998.stm Da Vinci Code game disappoints], May 23, 2006, BBC<br />
* ''''Cracking the Code'''', May 2006, ''PlayStation Extreme'' magazine<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.sonypictures.com/mobile/davinci_quest.html Da Vinci Code mobile phone game]<br />
*[http://www.gamefaqs.com/computer/doswin/data/932401.html The Da Vinci Code] on [[GameFAQs]]<br />
*[http://videogames.yahoo.com/predownload?eid=455576 The official Davinci Code (video game) trailer] on [[Yahoo! Movies]]<br />
*[http://faqs.ign.com/articles/709/709741p1.html Game walkthrough at ign.com]<br />
*{{moby game|id=/da-vinci-code |name= ''The Da Vinci Code''}}<br />
<br />
{{The Da Vinci Code}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Da Vinci Code, The}}<br />
[[Category:2006 video games]]<br />
[[Category:Action video games]]<br />
[[Category:Mobile phone games]]<br />
[[Category:PlayStation 2 games]]<br />
[[Category:Sony mobile games]]<br />
[[Category:The Da Vinci Code]]<br />
[[Category:Video games based on books]]<br />
[[Category:Windows games]]<br />
[[Category:Xbox games]]<br />
<br />
[[hr:Da Vinci Code (igra)]]<br />
[[nl:The Da Vinci Code (videospel)]]<br />
[[pl:Kod da Vinci (gra)]]<br />
[[sr:Da Vinci Code (video igra)]]</div>Commander Shepardhttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Da_Vinci_Code_%E2%80%93_Sakrileg_(Computerspiel)&diff=119010822The Da Vinci Code – Sakrileg (Computerspiel)2009-04-21T16:22:24Z<p>Commander Shepard: /* Critical reception */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{dablink|For other uses, see [[The Da Vinci Code (disambiguation)]].}}<br />
{{Infobox VG<br />
| title = The Da Vinci Code<br />
| image = [[Image:The Da Vinci Code.jpg]]<br />
| developer = [[The Collective, Inc.]]<br />
| publisher = [[2K Games]]<br />
| designer = [[David Fried]]<br />Jeremy Lee<small>([[Game producer|Producer]])<br />
| composer = [[Winifred Phillips]], music produced by [[Winnie Waldron]]<br />
| engine =<br />
| released = {{vgrelease|EU=[[May 16]] [[2007]]<ref>[http://uk.playstation.com/games-media/games/detail/item36832/The-Da-Vinci-Code/ PlayStation Games & Media - The Da Vinci Code<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>|NA=[[May 19]], [[2006]]}}<br />
| genre = [[Action game|Action]], [[Adventure game|Adventure]]<br />
| modes = [[Single player]]<br />
| ratings = {{vgratings|ESRB=T|PEGI=16+}}<br />
| platforms = [[PlayStation 2]], [[Xbox]], [[Microsoft Windows]], [[Mobile phone]]<br />
| media = [[Compact Disc|CD]], [[DVD]]<br />
}}<br />
'''''The Da Vinci Code''''' is a [[video game]] for [[PlayStation 2]], [[Xbox]] and [[Microsoft Windows]] based on the [[The Da Vinci Code|novel]] by [[Dan Brown]]. It is not associated with the [[The Da Vinci Code (film)|film]], and as such the characters have no resemblance to their movie counterparts. Some differences exist between the film and the game. For example, instead of "[[Opus Dei]]", the name of the sect is "Manus Dei" (hand of God).<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
''The Da Vinci Code'' game is a third-person [[action game|action]] and [[adventure game]]. Its story is based upon that of the book, rather than the film, and has several gameplay elements that appear in neither. The computer game version of the book was released on May 19, 2006, developed by [[The Collective, Inc.|The Collective]] and published by [[2K Games]], playable on [[Microsoft Windows]], [[PlayStation 2]] and [[Xbox]]. A preview of the game was also presented at the [[E3]] tradeshow in [[Los Angeles]] on May 10, 2006.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://ps2.ign.com/articles/701/701890p1.html| title=The Da Vinci Code Preview| first=Douglass C.| last=Perry| date=April 14, 2006| accessdate=2006-05-19}}</ref><br />
<br />
The aim of the game, as with both book and film, is to locate the [[Holy Grail]]. To achieve this goal, the player must gather clues, solve puzzles, and successfully evade or defeat enemies.<br />
<br />
According to lead artist David Robert Donatucci, development began in early 2005, and was released in May 2006.<br />
<br />
==Characters==<br />
*[[Robert Langdon]]: A professor at Harvard University, Robert Langdon teaches [[Symbology]]. When brought to Jacques Sauniere's dead body by the police, however, his job is put aside as he is thrown into a world of mystery and danger. It is usually from his point of view that the player goes through the game.<br />
<br />
*[[Sophie Neveu]]: Sophie Neveu works for the French police in the cryptography department. Supposedly the granddaughter of Jacques Sauniere (although this is later proved to be untrue), she rushes to aid Robert Langdon in the quest to uncover the reason behind his brutal murder. She helps throughout the game by providing useful hints, and some sections of the game are played through her point of view.<br />
<br />
*[[Silas (The Da Vinci Code)|Silas]]: A murderer from a very young age, Silas was eventually caught by police and sent to prison. Once free, he was taken in by a priest of Manus Dei, Manuel Aringarosa. From here, he got his purpose in life and sets out to destroy the secret that the Priory have worked so hard to protect. He is one of the key enemies that the player must try to escape.<br />
<br />
*[[Bezu Fache]]: Bezu Fache is a French police officer who happened to find Jaques Sauniere's body in the grand art gallery, Louvre. He suspects that Robert Langdon is guilty for Jaques Sauinieres murder. He travels from France to London, trying to find Robert Langdon and Sophie Neveu.<br />
<br />
*[[Jacques Saunière]]: Jaques Sauniere was a seventy-three year old man who was a member of the [[Priory of Sion]]. He was murdered by Silas in the Grand Art Gallery, Louvre. His job was to protect Sophie Neveu as she was the end of Jesus's bloodline. In his last dying moments he started a long journey for Sophie Neveu and Robert Langdon to solve the [[DaVinci Code]].<br />
<br />
==Critical reception==<br />
The game was generally rather poorly received, criticized for poor implementation and [[Software bug|buggy]] game play, with [[BBC News]] referring to it as a "frustrating movie tie-in, with endless cut scenes and patchy gameplay. The vast majority of play involves aimlessly wandering around churches, art galleries and stately homes hoping to stumble across an object of interest." [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/5007998.stm] [[GameSpy]] called it a "bland and uninspiring attempt to cash in on a successful franchise", with poor presentation and a frustrating combat system. [http://xbox.gamespy.com/xbox/the-da-vinci-code/710344p2.html]<br />
However, critics did commend the games intuitive puzzles and strong storyline. The game's music was commended by Jeff Hall of the music review site ''ScreenSounds'' as "a fine piece of contemporary action scoring"<ref>[http://screensounds.blogspot.com/2006_06_01_archive.html "ScreenSounds: June 2006"] Screensounds.blogspot.com. Accessed [[March 21]], [[2008]].</ref>, while Jonathan Fildes of BBC News wrote, "The accompanying music lends a suitably ethereal atmosphere to proceedings."<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/5007998.stm "BBC NEWS"] News.bbc.co.uk. Accessed [[March 21]], [[2008]].</ref> and Juan Castro of IGN described the music as "moody, atmospheric and decidedly creepy. It's the right kind of music for slow-paced puzzle solving."<ref>[http://xbox.ign.com/articles/709/709818p2.html "IGN: The Da Vinci Code Review"] Xbox.ign.com. Accessed [[March 21]], [[2008]].</ref><br />
<br />
==Other game ports==<br />
A port of the game was also made for mobile phones.<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
<br />
The original musical soundtrack of [[The Da Vinci Code (video game)|The Da Vinci Code]] video game was composed by [[Winifred Phillips]].<ref>[http://www.mobygames.com/game/ps2/da-vinci-code/credits "Game Credits for The Da Vinci Code"] Mobygames.com. Accessed [[July 22]], [[2008]].</ref> The musical style for the game score was an amalgam of contemporary and classical instruments and techniques which were inspired by the Dan Brown novel. The music of The Da Vinci Code videogame has received positive reviews. In his review of the videogame, Juan Castro of IGN wrote: “(The music is) fitting – moody, atmospheric and decidedly creepy. It’s the right kind of music for slow-paced puzzle solving.”<ref>[http://xbox.ign.com/articles/709/709818p2.html "IGN: The Da Vinci Code Review"] IGN.com. Accessed [[July 22]], [[2008]].</ref><br />
<br />
{{tracklist<br />
| collapsed = yes<br />
| headline = <big>Track listing</big><br />
| title1 = The Louvre<br />
| length1 = 5:46<br />
| title2 = Bank of Zurich<br />
| length2 = 4:31<br />
| title3 = St. Sulpice Church<br />
| length3 = 4:50<br />
| title4 = Sauniere's Mansion<br />
| length4 = 4:09<br />
| title5 = Chateau Villette<br />
| length5 = 4:43<br />
| title6 = Biggin Hill Airport<br />
| length6 = 5:04<br />
| title7 = Temple Church<br />
| length7 = 5:47<br />
| title8 = Westminster Abbey<br />
| length8 = 4:36<br />
| title9 = Rosslyn Chapel<br />
| length9 = 5:39<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
*''[[The Da Vinci Code]]''<br />
*''[[The Da Vinci Code (film)]]''<br />
*''[[The Da Vinci Code WebQuests]]''<br />
*''[[The Da Vinci Game]]''<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
*[http://www.2kgames.com/davincicode/unlockthecode.html Official Website]<br />
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/5007998.stm Da Vinci Code game disappoints], May 23, 2006, BBC<br />
* ''''Cracking the Code'''', May 2006, ''PlayStation Extreme'' magazine<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.sonypictures.com/mobile/davinci_quest.html Da Vinci Code mobile phone game]<br />
*[http://www.gamefaqs.com/computer/doswin/data/932401.html The Da Vinci Code] on [[GameFAQs]]<br />
*[http://videogames.yahoo.com/predownload?eid=455576 The official Davinci Code (video game) trailer] on [[Yahoo! Movies]]<br />
*[http://faqs.ign.com/articles/709/709741p1.html Game walkthrough at ign.com]<br />
*{{moby game|id=/da-vinci-code |name= ''The Da Vinci Code''}}<br />
<br />
{{The Da Vinci Code}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Da Vinci Code, The}}<br />
[[Category:2006 video games]]<br />
[[Category:Action video games]]<br />
[[Category:Mobile phone games]]<br />
[[Category:PlayStation 2 games]]<br />
[[Category:Sony mobile games]]<br />
[[Category:The Da Vinci Code]]<br />
[[Category:Video games based on books]]<br />
[[Category:Windows games]]<br />
[[Category:Xbox games]]<br />
<br />
[[hr:Da Vinci Code (igra)]]<br />
[[nl:The Da Vinci Code (videospel)]]<br />
[[pl:Kod da Vinci (gra)]]<br />
[[sr:Da Vinci Code (video igra)]]</div>Commander Shepardhttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Da_Vinci_Code_%E2%80%93_Sakrileg_(Computerspiel)&diff=119010821The Da Vinci Code – Sakrileg (Computerspiel)2009-04-21T16:21:40Z<p>Commander Shepard: /* See also */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{dablink|For other uses, see [[The Da Vinci Code (disambiguation)]].}}<br />
{{Infobox VG<br />
| title = The Da Vinci Code<br />
| image = [[Image:The Da Vinci Code.jpg]]<br />
| developer = [[The Collective, Inc.]]<br />
| publisher = [[2K Games]]<br />
| designer = [[David Fried]]<br />Jeremy Lee<small>([[Game producer|Producer]])<br />
| composer = [[Winifred Phillips]], music produced by [[Winnie Waldron]]<br />
| engine =<br />
| released = {{vgrelease|EU=[[May 16]] [[2007]]<ref>[http://uk.playstation.com/games-media/games/detail/item36832/The-Da-Vinci-Code/ PlayStation Games & Media - The Da Vinci Code<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>|NA=[[May 19]], [[2006]]}}<br />
| genre = [[Action game|Action]], [[Adventure game|Adventure]]<br />
| modes = [[Single player]]<br />
| ratings = {{vgratings|ESRB=T|PEGI=16+}}<br />
| platforms = [[PlayStation 2]], [[Xbox]], [[Microsoft Windows]], [[Mobile phone]]<br />
| media = [[Compact Disc|CD]], [[DVD]]<br />
}}<br />
'''''The Da Vinci Code''''' is a [[video game]] for [[PlayStation 2]], [[Xbox]] and [[Microsoft Windows]] based on the [[The Da Vinci Code|novel]] by [[Dan Brown]]. It is not associated with the [[The Da Vinci Code (film)|film]], and as such the characters have no resemblance to their movie counterparts. Some differences exist between the film and the game. For example, instead of "[[Opus Dei]]", the name of the sect is "Manus Dei" (hand of God).<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
''The Da Vinci Code'' game is a third-person [[action game|action]] and [[adventure game]]. Its story is based upon that of the book, rather than the film, and has several gameplay elements that appear in neither. The computer game version of the book was released on May 19, 2006, developed by [[The Collective, Inc.|The Collective]] and published by [[2K Games]], playable on [[Microsoft Windows]], [[PlayStation 2]] and [[Xbox]]. A preview of the game was also presented at the [[E3]] tradeshow in [[Los Angeles]] on May 10, 2006.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://ps2.ign.com/articles/701/701890p1.html| title=The Da Vinci Code Preview| first=Douglass C.| last=Perry| date=April 14, 2006| accessdate=2006-05-19}}</ref><br />
<br />
The aim of the game, as with both book and film, is to locate the [[Holy Grail]]. To achieve this goal, the player must gather clues, solve puzzles, and successfully evade or defeat enemies.<br />
<br />
According to lead artist David Robert Donatucci, development began in early 2005, and was released in May 2006.<br />
<br />
==Characters==<br />
*[[Robert Langdon]]: A professor at Harvard University, Robert Langdon teaches [[Symbology]]. When brought to Jacques Sauniere's dead body by the police, however, his job is put aside as he is thrown into a world of mystery and danger. It is usually from his point of view that the player goes through the game.<br />
<br />
*[[Sophie Neveu]]: Sophie Neveu works for the French police in the cryptography department. Supposedly the granddaughter of Jacques Sauniere (although this is later proved to be untrue), she rushes to aid Robert Langdon in the quest to uncover the reason behind his brutal murder. She helps throughout the game by providing useful hints, and some sections of the game are played through her point of view.<br />
<br />
*[[Silas (The Da Vinci Code)|Silas]]: A murderer from a very young age, Silas was eventually caught by police and sent to prison. Once free, he was taken in by a priest of Manus Dei, Manuel Aringarosa. From here, he got his purpose in life and sets out to destroy the secret that the Priory have worked so hard to protect. He is one of the key enemies that the player must try to escape.<br />
<br />
*[[Bezu Fache]]: Bezu Fache is a French police officer who happened to find Jaques Sauniere's body in the grand art gallery, Louvre. He suspects that Robert Langdon is guilty for Jaques Sauinieres murder. He travels from France to London, trying to find Robert Langdon and Sophie Neveu.<br />
<br />
*[[Jacques Saunière]]: Jaques Sauniere was a seventy-three year old man who was a member of the [[Priory of Sion]]. He was murdered by Silas in the Grand Art Gallery, Louvre. His job was to protect Sophie Neveu as she was the end of Jesus's bloodline. In his last dying moments he started a long journey for Sophie Neveu and Robert Langdon to solve the [[DaVinci Code]].<br />
<br />
==Critical reception==<br />
The game was generally rather poorly received, criticized for poor implementation and [[Software bug|buggy]] game play, with [[BBC News]] referring to it as a "frustrating movie tie-in, with endless cut scenes and patchy gameplay . . . The vast majority of play involves aimlessly wandering around churches, art galleries and stately homes hoping to stumble across an object of interest." [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/5007998.stm] [[GameSpy]] called it a "bland and uninspiring attempt to cash in on a successful franchise", with poor presentation and a frustrating combat system. [http://xbox.gamespy.com/xbox/the-da-vinci-code/710344p2.html]<br />
However, critics did commend the games intuitive puzzles and strong storyline. The game's music was commended by Jeff Hall of the music review site ''ScreenSounds'' as "a fine piece of contemporary action scoring"<ref>[http://screensounds.blogspot.com/2006_06_01_archive.html "ScreenSounds: June 2006"] Screensounds.blogspot.com. Accessed [[March 21]], [[2008]].</ref>, while Jonathan Fildes of BBC News wrote, "The accompanying music lends a suitably ethereal atmosphere to proceedings."<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/5007998.stm "BBC NEWS"] News.bbc.co.uk. Accessed [[March 21]], [[2008]].</ref> and Juan Castro of IGN described the music as "moody, atmospheric and decidedly creepy. It's the right kind of music for slow-paced puzzle solving."<ref>[http://xbox.ign.com/articles/709/709818p2.html "IGN: The Da Vinci Code Review"] Xbox.ign.com. Accessed [[March 21]], [[2008]].</ref><br />
<br />
==Other game ports==<br />
A port of the game was also made for mobile phones.<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
<br />
The original musical soundtrack of [[The Da Vinci Code (video game)|The Da Vinci Code]] video game was composed by [[Winifred Phillips]].<ref>[http://www.mobygames.com/game/ps2/da-vinci-code/credits "Game Credits for The Da Vinci Code"] Mobygames.com. Accessed [[July 22]], [[2008]].</ref> The musical style for the game score was an amalgam of contemporary and classical instruments and techniques which were inspired by the Dan Brown novel. The music of The Da Vinci Code videogame has received positive reviews. In his review of the videogame, Juan Castro of IGN wrote: “(The music is) fitting – moody, atmospheric and decidedly creepy. It’s the right kind of music for slow-paced puzzle solving.”<ref>[http://xbox.ign.com/articles/709/709818p2.html "IGN: The Da Vinci Code Review"] IGN.com. Accessed [[July 22]], [[2008]].</ref><br />
<br />
{{tracklist<br />
| collapsed = yes<br />
| headline = <big>Track listing</big><br />
| title1 = The Louvre<br />
| length1 = 5:46<br />
| title2 = Bank of Zurich<br />
| length2 = 4:31<br />
| title3 = St. Sulpice Church<br />
| length3 = 4:50<br />
| title4 = Sauniere's Mansion<br />
| length4 = 4:09<br />
| title5 = Chateau Villette<br />
| length5 = 4:43<br />
| title6 = Biggin Hill Airport<br />
| length6 = 5:04<br />
| title7 = Temple Church<br />
| length7 = 5:47<br />
| title8 = Westminster Abbey<br />
| length8 = 4:36<br />
| title9 = Rosslyn Chapel<br />
| length9 = 5:39<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
*''[[The Da Vinci Code]]''<br />
*''[[The Da Vinci Code (film)]]''<br />
*''[[The Da Vinci Code WebQuests]]''<br />
*''[[The Da Vinci Game]]''<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
*[http://www.2kgames.com/davincicode/unlockthecode.html Official Website]<br />
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/5007998.stm Da Vinci Code game disappoints], May 23, 2006, BBC<br />
* ''''Cracking the Code'''', May 2006, ''PlayStation Extreme'' magazine<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.sonypictures.com/mobile/davinci_quest.html Da Vinci Code mobile phone game]<br />
*[http://www.gamefaqs.com/computer/doswin/data/932401.html The Da Vinci Code] on [[GameFAQs]]<br />
*[http://videogames.yahoo.com/predownload?eid=455576 The official Davinci Code (video game) trailer] on [[Yahoo! Movies]]<br />
*[http://faqs.ign.com/articles/709/709741p1.html Game walkthrough at ign.com]<br />
*{{moby game|id=/da-vinci-code |name= ''The Da Vinci Code''}}<br />
<br />
{{The Da Vinci Code}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Da Vinci Code, The}}<br />
[[Category:2006 video games]]<br />
[[Category:Action video games]]<br />
[[Category:Mobile phone games]]<br />
[[Category:PlayStation 2 games]]<br />
[[Category:Sony mobile games]]<br />
[[Category:The Da Vinci Code]]<br />
[[Category:Video games based on books]]<br />
[[Category:Windows games]]<br />
[[Category:Xbox games]]<br />
<br />
[[hr:Da Vinci Code (igra)]]<br />
[[nl:The Da Vinci Code (videospel)]]<br />
[[pl:Kod da Vinci (gra)]]<br />
[[sr:Da Vinci Code (video igra)]]</div>Commander Shepardhttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Da_Vinci_Code_%E2%80%93_Sakrileg_(Computerspiel)&diff=119010820The Da Vinci Code – Sakrileg (Computerspiel)2009-04-21T16:21:21Z<p>Commander Shepard: /* Soundtrack */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{dablink|For other uses, see [[The Da Vinci Code (disambiguation)]].}}<br />
{{Infobox VG<br />
| title = The Da Vinci Code<br />
| image = [[Image:The Da Vinci Code.jpg]]<br />
| developer = [[The Collective, Inc.]]<br />
| publisher = [[2K Games]]<br />
| designer = [[David Fried]]<br />Jeremy Lee<small>([[Game producer|Producer]])<br />
| composer = [[Winifred Phillips]], music produced by [[Winnie Waldron]]<br />
| engine =<br />
| released = {{vgrelease|EU=[[May 16]] [[2007]]<ref>[http://uk.playstation.com/games-media/games/detail/item36832/The-Da-Vinci-Code/ PlayStation Games & Media - The Da Vinci Code<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>|NA=[[May 19]], [[2006]]}}<br />
| genre = [[Action game|Action]], [[Adventure game|Adventure]]<br />
| modes = [[Single player]]<br />
| ratings = {{vgratings|ESRB=T|PEGI=16+}}<br />
| platforms = [[PlayStation 2]], [[Xbox]], [[Microsoft Windows]], [[Mobile phone]]<br />
| media = [[Compact Disc|CD]], [[DVD]]<br />
}}<br />
'''''The Da Vinci Code''''' is a [[video game]] for [[PlayStation 2]], [[Xbox]] and [[Microsoft Windows]] based on the [[The Da Vinci Code|novel]] by [[Dan Brown]]. It is not associated with the [[The Da Vinci Code (film)|film]], and as such the characters have no resemblance to their movie counterparts. Some differences exist between the film and the game. For example, instead of "[[Opus Dei]]", the name of the sect is "Manus Dei" (hand of God).<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
''The Da Vinci Code'' game is a third-person [[action game|action]] and [[adventure game]]. Its story is based upon that of the book, rather than the film, and has several gameplay elements that appear in neither. The computer game version of the book was released on May 19, 2006, developed by [[The Collective, Inc.|The Collective]] and published by [[2K Games]], playable on [[Microsoft Windows]], [[PlayStation 2]] and [[Xbox]]. A preview of the game was also presented at the [[E3]] tradeshow in [[Los Angeles]] on May 10, 2006.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://ps2.ign.com/articles/701/701890p1.html| title=The Da Vinci Code Preview| first=Douglass C.| last=Perry| date=April 14, 2006| accessdate=2006-05-19}}</ref><br />
<br />
The aim of the game, as with both book and film, is to locate the [[Holy Grail]]. To achieve this goal, the player must gather clues, solve puzzles, and successfully evade or defeat enemies.<br />
<br />
According to lead artist David Robert Donatucci, development began in early 2005, and was released in May 2006.<br />
<br />
==Characters==<br />
*[[Robert Langdon]]: A professor at Harvard University, Robert Langdon teaches [[Symbology]]. When brought to Jacques Sauniere's dead body by the police, however, his job is put aside as he is thrown into a world of mystery and danger. It is usually from his point of view that the player goes through the game.<br />
<br />
*[[Sophie Neveu]]: Sophie Neveu works for the French police in the cryptography department. Supposedly the granddaughter of Jacques Sauniere (although this is later proved to be untrue), she rushes to aid Robert Langdon in the quest to uncover the reason behind his brutal murder. She helps throughout the game by providing useful hints, and some sections of the game are played through her point of view.<br />
<br />
*[[Silas (The Da Vinci Code)|Silas]]: A murderer from a very young age, Silas was eventually caught by police and sent to prison. Once free, he was taken in by a priest of Manus Dei, Manuel Aringarosa. From here, he got his purpose in life and sets out to destroy the secret that the Priory have worked so hard to protect. He is one of the key enemies that the player must try to escape.<br />
<br />
*[[Bezu Fache]]: Bezu Fache is a French police officer who happened to find Jaques Sauniere's body in the grand art gallery, Louvre. He suspects that Robert Langdon is guilty for Jaques Sauinieres murder. He travels from France to London, trying to find Robert Langdon and Sophie Neveu.<br />
<br />
*[[Jacques Saunière]]: Jaques Sauniere was a seventy-three year old man who was a member of the [[Priory of Sion]]. He was murdered by Silas in the Grand Art Gallery, Louvre. His job was to protect Sophie Neveu as she was the end of Jesus's bloodline. In his last dying moments he started a long journey for Sophie Neveu and Robert Langdon to solve the [[DaVinci Code]].<br />
<br />
==Critical reception==<br />
The game was generally rather poorly received, criticized for poor implementation and [[Software bug|buggy]] game play, with [[BBC News]] referring to it as a "frustrating movie tie-in, with endless cut scenes and patchy gameplay . . . The vast majority of play involves aimlessly wandering around churches, art galleries and stately homes hoping to stumble across an object of interest." [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/5007998.stm] [[GameSpy]] called it a "bland and uninspiring attempt to cash in on a successful franchise", with poor presentation and a frustrating combat system. [http://xbox.gamespy.com/xbox/the-da-vinci-code/710344p2.html]<br />
However, critics did commend the games intuitive puzzles and strong storyline. The game's music was commended by Jeff Hall of the music review site ''ScreenSounds'' as "a fine piece of contemporary action scoring"<ref>[http://screensounds.blogspot.com/2006_06_01_archive.html "ScreenSounds: June 2006"] Screensounds.blogspot.com. Accessed [[March 21]], [[2008]].</ref>, while Jonathan Fildes of BBC News wrote, "The accompanying music lends a suitably ethereal atmosphere to proceedings."<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/5007998.stm "BBC NEWS"] News.bbc.co.uk. Accessed [[March 21]], [[2008]].</ref> and Juan Castro of IGN described the music as "moody, atmospheric and decidedly creepy. It's the right kind of music for slow-paced puzzle solving."<ref>[http://xbox.ign.com/articles/709/709818p2.html "IGN: The Da Vinci Code Review"] Xbox.ign.com. Accessed [[March 21]], [[2008]].</ref><br />
<br />
==Other game ports==<br />
A port of the game was also made for mobile phones.<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
<br />
The original musical soundtrack of [[The Da Vinci Code (video game)|The Da Vinci Code]] video game was composed by [[Winifred Phillips]].<ref>[http://www.mobygames.com/game/ps2/da-vinci-code/credits "Game Credits for The Da Vinci Code"] Mobygames.com. Accessed [[July 22]], [[2008]].</ref> The musical style for the game score was an amalgam of contemporary and classical instruments and techniques which were inspired by the Dan Brown novel. The music of The Da Vinci Code videogame has received positive reviews. In his review of the videogame, Juan Castro of IGN wrote: “(The music is) fitting – moody, atmospheric and decidedly creepy. It’s the right kind of music for slow-paced puzzle solving.”<ref>[http://xbox.ign.com/articles/709/709818p2.html "IGN: The Da Vinci Code Review"] IGN.com. Accessed [[July 22]], [[2008]].</ref><br />
<br />
{{tracklist<br />
| collapsed = yes<br />
| headline = <big>Track listing</big><br />
| title1 = The Louvre<br />
| length1 = 5:46<br />
| title2 = Bank of Zurich<br />
| length2 = 4:31<br />
| title3 = St. Sulpice Church<br />
| length3 = 4:50<br />
| title4 = Sauniere's Mansion<br />
| length4 = 4:09<br />
| title5 = Chateau Villette<br />
| length5 = 4:43<br />
| title6 = Biggin Hill Airport<br />
| length6 = 5:04<br />
| title7 = Temple Church<br />
| length7 = 5:47<br />
| title8 = Westminster Abbey<br />
| length8 = 4:36<br />
| title9 = Rosslyn Chapel<br />
| length9 = 5:39<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
*[[The Da Vinci Code]]<br />
*[[The Da Vinci Code (film)]]<br />
*[[The Da Vinci Code WebQuests]]<br />
*[[The Da Vinci Game]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
*[http://www.2kgames.com/davincicode/unlockthecode.html Official Website]<br />
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/5007998.stm Da Vinci Code game disappoints], May 23, 2006, BBC<br />
* ''''Cracking the Code'''', May 2006, ''PlayStation Extreme'' magazine<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.sonypictures.com/mobile/davinci_quest.html Da Vinci Code mobile phone game]<br />
*[http://www.gamefaqs.com/computer/doswin/data/932401.html The Da Vinci Code] on [[GameFAQs]]<br />
*[http://videogames.yahoo.com/predownload?eid=455576 The official Davinci Code (video game) trailer] on [[Yahoo! Movies]]<br />
*[http://faqs.ign.com/articles/709/709741p1.html Game walkthrough at ign.com]<br />
*{{moby game|id=/da-vinci-code |name= ''The Da Vinci Code''}}<br />
<br />
{{The Da Vinci Code}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Da Vinci Code, The}}<br />
[[Category:2006 video games]]<br />
[[Category:Action video games]]<br />
[[Category:Mobile phone games]]<br />
[[Category:PlayStation 2 games]]<br />
[[Category:Sony mobile games]]<br />
[[Category:The Da Vinci Code]]<br />
[[Category:Video games based on books]]<br />
[[Category:Windows games]]<br />
[[Category:Xbox games]]<br />
<br />
[[hr:Da Vinci Code (igra)]]<br />
[[nl:The Da Vinci Code (videospel)]]<br />
[[pl:Kod da Vinci (gra)]]<br />
[[sr:Da Vinci Code (video igra)]]</div>Commander Shepardhttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Da_Vinci_Code_%E2%80%93_Sakrileg_(Computerspiel)&diff=119010819The Da Vinci Code – Sakrileg (Computerspiel)2009-04-21T16:21:01Z<p>Commander Shepard: /* Characters */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{dablink|For other uses, see [[The Da Vinci Code (disambiguation)]].}}<br />
{{Infobox VG<br />
| title = The Da Vinci Code<br />
| image = [[Image:The Da Vinci Code.jpg]]<br />
| developer = [[The Collective, Inc.]]<br />
| publisher = [[2K Games]]<br />
| designer = [[David Fried]]<br />Jeremy Lee<small>([[Game producer|Producer]])<br />
| composer = [[Winifred Phillips]], music produced by [[Winnie Waldron]]<br />
| engine =<br />
| released = {{vgrelease|EU=[[May 16]] [[2007]]<ref>[http://uk.playstation.com/games-media/games/detail/item36832/The-Da-Vinci-Code/ PlayStation Games & Media - The Da Vinci Code<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>|NA=[[May 19]], [[2006]]}}<br />
| genre = [[Action game|Action]], [[Adventure game|Adventure]]<br />
| modes = [[Single player]]<br />
| ratings = {{vgratings|ESRB=T|PEGI=16+}}<br />
| platforms = [[PlayStation 2]], [[Xbox]], [[Microsoft Windows]], [[Mobile phone]]<br />
| media = [[Compact Disc|CD]], [[DVD]]<br />
}}<br />
'''''The Da Vinci Code''''' is a [[video game]] for [[PlayStation 2]], [[Xbox]] and [[Microsoft Windows]] based on the [[The Da Vinci Code|novel]] by [[Dan Brown]]. It is not associated with the [[The Da Vinci Code (film)|film]], and as such the characters have no resemblance to their movie counterparts. Some differences exist between the film and the game. For example, instead of "[[Opus Dei]]", the name of the sect is "Manus Dei" (hand of God).<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
''The Da Vinci Code'' game is a third-person [[action game|action]] and [[adventure game]]. Its story is based upon that of the book, rather than the film, and has several gameplay elements that appear in neither. The computer game version of the book was released on May 19, 2006, developed by [[The Collective, Inc.|The Collective]] and published by [[2K Games]], playable on [[Microsoft Windows]], [[PlayStation 2]] and [[Xbox]]. A preview of the game was also presented at the [[E3]] tradeshow in [[Los Angeles]] on May 10, 2006.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://ps2.ign.com/articles/701/701890p1.html| title=The Da Vinci Code Preview| first=Douglass C.| last=Perry| date=April 14, 2006| accessdate=2006-05-19}}</ref><br />
<br />
The aim of the game, as with both book and film, is to locate the [[Holy Grail]]. To achieve this goal, the player must gather clues, solve puzzles, and successfully evade or defeat enemies.<br />
<br />
According to lead artist David Robert Donatucci, development began in early 2005, and was released in May 2006.<br />
<br />
==Characters==<br />
*[[Robert Langdon]]: A professor at Harvard University, Robert Langdon teaches [[Symbology]]. When brought to Jacques Sauniere's dead body by the police, however, his job is put aside as he is thrown into a world of mystery and danger. It is usually from his point of view that the player goes through the game.<br />
<br />
*[[Sophie Neveu]]: Sophie Neveu works for the French police in the cryptography department. Supposedly the granddaughter of Jacques Sauniere (although this is later proved to be untrue), she rushes to aid Robert Langdon in the quest to uncover the reason behind his brutal murder. She helps throughout the game by providing useful hints, and some sections of the game are played through her point of view.<br />
<br />
*[[Silas (The Da Vinci Code)|Silas]]: A murderer from a very young age, Silas was eventually caught by police and sent to prison. Once free, he was taken in by a priest of Manus Dei, Manuel Aringarosa. From here, he got his purpose in life and sets out to destroy the secret that the Priory have worked so hard to protect. He is one of the key enemies that the player must try to escape.<br />
<br />
*[[Bezu Fache]]: Bezu Fache is a French police officer who happened to find Jaques Sauniere's body in the grand art gallery, Louvre. He suspects that Robert Langdon is guilty for Jaques Sauinieres murder. He travels from France to London, trying to find Robert Langdon and Sophie Neveu.<br />
<br />
*[[Jacques Saunière]]: Jaques Sauniere was a seventy-three year old man who was a member of the [[Priory of Sion]]. He was murdered by Silas in the Grand Art Gallery, Louvre. His job was to protect Sophie Neveu as she was the end of Jesus's bloodline. In his last dying moments he started a long journey for Sophie Neveu and Robert Langdon to solve the [[DaVinci Code]].<br />
<br />
==Critical reception==<br />
The game was generally rather poorly received, criticized for poor implementation and [[Software bug|buggy]] game play, with [[BBC News]] referring to it as a "frustrating movie tie-in, with endless cut scenes and patchy gameplay . . . The vast majority of play involves aimlessly wandering around churches, art galleries and stately homes hoping to stumble across an object of interest." [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/5007998.stm] [[GameSpy]] called it a "bland and uninspiring attempt to cash in on a successful franchise", with poor presentation and a frustrating combat system. [http://xbox.gamespy.com/xbox/the-da-vinci-code/710344p2.html]<br />
However, critics did commend the games intuitive puzzles and strong storyline. The game's music was commended by Jeff Hall of the music review site ''ScreenSounds'' as "a fine piece of contemporary action scoring"<ref>[http://screensounds.blogspot.com/2006_06_01_archive.html "ScreenSounds: June 2006"] Screensounds.blogspot.com. Accessed [[March 21]], [[2008]].</ref>, while Jonathan Fildes of BBC News wrote, "The accompanying music lends a suitably ethereal atmosphere to proceedings."<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/5007998.stm "BBC NEWS"] News.bbc.co.uk. Accessed [[March 21]], [[2008]].</ref> and Juan Castro of IGN described the music as "moody, atmospheric and decidedly creepy. It's the right kind of music for slow-paced puzzle solving."<ref>[http://xbox.ign.com/articles/709/709818p2.html "IGN: The Da Vinci Code Review"] Xbox.ign.com. Accessed [[March 21]], [[2008]].</ref><br />
<br />
==Other game ports==<br />
A port of the game was also made for mobile phones.<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
<br />
The original musical soundtrack of [[The Da Vinci Code (video game)|The Da Vinci Code]] video game was composed by [[Winifred Phillips]]. <ref>[http://www.mobygames.com/game/ps2/da-vinci-code/credits "Game Credits for The Da Vinci Code"] Mobygames.com. Accessed [[July 22]], [[2008]].</ref> The musical style for the game score was an amalgam of contemporary and classical instruments and techniques which were inspired by the Dan Brown novel. The music of The Da Vinci Code videogame has received positive reviews. In his review of the videogame, Juan Castro of IGN wrote: “(The music is) fitting – moody, atmospheric and decidedly creepy. It’s the right kind of music for slow-paced puzzle solving.”<ref>[http://xbox.ign.com/articles/709/709818p2.html "IGN: The Da Vinci Code Review"] IGN.com. Accessed [[July 22]], [[2008]].</ref><br />
<br />
{{tracklist<br />
| collapsed = yes<br />
| headline = <big>Track listing</big><br />
| title1 = The Louvre<br />
| length1 = 5:46<br />
| title2 = Bank of Zurich<br />
| length2 = 4:31<br />
| title3 = St. Sulpice Church<br />
| length3 = 4:50<br />
| title4 = Sauniere's Mansion<br />
| length4 = 4:09<br />
| title5 = Chateau Villette<br />
| length5 = 4:43<br />
| title6 = Biggin Hill Airport<br />
| length6 = 5:04<br />
| title7 = Temple Church<br />
| length7 = 5:47<br />
| title8 = Westminster Abbey<br />
| length8 = 4:36<br />
| title9 = Rosslyn Chapel<br />
| length9 = 5:39<br />
}}<br />
<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
*[[The Da Vinci Code]]<br />
*[[The Da Vinci Code (film)]]<br />
*[[The Da Vinci Code WebQuests]]<br />
*[[The Da Vinci Game]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
*[http://www.2kgames.com/davincicode/unlockthecode.html Official Website]<br />
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/5007998.stm Da Vinci Code game disappoints], May 23, 2006, BBC<br />
* ''''Cracking the Code'''', May 2006, ''PlayStation Extreme'' magazine<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.sonypictures.com/mobile/davinci_quest.html Da Vinci Code mobile phone game]<br />
*[http://www.gamefaqs.com/computer/doswin/data/932401.html The Da Vinci Code] on [[GameFAQs]]<br />
*[http://videogames.yahoo.com/predownload?eid=455576 The official Davinci Code (video game) trailer] on [[Yahoo! Movies]]<br />
*[http://faqs.ign.com/articles/709/709741p1.html Game walkthrough at ign.com]<br />
*{{moby game|id=/da-vinci-code |name= ''The Da Vinci Code''}}<br />
<br />
{{The Da Vinci Code}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Da Vinci Code, The}}<br />
[[Category:2006 video games]]<br />
[[Category:Action video games]]<br />
[[Category:Mobile phone games]]<br />
[[Category:PlayStation 2 games]]<br />
[[Category:Sony mobile games]]<br />
[[Category:The Da Vinci Code]]<br />
[[Category:Video games based on books]]<br />
[[Category:Windows games]]<br />
[[Category:Xbox games]]<br />
<br />
[[hr:Da Vinci Code (igra)]]<br />
[[nl:The Da Vinci Code (videospel)]]<br />
[[pl:Kod da Vinci (gra)]]<br />
[[sr:Da Vinci Code (video igra)]]</div>Commander Shepardhttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schwarze&diff=83514526Schwarze2009-04-10T18:14:36Z<p>Commander Shepard: /* Brazil */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{redirect|Black man|the novel|Black Man}}<br />
{{pp-semi-protected|small=yes}}<br />
<br />
{{race}}<br />
The term '''black people''' usually refers to a [[Race (classification of human beings)|racial group]] of [[human]]s with a dark brown [[skin color]], but it has also been used to categorise a number of diverse populations into one common group. Some definitions of the term include only people of relatively recent [[Sub Saharan Africa]]n descent (see [[African diaspora]]). Among the members of this group, dark skin color is typically accompanied by the expression of [[natural afro-hair]] texture. Other definitions of the term Black extend to any of the populations characterized by dark skin color, a definition that also includes certain populations in [[Oceania]], [[Southeast Asia]]<ref>Various isolated populations in Southeast Asia sometimes classified as black include the [[Austronesian]]s and [[Papuan]]s, the [[Andamanese]] islanders, the [[Semang]] people of the [[Malay peninsula]], the [[Aeta]] people of [[Luzon]], and some other small populations of indigenous peoples. </ref><ref>black. (n.d.). ''Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1)''. Retrieved April 13, 2007, from [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/black Dictionary.com website]</ref>, and the southern [[Middle East]]<ref>http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/chapter47/text47.htm</ref>.<br />
<br />
==Physiological traits==<br />
===Dark skin===<br />
{{further|[[Human skin color]] }}<br />
[[Image:Albino boy tanzania.jpg|thumb|right|upright|A black woman and her [[albinistic]] son from [[Tanzania]] ]]<br />
<br />
The evolution of dark skin is intrinsically linked to the loss of body hair in humans.<br />
By 1.2 million years ago, all people having descendants today had the same receptor protein of today's Africans; their skin was dark, and the intense sun killed off the progeny with any lighter skin that resulted from mutational variation in the receptor protein.<ref name="Rogers">{{cite journal|last=Rogers|first=Alan R.|coauthors=Iltis, David; Wooding, Stephen|title=Genetic variation at the MC1R locus and the time since loss of human body hair|journal=Current Anthropology|volume=45|issue=1|pages=105–8|url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/381006|accessdate=2008-07-22|doi=10.1086/381006|month=February | year=2004|oclc=193553649|publisher=The Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research|issn=0011-3204}}</ref> This is significantly earlier than the [[speciation]] of ''[[Homo sapiens]]'' from ''[[Homo erectus]]'' some 250,000 years ago.<br />
<br />
Dark skin helps protect against [[skin cancer]] that develops as a result of [[ultraviolet|ultraviolet light]] radiation, causing mutations in the skin.{{Fact|date=June 2008}} Furthermore, dark skin prevents an essential B vitamin, [[folate]], from being destroyed. Therefore, in the absence of modern medicine and diet, a person with dark skin in the tropics would live longer, be healthier and likelier to reproduce than a person with light skin. White Australians have some of the highest rates of skin cancer as evidence of this expectation.<ref>{{cite web| title = Australia Struggles with Skin Cancer| url=http://www.cancer.org/docroot/NWS/content/NWS_1_1x_Australia_Struggles_with_Skin_Cancer.asp}}</ref> Conversely, as dark skin prevents sunlight from penetrating the skin it hinders the production of [[vitamin D|vitamin D<sub>3</sub>]]. Hence when humans migrated to less sun-intensive regions in the north, low [[vitamin D|vitamin D<sub>3</sub>]] levels became a problem and lighter skin colors started appearing. The people of Europe, who have low levels of [[melanin]], naturally have an almost colorless skin pigmentation, especially when [[Sun tanning|untanned]]. This low level of pigmentation allows the blood vessels to become visible and gives the characteristic pale pink color of white people. The primary difference in skin color between blacks and whites is however a minor genetic difference accounting for just one letter in 3.1 billion letters of DNA.<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/12/15/AR2005121501728_pf.html "Scientists find DNA change accounting for white skin"]. ''[[Washington Post]]''.</ref><br />
<br />
===Natural afro-hair texture===<br />
''Natural hair'', ''black hair'', and ''afro-textured hair'' are terms used to refer to the typical texture of Black African [[hair]] that has not been altered by hot combs, flat irons, or chemicals (by [[perm (hairstyle)|perm]]ing, [[relaxer|relaxing]], [[hair straightening|straightening]], bleaching or [[hair coloring|coloring]]). Each strand of this hair type grows in a tiny spring-like, corkscrew shape. The overall effect is such that, despite relatively fewer actual hair shafts compared to straight hair,<ref>G. Loussouarn (2001) www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11531795?ordinalpos=8&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum</ref> [[natural afro-hair]] texture appears (and feels) denser than its straight counterparts. Due to this, it is often referred to as 'thick', 'bushy', or 'woolly'. For several reasons, possibly including its relatively flat cross section (among other factors<ref>Franbourg et al. "Influence of Ethnic Origin of Hair on Water-Keratin Interaction" In ''Ethnic Skin and Hair'' E. Berardesca, J. Leveque, and H. Maibach (Eds.). page 101. Informa Healthcare. 2007</ref>), this hair type conveys a dry or matte appearance.<ref name="Arrojo">Nick Arrojo, Jenny Acheson, ''Great Hair: Secrets to Looking Fabulous and Feeling Beautiful Every Day'', (St. Martin's Press: 2008), p.184</ref><ref name="Johnson">Dale H. Johnson, ''Hair and hair care'', (CRC Press: 1997), p.237</ref> It is also very coarse,<ref name="Arrojo"/> and its unique shape renders it very prone to breakage when combed or brushed.<ref name="Johnson"/> Adjectives such as "hard", "kinky", "[[Nap (textile)|nap]]py" or "spiraled" are used to describe natural afro-textured hair in Western societies. Not all people of sub-Saharan African descent have natural afro-textured hair although a large majority express this trait.<br />
<br />
Although it is often compared to the fur of a sub-breed of sheep that produces wool, the specific characteristics of the natural afro-hair form are actually unique among all mammals.<ref>''Ethnic Skin and Hair'' E. Berardesca, J. Leveque, and H. Maibach (Eds.). Informa Healthcare. 2007</ref> The texture is likely a remnant of an important period in [[human evolution|human evolutionary history]] in that (in likely predating the evolution of [[dark skin]]) it evolved when, as proto-humans lost most of their [[fur]] to enable perspiration, the need to protect the newly exposed pale skin underneath this [[body hair]] was crucial(see <ref>Iyengar, B. "The hair follicle is a specialized UV receptor in human skin?" ''Bio Signals Recep'', 7(3), page 188-194. 1998</ref> in light of Rogers et al, 2004 and Harding et al, 2000). The trait ceased to be essential to survival at the equator upon the evolution of hairless dark skin. Yet it has continued to be expressed vestigially among most Melanesians, Andamen Islanders, and sub-Saharan Africans.<br />
<br />
==Cultural ideas of a black race==<br />
===In sub-Saharan Africa===<br />
{{see|Demographics of Africa}}<br />
[[Image:Sub-Saharan-Africa.png|right|thumb|Sub-Saharan Africa is colored green, while North Africa is gray.]]<br />
[[Sub-Saharan Africa]] is a common if imprecise term that encompasses African countries located south of the [[Sahara]]n Desert. It is commonly used to differentiate the region culturally, ecologically, politically and, more controversially, [[race|racially]], from other parts of the continent. Because the indigenous people of this region are primarily dark-skinned, it is sometimes used as a [[euphemism]] for "Black Africa".<ref>{{cite journal| first = Lansana | last = Keita| title = Race, Identity and Africanity: A Reply to Eboussi Boulaga| journal = CODESRIA Bulletin, Nos | volume = 1 & 2| pages = 16| year= 2004| publisher = Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa}}</ref> Some criticize the use of the term, because, having become in many quarters synonymous with ''Black Africa'', it can leave the mistaken impression that there are not indigenous Black populations in North Africa. Furthermore, the Sahara cuts across countries such as [[Mauritania]], [[Mali]], [[Niger]], [[Chad]], and [[Sudan]], leaving some parts of them in North Africa and some in sub-Saharan Africa. <br />
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[[Owen 'Alik Shahadah]] argues that the term sub-Saharan Africa has racist overtones:<br />
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{{quote|Sub-Saharan Africa is a racist byword for "primitive", a place which has escaped advancement. Hence, we see statements like “no written languages exist in Sub-Saharan Africa.” “Ancient Egypt was not a Sub-Saharan African civilization.” Sub-Sahara serves as an exclusion, which moves, jumps and slides around to suit negative generalization of Africa.<ref name=Shahadah/>}}<br />
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However, some Black Africans prefer to be culturally distinguished from those who live in the north of the continent.<ref>{{cite book| last = Keith B. | first = Richburg| title = Out of America: A Black Man Confronts Africa| publisher = Harvest/HBJ Book| date = Reprint edition (July 1, 1998)| isbn = 0156005832 }}</ref><br />
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====South Africa====<br />
[[Image:Coloured-family.jpg|thumb|right|Extended [[Coloured]] family with roots in [[Cape Town]], [[Kimberley]] and [[Pretoria]].]]<br />
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In [[South Africa]] during the [[History of South Africa in the apartheid era|apartheid era]], the population was classified into four groups: ''Black'', ''White'', ''[[Asia]]n'' (mostly [[India]]n), and ''[[Coloured]]''. <!--These terms are capitalized to denote their legal definitions in South African law.--> The Coloured group included people of mixed [[Bantu peoples|Bantu]], [[Khoisan]], and [[European ethnic groups|European]] descent (with some [[Cape Malays|Malay]] ancestry, especially in the [[Western Cape]]). The Coloured definition occupied an intermediary position between the Black and White definitions in South Africa.<br />
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The [[apartheid]] bureaucracy devised complex (and often arbitrary) criteria in the [[Population Registration Act]] to determine who belonged in which group. Minor officials administered tests to enforce the classifications. When it was unclear from a person's physical appearance whether a person was to be considered Colored or Black, the "pencil test" was employed. This involved inserting a pencil in a person's hair to determine if the hair was kinky enough for the pencil to get stuck.<ref>{{cite news | last = Nullis| first = Clare | title = Township tourism booming in South Africa| publisher = The Associated Press| year= 2007| url = http://www.canada.com/topics/travel/features/story.html?id=59ec6285-c9fb-41ab-93f9-419f62733f07&k=67896}}</ref><br />
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During the apartheid era, the Coloureds were oppressed and discriminated against. However, they did have limited rights and overall had slightly better socioeconomic conditions than Blacks. In the post-apartheid era the government's policies of [[affirmative action]] have favored Blacks over Coloureds. Some South Africans categorized as Black openly state that Coloureds did not suffer as much as they did during apartheid. The popular saying by Coloured South Africans to illustrate this dilemma is:<br />
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{{quote|Not white enough under apartheid and not black enough under the ANC ([[African National Congress]])}}<br />
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Other than by appearance, Coloureds can be distinguished from Blacks by language. Most speak [[Afrikaans]] or English as a [[first language]], as opposed to [[Bantu languages]] such as [[Zulu language|Zulu]] or [[Xhosa]]. They also tend to have more European-sounding names than Bantu names.<ref>{{cite news | last = du Preez| first = Max| title = Coloureds - the most authentic SA citizens| publisher = The Star|date=2006-04-13| url = http://www.thestar.co.za/index.php?fArticleId=3201857}}</ref><br />
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In 2008, the High Court in South Africa has ruled that [[Overseas Chinese|Chinese]] South Africans are to be reclassified as Black people.<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/africa/article4168245.ece We agree that you are black, South African court tells Chinese], The Times</ref><br />
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===In the Arab world===<br />
{{See also|Afro-Arab}}<br />
Black African and [[Near East]]ern peoples have interacted since prehistoric times.<ref>[http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=70522 Mauritania: Fair elections haunted by racial imbalance]</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6510675.stm Remembering East African slave raids]</ref> Some historians estimate that as many as 14 million black slaves crossed the [[Red Sea]], [[Indian Ocean]], and [[Sahara Desert]] in the [[Arab slave trade]] from 650 to 1900 CE.<ref>[http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-85410331.html The Unknown Slavery: In the Muslim world, that is &ndash; and it's not over]</ref><ref>[http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24156 Welcome to Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History]</ref><br />
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The [[Afro-Asiatic languages]], which include [[Semitic languages]] such as [[Arabic]] and [[Hebrew]], are believed by some scholars to have originated in [[Ethiopia]].<ref>[http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0011-3204%28199802%2939%3A1%3C139%3ATALPAI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-J&size=LARGE&origin=JSTOR-enlargePage The Afroasiatic Language Phylum: African in Origin, or Asian?] Daniel F. Mc Call. (JSTOR)</ref> This is because the region has very diverse language groups in close geographic proximity, often considered a telltale sign for a linguistic geographic origin.<br />
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In more recent times, about 1000 CE, interactions between blacks and Arabs resulted in the incorporation of extensive Arabic vocabulary into [[Swahili]], which became a useful ''[[lingua franca]]'' for merchants. Some of this linguistic exchange occurred as part of the slave trade; the history of [[Islam and slavery]] shows that the [[Madh'hab|major juristic schools]] traditionally accepted the institution of [[slavery]].<ref name="Lewis">Lewis 1994, [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/med/lewis1.html Ch.1]</ref> As a result, Arab influence spread along the east coast of Africa and to some extent into the interior (see [[East Africa]]). [[Timbuktu]] was a trading outpost that linked [[west Africa]] with [[Berber people|Berber]], Arab, and Jewish traders throughout the [[Arab World]]. As a result of these interactions many Arab people in the [[Middle East]] have black ancestry and many blacks on the east coast of Africa and along the Sahara have Arab ancestry.<ref>[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1180338 Extensive Female-Mediated Gene Flow from Sub-Saharan Africa into Near Eastern Arab Populations]</ref><br />
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According to Dr. Carlos Moore, resident scholar at Brazil's [[Universidade do Estado da Bahia]], Afro-multiracials in the Arab world self-identify in ways that resemble [[Latin America]]. He claims that black-looking Arabs, much like black-looking [[Latin Americans]], consider themselves white because they have some distant white ancestry.<ref>{{cite web| last = Musselman| first = Anson | title = The Subtle Racism of Latin America| publisher = UCLA International Institute| url=http://www.international.ucla.edu/article.asp?parentid=4125}}</ref><br />
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Moore also claims that a film about [[Egyptian President]] [[Anwar Sadat]] had to be canceled when Sadat discovered that an [[African-American]] had been cast to play him. In fact, the 1983 television movie ''Sadat'', starring [[Louis Gossett, Jr.]], was not canceled. The [[government of Egypt|Egyptian government]] refused to let the drama air in Egypt, partially on the grounds of the casting of Gossett.<ref>[http://www.hollywood.com/celebrity/Louis_Gossett_Jr/192411 Louis Gosset Jr.] Hollywood.com</ref> The objections, however, did not come from Sadat, who had been assassinated two years earlier.<br />
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Sadat's mother was a black [[Sudan]]ese woman and his father was a lighter-skinned [[Egyptians|Egyptian]]. In response to an advertisement for an acting position he remarked, "I am not white but I am not exactly black either. My blackness is tending to reddish".<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=PoW4pO4q9VwC&printsec=frontcover#PPP1,M1 Anwar Sadat: Visionary Who Dared By Joseph Finklestone] pages 5-7,31 ISBN 0714634875</ref><br />
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[[Fathia Nkrumah]] was another Egyptian intimately tied with Black Africa. She was the late wife of [[Ghana]]ian revolutionary [[Kwame Nkrumah]], whose marriage was seen as helping plant the seeds of cooperation between Egypt and other African countries as they struggled for independence from European colonization, which in turn helped advance the formation of the [[African Union]].<ref>[http://ausummit-accra.org.gh/index1.php?linkid=289&adate=04%2F07%2F2007&archiveid=140&page=1 African Union Summit]</ref><br />
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In general, Arabs had a more positive view of black women than black men, even if the women were of slave origin. More black women were enslaved than men, and, because the [[Qur'an]] was interpreted to permit [[Ma malakat aymanukum and sex|sexual relations between a male master and his female slave]] outside of marriage,<ref>See [[Tahfeem ul Qur'an]] by [[Maududi|Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi]], Vol. 2 pp. 112-113 footnote 44; Also see commentary on verses {{Quran-usc-range|23|1|6}}: Vol. 3, notes 7-1, p. 241; 2000, Islamic Publications</ref><ref>[[Tafsir ibn Kathir]] 4:24</ref> many [[mixed race]] children resulted. When an enslaved woman became pregnant with her Arab captor's child, she became “umm walad” or “mother of a child”, a status that granted her privileged rights. The child would have prospered from the wealth of the father and been given rights of inheritance.<ref name="Arab Slave Trade">{{cite web|url=http://www.arabslavetrade.com|publisher="[[Owen 'Alik Shahadah]]"|title="Slavery in Arabia"}}</ref> Because of [[patrilineality]], the children were born free and sometimes even became successors to their ruling fathers, as was the case with Sultan [[Ahmad al-Mansur]], (whose mother was a [[Fulani]] concubine), who ruled [[Morocco]] from 1578-1608. Such tolerance, however, was not extended to wholly black persons, even when technically "free," and the notion that to be black meant to be a slave became a common belief.<ref>{{cite web| last = Hunwick| first = John| title = Arab Views of Black Africans and Slavery| url=http://www.yale.edu/glc/events/race/Hunwick.pdf|format=PDF}}</ref> The term "[[Abd (Arabic)|abd]]," ({{lang-ar<br />
|عبد}},) "slave," remains a common term for black people in the Middle East, often though not always derogatory.<ref>{{cite news| first = Theola<br />
| last = Labbé<br />
| coauthors = Omar Fekeiki<br />
| title = A Legacy Hidden in Plain Sight<br />
| work = Washington Post<br />
| url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&contentId=A6645-2004Jan10<br />
| date = 2004-01-11<br />
| accessdate = 2008-01-29<br />
}}</ref><br />
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===In the Ottoman Empire===<br />
[[Image:Gérôme-Black Bashi-Bazouk-c. 1869.jpg|thumb|160px|Black [[bashi-bazouk]] of the [[Ottoman Empire]].]]<br />
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====Turkey====<br />
{{See also|Afro-Turks}}<br />
Beginning several centuries ago, a number of sub-Saharan Africans were brought by slave traders during the [[Ottoman Empire]] to plantations between [[Antalya Province|Antalya]] and [[Istanbul]] in modern-day [[Turkey]].<ref>[http://www.afro-turk.org/index.php/ayvalikin-renkli-dernegi Ayvalık’ın renkli derneği, retrieved 28 August 2008]</ref> Some of their descendants remain, mixed with the rest of the population in these areas, and many migrated to larger cities. Some came from the island of [[Crete]] following the [[population exchange between Greece and Turkey]] in 1923.<ref>[http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=141522 Turks with African ancestors want their existence to be felt, ''Today's Zaman'', 11 May 2008, Sunday, retrieved 28 August 2008]</ref> <br />
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====Cyprus====<br />
During the Ottoman rule, Black African slaves (usually transferred over Egypt) were brought to [[Cyprus]] and sold to Muslim families. Many of their descendants rose to prominent positions and assimilated into the [[Turkish Cypriot]] community, creating a sizeable [[multiracial]] population today.<ref>[http://www.toplumpostasi.net/printa.php?col=85&art=1113 Cyprus' Dark Secret] by Alkan Chaghlar, 25 August 2006, retrieved 8 March 2009</ref><br />
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====Balkans====<br />
[[Ulcinj]] in [[Montenegro]] had its own black community - descendent of the [[Slavery (Ottoman Empire)|Ottoman slave trade]] that had flourished here.<ref>[http://www.cyber-adventures.com/yugo.html Yugoslavia - Montenegro and Kosovo - The Next Conflict?]</ref> The [[Military of the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Army]] counted thousands of Black African soldiers in its ranks. The army sent to [[Balkans]] during the [[Austro-Turkish War]] of 1716–18 included 24,000 men from Africa.<ref>[http://www.cwo.com/~lucumi/russia2.html African Slave Trade in Russia], By Dieudonne Gnammankou in La Channe et le lien, Doudou Diene, (id.) Paris, Editions UNESCO, 1988</ref><br />
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===In the Americas===<br />
Approximately 12 million Africans were shipped to [[the Americas]] during the [[Atlantic slave trade]] from 1492 to 1888. Today their descendants number approximately 150 million,<ref>[http://www.hunter.cuny.edu/galci/Archive.htm "Community Outreach" Seminar on Planning Process for SANTIAGO +5 ], ''Global Afro-Latino and Caribbean Initiative'', February 4, 2006</ref> most of whom live in the [[United States]], the [[Caribbean]] and [[Latin America]], including [[Brazil]]. Many have a multiracial background of African, [[Amerindian]], European and Asian ancestry. The various regions developed complex social conventions with which their multi-ethnic populations were classified. <br />
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====United States====<br />
{{main|African American}}<br />
{{see also|African immigration to the United States}}<br />
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In the first 200 years that blacks had been in the [[United States]], they commonly referred to themselves as Africans. In Africa, people primarily identified themselves by tribe or ethnic group (closely allied to language) and not by skin color. Individuals would be [[Asante]], [[Igbo people|Igbo]], [[Bakongo]] or [[Wolof]]. But when Africans were brought to [[the Americas]] they were forced to give up their ethnic affiliations for fear of uprisings. The result was the Africans had to intermingle with other Africans from different ethnic groups. This is significant as Africans came from a vast geographic region, the [[West Africa]]n coastline stretching from [[Senegal]] to [[Angola]] and in some cases from the south east coast such as [[Mozambique]]. A new identity and culture was born that incorporated elements of the various tribal groups and of European cultural heritage, resulting in fusions such as the [[Black church]] and [[AAVE|Black English]]. This new identity was now based on skin color and African ancestry rather than any one tribal group.<ref name=Shahadah>{{cite web| last = Shahadah| first = Owen 'Alik| authorlink =Owen 'Alik Shahadah| title =Linguistics for a new African reality| url=http://www.africanholocaust.net/news_ah/language%20new%20reality.htm}}</ref><br />
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In March 1807, [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Britain]], which largely controlled the Atlantic, declared [[Abolition of the Slave Trade Act|the trans-atlantic slave trade illegal]], as did the United States. (The latter prohibition took effect January 1, 1808, the earliest date on which [[United States Congress|Congress]] had the power to do so under [[wikisource:Constitution of the United States of America#Section 9|Article I, Section 9]] of the [[United States Constitution]].)<br />
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By that time, the majority of blacks were U.S.-born, so use of the term "African" became problematic. Though initially a source of pride, many blacks feared its continued use would be a hindrance to their fight for full citizenship in the US. They also felt that it would give ammunition to those who were advocating repatriating blacks back to Africa. In 1835 black leaders called upon black Americans to remove the title of "African" from their institutions and replace it with "[[Negro]]" or "Colored American". A few institutions however elected to keep their historical names such as [[African Methodist Episcopal Church]]. "Negro" and "colored" remained the popular terms until the late 1960s.<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/1594200831/ African American Journeys to Africa page63-64]</ref> <br />
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The term ''black'' was used throughout but not frequently as it carried a certain stigma.<br />
In his 1963 "[[I Have a Dream]]" speech,<ref>{{cite video|url=http://video.google.com/url?docid=1732754907698549493&esrc=sr1&ev=v&q=I+Have+a+Dream&vidurl=http://video.google.com/videoplay%3Fdocid%3D1732754907698549493%26q%3DI%2BHave%2Ba%2BDream&usg=AL29H20jaXzESJi0-5ByuawvRj8e-fNr-w| people = Martin Luther King, Jr.| title = I Have a Dream| medium = Google Video| location = Washington, D.C.|date=August 28, 1963 }}</ref> [[Martin Luther King, Jr.]] uses the terms ''Negro'' 15 times and ''black'' 4 times. Each time he uses ''black'' it is in parallel construction with ''white'' (e.g., black men and white men).<ref>{{cite journal| last = Smith|first= Tom W.|title = Changing Racial Labels: From "Colored" to "Negro" to "Black" to "African American"| journal = The Public Opinion Quarterly| volume = 56| issue=4|pages = 496–514|issn= 0033-362X|oclc=192150485| url=http://www.soc.iastate.edu/soc522a/PDF%20readings/Smith.pdf|date = Winter, 1992| publisher = Oxford University Press| doi = 10.1086/269339|format=PDF}}</ref> With the successes of the [[African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955-1968)|civil rights movement]] a new term was needed to break from the past and help shed the reminders of legalized discrimination. In place of ''Negro'', ''black'' was promoted as standing for racial pride, militancy and power. Some of the turning points included the use of the term "[[Black Power]]" by Kwame Toure ([[Stokely Carmichael]]) and the release of James Brown's song "[[Say It Loud - I'm Black and I'm Proud]]".<br />
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In 1988 [[Jesse Jackson]] urged Americans to use the term [[African American]] because the term has a historical cultural base. Since then African American and black have essentially a coequal status. There is still much controversy over which term is more appropriate. Some strongly reject the term African American in preference for black citing that they have little connection with Africa.{{Who|date=August 2008}} Others believe the term black is inaccurate because African Americans have a variety of skin tones.<ref>{{cite news| last = McWhorter| first = John H.| title = Why I'm Black, Not African American| publisher = Los Angeles Times|date=2004-09-08| url = http://www.manhattan-institute.org/html/_latimes-why_im_black.htm}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=January 2009}}<!-- The cited article actually seems to argue the opposite of what we're using it for --> Surveys show that when interacting with each other African Americans prefer the term black, as it is associated with intimacy and familiarity. The term "African American" is preferred for public and formal use.<ref>{{cite book| last = Miller| first = Pepper| coauthors = Kemp, Herb | title = What's Black About? Insights to Increase Your Share of a Changing African-American Market| publisher = Paramount Market Publishing, Inc| year= 2006| isbn = 0972529098|oclc=61694280}}</ref> The appropriateness of the term "African American" is further confused, however, by increases in black immigrants from [[African immigration to the United States|Africa]], the Caribbean and Latin America. The more recent black immigrants may sometimes view themselves, and be viewed, as culturally distinct from native descendants of African slaves.<ref name="Swarns">{{cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CE5DB1F3EF93AA1575BC0A9629C8B63|title='African American' Becomes a Term for Debate|last=Swarns|first=Rachel L.|date=2004-08-29|publisher=The New York Times|accessdate=2008-07-22}}</ref><br />
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The [[Race (United States Census)|U.S. census race definitions]] says a black is a person having origins in any of the black racial groups of Africa. It includes people who indicate their race as "Black, African Am., or Negro," or who provide written entries such as African American, Afro American, [[Kenyan]], [[Nigerian]], or [[Haitian]]. However, the [[Census Bureau]] notes that these classifications are socio-political constructs and should not be interpreted as scientific or anthropological.<ref>[http://www.census.gov/mso/www/c2000basics/00Basics.pdf 2000 US Census basics]</ref><br />
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A considerable portion of the [[U.S. population]] identified as ''black'' actually have some [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]] or [[European American]] ancestry. For instance, genetic studies of African American people show an ancestry that is on average 17-18% European.<ref>[http://www.isteve.com/2002_How_White_Are_Blacks.htm How White Are Blacks? How Black Are Whites? by Steve Sailer]</ref> <br />
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=====One drop rule=====<br />
Historically, the United States used a [[colloquial]] term, the ''[[one-drop rule]]'', to designate a black person as any person with any known African ancestry.<ref name=Davis>{{cite web| last = James| first = F. Davis| title = Who is Black? One Nation's Definition| url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/jefferson/mixed/onedrop.html| publisher = [[PBS]]}}</ref> Outside of the US, some other countries have adopted the practice, but the definition of who is black and the extent to which the one drop "rule" applies varies from country to country.<br />
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The one drop rule may have originated as a means of increasing the number of black slaves<ref>[[Clarence Page]], [http://www.pbs.org/newshour/essays/page_5-1.html A Credit to His Races], ''[[The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer]]'', May 1, 1997.</ref> and been maintained as an attempt to keep the white race "pure".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://backintyme.com/essays/?p=25|title=Presenting the Triumph of the One-Drop Rule|last=Sweet|first=Frank|date=Backintyme Essays|work=The One-Drop Rule|publisher=2006-04-01|accessdate=2008-07-22}}</ref>. One of the results of the one drop rule was uniting the African American community and preserving an African identity.<ref name=Davis/> Some of the most prominent civil rights activists were multiracial, and advocated equality for all. <br />
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President [[Barack Obama]] self-identifies as black and African American interchangeably.<ref name=Kroft/> According to a Williams Identity Survey conducted by Zogby International interactive poll conducted November 1-2, 2006, among those who voted, 55 percent of whites voters and 61 percent of Hispanics voters classified him as biracial instead of black after being told that his mother is white, and 66% of Black voters classified Obama as black.<ref>{{cite news| title = Obama and 'one drop of non-white blood'| publisher = BBS News|date=2007-04-13| url = http://bbsnews.net/article.php/20061222014017231}}</ref> Another poll conducted by the same group returned results that forty-two percent of African-Americans voters described [[Tiger Woods]] as black, as did 7% of white voters.<ref>{{cite web| last = White| first =John Kennet| title =Barack Obama and the Politics of Race| place =Catholic University of America| url=http://www.mindstorminteractive.net/clients/idonline/index.htm}}</ref><br />
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=====Blackness=====<br />
[[File:Official portrait of Barack Obama.jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[Barack Obama]], the first black President of the [[United States]], was, throughout his campaign, criticized as being either "too black" or "not black enough".<ref name=obama-speech>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/18_03_08_obama_speech.pdf |title=Remarks of Senator Barack Obama: 'A More Perfect Union' (transcript) |accessdate=2008-06-27 |date=2008-03-18 |publisher=BBC News|format=pdf |quote=This is not to say that race has not been an issue in the campaign. At various stages in the campaign, some commentators have deemed me either "too black" or "not black enough." We saw racial tensions bubble to the surface during the week before the South Carolina primary. The press has scoured every exit poll for the latest evidence of racial polarization, not just in terms of white and black, but black and brown as well. |pages=p2 }} See also: [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pWe7wTVbLUU video]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/jun/27/barackobama.ralphnader?gusrc=rss&feed=commentisfree |title=Too black or not black enough, Obama just can't win |accessdate=2008-06-27 |first=Lola|last= Adesioye |date=2008-06-27 |publisher=The Guardian|work=Comment is Free}}</ref><ref name=obama-time>{{cite web |url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1584736,00.html |title=Is Obama Black Enough? |accessdate=2008-06-27 |first=Ta-Nehisi Paul last=Coates |date=2007-02-01 |publisher=Time |quote=Barack Obama's real problem isn't that he's too white — it's that he's too black.}}</ref>]]The concept of [[blackness]] in the United States has been described{{By whom|date=June 2008}} as the degree to which one associates themselves with mainstream [[African American culture]] and values. To a certain extent, this concept is not so much about skin color or tone but more about culture and behavior. <br />
Blackness can be contrasted with "[[acting white]]" where black Americans are said to behave with assumed characteristics of stereotypical white Americans, with regard to [[fashion]], [[dialect]], taste in [[music]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.kent.edu/Magazine/Spring2007/ActingWhite.cfm|title=Acting White|last=Edler|first=Melissa|date=Spring 2007|publisher=Kent State Magazine|accessdate=2008-07-22}}</ref>, and possibly, from the perspective of a significant number of Black youth, academic achievement.<ref>Ogbu, J. "Black American students in an affluent suburb: a study of academic disengagement" Erlbaum Associates Press. Mahwah, NJ. 2003.</ref> <br />
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The notion of blackness can also be extended to non-black people. [[Toni Morrison]] once described [[Bill Clinton]] as the first black president,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://dir.salon.com/story/books/int/2002/02/20/clinton/index.html|title=Blacks and Bill Clinton|last=Hansen|first=Suzy|date=2002-02-20|publisher=Salon|accessdate=2008-07-22}}</ref> because of his warm relations with African Americans, his poor upbringing and also because he is a jazz musician. [[Christopher Hitchens]] was offended by the notion of Clinton as the first black president noting "we can still define blackness by the following symptoms: alcoholic mothers, under-the-bridge habits...the tendency to sexual predation and shameless perjury about the same"<ref>No One Left to Lie to by Christopher Hitchens, 1999, pg 47</ref> Some black activists were also offended, claiming Clinton used his knowledge of black culture to exploit black people like no other president before<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_go1637/is_200204/ai_n6880693 Find Articles 404 File not found<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> for political gain, while not serving black interests. They note his lack of action during the [[Rwanda genocide]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/usa/story/0,12271,1182431,00.html|title=US chose to ignore Rwandan genocide|last=Carroll|first=Rory|date=2004-03-31|publisher=The Guardian|accessdate=2008-07-22}}</ref> and his [[welfare reform]] which led to the worst [[child poverty]] since the 1960s<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wsws.org/articles/1999/jun1999/welf-j02.shtml|title=Clinton's welfare reform has increased child poverty|last=Roberts |first=Larry|date=1999-06-02|publisher=World Socialist Web Site|accessdate=2008-07-22}}</ref> along with the fact that the number of blacks in jail increased during his administration.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.counterpunch.org/gray1207.html|title=Soul Brother? Clinton and Black Americans|last=Gray|first=Kevin A.|date=2002-12-07|publisher=Counterpunch|accessdate=2008-07-22}}</ref><br />
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The question of blackness also arose in Democrat [[Barack Obama]]'s [[United States presidential election, 2008|2008 presidential campaign]]. Commentators<ref name=obama-speech /> such as Time magazine<ref name=obama-time /> have questioned whether Obama, who was elected the first black [[President of the United States]], is black enough, as his mother is [[white American]], and his father is a black Kenyan immigrant. Obama refers to himself interchangeably as black and [[African American]].<ref name=Kroft>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/02/11/60minutes/main2458530.shtml|title=A Transcript Excerpt Of Steve Kroft’s Interview With Sen. Obama|last=Kroft|first=Steve|date=2007-02-11|publisher=CBS News|accessdate=2008-07-22}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Brazil====<br />
{{main|Race in Brazil}}<br />
[[Image:Capoeira-in-the-street-2.jpg|thumb|right|[[Capoeira]], an Afro-Brazilian [[martial art]].]]<br />
The topic of race in Brazil is a complex and diverse one.{{Fact|date=January 2009}} A Brazilian child was never automatically identified with the racial type of one or both parents, nor were there only two categories to choose from. Between a pure black and a very light mulatto over a dozen racial categories would be recognized in conformity with the combinations of hair color, hair texture, eye color, and skin color. These types grade into each other like the colors of the spectrum, and no one category stands significantly isolated from the rest. That is, race referred to appearance, not heredity.<ref name="skidmore">{{cite journal| first = Thomas E. | last = Skidmore | title = Fact and Myth: Discovering a Racial Problem in Brazil| journal = Working Paper| volume = 173|url=http://www.nd.edu/~kellogg/publications/workingpapers/WPS/173.pdf| month = April | year = 1992|format=PDF}}</ref><br />
<br />
There is some disagreement among scholars over the effects of social status on racial classifications in Brazil. It is generally believed that upward mobility and education results in reclassification of individuals into lighter skinned categories. The popular claim is that in Brazil poor whites are considered black and wealthy blacks are considered white. Some scholars disagree arguing that whitening of one's social status may be open to people of mixed race, but a typically black person will consistently be identified as black regardless of wealth or social status.<ref name=Telles>{{cite book| last = Edward E. | first = Telles| title = Race in Another America: The Significance of Skin Color in Brazil| pages = 95–98| publisher = [[Princeton University Press]]| year= 2004| isbn =0691118663 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| first = Edward E. | last = Telles| title = Racial Ambiguity Among the Brazilian Population| journal = Ethnic and Racial Studies|url=http://www.ccpr.ucla.edu/ccprwpseries/ccpr_012_01.pdf| volume = 25| pages = 415–441| date= 3 May 2002| publisher = California Center for Population Research| doi = 10.1080/01419870252932133|format=PDF}}</ref><br />
<br />
=====Statistics=====<br />
{{see also|Race and genetics#Admixture in Latin America}}<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em;"<br />
|+Demographics of Brazil<br />
|-<br />
! Year!! White !! Brown!! Black<br />
|-<br />
| 1835<br />
| 24.4% || 18.2%||51.4%<br />
|-<br />
| 2000<br />
| 53.7% ||38.5%||6.2%<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
From the year 1500 to 1850 an estimated 3.5 million Africans were forcibly shipped to Brazil.<ref name=Telles/> An estimated 80 million Brazilians, almost half the population, are at least in part descendants of these Africans. Brazil has the largest population of Afro-descendants outside of Africa. In contrast to the US there were no segregation or anti-[[miscegenation]] laws in Brazil and as a result intermarriage has affected a large majority of the Brazilian population. Even much of the white population has either African or Amerindian blood. According to the last census 54% identified themselves as white, 6.2% identified themselves as black and 39.5% identified themselves as [[Pardo]] (brown)- a broad multiracial category.<ref>{{cite web| title = CIA World Factbook: Brazil| url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/br.html#People}}</ref><br />
<br />
A philosophy of whitening emerged in Brazil in the 19th century. Until recently the government did not keep data on race. However, statisticians estimate that in 1835 half the population was black, one fifth was Pardo (brown) and one fourth white. By 2000 the black population had fallen to only 6.2% and the Pardo had increased to 40% and white to 55%. Essentially most of the black population was absorbed into the multiracial category by intermarriage.<ref name="skidmore"/> A recent study found that at least 29% of the middle class white Brazilian population had some recent African ancestry.<ref>[http://www.funpecrp.com.br/gmr/year2007/vol2-6/gmr0330_full_text.htm Sex-biased gene flow in African Americans but not in American Caucasians]</ref><br />
<br />
=====Race relations=====<br />
Because of the ideology of miscegenation, Brazil has avoided the polarization of society into black and white. The bitter and sometimes violent racial tensions that divide the US are notably absent in Brazil.<br />
However the philosophy of the racial democracy in Brazil has drawn criticism from some quarters. Brazil has one of the largest gaps in income distribution in the world. The richest 10% of the population earn 28 times the average income of the bottom 40%. The richest 10 percent is almost exclusively white. One-third of the population lives under the poverty line, with blacks and other non-whites accounting for 70 percent of the poor.<ref>{{cite web| last = Barrolle| first = Melvin Kadiri| title = African 'Americans' in Brazil| publisher =New America Media| url=http://news.newamericamedia.org/news/view_article.html?article_id=5b8d531de860940110af2433244782c6}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the US blacks earn 75% of what whites earn, in Brazil non-whites earn less than 50% of what whites earn. Some have posited that Brazil does in fact practice the one drop rule when social economic factors are considered. This because the gap income between blacks and other non-whites is relatively small compared with the large gap between whites and non-whites. Other factors such as illiteracy and education level show the same patterns.<ref>{{cite web| last = Roland| first = Edna Maria Santos| title = The Economics of Racism: People of African Descent in Brazil| url=http://www.falapreta.org.br/durban/racism.doc}}</ref><br />
Unlike in the US where African Americans were united in the civil rights struggle, in Brazil the philosophy of whitening has helped divide blacks from other non-whites and prevented a more active civil rights movement.<br />
<br />
Though Afro-Brazilians make up half the population there are very few black politicians. The city of [[Salvador, Bahia]] for instance is 80% Afro-Brazilian but has never had a black mayor. Critics indicate that US cities that have a black majority, such as [[Detroit]] and [[New Orleans]], have never had white mayors since first electing black mayors in the 1970s.<ref>Charles Whitaker, "[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1077/is_n4_v46/ai_9329550/pg_3 Blacks in Brazil: The Myth and the Reality]," ''[[Ebony (magazine)|Ebony]]'', February 1991</ref><br />
<br />
Non-white people also have limited media visibility. The Latin American media, in particular the Brazilian media, has been accused of hiding its black and indigenous population. For example the [[telenovelas]] or [[Soap Opera|soaps]] are said to be a hotbed of white, largely blonde and blue/green-eyed actors who resemble [[Scandinavia]]ns or other northern Europeans more than they resemble the typical whites of Brazil, who are mostly of [[Southern European]] descent.<ref>[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/3069253/site/newsweek/%5B/url%5D Soap operas on Latin TV are lily white]</ref><ref><br />
[http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&node=&contentId=A19009-2000Aug1&notFound=true The Blond, Blue-Eyed Face of Spanish TV]</ref><ref>[http://www.boston.com/news/globe/living/articles/2004/08/19/pride_or_prejudice/ Skin tone consciousness in Asian and Latin American populations]</ref><br />
<br />
These patterns of discrimination against non-whites have led some to advocate for the use of the Portuguese term 'negro' to encompass non-whites so as to renew a black consciousness and identity, in effect an African descent rule.<ref>[http://www.newamerica.net/publications/articles/2006/brazil_separates_into_a_world_of_black_and_white Brazil Separates Into a World of Black and White], ''Los Angeles Times'', September 3, 2006</ref><br />
<br />
===In Asia and Australasia===<br />
[[Image:Vanuatu blonde.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Pacific Islander boy: a [[Melanesian]] from [[Vanuatu]]<ref>[http://news.softpedia.com/news/Naturally-Blonde-Blacks-48181.shtml Naturally blonde blacks]</ref>]]<br />
In [[South Asia]], there are several communities of Black African descent, generally called [[Siddi]]s or [[Sheedi]]s.<br />
<br />
There are several groups of dark-skinned people who live in various parts of [[Asia]], [[Australia]] and [[Oceania]]. They include the [[Indigenous Australians]], the [[Melanesians]] (now divided into [[Austronesian]]-speaking populations and [[Papuan]]s, and including the great genetic diversity of [[New Guinea]]), the [[Andamanese]] people of the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] of the [[Indian Ocean]], the [[Semang]] people of the [[Malay peninsula]], the [[Aeta]] people of [[Luzon]], the [[Ati (tribe)|Ati]] of [[Panay]], the [[Vedda people]] of [[Sri Lanka]]<ref name=andaman>[http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/chapter6/text6.htm Chapter 6: The Negrito Race]</ref>, and various [[indigenous peoples]] sometimes collectively known as [[Negritos]].<br />
<br />
By their external physical appearance ([[phenotype]]) such people resemble Black Africans with dark skin and sometimes tightly coiled hair. There have been suggestions of a Black African origin. However, in the case of the Andamanese people, a study conducted by the [[National Center for Biotechnology Information|NCBI]] indicated that the Andamanese people possessed closer affinities with the Southeast Asian population than with the Black African population. <ref>{{cite journal| first = Kumarasamy | last = Thangaraj| coauthors = Singh, Lalji; Reddy, Alla G.; Rao, V. Raghavendra; Sehgal, Subhash C.; Underhill, Peter A.; Pierson, Melanie; Frame, Ian G.; Hagelberg, Erika| title = Genetic Affinities of the Andaman Islanders, a Vanishing Human Population|url=http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/CB_2002_p1-18.pdf| journal =Current Biology | volume = 13| issue=2| pages = 86–93| date= 2003-01-21| doi = 10.1080/00438240600564987|oclc=112009350|issn=0960-9822|format=PDF}}</ref><br />
<br />
===In Europe===<br />
<br />
{{main|Afro-European}}<br />
<br />
For many centuries throughout the [[Age of Discovery]] and the [[Colonialism|colonial empires]], black people came from the colonies to the "mother country", either voluntarily (sometimes for education) or under duress (sometimes as slaves). Even prior to that, the [[Arab slave trade]] brought large numbers of Africans to the furthest reaches of Europe; for example, [[Peter the Great]] took as a protégé [[Abram Petrovich Gannibal]], whose descendants number poet [[Alexandr Pushkin]] and [[Hugh Grosvenor, Earl Grosvenor|Hugh Grosvenor]], [[heir apparent]] to [[Gerald Grosvenor, 6th Duke of Westminster|Britain's wealthiest aristocrat]].<ref>[http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/specials/rich_list/ Sunday Times Rich List 2007 - Business<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Most of the black people living in [[Europe]], however, have their origins in relatively recent waves of immigration. Since the decolonisation of the mid-twentieth century, substantial black populations have moved to certain countries in Europe; other European countries have very few black people. At present, black people have limited visibility in mainstream European society, except in a handful of roles such as sporting activities.<br />
<br />
====Britain====<br />
''See also: [[Black British population]], [[British African-Caribbean community]] and [[Black British]]''<br />
<br />
According to [[National Statistics]], as of the 2001 census, there are over a million black people in the [[United Kingdom]]; 1% of the total population describe themselves as "Black Caribbean", 0.8% as "Black African", and 0.2% as "Black other".<ref>[http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=273 National Statistics Online<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The largest single number comes from [[Nigeria]], just over 88,000<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/uk/05/born_abroad/countries/html/overview.stm BBC NEWS | UK | Born Abroad | Countries of birth<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>. Britain encouraged workers from the [[Caribbean]] after [[World War II]]; the first symbolic movement was those who came on the ship the ''[[Empire Windrush]]''. The preferred official [[umbrella term]] is "black and minority ethnic" (BME), but sometimes the term "black" is used on its own, to express unified opposition to racism, as in the [[Southall Black Sisters]], which started with a mainly [[British Asian]] constituency. Black Britons tend to live in the cities, whereas the white population is moving more to suburbs and the countryside (see [[white flight]]). The total Black British population is currently thought to be much higher with around 2 million Nigerians in the country alone.<ref>[http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/about-the-fco/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/nigeria?profile=intRelations&pg=4 http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/about-the-fco/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/nigeria?profile=intRelations&pg=4]</ref><br />
<br />
====Eastern Europe====<br />
As African states [[decolonisation|became independent]] in the 1960s, the [[Soviet Union]] offered them the chance to study in Russia; over 40 years, 400,000 African students came, and many settled there.<ref>[http://www.mediarights.org/film/black_russians MediaRights: Film: Black Russians]</ref><ref>[http://www.africana.ru/Golden/info/black_russians_project_engl.htm Лили Голден и Лили Диксон. Телепроект "Черные русские": синопсис. Info on "Black Russians" film project in English]</ref> This extended beyond the Soviet Union to many countries of the [[Eastern bloc]].<br />
<br />
====Russia====<br />
A cultural classification of people as "black" exists in [[Russia]]. Certain groups of people who are ethnically different, and generally darker, than ethnic [[Russians]] are pejoratively referred to as "blacks" (''chernye''), and face specific sorts of [[social exclusion]] (see [[Racism in Russia]]). [[Romani people|Roma]], [[Georgians]], and [[Tatar]]s fall into this category.<ref> ''The Unmaking of Soviet Life: Everyday Economies After Socialism'' By Caroline Humphrey [[Cornell University]] 2002 p36-37</ref> Those referred to as "black" are from the [[Post-Soviet states|former Soviet republics]], predominantly [[peoples of the Caucasus]], e.g. [[Chechens]].<ref>Lisa Taylor, [http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/63/333.html Emergency—Explosion of State and Popular Racism follows Moscow Blasts], International Solidarity with Workers in Russia (ISWoR), 13 September 1999.</ref> Although "Caucasian" is used in [[American English]] to mean "[[white people]]", in [[Russian language|Russian]] &ndash; and [[List of dialects of the English language|most other varieties of English]] &ndash; it only refers to the [[Caucasus]], not European people in general.<br />
<br />
''See also: [[:ru:Негры и мулаты в России|Negroid and mulatto people of Russia]] in Russian Wikipedia.''<br />
<br />
==Debates on race==<br />
===Hamitic race===<br />
{{further|[[Hamitic]]}}<br />
According to some historians, the tale in [[Curse of Ham|Genesis 9]] in which Noah cursed the descendants of his son Ham with servitude was a seminal moment in defining black people, as the story was passed on through generations of Jewish, Christian and Islamic scholars.<ref>Bernard Lewis, Race and Slavery in the Middle East: An Historical Enquiry, (Oxford University Press, 1982), pp. 28-117</ref> According to columnist Felicia R. Lee, "Ham came to be widely portrayed as black; blackness, servitude and the idea of racial hierarchy became inextricably linked." Some people believe that the tradition of dividing humankind into three major races is partly rooted in tales of Noah's three sons repopulating the Earth after the [[Noah's Flood|Deluge]] and giving rise to three separate races.<ref>{{cite web| title = The Descendants of Noah| url=http://www.bible-truth.org/GEN10.HTM}}</ref><br />
<br />
The biblical passage, [[Book of Genesis]] 9:20-27, which deals with the [[sons of Noah]], however, makes no reference to race. The reputed [[curse of Ham]] is not on [[Sons of Noah|Ham]], but on [[Canaan]], one of Ham's sons. This is not a racial but geographic referent. The Canaanites, typically associated with the region of the Levant (Palestine, Lebanon, etc) were later subjugated by the Hebrews when they left bondage in Egypt according to the Biblical narrative.<ref>{{cite book| last = Redford| first = Donald B. | title = Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times| pages = 23–87| publisher = [[Princeton University Press]]| year= 1993| isbn = 0691000867 }}</ref><ref name=Goldenberg>{{cite book| last = Goldenberg| first = David M.| title = The Curse of Ham: Race and Slavery in Early Judaism, Christianity, and Islam| publisher = [[Princeton University Press]]| date = New Ed edition (July 18, 2005)| isbn = 0691123705 }}</ref> The alleged inferiority of Hamitic descendants also is not supported by the Biblical narrative, nor claims of three races in relation to Noah's sons. Shem for example seems a linguistic not racial referent. In short the Bible does not define blacks, nor assign them to racial hierarchies.<ref name=Goldenberg/><br />
<br />
Historians believe that by the nineteenth century, the belief that blacks were descended from Ham was used by southern United States whites to justify slavery.<ref name=FRLee>Felicia R. Lee, ''[http://www.racematters.org/noahscurseslaverysrationale.htm Noah's Curse Is Slavery's Rationale]'', Racematters.org, November 1, 2003</ref> According to Benjamin Braude, a professor of history at Boston College:<br />
<br />
{{quote|in 18th- and 19th century Euro-America, Genesis 9:18-27 became the curse of Ham, a foundation myth for collective degradation, conventionally trotted out as God's reason for condemning generations of dark-skinned peoples from Africa to slavery.<ref name=FRLee/>}}<br />
<br />
Author David M. Goldenberg contends that the Bible is not a racist document. According to Goldenberg, such [[racist]] interpretations came from post-biblical writers of antiquity like [[Philo]] and [[Origen of Alexandria]], who equated blackness with darkness of the soul.<ref>Goldenberg, D. M. (2005) ''The Curse of Ham: Race & Slavery in Early Judaism, Christian'', Princeton University Press</ref><br />
<br />
===In Afrocentrism===<br />
{{main|Afrocentrism|Ancient Egyptian race controversy}}<br />
[[Image:Egyptian races.jpg|thumb|1820 drawing of a fresco of the tomb of [[Seti I]], depicting (from left): [[Libyan]], [[Nubian]], [[Asian people|Asiatic]], [[Egyptians]].<ref>[http://personalwebs.coloradocollege.edu/~ctorresrouff/walkerlabpubs/buzon2006current.pdf Biological and Ethnic Identity in New Kingdom Nubia]</ref>]] <br />
A controversy over the skin color and ethnic origins of the [[ancient Egypt]]ians was sparked as part of the [[Afrocentrism|Afrocentric]] debate.<ref name = "hrsvxs">[http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Articles_Gen/afrocent_roth.html Building bridges to Afrocentrism]</ref> [[Afrocentrism|Afrocentrist]] scholars such as [[Cheikh Anta Diop]] contend that [[ancient Egypt]] was primarily a "black civilization". One source cited in support of their argument is [[Herodotus]], who wrote around 450 B.C. that "Colchians, Ethiopians and Egyptians have thick lips, broad nose, woolly hair and they are burnt of skin."<ref>{{cite web |title=Huge Ancient Egyptian Photo Gallery| url=http://www.freemaninstitute.com/RTGhistory.htm}}</ref> However, Classical scholar [[Frank M. Snowden, Jr.|Frank Snowden, Jr.]] cautions against the reliance on accounts by ancient writers to describe the physical characteristics of other ancient peoples, as they held different connotations from those of modern-day terminology in the West. He also points out that other ancient writers clearly distinguished between Egyptians and Ethiopians.<ref>{{cite book | last=Snowden, Jr. | first=Frank M. | editor=Mary R. Lefkowitz and Guy MacLean Rogers (eds.) | title=Black Athena Revisited | location=Chapel Hill | publisher=University of North Carolina Press | year=1996 | pages=113–14 | quote=....the Afrocentrists are mistaken in assuming that the terms ''Afri'' (Africans) and various color adjectives for dark pigmentation as used by Greeks and Romans are always the classical equivalents of Negores or blacks in modern usage.... That the pigmentation of the Egyptians was seen as lighter than that of Ethiopians is also attested by the adjective ''subfusucli'' ("somewhat dark") which Ammianus Marcellinus (22.16.23) chose to describe the Egyptians....}}</ref><br />
<br />
Keita and Boyce confront this issue in a 1996 article entitled, "The Geographical Origins and Population Relationships of Early Ancient Egyptians". As anthropologists, they point out the danger in relying on ancient interpretation to reveal for us the biological make up of a population. In any case they contend, the relevant data indicates greater similarity between Egyptians and Ethiopians than the former group with the Ancient Greeks.<ref>{{cite book | last=Keita, Boyce | first=Shomarka, A.J.| editor=Theodore Celenko(ed) | title=Egypt in Africa | location=Chapel Hill | publisher=Indianapolis Museum of Art | year=1996 | pages=25–27 | quote=....''The descriptions and terms of ancient Greek writers have sometimes been used to comment on Egyptian origins. This is problematic since the ancient writers were not doing population biology. However, we can examine one issue. The Greeks called all groups south of Egypt "Ethiopians." Were the Egyptians more related to any of these "Ethiopians" than to the Greeks? As noted, cranial and limb studies have indicated greater similarity to Somalis, Kushites and Nubians, all "Ethiopians" in ancient Greek terms.''....}}</ref><br />
<br />
