Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Naver Whale

2018-03-07T13:20:16Z

Codename Lisa: /* top */ Cleanup. Removed erroneous parameters from the infobox. For a list of supported parameters please consult Template:Infobox web browser/doc.

{{Infobox web browser
| name = Naver Whale
| logo = Naver Whale logo.png
| screenshot =
| caption =
| author =
| developer = [[Naver Corporation]]
| released = {{Start date and age|2017|03|14|df=yes}}
| ver layout = simple
| operating system = [[Windows]], [[macOS]], [[Linux]]
| included with =
| engines =
| license =
| website = {{URL|whale.naver.com}}
}}

'''Naver Whale''' ([[Hangul]]: 네이버 웨일) is a [[freeware]] [[web browser]] developed by [[Naver Corporation]]. The browser is also available in English.

==Features==

===Chrome Apps Compatibility===
Since the browser is based on [[Chromium]] since its inception in 2011, [[Google Chrome apps]] are compatible with the browser.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/elaineramirez/2017/06/11/naver-whale-line-south-koreas-newest-browser-is-beautifully-designed-but-will-anyone-use-it/#6f1f8b963411|title=South Korea's Newest Browser Is Beautifully Designed, But Will Anyone Use It?|publisher=Forbes|accessdate=February 28, 2018}}</ref>

===Translation===
Pages can be translated through its [[Naver Papago]] service and can translate from Korean, Japanese, and many other languages.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20170313000825|title=Naver to debut PC version of web browser Whale|publisher=The Korean Herald|accessdate=February 28, 2018}}</ref>

===Whale Store===
The