Ancient Egyptians are often portrayed in modern media as Caucasians, and many people, Afrocentrists in particular, have been critical of this.<ref>{{cite web| title = The Identity Of Ancient| url=http://www.calumet.purdue.edu/mcnair/cynthia_research.pdf|format=PDF}}</ref> According to [[Egyptology|Egyptologists]], ancient Egypt was a multicultural society of Middle Eastern, Northeast African, and Saharan influences.<ref name = "hrsvxs"/><ref>[http://homelink.cps-k12.org/teachers/filiopa/files/AC383EB269C648AAAA659593B9FC358C.pdf Were the Ancient Egyptians black or white]</ref> Anthropological and archaeological evidence shows that an [[Africoid]] element was evident in ancient Egypt,<ref>{{cite video| people = [[Basil Davidson]]| title=The Nile|url=http://www.lincoln.edu/history/his307/davidson/1/dif3.wmv}}</ref> which was predominant in [[Abydos, Egypt|Abydos]] in the [[First dynasty of Egypt]].<ref>Studies and Comments on Ancient Egyptian Biological Relationships, by S.O.Y. Keita, History in Africa, 20: 129-154 (1993)</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Keita | first=S.O.Y. | title=Further studies of crania from ancient northern Africa: an analysis of crania from First Dynasty Egyptian tombs | journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology | year=1992 | month=March | volume=87 | issue= 3 | pages=245–254 | url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/110482899/ABSTRACT?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0 | accessdate= 2007-09-23 | quote=The predominant craniometric pattern in the [[Abydos, Egypt|Abydos]] [First Dynasty] royal tombs is "southern" (tropical African variant)... However, lower Egyptian, Maghrebian, and European patterns are observed also, thus making for great diversity... The centroid values of the various upper Egyptian series viewed collectively are seen to vary over time. The general trend from Badari to Nakada times, and then from the Nakadan to the First Dynasty epochs demonstrate change toward the northern-Egyptian centroid value on Function I with similar values on Function 11. This might represent an average change from an Africoid (Keita, 1990) to a northern-Egyptian-Maghreb modal pattern.... This northern modal pattern, which can be called coastal northern African, is noted in general terms to be intermediate, by the centroid scores of Function I, to equatorial African and northern European phenotypes. | doi=10.1002/ajpa.1330870302}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Footnotes==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{col-begin}}<br />
{{col-3}}<br />
* [[List of topics related to Black and African people]]<br />
* [[Africans]]<br />
* [[African-American]]<br />
* [[Afro-Latin American|Afro-Latino]]<br />
* [[African diaspora]]<br />
{{col-3}}<br />
* [[Black British]]<br />
* [[Negrito]]s<br />
* [[Black pride]], [[Black Power]], [[Black nationalism]], [[Black separatism]], [[Black supremacy]]<br />
{{col-3}}<br />
* [[Stereotypes of black people]]<br />
* [[White people]]<br />
{{col-end}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Black African people| ]]<br />
[[Category:Latin American caste system|Black]]<br />
[[Category:Race|Black]]<br />
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[[ar:أسود (شخص)]]<br />
[[zh-min-nan:O͘-lâng]]<br />
[[cs:Negroidní rasa]]<br />
[[de:Schwarzafrikaner]]<br />
[[et:Neegrid]]<br />
[[es:Negro (persona)]]<br />
[[eo:Nigrulo]]<br />
[[fr:Noir (type humain)]]<br />
[[gl:Raza negra]]<br />
[[gan:黑人]]<br />
[[ko:흑인]]<br />
[[hr:Negroidi]]<br />
[[ig:Ndi oji]]<br />
[[id:Ras Negroid]]<br />
[[he:שחורים]]<br />
[[ka:ნეგროიდული რასა]]<br />
[[lt:Juodaodis]]<br />
[[nl:Zwarten]]<br />
[[pl:Czarna rasa człowieka]]<br />
[[pt:Negros]]<br />
[[ru:Негроидная раса]]<br />
[[simple:Black people]]<br />
[[sk:Negroidná rasa]]<br />
[[fi:Negridinen rotu]]<br />
[[vi:Đại chủng Phi]]<br />
[[tr:Zenciler]]<br />
[[wuu:黑人]]<br />
[[zh-yue:黑人]]<br />
[[zh:黑人]]</div>Commander Shepardhttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schwarze&diff=83514525Schwarze2009-04-10T18:14:02Z<p>Commander Shepard: /* South Africa */</p>
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{{race}}<br />
The term '''black people''' usually refers to a [[Race (classification of human beings)|racial group]] of [[human]]s with a dark brown [[skin color]], but it has also been used to categorise a number of diverse populations into one common group. Some definitions of the term include only people of relatively recent [[Sub Saharan Africa]]n descent (see [[African diaspora]]). Among the members of this group, dark skin color is typically accompanied by the expression of [[natural afro-hair]] texture. Other definitions of the term Black extend to any of the populations characterized by dark skin color, a definition that also includes certain populations in [[Oceania]], [[Southeast Asia]]<ref>Various isolated populations in Southeast Asia sometimes classified as black include the [[Austronesian]]s and [[Papuan]]s, the [[Andamanese]] islanders, the [[Semang]] people of the [[Malay peninsula]], the [[Aeta]] people of [[Luzon]], and some other small populations of indigenous peoples. </ref><ref>black. (n.d.). ''Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1)''. Retrieved April 13, 2007, from [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/black Dictionary.com website]</ref>, and the southern [[Middle East]]<ref>http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/chapter47/text47.htm</ref>.<br />
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==Physiological traits==<br />
===Dark skin===<br />
{{further|[[Human skin color]] }}<br />
[[Image:Albino boy tanzania.jpg|thumb|right|upright|A black woman and her [[albinistic]] son from [[Tanzania]] ]]<br />
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The evolution of dark skin is intrinsically linked to the loss of body hair in humans.<br />
By 1.2 million years ago, all people having descendants today had the same receptor protein of today's Africans; their skin was dark, and the intense sun killed off the progeny with any lighter skin that resulted from mutational variation in the receptor protein.<ref name="Rogers">{{cite journal|last=Rogers|first=Alan R.|coauthors=Iltis, David; Wooding, Stephen|title=Genetic variation at the MC1R locus and the time since loss of human body hair|journal=Current Anthropology|volume=45|issue=1|pages=105–8|url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/381006|accessdate=2008-07-22|doi=10.1086/381006|month=February | year=2004|oclc=193553649|publisher=The Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research|issn=0011-3204}}</ref> This is significantly earlier than the [[speciation]] of ''[[Homo sapiens]]'' from ''[[Homo erectus]]'' some 250,000 years ago.<br />
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Dark skin helps protect against [[skin cancer]] that develops as a result of [[ultraviolet|ultraviolet light]] radiation, causing mutations in the skin.{{Fact|date=June 2008}} Furthermore, dark skin prevents an essential B vitamin, [[folate]], from being destroyed. Therefore, in the absence of modern medicine and diet, a person with dark skin in the tropics would live longer, be healthier and likelier to reproduce than a person with light skin. White Australians have some of the highest rates of skin cancer as evidence of this expectation.<ref>{{cite web| title = Australia Struggles with Skin Cancer| url=http://www.cancer.org/docroot/NWS/content/NWS_1_1x_Australia_Struggles_with_Skin_Cancer.asp}}</ref> Conversely, as dark skin prevents sunlight from penetrating the skin it hinders the production of [[vitamin D|vitamin D<sub>3</sub>]]. Hence when humans migrated to less sun-intensive regions in the north, low [[vitamin D|vitamin D<sub>3</sub>]] levels became a problem and lighter skin colors started appearing. The people of Europe, who have low levels of [[melanin]], naturally have an almost colorless skin pigmentation, especially when [[Sun tanning|untanned]]. This low level of pigmentation allows the blood vessels to become visible and gives the characteristic pale pink color of white people. The primary difference in skin color between blacks and whites is however a minor genetic difference accounting for just one letter in 3.1 billion letters of DNA.<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/12/15/AR2005121501728_pf.html "Scientists find DNA change accounting for white skin"]. ''[[Washington Post]]''.</ref><br />
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===Natural afro-hair texture===<br />
''Natural hair'', ''black hair'', and ''afro-textured hair'' are terms used to refer to the typical texture of Black African [[hair]] that has not been altered by hot combs, flat irons, or chemicals (by [[perm (hairstyle)|perm]]ing, [[relaxer|relaxing]], [[hair straightening|straightening]], bleaching or [[hair coloring|coloring]]). Each strand of this hair type grows in a tiny spring-like, corkscrew shape. The overall effect is such that, despite relatively fewer actual hair shafts compared to straight hair,<ref>G. Loussouarn (2001) www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11531795?ordinalpos=8&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum</ref> [[natural afro-hair]] texture appears (and feels) denser than its straight counterparts. Due to this, it is often referred to as 'thick', 'bushy', or 'woolly'. For several reasons, possibly including its relatively flat cross section (among other factors<ref>Franbourg et al. "Influence of Ethnic Origin of Hair on Water-Keratin Interaction" In ''Ethnic Skin and Hair'' E. Berardesca, J. Leveque, and H. Maibach (Eds.). page 101. Informa Healthcare. 2007</ref>), this hair type conveys a dry or matte appearance.<ref name="Arrojo">Nick Arrojo, Jenny Acheson, ''Great Hair: Secrets to Looking Fabulous and Feeling Beautiful Every Day'', (St. Martin's Press: 2008), p.184</ref><ref name="Johnson">Dale H. Johnson, ''Hair and hair care'', (CRC Press: 1997), p.237</ref> It is also very coarse,<ref name="Arrojo"/> and its unique shape renders it very prone to breakage when combed or brushed.<ref name="Johnson"/> Adjectives such as "hard", "kinky", "[[Nap (textile)|nap]]py" or "spiraled" are used to describe natural afro-textured hair in Western societies. Not all people of sub-Saharan African descent have natural afro-textured hair although a large majority express this trait.<br />
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Although it is often compared to the fur of a sub-breed of sheep that produces wool, the specific characteristics of the natural afro-hair form are actually unique among all mammals.<ref>''Ethnic Skin and Hair'' E. Berardesca, J. Leveque, and H. Maibach (Eds.). Informa Healthcare. 2007</ref> The texture is likely a remnant of an important period in [[human evolution|human evolutionary history]] in that (in likely predating the evolution of [[dark skin]]) it evolved when, as proto-humans lost most of their [[fur]] to enable perspiration, the need to protect the newly exposed pale skin underneath this [[body hair]] was crucial(see <ref>Iyengar, B. "The hair follicle is a specialized UV receptor in human skin?" ''Bio Signals Recep'', 7(3), page 188-194. 1998</ref> in light of Rogers et al, 2004 and Harding et al, 2000). The trait ceased to be essential to survival at the equator upon the evolution of hairless dark skin. Yet it has continued to be expressed vestigially among most Melanesians, Andamen Islanders, and sub-Saharan Africans.<br />
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==Cultural ideas of a black race==<br />
===In sub-Saharan Africa===<br />
{{see|Demographics of Africa}}<br />
[[Image:Sub-Saharan-Africa.png|right|thumb|Sub-Saharan Africa is colored green, while North Africa is gray.]]<br />
[[Sub-Saharan Africa]] is a common if imprecise term that encompasses African countries located south of the [[Sahara]]n Desert. It is commonly used to differentiate the region culturally, ecologically, politically and, more controversially, [[race|racially]], from other parts of the continent. Because the indigenous people of this region are primarily dark-skinned, it is sometimes used as a [[euphemism]] for "Black Africa".<ref>{{cite journal| first = Lansana | last = Keita| title = Race, Identity and Africanity: A Reply to Eboussi Boulaga| journal = CODESRIA Bulletin, Nos | volume = 1 & 2| pages = 16| year= 2004| publisher = Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa}}</ref> Some criticize the use of the term, because, having become in many quarters synonymous with ''Black Africa'', it can leave the mistaken impression that there are not indigenous Black populations in North Africa. Furthermore, the Sahara cuts across countries such as [[Mauritania]], [[Mali]], [[Niger]], [[Chad]], and [[Sudan]], leaving some parts of them in North Africa and some in sub-Saharan Africa. <br />
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[[Owen 'Alik Shahadah]] argues that the term sub-Saharan Africa has racist overtones:<br />
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{{quote|Sub-Saharan Africa is a racist byword for "primitive", a place which has escaped advancement. Hence, we see statements like “no written languages exist in Sub-Saharan Africa.” “Ancient Egypt was not a Sub-Saharan African civilization.” Sub-Sahara serves as an exclusion, which moves, jumps and slides around to suit negative generalization of Africa.<ref name=Shahadah/>}}<br />
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However, some Black Africans prefer to be culturally distinguished from those who live in the north of the continent.<ref>{{cite book| last = Keith B. | first = Richburg| title = Out of America: A Black Man Confronts Africa| publisher = Harvest/HBJ Book| date = Reprint edition (July 1, 1998)| isbn = 0156005832 }}</ref><br />
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====South Africa====<br />
[[Image:Coloured-family.jpg|thumb|right|Extended [[Coloured]] family with roots in [[Cape Town]], [[Kimberley]] and [[Pretoria]].]]<br />
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In [[South Africa]] during the [[History of South Africa in the apartheid era|apartheid era]], the population was classified into four groups: ''Black'', ''White'', ''[[Asia]]n'' (mostly [[India]]n), and ''[[Coloured]]''. <!--These terms are capitalized to denote their legal definitions in South African law.--> The Coloured group included people of mixed [[Bantu peoples|Bantu]], [[Khoisan]], and [[European ethnic groups|European]] descent (with some [[Cape Malays|Malay]] ancestry, especially in the [[Western Cape]]). The Coloured definition occupied an intermediary position between the Black and White definitions in South Africa.<br />
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The [[apartheid]] bureaucracy devised complex (and often arbitrary) criteria in the [[Population Registration Act]] to determine who belonged in which group. Minor officials administered tests to enforce the classifications. When it was unclear from a person's physical appearance whether a person was to be considered Colored or Black, the "pencil test" was employed. This involved inserting a pencil in a person's hair to determine if the hair was kinky enough for the pencil to get stuck.<ref>{{cite news | last = Nullis| first = Clare | title = Township tourism booming in South Africa| publisher = The Associated Press| year= 2007| url = http://www.canada.com/topics/travel/features/story.html?id=59ec6285-c9fb-41ab-93f9-419f62733f07&k=67896}}</ref><br />
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During the apartheid era, the Coloureds were oppressed and discriminated against. However, they did have limited rights and overall had slightly better socioeconomic conditions than Blacks. In the post-apartheid era the government's policies of [[affirmative action]] have favored Blacks over Coloureds. Some South Africans categorized as Black openly state that Coloureds did not suffer as much as they did during apartheid. The popular saying by Coloured South Africans to illustrate this dilemma is:<br />
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{{quote|Not white enough under apartheid and not black enough under the ANC ([[African National Congress]])}}<br />
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Other than by appearance, Coloureds can be distinguished from Blacks by language. Most speak [[Afrikaans]] or English as a [[first language]], as opposed to [[Bantu languages]] such as [[Zulu language|Zulu]] or [[Xhosa]]. They also tend to have more European-sounding names than Bantu names.<ref>{{cite news | last = du Preez| first = Max| title = Coloureds - the most authentic SA citizens| publisher = The Star|date=2006-04-13| url = http://www.thestar.co.za/index.php?fArticleId=3201857}}</ref><br />
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In 2008, the High Court in South Africa has ruled that [[Overseas Chinese|Chinese]] South Africans are to be reclassified as Black people.<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/africa/article4168245.ece We agree that you are black, South African court tells Chinese], The Times</ref><br />
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===In the Arab world===<br />
{{See also|Afro-Arab}}<br />
Black African and [[Near East]]ern peoples have interacted since prehistoric times.<ref>[http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=70522 Mauritania: Fair elections haunted by racial imbalance]</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6510675.stm Remembering East African slave raids]</ref> Some historians estimate that as many as 14 million black slaves crossed the [[Red Sea]], [[Indian Ocean]], and [[Sahara Desert]] in the [[Arab slave trade]] from 650 to 1900 CE.<ref>[http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-85410331.html The Unknown Slavery: In the Muslim world, that is &ndash; and it's not over]</ref><ref>[http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24156 Welcome to Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History]</ref><br />
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The [[Afro-Asiatic languages]], which include [[Semitic languages]] such as [[Arabic]] and [[Hebrew]], are believed by some scholars to have originated in [[Ethiopia]].<ref>[http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0011-3204%28199802%2939%3A1%3C139%3ATALPAI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-J&size=LARGE&origin=JSTOR-enlargePage The Afroasiatic Language Phylum: African in Origin, or Asian?] Daniel F. Mc Call. (JSTOR)</ref> This is because the region has very diverse language groups in close geographic proximity, often considered a telltale sign for a linguistic geographic origin.<br />
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In more recent times, about 1000 CE, interactions between blacks and Arabs resulted in the incorporation of extensive Arabic vocabulary into [[Swahili]], which became a useful ''[[lingua franca]]'' for merchants. Some of this linguistic exchange occurred as part of the slave trade; the history of [[Islam and slavery]] shows that the [[Madh'hab|major juristic schools]] traditionally accepted the institution of [[slavery]].<ref name="Lewis">Lewis 1994, [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/med/lewis1.html Ch.1]</ref> As a result, Arab influence spread along the east coast of Africa and to some extent into the interior (see [[East Africa]]). [[Timbuktu]] was a trading outpost that linked [[west Africa]] with [[Berber people|Berber]], Arab, and Jewish traders throughout the [[Arab World]]. As a result of these interactions many Arab people in the [[Middle East]] have black ancestry and many blacks on the east coast of Africa and along the Sahara have Arab ancestry.<ref>[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1180338 Extensive Female-Mediated Gene Flow from Sub-Saharan Africa into Near Eastern Arab Populations]</ref><br />
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According to Dr. Carlos Moore, resident scholar at Brazil's [[Universidade do Estado da Bahia]], Afro-multiracials in the Arab world self-identify in ways that resemble [[Latin America]]. He claims that black-looking Arabs, much like black-looking [[Latin Americans]], consider themselves white because they have some distant white ancestry.<ref>{{cite web| last = Musselman| first = Anson | title = The Subtle Racism of Latin America| publisher = UCLA International Institute| url=http://www.international.ucla.edu/article.asp?parentid=4125}}</ref><br />
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Moore also claims that a film about [[Egyptian President]] [[Anwar Sadat]] had to be canceled when Sadat discovered that an [[African-American]] had been cast to play him. In fact, the 1983 television movie ''Sadat'', starring [[Louis Gossett, Jr.]], was not canceled. The [[government of Egypt|Egyptian government]] refused to let the drama air in Egypt, partially on the grounds of the casting of Gossett.<ref>[http://www.hollywood.com/celebrity/Louis_Gossett_Jr/192411 Louis Gosset Jr.] Hollywood.com</ref> The objections, however, did not come from Sadat, who had been assassinated two years earlier.<br />
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Sadat's mother was a black [[Sudan]]ese woman and his father was a lighter-skinned [[Egyptians|Egyptian]]. In response to an advertisement for an acting position he remarked, "I am not white but I am not exactly black either. My blackness is tending to reddish".<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=PoW4pO4q9VwC&printsec=frontcover#PPP1,M1 Anwar Sadat: Visionary Who Dared By Joseph Finklestone] pages 5-7,31 ISBN 0714634875</ref><br />
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[[Fathia Nkrumah]] was another Egyptian intimately tied with Black Africa. She was the late wife of [[Ghana]]ian revolutionary [[Kwame Nkrumah]], whose marriage was seen as helping plant the seeds of cooperation between Egypt and other African countries as they struggled for independence from European colonization, which in turn helped advance the formation of the [[African Union]].<ref>[http://ausummit-accra.org.gh/index1.php?linkid=289&adate=04%2F07%2F2007&archiveid=140&page=1 African Union Summit]</ref><br />
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In general, Arabs had a more positive view of black women than black men, even if the women were of slave origin. More black women were enslaved than men, and, because the [[Qur'an]] was interpreted to permit [[Ma malakat aymanukum and sex|sexual relations between a male master and his female slave]] outside of marriage,<ref>See [[Tahfeem ul Qur'an]] by [[Maududi|Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi]], Vol. 2 pp. 112-113 footnote 44; Also see commentary on verses {{Quran-usc-range|23|1|6}}: Vol. 3, notes 7-1, p. 241; 2000, Islamic Publications</ref><ref>[[Tafsir ibn Kathir]] 4:24</ref> many [[mixed race]] children resulted. When an enslaved woman became pregnant with her Arab captor's child, she became “umm walad” or “mother of a child”, a status that granted her privileged rights. The child would have prospered from the wealth of the father and been given rights of inheritance.<ref name="Arab Slave Trade">{{cite web|url=http://www.arabslavetrade.com|publisher="[[Owen 'Alik Shahadah]]"|title="Slavery in Arabia"}}</ref> Because of [[patrilineality]], the children were born free and sometimes even became successors to their ruling fathers, as was the case with Sultan [[Ahmad al-Mansur]], (whose mother was a [[Fulani]] concubine), who ruled [[Morocco]] from 1578-1608. Such tolerance, however, was not extended to wholly black persons, even when technically "free," and the notion that to be black meant to be a slave became a common belief.<ref>{{cite web| last = Hunwick| first = John| title = Arab Views of Black Africans and Slavery| url=http://www.yale.edu/glc/events/race/Hunwick.pdf|format=PDF}}</ref> The term "[[Abd (Arabic)|abd]]," ({{lang-ar<br />
|عبد}},) "slave," remains a common term for black people in the Middle East, often though not always derogatory.<ref>{{cite news| first = Theola<br />
| last = Labbé<br />
| coauthors = Omar Fekeiki<br />
| title = A Legacy Hidden in Plain Sight<br />
| work = Washington Post<br />
| url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&contentId=A6645-2004Jan10<br />
| date = 2004-01-11<br />
| accessdate = 2008-01-29<br />
}}</ref><br />
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===In the Ottoman Empire===<br />
[[Image:Gérôme-Black Bashi-Bazouk-c. 1869.jpg|thumb|160px|Black [[bashi-bazouk]] of the [[Ottoman Empire]].]]<br />
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====Turkey====<br />
{{See also|Afro-Turks}}<br />
Beginning several centuries ago, a number of sub-Saharan Africans were brought by slave traders during the [[Ottoman Empire]] to plantations between [[Antalya Province|Antalya]] and [[Istanbul]] in modern-day [[Turkey]].<ref>[http://www.afro-turk.org/index.php/ayvalikin-renkli-dernegi Ayvalık’ın renkli derneği, retrieved 28 August 2008]</ref> Some of their descendants remain, mixed with the rest of the population in these areas, and many migrated to larger cities. Some came from the island of [[Crete]] following the [[population exchange between Greece and Turkey]] in 1923.<ref>[http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=141522 Turks with African ancestors want their existence to be felt, ''Today's Zaman'', 11 May 2008, Sunday, retrieved 28 August 2008]</ref> <br />
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====Cyprus====<br />
During the Ottoman rule, Black African slaves (usually transferred over Egypt) were brought to [[Cyprus]] and sold to Muslim families. Many of their descendants rose to prominent positions and assimilated into the [[Turkish Cypriot]] community, creating a sizeable [[multiracial]] population today.<ref>[http://www.toplumpostasi.net/printa.php?col=85&art=1113 Cyprus' Dark Secret] by Alkan Chaghlar, 25 August 2006, retrieved 8 March 2009</ref><br />
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====Balkans====<br />
[[Ulcinj]] in [[Montenegro]] had its own black community - descendent of the [[Slavery (Ottoman Empire)|Ottoman slave trade]] that had flourished here.<ref>[http://www.cyber-adventures.com/yugo.html Yugoslavia - Montenegro and Kosovo - The Next Conflict?]</ref> The [[Military of the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Army]] counted thousands of Black African soldiers in its ranks. The army sent to [[Balkans]] during the [[Austro-Turkish War]] of 1716–18 included 24,000 men from Africa.<ref>[http://www.cwo.com/~lucumi/russia2.html African Slave Trade in Russia], By Dieudonne Gnammankou in La Channe et le lien, Doudou Diene, (id.) Paris, Editions UNESCO, 1988</ref><br />
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===In the Americas===<br />
Approximately 12 million Africans were shipped to [[the Americas]] during the [[Atlantic slave trade]] from 1492 to 1888. Today their descendants number approximately 150 million,<ref>[http://www.hunter.cuny.edu/galci/Archive.htm "Community Outreach" Seminar on Planning Process for SANTIAGO +5 ], ''Global Afro-Latino and Caribbean Initiative'', February 4, 2006</ref> most of whom live in the [[United States]], the [[Caribbean]] and [[Latin America]], including [[Brazil]]. Many have a multiracial background of African, [[Amerindian]], European and Asian ancestry. The various regions developed complex social conventions with which their multi-ethnic populations were classified. <br />
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====United States====<br />
{{main|African American}}<br />
{{see also|African immigration to the United States}}<br />
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In the first 200 years that blacks had been in the [[United States]], they commonly referred to themselves as Africans. In Africa, people primarily identified themselves by tribe or ethnic group (closely allied to language) and not by skin color. Individuals would be [[Asante]], [[Igbo people|Igbo]], [[Bakongo]] or [[Wolof]]. But when Africans were brought to [[the Americas]] they were forced to give up their ethnic affiliations for fear of uprisings. The result was the Africans had to intermingle with other Africans from different ethnic groups. This is significant as Africans came from a vast geographic region, the [[West Africa]]n coastline stretching from [[Senegal]] to [[Angola]] and in some cases from the south east coast such as [[Mozambique]]. A new identity and culture was born that incorporated elements of the various tribal groups and of European cultural heritage, resulting in fusions such as the [[Black church]] and [[AAVE|Black English]]. This new identity was now based on skin color and African ancestry rather than any one tribal group.<ref name=Shahadah>{{cite web| last = Shahadah| first = Owen 'Alik| authorlink =Owen 'Alik Shahadah| title =Linguistics for a new African reality| url=http://www.africanholocaust.net/news_ah/language%20new%20reality.htm}}</ref><br />
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In March 1807, [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Britain]], which largely controlled the Atlantic, declared [[Abolition of the Slave Trade Act|the trans-atlantic slave trade illegal]], as did the United States. (The latter prohibition took effect January 1, 1808, the earliest date on which [[United States Congress|Congress]] had the power to do so under [[wikisource:Constitution of the United States of America#Section 9|Article I, Section 9]] of the [[United States Constitution]].)<br />
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By that time, the majority of blacks were U.S.-born, so use of the term "African" became problematic. Though initially a source of pride, many blacks feared its continued use would be a hindrance to their fight for full citizenship in the US. They also felt that it would give ammunition to those who were advocating repatriating blacks back to Africa. In 1835 black leaders called upon black Americans to remove the title of "African" from their institutions and replace it with "[[Negro]]" or "Colored American". A few institutions however elected to keep their historical names such as [[African Methodist Episcopal Church]]. "Negro" and "colored" remained the popular terms until the late 1960s.<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/1594200831/ African American Journeys to Africa page63-64]</ref> <br />
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The term ''black'' was used throughout but not frequently as it carried a certain stigma.<br />
In his 1963 "[[I Have a Dream]]" speech,<ref>{{cite video|url=http://video.google.com/url?docid=1732754907698549493&esrc=sr1&ev=v&q=I+Have+a+Dream&vidurl=http://video.google.com/videoplay%3Fdocid%3D1732754907698549493%26q%3DI%2BHave%2Ba%2BDream&usg=AL29H20jaXzESJi0-5ByuawvRj8e-fNr-w| people = Martin Luther King, Jr.| title = I Have a Dream| medium = Google Video| location = Washington, D.C.|date=August 28, 1963 }}</ref> [[Martin Luther King, Jr.]] uses the terms ''Negro'' 15 times and ''black'' 4 times. Each time he uses ''black'' it is in parallel construction with ''white'' (e.g., black men and white men).<ref>{{cite journal| last = Smith|first= Tom W.|title = Changing Racial Labels: From "Colored" to "Negro" to "Black" to "African American"| journal = The Public Opinion Quarterly| volume = 56| issue=4|pages = 496–514|issn= 0033-362X|oclc=192150485| url=http://www.soc.iastate.edu/soc522a/PDF%20readings/Smith.pdf|date = Winter, 1992| publisher = Oxford University Press| doi = 10.1086/269339|format=PDF}}</ref> With the successes of the [[African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955-1968)|civil rights movement]] a new term was needed to break from the past and help shed the reminders of legalized discrimination. In place of ''Negro'', ''black'' was promoted as standing for racial pride, militancy and power. Some of the turning points included the use of the term "[[Black Power]]" by Kwame Toure ([[Stokely Carmichael]]) and the release of James Brown's song "[[Say It Loud - I'm Black and I'm Proud]]".<br />
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In 1988 [[Jesse Jackson]] urged Americans to use the term [[African American]] because the term has a historical cultural base. Since then African American and black have essentially a coequal status. There is still much controversy over which term is more appropriate. Some strongly reject the term African American in preference for black citing that they have little connection with Africa.{{Who|date=August 2008}} Others believe the term black is inaccurate because African Americans have a variety of skin tones.<ref>{{cite news| last = McWhorter| first = John H.| title = Why I'm Black, Not African American| publisher = Los Angeles Times|date=2004-09-08| url = http://www.manhattan-institute.org/html/_latimes-why_im_black.htm}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=January 2009}}<!-- The cited article actually seems to argue the opposite of what we're using it for --> Surveys show that when interacting with each other African Americans prefer the term black, as it is associated with intimacy and familiarity. The term "African American" is preferred for public and formal use.<ref>{{cite book| last = Miller| first = Pepper| coauthors = Kemp, Herb | title = What's Black About? Insights to Increase Your Share of a Changing African-American Market| publisher = Paramount Market Publishing, Inc| year= 2006| isbn = 0972529098|oclc=61694280}}</ref> The appropriateness of the term "African American" is further confused, however, by increases in black immigrants from [[African immigration to the United States|Africa]], the Caribbean and Latin America. The more recent black immigrants may sometimes view themselves, and be viewed, as culturally distinct from native descendants of African slaves.<ref name="Swarns">{{cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CE5DB1F3EF93AA1575BC0A9629C8B63|title='African American' Becomes a Term for Debate|last=Swarns|first=Rachel L.|date=2004-08-29|publisher=The New York Times|accessdate=2008-07-22}}</ref><br />
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The [[Race (United States Census)|U.S. census race definitions]] says a black is a person having origins in any of the black racial groups of Africa. It includes people who indicate their race as "Black, African Am., or Negro," or who provide written entries such as African American, Afro American, [[Kenyan]], [[Nigerian]], or [[Haitian]]. However, the [[Census Bureau]] notes that these classifications are socio-political constructs and should not be interpreted as scientific or anthropological.<ref>[http://www.census.gov/mso/www/c2000basics/00Basics.pdf 2000 US Census basics]</ref><br />
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A considerable portion of the [[U.S. population]] identified as ''black'' actually have some [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]] or [[European American]] ancestry. For instance, genetic studies of African American people show an ancestry that is on average 17-18% European.<ref>[http://www.isteve.com/2002_How_White_Are_Blacks.htm How White Are Blacks? How Black Are Whites? by Steve Sailer]</ref> <br />
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=====One drop rule=====<br />
Historically, the United States used a [[colloquial]] term, the ''[[one-drop rule]]'', to designate a black person as any person with any known African ancestry.<ref name=Davis>{{cite web| last = James| first = F. Davis| title = Who is Black? One Nation's Definition| url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/jefferson/mixed/onedrop.html| publisher = [[PBS]]}}</ref> Outside of the US, some other countries have adopted the practice, but the definition of who is black and the extent to which the one drop "rule" applies varies from country to country.<br />
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The one drop rule may have originated as a means of increasing the number of black slaves<ref>[[Clarence Page]], [http://www.pbs.org/newshour/essays/page_5-1.html A Credit to His Races], ''[[The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer]]'', May 1, 1997.</ref> and been maintained as an attempt to keep the white race "pure".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://backintyme.com/essays/?p=25|title=Presenting the Triumph of the One-Drop Rule|last=Sweet|first=Frank|date=Backintyme Essays|work=The One-Drop Rule|publisher=2006-04-01|accessdate=2008-07-22}}</ref>. One of the results of the one drop rule was uniting the African American community and preserving an African identity.<ref name=Davis/> Some of the most prominent civil rights activists were multiracial, and advocated equality for all. <br />
<br />
President [[Barack Obama]] self-identifies as black and African American interchangeably.<ref name=Kroft/> According to a Williams Identity Survey conducted by Zogby International interactive poll conducted November 1-2, 2006, among those who voted, 55 percent of whites voters and 61 percent of Hispanics voters classified him as biracial instead of black after being told that his mother is white, and 66% of Black voters classified Obama as black.<ref>{{cite news| title = Obama and 'one drop of non-white blood'| publisher = BBS News|date=2007-04-13| url = http://bbsnews.net/article.php/20061222014017231}}</ref> Another poll conducted by the same group returned results that forty-two percent of African-Americans voters described [[Tiger Woods]] as black, as did 7% of white voters.<ref>{{cite web| last = White| first =John Kennet| title =Barack Obama and the Politics of Race| place =Catholic University of America| url=http://www.mindstorminteractive.net/clients/idonline/index.htm}}</ref><br />
<br />
=====Blackness=====<br />
[[File:Official portrait of Barack Obama.jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[Barack Obama]], the first black President of the [[United States]], was, throughout his campaign, criticized as being either "too black" or "not black enough".<ref name=obama-speech>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/18_03_08_obama_speech.pdf |title=Remarks of Senator Barack Obama: 'A More Perfect Union' (transcript) |accessdate=2008-06-27 |date=2008-03-18 |publisher=BBC News|format=pdf |quote=This is not to say that race has not been an issue in the campaign. At various stages in the campaign, some commentators have deemed me either "too black" or "not black enough." We saw racial tensions bubble to the surface during the week before the South Carolina primary. The press has scoured every exit poll for the latest evidence of racial polarization, not just in terms of white and black, but black and brown as well. |pages=p2 }} See also: [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pWe7wTVbLUU video]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/jun/27/barackobama.ralphnader?gusrc=rss&feed=commentisfree |title=Too black or not black enough, Obama just can't win |accessdate=2008-06-27 |first=Lola|last= Adesioye |date=2008-06-27 |publisher=The Guardian|work=Comment is Free}}</ref><ref name=obama-time>{{cite web |url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1584736,00.html |title=Is Obama Black Enough? |accessdate=2008-06-27 |first=Ta-Nehisi Paul last=Coates |date=2007-02-01 |publisher=Time |quote=Barack Obama's real problem isn't that he's too white — it's that he's too black.}}</ref>]]The concept of [[blackness]] in the United States has been described{{By whom|date=June 2008}} as the degree to which one associates themselves with mainstream [[African American culture]] and values. To a certain extent, this concept is not so much about skin color or tone but more about culture and behavior. <br />
Blackness can be contrasted with "[[acting white]]" where black Americans are said to behave with assumed characteristics of stereotypical white Americans, with regard to [[fashion]], [[dialect]], taste in [[music]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.kent.edu/Magazine/Spring2007/ActingWhite.cfm|title=Acting White|last=Edler|first=Melissa|date=Spring 2007|publisher=Kent State Magazine|accessdate=2008-07-22}}</ref>, and possibly, from the perspective of a significant number of Black youth, academic achievement.<ref>Ogbu, J. "Black American students in an affluent suburb: a study of academic disengagement" Erlbaum Associates Press. Mahwah, NJ. 2003.</ref> <br />
<br />
The notion of blackness can also be extended to non-black people. [[Toni Morrison]] once described [[Bill Clinton]] as the first black president,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://dir.salon.com/story/books/int/2002/02/20/clinton/index.html|title=Blacks and Bill Clinton|last=Hansen|first=Suzy|date=2002-02-20|publisher=Salon|accessdate=2008-07-22}}</ref> because of his warm relations with African Americans, his poor upbringing and also because he is a jazz musician. [[Christopher Hitchens]] was offended by the notion of Clinton as the first black president noting "we can still define blackness by the following symptoms: alcoholic mothers, under-the-bridge habits...the tendency to sexual predation and shameless perjury about the same"<ref>No One Left to Lie to by Christopher Hitchens, 1999, pg 47</ref> Some black activists were also offended, claiming Clinton used his knowledge of black culture to exploit black people like no other president before<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_go1637/is_200204/ai_n6880693 Find Articles 404 File not found<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> for political gain, while not serving black interests. They note his lack of action during the [[Rwanda genocide]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/usa/story/0,12271,1182431,00.html|title=US chose to ignore Rwandan genocide|last=Carroll|first=Rory|date=2004-03-31|publisher=The Guardian|accessdate=2008-07-22}}</ref> and his [[welfare reform]] which led to the worst [[child poverty]] since the 1960s<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wsws.org/articles/1999/jun1999/welf-j02.shtml|title=Clinton's welfare reform has increased child poverty|last=Roberts |first=Larry|date=1999-06-02|publisher=World Socialist Web Site|accessdate=2008-07-22}}</ref> along with the fact that the number of blacks in jail increased during his administration.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.counterpunch.org/gray1207.html|title=Soul Brother? Clinton and Black Americans|last=Gray|first=Kevin A.|date=2002-12-07|publisher=Counterpunch|accessdate=2008-07-22}}</ref><br />
<br />
The question of blackness also arose in Democrat [[Barack Obama]]'s [[United States presidential election, 2008|2008 presidential campaign]]. Commentators<ref name=obama-speech /> such as Time magazine<ref name=obama-time /> have questioned whether Obama, who was elected the first black [[President of the United States]], is black enough, as his mother is [[white American]], and his father is a black Kenyan immigrant. Obama refers to himself interchangeably as black and [[African American]].<ref name=Kroft>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/02/11/60minutes/main2458530.shtml|title=A Transcript Excerpt Of Steve Kroft’s Interview With Sen. Obama|last=Kroft|first=Steve|date=2007-02-11|publisher=CBS News|accessdate=2008-07-22}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Brazil====<br />
{{main|Race in Brazil}}<br />
[[Image:Capoeira-in-the-street-2.jpg|thumb|left|[[Capoeira]], an Afro-Brazilian [[martial art]].]]<br />
The topic of race in Brazil is a complex and diverse one.{{Fact|date=January 2009}} A Brazilian child was never automatically identified with the racial type of one or both parents, nor were there only two categories to choose from. Between a pure black and a very light mulatto over a dozen racial categories would be recognized in conformity with the combinations of hair color, hair texture, eye color, and skin color. These types grade into each other like the colors of the spectrum, and no one category stands significantly isolated from the rest. That is, race referred to appearance, not heredity.<ref name="skidmore">{{cite journal| first = Thomas E. | last = Skidmore | title = Fact and Myth: Discovering a Racial Problem in Brazil| journal = Working Paper| volume = 173|url=http://www.nd.edu/~kellogg/publications/workingpapers/WPS/173.pdf| month = April | year = 1992|format=PDF}}</ref><br />
<br />
There is some disagreement among scholars over the effects of social status on racial classifications in Brazil. It is generally believed that upward mobility and education results in reclassification of individuals into lighter skinned categories. The popular claim is that in Brazil poor whites are considered black and wealthy blacks are considered white. Some scholars disagree arguing that whitening of one's social status may be open to people of mixed race, but a typically black person will consistently be identified as black regardless of wealth or social status.<ref name=Telles>{{cite book| last = Edward E. | first = Telles| title = Race in Another America: The Significance of Skin Color in Brazil| pages = 95–98| publisher = [[Princeton University Press]]| year= 2004| isbn =0691118663 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| first = Edward E. | last = Telles| title = Racial Ambiguity Among the Brazilian Population| journal = Ethnic and Racial Studies|url=http://www.ccpr.ucla.edu/ccprwpseries/ccpr_012_01.pdf| volume = 25| pages = 415–441| date= 3 May 2002| publisher = California Center for Population Research| doi = 10.1080/01419870252932133|format=PDF}}</ref><br />
<br />
=====Statistics=====<br />
{{see also|Race and genetics#Admixture in Latin America}}<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em;"<br />
|+Demographics of Brazil<br />
|-<br />
! Year!! White !! Brown!! Black<br />
|-<br />
| 1835<br />
| 24.4% || 18.2%||51.4%<br />
|-<br />
| 2000<br />
| 53.7% ||38.5%||6.2%<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
From the year 1500 to 1850 an estimated 3.5 million Africans were forcibly shipped to Brazil.<ref name=Telles/> An estimated 80 million Brazilians, almost half the population, are at least in part descendants of these Africans. Brazil has the largest population of Afro-descendants outside of Africa. In contrast to the US there were no segregation or anti-[[miscegenation]] laws in Brazil and as a result intermarriage has affected a large majority of the Brazilian population. Even much of the white population has either African or Amerindian blood. According to the last census 54% identified themselves as white, 6.2% identified themselves as black and 39.5% identified themselves as [[Pardo]] (brown)- a broad multiracial category.<ref>{{cite web| title = CIA World Factbook: Brazil| url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/br.html#People}}</ref><br />
<br />
A philosophy of whitening emerged in Brazil in the 19th century. Until recently the government did not keep data on race. However, statisticians estimate that in 1835 half the population was black, one fifth was Pardo (brown) and one fourth white. By 2000 the black population had fallen to only 6.2% and the Pardo had increased to 40% and white to 55%. Essentially most of the black population was absorbed into the multiracial category by intermarriage.<ref name="skidmore"/> A recent study found that at least 29% of the middle class white Brazilian population had some recent African ancestry.<ref>[http://www.funpecrp.com.br/gmr/year2007/vol2-6/gmr0330_full_text.htm Sex-biased gene flow in African Americans but not in American Caucasians]</ref><br />
<br />
=====Race relations=====<br />
Because of the ideology of miscegenation, Brazil has avoided the polarization of society into black and white. The bitter and sometimes violent racial tensions that divide the US are notably absent in Brazil.<br />
However the philosophy of the racial democracy in Brazil has drawn criticism from some quarters. Brazil has one of the largest gaps in income distribution in the world. The richest 10% of the population earn 28 times the average income of the bottom 40%. The richest 10 percent is almost exclusively white. One-third of the population lives under the poverty line, with blacks and other non-whites accounting for 70 percent of the poor.<ref>{{cite web| last = Barrolle| first = Melvin Kadiri| title = African 'Americans' in Brazil| publisher =New America Media| url=http://news.newamericamedia.org/news/view_article.html?article_id=5b8d531de860940110af2433244782c6}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the US blacks earn 75% of what whites earn, in Brazil non-whites earn less than 50% of what whites earn. Some have posited that Brazil does in fact practice the one drop rule when social economic factors are considered. This because the gap income between blacks and other non-whites is relatively small compared with the large gap between whites and non-whites. Other factors such as illiteracy and education level show the same patterns.<ref>{{cite web| last = Roland| first = Edna Maria Santos| title = The Economics of Racism: People of African Descent in Brazil| url=http://www.falapreta.org.br/durban/racism.doc}}</ref><br />
Unlike in the US where African Americans were united in the civil rights struggle, in Brazil the philosophy of whitening has helped divide blacks from other non-whites and prevented a more active civil rights movement.<br />
<br />
Though Afro-Brazilians make up half the population there are very few black politicians. The city of [[Salvador, Bahia]] for instance is 80% Afro-Brazilian but has never had a black mayor. Critics indicate that US cities that have a black majority, such as [[Detroit]] and [[New Orleans]], have never had white mayors since first electing black mayors in the 1970s.<ref>Charles Whitaker, "[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1077/is_n4_v46/ai_9329550/pg_3 Blacks in Brazil: The Myth and the Reality]," ''[[Ebony (magazine)|Ebony]]'', February 1991</ref><br />
<br />
Non-white people also have limited media visibility. The Latin American media, in particular the Brazilian media, has been accused of hiding its black and indigenous population. For example the [[telenovelas]] or [[Soap Opera|soaps]] are said to be a hotbed of white, largely blonde and blue/green-eyed actors who resemble [[Scandinavia]]ns or other northern Europeans more than they resemble the typical whites of Brazil, who are mostly of [[Southern European]] descent.<ref>[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/3069253/site/newsweek/%5B/url%5D Soap operas on Latin TV are lily white]</ref><ref><br />
[http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&node=&contentId=A19009-2000Aug1&notFound=true The Blond, Blue-Eyed Face of Spanish TV]</ref><ref>[http://www.boston.com/news/globe/living/articles/2004/08/19/pride_or_prejudice/ Skin tone consciousness in Asian and Latin American populations]</ref><br />
<br />
These patterns of discrimination against non-whites have led some to advocate for the use of the Portuguese term 'negro' to encompass non-whites so as to renew a black consciousness and identity, in effect an African descent rule.<ref>[http://www.newamerica.net/publications/articles/2006/brazil_separates_into_a_world_of_black_and_white Brazil Separates Into a World of Black and White], ''Los Angeles Times'', September 3, 2006</ref><br />
<br />
===In Asia and Australasia===<br />
[[Image:Vanuatu blonde.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Pacific Islander boy: a [[Melanesian]] from [[Vanuatu]]<ref>[http://news.softpedia.com/news/Naturally-Blonde-Blacks-48181.shtml Naturally blonde blacks]</ref>]]<br />
In [[South Asia]], there are several communities of Black African descent, generally called [[Siddi]]s or [[Sheedi]]s.<br />
<br />
There are several groups of dark-skinned people who live in various parts of [[Asia]], [[Australia]] and [[Oceania]]. They include the [[Indigenous Australians]], the [[Melanesians]] (now divided into [[Austronesian]]-speaking populations and [[Papuan]]s, and including the great genetic diversity of [[New Guinea]]), the [[Andamanese]] people of the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] of the [[Indian Ocean]], the [[Semang]] people of the [[Malay peninsula]], the [[Aeta]] people of [[Luzon]], the [[Ati (tribe)|Ati]] of [[Panay]], the [[Vedda people]] of [[Sri Lanka]]<ref name=andaman>[http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/chapter6/text6.htm Chapter 6: The Negrito Race]</ref>, and various [[indigenous peoples]] sometimes collectively known as [[Negritos]].<br />
<br />
By their external physical appearance ([[phenotype]]) such people resemble Black Africans with dark skin and sometimes tightly coiled hair. There have been suggestions of a Black African origin. However, in the case of the Andamanese people, a study conducted by the [[National Center for Biotechnology Information|NCBI]] indicated that the Andamanese people possessed closer affinities with the Southeast Asian population than with the Black African population. <ref>{{cite journal| first = Kumarasamy | last = Thangaraj| coauthors = Singh, Lalji; Reddy, Alla G.; Rao, V. Raghavendra; Sehgal, Subhash C.; Underhill, Peter A.; Pierson, Melanie; Frame, Ian G.; Hagelberg, Erika| title = Genetic Affinities of the Andaman Islanders, a Vanishing Human Population|url=http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/CB_2002_p1-18.pdf| journal =Current Biology | volume = 13| issue=2| pages = 86–93| date= 2003-01-21| doi = 10.1080/00438240600564987|oclc=112009350|issn=0960-9822|format=PDF}}</ref><br />
<br />
===In Europe===<br />
<br />
{{main|Afro-European}}<br />
<br />
For many centuries throughout the [[Age of Discovery]] and the [[Colonialism|colonial empires]], black people came from the colonies to the "mother country", either voluntarily (sometimes for education) or under duress (sometimes as slaves). Even prior to that, the [[Arab slave trade]] brought large numbers of Africans to the furthest reaches of Europe; for example, [[Peter the Great]] took as a protégé [[Abram Petrovich Gannibal]], whose descendants number poet [[Alexandr Pushkin]] and [[Hugh Grosvenor, Earl Grosvenor|Hugh Grosvenor]], [[heir apparent]] to [[Gerald Grosvenor, 6th Duke of Westminster|Britain's wealthiest aristocrat]].<ref>[http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/specials/rich_list/ Sunday Times Rich List 2007 - Business<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Most of the black people living in [[Europe]], however, have their origins in relatively recent waves of immigration. Since the decolonisation of the mid-twentieth century, substantial black populations have moved to certain countries in Europe; other European countries have very few black people. At present, black people have limited visibility in mainstream European society, except in a handful of roles such as sporting activities.<br />
<br />
====Britain====<br />
''See also: [[Black British population]], [[British African-Caribbean community]] and [[Black British]]''<br />
<br />
According to [[National Statistics]], as of the 2001 census, there are over a million black people in the [[United Kingdom]]; 1% of the total population describe themselves as "Black Caribbean", 0.8% as "Black African", and 0.2% as "Black other".<ref>[http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=273 National Statistics Online<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The largest single number comes from [[Nigeria]], just over 88,000<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/uk/05/born_abroad/countries/html/overview.stm BBC NEWS | UK | Born Abroad | Countries of birth<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>. Britain encouraged workers from the [[Caribbean]] after [[World War II]]; the first symbolic movement was those who came on the ship the ''[[Empire Windrush]]''. The preferred official [[umbrella term]] is "black and minority ethnic" (BME), but sometimes the term "black" is used on its own, to express unified opposition to racism, as in the [[Southall Black Sisters]], which started with a mainly [[British Asian]] constituency. Black Britons tend to live in the cities, whereas the white population is moving more to suburbs and the countryside (see [[white flight]]). The total Black British population is currently thought to be much higher with around 2 million Nigerians in the country alone.<ref>[http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/about-the-fco/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/nigeria?profile=intRelations&pg=4 http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/about-the-fco/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/nigeria?profile=intRelations&pg=4]</ref><br />
<br />
====Eastern Europe====<br />
As African states [[decolonisation|became independent]] in the 1960s, the [[Soviet Union]] offered them the chance to study in Russia; over 40 years, 400,000 African students came, and many settled there.<ref>[http://www.mediarights.org/film/black_russians MediaRights: Film: Black Russians]</ref><ref>[http://www.africana.ru/Golden/info/black_russians_project_engl.htm Лили Голден и Лили Диксон. Телепроект "Черные русские": синопсис. Info on "Black Russians" film project in English]</ref> This extended beyond the Soviet Union to many countries of the [[Eastern bloc]].<br />
<br />
====Russia====<br />
A cultural classification of people as "black" exists in [[Russia]]. Certain groups of people who are ethnically different, and generally darker, than ethnic [[Russians]] are pejoratively referred to as "blacks" (''chernye''), and face specific sorts of [[social exclusion]] (see [[Racism in Russia]]). [[Romani people|Roma]], [[Georgians]], and [[Tatar]]s fall into this category.<ref> ''The Unmaking of Soviet Life: Everyday Economies After Socialism'' By Caroline Humphrey [[Cornell University]] 2002 p36-37</ref> Those referred to as "black" are from the [[Post-Soviet states|former Soviet republics]], predominantly [[peoples of the Caucasus]], e.g. [[Chechens]].<ref>Lisa Taylor, [http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/63/333.html Emergency—Explosion of State and Popular Racism follows Moscow Blasts], International Solidarity with Workers in Russia (ISWoR), 13 September 1999.</ref> Although "Caucasian" is used in [[American English]] to mean "[[white people]]", in [[Russian language|Russian]] &ndash; and [[List of dialects of the English language|most other varieties of English]] &ndash; it only refers to the [[Caucasus]], not European people in general.<br />
<br />
''See also: [[:ru:Негры и мулаты в России|Negroid and mulatto people of Russia]] in Russian Wikipedia.''<br />
<br />
==Debates on race==<br />
===Hamitic race===<br />
{{further|[[Hamitic]]}}<br />
According to some historians, the tale in [[Curse of Ham|Genesis 9]] in which Noah cursed the descendants of his son Ham with servitude was a seminal moment in defining black people, as the story was passed on through generations of Jewish, Christian and Islamic scholars.<ref>Bernard Lewis, Race and Slavery in the Middle East: An Historical Enquiry, (Oxford University Press, 1982), pp. 28-117</ref> According to columnist Felicia R. Lee, "Ham came to be widely portrayed as black; blackness, servitude and the idea of racial hierarchy became inextricably linked." Some people believe that the tradition of dividing humankind into three major races is partly rooted in tales of Noah's three sons repopulating the Earth after the [[Noah's Flood|Deluge]] and giving rise to three separate races.<ref>{{cite web| title = The Descendants of Noah| url=http://www.bible-truth.org/GEN10.HTM}}</ref><br />
<br />
The biblical passage, [[Book of Genesis]] 9:20-27, which deals with the [[sons of Noah]], however, makes no reference to race. The reputed [[curse of Ham]] is not on [[Sons of Noah|Ham]], but on [[Canaan]], one of Ham's sons. This is not a racial but geographic referent. The Canaanites, typically associated with the region of the Levant (Palestine, Lebanon, etc) were later subjugated by the Hebrews when they left bondage in Egypt according to the Biblical narrative.<ref>{{cite book| last = Redford| first = Donald B. | title = Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times| pages = 23–87| publisher = [[Princeton University Press]]| year= 1993| isbn = 0691000867 }}</ref><ref name=Goldenberg>{{cite book| last = Goldenberg| first = David M.| title = The Curse of Ham: Race and Slavery in Early Judaism, Christianity, and Islam| publisher = [[Princeton University Press]]| date = New Ed edition (July 18, 2005)| isbn = 0691123705 }}</ref> The alleged inferiority of Hamitic descendants also is not supported by the Biblical narrative, nor claims of three races in relation to Noah's sons. Shem for example seems a linguistic not racial referent. In short the Bible does not define blacks, nor assign them to racial hierarchies.<ref name=Goldenberg/><br />
<br />
Historians believe that by the nineteenth century, the belief that blacks were descended from Ham was used by southern United States whites to justify slavery.<ref name=FRLee>Felicia R. Lee, ''[http://www.racematters.org/noahscurseslaverysrationale.htm Noah's Curse Is Slavery's Rationale]'', Racematters.org, November 1, 2003</ref> According to Benjamin Braude, a professor of history at Boston College:<br />
<br />
{{quote|in 18th- and 19th century Euro-America, Genesis 9:18-27 became the curse of Ham, a foundation myth for collective degradation, conventionally trotted out as God's reason for condemning generations of dark-skinned peoples from Africa to slavery.<ref name=FRLee/>}}<br />
<br />
Author David M. Goldenberg contends that the Bible is not a racist document. According to Goldenberg, such [[racist]] interpretations came from post-biblical writers of antiquity like [[Philo]] and [[Origen of Alexandria]], who equated blackness with darkness of the soul.<ref>Goldenberg, D. M. (2005) ''The Curse of Ham: Race & Slavery in Early Judaism, Christian'', Princeton University Press</ref><br />
<br />
===In Afrocentrism===<br />
{{main|Afrocentrism|Ancient Egyptian race controversy}}<br />
[[Image:Egyptian races.jpg|thumb|1820 drawing of a fresco of the tomb of [[Seti I]], depicting (from left): [[Libyan]], [[Nubian]], [[Asian people|Asiatic]], [[Egyptians]].<ref>[http://personalwebs.coloradocollege.edu/~ctorresrouff/walkerlabpubs/buzon2006current.pdf Biological and Ethnic Identity in New Kingdom Nubia]</ref>]] <br />
A controversy over the skin color and ethnic origins of the [[ancient Egypt]]ians was sparked as part of the [[Afrocentrism|Afrocentric]] debate.<ref name = "hrsvxs">[http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Articles_Gen/afrocent_roth.html Building bridges to Afrocentrism]</ref> [[Afrocentrism|Afrocentrist]] scholars such as [[Cheikh Anta Diop]] contend that [[ancient Egypt]] was primarily a "black civilization". One source cited in support of their argument is [[Herodotus]], who wrote around 450 B.C. that "Colchians, Ethiopians and Egyptians have thick lips, broad nose, woolly hair and they are burnt of skin."<ref>{{cite web |title=Huge Ancient Egyptian Photo Gallery| url=http://www.freemaninstitute.com/RTGhistory.htm}}</ref> However, Classical scholar [[Frank M. Snowden, Jr.|Frank Snowden, Jr.]] cautions against the reliance on accounts by ancient writers to describe the physical characteristics of other ancient peoples, as they held different connotations from those of modern-day terminology in the West. He also points out that other ancient writers clearly distinguished between Egyptians and Ethiopians.<ref>{{cite book | last=Snowden, Jr. | first=Frank M. | editor=Mary R. Lefkowitz and Guy MacLean Rogers (eds.) | title=Black Athena Revisited | location=Chapel Hill | publisher=University of North Carolina Press | year=1996 | pages=113–14 | quote=....the Afrocentrists are mistaken in assuming that the terms ''Afri'' (Africans) and various color adjectives for dark pigmentation as used by Greeks and Romans are always the classical equivalents of Negores or blacks in modern usage.... That the pigmentation of the Egyptians was seen as lighter than that of Ethiopians is also attested by the adjective ''subfusucli'' ("somewhat dark") which Ammianus Marcellinus (22.16.23) chose to describe the Egyptians....}}</ref><br />
<br />
Keita and Boyce confront this issue in a 1996 article entitled, "The Geographical Origins and Population Relationships of Early Ancient Egyptians". As anthropologists, they point out the danger in relying on ancient interpretation to reveal for us the biological make up of a population. In any case they contend, the relevant data indicates greater similarity between Egyptians and Ethiopians than the former group with the Ancient Greeks.<ref>{{cite book | last=Keita, Boyce | first=Shomarka, A.J.| editor=Theodore Celenko(ed) | title=Egypt in Africa | location=Chapel Hill | publisher=Indianapolis Museum of Art | year=1996 | pages=25–27 | quote=....''The descriptions and terms of ancient Greek writers have sometimes been used to comment on Egyptian origins. This is problematic since the ancient writers were not doing population biology. However, we can examine one issue. The Greeks called all groups south of Egypt "Ethiopians." Were the Egyptians more related to any of these "Ethiopians" than to the Greeks? As noted, cranial and limb studies have indicated greater similarity to Somalis, Kushites and Nubians, all "Ethiopians" in ancient Greek terms.''....}}</ref><br />
<br />
Ancient Egyptians are often portrayed in modern media as Caucasians, and many people, Afrocentrists in particular, have been critical of this.<ref>{{cite web| title = The Identity Of Ancient| url=http://www.calumet.purdue.edu/mcnair/cynthia_research.pdf|format=PDF}}</ref> According to [[Egyptology|Egyptologists]], ancient Egypt was a multicultural society of Middle Eastern, Northeast African, and Saharan influences.<ref name = "hrsvxs"/><ref>[http://homelink.cps-k12.org/teachers/filiopa/files/AC383EB269C648AAAA659593B9FC358C.pdf Were the Ancient Egyptians black or white]</ref> Anthropological and archaeological evidence shows that an [[Africoid]] element was evident in ancient Egypt,<ref>{{cite video| people = [[Basil Davidson]]| title=The Nile|url=http://www.lincoln.edu/history/his307/davidson/1/dif3.wmv}}</ref> which was predominant in [[Abydos, Egypt|Abydos]] in the [[First dynasty of Egypt]].<ref>Studies and Comments on Ancient Egyptian Biological Relationships, by S.O.Y. Keita, History in Africa, 20: 129-154 (1993)</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Keita | first=S.O.Y. | title=Further studies of crania from ancient northern Africa: an analysis of crania from First Dynasty Egyptian tombs | journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology | year=1992 | month=March | volume=87 | issue= 3 | pages=245–254 | url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/110482899/ABSTRACT?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0 | accessdate= 2007-09-23 | quote=The predominant craniometric pattern in the [[Abydos, Egypt|Abydos]] [First Dynasty] royal tombs is "southern" (tropical African variant)... However, lower Egyptian, Maghrebian, and European patterns are observed also, thus making for great diversity... The centroid values of the various upper Egyptian series viewed collectively are seen to vary over time. The general trend from Badari to Nakada times, and then from the Nakadan to the First Dynasty epochs demonstrate change toward the northern-Egyptian centroid value on Function I with similar values on Function 11. This might represent an average change from an Africoid (Keita, 1990) to a northern-Egyptian-Maghreb modal pattern.... This northern modal pattern, which can be called coastal northern African, is noted in general terms to be intermediate, by the centroid scores of Function I, to equatorial African and northern European phenotypes. | doi=10.1002/ajpa.1330870302}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Footnotes==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{col-begin}}<br />
{{col-3}}<br />
* [[List of topics related to Black and African people]]<br />
* [[Africans]]<br />
* [[African-American]]<br />
* [[Afro-Latin American|Afro-Latino]]<br />
* [[African diaspora]]<br />
{{col-3}}<br />
* [[Black British]]<br />
* [[Negrito]]s<br />
* [[Black pride]], [[Black Power]], [[Black nationalism]], [[Black separatism]], [[Black supremacy]]<br />
{{col-3}}<br />
* [[Stereotypes of black people]]<br />
* [[White people]]<br />
{{col-end}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Black African people| ]]<br />
[[Category:Latin American caste system|Black]]<br />
[[Category:Race|Black]]<br />
<br />
[[ar:أسود (شخص)]]<br />
[[zh-min-nan:O͘-lâng]]<br />
[[cs:Negroidní rasa]]<br />
[[de:Schwarzafrikaner]]<br />
[[et:Neegrid]]<br />
[[es:Negro (persona)]]<br />
[[eo:Nigrulo]]<br />
[[fr:Noir (type humain)]]<br />
[[gl:Raza negra]]<br />
[[gan:黑人]]<br />
[[ko:흑인]]<br />
[[hr:Negroidi]]<br />
[[ig:Ndi oji]]<br />
[[id:Ras Negroid]]<br />
[[he:שחורים]]<br />
[[ka:ნეგროიდული რასა]]<br />
[[lt:Juodaodis]]<br />
[[nl:Zwarten]]<br />
[[pl:Czarna rasa człowieka]]<br />
[[pt:Negros]]<br />
[[ru:Негроидная раса]]<br />
[[simple:Black people]]<br />
[[sk:Negroidná rasa]]<br />
[[fi:Negridinen rotu]]<br />
[[vi:Đại chủng Phi]]<br />
[[tr:Zenciler]]<br />
[[wuu:黑人]]<br />
[[zh-yue:黑人]]<br />
[[zh:黑人]]</div>Commander Shepardhttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Schwarze&diff=83514524Schwarze2009-04-10T17:56:12Z<p>Commander Shepard: /* Dark skin */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{redirect|Black man|the novel|Black Man}}<br />
{{pp-semi-protected|small=yes}}<br />
<br />
{{race}}<br />
The term '''black people''' usually refers to a [[Race (classification of human beings)|racial group]] of [[human]]s with a dark brown [[skin color]], but it has also been used to categorise a number of diverse populations into one common group. Some definitions of the term include only people of relatively recent [[Sub Saharan Africa]]n descent (see [[African diaspora]]). Among the members of this group, dark skin color is typically accompanied by the expression of [[natural afro-hair]] texture. Other definitions of the term Black extend to any of the populations characterized by dark skin color, a definition that also includes certain populations in [[Oceania]], [[Southeast Asia]]<ref>Various isolated populations in Southeast Asia sometimes classified as black include the [[Austronesian]]s and [[Papuan]]s, the [[Andamanese]] islanders, the [[Semang]] people of the [[Malay peninsula]], the [[Aeta]] people of [[Luzon]], and some other small populations of indigenous peoples. </ref><ref>black. (n.d.). ''Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1)''. Retrieved April 13, 2007, from [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/black Dictionary.com website]</ref>, and the southern [[Middle East]]<ref>http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/chapter47/text47.htm</ref>.<br />
<br />
==Physiological traits==<br />
===Dark skin===<br />
{{further|[[Human skin color]] }}<br />
[[Image:Albino boy tanzania.jpg|thumb|right|upright|A black woman and her [[albinistic]] son from [[Tanzania]] ]]<br />
<br />
The evolution of dark skin is intrinsically linked to the loss of body hair in humans.<br />
By 1.2 million years ago, all people having descendants today had the same receptor protein of today's Africans; their skin was dark, and the intense sun killed off the progeny with any lighter skin that resulted from mutational variation in the receptor protein.<ref name="Rogers">{{cite journal|last=Rogers|first=Alan R.|coauthors=Iltis, David; Wooding, Stephen|title=Genetic variation at the MC1R locus and the time since loss of human body hair|journal=Current Anthropology|volume=45|issue=1|pages=105–8|url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/381006|accessdate=2008-07-22|doi=10.1086/381006|month=February | year=2004|oclc=193553649|publisher=The Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research|issn=0011-3204}}</ref> This is significantly earlier than the [[speciation]] of ''[[Homo sapiens]]'' from ''[[Homo erectus]]'' some 250,000 years ago.<br />
<br />
Dark skin helps protect against [[skin cancer]] that develops as a result of [[ultraviolet|ultraviolet light]] radiation, causing mutations in the skin.{{Fact|date=June 2008}} Furthermore, dark skin prevents an essential B vitamin, [[folate]], from being destroyed. Therefore, in the absence of modern medicine and diet, a person with dark skin in the tropics would live longer, be healthier and likelier to reproduce than a person with light skin. White Australians have some of the highest rates of skin cancer as evidence of this expectation.<ref>{{cite web| title = Australia Struggles with Skin Cancer| url=http://www.cancer.org/docroot/NWS/content/NWS_1_1x_Australia_Struggles_with_Skin_Cancer.asp}}</ref> Conversely, as dark skin prevents sunlight from penetrating the skin it hinders the production of [[vitamin D|vitamin D<sub>3</sub>]]. Hence when humans migrated to less sun-intensive regions in the north, low [[vitamin D|vitamin D<sub>3</sub>]] levels became a problem and lighter skin colors started appearing. The people of Europe, who have low levels of [[melanin]], naturally have an almost colorless skin pigmentation, especially when [[Sun tanning|untanned]]. This low level of pigmentation allows the blood vessels to become visible and gives the characteristic pale pink color of white people. The primary difference in skin color between blacks and whites is however a minor genetic difference accounting for just one letter in 3.1 billion letters of DNA.<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/12/15/AR2005121501728_pf.html "Scientists find DNA change accounting for white skin"]. ''[[Washington Post]]''.</ref><br />
<br />
===Natural afro-hair texture===<br />
''Natural hair'', ''black hair'', and ''afro-textured hair'' are terms used to refer to the typical texture of Black African [[hair]] that has not been altered by hot combs, flat irons, or chemicals (by [[perm (hairstyle)|perm]]ing, [[relaxer|relaxing]], [[hair straightening|straightening]], bleaching or [[hair coloring|coloring]]). Each strand of this hair type grows in a tiny spring-like, corkscrew shape. The overall effect is such that, despite relatively fewer actual hair shafts compared to straight hair,<ref>G. Loussouarn (2001) www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11531795?ordinalpos=8&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum</ref> [[natural afro-hair]] texture appears (and feels) denser than its straight counterparts. Due to this, it is often referred to as 'thick', 'bushy', or 'woolly'. For several reasons, possibly including its relatively flat cross section (among other factors<ref>Franbourg et al. "Influence of Ethnic Origin of Hair on Water-Keratin Interaction" In ''Ethnic Skin and Hair'' E. Berardesca, J. Leveque, and H. Maibach (Eds.). page 101. Informa Healthcare. 2007</ref>), this hair type conveys a dry or matte appearance.<ref name="Arrojo">Nick Arrojo, Jenny Acheson, ''Great Hair: Secrets to Looking Fabulous and Feeling Beautiful Every Day'', (St. Martin's Press: 2008), p.184</ref><ref name="Johnson">Dale H. Johnson, ''Hair and hair care'', (CRC Press: 1997), p.237</ref> It is also very coarse,<ref name="Arrojo"/> and its unique shape renders it very prone to breakage when combed or brushed.<ref name="Johnson"/> Adjectives such as "hard", "kinky", "[[Nap (textile)|nap]]py" or "spiraled" are used to describe natural afro-textured hair in Western societies. Not all people of sub-Saharan African descent have natural afro-textured hair although a large majority express this trait.<br />
<br />
Although it is often compared to the fur of a sub-breed of sheep that produces wool, the specific characteristics of the natural afro-hair form are actually unique among all mammals.<ref>''Ethnic Skin and Hair'' E. Berardesca, J. Leveque, and H. Maibach (Eds.). Informa Healthcare. 2007</ref> The texture is likely a remnant of an important period in [[human evolution|human evolutionary history]] in that (in likely predating the evolution of [[dark skin]]) it evolved when, as proto-humans lost most of their [[fur]] to enable perspiration, the need to protect the newly exposed pale skin underneath this [[body hair]] was crucial(see <ref>Iyengar, B. "The hair follicle is a specialized UV receptor in human skin?" ''Bio Signals Recep'', 7(3), page 188-194. 1998</ref> in light of Rogers et al, 2004 and Harding et al, 2000). The trait ceased to be essential to survival at the equator upon the evolution of hairless dark skin. Yet it has continued to be expressed vestigially among most Melanesians, Andamen Islanders, and sub-Saharan Africans.<br />
<br />
==Cultural ideas of a black race==<br />
===In sub-Saharan Africa===<br />
{{see|Demographics of Africa}}<br />
[[Image:Sub-Saharan-Africa.png|right|thumb|Sub-Saharan Africa is colored green, while North Africa is gray.]]<br />
[[Sub-Saharan Africa]] is a common if imprecise term that encompasses African countries located south of the [[Sahara]]n Desert. It is commonly used to differentiate the region culturally, ecologically, politically and, more controversially, [[race|racially]], from other parts of the continent. Because the indigenous people of this region are primarily dark-skinned, it is sometimes used as a [[euphemism]] for "Black Africa".<ref>{{cite journal| first = Lansana | last = Keita| title = Race, Identity and Africanity: A Reply to Eboussi Boulaga| journal = CODESRIA Bulletin, Nos | volume = 1 & 2| pages = 16| year= 2004| publisher = Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa}}</ref> Some criticize the use of the term, because, having become in many quarters synonymous with ''Black Africa'', it can leave the mistaken impression that there are not indigenous Black populations in North Africa. Furthermore, the Sahara cuts across countries such as [[Mauritania]], [[Mali]], [[Niger]], [[Chad]], and [[Sudan]], leaving some parts of them in North Africa and some in sub-Saharan Africa. <br />
<br />
[[Owen 'Alik Shahadah]] argues that the term sub-Saharan Africa has racist overtones:<br />
<br />
{{quote|Sub-Saharan Africa is a racist byword for "primitive", a place which has escaped advancement. Hence, we see statements like “no written languages exist in Sub-Saharan Africa.” “Ancient Egypt was not a Sub-Saharan African civilization.” Sub-Sahara serves as an exclusion, which moves, jumps and slides around to suit negative generalization of Africa.<ref name=Shahadah/>}}<br />
<br />
However, some Black Africans prefer to be culturally distinguished from those who live in the north of the continent.<ref>{{cite book| last = Keith B. | first = Richburg| title = Out of America: A Black Man Confronts Africa| publisher = Harvest/HBJ Book| date = Reprint edition (July 1, 1998)| isbn = 0156005832 }}</ref><br />
<br />
====South Africa====<br />
[[Image:Coloured-family.jpg|thumb|left|Extended [[Coloured]] family with roots in [[Cape Town]], [[Kimberley]] and [[Pretoria]].]]<br />
<br />
In [[South Africa]] during the [[History of South Africa in the apartheid era|apartheid era]], the population was classified into four groups: ''Black'', ''White'', ''[[Asia]]n'' (mostly [[India]]n), and ''[[Coloured]]''. <!--These terms are capitalized to denote their legal definitions in South African law.--> The Coloured group included people of mixed [[Bantu peoples|Bantu]], [[Khoisan]], and [[European ethnic groups|European]] descent (with some [[Cape Malays|Malay]] ancestry, especially in the [[Western Cape]]). The Coloured definition occupied an intermediary position between the Black and White definitions in South Africa.<br />
<br />
The [[apartheid]] bureaucracy devised complex (and often arbitrary) criteria in the [[Population Registration Act]] to determine who belonged in which group. Minor officials administered tests to enforce the classifications. When it was unclear from a person's physical appearance whether a person was to be considered Colored or Black, the "pencil test" was employed. This involved inserting a pencil in a person's hair to determine if the hair was kinky enough for the pencil to get stuck.<ref>{{cite news | last = Nullis| first = Clare | title = Township tourism booming in South Africa| publisher = The Associated Press| year= 2007| url = http://www.canada.com/topics/travel/features/story.html?id=59ec6285-c9fb-41ab-93f9-419f62733f07&k=67896}}</ref><br />
<br />
During the apartheid era, the Coloureds were oppressed and discriminated against. However, they did have limited rights and overall had slightly better socioeconomic conditions than Blacks. In the post-apartheid era the government's policies of [[affirmative action]] have favored Blacks over Coloureds. Some South Africans categorized as Black openly state that Coloureds did not suffer as much as they did during apartheid. The popular saying by Coloured South Africans to illustrate this dilemma is:<br />
<br />
{{quote|Not white enough under apartheid and not black enough under the ANC ([[African National Congress]])}}<br />
<br />
Other than by appearance, Coloureds can be distinguished from Blacks by language. Most speak [[Afrikaans]] or English as a [[first language]], as opposed to [[Bantu languages]] such as [[Zulu language|Zulu]] or [[Xhosa]]. They also tend to have more European-sounding names than Bantu names.<ref>{{cite news | last = du Preez| first = Max| title = Coloureds - the most authentic SA citizens| publisher = The Star|date=2006-04-13| url = http://www.thestar.co.za/index.php?fArticleId=3201857}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2008, the High Court in South Africa has ruled that [[Overseas Chinese|Chinese]] South Africans are to be reclassified as Black people.<ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/africa/article4168245.ece We agree that you are black, South African court tells Chinese], The Times</ref><br />
<br />
===In the Arab world===<br />
{{See also|Afro-Arab}}<br />
Black African and [[Near East]]ern peoples have interacted since prehistoric times.<ref>[http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=70522 Mauritania: Fair elections haunted by racial imbalance]</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6510675.stm Remembering East African slave raids]</ref> Some historians estimate that as many as 14 million black slaves crossed the [[Red Sea]], [[Indian Ocean]], and [[Sahara Desert]] in the [[Arab slave trade]] from 650 to 1900 CE.<ref>[http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-85410331.html The Unknown Slavery: In the Muslim world, that is &ndash; and it's not over]</ref><ref>[http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24156 Welcome to Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History]</ref><br />
<br />
The [[Afro-Asiatic languages]], which include [[Semitic languages]] such as [[Arabic]] and [[Hebrew]], are believed by some scholars to have originated in [[Ethiopia]].<ref>[http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0011-3204%28199802%2939%3A1%3C139%3ATALPAI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-J&size=LARGE&origin=JSTOR-enlargePage The Afroasiatic Language Phylum: African in Origin, or Asian?] Daniel F. Mc Call. (JSTOR)</ref> This is because the region has very diverse language groups in close geographic proximity, often considered a telltale sign for a linguistic geographic origin.<br />
<br />
In more recent times, about 1000 CE, interactions between blacks and Arabs resulted in the incorporation of extensive Arabic vocabulary into [[Swahili]], which became a useful ''[[lingua franca]]'' for merchants. Some of this linguistic exchange occurred as part of the slave trade; the history of [[Islam and slavery]] shows that the [[Madh'hab|major juristic schools]] traditionally accepted the institution of [[slavery]].<ref name="Lewis">Lewis 1994, [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/med/lewis1.html Ch.1]</ref> As a result, Arab influence spread along the east coast of Africa and to some extent into the interior (see [[East Africa]]). [[Timbuktu]] was a trading outpost that linked [[west Africa]] with [[Berber people|Berber]], Arab, and Jewish traders throughout the [[Arab World]]. As a result of these interactions many Arab people in the [[Middle East]] have black ancestry and many blacks on the east coast of Africa and along the Sahara have Arab ancestry.<ref>[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1180338 Extensive Female-Mediated Gene Flow from Sub-Saharan Africa into Near Eastern Arab Populations]</ref><br />
<br />
According to Dr. Carlos Moore, resident scholar at Brazil's [[Universidade do Estado da Bahia]], Afro-multiracials in the Arab world self-identify in ways that resemble [[Latin America]]. He claims that black-looking Arabs, much like black-looking [[Latin Americans]], consider themselves white because they have some distant white ancestry.<ref>{{cite web| last = Musselman| first = Anson | title = The Subtle Racism of Latin America| publisher = UCLA International Institute| url=http://www.international.ucla.edu/article.asp?parentid=4125}}</ref><br />
<br />
Moore also claims that a film about [[Egyptian President]] [[Anwar Sadat]] had to be canceled when Sadat discovered that an [[African-American]] had been cast to play him. In fact, the 1983 television movie ''Sadat'', starring [[Louis Gossett, Jr.]], was not canceled. The [[government of Egypt|Egyptian government]] refused to let the drama air in Egypt, partially on the grounds of the casting of Gossett.<ref>[http://www.hollywood.com/celebrity/Louis_Gossett_Jr/192411 Louis Gosset Jr.] Hollywood.com</ref> The objections, however, did not come from Sadat, who had been assassinated two years earlier.<br />
<br />
Sadat's mother was a black [[Sudan]]ese woman and his father was a lighter-skinned [[Egyptians|Egyptian]]. In response to an advertisement for an acting position he remarked, "I am not white but I am not exactly black either. My blackness is tending to reddish".<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=PoW4pO4q9VwC&printsec=frontcover#PPP1,M1 Anwar Sadat: Visionary Who Dared By Joseph Finklestone] pages 5-7,31 ISBN 0714634875</ref><br />
<br />
[[Fathia Nkrumah]] was another Egyptian intimately tied with Black Africa. She was the late wife of [[Ghana]]ian revolutionary [[Kwame Nkrumah]], whose marriage was seen as helping plant the seeds of cooperation between Egypt and other African countries as they struggled for independence from European colonization, which in turn helped advance the formation of the [[African Union]].<ref>[http://ausummit-accra.org.gh/index1.php?linkid=289&adate=04%2F07%2F2007&archiveid=140&page=1 African Union Summit]</ref><br />
<br />
In general, Arabs had a more positive view of black women than black men, even if the women were of slave origin. More black women were enslaved than men, and, because the [[Qur'an]] was interpreted to permit [[Ma malakat aymanukum and sex|sexual relations between a male master and his female slave]] outside of marriage,<ref>See [[Tahfeem ul Qur'an]] by [[Maududi|Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi]], Vol. 2 pp. 112-113 footnote 44; Also see commentary on verses {{Quran-usc-range|23|1|6}}: Vol. 3, notes 7-1, p. 241; 2000, Islamic Publications</ref><ref>[[Tafsir ibn Kathir]] 4:24</ref> many [[mixed race]] children resulted. When an enslaved woman became pregnant with her Arab captor's child, she became “umm walad” or “mother of a child”, a status that granted her privileged rights. The child would have prospered from the wealth of the father and been given rights of inheritance.<ref name="Arab Slave Trade">{{cite web|url=http://www.arabslavetrade.com|publisher="[[Owen 'Alik Shahadah]]"|title="Slavery in Arabia"}}</ref> Because of [[patrilineality]], the children were born free and sometimes even became successors to their ruling fathers, as was the case with Sultan [[Ahmad al-Mansur]], (whose mother was a [[Fulani]] concubine), who ruled [[Morocco]] from 1578-1608. Such tolerance, however, was not extended to wholly black persons, even when technically "free," and the notion that to be black meant to be a slave became a common belief.<ref>{{cite web| last = Hunwick| first = John| title = Arab Views of Black Africans and Slavery| url=http://www.yale.edu/glc/events/race/Hunwick.pdf|format=PDF}}</ref> The term "[[Abd (Arabic)|abd]]," ({{lang-ar<br />
|عبد}},) "slave," remains a common term for black people in the Middle East, often though not always derogatory.<ref>{{cite news| first = Theola<br />
| last = Labbé<br />
| coauthors = Omar Fekeiki<br />
| title = A Legacy Hidden in Plain Sight<br />
| work = Washington Post<br />
| url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&contentId=A6645-2004Jan10<br />
| date = 2004-01-11<br />
| accessdate = 2008-01-29<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
===In the Ottoman Empire===<br />
[[Image:Gérôme-Black Bashi-Bazouk-c. 1869.jpg|thumb|160px|Black [[bashi-bazouk]] of the [[Ottoman Empire]].]]<br />
<br />
====Turkey====<br />
{{See also|Afro-Turks}}<br />
Beginning several centuries ago, a number of sub-Saharan Africans were brought by slave traders during the [[Ottoman Empire]] to plantations between [[Antalya Province|Antalya]] and [[Istanbul]] in modern-day [[Turkey]].<ref>[http://www.afro-turk.org/index.php/ayvalikin-renkli-dernegi Ayvalık’ın renkli derneği, retrieved 28 August 2008]</ref> Some of their descendants remain, mixed with the rest of the population in these areas, and many migrated to larger cities. Some came from the island of [[Crete]] following the [[population exchange between Greece and Turkey]] in 1923.<ref>[http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=141522 Turks with African ancestors want their existence to be felt, ''Today's Zaman'', 11 May 2008, Sunday, retrieved 28 August 2008]</ref> <br />
<br />
====Cyprus====<br />
During the Ottoman rule, Black African slaves (usually transferred over Egypt) were brought to [[Cyprus]] and sold to Muslim families. Many of their descendants rose to prominent positions and assimilated into the [[Turkish Cypriot]] community, creating a sizeable [[multiracial]] population today.<ref>[http://www.toplumpostasi.net/printa.php?col=85&art=1113 Cyprus' Dark Secret] by Alkan Chaghlar, 25 August 2006, retrieved 8 March 2009</ref><br />
<br />
====Balkans====<br />
[[Ulcinj]] in [[Montenegro]] had its own black community - descendent of the [[Slavery (Ottoman Empire)|Ottoman slave trade]] that had flourished here.<ref>[http://www.cyber-adventures.com/yugo.html Yugoslavia - Montenegro and Kosovo - The Next Conflict?]</ref> The [[Military of the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Army]] counted thousands of Black African soldiers in its ranks. The army sent to [[Balkans]] during the [[Austro-Turkish War]] of 1716–18 included 24,000 men from Africa.<ref>[http://www.cwo.com/~lucumi/russia2.html African Slave Trade in Russia], By Dieudonne Gnammankou in La Channe et le lien, Doudou Diene, (id.) Paris, Editions UNESCO, 1988</ref><br />
<br />
===In the Americas===<br />
Approximately 12 million Africans were shipped to [[the Americas]] during the [[Atlantic slave trade]] from 1492 to 1888. Today their descendants number approximately 150 million,<ref>[http://www.hunter.cuny.edu/galci/Archive.htm "Community Outreach" Seminar on Planning Process for SANTIAGO +5 ], ''Global Afro-Latino and Caribbean Initiative'', February 4, 2006</ref> most of whom live in the [[United States]], the [[Caribbean]] and [[Latin America]], including [[Brazil]]. Many have a multiracial background of African, [[Amerindian]], European and Asian ancestry. The various regions developed complex social conventions with which their multi-ethnic populations were classified. <br />
<br />
====United States====<br />
{{main|African American}}<br />
{{see also|African immigration to the United States}}<br />
<br />
In the first 200 years that blacks had been in the [[United States]], they commonly referred to themselves as Africans. In Africa, people primarily identified themselves by tribe or ethnic group (closely allied to language) and not by skin color. Individuals would be [[Asante]], [[Igbo people|Igbo]], [[Bakongo]] or [[Wolof]]. But when Africans were brought to [[the Americas]] they were forced to give up their ethnic affiliations for fear of uprisings. The result was the Africans had to intermingle with other Africans from different ethnic groups. This is significant as Africans came from a vast geographic region, the [[West Africa]]n coastline stretching from [[Senegal]] to [[Angola]] and in some cases from the south east coast such as [[Mozambique]]. A new identity and culture was born that incorporated elements of the various tribal groups and of European cultural heritage, resulting in fusions such as the [[Black church]] and [[AAVE|Black English]]. This new identity was now based on skin color and African ancestry rather than any one tribal group.<ref name=Shahadah>{{cite web| last = Shahadah| first = Owen 'Alik| authorlink =Owen 'Alik Shahadah| title =Linguistics for a new African reality| url=http://www.africanholocaust.net/news_ah/language%20new%20reality.htm}}</ref><br />
<br />
In March 1807, [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Britain]], which largely controlled the Atlantic, declared [[Abolition of the Slave Trade Act|the trans-atlantic slave trade illegal]], as did the United States. (The latter prohibition took effect January 1, 1808, the earliest date on which [[United States Congress|Congress]] had the power to do so under [[wikisource:Constitution of the United States of America#Section 9|Article I, Section 9]] of the [[United States Constitution]].)<br />
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By that time, the majority of blacks were U.S.-born, so use of the term "African" became problematic. Though initially a source of pride, many blacks feared its continued use would be a hindrance to their fight for full citizenship in the US. They also felt that it would give ammunition to those who were advocating repatriating blacks back to Africa. In 1835 black leaders called upon black Americans to remove the title of "African" from their institutions and replace it with "[[Negro]]" or "Colored American". A few institutions however elected to keep their historical names such as [[African Methodist Episcopal Church]]. "Negro" and "colored" remained the popular terms until the late 1960s.<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/1594200831/ African American Journeys to Africa page63-64]</ref> <br />
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The term ''black'' was used throughout but not frequently as it carried a certain stigma.<br />
In his 1963 "[[I Have a Dream]]" speech,<ref>{{cite video|url=http://video.google.com/url?docid=1732754907698549493&esrc=sr1&ev=v&q=I+Have+a+Dream&vidurl=http://video.google.com/videoplay%3Fdocid%3D1732754907698549493%26q%3DI%2BHave%2Ba%2BDream&usg=AL29H20jaXzESJi0-5ByuawvRj8e-fNr-w| people = Martin Luther King, Jr.| title = I Have a Dream| medium = Google Video| location = Washington, D.C.|date=August 28, 1963 }}</ref> [[Martin Luther King, Jr.]] uses the terms ''Negro'' 15 times and ''black'' 4 times. Each time he uses ''black'' it is in parallel construction with ''white'' (e.g., black men and white men).<ref>{{cite journal| last = Smith|first= Tom W.|title = Changing Racial Labels: From "Colored" to "Negro" to "Black" to "African American"| journal = The Public Opinion Quarterly| volume = 56| issue=4|pages = 496–514|issn= 0033-362X|oclc=192150485| url=http://www.soc.iastate.edu/soc522a/PDF%20readings/Smith.pdf|date = Winter, 1992| publisher = Oxford University Press| doi = 10.1086/269339|format=PDF}}</ref> With the successes of the [[African-American Civil Rights Movement (1955-1968)|civil rights movement]] a new term was needed to break from the past and help shed the reminders of legalized discrimination. In place of ''Negro'', ''black'' was promoted as standing for racial pride, militancy and power. Some of the turning points included the use of the term "[[Black Power]]" by Kwame Toure ([[Stokely Carmichael]]) and the release of James Brown's song "[[Say It Loud - I'm Black and I'm Proud]]".<br />
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In 1988 [[Jesse Jackson]] urged Americans to use the term [[African American]] because the term has a historical cultural base. Since then African American and black have essentially a coequal status. There is still much controversy over which term is more appropriate. Some strongly reject the term African American in preference for black citing that they have little connection with Africa.{{Who|date=August 2008}} Others believe the term black is inaccurate because African Americans have a variety of skin tones.<ref>{{cite news| last = McWhorter| first = John H.| title = Why I'm Black, Not African American| publisher = Los Angeles Times|date=2004-09-08| url = http://www.manhattan-institute.org/html/_latimes-why_im_black.htm}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=January 2009}}<!-- The cited article actually seems to argue the opposite of what we're using it for --> Surveys show that when interacting with each other African Americans prefer the term black, as it is associated with intimacy and familiarity. The term "African American" is preferred for public and formal use.<ref>{{cite book| last = Miller| first = Pepper| coauthors = Kemp, Herb | title = What's Black About? Insights to Increase Your Share of a Changing African-American Market| publisher = Paramount Market Publishing, Inc| year= 2006| isbn = 0972529098|oclc=61694280}}</ref> The appropriateness of the term "African American" is further confused, however, by increases in black immigrants from [[African immigration to the United States|Africa]], the Caribbean and Latin America. The more recent black immigrants may sometimes view themselves, and be viewed, as culturally distinct from native descendants of African slaves.<ref name="Swarns">{{cite news|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CE5DB1F3EF93AA1575BC0A9629C8B63|title='African American' Becomes a Term for Debate|last=Swarns|first=Rachel L.|date=2004-08-29|publisher=The New York Times|accessdate=2008-07-22}}</ref><br />
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The [[Race (United States Census)|U.S. census race definitions]] says a black is a person having origins in any of the black racial groups of Africa. It includes people who indicate their race as "Black, African Am., or Negro," or who provide written entries such as African American, Afro American, [[Kenyan]], [[Nigerian]], or [[Haitian]]. However, the [[Census Bureau]] notes that these classifications are socio-political constructs and should not be interpreted as scientific or anthropological.<ref>[http://www.census.gov/mso/www/c2000basics/00Basics.pdf 2000 US Census basics]</ref><br />
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A considerable portion of the [[U.S. population]] identified as ''black'' actually have some [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]] or [[European American]] ancestry. For instance, genetic studies of African American people show an ancestry that is on average 17-18% European.<ref>[http://www.isteve.com/2002_How_White_Are_Blacks.htm How White Are Blacks? How Black Are Whites? by Steve Sailer]</ref> <br />
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=====One drop rule=====<br />
Historically, the United States used a [[colloquial]] term, the ''[[one-drop rule]]'', to designate a black person as any person with any known African ancestry.<ref name=Davis>{{cite web| last = James| first = F. Davis| title = Who is Black? One Nation's Definition| url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/jefferson/mixed/onedrop.html| publisher = [[PBS]]}}</ref> Outside of the US, some other countries have adopted the practice, but the definition of who is black and the extent to which the one drop "rule" applies varies from country to country.<br />
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The one drop rule may have originated as a means of increasing the number of black slaves<ref>[[Clarence Page]], [http://www.pbs.org/newshour/essays/page_5-1.html A Credit to His Races], ''[[The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer]]'', May 1, 1997.</ref> and been maintained as an attempt to keep the white race "pure".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://backintyme.com/essays/?p=25|title=Presenting the Triumph of the One-Drop Rule|last=Sweet|first=Frank|date=Backintyme Essays|work=The One-Drop Rule|publisher=2006-04-01|accessdate=2008-07-22}}</ref>. One of the results of the one drop rule was uniting the African American community and preserving an African identity.<ref name=Davis/> Some of the most prominent civil rights activists were multiracial, and advocated equality for all. <br />
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President [[Barack Obama]] self-identifies as black and African American interchangeably.<ref name=Kroft/> According to a Williams Identity Survey conducted by Zogby International interactive poll conducted November 1-2, 2006, among those who voted, 55 percent of whites voters and 61 percent of Hispanics voters classified him as biracial instead of black after being told that his mother is white, and 66% of Black voters classified Obama as black.<ref>{{cite news| title = Obama and 'one drop of non-white blood'| publisher = BBS News|date=2007-04-13| url = http://bbsnews.net/article.php/20061222014017231}}</ref> Another poll conducted by the same group returned results that forty-two percent of African-Americans voters described [[Tiger Woods]] as black, as did 7% of white voters.<ref>{{cite web| last = White| first =John Kennet| title =Barack Obama and the Politics of Race| place =Catholic University of America| url=http://www.mindstorminteractive.net/clients/idonline/index.htm}}</ref><br />
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=====Blackness=====<br />
[[File:Official portrait of Barack Obama.jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[Barack Obama]], the first black President of the [[United States]], was, throughout his campaign, criticized as being either "too black" or "not black enough".<ref name=obama-speech>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/18_03_08_obama_speech.pdf |title=Remarks of Senator Barack Obama: 'A More Perfect Union' (transcript) |accessdate=2008-06-27 |date=2008-03-18 |publisher=BBC News|format=pdf |quote=This is not to say that race has not been an issue in the campaign. At various stages in the campaign, some commentators have deemed me either "too black" or "not black enough." We saw racial tensions bubble to the surface during the week before the South Carolina primary. The press has scoured every exit poll for the latest evidence of racial polarization, not just in terms of white and black, but black and brown as well. |pages=p2 }} See also: [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pWe7wTVbLUU video]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/jun/27/barackobama.ralphnader?gusrc=rss&feed=commentisfree |title=Too black or not black enough, Obama just can't win |accessdate=2008-06-27 |first=Lola|last= Adesioye |date=2008-06-27 |publisher=The Guardian|work=Comment is Free}}</ref><ref name=obama-time>{{cite web |url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1584736,00.html |title=Is Obama Black Enough? |accessdate=2008-06-27 |first=Ta-Nehisi Paul last=Coates |date=2007-02-01 |publisher=Time |quote=Barack Obama's real problem isn't that he's too white — it's that he's too black.}}</ref>]]The concept of [[blackness]] in the United States has been described{{By whom|date=June 2008}} as the degree to which one associates themselves with mainstream [[African American culture]] and values. To a certain extent, this concept is not so much about skin color or tone but more about culture and behavior. <br />
Blackness can be contrasted with "[[acting white]]" where black Americans are said to behave with assumed characteristics of stereotypical white Americans, with regard to [[fashion]], [[dialect]], taste in [[music]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.kent.edu/Magazine/Spring2007/ActingWhite.cfm|title=Acting White|last=Edler|first=Melissa|date=Spring 2007|publisher=Kent State Magazine|accessdate=2008-07-22}}</ref>, and possibly, from the perspective of a significant number of Black youth, academic achievement.<ref>Ogbu, J. "Black American students in an affluent suburb: a study of academic disengagement" Erlbaum Associates Press. Mahwah, NJ. 2003.</ref> <br />
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The notion of blackness can also be extended to non-black people. [[Toni Morrison]] once described [[Bill Clinton]] as the first black president,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://dir.salon.com/story/books/int/2002/02/20/clinton/index.html|title=Blacks and Bill Clinton|last=Hansen|first=Suzy|date=2002-02-20|publisher=Salon|accessdate=2008-07-22}}</ref> because of his warm relations with African Americans, his poor upbringing and also because he is a jazz musician. [[Christopher Hitchens]] was offended by the notion of Clinton as the first black president noting "we can still define blackness by the following symptoms: alcoholic mothers, under-the-bridge habits...the tendency to sexual predation and shameless perjury about the same"<ref>No One Left to Lie to by Christopher Hitchens, 1999, pg 47</ref> Some black activists were also offended, claiming Clinton used his knowledge of black culture to exploit black people like no other president before<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_go1637/is_200204/ai_n6880693 Find Articles 404 File not found<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> for political gain, while not serving black interests. They note his lack of action during the [[Rwanda genocide]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/usa/story/0,12271,1182431,00.html|title=US chose to ignore Rwandan genocide|last=Carroll|first=Rory|date=2004-03-31|publisher=The Guardian|accessdate=2008-07-22}}</ref> and his [[welfare reform]] which led to the worst [[child poverty]] since the 1960s<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wsws.org/articles/1999/jun1999/welf-j02.shtml|title=Clinton's welfare reform has increased child poverty|last=Roberts |first=Larry|date=1999-06-02|publisher=World Socialist Web Site|accessdate=2008-07-22}}</ref> along with the fact that the number of blacks in jail increased during his administration.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.counterpunch.org/gray1207.html|title=Soul Brother? Clinton and Black Americans|last=Gray|first=Kevin A.|date=2002-12-07|publisher=Counterpunch|accessdate=2008-07-22}}</ref><br />
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The question of blackness also arose in Democrat [[Barack Obama]]'s [[United States presidential election, 2008|2008 presidential campaign]]. Commentators<ref name=obama-speech /> such as Time magazine<ref name=obama-time /> have questioned whether Obama, who was elected the first black [[President of the United States]], is black enough, as his mother is [[white American]], and his father is a black Kenyan immigrant. Obama refers to himself interchangeably as black and [[African American]].<ref name=Kroft>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/02/11/60minutes/main2458530.shtml|title=A Transcript Excerpt Of Steve Kroft’s Interview With Sen. Obama|last=Kroft|first=Steve|date=2007-02-11|publisher=CBS News|accessdate=2008-07-22}}</ref><br />
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====Brazil====<br />
{{main|Race in Brazil}}<br />
[[Image:Capoeira-in-the-street-2.jpg|thumb|left|[[Capoeira]], an Afro-Brazilian [[martial art]].]]<br />
The topic of race in Brazil is a complex and diverse one.{{Fact|date=January 2009}} A Brazilian child was never automatically identified with the racial type of one or both parents, nor were there only two categories to choose from. Between a pure black and a very light mulatto over a dozen racial categories would be recognized in conformity with the combinations of hair color, hair texture, eye color, and skin color. These types grade into each other like the colors of the spectrum, and no one category stands significantly isolated from the rest. That is, race referred to appearance, not heredity.<ref name="skidmore">{{cite journal| first = Thomas E. | last = Skidmore | title = Fact and Myth: Discovering a Racial Problem in Brazil| journal = Working Paper| volume = 173|url=http://www.nd.edu/~kellogg/publications/workingpapers/WPS/173.pdf| month = April | year = 1992|format=PDF}}</ref><br />
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There is some disagreement among scholars over the effects of social status on racial classifications in Brazil. It is generally believed that upward mobility and education results in reclassification of individuals into lighter skinned categories. The popular claim is that in Brazil poor whites are considered black and wealthy blacks are considered white. Some scholars disagree arguing that whitening of one's social status may be open to people of mixed race, but a typically black person will consistently be identified as black regardless of wealth or social status.<ref name=Telles>{{cite book| last = Edward E. | first = Telles| title = Race in Another America: The Significance of Skin Color in Brazil| pages = 95–98| publisher = [[Princeton University Press]]| year= 2004| isbn =0691118663 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| first = Edward E. | last = Telles| title = Racial Ambiguity Among the Brazilian Population| journal = Ethnic and Racial Studies|url=http://www.ccpr.ucla.edu/ccprwpseries/ccpr_012_01.pdf| volume = 25| pages = 415–441| date= 3 May 2002| publisher = California Center for Population Research| doi = 10.1080/01419870252932133|format=PDF}}</ref><br />
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=====Statistics=====<br />
{{see also|Race and genetics#Admixture in Latin America}}<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em;"<br />
|+Demographics of Brazil<br />
|-<br />
! Year!! White !! Brown!! Black<br />
|-<br />
| 1835<br />
| 24.4% || 18.2%||51.4%<br />
|-<br />
| 2000<br />
| 53.7% ||38.5%||6.2%<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
From the year 1500 to 1850 an estimated 3.5 million Africans were forcibly shipped to Brazil.<ref name=Telles/> An estimated 80 million Brazilians, almost half the population, are at least in part descendants of these Africans. Brazil has the largest population of Afro-descendants outside of Africa. In contrast to the US there were no segregation or anti-[[miscegenation]] laws in Brazil and as a result intermarriage has affected a large majority of the Brazilian population. Even much of the white population has either African or Amerindian blood. According to the last census 54% identified themselves as white, 6.2% identified themselves as black and 39.5% identified themselves as [[Pardo]] (brown)- a broad multiracial category.<ref>{{cite web| title = CIA World Factbook: Brazil| url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/br.html#People}}</ref><br />
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A philosophy of whitening emerged in Brazil in the 19th century. Until recently the government did not keep data on race. However, statisticians estimate that in 1835 half the population was black, one fifth was Pardo (brown) and one fourth white. By 2000 the black population had fallen to only 6.2% and the Pardo had increased to 40% and white to 55%. Essentially most of the black population was absorbed into the multiracial category by intermarriage.<ref name="skidmore"/> A recent study found that at least 29% of the middle class white Brazilian population had some recent African ancestry.<ref>[http://www.funpecrp.com.br/gmr/year2007/vol2-6/gmr0330_full_text.htm Sex-biased gene flow in African Americans but not in American Caucasians]</ref><br />
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=====Race relations=====<br />
Because of the ideology of miscegenation, Brazil has avoided the polarization of society into black and white. The bitter and sometimes violent racial tensions that divide the US are notably absent in Brazil.<br />
However the philosophy of the racial democracy in Brazil has drawn criticism from some quarters. Brazil has one of the largest gaps in income distribution in the world. The richest 10% of the population earn 28 times the average income of the bottom 40%. The richest 10 percent is almost exclusively white. One-third of the population lives under the poverty line, with blacks and other non-whites accounting for 70 percent of the poor.<ref>{{cite web| last = Barrolle| first = Melvin Kadiri| title = African 'Americans' in Brazil| publisher =New America Media| url=http://news.newamericamedia.org/news/view_article.html?article_id=5b8d531de860940110af2433244782c6}}</ref><br />
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In the US blacks earn 75% of what whites earn, in Brazil non-whites earn less than 50% of what whites earn. Some have posited that Brazil does in fact practice the one drop rule when social economic factors are considered. This because the gap income between blacks and other non-whites is relatively small compared with the large gap between whites and non-whites. Other factors such as illiteracy and education level show the same patterns.<ref>{{cite web| last = Roland| first = Edna Maria Santos| title = The Economics of Racism: People of African Descent in Brazil| url=http://www.falapreta.org.br/durban/racism.doc}}</ref><br />
Unlike in the US where African Americans were united in the civil rights struggle, in Brazil the philosophy of whitening has helped divide blacks from other non-whites and prevented a more active civil rights movement.<br />
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Though Afro-Brazilians make up half the population there are very few black politicians. The city of [[Salvador, Bahia]] for instance is 80% Afro-Brazilian but has never had a black mayor. Critics indicate that US cities that have a black majority, such as [[Detroit]] and [[New Orleans]], have never had white mayors since first electing black mayors in the 1970s.<ref>Charles Whitaker, "[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1077/is_n4_v46/ai_9329550/pg_3 Blacks in Brazil: The Myth and the Reality]," ''[[Ebony (magazine)|Ebony]]'', February 1991</ref><br />
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Non-white people also have limited media visibility. The Latin American media, in particular the Brazilian media, has been accused of hiding its black and indigenous population. For example the [[telenovelas]] or [[Soap Opera|soaps]] are said to be a hotbed of white, largely blonde and blue/green-eyed actors who resemble [[Scandinavia]]ns or other northern Europeans more than they resemble the typical whites of Brazil, who are mostly of [[Southern European]] descent.<ref>[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/3069253/site/newsweek/%5B/url%5D Soap operas on Latin TV are lily white]</ref><ref><br />
[http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&node=&contentId=A19009-2000Aug1&notFound=true The Blond, Blue-Eyed Face of Spanish TV]</ref><ref>[http://www.boston.com/news/globe/living/articles/2004/08/19/pride_or_prejudice/ Skin tone consciousness in Asian and Latin American populations]</ref><br />
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These patterns of discrimination against non-whites have led some to advocate for the use of the Portuguese term 'negro' to encompass non-whites so as to renew a black consciousness and identity, in effect an African descent rule.<ref>[http://www.newamerica.net/publications/articles/2006/brazil_separates_into_a_world_of_black_and_white Brazil Separates Into a World of Black and White], ''Los Angeles Times'', September 3, 2006</ref><br />
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===In Asia and Australasia===<br />
[[Image:Vanuatu blonde.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Pacific Islander boy: a [[Melanesian]] from [[Vanuatu]]<ref>[http://news.softpedia.com/news/Naturally-Blonde-Blacks-48181.shtml Naturally blonde blacks]</ref>]]<br />
In [[South Asia]], there are several communities of Black African descent, generally called [[Siddi]]s or [[Sheedi]]s.<br />
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There are several groups of dark-skinned people who live in various parts of [[Asia]], [[Australia]] and [[Oceania]]. They include the [[Indigenous Australians]], the [[Melanesians]] (now divided into [[Austronesian]]-speaking populations and [[Papuan]]s, and including the great genetic diversity of [[New Guinea]]), the [[Andamanese]] people of the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]] of the [[Indian Ocean]], the [[Semang]] people of the [[Malay peninsula]], the [[Aeta]] people of [[Luzon]], the [[Ati (tribe)|Ati]] of [[Panay]], the [[Vedda people]] of [[Sri Lanka]]<ref name=andaman>[http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/chapter6/text6.htm Chapter 6: The Negrito Race]</ref>, and various [[indigenous peoples]] sometimes collectively known as [[Negritos]].<br />
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By their external physical appearance ([[phenotype]]) such people resemble Black Africans with dark skin and sometimes tightly coiled hair. There have been suggestions of a Black African origin. However, in the case of the Andamanese people, a study conducted by the [[National Center for Biotechnology Information|NCBI]] indicated that the Andamanese people possessed closer affinities with the Southeast Asian population than with the Black African population. <ref>{{cite journal| first = Kumarasamy | last = Thangaraj| coauthors = Singh, Lalji; Reddy, Alla G.; Rao, V. Raghavendra; Sehgal, Subhash C.; Underhill, Peter A.; Pierson, Melanie; Frame, Ian G.; Hagelberg, Erika| title = Genetic Affinities of the Andaman Islanders, a Vanishing Human Population|url=http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/CB_2002_p1-18.pdf| journal =Current Biology | volume = 13| issue=2| pages = 86–93| date= 2003-01-21| doi = 10.1080/00438240600564987|oclc=112009350|issn=0960-9822|format=PDF}}</ref><br />
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===In Europe===<br />
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{{main|Afro-European}}<br />
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For many centuries throughout the [[Age of Discovery]] and the [[Colonialism|colonial empires]], black people came from the colonies to the "mother country", either voluntarily (sometimes for education) or under duress (sometimes as slaves). Even prior to that, the [[Arab slave trade]] brought large numbers of Africans to the furthest reaches of Europe; for example, [[Peter the Great]] took as a protégé [[Abram Petrovich Gannibal]], whose descendants number poet [[Alexandr Pushkin]] and [[Hugh Grosvenor, Earl Grosvenor|Hugh Grosvenor]], [[heir apparent]] to [[Gerald Grosvenor, 6th Duke of Westminster|Britain's wealthiest aristocrat]].<ref>[http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/specials/rich_list/ Sunday Times Rich List 2007 - Business<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Most of the black people living in [[Europe]], however, have their origins in relatively recent waves of immigration. Since the decolonisation of the mid-twentieth century, substantial black populations have moved to certain countries in Europe; other European countries have very few black people. At present, black people have limited visibility in mainstream European society, except in a handful of roles such as sporting activities.<br />
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====Britain====<br />
''See also: [[Black British population]], [[British African-Caribbean community]] and [[Black British]]''<br />
<br />
According to [[National Statistics]], as of the 2001 census, there are over a million black people in the [[United Kingdom]]; 1% of the total population describe themselves as "Black Caribbean", 0.8% as "Black African", and 0.2% as "Black other".<ref>[http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=273 National Statistics Online<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> The largest single number comes from [[Nigeria]], just over 88,000<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/uk/05/born_abroad/countries/html/overview.stm BBC NEWS | UK | Born Abroad | Countries of birth<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>. Britain encouraged workers from the [[Caribbean]] after [[World War II]]; the first symbolic movement was those who came on the ship the ''[[Empire Windrush]]''. The preferred official [[umbrella term]] is "black and minority ethnic" (BME), but sometimes the term "black" is used on its own, to express unified opposition to racism, as in the [[Southall Black Sisters]], which started with a mainly [[British Asian]] constituency. Black Britons tend to live in the cities, whereas the white population is moving more to suburbs and the countryside (see [[white flight]]). The total Black British population is currently thought to be much higher with around 2 million Nigerians in the country alone.<ref>[http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/about-the-fco/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/nigeria?profile=intRelations&pg=4 http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/about-the-fco/country-profiles/sub-saharan-africa/nigeria?profile=intRelations&pg=4]</ref><br />
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====Eastern Europe====<br />
As African states [[decolonisation|became independent]] in the 1960s, the [[Soviet Union]] offered them the chance to study in Russia; over 40 years, 400,000 African students came, and many settled there.<ref>[http://www.mediarights.org/film/black_russians MediaRights: Film: Black Russians]</ref><ref>[http://www.africana.ru/Golden/info/black_russians_project_engl.htm Лили Голден и Лили Диксон. Телепроект "Черные русские": синопсис. Info on "Black Russians" film project in English]</ref> This extended beyond the Soviet Union to many countries of the [[Eastern bloc]].<br />
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====Russia====<br />
A cultural classification of people as "black" exists in [[Russia]]. Certain groups of people who are ethnically different, and generally darker, than ethnic [[Russians]] are pejoratively referred to as "blacks" (''chernye''), and face specific sorts of [[social exclusion]] (see [[Racism in Russia]]). [[Romani people|Roma]], [[Georgians]], and [[Tatar]]s fall into this category.<ref> ''The Unmaking of Soviet Life: Everyday Economies After Socialism'' By Caroline Humphrey [[Cornell University]] 2002 p36-37</ref> Those referred to as "black" are from the [[Post-Soviet states|former Soviet republics]], predominantly [[peoples of the Caucasus]], e.g. [[Chechens]].<ref>Lisa Taylor, [http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/63/333.html Emergency—Explosion of State and Popular Racism follows Moscow Blasts], International Solidarity with Workers in Russia (ISWoR), 13 September 1999.</ref> Although "Caucasian" is used in [[American English]] to mean "[[white people]]", in [[Russian language|Russian]] &ndash; and [[List of dialects of the English language|most other varieties of English]] &ndash; it only refers to the [[Caucasus]], not European people in general.<br />
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''See also: [[:ru:Негры и мулаты в России|Negroid and mulatto people of Russia]] in Russian Wikipedia.''<br />
<br />
==Debates on race==<br />
===Hamitic race===<br />
{{further|[[Hamitic]]}}<br />
According to some historians, the tale in [[Curse of Ham|Genesis 9]] in which Noah cursed the descendants of his son Ham with servitude was a seminal moment in defining black people, as the story was passed on through generations of Jewish, Christian and Islamic scholars.<ref>Bernard Lewis, Race and Slavery in the Middle East: An Historical Enquiry, (Oxford University Press, 1982), pp. 28-117</ref> According to columnist Felicia R. Lee, "Ham came to be widely portrayed as black; blackness, servitude and the idea of racial hierarchy became inextricably linked." Some people believe that the tradition of dividing humankind into three major races is partly rooted in tales of Noah's three sons repopulating the Earth after the [[Noah's Flood|Deluge]] and giving rise to three separate races.<ref>{{cite web| title = The Descendants of Noah| url=http://www.bible-truth.org/GEN10.HTM}}</ref><br />
<br />
The biblical passage, [[Book of Genesis]] 9:20-27, which deals with the [[sons of Noah]], however, makes no reference to race. The reputed [[curse of Ham]] is not on [[Sons of Noah|Ham]], but on [[Canaan]], one of Ham's sons. This is not a racial but geographic referent. The Canaanites, typically associated with the region of the Levant (Palestine, Lebanon, etc) were later subjugated by the Hebrews when they left bondage in Egypt according to the Biblical narrative.<ref>{{cite book| last = Redford| first = Donald B. | title = Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times| pages = 23–87| publisher = [[Princeton University Press]]| year= 1993| isbn = 0691000867 }}</ref><ref name=Goldenberg>{{cite book| last = Goldenberg| first = David M.| title = The Curse of Ham: Race and Slavery in Early Judaism, Christianity, and Islam| publisher = [[Princeton University Press]]| date = New Ed edition (July 18, 2005)| isbn = 0691123705 }}</ref> The alleged inferiority of Hamitic descendants also is not supported by the Biblical narrative, nor claims of three races in relation to Noah's sons. Shem for example seems a linguistic not racial referent. In short the Bible does not define blacks, nor assign them to racial hierarchies.<ref name=Goldenberg/><br />
<br />
Historians believe that by the nineteenth century, the belief that blacks were descended from Ham was used by southern United States whites to justify slavery.<ref name=FRLee>Felicia R. Lee, ''[http://www.racematters.org/noahscurseslaverysrationale.htm Noah's Curse Is Slavery's Rationale]'', Racematters.org, November 1, 2003</ref> According to Benjamin Braude, a professor of history at Boston College:<br />
<br />
{{quote|in 18th- and 19th century Euro-America, Genesis 9:18-27 became the curse of Ham, a foundation myth for collective degradation, conventionally trotted out as God's reason for condemning generations of dark-skinned peoples from Africa to slavery.<ref name=FRLee/>}}<br />
<br />
Author David M. Goldenberg contends that the Bible is not a racist document. According to Goldenberg, such [[racist]] interpretations came from post-biblical writers of antiquity like [[Philo]] and [[Origen of Alexandria]], who equated blackness with darkness of the soul.<ref>Goldenberg, D. M. (2005) ''The Curse of Ham: Race & Slavery in Early Judaism, Christian'', Princeton University Press</ref><br />
<br />
===In Afrocentrism===<br />
{{main|Afrocentrism|Ancient Egyptian race controversy}}<br />
[[Image:Egyptian races.jpg|thumb|1820 drawing of a fresco of the tomb of [[Seti I]], depicting (from left): [[Libyan]], [[Nubian]], [[Asian people|Asiatic]], [[Egyptians]].<ref>[http://personalwebs.coloradocollege.edu/~ctorresrouff/walkerlabpubs/buzon2006current.pdf Biological and Ethnic Identity in New Kingdom Nubia]</ref>]] <br />
A controversy over the skin color and ethnic origins of the [[ancient Egypt]]ians was sparked as part of the [[Afrocentrism|Afrocentric]] debate.<ref name = "hrsvxs">[http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Articles_Gen/afrocent_roth.html Building bridges to Afrocentrism]</ref> [[Afrocentrism|Afrocentrist]] scholars such as [[Cheikh Anta Diop]] contend that [[ancient Egypt]] was primarily a "black civilization". One source cited in support of their argument is [[Herodotus]], who wrote around 450 B.C. that "Colchians, Ethiopians and Egyptians have thick lips, broad nose, woolly hair and they are burnt of skin."<ref>{{cite web |title=Huge Ancient Egyptian Photo Gallery| url=http://www.freemaninstitute.com/RTGhistory.htm}}</ref> However, Classical scholar [[Frank M. Snowden, Jr.|Frank Snowden, Jr.]] cautions against the reliance on accounts by ancient writers to describe the physical characteristics of other ancient peoples, as they held different connotations from those of modern-day terminology in the West. He also points out that other ancient writers clearly distinguished between Egyptians and Ethiopians.<ref>{{cite book | last=Snowden, Jr. | first=Frank M. | editor=Mary R. Lefkowitz and Guy MacLean Rogers (eds.) | title=Black Athena Revisited | location=Chapel Hill | publisher=University of North Carolina Press | year=1996 | pages=113–14 | quote=....the Afrocentrists are mistaken in assuming that the terms ''Afri'' (Africans) and various color adjectives for dark pigmentation as used by Greeks and Romans are always the classical equivalents of Negores or blacks in modern usage.... That the pigmentation of the Egyptians was seen as lighter than that of Ethiopians is also attested by the adjective ''subfusucli'' ("somewhat dark") which Ammianus Marcellinus (22.16.23) chose to describe the Egyptians....}}</ref><br />
<br />
Keita and Boyce confront this issue in a 1996 article entitled, "The Geographical Origins and Population Relationships of Early Ancient Egyptians". As anthropologists, they point out the danger in relying on ancient interpretation to reveal for us the biological make up of a population. In any case they contend, the relevant data indicates greater similarity between Egyptians and Ethiopians than the former group with the Ancient Greeks.<ref>{{cite book | last=Keita, Boyce | first=Shomarka, A.J.| editor=Theodore Celenko(ed) | title=Egypt in Africa | location=Chapel Hill | publisher=Indianapolis Museum of Art | year=1996 | pages=25–27 | quote=....''The descriptions and terms of ancient Greek writers have sometimes been used to comment on Egyptian origins. This is problematic since the ancient writers were not doing population biology. However, we can examine one issue. The Greeks called all groups south of Egypt "Ethiopians." Were the Egyptians more related to any of these "Ethiopians" than to the Greeks? As noted, cranial and limb studies have indicated greater similarity to Somalis, Kushites and Nubians, all "Ethiopians" in ancient Greek terms.''....}}</ref><br />
<br />
Ancient Egyptians are often portrayed in modern media as Caucasians, and many people, Afrocentrists in particular, have been critical of this.<ref>{{cite web| title = The Identity Of Ancient| url=http://www.calumet.purdue.edu/mcnair/cynthia_research.pdf|format=PDF}}</ref> According to [[Egyptology|Egyptologists]], ancient Egypt was a multicultural society of Middle Eastern, Northeast African, and Saharan influences.<ref name = "hrsvxs"/><ref>[http://homelink.cps-k12.org/teachers/filiopa/files/AC383EB269C648AAAA659593B9FC358C.pdf Were the Ancient Egyptians black or white]</ref> Anthropological and archaeological evidence shows that an [[Africoid]] element was evident in ancient Egypt,<ref>{{cite video| people = [[Basil Davidson]]| title=The Nile|url=http://www.lincoln.edu/history/his307/davidson/1/dif3.wmv}}</ref> which was predominant in [[Abydos, Egypt|Abydos]] in the [[First dynasty of Egypt]].<ref>Studies and Comments on Ancient Egyptian Biological Relationships, by S.O.Y. Keita, History in Africa, 20: 129-154 (1993)</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Keita | first=S.O.Y. | title=Further studies of crania from ancient northern Africa: an analysis of crania from First Dynasty Egyptian tombs | journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology | year=1992 | month=March | volume=87 | issue= 3 | pages=245–254 | url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/110482899/ABSTRACT?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0 | accessdate= 2007-09-23 | quote=The predominant craniometric pattern in the [[Abydos, Egypt|Abydos]] [First Dynasty] royal tombs is "southern" (tropical African variant)... However, lower Egyptian, Maghrebian, and European patterns are observed also, thus making for great diversity... The centroid values of the various upper Egyptian series viewed collectively are seen to vary over time. The general trend from Badari to Nakada times, and then from the Nakadan to the First Dynasty epochs demonstrate change toward the northern-Egyptian centroid value on Function I with similar values on Function 11. This might represent an average change from an Africoid (Keita, 1990) to a northern-Egyptian-Maghreb modal pattern.... This northern modal pattern, which can be called coastal northern African, is noted in general terms to be intermediate, by the centroid scores of Function I, to equatorial African and northern European phenotypes. | doi=10.1002/ajpa.1330870302}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Footnotes==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{col-begin}}<br />
{{col-3}}<br />
* [[List of topics related to Black and African people]]<br />
* [[Africans]]<br />
* [[African-American]]<br />
* [[Afro-Latin American|Afro-Latino]]<br />
* [[African diaspora]]<br />
{{col-3}}<br />
* [[Black British]]<br />
* [[Negrito]]s<br />
* [[Black pride]], [[Black Power]], [[Black nationalism]], [[Black separatism]], [[Black supremacy]]<br />
{{col-3}}<br />
* [[Stereotypes of black people]]<br />
* [[White people]]<br />
{{col-end}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Black African people| ]]<br />
[[Category:Latin American caste system|Black]]<br />
[[Category:Race|Black]]<br />
<br />
[[ar:أسود (شخص)]]<br />
[[zh-min-nan:O͘-lâng]]<br />
[[cs:Negroidní rasa]]<br />
[[de:Schwarzafrikaner]]<br />
[[et:Neegrid]]<br />
[[es:Negro (persona)]]<br />
[[eo:Nigrulo]]<br />
[[fr:Noir (type humain)]]<br />
[[gl:Raza negra]]<br />
[[gan:黑人]]<br />
[[ko:흑인]]<br />
[[hr:Negroidi]]<br />
[[ig:Ndi oji]]<br />
[[id:Ras Negroid]]<br />
[[he:שחורים]]<br />
[[ka:ნეგროიდული რასა]]<br />
[[lt:Juodaodis]]<br />
[[nl:Zwarten]]<br />
[[pl:Czarna rasa człowieka]]<br />
[[pt:Negros]]<br />
[[ru:Негроидная раса]]<br />
[[simple:Black people]]<br />
[[sk:Negroidná rasa]]<br />
[[fi:Negridinen rotu]]<br />
[[vi:Đại chủng Phi]]<br />
[[tr:Zenciler]]<br />
[[wuu:黑人]]<br />
[[zh-yue:黑人]]<br />
[[zh:黑人]]</div>Commander Shepardhttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Torpig&diff=107793335Torpig2009-04-09T00:29:21Z<p>Commander Shepard: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Expand|date=May 2007}}<br />
'''Torpig''', also known as '''Sinowal''' and '''Mebroot''', is a type of [[Trojan horse (computing)|Trojan horse]] which can affect computers using [[Microsoft Windows]] as their operating system. Torpig turns off anti-virus applications, allows others to access the computer, modifies data on the computer, steals confidential information (such as user passwords and other sensitive data) and installs more [[malware]] on the victim's computer.<br />
<br />
As of November 2008 it has been responsible for stealing the details of about 500,000 online bank accounts and credit and debit cards and is described as "one of the most advanced pieces of crimeware ever created".<ref>BBC News: Trojan virus steals bank info [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/7701227.stm]</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*http://www.f-secure.com/weblog/archives/00001393.html<br />
*http://www.rsa.com/blog/blog_entry.aspx?id=1378<br />
*http://www.windowssecrets.com/2008/11/20/03-Dont-be-a-victim-of-Sinowal-the-super-Trojan<br />
*http://windowssecrets.com/2008/11/26/03-Antivirus-tools-try-to-remove-Sinowal-Mebroot<br />
<br />
[[Category:Trojan horses]]</div>Commander Shepardhttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_Hearts_II&diff=103044575Kingdom Hearts II2009-03-26T18:24:32Z<p>Commander Shepard: /* Content editing */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox VG<br />
| title = Kingdom Hearts II<br />
| image = [[File:Kingdom Hearts II (PS2).jpg|256px|North American cover art]]<br />
| caption = The North American cover pictures the main characters of the game, including [[Characters of Kingdom Hearts#Sora|Sora]], [[Donald Duck]], and [[Goofy]].<br />
| developer = [[Square Enix]]<br />
| publisher = Square Enix<br />[[Disney Interactive Studios|Buena Vista Games]]<br />
| designer = [[Tetsuya Nomura]]<br />
| writer = [[Kazushige Nojima]]<br />
| composer = [[Yoko Shimomura]]<br />
| series = ''[[Kingdom Hearts (series)|Kingdom Hearts]]''<br />
| released = '''''Kingdom Hearts II'''''</br>{{vgrelease|JP=December 22, 2005|NA=March 28, 2006|AUS=September 28, 2006}}{{vgrelease|EU=September 29, 2006}} '''''Kingdom Hearts II: Final Mix+''''' </br>{{vgrelease|JP=March 29, 2007}}<br />
| genre = [[Action role-playing game]]<br />
| modes = [[Single-player]]<br />
| ratings = {{vgratings|CERO=A|ESRB=E10+|OFLCA=PG|PEGI=12+}}<br />
| platforms = [[PlayStation 2]]<br />
| media = 1 [[DVD|DVD-ROM]]<br />
| input = [[DualShock|DualShock 2]] controller<br />
| resolution = [[480i]] (SDTV)<br />
}}<br />
{{nihongo|'''''Kingdom Hearts II'''''|キングダムハーツII|Kingudamu Hātsu Tsū}} is an [[action role-playing game]] developed by [[Square Enix]] and published by [[Disney Interactive Studios|Buena Vista Games]] (now Disney Interactive Studios) and Square Enix in 2005 for the [[Sony Computer Entertainment|Sony]] [[PlayStation 2]] [[video game console]]. The video game is a [[sequel]] to the 2001 Disney Interactive and [[Square Co.|Square]] collaboration, ''[[Kingdom Hearts]]'', which combined [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]] and Square elements into an action role-playing game. The game's popularity has resulted in a novel and [[manga]] series based upon it and an [[international version]] called ''Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix'', released in March 2007.<br />
<br />
''Kingdom Hearts II'' is the third game in the ''[[Kingdom Hearts (series)|Kingdom Hearts]]'' series. It picks up one year after the events of ''[[Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories]]''.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.gamepro.com/article/features/35541/kingdom-hearts-ii-e3-2004/| work = [[GamePro]]| date = 2004-05-12| title = Feature: Kingdom Hearts II (E3 2004)| accessdate = 2008-09-24}}</ref> [[Characters of Kingdom Hearts#Sora|Sora]], the protagonist of the first two games, returns to search for his lost friends.<ref name="KH2gameinformer">{{cite web| first= Andrew|last=Reiner| url = http://www.gameinformer.com/NR/exeres/6385AA1E-9EC1-4F7C-A8D6-14D0545D1C81.htm| title = Kingdom Hearts 2| work = [[Game Informer]]| accessdate = 2006-12-15}}</ref> Like the previous installments, this game features a large cast of characters from Disney films and ''[[Final Fantasy]]'' games. [[Organization XIII]], a group introduced in ''Chain of Memories'', also reappears to impede Sora's progress. <br />
<br />
The game was well-received, earning year-end awards from numerous [[video game journalism|video gaming websites]]. In Japan, it shipped more than one million copies within a week of its release. One month after its North American release, it had sold over one million copies and was the second best-selling game of 2006.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://bestof.ign.com/2006/ps2/38.html| title = News—IGN Best of 06| publisher = [[IGN]]| accessdate = 2006-12-15}}</ref> As of December 2006, ''Kingdom Hearts II'' had shipped more than 3.5 million copies worldwide.<br />
<br />
==Gameplay==<br />
{{see also|Kingdom Hearts#Gameplay|l1=Gameplay of Kingdom Hearts}}<br />
[[File:KH2 gameplay.png|thumb|left|Sora battling [[Sephiroth (Final Fantasy VII)|Sephiroth]]. Note the game menu at the bottom left of the screen, and the character health and magic meters on the right side.]] <br />
The gameplay of ''Kingdom Hearts II'' is similar to that of ''Kingdom Hearts'', though developers made an effort to address complaints with the previous game.<ref name="EuroGamerReview1">{{cite web| url = http://www.eurogamer.net/article.php?article_id=68539| title = Kingdom Hearts II Review| first= Rob|last=Fahey| date = 2006-10-10| publisher = [[Eurogamer]]| accessdate = 2007-07-31}}</ref><ref name="KH-NI-1UP2005">{{cite web| url = http://www.kh2.co.uk/?page=NI/1UP-2| title = 1UP—E3 2005 Interview| publisher = Kingdom Hearts Ultimania| accessdate = 2007-06-15}}</ref> The player directly controls Sora from a [[Grammatical person#Use of grammatical person in creative media|third person]] camera angle,<ref name="KHII-MobyGames">{{cite web| url = http://www.mobygames.com/game/kingdom-hearts-ii| title = Kingdom Hearts II for PlayStation 2| publisher = [[MobyGames]]| accessdate = 2007-06-18}}</ref> though first person perspective is available. Most of the gameplay occurs on interconnected field maps where battles take place. The game is driven by a linear progression from one story event to the next, usually told in the form of a [[cut scene]], though there are numerous [[Quest (gaming)|side-quests]] available that provide bonuses to the characters.<br />
<br />
Like many traditional [[console role-playing game|role-playing games]], ''Kingdom Hearts II'' features an [[experience point]] system which determines character development.<ref name="KHII-StrategyGuide">{{cite book| last = Hollinger| first = Elizabeth| year = 2006| title = Kingdom Hearts II Official Strategy Guide| publisher = [[BradyGames]]| isbn= 0-7440-0526-4}}</ref> As enemies are defeated, the player gains experience which culminates in a "level up", in which the [[player character|playable characters]] grow stronger and gain access to new [[Statistic (role-playing games)#Skills|abilities]].<ref name="Instructions">{{cite book | author = Square Enix | year = 2006 | title = Kingdom Hearts II Instruction Booklet | publisher = [[Square Enix]]}}</ref> As in the first game, ''Kingdom Hearts II'' allows a certain degree of character customization through a short tutorial found at the beginning of the game.<br />
<br />
Combat in ''Kingdom Hearts II'' is in real-time and involves button presses which initiate attacks by the on-screen character. A role-playing game menu, similar to those found in ''Final Fantasy'' games, at the bottom left of the screen provides other combat options such as using magic, summoning beings to assist in battle, or executing combination attacks with other party members.<ref name="Instructions"/> A new feature is the "Reaction Command", special enemy-specific attacks that are triggered when the player presses the triangle button at the correct time during battle.<ref name="KH2x-play">{{cite web| url = http://www.g4tv.com/xplay/reviews/1143/Kingdom_Hearts_II.html| title = Kingdom Hearts II| publisher = [[G4 (TV channel)|G4]]| accessdate = 2006-12-15}}</ref> Reaction Commands can be used to defeat regular enemies or avoid damage, and are sometimes necessary to complete a [[boss (video games)|boss]] battle.<ref name="KHII-StrategyGuide"/> In addition to the main character, two party members are usually present who also participate in combat.<ref name="EuroGamerReview1"/> Although these characters are computer-controlled, the player is allowed to customize their behavior to a certain extent through the menu screen, such as attacking the same enemy Sora targets.<br />
<br />
In response to criticism, the "Gummi Ship" feature of the first game was re-imagined to be "more enjoyable". Although retaining its basic purpose of travel, the previous system was completely redone to resemble a combination of [[Shoot 'em up#Tube and rail shooters|rail shooter]] and "Disney theme park ride".<ref name="KH-NI-1UP2005"/> In the world map, the player must now control the Gummi Ship from a [[Top-down perspective|top-down view]] and fly to the world the player wishes to enter. Worlds are no longer open from the beginning—the player must unlock the routes to them by entering a new level, controlling the ship from a third-person point of view, and battling enemy ships.<ref name="Instructions"/> After the route is opened, travel to the world is unimpeded—unless it is blocked due to a plot related event.<br />
<br />
===Drive Gauge===<br />
[[File:Sorabeastcastle.jpg|thumb|Sora in Valor Form, one of the Drive Forms introduced in ''Kingdom Hearts II'']]<br />
One of the new features is a meter known as the "Drive Gauge". The Drive Gauge serves two functions: to transform into a "Drive Form" or to summon a special character. While in Drive Form, Sora bonds with party members to become more powerful and acquire different attributes;<ref name="IGN-KHII-VoiceCast">{{cite web| first= Stephen|last=Coleman| title = Kingdom Hearts II Gets All-Star Cast| url = http://games.ign.com/articles/686/686944p1.html| publisher = [[IGN]]| date = 2006-02-08| accessdate = 2007-06-14}}</ref> some Forms also allow the use of two Keyblades. While in a Drive Form, Sora's combat statistics are heightened, though one Form reduces certain statistics. Drive Forms also give Sora new abilities that can be used outside of battle. At first, his Drive Forms only combine power with one party member, but as he gains new ones, he can bond with both party members. When allies are used in a Drive Form, they are temporarily removed from battle for its duration. Unlike [[Health (game mechanic)|hit points]] and [[Magic (gaming)|magic]], the Drive Gauge is not recharged at save points.<ref name="Instructions"/> <br />
<br />
Like the first game, Sora can summon a Disney character to aid him in battle.<ref name="KH2x-play"/> A summoned character will replace the two computer-controlled characters and fight alongside Sora for as long as the Drive Gauge allows. Instead of being limited to only one action, summoned characters now have a menu of their own and are capable of performing solo actions or cooperative actions with Sora. The summon ability and each Drive Form are leveled up separately and by different criteria. Obtaining higher levels allows for extended use and in the case of Drive Forms, access to new abilities.<ref name="KHII-StrategyGuide"/><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
<!--This section has been edited to comply with the featured article criteria. Please do not add any unnecessary information. If you do wish to add detail on certain events, please discuss the additions on the talk page first or direct your proposed addition to a more detailed subarticle that pertains to the topic at hand. Example: If you wish to add detail on the finer plot details, follow the links to that article and insert the detail there or discuss it on the talk page. Any unneeded info added to this plot will be quickly reverted, including any addition of spoiler tags. This plot is meant to be as comprehensive as possible, while only containing the details needed to understand plot at its most basic level.--><br />
<br />
===Setting===<br />
{{see|Universe of Kingdom Hearts}}<br />
The setting of ''Kingdom Hearts II'' is a collection of various [[Level (video games)|levels]] (referred to in-game as "worlds") that the player progresses through. As in the first game, ''Kingdom Hearts II'' allows the player to travel to locales from various Disney fictions, along with original worlds specifically created for the series. In the first game, Disney-based worlds were primarily derived from the [[List of Disney theatrical animated features|Disney animated features canon]]. ''Kingdom Hearts II'' introduces worlds that are based on [[List of Disney feature films|Disney live-action films]] as well.<ref name="liveworlds">{{cite web| date=2005-06-08 | title=Tetsuya Nomura Dengeki Interview #3 | url=http://www.kh2.co.uk/?page=NI/Dengeki-3 | publisher=Kingdom Hearts Ultimania| accessdate=2007-08-02}}</ref><ref name="KH-NI-PSE">{{cite web| url = http://www.kh2.co.uk/?page=NI/Playstation| title = Playstation.com Europe—E3 Interview| publisher = Kingdom Hearts Ultimania| accessdate = 2007-06-15}}</ref> As in the first game, each world varies in appearance and setting, depending on the Disney film on which it is based. The graphics of the world and characters are meant to resemble the artwork style of the environments and characters from their respective Disney films. Each world is disconnected from the others and exists separately; with few exceptions, players travel from one world to another via a Gummi Ship.<br />
<br />
Some worlds featured in the previous games reappear, but with new and expanded areas. There are also new worlds that are introduced and include the Land of Dragons, a fictionalized account of [[History of China|ancient China]] from the film ''[[Mulan]]''; Beast's Castle, an 1800s-style castle based on French architecture from ''[[Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)|Beauty and the Beast]]''; Timeless River, a past version of [[Universe of Kingdom Hearts#Disney Castle|Disney Castle]] that features ''[[Steamboat Willie]]''-style animation; [[Port Royal]] from ''[[Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl]]''; Pride Land, a great savanna from ''[[The Lion King]]''; and Space Paranoids, a digital world within Hollow Bastion's computer network based on ''[[Tron (film)|Tron]]''. Twilight Town, an original world first seen in ''Chain of Memories'', has a greater role as the introductory world. The World That Never Was is a new world that serves as the headquarters of [[Organization XIII]].<ref name="KHII-StrategyGuide"/><br />
<br />
===Characters===<br />
{{see|Characters of Kingdom Hearts}}<br />
The three main characters in the game are Sora, a 15-year-old boy who was chosen as master of the Keyblade, a mystical key-shaped weapon with the power to combat darkness; [[Donald Duck]], the court magician of Disney Castle; and [[Goofy]], the captain of the Disney Castle guard.<ref name="KHII-StrategyGuide"/> Both Donald and Goofy were ordered to find and stay with the "key",<ref name="MickeyNote">'''King Mickey's Note:''' Donald, Sorry to rush off without sayin’ goodbye, but there’s big trouble brewin’. Not sure why, but the stars have been blinkin’ out, one by one. And that means disaster can’t be far behind. I hate to leave you all but I’ve gotta go check into it. There’s someone with a “key”—the key to our survival. So I need you and Goofy to find him, and stick with him. Got it? We need that key or we’re doomed! So go to Traverse Town and find Leon. He’ll point you in the right direction. P.S. Would ya apologize to Minnie for me? Thanks, pal. {{cite video game| title = Kingdom Hearts| developer = Square | publisher = Square Electronic Arts | date= 2002-11-15 |platform= PlayStation 2}}</ref> which was revealed to be the Keyblade. They befriended Sora during their journey in ''Kingdom Hearts'' and draw strength from this friendship. Other original characters include Riku and Kairi, Sora's friends from his home world, Destiny Islands; Roxas, a mysterious boy who can wield the Keyblade; and DiZ, a man in red robes with a vendetta against Organization XIII.<br />
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As in the previous installments, there are numerous appearances of characters from both Disney and Square Enix works. While some make a return from ''Kingdom Hearts'', new characters from Disney fiction are also introduced, such as [[Scar (The Lion King)|Scar]] from ''The Lion King'' and [[Scrooge McDuck]]. [[Pete (Disney character)|Pete]] appears as a persistent enemy who works with the resurrected [[Maleficent]]. 17 characters from ''[[Final Fantasy]]'' games appear, notably, [[Characters of Final Fantasy X and X-2#Auron|Auron]] of ''[[Final Fantasy X]]'' and the return of [[Squall Leonhart]], [[Cloud Strife]], and [[Sephiroth (Final Fantasy)|Sephiroth]]. It was stated that although the first game strictly stuck to characters [[Tetsuya Nomura]] designed, this time around they were going to "take some risks"; implying characters not directly designed by Nomura might make an appearance.<ref>{{cite web| first= Bryan|last=Boulette| url = http://www.rpgamer.com/news/Q4-2005/112705b.html| publisher = [[RPGamer]]| title = Nomura Divulges Kingdom Hearts II Details| accessdate = 2007-05-29| date = 2005-11-27}}</ref> This led to [[Characters of Final Fantasy IX#Vivi|Vivi]] of ''[[Final Fantasy IX]]'' and [[Characters of Final Fantasy VI#Setzer|Setzer]] of ''[[Final Fantasy VI]]'' appearing in Twilight Town.<br />
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The various worlds that Sora explores often have an optional party character from the fiction on which the world is based. Such party members include [[Fa Mulan]], the woman who passes as a man in order to take her ailing father's place in the army; [[Jack Sparrow]], a pirate who seeks to reclaim his ship, the [[Black Pearl]]; [[Simba]], the self-exiled lion who is the rightful king of the Pride Land; and Tron, a security program in Hollow Bastion's computer network who seeks to end the dictatorship of the [[List of Tron characters#Master Control Program|Master Control Program]].<ref name="KHII-StrategyGuide"/><br />
<br />
Unlike ''Kingdom Hearts'' where Xehanort's Heartless was revealed in the final stages of the game to be the true antagonist, Organization XIII, a group of beings without hearts, was established as the main threat early on. Organization XIII controls both the Heartless, corrupted hearts that have become monsters, and Nobodies, the bodies left over when Heartless are created. Villains unique to the worlds are still prevalent and are often presented as challenges that Sora must overcome.<br />
<br />
===Story===<br />
''Kingdom Hearts II'' begins one year after ''Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories''. Sora, Donald, and Goofy have been asleep for the past year to regain their lost memories. Meanwhile, Roxas is trapped in a virtual simulation of Twilight Town created by DiZ so that Roxas, the Nobody of Sora,<ref>'''Riku:''' Because, Sora. Roxas is your Nobody. {{cite video game|title=Kingdom Hearts II|developer=Square Enix|publisher=Square Enix U.S.A., Buena Vista Games |date=2006-03-28 |platform=PlayStation 2}}</ref> may merge with his original self to restore Sora's power.<ref>'''Riku:''' Will it work? / '''DiZ:''' If we can maintain the simulated town until Naminé finishes chaining together Sora's memories. / '''Riku:''' What will happen to Roxas? / '''DiZ:''' He holds half of Sora's power within him. In the end, he'll have to give it back. Until then, he'll need another personality to throw off his pursuers. {{cite video game|title=Kingdom Hearts II|developer=Square Enix|publisher=Square Enix U.S.A., Buena Vista Games |date=2006-03-28 |platform=PlayStation 2}}</ref> This is done as part of DiZ's revenge on Organization XIII.<ref>'''DiZ:''' What I need is someone who can move about the realm of light and destroy Organization XIII. {{cite video game|title=Kingdom Hearts II|developer=Square Enix|publisher=Square Enix U.S.A., Buena Vista Games |date=2006-03-28 |platform=PlayStation 2}}</ref><ref>'''Ansem the Wise:''' I won't deny there was more. I was...obsessed with thoughts of revenge. My apprentices stole everything precious to me---my research, and my pride. {{cite video game|title=Kingdom Hearts II|developer=Square Enix|publisher=Square Enix U.S.A., Buena Vista Games |date=2006-03-28 |platform=PlayStation 2}}</ref> DiZ's plans are threatened when Organization XIII's Nobodies infiltrate the virtual town, but Roxas finally merges with Sora. Sora, Donald, and Goofy wake up in the real Twilight Town and meet King Mickey and [[Yen Sid]], who send them on another journey. Their goal is to find Riku and stop the plans of Organization XIII, who control the Nobodies—the body left over when a heart is turned into a Heartless. Sora also receives a new set of clothes that allow him to fuse with party members to gain special abilities. Afterward, Maleficent is resurrected and joins with Pete to continue her quest for power.<br />
<br />
Sora travels to many Disney-themed worlds, old and new, and resolves the troubles caused by Organization XIII, the Heartless, Maleficent and Pete, and local villains. Meanwhile, Kairi is kidnapped by Organization XIII. During a visit to [[List of worlds in the Kingdom Hearts series#Hollow Bastion|Hollow Bastion]], they again meet King Mickey, who reveals the true nature of Ansem, the antagonist of ''Kingdom Hearts''. The Ansem who Sora defeated was actually the Heartless of Xehanort, a student of Ansem the Wise. Mickey also reveals that Xemnas, the leader of Organization XIII, is the Nobody of Xehanort.<ref name="fakeansem">'''Mickey:''' But, what you actually fought was his Heartless. Ya see, he wasn't really Ansem. He just went around telling everybody that he was. {{cite video game|title=Kingdom Hearts II|developer=Square Enix|publisher=Square Enix U.S.A., Buena Vista Games |date=2006-03-28 |platform=PlayStation 2}}</ref><ref name="xehanort">'''Mickey:''' Now I remember! Xehanort! Ansem's apprentice! The leader of Organization XIII is Xehanort's Nobody! {{cite video game|title=Kingdom Hearts II|developer=Square Enix|publisher=Square Enix U.S.A., Buena Vista Games |date=2006-03-28 |platform=PlayStation 2}}</ref> Organization XIII's plan is revealed: they seek the power of Kingdom Hearts, which is the sum of all the hearts that Sora released by destroying the Heartless with his Keyblade.<ref>'''Saïx:''' Pitiful Heartless, mindlessly collecting hearts. And yet they know not the true power of what they hold. The rage of the Keyblade releases those hearts. They gather in darkness, masterless and free...until they weave together to make Kingdom Hearts. And when that time comes, we can truly, finally exist. {{cite video game|title=Kingdom Hearts II|developer=Square Enix|publisher=Square Enix U.S.A., Buena Vista Games |date=2006-03-28 |platform=PlayStation 2}}</ref> Sora then revisits the worlds to solve lingering problems and new complications, while seeking a path to Organization XIII's base of operations. He is secretly being aided by a mysterious hooded figure whom Sora believes to be Riku.<br />
<br />
Through a passageway in the virtual Twilight Town, Sora, Donald, and Goofy arrive at the World That Never Was, the headquarters of Organization XIII, with Kingdom Hearts looming overhead. Sora finds Kairi and Riku, who reveals the nature of Sora's and Roxas' relationship. Mickey meets DiZ, who reveals himself to be Ansem the Wise.<ref>'''DiZ:''' It's been too long, my friend. / '''Mickey:''' Ansem the Wise. Why didn't you come to me before things got so bad? {{cite video game|title=Kingdom Hearts II|developer=Square Enix|publisher=Square Enix U.S.A., Buena Vista Games |date=2006-03-28 |platform=PlayStation 2}}</ref> Ansem the Wise uses a device that dissipates some of Kingdom Hearts' power, but a system overload causes the machine to explode and kill him.<ref>'''Ansem the Wise:''' It's a device to reclaim Kingdom Hearts and encode it as data. / '''Mickey:''' Not sure I get it. / '''Ansem the Wise:''' I do not claim to know the outcome of this venture, either. After all...Hearts are unpredictable. {{cite video game|title=Kingdom Hearts II|developer=Square Enix|publisher=Square Enix U.S.A., Buena Vista Games |date=2006-03-28 |platform=PlayStation 2}}</ref> At the top of Organization XIII's castle, Sora and his friends battle Xemnas, who uses the remnants of Kingdom Hearts to power his multiple forms.<ref>'''Xemnas:''' Hear me, Kingdom Hearts! It seems we must begin anew. Ah, but know this: I will give to you as many hearts as it takes. Mark my words! You can no more be complete without me than I without you. Heed me, Kingdom Hearts! Lend me your power, so that we may be complete! The power to erase the fools that hinder us. {{cite video game|title=Kingdom Hearts II|developer=Square Enix|publisher=Square Enix U.S.A., Buena Vista Games |date=2006-03-28 |platform=PlayStation 2}}</ref> After destroying Xemnas, Sora and Riku are reunited with their friends at their home, [[Universe of Kingdom Hearts#Destiny Islands|Destiny Islands]].<ref>'''Sora:''' W-We're back. / '''Kairi:''' You're home. {{cite video game|title=Kingdom Hearts II|developer=Square Enix|publisher=Square Enix U.S.A., Buena Vista Games |date=2006-03-28 |platform=PlayStation 2}}</ref> The game concludes as Sora, Kairi, and Riku read a mysterious letter presumably sent by King Mickey, the contents of which are hidden from the player.<br />
<br />
==Development==<br />
Development plans for ''Kingdom Hearts II'' began around the completion of ''[[Kingdom Hearts#Final Mix|Kingdom Hearts Final Mix]]'', but specific details were undecided until July 2003.<ref name="GS-NI-Dengeki">{{cite web| url = http://www.gamespot.com/ps2/rpg/kingdomhearts2/news.html?sid=6076646| author = GameSpot Staff| publisher = [[GameSpot]]| date = 2003-10-10| title = Kingdom Hearts II's Tetsuya Nomura Q & A| accessdate = 2007-06-15}}</ref> Nomura has stated that there were several obstacles to clear before development could begin on a sequel. One such obstacle was the development team's desire to showcase Mickey Mouse more, which required Disney's approval.<ref name="KH-NI-KHIIU">{{cite web| title = Kingdom Hearts II Ultimania—Tetsuya Nomura Interview| url = http://www.kh2.co.uk/?page=NI/KH2U| publisher = Kingdom Hearts Ultimania| accessdate = 2007-08-10}}</ref> The development team consisted of most of the original staff from the first game.<ref name="NI-Famitsu1">{{cite web| title = 1st Famitsu Nomura Interview| url = http://www.kh2.co.uk/?page=NI/Famitsu-1| publisher = Kingdom Hearts Ultimania| accessdate = 2007-09-20}}</ref> To explain the loss of all the abilities from the first game at the beginning of ''Kingdom Hearts II'', Nomura had Sora's memories scrambled in ''Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories''.<ref name="KHCoM-NI1">{{cite web| publisher = Kingdom Hearts Ultimania| url = http://www.kh2.co.uk/?page=NI/CoMU| title = KH: CoM Ultimania—The Nomura Interview| accessdate = 2007-06-07}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Gummikh2.png|thumb|The Gummi Ship segments were redesigned for ''Kingdom Hearts II'']]<br />
<br />
Many aspects of the gameplay were reworked for this installment. Some changes were made due to user feedback and others were meant to be included in previous games but were omitted either because of time or technological constraints.<ref name="KH-NI-1UP2005"/> The camera was switched to the right analog stick of the [[DualShock]] controller instead of the shoulder buttons and the Gummi Ship travel was reworked. The combat system was completely redone and did not use any animations from the first game. Because Sora had matured, Nomura wanted his fighting style to reflect that.<ref name="KH-NI-PSE"/> Other changes included more integration between exploration and battles.<ref name="KH-NI-Dengeki2">{{cite web| url = http://www.kh2.co.uk/?page=NI/Dengeki-2| publisher = Kingdom Hearts Ultimania| title = Dengeki—Kingdom Hearts 2 Progress Report| accessdate = 2007-06-15}}</ref> The variations in combat styles associated with each Drive Form and the addition of the Reaction Command were added to give players more choices in battles.<ref name="KH-NI-1UP2005"/> The inclusion of worlds based on live-action Disney films was aided by technology that generated the character models from live-action pictures.<ref name="KH-NI-Dengeki2"/><br />
<br />
===Content editing===<br />
[[File:Xigbar gun comparison.png|thumb|left|200px|Xigbar's [[telescopic sight]] view and his weapons have been altered from the Japanese version (top) to the English version (bottom).]]<br />
Besides typical English translation and [[language localisation|localization]], the English version of ''Kingdom Hearts II'' differs from the original Japanese version in the content of gameplay and several scenes. The [[Lernaean Hydra|Hydra]] boss in Olympus Coliseum had its green blood from the original Japanese version (which was taken from the film) changed into black and purple smoke in the English version. An earlier cut scene retains the green blood.<br />
<br />
[[Organization XIII#Xigbar|Xigbar]]'s [[telescopic sight]] was changed from view with a [[crosshair]] and black shading around the sides to three glowing circles.<ref name="KHII-MobyGames"/> An attack animation was also altered; in the Japanese version, Xigbar combined his two hand-held guns to create a sniper rifle, which was used to shoot the player's party during the telescoping sight sequence. In the English version, Xigbar does not combine his guns, but twirls them around and shoots at Sora with a single gun. The death of Organization XIII member [[Organization XIII#VIII. Axel|Axel]] was slightly edited; in the original, he burst into flames during his suicide attack.<br />
<br />
Port Royal contains the most content edits. Cut scenes were edited to remove some of the violence, such as William Turner threatening to commit suicide while aiming a gun at his head.<ref name="KHII-MobyGames"/> Unlike the Japanese version, Undead Pirates do not catch fire when affected by Fire magic and their muskets were modified to resemble crossbows,<ref>{{cite web| url = http://ps2.ign.com/articles/698/698488p1.html| title = Nomura Discusses Kingdom Hearts and Future Titles| publisher = [[IGN]]| first=Anoop|last=Gantayat|date=2006-03-26|accessdate = 2007-03-11}}</ref> though the crossbows still fire with an audible musket shot sound effect. Also, in the Japanese version of the game, blood remains on the medallion throughout the game, while in the edited cutscenes the blood is only shown when Barbossa drops it into the chest. The blood is not seen on the medallion afterward. In another instance, when Jack Sparrow is stabbed by Barbossa, Barbossa's sword is seen sticking out of his chest as he stumbles backwards into the moonlight, but the sword is removed in the English version.<br />
<br />
===Promotion===<br />
An unlockable trailer in ''Kingdom Hearts'' and ''Kingdom Hearts Final Mix'' hinted at the possibility of a sequel. Rumors for a sequel on the PlayStation 2 were spurred in Japan when the video game website Quiter stated that "an internal (and anonymous source) at Square Japan" confirmed that development of ''Kingdom Hearts II'' had begun.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://ps2.ign.com/articles/388/388537p1.html| title = Kingdom Hearts 2 on PS2?| publisher = [[IGN]]| author = IGN Staff| date = 2003-03-07| accessdate = 2007-06-14}}</ref> It was not until ''Kingdom Hearts II'' was announced, along with ''Chain of Memories'', at the [[Tokyo Game Show]] in September 2003<ref name="KH-Sequels-GS">{{cite web| first= Justin|last=Calvert| publisher = [[GameSpot]]| title = TGS 2003: Kingdom Hearts sequels announced| url = http://www.gamespot.com/gba/rpg/kingdomheartschainofmemories/news.html?sid=6075893| date = 2003-09-26| accessyear = 2007-06-08}}</ref> that rumors were confirmed. Initial details were that it would take place some time after ''Chain of Memories'', which takes place directly after the first game. Other details included the return of Sora, Donald, and Goofy, as well as new costumes. Information about Mickey Mouse's involvement was kept to a minimum.<ref name="GS-NI-Dengeki"/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://ps2.ign.com/articles/451/451708p1.html| author = IGN Staff| publisher = [[IGN]]| date = 2003-09-26| title = TGS 2003: Kingdom Hearts II Details| accessdate = 2007-06-14}}</ref> Aside from the game trailer and various screen shots, information regarding the game was kept secret for an extended period of time.<br />
<br />
At the 2004 Square Enix E3 Press conference, producer [[Shinji Hashimoto]] said that many mysteries of the first game would be answered.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.gaming-age.com/event/2004/e3/12-60| title = Square Enix E3 Press Conference and "Dear Friends" Concert| publisher = Gaming Age| date = 2004-05-12| last= Benson|first=Mike| accessdate = 2007-09-25}}</ref> Square Enix launched the official Japanese website in May 2005,<ref>{{cite web| url = http://ps2.ign.com/articles/609/609294p1.html| publisher = [[IGN]]| first= Anoop|last=Gantayat| title = Kingdom Hearts II Website| date = 2005-05-02| accessdate = 2007-06-14}}</ref> followed by the English website in December 2005.<ref>{{cite web| first= Bryan|last=Vore| date = 2005-12-01| title = Kingdom Hearts II Official U.S. Website Launched| url = http://www.gameinformer.com/News/Story/200512/N05.1201.1418.12472.htm| work= [[Game Informer]]| accessdate = 2007-06-14}}</ref> The websites featured videos and information regarding characters and worlds. Commercials were aired in Japan which highlighted the numerous Disney characters in the game.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.gameinformer.com/News/Story/200512/N05.1202.1259.10506.htm| title = New Kingdom Hearts 2 Japanese TV Ad| last= Vore|first=Bryan| date = 2005-12-02| work= [[Game Informer]]| accessdate = 2007-12-12}}</ref> Although the game was announced in September 2003, a release date for the game was not set until two years later.<ref>{{cite web| first= Anoop|last=Gantayat| url = http://ps2.ign.com/articles/654/654393p1.html| publisher = [[IGN]]| title = Kingdom Hearts II Dated in Japan| date = 2005-12-28| accessdate = 2007-06-14}}</ref> Nomura stated that the game was announced too early and information regarding the game was not released until a debut period was in sight.<ref name="IGN-TNonEverything">{{cite web| title = Tetsuya Nomura on Everything| first= Anoop|last=Gantayat| url = http://ps2.ign.com/articles/610/610042p1.html| date = 2005-05-04| publisher = [[IGN]]| accessdate = 2007-06-14}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Audio==<br />
===Musical score===<br />
{{see|Music of Kingdom Hearts}}<br />
Like the first installment, ''Kingdom Hearts II'' features music by [[Yoko Shimomura]] and [[Hikaru Utada]] (better known by her stage name "Utada"). The Original Soundtrack for ''Kingdom Hearts II'' was composed by Shimomura and released on January 25, 2006.<ref name="KH-OST">[[Music of Kingdom Hearts#Kingdom Hearts II Original Soundtrack|Kingdom Hearts II Original Soundtrack]] CD insert. Toshiba-EMI Limited. 2006.</ref> The opening orchestration and ending credits theme were arranged and orchestrated by [[Kaoru Wada]] and performed by the [[Tokyo Philharmonic Orchestra]].<ref name="KH-OST"/> The main vocal theme for the original Japanese release was "[[Passion (Hikaru Utada song)|Passion]]", written and performed by Utada. The English version of "Passion", "Sanctuary", was used in the Western releases. Utada's involvement was announced on July 29, 2005.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.gamespot.com/ps2/rpg/kingdomhearts2/news.html?sid=6130068| first= Hirohiko|last=Niizumi| publisher = [[GameSpot]]| date = 2005-07-29| title = Kingdom Hearts vocalist returns for sequel| accessdate = 2007-06-15}}</ref> According to Nomura, the vocal theme ties in even more closely with the game's story than "[[Hikari (song)|Hikari]]" ("[[Colors (Utada Hikaru song)|Simple and Clean]]") did with ''Kingdom Hearts'' and ''Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories''.<ref name="finalmix">{{cite book| editor = Studio BentStuff| title = Kingdom Hearts II Ultimania| publisher = DigiCube/Square Enix| chapterurl = http://www.videogamesblogger.com/2006/08/11/kingdom-hearts-ii-tetsuya-nomura-interview.htm| language = Japanese| isbn = 4-7575-1621-5| chapter = Tetsuya Nomura interview}}</ref> The CD single for "Passion" was released on December 14, 2005<ref>{{cite web| publisher = CD Japan| url = http://www.cdjapan.co.jp/detailview.html?KEY=TOCT-5004| title = Hikaru Utada/Passion (CD+DVD)| accessdate = 2007-06-18}}</ref> and "Sanctuary" was first previewed on [[MTV]]'s official website in early 2006.<ref>{{cite web| title = Square Enix Reveals KH2 Main Theme In English, Plus Interview With Haley Joel| first= Bryan|last=Vore| date = 2006-02-24| url = http://www.gameinformer.com/News/Story/200602/N06.0224.1528.07850.htm| work= [[Game Informer]]| accessdate = 2007-06-14}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Voice cast===<br />
''Kingdom Hearts II'' features well-known voice actors for both the Japanese and English versions. Many of the original voice actors from the first ''Kingdom Hearts'' reprised their roles; [[Miyu Irino]] and [[Haley Joel Osment]] as Sora, [[Mamoru Miyano]] and [[David Gallagher]] as Riku, and [[Risa Uchida]] and [[Hayden Panettiere]] as Kairi. New voice actors included [[Kōki Uchiyama]] and [[Jesse McCartney]] as Roxas, [[Iku Nakahara]] and [[Brittany Snow]] as Naminé, and [[Genzō Wakayama]] and [[Christopher Lee]] as DiZ.<ref name="KHII-IMDB">{{cite web| url = http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0390163/fullcredits#cast| title = Full cast and crew for Kingdom Hearts II (2005)(VG)| publisher = [[Internet Movie Database]]| accessdate = 2007-06-14}}</ref><ref name="IGN-KHII-VoiceCast"/> A special effort was made to preserve the official voice actors from the Disney movies used in ''Kingdom Hearts II''. Many actors reprised their Disney roles for the game, including American actors [[Ming-Na]], [[James Woods]], and [[Zach Braff]],<ref name="IGN-KHII-VoiceCast"/> and Japanese actors [[Takashi Aoyagi]], [[Kōichi Yamadera]], [[Yū Shimaka]], and [[Hiroshi Fujioka]]. Some voice actors from the related television series or [[direct-to-video]] sequels were chosen over original voice actors where applicable (for example [[Robert Costanzo]] as Philoctetes rather than [[Danny DeVito]]). Some characters were given new voice actors in the English version; Aerith, Leon, and Hercules, who were originally voiced by [[Mandy Moore]], [[David Boreanaz]], and [[Sean Astin]] respectively in the first game,<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0322968/fullcredits#cast| title = Full cast and crew for Kingdom Hearts (2002)(VG)| publisher = [[Internet Movie Database]]| accessdate = 2007-06-14}}</ref> are now voiced by [[Mena Suvari]], [[Doug Erholtz]], and [[Tate Donovan]] (Hercules' original voice actor).<ref name="KHII-IMDB"/><br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
''Kingdom Hearts II'' was generally well-received, garnering positive reviews and sales figures. Within a week of its Japanese release, ''Kingdom Hearts II'' shipped one million copies,<ref>{{cite web| first= Anoop|last=Gantayat| title = Kingdom Hearts 2 Goes Platinum| url = http://ps2.ign.com/articles/678/678247p1.html| date = 2005-12-27| publisher = [[IGN]]| accessdate = 2007-06-14}}</ref> selling almost 730,000 copies.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.gamesarefun.com/news.php?newsid=5934| title = News—Japan: weekly software sales from 12/19 - 12/25| first= Richard|last=Brownell| date = 2005-12-28| publisher = GamesAreFun.com| accessdate = 2006-12-15}}</ref> The [[NPD Group]] reported that ''Kingdom Hearts II'' was the highest-selling console game in North America during March 2006 with 614,000 copies.<ref>{{cite web| first= Tor|last=Thorsen| url = http://www.gamespot.com/news/6147802.html| publisher = [[GameSpot]]| title = ChartSpot: March 2006| accessdate = 2007-05-15}}</ref> In the month after its release in North America, ''Kingdom Hearts II'' sold an estimated one million copies.<ref name="KH2sales">{{cite web| url = http://www.square-enix.com/na/company/press/2006/0502/| title = TGS06: Kingdom Hearts II Achieves Million-Unit Sales Mark in North America in Four Weeks | publisher = [[Square Enix]]| accessdate = 2006-12-15}}</ref> [[GameStop]] listed the game as their best-selling title for the first quarter of 2006.<ref>{{cite web| first= Jason|last=Dobson| date = 2006-05-18| title = Industry News: GameStop's Q1 Results Up On Xbox 360, KH2| publisher = [[Gamasutra]]| url = http://www.gamasutra.com/php-bin/news_index.php?story=9368| accessdate = 2007-07-05}}</ref> The game was also on [[IGN]]'s "Top 10 Sellers in 2006".<ref name="KH2sales2">{{cite web| publisher = [[IGN]]| title = PS2 2006 Year in Review| url = http://ps2.ign.com/articles/749/749553p2.html| accessdate = 2006-12-20}}</ref> As of December 2006, ''Kingdom Hearts II'' had shipped over 3.5 million worldwide with 700,000 in [[PAL region]]s, 1.1 million in Japan, and 1.7 million in North America.<ref>{{cite web| publisher = [[GameSpot]]| title = Kingdom Hearts Series Ships over 10 Million Worldwide| url = http://www.gamespot.com/ps2/adventure/kingdomhearts/news.html?sid=6165399&om_act=convert&om_clk=gsupdates&tag=updates;title;1| accessdate=2007-05-13 | date=2007-02-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = スクウェア・エニックス、イベントなど追加「Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix+」「キングダム ハーツ」 シリーズ累計出荷本数1,000万本達成| url = http://www.watch.impress.co.jp/game/docs/20070105/khfm.htm| language = Japanese| publisher = Game Watch| accessdate = 2007-03-11}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Critical response===<br />
{{VG Reviews<br />
|title=<br />
|state=plain<br />
|1UP = A+<ref name="KH2-1up">{{cite web| url = http://www.1up.com/do/reviewPage?cId=3149639&p=2&sec=REVIEWS| title = Reviews: Kingdom Hearts 2| publisher = [[1UP.com]]|first=Bryan|last=Intihar|date=2006-04-14 accessdate = 2006-12-15}}</ref><br />
|EuroG = 8 out of 10<ref name="EuroGamerReview">{{cite web| publisher = [[Eurogamer]]| url = http://www.eurogamer.net/article.php?article_id=68539| title = Kingdom Hearts II Review |first=Rob|last=Fahey|date= 2006-10-10|accessdate = 2007-06-13}}</ref><br />
|Fam = 39 out of 40<ref name="KH2famitsugrade"/><br />
|GI = 9 out of 10<ref name="KH2ign"/><br />
|GSpot = 8.7 out of 10<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gamespot.com/ps2/rpg/kingdomhearts2/review.html|title=Kingdom Hearts II for PlayStation 2 Review|publisher=GameSpot|last=Gouskos|first=Carrie|date=2006-03-26|accessdate=2009-02-03}}</ref><br />
|IGN = 7.6 out of 10<ref name="KH2ign">{{cite web| first= Jeff|last=Haynes| date = 2006-03-28| title = Kingdom Hearts II| url = http://ps2.ign.com/articles/698/698697p1.html| publisher = [[IGN]]| accessdate = 2006-12-15}}</ref><br />
|XPlay = 4 out of 5<ref name="KH2x-play"/><br />
|GR = 87%<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.gamerankings.com/htmlpages2/915410.asp| publisher = [[Game Rankings]]| title = Kingdom Hearts II (PS2)| accessdate = 2008-04-26}}</ref><br />
|MC = 87 out of 100<ref>{{cite web| publisher = [[Metacritic]]| title = Kingdom Hearts II (PS2: 2006)| url = http://www.metacritic.com/games/platforms/ps2/kingdomhearts2?q=kingdom%20hearts| accessdate = 2007-06-13}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
The game has received numerous awards and high ratings among reviews. It tied with ''[[Resident Evil 4]]'' as ''[[Famitsu]]''{{'}}s "Game of the Year" 2005.<ref name="KH2famitsugame05">{{cite web| url = http://www.famitsu.com/game/news/2006/04/21/103,1145605197,52094,0,0.html| work= [[Famitsu]]| title = Famitsu Awards 2005"大賞は『キングダム ハーツII』と『バイオハザード4』!!| accessdate = 2006-12-15}}</ref> ''Famitsu''{{'}}s readers ranked the game 29th on their "All Time Top 100" feature,<ref name="KH2japtop100">{{cite web| url = http://www.edge-online.com/features/japan-votes-all-time-top-100?page=0,0| title = Japan Votes on All Time Top 100| work = [[Edge (magazine)|Edge]]| accessdate = 2008-09-24}}</ref> ten places below ''Kingdom Hearts''. It was ranked number one on IGN's 2006 "Reader's Choice" for PlayStation 2 games.<ref name="KH2sales2"/> [[Eurogamer]] ranked it 34th on their "Top 50 Games of 2006" list.<ref>{{cite web| title = Eurogamer's Top 50 Games of 2006: 40 - 31| url = http://www.eurogamer.net/article.php?article_id=71311| author = Eurogamer staff| publisher = [[Eurogamer]]| date = 2006-12-26| accessdate = 2007-08-07}}</ref> Video game magazine ''[[Electronic Gaming Monthly]]'' awarded it "Best Sequel" of 2006,<ref>{{cite journal| month= March | year= 2007 |title=Best of 2006 |journal=[[Electronic Gaming Monthly]] |issue=213 |pages=81 |publisher=[[Ziff Davis]]}}</ref> and ''[[Game Informer]]'' listed it among the "Top 50 games of 2006".<ref name="GI#165">{{cite journal| month= January | year= 2007| title= Top 50 Games of 2006| journal= [[Game Informer]]| publisher= [[GameStop]]| issue= 165| pages= 55}}</ref> ''Kingdom Hearts II'' also received a near-perfect score, 39/40, from the Japanese gaming magazine ''Famitsu'', known for its extremely harsh grading.<ref name="KH2famitsugrade">{{cite web| first= Josh|last=Freund| date = 2005-12-20| url = http://www.gamesarefun.com/news.php?newsid=5915| title = News - Latest Famitsu review scores - Kingdom Hearts II, Mario & Luigi 2, & more| publisher = GamesAreFun.com| accessdate = 2008-10-11}}</ref><br />
<br />
Critics commended many aspects of the game. [[GameSpy]] praised the quality of the voice acting and cited the graphics as "on par with the best of Square's productions to date."<ref name="KH2gamespy">{{cite web| title = Kingdom Hearts II (PS2)| url = http://ps2.gamespy.com/playstation-2/kingdom-hearts-ii/698896p1.html| publisher = [[GameSpy]]| first= Gerald|last=Villoria| date = 2006-03-28| accessdate = 2006-12-15}}</ref> They also commented on the realistic and accurate character models for the characters based on the ''Pirates of the Caribbean''. IGN rated the graphics a 9/10 and stated that the "worlds look very much like their filmed counterparts."<ref name="KH2ign">{{cite web| first= Jeff|last=Haynes| date = 04-2006| title = Kingdom Hearts II| url = http://www.gameinformer.com/NR/exeres/6385AA1E-9EC1-4F7C-A8D6-14D0545D1C81.htm?CS_pid=281270| publisher = [[Game Informer]]| accessdate = 04-2006}}</ref> Japanese gaming site, Gpara.com also praised the look of the worlds.<ref name="GPara">{{cite web| url = http://www.gpara.com/special/review/06/01/review200601240083.htm| title = Review：大好きなディズニーキャラと、いつも一緒にいられる喜び。『KHII』レビュー| publisher = Gpara.com| date = 2006-01-24| language = Japanese| accessdate = 2007-07-16}}</ref> [[G4 (TV channel)|G4]] awarded ''Kingdom Hearts II'' "Best Voice Over" and "Best Soundtrack" in their 2006 ''[[G-Phoria]]'' awards show.<ref>{{cite web| first= Tor|last=Thorsen| publisher = [[GameSpot]]| url = http://www.gamespot.com/ps2/rpg/kingdomhearts2/news.html?sid=6155587| title = G4 announces G-phoria winners, books Jack Thompson| date = 2006-08-10| accessdate = 2007-06-15}}</ref><br />
<br />
Like its predecessors, the gameplay received mixed reviews. Many compliments were directed at the new camera controls and combat interactions between party members. ''[[GamePro]]'' stated that the beginning was "sluggishly slow", but praised the action-oriented combat.<ref name="GameProReview">{{cite web| author = Bones| date = 200-03-29| url = http://www.gamepro.com/article/reviews/52943/kingdom-hearts-ii/| work= [[GamePro]]| title = Review: Kingdom Hearts II| accessdate = 2008-09-24}}</ref> GameSpot said that the fixed [[camera system]] and new gameplay dynamics improved the experience, but they felt the game was far too easy and that there was too much button-mashing.<ref name="KH2gamespot">{{cite web| first= Carrie|last=Gouskos| date = 2006-03-28| publisher = [[GameSpot]]| url = http://www.gamespot.com/ps2/rpg/kingdomhearts2/review.html| title = Kingdom Hearts 2| accessdate = 2006-12-15}}</ref> IGN also commented on the button-mashing aspect of the gameplay and criticized the party member's [[Game artificial intelligence|artificial intelligence]] (AI), citing it as "absolutely terrible", but praised the story, presentation, and new battle features.<ref name="KH2ign"/> Gpara.com had positive comments about the ease of combo attacks and complimented on the steady pacing of the story and gameplay.<ref name="GPara"/><br />
<br />
==Versions and merchandise==<br />
{{see|List of Kingdom Hearts media}}<br />
''Kingdom Hearts II'' has been released in four different versions. The first three are the normal regional releases in Japan, North America, and [[PAL region|PAL]], which only differ nominally in content editing and localization. The European and Australian PAL releases were reformatted to run at 50 [[Hertz|Hz]] to fit the definition size of [[PAL|PAL encoding systems]].<ref>{{cite web| first= Tom|last=Bramwell| date = 2006-11-09| publisher = [[Eurogamer]]| url = http://www.eurogamer.net/article.php?article_id=67490| title = Kingdom Hearts 2 borderless| accessdate = 2007-06-14}}</ref> The fourth version has additional content and was released under the title ''Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix''. Like the previous titles, both Square and Disney released numerous types of merchandise before and after the game came out. Merchandise ranged from toys and figurines to clothing items and books. The game has also been adapted into both [[manga]] and novel series. Prior to the game's release, an ''[[DigiCube#Ultimania|Ultimania]]'' book titled ''Kingdom Hearts Series Ultimania α ~Introduction of Kingdom Hearts II~'' came out. It provides extended information on the first two ''Kingdom Hearts'' games, as well as information on the unreleased ''Kingdom Hearts II''.<ref name="KHS-UltimaniaAlpha">{{cite book| year = 2005| title = Kingdom Hearts Series Ultimania α ~Introduction of Kingdom Hearts II~| publisher = [[Square Enix]]| language = Japanese| isbn= 4-7575-1597-9}}</ref> After the release of the game, ''Kingdom Hearts II Ultimania'', which focuses on the game itself, came out. Another book, titled ''Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix+ Ultimania'', was released after the ''Final Mix'' version came out. Released along with ''Final Mix'', ''Kingdom Hearts -Another Report-'' was a hardback book which includes game information, visuals by [[Shiro Amano]], and a director interview.<ref name="Famitsu-AnotherReport">{{cite web| work= [[Famitsu]]| title = ビジュアルブック『キングダム ハーツ -Another Report-』が予約特典！| url = http://www.famitsu.com/game/news/2007/01/25/103,1169704450,66102,0,0.html| date = 2007-01-25| language = Japanese| accessdate = 2007-07-06}}</ref> In North America, [[BradyGames]] published two strategy guides—a standard guide and a limited edition version. The latter version was available in four different covers and included a copy of Jiminy's Journal along with 400 stickers.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.bradygames.com/press/press_releases_detail.asp?promo=3459| title = The Key to Unlimited Adventures Lies Within Bradygames' Latest Collectible Kingdom Hearts II Strategy Guide Products | date = 2006-04-06| publisher = [[BradyGames]]| accessdate = 2007-07-06}}</ref><br />
<br />
===''Final Mix''===<br />
Because the first game was re-released, there was speculation whether [[Tetsuya Nomura]] would do the same with ''Kingdom Hearts II''.<ref name="KH-NI-Famitsu2">{{cite web| publisher = Kingdom Hearts Ultimania| url = http://www.kh2.co.uk/?page=NI/Famitsu-2| title = Nomura Interview Famitsu 2| accessdate = 2007-06-19}}</ref> In a ''[[Weekly Shōnen Jump]]'' interview with Nomura, he expressed interest in a possible [[international version]] of ''Kingdom Hearts II,'' although there were no definite plans. He said that should a "Final Mix" version arise, he had a "trump card" in mind, with such features as the Mushroom Heartless found in the first ''Kingdom Hearts'' game.<ref name="finalmix"/> In September 2006, Square Enix announced they would develop ''Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix'', featuring new scenes and gameplay elements. Like the first re-release, this version would combine English audio with Japanese text, and has English as a subtitle option, and also used the "Sanctuary" theme song instead of "Passion".<br />
<br />
''Kingdom Hearts II'' was re-released in Japan on March 29, 2007<ref>{{cite web| title = 『キングダム ハーツII ファイナル ミックス＋』が3月29日に発売！| url = http://dol.dengeki.com/data/news/2006/12/28/b347257ab8fed8b41cc749267ca81a6a.html| publisher = Dengeki Online| accessdate = 2008-09-24}}</ref> as a 2-disc set titled ''Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix+''. The first disc contains ''Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix'' with a new secret movie and additional battles and items.<ref>{{cite web| language = Japanese| title = 『キングダム ハーツII ファイナル ミックス』に新要素が!!| url = http://www.famitsu.com/game/coming/2007/03/23/104,1174620771,68873,0,0.html| work= [[Famitsu]]| date = 2007-03-24| accessdate = 2007-07-06}}</ref> The second disc contains ''Kingdom Hearts Re:Chain of Memories'', a 3D PlayStation 2 remake of ''[[Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories]]'' with extra scenes and voice acting. The battle system maintains the card gameplay, with the addition of Reaction Commands from ''Kingdom Hearts II''.<ref name="KH2diskset">{{cite web| url = http://www.gameinformer.com/NR/exeres/51ae7e30-ccfe-4dc2-9a46-47b0e7fd29b0.htm| title = TGS06: Dissecting The Square Enix Trailer| work= [[Game Informer]]| accessdate = 2006-12-29}}</ref> The two games serve as a [[Canon (fiction)|canonical]] update to the series. The book ''Kingdom Hearts -Another Report-'' was included along with the game for those who reserved a copy.<ref name="Famitsu-AnotherReport"/> Based on [[Amazon.com]] figures, ''Final Mix+'' was the number one PlayStation 2 game in sales during the week of its release in Japan.<ref>{{cite web| first= David|last=Jenkins| date = 2007-03-30| title = Industry News: Puzzle Quest, C&C 3 Jump High In Amazon Charts| publisher = [[Gamasutra]]| url = http://www.gamasutra.com/php-bin/news_index.php?story=13306 | accessdate = 2007-07-06}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:KHII cover.jpg|left|thumb|118px|Cover of the first volume of the ''Kingdom Hearts II'' manga]]<br />
<br />
===Printed adaptations===<br />
A manga series based on the game started its serialization in the June 2006 issue of the magazine ''[[Gangan Comics#Monthly Shōnen Gangan|Monthly Shōnen Gangan]]'', published by Square Enix. The artist is Shiro Amano, who also did the ''Kingdom Hearts'' and ''Chain of Memories'' manga series. The first volume was released in Japan in December 2006.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.amazon.co.jp/exec/obidos/ASIN/4757518323/250-3568433-3689859| publisher = [[Amazon.com]]| language = Japanese| title = キングダムハーツ2 1 (1) (コミック)| accessdate = 2007-06-11}}</ref> [[Tokyopop]] licensed the manga and released volume one in North America on July 3, 2007.<ref name="KH2-1-Manga">{{cite web|url = http://www.amazon.com/Kingdom-Hearts-II-Graphic-Novels/dp/1427800588/| title = Kingdom Hearts II Volume 1 (Kingdom Hearts (Graphic Novels)) (Paperback)| publisher = [[Amazon.com]]| accessdate = 2007-07-29}}</ref> The second volume has recently been released. The game has also been novelized by Tomoco Kanemaki and illustrated by Shiro Amano. The first volume, titled "Roxas—Seven Days", was released on April 22, 2006<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.amazon.co.jp/exec/obidos/ASIN/4757516797/happyhour08-22| title = Game Novels キングダム ハーツII Vol.1 Roxas-Sevendays (単行本)| publisher = [[Amazon.com]]| language = Japanese| accessdate = 2007-06-18}}</ref> and covers Roxas' story to when Sora wakes up and leaves Twilight Town. The novel depicts extra scenes that were added in the ''Final Mix'' version, such as interaction between Organization XIII members and between Axel, Naminé and Riku. The second book, "The Destruction of Hollow Bastion", was released on July 16, 2006,<ref>{{cite web| title = Game Novels キングダム ハーツII Vol.2 The Destruction of Hollow Bastion (新書)| publisher = [[Amazon.com]]| url = http://www.amazon.co.jp/exec/obidos/ASIN/4757517157/happyhour08-22| language = Japanese| accessdate = 2007-06-18}}</ref> the third book, "Tears of Nobody," revolving around Roxas' past, was released on September 29, 2006,<ref>{{cite web| title = Game Novels キングダム ハーツII Vol.3 Tears of Nobody (新書)| publisher = [[Amazon.com]]| language = Japanese| url = http://www.amazon.co.jp/exec/obidos/ASIN/4757517920/happyhour08-22| accessdate = 2007-06-18}}</ref> and the fourth book, "Anthem-Meet Again/Axel Last Stand," came out in February 2007.<ref>{{cite web| title = Game Novels キングダム ハーツII Vol.4 Anthem-Meet Again/Axel Last Stand (単行本)| url = http://www.amazon.co.jp/exec/obidos/ASIN/4757519648/happyhour08-22| publisher = [[Amazon.com]]| language = Japanese| accessdate = 2007-06-18}}</ref><br />
{{-}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
<br />
<!---We do not need any more links. --><br />
<br />
{{wikiquote|Kingdom Hearts II}}<br />
<br />
* [http://www.square-enix.co.jp/kingdom2/ Official Japanese site]<br />
* [http://na.square-enix.com/games/kingdomhearts/kh2/ Official North American site]<br />
* [http://www.kingdomhearts2.eu.com Official European site]<br />
* [http://www.square-enix.co.jp/kingdom2fm/''Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix+'' Japanese Site]<br />
<br />
{{Kingdom Hearts series}}<br />
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{{featured article}}<br />
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[[Category:2005 video games]]<br />
[[Category:Action role-playing video games]]<br />
[[Category:Kingdom Hearts]]<br />
[[Category:PlayStation 2 games]]<br />
[[Category:PlayStation 2-only games]]<br />
[[Category:Video game sequels]]<br />
[[Category:Mickey Mouse video games]]<br />
[[Category:Donald Duck video games]]<br />
[[Category:Disney video games]]<br />
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[[da: Kingdom Hearts II]]<br />
[[et:Kingdom Hearts 2]]<br />
[[el: Kingdom Hearts 2]]<br />
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[[fr: Kingdom Hearts II]]<br />
[[id: Kingdom Hearts II]]<br />
[[it: Kingdom Hearts II]]<br />
[[nl: Kingdom Hearts II]]<br />
[[ja: キングダムハーツII]]<br />
[[no: Kingdom Hearts II]]<br />
[[pt: Kingdom Hearts II]]<br />
[[simple: Kingdom Hearts II]]<br />
[[fi: Kingdom Hearts II]]<br />
[[sv: Kingdom Hearts II]]<br />
[[th: คิงดอมฮารตส์ II]]<br />
[[zh-yue: 王國之心 II]]<br />
[[zh: 王國之心 II]]</div>Commander Shepardhttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Project_Snowblind&diff=139347363Project Snowblind2009-03-18T21:55:37Z<p>Commander Shepard: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{refimprove|date=October 2008}}<br />
{{namespace conflict|title=Project: Snowblind}}<br />
{{Infobox VG<br />
|title = Project: Snowblind<br />
|image = [[Image:Projectsnowblind.jpg|256px|North American Windows cover]] <br />
|developer = [[Crystal Dynamics]]<br />
|publisher = [[Eidos Interactive]]<br />
|designer = <br />
|engine = GexOmen<br />
|released = [[February 22]], [[2005]]<br />
|genre = [[First-person shooter]]<br />
|modes = [[Single-player]], [[Multiplayer video game|Multiplayer]]<br />
|ratings = {{vgratings|ESRB=T|PEGI=16+|USK=16+}}<br />
|platforms = [[PlayStation 2]], [[Xbox]], [[Microsoft Windows]]<br />
|media = [[Compact Disc|CD]], [[DVD]], [[Steam (content delivery)|Steam]] download <br />
|requirements = <br />
|input =<br />
}}<br />
'''''Project: Snowblind''''' is a [[first-person shooter]] video game released for the [[Xbox]], [[Microsoft Windows]] and [[PlayStation 2]] on [[February 22]], [[2005]]. It was originally conceived as a multiplayer-focused third game in the ''[[Deus Ex]]'' series, ''Deus Ex: Clan Wars''. But after the less than expected commercial performance of ''[[Deus Ex: Invisible War]]'', it was decided to set the game in its own universe.<ref name="SnowblindDE">{{cite web|author=Thorsen, Tor|date=2004-06-16|url=http://www.gamespot.com/ps2/action/snowblind/news.html?sid=6100820||title=Snowblind was Deus Ex: Clan Wars|publisher=gamespot.com|accessdate=2007-08-19}}</ref> Nevertheless, it remains a [[spiritual sequel]] to ''Deus Ex'' and retains many visible and conceptual links to its progenitors.<br />
<br />
In ''Project: Snowblind'', the player assumes the identity of Nathan Frost, a soldier in an international peacekeeping force known as the Liberty Coalition. After being critically injured during an enemy attack, Frost is implanted with experimental nano-technological augmentations and enhancements, turning him into "the soldier of the future". Frost must use his new powers to help lead the Coalition to victory against overwhelming odds.<br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
''Project: Snowblind'' takes place in the year 2065 in [[Hong Kong]]. The city is suddenly attacked by a hostile force known as the Republic, led by a rogue Chinese general named Yan Lo. An international peacekeeping force stationed in Hong Kong, known as the Liberty Coalition, is tasked with defending the island from the invasion. <br />
<br />
The story follows Liberty Coalition 2nd Lieutenant Nathan Frost, who is critically injured in a surprise attack by the Republic while attempting to save the life of a wounded soldier. He is rebuilt by the Coalition using experimental [[nano-technology]]. Using the powers granted to him by his nano-technology [[augment]]ations, Frost spearheads the Coalition's counter-attack against the Republic, eventually rescuing a defecting Republic scientist named Dr. Joseph Liaw. Dr. Liaw informs Frost about a plot by General Yan Lo known as Project: Snowblind. <br />
<br />
Yan Lo, who believes that technology has made humankind weak, plans to detonate [[Electromagnetic pulse|EMP]] bombs in New York, Paris, and Hong Kong thus shutting down much of humankind's technological civilization and plunging the world into another [[dark age]]. <br />
<br />
In an attempt to stop the General's plot, Frost launches an attack on Yan Lo's secret underground bunker, fighting past the General's nano-augmented elite guards and confronting the General himself. It is here that Frost learns that the General is an augmented super-soldier just like himself, created twenty years ago using earlier bio-mechanical technology. The painful side-effects of his physical augmentations have driven the General insane, and fueled his hatred of modern technology. Frost and Yan Lo battle using many of the same augmentation powers, with Frost eventually emerging the winner. Yan Lo overloads and explodes, but not before taunting Frost and informing him that Project: Snowblind will still proceed forward.<br />
<br />
In a last ditch attempt to stop Project: Snowblind, Frost launches a final assault on the facility where the EMP bombs are being prepared for distribution, aided by all surviving Coalition soldiers. Frost succeeds in destroying the facility, while the soldiers stayed at the entrance, holding off the enemy reinforcements. <br />
<br />
The ending cutscene shows Nathan Frost and the remaining Coalition soldiers walking to the nearest Coalition base, which was fifty miles away.<br />
<br />
== Gameplay ==<br />
<br />
Similar to the ''Deus Ex'' series, the focus of ''Project: Snowblind'''s gameplay is giving the player a variety of choices on how to approach any given situation. Although the game is generally linear, most levels feature multiple paths through any given area, allowing players to either rush in guns blazing or attempt to find a more stealthy side-path. <br />
Unlike ''Deus Ex'', the game is entirely centered around pure combat, but nonetheless provides the player with multiple options regarding every battle. Every weapon in the game has a secondary fire mode, several of which create exotic effects such as a swarm of drones<br />
that will actively seek out and attack enemies. The player can also throw a variety of grenades with different effects, including a riot shield that creates a temporary stationary energy wall for the player to take cover behind. The player can also use a special "[[Intrusion Countermeasures Electronics|Icepick]]" device to hack enemy cameras, turrets, and robots and use them against enemy forces. The game also features several driveable vehicles. Finally, the player's character possesses a variety of nano-technology augmentations that can be used to grant them various powers.<br />
<br />
=== Augmentations ===<br />
One of the main focuses of ''Project:Snowblind'''s gameplay are Nathan Frost's nano-technology augmentations. Although most of Frost's augmentations are inactive at the beginning of the game, they become activated as the game progresses, granting Frost additional powers.<br />
<br />
Frost's complete list of augmentations are:<br />
<br />
*'''Vision''': A harmony of night vision, x-ray vision, and infrared vision. Dark areas are brightened, enemies and mines give off a bright yellow glow and can be seen through walls. It also lets frost see the viewing range of security cameras, and where they are looking at that time. This power is especially useful later in the game when Frost acquires the Rail Laser, which can fire through solid objects like walls. <br />
*'''Reflex Boost''': Slows down time allowing the player to dodge bullets and make better decisions. This can be useful when combined with Vision upgrade, letting the player see the enemies positions and better plan their attack.<br />
*'''Ballistic Shielding''': Frost is covered in a white shimmering net-like material, and is invincible while the shield is active. The shield eventually exhausts its meter, and it will decrease more quickly if Frost is shot. <br />
*'''Cloak''': Renders Frost invisible for a short period of time. If he fires a Primary or Secondary weapon while cloaked, the cloak deactivates. Punches do not deactivate the cloak. <br />
*'''Electrical Storm''': When activated, the HUD fills with blue-grey static as a huge electrical blast emanates from Frost's body, severely injuring or killing enemies in range as well as disabling electronics.<br />
<br />
=== Multiplayer ===<br />
<br />
''Project: Snowblind'''s [[multiplayer]] mode features several of the gameplay elements found in the game's single-player campaign, including drivable vehicles, the ability to operate and hack cameras and turrets on the battlefield, and the ability to use augmentation powers.<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
The game has received criticism for its short length and multiplayer, as usually only a few servers are active at a time. However, most reviews tend to be positive, in the 80% range.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metacritic.com/games/platforms/xbx/projectsnowblind?q=project%20snowblind |title=Project Snowblind (Xbox) |work=[[Metacritic]] |publisher=[[CNET Networks|CNET Networks, Inc]] |accessdate=2008-11-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metacritic.com/games/platforms/ps2/projectsnowblind?q=project%20snowblind |title=Project Snowblind (PS2) |work=Metacritic |publisher=CNET Networks, Inc |accessdate=2008-11-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metacritic.com/games/platforms/pc/projectsnowblind?q=project%20snowblind |title=Project Snowblind (PC) |work=Metacritic |publisher=CNET Networks, Inc |accessdate=2008-11-01}}</ref> It is also known for its lack of replay value, as the game has nothing to unlock once completed and has only one level of difficulty through the single-player mode. It was also a disappointment to some fans of the ''Deus Ex'' series because it lacked provisions for a stealthy playstyle.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.projectsnowblind.com/ Official website]<br />
*{{moby game|id=/project-snowblind|name=''Project: Snowblind''}}<br />
*[http://www.gametab.com/xbox/project.snowblind/3630/ GameTab reviews]<br />
*[http://www.eidosinteractive.co.uk/games/info.html?gmid=166 Eidos Game Page]<br />
<br />
{{Deus Ex}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2005 video games]]<br />
[[Category:Eidos Interactive games]]<br />
[[Category:First-person shooters]]<br />
[[Category:PlayStation 2 games]]<br />
[[Category:Windows games]]<br />
[[Category:Xbox games]]</div>Commander Shepardhttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Project_Snowblind&diff=139347362Project Snowblind2009-03-18T21:54:32Z<p>Commander Shepard: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{refimprove|date=October 2008}}<br />
{{namespace conflict|title=Project: Snowblind}}<br />
{{Infobox VG<br />
|title = Project: Snowblind<br />
|image = [[Image:Projectsnowblind.jpg|256px|North American Windows cover]] <br />
|developer = [[Crystal Dynamics]]<br />
|publisher = [[Eidos Interactive]]<br />
|designer = <br />
|engine = GexOmen<br />
|released = [[February 22]], [[2005]]<br />
|genre = [[First-person shooter]]<br />
|modes = [[Single-player]], [[Multiplayer video game|Multiplayer]]<br />
|ratings = {{vgratings||ESRB=T}}<br />
|platforms = [[PlayStation 2]], [[Xbox]], [[Microsoft Windows]]<br />
|media = [[Compact Disc|CD]], [[DVD]], [[Steam (content delivery)|Steam]] download <br />
|requirements = <br />
|input =<br />
}}<br />
'''''Project: Snowblind''''' is a [[first-person shooter]] video game released for the [[Xbox]], [[Microsoft Windows]] and [[PlayStation 2]] on [[February 22]], [[2005]]. It was originally conceived as a multiplayer-focused third game in the ''[[Deus Ex]]'' series, ''Deus Ex: Clan Wars''. But after the less than expected commercial performance of ''[[Deus Ex: Invisible War]]'', it was decided to set the game in its own universe.<ref name="SnowblindDE">{{cite web|author=Thorsen, Tor|date=2004-06-16|url=http://www.gamespot.com/ps2/action/snowblind/news.html?sid=6100820||title=Snowblind was Deus Ex: Clan Wars|publisher=gamespot.com|accessdate=2007-08-19}}</ref> Nevertheless, it remains a [[spiritual sequel]] to ''Deus Ex'' and retains many visible and conceptual links to its progenitors.<br />
<br />
In ''Project: Snowblind'', the player assumes the identity of Nathan Frost, a soldier in an international peacekeeping force known as the Liberty Coalition. After being critically injured during an enemy attack, Frost is implanted with experimental nano-technological augmentations and enhancements, turning him into "the soldier of the future". Frost must use his new powers to help lead the Coalition to victory against overwhelming odds.<br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
''Project: Snowblind'' takes place in the year 2065 in [[Hong Kong]]. The city is suddenly attacked by a hostile force known as the Republic, led by a rogue Chinese general named Yan Lo. An international peacekeeping force stationed in Hong Kong, known as the Liberty Coalition, is tasked with defending the island from the invasion. <br />
<br />
The story follows Liberty Coalition 2nd Lieutenant Nathan Frost, who is critically injured in a surprise attack by the Republic while attempting to save the life of a wounded soldier. He is rebuilt by the Coalition using experimental [[nano-technology]]. Using the powers granted to him by his nano-technology [[augment]]ations, Frost spearheads the Coalition's counter-attack against the Republic, eventually rescuing a defecting Republic scientist named Dr. Joseph Liaw. Dr. Liaw informs Frost about a plot by General Yan Lo known as Project: Snowblind. <br />
<br />
Yan Lo, who believes that technology has made humankind weak, plans to detonate [[Electromagnetic pulse|EMP]] bombs in New York, Paris, and Hong Kong thus shutting down much of humankind's technological civilization and plunging the world into another [[dark age]]. <br />
<br />
In an attempt to stop the General's plot, Frost launches an attack on Yan Lo's secret underground bunker, fighting past the General's nano-augmented elite guards and confronting the General himself. It is here that Frost learns that the General is an augmented super-soldier just like himself, created twenty years ago using earlier bio-mechanical technology. The painful side-effects of his physical augmentations have driven the General insane, and fueled his hatred of modern technology. Frost and Yan Lo battle using many of the same augmentation powers, with Frost eventually emerging the winner. Yan Lo overloads and explodes, but not before taunting Frost and informing him that Project: Snowblind will still proceed forward.<br />
<br />
In a last ditch attempt to stop Project: Snowblind, Frost launches a final assault on the facility where the EMP bombs are being prepared for distribution, aided by all surviving Coalition soldiers. Frost succeeds in destroying the facility, while the soldiers stayed at the entrance, holding off the enemy reinforcements. <br />
<br />
The ending cutscene shows Nathan Frost and the remaining Coalition soldiers walking to the nearest Coalition base, which was fifty miles away.<br />
<br />
== Gameplay ==<br />
<br />
Similar to the ''Deus Ex'' series, the focus of ''Project: Snowblind'''s gameplay is giving the player a variety of choices on how to approach any given situation. Although the game is generally linear, most levels feature multiple paths through any given area, allowing players to either rush in guns blazing or attempt to find a more stealthy side-path. <br />
Unlike ''Deus Ex'', the game is entirely centered around pure combat, but nonetheless provides the player with multiple options regarding every battle. Every weapon in the game has a secondary fire mode, several of which create exotic effects such as a swarm of drones<br />
that will actively seek out and attack enemies. The player can also throw a variety of grenades with different effects, including a riot shield that creates a temporary stationary energy wall for the player to take cover behind. The player can also use a special "[[Intrusion Countermeasures Electronics|Icepick]]" device to hack enemy cameras, turrets, and robots and use them against enemy forces. The game also features several driveable vehicles. Finally, the player's character possesses a variety of nano-technology augmentations that can be used to grant them various powers.<br />
<br />
=== Augmentations ===<br />
One of the main focuses of ''Project:Snowblind'''s gameplay are Nathan Frost's nano-technology augmentations. Although most of Frost's augmentations are inactive at the beginning of the game, they become activated as the game progresses, granting Frost additional powers.<br />
<br />
Frost's complete list of augmentations are:<br />
<br />
*'''Vision''': A harmony of night vision, x-ray vision, and infrared vision. Dark areas are brightened, enemies and mines give off a bright yellow glow and can be seen through walls. It also lets frost see the viewing range of security cameras, and where they are looking at that time. This power is especially useful later in the game when Frost acquires the Rail Laser, which can fire through solid objects like walls. <br />
*'''Reflex Boost''': Slows down time allowing the player to dodge bullets and make better decisions. This can be useful when combined with Vision upgrade, letting the player see the enemies positions and better plan their attack.<br />
*'''Ballistic Shielding''': Frost is covered in a white shimmering net-like material, and is invincible while the shield is active. The shield eventually exhausts its meter, and it will decrease more quickly if Frost is shot. <br />
*'''Cloak''': Renders Frost invisible for a short period of time. If he fires a Primary or Secondary weapon while cloaked, the cloak deactivates. Punches do not deactivate the cloak. <br />
*'''Electrical Storm''': When activated, the HUD fills with blue-grey static as a huge electrical blast emanates from Frost's body, severely injuring or killing enemies in range as well as disabling electronics.<br />
<br />
=== Multiplayer ===<br />
<br />
''Project: Snowblind'''s [[multiplayer]] mode features several of the gameplay elements found in the game's single-player campaign, including drivable vehicles, the ability to operate and hack cameras and turrets on the battlefield, and the ability to use augmentation powers.<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
The game has received criticism for its short length and multiplayer, as usually only a few servers are active at a time. However, most reviews tend to be positive, in the 80% range.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metacritic.com/games/platforms/xbx/projectsnowblind?q=project%20snowblind |title=Project Snowblind (Xbox) |work=[[Metacritic]] |publisher=[[CNET Networks|CNET Networks, Inc]] |accessdate=2008-11-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metacritic.com/games/platforms/ps2/projectsnowblind?q=project%20snowblind |title=Project Snowblind (PS2) |work=Metacritic |publisher=CNET Networks, Inc |accessdate=2008-11-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metacritic.com/games/platforms/pc/projectsnowblind?q=project%20snowblind |title=Project Snowblind (PC) |work=Metacritic |publisher=CNET Networks, Inc |accessdate=2008-11-01}}</ref> It is also known for its lack of replay value, as the game has nothing to unlock once completed and has only one level of difficulty through the single-player mode. It was also a disappointment to some fans of the ''Deus Ex'' series because it lacked provisions for a stealthy playstyle.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.projectsnowblind.com/ Official website]<br />
*{{moby game|id=/project-snowblind|name=''Project: Snowblind''}}<br />
*[http://www.gametab.com/xbox/project.snowblind/3630/ GameTab reviews]<br />
*[http://www.eidosinteractive.co.uk/games/info.html?gmid=166 Eidos Game Page]<br />
<br />
{{Deus Ex}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2005 video games]]<br />
[[Category:Eidos Interactive games]]<br />
[[Category:First-person shooters]]<br />
[[Category:PlayStation 2 games]]<br />
[[Category:Windows games]]<br />
[[Category:Xbox games]]</div>Commander Shepardhttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Milit%C3%A4rputsch_in_S%C3%BCdvietnam_1960&diff=77499478Militärputsch in Südvietnam 19602009-03-18T09:17:33Z<p>Commander Shepard: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox Military Conflict<br />
|conflict=1960 South Vietnamese coup attempt<br />
|image=[[Image:Ngo Dinh Diem - Thumbnail - ARC 542189.gif]]<br />
|caption=President Ngo Dinh Diem of South Vietnam<br />
|partof=<br />
|date=November 11, 1960<br />
|place=[[Ho Chi Minh City|Saigon]], [[South Vietnam]]<br />
|result=[[Coup d'état|Coup]] attempt crushed<br />
|combatant1=[[Army of the Republic of Vietnam]] (ARVN) rebels<br />
|combatant2=[[Image:Flag of South Vietnam.svg|22px]] [[South Vietnam]]<br>[[Army of the Republic of Vietnam]] (ARVN) loyalists<br />
|commander1=[[Vuong Van Dong]]<br>[[Nguyen Chanh Thi]]<br />
|commander2=[[Nguyễn Văn Thiệu]]<br>[[Tran Thien Khiem]]<br />
|strength1=One armoured regiment, one marine unit, and three paratrooper battalions<br />
|strength2=[[Fifth Division]] and [[Seventh Division]] of the ARVN<br />
|casualties3=Unclear, more than 400 dead on both sides<br />
}}<br />
<br />
On November 11, 1960, a failed [[Coup d'état|coup]] attempt against President [[Ngo Dinh Diem]] of [[South Vietnam]] was led by Lieutenant Colonel [[Vuong Van Dong]] and Colonel [[Nguyen Chanh Thi]] of the [[Army of the Republic of Vietnam]]. The rebels launched the coup in response to Diem's autocratic rule and the negative political influence of his brother [[Ngo Dinh Nhu]] and his sister-in-law [[Madame Ngo Dinh Nhu]]. After initially being trapped inside the [[Reunification Palace|Independence Palace]], Diem stalled the coup by holding negotiations and promising reforms. However, his real aim was to buy time for loyalist forces to enter [[Ho Chi Minh City|Saigon]] and relieve him. The coup failed when the [[Fifth Division|Fifth]] and [[Seventh Division]]s of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam entered Saigon and defeated the rebels. More than four hundred people—many of whom were civilian spectators—were killed in the ensuing battle. Dong and Thi fled to [[Cambodia]], while Diem berated the United States for a perceived lack of support during the crisis. Afterwards, Diem ordered a crackdown, imprisoning numerous anti-government critics and former cabinet ministers. A trial for those implicated in the plot was held in 1963. Seven officers and two civilians were sentenced to death ''[[in absentia]]'', while 14 officers and 34 civilians were jailed.<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
The revolt was led by 28-year-old Lieutenant Colonel [[Vuong Van Dong]],<Ref name="j117"/> a northerner, who had fought with the [[French Union]] forces against the [[Vietminh]] during the [[First Indochina War]]. Later trained at [[Fort Leavenworth]] in the [[United States]], Dong was regarded by American military advisers as a brilliant tactician and the brightest military prospect of his generation.<Ref name="j117"/> Back in Vietnam, Dong became discontented with Diem's arbitrary rule and constant meddling in the internal affairs of the army. Diem promoted officers on loyalty rather than skill, and played senior officers against one another in order to weaken the military leadership and prevent them from challenging his rule. Years after the coup, Dong asserted that his sole objective was to force Diem to improve the governance of the country.<Ref name="k"/> Dong was clandestinely supported by his brother-in-law Lieutenant Colonel Nguyen Trieu Hong and Hong's uncle Hoang Co Thuy.<Ref name="h131"/><br />
<br />
Many Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) officers were members of other anti-communist nationalist groups that were opposed to Diem, such as the [[Dai Viet Quoc Dan Dang]] (''Nationalist Party of Greater Vietnam'') and the [[Viet Nam Quoc Dan Dang]] (VNQDD, ''Vietnamese Nationalist Party''), which were both established before [[World War II]]. The VNQDD had run a military academy in [[Yunnan]] near the [[China|Chinese]] border with the assistance of their nationalist Chinese counterparts, the [[Kuomintang]]. Diem and his family had crushed all alternative anti-communist nationalists, and his politicisation of the army had alienated the servicemen. Officers were promoted on the basis of political allegiance rather than competence, meaning that many VNQDD and Dai Viet trained officers were denied such promotions.<ref name="hback">[[#refHammer|Hammer]], pp. 131&ndash;133.</ref><br />
<br />
Planning for the coup had gone on for over a year, with Dong recruiting disgruntled officers. This included his commander, Colonel [[Nguyen Chanh Thi]]. In 1955, Thi had fought for Diem against the [[Binh Xuyen]] [[organized crime|organised crime syndicate]] in the [[Battle for Saigon]] in 1955. This performance so impressed Diem that the president thereafter referred to Thi as "my son".<ref name = "j117"/> The coup was organised with the help of some VNQDD and Dai Viet members, civilians and officers alike.<Ref name="h131"/> Dong enlisted the cooperation of an armoured regiment, marine unit and three paratrooper battalions. The operation was scheduled to launch on November 11 at 05:00.<Ref name="k"/><ref name="h131"/><br />
<br />
== Coup ==<br />
According to [[Stanley Karnow]], the [[Pulitzer Prize]]-winning author of ''Vietnam: A History'', the coup was ineffectively executed;<Ref name="k"/> although the rebels captured the headquarters of the Joint General Staff at [[Tan Son Nhut Air Base]],<ref name="h131"/> they failed to follow the textbook tactics of blocking the roads leading into [[Saigon]]. They also failed to disconnect phone lines into the Palace, which allowed Diem to call for aid from loyal units. At first, the forces encircled the compound without attacking, believing that Diem would comply with their demands. Dong attempted to call on US ambassador [[Elbridge Durbrow]] to put pressure on Diem. Durbrow, although a critic of Diem, maintained his government's position of supporting Diem, stating "We support this government until it fails".<ref name="k">[[#refKarnow|Karnow]], pp. 252&ndash;253.</ref> Most of the rebel soldiers had been told that they were attacking in order to save Diem from a mutiny by the Presidential Guard. Only one or two officers in any given rebel unit knew the true situation.<Ref name="h131"/><br />
<br />
The paratroopers' first assault on the palace met with surprising resistance. Only thirty Presidential Guardsmen stood between the rebels and Diem, but they managed to repel the initial thrust and kill seven rebels who attempted to scale palace walls. The rebels cordoned off the palace and held fire.<ref name="j117"/><br />
<br />
At daybreak, civilians began massing outside the palace gates, verbally encouraging the rebels and waving banners advocating regime change. Saigon Radio announced that a "Revolutionary Council" was in charge of South Vietnam’s government. Diem appeared lost, while many Saigon-based ARVN troops rallied to the insurgents. According to Nguyen Thai Binh, an exiled political rival, "Diem was lost. Any other than he would have capitulated."<Ref name="j117"/> However, the rebels hesitated as they decided their next move. Dong felt that the rebels should take the opportunity of storming the palace and capturing Diem. Thi on the other hand, was worried that Diem could be killed in an attack. Thi felt that despite Diem's shortcomings, the president was South Vietnam's best available leader, believing that enforced reform would yield the best outcome.<ref name = "j118"/> The rebels wanted [[Ngo Dinh Nhu]], Diem's younger brother and his chief adviser, and his wife out of the government, although they disagreed over whether to kill or deport the couple.<ref name="j117">[[#refJacobs|Jacobs]], p. 117.</ref><br />
<br />
[[Image:Lbj mnhu.jpg||thumb|right|The rebels demanded the removal of First Lady [[Madame Ngo Dinh Nhu]] (pictured left, with [[Lyndon Johnson]]).]]<br />
Thi demanded that Diem appoint an officer as Prime Minister and that Diem remove [[Madame Ngo Dinh Nhu]] from the palace. Saigon Radio broadcast a speech authorised by Thi's Revolutionary Council, claiming that Diem was being removed because he was corrupt and suppressed liberty. Worried by the uprising, Diem sent his private secretary [[Vo Van Hai]] to negotiate with the coup leaders.<ref name="l">[[#refLangguth|Langguth]], pp. 108&ndash;109.</ref><br />
<br />
[[Phan Quang Dan]], became the rebels' spokesman. The most prominent political critic of Diem, Dan had been disqualified from the [[1959 South Vietnamese legislative election|1959 legislative election]] after winning his seat by a ratio of 6:1 despite Diem having organised votestacking against him. He cited political mismanagement of the war against the Vietcong and the government's refusal to broaden its political base as the reason for the revolt.<ref name="j118"/> <br />
<br />
Madame Nhu railed against Diem agreeing to a power-sharing arrangement, asserting that it was the destiny of Diem and his family to save the country.<ref name="l"/> During the standoff, Durbrow ambivalently noted "We consider it overriding importance to Vietnam and Free World that agreement be reached soonest in order avoid continued division, further bloodshed with resultant fatal weakening Vietnam’s ability [to] resist communists."<ref name="h131">[[#refHammer|Hammer]], p. 131.</ref><br />
<br />
[[Image:Nguyen Van Thieu with map (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|The Fifth Division of Colonel Nguyen Van Thieu (pictured) helped rescue Diem from the rebels.]]<br />
<br />
In the meantime, the negotiations allowed time for loyalists to enter Saigon and rescue the president. The [[Fifth Division]] of Colonel [[Nguyen Van Thieu]], a future president, brought infantry forces from [[Bien Hoa]], a town north of Saigon. The [[Seventh Division]] of Colonel [[Tran Thien Khiem]] brought in tanks from [[My Tho]], a town in the [[Mekong Delta]] south of Saigon.<ref name="j118"/> Diem promised to end press censorship, liberalise the economy, and hold free and fair elections. Diem refused to sack Nhu, but he agreed to dissolve his cabinet and form a government that would accommodate the Revolutionary Council. In the early hours of November 12, Diem taped a speech detailing the concessions, which the rebels broadcast on Saigon Radio.<ref name="j118">[[#refJacobs|Jacobs]], p. 118.</ref><br />
<br />
As the speech was being aired, two infantry divisions and supporting loyal armour approached the palace grounds. Some of the Saigon-based units that had joined the rebellion sensed that Diem had regained the upper hand and switched sides for the second time in two days. The paratroopers became outnumbered and were forced to retreat to defensive positions around their barracks, which were approximately {{convert|1|km|mi}} away.<ref name="j118"/> After a brief but violent battle that killed around 400 people, the coup attempt was crushed.<Ref name="l"/><br />
<br />
General [[Nguyen Khanh]], commander of the ARVN II Corps, climbed over the palace wall to reach Diem on the second day of the siege. His action gained him a reputation of having helped the president, but in later years he was criticised for having a foot in both camps. Critics claimed that Khanh had been on good terms with the rebels and decided against rebelling when it was clear that Diem would win.<ref name="h132">[[#refHammer|Hammer]], p. 132.</ref><br />
<br />
== Aftermath ==<br />
[[Image:Major-general-lansdale.jpg|right|thumb|Colonel Lansdale (pictured here as a [[Major General]]), a CIA agent who assisted Diem in the past, called for the removal of the US ambassador to Saigon.]]<br />
After the failed coup, Dong and Thi fled to [[Cambodia]], where they were given asylum by Prince [[Norodom Sihanouk]].<ref name="h132"/> Diem promptly reneged on his promises, and began rounding up scores of critics, including several former cabinet ministers and some of the [[Caravelle Group]] of 18 who had released a petition calling for reform.<Ref name="k"/> One of Diem's first orders after re-establishing command was to order the arrest of Dan, who was imprisoned and tortured.<ref name="j119">[[#refJacobs|Jacobs]], p. 119.</ref><br />
<br />
In the wake of the failed coup, Diem blamed Durbrow for a perceived lack of US support, while his brother Nhu further accused the ambassador of colluding with the rebels. Durbrow denied this, saying that he had been "100% in support of Diem".<ref name="h133"/> In May 1961, Nhu said "[t]he least you can say . . . is that the State Department was neutral between a friendly government and rebels who tried to put that government down . . . and the official attitude of the Americans during that coup was not at all the attitude the President would have expected".<ref name="h133"/><br />
<br />
Colonel [[Edward Lansdale]], a [[CIA]] agent who helped entrench Diem in power in 1955, ridiculed Durbrow's comments and called on the [[Eisenhower administration]] to recall the ambassador.<Ref name="j119"/> Lieutenant Colonel [[Lionel McGarr]], the new commander of the [[Military Assistance Advisory Group]], agreed with Lansdale. The rift between American diplomatic and military representatives in South Vietnam began to grow. This was mirrored in the [[Army of the Republic of Vietnam]] and Diem. The paratroopers had been regarded as the most loyal of the ARVN's units, so Diem intensified his policy of promoting officers based on loyalty rather than competence.<ref name="j119"/> Khiem was promoted to general and appointed Army Chief of Staff.<ref name="h133">[[#refHammer|Hammer]], p. 133.</ref><br />
<br />
== Trial ==<br />
The trial of those charged with involvement in the coup occurred more than two years later in mid-1963. Diem scheduled the hearing in the middle of the [[Buddhist crisis]], a move that was interpreted as an attempt to deter the populace from further dissent. Nineteen officers and 34 civilians were accused of complicity in the coup and called before the Special Military Court.<ref name="htrial">[[#refHammer|Hammer]], pp. 154&ndash;155.</ref><br />
<br />
Diem's officials gave the Americans an unsubtle warning not to interfere. The official prosecutor claimed to have documents proving that a foreign power was behind the failed coup but said that he could not publicly name the nation in question. It was later revealed in secret proceedings that he pinpointed two Americans: [[George Carver (CIA officer)|George Carver]], an employee of the United States Operations Mission (an economic mission) who was later revealed to be a [[CIA]] officer, and [[Howard C. Elting]], described as the deputy chief of the American mission in Saigon.<ref name="htrial"/><br />
<br />
One of the prominent civilians summoned to appear before the military tribunal was a well-known novelist who wrote under the pen name of Nhat Linh. He was the VNQDD leader [[Nguyen Tuong Tam]], who had been [[Ho Chi Minh]]'s foreign affairs minister in 1946. Tam had abandoned his post rather than lead the delegation to the [[Fontainebleau Conference]] and make concessions to the [[French Union]]. In the 30&nbsp;months since the failed putsch, the police had not taken the conspiracy claims seriously enough to arrest Tam, but when Tam learned of the trial, he committed suicide by ingesting [[cyanide]]. He left a death note stating "I also will kill myself as a warning to those people who are trampling on all freedom", referring to [[Thich Quang Duc]], the [[bhikkhu|monk]] who self-immolated in protest against Diem's persecution of Buddhism.<ref name="htrial"/> Tam's suicide was greeted with a mixed reception. Although some felt that it upheld the Vietnamese tradition of choosing death over humiliation, some VNQDD members considered Tam's actions to be romantic and sentimental.<ref name="htrial"/><br />
<br />
The brief trial opened on July 8, 1963. The seven officers and two civilians who had fled the country after the failed coup were found guilty and sentenced to death in absentia. Five officers were acquitted, while the remainder were imprisoned for terms ranging from five to ten years. Another VNQDD leader [[Vu Hong Khanh]] was given six years in prison. Former Diem cabinet minister [[Phan Khac Suu]] was sentenced to eight years, mainly for being a signatory of the [[Caravelle Group]] which called on Diem to reform. Dan, the spokesman was sentenced to seven years. Fourteen of the civilians were acquitted, including Tam.<ref name="htrial"/><br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{reflist|3}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
* {{cite book| ref=refHammer | title=A Death in November| authorlink=Ellen Hammer |first=Ellen J.|last=Hammer| year=1987 |publisher=E. P. Dutton|isbn=0-525-24210-4}}<br />
* {{cite book| ref=refJacobs | first=Seth |last=Jacobs| year=2006| title=Cold War Mandarin: Ngo Dinh Diem and the Origins of America's War in Vietnam, 1950–1963| publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers| isbn=0-7425-4447-8}}<br />
* {{cite book| ref=refKarnow | title=Vietnam: A history| first=Stanley |last=Karnow |authorlink=Stanley Karnow|year=1997 |publisher=Penguin Books | isbn=0-670-84218-4}}<br />
* {{cite book| ref=refLangguth | title=Our Vietnam| first=A. J. |last=Langguth |year=2000 |publisher=Simon and Schuster | isbn=0-684-81202-9}}<br />
<br />
{{featured article}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1960 in Vietnam]]<br />
[[Category:Attempted coups]]<br />
[[Category:Conflicts in 1960]]<br />
[[Category:History of South Vietnam]]<br />
[[Category:Ngo Dinh Diem]]<br />
<br />
[[es:Golpe militar de 1960 (Vietnam del Sur)]]<br />
[[vi:Âm mưu đảo chính tại Nam Việt Nam năm 1960]]</div>Commander Shepardhttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roy_Makaay&diff=58008509Roy Makaay2009-03-17T16:52:44Z<p>Commander Shepard: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox Fußballspieler<br />
| kurzname = Roy Makaay<br />
| bild = [[Bild:Roy Makaay 008.jpg|200px]]<br />
| langname = Rudolphus Antonius (Roy) Makaay<br />
| geburtstag = [[9. März]] [[1975]]<br />
| geburtsort = [[Wijchen]]<br />
| geburtsland = [[Niederlande]]<br />
| position = [[Stürmer (Fußball)|Sturm]]<br />
| jugendjahre = <br /> <br />?-1989<br />1989-1995<br />
| jugendvereine = Woezik Wijchen<br />VV DIOSA<br />SV Blauw-Wit Nijmegen<br />[[Vitesse Arnheim]]<br />
| jahre = 1995-1997<br />1997-1999<br />1999-2003<br />2003-2007<br />2007-<br />
| vereine = [[Vitesse Arnheim]]<br />[[CD Teneriffa]]<br />[[Deportivo La Coruña]]<br />[[FC Bayern München]]<br />[[Feyenoord Rotterdam]]<br />
| spiele (tore) = 65 (30)<br />72 (21)<br />130 (79)<br />129 (78)<br />50 (21)<br />
| nationaljahre = 1996-2005<br />
| nationalmannschaft = [[Niederländische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Niederlande]]<br />
| länderspiele (tore) = 43 {{0}}(6)<br />
| lgupdate = 16. März 2008<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Rudolphus Anton ''(genannt Roy)'' Makaay''' ''(Spitznamen: das Phantom, Rheuma-Kai)''(* [[9. März]] [[1975]] in [[Wijchen]]) ist ein [[Niederlande|niederländischer]] Fußballspieler.<br />
<br />
Er spielt üblicherweise als [[Stürmer (Fußball)|Mittelstürmer]] und wird auch „das Phantom“ genannt, da er pro Torerfolg statistisch weniger als vier Schüsse benötigt und oft bis auf seine Torerfolge kaum in Erscheinung tritt. Wohl auch aus diesem Grund ließ er die Trophäe, die er als spanischer Torschützenkönig 2003 erhielt von einem Juwelier vervielfältigen, um sich bei jedem seiner Mannschaftskameraden von Deportivo de La Coruña zu bedanken.<br />
<br />
== Karriere ==<br />
=== Im Verein ===<br />
Roy Makaay gab 1993 als 18-Jähriger sein Profi-Debüt bei [[Vitesse Arnheim]] in der niederländischen [[Eredivisie|Ehrendivision]] und traf bis zu seinem Weggang 1997 in 109 Meisterschaftsspielen 42 Mal. Danach wechselte Makaay in die [[Spanien|spanische]] [[Primera División (Spanien)|Primera División]]. Dort war er zunächst für [[CD Teneriffa]] (72 Liga-Spiele, 21 Tore) aktiv, später für [[Deportivo de La Coruña]] (130 Liga-Spiele, 79 Tore) aktiv. Mit Deportivo de La Coruña wurde er spanischer Meister und Vizemeister. Außerdem wurde er in der Saison 2002/03 spanischer [[Pichichi|Torschützenkönig]]. 2003 gewann Roy Makaay auch den [[Goldener Schuh (UEFA)|Goldenen Schuh]] der UEFA als erfolgreichster europäischer Torschütze. Nachdem er im Hinspiel der UEFA Champions League 2002/2003 beim FC Bayern München drei Tore und ebenfalls im Rückspiel den Siegtreffer erzielte, wurde der Münchener Verein auf ihn aufmerksam. Zu den Bayern in die Bundesliga wechselte er in der direkt nachfolgenden Saison 2003/04 für die damalige vereinsinterne Rekordablösesumme von 18,7 Millionen [[Euro]], die sich durch Nachzahlungsprämien auf 19,7 Millionen Euro erhöhte. Hätte Makaay mit Bayern bis 2007 auch die Champions League gewonnen, wäre eine weitere Nachzahlung von 1 Million Euro an die Spanier fällig geworden. Seit der Saison 2007/08 spielt Roy Makaay wieder in der niederländischen Ehrendivision für [[Feyenoord Rotterdam]]. Dort schoss er in seiner ersten Saison in 28 Spielen 13 Tore. <br />
<br />
Für den FC Bayern München erzielte Makaay 78 Tore und machte 26 Torvorlagen in 129 Ligaspielen. 2004/05 und 2005/06 wurde er mit den Bayern DFB-Pokalsieger und deutscher Meister. Am 7. März 2007 schoss er im Spiel gegen [[Real Madrid]] nach nur 10 Sekunden das 1:0 für Bayern München – das schnellste Tor in der Geschichte der UEFA Champions League.<br />
<br />
=== In der Nationalmannschaft ===<br />
Am 5. Oktober 1996 debütierte Makaay in der niederländischen Nationalmannschaft, für die er insgesamt 43 Länderspiele bestritt und dabei sechs Tore erzielte. Mit der [[Elftal]] nahm er an der Euro 2000 in Belgien und den Niederlanden sowie der Euro 2004 in Portugal teil. Für die U21-Auswahl der „[[Niederländische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Oranje]]“ traf er insgesamt 15 Mal und liegt damit zusammen mit [[Arnold Bruggink]] in der ewigen Torjägerliste auf dem zweiten Platz hinter [[Klaas Jan Huntelaar]].<br />
Für die [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 2006|Weltmeisterschaft 2006]] wurde Makaay nicht nominiert, da ihm in der niederländischen Nationalmannschaft [[Ruud van Nistelrooy]] als Mittelstürmer vorgezogen wurde.<br />
<br />
Für die [[Olympische Sommerspiele 2008/Fußball|Olympischen Spiele 2008]] in Peking wurde Makaay als einer von drei älteren Spielern für die U23-Auswahl seines Landes von Auswahlcoach [[Foppe de Haan]] berufen. Die ''Oranje'' schied im Viertelfinale nach einem 1:2 nach Verlängerung gegen [[Argentinische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Argentinien]] aus. Makaay führte bei diesem Turnier das Team als Mannschaftsführer aufs Feld.<br />
<br />
== Erfolge/Auszeichnungen ==<br />
''' Mit seinen Vereinen''' <br />
* [[Deutsche Fußballmeisterschaft|Deutscher Meister]]: 2004/05, 2005/06<br />
* [[DFB-Pokal]]sieger: 2004/05, 2005/06<br />
* [[DFL-Ligapokal]]sieger: 2004<br />
* [[Spanischer Fußball-Meister|Spanischer Meister]]: 1999/00<br />
* [[Copa del Rey|Spanischer Pokalsieger]]: 2002<br />
* [[Spanischer Supercup]]sieger: 2000, 2002<br />
* [[KNVB-Pokal]]: 2008<br />
<br />
''' Auszeichnungen ''' <br />
* [[Goldener Schuh (UEFA)|Goldener Schuh der UEFA]] als bester Torjäger Europas in der Saison (2002/2003) mit 29 Toren<br />
* [[Pichichi]] (Torschützenkönig) der [[Primera División (Spanien)|Primera División]] 2002/03<br />
<br />
== Literatur ==<br />
Ingo Schiweck: ''Kicken beim Feind? Der ganz alltägliche Friede hinter dem deutsch-niederländischen Fußballkrieg.'' Düsseldorf 2006, S. 183-190. ISBN 3-9810957-4-X<br />
<br />
== Weblinks ==<br />
{{commonscat|Roy Makaay}}<br />
* [http://www.roymakaay.de/ Offizielle Webseite von Roy Makaay]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Folgenleiste multi|<br />
| ZEIT=2003<br />
| VORGÄNGER=[[Mário Jardel]]<br />
| AMT=[[Goldener Schuh (UEFA)|Europäischer Torschützenkönig (Goldener Schuh)]]<br />
| NACHFOLGER=[[Thierry Henry]]<br />
<br />
|VORGÄNGER2=[[Diego Tristán]]<br />
|NACHFOLGER2=[[Ronaldo]]<br />
|AMT2=[[Pichichi|Torschützenkönig]] der [[Primera División (Spanien)|Primera División]]<br />
|ZEIT2=2002/03<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Makaay, Roy}}<br />
[[Kategorie:Fußballspieler (Niederlande)]]<br />
[[Kategorie:Olympiateilnehmer (Niederlande)]]<br />
[[Kategorie:Geboren 1975]]<br />
[[Kategorie:Mann]]<br />
<br />
{{Personendaten<br />
|NAME=Makaay, Roy<br />
|ALTERNATIVNAMEN=Roy Rudolphus Anton Makaay<br />
|KURZBESCHREIBUNG=niederländischer Fußballspieler<br />
|GEBURTSDATUM=9. März 1975<br />
|GEBURTSORT=[[Wijchen]]<br />
|STERBEDATUM=<br />
|STERBEORT=<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[ar:روي مكاي]]<br />
[[bg:Рой Макай]]<br />
[[cs:Roy Makaay]]<br />
[[en:Roy Makaay]]<br />
[[es:Roy Makaay]]<br />
[[et:Roy Makaay]]<br />
[[fi:Roy Makaay]]<br />
[[fr:Roy Makaay]]<br />
[[gl:Roy Makaay]]<br />
[[he:רוי מקאיי]]<br />
[[hu:Roy Makaay]]<br />
[[it:Roy Makaay]]<br />
[[ja:ロイ・マカーイ]]<br />
[[nl:Roy Makaay]]<br />
[[pl:Roy Makaay]]<br />
[[pt:Roy Makaay]]<br />
[[ro:Roy Makaay]]<br />
[[ru:Макай, Рой]]<br />
[[simple:Roy Makaay]]<br />
[[sk:Roy Makaay]]<br />
[[sv:Roy Makaay]]<br />
[[tr:Roy Makaay]]<br />
[[zh:罗伊·马凯]]</div>Commander Shepardhttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roy_Makaay&diff=58008485Roy Makaay2009-03-17T16:52:07Z<p>Commander Shepard: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox Fußballspieler<br />
| kurzname = Roy Makaay<br />
| bild = [[Bild:Roy Makaay 008.jpg|200px]]<br />
| langname = Rudolphus Antonius (Roy) Makaay<br />
| geburtstag = [[9. März]] [[1975]]<br />
| geburtsort = [[Wijchen]]<br />
| geburtsland = [[Niederlande]]<br />
| position = [[Stürmer (Fußball)|Sturm]]<br />
| jugendjahre = <br /> <br />?-1989<br />1989-1995<br />
| jugendvereine = Woezik Wijchen<br />VV DIOSA<br />SV Blauw-Wit Nijmegen<br />[[Vitesse Arnheim]]<br />
| jahre = 1995-1997<br />1997-1999<br />1999-2003<br />2003-2007<br />2007-<br />
| vereine = [[Vitesse Arnheim]]<br />[[CD Teneriffa]]<br />[[Deportivo La Coruña]]<br />[[FC Bayern München]]<br />[[Feyenoord Rotterdam]]<br />
| spiele (tore) = 65 (30)<br />72 (21)<br />130 (79)<br />129 (78)<br />50 (21)<br />
| nationaljahre = 1996-2005<br />
| nationalmannschaft = [[Niederländische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Niederlande]]<br />
| länderspiele (tore) = 43 ({{0}}(6)<br />
| lgupdate = 16. März 2008<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Rudolphus Anton ''(genannt Roy)'' Makaay''' ''(Spitznamen: das Phantom, Rheuma-Kai)''(* [[9. März]] [[1975]] in [[Wijchen]]) ist ein [[Niederlande|niederländischer]] Fußballspieler.<br />
<br />
Er spielt üblicherweise als [[Stürmer (Fußball)|Mittelstürmer]] und wird auch „das Phantom“ genannt, da er pro Torerfolg statistisch weniger als vier Schüsse benötigt und oft bis auf seine Torerfolge kaum in Erscheinung tritt. Wohl auch aus diesem Grund ließ er die Trophäe, die er als spanischer Torschützenkönig 2003 erhielt von einem Juwelier vervielfältigen, um sich bei jedem seiner Mannschaftskameraden von Deportivo de La Coruña zu bedanken.<br />
<br />
== Karriere ==<br />
=== Im Verein ===<br />
Roy Makaay gab 1993 als 18-Jähriger sein Profi-Debüt bei [[Vitesse Arnheim]] in der niederländischen [[Eredivisie|Ehrendivision]] und traf bis zu seinem Weggang 1997 in 109 Meisterschaftsspielen 42 Mal. Danach wechselte Makaay in die [[Spanien|spanische]] [[Primera División (Spanien)|Primera División]]. Dort war er zunächst für [[CD Teneriffa]] (72 Liga-Spiele, 21 Tore) aktiv, später für [[Deportivo de La Coruña]] (130 Liga-Spiele, 79 Tore) aktiv. Mit Deportivo de La Coruña wurde er spanischer Meister und Vizemeister. Außerdem wurde er in der Saison 2002/03 spanischer [[Pichichi|Torschützenkönig]]. 2003 gewann Roy Makaay auch den [[Goldener Schuh (UEFA)|Goldenen Schuh]] der UEFA als erfolgreichster europäischer Torschütze. Nachdem er im Hinspiel der UEFA Champions League 2002/2003 beim FC Bayern München drei Tore und ebenfalls im Rückspiel den Siegtreffer erzielte, wurde der Münchener Verein auf ihn aufmerksam. Zu den Bayern in die Bundesliga wechselte er in der direkt nachfolgenden Saison 2003/04 für die damalige vereinsinterne Rekordablösesumme von 18,7 Millionen [[Euro]], die sich durch Nachzahlungsprämien auf 19,7 Millionen Euro erhöhte. Hätte Makaay mit Bayern bis 2007 auch die Champions League gewonnen, wäre eine weitere Nachzahlung von 1 Million Euro an die Spanier fällig geworden. Seit der Saison 2007/08 spielt Roy Makaay wieder in der niederländischen Ehrendivision für [[Feyenoord Rotterdam]]. Dort schoss er in seiner ersten Saison in 28 Spielen 13 Tore. <br />
<br />
Für den FC Bayern München erzielte Makaay 78 Tore und machte 26 Torvorlagen in 129 Ligaspielen. 2004/05 und 2005/06 wurde er mit den Bayern DFB-Pokalsieger und deutscher Meister. Am 7. März 2007 schoss er im Spiel gegen [[Real Madrid]] nach nur 10 Sekunden das 1:0 für Bayern München – das schnellste Tor in der Geschichte der UEFA Champions League.<br />
<br />
=== In der Nationalmannschaft ===<br />
Am 5. Oktober 1996 debütierte Makaay in der niederländischen Nationalmannschaft, für die er insgesamt 43 Länderspiele bestritt und dabei sechs Tore erzielte. Mit der [[Elftal]] nahm er an der Euro 2000 in Belgien und den Niederlanden sowie der Euro 2004 in Portugal teil. Für die U21-Auswahl der „[[Niederländische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Oranje]]“ traf er insgesamt 15 Mal und liegt damit zusammen mit [[Arnold Bruggink]] in der ewigen Torjägerliste auf dem zweiten Platz hinter [[Klaas Jan Huntelaar]].<br />
Für die [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 2006|Weltmeisterschaft 2006]] wurde Makaay nicht nominiert, da ihm in der niederländischen Nationalmannschaft [[Ruud van Nistelrooy]] als Mittelstürmer vorgezogen wurde.<br />
<br />
Für die [[Olympische Sommerspiele 2008/Fußball|Olympischen Spiele 2008]] in Peking wurde Makaay als einer von drei älteren Spielern für die U23-Auswahl seines Landes von Auswahlcoach [[Foppe de Haan]] berufen. Die ''Oranje'' schied im Viertelfinale nach einem 1:2 nach Verlängerung gegen [[Argentinische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Argentinien]] aus. Makaay führte bei diesem Turnier das Team als Mannschaftsführer aufs Feld.<br />
<br />
== Erfolge/Auszeichnungen ==<br />
''' Mit seinen Vereinen''' <br />
* [[Deutsche Fußballmeisterschaft|Deutscher Meister]]: 2004/05, 2005/06<br />
* [[DFB-Pokal]]sieger: 2004/05, 2005/06<br />
* [[DFL-Ligapokal]]sieger: 2004<br />
* [[Spanischer Fußball-Meister|Spanischer Meister]]: 1999/00<br />
* [[Copa del Rey|Spanischer Pokalsieger]]: 2002<br />
* [[Spanischer Supercup]]sieger: 2000, 2002<br />
* [[KNVB-Pokal]]: 2008<br />
<br />
''' Auszeichnungen ''' <br />
* [[Goldener Schuh (UEFA)|Goldener Schuh der UEFA]] als bester Torjäger Europas in der Saison (2002/2003) mit 29 Toren<br />
* [[Pichichi]] (Torschützenkönig) der [[Primera División (Spanien)|Primera División]] 2002/03<br />
<br />
== Literatur ==<br />
Ingo Schiweck: ''Kicken beim Feind? Der ganz alltägliche Friede hinter dem deutsch-niederländischen Fußballkrieg.'' Düsseldorf 2006, S. 183-190. ISBN 3-9810957-4-X<br />
<br />
== Weblinks ==<br />
{{commonscat|Roy Makaay}}<br />
* [http://www.roymakaay.de/ Offizielle Webseite von Roy Makaay]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Folgenleiste multi|<br />
| ZEIT=2003<br />
| VORGÄNGER=[[Mário Jardel]]<br />
| AMT=[[Goldener Schuh (UEFA)|Europäischer Torschützenkönig (Goldener Schuh)]]<br />
| NACHFOLGER=[[Thierry Henry]]<br />
<br />
|VORGÄNGER2=[[Diego Tristán]]<br />
|NACHFOLGER2=[[Ronaldo]]<br />
|AMT2=[[Pichichi|Torschützenkönig]] der [[Primera División (Spanien)|Primera División]]<br />
|ZEIT2=2002/03<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Makaay, Roy}}<br />
[[Kategorie:Fußballspieler (Niederlande)]]<br />
[[Kategorie:Olympiateilnehmer (Niederlande)]]<br />
[[Kategorie:Geboren 1975]]<br />
[[Kategorie:Mann]]<br />
<br />
{{Personendaten<br />
|NAME=Makaay, Roy<br />
|ALTERNATIVNAMEN=Roy Rudolphus Anton Makaay<br />
|KURZBESCHREIBUNG=niederländischer Fußballspieler<br />
|GEBURTSDATUM=9. März 1975<br />
|GEBURTSORT=[[Wijchen]]<br />
|STERBEDATUM=<br />
|STERBEORT=<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[ar:روي مكاي]]<br />
[[bg:Рой Макай]]<br />
[[cs:Roy Makaay]]<br />
[[en:Roy Makaay]]<br />
[[es:Roy Makaay]]<br />
[[et:Roy Makaay]]<br />
[[fi:Roy Makaay]]<br />
[[fr:Roy Makaay]]<br />
[[gl:Roy Makaay]]<br />
[[he:רוי מקאיי]]<br />
[[hu:Roy Makaay]]<br />
[[it:Roy Makaay]]<br />
[[ja:ロイ・マカーイ]]<br />
[[nl:Roy Makaay]]<br />
[[pl:Roy Makaay]]<br />
[[pt:Roy Makaay]]<br />
[[ro:Roy Makaay]]<br />
[[ru:Макай, Рой]]<br />
[[simple:Roy Makaay]]<br />
[[sk:Roy Makaay]]<br />
[[sv:Roy Makaay]]<br />
[[tr:Roy Makaay]]<br />
[[zh:罗伊·马凯]]</div>Commander Shepardhttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Milit%C3%A4rputsch_in_S%C3%BCdvietnam_1960&diff=77499369Militärputsch in Südvietnam 19602009-03-17T00:39:42Z<p>Commander Shepard: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox Military Conflict<br />
|conflict=1960 South Vietnamese coup attempt<br />
|image=[[Image:Ngo Dinh Diem - Thumbnail - ARC 542189.gif]]<br />
|caption=President Ngo Dinh Diem of South Vietnam<br />
|partof=<br />
|date=November 11, 1960<br />
|place=[[Saigon]], [[South Vietnam]]<br />
|result=Coup attempt crushed<br />
|combatant1=<!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:ArmyoftheRepublicofVietnam.JPG|22px]] -->[[Army of the Republic of Vietnam]] (ARVN) rebels <br />
|combatant2=[[Image:Flag of South Vietnam.svg|22px]] [[South Vietnam]]<br /><!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:ArmyoftheRepublicofVietnam.JPG|22px]] -->[[Army of the Republic of Vietnam]] (ARVN) loyalists <br />
|commander1=[[Vuong Van Dong]]<br />[[Nguyen Chanh Thi]]<br />
|commander2=[[Nguyen Van Thieu]]<br />[[Tran Thien Khiem]]<br />
|strength1= one armoured regiment, one marine unit and three paratrooper battalions<br />
|strength2= [[Fifth Division (South Vietnam)|Fifth Division]] and [[Seventh Division (South Vietnam)|Seventh Division]] of the ARVN<br />
|casualties3=Unclear, more than 400 dead on both sides<br />
}} <br />
<br />
On November 11, 1960, a '''failed coup attempt''' against President [[Ngo Dinh Diem]] of [[South Vietnam]] was led by Lieutenant Colonel [[Vuong Van Dong]] and Colonel [[Nguyen Chanh Thi]] of the [[Army of the Republic of Vietnam]]. The rebels launched the coup in response to Diem's autocratic rule and the negative political influence of his brother [[Ngo Dinh Nhu]] and his sister-in-law [[Madame Ngo Dinh Nhu]]. After initially being trapped inside the [[Reunification Palace|Independence Palace]], Diem stalled the coup by holding negotiations and promising reforms. However, his real aim was to buy time for loyalist forces to enter [[Saigon]] and relieve him. The coup failed when the [[Fifth Division|Fifth]] and [[Seventh Division]]s of the [[Army of the Republic of Vietnam]] entered Saigon and defeated the rebels. More than four hundred people—many of whom were civilian spectators—were killed in the ensuing battle. Dong and Thi fled to Cambodia, while Diem excoriated the United States for a perceived lack of support during the crisis. Afterwards, Diem ordered a crackdown, imprisoning numerous anti-government critics and former cabinet ministers. A trial for those implicated in the plot was held in 1963. Seven officers and two civilians were [[capital punishment|sentenced to death]] ''in absentia'', while 14 officers and 34 civilians were jailed.<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
<br />
The revolt was led by 28-year-old Lieutenant Colonel [[Vuong Van Dong]],<Ref name="j117"/> a northerner who had fought with the [[French Union]] forces against the [[Vietminh]] during the [[First Indochina War]]. Later trained at [[Fort Leavenworth]] in the [[United States]], Dong was regarded by American military advisers as a brilliant tactician and the brightest military prospect of his generation.<Ref name="j117"/> Back in Vietnam, Dong became discontented with Diem's arbitrary rule and constant meddling in the internal affairs of the army. Diem promoted officers on loyalty rather than skill, and played senior officers against one another in order to weaken the military leadership and prevent them from challenging his rule. Years after the coup, Dong asserted that his sole objective was to force Diem to improve the governance of the country.<Ref name="k"/> Dong was clandestinely supported by his brother-in-law Lieutenant Colonel Nguyen Trieu Hong and Hong's uncle Hoang Co Thuy.<Ref name="h131"/><br />
<br />
Many Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) officers were members of other anti-communist nationalist groups that were opposed to Diem, such as the [[Dai Viet Quoc Dan Dang]] (''Nationalist Party of Greater Vietnam'') and the [[Viet Nam Quoc Dan Dang]] (VNQDD, ''Vietnamese Nationalist Party''), which were both established before [[World War II]]. The VNQDD had run a military academy in [[Yunnan]] near the [[China|Chinese]] border with the assistance of their nationalist Chinese counterparts, the [[Kuomintang]]. Diem and his family had crushed all alternative anti-communist nationalists, and his politicisation of the army had alienated the servicemen. Officers were promoted on the basis of political allegiance rather than competence, meaning that many VNQDD and Dai Viet trained officers were denied such promotions.<ref name="hback">[[#refHammer|Hammer]], pp. 131&ndash;133.</ref><br />
<br />
Planning for the coup had gone on for over a year, with Dong recruiting disgruntled officers. This included his commander, Colonel [[Nguyen Chanh Thi]]. In 1955, Thi had fought for Diem against the [[Binh Xuyen]] [[organized crime|organised crime syndicate]] in the [[Battle for Saigon]] in 1955. This performance so impressed Diem that the president thereafter referred to Thi as "my son".<ref name = "j117"/> The coup was organised with the help of some VNQDD and Dai Viet members, civilians and officers alike.<Ref name="h131"/> Dong enlisted the cooperation of an armoured regiment, marine unit and three paratrooper battalions. The operation was scheduled to launch on November 11 at 05:00.<Ref name="k"/><ref name="h131"/><br />
<br />
== Coup ==<br />
<br />
According to [[Stanley Karnow]], the [[Pulitzer Prize]]-winning author of ''Vietnam: A History'', the coup was ineffectively executed;<Ref name="k"/> although the rebels captured the headquarters of the Joint General Staff at [[Tan Son Nhut Air Base]],<ref name="h131"/> they failed to follow the textbook tactics of blocking the roads leading into [[Saigon]]. They also failed to disconnect phone lines into the Palace, which allowed Diem to call for aid from loyal units. At first, the forces encircled the compound without attacking, believing that Diem would comply with their demands. Dong attempted to call on US ambassador [[Elbridge Durbrow]] to put pressure on Diem. Durbrow, although a critic of Diem, maintained his government's position of supporting Diem, stating "We support this government until it fails".<ref name="k">[[#refKarnow|Karnow]], pp. 252&ndash;253.</ref> Most of the rebel soldiers had been told that they were attacking in order to save Diem from a mutiny by the Presidential Guard. Only one or two officers in any given rebel unit knew the true situation.<Ref name="h131"/><br />
<br />
The paratroopers' first assault on the palace met with surprising resistance. Only thirty Presidential Guardsmen stood between the rebels and Diem, but they managed to repel the initial thrust and kill seven rebels who attempted to scale palace walls. The rebels cordoned off the palace and held fire.<ref name="j117"/><br />
<br />
At daybreak, civilians began massing outside the palace gates, verbally encouraging the rebels and waving banners advocating regime change. Saigon Radio announced that a "Revolutionary Council" was in charge of South Vietnam’s government. Diem appeared lost, while many Saigon-based ARVN troops rallied to the insurgents. According to Nguyen Thai Binh, an exiled political rival, "Diem was lost. Any other than he would have capitulated."<Ref name="j117"/> However, the rebels hesitated as they decided their next move. Dong felt that the rebels should take the opportunity of storming the palace and capturing Diem. Thi on the other hand, was worried that Diem could be killed in an attack. Thi felt that despite Diem's shortcomings, the president was South Vietnam's best available leader, believing that enforced reform would yield the best outcome.<ref name = "j118"/> The rebels wanted [[Ngo Dinh Nhu]], Diem's younger brother and his chief adviser, and his wife out of the government, although they disagreed over whether to kill or deport the couple.<ref name="j117">[[#refJacobs|Jacobs]], p. 117.</ref><br />
<br />
[[Image:Lbj mnhu.jpg||thumb|left|The rebels demanded the removal of First Lady [[Madame Ngo Dinh Nhu]] (pictured left, with [[Lyndon Johnson]]).]]<br />
Thi demanded that Diem appoint an officer as Prime Minister and that Diem remove [[Madame Ngo Dinh Nhu]] from the palace. Saigon Radio broadcast a speech authorised by Thi's Revolutionary Council, claiming that Diem was being removed because he was corrupt and suppressed liberty. Worried by the uprising, Diem sent his private secretary [[Vo Van Hai]] to negotiate with the coup leaders.<ref name="l">[[#refLangguth|Langguth]], pp. 108&ndash;109.</ref><br />
<br />
[[Phan Quang Dan]], became the rebels' spokesman. The most prominent political critic of Diem, Dan had been disqualified from the [[1959 South Vietnamese legislative election|1959 legislative election]] after winning his seat by a ratio of 6:1 despite Diem having organised votestacking against him. He cited political mismanagement of the war against the Vietcong the government's refusal to broaden its political base as the reason for the revolt.<ref name="j118"/> <br />
<br />
Madame Nhu railed against Diem agreeing to a power-sharing arrangement, asserting that it was the destiny of Diem and his family to save the country.<ref name="l"/> During the standoff, Durbrow ambivalently noted "We consider it overriding importance to Vietnam and Free World that agreement be reached soonest in order avoid continued division, further bloodshed with resultant fatal weakening Vietnam’s ability [to] resist communists."<ref name="h131">[[#refHammer|Hammer]], p. 131.</ref><br />
<br />
[[Image:Nguyen Van Thieu with map (cropped).jpg|thumb|Colonel Nguyen Van Thieu's (pictured) Fifth Division helped rescue Diem from the rebels.]]<br />
<br />
In the meantime, the negotiations allowed time for loyalists to enter Saigon and rescue the president. The [[Fifth Division]] of Colonel [[Nguyen Van Thieu]], a future president, brought infantry forces from [[Bien Hoa]], a town north of Saigon. The [[Seventh Division]] of Colonel [[Tran Thien Khiem]] brought in tanks from [[My Tho]], a town in the [[Mekong Delta]] south of Saigon.<ref name="j118"/> Diem promised to end press censorship, liberalise the economy, and hold free and fair elections. Diem refused to sack Nhu, but he agreed to dissolve his cabinet and form a government that would accommodate the Revolutionary Council. In the early hours of November 12, Diem taped a speech detailing the concessions, which the rebels broadcast on Saigon Radio.<ref name="j118">[[#refJacobs|Jacobs]], p. 118.</ref><br />
<br />
As the speech was being aired, two infantry divisions and supporting loyal armour approached the palace grounds. Some of the Saigon-based units that had joined the rebellion sensed that Diem had regained the upper hand and switched sides for the second time in two days. The paratroopers became outnumbered and were forced to retreat to defensive positions around their barracks, which were approximately {{convert|1|km|mi}} away.<ref name="j118"/> After a brief but violent battle that killed around 400 people, the coup attempt was crushed.<Ref name="l"/><br />
<br />
General [[Nguyen Khanh]], commander of the ARVN II Corps, climbed over the palace wall to reach Diem on the second day of the siege. His action gained him a reputation of having helped the president, but in later years he was criticised for having a foot in both camps. Critics claimed that Khanh had been on good terms with the rebels and decided against rebelling when it was clear that Diem would win.<ref name="h132">[[#refHammer|Hammer]], p. 132.</ref><br />
<br />
== Aftermath ==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Major-general-lansdale.jpg|left|thumb|Colonel Lansdale (pictured), a CIA agent who assisted Diem in the past, called for the removal of the US ambassador to Saigon.]]<br />
After the failed coup, Dong and Thi fled to [[Cambodia]], where they were given asylum by Prince [[Norodom Sihanouk]].<ref name="h132"/> Diem promptly reneged on his promises, and began rounding up scores of critics, including several former cabinet ministers and some of the [[Caravelle Group]] of 18 who had released a petition calling for reform.<Ref name="k"/> One of Diem's first orders after re-establishing command was to order the arrest of Dan, who was imprisoned and tortured.<ref name="j119">[[#refJacobs|Jacobs]], p. 119.</ref><br />
<br />
In the wake of the failed coup, Diem blamed Durbrow for a perceived lack of US support, while his brother Nhu further accused the ambassador of colluding with the rebels. Durbrow denied this, saying that he had been "100% in support of Diem".<ref name="h133"/> In May 1961, Nhu said "[t]he least you can say . . is that the State Department was neutral between a friendly government and rebels who tried to put that government down . . and the official attitude of the Americans during that coup was not at all the attitude the President would have expected".<ref name="h133"/><br />
<br />
Colonel [[Edward Lansdale]], a [[CIA]] agent who helped entrench Diem in power in 1955, ridiculed Durbrow's comments and called on the [[Eisenhower administration]] to recall the ambassador.<Ref name="j119"/> Lieutenant Colonel [[Lionel McGarr]], the new commander of the [[Military Assistance Advisory Group]], agreed with Lansdale. The rift between American diplomatic and military representatives in South Vietnam began to grow. This was mirrored in the [[Army of the Republic of Vietnam]] and Diem. The paratroopers had been regarded as the most loyal of the ARVN's units, so Diem intensified his policy of promoting officers based on loyalty rather than competence.<ref name="j119"/> Khiem was promoted to general and appointed Army Chief of Staff.<ref name="h133">[[#refHammer|Hammer]], p. 133.</ref><br />
<br />
== Trial ==<br />
The trial of those charged with involvement in the coup occurred more than two years later in mid-1963. Diem scheduled the hearing in the middle of the [[Buddhist crisis]], a move that was interpreted as an attempt to deter the populace from further dissent. Nineteen officers and 34 civilians were accused of complicity in the coup and called before the Special Military Court.<ref name="htrial">[[#refHammer|Hammer]], pp. 154&ndash;155.</ref><br />
<br />
Diem's officials gave the Americans an unsubtle warning not to interfere. The official prosecutor claimed to have documents proving that a foreign power was behind the failed coup but said that he could not publicly name the nation in question. It was later revealed in secret proceedings that he pinpointed two Americans: [[George Carver (CIA officer)|George Carver]], an employee of the United States Operations Mission (an economic mission) who was later revealed to be a [[CIA]] officer, and [[Howard C. Elting]], described as the deputy chief of the American mission in Saigon.<ref name="htrial"/><br />
<br />
One of the prominent civilians summoned to appear before the military tribunal was a well-known novelist who wrote under the pen name of Nhat Linh. He was the VNQDD leader [[Nguyen Tuong Tam]], who had been [[Ho Chi Minh]]'s foreign affairs minister in 1946. Tam had abandoned his post rather than lead the delegation to the [[Fontainebleau Conference]] and make concessions to the [[French Union]]. In the 30&nbsp;months since the failed putsch, the police had not taken the conspiracy claims seriously enough to arrest Tam, but when Tam learned of the trial, he committed suicide by ingesting [[cyanide]]. He left a death note stating "I also will kill myself as a warning to those people who are trampling on all freedom", referring to [[Thich Quang Duc]], the [[bhikkhu|monk]] who self-immolated in protest against Diem's persecution of Buddhism.<ref name="htrial"/> Tam's suicide was greeted with a mixed reception. Although some felt that it upheld the Vietnamese tradition of choosing death over humiliation, some VNQDD members considered Tam's actions to be romantic and sentimental.<ref name="htrial"/><br />
<br />
The brief trial opened on July 8, 1963. The seven officers and two civilians who had fled the country after the failed coup were found guilty and sentenced to death in absentia. Five officers were acquitted, while the remainder were imprisoned for terms ranging from five to ten years. Another VNQDD leader [[Vu Hong Khanh]] was given six years in prison. Former Diem cabinet minister [[Phan Khac Suu]] was sentenced to eight years, mainly for being a signatory of the [[Caravelle Group]] which called on Diem to reform. Dan, the spokesman was sentenced to seven years. Fourteen of the civilians were acquitted, including Tam.<ref name="htrial"/><br />
<br />
==Notes ==<br />
{{reflist|3}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
*<cite id=refHammer>{{cite book| title=A Death in November| authorlink=Ellen Hammer |first=Ellen J.|last=Hammer| year=1987 |publisher=E. P. Dutton|isbn=0-525-24210-4}}</cite><br />
*<cite id=refJacobs>{{cite book| first=Seth |last=Jacobs| year=2006| title=Cold War Mandarin: Ngo Dinh Diem and the Origins of America's War in Vietnam, 1950–1963| publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers| isbn=0-7425-4447-8}}</cite><br />
*<cite id=refKarnow>{{cite book| title=Vietnam: A history| first=Stanley |last=Karnow |authorlink=Stanley Karnow|year=1997 |publisher=Penguin Books | isbn=0-670-84218-4}}</cite><br />
*<cite id=refLangguth>{{cite book| title=Our Vietnam| first=A. J. |last=Langguth |year=2000 |publisher=Simon and Schuster | isbn=0-684-81202-9}}</cite><br />
<br />
{{featured article}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1960 in Vietnam]]<br />
[[Category:Attempted coups]]<br />
[[Category:Conflicts in 1960]]<br />
[[Category:History of South Vietnam]]<br />
[[Category:Ngo Dinh Diem]]<br />
<br />
[[es:Golpe militar de 1960 (Vietnam del Sur)]]<br />
[[vi:Âm mưu đảo chính tại Nam Việt Nam năm 1960]]</div>Commander Shepardhttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Hansson_(Schiedsrichter)&diff=57861691Martin Hansson (Schiedsrichter)2009-03-14T11:13:21Z<p>Commander Shepard: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Martin Hansson''' (* [[6. April]] [[1971]]) ist ein [[Schweden|schwedischer]] [[Fußballschiedsrichter]].<br />
<br />
Hansson ist seit 1992 Schiedsrichter, seit 1999 Schiedsrichter der [[Fotbollsallsvenskan|Allsvenskan]] und seit 2001 [[FIFA]]-Schiedsrichter. Seinen ersten großen Einsatz (neben einigen UEFA-Cup-Spielen) hatte er bei der U21-EM 2006 in Portugal, bei der der Schwede drei Partien, darunter das Finale, leitete. 2007 wurde er als Schwedens Schiedsrichter des Jahres ausgezeichnet.<ref>[http://www.svenskfotboll.se/t2svff.aspx?p=173798 „Fotbollsgalan 2007“ - Artikel auf ''svenskfotboll.se''] (abgerufen am 27. Juli 2008)</ref><br />
<br />
Er lebt in [[Holmsjö]] und ist von Beruf [[Feuerwehr]]mann.<br />
<br />
== Weblinks ==<br />
* [http://www.weltfussball.de/schiedsrichter_profil.php?id=17097 Einsatzstatistik bei weltfussball.de]<br />
<br />
== Einzelnachweise ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hansson, Martin}}<br />
[[Kategorie:Fußballschiedsrichter (Schweden)]]<br />
[[Kategorie:Mann]]<br />
[[Kategorie:Geboren 1971]]<br />
<br />
{{Personendaten<br />
|NAME=Hansson, Martin<br />
|ALTERNATIVNAMEN=<br />
|KURZBESCHREIBUNG=schwedischer Fußballschiedsrichter<br />
|GEBURTSDATUM=6. April 1971<br />
|GEBURTSORT=<br />
|STERBEDATUM=<br />
|STERBEORT=<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[en:Martin Hansson]]<br />
[[hu:Martin Hansson]]<br />
[[it:Martin Hansson]]<br />
[[no:Martin Hansson]]<br />
[[sv:Martin Hansson (fotbollsdomare)]]</div>Commander Shepardhttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homework_(Daft-Punk-Album)&diff=86918012Homework (Daft-Punk-Album)2009-03-12T19:53:34Z<p>Commander Shepard: /* Bandgeschichte */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Bild:DaftAlive.jpeg|thumb|Daft Punk beim O2 Wireless Festival|300px]]<br />
<br />
'''Daft Punk''' ist eine [[French House|französische Houseformation]] und besteht aus [[Guy-Manuel de Homem-Christo]] und [[Thomas Bangalter]].<br />
<br />
== Bandgeschichte ==<br />
<br />
[[Thomas Bangalter]] und [[Guy-Manuel de Homem Christo]] (eigentlich Guillaume Emmanuel Paul) aka Guy-Man (Guy-Manuels Spitzname) gründeten mit 12 Jahren ihre erste Band "Darlin" gemeinsam mit [[Laurent Brancowitz]] (genannt ''Branco''), aktuell Mitglied der Gruppe [[Phoenix (französische Band)|Phoenix]]. 1994 erschien das mit dem Bandnamen gleichlautende Lied. In [[Vereinigtes Königreich|Großbritannien]] stieß ihr rockiger Sound jedoch auf wenig Gegenliebe seitens der Kritiker. In der britischen Musikzeitschrift [[Melody Maker]] bezeichnete ein Journalist den Stil der Band als ''daft punk'' - auf Deutsch ''dämlicher Punk''. <br />
<br />
Branco verließ die Band und Thomas und Guy-Man entdeckten [[House]] und [[Techno]]. 1993 gründeten sie ''Daft Punk''.<br />
<br />
=== Daft Punk - Die Anfänge ===<br />
Ihre ersten Maxis veröffentlichten sie auf dem schottischen Label [[Soma Records]]. So erschienen ab 1994 die Maxis ''The New Wave/Assault/Alive'', ''Da Funk/Rollin' & Scratchin' '' und ''Indo Silver Club''.<br />
In der britischen Underground-Szene machten sie sich mit ihrem harten und avantgardistischen Sound sehr schnell einen Namen und traten immer häufiger bei Festivals und Veranstaltungen auf. <br />
<br />
Den ersten kommerziellen Erfolg landete das Duo 1995 mit ''Da Funk''. Ein Jahr später verließen sie Soma Records und veröffentlichten ''Da Funk'' ein zweites Mal, diesmal jedoch bei dem Major-Label [[Virgin Group|Virgin]], welches sie für drei Studioalben und weitere Maxis unter Vertrag nahm.<br />
<br />
=== Homework ===<br />
Der internationale Erfolg stellte sich ein, als Daft Punk ihr erstes Studioalbum ''Homework'' der Öffentlichkeit am 17. Januar 1997 vorstellte. Das 16 Stücke zählende Album umfasste u.&nbsp;a. fast alle bisher auf Soma erschienenen Maxis. Vor allem die Auskopplungen ''Around the World'', ''Revolution 909'' und ''Da Funk'' wurden internationale Erfolge. ''Homework'' zeichnet sich durch einen respektlosen Umgang mit dem House-Genre, Punk-Einflüssen, verzerrten Samples und anderen Experimenten aus. Unstrittig ist, dass dieses Album der wesentliche Einfluss für die [[House]]musik der Jahre 1997-2001 war. Vor allem das sog. [[Filter House|Filter-House]]-Genre fand dort seinen Ursprung.<br />
<br />
Mit der bildlichen Inszenierung der bahnbrechenden Musik wurden die Regisseure [[Michel Gondry]] für ''Around the World'', [[Spike Jonze]] für ''Da Funk'' und [[Roman Coppola]] für ''Revolution 909'' verpflichtet. Den Videoclip zu ''Fresh'' produzierten Thomas und Guy-Man anschließend in Eigenregie.<br />
<br />
Unter den Künstlern, die für Daft Punk Remixes produzierten, finden sich illustre Namen wie [[Masters At Work]] (''Around the World''), [[Ian Pooley]] (''Burnin'') und [[Armand van Helden]] (''Da Funk'').<br />
<br />
Das Projekt wurde 1999 um eine DVD/VHS bereichert, welche dem Namen ''D.A.F.T. - A Story about Dogs, Androids, Firemen and Tomatoes'' trug und aus einer Sammlung der bisher erschienenen Videoclips mit Zusatzmaterial sowie einem Livemitschnitt bestand.<br />
<br />
''Homework'' wurde 2,5 Millionen Mal verkauft (Stand: 2006).<br />
<br />
''Homework'' hatte ausreichend Geld in die Kassen des Duos gespült, um genug Spielraum für weitere Experimente zu ermöglichen. Nach ihrer Welttournee 1997 widmeten sich Thomas und Guy-Man verstärkt ihren eigenen Labels [[Roulé]] resp. [[Crydamoure]]. Thomas veröffentlichte 1998 zusammen mit [[Alan Braxe]] und [[Benjamin Diamond]] unter dem Namen [[Stardust (Band)|Stardust]] den Welterfolg ''Music Sounds Better with You''.<br />
<br />
=== Diskografie ===<br />
==== One More Time ====<br />
Mit der am 10. November 2000 erschienenen Vorab-Auskoppelung ''One More Time'' landete Daft Punk in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Sänger Romanthony erneut einen internationalen Nr.-1-Hit, der sich über 4 Millionen Mal verkaufte und damit Daft Punks größter kommerzieller Erfolg wurde.<br />
''One More Time'' markierte auch eine musikalische Zäsur im Schaffen des Duos. Standen bisher der Bass der [[TR-909]] und ''Acid-Synth-Schleifen'' im Vordergrund, so setzten sie nun auf opulente [[Vintage (Musikinstrumentenbau)|Vintage]]-[[Synthesizer]] und eine komplexe Ausgestaltung von Text und Melodie. <br />
Dieser Richtungswechsel wurde zum Teil sehr kontrovers diskutiert. Viele Fans und Kritiker sehen bis heute ''One More Time'' als kommerzielles Zugeständnis an Virgin und bezweifeln damit die "Ehrlichkeit" der Produktion.<br />
<br />
==== Discovery ====<br />
Dank der Vorschusslorbeeren, die ''One More Time'' im Jahr zuvor geerntet hatte, schien dem Erfolg des Albums ''Discovery'' nichts mehr im Wege zu stehen.<br />
So erschien das 14 Stücke zählende Album am 9. März 2001 mit Hilfe einer für ein [[House]]-Album bisher nie da gewesenen Marketing-Kampagne. <br />
<br />
Musikalisch knüpfte das Album an ''One More Time'' an. Neben den sympathischen Klängen von ''Digital Love'' und ''Something About Us'' fanden sich auf dem Album auch ''Dancefloor-taugliche'' Stücke wie beispielsweise ''Crescendolls'' oder ''Superheroes''. ''Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger'' und ''Short Circuit'' ließen derweil an vergangene ''Homework''-Erfolge erinnern.<br />
<br />
Das Hauptstück der Melodie wird dabei aus einem [[Funk (Musik)|Funk]]- bzw. [[Disco (Musik)|Disco]]-Track herausgenommen und mit elektronischen Hilfsmitteln verändert und bereichert sowie an eine eigene Komposition angepasst. <br />
So ist die sich wiederholende Schleife von ''Superheroes'' nichts weiter als ein Stück aus ''Who's been Sleeping in my Bed'', geschrieben von [[Barry Manilow]].<br />
<br />
Zwar war diese Technik bereits in ''Homework'' und von vielen anderen Künstlern zuvor angewandt worden, jedoch gelang es erstmals in ''Discovery'', den bis dato höchsten Grad der Harmonie und Integration zu erreichen.<br />
<br />
Dies ist dem Einsatz eines zur damaligen Zeit neuartigen Samplers zu verdanken, dem Roland VP 9000, der eine besondere Flexibilität und Spielbarkeit von Samples ermöglichte und Daft Punk von Roland vor der Markteinführung zur Verfügung gestellt wurde. Der Sound des VP 9000 ist das entscheidende Stilmittel des Albums (die merkwürdigen Synthiegitarren, die "gespielten" Vocalsamples, etc.). Als das Gerät mit Erscheinen des Albums auf dem Markt erschien, war es für Dance-Produzenten bereits unbrauchbar und floppte, so sehr war es mit dem Daft Punk-Sound verbunden.<br />
<br />
Anders als bei ihrem ersten Album, welches sie fast gänzlich allein produziert hatten, setzten Thomas und Guy-Man diesmal auf Kooperationen mit Künstlern wie etwa [[Todd Edwards]], [[Romanthony]] und [[DJ Sneak]].<br />
<br />
Nach Erscheinen des Albums gab es weitere Auskoppelungen mit Remixes von [[Jess & Crabbe]] und [[The Neptunes]] (''Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger''). Auch [[Kanye West]] veröffentlichte 2007 eine Cover-Version von ''Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger'' im [[Hip-Hop]]-Stil.<br />
<br />
Trotz der Charterfolge und 2,9 Millionen verkaufter Alben wurde ''Discovery'' für Virgin ein weniger lukratives Geschäft als ''Homework'', nicht zuletzt aufgrund der enormen Marketingkosten, welche das Label auf sich genommen hatte.<br />
<br />
==== Von den Videoclips zu ''Interstella 5555'' ====<br />
Daft Punk begannen während der Arbeiten an ''Discovery'' mit der Anfertigung eines auf die Lieder des Albums aufsetzenden Drehbuches. Für dessen Umsetzung konnten sie das japanische [[Studio Toei]] gewinnen. Unter der Regie ihres Jugendidols, des Anime-Regisseurs [[Leiji Matsumoto]], entstand das 60-minütige [[Anime]]-Musical ''[[Interstella 5555 - The 5tory of the 5ecret 5tar 5ystem]]''.<br />
<br />
Einen ersten Vorgeschmack auf den Film bekam die Öffentlichkeit zwischen 2000 und 2001, da die ersten ca. 15 Minuten des Films zugleich die Videoclips der fünf im Fernsehen gelaufenen Singles ''One More Time'', ''Aerodynamic'', ''Digital Love'', ''Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger'' und ''Something About Us'' waren. Außerdem wird der ganze Film auf die Videos des Albums ''Discovery'' verteilt, jeder Titel enthält daher einen (von vierzehn) Teilen des Gesamtfilms.<br />
<br />
''Interstella 5555'' kam 2003 in die japanischen Kinos, lief außerhalb Japans aber nur in wenigen ausgewählten Kinos, vor allem in Frankreich und den USA. Das Erscheinen des Films sorgte für Furore in internationalen Anime-Fankreisen, jedoch blieb er einem großen Publikum – abgesehen von Japan – weitgehend unbekannt, obwohl er u. a. in Frankreich und Deutschland auf DVD erschien.<br />
<br />
Es wird vermutet, dass Daft Punk die komplette Produktion aus eigener Tasche bezahlt haben und die Produktionskosten mehrere Millionen Euro betrugen.<br />
<br />
Der Film wirft, abseits seiner [[Phantasmagorie|phantasmagorisch]] gestalteten Szenen und [[Reminiszenz]]en längst vergangener Tage der Anime-Filme, einen kritisch-ironischen Blick auf das Musikgeschäft.<br />
<br />
==== Daft Club ====<br />
Auch in Sachen Internet ging das Duo unorthodoxe Wege. In einer Zeit, in welcher der Krieg zwischen dem damaligen [[Filesharing]]-Netzwerk [[Napster]] und der Musikindustrie tobte, bot Daft Punk eigene Produktionen und Remixes kostenlos über das Internet an.<br />
<br />
Zugangsberechtigt waren alle Käufer des Albums ''Discovery'', dem bis Dezember 2003 eine ''Daft Club''-Mitgliedskarte beigefügt war. Die Nutzer konnten sich mit ihrer ID-Nummer die Lieder auf der (mittlerweile geschlossenen) Seite ''www.daftclub.com'' entweder anhören oder auch herunterladen. Die [[MP3]]-Dateien kannten keinen auf [[Digital Rights Management|DRM]] basierenden [[Abspielschutz]] und fanden somit auch eine rasche Verbreitung in den einschlägigen [[Peer-to-Peer]]-Netzwerken.<br />
<br />
Bis heute ist der ''Daft Club'' ein seltenes Beispiel dafür, wie Künstler kreativ und zu beiderseitigem Nutzen mit der Realität P2P umgehen können.<br />
2003 wurde unter dem Namen ''Daft Club'' eine [[Kompilation (Musik)|Compilation]] veröffentlicht, welche sämtliche online gestellten Werke sowie weitere Stücke zusammenfasste.<br />
<br />
=== Human After All ===<br />
''Human After All'' heißt das 3. Studioalbum und ist am 14. März 2005 erschienen. Der Starttermin wurde seitens des Plattenlabels [[EMI]] um eine Woche nach vorne verlegt, um der Tatsache entgegenzutreten, dass das Album seit Februar 2005 in P2P-Netzwerken zum Download angeboten wird.<br />
''Human After All'' beinhaltet 10 Stücke. Das gesamte Album wurde innerhalb von nur wenigen Wochen, zwischen dem 13. September und dem 9. November 2004, produziert. <br />
Die erste Single ''Robot Rock'' war bereits seit Ende Januar 2005 in mehreren Online-Musikläden zu kaufen und damit ein gutes Stück vor der offiziellen Vorstellung am 15. März 2005. <br />
''Human After All'' ist eine fast totale Abkehr vom Sample-Prinzip hin zu rohen und brutaleren, elektronischen Klängen. In der Tat findet sich nur ein einziges Sample auf dem gesamten Album. <br />
Bereits im Vorfeld des Erscheinens gab es sehr kontroverse Diskussionen um dieses Album, welches für viele Anhänger einen zu radikalen Bruch mit der Vergangenheit darstellt.<br />
Es ist bei den Grammy Awards 2006 in der Kategorie "Best Dance/Electronic Album" nominiert worden.<br />
2006 erschien außerdem der Film [[Daft Punk’s Electroma]], der von Daft Punk gedreht wurde und in dem die beiden Bandmitglieder die Hauptrollen besetzen.<br />
<br />
== Öffentlichkeit und Medien ==<br />
Mit kaum einer Band haben Medien und Öffentlichkeit in der Vergangenheit ein so problematisches Verhältnis gehabt. Daft Punk gehören zu den wenigen, die es trotz ihrer extremen Popularität erfolgreich geschafft haben, ihre Gesichter bis zum heutigen Tage aus der Presse fernzuhalten. Dies ermöglicht ihnen einen totalen Schutz ihrer Privatsphäre. Und obwohl nachweislich richtige Fotos durch eine simple Suche bei einer [[Suchmaschine]] zu finden sind, assoziieren die meisten Menschen mit Daft Punk ihre charakteristischen Robotermasken, welche sie seit ''Discovery'' zu tragen pflegen. Die beiden Robotermasken wurden von der kalifornischen Firma [[LED Effects]] gefertigt und stehen unter dem Copyright des Duos.<br />
<br />
Nach dem Durchbruch des französischen DJ-Duos [[Justice (Französische Band)|Justice]] tauchten 2007 in französischen und internationalen Internetforen und [[Blog]]s immer mehr Diskussionen auf, die sich mit Daft Punks Identität befassten. So stellten viele Fans die Vermutung auf, dass es sich bei Daft Punk und [[Justice (Französische Band)|Justice]] um dasselbe Duo handle. Indizien dafür seien vor allem ähnliches Aussehen, gleiches Management und Musikgenre und der Gebrauch von Pyramidensymbolen in Musikvideos von Justice, die Daft Punk ebenfalls oft verwenden.<ref name="Dave Durden.blog">http://davedurden.tumblr.com/post/50599690/justice-daftpunk</ref><br />
<br />
== Diskografie ==<br />
<br />
=== Alben ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! width="25" rowspan="2" bgcolor="#EEEEEE" | Jahr<br />
! width="230" rowspan="2" bgcolor="#EEEEEE" | Titel<br />
! colspan="6" bgcolor="#EEEEEE" | Chartplatzierungen<br />
! width="200" rowspan="2" bgcolor="#EEEEEE" | Albumart<br />
|-<br />
! width="40" bgcolor="#EEEEEE" | [[Media-Control-Charts|DE]]<br />
! width="40" bgcolor="#EEEEEE" | [[Ö3 Austria Top 40|AT]]<br />
! width="40" bgcolor="#EEEEEE" | [[Schweizer Hitparade|CH]]<br />
! width="40" bgcolor="#EEEEEE" | [[Frankreich|FR]]<br />
! width="40" bgcolor="#EEEEEE" | [[UK Top 40|UK]]<br />
! width="40" bgcolor="#EEEEEE" | [[Billboard 200|US]]<br />
|- <br />
|align="center" rowspan="1"|1997<br />
| Homework<br />
| 48<br />
| 34<br />
| -<br />
| 3<br />
| 8<br />
| 150<br />
| Studio Album<br />
|- <br />
|align="center" rowspan="2"|2001<br />
| Discovery<br />
| 5<br />
| 6<br />
| 6<br />
| 2<br />
| 2<br />
| 44<br />
| Studio Album<br />
|- <br />
| Alive 1997 <br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| 25<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| Live Album<br />
|-<br />
|align="center" rowspan="1"|2003<br />
| Daft Club<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| 130<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| Remix Album<br />
|- <br />
|align="center" rowspan="1"|2005<br />
| [[Human After All]] <br />
| 38<br />
| 23<br />
| 8<br />
| 3<br />
| 10<br />
| 98<br />
| Studio Album<br />
|-<br />
|align="center" rowspan="2"|2006<br />
| Human After All: Remixes<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| Remix Album (Ltd. Edition)<br />
|- <br />
| Musique Vol. 1 1993-2005<br />
| 90<br />
| -<br />
| 36<br />
| -<br />
| 34<br />
| -<br />
| Greatest Hits Album<br />
|- <br />
| 2007<br />
| Alive 2007<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| 17<br />
| 2<br />
| 8<br />
| 169<br />
| Live Album<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Singles ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! width="25" rowspan="2" bgcolor="#EEEEEE" | Jahr<br />
! width="230" rowspan="2" bgcolor="#EEEEEE" | Titel<br />
! colspan="6" bgcolor="#EEEEEE" | Chartplatzierungen<br />
! width="150" rowspan="2" bgcolor="#EEEEEE" | Album<br />
|-<br />
! width="40" bgcolor="#EEEEEE" | [[Media-Control-Charts|DE]]<br />
! width="40" bgcolor="#EEEEEE" | [[Ö3 Austria Top 40|AT]]<br />
! width="40" bgcolor="#EEEEEE" | [[Schweizer Hitparade|CH]]<br />
! width="40" bgcolor="#EEEEEE" | [[Frankreich|FR]]<br />
! width="40" bgcolor="#EEEEEE" | [[UK Top 40|UK]]<br />
! width="40" bgcolor="#EEEEEE" | [[Billboard Hot 100|US]]<br />
|- <br />
|align="center" rowspan="1"|1994<br />
| The New Wave / Assault / Alive<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
|align="left" rowspan="5"|Homework<br />
|- <br />
|align="center" rowspan="1"|1996<br />
| Da Funk / Musique<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| 7<br />
| 7<br />
| -<br />
|- <br />
|align="center" rowspan="2"|1997<br />
| Around the World <br />
| 16<br />
| 15<br />
| 14<br />
| 5<br />
| 5<br />
| 61<br />
|-<br />
| Burnin'<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| 29<br />
| 30<br />
| -<br />
|- <br />
|align="center" rowspan="1"|1998<br />
| Revolution 909<br />
|<br />
|align="center" rowspan="1"|2004<br />
| Electroma<br />
| -<br />
| 50<br />
| 47<br />
| -<br />
|-<br />
|align="center" rowspan="1"|2000<br />
| One More Time<br />
| 7<br />
| 7<br />
| 6<br />
| 1<br />
| 2<br />
| 61<br />
|align="left" rowspan="6"|Discovery<br />
|- <br />
|align="center" rowspan="3"|2001<br />
| Aerodynamic<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| 46<br />
| 34<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
|- <br />
| Digital Love<br />
| 85<br />
| -<br />
| 60<br />
| 33<br />
| 14<br />
| -<br />
|- <br />
| Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| 70<br />
| 17<br />
| 25<br />
| -<br />
|- <br />
|align="center" rowspan="1"|2003<br />
| Something About Us<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| 93<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
|- <br />
|align="center" rowspan="1"|2004<br />
| Face to Face <small>(promo EP)</small><br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
|- <br />
|align="center" rowspan="3"|2005<br />
| Robot Rock<br />
| 100<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| 79<br />
| 32<br />
| -<br />
|align="left" rowspan="4"|Human After All<br />
|- <br />
| Technologic<br />
| 82<br />
| -<br />
| 63<br />
| -<br />
| 40<br />
| -<br />
|- <br />
| Human After All <small>(promo EP)</small><br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
|- <br />
|align="center" rowspan="1"|2006<br />
| The Prime Time of Your Life<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
|- <br />
|align="center" rowspan="3"|2007<br />
| Stronger <small>([[Kanye West]] feat. Daft Punk)</small><br />
| 16<br />
| 22<br />
| 18<br />
| 33<br />
| 1<br />
| 1<br />
|align="left" rowspan="1"|[[Graduation]] <br />
|- <br />
| Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger (Alive 2007)<br />
| -<br />
| 58<br />
| 50<br />
| 20<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| Alive 2007<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Auszeichnungen ==<br />
* [[Winter Music Conference]]: International Dance Music Awards: Best Dance Artist (Group) (2008)<br />
* [[Grammy Awards]]: Nominierung ''Best Dance recording'', ''Best Pop Instrumental Performance'' (2001), ''Best Electronic/Dance Album'' (2006), Gewinner für ''Best Dance recording'' (2009) und ''Best Electronic/Dance Album'' (2009)<br />
* [[Brit Awards]]: Nominierung ''Best international group'', ''Best international Newcomer''<br />
* [[MTV Video Music Awards]]: Nominierung ''Best international video''<br />
* [[MTV Europe Music Awards]]: Nominierung ''Best international video''<br />
* [[Platin-Schallplatte]]: Frankreich, Kanada<br />
* [[Goldene Schallplatte]]: England, Irland, Italien, Belgien, Neuseeland, USA<br />
<br />
== Einzelnachweise ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
== Weblinks ==<br />
{{Commonscat|Daft Punk}}<br />
*[http://www.daftpunk.com/ Offizielle Website]<br />
*[http://www.human-after-all.tv/ Offizielle Website zum Album ''Human After All'']<br />
*[http://www.daft-musique.com/ Offizielle Website zum neuen Album ''Musique Vol. 1 1993-2005'']<br />
*{{Discogs|Daft+Punk|Daft Punk}}<br />
*[http://www.daftpunk-fanclub.com/ Daft Punk Fan Club (Deutsch)]<br />
*[http://www.virginrecords.com/daft_punk/index2.html Website bei Virgin Records]<br />
<br />
[[Kategorie:Dance-Band]]<br />
[[Kategorie:Französische Band]]<br />
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[[vi:Daft Punk]]</div>Commander Shepardhttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daft_Punk&diff=57801768Daft Punk2009-03-12T19:53:34Z<p>Commander Shepard: /* Bandgeschichte */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[Bild:DaftAlive.jpeg|thumb|Daft Punk beim O2 Wireless Festival|300px]]<br />
<br />
'''Daft Punk''' ist eine [[French House|französische Houseformation]] und besteht aus [[Guy-Manuel de Homem-Christo]] und [[Thomas Bangalter]].<br />
<br />
== Bandgeschichte ==<br />
<br />
[[Thomas Bangalter]] und [[Guy-Manuel de Homem Christo]] (eigentlich Guillaume Emmanuel Paul) aka Guy-Man (Guy-Manuels Spitzname) gründeten mit 12 Jahren ihre erste Band "Darlin" gemeinsam mit [[Laurent Brancowitz]] (genannt ''Branco''), aktuell Mitglied der Gruppe [[Phoenix (französische Band)|Phoenix]]. 1994 erschien das mit dem Bandnamen gleichlautende Lied. In [[Vereinigtes Königreich|Großbritannien]] stieß ihr rockiger Sound jedoch auf wenig Gegenliebe seitens der Kritiker. In der britischen Musikzeitschrift [[Melody Maker]] bezeichnete ein Journalist den Stil der Band als ''daft punk'' - auf Deutsch ''dämlicher Punk''. <br />
<br />
Branco verließ die Band und Thomas und Guy-Man entdeckten [[House]] und [[Techno]]. 1993 gründeten sie ''Daft Punk''.<br />
<br />
=== Daft Punk - Die Anfänge ===<br />
Ihre ersten Maxis veröffentlichten sie auf dem schottischen Label [[Soma Records]]. So erschienen ab 1994 die Maxis ''The New Wave/Assault/Alive'', ''Da Funk/Rollin' & Scratchin' '' und ''Indo Silver Club''.<br />
In der britischen Underground-Szene machten sie sich mit ihrem harten und avantgardistischen Sound sehr schnell einen Namen und traten immer häufiger bei Festivals und Veranstaltungen auf. <br />
<br />
Den ersten kommerziellen Erfolg landete das Duo 1995 mit ''Da Funk''. Ein Jahr später verließen sie Soma Records und veröffentlichten ''Da Funk'' ein zweites Mal, diesmal jedoch bei dem Major-Label [[Virgin Group|Virgin]], welches sie für drei Studioalben und weitere Maxis unter Vertrag nahm.<br />
<br />
=== Homework ===<br />
Der internationale Erfolg stellte sich ein, als Daft Punk ihr erstes Studioalbum ''Homework'' der Öffentlichkeit am 17. Januar 1997 vorstellte. Das 16 Stücke zählende Album umfasste u.&nbsp;a. fast alle bisher auf Soma erschienenen Maxis. Vor allem die Auskopplungen ''Around the World'', ''Revolution 909'' und ''Da Funk'' wurden internationale Erfolge. ''Homework'' zeichnet sich durch einen respektlosen Umgang mit dem House-Genre, Punk-Einflüssen, verzerrten Samples und anderen Experimenten aus. Unstrittig ist, dass dieses Album der wesentliche Einfluss für die [[House]]musik der Jahre 1997-2001 war. Vor allem das sog. [[Filter House|Filter-House]]-Genre fand dort seinen Ursprung.<br />
<br />
Mit der bildlichen Inszenierung der bahnbrechenden Musik wurden die Regisseure [[Michel Gondry]] für ''Around the World'', [[Spike Jonze]] für ''Da Funk'' und [[Roman Coppola]] für ''Revolution 909'' verpflichtet. Den Videoclip zu ''Fresh'' produzierten Thomas und Guy-Man anschließend in Eigenregie.<br />
<br />
Unter den Künstlern, die für Daft Punk Remixes produzierten, finden sich illustre Namen wie [[Masters At Work]] (''Around the World''), [[Ian Pooley]] (''Burnin'') und [[Armand van Helden]] (''Da Funk'').<br />
<br />
Das Projekt wurde 1999 um eine DVD/VHS bereichert, welche dem Namen ''D.A.F.T. - A Story about Dogs, Androids, Firemen and Tomatoes'' trug und aus einer Sammlung der bisher erschienenen Videoclips mit Zusatzmaterial sowie einem Livemitschnitt bestand.<br />
<br />
''Homework'' wurde 2,5 Millionen Mal verkauft (Stand: 2006).<br />
<br />
''Homework'' hatte ausreichend Geld in die Kassen des Duos gespült, um genug Spielraum für weitere Experimente zu ermöglichen. Nach ihrer Welttournee 1997 widmeten sich Thomas und Guy-Man verstärkt ihren eigenen Labels [[Roulé]] resp. [[Crydamoure]]. Thomas veröffentlichte 1998 zusammen mit [[Alan Braxe]] und [[Benjamin Diamond]] unter dem Namen [[Stardust (Band)|Stardust]] den Welterfolg ''Music Sounds Better with You''.<br />
<br />
=== Diskografie ===<br />
==== One More Time ====<br />
Mit der am 10. November 2000 erschienenen Vorab-Auskoppelung ''One More Time'' landete Daft Punk in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Sänger Romanthony erneut einen internationalen Nr.-1-Hit, der sich über 4 Millionen Mal verkaufte und damit Daft Punks größter kommerzieller Erfolg wurde.<br />
''One More Time'' markierte auch eine musikalische Zäsur im Schaffen des Duos. Standen bisher der Bass der [[TR-909]] und ''Acid-Synth-Schleifen'' im Vordergrund, so setzten sie nun auf opulente [[Vintage (Musikinstrumentenbau)|Vintage]]-[[Synthesizer]] und eine komplexe Ausgestaltung von Text und Melodie. <br />
Dieser Richtungswechsel wurde zum Teil sehr kontrovers diskutiert. Viele Fans und Kritiker sehen bis heute ''One More Time'' als kommerzielles Zugeständnis an Virgin und bezweifeln damit die "Ehrlichkeit" der Produktion.<br />
<br />
==== Discovery ====<br />
Dank der Vorschusslorbeeren, die ''One More Time'' im Jahr zuvor geerntet hatte, schien dem Erfolg des Albums ''Discovery'' nichts mehr im Wege zu stehen.<br />
So erschien das 14 Stücke zählende Album am 9. März 2001 mit Hilfe einer für ein [[House]]-Album bisher nie da gewesenen Marketing-Kampagne. <br />
<br />
Musikalisch knüpfte das Album an ''One More Time'' an. Neben den sympathischen Klängen von ''Digital Love'' und ''Something About Us'' fanden sich auf dem Album auch ''Dancefloor-taugliche'' Stücke wie beispielsweise ''Crescendolls'' oder ''Superheroes''. ''Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger'' und ''Short Circuit'' ließen derweil an vergangene ''Homework''-Erfolge erinnern.<br />
<br />
Das Hauptstück der Melodie wird dabei aus einem [[Funk (Musik)|Funk]]- bzw. [[Disco (Musik)|Disco]]-Track herausgenommen und mit elektronischen Hilfsmitteln verändert und bereichert sowie an eine eigene Komposition angepasst. <br />
So ist die sich wiederholende Schleife von ''Superheroes'' nichts weiter als ein Stück aus ''Who's been Sleeping in my Bed'', geschrieben von [[Barry Manilow]].<br />
<br />
Zwar war diese Technik bereits in ''Homework'' und von vielen anderen Künstlern zuvor angewandt worden, jedoch gelang es erstmals in ''Discovery'', den bis dato höchsten Grad der Harmonie und Integration zu erreichen.<br />
<br />
Dies ist dem Einsatz eines zur damaligen Zeit neuartigen Samplers zu verdanken, dem Roland VP 9000, der eine besondere Flexibilität und Spielbarkeit von Samples ermöglichte und Daft Punk von Roland vor der Markteinführung zur Verfügung gestellt wurde. Der Sound des VP 9000 ist das entscheidende Stilmittel des Albums (die merkwürdigen Synthiegitarren, die "gespielten" Vocalsamples, etc.). Als das Gerät mit Erscheinen des Albums auf dem Markt erschien, war es für Dance-Produzenten bereits unbrauchbar und floppte, so sehr war es mit dem Daft Punk-Sound verbunden.<br />
<br />
Anders als bei ihrem ersten Album, welches sie fast gänzlich allein produziert hatten, setzten Thomas und Guy-Man diesmal auf Kooperationen mit Künstlern wie etwa [[Todd Edwards]], [[Romanthony]] und [[DJ Sneak]].<br />
<br />
Nach Erscheinen des Albums gab es weitere Auskoppelungen mit Remixes von [[Jess & Crabbe]] und [[The Neptunes]] (''Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger''). Auch [[Kanye West]] veröffentlichte 2007 eine Cover-Version von ''Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger'' im [[Hip-Hop]]-Stil.<br />
<br />
Trotz der Charterfolge und 2,9 Millionen verkaufter Alben wurde ''Discovery'' für Virgin ein weniger lukratives Geschäft als ''Homework'', nicht zuletzt aufgrund der enormen Marketingkosten, welche das Label auf sich genommen hatte.<br />
<br />
==== Von den Videoclips zu ''Interstella 5555'' ====<br />
Daft Punk begannen während der Arbeiten an ''Discovery'' mit der Anfertigung eines auf die Lieder des Albums aufsetzenden Drehbuches. Für dessen Umsetzung konnten sie das japanische [[Studio Toei]] gewinnen. Unter der Regie ihres Jugendidols, des Anime-Regisseurs [[Leiji Matsumoto]], entstand das 60-minütige [[Anime]]-Musical ''[[Interstella 5555 - The 5tory of the 5ecret 5tar 5ystem]]''.<br />
<br />
Einen ersten Vorgeschmack auf den Film bekam die Öffentlichkeit zwischen 2000 und 2001, da die ersten ca. 15 Minuten des Films zugleich die Videoclips der fünf im Fernsehen gelaufenen Singles ''One More Time'', ''Aerodynamic'', ''Digital Love'', ''Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger'' und ''Something About Us'' waren. Außerdem wird der ganze Film auf die Videos des Albums ''Discovery'' verteilt, jeder Titel enthält daher einen (von vierzehn) Teilen des Gesamtfilms.<br />
<br />
''Interstella 5555'' kam 2003 in die japanischen Kinos, lief außerhalb Japans aber nur in wenigen ausgewählten Kinos, vor allem in Frankreich und den USA. Das Erscheinen des Films sorgte für Furore in internationalen Anime-Fankreisen, jedoch blieb er einem großen Publikum – abgesehen von Japan – weitgehend unbekannt, obwohl er u. a. in Frankreich und Deutschland auf DVD erschien.<br />
<br />
Es wird vermutet, dass Daft Punk die komplette Produktion aus eigener Tasche bezahlt haben und die Produktionskosten mehrere Millionen Euro betrugen.<br />
<br />
Der Film wirft, abseits seiner [[Phantasmagorie|phantasmagorisch]] gestalteten Szenen und [[Reminiszenz]]en längst vergangener Tage der Anime-Filme, einen kritisch-ironischen Blick auf das Musikgeschäft.<br />
<br />
==== Daft Club ====<br />
Auch in Sachen Internet ging das Duo unorthodoxe Wege. In einer Zeit, in welcher der Krieg zwischen dem damaligen [[Filesharing]]-Netzwerk [[Napster]] und der Musikindustrie tobte, bot Daft Punk eigene Produktionen und Remixes kostenlos über das Internet an.<br />
<br />
Zugangsberechtigt waren alle Käufer des Albums ''Discovery'', dem bis Dezember 2003 eine ''Daft Club''-Mitgliedskarte beigefügt war. Die Nutzer konnten sich mit ihrer ID-Nummer die Lieder auf der (mittlerweile geschlossenen) Seite ''www.daftclub.com'' entweder anhören oder auch herunterladen. Die [[MP3]]-Dateien kannten keinen auf [[Digital Rights Management|DRM]] basierenden [[Abspielschutz]] und fanden somit auch eine rasche Verbreitung in den einschlägigen [[Peer-to-Peer]]-Netzwerken.<br />
<br />
Bis heute ist der ''Daft Club'' ein seltenes Beispiel dafür, wie Künstler kreativ und zu beiderseitigem Nutzen mit der Realität P2P umgehen können.<br />
2003 wurde unter dem Namen ''Daft Club'' eine [[Kompilation (Musik)|Compilation]] veröffentlicht, welche sämtliche online gestellten Werke sowie weitere Stücke zusammenfasste.<br />
<br />
=== Human After All ===<br />
''Human After All'' heißt das 3. Studioalbum und ist am 14. März 2005 erschienen. Der Starttermin wurde seitens des Plattenlabels [[EMI]] um eine Woche nach vorne verlegt, um der Tatsache entgegenzutreten, dass das Album seit Februar 2005 in P2P-Netzwerken zum Download angeboten wird.<br />
''Human After All'' beinhaltet 10 Stücke. Das gesamte Album wurde innerhalb von nur wenigen Wochen, zwischen dem 13. September und dem 9. November 2004, produziert. <br />
Die erste Single ''Robot Rock'' war bereits seit Ende Januar 2005 in mehreren Online-Musikläden zu kaufen und damit ein gutes Stück vor der offiziellen Vorstellung am 15. März 2005. <br />
''Human After All'' ist eine fast totale Abkehr vom Sample-Prinzip hin zu rohen und brutaleren, elektronischen Klängen. In der Tat findet sich nur ein einziges Sample auf dem gesamten Album. <br />
Bereits im Vorfeld des Erscheinens gab es sehr kontroverse Diskussionen um dieses Album, welches für viele Anhänger einen zu radikalen Bruch mit der Vergangenheit darstellt.<br />
Es ist bei den Grammy Awards 2006 in der Kategorie "Best Dance/Electronic Album" nominiert worden.<br />
2006 erschien außerdem der Film [[Daft Punk’s Electroma]], der von Daft Punk gedreht wurde und in dem die beiden Bandmitglieder die Hauptrollen besetzen.<br />
<br />
== Öffentlichkeit und Medien ==<br />
Mit kaum einer Band haben Medien und Öffentlichkeit in der Vergangenheit ein so problematisches Verhältnis gehabt. Daft Punk gehören zu den wenigen, die es trotz ihrer extremen Popularität erfolgreich geschafft haben, ihre Gesichter bis zum heutigen Tage aus der Presse fernzuhalten. Dies ermöglicht ihnen einen totalen Schutz ihrer Privatsphäre. Und obwohl nachweislich richtige Fotos durch eine simple Suche bei einer [[Suchmaschine]] zu finden sind, assoziieren die meisten Menschen mit Daft Punk ihre charakteristischen Robotermasken, welche sie seit ''Discovery'' zu tragen pflegen. Die beiden Robotermasken wurden von der kalifornischen Firma [[LED Effects]] gefertigt und stehen unter dem Copyright des Duos.<br />
<br />
Nach dem Durchbruch des französischen DJ-Duos [[Justice (Französische Band)|Justice]] tauchten 2007 in französischen und internationalen Internetforen und [[Blog]]s immer mehr Diskussionen auf, die sich mit Daft Punks Identität befassten. So stellten viele Fans die Vermutung auf, dass es sich bei Daft Punk und [[Justice (Französische Band)|Justice]] um dasselbe Duo handle. Indizien dafür seien vor allem ähnliches Aussehen, gleiches Management und Musikgenre und der Gebrauch von Pyramidensymbolen in Musikvideos von Justice, die Daft Punk ebenfalls oft verwenden.<ref name="Dave Durden.blog">http://davedurden.tumblr.com/post/50599690/justice-daftpunk</ref><br />
<br />
== Diskografie ==<br />
<br />
=== Alben ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! width="25" rowspan="2" bgcolor="#EEEEEE" | Jahr<br />
! width="230" rowspan="2" bgcolor="#EEEEEE" | Titel<br />
! colspan="6" bgcolor="#EEEEEE" | Chartplatzierungen<br />
! width="200" rowspan="2" bgcolor="#EEEEEE" | Albumart<br />
|-<br />
! width="40" bgcolor="#EEEEEE" | [[Media-Control-Charts|DE]]<br />
! width="40" bgcolor="#EEEEEE" | [[Ö3 Austria Top 40|AT]]<br />
! width="40" bgcolor="#EEEEEE" | [[Schweizer Hitparade|CH]]<br />
! width="40" bgcolor="#EEEEEE" | [[Frankreich|FR]]<br />
! width="40" bgcolor="#EEEEEE" | [[UK Top 40|UK]]<br />
! width="40" bgcolor="#EEEEEE" | [[Billboard 200|US]]<br />
|- <br />
|align="center" rowspan="1"|1997<br />
| Homework<br />
| 48<br />
| 34<br />
| -<br />
| 3<br />
| 8<br />
| 150<br />
| Studio Album<br />
|- <br />
|align="center" rowspan="2"|2001<br />
| Discovery<br />
| 5<br />
| 6<br />
| 6<br />
| 2<br />
| 2<br />
| 44<br />
| Studio Album<br />
|- <br />
| Alive 1997 <br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| 25<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| Live Album<br />
|-<br />
|align="center" rowspan="1"|2003<br />
| Daft Club<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| 130<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| Remix Album<br />
|- <br />
|align="center" rowspan="1"|2005<br />
| [[Human After All]] <br />
| 38<br />
| 23<br />
| 8<br />
| 3<br />
| 10<br />
| 98<br />
| Studio Album<br />
|-<br />
|align="center" rowspan="2"|2006<br />
| Human After All: Remixes<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| Remix Album (Ltd. Edition)<br />
|- <br />
| Musique Vol. 1 1993-2005<br />
| 90<br />
| -<br />
| 36<br />
| -<br />
| 34<br />
| -<br />
| Greatest Hits Album<br />
|- <br />
| 2007<br />
| Alive 2007<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| 17<br />
| 2<br />
| 8<br />
| 169<br />
| Live Album<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Singles ===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! width="25" rowspan="2" bgcolor="#EEEEEE" | Jahr<br />
! width="230" rowspan="2" bgcolor="#EEEEEE" | Titel<br />
! colspan="6" bgcolor="#EEEEEE" | Chartplatzierungen<br />
! width="150" rowspan="2" bgcolor="#EEEEEE" | Album<br />
|-<br />
! width="40" bgcolor="#EEEEEE" | [[Media-Control-Charts|DE]]<br />
! width="40" bgcolor="#EEEEEE" | [[Ö3 Austria Top 40|AT]]<br />
! width="40" bgcolor="#EEEEEE" | [[Schweizer Hitparade|CH]]<br />
! width="40" bgcolor="#EEEEEE" | [[Frankreich|FR]]<br />
! width="40" bgcolor="#EEEEEE" | [[UK Top 40|UK]]<br />
! width="40" bgcolor="#EEEEEE" | [[Billboard Hot 100|US]]<br />
|- <br />
|align="center" rowspan="1"|1994<br />
| The New Wave / Assault / Alive<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
|align="left" rowspan="5"|Homework<br />
|- <br />
|align="center" rowspan="1"|1996<br />
| Da Funk / Musique<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| 7<br />
| 7<br />
| -<br />
|- <br />
|align="center" rowspan="2"|1997<br />
| Around the World <br />
| 16<br />
| 15<br />
| 14<br />
| 5<br />
| 5<br />
| 61<br />
|-<br />
| Burnin'<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| 29<br />
| 30<br />
| -<br />
|- <br />
|align="center" rowspan="1"|1998<br />
| Revolution 909<br />
|<br />
|align="center" rowspan="1"|2004<br />
| Electroma<br />
| -<br />
| 50<br />
| 47<br />
| -<br />
|-<br />
|align="center" rowspan="1"|2000<br />
| One More Time<br />
| 7<br />
| 7<br />
| 6<br />
| 1<br />
| 2<br />
| 61<br />
|align="left" rowspan="6"|Discovery<br />
|- <br />
|align="center" rowspan="3"|2001<br />
| Aerodynamic<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| 46<br />
| 34<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
|- <br />
| Digital Love<br />
| 85<br />
| -<br />
| 60<br />
| 33<br />
| 14<br />
| -<br />
|- <br />
| Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| 70<br />
| 17<br />
| 25<br />
| -<br />
|- <br />
|align="center" rowspan="1"|2003<br />
| Something About Us<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| 93<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
|- <br />
|align="center" rowspan="1"|2004<br />
| Face to Face <small>(promo EP)</small><br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
|- <br />
|align="center" rowspan="3"|2005<br />
| Robot Rock<br />
| 100<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| 79<br />
| 32<br />
| -<br />
|align="left" rowspan="4"|Human After All<br />
|- <br />
| Technologic<br />
| 82<br />
| -<br />
| 63<br />
| -<br />
| 40<br />
| -<br />
|- <br />
| Human After All <small>(promo EP)</small><br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
|- <br />
|align="center" rowspan="1"|2006<br />
| The Prime Time of Your Life<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
|- <br />
|align="center" rowspan="3"|2007<br />
| Stronger <small>([[Kanye West]] feat. Daft Punk)</small><br />
| 16<br />
| 22<br />
| 18<br />
| 33<br />
| 1<br />
| 1<br />
|align="left" rowspan="1"|[[Graduation]] <br />
|- <br />
| Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger (Alive 2007)<br />
| -<br />
| 58<br />
| 50<br />
| 20<br />
| -<br />
| -<br />
| Alive 2007<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Auszeichnungen ==<br />
* [[Winter Music Conference]]: International Dance Music Awards: Best Dance Artist (Group) (2008)<br />
* [[Grammy Awards]]: Nominierung ''Best Dance recording'', ''Best Pop Instrumental Performance'' (2001), ''Best Electronic/Dance Album'' (2006), Gewinner für ''Best Dance recording'' (2009) und ''Best Electronic/Dance Album'' (2009)<br />
* [[Brit Awards]]: Nominierung ''Best international group'', ''Best international Newcomer''<br />
* [[MTV Video Music Awards]]: Nominierung ''Best international video''<br />
* [[MTV Europe Music Awards]]: Nominierung ''Best international video''<br />
* [[Platin-Schallplatte]]: Frankreich, Kanada<br />
* [[Goldene Schallplatte]]: England, Irland, Italien, Belgien, Neuseeland, USA<br />
<br />
== Einzelnachweise ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
== Weblinks ==<br />
{{Commonscat|Daft Punk}}<br />
*[http://www.daftpunk.com/ Offizielle Website]<br />
*[http://www.human-after-all.tv/ Offizielle Website zum Album ''Human After All'']<br />
*[http://www.daft-musique.com/ Offizielle Website zum neuen Album ''Musique Vol. 1 1993-2005'']<br />
*{{Discogs|Daft+Punk|Daft Punk}}<br />
*[http://www.daftpunk-fanclub.com/ Daft Punk Fan Club (Deutsch)]<br />
*[http://www.virginrecords.com/daft_punk/index2.html Website bei Virgin Records]<br />
<br />
[[Kategorie:Dance-Band]]<br />
[[Kategorie:Französische Band]]<br />
<br />
[[ar:دافت پُنك]]<br />
[[bg:Дафт Пънк]]<br />
[[bn:ড্যাফ্ পান্ক]]<br />
[[ca:Daft Punk]]<br />
[[cs:Daft Punk]]<br />
[[da:Daft Punk]]<br />
[[en:Daft Punk]]<br />
[[es:Daft Punk]]<br />
[[et:Daft Punk]]<br />
[[fa:دفت پانک]]<br />
[[fi:Daft Punk]]<br />
[[fr:Daft Punk]]<br />
[[gl:Daft Punk]]<br />
[[he:דאפט פאנק]]<br />
[[hr:Daft Punk]]<br />
[[it:Daft Punk]]<br />
[[ja:ダフト・パンク]]<br />
[[ka:დაფტ პანკი]]<br />
[[ko:다프트 펑크]]<br />
[[lmo:Daft Punk]]<br />
[[lt:Daft Punk]]<br />
[[nl:Daft Punk]]<br />
[[no:Daft Punk]]<br />
[[pl:Daft Punk]]<br />
[[pt:Daft Punk]]<br />
[[ro:Daft Punk]]<br />
[[ru:Daft Punk]]<br />
[[simple:Daft Punk]]<br />
[[sv:Daft Punk]]<br />
[[th:ดาฟต์พังก์]]<br />
[[tr:Daft Punk]]<br />
[[vi:Daft Punk]]</div>Commander Shepardhttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Project_Snowblind&diff=139347361Project Snowblind2009-03-09T20:47:59Z<p>Commander Shepard: /* External links */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{namespace conflict|title=Project: Snowblind}}<br />
{{refimprove|date=October 2008}}<br />
{{Infobox VG| title = Project: Snowblind<br />
|image = [[Image:Projectsnowblind.jpg|256px|North American Windows cover]] <br />
|developer = [[Crystal Dynamics]]<br />
|publisher = [[Eidos Interactive]]<br />
|designer = <br />
|engine = GexOmen<br />
|released = [[February 22]], [[2005]]<br />
|genre = [[First-person shooter]]<br />
|modes = [[Single-player]], [[Multiplayer video game|Multiplayer]]<br />
|ratings = {{vgratings||ESRB=T}}<br />
|platforms = [[PlayStation 2]], [[Xbox]], [[Microsoft Windows]]<br />
|media = [[Compact Disc|CD]], [[DVD]], [[Steam (content delivery)|Steam]] download <br />
|requirements = <br />
|input = [[Keyboard (computing)|Keyboard]] and [[Mouse (computing)|mouse]], [[Gamepad]]<br />
}}<br />
'''''Project: Snowblind''''' is a [[first-person shooter]] video game released for the [[Xbox]], [[Microsoft Windows]] and [[PlayStation 2]] on [[February 22]], [[2005]]. It was originally conceived as a multiplayer-focused third game in the ''[[Deus Ex]]'' series, ''Deus Ex: Clan Wars''. But after the less than expected commercial performance of ''[[Deus Ex: Invisible War]]'', it was decided to set the game in its own universe.<ref name="SnowblindDE">{{cite web|author=Thorsen, Tor|date=2004-06-16|url=http://www.gamespot.com/ps2/action/snowblind/news.html?sid=6100820||title=Snowblind was Deus Ex: Clan Wars|publisher=gamespot.com|accessdate=2007-08-19}}</ref> Nevertheless, it remains a [[spiritual sequel]] to ''Deus Ex'' and retains many visible and conceptual links to its progenitors.<br />
<br />
In ''Project: Snowblind'', the player assumes the identity of Nathan Frost, a soldier in an international peacekeeping force known as the Liberty Coalition. After being critically injured during an enemy attack, Frost is implanted with experimental nano-technological augmentations and enhancements, turning him into "the soldier of the future". Frost must use his new powers to help lead the Coalition to victory against overwhelming odds.<br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
''Project: Snowblind'' takes place in the year 2065 in [[Hong Kong]]. The city is suddenly attacked by a hostile force known as the Republic, led by a rogue Chinese general named Yan Lo. An international peacekeeping force stationed in Hong Kong, known as the Liberty Coalition, is tasked with defending the island from the invasion. <br />
<br />
The story follows Liberty Coalition 2nd Lieutenant Nathan Frost, who is critically injured in a surprise attack by the Republic while attempting to save the life of a wounded soldier. He is rebuilt by the Coalition using experimental [[nano-technology]]. Using the powers granted to him by his nano-technology [[augment]]ations, Frost spearheads the Coalition's counter-attack against the Republic, eventually rescuing a defecting Republic scientist named Dr. Joseph Liaw. Dr. Liaw informs Frost about a plot by General Yan Lo known as Project: Snowblind. <br />
<br />
Yan Lo, who believes that technology has made humankind weak, plans to detonate [[Electromagnetic pulse|EMP]] bombs in New York, Paris, and Hong Kong thus shutting down much of humankind's technological civilization and plunging the world into another [[dark age]]. <br />
<br />
In an attempt to stop the General's plot, Frost launches an attack on Yan Lo's secret underground bunker, fighting past the General's nano-augmented elite guards and confronting the General himself. It is here that Frost learns that the General is an augmented super-soldier just like himself, created twenty years ago using earlier bio-mechanical technology. The painful side-effects of his physical augmentations have driven the General insane, and fueled his hatred of modern technology. Frost and Yan Lo battle using many of the same augmentation powers, with Frost eventually emerging the winner. Yan Lo overloads and explodes, but not before taunting Frost and informing him that Project: Snowblind will still proceed forward.<br />
<br />
In a last ditch attempt to stop Project: Snowblind, Frost launches a final assault on the facility where the EMP bombs are being prepared for distribution, aided by all surviving Coalition soldiers. Frost succeeds in destroying the facility, while the soldiers stayed at the entrance, holding off the enemy reinforcements. <br />
<br />
The ending cutscene shows Nathan Frost and the remaining Coalition soldiers walking to the nearest Coalition base, which was fifty miles away.<br />
<br />
== Gameplay ==<br />
<br />
Similar to the ''Deus Ex'' series, the focus of ''Project: Snowblind'''s gameplay is giving the player a variety of choices on how to approach any given situation. Although the game is generally linear, most levels feature multiple paths through any given area, allowing players to either rush in guns blazing or attempt to find a more stealthy side-path. <br />
Unlike ''Deus Ex'', the game is entirely centered around pure combat, but nonetheless provides the player with multiple options regarding every battle. Every weapon in the game has a secondary fire mode, several of which create exotic effects such as a swarm of drones<br />
that will actively seek out and attack enemies. The player can also throw a variety of grenades with different effects, including a riot shield that creates a temporary stationary energy wall for the player to take cover behind. The player can also use a special "[[Intrusion Countermeasures Electronics|Icepick]]" device to hack enemy cameras, turrets, and robots and use them against enemy forces. The game also features several driveable vehicles. Finally, the player's character possesses a variety of nano-technology augmentations that can be used to grant them various powers.<br />
<br />
=== Augmentations ===<br />
One of the main focuses of ''Project:Snowblind'''s gameplay are Nathan Frost's nano-technology augmentations. Although most of Frost's augmentations are inactive at the beginning of the game, they become activated as the game progresses, granting Frost additional powers.<br />
<br />
Frost's complete list of augmentations are:<br />
<br />
*'''Vision''': A harmony of night vision, x-ray vision, and infrared vision. Dark areas are brightened, enemies and mines give off a bright yellow glow and can be seen through walls. It also lets frost see the viewing range of security cameras, and where they are looking at that time. This power is especially useful later in the game when Frost acquires the Rail Laser, which can fire through solid objects like walls. <br />
*'''Reflex Boost''': Slows down time allowing the player to dodge bullets and make better decisions. This can be useful when combined with Vision upgrade, letting the player see the enemies positions and better plan their attack.<br />
*'''Ballistic Shielding''': Frost is covered in a white shimmering net-like material, and is invincible while the shield is active. The shield eventually exhausts its meter, and it will decrease more quickly if Frost is shot. <br />
*'''Cloak''': Renders Frost invisible for a short period of time. If he fires a Primary or Secondary weapon while cloaked, the cloak deactivates. Punches do not deactivate the cloak. <br />
*'''Electrical Storm''': When activated, the HUD fills with blue-grey static as a huge electrical blast emanates from Frost's body, severely injuring or killing enemies in range as well as disabling electronics.<br />
<br />
=== Multiplayer ===<br />
<br />
''Project: Snowblind'''s [[multiplayer]] mode features several of the gameplay elements found in the game's single-player campaign, including drivable vehicles, the ability to operate and hack cameras and turrets on the battlefield, and the ability to use augmentation powers.<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
The game has received criticism for its short length and multiplayer, as usually only a few servers are active at a time. However, most reviews tend to be positive, in the 80% range.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metacritic.com/games/platforms/xbx/projectsnowblind?q=project%20snowblind |title=Project Snowblind (Xbox) |work=[[Metacritic]] |publisher=[[CNET Networks|CNET Networks, Inc]] |accessdate=2008-11-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metacritic.com/games/platforms/ps2/projectsnowblind?q=project%20snowblind |title=Project Snowblind (PS2) |work=Metacritic |publisher=CNET Networks, Inc |accessdate=2008-11-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metacritic.com/games/platforms/pc/projectsnowblind?q=project%20snowblind |title=Project Snowblind (PC) |work=Metacritic |publisher=CNET Networks, Inc |accessdate=2008-11-01}}</ref> It is also known for its lack of replay value, as the game has nothing to unlock once completed and has only one level of difficulty through the single-player mode. It was also a disappointment to some fans of the ''Deus Ex'' series because it lacked provisions for a stealthy playstyle.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.projectsnowblind.com/ Official website]<br />
*{{moby game|id=/project-snowblind|name=''Project: Snowblind''}}<br />
*[http://www.gametab.com/xbox/project.snowblind/3630/ GameTab reviews]<br />
*[http://www.eidosinteractive.co.uk/games/info.html?gmid=166 Eidos Game Page]<br />
<br />
{{Deus Ex}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2005 video games]]<br />
[[Category:Eidos Interactive games]]<br />
[[Category:First-person shooters]]<br />
[[Category:PlayStation 2 games]]<br />
[[Category:Windows games]]<br />
[[Category:Xbox games]]</div>Commander Shepardhttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Project_Snowblind&diff=139347360Project Snowblind2009-03-09T20:47:42Z<p>Commander Shepard: /* Reception */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{namespace conflict|title=Project: Snowblind}}<br />
{{refimprove|date=October 2008}}<br />
{{Infobox VG| title = Project: Snowblind<br />
|image = [[Image:Projectsnowblind.jpg|256px|North American Windows cover]] <br />
|developer = [[Crystal Dynamics]]<br />
|publisher = [[Eidos Interactive]]<br />
|designer = <br />
|engine = GexOmen<br />
|released = [[February 22]], [[2005]]<br />
|genre = [[First-person shooter]]<br />
|modes = [[Single-player]], [[Multiplayer video game|Multiplayer]]<br />
|ratings = {{vgratings||ESRB=T}}<br />
|platforms = [[PlayStation 2]], [[Xbox]], [[Microsoft Windows]]<br />
|media = [[Compact Disc|CD]], [[DVD]], [[Steam (content delivery)|Steam]] download <br />
|requirements = <br />
|input = [[Keyboard (computing)|Keyboard]] and [[Mouse (computing)|mouse]], [[Gamepad]]<br />
}}<br />
'''''Project: Snowblind''''' is a [[first-person shooter]] video game released for the [[Xbox]], [[Microsoft Windows]] and [[PlayStation 2]] on [[February 22]], [[2005]]. It was originally conceived as a multiplayer-focused third game in the ''[[Deus Ex]]'' series, ''Deus Ex: Clan Wars''. But after the less than expected commercial performance of ''[[Deus Ex: Invisible War]]'', it was decided to set the game in its own universe.<ref name="SnowblindDE">{{cite web|author=Thorsen, Tor|date=2004-06-16|url=http://www.gamespot.com/ps2/action/snowblind/news.html?sid=6100820||title=Snowblind was Deus Ex: Clan Wars|publisher=gamespot.com|accessdate=2007-08-19}}</ref> Nevertheless, it remains a [[spiritual sequel]] to ''Deus Ex'' and retains many visible and conceptual links to its progenitors.<br />
<br />
In ''Project: Snowblind'', the player assumes the identity of Nathan Frost, a soldier in an international peacekeeping force known as the Liberty Coalition. After being critically injured during an enemy attack, Frost is implanted with experimental nano-technological augmentations and enhancements, turning him into "the soldier of the future". Frost must use his new powers to help lead the Coalition to victory against overwhelming odds.<br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
''Project: Snowblind'' takes place in the year 2065 in [[Hong Kong]]. The city is suddenly attacked by a hostile force known as the Republic, led by a rogue Chinese general named Yan Lo. An international peacekeeping force stationed in Hong Kong, known as the Liberty Coalition, is tasked with defending the island from the invasion. <br />
<br />
The story follows Liberty Coalition 2nd Lieutenant Nathan Frost, who is critically injured in a surprise attack by the Republic while attempting to save the life of a wounded soldier. He is rebuilt by the Coalition using experimental [[nano-technology]]. Using the powers granted to him by his nano-technology [[augment]]ations, Frost spearheads the Coalition's counter-attack against the Republic, eventually rescuing a defecting Republic scientist named Dr. Joseph Liaw. Dr. Liaw informs Frost about a plot by General Yan Lo known as Project: Snowblind. <br />
<br />
Yan Lo, who believes that technology has made humankind weak, plans to detonate [[Electromagnetic pulse|EMP]] bombs in New York, Paris, and Hong Kong thus shutting down much of humankind's technological civilization and plunging the world into another [[dark age]]. <br />
<br />
In an attempt to stop the General's plot, Frost launches an attack on Yan Lo's secret underground bunker, fighting past the General's nano-augmented elite guards and confronting the General himself. It is here that Frost learns that the General is an augmented super-soldier just like himself, created twenty years ago using earlier bio-mechanical technology. The painful side-effects of his physical augmentations have driven the General insane, and fueled his hatred of modern technology. Frost and Yan Lo battle using many of the same augmentation powers, with Frost eventually emerging the winner. Yan Lo overloads and explodes, but not before taunting Frost and informing him that Project: Snowblind will still proceed forward.<br />
<br />
In a last ditch attempt to stop Project: Snowblind, Frost launches a final assault on the facility where the EMP bombs are being prepared for distribution, aided by all surviving Coalition soldiers. Frost succeeds in destroying the facility, while the soldiers stayed at the entrance, holding off the enemy reinforcements. <br />
<br />
The ending cutscene shows Nathan Frost and the remaining Coalition soldiers walking to the nearest Coalition base, which was fifty miles away.<br />
<br />
== Gameplay ==<br />
<br />
Similar to the ''Deus Ex'' series, the focus of ''Project: Snowblind'''s gameplay is giving the player a variety of choices on how to approach any given situation. Although the game is generally linear, most levels feature multiple paths through any given area, allowing players to either rush in guns blazing or attempt to find a more stealthy side-path. <br />
Unlike ''Deus Ex'', the game is entirely centered around pure combat, but nonetheless provides the player with multiple options regarding every battle. Every weapon in the game has a secondary fire mode, several of which create exotic effects such as a swarm of drones<br />
that will actively seek out and attack enemies. The player can also throw a variety of grenades with different effects, including a riot shield that creates a temporary stationary energy wall for the player to take cover behind. The player can also use a special "[[Intrusion Countermeasures Electronics|Icepick]]" device to hack enemy cameras, turrets, and robots and use them against enemy forces. The game also features several driveable vehicles. Finally, the player's character possesses a variety of nano-technology augmentations that can be used to grant them various powers.<br />
<br />
=== Augmentations ===<br />
One of the main focuses of ''Project:Snowblind'''s gameplay are Nathan Frost's nano-technology augmentations. Although most of Frost's augmentations are inactive at the beginning of the game, they become activated as the game progresses, granting Frost additional powers.<br />
<br />
Frost's complete list of augmentations are:<br />
<br />
*'''Vision''': A harmony of night vision, x-ray vision, and infrared vision. Dark areas are brightened, enemies and mines give off a bright yellow glow and can be seen through walls. It also lets frost see the viewing range of security cameras, and where they are looking at that time. This power is especially useful later in the game when Frost acquires the Rail Laser, which can fire through solid objects like walls. <br />
*'''Reflex Boost''': Slows down time allowing the player to dodge bullets and make better decisions. This can be useful when combined with Vision upgrade, letting the player see the enemies positions and better plan their attack.<br />
*'''Ballistic Shielding''': Frost is covered in a white shimmering net-like material, and is invincible while the shield is active. The shield eventually exhausts its meter, and it will decrease more quickly if Frost is shot. <br />
*'''Cloak''': Renders Frost invisible for a short period of time. If he fires a Primary or Secondary weapon while cloaked, the cloak deactivates. Punches do not deactivate the cloak. <br />
*'''Electrical Storm''': When activated, the HUD fills with blue-grey static as a huge electrical blast emanates from Frost's body, severely injuring or killing enemies in range as well as disabling electronics.<br />
<br />
=== Multiplayer ===<br />
<br />
''Project: Snowblind'''s [[multiplayer]] mode features several of the gameplay elements found in the game's single-player campaign, including drivable vehicles, the ability to operate and hack cameras and turrets on the battlefield, and the ability to use augmentation powers.<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
The game has received criticism for its short length and multiplayer, as usually only a few servers are active at a time. However, most reviews tend to be positive, in the 80% range.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metacritic.com/games/platforms/xbx/projectsnowblind?q=project%20snowblind |title=Project Snowblind (Xbox) |work=[[Metacritic]] |publisher=[[CNET Networks|CNET Networks, Inc]] |accessdate=2008-11-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metacritic.com/games/platforms/ps2/projectsnowblind?q=project%20snowblind |title=Project Snowblind (PS2) |work=Metacritic |publisher=CNET Networks, Inc |accessdate=2008-11-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metacritic.com/games/platforms/pc/projectsnowblind?q=project%20snowblind |title=Project Snowblind (PC) |work=Metacritic |publisher=CNET Networks, Inc |accessdate=2008-11-01}}</ref> It is also known for its lack of replay value, as the game has nothing to unlock once completed and has only one level of difficulty through the single-player mode. It was also a disappointment to some fans of the ''Deus Ex'' series because it lacked provisions for a stealthy playstyle.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.projectsnowblind.com/ Project Snowblind Official Site]<br />
*{{moby game|id=/project-snowblind|name=''Project: Snowblind''}}<br />
*[http://www.gametab.com/xbox/project.snowblind/3630/ GameTab reviews]<br />
*[http://www.eidosinteractive.co.uk/games/info.html?gmid=166 Eidos Game Page]<br />
<br />
{{Deus Ex}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2005 video games]]<br />
[[Category:Eidos Interactive games]]<br />
[[Category:First-person shooters]]<br />
[[Category:PlayStation 2 games]]<br />
[[Category:Windows games]]<br />
[[Category:Xbox games]]</div>Commander Shepardhttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silvia_Neid&diff=57221655Silvia Neid2009-02-27T16:46:36Z<p>Commander Shepard: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox Fußballspieler<br />
| kurzname = Silvia Neid<br />
| bild = [[Image:Silvia-neid-ffm001.jpg|200px]]<br/>Silvia Neid auf dem Balkon des [[Frankfurter Römer]]s<br/>nach dem Gewinn der Weltmeisterschaft 2007<br />
| langname =<br />
| geburtstag = [[2. Mai]] [[1964]]<br />
| geburtsort = [[Walldürn]]<br />
| geburtsland = [[Deutschland]]<br />
| größe = <br />
| spitzname =<br />
| position = <br />
| jugendvereine = SV Schlierstadt<br />
| jugendjahre = 1975-1980<br />
| vereine = [[SC Klinge Seckach]]<br />[[SV Bergisch Gladbach 09|SSG 09 Bergisch Gladbach]]<br />[[TSV Siegen]]<br />
| jahre = 1980-1983<br />1983-1985<br />1985-1996<br />
| spiele (tore) =<br />
| nationalmannschaft = [[Deutsche Fußballnationalmannschaft der Frauen|Deutschland]]<br />
| nationaljahre = 1982-1996<br />
| länderspiele (tore) = 111 (48)<br />
| trainerjahre = 1996-2005<br />seit 2005<br />
| trainervereine = [[Deutsche Fußballnationalmannschaft der Frauen|Deutschland]] (Co-Trainerin)<br/>Deutschland<br />
| update = 18. April 2007<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Silvia Neid''' (* [[2. Mai]] [[1964]] in [[Walldürn]]) ist eine ehemalige [[Frauenfußball|Fußballspieler]]in und seit Juli 2005 Bundestrainerin der [[Deutsche Fußballnationalmannschaft der Frauen|Nationalmannschaft]]. Zuvor war sie bereits die Assistentin von Bundestrainerin [[Tina Theune-Meyer]], die nach dem Gewinn der Europameisterschaft [[Frauenfußball-Europameisterschaft 2005|2005]], wie angekündigt, zurücktrat. Ihre Fußballkarriere begann beim [[SV Schlierstadt]].<br />
<br />
Beim ersten Länderspiel der deutschen Nationalmannschaft am 10. November 1982 gegen die [[Schweizer Fussballnationalmannschaft der Frauen|Schweiz]] (5:1) wurde sie als zweitjüngste Spielerin in der 41. Minute eingewechselt und schoss eine Minute später das 3:0. Als einzige Spielerin wurde sie auch in den nächsten 12 Spielen eingesetzt und wurde so am 23. August 1984 Rekordnationalspielerin. Im nächsten Spiel wurde sie erstmals nicht eingesetzt, so dass die Torhüterin [[Marion Isbert]] mit ihr gleich ziehen konnte. Im 15. Spiel der Nationalmannschaft wurde sie wieder eingesetzt und mit ihrem 18. Spiel wurde sie erneut alleinige Rekordhalterin. Den Rekord baute sie bis zum 25. Juli 1996 auf 111 Spiele aus und hielt ihn damit bis zum 11. Oktober 1998, ehe sie von [[Martina Voss]] übertroffen wurde. In ihrem 12. Spiel übernahm sie erstmals für die ausgewechselte Spielführerin [[Rike Koekkoek]] die Kapitänsbinde und ebenso in ihrem 23. und 30. Spiel. In ihrem 32. Spiel am 2. April 1988 führte sie erstmals die Mannschaft als Spielführerin auf das Feld, insgesamt trug sie 79 mal von Beginn an die Kapitänsbinde.<br />
<br />
Mit ihren Erfolgen ist sie zusammen mit [[Doris Fitschen]] und Martina Voss die erfolgreichste deutsche Spielerin. So gewann sie mit dem [[TSV Siegen]] und der [[SV Bergisch Gladbach 09|SSG 09 Bergisch Gladbach]] sieben [[Deutsche Fußballmeisterschaft|Deutsche Meisterschaft]]en und sechs [[DFB-Pokal (Frauen)|DFB-Pokal]]siege. Außerdem wurde sie mit der deutschen Nationalmannschaft [[Frauenfußball-Europameisterschaft 1989|1989]], [[Frauenfußball-Europameisterschaft 1991|1991]] und [[Frauenfußball-Europameisterschaft 1995|1995]] Europameisterin und [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft der Frauen 1995|1995]] auch Vize-Weltmeisterin. Lediglich die ganz großen Erfolge, wie der Gewinn der Weltmeisterschaft oder der Goldmedaille bei den [[Olympische Sommerspiele|Olympischen Spielen]] waren ihr nicht vergönnt. Im Mai 1988 wurde ihr Tor im Spiel gegen den [[FC Bayern München (Frauenfußball)|FC Bayern München]] zum [[Tor des Monats]] gekürt.<br />
<br />
Als [[Deutscher Fußball-Bund|DFB]]-Trainerin war sie zunächst für den Nachwuchs verantwortlich und gewann 2004 mit ihrer Mannschaft die [[U-19-Fußball-Europameisterschaft der Frauen 2004|Vize-Europameisterschaft]] und die [[U-19-Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft der Frauen 2004|U19]]-Weltmeisterschaft.<br />
<br />
2005 wurde sie als Assistentin der Bundestrainerin [[Tina Theune-Meyer]] zum dritten Mal in Folge [[Frauenfußball-Europameisterschaft 2005|Europameisterin]] mit der [[Deutsche Fußballnationalmannschaft der Frauen|Nationalmannschaft]]. Damit war sie an allen sechs deutschen Europameisterschaftssiegen beteiligt. Nach der Europameisterschaft übernahm sie das Amt der Bundestrainerin und gewann mit der Nationalmannschaft 2006 erstmals den [[Algarve Cup]]. [[Frauenfußball-Weltmeisterschaft 2007|2007]] folgte der Gewinn der Weltmeisterschaft mit einem 2:0-Erfolg über Brasilien. Damit gelang es ihr als erste DFB-Trainerin bei ihrer ersten Weltmeisterschaft den Titel zu erringen. Bei der Weltmeisterschaft gelang ihr mit der Mannschaft zudem die Qualifikation für die [[Olympische Sommerspiele 2008/Fußball|Olympischen Spiele]] in Peking.<br />
<br />
Ende 2007 wurde Neid von Bundespräsident [[Horst Köhler]] mit dem [[Verdienstorden der Bundesrepublik Deutschland|Bundesverdienstkreuz]] am Bande und dem [[Silbernes Lorbeerblatt|Silbernen Lorbeerblatt]] ausgezeichnet.<br />
<br />
Ihren Wohnsitz hat sie in Wilnsdorf, im Landkreis Siegen-Wittgenstein /Nordrhein-Westfalen. Zu Beginn ihrer Karriere arbeitet Silvia Neid<br />
im Siegener Blumengeschäft des ehemaligen Sportfreunde-Siegen- und Schalke04-Spielers Gerhard Neuser (verst. 1993). <br />
<br />
== Weblinks ==<br />
*[http://www.dfb.de/index.php?id=503204&action=showPlayer&player=neid_silvia&lang=D&cHash=adfcf46a89 Informationen über Silvia Neid auf der DFB-Website]<br />
<br />
{{Navigationsleiste Trainer der deutschen Frauenfußballnationalmannschaft}}<br />
{{Folgenleiste|VORGÄNGERIN= ---|NACHFOLGERIN=[[Martina Voss]]|AMT=1. Rekordnationalspielerin des DFB|ZEIT=23. August 1984 – 11. Oktober 1998<br>vom 26. August 1984 - 7. September 1985 <br>gemeinsam mit Marion Isbert}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Neid, Silvia}}<br />
[[Kategorie:Fußballtrainer (Deutschland)]]<br />
[[Kategorie:Fußballspieler (Deutschland)]]<br />
[[Kategorie:Fußballeuropameister]]<br />
[[Kategorie:Olympiateilnehmer (Deutschland)]]<br />
[[Kategorie:Sport (Siegerland)]]<br />
[[Kategorie:Träger des Bundesverdienstkreuzes (am Bande)]]<br />
[[Kategorie:Geboren 1964]]<br />
[[Kategorie:Frau]]<br />
<br />
{{Personendaten<br />
|NAME=Neid, Silvia<br />
|ALTERNATIVNAMEN=<br />
|KURZBESCHREIBUNG=deutsche Fußballspielerin und -trainerin<br />
|GEBURTSDATUM=2. Mai 1964<br />
|GEBURTSORT=[[Walldürn]]<br />
|STERBEDATUM=<br />
|STERBEORT=<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[en:Silvia Neid]]<br />
[[fi:Silvia Neid]]<br />
[[fr:Silvia Neid]]</div>Commander Shepardhttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Juninho&diff=57168195Juninho2009-02-26T13:01:03Z<p>Commander Shepard: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox Fußballspieler<br />
| kurzname = Juninho Pernambucano<br />
| bild = [[File:Juninho wikipedia.jpg|200px]]<br />
| langname = Antônio Augusto Ribeiro Reis Júnior<br />
| geburtstag = [[30. Januar]] [[1975]]<br />
| geburtsort = [[Recife]]<br />
| geburtsland = [[Brasilien]]<br />
| sterbedatum =<br />
| sterbeort =<br />
| sterbeland =<br />
| größe = 1,79 m<br />
| position = [[Mittelfeldspieler]]<br />
| jugendvereine =<br />
| jugendjahre =<br />
| vereine = [[Sport Club do Recife]]<br />[[CR Vasco da Gama]]<br />[[Olympique Lyon]]<br />
| jahre = 1991&ndash;1994<br />1994&ndash;2001<br />2001&ndash;<br />
| spiele (tore) = 105{{0}} (22)<br />291{{0}} (56)<br />329{{0}} (96)<br />
| nationalmannschaft = [[Brasilianische Fußballnationalmannschaft|Brasilien]]<br />
| nationaljahre = 1999&ndash;2006<br />
| länderspiele (tore) = {{0}}44{{0}}{{0}}{{0}}(7)<br />
| trainervereine =<br />
| trainerjahre =<br />
| lgupdate = 25. Februar 2008<br />
| nmupdate = 25. Februar 2008<br />
}}<br />
'''Juninho Pernambucano''' (* [[30. Januar]] [[1975]] in [[Recife]]; eigentlich ''Antônio Augusto Ribeiro Reis Júnior'') ist ein [[Brasilien|brasilianischer]] [[Fußball]]spieler, der derzeit bei [[Olympique Lyon]] unter Vertrag ist. Seit dem 17. August 2007 besitzt er zudem die französische Staatsbürgerschaft.<br />
<br />
Juninho Pernambucano ist ein [[Mittelfeldspieler]], der immer wieder mit präzise getretenen Freistößen Tore erzielt. Bislang erzielte er 32 seiner 70 Treffer für Olympique Lyon per Freistoß.<br />
<br />
== Karriere ==<br />
=== Vereine ===<br />
Juninho begann seine Karriere 1993 bei seinem Heimatverein [[Sport Club do Recife]] (1993-1994). Anschließend spielte er von 1995 bis 2001 bei [[CR Vasco da Gama]]. Seit 2001 ist er in Frankreich für [[Olympique Lyon]] tätig. Dort gewann er sieben Mal die französische Meisterschaft.<br />
<br />
=== Nationalmannschaft ===<br />
Sein Debüt im Nationalteam feierte Juninho Pernambucano am 28. März 1999. Während er bei der [[Copa América]] im Sommer 2004 nicht dabei war, gehörte er in der Qualifikation zur [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 2006]] und beim [[Konföderationen-Pokal 2005]] zum Stamm der [[Brasilianische Fußballnationalmannschaft|brasilianischen Nationalmannschaft]], von der er aber 2006 auch zurücktrat. 40 Länderspiele hatte er seit 1999 bestritten und dabei 6 Tore erzielt.<br />
<br />
== Besonderes ==<br />
Juninho gilt als einer der gefürchtetsten Freistoßschützen aller Zeiten. Nach Ansicht seiner Fans schießt er die genauesten Freistöße im modernen Profifußball. Er hat die Fähigkeit, dem Ball einen starken [[Effet]] zu verleihen. 2/3 seiner Tore erzielt Juninho per [[Standardsituation]]. Im Durchschnitt schießt er etwa 0,4 Tore pro Spiel. Außerdem hat Juninho noch sehr gute Spielmacherqualitäten, mit genauen und vor allem harten Fernschüssen.<br />
<br />
== Titel ==<br />
* Campeonato Pernambucano (Staatsmeisterschaft von [[Pernambuco]]): 1994<br />
* [[Brasilianischer Fußball-Meister|Brasilianischer Meistertitel]]: 1997, 2000<br />
* Campeonato Carioca (Staatsmeisterschaft von [[Rio de Janeiro]]): 1998<br />
* [[Copa Libertadores]]: 1998<br />
* Torneio Rio-São Paulo: 1999<br />
* [[Copa Mercosur]]: 2000<br />
* [[Französischer Fußballmeister|Französischer Meistertitel]]: 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008<br />
* Französischer Pokalsieger: 2008<br />
<br />
* Trophée Palma de Majorque: 1995<br />
* [[Trophée des Champions]]: 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007<br />
<br />
* Silberner Ball (Brasilien): 2000<br />
<br />
* [[Konföderationen-Pokal]]: 2005<br />
<br />
== Privates ==<br />
Juninho hat eine Frau und drei Töchter.<br />
<br />
{{Navigationsleiste Kader von Olympique Lyon}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Juninho Pernambucano}}<br />
[[Kategorie:Mann]]<br />
[[Kategorie:Fußballspieler (Brasilien)]]<br />
[[Kategorie:Geboren 1975]]<br />
<br />
{{Personendaten<br />
|NAME=Juninho Pernambucano<br />
|ALTERNATIVNAMEN=Ribeiro Reis Jùnior, Antônio Augusto<br />
|KURZBESCHREIBUNG=[[Brasilien|brasilianischer]] [[Fußball]]spieler<br />
|GEBURTSDATUM=[[30. Januar]] [[1975]]<br />
|GEBURTSORT=[[Recife]]<br />
|STERBEDATUM=<br />
|STERBEORT=<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[ar:جونينهو برنامبوكانو]]<br />
[[bg:Жуниньо Пернамбукано]]<br />
[[en:Juninho Pernambucano]]<br />
[[eo:Juninho Pernambucano]]<br />
[[es:Juninho Pernambucano]]<br />
[[et:Juninho Pernambucano]]<br />
[[fi:Juninho Pernambucano]]<br />
[[fr:Juninho Pernambucano]]<br />
[[he:ז'וניניו]]<br />
[[hu:Juninho Pernambucano]]<br />
[[id:Juninho Pernambucano]]<br />
[[it:Juninho Pernambucano]]<br />
[[ja:ジュニーニョ・ペルナンブカーノ]]<br />
[[ko:주니뉴 페르남부카누]]<br />
[[lt:Juninho Pernambucano]]<br />
[[nl:Juninho Pernambucano]]<br />
[[no:Juninho Pernambucano]]<br />
[[pl:Juninho Pernambucano]]<br />
[[pt:Antônio Augusto Ribeiro Reis Junior]]<br />
[[ru:Жуниньо Пернамбукано]]<br />
[[sk:Juninho Pernambucano]]<br />
[[sv:Juninho Pernambucano]]<br />
[[tr:Juninho]]<br />
[[vi:Juninho]]<br />
[[zh:儒尼尼奥·佩南布卡诺]]</div>Commander Shepardhttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rush_for_Berlin&diff=57152306Rush for Berlin2009-02-25T23:54:34Z<p>Commander Shepard: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox Computer- und Videospiel|<br />
|Titel = Rush for Berlin<br />
|Entwickler = Stormregion<br />
|Verleger = Deep Silver<br />
|Release = 26. Mai 2006<br />
|Plattform = [[Personal Computer|PC]]<br />
|Genre = Strategiespiel<br />
|Spielmodi = [[Singleplayer]], [[Multiplayer]]<br />
|Bedienung = [[Tastatur]], [[Maus (Computer)|Maus]]<br />
|Medien = 1 [[CD-ROM]]<br />
|Sprache = Englisch, Deutsch<br />
|PEGI = 12<br />
|USK = 16<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Rush for Berlin''' ist ein [[Echtzeit-Strategiespiel]] für den Computer und ist zusammen mit seinem [[Add-on]] ''Rush for the Bomb'' inhaltlich in einem alternativen historischen Szenario des 2. Weltkriegs angesiedelt. Das Spiel beinhaltet 4 verschiedene Einzelspielerkampagnen und 5 Multiplayermodi, wobei 2 davon weltweite Neuerungen waren.<br />
<br />
==Veröffentlichung==<br />
<br />
Das Spiel, entwickelt von Stormregion, den Machern von [[Codename: Panzers]], wurde im 3. Quartal 2006 von [[Deep Silver]] herausgegeben, außerdem wurde eine ''Rush for Berlin Collectors Edition'' zur selben Zeit veröffentlicht, die zusätzliches Material wie z.&nbsp;B. eine Adler-Statue aus Metall und ein Kartenspiel enthielt. Im 1. Quartal 2007 wurde das [[Add-on]] ''Rush for the Bomb'' veröffentlicht und im 3. Quartal die ''Rush for Berlin Gold'' Edition , die das Originalspiel und das [[Add-on]] beinhaltete.<br />
<br />
== Hintergrundhandlung ==<br />
<br />
''Rush for Berlin'' spielt im [[Zweiter Weltkrieg|zweiten Weltkrieg]]. Alle Missionen sind in der Endphase des Krieges von Anfang 1944 bis Mai 1945 angelegt. Da es sich hierbei nicht um den Marktfolger für [[Codename: Panzers]] handelte und der tatsächliche geschichtliche Hintergrund größere Schlachten und neue Einheiten nicht möglich machte, veränderten die Entwickler die eigentliche [[Geschichte|Hintergrundgeschichte]] des Spiels. [[Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg]]s Attentat auf [[Adolf Hitler]] war erfolgreich; Hitler ist tot und Stauffenberg hat eine neue Regierung gegründet, die den Krieg jedoch weiterführt. Deutschland ist deshalb im Osten auf dem Vormarsch, während Russland und die USA versuchen den Wettlauf nach Berlin zu gewinnen.<br />
<br />
== Spielprinzip ==<br />
<br />
''Rush for Berlin'' wird per Maus gesteuert. Der Spieler bewegt damit seine Militäreinheiten über die Karte und gibt ihnen Befehle, wie angreifen, Stellung halten, reparieren oder patrouillieren. Insgesamt stehen dem Spieler über 100 verschieden Einheiten zur Verfügung, zudem bekommt der Spieler später [[Offizier]]e, die mit ihren Spezialfähigkeiten zusätzliche Hilfe bieten.Der Spieler kann nacheinander vier unterschiedliche Militärkampagnen spielen mit jeweils 4-7 Missionen, zuerst darf man die Seite der Alliierten, Russland, Britannien und USA, spielen, später dann Deutschland und zum Schluss die französische [[Resistance]].Die Ziele der Missionen sind unterschiedlich, mal müssen Fabriken beschützt, eine Radiostation eingenommen werden oder man soll [[Partisanen]] helfen. Zudem gibt es optional und Bonusziele, die erfüllt werden können und oft Vorteile erbringen, wie z.B. zusätzliche Einheiten. Die Ziele und die Situation der Mission wird in Form einer vorherigen Lagebesprechung mitgeteilt, außerdem besitzen die meisten Missionen ein strenges Zeitlimit in der diese geschafft werden müssen. Danach kann der Spieler sich aus bereitstehenden Einheiten seine Einsatzgruppe zusammenstellen, diese bekommen mit jeder Mission in der sie nicht verloren gehen mehr Erfahrung und werden dadurch effektiver.<br />
Durch die historisch abgewandelte Handlung, stehen auch neue Waffensysteme wie der überschwere ''Panzer VII Maus'' oder der ferngesteuerte Mini-Panzer [[Goliath (Panzer)|Goliath]] zur Verfügung.<br />
<br />
== Multiplayer ==<br />
<br />
Das Spiel bietet [[Multiplayer]] über Internet oder [[LAN]], zudem bei [[Gamespy]] eine eigene Rush-for-Berlin Gemeinschaft. <br />
Es gibt zudem verschiedene Multiplayermodi wie [[Deathmatch]],[[Domination]],[[Coop-Modus]], R.I.S.K (Race-intensive-strategic Kombat) oder R.U.S.H (Relentlessly Utilized Score Hunt), wobei die beiden letzteren eine weltweite Neuheit darstellten.<br />
<br />
* [[Deathmatch]]: Hierbei gilt es alle gegnerischen Einheiten gesteuert vom Computer oder anderen Mitspielern zu eliminieren.<br />
* [[Domination]]: Hier ist das Spielziel möglichst viele strategische Punkte, gekennzeichnet durch Flaggen, eine gewisse Zeit zu halten.<br />
* [[Coop-Modus]]: Hier spielen mehrere menschliche Spieler, zusammen gegen den Computergegner.<br />
* R.I.S.K : Hierbei erhält jeder Spieler einen zufälligen Auftrag den er ausführen muss, er kennt aber die Aufträge der anderen Mitspieler nicht, er muss seine Auftrag erfüllen, bevor ein anderer Spieler seinerseits seinen Auftrag beendet<br />
* R.U.S.H : Dabei handelt es sich um einen Wettlauf, wer schneller strategische Punkte erobert oder diese zerstört, um zu verhindern das ein anderer Spieler diese einnimmt. Wer eine bestimmte Punktezahl zuerst erreicht hat gewonnen.<br />
<br />
== Rezeption und wirtschaftlicher Erfolg==<br />
<br />
Das Spiel erreichte in der Fachpresse nur mittelmäßige Wertungen, da es sich entwicklungstechnisch nicht stark von seinen inoffiziellen Vorgänger [[Codename: Panzers]] unterschied und das 2. Weltkriegsszenario nicht mehr interessant war.<ref>''4players Review zu Rush for Berlin'' ([http://www.4players.de/4players.php/dispbericht_fazit/PC-CDROM/Test/Fazit_Wertung/PC-CDROM/7121/4602/Rush_for_Berlin.html]) </ref><ref>''Gamestar Review zu Rush for Berlin''([http://www.gamestar.de/magazin/test/strategie/rush_for_berlin/1461911/rush_for_berlin_p_fazit.html])</ref><br />
<br />
Der wirtschaftliche Erfolg blieb hinter den Erwartungen von [[Koch Media]] und ihrer Tochterfirma [[Deep Silver]] zurück.<ref>''Erwähnung des wirtschaftlichen Misserfolgs in einem Interview'' ([http://www.joergspielt.de/budgetspiele/])</ref> Trotzdem wurde ein [[Add-on]] herausgebracht und das Spiel wird weiterhin mit [[Patch (Software)|Patches]] gepflegt.<br />
<br />
==Belege==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
== Weblinks ==<br />
* [http://www.rushforberlin.de Offizielle Webseite]<br />
* [http://www.deepsilver.de Webseite des Verlegers Deep Silver]<br />
<br />
[[Kategorie:Computer-Strategiespiel]]<br />
[[Kategorie:Windows-Spiel]] <br />
[[Kategorie:Computerspiel 2006]]<br />
<br />
[[en:Rush for Berlin (video game)]]<br />
[[pl:Rush for Berlin]]</div>Commander Shepardhttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Just_Dance_(Lied)&diff=67827345Just Dance (Lied)2009-02-07T23:14:26Z<p>Commander Shepard: /* Music video */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox Single <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject_Songs --><br />
| Name = Just Dance<br />
| Cover = LadyGagaJustDance.jpg<br />
| Artist = [[Lady GaGa]] featuring [[Colby O'Donis]]<br />
| Album = [[The Fame (Lady GaGa album)|The Fame]]<br />
| Released = {{Start date|2008|4|8}}<br/><small>(see [[#Release history|Release history]])</small><br />
| Format = [[CD single|CD]], [[Digital download]], [[12-inch single|12" vinyl]]<br />
| Recorded = 2008<br />
| Genre = [[Dance-pop]], [[electropop]]<br />
| Length = 4:01<ref name=writer>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/discography/index.jsp?aid=1197779&pid=1003999|title=Song details of Just Dance|publisher=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|accessdate=2009-02-04}}</ref><br />
| Label = Streamline, [[Kon Live Distribution|Kon Live]], [[Interscope]], [[Cherrytree Records|Cherrytree]]<ref name=writer/><br />
| Writer = [[Lady GaGa]], [[RedOne]], [[Akon]] <ref name=writer/><br />
| Producer = [[RedOne]], [[Akon]]<br />
| Audio sample? = <br />
| Certification = 2x Platinum <small>(RIAA)</small><br> 2x Platinum <small>([[ARIA Charts|ARIA]])</small> <br/> Platinum <small>([[RIANZ]])<br>Silver <small>([[BPI]])</small><br />
| Chronology = [[Lady GaGa]] singles<br />
| This single = "'''Just Dance'''"<br />(2008)<br />
| Next single = "[[Poker Face (Lady GaGa song)|Poker Face]]"<br />(2008)<br />
| Misc = {{Extra chronology 2<br />
| Artist = [[Colby O'Donis]] singles<br />
| Type = singles<br />
| Last single = "[[What You Got (Colby O'Donis song)|What You Got]]"<br />(2008)<br />
| This single = "'''Just Dance'''"<br />(2008)<br />
| Next single = "[[Don't Turn Back]]"<br />(2008)<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
{{listen<br />
| filename = Lady_GaGa-Just_Dance.ogg<br />
| title = "Just Dance"<br />
| format = [[Ogg]]<br />
}}<br />
"'''Just Dance'''" is a [[dance-pop]] song recorded by American [[pop music|pop]] singer [[Lady GaGa]]. Released as the [[lead single]] from Lady GaGa's [[debut album]], ''[[The Fame (album)|The Fame]]'', the song is written by Lady GaGa and features labelmate [[Colby O'Donis]] with additional vocals by [[Akon]]. The track is produced by [[RedOne]] and [[Akon]].<br />
<br />
The song has been a commercial success topping the charts in the United States, Australia, Canada, the Republic of Ireland, and the United Kingdom, as well as reaching the top ten in many other countries. In the U.S. "Just Dance" was a [[sleeper hit]], spending almost five months in the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]], before finally reaching the summit of the chart in January of 2009. It scored the second-biggest single-week sum of all time behind [[Flo Rida]]'s 467,000 from the same week last year, selling 419,000 downloads in just one week. It also garnered biggest-week download sales and the biggest single-week tally by a female artist since [[Nielsen SoundScan]] began tracking digital downloads in 2003.<ref name="billboard">[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/beyonce-starts-2009-atop-the-hot-100-1003926344.story Beyonce Starts 2009 Atop The Hot 100]</ref><br />
<br />
==Single release==<br />
"Just Dance" was first released to radio stations in the U.S. on April 8, 2008. It was released commercially worldwide on June 17, 2008 through digital distribution. It was released in the United Kingdom and Ireland on January 5th, 2009.<br />
<br />
On August 16, 2008, the song debuted at number seventy-six on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]. It also garnered the second biggest-single week sum of all time with download sales of 419,000, the biggest single-week tally by a female artist since Nielsen SoundScan began tracking digital downloads in 2003.<ref name="billboard" /><br />
<br />
==Promotion==<br />
In order to promote the record Lady Gaga performed on many television shows in the [[United States]]. Lady Gaga's television debut was on Logo's NewNowNext Awards on June 7, 2008, where she performed "Just Dance" as the closing number. In addition, she appeared on [[Jimmy Kimmel Live]], [[The Tonight Show with Jay Leno]] and [[Ellen Degeneres Show]]. In July, she performed the song during the swimsuit competition of the [[Miss Universe 2008]] beauty pageant in [[Vietnam]]. In [[Australia]] she performed on [[Sunrise]] (her performance caused controversy because of allegations she was [[lip-synching]]). She also performed on Australian late night talk show [[Rove]]. In the [[UK]] she performed on morning show [[GMTV]], comedy show [[Sunday Night Project]], talk show [[T4]] and performed at [[G-A-Y]] in [[London]]. She also made various appearances on radio worldwide.<br />
<br />
==Lyrics==<br />
With ''[[Digital Spy]]'', Lady Gaga explained what "Just Dance" was about:<br><br />
{{cquote|The whole song's about being totally wasted at a party. It's about all the things that happen when you're out and you totally lose your head. In that situation we never really want to stop the party so we just dance through it. You're thinking, 'Oh fuck I wanna go home!' but your friends are like, 'Don't go home you loser, have another beer', so you do, you dance and then you're fine.<ref>{{ cite web | url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/a139140/ones-to-watch-in-2009-lady-gaga.html | title=Ones To Watch In 2009: Lady GaGa | work=[[Digital Spy]] | author=Nick Levine | date=2008-12-31 | accessdate=2009-01-23 }}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
Nick Levine, music editor of [[Digital Spy]] described the track as "mix [[Gwen Stefani]]'s ghetto fabulousness with a rather more limited version of [[Christina Aguilera]]'s voice, sprinkle in a bit of [[Madonna]]'s blonde ambition and then let it marinate in a generous helping of [[Andy Warhol]]."<ref>[http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/a139516/lady-gaga-ft-colby-odonis-just-dance.html Digital Spy - Nick Levine review of "Just Dance"]</ref> "It's a booming fusion of electropop and R&B that practically jumps out of the speakers and strong-arms you into shimmying round the office/your bedroom/Boots' deodorant aisle," the website said, the lyrics are all about "dancing through the intoxication", which is strangely perfect really.<br />
<br />
Bill Lamb of [[About.com]] thought that "Just Dance" is a "a flamboyant, edgy performer, this song is rather tame, but it does provide a path to get Lady GaGa noticed by the mainstream. It's catchy and may just get you up off the couch, but my guess is there is much more interesting music yet to come from Lady GaGa".<ref>[http://top40.about.com/od/singles/gr/justdance.htm Bill Lamb review of Just Dance]</ref><br />
<br />
==Chart performance==<br />
The track entered the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] chart at seventy-six on August 16, 2008. The single was a hit in clubs in the U.S. peaking both at #2 on the [[Hot Dance Airplay]], and [[Hot Dance Club Play]] during the summer of 2008. The song rose to number two on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, after selling huge downloads of 419,000, for the issue dated January 10, 2009. On the same issue, the song rose to #1 on the ''Billboard'' [[Pop 100]] due to more radio airplay and [[digital download]]s in the country. It has also peaked at the number one spot on the Billboard [[Hot Digital Tracks]] chart. On the issue dated January 17, 2009, the song rose to number one spot on the Hot 100 replacing "[[Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)]]" by [[Beyonce]], where it stayed for three weeks before being replaced by [[Kelly Clarkson]]'s "[[My Life Would Suck Without You]]" for the issue date of 7th February 2009.<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/kelly-clarkson-breaks-record-for-hot-100-1003935142.story Kelly Clarkson Breaks Record For Hot 100 Jump][[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard.com]] Retrieved on 2009-01-29</ref> The single took 22 weeks to hit the top spot which is the second longest climb to number-one since [[Creed (band)|Creed]]'s "[[With Arms Wide Open]]" took 27 weeks when the single finally hit number-one in November 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/lady-gaga-dances-to-the-top-of-hot-100-1003928479.story|title=Lady GaGa Dances To The Top Of Hot 100|author=Jonathan Cohen|publisher=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard.com]]|date=8th January, 2009|accessdate=2009-01-09}}</ref><br />
<br />
In Canada, the song debuted at number ninety-seven on the [[Canadian Hot 100]] and topped the Canadian Hot 100 for five consecutive weeks during the summer, months before it became a big hit in the United States. <ref>[http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=Canadian+Hot+100 Just Dance leaps on the Canadian Hot 100]</ref><br />
<br />
The track debuted at number thirty-four on the [[Australian ARIA Singles Chart]] on July 21, 2008, and moved up to seventeen on the July 30 and was the chart's "greatest gainer". On September 15, 2008, the track topped the chart for one week before being knocked off the top spot for [[Pink (singer)|Pink]]'s hit "[[So What]]". It has since been certified double platinum with sales of over 140,000 copies.<ref>[http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-100-singles-2008.htm ARIA year end charts]</ref><ref>[http://www.ariacharts.com.au/pages/charts_display_singles.asp?chart=1U50 Double Platinum certifications]</ref><br />
<br />
The single also charted in New Zealand debuting at number nineteen in the same week it appeared in the Australian ARIA Singles Chart. It reached number three on the New Zealand's [[RIANZ]] Singles chart. It has been certified platinum by the RIANZ. <ref>[http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp RIANZ certification]</ref> Just Dance is the 31st most successful song of all time in New Zealand. <ref>[http://www.charts.org.nz.asp Charts.com]</ref><br />
<br />
In much of Europe the track has achieved a moderate success, although it is receiving increasing airplay. It has peaked the top ten in Bulgaria, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and The Netherlands (after its re-release in 2009). "Just Dance" peaked in the top 20 in Austria, Belgium, Ireland, Finland, France and Germany.<ref>[http://acharts.us/song/35829 "Just Dance" peak positions all around the world]</ref> In addition, the song also charted in Sweden, climbing to number six<ref>[http://acharts.us/sweden_singles_top_60/2008/28 Sweden Singles Top 60 week 28/2008]</ref> two weeks after it debuted at number fourteen.<ref>[http://acharts.us/sweden_singles_top_60/2008/26 Sweden Singles Top 60 week 26/2008]</ref><br />
<br />
In the U.K. "Just Dance" debuted at number 3 selling 40,537 copies from download sales alone on January 4, 2009. It rose to number one on January 11, 2009 selling 65,764 copies. It remained at the top spot the following week giving it three consecutive weeks at the chart's summit on it's 5th week in the UK Chart's it slipped to number 2 being replaced by [[Lily Allen]]'s "[[The Fear]]".<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/lady-gaga-kings-of-leon-lead-u-k-charts-1003929336.story Lady GaGa, Kings Of Leon Lead UK Charts]</ref> In Ireland, the song debuted at number 11 in the week ending January 2, 2009. The following week it rose to number 2 on the main chart, and number one on the downloads chart and subsequent week reached topped the Singles chart.<ref name="Irish">[http://www.charttrack.co.uk/index.jsp?c=p/musicvideo/music/archive/index_test.jsp&ct=240001&arch=t&lyr=2009&year=2009&week=3 Just Dance tops Irish Singles chart]</ref> Despite reaching number one in the United States, Canada and many other countries Lady GaGa was most proud of achieving number one success in the UK, even so that she cried when it was announced. She claims it has been a life long dream to have a big hit in the country and stated that her British fans are "so sexy and the people are so innovative and free in how they think about pop culture and music".<ref>[http://news.uk.msn.com/entertainment/article.aspx?cp-documentid=12685666 Lady GaGa response on number one in the UK]</ref><br />
<br />
==Remix==<br />
The official remix of the song features rapper [[Kardinal Offishall]]. It contains samples of his voice from his own song "[[Dangerous (Kardinal Offishall song)|Dangerous]]", and also has the same rhythm and tempo as the song. It has also received airplay in a few radio stations due to it being released in Dance Clubs. Other remixes of the song, such as Tony Arzadon Remix, are also the versions some radio stations have decided to play.<br />
<br />
==Music video==<br />
[[Image:Lady gaga-justdance-musicvideo.PNG|right|200px|thumb|Lady GaGa dancing in the music video for "Just Dance"]]<br />
*Directed By:- [[Melina Matsoukas]]<br />
*Produced By:- Kim Dellara, Hagai Shaham<br />
*Production co-ordinater:- [[Black Dog Productions]]<br />
*Edited By:- Jarret Fijal<br />
<br />
The video, directed by [[Melina Matsoukas]], starts with Lady GaGa arriving with her dancers, Dina and Pepper, at a [[house party]], which seems to have ended, and one of the dancers puts a Discolite [[Boombox]] on, starting the music. The crowd at the party appear to be sleeping in different areas, and are awoken by the music. They all start to dance, and scenes of the party are inter cut with scenes of scantily dressed Lady GaGa dancing in a [[poncho]], with a disco ball or in a small rubber pool playing with an inflated killer whale. She wears a blue lightning shaped sticker beneath her right eye like that on the single cover. The video shows [[Colby O'Donis]] being flanked by several girls during the "When I come through on the dance floor" interlude. Cameo appearances are made by [[Akon]] and fellow label hip-hop band [[Flipsyde]].<ref>[http://www.playhit.tv/lady-gaga-colby-odonis/just-dance-video_09aa0415a.html Lady GaGa: Just Dance]Retrieved on 2009-01-09</ref><ref>[http://www.videostatic.com/vs/2008/05/when-you-hear-t.html When you hear: Videostatic]</ref><br />
<br />
==Track listings==<br />
{{col-begin}}<br />
{{col-2}}<br />
'''US Maxi CD single'''<br />
# "Just Dance"<br />
# "Just Dance" (HCCR's Bambossa Main Mix)<br />
# "Just Dance" (Richard Vission Remix)<br />
# "Just Dance" (Trevor Simpson Remix)<br />
<br />
'''US Promo Club CD'''<br />
# "Just Dance"<br />
# "Just Dance" (Instrumental)<br />
# "Just Dance" (A Capella)<br />
<br />
'''US Promo Remix CD'''<br />
# "Just Dance"<br />
# "Just Dance" (Instrumental)<br />
# "Just Dance" (A Capella)<br />
# "Just Dance" (HCCR's Bambossa Main Mix)<br />
# "Just Dance" (Richard Vission Remix)<br />
# "Just Dance" (Trevor Simpson Remix)<br />
# "Just Dance" (Justin Romanes Edit)<br />
# "Just Dance" (HCCR's Bambossa Radio Edit)<br />
# "Just Dance" (Trevor Simpson Edit)<br />
# "Just Dance" (HCCR's Bambossa Dub)<br />
<br />
'''AUS CD single'''<br />
# "Just Dance"<br />
# "Just Dance" (Trevor Simpson Remix)<br />
<br />
'''DE Maxi CD single'''<br />
# "Just Dance"<br />
# "Just Dance" (HCCR's Bambossa Main Mix)<br />
# "Just Dance" (Instrumental)<br />
# "Just Dance" (Video)<br />
<br />
{{col-2}}<br />
'''DE Trend CD single'''<br />
# "Just Dance"<br />
# "Just Dance" (Trevor Simpson Remix)<br />
<br />
'''FR Maxi CD single'''<br />
# "Just Dance"<br />
# "Just Dance" (Glam As You Radio Mix)<br />
# "Just Dance" (Glam As You Club Mix)<br />
<br />
'''US Remixes Part 2 EP'''<br />
# "Just Dance" (RedOne Remix) Lady GaGa & [[Kardinal Offishall]]<br />
# "Just Dance" (Space Cowboy Remix) Lady GaGa & Colby O'Donis<br />
# "Just Dance" (Robots To Mars Mix) Lady GaGa<br />
# "Just Dance" (Tony Arzadon Remix) Lady GaGa & Colby O'Donis<br />
<br />
'''UK CD single'''<br />
# "Just Dance" (Main Version)<br />
# "Just Dance" (RedOne Remix) Lady GaGa & Kardinal Offishal<br />
<br />
'''UK 7" Numbered Picture Vinyl Disc'''<br />
# "Just Dance" (Main Version)<br />
# "Just Dance" (HCCR's Bambossa Main Mix)<br />
<br />
'''Japanese Digital single'''<ref>[http://mora.jp/package/80311556/00602517688056/ Just Dance] ''Mora.jp'' Retrieved on 8 January, 2009.</ref><br />
# "Just Dance"<br />
# "Just Dance" (HCCR's Bambossa Main Mix)<br />
# "Just Dance" (Richard Vission Remix)<br />
# "Just Dance" (Trevor Simpson Remix)<br />
{{col-end}}<br />
<br />
==Official versions and remixes==<br />
* "Just Dance" (original mix by Robert Orton)<br />
* "Just Dance" A Capella<br />
* "Just Dance" Instrumental<br />
* "Just Dance" (Glam As You Club Mix)<br />
* "Just Dance" (Glam As You Radio Mix)<br />
* "Just Dance" (HCCR's Bambossa Dub)<br />
* "Just Dance" (HCCR's Bambossa Main Mix)<br />
* "Just Dance" (HCCR's Bambossa Radio Edit)<br />
* "Just Dance" ([[RedOne]] Remix featuring Kardinal Offishall)<br />
* "Just Dance" ([[Manny Lehman]] Remix)<br />
* "Just Dance" (Richard Vission Remix)<br />
* "Just Dance" ([[Richard Vission]] Radio Edit)<br />
* "Just Dance" (Robots to Mars Remix)<br />
* "Just Dance" ([[Space Cowboy]] Remix)<br />
* "Just Dance" (Tony Arzadon Remix)<br />
* "Just Dance" (Tony Arzadon Extended Club Mix)<br />
* "Just Dance" (Trevor Simpson Radio Edit)<br />
* "Just Dance" (Trevor Simpson Remix)<br />
<br />
==Charts==<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
!align="left"|Chart (2008)<br />
!align="center"|Peak<br />position<br />
|-<br />
|[[ARIA Charts|Australian Singles Chart]]<ref>[http://www.ariacharts.com.au/pages/charts_display_singles.asp?chart=1U50 Australian Singles Chart - Australian Record Industry Association<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><br />
|align="center"|1<br />
|-<br />
|[[Austrian Singles Chart]]<ref>[http://charts.orf.at/oe3/single/2008/woche36/ Austria singles chart]</ref><br />
|align="center"|12<br />
|-<br />
|[[Ultratop 50|Belgium Singles Chart]] (Flanders)<ref name="belgium">[http://www.ultratop.be/nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Lady+GaGa&titel=Just+Dance&cat=s Belgium Ultratop 50]</ref><br />
|align="center"|13<br />
|-<br />
|[[Ultratop 50|Belgium Singles Chart]] (Wallonia)<ref name="belgium"/><br />
|align="center"|15<br />
|-<br />
|[[Canadian Hot 100]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=Canadian+Hot+100 Canadian Hot 100]</ref><br />
|align="center"|1<br />
|-<br />
|[[Chile|Chilean Singles Chart]]<ref name="belgium"/><br />
|align="center"|8<br />
|-<br />
|align="left"|[[Tracklisten|Danish Singles Chart]]<ref>[http://www.hitlisterne.dk/hl07/tracklisten.asp?list=t40# HITLISTEN.nu - Danish Singles Chart]</ref><br />
|align="center"|6<br />
|-<br />
|align="left"|[[Eurochart Hot 100]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=European+Hot+100+Singles Eurochart Hot 100]</ref><br />
|align="center"|3<br />
|-<br />
|align="left"|[[Mitä hittiä|Finnish Singles Chart]]<ref>[http://www.yle.fi/lista/listat/tuote.php?id=8855 Suomen virallinen lista]</ref><br />
|align="center"|7<br />
|-<br />
|align="left"|[[French Singles Chart]]<ref>[http://acharts.us/france_singles_top_100 France Singles Top 40]</ref><br />
|align="center"|14<br />
|-<br />
|align="left"|[[Media Control Charts|Germany Singles Chart]]<ref>[http://www.alaskajim.com/charts/currentsingles/international/germany.php German Singles Chart]</ref><br />
|align="center"|15<br />
|-<br />
|[[FIMI|Italian Singles Chart]]<ref>[http://www.fimi.it Italian FIMI singles chart]</ref><br />
|align="center"|26<br />
|-<br />
|align="left"|[[Norwegian Singles Chart]]<ref>[http://norwegiancharts.com/showitem.asp?key=481954&cat=s Norwegian singles chart]</ref><br />
|align="center"|3<br />
|-<br />
|align="left"|[[New Zealand Singles Chart]]<ref>[http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp RIANZ chart]</ref><br />
|align="center"|3<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sverigetopplistan|Swedish Singles Chart]]<ref name="belgium"/><br />
|align="center"|3<br />
|-<br />
|[[Switzerland|Swiss Singles Chart]]<ref>[http://acharts.us/song/35829 Swiss Singles Chart]</ref><br />
|align="center"|8<br />
|-<br />
|align="left"|[[Turkey Top 20 Chart]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.com.tr/pages/Turkiye_top20.aspx/ Turkey Top 20 Chart] Retrieved on 2009-02-02</ref><br />
|align="center"|4<br />
|-<br />
!align="left"|Chart (2009)<br />
!align="center"|Peak<br />position<br />
|-<br />
|[[Dutch Top 40]]<ref>[http://www.futuremusiccharts.nl/futuremusiccharts/2009/01/nederlandse-t-1.html Dutch Top 40]</ref><br />
|align="center"|9<br />
|-<br />
|align="left"|[[Greece|Greek Digital Singles Chart]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=Greece Greek Singles Chart]</ref><br />
|align="center"|2<br />
|-<br />
|align="left"|[[Irish Singles Chart]]<ref name="Irish"/><br />
|align="center"|1<br />
|-<br />
|align="left"|[[Israeli Singles Chart]]<ref>[http://www.charts.co.il/charts.asp?id=12 Israeli Singles Chart]</ref><br />
|align="center"|9<br />
|-<br />
|Spain [[Los 40 Principales]]<ref>[http://www.los40.com/musica/listas/40-principales/ Spain Los 40 Principales]</ref><br />
|align="center"|14<br />
|-<br />
|align="left"|[[UK Singles Chart]]<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/chart/singles.shtml UK Singles Chart: Just Dance big debut]</ref><br />
|align="center"|1<br />
|-<br />
|U.S. [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=The+Billboard+Hot+100 Billboard Hot 100]</ref><br />
|align="center"|1<br />
|-<br />
|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot Dance Club Play]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=Hot+Dance+Club+Play Billboard Hot Dance Club Play]</ref><br />
|align="center"|2<br />
|-<br />
|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=Hot+R%26B%2FHip-Hop+Songs Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs]</ref><br />
|align="center"|74<br />
|-<br />
|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Pop 100]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=Pop+100 Billboard Pop 100]</ref><br />
|align="center"|1<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Sales and certifications===<br />
{| class="wikitable" border="1"<br />
|-<br />
! Country<br />
! Sales<br />
! Certification<br />
|-<br />
| Denmark<br />
| 15,000+<br />
| Platinum<ref>[http://hitlisten.nu Denmark sales certification Denmark single certification]</ref><br />
|-<br />
| Australia<br />
| 140,000+<br />
| 2xPlatinum<ref>[http://ariacharts.com.au/pages/charts_display_singles.asp?chart=1U50 ARIA single certification]</ref><br />
|-<br />
| New Zealand<br />
| 15,000+<br />
| Platinum<ref>[http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp RIANZ single certification]</ref><br />
|-<br />
| United States<br />
| 2,600,000+<br />
| 2xPlatinum<ref>[http://new.music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart_watch/25950/week-ending-dec-28-2008-america-goes-on-a-downloading-binge/ America goes on a downloading binge]</ref><br />
|-<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| 319,000+ <br />
| Silver<br />
|-<br />
| Canada<br />
| 174,000+<br />
| Platinum<ref>[http://www.digitalhome.ca/content/view/3292/284/ Top ten digital songs in Canada]</ref><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Chart procession and succession===<br />
{{start box}}<br />
{{succession box two to one<br />
| before1 = "[[I Kissed a Girl]]" by [[Katy Perry]]<br />
| title1 = [[Canadian Hot 100]] [[Canadian Hot 100 number-one hits of 2008|number-one single]]<br />
| years1 = August 23, 2008 - September 27, 2008<br />
| before2 = "[[All Summer Long (Kid Rock song)|All Summer Long]]" by [[Kid Rock]]<br />
| title2 = [[Australian ARIA Singles Chart]] [[List of number-one singles in Australia in 2008|number-one single]]<br />
| years2 = September 15, 2008 - September 22, 2008<br />
| after = "[[So What (Pink song)|So What]]" by [[Pink (singer)|Pink]]<br />
}}<br />
{{s-bef| before = "[[Live Your Life]]" by [[T.I.]] featuring [[Rihanna]]}}<br />
{{s-ttl| title = U.S. ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' [[Pop 100]] [[Pop 100 number-one hits of 2009 (USA)|number-one single]]| years = January 10, 2009 -}}<!-- issue dates are allowed here --><br />
{{s-aft|after = incumbent}}<br />
<br />
{{s-bef|before = "[[Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)]]" by [[Beyoncé Knowles|Beyoncé]]}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title = U.S. ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' [[Hot 100]] [[Hot 100 number-one hits of 2009 (United States)|number-one single]]|years = January 17, 2009 - February 7, 2009}}<br />
{{s-aft|after = "[[My Life Would Suck Without You]]" by [[Kelly Clarkson]]}}<br />
|-<br />
{{s-bef|rows=2|before = "[[Hallelujah (Leonard Cohen song)#Alexandra Burke|Hallelujah]]" by [[Alexandra Burke]]}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title = [[UK Singles Chart]] [[List_of_number-one_singles_from_the_2000s_(UK)#2009|number-one single]]|years = January 11, 2009 - February 1, 2009 }}<br />
{{s-aft|rows=1|after="[[The Fear (song)|The Fear]]" by [[Lily Allen]]}}<br />
|-<br />
{{s-ttl|title = [[Irish Singles Chart]] [[Number-one singles of 2009 (Ireland)|number-one single]] |years = January 15, 2009 -}}<br />
{{s-aft|rows=1|after=incumbent}}<br />
|-<br />
{{s-bef|before = "[[Live Your Life]]" by [[T.I.]] featuring [[Rihanna]]}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title= U.S. ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' [[Pop 100 Airplay]] number-one single|years = January 31, 2009}}<br />
{{s-aft|after = "[[Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)]]" by [[Beyonce]]}}<br />
{{end box}}<!-- should be arranged based on actual date when the song peaked --><br />
<br />
==Release history==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Region<br />
! Date<br />
|-<br />
| [[North America]]<br />
| {{start date|2008|4|8}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Europe]]<br />
| {{start date|2008|8|22}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[United Kingdom]]<br />
| {{start date|2009|1|5}}<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Lady GaGa songs]]<br />
[[Category:2008 singles]]<br />
[[Category:Debut singles]]<br />
[[Category:Number-one singles in Australia]]<br />
[[Category:Number-one singles in Canada]]<br />
[[Category:Number-one singles in Ireland]]<br />
[[Category:Number-one singles in the United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:Number-one singles in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles]]<br />
[[Category:Billboard Pop 100 number-one singles]]<br />
<br />
{{Lady GaGa}}<br />
{{Colby O'Donis}}<br />
<br />
[[es:Just dance]]<br />
[[it:Just Dance]]<br />
[[ja:ジャスト・ダンス]]<br />
[[nl:Just Dance]]<br />
[[pl:Just Dance]]<br />
[[pt:Just Dance]]<br />
[[ro:Just Dance]]<br />
[[simple:Just Dance]]<br />
[[vi:Just Dance]]</div>Commander Shepardhttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Just_Dance_(Lied)&diff=67827344Just Dance (Lied)2009-02-07T23:14:06Z<p>Commander Shepard: /* Music video */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox Single <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject_Songs --><br />
| Name = Just Dance<br />
| Cover = LadyGagaJustDance.jpg<br />
| Artist = [[Lady GaGa]] featuring [[Colby O'Donis]]<br />
| Album = [[The Fame (Lady GaGa album)|The Fame]]<br />
| Released = {{Start date|2008|4|8}}<br/><small>(see [[#Release history|Release history]])</small><br />
| Format = [[CD single|CD]], [[Digital download]], [[12-inch single|12" vinyl]]<br />
| Recorded = 2008<br />
| Genre = [[Dance-pop]], [[electropop]]<br />
| Length = 4:01<ref name=writer>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/discography/index.jsp?aid=1197779&pid=1003999|title=Song details of Just Dance|publisher=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|accessdate=2009-02-04}}</ref><br />
| Label = Streamline, [[Kon Live Distribution|Kon Live]], [[Interscope]], [[Cherrytree Records|Cherrytree]]<ref name=writer/><br />
| Writer = [[Lady GaGa]], [[RedOne]], [[Akon]] <ref name=writer/><br />
| Producer = [[RedOne]], [[Akon]]<br />
| Audio sample? = <br />
| Certification = 2x Platinum <small>(RIAA)</small><br> 2x Platinum <small>([[ARIA Charts|ARIA]])</small> <br/> Platinum <small>([[RIANZ]])<br>Silver <small>([[BPI]])</small><br />
| Chronology = [[Lady GaGa]] singles<br />
| This single = "'''Just Dance'''"<br />(2008)<br />
| Next single = "[[Poker Face (Lady GaGa song)|Poker Face]]"<br />(2008)<br />
| Misc = {{Extra chronology 2<br />
| Artist = [[Colby O'Donis]] singles<br />
| Type = singles<br />
| Last single = "[[What You Got (Colby O'Donis song)|What You Got]]"<br />(2008)<br />
| This single = "'''Just Dance'''"<br />(2008)<br />
| Next single = "[[Don't Turn Back]]"<br />(2008)<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
{{listen<br />
| filename = Lady_GaGa-Just_Dance.ogg<br />
| title = "Just Dance"<br />
| format = [[Ogg]]<br />
}}<br />
"'''Just Dance'''" is a [[dance-pop]] song recorded by American [[pop music|pop]] singer [[Lady GaGa]]. Released as the [[lead single]] from Lady GaGa's [[debut album]], ''[[The Fame (album)|The Fame]]'', the song is written by Lady GaGa and features labelmate [[Colby O'Donis]] with additional vocals by [[Akon]]. The track is produced by [[RedOne]] and [[Akon]].<br />
<br />
The song has been a commercial success topping the charts in the United States, Australia, Canada, the Republic of Ireland, and the United Kingdom, as well as reaching the top ten in many other countries. In the U.S. "Just Dance" was a [[sleeper hit]], spending almost five months in the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]], before finally reaching the summit of the chart in January of 2009. It scored the second-biggest single-week sum of all time behind [[Flo Rida]]'s 467,000 from the same week last year, selling 419,000 downloads in just one week. It also garnered biggest-week download sales and the biggest single-week tally by a female artist since [[Nielsen SoundScan]] began tracking digital downloads in 2003.<ref name="billboard">[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/beyonce-starts-2009-atop-the-hot-100-1003926344.story Beyonce Starts 2009 Atop The Hot 100]</ref><br />
<br />
==Single release==<br />
"Just Dance" was first released to radio stations in the U.S. on April 8, 2008. It was released commercially worldwide on June 17, 2008 through digital distribution. It was released in the United Kingdom and Ireland on January 5th, 2009.<br />
<br />
On August 16, 2008, the song debuted at number seventy-six on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]. It also garnered the second biggest-single week sum of all time with download sales of 419,000, the biggest single-week tally by a female artist since Nielsen SoundScan began tracking digital downloads in 2003.<ref name="billboard" /><br />
<br />
==Promotion==<br />
In order to promote the record Lady Gaga performed on many television shows in the [[United States]]. Lady Gaga's television debut was on Logo's NewNowNext Awards on June 7, 2008, where she performed "Just Dance" as the closing number. In addition, she appeared on [[Jimmy Kimmel Live]], [[The Tonight Show with Jay Leno]] and [[Ellen Degeneres Show]]. In July, she performed the song during the swimsuit competition of the [[Miss Universe 2008]] beauty pageant in [[Vietnam]]. In [[Australia]] she performed on [[Sunrise]] (her performance caused controversy because of allegations she was [[lip-synching]]). She also performed on Australian late night talk show [[Rove]]. In the [[UK]] she performed on morning show [[GMTV]], comedy show [[Sunday Night Project]], talk show [[T4]] and performed at [[G-A-Y]] in [[London]]. She also made various appearances on radio worldwide.<br />
<br />
==Lyrics==<br />
With ''[[Digital Spy]]'', Lady Gaga explained what "Just Dance" was about:<br><br />
{{cquote|The whole song's about being totally wasted at a party. It's about all the things that happen when you're out and you totally lose your head. In that situation we never really want to stop the party so we just dance through it. You're thinking, 'Oh fuck I wanna go home!' but your friends are like, 'Don't go home you loser, have another beer', so you do, you dance and then you're fine.<ref>{{ cite web | url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/a139140/ones-to-watch-in-2009-lady-gaga.html | title=Ones To Watch In 2009: Lady GaGa | work=[[Digital Spy]] | author=Nick Levine | date=2008-12-31 | accessdate=2009-01-23 }}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
Nick Levine, music editor of [[Digital Spy]] described the track as "mix [[Gwen Stefani]]'s ghetto fabulousness with a rather more limited version of [[Christina Aguilera]]'s voice, sprinkle in a bit of [[Madonna]]'s blonde ambition and then let it marinate in a generous helping of [[Andy Warhol]]."<ref>[http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/a139516/lady-gaga-ft-colby-odonis-just-dance.html Digital Spy - Nick Levine review of "Just Dance"]</ref> "It's a booming fusion of electropop and R&B that practically jumps out of the speakers and strong-arms you into shimmying round the office/your bedroom/Boots' deodorant aisle," the website said, the lyrics are all about "dancing through the intoxication", which is strangely perfect really.<br />
<br />
Bill Lamb of [[About.com]] thought that "Just Dance" is a "a flamboyant, edgy performer, this song is rather tame, but it does provide a path to get Lady GaGa noticed by the mainstream. It's catchy and may just get you up off the couch, but my guess is there is much more interesting music yet to come from Lady GaGa".<ref>[http://top40.about.com/od/singles/gr/justdance.htm Bill Lamb review of Just Dance]</ref><br />
<br />
==Chart performance==<br />
The track entered the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] chart at seventy-six on August 16, 2008. The single was a hit in clubs in the U.S. peaking both at #2 on the [[Hot Dance Airplay]], and [[Hot Dance Club Play]] during the summer of 2008. The song rose to number two on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, after selling huge downloads of 419,000, for the issue dated January 10, 2009. On the same issue, the song rose to #1 on the ''Billboard'' [[Pop 100]] due to more radio airplay and [[digital download]]s in the country. It has also peaked at the number one spot on the Billboard [[Hot Digital Tracks]] chart. On the issue dated January 17, 2009, the song rose to number one spot on the Hot 100 replacing "[[Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)]]" by [[Beyonce]], where it stayed for three weeks before being replaced by [[Kelly Clarkson]]'s "[[My Life Would Suck Without You]]" for the issue date of 7th February 2009.<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/kelly-clarkson-breaks-record-for-hot-100-1003935142.story Kelly Clarkson Breaks Record For Hot 100 Jump][[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard.com]] Retrieved on 2009-01-29</ref> The single took 22 weeks to hit the top spot which is the second longest climb to number-one since [[Creed (band)|Creed]]'s "[[With Arms Wide Open]]" took 27 weeks when the single finally hit number-one in November 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/lady-gaga-dances-to-the-top-of-hot-100-1003928479.story|title=Lady GaGa Dances To The Top Of Hot 100|author=Jonathan Cohen|publisher=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard.com]]|date=8th January, 2009|accessdate=2009-01-09}}</ref><br />
<br />
In Canada, the song debuted at number ninety-seven on the [[Canadian Hot 100]] and topped the Canadian Hot 100 for five consecutive weeks during the summer, months before it became a big hit in the United States. <ref>[http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=Canadian+Hot+100 Just Dance leaps on the Canadian Hot 100]</ref><br />
<br />
The track debuted at number thirty-four on the [[Australian ARIA Singles Chart]] on July 21, 2008, and moved up to seventeen on the July 30 and was the chart's "greatest gainer". On September 15, 2008, the track topped the chart for one week before being knocked off the top spot for [[Pink (singer)|Pink]]'s hit "[[So What]]". It has since been certified double platinum with sales of over 140,000 copies.<ref>[http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-100-singles-2008.htm ARIA year end charts]</ref><ref>[http://www.ariacharts.com.au/pages/charts_display_singles.asp?chart=1U50 Double Platinum certifications]</ref><br />
<br />
The single also charted in New Zealand debuting at number nineteen in the same week it appeared in the Australian ARIA Singles Chart. It reached number three on the New Zealand's [[RIANZ]] Singles chart. It has been certified platinum by the RIANZ. <ref>[http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp RIANZ certification]</ref> Just Dance is the 31st most successful song of all time in New Zealand. <ref>[http://www.charts.org.nz.asp Charts.com]</ref><br />
<br />
In much of Europe the track has achieved a moderate success, although it is receiving increasing airplay. It has peaked the top ten in Bulgaria, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and The Netherlands (after its re-release in 2009). "Just Dance" peaked in the top 20 in Austria, Belgium, Ireland, Finland, France and Germany.<ref>[http://acharts.us/song/35829 "Just Dance" peak positions all around the world]</ref> In addition, the song also charted in Sweden, climbing to number six<ref>[http://acharts.us/sweden_singles_top_60/2008/28 Sweden Singles Top 60 week 28/2008]</ref> two weeks after it debuted at number fourteen.<ref>[http://acharts.us/sweden_singles_top_60/2008/26 Sweden Singles Top 60 week 26/2008]</ref><br />
<br />
In the U.K. "Just Dance" debuted at number 3 selling 40,537 copies from download sales alone on January 4, 2009. It rose to number one on January 11, 2009 selling 65,764 copies. It remained at the top spot the following week giving it three consecutive weeks at the chart's summit on it's 5th week in the UK Chart's it slipped to number 2 being replaced by [[Lily Allen]]'s "[[The Fear]]".<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/news/lady-gaga-kings-of-leon-lead-u-k-charts-1003929336.story Lady GaGa, Kings Of Leon Lead UK Charts]</ref> In Ireland, the song debuted at number 11 in the week ending January 2, 2009. The following week it rose to number 2 on the main chart, and number one on the downloads chart and subsequent week reached topped the Singles chart.<ref name="Irish">[http://www.charttrack.co.uk/index.jsp?c=p/musicvideo/music/archive/index_test.jsp&ct=240001&arch=t&lyr=2009&year=2009&week=3 Just Dance tops Irish Singles chart]</ref> Despite reaching number one in the United States, Canada and many other countries Lady GaGa was most proud of achieving number one success in the UK, even so that she cried when it was announced. She claims it has been a life long dream to have a big hit in the country and stated that her British fans are "so sexy and the people are so innovative and free in how they think about pop culture and music".<ref>[http://news.uk.msn.com/entertainment/article.aspx?cp-documentid=12685666 Lady GaGa response on number one in the UK]</ref><br />
<br />
==Remix==<br />
The official remix of the song features rapper [[Kardinal Offishall]]. It contains samples of his voice from his own song "[[Dangerous (Kardinal Offishall song)|Dangerous]]", and also has the same rhythm and tempo as the song. It has also received airplay in a few radio stations due to it being released in Dance Clubs. Other remixes of the song, such as Tony Arzadon Remix, are also the versions some radio stations have decided to play.<br />
<br />
==Music video==<br />
[[Image:Lady gaga-justdance-musicvideo.PNG|right|200px|thumb|Lady GaGa dancing in the music video for "Just Dance"]]<br />
<br />
The video, directed by [[Melina Matsoukas]], starts with Lady GaGa arriving with her dancers, Dina and Pepper, at a [[house party]], which seems to have ended, and one of the dancers puts a Discolite [[Boombox]] on, starting the music. The crowd at the party appear to be sleeping in different areas, and are awoken by the music. They all start to dance, and scenes of the party are inter cut with scenes of scantily dressed Lady GaGa dancing in a [[poncho]], with a disco ball or in a small rubber pool playing with an inflated killer whale. She wears a blue lightning shaped sticker beneath her right eye like that on the single cover. The video shows [[Colby O'Donis]] being flanked by several girls during the "When I come through on the dance floor" interlude. Cameo appearances are made by [[Akon]] and fellow label hip-hop band [[Flipsyde]].<ref>[http://www.playhit.tv/lady-gaga-colby-odonis/just-dance-video_09aa0415a.html Lady GaGa: Just Dance]Retrieved on 2009-01-09</ref><ref>[http://www.videostatic.com/vs/2008/05/when-you-hear-t.html When you hear: Videostatic]</ref><br />
<br />
*Directed By:- [[Melina Matsoukas]]<br />
*Produced By:- Kim Dellara, Hagai Shaham<br />
*Production co-ordinater:- [[Black Dog Productions]]<br />
*Edited By:- Jarret Fijal<br />
<br />
==Track listings==<br />
{{col-begin}}<br />
{{col-2}}<br />
'''US Maxi CD single'''<br />
# "Just Dance"<br />
# "Just Dance" (HCCR's Bambossa Main Mix)<br />
# "Just Dance" (Richard Vission Remix)<br />
# "Just Dance" (Trevor Simpson Remix)<br />
<br />
'''US Promo Club CD'''<br />
# "Just Dance"<br />
# "Just Dance" (Instrumental)<br />
# "Just Dance" (A Capella)<br />
<br />
'''US Promo Remix CD'''<br />
# "Just Dance"<br />
# "Just Dance" (Instrumental)<br />
# "Just Dance" (A Capella)<br />
# "Just Dance" (HCCR's Bambossa Main Mix)<br />
# "Just Dance" (Richard Vission Remix)<br />
# "Just Dance" (Trevor Simpson Remix)<br />
# "Just Dance" (Justin Romanes Edit)<br />
# "Just Dance" (HCCR's Bambossa Radio Edit)<br />
# "Just Dance" (Trevor Simpson Edit)<br />
# "Just Dance" (HCCR's Bambossa Dub)<br />
<br />
'''AUS CD single'''<br />
# "Just Dance"<br />
# "Just Dance" (Trevor Simpson Remix)<br />
<br />
'''DE Maxi CD single'''<br />
# "Just Dance"<br />
# "Just Dance" (HCCR's Bambossa Main Mix)<br />
# "Just Dance" (Instrumental)<br />
# "Just Dance" (Video)<br />
<br />
{{col-2}}<br />
'''DE Trend CD single'''<br />
# "Just Dance"<br />
# "Just Dance" (Trevor Simpson Remix)<br />
<br />
'''FR Maxi CD single'''<br />
# "Just Dance"<br />
# "Just Dance" (Glam As You Radio Mix)<br />
# "Just Dance" (Glam As You Club Mix)<br />
<br />
'''US Remixes Part 2 EP'''<br />
# "Just Dance" (RedOne Remix) Lady GaGa & [[Kardinal Offishall]]<br />
# "Just Dance" (Space Cowboy Remix) Lady GaGa & Colby O'Donis<br />
# "Just Dance" (Robots To Mars Mix) Lady GaGa<br />
# "Just Dance" (Tony Arzadon Remix) Lady GaGa & Colby O'Donis<br />
<br />
'''UK CD single'''<br />
# "Just Dance" (Main Version)<br />
# "Just Dance" (RedOne Remix) Lady GaGa & Kardinal Offishal<br />
<br />
'''UK 7" Numbered Picture Vinyl Disc'''<br />
# "Just Dance" (Main Version)<br />
# "Just Dance" (HCCR's Bambossa Main Mix)<br />
<br />
'''Japanese Digital single'''<ref>[http://mora.jp/package/80311556/00602517688056/ Just Dance] ''Mora.jp'' Retrieved on 8 January, 2009.</ref><br />
# "Just Dance"<br />
# "Just Dance" (HCCR's Bambossa Main Mix)<br />
# "Just Dance" (Richard Vission Remix)<br />
# "Just Dance" (Trevor Simpson Remix)<br />
{{col-end}}<br />
<br />
==Official versions and remixes==<br />
* "Just Dance" (original mix by Robert Orton)<br />
* "Just Dance" A Capella<br />
* "Just Dance" Instrumental<br />
* "Just Dance" (Glam As You Club Mix)<br />
* "Just Dance" (Glam As You Radio Mix)<br />
* "Just Dance" (HCCR's Bambossa Dub)<br />
* "Just Dance" (HCCR's Bambossa Main Mix)<br />
* "Just Dance" (HCCR's Bambossa Radio Edit)<br />
* "Just Dance" ([[RedOne]] Remix featuring Kardinal Offishall)<br />
* "Just Dance" ([[Manny Lehman]] Remix)<br />
* "Just Dance" (Richard Vission Remix)<br />
* "Just Dance" ([[Richard Vission]] Radio Edit)<br />
* "Just Dance" (Robots to Mars Remix)<br />
* "Just Dance" ([[Space Cowboy]] Remix)<br />
* "Just Dance" (Tony Arzadon Remix)<br />
* "Just Dance" (Tony Arzadon Extended Club Mix)<br />
* "Just Dance" (Trevor Simpson Radio Edit)<br />
* "Just Dance" (Trevor Simpson Remix)<br />
<br />
==Charts==<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
!align="left"|Chart (2008)<br />
!align="center"|Peak<br />position<br />
|-<br />
|[[ARIA Charts|Australian Singles Chart]]<ref>[http://www.ariacharts.com.au/pages/charts_display_singles.asp?chart=1U50 Australian Singles Chart - Australian Record Industry Association<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><br />
|align="center"|1<br />
|-<br />
|[[Austrian Singles Chart]]<ref>[http://charts.orf.at/oe3/single/2008/woche36/ Austria singles chart]</ref><br />
|align="center"|12<br />
|-<br />
|[[Ultratop 50|Belgium Singles Chart]] (Flanders)<ref name="belgium">[http://www.ultratop.be/nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Lady+GaGa&titel=Just+Dance&cat=s Belgium Ultratop 50]</ref><br />
|align="center"|13<br />
|-<br />
|[[Ultratop 50|Belgium Singles Chart]] (Wallonia)<ref name="belgium"/><br />
|align="center"|15<br />
|-<br />
|[[Canadian Hot 100]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=Canadian+Hot+100 Canadian Hot 100]</ref><br />
|align="center"|1<br />
|-<br />
|[[Chile|Chilean Singles Chart]]<ref name="belgium"/><br />
|align="center"|8<br />
|-<br />
|align="left"|[[Tracklisten|Danish Singles Chart]]<ref>[http://www.hitlisterne.dk/hl07/tracklisten.asp?list=t40# HITLISTEN.nu - Danish Singles Chart]</ref><br />
|align="center"|6<br />
|-<br />
|align="left"|[[Eurochart Hot 100]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=European+Hot+100+Singles Eurochart Hot 100]</ref><br />
|align="center"|3<br />
|-<br />
|align="left"|[[Mitä hittiä|Finnish Singles Chart]]<ref>[http://www.yle.fi/lista/listat/tuote.php?id=8855 Suomen virallinen lista]</ref><br />
|align="center"|7<br />
|-<br />
|align="left"|[[French Singles Chart]]<ref>[http://acharts.us/france_singles_top_100 France Singles Top 40]</ref><br />
|align="center"|14<br />
|-<br />
|align="left"|[[Media Control Charts|Germany Singles Chart]]<ref>[http://www.alaskajim.com/charts/currentsingles/international/germany.php German Singles Chart]</ref><br />
|align="center"|15<br />
|-<br />
|[[FIMI|Italian Singles Chart]]<ref>[http://www.fimi.it Italian FIMI singles chart]</ref><br />
|align="center"|26<br />
|-<br />
|align="left"|[[Norwegian Singles Chart]]<ref>[http://norwegiancharts.com/showitem.asp?key=481954&cat=s Norwegian singles chart]</ref><br />
|align="center"|3<br />
|-<br />
|align="left"|[[New Zealand Singles Chart]]<ref>[http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp RIANZ chart]</ref><br />
|align="center"|3<br />
|-<br />
|[[Sverigetopplistan|Swedish Singles Chart]]<ref name="belgium"/><br />
|align="center"|3<br />
|-<br />
|[[Switzerland|Swiss Singles Chart]]<ref>[http://acharts.us/song/35829 Swiss Singles Chart]</ref><br />
|align="center"|8<br />
|-<br />
|align="left"|[[Turkey Top 20 Chart]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.com.tr/pages/Turkiye_top20.aspx/ Turkey Top 20 Chart] Retrieved on 2009-02-02</ref><br />
|align="center"|4<br />
|-<br />
!align="left"|Chart (2009)<br />
!align="center"|Peak<br />position<br />
|-<br />
|[[Dutch Top 40]]<ref>[http://www.futuremusiccharts.nl/futuremusiccharts/2009/01/nederlandse-t-1.html Dutch Top 40]</ref><br />
|align="center"|9<br />
|-<br />
|align="left"|[[Greece|Greek Digital Singles Chart]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=Greece Greek Singles Chart]</ref><br />
|align="center"|2<br />
|-<br />
|align="left"|[[Irish Singles Chart]]<ref name="Irish"/><br />
|align="center"|1<br />
|-<br />
|align="left"|[[Israeli Singles Chart]]<ref>[http://www.charts.co.il/charts.asp?id=12 Israeli Singles Chart]</ref><br />
|align="center"|9<br />
|-<br />
|Spain [[Los 40 Principales]]<ref>[http://www.los40.com/musica/listas/40-principales/ Spain Los 40 Principales]</ref><br />
|align="center"|14<br />
|-<br />
|align="left"|[[UK Singles Chart]]<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/chart/singles.shtml UK Singles Chart: Just Dance big debut]</ref><br />
|align="center"|1<br />
|-<br />
|U.S. [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=The+Billboard+Hot+100 Billboard Hot 100]</ref><br />
|align="center"|1<br />
|-<br />
|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot Dance Club Play]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=Hot+Dance+Club+Play Billboard Hot Dance Club Play]</ref><br />
|align="center"|2<br />
|-<br />
|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=Hot+R%26B%2FHip-Hop+Songs Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs]</ref><br />
|align="center"|74<br />
|-<br />
|U.S. ''Billboard'' [[Pop 100]]<ref>[http://www.billboard.biz/bbbiz/charts/chart_display.jsp?g=Singles&f=Pop+100 Billboard Pop 100]</ref><br />
|align="center"|1<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Sales and certifications===<br />
{| class="wikitable" border="1"<br />
|-<br />
! Country<br />
! Sales<br />
! Certification<br />
|-<br />
| Denmark<br />
| 15,000+<br />
| Platinum<ref>[http://hitlisten.nu Denmark sales certification Denmark single certification]</ref><br />
|-<br />
| Australia<br />
| 140,000+<br />
| 2xPlatinum<ref>[http://ariacharts.com.au/pages/charts_display_singles.asp?chart=1U50 ARIA single certification]</ref><br />
|-<br />
| New Zealand<br />
| 15,000+<br />
| Platinum<ref>[http://www.rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart.asp RIANZ single certification]</ref><br />
|-<br />
| United States<br />
| 2,600,000+<br />
| 2xPlatinum<ref>[http://new.music.yahoo.com/blogs/chart_watch/25950/week-ending-dec-28-2008-america-goes-on-a-downloading-binge/ America goes on a downloading binge]</ref><br />
|-<br />
| United Kingdom<br />
| 319,000+ <br />
| Silver<br />
|-<br />
| Canada<br />
| 174,000+<br />
| Platinum<ref>[http://www.digitalhome.ca/content/view/3292/284/ Top ten digital songs in Canada]</ref><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Chart procession and succession===<br />
{{start box}}<br />
{{succession box two to one<br />
| before1 = "[[I Kissed a Girl]]" by [[Katy Perry]]<br />
| title1 = [[Canadian Hot 100]] [[Canadian Hot 100 number-one hits of 2008|number-one single]]<br />
| years1 = August 23, 2008 - September 27, 2008<br />
| before2 = "[[All Summer Long (Kid Rock song)|All Summer Long]]" by [[Kid Rock]]<br />
| title2 = [[Australian ARIA Singles Chart]] [[List of number-one singles in Australia in 2008|number-one single]]<br />
| years2 = September 15, 2008 - September 22, 2008<br />
| after = "[[So What (Pink song)|So What]]" by [[Pink (singer)|Pink]]<br />
}}<br />
{{s-bef| before = "[[Live Your Life]]" by [[T.I.]] featuring [[Rihanna]]}}<br />
{{s-ttl| title = U.S. ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' [[Pop 100]] [[Pop 100 number-one hits of 2009 (USA)|number-one single]]| years = January 10, 2009 -}}<!-- issue dates are allowed here --><br />
{{s-aft|after = incumbent}}<br />
<br />
{{s-bef|before = "[[Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)]]" by [[Beyoncé Knowles|Beyoncé]]}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title = U.S. ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' [[Hot 100]] [[Hot 100 number-one hits of 2009 (United States)|number-one single]]|years = January 17, 2009 - February 7, 2009}}<br />
{{s-aft|after = "[[My Life Would Suck Without You]]" by [[Kelly Clarkson]]}}<br />
|-<br />
{{s-bef|rows=2|before = "[[Hallelujah (Leonard Cohen song)#Alexandra Burke|Hallelujah]]" by [[Alexandra Burke]]}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title = [[UK Singles Chart]] [[List_of_number-one_singles_from_the_2000s_(UK)#2009|number-one single]]|years = January 11, 2009 - February 1, 2009 }}<br />
{{s-aft|rows=1|after="[[The Fear (song)|The Fear]]" by [[Lily Allen]]}}<br />
|-<br />
{{s-ttl|title = [[Irish Singles Chart]] [[Number-one singles of 2009 (Ireland)|number-one single]] |years = January 15, 2009 -}}<br />
{{s-aft|rows=1|after=incumbent}}<br />
|-<br />
{{s-bef|before = "[[Live Your Life]]" by [[T.I.]] featuring [[Rihanna]]}}<br />
{{s-ttl|title= U.S. ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' [[Pop 100 Airplay]] number-one single|years = January 31, 2009}}<br />
{{s-aft|after = "[[Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)]]" by [[Beyonce]]}}<br />
{{end box}}<!-- should be arranged based on actual date when the song peaked --><br />
<br />
==Release history==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Region<br />
! Date<br />
|-<br />
| [[North America]]<br />
| {{start date|2008|4|8}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Europe]]<br />
| {{start date|2008|8|22}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[United Kingdom]]<br />
| {{start date|2009|1|5}}<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Lady GaGa songs]]<br />
[[Category:2008 singles]]<br />
[[Category:Debut singles]]<br />
[[Category:Number-one singles in Australia]]<br />
[[Category:Number-one singles in Canada]]<br />
[[Category:Number-one singles in Ireland]]<br />
[[Category:Number-one singles in the United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:Number-one singles in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles]]<br />
[[Category:Billboard Pop 100 number-one singles]]<br />
<br />
{{Lady GaGa}}<br />
{{Colby O'Donis}}<br />
<br />
[[es:Just dance]]<br />
[[it:Just Dance]]<br />
[[ja:ジャスト・ダンス]]<br />
[[nl:Just Dance]]<br />
[[pl:Just Dance]]<br />
[[pt:Just Dance]]<br />
[[ro:Just Dance]]<br />
[[simple:Just Dance]]<br />
[[vi:Just Dance]]</div>Commander Shepardhttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benutzer:Mielas/Vivendi_Games&diff=191524389Benutzer:Mielas/Vivendi Games2009-01-29T16:20:40Z<p>Commander Shepard: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Refimprove|date=January 2009}}<br />
{{Infobox Company<br />
|company_name=Vivendi Games<br />
|company_logo=[[Image:Vivendi logo.png|160px]]<br />
|company_type=Subsidiary of [[Vivendi]]<br />
|foundation=1993-2003 (As Universal Interactive Studios) <br/> 2003- (As Vivendi Universal games)<br />
|location=[[Paris]], [[France]]<br />
|key_people=<br />
|industry=[[Video game industry]]<br />
|products=[[Video game]]s<br />
|revenue={{profit}}$1.018 billion [[United States dollar|USD]] (2007)|<br />
|num_employees=3,400<br />
|parent=[[Activision Blizzard]]<br />
|subsid= [[Sierra Entertainment]]<br />
|homepage=<br />
|footnotes=<br />
}}<br />
'''Vivendi Games''', formerly known as '''Vivendi Universal Games''', is a Worldwide [[France|French]] developer, publisher and distributor of interactive entertainment. Vivendi Games was founded as Vivendi Universal Games after [[Vivendi]] brought Universal in the early 2000's. Before then Vivendi Games was known as '''Universal Interactive Studios'''. Vivendi Games is a 100% subsidiary of [[Vivendi]] SA. Headed by Bruce Hack, it is headquartered in Los Angeles, California and employs over 3,400 people at 4 separate development divisions.<br />
<br />
Vivendi Games owns the rights to such popular franchises as [[Warcraft (series)|Warcraft]], [[StarCraft]], [[Diablo (video game)|Diablo]] and [[World of Warcraft]] (all games developed by [[Blizzard Entertainment]]) as well as others like [[Empire Earth (series)|Empire Earth]], [[Leisure Suit Larry]], [[Ground Control]] and [[Tribes (series)|Tribes]] and [[Crash Bandicoot]] and [[Spyro the Dragon]] Owned by [[Sierra Entertainment]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
The history of Vivendi Games begins in February 1996, when [[CUC International]], a large mail order and subscription company, offered to acquire entertainment software developer [[Sierra Entertainment|Sierra On-Line]]. Headquartered in Bellevue, Washington, Sierra was the leading developer and publisher of computer games and was famous for its adventure game series such as [[King's Quest]], [[Gabriel Knight]], [[Space Quest]], and [[Leisure Suit Larry]]. Sierra was a public company, which employed roughly 1,000 employees at 12 different acquired studios. CUC offered to absorb Sierra's stock shares at a price roughly 90% higher than what Sierra was trading, and on July 24th 1996, Sierra became a wholly owned subsidiary of CUC.<br />
<br />
At the same time, CUC also approached [[Davidson & Associates]], a leading publisher and distributor of educational software, with an offer of a similar stock swap. Headquartered in Torrance, California, Davidson was famous for its [[Blaster Learning System|Math Blaster]] series, and also for [[Warcraft (series)|Warcraft]] and Diablo. While mainly a game publisher, Davidson also had a major in-house developer in the form of [[Blizzard Entertainment]], which Davidson had acquired in 1994, and employed over 800 employees as of February 1996. <br />
Davidson was also a public company, founded and headed by Bob Davidson, who acted as CEO, and also by [[Jan Davidson]], who acted as President. <br />
<br />
After acquiring these companies, CUC quickly integrated these two new divisions into the main CUC organization by announcing in September 1996 the creation of [[CUC Software]], a holding company which would consolidate the finance, distribution, manufacturing, accounting, sales, R&D and overall management of CUC's software companies. <br />
<br />
Soon after its creation, CUC Software acquired in January 1997 [[Knowledge Adventure]], a leading developer of educational software, famous for its [[JumpStart]] series of child oriented programs. CUC also acquired [[Gryphon Software]], another educational software company. Davidson & Associates and Gryphon were then absorbed into Knowledge Adventure, and [[Blizzard Entertainment]] was made a separate division of CUC Software. In 1997, [[CUC Software]] also acquired [[Berkeley Systems]], a California-based developer famous for its [[You Don't Know Jack]] series, and integrated Berkeley Systems into Sierra On-Line.<br />
<br />
CUC then merged with a hotel, real-estate, and car-rental franchiser called HFS Corporation to form [[Cendant]] in 1997. In 1998 it became apparent that CUC had engaged in accounting fraud for years before the merger; Cendant's stock lost 80% of its value over the next six months in the ensuing widely discussed accounting scandal. The company sold its consumer software operations, which included Sierra On-line and Blizzard, to French publisher [[Havas]] in 1998, the same year Havas was purchased by [[Vivendi]], which formed Vivendi Universal Games.<br />
<br />
In 2004, Vivendi Games sold one of its divisions, [[Knowledge Adventure]] to a group of private investors. In 2005 Vivendi's revenues made 641 million euros with earnings from operations equaling to 41 million euros. In 2006 Vivendi Games created a new mobile division '''Vivendi Games Mobile''', which was promised to begin publishing and distributing games in 2006 through mobile carriers and portals.<br />
<br />
In December 2007 it was announced that Vivendi Games would merge with games developer [[Activision]], forming [[Activision Blizzard]].<ref name="actblizmerger">{{cite press release<br />
| title = VIVENDI AND ACTIVISION TO CREATE ACTIVISION BLIZZARD – World’s Largest, Most Profitable Pure-Play Video Game Publisher<br />
| publisher = [[Activision]], [[Vivendi]]<br />
| date = [[2007-12-02]]<br />
| url = http://www.activisionblizzard.com/pressReleases/pr120207.php<br />
| accessdate = 2007-12-02 <br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Divisions==<br />
<br />
===Universal Interactive Studios===<br />
<br />
The former studio owned by [[Universal Studios]] before being sold to [[Vivendi]]. Universal Interactive Studios was known for publishing and distributing [[Crash Bandicoot (series)|Crash Bandicoot]] and [[Spyro the Dragon (series)|Spyro the Dragon]] games. Around 2001, Universal Interactive Studios name was shortened to Universal Interactive. After 2003, Universal Interactive was known as [[Vivendi Games|Vivendi Universal Games]].<br />
<br />
===Blizzard Entertainment===<br />
{{Main|Blizzard Entertainment}}<br />
Blizzard Entertainment is a world-renowned development studio best known for creating the series [[Warcraft (series)|Warcraft]] (including [[World of Warcraft]]), [[Diablo (series)|Diablo]] and [[StarCraft (series)|StarCraft]]. World of Warcraft, the world’s most popular game in the MMORPG category, has currently over 11 million subscribers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kotaku.com/347552/world-of-warcraft-reaches-10-million-mark |title=World Of Warcraft Reaches 10 Million Mark |date=2008-01-22 |accessdate=2009-01-29 |publisher=[[Kotaku]] }}</ref> <br />
<br />
===Sierra Entertainment===<br />
{{Main|Sierra Entertainment}}<br />
Sierra Entertainment creates and publishes software for consoles, handheld gaming devices and personal computers. Sierra Entertainment features a portfolio of titles, including [[F.E.A.R.]], [[Scarface: The World Is Yours|Scarface]], and Ice Age, based on original intellectual property and popular licenses from industry-leading content partners.<br />
<br />
Operating out of Los Angeles, California, Sierra employs over 700 people in development and has four wholly owned studios providing creative talents and development capabilities across multiple gaming genres: [[High Moon Studios]], [[Radical Entertainment]], [[Swordfish Studios]] and [[Massive Entertainment]]. With the merge of Activision and Vivendi, Sierra Entertainment was closed down and both [[Swordfish Studios]] and [[Massive Entertainment]] have been sold off.<br />
<br />
===Sierra Online===<br />
{{Main|Sierra Online}}<br />
Sierra Online, a newly created division, focuses on developing and publishing high quality short and mid-session casual online games for [[Personal computer|PC]], [[Xbox Live Arcade]] and a range of other platforms. <br />
<br />
Sierra Online’s titles include Assault Heroes, an award-winning game for Xbox Live Arcade, and [[FreeStyle Street Basketball]], an online PC game from leading Korean developer JC Entertainment, Inc. <br />
<br />
The division is also developing a variety of other Xbox Live Arcade and PC online games targeting the mass market.<br />
<br />
===Vivendi Games Mobile===<br />
{{Main|Vivendi Games Mobile}}<br />
Vivendi Games Mobile, a newly formed division, creates and publishes games for the worldwide mobile market. The division publishes games based on original intellectual property, popular entertainment licenses and classic Sierra Entertainment intellectual property games which are distributed by more than 90 operators and dozens of Web portals in more than 60 countries. <br />
<br />
Vivendi Games Mobile has launched a number of award-winning titles, including SWAT Force which was named “Best Wireless Game of the Year” by Spike TV in December 2006.<br />
<br />
Vivendi Mobile Games is ceasing operations. This is to be completed early in 2009.<br />
<br />
==Executive management==<br />
[[René Pénisson]],<br />
Chairman,<br />
Vivendi Games<br />
<br />
[[Bruce Hack]],<br />
CEO,<br />
Vivendi Games<br />
<br />
[[Pascal Brochier]],<br />
President, Global Retail<br />
<br />
[[Cindy Cook]],<br />
Chief Strategy and Marketing Officer<br />
<br />
[[Terri Durham]],<br />
Executive Vice President, Business Development and Global General Counsel<br />
<br />
[[Jean-François Grollemund]],<br />
Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer <br />
<br />
[[Mark Halacy]],<br />
Executive Vice President, Global Human Resources<br />
<br />
==Divisional management==<br />
[[Michael Morhaime]],<br />
President,<br />
[[Blizzard Entertainment]]<br />
<br />
[[Martin Tremblay]],<br />
President<br />
Worldwide Studios,<br />
[[Sierra Entertainment]]<br />
<br />
Al Simone,<br />
Senior Vice President, Global Marketing<br />
[[Sierra Entertainment]]<br />
<br />
[[Ed Zobrist]].<br />
President,<br />
Sierra Online<br />
<br />
[[Paul Maglione]],<br />
President,<br />
[[Vivendi Games Mobile]]<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Vivendi]]<br />
*[[List of assets owned by Vivendi]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.vivendi.com/ Vivendi.com - Official site of Vivendi]<br />
*[http://vugames.com/ VUgames.com - Official site of Vivendi games], redirects to [[Sierra Entertainment]] [http://sierra.com official site].<br />
*[http://www.vivendi.com/corp/en/subsidiaries/index_games.php Vivendi games at Vivendi.com] — Vivendi Games page at [http://www.vivendi.com/ vivendi.com].<br />
<br />
{{Vivendi}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Companies established in 1996]]<br />
[[Category:French video game companies]]<br />
<br />
[[fr:Vivendi Games]]<br />
[[it:Vivendi Games]]<br />
[[nl:Vivendi Games]]<br />
[[ja:ヴィヴェンディ・ユニバーサルゲームズ]]<br />
[[pt:Vivendi Games]]</div>Commander Shepardhttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benutzer:Mielas/Vivendi_Games&diff=191524388Benutzer:Mielas/Vivendi Games2009-01-29T16:19:47Z<p>Commander Shepard: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Refimprove|date=January 2009}}<br />
{{Infobox Company<br />
|company_name=Vivendi Games<br />
|company_logo=[[Image:Vivendi logo.png|160px]]<br />
|company_type=Subsidiary of [[Vivendi]]<br />
|foundation=1993-2003 (As Universal Interactive Studios) <br/> 2003- (As Vivendi Universal games)<br />
|location=[[Paris]], [[France]]<br />
|key_people=<br />
|industry=[[Video game industry]]<br />
|products=[[Video game]]s<br />
|revenue={{profit}}$1.018 billion [[United States dollar|USD]] (2007)|<br />
|num_employees=3,400<br />
|parent=[[Activision Blizzard]]<br />
|subsid= [[Sierra Entertainment]]<br />
|homepage=[http://www.example.com link title]<br />
|footnotes=<br />
}}<br />
'''Vivendi Games''', formerly known as '''Vivendi Universal Games''', is a Worldwide [[France|French]] developer, publisher and distributor of interactive entertainment. Vivendi Games was founded as Vivendi Universal Games after [[Vivendi]] brought Universal in the early 2000's. Before then Vivendi Games was known as '''Universal Interactive Studios'''. Vivendi Games is a 100% subsidiary of [[Vivendi]] SA. Headed by Bruce Hack, it is headquartered in Los Angeles, California and employs over 3,400 people at 4 separate development divisions.<br />
<br />
Vivendi Games owns the rights to such popular franchises as [[Warcraft (series)|Warcraft]], [[StarCraft]], [[Diablo (video game)|Diablo]] and [[World of Warcraft]] (all games developed by [[Blizzard Entertainment]]) as well as others like [[Empire Earth (series)|Empire Earth]], [[Leisure Suit Larry]], [[Ground Control]] and [[Tribes (series)|Tribes]] and [[Crash Bandicoot]] and [[Spyro the Dragon]] Owned by [[Sierra Entertainment]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
The history of Vivendi Games begins in February 1996, when [[CUC International]], a large mail order and subscription company, offered to acquire entertainment software developer [[Sierra Entertainment|Sierra On-Line]]. Headquartered in Bellevue, Washington, Sierra was the leading developer and publisher of computer games and was famous for its adventure game series such as [[King's Quest]], [[Gabriel Knight]], [[Space Quest]], and [[Leisure Suit Larry]]. Sierra was a public company, which employed roughly 1,000 employees at 12 different acquired studios. CUC offered to absorb Sierra's stock shares at a price roughly 90% higher than what Sierra was trading, and on July 24th 1996, Sierra became a wholly owned subsidiary of CUC.<br />
<br />
At the same time, CUC also approached [[Davidson & Associates]], a leading publisher and distributor of educational software, with an offer of a similar stock swap. Headquartered in Torrance, California, Davidson was famous for its [[Blaster Learning System|Math Blaster]] series, and also for [[Warcraft (series)|Warcraft]] and Diablo. While mainly a game publisher, Davidson also had a major in-house developer in the form of [[Blizzard Entertainment]], which Davidson had acquired in 1994, and employed over 800 employees as of February 1996. <br />
Davidson was also a public company, founded and headed by Bob Davidson, who acted as CEO, and also by [[Jan Davidson]], who acted as President. <br />
<br />
After acquiring these companies, CUC quickly integrated these two new divisions into the main CUC organization by announcing in September 1996 the creation of [[CUC Software]], a holding company which would consolidate the finance, distribution, manufacturing, accounting, sales, R&D and overall management of CUC's software companies. <br />
<br />
Soon after its creation, CUC Software acquired in January 1997 [[Knowledge Adventure]], a leading developer of educational software, famous for its [[JumpStart]] series of child oriented programs. CUC also acquired [[Gryphon Software]], another educational software company. Davidson & Associates and Gryphon were then absorbed into Knowledge Adventure, and [[Blizzard Entertainment]] was made a separate division of CUC Software. In 1997, [[CUC Software]] also acquired [[Berkeley Systems]], a California-based developer famous for its [[You Don't Know Jack]] series, and integrated Berkeley Systems into Sierra On-Line.<br />
<br />
CUC then merged with a hotel, real-estate, and car-rental franchiser called HFS Corporation to form [[Cendant]] in 1997. In 1998 it became apparent that CUC had engaged in accounting fraud for years before the merger; Cendant's stock lost 80% of its value over the next six months in the ensuing widely discussed accounting scandal. The company sold its consumer software operations, which included Sierra On-line and Blizzard, to French publisher [[Havas]] in 1998, the same year Havas was purchased by [[Vivendi]], which formed Vivendi Universal Games.<br />
<br />
In 2004, Vivendi Games sold one of its divisions, [[Knowledge Adventure]] to a group of private investors. In 2005 Vivendi's revenues made 641 million euros with earnings from operations equaling to 41 million euros. In 2006 Vivendi Games created a new mobile division '''Vivendi Games Mobile''', which was promised to begin publishing and distributing games in 2006 through mobile carriers and portals.<br />
<br />
In December 2007 it was announced that Vivendi Games would merge with games developer [[Activision]], forming [[Activision Blizzard]].<ref name="actblizmerger">{{cite press release<br />
| title = VIVENDI AND ACTIVISION TO CREATE ACTIVISION BLIZZARD – World’s Largest, Most Profitable Pure-Play Video Game Publisher<br />
| publisher = [[Activision]], [[Vivendi]]<br />
| date = [[2007-12-02]]<br />
| url = http://www.activisionblizzard.com/pressReleases/pr120207.php<br />
| accessdate = 2007-12-02 <br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Divisions==<br />
<br />
===Universal Interactive Studios===<br />
<br />
The former studio owned by [[Universal Studios]] before being sold to [[Vivendi]]. Universal Interactive Studios was known for publishing and distributing [[Crash Bandicoot (series)|Crash Bandicoot]] and [[Spyro the Dragon (series)|Spyro the Dragon]] games. Around 2001, Universal Interactive Studios name was shortened to Universal Interactive. After 2003, Universal Interactive was known as [[Vivendi Games|Vivendi Universal Games]].<br />
<br />
<br />
===Blizzard Entertainment===<br />
{{Main|Blizzard Entertainment}}<br />
Blizzard Entertainment is a world-renowned development studio best known for creating the series [[Warcraft (series)|Warcraft]] (including [[World of Warcraft]]), [[Diablo (series)|Diablo]] and [[StarCraft (series)|StarCraft]]. World of Warcraft, the world’s most popular game in the MMORPG category, has currently over 11 million subscribers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kotaku.com/347552/world-of-warcraft-reaches-10-million-mark |title=World Of Warcraft Reaches 10 Million Mark |date=2008-01-22 |accessdate=2009-01-29 |publisher=[[Kotaku]] }}</ref> <br />
<br />
The Blizzard headquarters is located in Irvine, California.<br />
<br />
===Sierra Entertainment===<br />
{{Main|Sierra Entertainment}}<br />
Sierra Entertainment creates and publishes software for consoles, handheld gaming devices and personal computers. Sierra Entertainment features a portfolio of titles, including [[F.E.A.R.]], [[Scarface: The World Is Yours|Scarface]], and Ice Age, based on original intellectual property and popular licenses from industry-leading content partners.<br />
<br />
Operating out of Los Angeles, California, Sierra employs over 700 people in development and has four wholly owned studios providing creative talents and development capabilities across multiple gaming genres: [[High Moon Studios]], [[Radical Entertainment]], [[Swordfish Studios]] and [[Massive Entertainment]]. With the merge of Activision and Vivendi, Sierra Entertainment was closed down and both [[Swordfish Studios]] and [[Massive Entertainment]] have been sold off.<br />
<br />
===Sierra Online===<br />
{{Main|Sierra Online}}<br />
Sierra Online, a newly created division, focuses on developing and publishing high quality short and mid-session casual online games for [[Personal computer|PC]], [[Xbox Live Arcade]] and a range of other platforms. <br />
<br />
Sierra Online’s titles include Assault Heroes, an award-winning game for Xbox Live Arcade, and [[FreeStyle Street Basketball]], an online PC game from leading Korean developer JC Entertainment, Inc. <br />
<br />
The division is also developing a variety of other Xbox Live Arcade and PC online games targeting the mass market.<br />
<br />
===Vivendi Games Mobile===<br />
{{Main|Vivendi Games Mobile}}<br />
Vivendi Games Mobile, a newly formed division, creates and publishes games for the worldwide mobile market. The division publishes games based on original intellectual property, popular entertainment licenses and classic Sierra Entertainment intellectual property games which are distributed by more than 90 operators and dozens of Web portals in more than 60 countries. <br />
<br />
Vivendi Games Mobile has launched a number of award-winning titles, including SWAT Force which was named “Best Wireless Game of the Year” by Spike TV in December 2006.<br />
<br />
Vivendi Mobile Games is ceasing operations. This is to be completed early in 2009.<br />
<br />
==Executive management==<br />
[[René Pénisson]],<br />
Chairman,<br />
Vivendi Games<br />
<br />
[[Bruce Hack]],<br />
CEO,<br />
Vivendi Games<br />
<br />
[[Pascal Brochier]],<br />
President, Global Retail<br />
<br />
[[Cindy Cook]],<br />
Chief Strategy and Marketing Officer<br />
<br />
[[Terri Durham]],<br />
Executive Vice President, Business Development and Global General Counsel<br />
<br />
[[Jean-François Grollemund]],<br />
Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer <br />
<br />
[[Mark Halacy]],<br />
Executive Vice President, Global Human Resources<br />
<br />
==Divisional management==<br />
[[Michael Morhaime]],<br />
President,<br />
[[Blizzard Entertainment]]<br />
<br />
[[Martin Tremblay]],<br />
President<br />
Worldwide Studios,<br />
[[Sierra Entertainment]]<br />
<br />
Al Simone,<br />
Senior Vice President, Global Marketing<br />
[[Sierra Entertainment]]<br />
<br />
[[Ed Zobrist]].<br />
President,<br />
Sierra Online<br />
<br />
[[Paul Maglione]],<br />
President,<br />
[[Vivendi Games Mobile]]<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Vivendi]]<br />
*[[List of assets owned by Vivendi]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.vivendi.com/ Vivendi.com - Official site of Vivendi]<br />
*[http://vugames.com/ VUgames.com - Official site of Vivendi games], redirects to [[Sierra Entertainment]] [http://sierra.com official site].<br />
*[http://www.vivendi.com/corp/en/subsidiaries/index_games.php Vivendi games at Vivendi.com] — Vivendi Games page at [http://www.vivendi.com/ vivendi.com].<br />
<br />
{{Vivendi}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Companies established in 1996]]<br />
[[Category:French video game companies]]<br />
<br />
[[fr:Vivendi Games]]<br />
[[it:Vivendi Games]]<br />
[[nl:Vivendi Games]]<br />
[[ja:ヴィヴェンディ・ユニバーサルゲームズ]]<br />
[[pt:Vivendi Games]]</div>Commander Shepardhttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benutzer:Mielas/Vivendi_Games&diff=191524387Benutzer:Mielas/Vivendi Games2009-01-29T16:19:02Z<p>Commander Shepard: /* History */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox Company<br />
|company_name=Vivendi Games<br />
|company_logo=[[Image:Vivendi logo.png|160px]]<br />
|company_type=Subsidiary of [[Vivendi]]<br />
|foundation=1993-2003 (As Universal Interactive Studios) <br/> 2003- (As Vivendi Universal games)<br />
|location=[[Paris]], [[France]]<br />
|key_people=<br />
|industry=[[Video game industry]]<br />
|products=[[Video game]]s<br />
|revenue={{profit}}$1.018 billion [[United States dollar|USD]] (2007)|<br />
|num_employees=3,400<br />
|parent=[[Activision Blizzard]]<br />
|subsid= [[Sierra Entertainment]]<br />
|homepage=[http://www.example.com link title]<br />
|footnotes=<br />
}}<br />
'''Vivendi Games''', formerly known as '''Vivendi Universal Games''', is a Worldwide [[France|French]] developer, publisher and distributor of interactive entertainment. Vivendi Games was founded as Vivendi Universal Games after [[Vivendi]] brought Universal in the early 2000's. Before then Vivendi Games was known as '''Universal Interactive Studios'''. Vivendi Games is a 100% subsidiary of [[Vivendi]] SA. Headed by Bruce Hack, it is headquartered in Los Angeles, California and employs over 3,400 people at 4 separate development divisions.<br />
<br />
Vivendi Games owns the rights to such popular franchises as [[Warcraft (series)|Warcraft]], [[StarCraft]], [[Diablo (video game)|Diablo]] and [[World of Warcraft]] (all games developed by [[Blizzard Entertainment]]) as well as others like [[Empire Earth (series)|Empire Earth]], [[Leisure Suit Larry]], [[Ground Control]] and [[Tribes (series)|Tribes]] and [[Crash Bandicoot]] and [[Spyro the Dragon]] Owned by [[Sierra Entertainment]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
The history of Vivendi Games begins in February 1996, when [[CUC International]], a large mail order and subscription company, offered to acquire entertainment software developer [[Sierra Entertainment|Sierra On-Line]]. Headquartered in Bellevue, Washington, Sierra was the leading developer and publisher of computer games and was famous for its adventure game series such as [[King's Quest]], [[Gabriel Knight]], [[Space Quest]], and [[Leisure Suit Larry]]. Sierra was a public company, which employed roughly 1,000 employees at 12 different acquired studios. CUC offered to absorb Sierra's stock shares at a price roughly 90% higher than what Sierra was trading, and on July 24th 1996, Sierra became a wholly owned subsidiary of CUC.<br />
<br />
At the same time, CUC also approached [[Davidson & Associates]], a leading publisher and distributor of educational software, with an offer of a similar stock swap. Headquartered in Torrance, California, Davidson was famous for its [[Blaster Learning System|Math Blaster]] series, and also for [[Warcraft (series)|Warcraft]] and Diablo. While mainly a game publisher, Davidson also had a major in-house developer in the form of [[Blizzard Entertainment]], which Davidson had acquired in 1994, and employed over 800 employees as of February 1996. <br />
Davidson was also a public company, founded and headed by Bob Davidson, who acted as CEO, and also by [[Jan Davidson]], who acted as President. <br />
<br />
After acquiring these companies, CUC quickly integrated these two new divisions into the main CUC organization by announcing in September 1996 the creation of [[CUC Software]], a holding company which would consolidate the finance, distribution, manufacturing, accounting, sales, R&D and overall management of CUC's software companies. <br />
<br />
Soon after its creation, CUC Software acquired in January 1997 [[Knowledge Adventure]], a leading developer of educational software, famous for its [[JumpStart]] series of child oriented programs. CUC also acquired [[Gryphon Software]], another educational software company. Davidson & Associates and Gryphon were then absorbed into Knowledge Adventure, and [[Blizzard Entertainment]] was made a separate division of CUC Software. In 1997, [[CUC Software]] also acquired [[Berkeley Systems]], a California-based developer famous for its [[You Don't Know Jack]] series, and integrated Berkeley Systems into Sierra On-Line.<br />
<br />
CUC then merged with a hotel, real-estate, and car-rental franchiser called HFS Corporation to form [[Cendant]] in 1997. In 1998 it became apparent that CUC had engaged in accounting fraud for years before the merger; Cendant's stock lost 80% of its value over the next six months in the ensuing widely discussed accounting scandal. The company sold its consumer software operations, which included Sierra On-line and Blizzard, to French publisher [[Havas]] in 1998, the same year Havas was purchased by [[Vivendi]], which formed Vivendi Universal Games.<br />
<br />
In 2004, Vivendi Games sold one of its divisions, [[Knowledge Adventure]] to a group of private investors. In 2005 Vivendi's revenues made 641 million euros with earnings from operations equaling to 41 million euros. In 2006 Vivendi Games created a new mobile division '''Vivendi Games Mobile''', which was promised to begin publishing and distributing games in 2006 through mobile carriers and portals.<br />
<br />
In December 2007 it was announced that Vivendi Games would merge with games developer [[Activision]], forming [[Activision Blizzard]].<ref name="actblizmerger">{{cite press release<br />
| title = VIVENDI AND ACTIVISION TO CREATE ACTIVISION BLIZZARD – World’s Largest, Most Profitable Pure-Play Video Game Publisher<br />
| publisher = [[Activision]], [[Vivendi]]<br />
| date = [[2007-12-02]]<br />
| url = http://www.activisionblizzard.com/pressReleases/pr120207.php<br />
| accessdate = 2007-12-02 <br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Divisions==<br />
<br />
===Universal Interactive Studios===<br />
<br />
The former studio owned by [[Universal Studios]] before being sold to [[Vivendi]]. Universal Interactive Studios was known for publishing and distributing [[Crash Bandicoot (series)|Crash Bandicoot]] and [[Spyro the Dragon (series)|Spyro the Dragon]] games. Around 2001, Universal Interactive Studios name was shortened to Universal Interactive. After 2003, Universal Interactive was known as [[Vivendi Games|Vivendi Universal Games]].<br />
<br />
<br />
===Blizzard Entertainment===<br />
{{Main|Blizzard Entertainment}}<br />
Blizzard Entertainment is a world-renowned development studio best known for creating the series [[Warcraft (series)|Warcraft]] (including [[World of Warcraft]]), [[Diablo (series)|Diablo]] and [[StarCraft (series)|StarCraft]]. World of Warcraft, the world’s most popular game in the MMORPG category, has currently over 11 million subscribers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kotaku.com/347552/world-of-warcraft-reaches-10-million-mark |title=World Of Warcraft Reaches 10 Million Mark |date=2008-01-22 |accessdate=2009-01-29 |publisher=[[Kotaku]] }}</ref> <br />
<br />
The Blizzard headquarters is located in Irvine, California.<br />
<br />
===Sierra Entertainment===<br />
{{Main|Sierra Entertainment}}<br />
Sierra Entertainment creates and publishes software for consoles, handheld gaming devices and personal computers. Sierra Entertainment features a portfolio of titles, including [[F.E.A.R.]], [[Scarface: The World Is Yours|Scarface]], and Ice Age, based on original intellectual property and popular licenses from industry-leading content partners.<br />
<br />
Operating out of Los Angeles, California, Sierra employs over 700 people in development and has four wholly owned studios providing creative talents and development capabilities across multiple gaming genres: [[High Moon Studios]], [[Radical Entertainment]], [[Swordfish Studios]] and [[Massive Entertainment]]. With the merge of Activision and Vivendi, Sierra Entertainment was closed down and both [[Swordfish Studios]] and [[Massive Entertainment]] have been sold off.<br />
<br />
===Sierra Online===<br />
{{Main|Sierra Online}}<br />
Sierra Online, a newly created division, focuses on developing and publishing high quality short and mid-session casual online games for [[Personal computer|PC]], [[Xbox Live Arcade]] and a range of other platforms. <br />
<br />
Sierra Online’s titles include Assault Heroes, an award-winning game for Xbox Live Arcade, and [[FreeStyle Street Basketball]], an online PC game from leading Korean developer JC Entertainment, Inc. <br />
<br />
The division is also developing a variety of other Xbox Live Arcade and PC online games targeting the mass market.<br />
<br />
===Vivendi Games Mobile===<br />
{{Main|Vivendi Games Mobile}}<br />
Vivendi Games Mobile, a newly formed division, creates and publishes games for the worldwide mobile market. The division publishes games based on original intellectual property, popular entertainment licenses and classic Sierra Entertainment intellectual property games which are distributed by more than 90 operators and dozens of Web portals in more than 60 countries. <br />
<br />
Vivendi Games Mobile has launched a number of award-winning titles, including SWAT Force which was named “Best Wireless Game of the Year” by Spike TV in December 2006.<br />
<br />
Vivendi Mobile Games is ceasing operations. This is to be completed early in 2009.<br />
<br />
==Executive management==<br />
[[René Pénisson]],<br />
Chairman,<br />
Vivendi Games<br />
<br />
[[Bruce Hack]],<br />
CEO,<br />
Vivendi Games<br />
<br />
[[Pascal Brochier]],<br />
President, Global Retail<br />
<br />
[[Cindy Cook]],<br />
Chief Strategy and Marketing Officer<br />
<br />
[[Terri Durham]],<br />
Executive Vice President, Business Development and Global General Counsel<br />
<br />
[[Jean-François Grollemund]],<br />
Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer <br />
<br />
[[Mark Halacy]],<br />
Executive Vice President, Global Human Resources<br />
<br />
==Divisional management==<br />
[[Michael Morhaime]],<br />
President,<br />
[[Blizzard Entertainment]]<br />
<br />
[[Martin Tremblay]],<br />
President<br />
Worldwide Studios,<br />
[[Sierra Entertainment]]<br />
<br />
Al Simone,<br />
Senior Vice President, Global Marketing<br />
[[Sierra Entertainment]]<br />
<br />
[[Ed Zobrist]].<br />
President,<br />
Sierra Online<br />
<br />
[[Paul Maglione]],<br />
President,<br />
[[Vivendi Games Mobile]]<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Vivendi]]<br />
*[[List of assets owned by Vivendi]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.vivendi.com/ Vivendi.com - Official site of Vivendi]<br />
*[http://vugames.com/ VUgames.com - Official site of Vivendi games], redirects to [[Sierra Entertainment]] [http://sierra.com official site].<br />
*[http://www.vivendi.com/corp/en/subsidiaries/index_games.php Vivendi games at Vivendi.com] — Vivendi Games page at [http://www.vivendi.com/ vivendi.com].<br />
<br />
{{Vivendi}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Companies established in 1996]]<br />
[[Category:French video game companies]]<br />
<br />
[[fr:Vivendi Games]]<br />
[[it:Vivendi Games]]<br />
[[nl:Vivendi Games]]<br />
[[ja:ヴィヴェンディ・ユニバーサルゲームズ]]<br />
[[pt:Vivendi Games]]</div>Commander Shepardhttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benutzer:Mielas/Vivendi_Games&diff=191524385Benutzer:Mielas/Vivendi Games2009-01-29T16:17:38Z<p>Commander Shepard: /* Blizzard Entertainment */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox Company<br />
|company_name=Vivendi Games<br />
|company_logo=[[Image:Vivendi logo.png|160px]]<br />
|company_type=Subsidiary of [[Vivendi]]<br />
|foundation=1993-2003 (As Universal Interactive Studios) <br/> 2003- (As Vivendi Universal games)<br />
|location=[[Paris]], [[France]]<br />
|key_people=<br />
|industry=[[Video game industry]]<br />
|products=[[Video game]]s<br />
|revenue={{profit}}$1.018 billion [[United States dollar|USD]] (2007)|<br />
|num_employees=3,400<br />
|parent=[[Activision Blizzard]]<br />
|subsid= [[Sierra Entertainment]]<br />
|homepage=[http://www.example.com link title]<br />
|footnotes=<br />
}}<br />
'''Vivendi Games''', formerly known as '''Vivendi Universal Games''', is a Worldwide [[France|French]] developer, publisher and distributor of interactive entertainment. Vivendi Games was founded as Vivendi Universal Games after [[Vivendi]] brought Universal in the early 2000's. Before then Vivendi Games was known as '''Universal Interactive Studios'''. Vivendi Games is a 100% subsidiary of [[Vivendi]] SA. Headed by Bruce Hack, it is headquartered in Los Angeles, California and employs over 3,400 people at 4 separate development divisions.<br />
<br />
Vivendi Games owns the rights to such popular franchises as [[Warcraft (series)|Warcraft]], [[StarCraft]], [[Diablo (video game)|Diablo]] and [[World of Warcraft]] (all games developed by [[Blizzard Entertainment]]) as well as others like [[Empire Earth (series)|Empire Earth]], [[Leisure Suit Larry]], [[Ground Control]] and [[Tribes (series)|Tribes]] and [[Crash Bandicoot]] and [[Spyro the Dragon]] Owned by [[Sierra Entertainment]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
The history of Vivendi Games begins in February 1996, when [[CUC International]], a large mail order and subscription company, offered to acquire entertainment software developer [[Sierra Entertainment|Sierra On-Line]]. Headquartered in Bellevue, Washington, Sierra was the leading developer and publisher of computer games and was famous for its adventure game series such as [[King's Quest]], [[Gabriel Knight]], [[Space Quest]], and [[Leisure Suit Larry]]. Sierra was a public company, which employed roughly 1,000 employees at 12 different acquired studios. CUC offered to absorb Sierra's stock shares at a price roughly 90% higher than what Sierra was trading, and on July 24th 1996, Sierra became a wholly owned subsidiary of CUC.<br />
<br />
At the same time, CUC also approached [[Davidson & Associates]], a leading publisher and distributor of educational software, with an offer of a similar stock swap. Headquartered in Torrance, California, Davidson was famous for its [[Blaster Learning System|Math Blaster]] series, and also for [[Warcraft (series)|Warcraft]] and Diablo. While mainly a game publisher, Davidson also had a major in-house developer in the form of [[Blizzard Entertainment]], which Davidson had acquired in 1994, and employed over 800 employees as of February 1996. <br />
Davidson was also a public company, founded and headed by Bob Davidson, who acted as CEO, and also by [[Jan Davidson]], who acted as President. <br />
<br />
After acquiring these companies, CUC quickly integrated these two new divisions into the main CUC organization by announcing in September 1996 the creation of [[CUC Software]], a holding company which would consolidate the finance, distribution, manufacturing, accounting, sales, R&D and overall management of CUC's software companies. <br />
<br />
Soon after its creation, CUC Software acquired in January 1997 [[Knowledge Adventure]], a leading developer of educational software, famous for its [[JumpStart]] series of child oriented programs. CUC also acquired [[Gryphon Software]], another educational software company. Davidson & Associates and Gryphon were then absorbed into Knowledge Adventure, and [[Blizzard Entertainment]] was made a separate division of CUC Software. In 1997, [[CUC Software]] also acquired [[Berkeley Systems]], a California-based developer famous for its [[You Don't Know Jack]] series, and integrated Berkeley Systems into Sierra On-Line.<br />
<br />
CUC then merged with a hotel, real-estate, and car-rental franchiser called HFS Corporation to form [[Cendant]] in 1997. In 1998 it became apparent that CUC had engaged in accounting fraud for years before the merger; Cendant's stock lost 80% of its value over the next six months in the ensuing widely discussed accounting scandal. The company sold its consumer software operations, which included Sierra On-line and Blizzard, to French publisher [[Havas]] in 1998, the same year Havas was purchased by [[Vivendi]], which formed Vivendi Universal Games.<br />
<br />
In 2004, Vivendi Games sold one of its divisions, [[Knowledge Adventure]] to a group of private investors. In 2005 Vivendi's revenues made 641 million euros with earnings from operations equaling to 41 million euros. In 2006 Vivendi Games created a new mobile division '''Vivendi Games Mobile''', which was promised to begin publishing and distributing games in 2006 through mobile carriers and portals.<br />
<br />
In December 2007 it was announced that Vivendi Games would merge with games developer [[Activision]], forming [[Activision Blizzard]].<ref name="actblizmerger">{{cite press release<br />
In July 2008 it was approved by european government, so now we have company namged Activision Blizzard.<br />
| title = VIVENDI AND ACTIVISION TO CREATE ACTIVISION BLIZZARD – World’s Largest, Most Profitable Pure-Play Video Game Publisher<br />
| publisher = [[Activision]], [[Vivendi]]<br />
| date = [[2007-12-02]]<br />
| url = http://www.activisionblizzard.com/pressReleases/pr120207.php<br />
| accessdate = 2007-12-02 <br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Divisions==<br />
<br />
===Universal Interactive Studios===<br />
<br />
The former studio owned by [[Universal Studios]] before being sold to [[Vivendi]]. Universal Interactive Studios was known for publishing and distributing [[Crash Bandicoot (series)|Crash Bandicoot]] and [[Spyro the Dragon (series)|Spyro the Dragon]] games. Around 2001, Universal Interactive Studios name was shortened to Universal Interactive. After 2003, Universal Interactive was known as [[Vivendi Games|Vivendi Universal Games]].<br />
<br />
<br />
===Blizzard Entertainment===<br />
{{Main|Blizzard Entertainment}}<br />
Blizzard Entertainment is a world-renowned development studio best known for creating the series [[Warcraft (series)|Warcraft]] (including [[World of Warcraft]]), [[Diablo (series)|Diablo]] and [[StarCraft (series)|StarCraft]]. World of Warcraft, the world’s most popular game in the MMORPG category, has currently over 11 million subscribers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kotaku.com/347552/world-of-warcraft-reaches-10-million-mark |title=World Of Warcraft Reaches 10 Million Mark |date=2008-01-22 |accessdate=2009-01-29 |publisher=[[Kotaku]] }}</ref> <br />
<br />
The Blizzard headquarters is located in Irvine, California.<br />
<br />
===Sierra Entertainment===<br />
{{Main|Sierra Entertainment}}<br />
Sierra Entertainment creates and publishes software for consoles, handheld gaming devices and personal computers. Sierra Entertainment features a portfolio of titles, including [[F.E.A.R.]], [[Scarface: The World Is Yours|Scarface]], and Ice Age, based on original intellectual property and popular licenses from industry-leading content partners.<br />
<br />
Operating out of Los Angeles, California, Sierra employs over 700 people in development and has four wholly owned studios providing creative talents and development capabilities across multiple gaming genres: [[High Moon Studios]], [[Radical Entertainment]], [[Swordfish Studios]] and [[Massive Entertainment]]. With the merge of Activision and Vivendi, Sierra Entertainment was closed down and both [[Swordfish Studios]] and [[Massive Entertainment]] have been sold off.<br />
<br />
===Sierra Online===<br />
{{Main|Sierra Online}}<br />
Sierra Online, a newly created division, focuses on developing and publishing high quality short and mid-session casual online games for [[Personal computer|PC]], [[Xbox Live Arcade]] and a range of other platforms. <br />
<br />
Sierra Online’s titles include Assault Heroes, an award-winning game for Xbox Live Arcade, and [[FreeStyle Street Basketball]], an online PC game from leading Korean developer JC Entertainment, Inc. <br />
<br />
The division is also developing a variety of other Xbox Live Arcade and PC online games targeting the mass market.<br />
<br />
===Vivendi Games Mobile===<br />
{{Main|Vivendi Games Mobile}}<br />
Vivendi Games Mobile, a newly formed division, creates and publishes games for the worldwide mobile market. The division publishes games based on original intellectual property, popular entertainment licenses and classic Sierra Entertainment intellectual property games which are distributed by more than 90 operators and dozens of Web portals in more than 60 countries. <br />
<br />
Vivendi Games Mobile has launched a number of award-winning titles, including SWAT Force which was named “Best Wireless Game of the Year” by Spike TV in December 2006.<br />
<br />
Vivendi Mobile Games is ceasing operations. This is to be completed early in 2009.<br />
<br />
==Executive management==<br />
[[René Pénisson]],<br />
Chairman,<br />
Vivendi Games<br />
<br />
[[Bruce Hack]],<br />
CEO,<br />
Vivendi Games<br />
<br />
[[Pascal Brochier]],<br />
President, Global Retail<br />
<br />
[[Cindy Cook]],<br />
Chief Strategy and Marketing Officer<br />
<br />
[[Terri Durham]],<br />
Executive Vice President, Business Development and Global General Counsel<br />
<br />
[[Jean-François Grollemund]],<br />
Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer <br />
<br />
[[Mark Halacy]],<br />
Executive Vice President, Global Human Resources<br />
<br />
==Divisional management==<br />
[[Michael Morhaime]],<br />
President,<br />
[[Blizzard Entertainment]]<br />
<br />
[[Martin Tremblay]],<br />
President<br />
Worldwide Studios,<br />
[[Sierra Entertainment]]<br />
<br />
Al Simone,<br />
Senior Vice President, Global Marketing<br />
[[Sierra Entertainment]]<br />
<br />
[[Ed Zobrist]].<br />
President,<br />
Sierra Online<br />
<br />
[[Paul Maglione]],<br />
President,<br />
[[Vivendi Games Mobile]]<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Vivendi]]<br />
*[[List of assets owned by Vivendi]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.vivendi.com/ Vivendi.com - Official site of Vivendi]<br />
*[http://vugames.com/ VUgames.com - Official site of Vivendi games], redirects to [[Sierra Entertainment]] [http://sierra.com official site].<br />
*[http://www.vivendi.com/corp/en/subsidiaries/index_games.php Vivendi games at Vivendi.com] — Vivendi Games page at [http://www.vivendi.com/ vivendi.com].<br />
<br />
{{Vivendi}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Companies established in 1996]]<br />
[[Category:French video game companies]]<br />
<br />
[[fr:Vivendi Games]]<br />
[[it:Vivendi Games]]<br />
[[nl:Vivendi Games]]<br />
[[ja:ヴィヴェンディ・ユニバーサルゲームズ]]<br />
[[pt:Vivendi Games]]</div>Commander Shepardhttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benutzer:Mielas/Vivendi_Games&diff=191524384Benutzer:Mielas/Vivendi Games2009-01-29T16:17:19Z<p>Commander Shepard: Undid revision 267209815 by Commander Shepard (talk)</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox Company<br />
|company_name=Vivendi Games<br />
|company_logo=[[Image:Vivendi logo.png|160px]]<br />
|company_type=Subsidiary of [[Vivendi]]<br />
|foundation=1993-2003 (As Universal Interactive Studios) <br/> 2003- (As Vivendi Universal games)<br />
|location=[[Paris]], [[France]]<br />
|key_people=<br />
|industry=[[Video game industry]]<br />
|products=[[Video game]]s<br />
|revenue={{profit}}$1.018 billion [[United States dollar|USD]] (2007)|<br />
|num_employees=3,400<br />
|parent=[[Activision Blizzard]]<br />
|subsid= [[Sierra Entertainment]]<br />
|homepage=[http://www.example.com link title]<br />
|footnotes=<br />
}}<br />
'''Vivendi Games''', formerly known as '''Vivendi Universal Games''', is a Worldwide [[France|French]] developer, publisher and distributor of interactive entertainment. Vivendi Games was founded as Vivendi Universal Games after [[Vivendi]] brought Universal in the early 2000's. Before then Vivendi Games was known as '''Universal Interactive Studios'''. Vivendi Games is a 100% subsidiary of [[Vivendi]] SA. Headed by Bruce Hack, it is headquartered in Los Angeles, California and employs over 3,400 people at 4 separate development divisions.<br />
<br />
Vivendi Games owns the rights to such popular franchises as [[Warcraft (series)|Warcraft]], [[StarCraft]], [[Diablo (video game)|Diablo]] and [[World of Warcraft]] (all games developed by [[Blizzard Entertainment]]) as well as others like [[Empire Earth (series)|Empire Earth]], [[Leisure Suit Larry]], [[Ground Control]] and [[Tribes (series)|Tribes]] and [[Crash Bandicoot]] and [[Spyro the Dragon]] Owned by [[Sierra Entertainment]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
The history of Vivendi Games begins in February 1996, when [[CUC International]], a large mail order and subscription company, offered to acquire entertainment software developer [[Sierra Entertainment|Sierra On-Line]]. Headquartered in Bellevue, Washington, Sierra was the leading developer and publisher of computer games and was famous for its adventure game series such as [[King's Quest]], [[Gabriel Knight]], [[Space Quest]], and [[Leisure Suit Larry]]. Sierra was a public company, which employed roughly 1,000 employees at 12 different acquired studios. CUC offered to absorb Sierra's stock shares at a price roughly 90% higher than what Sierra was trading, and on July 24th 1996, Sierra became a wholly owned subsidiary of CUC.<br />
<br />
At the same time, CUC also approached [[Davidson & Associates]], a leading publisher and distributor of educational software, with an offer of a similar stock swap. Headquartered in Torrance, California, Davidson was famous for its [[Blaster Learning System|Math Blaster]] series, and also for [[Warcraft (series)|Warcraft]] and Diablo. While mainly a game publisher, Davidson also had a major in-house developer in the form of [[Blizzard Entertainment]], which Davidson had acquired in 1994, and employed over 800 employees as of February 1996. <br />
Davidson was also a public company, founded and headed by Bob Davidson, who acted as CEO, and also by [[Jan Davidson]], who acted as President. <br />
<br />
After acquiring these companies, CUC quickly integrated these two new divisions into the main CUC organization by announcing in September 1996 the creation of [[CUC Software]], a holding company which would consolidate the finance, distribution, manufacturing, accounting, sales, R&D and overall management of CUC's software companies. <br />
<br />
Soon after its creation, CUC Software acquired in January 1997 [[Knowledge Adventure]], a leading developer of educational software, famous for its [[JumpStart]] series of child oriented programs. CUC also acquired [[Gryphon Software]], another educational software company. Davidson & Associates and Gryphon were then absorbed into Knowledge Adventure, and [[Blizzard Entertainment]] was made a separate division of CUC Software. In 1997, [[CUC Software]] also acquired [[Berkeley Systems]], a California-based developer famous for its [[You Don't Know Jack]] series, and integrated Berkeley Systems into Sierra On-Line.<br />
<br />
CUC then merged with a hotel, real-estate, and car-rental franchiser called HFS Corporation to form [[Cendant]] in 1997. In 1998 it became apparent that CUC had engaged in accounting fraud for years before the merger; Cendant's stock lost 80% of its value over the next six months in the ensuing widely discussed accounting scandal. The company sold its consumer software operations, which included Sierra On-line and Blizzard, to French publisher [[Havas]] in 1998, the same year Havas was purchased by [[Vivendi]], which formed Vivendi Universal Games.<br />
<br />
In 2004, Vivendi Games sold one of its divisions, [[Knowledge Adventure]] to a group of private investors. In 2005 Vivendi's revenues made 641 million euros with earnings from operations equaling to 41 million euros. In 2006 Vivendi Games created a new mobile division '''Vivendi Games Mobile''', which was promised to begin publishing and distributing games in 2006 through mobile carriers and portals.<br />
<br />
In December 2007 it was announced that Vivendi Games would merge with games developer [[Activision]], forming [[Activision Blizzard]].<ref name="actblizmerger">{{cite press release<br />
In July 2008 it was approved by european government, so now we have company namged Activision Blizzard.<br />
| title = VIVENDI AND ACTIVISION TO CREATE ACTIVISION BLIZZARD – World’s Largest, Most Profitable Pure-Play Video Game Publisher<br />
| publisher = [[Activision]], [[Vivendi]]<br />
| date = [[2007-12-02]]<br />
| url = http://www.activisionblizzard.com/pressReleases/pr120207.php<br />
| accessdate = 2007-12-02 <br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Divisions==<br />
<br />
===Universal Interactive Studios===<br />
<br />
The former studio owned by [[Universal Studios]] before being sold to [[Vivendi]]. Universal Interactive Studios was known for publishing and distributing [[Crash Bandicoot (series)|Crash Bandicoot]] and [[Spyro the Dragon (series)|Spyro the Dragon]] games. Around 2001, Universal Interactive Studios name was shortened to Universal Interactive. After 2003, Universal Interactive was known as [[Vivendi Games|Vivendi Universal Games]].<br />
<br />
<br />
===Blizzard Entertainment===<br />
{{Main|Blizzard Entertainment}}<br />
Blizzard Entertainment is a world-renowned development studio best known for creating the series [[Warcraft (series)|Warcraft]] (including [[World of Warcraft]]), [[Diablo (series)|Diablo]] and [[StarCraft (series)|StarCraft]]. World of Warcraft, the world’s most popular game in the MMORPG category, has currently over 11 million subscribers. [http://kotaku.com/347552/world-of-warcraft-reaches-10-million-mark]<br />
<br />
The Blizzard headquarters is located in Irvine, California.<br />
<br />
===Sierra Entertainment===<br />
{{Main|Sierra Entertainment}}<br />
Sierra Entertainment creates and publishes software for consoles, handheld gaming devices and personal computers. Sierra Entertainment features a portfolio of titles, including [[F.E.A.R.]], [[Scarface: The World Is Yours|Scarface]], and Ice Age, based on original intellectual property and popular licenses from industry-leading content partners.<br />
<br />
Operating out of Los Angeles, California, Sierra employs over 700 people in development and has four wholly owned studios providing creative talents and development capabilities across multiple gaming genres: [[High Moon Studios]], [[Radical Entertainment]], [[Swordfish Studios]] and [[Massive Entertainment]]. With the merge of Activision and Vivendi, Sierra Entertainment was closed down and both [[Swordfish Studios]] and [[Massive Entertainment]] have been sold off.<br />
<br />
===Sierra Online===<br />
{{Main|Sierra Online}}<br />
Sierra Online, a newly created division, focuses on developing and publishing high quality short and mid-session casual online games for [[Personal computer|PC]], [[Xbox Live Arcade]] and a range of other platforms. <br />
<br />
Sierra Online’s titles include Assault Heroes, an award-winning game for Xbox Live Arcade, and [[FreeStyle Street Basketball]], an online PC game from leading Korean developer JC Entertainment, Inc. <br />
<br />
The division is also developing a variety of other Xbox Live Arcade and PC online games targeting the mass market.<br />
<br />
===Vivendi Games Mobile===<br />
{{Main|Vivendi Games Mobile}}<br />
Vivendi Games Mobile, a newly formed division, creates and publishes games for the worldwide mobile market. The division publishes games based on original intellectual property, popular entertainment licenses and classic Sierra Entertainment intellectual property games which are distributed by more than 90 operators and dozens of Web portals in more than 60 countries. <br />
<br />
Vivendi Games Mobile has launched a number of award-winning titles, including SWAT Force which was named “Best Wireless Game of the Year” by Spike TV in December 2006.<br />
<br />
Vivendi Mobile Games is ceasing operations. This is to be completed early in 2009.<br />
<br />
==Executive management==<br />
[[René Pénisson]],<br />
Chairman,<br />
Vivendi Games<br />
<br />
[[Bruce Hack]],<br />
CEO,<br />
Vivendi Games<br />
<br />
[[Pascal Brochier]],<br />
President, Global Retail<br />
<br />
[[Cindy Cook]],<br />
Chief Strategy and Marketing Officer<br />
<br />
[[Terri Durham]],<br />
Executive Vice President, Business Development and Global General Counsel<br />
<br />
[[Jean-François Grollemund]],<br />
Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer <br />
<br />
[[Mark Halacy]],<br />
Executive Vice President, Global Human Resources<br />
<br />
==Divisional management==<br />
[[Michael Morhaime]],<br />
President,<br />
[[Blizzard Entertainment]]<br />
<br />
[[Martin Tremblay]],<br />
President<br />
Worldwide Studios,<br />
[[Sierra Entertainment]]<br />
<br />
Al Simone,<br />
Senior Vice President, Global Marketing<br />
[[Sierra Entertainment]]<br />
<br />
[[Ed Zobrist]].<br />
President,<br />
Sierra Online<br />
<br />
[[Paul Maglione]],<br />
President,<br />
[[Vivendi Games Mobile]]<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Vivendi]]<br />
*[[List of assets owned by Vivendi]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.vivendi.com/ Vivendi.com - Official site of Vivendi]<br />
*[http://vugames.com/ VUgames.com - Official site of Vivendi games], redirects to [[Sierra Entertainment]] [http://sierra.com official site].<br />
*[http://www.vivendi.com/corp/en/subsidiaries/index_games.php Vivendi games at Vivendi.com] — Vivendi Games page at [http://www.vivendi.com/ vivendi.com].<br />
<br />
{{Vivendi}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Companies established in 1996]]<br />
[[Category:French video game companies]]<br />
<br />
[[fr:Vivendi Games]]<br />
[[it:Vivendi Games]]<br />
[[nl:Vivendi Games]]<br />
[[ja:ヴィヴェンディ・ユニバーサルゲームズ]]<br />
[[pt:Vivendi Games]]</div>Commander Shepardhttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benutzer:Mielas/Vivendi_Games&diff=191524383Benutzer:Mielas/Vivendi Games2009-01-29T16:14:16Z<p>Commander Shepard: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Refimprove|date=January 2009}}<br />
{{Infobox Company<br />
|company_name=Vivendi Games<br />
|company_logo=[[Image:Vivendi logo.png|160px]]<br />
|company_type=Subsidiary of [[Vivendi]]<br />
|foundation=1993-2003 (As Universal Interactive Studios) <br/> 2003- (As Vivendi Universal games)<br />
|location=[[Paris]], [[France]]<br />
|key_people=<br />
|industry=[[Video game industry]]<br />
|products=[[Video game]]s<br />
|revenue={{profit}}$1.018 billion [[United States dollar|USD]] (2007)|<br />
|num_employees=3,400<br />
|parent=[[Activision Blizzard]]<br />
|subsid= [[Sierra Entertainment]]<br />
|homepage=[http://www.example.com link title]<br />
|footnotes=<br />
}}<br />
'''Vivendi Games''', formerly known as '''Vivendi Universal Games''', is a Worldwide [[France|French]] developer, publisher and distributor of interactive entertainment. Vivendi Games was founded as Vivendi Universal Games after [[Vivendi]] brought Universal in the early 2000's. Before then Vivendi Games was known as '''Universal Interactive Studios'''. Vivendi Games is a 100% subsidiary of [[Vivendi]] SA. Headed by Bruce Hack, it is headquartered in Los Angeles, California and employs over 3,400 people at 4 separate development divisions.<br />
<br />
Vivendi Games owns the rights to such popular franchises as [[Warcraft (series)|Warcraft]], [[StarCraft]], [[Diablo (video game)|Diablo]] and [[World of Warcraft]] (all games developed by [[Blizzard Entertainment]]) as well as others like [[Empire Earth (series)|Empire Earth]], [[Leisure Suit Larry]], [[Ground Control]] and [[Tribes (series)|Tribes]] and [[Crash Bandicoot]] and [[Spyro the Dragon]] Owned by [[Sierra Entertainment]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
The history of Vivendi Games begins in February 1996, when [[CUC International]], a large mail order and subscription company, offered to acquire entertainment software developer [[Sierra Entertainment|Sierra On-Line]]. Headquartered in Bellevue, Washington, Sierra was the leading developer and publisher of computer games and was famous for its adventure game series such as [[King's Quest]], [[Gabriel Knight]], [[Space Quest]], and [[Leisure Suit Larry]]. Sierra was a public company, which employed roughly 1,000 employees at 12 different acquired studios. CUC offered to absorb Sierra's stock shares at a price roughly 90% higher than what Sierra was trading, and on July 24th 1996, Sierra became a wholly owned subsidiary of CUC.<br />
<br />
At the same time, CUC also approached [[Davidson & Associates]], a leading publisher and distributor of educational software, with an offer of a similar stock swap. Headquartered in Torrance, California, Davidson was famous for its [[Blaster Learning System|Math Blaster]] series, and also for [[Warcraft (series)|Warcraft]] and Diablo. While mainly a game publisher, Davidson also had a major in-house developer in the form of [[Blizzard Entertainment]], which Davidson had acquired in 1994, and employed over 800 employees as of February 1996. <br />
Davidson was also a public company, founded and headed by Bob Davidson, who acted as CEO, and also by [[Jan Davidson]], who acted as President. <br />
<br />
After acquiring these companies, CUC quickly integrated these two new divisions into the main CUC organization by announcing in September 1996 the creation of [[CUC Software]], a holding company which would consolidate the finance, distribution, manufacturing, accounting, sales, R&D and overall management of CUC's software companies. <br />
<br />
Soon after its creation, CUC Software acquired in January 1997 [[Knowledge Adventure]], a leading developer of educational software, famous for its [[JumpStart]] series of child oriented programs. CUC also acquired [[Gryphon Software]], another educational software company. Davidson & Associates and Gryphon were then absorbed into Knowledge Adventure, and [[Blizzard Entertainment]] was made a separate division of CUC Software. In 1997, [[CUC Software]] also acquired [[Berkeley Systems]], a California-based developer famous for its [[You Don't Know Jack]] series, and integrated Berkeley Systems into Sierra On-Line.<br />
<br />
CUC then merged with a hotel, real-estate, and car-rental franchiser called HFS Corporation to form [[Cendant]] in 1997. In 1998 it became apparent that CUC had engaged in accounting fraud for years before the merger; Cendant's stock lost 80% of its value over the next six months in the ensuing widely discussed accounting scandal. The company sold its consumer software operations, which included Sierra On-line and Blizzard, to French publisher [[Havas]] in 1998, the same year Havas was purchased by [[Vivendi]], which formed Vivendi Universal Games.<br />
<br />
In 2004, Vivendi Games sold one of its divisions, [[Knowledge Adventure]] to a group of private investors. In 2005 Vivendi's revenues made 641 million euros with earnings from operations equaling to 41 million euros. In 2006 Vivendi Games created a new mobile division '''Vivendi Games Mobile''', which was promised to begin publishing and distributing games in 2006 through mobile carriers and portals.<br />
<br />
In December 2007 it was announced that Vivendi Games would merge with games developer [[Activision]], forming [[Activision Blizzard]].<ref name="actblizmerger">{{cite press release<br />
In July 2008 it was approved by european government, so now we have company namged Activision Blizzard.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.activisionblizzard.com/pressReleases/pr120207.php |title=VIVENDI AND ACTIVISION TO CREATE ACTIVISION BLIZZARD – World’s Largest, Most Profitable Pure-Play Video Game Publisher |date=[[2007-12-02]] |accessdate=2007-12-02 | publisher =[[Activision]], [[Vivendi]] }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Divisions==<br />
<br />
===Universal Interactive Studios===<br />
<br />
The former studio owned by [[Universal Studios]] before being sold to [[Vivendi]]. Universal Interactive Studios was known for publishing and distributing [[Crash Bandicoot (series)|Crash Bandicoot]] and [[Spyro the Dragon (series)|Spyro the Dragon]] games. Around 2001, Universal Interactive Studios name was shortened to Universal Interactive. After 2003, Universal Interactive was known as [[Vivendi Games|Vivendi Universal Games]].<br />
<br />
<br />
===Blizzard Entertainment===<br />
{{Main|Blizzard Entertainment}}<br />
Blizzard Entertainment is a world-renowned development studio best known for creating the series [[Warcraft (series)|Warcraft]] (including [[World of Warcraft]]), [[Diablo (series)|Diablo]] and [[StarCraft (series)|StarCraft]]. World of Warcraft, the world’s most popular game in the MMORPG category, has currently over 11 million subscribers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kotaku.com/347552/world-of-warcraft-reaches-10-million-mark |title=World Of Warcraft Reaches 10 Million Mark |date=2008-01-22 |accessdate=2009-01-29 |publisher=[[Kotaku]] }}</ref><br />
<br />
The Blizzard headquarters is located in Irvine, California.<br />
<br />
===Sierra Entertainment===<br />
{{Main|Sierra Entertainment}}<br />
Sierra Entertainment creates and publishes software for consoles, handheld gaming devices and personal computers. Sierra Entertainment features a portfolio of titles, including [[F.E.A.R.]], [[Scarface: The World Is Yours|Scarface]], and Ice Age, based on original intellectual property and popular licenses from industry-leading content partners.<br />
<br />
Operating out of Los Angeles, California, Sierra employs over 700 people in development and has four wholly owned studios providing creative talents and development capabilities across multiple gaming genres: [[High Moon Studios]], [[Radical Entertainment]], [[Swordfish Studios]] and [[Massive Entertainment]]. With the merge of Activision and Vivendi, Sierra Entertainment was closed down and both [[Swordfish Studios]] and [[Massive Entertainment]] have been sold off.<br />
<br />
===Sierra Online===<br />
{{Main|Sierra Online}}<br />
Sierra Online, a newly created division, focuses on developing and publishing high quality short and mid-session casual online games for [[Personal computer|PC]], [[Xbox Live Arcade]] and a range of other platforms. <br />
<br />
Sierra Online’s titles include Assault Heroes, an award-winning game for Xbox Live Arcade, and [[FreeStyle Street Basketball]], an online PC game from leading Korean developer JC Entertainment, Inc. <br />
<br />
The division is also developing a variety of other Xbox Live Arcade and PC online games targeting the mass market.<br />
<br />
===Vivendi Games Mobile===<br />
{{Main|Vivendi Games Mobile}}<br />
Vivendi Games Mobile, a newly formed division, creates and publishes games for the worldwide mobile market. The division publishes games based on original intellectual property, popular entertainment licenses and classic Sierra Entertainment intellectual property games which are distributed by more than 90 operators and dozens of Web portals in more than 60 countries. <br />
<br />
Vivendi Games Mobile has launched a number of award-winning titles, including SWAT Force which was named “Best Wireless Game of the Year” by Spike TV in December 2006.<br />
<br />
Vivendi Mobile Games is ceasing operations. This is to be completed early in 2009.<br />
<br />
==Executive management==<br />
[[René Pénisson]],<br />
Chairman,<br />
Vivendi Games<br />
<br />
[[Bruce Hack]],<br />
CEO,<br />
Vivendi Games<br />
<br />
[[Pascal Brochier]],<br />
President, Global Retail<br />
<br />
[[Cindy Cook]],<br />
Chief Strategy and Marketing Officer<br />
<br />
[[Terri Durham]],<br />
Executive Vice President, Business Development and Global General Counsel<br />
<br />
[[Jean-François Grollemund]],<br />
Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer <br />
<br />
[[Mark Halacy]],<br />
Executive Vice President, Global Human Resources<br />
<br />
==Divisional management==<br />
[[Michael Morhaime]],<br />
President,<br />
[[Blizzard Entertainment]]<br />
<br />
[[Martin Tremblay]],<br />
President<br />
Worldwide Studios,<br />
[[Sierra Entertainment]]<br />
<br />
Al Simone,<br />
Senior Vice President, Global Marketing<br />
[[Sierra Entertainment]]<br />
<br />
[[Ed Zobrist]].<br />
President,<br />
Sierra Online<br />
<br />
[[Paul Maglione]],<br />
President,<br />
[[Vivendi Games Mobile]]<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Vivendi]]<br />
*[[List of assets owned by Vivendi]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.vivendi.com/ Vivendi.com - Official site of Vivendi]<br />
*[http://vugames.com/ VUgames.com - Official site of Vivendi games], redirects to [[Sierra Entertainment]] [http://sierra.com official site].<br />
*[http://www.vivendi.com/corp/en/subsidiaries/index_games.php Vivendi games at Vivendi.com] — Vivendi Games page at [http://www.vivendi.com/ vivendi.com].<br />
<br />
{{Vivendi}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Companies established in 1996]]<br />
[[Category:French video game companies]]<br />
<br />
[[fr:Vivendi Games]]<br />
[[it:Vivendi Games]]<br />
[[nl:Vivendi Games]]<br />
[[ja:ヴィヴェンディ・ユニバーサルゲームズ]]<br />
[[pt:Vivendi Games]]</div>Commander Shepardhttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benutzer:Mielas/Vivendi_Games&diff=191524382Benutzer:Mielas/Vivendi Games2009-01-29T16:09:40Z<p>Commander Shepard: /* History */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox Company<br />
|company_name=Vivendi Games<br />
|company_logo=[[Image:Vivendi logo.png|160px]]<br />
|company_type=Subsidiary of [[Vivendi]]<br />
|foundation=1993-2003 (As Universal Interactive Studios) <br/> 2003- (As Vivendi Universal games)<br />
|location=[[Paris]], [[France]]<br />
|key_people=<br />
|industry=[[Video game industry]]<br />
|products=[[Video game]]s<br />
|revenue={{profit}}$1.018 billion [[United States dollar|USD]] (2007)|<br />
|num_employees=3,400<br />
|parent=[[Activision Blizzard]]<br />
|subsid= [[Sierra Entertainment]]<br />
|homepage=[http://www.example.com link title]<br />
|footnotes=<br />
}}<br />
'''Vivendi Games''', formerly known as '''Vivendi Universal Games''', is a Worldwide [[France|French]] developer, publisher and distributor of interactive entertainment. Vivendi Games was founded as Vivendi Universal Games after [[Vivendi]] brought Universal in the early 2000's. Before then Vivendi Games was known as '''Universal Interactive Studios'''. Vivendi Games is a 100% subsidiary of [[Vivendi]] SA. Headed by Bruce Hack, it is headquartered in Los Angeles, California and employs over 3,400 people at 4 separate development divisions.<br />
<br />
Vivendi Games owns the rights to such popular franchises as [[Warcraft (series)|Warcraft]], [[StarCraft]], [[Diablo (video game)|Diablo]] and [[World of Warcraft]] (all games developed by [[Blizzard Entertainment]]) as well as others like [[Empire Earth (series)|Empire Earth]], [[Leisure Suit Larry]], [[Ground Control]] and [[Tribes (series)|Tribes]] and [[Crash Bandicoot]] and [[Spyro the Dragon]] Owned by [[Sierra Entertainment]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
The history of Vivendi Games begins in February 1996, when [[CUC International]], a large mail order and subscription company, offered to acquire entertainment software developer [[Sierra Entertainment|Sierra On-Line]]. Headquartered in Bellevue, Washington, Sierra was the leading developer and publisher of computer games and was famous for its adventure game series such as [[King's Quest]], [[Gabriel Knight]], [[Space Quest]], and [[Leisure Suit Larry]]. Sierra was a public company, which employed roughly 1,000 employees at 12 different acquired studios. CUC offered to absorb Sierra's stock shares at a price roughly 90% higher than what Sierra was trading, and on July 24th 1996, Sierra became a wholly owned subsidiary of CUC.<br />
<br />
At the same time, CUC also approached [[Davidson & Associates]], a leading publisher and distributor of educational software, with an offer of a similar stock swap. Headquartered in Torrance, California, Davidson was famous for its [[Blaster Learning System|Math Blaster]] series, and also for [[Warcraft (series)|Warcraft]] and Diablo. While mainly a game publisher, Davidson also had a major in-house developer in the form of [[Blizzard Entertainment]], which Davidson had acquired in 1994, and employed over 800 employees as of February 1996. <br />
Davidson was also a public company, founded and headed by Bob Davidson, who acted as CEO, and also by [[Jan Davidson]], who acted as President. <br />
<br />
After acquiring these companies, CUC quickly integrated these two new divisions into the main CUC organization by announcing in September 1996 the creation of [[CUC Software]], a holding company which would consolidate the finance, distribution, manufacturing, accounting, sales, R&D and overall management of CUC's software companies. <br />
<br />
Soon after its creation, CUC Software acquired in January 1997 [[Knowledge Adventure]], a leading developer of educational software, famous for its [[JumpStart]] series of child oriented programs. CUC also acquired [[Gryphon Software]], another educational software company. Davidson & Associates and Gryphon were then absorbed into Knowledge Adventure, and [[Blizzard Entertainment]] was made a separate division of CUC Software. In 1997, [[CUC Software]] also acquired [[Berkeley Systems]], a California-based developer famous for its [[You Don't Know Jack]] series, and integrated Berkeley Systems into Sierra On-Line.<br />
<br />
CUC then merged with a hotel, real-estate, and car-rental franchiser called HFS Corporation to form [[Cendant]] in 1997. In 1998 it became apparent that CUC had engaged in accounting fraud for years before the merger; Cendant's stock lost 80% of its value over the next six months in the ensuing widely discussed accounting scandal. The company sold its consumer software operations, which included Sierra On-line and Blizzard, to French publisher [[Havas]] in 1998, the same year Havas was purchased by [[Vivendi]], which formed Vivendi Universal Games.<br />
<br />
In 2004, Vivendi Games sold one of its divisions, [[Knowledge Adventure]] to a group of private investors. In 2005 Vivendi's revenues made 641 million euros with earnings from operations equaling to 41 million euros. In 2006 Vivendi Games created a new mobile division '''Vivendi Games Mobile''', which was promised to begin publishing and distributing games in 2006 through mobile carriers and portals.<br />
<br />
In December 2007 it was announced that Vivendi Games would merge with games developer [[Activision]], forming [[Activision Blizzard]].<ref name="actblizmerger">{{cite press release<br />
In July 2008 it was approved by european government, so now we have company namged Activision Blizzard.<br />
| title = VIVENDI AND ACTIVISION TO CREATE ACTIVISION BLIZZARD – World’s Largest, Most Profitable Pure-Play Video Game Publisher<br />
| publisher = [[Activision]], [[Vivendi]]<br />
| date = [[2007-12-02]]<br />
| url = http://www.activisionblizzard.com/pressReleases/pr120207.php<br />
| accessdate = 2007-12-02 <br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Divisions==<br />
<br />
===Universal Interactive Studios===<br />
<br />
The former studio owned by [[Universal Studios]] before being sold to [[Vivendi]]. Universal Interactive Studios was known for publishing and distributing [[Crash Bandicoot (series)|Crash Bandicoot]] and [[Spyro the Dragon (series)|Spyro the Dragon]] games. Around 2001, Universal Interactive Studios name was shortened to Universal Interactive. After 2003, Universal Interactive was known as [[Vivendi Games|Vivendi Universal Games]].<br />
<br />
<br />
===Blizzard Entertainment===<br />
{{Main|Blizzard Entertainment}}<br />
Blizzard Entertainment is a world-renowned development studio best known for creating the series [[Warcraft (series)|Warcraft]] (including [[World of Warcraft]]), [[Diablo (series)|Diablo]] and [[StarCraft (series)|StarCraft]]. World of Warcraft, the world’s most popular game in the MMORPG category, has currently over 11 million subscribers. [http://kotaku.com/347552/world-of-warcraft-reaches-10-million-mark]<br />
<br />
The Blizzard headquarters is located in Irvine, California.<br />
<br />
===Sierra Entertainment===<br />
{{Main|Sierra Entertainment}}<br />
Sierra Entertainment creates and publishes software for consoles, handheld gaming devices and personal computers. Sierra Entertainment features a portfolio of titles, including [[F.E.A.R.]], [[Scarface: The World Is Yours|Scarface]], and Ice Age, based on original intellectual property and popular licenses from industry-leading content partners.<br />
<br />
Operating out of Los Angeles, California, Sierra employs over 700 people in development and has four wholly owned studios providing creative talents and development capabilities across multiple gaming genres: [[High Moon Studios]], [[Radical Entertainment]], [[Swordfish Studios]] and [[Massive Entertainment]]. With the merge of Activision and Vivendi, Sierra Entertainment was closed down and both [[Swordfish Studios]] and [[Massive Entertainment]] have been sold off.<br />
<br />
===Sierra Online===<br />
{{Main|Sierra Online}}<br />
Sierra Online, a newly created division, focuses on developing and publishing high quality short and mid-session casual online games for [[Personal computer|PC]], [[Xbox Live Arcade]] and a range of other platforms. <br />
<br />
Sierra Online’s titles include Assault Heroes, an award-winning game for Xbox Live Arcade, and [[FreeStyle Street Basketball]], an online PC game from leading Korean developer JC Entertainment, Inc. <br />
<br />
The division is also developing a variety of other Xbox Live Arcade and PC online games targeting the mass market.<br />
<br />
===Vivendi Games Mobile===<br />
{{Main|Vivendi Games Mobile}}<br />
Vivendi Games Mobile, a newly formed division, creates and publishes games for the worldwide mobile market. The division publishes games based on original intellectual property, popular entertainment licenses and classic Sierra Entertainment intellectual property games which are distributed by more than 90 operators and dozens of Web portals in more than 60 countries. <br />
<br />
Vivendi Games Mobile has launched a number of award-winning titles, including SWAT Force which was named “Best Wireless Game of the Year” by Spike TV in December 2006.<br />
<br />
Vivendi Mobile Games is ceasing operations. This is to be completed early in 2009.<br />
<br />
==Executive management==<br />
[[René Pénisson]],<br />
Chairman,<br />
Vivendi Games<br />
<br />
[[Bruce Hack]],<br />
CEO,<br />
Vivendi Games<br />
<br />
[[Pascal Brochier]],<br />
President, Global Retail<br />
<br />
[[Cindy Cook]],<br />
Chief Strategy and Marketing Officer<br />
<br />
[[Terri Durham]],<br />
Executive Vice President, Business Development and Global General Counsel<br />
<br />
[[Jean-François Grollemund]],<br />
Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer <br />
<br />
[[Mark Halacy]],<br />
Executive Vice President, Global Human Resources<br />
<br />
==Divisional management==<br />
[[Michael Morhaime]],<br />
President,<br />
[[Blizzard Entertainment]]<br />
<br />
[[Martin Tremblay]],<br />
President<br />
Worldwide Studios,<br />
[[Sierra Entertainment]]<br />
<br />
Al Simone,<br />
Senior Vice President, Global Marketing<br />
[[Sierra Entertainment]]<br />
<br />
[[Ed Zobrist]].<br />
President,<br />
Sierra Online<br />
<br />
[[Paul Maglione]],<br />
President,<br />
[[Vivendi Games Mobile]]<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Vivendi]]<br />
*[[List of assets owned by Vivendi]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.vivendi.com/ Vivendi.com - Official site of Vivendi]<br />
*[http://vugames.com/ VUgames.com - Official site of Vivendi games], redirects to [[Sierra Entertainment]] [http://sierra.com official site].<br />
*[http://www.vivendi.com/corp/en/subsidiaries/index_games.php Vivendi games at Vivendi.com] — Vivendi Games page at [http://www.vivendi.com/ vivendi.com].<br />
<br />
{{Vivendi}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Companies established in 1996]]<br />
[[Category:French video game companies]]<br />
<br />
[[fr:Vivendi Games]]<br />
[[it:Vivendi Games]]<br />
[[nl:Vivendi Games]]<br />
[[ja:ヴィヴェンディ・ユニバーサルゲームズ]]<br />
[[pt:Vivendi Games]]</div>Commander Shepardhttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benutzer:Mielas/Vivendi_Games&diff=191524381Benutzer:Mielas/Vivendi Games2009-01-29T16:08:50Z<p>Commander Shepard: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox Company<br />
|company_name=Vivendi Games<br />
|company_logo=[[Image:Vivendi logo.png|160px]]<br />
|company_type=Subsidiary of [[Vivendi]]<br />
|foundation=1993-2003 (As Universal Interactive Studios) <br/> 2003- (As Vivendi Universal games)<br />
|location=[[Paris]], [[France]]<br />
|key_people=<br />
|industry=[[Video game industry]]<br />
|products=[[Video game]]s<br />
|revenue={{profit}}$1.018 billion [[United States dollar|USD]] (2007)|<br />
|num_employees=3,400<br />
|parent=[[Activision Blizzard]]<br />
|subsid= [[Sierra Entertainment]]<br />
|homepage=[http://www.example.com link title]<br />
|footnotes=<br />
}}<br />
'''Vivendi Games''', formerly known as '''Vivendi Universal Games''', is a Worldwide [[France|French]] developer, publisher and distributor of interactive entertainment. Vivendi Games was founded as Vivendi Universal Games after [[Vivendi]] brought Universal in the early 2000's. Before then Vivendi Games was known as '''Universal Interactive Studios'''. Vivendi Games is a 100% subsidiary of [[Vivendi]] SA. Headed by Bruce Hack, it is headquartered in Los Angeles, California and employs over 3,400 people at 4 separate development divisions.<br />
<br />
Vivendi Games owns the rights to such popular franchises as [[Warcraft (series)|Warcraft]], [[StarCraft]], [[Diablo (video game)|Diablo]] and [[World of Warcraft]] (all games developed by [[Blizzard Entertainment]]) as well as others like [[Empire Earth (series)|Empire Earth]], [[Leisure Suit Larry]], [[Ground Control]] and [[Tribes (series)|Tribes]] and [[Crash Bandicoot]] and [[Spyro the Dragon]] Owned by [[Sierra Entertainment]].<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
The history of Vivendi Games begins in February 1996, when [[CUC International]], a large mail order and subscription company, offered to acquire entertainment software developer [[Sierra Entertainment|Sierra On-Line]]. Headquartered in Bellevue, Washington, Sierra was the leading developer and publisher of computer games and was famous for its adventure game series such as [[King's Quest]], [[Gabriel Knight]], [[Space Quest]], and [[Leisure Suit Larry]]. Sierra was a public company, which employed roughly 1,000 employees at 12 different acquired studios. CUC offered to absorb Sierra's stock shares at a price roughly 90% higher than what Sierra was trading, and on July 24th 1996, Sierra became a wholly owned subsidiary of CUC.<br />
<br />
At the same time, CUC also approached [[Davidson & Associates]], a leading publisher and distributor of educational software, with an offer of a similar stock swap. Headquartered in Torrance, California, Davidson was famous for its [[Blaster Learning System|Math Blaster]] series, and also for [[Warcraft (series)|Warcraft]] and Diablo. While mainly a game publisher, Davidson also had a major in-house developer in the form of [[Blizzard Entertainment]], which Davidson had acquired in 1994, and employed over 800 employees as of February 1996. <br />
Davidson was also a public company, founded and headed by Bob Davidson, who acted as CEO, and also by [[Jan Davidson]], who acted as President. <br />
<br />
After acquiring these companies, CUC quickly integrated these two new divisions into the main CUC organization by announcing in September 1996 the creation of [[CUC Software]], a holding company which would consolidate the finance, distribution, manufacturing, accounting, sales, R&D and overall management of CUC's software companies. <br />
<br />
Soon after its creation, CUC Software acquired in January 1997 [[Knowledge Adventure]], a leading developer of educational software, famous for its [[JumpStart]] series of child oriented programs. CUC also acquired [[Gryphon Software]], another educational software company. Davidson & Associates and Gryphon were then absorbed into Knowledge Adventure, and [[Blizzard Entertainment]] was made a separate division of CUC Software. In 1997, [[CUC Software]] also acquired [[Berkeley Systems]], a California-based developer famous for its [[You Don't Know Jack]] series, and integrated Berkeley Systems into Sierra On-Line.<br />
<br />
CUC then merged with a hotel, real-estate, and car-rental franchiser called HFS Corporation to form [[Cendant]] in 1997. In 1998 it became apparent that CUC had engaged in accounting fraud for years before the merger; Cendant's stock lost 80% of its value over the next six months in the ensuing widely discussed accounting scandal. The company sold its consumer software operations, which included Sierra On-line and Blizzard, to French publisher [[Havas]] in 1998, the same year Havas was purchased by [[Vivendi]], which formed Vivendi Universal Games.<br />
<br />
In 2004, Vivendi Games sold one of its divisions, [[Knowledge Adventure]] to a group of private investors. In 2005 Vivendi's revenues made 641 million euros with earnings from operations equaling to 41 million euros. In 2006 Vivendi Games created a new mobile division '''Vivendi Games Mobile''', which was promised to begin publishing and distributing games in 2006 through mobile carriers and portals.<br />
<br />
In December 2007 it was announced that Vivendi Games would merge with games developer [[Activision]], forming [[Activision Blizzard]].<ref name="actblizmerger">{{cite press release<br />
In July 2008 it was approved by european government, so now we have company namged Activision Blizzard.<br />
| title = VIVENDI AND ACTIVISION TO CREATE ACTIVISION BLIZZARD – World’s Largest, Most Profitable Pure-Play Video Game Publisher<br />
| publisher = [[Activision]], [[Vivendi]]<br />
| date = [[2007-12-02]]<br />
| url = http://www.activisionblizzard.com/pressReleases/pr120207.php<br />
| accessdate = 2007-12-02}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Divisions==<br />
<br />
===Universal Interactive Studios===<br />
<br />
The former studio owned by [[Universal Studios]] before being sold to [[Vivendi]]. Universal Interactive Studios was known for publishing and distributing [[Crash Bandicoot (series)|Crash Bandicoot]] and [[Spyro the Dragon (series)|Spyro the Dragon]] games. Around 2001, Universal Interactive Studios name was shortened to Universal Interactive. After 2003, Universal Interactive was known as [[Vivendi Games|Vivendi Universal Games]].<br />
<br />
<br />
===Blizzard Entertainment===<br />
{{Main|Blizzard Entertainment}}<br />
Blizzard Entertainment is a world-renowned development studio best known for creating the series [[Warcraft (series)|Warcraft]] (including [[World of Warcraft]]), [[Diablo (series)|Diablo]] and [[StarCraft (series)|StarCraft]]. World of Warcraft, the world’s most popular game in the MMORPG category, has currently over 11 million subscribers. [http://kotaku.com/347552/world-of-warcraft-reaches-10-million-mark]<br />
<br />
The Blizzard headquarters is located in Irvine, California.<br />
<br />
===Sierra Entertainment===<br />
{{Main|Sierra Entertainment}}<br />
Sierra Entertainment creates and publishes software for consoles, handheld gaming devices and personal computers. Sierra Entertainment features a portfolio of titles, including [[F.E.A.R.]], [[Scarface: The World Is Yours|Scarface]], and Ice Age, based on original intellectual property and popular licenses from industry-leading content partners.<br />
<br />
Operating out of Los Angeles, California, Sierra employs over 700 people in development and has four wholly owned studios providing creative talents and development capabilities across multiple gaming genres: [[High Moon Studios]], [[Radical Entertainment]], [[Swordfish Studios]] and [[Massive Entertainment]]. With the merge of Activision and Vivendi, Sierra Entertainment was closed down and both [[Swordfish Studios]] and [[Massive Entertainment]] have been sold off.<br />
<br />
===Sierra Online===<br />
{{Main|Sierra Online}}<br />
Sierra Online, a newly created division, focuses on developing and publishing high quality short and mid-session casual online games for [[Personal computer|PC]], [[Xbox Live Arcade]] and a range of other platforms. <br />
<br />
Sierra Online’s titles include Assault Heroes, an award-winning game for Xbox Live Arcade, and [[FreeStyle Street Basketball]], an online PC game from leading Korean developer JC Entertainment, Inc. <br />
<br />
The division is also developing a variety of other Xbox Live Arcade and PC online games targeting the mass market.<br />
<br />
===Vivendi Games Mobile===<br />
{{Main|Vivendi Games Mobile}}<br />
Vivendi Games Mobile, a newly formed division, creates and publishes games for the worldwide mobile market. The division publishes games based on original intellectual property, popular entertainment licenses and classic Sierra Entertainment intellectual property games which are distributed by more than 90 operators and dozens of Web portals in more than 60 countries. <br />
<br />
Vivendi Games Mobile has launched a number of award-winning titles, including SWAT Force which was named “Best Wireless Game of the Year” by Spike TV in December 2006.<br />
<br />
Vivendi Mobile Games is ceasing operations. This is to be completed early in 2009.<br />
<br />
==Executive management==<br />
[[René Pénisson]],<br />
Chairman,<br />
Vivendi Games<br />
<br />
[[Bruce Hack]],<br />
CEO,<br />
Vivendi Games<br />
<br />
[[Pascal Brochier]],<br />
President, Global Retail<br />
<br />
[[Cindy Cook]],<br />
Chief Strategy and Marketing Officer<br />
<br />
[[Terri Durham]],<br />
Executive Vice President, Business Development and Global General Counsel<br />
<br />
[[Jean-François Grollemund]],<br />
Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer <br />
<br />
[[Mark Halacy]],<br />
Executive Vice President, Global Human Resources<br />
<br />
==Divisional management==<br />
[[Michael Morhaime]],<br />
President,<br />
[[Blizzard Entertainment]]<br />
<br />
[[Martin Tremblay]],<br />
President<br />
Worldwide Studios,<br />
[[Sierra Entertainment]]<br />
<br />
Al Simone,<br />
Senior Vice President, Global Marketing<br />
[[Sierra Entertainment]]<br />
<br />
[[Ed Zobrist]].<br />
President,<br />
Sierra Online<br />
<br />
[[Paul Maglione]],<br />
President,<br />
[[Vivendi Games Mobile]]<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Vivendi]]<br />
*[[List of assets owned by Vivendi]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.vivendi.com/ Vivendi.com - Official site of Vivendi]<br />
*[http://vugames.com/ VUgames.com - Official site of Vivendi games], redirects to [[Sierra Entertainment]] [http://sierra.com official site].<br />
*[http://www.vivendi.com/corp/en/subsidiaries/index_games.php Vivendi games at Vivendi.com] — Vivendi Games page at [http://www.vivendi.com/ vivendi.com].<br />
<br />
{{Vivendi}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Companies established in 1996]]<br />
[[Category:French video game companies]]<br />
<br />
[[fr:Vivendi Games]]<br />
[[it:Vivendi Games]]<br />
[[nl:Vivendi Games]]<br />
[[ja:ヴィヴェンディ・ユニバーサルゲームズ]]<br />
[[pt:Vivendi Games]]</div>Commander Shepardhttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry_Redknapp&diff=55720739Harry Redknapp2009-01-23T11:27:27Z<p>Commander Shepard: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''Henry „Harry“ Redknapp''' (* [[2. März]] [[1947]] in [[Poplar (London)|Poplar]], [[London]], [[England]]) ist ein aktueller [[Fußballtrainer]] und ehemaliger [[Fußballspieler|-spieler]]. Zur Zeit trainiert er den [[FA Premier League|Premier League]]-Verein [[Tottenham Hotspur]].<br />
<br />
== Spielerlaufbahn ==<br />
Redknapp wurde in Poplar geboren und war in seiner Jugendzeit Anhänger des [[FC Arsenal]], nachdem ihn sein Vater zu einem Spiel nach [[Arsenal Stadium|Highbury]] mitgenommen hatte. Seine Spielerkarriere begann er jedoch bei dem Lokalrivalen [[West Ham United]], wo er sich als junger [[Flügelspieler]] einen Namen machte und [[1964]] im Alter von 17 Jahren seinen ersten Profivertrag unterschrieb. Während seiner Zeit in [[Upton Park]] schoss er in 149 Erstligaspielen acht Tore.<br />
<br />
Im Jahr [[1974]] wechselte er zum [[AFC Bournemouth]], wo er vier Spielzeiten verbrachte und zu 101 Einsätzen kam. Er zog danach wieder zurück nach London und spielte ab [[1976]] bis zu seinem Rücktritt [[1979]] für den [[FC Brentford]].<br />
<br />
== Trainerlaufbahn ==<br />
Seine Trainerkarriere begann zum Auftakt der Saison [[1982]]/[[1983|83]], als Redknapp mehr als sechs Jahre nach seinem Karriereende als Spieler zum AFC Bournemouth zurückkehrte, um dem dortigen Cheftrainer [[Don Megson]] zu assistieren.<br />
<br />
=== AFC Bournemouth ===<br />
Als Megson [[1984]] entlassen wurde und sich die „Cherries“ in der unteren Tabellenhälfte der drittklassigen [[Football League Third Division|Third Division]] befanden, beförderte die Vereinsführung Redknapp zum neuen sportlichen Hauptverantwortlichen.<br />
<br />
Ursprünglich bestand Redknapps Auftrag lediglich in dem Klassenerhalt, den er letztlich durch ein komfortablen Punkteabstand zu den Abstiegsrängen sicherstellte. Darüber hinaus kam der Verein unter seiner Leitung im [[FA Cup]] zu einem Überraschungserfolg. In der dritten Runde wurde Bournemouth der Titelverteidiger [[Manchester United]] zugelost, der sensationell von dem Drittligisten bezwungen werden konnte.<br />
<br />
Redknapp konnte sich durch diese Achtungserfolge in seinem Amt weiter etablieren, setzte in seiner Arbeit fortan ein verstärktes Augenmerk auf die Jugendarbeit und baute konsequent neue Talente in den Kader und die Mannschaft selbst ein, unter denen sich auch sein Sohn [[Jamie Redknapp]] befand. Die Cherries entwickelten sich dadurch zu einer der besten unterklassigen Mannschaften Englands, spielten attraktiven Offensivfußball und Redknapp versuchte verstärkt auf dem Transfermarkt preiswerte Spieler zur weiteren Verstärkung zu finden.<br />
<br />
Nach einigen Spielzeiten der Konsolidierung im Mittelfeld der Tabelle fand der endgültige Durchbruch in der Saison [[1986]]/[[1987|87]] statt, als Redknapp mit Bournemouth souverän mit 97 Punkten - was einen Vereinsrekord darstellte - die Drittligameisterschaft gewinnen konnte und im Titelrennen dabei den [[FC Middlesbrough]] auf den zweiten Platz verwies.<br />
<br />
Es gelang Redknapp zunächst, den Verein im Mittelfeld der [[Football League Second Division|Second Division]] zu etablieren, ohne jedoch weiterführende Ambitionen für einen weiteren Aufstieg zu pflegen. Im Jahr [[1990]] stieg der AFC Bournemouth wieder in die Drittklassigkeit ab.<br />
<br />
Eine persönliche Tragödie ereilte Redknapp im gleichen Jahr, als er nach [[Italien]] zur [[Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft 1990|Fußball-Weltmeisterschaft]] reiste. Er wurde in einen schweren Autounfall verwickelt, dem fünf Personen - darunter mit [[Brian Tiler]] der Geschäftsführer des AFC Bournemouth - zum Opfer fielen. Redknapp selbst konnte von den schweren Verletzungen vollständig genesen.<br />
<br />
Er blieb bis zum Ende der Saison [[1991]]/[[1992|92]] bei dem Klub an der Südküste Englands und trat danach zurück, da er sich aufgrund der dauerhaft begrenzten Vereinsmittel enttäuscht zeigte.<br />
<br />
=== West Ham United ===<br />
In der anschließenden Saison übernahm er als [[Kotrainer]] von [[Billy Bonds]] bei [[West Ham United]] erneut ein Amt bei einem Verein, für den er schon als Spieler aktiv gewesen war. Als Bonds nach Unstimmigkeiten mit der Vereinsführung im August [[1994]] den Klub verließ, wurde Redknapp zum Cheftrainer der Premier League-Vereins befördert.<br />
<br />
In drei Jahren schloss er mit seiner neuen Mannschaft jeweils am Saisonende auf einem Mittelfeldplatz ab und die Handschrift Redknapps wurde zunehmend deutlicher erkennbar. Dennoch wurde der Druck für ihn größer, da die eigenen Anhänger vielmehr sein Scheitern, den Verein in die obere Tabellenhälfte zu führen, erkannten. Das Präsidium hielt jedoch in diesen turbulenten Zeiten an Redknapp als Trainer von West Ham fest.<br />
<br />
Wie in Bournemouth setzte Redknapp den Schwerpunkt in der Jugendarbeit und brachte Spieler wie [[Rio Ferdinand]], [[Joe Cole]], [[Michael Carrick]] und [[Frank Lampard]] - der zudem Harry Redknapps Neffe ist - hervor. Im Jahr [[1998]] schlossen die „Hammers“ die Spielzeit auf dem achten Platz ab, was im Jahr darauf durch den fünften Platz - eine der besten Positionierungen in der Vereinsgeschichte - und die damit verbundene Qualifikation für den [[UEFA Intertoto Cup|UI-Cup]] noch gesteigert wurde.<br />
<br />
In der folgenden Saison konnten die Leistungen nicht in dieser Form bestätigt werden, was auch durch die zusätzliche Belastung im UI-Cup, den sie gewinnen konnten, und im [[UEFA-Pokal]] erklärt werden konnte, da der Spielbetrieb für West Ham dadurch bereits einen Monat früher begonnen hatte und im Verlauf der Spielzeit zu Müdigkeitserscheinungen führte, was sich beispielsweise darin äußerte, dass der Verein in den letzten vier Partien von zwölf möglichen Punkten nur noch einen gewinnen konnte.<br />
<br />
Ebenfalls in dieser Saison verlor West Ham mit Ferdinand seinen vermutlich besten [[Abwehrspieler]], als dieser für 18 Millionen britische Pfund zu [[Leeds United]] wechselte. Obwohl ein Teil des Geldes in die erneute Verstärkung der Mannschaft reinvestiert wurde, überwarf sich Redknapp zunehmend mit der Vereinsführung und hielt dieser vor, zu wenig Ehrgeiz zu zeigen. Am 9.&nbsp;Mai [[2001]] verließ er dann den Verein, wobei die genauen Umstände - Entlassung oder Rücktritt? - nicht offiziell genannt wurden.<br />
<br />
=== Portsmouth (2001-2004) ===<br />
Redknapp kehrte in der Funktion des Fußballdirektors beim [[FC Portsmouth]] ins Geschäft zurück und fand dort nur schwer in das ungewohnte Tätigkeitsfeld. Dennoch blieb er seinem neuen Verein treu, als er ein Trainerangebot von [[Leicester City]] im Oktober [[2001]] anlehnte.<br />
<br />
Zuvor kursierende Gerüchte über den Wechsel ins Trainerfach bei „Pompey“ erwiesen sich dann am 25.&nbsp;März [[2002]] als wahr und Redknapp folgte [[Graham Rix]] als sportlicher Leiter nach. Unterstützt durch die Millioneninvestitionen des Vereinsvorsitzenden [[Milan Mandarić]] ergänzte Redknapp einen vornehmlich jungen Kader mit erfahrenden Spielern, darunter [[Paul Merson]] und [[Steve Stone]] sowie mit [[Swetoslaw Todorow]] und [[Hayden Foxe]] ehemalige Akteure von [[West Ham United]], um somit als Mitfavorit für den Aufstieg in die Premier League in die neue Saison zu gehen. Zusätzlich wurde [[Jim Smith]] als Redknapps Assistent verpflichtet.<br />
<br />
Der FC Portsmouth wurde schnell seiner Favoritenstellung gerecht und stieg erstmalig in seiner Geschichte nach dem Gewinn der Zweitligameisterschaft in die Premier League auf und ersetzte dabei - ironischerweise für Redknapp - unter anderem West Ham United. Für seine Leistung während der Saison wurde er schließlich als bester Zweitligatrainer („LMA Manager of the Year“) ausgezeichnet.<br />
<br />
Obwohl sich Gerüchte mehrten, dass Mandarić sein Engagement bei dem Verein beenden wollte, setzten sich seine Investitionen weiter fort. Die Anhänger des FC Portsmouth gingen dann auch positiv gestimmt in die neue Saison, als Redknapp seinen Kader mit Spielern wie [[Boris Živković]], [[Dejan Stefanović]] und [[Teddy Sheringham]] aufrüsten konnte. Nach einer durch eine Verletzungsserie geplagte Saison [[2003]]/[[2004|04]] konnte Redknapp den zwischendurch bereits unvermeidbar erschienenen Abstieg noch abwenden.<br />
<br />
Nach einem spektakulären Start, als Portsmouth nach einem 4:0-Sieg gegen die [[Bolton Wanderers]] und erneuten drei Punkten gegen [[Aston Villa]] an der Tabellenspitze stand, gewann der Verein nur noch ein Spiel in fast drei Monaten, bevor dann wieder ein hoher 6:1-Sieg gegen Leeds United gelang. Zu den Langzeitverletzten gehörten neben Steve Stone und Swetoslaw Todorow noch [[Tim Sherwood]], [[Patrik Berger]] und [[Vincent Péricard]], wodurch Redknapp im Januar 2004 mit den Verpflichtungen von [[Eyal Berkovic]], [[Ivica Mornar]], [[Petri Pasanen]] und [[Lomana LuaLua]] nachträglich auf dem Transfermarkt aktiv wurde. Der FC Portsmouth beendete die Saison dann mit einer beeindruckenden Serie von sechs Siegen und nur einer Niederlage in zehn Spielen, an der vor allem [[Aiyegbeni Yakubu]] mit elf Toren maßgeblichen Anteil hatte.<br />
<br />
Trotz einiger Kontroversen zwischen Redknapp und Mandarić bezüglich der Transfers sowie im Trainingsbereich konnte Redknapp seinen Kader auch im Sommer [[2004]] weiter ergänzen und erklärte sich öffentlich, aus dem FC Portsmouth einen etablierten Premier League-Verein machen zu wollen. Dennoch nahmen die Unstimmigkeiten mit Mandarić weiter zu und hatten Redknapps Rücktritt am 23.&nbsp;November 2004 zur Folge.<br />
<br />
=== Southampton (2004-2005) ===<br />
Obwohl er nach seinem Rückzug aus dem [[Fratton Park]] äußerte, eine Auszeit vom Fußball nehmen zu wollen, heuerte Redknapp bereits im Dezember beim [[FC Southampton]] an, der zudem noch ein erbitterter Rivale des FC Portsmouth ist. Dafür wurde er von seinen ehemaligen Anhängern als „[[Judas Ischariot|Judas]]“ verbal attackiert und weitere Äußerungen beider Seiten führten nur noch zu einer weiteren Verschärfung der ohnehin schon vorhandenen Rivalität.<br />
<br />
Redknapp fand in Southampton eine Mannschaft in Unordnung vor, die sich in der Entlassung von [[Paul Sturrock]] und später [[Steve Wigley]] äußerte. Er konnte während des halben Jahres im Traineramt den Abstieg des Vereins nicht mehr verhindern. Während der letzten Spieltage kam es dann auch zu dem Aufeinandertreffen mit seinem alten Verein aus Portsmouth, der Southampton schließlich mit 4:1 besiegte. Die 1:2-Niederlage am letzten Spieltag bei [[Manchester United]] besiegelte dann den Fall in die zweitklassige [[Football League Championship]], wobei Southampton zuvor seit [[1978]] ununterbrochen in der obersten englischen Liga gespielt hatte. Auch Redknapp war zuvor noch nie aus der Eliteklasse abgestiegen und entschied sich für die Fortführung seiner Arbeit in der zweiten Liga.<br />
<br />
Die neue Saison verlief jedoch in den ersten Monaten erneut schlecht und war durch eine lange Serie von Remis-Ergebnissen geprägt. Am 3.&nbsp;Dezember [[2005]] verkündete er dann seinen Abschied vom FC Southampton, wobei sich in den Medien die Hinweise verdichtet hatten, er wolle zu seinem alten Verein nach Portsmouth zurückkehren und Redknapp seine Trainerposition angesichts der Rivalität zwischen den beiden Klubs als geschwächt ansah. Nach Redknapps Weggang kündete [[Rupert Lowe]] - Vereinsvorsitzender des [[FC Southampton]] - offizielle Ermittlungen an, die die Rolle des FC Portsmouth in dieser Angelegenheit untersuchen sollten.<br />
<br />
=== Rückkehr nach Portsmouth (2005-2008) ===<br />
Redknapp ging tatsächlich am 7.&nbsp;Dezember 2005 zu seinem alten Verein zurück und wurde Nachfolger des [[Frankreich|Franzosen]] [[Alain Perrin]]. Milan Mandarić zeigte sich erfreut über diese Entwicklung, obwohl weite Teile der Medien die „Redknapp-Portsmouth-Southampton-Affäre“ und die Folgen für die Glaubwürdigkeit des Fußballgeschäfts stark kritisierten.<br />
<br />
Maßgeblichen Anteil an der möglichen Rückkehr von Redknapp war dabei der Weggang von [[Velimir Zajec]], dessen Verpflichtung als Fußballdirektor als Hauptgrund für die zunehmenden Spannungen zwischen Mandarić und Redknapp im Jahr 2004 gesehen wurde, und auch [[Clive Woodward]] beim FC Southampton eine ähnliche Rolle ausgefüllt und zu Spekulationen über Redknapps Position geführt hatte.<br />
<br />
Mit der Ankunft des neuen Miteigentümers [[Alexandre Gaydamak]] beim FC Portsmouth am 2.&nbsp;Januar [[2006]] mehrten sich wieder Zweifel, ob Redknapp sein Traineramt in gewohnter Weise fortsetzen könne. Diese Vermutungen beseitigte Gaydamak jedoch mit der Äußerung, er sei ausschließlich am Klassenerhalt des Vereins in der obersten englischen Liga interessiert. Der FC Portsmouth befand sich in der Saison 2005/06 hauptsächlich in der Abstiegszone und die Hoffnungen wurde zunehmend schwächer, als eine gute Form zum Ende der Spielzeit noch zum Verbleib in der Liga führte. Nach einem zwischenzeitlichen 8-Punkte-Abstand zum Nichtabstiegsplatz und nur noch zwei Monate vor Saisonende wurde Redknapp nach dieser positiven Wende, die als „Great Escape“ (deutsch: ''„großartige Flucht“'') bezeichnet wurde, in der Öffentlichkeit als „[[Harry Houdini]]“ gewürdigt, wobei einige Beobachter auf der Tatsache bestanden, dass sich der Verein schon vor Redknapps Verpflichtung oberhalb der Abstiegszone befunden hatte und erst Redknapp selbst den FC Portsmouth in eine nahezu hoffnungslose Lage manövriert und dann gerettet hatte.<br />
<br />
Am 25.&nbsp;Mai 2006 unterschrieb Redknapp einen Dreijahresvertrag, nachdem sein vorheriger Kontrakt zum Ende des Saison 2005/06 ausgelaufen war.<br />
<br />
Am 28. November 2007 wurde Redknapp wegen Korruptionsverdacht festgenommen.<br />
<br />
=== Tottenham Hotspur (seit 2008) ===<br />
Am 26. Oktober wechselte Redknapp für eine Ablösesumme von 6,3 Millionen Euro zu den Tottenham Hotspurs.<br />
<br />
== Vereinsstationen ==<br />
=== als Spieler ===<br />
* West Ham United (03/1964 - 08/1972)<br />
* AFC Bournemouth (08/1972 - 09/1976)<br />
* FC Brentford (09/1976 - 12/1976)<br />
<br />
=== als Cheftrainer ===<br />
* AFC Bournemouth (10/1983 - 06/1992)<br />
* West Ham United (08/1994 - 05/2001)<br />
* FC Portsmouth (03/2002 - 11/2004)<br />
* FC Southampton (12/2004 - 12/2005)<br />
* FC Portsmouth (12/2005 - 10/2008)<br />
* Tottenham Hotspur (seit 10/2008)<br />
<br />
== Weblinks ==<br />
* [http://www.leaguemanagers.com/media/redknapp_harry_r.jpg Foto von Harry Redknapp]<br />
<br />
{{Navigationsleiste Kader von Tottenham Hotspur}}<br />
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[[Kategorie:Mann|Redknapp, Harry]]<br />
[[Kategorie:Fußballspieler (England)|Redknapp, Harry]]<br />
[[Kategorie:Fußballtrainer (England)|Redknapp, Harry]]<br />
[[Kategorie:Geboren 1947|Redknapp, Harry]]<br />
<br />
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|GEBURTSORT=[[Poplar (London)|Poplar]], [[London]]<br />
|STERBEDATUM=<br />
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<br />
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[[id:Harry Redknapp]]<br />
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[[ja:ハリー・レドナップ]]<br />
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[[zh:哈里·雷德克纳普]]</div>Commander Shepardhttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Koei&diff=104474531Koei2009-01-19T16:09:44Z<p>Commander Shepard: </p>
<hr />
<div>:''This article is about the software company. For the Japanese era name, see [[Kōei (era)]].''<br />
{{Infobox Company<br />
| name = Koei Company, Limited <br/> 株式会社コーエー<br />
| logo = [[Image:Koei.png|220px|Koei's current company logo]]<br />
| type = [[Public Company|Public]] ({{tyo|9654}})<br />
| foundation = [[Ashikaga, Tochigi|Ashikaga]], [[Tochigi Prefecture|Tochigi]], [[Japan]] ([[July 25]], [[1978]])<br />
| founder = [[Yoichi Erikawa]] and [[Keiko Erikawa]]<br />
| location = [[Yokohama]], [[Kanagawa Prefecture|Kanagawa]], [[Japan]]<br />
| area_served = <br />
| key_people = <br />
| industry = [[Video game industry]]<br />
| products = ''[[Dynasty Warriors]]'' <br/> ''[[Samurai Warriors]]'' <br/> ''[[Nobunaga's Ambition series]]'' <br/> ''[[Romance of the Three Kingdoms (video game)|Romance of the Three Kingdoms]]'' <br/> ''[[Kessen]]'' <br/> ''[[Crimson Sea]]''<br />
| services = <br />
| revenue = [http://www.koei.co.jp/english/html/financial/pdfs/annualreport2006.pdf]<br />
| operating_income = <br />
| net_income = <br />
| assets = <br />
| equity = <br />
| owner = <br />
| num_employees = <br />
| parent = <br />
| divisions = <br />
| subsid = <br />
| slogan = N/A<br />
| homepage = [http://www.koei.com www.koei.com]<br />
| footnotes = <br />
| intl = <br />
}}<br />
'''Koei Company, Limited''' (株式会社コーエー ''[[Kabushiki Kaisha|Kabushiki-gaisha]]'' Kōē), formerly 光栄 (Kōei)) ({{tyo|9654}}) is a [[Japan]]ese [[video game publisher]] and [[video game developer|developer]] founded in [[1978 in video gaming|1978]]. The company is best known for its historical simulation games based on the novel ''[[Romance of the Three Kingdoms]]'', as well as simulation games based on historical events.<br />
<br />
The company has also found mainstream success in a series of loosely historical action games, the flagship titles of which are ''[[Dynasty Warriors]]'' (真・三國無双 (Shin-Sangoku Musō)) and ''[[Samurai Warriors]]'' (戦国無双 (Sengoku Musō)), the Musō (無双) series. Koei also owns a division known as Ruby Party, which focuses in dating sim games. <br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Koei was established in July 1978 by [[Yoichi Erikawa]] and [[Keiko Erikawa]]. Yoichi was a student at [[Keio University]], and when his family's rural [[dye]]stuffs business failed he decided to pursue his interest in programming. The company to this day is located in the [[Hiyoshi]] area of [[Yokohama]] along with Erikawa's alma mater, and the company's name is simply a [[spoonerism]] of the school's. <br />
<br />
'''Ko'''u Shibusawa and '''Ei'''ji Fukuzawa, whose names are supposed to have made up the name of the company, do not really exist and are names used by the company to avoid giving credit to individual contributors, effectively acting as alter-egos for Erikawa.{{Fact|date=September 2008}}<br />
<br />
The company initially focused on [[personal computer]] sales and made-to-order business [[software]]. In 1983 it released ''[[Nobunaga's Ambition]]'' (信長の野望 ''Nobunaga no Yabo''), a historical [[strategy game]] set during the [[Sengoku period]] of [[History of Japan|Japanese history]]. The game went on to receive numerous awards, and Koei produced several more such games set against the backdrop of world history, including ''[[Romance of the Three Kingdoms (game)|Romance of the Three Kingdoms]]'', set during the [[Three Kingdoms]] period of [[History of China|Chinese history]], and ''[[Uncharted Waters]]'' (大航海時代 ''Dai Kōkai Jidai''; lit. ''Great Navigation Era''), set in [[Portugal]] during the [[Age of Exploration]].<br />
<br />
In 1988, Koei established a [[North America]]n [[subsidiary]], '''Koei Corporation''', in [[California]]. This subsidiary localized Koei games for export to all territories outside of Japan, as well as producing original games and concepts with the leadership of designer [[Stieg Hedlund]], like ''[[Liberty or Death]]'', ''[[Celtic Tales: Balor of the Evil Eye]]'', ''[[Gemfire]]'' and ''[[Saiyuki: Journey West]]''. After Hedlund's departure, this subsidiary ceased game development in 1995, focusing instead on localization, sales and marketing.<br />
<br />
A [[Canada|Canadian]] subsidiary, '''Koei Canada, Inc.''' was established in early 2001, and a [[Europe]]an subsidiary, '''Koei Limited''' was established in early 2003 in [[Hertfordshire]], [[United Kingdom]]. Koei also maintains subsidiaries in [[mainland China]], [[Korea]], [[Taiwan]] and [[Lithuania]]. Recently, Koei created a Singapore branch for game development such as ''[[Sangokushi Online]]''.<br />
<br />
Koei's Ruby Party division specializes on games labeled as Neoromance: [[GxB]] dating sims, usually with extra side-quests. Out of the three Neoromance series, the best known is [[Angelique]], which has been in production since 1994. [[Harukanaru Toki no Naka De]] is a newer Neoromance hit, with many sequels and an [[anime]] TV series based on it. The newest game in the series, [[Kiniro no Corda]], is gaining popularity partially because the [[manga]] series it was based on, has been recently licensed by ''[[Viz (comics)|Viz]]'' for [[English language]] publishing. It gaining more popularity though, and an anime TV series based on it began airing in October 2006. A sequel was also released on the [[Sony Playstation 2]] in March 2007 <ref>[http://www.gamecity.ne.jp/ps2/corda2/]</ref>.<br />
<br />
On September 4, 2008, Koei announced that it was in talks to purchase ailing competitor [[Tecmo]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Thorsen|first=Tor|title=Tecmo, Koei in merger talks|publisher=GameSpot|url=http://www.gamespot.com/news/6197229.html|accessdate=2008-09-21|date=2008-09-04 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Ashcraft|first=Brian|title=Report: Tecmo And Koei In Talks To Merge|publisher=Kotaku|url=http://kotaku.com/5045256/tecmo-and-koei-in-talks-to-merge|accessdate=2008-09-21|date=2008-09-04 }}</ref>They have agreed in November 2008 to merge on April 1, 2009 to form [[Tecmo Koei Holdings]].<ref>[http://www.shacknews.com/onearticle.x/55975/]</ref><br />
<br />
== Games Created by Koei ==<br />
{{update}}<br />
Koei has built a large base of franchises, and has developed on various consoles and computers. Below is a list of game series developed by Koei.<br />
<br />
===Action games===<br />
*''[[Bladestorm: The Hundred Years' War]]'' An action/strategy game based on the Hundred Years' War between England and France. (For the [[PlayStation 3]] and [[Xbox 360]]).<br />
*''[[Crimson Sea]]'' (initially released for [[Xbox]] in 2002, whereas its sequel was released for [[PlayStation 2]] in 2004).<br />
*''[[Destrega]]'' A unique 1 vs 1 fighter produced for the [[PlayStation]] system.<br />
*''[[Dynasty Warriors]]'' 1 - 6 (as well as expansions 'Xtreme Legends' for 3 - 5, 'Empires' for 4 - 5, plus a [[Game Boy Advance]], a [[Nintendo DS]] and two [[PlayStation Portable]] games)'' (真・三國無双 ''Shin-Sangoku Musō''; [[spin-off]] of ''[[Romance of the Three Kingdoms (game)|Romance of the Three Kingdoms]]'').<br />
*''[[Dynasty Warriors: Gundam]]'' For the [[PlayStation 3]] and [[Xbox 360]], it is based on the mechanics of ''Dynasty Warriors'' and ''Samurai Warriors'', only using the ''[[Mobile Suit Gundam]]'' franchise as its base. (''ガンダム無双'' Gundam Musō).<br />
*''[[Mystic Heroes]]'' for the [[Nintendo GameCube]] and [[PlayStation 2]].<br />
*''[[Ni-Oh]]'' ([[PlayStation 3]] game, movie tie-in).<br />
*''[[Samurai Warriors]]'' 1, 2 & 3 (as well as an Xtreme Legends expansion to both, and Empires expansion to 2, a PSP game, 'State of War' and ''[[Samurai Warriors: Katana]]'' for the [[Wii]].) (''戦国無双'' Sengoku Musō).<br />
*''[[Stop That Roach!]]'' Action/Puzzle game released in 1994 for [[Game Boy]].<br />
*''[[Warriors Orochi]]'' For the [[PlayStation 2]], [[PlayStation Portable|PSP]], [[Personal computer|PC]] and [[Xbox 360]], it is the first Koei [[Fictional crossover|crossover]] title, featuring characters from the ''Dynasty Warriors'' and ''Samurai Warriors'' games. (''無双OROCHI'').<br />
*''[[WinBack]]'' [[Stealth game]] for [[Nintendo 64]] and [[PlayStation 2]].<br />
*''[[Prey the Stars]]'' exclusively released for the [[Nintendo DS]].<br />
<br />
=== History Simulation ===<br />
*''[[Genghis Khan (video game)|Genghis Khan]] series.<br />
*''[[Liberty or Death]]'' - Based on the American Revolutionary war.<br />
*''[[Nobunaga's Ambition series]]'' - published on various platforms.<br />
*''[[Romance of the Three Kingdoms (game)|Romance of the Three Kingdoms]]'' I to XI released on the MSX, MSX2, NES, SNES, Genesis, Amiga, PC-Engine CD-ROM, Sega Saturn, PS1, PS2 and PC - turn based strategy games<br />
<br />
===Strategy games===<br />
*''[[Bandit Kings of Ancient China]]'' released on the Nintendo Entertainment System, MS-DOS, Amiga, Macintosh, and PlayStation.<br />
*''[[Gemfire]]'' - [[Medieval fantasy]] simulator.<br />
*''[[L'Empereur]]'' Turn-based strategy game released on the Nintendo Entertainment System<br />
*''[[Teitoku no Ketsudan]]'' (''PTO: Pacific Theater of Operations'' in North America) [[Pacific War]] strategy games.<br />
:*''[[PTO: Pacific Theater of Operations|P.T.O.: Pacific Theater of Operations ]]''<br />
:*''[[P.T.O. II: Pacific Theater of Operations]]''<br />
:*''[[P.T.O. IV: Pacific Theater of Operations]]''<br />
*''[[Kessen]]'', ''[[Kessen II]]'' and ''[[Kessen III]]'' Real time strategy games for the PS2 set in Feudal Japan and China during the Three Kingdoms period.<br />
*''[[Operation Europe: Path to Victory]]'', a strategy game set in [[Europe]] during [[World War II]]<br />
<br />
===Executive Series===<br />
*''[[Aerobiz]]'' - Airline business simulator series.<br />
*''[[Famicom Top Management|Top Management]]'' - Business simulator series.<br />
*''[[Winning Post]]'' - [[Thoroughbred horse racing]] management and [[horse breeding]] simulator series.<br />
<br />
===Neo-romance games===<br />
*''[[Angelique (Japanese series)|Angelique]]'' (''アンジェリーク'')<br />
*''[[Harukanaru Toki no Naka de]]'' (''遙かなる時空の中で'' , translates to ''From a Faraway Time'')<br />
*''[[Kiniro no Corda]]'' (''金色のコルダ'', translates to ''Golden Corda'')<br />
<br />
===[[Role-playing game|RPGs]]===<br />
*''[[Brandish]]'' ([[Super NES]] port)<br />
*''[[Celtic Tales: Balor of the Evil Eye]]''<br />
*''[[Inindo: Way of the Ninja]]'' (for [[Super NES]]) Also part of Rekoeition series<br />
*''[[Saiyuki: Journey West]]'' (西遊記 Saiyuki)<br />
*''[[Sangokushi Eiketsuden]]'', ''[[Sangokushi Koumeiden]]'', ''[[Sangokushi Sousouden]]'' (as Tactical RPG)<br />
*''[[Opoona]]''<br />
<br />
===Sports games===<br />
*''[[G1 Jockey]]''<br />
*''[[G1 Jockey 4 2007]]''<br />
*''[[Fatal Inertia]]''<br />
*''[[Winning Post 7 Maximum 2007]]''<br />
*''[[Yanya Caballista: City Skater]]''<br />
<br />
===Music games===<br />
*''[[Gitaroo Man]]'' (As well as a PlayStation Portable version called ''Gitaroo Man Lives!'')<br />
<br />
===Rekoeition===<br />
*''[[Ishin no Arashi]]'' First game of Rekoeition series.<br />
*''[[Inindo: Way of the Ninja]]'' {{nihongo|伊忍道 打倒信長}}<br />
*''[[Uncharted Waters]]'' (大航海時代 ''Dai Kōkai Jidai''; lit. ''Great Navigation Era'')<br />
*''[[Taikou Risshiden]]'' （太閤立志伝）<br />
<br />
===Adventure games===<br />
*''[[Saihai no Yukue]]'' (''采配のゆくえ'', translates to ''The Baton's Whereabouts'')<br />
<br />
==Games published by Koei in Europe==<br />
*''[[Disgaea]]'' series<br />
*''[[La Pucelle: Tactics]]''<br />
*''[[Atelier Iris]]'' series<br />
*''[[Phantom Brave]]''<br />
*''[[Makai Kingdom]]''<br />
*''[[Colosseum: Road to Freedom]]''<br />
*''[[Persona 3]] and [[Persona 3 FES]]''<br />
<br />
==Divisions==<br />
* [[Omega Force]]<br />
* [[Ruby Party]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.koei.co.jp/ Koei Co., Ltd. (Japan) website]<br />
*[http://www.koeikorea.co.kr/ Koei Co., Ltd. (Korea) website]<br />
*[http://www.koei.com.tw/ Koei Co., Ltd. (Taiwan) website]<br />
*[http://www.koei.com/ Koei Co., (United States) website]<br />
*[http://www.koei.co.uk/ Koei Ltd. (Europe) website]<br />
*[http://www.koei.fr/ Koei Ltd. (France) website]<br />
*[http://www.koeicanada.ca/ Koei Canada, Inc. website]<br />
*[http://gamecity.net.cn/ Koei Gamecity (China) Entertainment website]<br />
*[http://www.gamecity.co.jp/ Koei Gamecity (Japan) Entertainment website]<br />
*[http://www.gamecity.ne.kr/ Koei Gamecity (Korea) Entertainment website]<br />
*[http://www.gamecity.com.tw/ Koei Gamecity (Taiwan) Entertainment website]<br />
<br />
{{Musou series}}<br />
{{Romance of the Three Kingdoms series}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Companies established in 1978]]<br />
[[Category:Japanese video game companies]]<br />
[[Category:Koei|*]]<br />
[[Category:Companies headquartered in Kanagawa]]<br />
[[Category:Video game publishers]]<br />
[[Category:Video game developers]]<br />
<br />
[[ar:كويه (شركة)]]<br />
[[es:Koei]]<br />
[[fr:Koei]]<br />
[[ko:코에이]]<br />
[[id:KOEI]]<br />
[[ms:Koei]]<br />
[[ja:コーエー]]<br />
[[no:Koei]]<br />
[[pt:Koei]]<br />
[[tr:Koei]]<br />
[[zh:光榮株式會社]]</div>Commander Shepardhttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eternal_Sonata&diff=81337257Eternal Sonata2009-01-12T22:25:50Z<p>Commander Shepard: /* Combat */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox VG<br />
|title = Eternal Sonata<br />
|image = [[Image:Eternal Sonata.jpg|256px]]<br />
|developer = [[Tri-Crescendo]]<br />
|publisher = [[Namco Bandai]]<br />
|distributor = [[Atari]] ([[Europe]], [[Australia]])<br />[[Microsoft]] ([[Asia]] Except [[Japan]])<br />
|designer = [[Hiroya Hatsushiba]], [[Sam Riegel]]<br />
|composer = [[Motoi Sakuraba]]<br />
|writer = [[Hiroya Hatsushiba]]<br />
|engine =<br />
|resolution = [[720p]]<br />
|version =<br />
|released = '''Xbox 360'''<br />{{vgrelease|Japan|JP|[[June 14]], [[2007]]}}<br />{{vgrelease|North America|NA|[[September 17]], [[2007]]}}<br />{{vgrelease|Europe|EU|[[October 19]], [[2007]]}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.computerandvideogames.com/article.php?id=166356 |title=Xbox News: Ace Combat 6, Eternal Sonata dated for Europe - ComputerAndVideoGames.com |publisher=Computerandvideogames.com |date= |accessdate=2008-10-27}}</ref><br />{{vgrelease|Australasia|AUS|[[November 15]], [[2007]]}}<ref>[http://www.gamefaqs.com/console/xbox360/data/934162.html ]</ref><br />'''PlayStation 3'''<br />{{vgrelease|Japan|JP|[[September 18]], [[2008]]}}<br />{{vgrelease|North America|NA|[[October 21]], [[2008]]}}<br />{{vgrelease|Europe|EU|[[Q1]] [[2009]]}}<br /><br />
|genre = [[Console role-playing game]]<br />
|modes = [[Single player]], [[Cooperative gameplay|local co-op]]<br />
|ratings = [[Computer Entertainment Rating Organization|CERO]]: A<br />[[Entertainment Software Rating Board|ESRB]]: T <br /> [[Office of Film and Literature Classification (Australia)|OFLC (AU)]]: M <br /> [[Office of Film and Literature Classification (New Zealand)|OFLC (NZ)]]: PG <br /><br />
|platforms = [[Xbox 360]], [[PlayStation 3]]<br />
|requirements =<br />
|media = [[DVD-DL]], [[Blu-ray Disc]]<br />
|input = [[Xbox 360 Controller]], [[Sixaxis]], [[Dual Shock 3]]<br />
}}<br />
{{Nihongo|'''''Eternal Sonata'''''|トラスティベル ～ショパンの夢～|Torasuti Beru Shopan no Yume|Trusty Bell: Chopin's Dream}} is an original [[computer role-playing game|role-playing]] [[video game]] created by [[Tri-Crescendo]], one of the developers of ''[[Baten Kaitos]]'' and ''[[Baten Kaitos Origins]]''. The [[Microsoft]] [[Xbox 360]] version of the game was released on June 14, 2007 in Japan, September 17, 2007 in North America, and October 19, 2007 in Europe. The game was also released on the [[Sony]] [[PlayStation 3]] with additional content as {{nihongo|'''''Trusty Bell: Chopin's Dream - Reprise'''''|トラスティベル ~ショパンの夢~ ルプリーズ|Torasuti Beru Shopan no Yume Rupurīzu}} on September 18, 2008 <ref name="nbgiannounce">{{cite web|title=Namco Bandai Announcement for PS3|url=http://ps3.ign.com/articles/820/820146p1.html}}</ref> in Japan, and in North America on October 21, 2008 (release date announced as of 9-15-08),<ref name="Namco Bandai News">{{cite web|title=E3 - Namco Bandai News|url=http://www.rpgamer.com/news/Q3-2008/071508b.html}}</ref> and a European release will be available in February 2009.<ref>[http://www.namcobandaigames.eu/en/press/30/ ETERNAL SONATA TO CHARM ITS WAY ONTO PLAYSTATION 3 IN EUROPE]</ref><br />
<br />
The game is centered on the [[Poles|Polish]] romantic [[pianist]] and [[composer]] [[Frédéric Chopin]], who died of [[tuberculosis]] at the age of 39. The story envisions a fictional world dreamed by Chopin during his last hours that is influenced by Chopin's life and music, and in which he himself is a playable character, among others. The game features a selection of Chopin's compositions played by [[pianist]] [[Stanislav Bunin]], though most of the in-game music was composed by [[Motoi Sakuraba]]. The game's [[battle system]] centers on musical elements and character-unique special attacks. Light and darkness plays a part in the appearance and abilities of enemies on the battlefield, as well as the types of magic that can be cast.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.1up.com/do/previewPage?cId=3158051 | title=1UP.com - Eternal Sonata Preview | work=Alice Liang | accessdate=2007-03-17}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{TOClimit|limit=3}}<br />
<br />
==Story==<br />
{{Plot|date=January 2009}}<br />
The game is presented in chapters and each main chapter is named after one of Chopin’s famous works (For example, the chapter ‘Revolution’ is named after the ‘Revolutionary Etude’). The plot of the game follows two distinct narrative strands; the first, and main narrative, is the story of the fictional world that Chopin is experiencing while on his death bed. The other narrative provides historical information on Chopin’s life that is considered relevant to current plot developments in the fictional world and is displayed at key points during the course of the game. This narrative is accompanied by a rendition of the piece the chapter draws inspiration from.<br />
<br />
The fictional world contains two major kingdoms that are currently on the brink of war, Forte and Baroque. Polka, a young girl that resides in Tenuto, a village within Forte territory, has a terminal illness. In the fictional world, a side effect of any terminal illness is the ability to perform magic; this leads normal people to stay away from magic users for fear of catching the illness. Polka is constantly told by her Mother that she must one day throw herself into the sea and that she will understand why when the time comes. In the mean time, Polka tries to make a living selling floral powder as a healing agent but can’t compete with the price of the tax free ‘Mineral Powder’, an addictive miracle cure supplied by Forte Castle. She later meets with Frederic Chopin who claims that he is also infected by the terminal illness. He offers to help escort her to Count Waltz, the ruler of Forte, so that she may plead with him to increase the price of Mineral Powder.<br />
<br />
As Polka and Frederic travel through Agogo forest, they encounter a mysterious man who attacks them for no reason. They were defeated quickly. The mysterious man mentions that he is searching for these "glowing creatures". Polka and Frederic were saved by a young girl named March, who is a guardian of Agogo Forest.<br />
<br />
The pair later encounters two young orphan boys, Allegretto and Beat, who are also planning to ask Count Waltz to lower taxes so that they can feed other orphans in their town. They met in Agogo Village, where March lives. Surprised that Allegretto and Beat know who Polka is and that she's a magic user, she runs off. Polka gets attacked by these creatures and is saved by Frederic, Allegretto, and Beat. She learns that strange creatures called "agogos" react completely differently around her than anyone else by radiating a strange glow. The four of them decides to journey together to Count Waltz. Before leaving, March asked them if they see her sister, please give her her hat. March explains that her twin sister Salsa traveled to Forte City to stop Count Waltz and his soldiers from threatening the Agogos.<br />
<br />
The group travels through Chorus Plains. As soon as they reached the end of the valley, they find a young lady leading a herd of sheeps being attacked by strange creatures. The group immediately helps her and defeat the creatures. The young lady was Viola. She thanked them allowing them to stay at her place for the time being. The group finds out that those creatures that attacked Viola were the victims that used and relied too much on Mineral Powder. The Mineral Powder that Count Waltz are selling are turning the people who use them into creatures that use magic. The group becomes more curious about Count Waltz. They question why he only made Mineral Powder tax free and why is the powder causing death to people. Viola joins the group.<br />
<br />
As soon as the group set off, they crossed an old bridge, called Cabasa Bridge, that leads to Fort Fermata, the building locking the door to Forte City. They managed to get to the other side of the wall and continue their way to Forte City through Hanon Hills.<br />
<br />
In the mean time, Jazz, Claves, and Falsetto were planning in their hideout to cross Andantino's Secret Passage to get to Forte Castle to resue the guardian of Agogo Forest. Claves insist that Jazz repeat the mission. Falsetto gets mad and questions Claves why she always needs things repeated.<br />
<br />
Once the group reached Forte, they found an Inn to stay for the night, but a little girl who seems to be the owner of it begs them to find her missing brother named Phil. The group looks around in the city and found out that Phil ran off to the cliffs, which were strictly forbidden for anyone to go until they complete the fence. The group found Phil's shoe on the edge of a cliff. They travel down Glissando Cliffs and resued him. As a reward, Phil and his sister allowed the group to stay in the Inn free of charge.<br />
<br />
They appear in front of Forte Castle wanting to talk to Count Waltz. Beat was beated up by one of the guards. The group was attacked and were arrested. In the dungeons, the group meets Salsa, March's twin. They returned her the hat. Salsa began agruing with Viola and Beat. Allegretto managed to open the doors to the dungeon. They escape through a mysterious hole known as Andantino's Secret Passage.<br />
<br />
Count Waltz was upset about his soldier, the one who attacked Beat in front of the castle, named Tuba. Tuba was a failure to Count Waltz. He orders Tuba to go after the group and kill them all, except for the guardian of Agogo Forest, Salsa.<br />
<br />
Once they made it out of the passage, they encountered Jazz, Claves, and Falsetto. They were surprised that the group came out of their secret passage. The end of the passage led them back to Hanon Hills. They quickly escape through the hills, knowing that the soldiers must be looking for them. The group along with Jazz and the others made it to Fort Fermata. Falsetto explains to them why the wall was built. Jazz tells them that Count Waltz made Mineral Powder tax free so more people can use them. Waltz wants to create an army of mad magic users. So the more the people use it, the large the army is. And the worst part, you have to be close to dying to be able to use magic. <br />
<br />
When they exited the fort to Cabasa Bridxge, the group was attacked by Tuba. They defeated him once more. Tuba would not admit his failure so he bombs Cabasa Bridge and everyone falls off.<br />
<br />
The group was separated. The first group, Allegretto, Viola, Jazz, Claves, and Falsetto resides at Adagio Swamp. The river under Cabasa Bridge led them to the swamp at the end of the river. Allegretto mentions that he hopes "Polka and the others" are alright. Viola teases him by asking why he said "Polka and the others" not "Beat and the others". The group travels through the swamp. They find a house called Cantabile Inn and rest there. <br />
<br />
At night Viola comes out for some air and finds Jazz and Allegretto. She said that she loved the air because it reminded her of home. Allegretto was distracted and was sitting by the small river all night. They asked him what was bothering him. Viola teases him again by asking if he was still thinking about Polka. Allegretto tells them that there was something suspicious about what Tuba said in front of Forte Castle. He said that it seems like they were waiting for someone and thought that it was them. That's probably why they attacked the group.<br />
<br />
The next day, Jazz, Claves, and Falsetto plans to cross Woodblack Groves, a poisonous forst. Beyond it is Andantino. The group travels through the woods and makes it back to Andantino. Jazz asked Falsetto to tour Allegretto and Viola around Andantino and meet them back in their hidout when they're finished. The group comes across a little girl crying over her dying flower. The flower needs water, but not just any water, it needs water from a spring at the end of Lento Cemetery. The girl's father refuses to travel there. Her little brother runs off to Lento Cemetery. The group chases after him. They told the boy to go back while they get the water.<br />
<br />
While that was happening, Jazz and Claves were at the hideout waiting. Jazz tells Claves that he thinks Falsetto is a spy from Count Waltz. Claves didn't want Jazz to believe that. She managed to convince him, but on the look on her face tells you that she seems like she regrets it a little. Jazz tells Claves that he and Falsetto have known each other since childhood. He tells Claves that he'll go check on them. When he leaves, Claves gets beaten up by a lady named Rondo. She scolds at Claves for not convincing Jazz that Falsetto was a spy. Rondo reveals that Claves is the spy from Forte. She leaves her injuried on the floor. Claves cries over her failure realizing that she failed her mission because she had fallen in love with Jazz. She knew that Falsetto never liked her because she suspected Claves was a spy. Claves was jealous that Jazz and Falsetto knew each other for so long. She wanted to compete over Jazz with Falsetto, but she knew that she was no match for her. Claves sends a message on a dove's leg to Baroque before her death.<br />
<br />
Polka was standing outside in the gardens of Baroque Castle. Beat comes along to comfort her. He tells her to go back inside because it was cold. Baroque is always snowy because the kingdom is located on the high mountains. Polka remembers what happened when they fell of Cabasa bridge:<br />
<br />
''-Flashback-''<br />
The second group was Polka, Beat, Frederic, and Salsa. They were rescued in the river by the Baroque Ship. They thanked the captain, who happens to be the prince of Baroque, Prince Crescendo. Later, the ship was attacked by pirates. Frederic tells Captain Crescendo that they'll go in the pirate ship and hold them back, while he moves the Baroque Ship away as much as possible as way to thank them. <br />
<br />
The group makes their way through Pirate Ship Dolce to the captain. They defeat Captain Dolce. The group finds a treasure chest and takes it. Salsa found a new hat to replace the old one she lost in the river.<br />
''-Flasback over-''<br />
<br />
Polka explores the castle and finds Crescendo and his fiancee, Serenade. He asked them to give Jazz a message. The group plans to go back home. Beat thinks he'll find Allegretto in Ritardando and Polka wants to visit her mother. The way back to Ritardando is through the Sharp Mountains, west of Baroque.<br />
<br />
As soon as they exit the mountains, they reached Agogo Forest. They found a lot of glowing agogos surrounding Polka. March comes and reunites with Salsa. The group meets the mysterious man again who attacked Polka and Frederic. His name was Fugue. This time, the team wins Fugue. They didn't notice that Rondo was spying on them. She reports to Count Waltz that the glowing agogos appear only around Polka. Count Waltz orders Rondo to bring back Polka. It seems that Count Waltz wants the glowing agogos to increase the the power of Mineral Powder.<br />
<br />
Beat and Frederic goes to Ritardando to find Allegretto while Polka goes back to Tenuto to visit her mother. Beat and Frederic are reunited with Allegretto. He explains that Jazz and Falsetto were upset about Claves' death. Jazz went to Baroque to visit Crescendo and ever since Falsetto found out about Claves' death, she has disappeared.<br />
<br />
There was a huge crowd of people standing outside of Mandolin Church. The people heard some crying sounds under the church. Long time ago, pirates always attack the harbor. The people built an underground cave under the Mandolin Church to hide from the pirates. Now that there are no more pirates invading the town no one has been down there for years. The woman, who is the owner of the beard store Allegretto and Beat always steal from, insist that they go down there to see what happened.<br />
<br />
Before they went down, they met Viola, Salsa, and March. Allegretto claims that he is afraid of ghost to ditch the mission. While the others go down to the Mandolin Church Grotto, Allegretto went to get Polka. The next morning, they'll be taking the first ship to Baroque. As he walked along the beach, Allegretto found an uniquely shaped rock.<br />
<br />
At night, Polka sits on her usual spot, staring at the beautiful view of Ritardando. Allegretto came in from behind and sat next to her. Polka suggested that she should jump off the cliff and give up on her life. Allegretto grew scared and yelled at her no to. She was shocked about how scared he was. She made sure Allegretto knew that she was kidding. Polka, still troubled by her Mother’s words, decides to throw her most prized possession, an uniquely shaped rock given to her by ‘someone special’, into the sea instead of herself. The rock was given to her ten years ago from someone she loved very much. Allegretto then surprises Polka by giving her an identically shaped rock to replace it. He ask her to not throw it away because it is the first gift he've ever given to a girl. He reminded her one more time that they'll be setting off tomorrow and left. Polka then learned that the "special someone" that she really loved and gave her the rock was Allegretto.<br />
<br />
The group has been in Baroque Castle for weeks now. Beat, Salsa, and Viola were playing a card game. Viola hates loosing every round, so she quits. Beat and Salsa tried to cheer her up by telling her that third isn't so bad. Viola went outside to visit Polka. She asked her if she believed in good luck charms. Viola showed Polka a charm by raising your hand and sticking your pinky out. Point your hand towards the one you love and they'll love you back. Viola teased Polka and told her to try it on Allegretto. Polka grew shy and ran back into the castle. After Jazz finished talking to Crescendo, he came out and saw Viola. When Jazz turned around, Viola tried her charm on Jazz. As he left, she looked at him with depair. She said to herself that she's third again, Claves, Falsetto, now her.<br />
<br />
After learning that Forte has placed a spy among his most trusted peers, Prince Crescendo decides that the only way to prevent bloodshed is to surrender himself to Count Waltz in return for Count Waltz sparing Baroque and its people. The party manages to stop Crescendo before he reaches Forte territory, but they soon discover that Count Waltz is already beginning his attack on Baroque. The party manages to defeat Waltz in battle and prevent the invasion of Baroque but are unable to stop his advisor Legato from using a stronger, experimental version of the Mineral Powder on himself. The new Mineral Powder causes him to transform into a creature so powerful it smashes into another dimension.<br />
<br />
The party follows Legato into this new dimension and finds it occupied by the souls of all those who perished due to using Mineral Powder. Eventually tracking down Legato, they manage to defeat him and gain access to the very core of the world. Here, Frederic Chopin announces that he is still convinced that this entire world is just his dream, his final journey before death, and that he must face his own soul before he can travel into the afterlife. He then faces the party in one final battle and is defeated.<br />
<br />
Realizing that this is the end of her journey, Polka thanks the party for escorting her and then throws herself off the cliff into the sea. Allegretto is horrified and begins blaming Chopin for Polka’s death. We then see a younger, reborn Polka falling slowly from the sky into the arms of her mother, who is obviously expecting this event. The scene, mirroring the opening, portrays a younger Polka with her mother while Chopin narrates, finally realizing the true nature of this world. Young Polka then tells her mother that she hears someone calling her and her mother informs her that she is hearing the call of her ‘special someone’. Young Polka wishes farewell to her mother as she is whisked back into the air by glowing agogos.<br />
<br />
Rejoining the rest of the party, still horrified by previous events, we see Polka rise back over the cliff surrounded by glowing agogos. Polka knows that she has been reunited with her true love and embraces an ecstatic Allegretto. Finally, in the real world, Chopin’s spirit rises out of his body and he plays his piano one last time, in a blooming sea of nocturnal flowers 'Heaven's Mirror', composing a song that was inspired by Polka.<br />
<br />
==Characters==<br />
All of the characters in ''Eternal Sonata'', with the exception of real-world people such as Chopin, are named after musical terms.<br />
:''Note: Character names link to their respective musical terms, not to articles on the characters themselves.''<br />
<br />
;{{nihongo|[[Frédéric Chopin|Frédéric François Chopin]]|フレデリック・フランソワ・ショパン|Furederikku Furansowa Shopan}}: As he lies dying of [[tuberculosis]] in the real world, Chopin dreams of this world. A 39-year-old man who appears as a tall gentleman in a long coat and top hat. Frederic has a kind, calm personality and quickly befriends Polka. Like Polka, Frederic can use magic, a sign of disease in his dream world. <br>Weapon: Conductors Baton<br />''Voiced by:'' [[Mitsuaki Madono]] (Japanese), [[Patrick Seitz]] (English)<br />
<br />
;{{nihongo|[[Polka]]|ポルカ|Poruka}}: A 14-year old girl with a death sentence hanging over her head: she can use magic, a sign of disease in their world. Because of this, she is shunned by many, but still has a pretty upbeat and sweet personality. Frederic mentions she reminds him of his sister, who also died of tuberculosis. <br>Weapon: Parasol<br />''Voiced by:'' [[Aya Hirano]] (Japanese), [[Erin Fitzgerald]] (English)<br />
<br />
;{{nihongo|[[Tempo#Italian tempo markings|Allegretto]]|アレグレット|Areguretto}}: A 16-year old street urchin and orphan with a [[Robin Hood]] complex, willing to steal to feed the less fortunate. He's confident and strong, but not stupid. A revolutionary at heart, he does have a soft side, mostly shown with Beat, whom he has taken as a little brother, and Polka, whom he gradually falls in love with.<br>Weapon: Single-handed sword.<br />''Voiced by:'' [[Hiro Shimono]] (Japanese), [[Sam Riegel]] (English)<br />
<br />
;{{nihongo|[[Beat (music)|Beat]]|ビート|Bīto}}: An 8-year-old orphan whose most prized possession is his camera. While he often does not get the point of what Allegretto and the others are saying until later and maintains an air of innocence, he is no stranger to fighting.<br>Weapon: A hooked rifle which can also function at close range as a hammer. <br />''Voiced by:'' [[Yumiko Kobayashi]] (Japanese), [[Mona Marshall]] (English)<br />
<br />
;{{nihongo|[[Viola]]|ビオラ|Biora}}: A 26-year-old farmer the party meets in the countryside. She's a tough-talker and can handle herself, being slightly older than the others in the party. She has a pet named Arco who tags along with the group.<br>Weapon: Bow<br />''Voiced by:'' [[Houko Kuwashima]] (Japanese), [[Megan Hollingshead]] (English)<br />
<br />
;{{nihongo|[[Salsa (music)|Salsa]]|サルサ|Sarusa}}: The guardian of Agogo Forest who the party meets while imprisoned in the Forte Castle dungeons. Salsa is 8 years old and to her point of view, hats are the best treasure in the world. She is quite brash, outspoken, very competitive towards Beat, and energetic at times.<br>Weapon: Solar Rings.<br />''Voiced by:'' [[Mika Kanai]] (Japanese), [[Amy Rose (actress)|Amy Rose]] (English)<br />
<br />
;{{nihongo|[[March (music)|March]]|マーチ|Machi}}: The guardian of Agogo Forest. Salsa's twin sister. She tends to be the more reasonable one of the two, making her a sharp contrast to Salsa. March appears to be mature and gentle.<br>Weapon: Lunar Rings.<br />''Voiced by:'' [[Chiwa Saito]] (Japanese), [[Amy Rose (actress)|Amy Rose]] (English)<br />
<br />
;{{nihongo|[[Jazz]]|ジルバ|Jiruba|his Japanese name is a transliteration<!---NOT an abbreviation---> of "[[jitterbug]]"}}: Jazz is 27 years old, leader of the revolutionary group Andantino. Quiet and serious, he worries about the damage Count Waltz might be doing to the people with the mineral powder and the processes needed to mine it. Later, he suspected Falsetto to be a spy from Forte, but Claves wouldn't allow Jazz to believe it was Falsetto.<br>Weapon: Two-handed broadsword. <br />''Voiced by:'' [[George Nakata]] (Japanese), [[D.C. Douglas]] (English)<br />
<br />
;{{nihongo|[[Falsetto]]|ファルセット|Farusetto}}: Jazz's lieutenant in Andantino, she's perceptive and tough, and inwardly dislikes Claves. Falsetto is 22 years old and has known Jazz since childhood.<br> Weapon: Brass knuckles.<br />''Voiced by:'' [[Tomoe Hanba]] (Japanese), [[Julie Ann Taylor]] (English)<br />
<br />
;{{nihongo|[[Claves]]|クラベス|Kurabesu}}: Jazz's 24-year-old girlfriend and another soldier of Andantino. Later, she is shown to be a spy for Count Waltz and is killed for choosing to help Jazz instead. Claves is jealous of Falsetto and Jazz's relationship. From the start, she already knew that Falsetto suspected her of being a spy for Forte. She fights with a rapier. In the secret dungeon, Mysterious Unison, it is revealed that Claves possessed a unwillingness to die produced by her love of Jazz, which summoned her body into the dungeon; however, her soul was scattered into seven pieces, and the group helps reunite her soul to bring her back to life. It is debatable whether or not her revival is canon, but a achievement is unlocked for her reviving her, and she is featured in the ending if she is, so it is likely that it is.<br> Weapon: Rapier.<br />''Voiced by:'' [[Mie Sonozaki]] (Japanese), [[Tara Platt]] (English)<br />
<br />
;{{nihongo|[[Crescendo]]|クレッシェンド|Kureshendo}}: The young prince of Baroque. Crescendo replaces his father for leading Baroque into the future war between Forte due to a sickness his father is suffering on. He rescues Polka, Beat, Frederic, and Salsa after they fell into Adagio River. Later, he finds out that his fiancee, Serenade is a spy from the message Claves sent before her death. ****Crescendo wasn't playable in the Xbox 360 version, but was added in the PlayStation 3 version.<br>Weapon: Mace<br />''Voiced by:'' [[Katsuyuki Konishi]] (Japanese), [[Cam Clarke]] (English)<br />
<br />
;{{nihongo|[[Serenade]]|セレナーデ|Serenade}}: The fiancee of Prince Crescendo. Like Claves, she is a spy from Forte. Her position was revealed to Prince Crescendo from the letter Claves sent. ****Serenade wasn't playable in the Xbox 360 version, but was added in the PlayStation 3 version.<br>Weapon: Staff<br />''Voiced by:'' [[Fumiko Orikasa]] (Japanese), [[Stephanie Sheh]] (English)<br />
<br />
==Gameplay==<br />
''Eternal Sonata'' follows many general conventions in a typical [[console role-playing game]]: the player controls a party of up to twelve characters to explore the world, talking with its inhabitants, buying and selling equipment at shops, and encountering monsters while in the field. These encounters are visible, and the player can opt to avoid the encounter, if possible, as well as gaining an edge on the monsters by approaching them from behind. Experience points are awarded to all members of the party, though at a reduced rate for those not involved in combat, and characters will improve in various statistics with each experience level as well as learning special combat skills. Weapons, armor, and accessories can be used to improve these statistics, which can be purchased through money earned in combat, found in chests, or by selling both equipment and [[photograph]]s which can be taken by the character Beat during battle. The player may also find Score Pieces scattered about the world, which represent short musical phrases. Various [[non-player character|NPC]]s in the game will offer to perform with the party, requiring the player to match a Score Piece to the phrase offered by the NPC, with the resulting composition being ranked. Discordant matches will result in no reward, but close or perfect matches will gain a bonus item from the NPC.<br />
<br />
===Combat===<br />
[[Image:Eternal-sonata-screenshot.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Combat in ''Eternal Sonata'' takes place in both lit and shaded areas, affecting the skills the player can use]]<br />
While the main combat system is turn-based using only 3 characters within the party, it incorporates elements of an [[action game]]. Each character's turn is preceded by "Tactical Time", a period of time which the player can use to decide the course of action to take with that character. Once the player initiates an action or "Tactical Time" expires (a function of the Party Class Level), the player then has a limited amount of time denoted by an Action Gauge to move the character, attack the enemy, and use recovery skills or items. Regular attacks are made at melee or ranged distances depending on the weapon choice of the character, and add a small quantity of time back to the Action Gauge, and additionally add to the party's "Echoes" meter. Special skills which can include both offensive attacks and recovery skills will consume whatever Echoes have been generated to that point, and will have a more powerful effect relative to that number. When a character defends against an attack, there is a short period before the attack strikes where the player can press a button to block some of the damage for the attack, or to possibly even counterattack the blow and interrupt the monster's turn. Recovery and other one-time-use items are kept in a common pouch with a limited capacity; the player must "set" items in the pouch so that they can be cycled through and triggered during battle.<br />
<br />
Light and dark areas on the battle field generated by the time of day, environment, and shadows of the characters and monsters will affect combat. Each party character has one or more special skills that are active in lit areas, and a similar number but with very different effects in a dark area. Monsters themselves may have a dissimilar set of powers in the area of the battlefield they are in, while other monsters will actually change form when they move between lit and dark areas. The player can manipulate the nature of areas using special items, but this can also be affected by the monsters themselves, or through dynamic changes on the battlefield such as the shadow of a cloud moving across the ground.<br />
<br />
As the player progresses through the game, they will increase their Party Class Level. Each improvement in level grants some bonuses while also imposing additional limits on combat. For example, one Party Class improvement increases the number of slots for special skills for each character, but at the same time, cuts down the amount of Tactical Time and time available in the Action Gauge.<br />
<br />
==Audio==<br />
{{Expand-section|date=June 2008}}<br />
Eternal Sonata features a large soundtrack, mostly composed by Motoi Sakuraba, with seven of Chopin's compositions performed by Stanislav Bunin and presented in 5.1 surround sound. Featured music of Chopin's include [[Étude Op. 10, No. 12 (Chopin)|Étude Op. 10, No. 12]], [[Étude Op. 10, No. 3 (Chopin)|Étude Op. 10, No. 3]] and [[Polonaise Op. 53 (Chopin)|Polonaise Op. 53]]. A [[Japanese language|Japanese]] [[aria]] composed by Sakuraba titled {{nihongo|"Heaven's Mirror"|鏡天花|Kyōtenka}} is also performed by Akiko Shinada for the soundtrack. The game's background music was released in Japan as the four-disc album {{nihongo|''Trusty Bell: Chopin's Dream Original Score''|トラスティベル ～ショパンの夢～ オリジナルスコア|Torasuti Beru ~Shopan no Yume~ Orijinaru Sukoa}} on [[July 25]], [[2007]] under the [[King Records]] label.<br />
<!--<br />
'''Track listing'''<br />
{| class="collapsible collapsed" border="0" style="width:70%"<br />
! style="width:12em; text-align:left;" | Disc one<br />
! | <br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" |<br />
#{{nihongo|"The Heart's [[Pyroxene]]"|心の輝石|Kokoro no kiseki}}<br />
#"Think of me"<br />
#Stanislauv Bunin - {{nihongo|"Raindrops"|雨だれ|Amadare}}<br />
#"Relaxing place"<br />
#Leap the precipice"<br />
#"Well―done"<br />
#"Two ends of my doze"<br />
#"Reflect the sky. Bloom the life"<br />
#{{nihongo|"A Pale Light in Hand"|手の中の淡い光|Te no naka no awai hikari}}<br />
#"The mediocrity sought out by everyone"<br />
#"Underground for underhand"<br />
#"Rapid fire"<br />
#{{nihongo|"Readiness to Oppose"|立ち向かう覚悟|Tachimukau kakugo}}<br />
#"Can you recite the dream?"<br />
#"Illuminant lives"<br />
#{{nihongo|"When We're Together"|共に在る時|Tomo ni aru toki}}<br />
#{{nihongo|"Your Circumstances"|あなた次第|Anata shidai}}<br />
#"Innumerable animals"<br />
#{{nihongo|"Pressure"|重圧|Jūatsu}}<br />
#{{nihongo|"A Flicker that Distinguishes Between Light and Dark"|明暗を分かつ瞬き|Meian o wakatsu matataki}}<br />
#{{nihongo|"Are We the Same, Yet Not?"|同じようで違うけど同じ？|Onajiyō de chigau kedo onaji?}}<br />
|}<br />
{| class="collapsible collapsed" border="0" style="width:70%"<br />
! style="width:12em; text-align:left;" | Disc two<br />
! | <br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" |<br />
#Stanislauv Bunin - {{nihongo|"[[Étude Op. 10, No. 12 (Chopin)|Revolution]]"|革命|Kakumei}}<br />
#"Dive into the vast expanse of plains"<br />
#{{nihongo|"Strategy"|策謀|Sakubō}}<br />
#{{nihongo|"A Wall Without Top or Bottom"|背も腹もない壁|Sei mo hara mo nai kabe}}<br />
#"Breeze the conductor"<br />
#{{nihongo|"Trembling Homefront"|揺らぐ銃後|Yuragu jūgo}}<br />
#"DANTOTSU!"<br />
#{{nihongo|"An Unscorned Stature"|侮らない構え|Anadoranai kamae}}<br />
#{{nihongo|"From Strength to Kindness"|強さから優しさへ|Tsuyosa kara yasashisa e}}<br />
#"Journey to the projective mind"<br />
#{{nihongo|"Close Attack"|迫撃|Hakugeki}}<br />
#"I bet my belief"<br />
#Stanislauv Bunin - {{nihongo|"''[[Fantaisie-Impromptu]]''"|幻想即興曲|Gensō sokkyōsoku}}<br />
#{{nihongo|"Silence and Inhabitance"|静寂と生息|Seijaku to seisoku}}<br />
#"Wonderland of wanderer"<br />
#"Endure and resist"<br />
#"No No I don't die Noooo!"<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="collapsible collapsed" border="0" style="width:70%"<br />
! style="width:12em; text-align:left;" | Disc three<br />
! | <br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" |<br />
#Stanislauv Bunin - {{nihongo|"''[[Grande Valse Brillante (Chopin)|Grande Valse Brillante]]''|華麗なる大円舞曲|Karei naru daienbukyoku}}<br />
#"A buffer for quiet"<br />
#{{nihongo|"The Heart's Stroll"|心の散歩|Kokoro no sanpo}}<br />
#"Seize the artifact for tallness"<br />
#{{nihongo|"Preparations to Value Harmony"|和を尊ぶ調べ|Wa o tattobu shirabe}}<br />
#{{nihongo|"From Tomorrow on…"|明日から…|Ashita kara…}}<br />
#{{nihongo|"White Mirror"|白き鏡|Shiroki kagami}}<br />
#"Rock and burn you"<br />
#Stanislauv Bunin - {{nihongo|"''Nocturne''"|夜想曲|Yasōkyoku}}<br />
#{{nihongo|"A Step"|一歩|Ippo}}<br />
#{{nihongo|"Boundary of Snow and Ice"|雪と氷の境界|Yuki to kōri no kyōkai}}<br />
#"Repeated tide"<br />
#{{nihongo|"Stern Will"|冷厳な意志|Reigen na ishi}}<br />
#Stanislauv Bunin - {{nihongo|"''[[Étude Op. 10, No. 3 (Chopin)|Tristesse]]''"|別れの曲|Wakare no kyoku}}<br />
#"Continuous divider"<br />
|}<br />
{| class="collapsible collapsed" border="0" style="width:70%"<br />
! style="width:12em; text-align:left;" | Disc four<br />
! | <br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" |<br />
#"Your truth is my false"<br />
#"Captured phantom"<br />
#"The etudes of spirit"<br />
#{{nihongo|"The Place to Arrive"|行き着くところ|Ikitsuku tokoro}}<br />
#"Spiral twister"<br />
#"Broken balance"<br />
#"The unreasonable theory"<br />
#Stanislauv Bunin - {{nihongo|"''[[Polonaise, Op. 53 (Chopin)|Heroic]]''|英雄|Eiyū}}<br />
#"Embarrassment consistency"<br />
#{{nihongo|"Scrap and build ourselves (from The Revolutionary)|Scrap and build ourselves ―革命より―|Scrap and build ourselves -kakumei yori-}}<br />
#{{nihongo|"Reality and Honesty, and Truth"|事実と誠実、そして真実|Jijitsu to seijitsu, soshite shinjitsu}}<br />
#{{nihongo|"A Light"|灯|Tomoshibi}}<br />
#{{nihongo|"An Important Person"|大切な人|Taisetsu na hito}}<br />
#"Someone's evening. Someone's daybreak"<br />
#Akiko Shinda - {{nihongo|"Heaven Mirror Flower"|鏡天花|Kyōtenka}}<br />
#{{nihongo|"Shape of Life"|命のかたち|Inochi no katachi}}<br />
|}<br />
フレデリック・フランソワ・ショパン --><br />
<br />
==Development==<br />
Says director Hiroya Hatsushiba:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kotaku.com/gaming/we-want-to-know/chopins-role-in-eternal-sonata-explained-287143.php |title=We Want To Know: Chopin's Role in Eternal Sonata Explained |publisher=Kotaku.com |date= |accessdate=2008-10-27}}</ref><br />
{{cquote|People who play games and people who love classical music are not necessarily sharing [the] same type of interests. Most people in Japan know the name of Chopin; however, most of the people who know of Chopin think he is just some kind of a great music composer without knowing any more about him. Most of them have heard Chopin's music but not a lot could put his name to it immediately. By creating a colorful fantasy world in Chopin's dream, I was hoping that people would get into this game easily and also come to know how great Chopin's music is.}}<br />
<br />
For the localization, the game's text was proofread by the [[Frederick Chopin Society]] in [[Warsaw]]. The localization team wanted to be as historically accurate as possible, without losing the original message of the script.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.ign.com/EternalSonata/2007/09/12/66074/ |title=Eternal Sonata - Lost in Translation |publisher=Blogs.ign.com |date= |accessdate=2008-10-27}}</ref><br />
<br />
On April 23, 2007, the ESRB posted their rating for Eternal Sonata<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.joystiq.com/2007/04/23/esrb-lists-eternal-sonata-on-xbox-360-and-playstation-3/ |title=ESRB lists Eternal Sonata on Xbox 360 ... and PlayStation 3 - Joystiq |publisher=Joystiq.com |author=62 Comments by Christopher Grant Apr 23rd 2007 6:37PM Filed under: Sony PlayStation 3, Microsoft Xbox 360, RPGs |date= |accessdate=2008-10-27}}</ref> listing the game as being intended for release on Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3. However, when news of this quickly spread, the ESRB removed the listing entirely.<ref>{{cite web|title=N4G.com : ESRB pulls Eternal Sonata. listing|url=http://n4g.com/News-36536.aspx}}</ref> On [[September 11]], [[2007]], Bandai Namco's official site listed Eternal Sonata as coming soon to PlayStation 3, yet also listed the Xbox 360 version as being "available now." Again, as news quickly spread, the information was removed.<ref>{{cite web|title=Namco Bandai site shows Eternal Sonata and Beautiful Katamari coming to PS3|url=http://www.joystiq.com/2007/09/11/namco-bandai-site-shows-eternal-sonata-and-beautiful-katamari-co/}}</ref> The following day, scans from [[Famitsu]] were released, confirming the game as being released for the PlayStation 3.<ref>{{cite web|title=Famitsu Scans|url=http://www.jeux-france.com/images0_4_21765.html}}</ref> On September 14, 2007 Bandai Namco officially announced Eternal Sonata was coming to the PS3, during Spring 2008 in Japan.<ref name="nbgiannounce" /><br />
<br />
In addition, Namco Bandai stated that there will be features exclusive for the PlayStation 3 version. This includes new playable characters, Crescendo and Serenade, who played a major role in the plot of the game, but were not playable in the Xbox 360 version. It will also include a new clothing system, in which the player can freely change a few characters' costumes. <ref>{{cite web|title=Offical Website for the PS3 Version|url=http://namco-ch.net/trustybell_ps3/index.php}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
{{Expand-section|date=June 2008}}<br />
Anticipation for the game seemed high prior to release, with the game having reached number four in Amazon Japan video game pre-orders<ref>[http://news.punchjump.com/blog/2007/05/15/%20xbox-360-rpg-trusty-bell-reaches-no-4-in-pre-sales/ News Blog] entry. Retrieved May 16, 2007</ref> not long after a demo was made available on the Japanese Marketplace, and even number one on Amazon Japan's video game charts not long before the game's release.<ref>[http://www.xbox360fanboy.com/2007/06/05/eternal-sonata-no-1-on-amazon-japan/ Xbox 360 Fanboy Blog] entry. Retrieved June 5, 2007</ref> [[Famitsu]] rated the game 9/9/9/8, for a total score of 35/40.<ref name="famitsuscores">{{cite web|url=http://www.gamesarefun.com/news.php?newsid=7857|title=GamesAreFun Famitsu Scores|accessmonthday=June 20|accessyear=2007}}</ref><br />
During its release week, the game reached second place on the Japanese sales charts.<ref name="GAFweek1SALES">[http://www.gamesarefun.com/news.php?newsid=7911 GamesAreFun Japanese Sales] 6/11-6/17. Retrieved June 20, 2007</ref><br />
The following week, it had placed 35th.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.psxextreme.com/ps3-news/1445.html |title=PS3 News: Media Create Japan Software Sales: June 18th-24th |publisher=Psxextreme.com |date= |accessdate=2008-10-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://kotaku.com/gaming/soupy-sales/simple-2000-the-japanese-hardware-chart-273421.php |title=Simple 2000: The Japanese Hardware Chart |publisher=Kotaku.com |date= |accessdate=2008-10-27}}</ref> <br />
<br />
At [[E3 2007]], it won [[GameTrailers|GameTrailers.com's]] award for Best Role-Playing Game<ref name="GTcomE32007RPG">{{cite web|url=http://www.gametrailers.com/player/22619.html|title=GameTrailers Best of E3 2007|accessmonthday=August 6|accessyear=2007}}</ref> and [[IGN|IGN's]] award for Best Original Score on Xbox 360, and was a runner-up in Best RPG, Best Artistic Design on Xbox 360 and Best Use Of Sound on Xbox 360.<ref name="IGNbestE3">{{cite web|url=http://xbox360.ign.com/articles/806/806808p4.html|title= IGN: Xbox 360 Best of E3 2007 Awards|accessmonthday=August 6|accessyear=2007}}</ref><br />
<br />
In Europe and the U.S., it received many high reviews. Metacritic has a score of 79% based on 53 reviews.<ref>[http://www.metacritic.com/games/platforms/xbox360/eternalsonata?q=eternal%20sonata Metacritic - Eternal Sonata]</ref><br />
<br />
[[IGN]] gave the game an 8.3, claiming that it had some of the best visuals on the 360 and had great combat. They also stated that "the soundtrack is astounding" and claimed the story did a great job of educating the player about [[Frederick Chopin]]. However, the game was criticized for being too short for a [[JRPG]] and for the lack of exploration.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://xbox360.ign.com/articles/819/819923p1.html|title=Eternal Sonata Review |publisher=IGN.com |date= |accessdate=2008-12-18}}</ref> [[X-Play]] gave the game a 3/5 praising the combat, soundtrack and visuals but complained that there were too many mini games, a poor story and too many [[Role-playing game (video games)|RPG]] clichés.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.g4tv.com/xplay/reviews/1638/Eternal_Sonata.html|title=X-Play Eternal Sonata Review |publisher=G4tv.com |date= |accessdate=2008-12-18}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[IGN]] gave the PS3 version an 8.7 and the Editor's Choice Award, with praise for its extension of the storyline, the inclusion of new playable characters, and the inclusion of other extras, such as new dungeons and customizable characters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ps3.ign.com/articles/923/923711p1.html|title=Eternal Sonata Review (PS3) |publisher=IGN.com |date= |accessdate=2008-12-18}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Notes and references==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://namco-ch.net/trusty_bell/index.php Official Japanese Site]<br />
*[http://namco-ch.net/trustybell_ps3/index.php Official Japanese Site for PlayStation 3 Version]<br />
*[http://eternalsonata.namcobandaigames.com/ Official North American Site]<br />
*[http://www.eternalsonata.eu/ Official European Site]<br />
*[http://www.endlessnocturne.com/ Official Eternal Sonata Forums]<br />
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[[Category:2007 video games]]<br />
[[Category:2008 video games]]<br />
[[Category:Cel-shaded video games]]<br />
[[Category:Cooperative video games]]<br />
[[Category:PlayStation 3 games]]<br />
[[Category:Tri-Crescendo games]]<br />
[[Category:Xbox 360 games]]<br />
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[[ar:إترنال سوناتا (لعبة)]]<br />
[[ca:Eternal Sonata]]<br />
[[es:Eternal Sonata]]<br />
[[fr:Eternal Sonata]]<br />
[[it:Eternal Sonata]]<br />
[[ja:トラスティベル 〜ショパンの夢〜]]<br />
[[pl:Eternal Sonata]]<br />
[[pt:Eternal Sonata]]<br />
[[sv:Eternal Sonata]]</div>Commander Shepardhttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eternal_Sonata&diff=81337255Eternal Sonata2009-01-12T22:25:34Z<p>Commander Shepard: /* Combat */</p>
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<div>{{Infobox VG<br />
|title = Eternal Sonata<br />
|image = [[Image:Eternal Sonata.jpg|256px]]<br />
|developer = [[Tri-Crescendo]]<br />
|publisher = [[Namco Bandai]]<br />
|distributor = [[Atari]] ([[Europe]], [[Australia]])<br />[[Microsoft]] ([[Asia]] Except [[Japan]])<br />
|designer = [[Hiroya Hatsushiba]], [[Sam Riegel]]<br />
|composer = [[Motoi Sakuraba]]<br />
|writer = [[Hiroya Hatsushiba]]<br />
|engine =<br />
|resolution = [[720p]]<br />
|version =<br />
|released = '''Xbox 360'''<br />{{vgrelease|Japan|JP|[[June 14]], [[2007]]}}<br />{{vgrelease|North America|NA|[[September 17]], [[2007]]}}<br />{{vgrelease|Europe|EU|[[October 19]], [[2007]]}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.computerandvideogames.com/article.php?id=166356 |title=Xbox News: Ace Combat 6, Eternal Sonata dated for Europe - ComputerAndVideoGames.com |publisher=Computerandvideogames.com |date= |accessdate=2008-10-27}}</ref><br />{{vgrelease|Australasia|AUS|[[November 15]], [[2007]]}}<ref>[http://www.gamefaqs.com/console/xbox360/data/934162.html ]</ref><br />'''PlayStation 3'''<br />{{vgrelease|Japan|JP|[[September 18]], [[2008]]}}<br />{{vgrelease|North America|NA|[[October 21]], [[2008]]}}<br />{{vgrelease|Europe|EU|[[Q1]] [[2009]]}}<br /><br />
|genre = [[Console role-playing game]]<br />
|modes = [[Single player]], [[Cooperative gameplay|local co-op]]<br />
|ratings = [[Computer Entertainment Rating Organization|CERO]]: A<br />[[Entertainment Software Rating Board|ESRB]]: T <br /> [[Office of Film and Literature Classification (Australia)|OFLC (AU)]]: M <br /> [[Office of Film and Literature Classification (New Zealand)|OFLC (NZ)]]: PG <br /><br />
|platforms = [[Xbox 360]], [[PlayStation 3]]<br />
|requirements =<br />
|media = [[DVD-DL]], [[Blu-ray Disc]]<br />
|input = [[Xbox 360 Controller]], [[Sixaxis]], [[Dual Shock 3]]<br />
}}<br />
{{Nihongo|'''''Eternal Sonata'''''|トラスティベル ～ショパンの夢～|Torasuti Beru Shopan no Yume|Trusty Bell: Chopin's Dream}} is an original [[computer role-playing game|role-playing]] [[video game]] created by [[Tri-Crescendo]], one of the developers of ''[[Baten Kaitos]]'' and ''[[Baten Kaitos Origins]]''. The [[Microsoft]] [[Xbox 360]] version of the game was released on June 14, 2007 in Japan, September 17, 2007 in North America, and October 19, 2007 in Europe. The game was also released on the [[Sony]] [[PlayStation 3]] with additional content as {{nihongo|'''''Trusty Bell: Chopin's Dream - Reprise'''''|トラスティベル ~ショパンの夢~ ルプリーズ|Torasuti Beru Shopan no Yume Rupurīzu}} on September 18, 2008 <ref name="nbgiannounce">{{cite web|title=Namco Bandai Announcement for PS3|url=http://ps3.ign.com/articles/820/820146p1.html}}</ref> in Japan, and in North America on October 21, 2008 (release date announced as of 9-15-08),<ref name="Namco Bandai News">{{cite web|title=E3 - Namco Bandai News|url=http://www.rpgamer.com/news/Q3-2008/071508b.html}}</ref> and a European release will be available in February 2009.<ref>[http://www.namcobandaigames.eu/en/press/30/ ETERNAL SONATA TO CHARM ITS WAY ONTO PLAYSTATION 3 IN EUROPE]</ref><br />
<br />
The game is centered on the [[Poles|Polish]] romantic [[pianist]] and [[composer]] [[Frédéric Chopin]], who died of [[tuberculosis]] at the age of 39. The story envisions a fictional world dreamed by Chopin during his last hours that is influenced by Chopin's life and music, and in which he himself is a playable character, among others. The game features a selection of Chopin's compositions played by [[pianist]] [[Stanislav Bunin]], though most of the in-game music was composed by [[Motoi Sakuraba]]. The game's [[battle system]] centers on musical elements and character-unique special attacks. Light and darkness plays a part in the appearance and abilities of enemies on the battlefield, as well as the types of magic that can be cast.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.1up.com/do/previewPage?cId=3158051 | title=1UP.com - Eternal Sonata Preview | work=Alice Liang | accessdate=2007-03-17}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{TOClimit|limit=3}}<br />
<br />
==Story==<br />
{{Plot|date=January 2009}}<br />
The game is presented in chapters and each main chapter is named after one of Chopin’s famous works (For example, the chapter ‘Revolution’ is named after the ‘Revolutionary Etude’). The plot of the game follows two distinct narrative strands; the first, and main narrative, is the story of the fictional world that Chopin is experiencing while on his death bed. The other narrative provides historical information on Chopin’s life that is considered relevant to current plot developments in the fictional world and is displayed at key points during the course of the game. This narrative is accompanied by a rendition of the piece the chapter draws inspiration from.<br />
<br />
The fictional world contains two major kingdoms that are currently on the brink of war, Forte and Baroque. Polka, a young girl that resides in Tenuto, a village within Forte territory, has a terminal illness. In the fictional world, a side effect of any terminal illness is the ability to perform magic; this leads normal people to stay away from magic users for fear of catching the illness. Polka is constantly told by her Mother that she must one day throw herself into the sea and that she will understand why when the time comes. In the mean time, Polka tries to make a living selling floral powder as a healing agent but can’t compete with the price of the tax free ‘Mineral Powder’, an addictive miracle cure supplied by Forte Castle. She later meets with Frederic Chopin who claims that he is also infected by the terminal illness. He offers to help escort her to Count Waltz, the ruler of Forte, so that she may plead with him to increase the price of Mineral Powder.<br />
<br />
As Polka and Frederic travel through Agogo forest, they encounter a mysterious man who attacks them for no reason. They were defeated quickly. The mysterious man mentions that he is searching for these "glowing creatures". Polka and Frederic were saved by a young girl named March, who is a guardian of Agogo Forest.<br />
<br />
The pair later encounters two young orphan boys, Allegretto and Beat, who are also planning to ask Count Waltz to lower taxes so that they can feed other orphans in their town. They met in Agogo Village, where March lives. Surprised that Allegretto and Beat know who Polka is and that she's a magic user, she runs off. Polka gets attacked by these creatures and is saved by Frederic, Allegretto, and Beat. She learns that strange creatures called "agogos" react completely differently around her than anyone else by radiating a strange glow. The four of them decides to journey together to Count Waltz. Before leaving, March asked them if they see her sister, please give her her hat. March explains that her twin sister Salsa traveled to Forte City to stop Count Waltz and his soldiers from threatening the Agogos.<br />
<br />
The group travels through Chorus Plains. As soon as they reached the end of the valley, they find a young lady leading a herd of sheeps being attacked by strange creatures. The group immediately helps her and defeat the creatures. The young lady was Viola. She thanked them allowing them to stay at her place for the time being. The group finds out that those creatures that attacked Viola were the victims that used and relied too much on Mineral Powder. The Mineral Powder that Count Waltz are selling are turning the people who use them into creatures that use magic. The group becomes more curious about Count Waltz. They question why he only made Mineral Powder tax free and why is the powder causing death to people. Viola joins the group.<br />
<br />
As soon as the group set off, they crossed an old bridge, called Cabasa Bridge, that leads to Fort Fermata, the building locking the door to Forte City. They managed to get to the other side of the wall and continue their way to Forte City through Hanon Hills.<br />
<br />
In the mean time, Jazz, Claves, and Falsetto were planning in their hideout to cross Andantino's Secret Passage to get to Forte Castle to resue the guardian of Agogo Forest. Claves insist that Jazz repeat the mission. Falsetto gets mad and questions Claves why she always needs things repeated.<br />
<br />
Once the group reached Forte, they found an Inn to stay for the night, but a little girl who seems to be the owner of it begs them to find her missing brother named Phil. The group looks around in the city and found out that Phil ran off to the cliffs, which were strictly forbidden for anyone to go until they complete the fence. The group found Phil's shoe on the edge of a cliff. They travel down Glissando Cliffs and resued him. As a reward, Phil and his sister allowed the group to stay in the Inn free of charge.<br />
<br />
They appear in front of Forte Castle wanting to talk to Count Waltz. Beat was beated up by one of the guards. The group was attacked and were arrested. In the dungeons, the group meets Salsa, March's twin. They returned her the hat. Salsa began agruing with Viola and Beat. Allegretto managed to open the doors to the dungeon. They escape through a mysterious hole known as Andantino's Secret Passage.<br />
<br />
Count Waltz was upset about his soldier, the one who attacked Beat in front of the castle, named Tuba. Tuba was a failure to Count Waltz. He orders Tuba to go after the group and kill them all, except for the guardian of Agogo Forest, Salsa.<br />
<br />
Once they made it out of the passage, they encountered Jazz, Claves, and Falsetto. They were surprised that the group came out of their secret passage. The end of the passage led them back to Hanon Hills. They quickly escape through the hills, knowing that the soldiers must be looking for them. The group along with Jazz and the others made it to Fort Fermata. Falsetto explains to them why the wall was built. Jazz tells them that Count Waltz made Mineral Powder tax free so more people can use them. Waltz wants to create an army of mad magic users. So the more the people use it, the large the army is. And the worst part, you have to be close to dying to be able to use magic. <br />
<br />
When they exited the fort to Cabasa Bridxge, the group was attacked by Tuba. They defeated him once more. Tuba would not admit his failure so he bombs Cabasa Bridge and everyone falls off.<br />
<br />
The group was separated. The first group, Allegretto, Viola, Jazz, Claves, and Falsetto resides at Adagio Swamp. The river under Cabasa Bridge led them to the swamp at the end of the river. Allegretto mentions that he hopes "Polka and the others" are alright. Viola teases him by asking why he said "Polka and the others" not "Beat and the others". The group travels through the swamp. They find a house called Cantabile Inn and rest there. <br />
<br />
At night Viola comes out for some air and finds Jazz and Allegretto. She said that she loved the air because it reminded her of home. Allegretto was distracted and was sitting by the small river all night. They asked him what was bothering him. Viola teases him again by asking if he was still thinking about Polka. Allegretto tells them that there was something suspicious about what Tuba said in front of Forte Castle. He said that it seems like they were waiting for someone and thought that it was them. That's probably why they attacked the group.<br />
<br />
The next day, Jazz, Claves, and Falsetto plans to cross Woodblack Groves, a poisonous forst. Beyond it is Andantino. The group travels through the woods and makes it back to Andantino. Jazz asked Falsetto to tour Allegretto and Viola around Andantino and meet them back in their hidout when they're finished. The group comes across a little girl crying over her dying flower. The flower needs water, but not just any water, it needs water from a spring at the end of Lento Cemetery. The girl's father refuses to travel there. Her little brother runs off to Lento Cemetery. The group chases after him. They told the boy to go back while they get the water.<br />
<br />
While that was happening, Jazz and Claves were at the hideout waiting. Jazz tells Claves that he thinks Falsetto is a spy from Count Waltz. Claves didn't want Jazz to believe that. She managed to convince him, but on the look on her face tells you that she seems like she regrets it a little. Jazz tells Claves that he and Falsetto have known each other since childhood. He tells Claves that he'll go check on them. When he leaves, Claves gets beaten up by a lady named Rondo. She scolds at Claves for not convincing Jazz that Falsetto was a spy. Rondo reveals that Claves is the spy from Forte. She leaves her injuried on the floor. Claves cries over her failure realizing that she failed her mission because she had fallen in love with Jazz. She knew that Falsetto never liked her because she suspected Claves was a spy. Claves was jealous that Jazz and Falsetto knew each other for so long. She wanted to compete over Jazz with Falsetto, but she knew that she was no match for her. Claves sends a message on a dove's leg to Baroque before her death.<br />
<br />
Polka was standing outside in the gardens of Baroque Castle. Beat comes along to comfort her. He tells her to go back inside because it was cold. Baroque is always snowy because the kingdom is located on the high mountains. Polka remembers what happened when they fell of Cabasa bridge:<br />
<br />
''-Flashback-''<br />
The second group was Polka, Beat, Frederic, and Salsa. They were rescued in the river by the Baroque Ship. They thanked the captain, who happens to be the prince of Baroque, Prince Crescendo. Later, the ship was attacked by pirates. Frederic tells Captain Crescendo that they'll go in the pirate ship and hold them back, while he moves the Baroque Ship away as much as possible as way to thank them. <br />
<br />
The group makes their way through Pirate Ship Dolce to the captain. They defeat Captain Dolce. The group finds a treasure chest and takes it. Salsa found a new hat to replace the old one she lost in the river.<br />
''-Flasback over-''<br />
<br />
Polka explores the castle and finds Crescendo and his fiancee, Serenade. He asked them to give Jazz a message. The group plans to go back home. Beat thinks he'll find Allegretto in Ritardando and Polka wants to visit her mother. The way back to Ritardando is through the Sharp Mountains, west of Baroque.<br />
<br />
As soon as they exit the mountains, they reached Agogo Forest. They found a lot of glowing agogos surrounding Polka. March comes and reunites with Salsa. The group meets the mysterious man again who attacked Polka and Frederic. His name was Fugue. This time, the team wins Fugue. They didn't notice that Rondo was spying on them. She reports to Count Waltz that the glowing agogos appear only around Polka. Count Waltz orders Rondo to bring back Polka. It seems that Count Waltz wants the glowing agogos to increase the the power of Mineral Powder.<br />
<br />
Beat and Frederic goes to Ritardando to find Allegretto while Polka goes back to Tenuto to visit her mother. Beat and Frederic are reunited with Allegretto. He explains that Jazz and Falsetto were upset about Claves' death. Jazz went to Baroque to visit Crescendo and ever since Falsetto found out about Claves' death, she has disappeared.<br />
<br />
There was a huge crowd of people standing outside of Mandolin Church. The people heard some crying sounds under the church. Long time ago, pirates always attack the harbor. The people built an underground cave under the Mandolin Church to hide from the pirates. Now that there are no more pirates invading the town no one has been down there for years. The woman, who is the owner of the beard store Allegretto and Beat always steal from, insist that they go down there to see what happened.<br />
<br />
Before they went down, they met Viola, Salsa, and March. Allegretto claims that he is afraid of ghost to ditch the mission. While the others go down to the Mandolin Church Grotto, Allegretto went to get Polka. The next morning, they'll be taking the first ship to Baroque. As he walked along the beach, Allegretto found an uniquely shaped rock.<br />
<br />
At night, Polka sits on her usual spot, staring at the beautiful view of Ritardando. Allegretto came in from behind and sat next to her. Polka suggested that she should jump off the cliff and give up on her life. Allegretto grew scared and yelled at her no to. She was shocked about how scared he was. She made sure Allegretto knew that she was kidding. Polka, still troubled by her Mother’s words, decides to throw her most prized possession, an uniquely shaped rock given to her by ‘someone special’, into the sea instead of herself. The rock was given to her ten years ago from someone she loved very much. Allegretto then surprises Polka by giving her an identically shaped rock to replace it. He ask her to not throw it away because it is the first gift he've ever given to a girl. He reminded her one more time that they'll be setting off tomorrow and left. Polka then learned that the "special someone" that she really loved and gave her the rock was Allegretto.<br />
<br />
The group has been in Baroque Castle for weeks now. Beat, Salsa, and Viola were playing a card game. Viola hates loosing every round, so she quits. Beat and Salsa tried to cheer her up by telling her that third isn't so bad. Viola went outside to visit Polka. She asked her if she believed in good luck charms. Viola showed Polka a charm by raising your hand and sticking your pinky out. Point your hand towards the one you love and they'll love you back. Viola teased Polka and told her to try it on Allegretto. Polka grew shy and ran back into the castle. After Jazz finished talking to Crescendo, he came out and saw Viola. When Jazz turned around, Viola tried her charm on Jazz. As he left, she looked at him with depair. She said to herself that she's third again, Claves, Falsetto, now her.<br />
<br />
After learning that Forte has placed a spy among his most trusted peers, Prince Crescendo decides that the only way to prevent bloodshed is to surrender himself to Count Waltz in return for Count Waltz sparing Baroque and its people. The party manages to stop Crescendo before he reaches Forte territory, but they soon discover that Count Waltz is already beginning his attack on Baroque. The party manages to defeat Waltz in battle and prevent the invasion of Baroque but are unable to stop his advisor Legato from using a stronger, experimental version of the Mineral Powder on himself. The new Mineral Powder causes him to transform into a creature so powerful it smashes into another dimension.<br />
<br />
The party follows Legato into this new dimension and finds it occupied by the souls of all those who perished due to using Mineral Powder. Eventually tracking down Legato, they manage to defeat him and gain access to the very core of the world. Here, Frederic Chopin announces that he is still convinced that this entire world is just his dream, his final journey before death, and that he must face his own soul before he can travel into the afterlife. He then faces the party in one final battle and is defeated.<br />
<br />
Realizing that this is the end of her journey, Polka thanks the party for escorting her and then throws herself off the cliff into the sea. Allegretto is horrified and begins blaming Chopin for Polka’s death. We then see a younger, reborn Polka falling slowly from the sky into the arms of her mother, who is obviously expecting this event. The scene, mirroring the opening, portrays a younger Polka with her mother while Chopin narrates, finally realizing the true nature of this world. Young Polka then tells her mother that she hears someone calling her and her mother informs her that she is hearing the call of her ‘special someone’. Young Polka wishes farewell to her mother as she is whisked back into the air by glowing agogos.<br />
<br />
Rejoining the rest of the party, still horrified by previous events, we see Polka rise back over the cliff surrounded by glowing agogos. Polka knows that she has been reunited with her true love and embraces an ecstatic Allegretto. Finally, in the real world, Chopin’s spirit rises out of his body and he plays his piano one last time, in a blooming sea of nocturnal flowers 'Heaven's Mirror', composing a song that was inspired by Polka.<br />
<br />
==Characters==<br />
All of the characters in ''Eternal Sonata'', with the exception of real-world people such as Chopin, are named after musical terms.<br />
:''Note: Character names link to their respective musical terms, not to articles on the characters themselves.''<br />
<br />
;{{nihongo|[[Frédéric Chopin|Frédéric François Chopin]]|フレデリック・フランソワ・ショパン|Furederikku Furansowa Shopan}}: As he lies dying of [[tuberculosis]] in the real world, Chopin dreams of this world. A 39-year-old man who appears as a tall gentleman in a long coat and top hat. Frederic has a kind, calm personality and quickly befriends Polka. Like Polka, Frederic can use magic, a sign of disease in his dream world. <br>Weapon: Conductors Baton<br />''Voiced by:'' [[Mitsuaki Madono]] (Japanese), [[Patrick Seitz]] (English)<br />
<br />
;{{nihongo|[[Polka]]|ポルカ|Poruka}}: A 14-year old girl with a death sentence hanging over her head: she can use magic, a sign of disease in their world. Because of this, she is shunned by many, but still has a pretty upbeat and sweet personality. Frederic mentions she reminds him of his sister, who also died of tuberculosis. <br>Weapon: Parasol<br />''Voiced by:'' [[Aya Hirano]] (Japanese), [[Erin Fitzgerald]] (English)<br />
<br />
;{{nihongo|[[Tempo#Italian tempo markings|Allegretto]]|アレグレット|Areguretto}}: A 16-year old street urchin and orphan with a [[Robin Hood]] complex, willing to steal to feed the less fortunate. He's confident and strong, but not stupid. A revolutionary at heart, he does have a soft side, mostly shown with Beat, whom he has taken as a little brother, and Polka, whom he gradually falls in love with.<br>Weapon: Single-handed sword.<br />''Voiced by:'' [[Hiro Shimono]] (Japanese), [[Sam Riegel]] (English)<br />
<br />
;{{nihongo|[[Beat (music)|Beat]]|ビート|Bīto}}: An 8-year-old orphan whose most prized possession is his camera. While he often does not get the point of what Allegretto and the others are saying until later and maintains an air of innocence, he is no stranger to fighting.<br>Weapon: A hooked rifle which can also function at close range as a hammer. <br />''Voiced by:'' [[Yumiko Kobayashi]] (Japanese), [[Mona Marshall]] (English)<br />
<br />
;{{nihongo|[[Viola]]|ビオラ|Biora}}: A 26-year-old farmer the party meets in the countryside. She's a tough-talker and can handle herself, being slightly older than the others in the party. She has a pet named Arco who tags along with the group.<br>Weapon: Bow<br />''Voiced by:'' [[Houko Kuwashima]] (Japanese), [[Megan Hollingshead]] (English)<br />
<br />
;{{nihongo|[[Salsa (music)|Salsa]]|サルサ|Sarusa}}: The guardian of Agogo Forest who the party meets while imprisoned in the Forte Castle dungeons. Salsa is 8 years old and to her point of view, hats are the best treasure in the world. She is quite brash, outspoken, very competitive towards Beat, and energetic at times.<br>Weapon: Solar Rings.<br />''Voiced by:'' [[Mika Kanai]] (Japanese), [[Amy Rose (actress)|Amy Rose]] (English)<br />
<br />
;{{nihongo|[[March (music)|March]]|マーチ|Machi}}: The guardian of Agogo Forest. Salsa's twin sister. She tends to be the more reasonable one of the two, making her a sharp contrast to Salsa. March appears to be mature and gentle.<br>Weapon: Lunar Rings.<br />''Voiced by:'' [[Chiwa Saito]] (Japanese), [[Amy Rose (actress)|Amy Rose]] (English)<br />
<br />
;{{nihongo|[[Jazz]]|ジルバ|Jiruba|his Japanese name is a transliteration<!---NOT an abbreviation---> of "[[jitterbug]]"}}: Jazz is 27 years old, leader of the revolutionary group Andantino. Quiet and serious, he worries about the damage Count Waltz might be doing to the people with the mineral powder and the processes needed to mine it. Later, he suspected Falsetto to be a spy from Forte, but Claves wouldn't allow Jazz to believe it was Falsetto.<br>Weapon: Two-handed broadsword. <br />''Voiced by:'' [[George Nakata]] (Japanese), [[D.C. Douglas]] (English)<br />
<br />
;{{nihongo|[[Falsetto]]|ファルセット|Farusetto}}: Jazz's lieutenant in Andantino, she's perceptive and tough, and inwardly dislikes Claves. Falsetto is 22 years old and has known Jazz since childhood.<br> Weapon: Brass knuckles.<br />''Voiced by:'' [[Tomoe Hanba]] (Japanese), [[Julie Ann Taylor]] (English)<br />
<br />
;{{nihongo|[[Claves]]|クラベス|Kurabesu}}: Jazz's 24-year-old girlfriend and another soldier of Andantino. Later, she is shown to be a spy for Count Waltz and is killed for choosing to help Jazz instead. Claves is jealous of Falsetto and Jazz's relationship. From the start, she already knew that Falsetto suspected her of being a spy for Forte. She fights with a rapier. In the secret dungeon, Mysterious Unison, it is revealed that Claves possessed a unwillingness to die produced by her love of Jazz, which summoned her body into the dungeon; however, her soul was scattered into seven pieces, and the group helps reunite her soul to bring her back to life. It is debatable whether or not her revival is canon, but a achievement is unlocked for her reviving her, and she is featured in the ending if she is, so it is likely that it is.<br> Weapon: Rapier.<br />''Voiced by:'' [[Mie Sonozaki]] (Japanese), [[Tara Platt]] (English)<br />
<br />
;{{nihongo|[[Crescendo]]|クレッシェンド|Kureshendo}}: The young prince of Baroque. Crescendo replaces his father for leading Baroque into the future war between Forte due to a sickness his father is suffering on. He rescues Polka, Beat, Frederic, and Salsa after they fell into Adagio River. Later, he finds out that his fiancee, Serenade is a spy from the message Claves sent before her death. ****Crescendo wasn't playable in the Xbox 360 version, but was added in the PlayStation 3 version.<br>Weapon: Mace<br />''Voiced by:'' [[Katsuyuki Konishi]] (Japanese), [[Cam Clarke]] (English)<br />
<br />
;{{nihongo|[[Serenade]]|セレナーデ|Serenade}}: The fiancee of Prince Crescendo. Like Claves, she is a spy from Forte. Her position was revealed to Prince Crescendo from the letter Claves sent. ****Serenade wasn't playable in the Xbox 360 version, but was added in the PlayStation 3 version.<br>Weapon: Staff<br />''Voiced by:'' [[Fumiko Orikasa]] (Japanese), [[Stephanie Sheh]] (English)<br />
<br />
==Gameplay==<br />
''Eternal Sonata'' follows many general conventions in a typical [[console role-playing game]]: the player controls a party of up to twelve characters to explore the world, talking with its inhabitants, buying and selling equipment at shops, and encountering monsters while in the field. These encounters are visible, and the player can opt to avoid the encounter, if possible, as well as gaining an edge on the monsters by approaching them from behind. Experience points are awarded to all members of the party, though at a reduced rate for those not involved in combat, and characters will improve in various statistics with each experience level as well as learning special combat skills. Weapons, armor, and accessories can be used to improve these statistics, which can be purchased through money earned in combat, found in chests, or by selling both equipment and [[photograph]]s which can be taken by the character Beat during battle. The player may also find Score Pieces scattered about the world, which represent short musical phrases. Various [[non-player character|NPC]]s in the game will offer to perform with the party, requiring the player to match a Score Piece to the phrase offered by the NPC, with the resulting composition being ranked. Discordant matches will result in no reward, but close or perfect matches will gain a bonus item from the NPC.<br />
<br />
===Combat===<br />
[[Image:Eternal-sonata-screenshot.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Combat in ''Eternal Sonata'' takes place in both lit and shaded areas, affecting the skills the player can use]]<br />
While the main combat system is turn-based using only 3 characters within the party, it incorporates elements of an [[action game]]. Each character's turn is preceded by "Tactical Time", a period of time which the player can use to decide the course of action to take with that character. Once the player initiates an action or "Tactical Time" expires (a function of the Party Class Level), the player then has a limited amount of time denoted by an Action Gauge to move the character, attack the enemy, and use recovery skills or items. Regular attacks are made at melee or ranged distances depending on the weapon choice of the character, and add a small quantity of time back to the Action Gauge, and additionally add to the party's "Echoes" meter. Special skills which can include both offensive attacks and recovery skills will consume whatever Echoes have been generated to that point, and will have a more powerful effect relative to that number. When a character defends against an attack, there is a short period before the attack strikes where the player can press a button to block some of the damage for the attack, or to possibly even counterattack the blow and interrupt the monster's turn. Recovery and other one-time-use items are kept in a common pouch with a limited capacity; the player must "set" items in the pouch so that they can be cycled through and triggered during battle.<br />
<br />
Light and dark areas on the battle field generated by the time of day, environment, and shadows of the characters and monsters will affect combat. Each party character has one or more special skills that are active in lit areas, and a similar number but with very different effects in a dark area. Monsters themselves may have a dissimilar set of powers in the area of the battlefield they are in, while other monsters will actually change form when they move between lit and dark areas. The player can manipulate the nature of areas using special items, but this can also be affected by the monsters themselves, or through dynamic changes on the battlefield such as the shadow of a cloud moving across the ground.<br />
<br />
As the player progresses through the game, they will increase their Party Class Level. Each improvement in level grants some bonuses while also imposing additional limits on combat. For example, one Party Class improvement increases the number of slots for special skills for each character, but at the same time, cuts down the amount of Tactical Time and time available in the Action Gauge.<br />
<br />
==Audio==<br />
{{Expand-section|date=June 2008}}<br />
Eternal Sonata features a large soundtrack, mostly composed by Motoi Sakuraba, with seven of Chopin's compositions performed by Stanislav Bunin and presented in 5.1 surround sound. Featured music of Chopin's include [[Étude Op. 10, No. 12 (Chopin)|Étude Op. 10, No. 12]], [[Étude Op. 10, No. 3 (Chopin)|Étude Op. 10, No. 3]] and [[Polonaise Op. 53 (Chopin)|Polonaise Op. 53]]. A [[Japanese language|Japanese]] [[aria]] composed by Sakuraba titled {{nihongo|"Heaven's Mirror"|鏡天花|Kyōtenka}} is also performed by Akiko Shinada for the soundtrack. The game's background music was released in Japan as the four-disc album {{nihongo|''Trusty Bell: Chopin's Dream Original Score''|トラスティベル ～ショパンの夢～ オリジナルスコア|Torasuti Beru ~Shopan no Yume~ Orijinaru Sukoa}} on [[July 25]], [[2007]] under the [[King Records]] label.<br />
<!--<br />
'''Track listing'''<br />
{| class="collapsible collapsed" border="0" style="width:70%"<br />
! style="width:12em; text-align:left;" | Disc one<br />
! | <br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" |<br />
#{{nihongo|"The Heart's [[Pyroxene]]"|心の輝石|Kokoro no kiseki}}<br />
#"Think of me"<br />
#Stanislauv Bunin - {{nihongo|"Raindrops"|雨だれ|Amadare}}<br />
#"Relaxing place"<br />
#Leap the precipice"<br />
#"Well―done"<br />
#"Two ends of my doze"<br />
#"Reflect the sky. Bloom the life"<br />
#{{nihongo|"A Pale Light in Hand"|手の中の淡い光|Te no naka no awai hikari}}<br />
#"The mediocrity sought out by everyone"<br />
#"Underground for underhand"<br />
#"Rapid fire"<br />
#{{nihongo|"Readiness to Oppose"|立ち向かう覚悟|Tachimukau kakugo}}<br />
#"Can you recite the dream?"<br />
#"Illuminant lives"<br />
#{{nihongo|"When We're Together"|共に在る時|Tomo ni aru toki}}<br />
#{{nihongo|"Your Circumstances"|あなた次第|Anata shidai}}<br />
#"Innumerable animals"<br />
#{{nihongo|"Pressure"|重圧|Jūatsu}}<br />
#{{nihongo|"A Flicker that Distinguishes Between Light and Dark"|明暗を分かつ瞬き|Meian o wakatsu matataki}}<br />
#{{nihongo|"Are We the Same, Yet Not?"|同じようで違うけど同じ？|Onajiyō de chigau kedo onaji?}}<br />
|}<br />
{| class="collapsible collapsed" border="0" style="width:70%"<br />
! style="width:12em; text-align:left;" | Disc two<br />
! | <br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" |<br />
#Stanislauv Bunin - {{nihongo|"[[Étude Op. 10, No. 12 (Chopin)|Revolution]]"|革命|Kakumei}}<br />
#"Dive into the vast expanse of plains"<br />
#{{nihongo|"Strategy"|策謀|Sakubō}}<br />
#{{nihongo|"A Wall Without Top or Bottom"|背も腹もない壁|Sei mo hara mo nai kabe}}<br />
#"Breeze the conductor"<br />
#{{nihongo|"Trembling Homefront"|揺らぐ銃後|Yuragu jūgo}}<br />
#"DANTOTSU!"<br />
#{{nihongo|"An Unscorned Stature"|侮らない構え|Anadoranai kamae}}<br />
#{{nihongo|"From Strength to Kindness"|強さから優しさへ|Tsuyosa kara yasashisa e}}<br />
#"Journey to the projective mind"<br />
#{{nihongo|"Close Attack"|迫撃|Hakugeki}}<br />
#"I bet my belief"<br />
#Stanislauv Bunin - {{nihongo|"''[[Fantaisie-Impromptu]]''"|幻想即興曲|Gensō sokkyōsoku}}<br />
#{{nihongo|"Silence and Inhabitance"|静寂と生息|Seijaku to seisoku}}<br />
#"Wonderland of wanderer"<br />
#"Endure and resist"<br />
#"No No I don't die Noooo!"<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="collapsible collapsed" border="0" style="width:70%"<br />
! style="width:12em; text-align:left;" | Disc three<br />
! | <br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" |<br />
#Stanislauv Bunin - {{nihongo|"''[[Grande Valse Brillante (Chopin)|Grande Valse Brillante]]''|華麗なる大円舞曲|Karei naru daienbukyoku}}<br />
#"A buffer for quiet"<br />
#{{nihongo|"The Heart's Stroll"|心の散歩|Kokoro no sanpo}}<br />
#"Seize the artifact for tallness"<br />
#{{nihongo|"Preparations to Value Harmony"|和を尊ぶ調べ|Wa o tattobu shirabe}}<br />
#{{nihongo|"From Tomorrow on…"|明日から…|Ashita kara…}}<br />
#{{nihongo|"White Mirror"|白き鏡|Shiroki kagami}}<br />
#"Rock and burn you"<br />
#Stanislauv Bunin - {{nihongo|"''Nocturne''"|夜想曲|Yasōkyoku}}<br />
#{{nihongo|"A Step"|一歩|Ippo}}<br />
#{{nihongo|"Boundary of Snow and Ice"|雪と氷の境界|Yuki to kōri no kyōkai}}<br />
#"Repeated tide"<br />
#{{nihongo|"Stern Will"|冷厳な意志|Reigen na ishi}}<br />
#Stanislauv Bunin - {{nihongo|"''[[Étude Op. 10, No. 3 (Chopin)|Tristesse]]''"|別れの曲|Wakare no kyoku}}<br />
#"Continuous divider"<br />
|}<br />
{| class="collapsible collapsed" border="0" style="width:70%"<br />
! style="width:12em; text-align:left;" | Disc four<br />
! | <br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" |<br />
#"Your truth is my false"<br />
#"Captured phantom"<br />
#"The etudes of spirit"<br />
#{{nihongo|"The Place to Arrive"|行き着くところ|Ikitsuku tokoro}}<br />
#"Spiral twister"<br />
#"Broken balance"<br />
#"The unreasonable theory"<br />
#Stanislauv Bunin - {{nihongo|"''[[Polonaise, Op. 53 (Chopin)|Heroic]]''|英雄|Eiyū}}<br />
#"Embarrassment consistency"<br />
#{{nihongo|"Scrap and build ourselves (from The Revolutionary)|Scrap and build ourselves ―革命より―|Scrap and build ourselves -kakumei yori-}}<br />
#{{nihongo|"Reality and Honesty, and Truth"|事実と誠実、そして真実|Jijitsu to seijitsu, soshite shinjitsu}}<br />
#{{nihongo|"A Light"|灯|Tomoshibi}}<br />
#{{nihongo|"An Important Person"|大切な人|Taisetsu na hito}}<br />
#"Someone's evening. Someone's daybreak"<br />
#Akiko Shinda - {{nihongo|"Heaven Mirror Flower"|鏡天花|Kyōtenka}}<br />
#{{nihongo|"Shape of Life"|命のかたち|Inochi no katachi}}<br />
|}<br />
フレデリック・フランソワ・ショパン --><br />
<br />
==Development==<br />
Says director Hiroya Hatsushiba:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kotaku.com/gaming/we-want-to-know/chopins-role-in-eternal-sonata-explained-287143.php |title=We Want To Know: Chopin's Role in Eternal Sonata Explained |publisher=Kotaku.com |date= |accessdate=2008-10-27}}</ref><br />
{{cquote|People who play games and people who love classical music are not necessarily sharing [the] same type of interests. Most people in Japan know the name of Chopin; however, most of the people who know of Chopin think he is just some kind of a great music composer without knowing any more about him. Most of them have heard Chopin's music but not a lot could put his name to it immediately. By creating a colorful fantasy world in Chopin's dream, I was hoping that people would get into this game easily and also come to know how great Chopin's music is.}}<br />
<br />
For the localization, the game's text was proofread by the [[Frederick Chopin Society]] in [[Warsaw]]. The localization team wanted to be as historically accurate as possible, without losing the original message of the script.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.ign.com/EternalSonata/2007/09/12/66074/ |title=Eternal Sonata - Lost in Translation |publisher=Blogs.ign.com |date= |accessdate=2008-10-27}}</ref><br />
<br />
On April 23, 2007, the ESRB posted their rating for Eternal Sonata<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.joystiq.com/2007/04/23/esrb-lists-eternal-sonata-on-xbox-360-and-playstation-3/ |title=ESRB lists Eternal Sonata on Xbox 360 ... and PlayStation 3 - Joystiq |publisher=Joystiq.com |author=62 Comments by Christopher Grant Apr 23rd 2007 6:37PM Filed under: Sony PlayStation 3, Microsoft Xbox 360, RPGs |date= |accessdate=2008-10-27}}</ref> listing the game as being intended for release on Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3. However, when news of this quickly spread, the ESRB removed the listing entirely.<ref>{{cite web|title=N4G.com : ESRB pulls Eternal Sonata. listing|url=http://n4g.com/News-36536.aspx}}</ref> On [[September 11]], [[2007]], Bandai Namco's official site listed Eternal Sonata as coming soon to PlayStation 3, yet also listed the Xbox 360 version as being "available now." Again, as news quickly spread, the information was removed.<ref>{{cite web|title=Namco Bandai site shows Eternal Sonata and Beautiful Katamari coming to PS3|url=http://www.joystiq.com/2007/09/11/namco-bandai-site-shows-eternal-sonata-and-beautiful-katamari-co/}}</ref> The following day, scans from [[Famitsu]] were released, confirming the game as being released for the PlayStation 3.<ref>{{cite web|title=Famitsu Scans|url=http://www.jeux-france.com/images0_4_21765.html}}</ref> On September 14, 2007 Bandai Namco officially announced Eternal Sonata was coming to the PS3, during Spring 2008 in Japan.<ref name="nbgiannounce" /><br />
<br />
In addition, Namco Bandai stated that there will be features exclusive for the PlayStation 3 version. This includes new playable characters, Crescendo and Serenade, who played a major role in the plot of the game, but were not playable in the Xbox 360 version. It will also include a new clothing system, in which the player can freely change a few characters' costumes. <ref>{{cite web|title=Offical Website for the PS3 Version|url=http://namco-ch.net/trustybell_ps3/index.php}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
{{Expand-section|date=June 2008}}<br />
Anticipation for the game seemed high prior to release, with the game having reached number four in Amazon Japan video game pre-orders<ref>[http://news.punchjump.com/blog/2007/05/15/%20xbox-360-rpg-trusty-bell-reaches-no-4-in-pre-sales/ News Blog] entry. Retrieved May 16, 2007</ref> not long after a demo was made available on the Japanese Marketplace, and even number one on Amazon Japan's video game charts not long before the game's release.<ref>[http://www.xbox360fanboy.com/2007/06/05/eternal-sonata-no-1-on-amazon-japan/ Xbox 360 Fanboy Blog] entry. Retrieved June 5, 2007</ref> [[Famitsu]] rated the game 9/9/9/8, for a total score of 35/40.<ref name="famitsuscores">{{cite web|url=http://www.gamesarefun.com/news.php?newsid=7857|title=GamesAreFun Famitsu Scores|accessmonthday=June 20|accessyear=2007}}</ref><br />
During its release week, the game reached second place on the Japanese sales charts.<ref name="GAFweek1SALES">[http://www.gamesarefun.com/news.php?newsid=7911 GamesAreFun Japanese Sales] 6/11-6/17. Retrieved June 20, 2007</ref><br />
The following week, it had placed 35th.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.psxextreme.com/ps3-news/1445.html |title=PS3 News: Media Create Japan Software Sales: June 18th-24th |publisher=Psxextreme.com |date= |accessdate=2008-10-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://kotaku.com/gaming/soupy-sales/simple-2000-the-japanese-hardware-chart-273421.php |title=Simple 2000: The Japanese Hardware Chart |publisher=Kotaku.com |date= |accessdate=2008-10-27}}</ref> <br />
<br />
At [[E3 2007]], it won [[GameTrailers|GameTrailers.com's]] award for Best Role-Playing Game<ref name="GTcomE32007RPG">{{cite web|url=http://www.gametrailers.com/player/22619.html|title=GameTrailers Best of E3 2007|accessmonthday=August 6|accessyear=2007}}</ref> and [[IGN|IGN's]] award for Best Original Score on Xbox 360, and was a runner-up in Best RPG, Best Artistic Design on Xbox 360 and Best Use Of Sound on Xbox 360.<ref name="IGNbestE3">{{cite web|url=http://xbox360.ign.com/articles/806/806808p4.html|title= IGN: Xbox 360 Best of E3 2007 Awards|accessmonthday=August 6|accessyear=2007}}</ref><br />
<br />
In Europe and the U.S., it received many high reviews. Metacritic has a score of 79% based on 53 reviews.<ref>[http://www.metacritic.com/games/platforms/xbox360/eternalsonata?q=eternal%20sonata Metacritic - Eternal Sonata]</ref><br />
<br />
[[IGN]] gave the game an 8.3, claiming that it had some of the best visuals on the 360 and had great combat. They also stated that "the soundtrack is astounding" and claimed the story did a great job of educating the player about [[Frederick Chopin]]. However, the game was criticized for being too short for a [[JRPG]] and for the lack of exploration.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://xbox360.ign.com/articles/819/819923p1.html|title=Eternal Sonata Review |publisher=IGN.com |date= |accessdate=2008-12-18}}</ref> [[X-Play]] gave the game a 3/5 praising the combat, soundtrack and visuals but complained that there were too many mini games, a poor story and too many [[Role-playing game (video games)|RPG]] clichés.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.g4tv.com/xplay/reviews/1638/Eternal_Sonata.html|title=X-Play Eternal Sonata Review |publisher=G4tv.com |date= |accessdate=2008-12-18}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[IGN]] gave the PS3 version an 8.7 and the Editor's Choice Award, with praise for its extension of the storyline, the inclusion of new playable characters, and the inclusion of other extras, such as new dungeons and customizable characters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ps3.ign.com/articles/923/923711p1.html|title=Eternal Sonata Review (PS3) |publisher=IGN.com |date= |accessdate=2008-12-18}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Notes and references==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://namco-ch.net/trusty_bell/index.php Official Japanese Site]<br />
*[http://namco-ch.net/trustybell_ps3/index.php Official Japanese Site for PlayStation 3 Version]<br />
*[http://eternalsonata.namcobandaigames.com/ Official North American Site]<br />
*[http://www.eternalsonata.eu/ Official European Site]<br />
*[http://www.endlessnocturne.com/ Official Eternal Sonata Forums]<br />
<br />
[[Category:2007 video games]]<br />
[[Category:2008 video games]]<br />
[[Category:Cel-shaded video games]]<br />
[[Category:Cooperative video games]]<br />
[[Category:PlayStation 3 games]]<br />
[[Category:Tri-Crescendo games]]<br />
[[Category:Xbox 360 games]]<br />
<br />
[[ar:إترنال سوناتا (لعبة)]]<br />
[[ca:Eternal Sonata]]<br />
[[es:Eternal Sonata]]<br />
[[fr:Eternal Sonata]]<br />
[[it:Eternal Sonata]]<br />
[[ja:トラスティベル 〜ショパンの夢〜]]<br />
[[pl:Eternal Sonata]]<br />
[[pt:Eternal Sonata]]<br />
[[sv:Eternal Sonata]]</div>Commander Shepardhttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eternal_Sonata&diff=81337254Eternal Sonata2009-01-12T22:24:16Z<p>Commander Shepard: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox VG<br />
|title = Eternal Sonata<br />
|image = [[Image:Eternal Sonata.jpg|256px]]<br />
|developer = [[Tri-Crescendo]]<br />
|publisher = [[Namco Bandai]]<br />
|distributor = [[Atari]] ([[Europe]], [[Australia]])<br />[[Microsoft]] ([[Asia]] Except [[Japan]])<br />
|designer = [[Hiroya Hatsushiba]], [[Sam Riegel]]<br />
|composer = [[Motoi Sakuraba]]<br />
|writer = [[Hiroya Hatsushiba]]<br />
|engine =<br />
|resolution = [[720p]]<br />
|version =<br />
|released = '''Xbox 360'''<br />{{vgrelease|Japan|JP|[[June 14]], [[2007]]}}<br />{{vgrelease|North America|NA|[[September 17]], [[2007]]}}<br />{{vgrelease|Europe|EU|[[October 19]], [[2007]]}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.computerandvideogames.com/article.php?id=166356 |title=Xbox News: Ace Combat 6, Eternal Sonata dated for Europe - ComputerAndVideoGames.com |publisher=Computerandvideogames.com |date= |accessdate=2008-10-27}}</ref><br />{{vgrelease|Australasia|AUS|[[November 15]], [[2007]]}}<ref>[http://www.gamefaqs.com/console/xbox360/data/934162.html ]</ref><br />'''PlayStation 3'''<br />{{vgrelease|Japan|JP|[[September 18]], [[2008]]}}<br />{{vgrelease|North America|NA|[[October 21]], [[2008]]}}<br />{{vgrelease|Europe|EU|[[Q1]] [[2009]]}}<br /><br />
|genre = [[Console role-playing game]]<br />
|modes = [[Single player]], [[Cooperative gameplay|local co-op]]<br />
|ratings = [[Computer Entertainment Rating Organization|CERO]]: A<br />[[Entertainment Software Rating Board|ESRB]]: T <br /> [[Office of Film and Literature Classification (Australia)|OFLC (AU)]]: M <br /> [[Office of Film and Literature Classification (New Zealand)|OFLC (NZ)]]: PG <br /><br />
|platforms = [[Xbox 360]], [[PlayStation 3]]<br />
|requirements =<br />
|media = [[DVD-DL]], [[Blu-ray Disc]]<br />
|input = [[Xbox 360 Controller]], [[Sixaxis]], [[Dual Shock 3]]<br />
}}<br />
{{Nihongo|'''''Eternal Sonata'''''|トラスティベル ～ショパンの夢～|Torasuti Beru Shopan no Yume|Trusty Bell: Chopin's Dream}} is an original [[computer role-playing game|role-playing]] [[video game]] created by [[Tri-Crescendo]], one of the developers of ''[[Baten Kaitos]]'' and ''[[Baten Kaitos Origins]]''. The [[Microsoft]] [[Xbox 360]] version of the game was released on June 14, 2007 in Japan, September 17, 2007 in North America, and October 19, 2007 in Europe. The game was also released on the [[Sony]] [[PlayStation 3]] with additional content as {{nihongo|'''''Trusty Bell: Chopin's Dream - Reprise'''''|トラスティベル ~ショパンの夢~ ルプリーズ|Torasuti Beru Shopan no Yume Rupurīzu}} on September 18, 2008 <ref name="nbgiannounce">{{cite web|title=Namco Bandai Announcement for PS3|url=http://ps3.ign.com/articles/820/820146p1.html}}</ref> in Japan, and in North America on October 21, 2008 (release date announced as of 9-15-08),<ref name="Namco Bandai News">{{cite web|title=E3 - Namco Bandai News|url=http://www.rpgamer.com/news/Q3-2008/071508b.html}}</ref> and a European release will be available in February 2009.<ref>[http://www.namcobandaigames.eu/en/press/30/ ETERNAL SONATA TO CHARM ITS WAY ONTO PLAYSTATION 3 IN EUROPE]</ref><br />
<br />
The game is centered on the [[Poles|Polish]] romantic [[pianist]] and [[composer]] [[Frédéric Chopin]], who died of [[tuberculosis]] at the age of 39. The story envisions a fictional world dreamed by Chopin during his last hours that is influenced by Chopin's life and music, and in which he himself is a playable character, among others. The game features a selection of Chopin's compositions played by [[pianist]] [[Stanislav Bunin]], though most of the in-game music was composed by [[Motoi Sakuraba]]. The game's [[battle system]] centers on musical elements and character-unique special attacks. Light and darkness plays a part in the appearance and abilities of enemies on the battlefield, as well as the types of magic that can be cast.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.1up.com/do/previewPage?cId=3158051 | title=1UP.com - Eternal Sonata Preview | work=Alice Liang | accessdate=2007-03-17}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{TOClimit|limit=3}}<br />
<br />
==Story==<br />
{{Plot|date=January 2009}}<br />
The game is presented in chapters and each main chapter is named after one of Chopin’s famous works (For example, the chapter ‘Revolution’ is named after the ‘Revolutionary Etude’). The plot of the game follows two distinct narrative strands; the first, and main narrative, is the story of the fictional world that Chopin is experiencing while on his death bed. The other narrative provides historical information on Chopin’s life that is considered relevant to current plot developments in the fictional world and is displayed at key points during the course of the game. This narrative is accompanied by a rendition of the piece the chapter draws inspiration from.<br />
<br />
The fictional world contains two major kingdoms that are currently on the brink of war, Forte and Baroque. Polka, a young girl that resides in Tenuto, a village within Forte territory, has a terminal illness. In the fictional world, a side effect of any terminal illness is the ability to perform magic; this leads normal people to stay away from magic users for fear of catching the illness. Polka is constantly told by her Mother that she must one day throw herself into the sea and that she will understand why when the time comes. In the mean time, Polka tries to make a living selling floral powder as a healing agent but can’t compete with the price of the tax free ‘Mineral Powder’, an addictive miracle cure supplied by Forte Castle. She later meets with Frederic Chopin who claims that he is also infected by the terminal illness. He offers to help escort her to Count Waltz, the ruler of Forte, so that she may plead with him to increase the price of Mineral Powder.<br />
<br />
As Polka and Frederic travel through Agogo forest, they encounter a mysterious man who attacks them for no reason. They were defeated quickly. The mysterious man mentions that he is searching for these "glowing creatures". Polka and Frederic were saved by a young girl named March, who is a guardian of Agogo Forest.<br />
<br />
The pair later encounters two young orphan boys, Allegretto and Beat, who are also planning to ask Count Waltz to lower taxes so that they can feed other orphans in their town. They met in Agogo Village, where March lives. Surprised that Allegretto and Beat know who Polka is and that she's a magic user, she runs off. Polka gets attacked by these creatures and is saved by Frederic, Allegretto, and Beat. She learns that strange creatures called "agogos" react completely differently around her than anyone else by radiating a strange glow. The four of them decides to journey together to Count Waltz. Before leaving, March asked them if they see her sister, please give her her hat. March explains that her twin sister Salsa traveled to Forte City to stop Count Waltz and his soldiers from threatening the Agogos.<br />
<br />
The group travels through Chorus Plains. As soon as they reached the end of the valley, they find a young lady leading a herd of sheeps being attacked by strange creatures. The group immediately helps her and defeat the creatures. The young lady was Viola. She thanked them allowing them to stay at her place for the time being. The group finds out that those creatures that attacked Viola were the victims that used and relied too much on Mineral Powder. The Mineral Powder that Count Waltz are selling are turning the people who use them into creatures that use magic. The group becomes more curious about Count Waltz. They question why he only made Mineral Powder tax free and why is the powder causing death to people. Viola joins the group.<br />
<br />
As soon as the group set off, they crossed an old bridge, called Cabasa Bridge, that leads to Fort Fermata, the building locking the door to Forte City. They managed to get to the other side of the wall and continue their way to Forte City through Hanon Hills.<br />
<br />
In the mean time, Jazz, Claves, and Falsetto were planning in their hideout to cross Andantino's Secret Passage to get to Forte Castle to resue the guardian of Agogo Forest. Claves insist that Jazz repeat the mission. Falsetto gets mad and questions Claves why she always needs things repeated.<br />
<br />
Once the group reached Forte, they found an Inn to stay for the night, but a little girl who seems to be the owner of it begs them to find her missing brother named Phil. The group looks around in the city and found out that Phil ran off to the cliffs, which were strictly forbidden for anyone to go until they complete the fence. The group found Phil's shoe on the edge of a cliff. They travel down Glissando Cliffs and resued him. As a reward, Phil and his sister allowed the group to stay in the Inn free of charge.<br />
<br />
They appear in front of Forte Castle wanting to talk to Count Waltz. Beat was beated up by one of the guards. The group was attacked and were arrested. In the dungeons, the group meets Salsa, March's twin. They returned her the hat. Salsa began agruing with Viola and Beat. Allegretto managed to open the doors to the dungeon. They escape through a mysterious hole known as Andantino's Secret Passage.<br />
<br />
Count Waltz was upset about his soldier, the one who attacked Beat in front of the castle, named Tuba. Tuba was a failure to Count Waltz. He orders Tuba to go after the group and kill them all, except for the guardian of Agogo Forest, Salsa.<br />
<br />
Once they made it out of the passage, they encountered Jazz, Claves, and Falsetto. They were surprised that the group came out of their secret passage. The end of the passage led them back to Hanon Hills. They quickly escape through the hills, knowing that the soldiers must be looking for them. The group along with Jazz and the others made it to Fort Fermata. Falsetto explains to them why the wall was built. Jazz tells them that Count Waltz made Mineral Powder tax free so more people can use them. Waltz wants to create an army of mad magic users. So the more the people use it, the large the army is. And the worst part, you have to be close to dying to be able to use magic. <br />
<br />
When they exited the fort to Cabasa Bridxge, the group was attacked by Tuba. They defeated him once more. Tuba would not admit his failure so he bombs Cabasa Bridge and everyone falls off.<br />
<br />
The group was separated. The first group, Allegretto, Viola, Jazz, Claves, and Falsetto resides at Adagio Swamp. The river under Cabasa Bridge led them to the swamp at the end of the river. Allegretto mentions that he hopes "Polka and the others" are alright. Viola teases him by asking why he said "Polka and the others" not "Beat and the others". The group travels through the swamp. They find a house called Cantabile Inn and rest there. <br />
<br />
At night Viola comes out for some air and finds Jazz and Allegretto. She said that she loved the air because it reminded her of home. Allegretto was distracted and was sitting by the small river all night. They asked him what was bothering him. Viola teases him again by asking if he was still thinking about Polka. Allegretto tells them that there was something suspicious about what Tuba said in front of Forte Castle. He said that it seems like they were waiting for someone and thought that it was them. That's probably why they attacked the group.<br />
<br />
The next day, Jazz, Claves, and Falsetto plans to cross Woodblack Groves, a poisonous forst. Beyond it is Andantino. The group travels through the woods and makes it back to Andantino. Jazz asked Falsetto to tour Allegretto and Viola around Andantino and meet them back in their hidout when they're finished. The group comes across a little girl crying over her dying flower. The flower needs water, but not just any water, it needs water from a spring at the end of Lento Cemetery. The girl's father refuses to travel there. Her little brother runs off to Lento Cemetery. The group chases after him. They told the boy to go back while they get the water.<br />
<br />
While that was happening, Jazz and Claves were at the hideout waiting. Jazz tells Claves that he thinks Falsetto is a spy from Count Waltz. Claves didn't want Jazz to believe that. She managed to convince him, but on the look on her face tells you that she seems like she regrets it a little. Jazz tells Claves that he and Falsetto have known each other since childhood. He tells Claves that he'll go check on them. When he leaves, Claves gets beaten up by a lady named Rondo. She scolds at Claves for not convincing Jazz that Falsetto was a spy. Rondo reveals that Claves is the spy from Forte. She leaves her injuried on the floor. Claves cries over her failure realizing that she failed her mission because she had fallen in love with Jazz. She knew that Falsetto never liked her because she suspected Claves was a spy. Claves was jealous that Jazz and Falsetto knew each other for so long. She wanted to compete over Jazz with Falsetto, but she knew that she was no match for her. Claves sends a message on a dove's leg to Baroque before her death.<br />
<br />
Polka was standing outside in the gardens of Baroque Castle. Beat comes along to comfort her. He tells her to go back inside because it was cold. Baroque is always snowy because the kingdom is located on the high mountains. Polka remembers what happened when they fell of Cabasa bridge:<br />
<br />
''-Flashback-''<br />
The second group was Polka, Beat, Frederic, and Salsa. They were rescued in the river by the Baroque Ship. They thanked the captain, who happens to be the prince of Baroque, Prince Crescendo. Later, the ship was attacked by pirates. Frederic tells Captain Crescendo that they'll go in the pirate ship and hold them back, while he moves the Baroque Ship away as much as possible as way to thank them. <br />
<br />
The group makes their way through Pirate Ship Dolce to the captain. They defeat Captain Dolce. The group finds a treasure chest and takes it. Salsa found a new hat to replace the old one she lost in the river.<br />
''-Flasback over-''<br />
<br />
Polka explores the castle and finds Crescendo and his fiancee, Serenade. He asked them to give Jazz a message. The group plans to go back home. Beat thinks he'll find Allegretto in Ritardando and Polka wants to visit her mother. The way back to Ritardando is through the Sharp Mountains, west of Baroque.<br />
<br />
As soon as they exit the mountains, they reached Agogo Forest. They found a lot of glowing agogos surrounding Polka. March comes and reunites with Salsa. The group meets the mysterious man again who attacked Polka and Frederic. His name was Fugue. This time, the team wins Fugue. They didn't notice that Rondo was spying on them. She reports to Count Waltz that the glowing agogos appear only around Polka. Count Waltz orders Rondo to bring back Polka. It seems that Count Waltz wants the glowing agogos to increase the the power of Mineral Powder.<br />
<br />
Beat and Frederic goes to Ritardando to find Allegretto while Polka goes back to Tenuto to visit her mother. Beat and Frederic are reunited with Allegretto. He explains that Jazz and Falsetto were upset about Claves' death. Jazz went to Baroque to visit Crescendo and ever since Falsetto found out about Claves' death, she has disappeared.<br />
<br />
There was a huge crowd of people standing outside of Mandolin Church. The people heard some crying sounds under the church. Long time ago, pirates always attack the harbor. The people built an underground cave under the Mandolin Church to hide from the pirates. Now that there are no more pirates invading the town no one has been down there for years. The woman, who is the owner of the beard store Allegretto and Beat always steal from, insist that they go down there to see what happened.<br />
<br />
Before they went down, they met Viola, Salsa, and March. Allegretto claims that he is afraid of ghost to ditch the mission. While the others go down to the Mandolin Church Grotto, Allegretto went to get Polka. The next morning, they'll be taking the first ship to Baroque. As he walked along the beach, Allegretto found an uniquely shaped rock.<br />
<br />
At night, Polka sits on her usual spot, staring at the beautiful view of Ritardando. Allegretto came in from behind and sat next to her. Polka suggested that she should jump off the cliff and give up on her life. Allegretto grew scared and yelled at her no to. She was shocked about how scared he was. She made sure Allegretto knew that she was kidding. Polka, still troubled by her Mother’s words, decides to throw her most prized possession, an uniquely shaped rock given to her by ‘someone special’, into the sea instead of herself. The rock was given to her ten years ago from someone she loved very much. Allegretto then surprises Polka by giving her an identically shaped rock to replace it. He ask her to not throw it away because it is the first gift he've ever given to a girl. He reminded her one more time that they'll be setting off tomorrow and left. Polka then learned that the "special someone" that she really loved and gave her the rock was Allegretto.<br />
<br />
The group has been in Baroque Castle for weeks now. Beat, Salsa, and Viola were playing a card game. Viola hates loosing every round, so she quits. Beat and Salsa tried to cheer her up by telling her that third isn't so bad. Viola went outside to visit Polka. She asked her if she believed in good luck charms. Viola showed Polka a charm by raising your hand and sticking your pinky out. Point your hand towards the one you love and they'll love you back. Viola teased Polka and told her to try it on Allegretto. Polka grew shy and ran back into the castle. After Jazz finished talking to Crescendo, he came out and saw Viola. When Jazz turned around, Viola tried her charm on Jazz. As he left, she looked at him with depair. She said to herself that she's third again, Claves, Falsetto, now her.<br />
<br />
After learning that Forte has placed a spy among his most trusted peers, Prince Crescendo decides that the only way to prevent bloodshed is to surrender himself to Count Waltz in return for Count Waltz sparing Baroque and its people. The party manages to stop Crescendo before he reaches Forte territory, but they soon discover that Count Waltz is already beginning his attack on Baroque. The party manages to defeat Waltz in battle and prevent the invasion of Baroque but are unable to stop his advisor Legato from using a stronger, experimental version of the Mineral Powder on himself. The new Mineral Powder causes him to transform into a creature so powerful it smashes into another dimension.<br />
<br />
The party follows Legato into this new dimension and finds it occupied by the souls of all those who perished due to using Mineral Powder. Eventually tracking down Legato, they manage to defeat him and gain access to the very core of the world. Here, Frederic Chopin announces that he is still convinced that this entire world is just his dream, his final journey before death, and that he must face his own soul before he can travel into the afterlife. He then faces the party in one final battle and is defeated.<br />
<br />
Realizing that this is the end of her journey, Polka thanks the party for escorting her and then throws herself off the cliff into the sea. Allegretto is horrified and begins blaming Chopin for Polka’s death. We then see a younger, reborn Polka falling slowly from the sky into the arms of her mother, who is obviously expecting this event. The scene, mirroring the opening, portrays a younger Polka with her mother while Chopin narrates, finally realizing the true nature of this world. Young Polka then tells her mother that she hears someone calling her and her mother informs her that she is hearing the call of her ‘special someone’. Young Polka wishes farewell to her mother as she is whisked back into the air by glowing agogos.<br />
<br />
Rejoining the rest of the party, still horrified by previous events, we see Polka rise back over the cliff surrounded by glowing agogos. Polka knows that she has been reunited with her true love and embraces an ecstatic Allegretto. Finally, in the real world, Chopin’s spirit rises out of his body and he plays his piano one last time, in a blooming sea of nocturnal flowers 'Heaven's Mirror', composing a song that was inspired by Polka.<br />
<br />
==Characters==<br />
All of the characters in ''Eternal Sonata'', with the exception of real-world people such as Chopin, are named after musical terms.<br />
:''Note: Character names link to their respective musical terms, not to articles on the characters themselves.''<br />
<br />
;{{nihongo|[[Frédéric Chopin|Frédéric François Chopin]]|フレデリック・フランソワ・ショパン|Furederikku Furansowa Shopan}}: As he lies dying of [[tuberculosis]] in the real world, Chopin dreams of this world. A 39-year-old man who appears as a tall gentleman in a long coat and top hat. Frederic has a kind, calm personality and quickly befriends Polka. Like Polka, Frederic can use magic, a sign of disease in his dream world. <br>Weapon: Conductors Baton<br />''Voiced by:'' [[Mitsuaki Madono]] (Japanese), [[Patrick Seitz]] (English)<br />
<br />
;{{nihongo|[[Polka]]|ポルカ|Poruka}}: A 14-year old girl with a death sentence hanging over her head: she can use magic, a sign of disease in their world. Because of this, she is shunned by many, but still has a pretty upbeat and sweet personality. Frederic mentions she reminds him of his sister, who also died of tuberculosis. <br>Weapon: Parasol<br />''Voiced by:'' [[Aya Hirano]] (Japanese), [[Erin Fitzgerald]] (English)<br />
<br />
;{{nihongo|[[Tempo#Italian tempo markings|Allegretto]]|アレグレット|Areguretto}}: A 16-year old street urchin and orphan with a [[Robin Hood]] complex, willing to steal to feed the less fortunate. He's confident and strong, but not stupid. A revolutionary at heart, he does have a soft side, mostly shown with Beat, whom he has taken as a little brother, and Polka, whom he gradually falls in love with.<br>Weapon: Single-handed sword.<br />''Voiced by:'' [[Hiro Shimono]] (Japanese), [[Sam Riegel]] (English)<br />
<br />
;{{nihongo|[[Beat (music)|Beat]]|ビート|Bīto}}: An 8-year-old orphan whose most prized possession is his camera. While he often does not get the point of what Allegretto and the others are saying until later and maintains an air of innocence, he is no stranger to fighting.<br>Weapon: A hooked rifle which can also function at close range as a hammer. <br />''Voiced by:'' [[Yumiko Kobayashi]] (Japanese), [[Mona Marshall]] (English)<br />
<br />
;{{nihongo|[[Viola]]|ビオラ|Biora}}: A 26-year-old farmer the party meets in the countryside. She's a tough-talker and can handle herself, being slightly older than the others in the party. She has a pet named Arco who tags along with the group.<br>Weapon: Bow<br />''Voiced by:'' [[Houko Kuwashima]] (Japanese), [[Megan Hollingshead]] (English)<br />
<br />
;{{nihongo|[[Salsa (music)|Salsa]]|サルサ|Sarusa}}: The guardian of Agogo Forest who the party meets while imprisoned in the Forte Castle dungeons. Salsa is 8 years old and to her point of view, hats are the best treasure in the world. She is quite brash, outspoken, very competitive towards Beat, and energetic at times.<br>Weapon: Solar Rings.<br />''Voiced by:'' [[Mika Kanai]] (Japanese), [[Amy Rose (actress)|Amy Rose]] (English)<br />
<br />
;{{nihongo|[[March (music)|March]]|マーチ|Machi}}: The guardian of Agogo Forest. Salsa's twin sister. She tends to be the more reasonable one of the two, making her a sharp contrast to Salsa. March appears to be mature and gentle.<br>Weapon: Lunar Rings.<br />''Voiced by:'' [[Chiwa Saito]] (Japanese), [[Amy Rose (actress)|Amy Rose]] (English)<br />
<br />
;{{nihongo|[[Jazz]]|ジルバ|Jiruba|his Japanese name is a transliteration<!---NOT an abbreviation---> of "[[jitterbug]]"}}: Jazz is 27 years old, leader of the revolutionary group Andantino. Quiet and serious, he worries about the damage Count Waltz might be doing to the people with the mineral powder and the processes needed to mine it. Later, he suspected Falsetto to be a spy from Forte, but Claves wouldn't allow Jazz to believe it was Falsetto.<br>Weapon: Two-handed broadsword. <br />''Voiced by:'' [[George Nakata]] (Japanese), [[D.C. Douglas]] (English)<br />
<br />
;{{nihongo|[[Falsetto]]|ファルセット|Farusetto}}: Jazz's lieutenant in Andantino, she's perceptive and tough, and inwardly dislikes Claves. Falsetto is 22 years old and has known Jazz since childhood.<br> Weapon: Brass knuckles.<br />''Voiced by:'' [[Tomoe Hanba]] (Japanese), [[Julie Ann Taylor]] (English)<br />
<br />
;{{nihongo|[[Claves]]|クラベス|Kurabesu}}: Jazz's 24-year-old girlfriend and another soldier of Andantino. Later, she is shown to be a spy for Count Waltz and is killed for choosing to help Jazz instead. Claves is jealous of Falsetto and Jazz's relationship. From the start, she already knew that Falsetto suspected her of being a spy for Forte. She fights with a rapier. In the secret dungeon, Mysterious Unison, it is revealed that Claves possessed a unwillingness to die produced by her love of Jazz, which summoned her body into the dungeon; however, her soul was scattered into seven pieces, and the group helps reunite her soul to bring her back to life. It is debatable whether or not her revival is canon, but a achievement is unlocked for her reviving her, and she is featured in the ending if she is, so it is likely that it is.<br> Weapon: Rapier.<br />''Voiced by:'' [[Mie Sonozaki]] (Japanese), [[Tara Platt]] (English)<br />
<br />
;{{nihongo|[[Crescendo]]|クレッシェンド|Kureshendo}}: The young prince of Baroque. Crescendo replaces his father for leading Baroque into the future war between Forte due to a sickness his father is suffering on. He rescues Polka, Beat, Frederic, and Salsa after they fell into Adagio River. Later, he finds out that his fiancee, Serenade is a spy from the message Claves sent before her death. ****Crescendo wasn't playable in the Xbox 360 version, but was added in the PlayStation 3 version.<br>Weapon: Mace<br />''Voiced by:'' [[Katsuyuki Konishi]] (Japanese), [[Cam Clarke]] (English)<br />
<br />
;{{nihongo|[[Serenade]]|セレナーデ|Serenade}}: The fiancee of Prince Crescendo. Like Claves, she is a spy from Forte. Her position was revealed to Prince Crescendo from the letter Claves sent. ****Serenade wasn't playable in the Xbox 360 version, but was added in the PlayStation 3 version.<br>Weapon: Staff<br />''Voiced by:'' [[Fumiko Orikasa]] (Japanese), [[Stephanie Sheh]] (English)<br />
<br />
==Gameplay==<br />
''Eternal Sonata'' follows many general conventions in a typical [[console role-playing game]]: the player controls a party of up to twelve characters to explore the world, talking with its inhabitants, buying and selling equipment at shops, and encountering monsters while in the field. These encounters are visible, and the player can opt to avoid the encounter, if possible, as well as gaining an edge on the monsters by approaching them from behind. Experience points are awarded to all members of the party, though at a reduced rate for those not involved in combat, and characters will improve in various statistics with each experience level as well as learning special combat skills. Weapons, armor, and accessories can be used to improve these statistics, which can be purchased through money earned in combat, found in chests, or by selling both equipment and [[photograph]]s which can be taken by the character Beat during battle. The player may also find Score Pieces scattered about the world, which represent short musical phrases. Various [[non-player character|NPC]]s in the game will offer to perform with the party, requiring the player to match a Score Piece to the phrase offered by the NPC, with the resulting composition being ranked. Discordant matches will result in no reward, but close or perfect matches will gain a bonus item from the NPC.<br />
<br />
===Combat===<br />
[[Image:Eternal-sonata-screenshot.jpg|thumb|320px|right|Combat in ''Eternal Sonata'' takes place in both lit and shaded areas, affecting the skills the player can use]]<br />
While the main combat system is turn-based using only 3 characters within the party, it incorporates elements of an [[action game]]. Each character's turn is preceded by "Tactical Time", a period of time which the player can use to decide the course of action to take with that character. Once the player initiates an action or "Tactical Time" expires (a function of the Party Class Level), the player then has a limited amount of time denoted by an Action Gauge to move the character, attack the enemy, and use recovery skills or items. Regular attacks are made at melee or ranged distances depending on the weapon choice of the character, and add a small quantity of time back to the Action Gauge, and additionally add to the party's "Echoes" meter. Special skills which can include both offensive attacks and recovery skills will consume whatever Echoes have been generated to that point, and will have a more powerful effect relative to that number. When a character defends against an attack, there is a short period before the attack strikes where the player can press a button to block some of the damage for the attack, or to possibly even counterattack the blow and interrupt the monster's turn. Recovery and other one-time-use items are kept in a common pouch with a limited capacity; the player must "set" items in the pouch so that they can be cycled through and triggered during battle.<br />
<br />
Light and dark areas on the battle field generated by the time of day, environment, and shadows of the characters and monsters will affect combat. Each party character has one or more special skills that are active in lit areas, and a similar number but with very different effects in a dark area. Monsters themselves may have a dissimilar set of powers in the area of the battlefield they are in, while other monsters will actually change form when they move between lit and dark areas. The player can manipulate the nature of areas using special items, but this can also be affected by the monsters themselves, or through dynamic changes on the battlefield such as the shadow of a cloud moving across the ground.<br />
<br />
As the player progresses through the game, they will increase their Party Class Level. Each improvement in level grants some bonuses while also imposing additional limits on combat. For example, one Party Class improvement increases the number of slots for special skills for each character, but at the same time, cuts down the amount of Tactical Time and time available in the Action Gauge.<br />
<br />
==Audio==<br />
{{Expand-section|date=June 2008}}<br />
Eternal Sonata features a large soundtrack, mostly composed by Motoi Sakuraba, with seven of Chopin's compositions performed by Stanislav Bunin and presented in 5.1 surround sound. Featured music of Chopin's include [[Étude Op. 10, No. 12 (Chopin)|Étude Op. 10, No. 12]], [[Étude Op. 10, No. 3 (Chopin)|Étude Op. 10, No. 3]] and [[Polonaise Op. 53 (Chopin)|Polonaise Op. 53]]. A [[Japanese language|Japanese]] [[aria]] composed by Sakuraba titled {{nihongo|"Heaven's Mirror"|鏡天花|Kyōtenka}} is also performed by Akiko Shinada for the soundtrack. The game's background music was released in Japan as the four-disc album {{nihongo|''Trusty Bell: Chopin's Dream Original Score''|トラスティベル ～ショパンの夢～ オリジナルスコア|Torasuti Beru ~Shopan no Yume~ Orijinaru Sukoa}} on [[July 25]], [[2007]] under the [[King Records]] label.<br />
<!--<br />
'''Track listing'''<br />
{| class="collapsible collapsed" border="0" style="width:70%"<br />
! style="width:12em; text-align:left;" | Disc one<br />
! | <br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" |<br />
#{{nihongo|"The Heart's [[Pyroxene]]"|心の輝石|Kokoro no kiseki}}<br />
#"Think of me"<br />
#Stanislauv Bunin - {{nihongo|"Raindrops"|雨だれ|Amadare}}<br />
#"Relaxing place"<br />
#Leap the precipice"<br />
#"Well―done"<br />
#"Two ends of my doze"<br />
#"Reflect the sky. Bloom the life"<br />
#{{nihongo|"A Pale Light in Hand"|手の中の淡い光|Te no naka no awai hikari}}<br />
#"The mediocrity sought out by everyone"<br />
#"Underground for underhand"<br />
#"Rapid fire"<br />
#{{nihongo|"Readiness to Oppose"|立ち向かう覚悟|Tachimukau kakugo}}<br />
#"Can you recite the dream?"<br />
#"Illuminant lives"<br />
#{{nihongo|"When We're Together"|共に在る時|Tomo ni aru toki}}<br />
#{{nihongo|"Your Circumstances"|あなた次第|Anata shidai}}<br />
#"Innumerable animals"<br />
#{{nihongo|"Pressure"|重圧|Jūatsu}}<br />
#{{nihongo|"A Flicker that Distinguishes Between Light and Dark"|明暗を分かつ瞬き|Meian o wakatsu matataki}}<br />
#{{nihongo|"Are We the Same, Yet Not?"|同じようで違うけど同じ？|Onajiyō de chigau kedo onaji?}}<br />
|}<br />
{| class="collapsible collapsed" border="0" style="width:70%"<br />
! style="width:12em; text-align:left;" | Disc two<br />
! | <br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" |<br />
#Stanislauv Bunin - {{nihongo|"[[Étude Op. 10, No. 12 (Chopin)|Revolution]]"|革命|Kakumei}}<br />
#"Dive into the vast expanse of plains"<br />
#{{nihongo|"Strategy"|策謀|Sakubō}}<br />
#{{nihongo|"A Wall Without Top or Bottom"|背も腹もない壁|Sei mo hara mo nai kabe}}<br />
#"Breeze the conductor"<br />
#{{nihongo|"Trembling Homefront"|揺らぐ銃後|Yuragu jūgo}}<br />
#"DANTOTSU!"<br />
#{{nihongo|"An Unscorned Stature"|侮らない構え|Anadoranai kamae}}<br />
#{{nihongo|"From Strength to Kindness"|強さから優しさへ|Tsuyosa kara yasashisa e}}<br />
#"Journey to the projective mind"<br />
#{{nihongo|"Close Attack"|迫撃|Hakugeki}}<br />
#"I bet my belief"<br />
#Stanislauv Bunin - {{nihongo|"''[[Fantaisie-Impromptu]]''"|幻想即興曲|Gensō sokkyōsoku}}<br />
#{{nihongo|"Silence and Inhabitance"|静寂と生息|Seijaku to seisoku}}<br />
#"Wonderland of wanderer"<br />
#"Endure and resist"<br />
#"No No I don't die Noooo!"<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="collapsible collapsed" border="0" style="width:70%"<br />
! style="width:12em; text-align:left;" | Disc three<br />
! | <br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" |<br />
#Stanislauv Bunin - {{nihongo|"''[[Grande Valse Brillante (Chopin)|Grande Valse Brillante]]''|華麗なる大円舞曲|Karei naru daienbukyoku}}<br />
#"A buffer for quiet"<br />
#{{nihongo|"The Heart's Stroll"|心の散歩|Kokoro no sanpo}}<br />
#"Seize the artifact for tallness"<br />
#{{nihongo|"Preparations to Value Harmony"|和を尊ぶ調べ|Wa o tattobu shirabe}}<br />
#{{nihongo|"From Tomorrow on…"|明日から…|Ashita kara…}}<br />
#{{nihongo|"White Mirror"|白き鏡|Shiroki kagami}}<br />
#"Rock and burn you"<br />
#Stanislauv Bunin - {{nihongo|"''Nocturne''"|夜想曲|Yasōkyoku}}<br />
#{{nihongo|"A Step"|一歩|Ippo}}<br />
#{{nihongo|"Boundary of Snow and Ice"|雪と氷の境界|Yuki to kōri no kyōkai}}<br />
#"Repeated tide"<br />
#{{nihongo|"Stern Will"|冷厳な意志|Reigen na ishi}}<br />
#Stanislauv Bunin - {{nihongo|"''[[Étude Op. 10, No. 3 (Chopin)|Tristesse]]''"|別れの曲|Wakare no kyoku}}<br />
#"Continuous divider"<br />
|}<br />
{| class="collapsible collapsed" border="0" style="width:70%"<br />
! style="width:12em; text-align:left;" | Disc four<br />
! | <br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" |<br />
#"Your truth is my false"<br />
#"Captured phantom"<br />
#"The etudes of spirit"<br />
#{{nihongo|"The Place to Arrive"|行き着くところ|Ikitsuku tokoro}}<br />
#"Spiral twister"<br />
#"Broken balance"<br />
#"The unreasonable theory"<br />
#Stanislauv Bunin - {{nihongo|"''[[Polonaise, Op. 53 (Chopin)|Heroic]]''|英雄|Eiyū}}<br />
#"Embarrassment consistency"<br />
#{{nihongo|"Scrap and build ourselves (from The Revolutionary)|Scrap and build ourselves ―革命より―|Scrap and build ourselves -kakumei yori-}}<br />
#{{nihongo|"Reality and Honesty, and Truth"|事実と誠実、そして真実|Jijitsu to seijitsu, soshite shinjitsu}}<br />
#{{nihongo|"A Light"|灯|Tomoshibi}}<br />
#{{nihongo|"An Important Person"|大切な人|Taisetsu na hito}}<br />
#"Someone's evening. Someone's daybreak"<br />
#Akiko Shinda - {{nihongo|"Heaven Mirror Flower"|鏡天花|Kyōtenka}}<br />
#{{nihongo|"Shape of Life"|命のかたち|Inochi no katachi}}<br />
|}<br />
フレデリック・フランソワ・ショパン --><br />
<br />
==Development==<br />
Says director Hiroya Hatsushiba:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kotaku.com/gaming/we-want-to-know/chopins-role-in-eternal-sonata-explained-287143.php |title=We Want To Know: Chopin's Role in Eternal Sonata Explained |publisher=Kotaku.com |date= |accessdate=2008-10-27}}</ref><br />
{{cquote|People who play games and people who love classical music are not necessarily sharing [the] same type of interests. Most people in Japan know the name of Chopin; however, most of the people who know of Chopin think he is just some kind of a great music composer without knowing any more about him. Most of them have heard Chopin's music but not a lot could put his name to it immediately. By creating a colorful fantasy world in Chopin's dream, I was hoping that people would get into this game easily and also come to know how great Chopin's music is.}}<br />
<br />
For the localization, the game's text was proofread by the [[Frederick Chopin Society]] in [[Warsaw]]. The localization team wanted to be as historically accurate as possible, without losing the original message of the script.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.ign.com/EternalSonata/2007/09/12/66074/ |title=Eternal Sonata - Lost in Translation |publisher=Blogs.ign.com |date= |accessdate=2008-10-27}}</ref><br />
<br />
On April 23, 2007, the ESRB posted their rating for Eternal Sonata<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.joystiq.com/2007/04/23/esrb-lists-eternal-sonata-on-xbox-360-and-playstation-3/ |title=ESRB lists Eternal Sonata on Xbox 360 ... and PlayStation 3 - Joystiq |publisher=Joystiq.com |author=62 Comments by Christopher Grant Apr 23rd 2007 6:37PM Filed under: Sony PlayStation 3, Microsoft Xbox 360, RPGs |date= |accessdate=2008-10-27}}</ref> listing the game as being intended for release on Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3. However, when news of this quickly spread, the ESRB removed the listing entirely.<ref>{{cite web|title=N4G.com : ESRB pulls Eternal Sonata. listing|url=http://n4g.com/News-36536.aspx}}</ref> On [[September 11]], [[2007]], Bandai Namco's official site listed Eternal Sonata as coming soon to PlayStation 3, yet also listed the Xbox 360 version as being "available now." Again, as news quickly spread, the information was removed.<ref>{{cite web|title=Namco Bandai site shows Eternal Sonata and Beautiful Katamari coming to PS3|url=http://www.joystiq.com/2007/09/11/namco-bandai-site-shows-eternal-sonata-and-beautiful-katamari-co/}}</ref> The following day, scans from [[Famitsu]] were released, confirming the game as being released for the PlayStation 3.<ref>{{cite web|title=Famitsu Scans|url=http://www.jeux-france.com/images0_4_21765.html}}</ref> On September 14, 2007 Bandai Namco officially announced Eternal Sonata was coming to the PS3, during Spring 2008 in Japan.<ref name="nbgiannounce" /><br />
<br />
In addition, Namco Bandai stated that there will be features exclusive for the PlayStation 3 version. This includes new playable characters, Crescendo and Serenade, who played a major role in the plot of the game, but were not playable in the Xbox 360 version. It will also include a new clothing system, in which the player can freely change a few characters' costumes. <ref>{{cite web|title=Offical Website for the PS3 Version|url=http://namco-ch.net/trustybell_ps3/index.php}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
{{Expand-section|date=June 2008}}<br />
Anticipation for the game seemed high prior to release, with the game having reached number four in Amazon Japan video game pre-orders<ref>[http://news.punchjump.com/blog/2007/05/15/%20xbox-360-rpg-trusty-bell-reaches-no-4-in-pre-sales/ News Blog] entry. Retrieved May 16, 2007</ref> not long after a demo was made available on the Japanese Marketplace, and even number one on Amazon Japan's video game charts not long before the game's release.<ref>[http://www.xbox360fanboy.com/2007/06/05/eternal-sonata-no-1-on-amazon-japan/ Xbox 360 Fanboy Blog] entry. Retrieved June 5, 2007</ref> [[Famitsu]] rated the game 9/9/9/8, for a total score of 35/40.<ref name="famitsuscores">{{cite web|url=http://www.gamesarefun.com/news.php?newsid=7857|title=GamesAreFun Famitsu Scores|accessmonthday=June 20|accessyear=2007}}</ref><br />
During its release week, the game reached second place on the Japanese sales charts.<ref name="GAFweek1SALES">[http://www.gamesarefun.com/news.php?newsid=7911 GamesAreFun Japanese Sales] 6/11-6/17. Retrieved June 20, 2007</ref><br />
The following week, it had placed 35th.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.psxextreme.com/ps3-news/1445.html |title=PS3 News: Media Create Japan Software Sales: June 18th-24th |publisher=Psxextreme.com |date= |accessdate=2008-10-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://kotaku.com/gaming/soupy-sales/simple-2000-the-japanese-hardware-chart-273421.php |title=Simple 2000: The Japanese Hardware Chart |publisher=Kotaku.com |date= |accessdate=2008-10-27}}</ref> <br />
<br />
At [[E3 2007]], it won [[GameTrailers|GameTrailers.com's]] award for Best Role-Playing Game<ref name="GTcomE32007RPG">{{cite web|url=http://www.gametrailers.com/player/22619.html|title=GameTrailers Best of E3 2007|accessmonthday=August 6|accessyear=2007}}</ref> and [[IGN|IGN's]] award for Best Original Score on Xbox 360, and was a runner-up in Best RPG, Best Artistic Design on Xbox 360 and Best Use Of Sound on Xbox 360.<ref name="IGNbestE3">{{cite web|url=http://xbox360.ign.com/articles/806/806808p4.html|title= IGN: Xbox 360 Best of E3 2007 Awards|accessmonthday=August 6|accessyear=2007}}</ref><br />
<br />
In Europe and the U.S., it received many high reviews. Metacritic has a score of 79% based on 53 reviews.<ref>[http://www.metacritic.com/games/platforms/xbox360/eternalsonata?q=eternal%20sonata Metacritic - Eternal Sonata]</ref><br />
<br />
[[IGN]] gave the game an 8.3, claiming that it had some of the best visuals on the 360 and had great combat. They also stated that "the soundtrack is astounding" and claimed the story did a great job of educating the player about [[Frederick Chopin]]. However, the game was criticized for being too short for a [[JRPG]] and for the lack of exploration.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://xbox360.ign.com/articles/819/819923p1.html|title=Eternal Sonata Review |publisher=IGN.com |date= |accessdate=2008-12-18}}</ref> [[X-Play]] gave the game a 3/5 praising the combat, soundtrack and visuals but complained that there were too many mini games, a poor story and too many [[Role-playing game (video games)|RPG]] clichés.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.g4tv.com/xplay/reviews/1638/Eternal_Sonata.html|title=X-Play Eternal Sonata Review |publisher=G4tv.com |date= |accessdate=2008-12-18}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[IGN]] gave the PS3 version an 8.7 and the Editor's Choice Award, with praise for its extension of the storyline, the inclusion of new playable characters, and the inclusion of other extras, such as new dungeons and customizable characters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ps3.ign.com/articles/923/923711p1.html|title=Eternal Sonata Review (PS3) |publisher=IGN.com |date= |accessdate=2008-12-18}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Notes and references==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://namco-ch.net/trusty_bell/index.php Official Japanese Site]<br />
*[http://namco-ch.net/trustybell_ps3/index.php Official Japanese Site for PlayStation 3 Version]<br />
*[http://eternalsonata.namcobandaigames.com/ Official North American Site]<br />
*[http://www.eternalsonata.eu/ Official European Site]<br />
*[http://www.endlessnocturne.com/ Official Eternal Sonata Forums]<br />
<br />
[[Category:2007 video games]]<br />
[[Category:2008 video games]]<br />
[[Category:Cel-shaded video games]]<br />
[[Category:Cooperative video games]]<br />
[[Category:PlayStation 3 games]]<br />
[[Category:Tri-Crescendo games]]<br />
[[Category:Xbox 360 games]]<br />
<br />
[[ar:إترنال سوناتا (لعبة)]]<br />
[[ca:Eternal Sonata]]<br />
[[es:Eternal Sonata]]<br />
[[fr:Eternal Sonata]]<br />
[[it:Eternal Sonata]]<br />
[[ja:トラスティベル 〜ショパンの夢〜]]<br />
[[pl:Eternal Sonata]]<br />
[[pt:Eternal Sonata]]<br />
[[sv:Eternal Sonata]]</div>Commander Shepardhttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eternal_Sonata&diff=81337253Eternal Sonata2009-01-12T22:22:45Z<p>Commander Shepard: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox VG<br />
|title = Eternal Sonata<br />
|image = [[Image:Eternal Sonata.jpg|256px]]<br />
|developer = [[Tri-Crescendo]]<br />
|publisher = [[Namco Bandai]]<br />
|distributor = [[Atari]] ([[Europe]], [[Australia]])<br />[[Microsoft]] ([[Asia]] Except [[Japan]])<br />
|designer = [[Hiroya Hatsushiba]], [[Sam Riegel]]<br />
|composer = [[Motoi Sakuraba]]<br />
|engine =<br />
|resolution = [[720p]]<br />
|version =<br />
|released = '''Xbox 360'''<br />{{vgrelease|Japan|JP|[[June 14]], [[2007]]}}<br />{{vgrelease|North America|NA|[[September 17]], [[2007]]}}<br />{{vgrelease|Europe|EU|[[October 19]], [[2007]]}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.computerandvideogames.com/article.php?id=166356 |title=Xbox News: Ace Combat 6, Eternal Sonata dated for Europe - ComputerAndVideoGames.com |publisher=Computerandvideogames.com |date= |accessdate=2008-10-27}}</ref><br />{{vgrelease|Australasia|AUS|[[November 15]], [[2007]]}}<ref>[http://www.gamefaqs.com/console/xbox360/data/934162.html ]</ref><br />'''PlayStation 3'''<br />{{vgrelease|Japan|JP|[[September 18]], [[2008]]}}<br />{{vgrelease|North America|NA|[[October 21]], [[2008]]}}<br />{{vgrelease|Europe|EU|[[Q1]] [[2009]]}}<br /><br />
|genre = [[Console role-playing game]]<br />
|modes = [[Single player]], [[Cooperative gameplay|local co-op]]<br />
|ratings = [[Computer Entertainment Rating Organization|CERO]]: A<br />[[Entertainment Software Rating Board|ESRB]]: T <br /> [[Office of Film and Literature Classification (Australia)|OFLC (AU)]]: M <br /> [[Office of Film and Literature Classification (New Zealand)|OFLC (NZ)]]: PG <br /><br />
|platforms = [[Xbox 360]], [[PlayStation 3]]<br />
|requirements =<br />
|media = [[DVD-DL]], [[Blu-ray Disc]]<br />
|input = [[Xbox 360 Controller]], [[Sixaxis]], [[Dual Shock 3]]<br />
}}<br />
{{Nihongo|'''''Eternal Sonata'''''|トラスティベル ～ショパンの夢～|Torasuti Beru Shopan no Yume|Trusty Bell: Chopin's Dream}} is an original [[computer role-playing game|role-playing]] [[video game]] created by [[Tri-Crescendo]], one of the developers of ''[[Baten Kaitos]]'' and ''[[Baten Kaitos Origins]]''. The [[Microsoft]] [[Xbox 360]] version of the game was released on June 14, 2007 in Japan, September 17, 2007 in North America, and October 19, 2007 in Europe. The game was also released on the [[Sony]] [[PlayStation 3]] with additional content as {{nihongo|'''''Trusty Bell: Chopin's Dream - Reprise'''''|トラスティベル ~ショパンの夢~ ルプリーズ|Torasuti Beru Shopan no Yume Rupurīzu}} on September 18, 2008 <ref name="nbgiannounce">{{cite web|title=Namco Bandai Announcement for PS3|url=http://ps3.ign.com/articles/820/820146p1.html}}</ref> in Japan, and in North America on October 21, 2008 (release date announced as of 9-15-08),<ref name="Namco Bandai News">{{cite web|title=E3 - Namco Bandai News|url=http://www.rpgamer.com/news/Q3-2008/071508b.html}}</ref> and a European release will be available in February 2009.<ref>[http://www.namcobandaigames.eu/en/press/30/ ETERNAL SONATA TO CHARM ITS WAY ONTO PLAYSTATION 3 IN EUROPE]</ref><br />
<br />
The game is centered on the [[Poles|Polish]] romantic [[pianist]] and [[composer]] [[Frédéric Chopin]], who died of [[tuberculosis]] at the age of 39. The story envisions a fictional world dreamed by Chopin during his last hours that is influenced by Chopin's life and music, and in which he himself is a playable character, among others. The game features a selection of Chopin's compositions played by [[pianist]] [[Stanislav Bunin]], though most of the in-game music was composed by [[Motoi Sakuraba]]. The game's [[battle system]] centers on musical elements and character-unique special attacks. Light and darkness plays a part in the appearance and abilities of enemies on the battlefield, as well as the types of magic that can be cast.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.1up.com/do/previewPage?cId=3158051 | title=1UP.com - Eternal Sonata Preview | work=Alice Liang | accessdate=2007-03-17}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{TOClimit|limit=3}}<br />
<br />
==Story==<br />
{{Plot|date=January 2009}}<br />
The game is presented in chapters and each main chapter is named after one of Chopin’s famous works (For example, the chapter ‘Revolution’ is named after the ‘Revolutionary Etude’). The plot of the game follows two distinct narrative strands; the first, and main narrative, is the story of the fictional world that Chopin is experiencing while on his death bed. The other narrative provides historical information on Chopin’s life that is considered relevant to current plot developments in the fictional world and is displayed at key points during the course of the game. This narrative is accompanied by a rendition of the piece the chapter draws inspiration from.<br />
<br />
The fictional world contains two major kingdoms that are currently on the brink of war, Forte and Baroque. Polka, a young girl that resides in Tenuto, a village within Forte territory, has a terminal illness. In the fictional world, a side effect of any terminal illness is the ability to perform magic; this leads normal people to stay away from magic users for fear of catching the illness. Polka is constantly told by her Mother that she must one day throw herself into the sea and that she will understand why when the time comes. In the mean time, Polka tries to make a living selling floral powder as a healing agent but can’t compete with the price of the tax free ‘Mineral Powder’, an addictive miracle cure supplied by Forte Castle. She later meets with Frederic Chopin who claims that he is also infected by the terminal illness. He offers to help escort her to Count Waltz, the ruler of Forte, so that she may plead with him to increase the price of Mineral Powder.<br />
<br />
As Polka and Frederic travel through Agogo forest, they encounter a mysterious man who attacks them for no reason. They were defeated quickly. The mysterious man mentions that he is searching for these "glowing creatures". Polka and Frederic were saved by a young girl named March, who is a guardian of Agogo Forest.<br />
<br />
The pair later encounters two young orphan boys, Allegretto and Beat, who are also planning to ask Count Waltz to lower taxes so that they can feed other orphans in their town. They met in Agogo Village, where March lives. Surprised that Allegretto and Beat know who Polka is and that she's a magic user, she runs off. Polka gets attacked by these creatures and is saved by Frederic, Allegretto, and Beat. She learns that strange creatures called "agogos" react completely differently around her than anyone else by radiating a strange glow. The four of them decides to journey together to Count Waltz. Before leaving, March asked them if they see her sister, please give her her hat. March explains that her twin sister Salsa traveled to Forte City to stop Count Waltz and his soldiers from threatening the Agogos.<br />
<br />
The group travels through Chorus Plains. As soon as they reached the end of the valley, they find a young lady leading a herd of sheeps being attacked by strange creatures. The group immediately helps her and defeat the creatures. The young lady was Viola. She thanked them allowing them to stay at her place for the time being. The group finds out that those creatures that attacked Viola were the victims that used and relied too much on Mineral Powder. The Mineral Powder that Count Waltz are selling are turning the people who use them into creatures that use magic. The group becomes more curious about Count Waltz. They question why he only made Mineral Powder tax free and why is the powder causing death to people. Viola joins the group.<br />
<br />
As soon as the group set off, they crossed an old bridge, called Cabasa Bridge, that leads to Fort Fermata, the building locking the door to Forte City. They managed to get to the other side of the wall and continue their way to Forte City through Hanon Hills.<br />
<br />
In the mean time, Jazz, Claves, and Falsetto were planning in their hideout to cross Andantino's Secret Passage to get to Forte Castle to resue the guardian of Agogo Forest. Claves insist that Jazz repeat the mission. Falsetto gets mad and questions Claves why she always needs things repeated.<br />
<br />
Once the group reached Forte, they found an Inn to stay for the night, but a little girl who seems to be the owner of it begs them to find her missing brother named Phil. The group looks around in the city and found out that Phil ran off to the cliffs, which were strictly forbidden for anyone to go until they complete the fence. The group found Phil's shoe on the edge of a cliff. They travel down Glissando Cliffs and resued him. As a reward, Phil and his sister allowed the group to stay in the Inn free of charge.<br />
<br />
They appear in front of Forte Castle wanting to talk to Count Waltz. Beat was beated up by one of the guards. The group was attacked and were arrested. In the dungeons, the group meets Salsa, March's twin. They returned her the hat. Salsa began agruing with Viola and Beat. Allegretto managed to open the doors to the dungeon. They escape through a mysterious hole known as Andantino's Secret Passage.<br />
<br />
Count Waltz was upset about his soldier, the one who attacked Beat in front of the castle, named Tuba. Tuba was a failure to Count Waltz. He orders Tuba to go after the group and kill them all, except for the guardian of Agogo Forest, Salsa.<br />
<br />
Once they made it out of the passage, they encountered Jazz, Claves, and Falsetto. They were surprised that the group came out of their secret passage. The end of the passage led them back to Hanon Hills. They quickly escape through the hills, knowing that the soldiers must be looking for them. The group along with Jazz and the others made it to Fort Fermata. Falsetto explains to them why the wall was built. Jazz tells them that Count Waltz made Mineral Powder tax free so more people can use them. Waltz wants to create an army of mad magic users. So the more the people use it, the large the army is. And the worst part, you have to be close to dying to be able to use magic. <br />
<br />
When they exited the fort to Cabasa Bridxge, the group was attacked by Tuba. They defeated him once more. Tuba would not admit his failure so he bombs Cabasa Bridge and everyone falls off.<br />
<br />
The group was separated. The first group, Allegretto, Viola, Jazz, Claves, and Falsetto resides at Adagio Swamp. The river under Cabasa Bridge led them to the swamp at the end of the river. Allegretto mentions that he hopes "Polka and the others" are alright. Viola teases him by asking why he said "Polka and the others" not "Beat and the others". The group travels through the swamp. They find a house called Cantabile Inn and rest there. <br />
<br />
At night Viola comes out for some air and finds Jazz and Allegretto. She said that she loved the air because it reminded her of home. Allegretto was distracted and was sitting by the small river all night. They asked him what was bothering him. Viola teases him again by asking if he was still thinking about Polka. Allegretto tells them that there was something suspicious about what Tuba said in front of Forte Castle. He said that it seems like they were waiting for someone and thought that it was them. That's probably why they attacked the group.<br />
<br />
The next day, Jazz, Claves, and Falsetto plans to cross Woodblack Groves, a poisonous forst. Beyond it is Andantino. The group travels through the woods and makes it back to Andantino. Jazz asked Falsetto to tour Allegretto and Viola around Andantino and meet them back in their hidout when they're finished. The group comes across a little girl crying over her dying flower. The flower needs water, but not just any water, it needs water from a spring at the end of Lento Cemetery. The girl's father refuses to travel there. Her little brother runs off to Lento Cemetery. The group chases after him. They told the boy to go back while they get the water.<br />
<br />
While that was happening, Jazz and Claves were at the hideout waiting. Jazz tells Claves that he thinks Falsetto is a spy from Count Waltz. Claves didn't want Jazz to believe that. She managed to convince him, but on the look on her face tells you that she seems like she regrets it a little. Jazz tells Claves that he and Falsetto have known each other since childhood. He tells Claves that he'll go check on them. When he leaves, Claves gets beaten up by a lady named Rondo. She scolds at Claves for not convincing Jazz that Falsetto was a spy. Rondo reveals that Claves is the spy from Forte. She leaves her injuried on the floor. Claves cries over her failure realizing that she failed her mission because she had fallen in love with Jazz. She knew that Falsetto never liked her because she suspected Claves was a spy. Claves was jealous that Jazz and Falsetto knew each other for so long. She wanted to compete over Jazz with Falsetto, but she knew that she was no match for her. Claves sends a message on a dove's leg to Baroque before her death.<br />
<br />
Polka was standing outside in the gardens of Baroque Castle. Beat comes along to comfort her. He tells her to go back inside because it was cold. Baroque is always snowy because the kingdom is located on the high mountains. Polka remembers what happened when they fell of Cabasa bridge:<br />
<br />
''-Flashback-''<br />
The second group was Polka, Beat, Frederic, and Salsa. They were rescued in the river by the Baroque Ship. They thanked the captain, who happens to be the prince of Baroque, Prince Crescendo. Later, the ship was attacked by pirates. Frederic tells Captain Crescendo that they'll go in the pirate ship and hold them back, while he moves the Baroque Ship away as much as possible as way to thank them. <br />
<br />
The group makes their way through Pirate Ship Dolce to the captain. They defeat Captain Dolce. The group finds a treasure chest and takes it. Salsa found a new hat to replace the old one she lost in the river.<br />
''-Flasback over-''<br />
<br />
Polka explores the castle and finds Crescendo and his fiancee, Serenade. He asked them to give Jazz a message. The group plans to go back home. Beat thinks he'll find Allegretto in Ritardando and Polka wants to visit her mother. The way back to Ritardando is through the Sharp Mountains, west of Baroque.<br />
<br />
As soon as they exit the mountains, they reached Agogo Forest. They found a lot of glowing agogos surrounding Polka. March comes and reunites with Salsa. The group meets the mysterious man again who attacked Polka and Frederic. His name was Fugue. This time, the team wins Fugue. They didn't notice that Rondo was spying on them. She reports to Count Waltz that the glowing agogos appear only around Polka. Count Waltz orders Rondo to bring back Polka. It seems that Count Waltz wants the glowing agogos to increase the the power of Mineral Powder.<br />
<br />
Beat and Frederic goes to Ritardando to find Allegretto while Polka goes back to Tenuto to visit her mother. Beat and Frederic are reunited with Allegretto. He explains that Jazz and Falsetto were upset about Claves' death. Jazz went to Baroque to visit Crescendo and ever since Falsetto found out about Claves' death, she has disappeared.<br />
<br />
There was a huge crowd of people standing outside of Mandolin Church. The people heard some crying sounds under the church. Long time ago, pirates always attack the harbor. The people built an underground cave under the Mandolin Church to hide from the pirates. Now that there are no more pirates invading the town no one has been down there for years. The woman, who is the owner of the beard store Allegretto and Beat always steal from, insist that they go down there to see what happened.<br />
<br />
Before they went down, they met Viola, Salsa, and March. Allegretto claims that he is afraid of ghost to ditch the mission. While the others go down to the Mandolin Church Grotto, Allegretto went to get Polka. The next morning, they'll be taking the first ship to Baroque. As he walked along the beach, Allegretto found an uniquely shaped rock.<br />
<br />
At night, Polka sits on her usual spot, staring at the beautiful view of Ritardando. Allegretto came in from behind and sat next to her. Polka suggested that she should jump off the cliff and give up on her life. Allegretto grew scared and yelled at her no to. She was shocked about how scared he was. She made sure Allegretto knew that she was kidding. Polka, still troubled by her Mother’s words, decides to throw her most prized possession, an uniquely shaped rock given to her by ‘someone special’, into the sea instead of herself. The rock was given to her ten years ago from someone she loved very much. Allegretto then surprises Polka by giving her an identically shaped rock to replace it. He ask her to not throw it away because it is the first gift he've ever given to a girl. He reminded her one more time that they'll be setting off tomorrow and left. Polka then learned that the "special someone" that she really loved and gave her the rock was Allegretto.<br />
<br />
The group has been in Baroque Castle for weeks now. Beat, Salsa, and Viola were playing a card game. Viola hates loosing every round, so she quits. Beat and Salsa tried to cheer her up by telling her that third isn't so bad. Viola went outside to visit Polka. She asked her if she believed in good luck charms. Viola showed Polka a charm by raising your hand and sticking your pinky out. Point your hand towards the one you love and they'll love you back. Viola teased Polka and told her to try it on Allegretto. Polka grew shy and ran back into the castle. After Jazz finished talking to Crescendo, he came out and saw Viola. When Jazz turned around, Viola tried her charm on Jazz. As he left, she looked at him with depair. She said to herself that she's third again, Claves, Falsetto, now her.<br />
<br />
After learning that Forte has placed a spy among his most trusted peers, Prince Crescendo decides that the only way to prevent bloodshed is to surrender himself to Count Waltz in return for Count Waltz sparing Baroque and its people. The party manages to stop Crescendo before he reaches Forte territory, but they soon discover that Count Waltz is already beginning his attack on Baroque. The party manages to defeat Waltz in battle and prevent the invasion of Baroque but are unable to stop his advisor Legato from using a stronger, experimental version of the Mineral Powder on himself. The new Mineral Powder causes him to transform into a creature so powerful it smashes into another dimension.<br />
<br />
The party follows Legato into this new dimension and finds it occupied by the souls of all those who perished due to using Mineral Powder. Eventually tracking down Legato, they manage to defeat him and gain access to the very core of the world. Here, Frederic Chopin announces that he is still convinced that this entire world is just his dream, his final journey before death, and that he must face his own soul before he can travel into the afterlife. He then faces the party in one final battle and is defeated.<br />
<br />
Realizing that this is the end of her journey, Polka thanks the party for escorting her and then throws herself off the cliff into the sea. Allegretto is horrified and begins blaming Chopin for Polka’s death. We then see a younger, reborn Polka falling slowly from the sky into the arms of her mother, who is obviously expecting this event. The scene, mirroring the opening, portrays a younger Polka with her mother while Chopin narrates, finally realizing the true nature of this world. Young Polka then tells her mother that she hears someone calling her and her mother informs her that she is hearing the call of her ‘special someone’. Young Polka wishes farewell to her mother as she is whisked back into the air by glowing agogos.<br />
<br />
Rejoining the rest of the party, still horrified by previous events, we see Polka rise back over the cliff surrounded by glowing agogos. Polka knows that she has been reunited with her true love and embraces an ecstatic Allegretto. Finally, in the real world, Chopin’s spirit rises out of his body and he plays his piano one last time, in a blooming sea of nocturnal flowers 'Heaven's Mirror', composing a song that was inspired by Polka.<br />
<br />
==Characters==<br />
All of the characters in ''Eternal Sonata'', with the exception of real-world people such as Chopin, are named after musical terms.<br />
:''Note: Character names link to their respective musical terms, not to articles on the characters themselves.''<br />
<br />
;{{nihongo|[[Frédéric Chopin|Frédéric François Chopin]]|フレデリック・フランソワ・ショパン|Furederikku Furansowa Shopan}}: As he lies dying of [[tuberculosis]] in the real world, Chopin dreams of this world. A 39-year-old man who appears as a tall gentleman in a long coat and top hat. Frederic has a kind, calm personality and quickly befriends Polka. Like Polka, Frederic can use magic, a sign of disease in his dream world. <br>Weapon: Conductors Baton<br />''Voiced by:'' [[Mitsuaki Madono]] (Japanese), [[Patrick Seitz]] (English)<br />
<br />
;{{nihongo|[[Polka]]|ポルカ|Poruka}}: A 14-year old girl with a death sentence hanging over her head: she can use magic, a sign of disease in their world. Because of this, she is shunned by many, but still has a pretty upbeat and sweet personality. Frederic mentions she reminds him of his sister, who also died of tuberculosis. <br>Weapon: Parasol<br />''Voiced by:'' [[Aya Hirano]] (Japanese), [[Erin Fitzgerald]] (English)<br />
<br />
;{{nihongo|[[Tempo#Italian tempo markings|Allegretto]]|アレグレット|Areguretto}}: A 16-year old street urchin and orphan with a [[Robin Hood]] complex, willing to steal to feed the less fortunate. He's confident and strong, but not stupid. A revolutionary at heart, he does have a soft side, mostly shown with Beat, whom he has taken as a little brother, and Polka, whom he gradually falls in love with.<br>Weapon: Single-handed sword.<br />''Voiced by:'' [[Hiro Shimono]] (Japanese), [[Sam Riegel]] (English)<br />
<br />
;{{nihongo|[[Beat (music)|Beat]]|ビート|Bīto}}: An 8-year-old orphan whose most prized possession is his camera. While he often does not get the point of what Allegretto and the others are saying until later and maintains an air of innocence, he is no stranger to fighting.<br>Weapon: A hooked rifle which can also function at close range as a hammer. <br />''Voiced by:'' [[Yumiko Kobayashi]] (Japanese), [[Mona Marshall]] (English)<br />
<br />
;{{nihongo|[[Viola]]|ビオラ|Biora}}: A 26-year-old farmer the party meets in the countryside. She's a tough-talker and can handle herself, being slightly older than the others in the party. She has a pet named Arco who tags along with the group.<br>Weapon: Bow<br />''Voiced by:'' [[Houko Kuwashima]] (Japanese), [[Megan Hollingshead]] (English)<br />
<br />
;{{nihongo|[[Salsa (music)|Salsa]]|サルサ|Sarusa}}: The guardian of Agogo Forest who the party meets while imprisoned in the Forte Castle dungeons. Salsa is 8 years old and to her point of view, hats are the best treasure in the world. She is quite brash, outspoken, very competitive towards Beat, and energetic at times.<br>Weapon: Solar Rings.<br />''Voiced by:'' [[Mika Kanai]] (Japanese), [[Amy Rose (actress)|Amy Rose]] (English)<br />
<br />
;{{nihongo|[[March (music)|March]]|マーチ|Machi}}: The guardian of Agogo Forest. Salsa's twin sister. She tends to be the more reasonable one of the two, making her a sharp contrast to Salsa. March appears to be mature and gentle.<br>Weapon: Lunar Rings.<br />''Voiced by:'' [[Chiwa Saito]] (Japanese), [[Amy Rose (actress)|Amy Rose]] (English)<br />
<br />
;{{nihongo|[[Jazz]]|ジルバ|Jiruba|his Japanese name is a transliteration<!---NOT an abbreviation---> of "[[jitterbug]]"}}: Jazz is 27 years old, leader of the revolutionary group Andantino. Quiet and serious, he worries about the damage Count Waltz might be doing to the people with the mineral powder and the processes needed to mine it. Later, he suspected Falsetto to be a spy from Forte, but Claves wouldn't allow Jazz to believe it was Falsetto.<br>Weapon: Two-handed broadsword. <br />''Voiced by:'' [[George Nakata]] (Japanese), [[D.C. Douglas]] (English)<br />
<br />
;{{nihongo|[[Falsetto]]|ファルセット|Farusetto}}: Jazz's lieutenant in Andantino, she's perceptive and tough, and inwardly dislikes Claves. Falsetto is 22 years old and has known Jazz since childhood.<br> Weapon: Brass knuckles.<br />''Voiced by:'' [[Tomoe Hanba]] (Japanese), [[Julie Ann Taylor]] (English)<br />
<br />
;{{nihongo|[[Claves]]|クラベス|Kurabesu}}: Jazz's 24-year-old girlfriend and another soldier of Andantino. Later, she is shown to be a spy for Count Waltz and is killed for choosing to help Jazz instead. Claves is jealous of Falsetto and Jazz's relationship. From the start, she already knew that Falsetto suspected her of being a spy for Forte. She fights with a rapier. In the secret dungeon, Mysterious Unison, it is revealed that Claves possessed a unwillingness to die produced by her love of Jazz, which summoned her body into the dungeon; however, her soul was scattered into seven pieces, and the group helps reunite her soul to bring her back to life. It is debatable whether or not her revival is canon, but a achievement is unlocked for her reviving her, and she is featured in the ending if she is, so it is likely that it is.<br> Weapon: Rapier.<br />''Voiced by:'' [[Mie Sonozaki]] (Japanese), [[Tara Platt]] (English)<br />
<br />
;{{nihongo|[[Crescendo]]|クレッシェンド|Kureshendo}}: The young prince of Baroque. Crescendo replaces his father for leading Baroque into the future war between Forte due to a sickness his father is suffering on. He rescues Polka, Beat, Frederic, and Salsa after they fell into Adagio River. Later, he finds out that his fiancee, Serenade is a spy from the message Claves sent before her death. ****Crescendo wasn't playable in the Xbox 360 version, but was added in the PlayStation 3 version.<br>Weapon: Mace<br />''Voiced by:'' [[Katsuyuki Konishi]] (Japanese), [[Cam Clarke]] (English)<br />
<br />
;{{nihongo|[[Serenade]]|セレナーデ|Serenade}}: The fiancee of Prince Crescendo. Like Claves, she is a spy from Forte. Her position was revealed to Prince Crescendo from the letter Claves sent. ****Serenade wasn't playable in the Xbox 360 version, but was added in the PlayStation 3 version.<br>Weapon: Staff<br />''Voiced by:'' [[Fumiko Orikasa]] (Japanese), [[Stephanie Sheh]] (English)<br />
<br />
==Gameplay==<br />
''Eternal Sonata'' follows many general conventions in a typical [[console role-playing game]]: the player controls a party of up to twelve characters to explore the world, talking with its inhabitants, buying and selling equipment at shops, and encountering monsters while in the field. These encounters are visible, and the player can opt to avoid the encounter, if possible, as well as gaining an edge on the monsters by approaching them from behind. Experience points are awarded to all members of the party, though at a reduced rate for those not involved in combat, and characters will improve in various statistics with each experience level as well as learning special combat skills. Weapons, armor, and accessories can be used to improve these statistics, which can be purchased through money earned in combat, found in chests, or by selling both equipment and [[photograph]]s which can be taken by the character Beat during battle. The player may also find Score Pieces scattered about the world, which represent short musical phrases. Various [[non-player character|NPC]]s in the game will offer to perform with the party, requiring the player to match a Score Piece to the phrase offered by the NPC, with the resulting composition being ranked. Discordant matches will result in no reward, but close or perfect matches will gain a bonus item from the NPC.<br />
<br />
===Combat===<br />
[[Image:Eternal-sonata-screenshot.jpg|thumb|320px|right|Combat in ''Eternal Sonata'' takes place in both lit and shaded areas, affecting the skills the player can use]]<br />
While the main combat system is turn-based using only 3 characters within the party, it incorporates elements of an [[action game]]. Each character's turn is preceded by "Tactical Time", a period of time which the player can use to decide the course of action to take with that character. Once the player initiates an action or "Tactical Time" expires (a function of the Party Class Level), the player then has a limited amount of time denoted by an Action Gauge to move the character, attack the enemy, and use recovery skills or items. Regular attacks are made at melee or ranged distances depending on the weapon choice of the character, and add a small quantity of time back to the Action Gauge, and additionally add to the party's "Echoes" meter. Special skills which can include both offensive attacks and recovery skills will consume whatever Echoes have been generated to that point, and will have a more powerful effect relative to that number. When a character defends against an attack, there is a short period before the attack strikes where the player can press a button to block some of the damage for the attack, or to possibly even counterattack the blow and interrupt the monster's turn. Recovery and other one-time-use items are kept in a common pouch with a limited capacity; the player must "set" items in the pouch so that they can be cycled through and triggered during battle.<br />
<br />
Light and dark areas on the battle field generated by the time of day, environment, and shadows of the characters and monsters will affect combat. Each party character has one or more special skills that are active in lit areas, and a similar number but with very different effects in a dark area. Monsters themselves may have a dissimilar set of powers in the area of the battlefield they are in, while other monsters will actually change form when they move between lit and dark areas. The player can manipulate the nature of areas using special items, but this can also be affected by the monsters themselves, or through dynamic changes on the battlefield such as the shadow of a cloud moving across the ground.<br />
<br />
As the player progresses through the game, they will increase their Party Class Level. Each improvement in level grants some bonuses while also imposing additional limits on combat. For example, one Party Class improvement increases the number of slots for special skills for each character, but at the same time, cuts down the amount of Tactical Time and time available in the Action Gauge.<br />
<br />
==Audio==<br />
{{Expand-section|date=June 2008}}<br />
Eternal Sonata features a large soundtrack, mostly composed by Motoi Sakuraba, with seven of Chopin's compositions performed by Stanislav Bunin and presented in 5.1 surround sound. Featured music of Chopin's include [[Étude Op. 10, No. 12 (Chopin)|Étude Op. 10, No. 12]], [[Étude Op. 10, No. 3 (Chopin)|Étude Op. 10, No. 3]] and [[Polonaise Op. 53 (Chopin)|Polonaise Op. 53]]. A [[Japanese language|Japanese]] [[aria]] composed by Sakuraba titled {{nihongo|"Heaven's Mirror"|鏡天花|Kyōtenka}} is also performed by Akiko Shinada for the soundtrack. The game's background music was released in Japan as the four-disc album {{nihongo|''Trusty Bell: Chopin's Dream Original Score''|トラスティベル ～ショパンの夢～ オリジナルスコア|Torasuti Beru ~Shopan no Yume~ Orijinaru Sukoa}} on [[July 25]], [[2007]] under the [[King Records]] label.<br />
<!--<br />
'''Track listing'''<br />
{| class="collapsible collapsed" border="0" style="width:70%"<br />
! style="width:12em; text-align:left;" | Disc one<br />
! | <br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" |<br />
#{{nihongo|"The Heart's [[Pyroxene]]"|心の輝石|Kokoro no kiseki}}<br />
#"Think of me"<br />
#Stanislauv Bunin - {{nihongo|"Raindrops"|雨だれ|Amadare}}<br />
#"Relaxing place"<br />
#Leap the precipice"<br />
#"Well―done"<br />
#"Two ends of my doze"<br />
#"Reflect the sky. Bloom the life"<br />
#{{nihongo|"A Pale Light in Hand"|手の中の淡い光|Te no naka no awai hikari}}<br />
#"The mediocrity sought out by everyone"<br />
#"Underground for underhand"<br />
#"Rapid fire"<br />
#{{nihongo|"Readiness to Oppose"|立ち向かう覚悟|Tachimukau kakugo}}<br />
#"Can you recite the dream?"<br />
#"Illuminant lives"<br />
#{{nihongo|"When We're Together"|共に在る時|Tomo ni aru toki}}<br />
#{{nihongo|"Your Circumstances"|あなた次第|Anata shidai}}<br />
#"Innumerable animals"<br />
#{{nihongo|"Pressure"|重圧|Jūatsu}}<br />
#{{nihongo|"A Flicker that Distinguishes Between Light and Dark"|明暗を分かつ瞬き|Meian o wakatsu matataki}}<br />
#{{nihongo|"Are We the Same, Yet Not?"|同じようで違うけど同じ？|Onajiyō de chigau kedo onaji?}}<br />
|}<br />
{| class="collapsible collapsed" border="0" style="width:70%"<br />
! style="width:12em; text-align:left;" | Disc two<br />
! | <br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" |<br />
#Stanislauv Bunin - {{nihongo|"[[Étude Op. 10, No. 12 (Chopin)|Revolution]]"|革命|Kakumei}}<br />
#"Dive into the vast expanse of plains"<br />
#{{nihongo|"Strategy"|策謀|Sakubō}}<br />
#{{nihongo|"A Wall Without Top or Bottom"|背も腹もない壁|Sei mo hara mo nai kabe}}<br />
#"Breeze the conductor"<br />
#{{nihongo|"Trembling Homefront"|揺らぐ銃後|Yuragu jūgo}}<br />
#"DANTOTSU!"<br />
#{{nihongo|"An Unscorned Stature"|侮らない構え|Anadoranai kamae}}<br />
#{{nihongo|"From Strength to Kindness"|強さから優しさへ|Tsuyosa kara yasashisa e}}<br />
#"Journey to the projective mind"<br />
#{{nihongo|"Close Attack"|迫撃|Hakugeki}}<br />
#"I bet my belief"<br />
#Stanislauv Bunin - {{nihongo|"''[[Fantaisie-Impromptu]]''"|幻想即興曲|Gensō sokkyōsoku}}<br />
#{{nihongo|"Silence and Inhabitance"|静寂と生息|Seijaku to seisoku}}<br />
#"Wonderland of wanderer"<br />
#"Endure and resist"<br />
#"No No I don't die Noooo!"<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| class="collapsible collapsed" border="0" style="width:70%"<br />
! style="width:12em; text-align:left;" | Disc three<br />
! | <br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" |<br />
#Stanislauv Bunin - {{nihongo|"''[[Grande Valse Brillante (Chopin)|Grande Valse Brillante]]''|華麗なる大円舞曲|Karei naru daienbukyoku}}<br />
#"A buffer for quiet"<br />
#{{nihongo|"The Heart's Stroll"|心の散歩|Kokoro no sanpo}}<br />
#"Seize the artifact for tallness"<br />
#{{nihongo|"Preparations to Value Harmony"|和を尊ぶ調べ|Wa o tattobu shirabe}}<br />
#{{nihongo|"From Tomorrow on…"|明日から…|Ashita kara…}}<br />
#{{nihongo|"White Mirror"|白き鏡|Shiroki kagami}}<br />
#"Rock and burn you"<br />
#Stanislauv Bunin - {{nihongo|"''Nocturne''"|夜想曲|Yasōkyoku}}<br />
#{{nihongo|"A Step"|一歩|Ippo}}<br />
#{{nihongo|"Boundary of Snow and Ice"|雪と氷の境界|Yuki to kōri no kyōkai}}<br />
#"Repeated tide"<br />
#{{nihongo|"Stern Will"|冷厳な意志|Reigen na ishi}}<br />
#Stanislauv Bunin - {{nihongo|"''[[Étude Op. 10, No. 3 (Chopin)|Tristesse]]''"|別れの曲|Wakare no kyoku}}<br />
#"Continuous divider"<br />
|}<br />
{| class="collapsible collapsed" border="0" style="width:70%"<br />
! style="width:12em; text-align:left;" | Disc four<br />
! | <br />
|-<br />
| colspan="2" |<br />
#"Your truth is my false"<br />
#"Captured phantom"<br />
#"The etudes of spirit"<br />
#{{nihongo|"The Place to Arrive"|行き着くところ|Ikitsuku tokoro}}<br />
#"Spiral twister"<br />
#"Broken balance"<br />
#"The unreasonable theory"<br />
#Stanislauv Bunin - {{nihongo|"''[[Polonaise, Op. 53 (Chopin)|Heroic]]''|英雄|Eiyū}}<br />
#"Embarrassment consistency"<br />
#{{nihongo|"Scrap and build ourselves (from The Revolutionary)|Scrap and build ourselves ―革命より―|Scrap and build ourselves -kakumei yori-}}<br />
#{{nihongo|"Reality and Honesty, and Truth"|事実と誠実、そして真実|Jijitsu to seijitsu, soshite shinjitsu}}<br />
#{{nihongo|"A Light"|灯|Tomoshibi}}<br />
#{{nihongo|"An Important Person"|大切な人|Taisetsu na hito}}<br />
#"Someone's evening. Someone's daybreak"<br />
#Akiko Shinda - {{nihongo|"Heaven Mirror Flower"|鏡天花|Kyōtenka}}<br />
#{{nihongo|"Shape of Life"|命のかたち|Inochi no katachi}}<br />
|}<br />
フレデリック・フランソワ・ショパン --><br />
<br />
==Development==<br />
Says director Hiroya Hatsushiba:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kotaku.com/gaming/we-want-to-know/chopins-role-in-eternal-sonata-explained-287143.php |title=We Want To Know: Chopin's Role in Eternal Sonata Explained |publisher=Kotaku.com |date= |accessdate=2008-10-27}}</ref><br />
{{cquote|People who play games and people who love classical music are not necessarily sharing [the] same type of interests. Most people in Japan know the name of Chopin; however, most of the people who know of Chopin think he is just some kind of a great music composer without knowing any more about him. Most of them have heard Chopin's music but not a lot could put his name to it immediately. By creating a colorful fantasy world in Chopin's dream, I was hoping that people would get into this game easily and also come to know how great Chopin's music is.}}<br />
<br />
For the localization, the game's text was proofread by the [[Frederick Chopin Society]] in [[Warsaw]]. The localization team wanted to be as historically accurate as possible, without losing the original message of the script.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.ign.com/EternalSonata/2007/09/12/66074/ |title=Eternal Sonata - Lost in Translation |publisher=Blogs.ign.com |date= |accessdate=2008-10-27}}</ref><br />
<br />
On April 23, 2007, the ESRB posted their rating for Eternal Sonata<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.joystiq.com/2007/04/23/esrb-lists-eternal-sonata-on-xbox-360-and-playstation-3/ |title=ESRB lists Eternal Sonata on Xbox 360 ... and PlayStation 3 - Joystiq |publisher=Joystiq.com |author=62 Comments by Christopher Grant Apr 23rd 2007 6:37PM Filed under: Sony PlayStation 3, Microsoft Xbox 360, RPGs |date= |accessdate=2008-10-27}}</ref> listing the game as being intended for release on Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3. However, when news of this quickly spread, the ESRB removed the listing entirely.<ref>{{cite web|title=N4G.com : ESRB pulls Eternal Sonata. listing|url=http://n4g.com/News-36536.aspx}}</ref> On [[September 11]], [[2007]], Bandai Namco's official site listed Eternal Sonata as coming soon to PlayStation 3, yet also listed the Xbox 360 version as being "available now." Again, as news quickly spread, the information was removed.<ref>{{cite web|title=Namco Bandai site shows Eternal Sonata and Beautiful Katamari coming to PS3|url=http://www.joystiq.com/2007/09/11/namco-bandai-site-shows-eternal-sonata-and-beautiful-katamari-co/}}</ref> The following day, scans from [[Famitsu]] were released, confirming the game as being released for the PlayStation 3.<ref>{{cite web|title=Famitsu Scans|url=http://www.jeux-france.com/images0_4_21765.html}}</ref> On September 14, 2007 Bandai Namco officially announced Eternal Sonata was coming to the PS3, during Spring 2008 in Japan.<ref name="nbgiannounce" /><br />
<br />
In addition, Namco Bandai stated that there will be features exclusive for the PlayStation 3 version. This includes new playable characters, Crescendo and Serenade, who played a major role in the plot of the game, but were not playable in the Xbox 360 version. It will also include a new clothing system, in which the player can freely change a few characters' costumes. <ref>{{cite web|title=Offical Website for the PS3 Version|url=http://namco-ch.net/trustybell_ps3/index.php}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
{{Expand-section|date=June 2008}}<br />
Anticipation for the game seemed high prior to release, with the game having reached number four in Amazon Japan video game pre-orders<ref>[http://news.punchjump.com/blog/2007/05/15/%20xbox-360-rpg-trusty-bell-reaches-no-4-in-pre-sales/ News Blog] entry. Retrieved May 16, 2007</ref> not long after a demo was made available on the Japanese Marketplace, and even number one on Amazon Japan's video game charts not long before the game's release.<ref>[http://www.xbox360fanboy.com/2007/06/05/eternal-sonata-no-1-on-amazon-japan/ Xbox 360 Fanboy Blog] entry. Retrieved June 5, 2007</ref> [[Famitsu]] rated the game 9/9/9/8, for a total score of 35/40.<ref name="famitsuscores">{{cite web|url=http://www.gamesarefun.com/news.php?newsid=7857|title=GamesAreFun Famitsu Scores|accessmonthday=June 20|accessyear=2007}}</ref><br />
During its release week, the game reached second place on the Japanese sales charts.<ref name="GAFweek1SALES">[http://www.gamesarefun.com/news.php?newsid=7911 GamesAreFun Japanese Sales] 6/11-6/17. Retrieved June 20, 2007</ref><br />
The following week, it had placed 35th.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.psxextreme.com/ps3-news/1445.html |title=PS3 News: Media Create Japan Software Sales: June 18th-24th |publisher=Psxextreme.com |date= |accessdate=2008-10-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://kotaku.com/gaming/soupy-sales/simple-2000-the-japanese-hardware-chart-273421.php |title=Simple 2000: The Japanese Hardware Chart |publisher=Kotaku.com |date= |accessdate=2008-10-27}}</ref> <br />
<br />
At [[E3 2007]], it won [[GameTrailers|GameTrailers.com's]] award for Best Role-Playing Game<ref name="GTcomE32007RPG">{{cite web|url=http://www.gametrailers.com/player/22619.html|title=GameTrailers Best of E3 2007|accessmonthday=August 6|accessyear=2007}}</ref> and [[IGN|IGN's]] award for Best Original Score on Xbox 360, and was a runner-up in Best RPG, Best Artistic Design on Xbox 360 and Best Use Of Sound on Xbox 360.<ref name="IGNbestE3">{{cite web|url=http://xbox360.ign.com/articles/806/806808p4.html|title= IGN: Xbox 360 Best of E3 2007 Awards|accessmonthday=August 6|accessyear=2007}}</ref><br />
<br />
In Europe and the U.S., it received many high reviews. Metacritic has a score of 79% based on 53 reviews.<ref>[http://www.metacritic.com/games/platforms/xbox360/eternalsonata?q=eternal%20sonata Metacritic - Eternal Sonata]</ref><br />
<br />
[[IGN]] gave the game an 8.3, claiming that it had some of the best visuals on the 360 and had great combat. They also stated that "the soundtrack is astounding" and claimed the story did a great job of educating the player about [[Frederick Chopin]]. However, the game was criticized for being too short for a [[JRPG]] and for the lack of exploration.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://xbox360.ign.com/articles/819/819923p1.html|title=Eternal Sonata Review |publisher=IGN.com |date= |accessdate=2008-12-18}}</ref> [[X-Play]] gave the game a 3/5 praising the combat, soundtrack and visuals but complained that there were too many mini games, a poor story and too many [[Role-playing game (video games)|RPG]] clichés.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.g4tv.com/xplay/reviews/1638/Eternal_Sonata.html|title=X-Play Eternal Sonata Review |publisher=G4tv.com |date= |accessdate=2008-12-18}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[IGN]] gave the PS3 version an 8.7 and the Editor's Choice Award, with praise for its extension of the storyline, the inclusion of new playable characters, and the inclusion of other extras, such as new dungeons and customizable characters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ps3.ign.com/articles/923/923711p1.html|title=Eternal Sonata Review (PS3) |publisher=IGN.com |date= |accessdate=2008-12-18}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Notes and references==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://namco-ch.net/trusty_bell/index.php Official Japanese Site]<br />
*[http://namco-ch.net/trustybell_ps3/index.php Official Japanese Site for PlayStation 3 Version]<br />
*[http://eternalsonata.namcobandaigames.com/ Official North American Site]<br />
*[http://www.eternalsonata.eu/ Official European Site]<br />
*[http://www.endlessnocturne.com/ Official Eternal Sonata Forums]<br />
<br />
[[Category:2007 video games]]<br />
[[Category:2008 video games]]<br />
[[Category:Cel-shaded video games]]<br />
[[Category:Cooperative video games]]<br />
[[Category:PlayStation 3 games]]<br />
[[Category:Tri-Crescendo games]]<br />
[[Category:Xbox 360 games]]<br />
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[[ar:إترنال سوناتا (لعبة)]]<br />
[[ca:Eternal Sonata]]<br />
[[es:Eternal Sonata]]<br />
[[fr:Eternal Sonata]]<br />
[[it:Eternal Sonata]]<br />
[[ja:トラスティベル 〜ショパンの夢〜]]<br />
[[pl:Eternal Sonata]]<br />
[[pt:Eternal Sonata]]<br />
[[sv:Eternal Sonata]]</div>Commander Shepardhttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=N-Trance&diff=59577751N-Trance2008-12-17T20:13:00Z<p>Commander Shepard: /* Third album (2003-pres.) */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Unreferenced|date=January 2007}}<br />
{{Infobox musical artist<br />
|Name = N-Trance<br />
|Img = <br />
|Img_capt =<br />
|Img_size =<br />
|Background = group_or_band<br />
|Alias = Quartech, State Of The Art, [[Freeloaders (band)|Freeloaders]]<br />
|Origin = [[Oldham]], [[Greater Manchester]], England<br />
|Genre = [[Commercial dance]], [[House music|House]], [[Trance music|Trance]], [[Hard dance]], [[Breakbeat]], [[Hardcore dance music|Hardcore]], [[Techno music|Techno]], [[Disco]], [[Hip hop]], [[Pop music|Pop]]<br />
|Years_active = 1990–present<br />
|Associated_acts = [[Kelly Llorenna]]<br />
|Label = [[PWL]] / 380 Records <small>(1991-92)</small> </br>[[All Around The World (record label)|All Around The World]] <small>(1992-pres.)</small><br />
|URL = http://www.N-Trance.co.uk/ <br />
|Current_members = Kevin O'Toole <small>(1990-pres.)</small><br/>Mike Lewis <small>(1991-93, 2006-pres.)</small><br />
|Past_members = Dale Longworth <small>(1990-98)</small><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''N-Trance''' ({{pronEng|'ɛn.tʃrɑːns}}) are a British electronic music group, from [[Oldham]], [[Greater Manchester]], who were formed by Kevin O'Toole and Dale Longworth, in 1990. The group has sold over 5 million records worldwide and some of their hit singles include "[[Set You Free]]", "[[Forever (N-Trance song)|Forever]]", as well as covers of the popular 1970s disco songs "[[Stayin' Alive]]", "[[D.I.S.C.O.]]" and "[[Da Ya Think I'm Sexy?]]".<br />
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==History==<br />
===Early years (1990-93)===<br />
Kevin O'Toole and Dale Longworth formed N-Trance, in 1990, after meeting at [[The Oldham College]], where they were both studying [[sound engineering]]. Initially, O'Toole and Longworth, along with four or five other students used their college's [[recording studio]] for free recording and use of equipment, however they began producing music which they thought was comparable to other [[rave music]] in the [[Music charts|charts]] at the time.<br />
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Their first [[demo tape]] was a [[Electronic dance music|dance]] remix of the theme tune to ''[[Roobarb]]'', a children's television show. In 1991, Kevin O'Toole had met Mike Lewis, an experienced [[DJ]] from the [[North West England|North West]], in a bar in [[Rochdale]] and invited Lewis to join the band. The next record the group produced was a more credible [[Trance music|trance]] track, consisting mainly of [[sampling (music)|sampled]] music, called "Back To The Bass". Within days of being recorded, the song had caught the attention of Dead Dead Good Records (managed by [[The Charlatans]]) who had wanted to sign the record, but shortly before signing they were outbid by [[Pete Waterman]]'s 380 Records (a sub-label of [[PWL]]). Follwing the intrest from [[record label|record labels]], the band and their manager decided a new band name was needed. Previously, they had been using a variety of band names such as 'Quartech', but settled on changing their name and signing their record contract as 'N-Trance'.<br />
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Unfortunately, problems with the sample clearance prevented "Back To The Bass" from ever being released as a [[single (music)|single]]. The band continued to write and record music and it was decided a female vocalist was needed for future records. Mike Lewis had went to Oldham College in search of a singer and after some recommendations, he found sixteen year old [[Kelly Llorenna]], with friends in the common room of the college. As Llorenna was travelling from [[Oldham]] to Kevin O'Toole's house, fifteen minutes away in [[Shaw and Crompton]], to meet with the rest of the group, Lewis, Longworth and O'Toole had quickly wrote the song "[[Set You Free]]", to provide her with a track to sing. <br />
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"Set You Free" was recorded in PWL Studios in 1992, and it was pressed to 500 [[12" vinyl]] copies on [[promotional recording|promotional release]]. However, due to troubles within their record label, this song was not released as a single. N-Trance then chose to buy themselves out of their [[recording contract]] with 380 Records, after only one year with the company, and they signed to a new label, [[All Around The World (record label)|All Around the World]], after a recommendation from Higgi, a member of [[Mix Factory]].<br />
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By now, N-Trance had developed their live shows and were gaining some popularity, and on their new label, "Set You Free" was finally released, in 1993, but it failed to enter the [[Top 40]], reaching #83 in the charts. After this, Mike Lewis left the band due to the birth of his son.<br />
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===Breakthrough (1994-96)===<br />
{{main|Electronic Pleasure}}<br />
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In 1994, "Set You Free" was re-released achieving a higher chart position of #39. N-Trance's next single was a [[eurodance]] song called "[[Turn Up The Power]]" which featured vocals from [[Rachel McFarlane]], of [[Loveland (band)|Loveland]], and a rap by T-1K. This song was a fairly big hit, getting to #23.<br />
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After a few years of performing live over the UK, N-Trance's popularity and the reception towards "Set You Free" had increased significantly. The record was in popular demand, and after a third release of the song in 1995, the single became a huge hit, being played by television and radio stations, reaching #2 in the charts and being certified Platinum in the UK, after selling over 600,000 copies. The single was also released in other European countries and Australia.<br />
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The group recorded their first full-length [[album]], ''[[Electronic Pleasure]]'', in November 1995, which featured seven of the group's ever-expanding roster of vocalists (including [[David Grant]]), and [[musician]]s such as [[Vinny Burns]] and [[Snake Davis]]. Similarly, N-Trance's musical range expanded, embracing [[Hip hop music|rap]], [[disco]] and other styles in its scope.<br />
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The group's next single, a surprising cover of the [[Bee Gees]] hit "[[Stayin' Alive]]", was not only a massive international hit, but also featured a vocalist who would help define N-Trance's sound in the future, Ricardo Da Force, formerly [[rapper]] with [[The KLF]].<br />
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Upon its release in the UK it debuted at no. 2, and internationally it became one of the biggest UK exports of 1995, reaching no. 1 in Australia and being top 5 in a number of European charts.<br />
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===Second album (1997-99)===<br />
The release of further commercially successful singles, like "Electronic Pleasure", afforded N-Trance the possibility of building their own [[recording studio]], Deep Blue, in 1996. They spent the following year and a half recording their second full-length album, ''[[Happy Hour (N-Trance album)|Happy Hour]]'', which was eventually released in 1999.<br />
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Hit singles from the album included cover versions of [[Rod Stewart]]'s "[[Do Ya Think I'm Sexy?]]" and [[Ottawan]]'s "[[D.I.S.C.O.]]", and the hardcore techno clatter of "The Mind of the Machine", which featured the actor [[Steven Berkoff]].<br />
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===Later years and Best of album (2000-02)===<br />
A best of album entitled ''[[The Best of N-Trance 1992–2002]]'' was released in early 2001, backed by a [[trance music|trance]] remix of "Set You Free" which reached number 7 in October of that year.<br />
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===Third album (2003-present)===<br />
In 2003 work started on writing and recording a new N-Trance album, and although these recordings were postponed soon after, recording started again in 2007 after Kelly Llorenna re-joined Kevin O'Toole and Mike Lewis for future N-Trance recordings. <br />
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So far, there are six possible tracks for the new album. "As The Sun Goes Down" and "When Tommorrow Comes" are sung by vocalist Gillian Tennant. There are at least two tracks that will be sung by Kelly Llorenna. These are "You're My Angel and "Stronger".<br />
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From the N-Trance Facebook page it seems that there will be a 2009 release of "Set You Free" with remixes by "Spencer & Hill" and "Dirty Little Funkers". Another single from the third album will be "Nothing Lasts Forever". This includes vocals by Kelly Llorenna and samples of the raps performed by Ricardo Da Force from previous songs.<br />
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The album is due for release in 2009 and may or may not be released physically. If released physically, it is possible that a two-disc version of the album may be released.<br />
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==Other projects==<br />
{{see also|Freeloaders (band)}}<br />
*In 2003, Mike Lewis (also known as DJ Kuta) started producing and remixing, with Chris Rudall, as Kuta Productions.<br />
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*From 2005 to 2006, the founders of N-Trance, Kevin O'Toole and Dale Longworth, reached #9 in the UK Singles Charts with their single, "[[So Much Love to Give]]", released using the alias of the [[Freeloaders (band)|Freeloaders]]. They also released an album ''Freshly Squeezed'' on digital download.<br />
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*In between recording with N-Trance, Kelly Llorenna has had her own solo career and has sung for many different artists including Flip & Fill, Force & Styles and Love To Infinity.<br />
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==Performers==<br />
{{col-begin}}<br />
{{col-2}}<br />
'''Current members'''<br />
*Kevin O'Toole <small>(1990–present)</small><br />
*Mike Lewis <small>(1991–1993; 2006–present)</small><br />
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'''Former members'''<br />
*Dale Longworth <small>(1990–1998)</small><br />
*Ian Hu <small>(1990)</small><br />
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'''Vocalists'''<br />
*[[Kelly Llorenna]] <small>(1992–present)</small><br />
*Rachel McFarlane <small>(1994–1995)</small><br />
*Jerome Stokes <small>(1995–1999)</small><br />
*[[David Grant (singer)|David Grant]] <small>(1995–1999)</small><br />
*Gillian Wisdom <small>(1995–1996)</small><br />
*Martin Ansell <small>(1995)</small><br />
*Sandy McLelland <small>(1995)</small><br />
*Viveen Wray <small>(1997–1999)</small><br />
*Gary Crowley <small>(1998)</small><br />
*Lee Limer <small>(1998)</small><br />
*Gillian Tennant <small>(2004–present)</small><br />
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{{col-break}}<br />
'''Rappers'''<br />
*T-1K <small>(1994–1995)</small><br />
*Ricardo Da Force <small>(1995–1999)</small><br />
*Lee Wolfe <small>(2000)</small><br />
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'''Other musicians'''<br />
*[[Vinny Burns]] <small>(1995–2004)</small><br />
*[[Snake Davis]] <small>(1995)</small><br />
*Rob Buckland <small>(2000)</small><br />
*David Browning <small>(2000)</small><br />
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'''Featured performers'''<br />
*[[Bee Gees]] <small>(1995)</small><br />
*[[Rod Stewart]] <small>(1997)</small><br />
*[[Steven Berkoff]] <small>(1997)</small><br />
{{col-end}}<br />
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==Discography==<br />
{{main|N-Trance discography}}<br />
* 1995: ''[[Electronic Pleasure]]''<br />
* 1998: ''[[Happy Hour (N-Trance album)|Happy Hour]]''<br />
* 2001: ''[[The Best of N-Trance 1992–2002]]''<br />
* TBA: ''Third Studio album''<br />
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==External links==<br />
* [http://www.n-trance.co.uk/ Official N-Trance homepage]<br />
* [http://www.myspace.com/ntrance N-Trance MySpace]<br />
* [http://www.facebook.com/pages/N-Trance/32431721651 N-Trance Facebook]<br />
* [http://www.aatw.com AATW.com Record label's website]<br />
* [http://www.danceartistinfo.com/n-trance.htm N-Trance page on Dance Artist Info]<br />
* [http://www.darkcruisers.com The cars and people used in the video for "Forever" were supplied by this site]<br />
<br />
[[Category:English dance music groups]]<br />
[[Category:English musical groups]]<br />
[[Category:British house music groups]]<br />
[[Category:British techno music groups]]<br />
[[Category:British trance music groups]]<br />
[[Category:British electronic music groups]]<br />
[[Category:Eurodance groups]]<br />
[[Category:1990s music groups]]<br />
[[Category:2000s music groups]]<br />
[[Category:Remixers]]<br />
[[Category:People from Shaw and Crompton]]<br />
[[Category:People from Failsworth]]<br />
[[Category:Music from Manchester]]<br />
[[Category:Musical groups from Manchester]] <br />
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[[es:N-Trance]]<br />
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[[fi:N-Trance]]</div>Commander Shepard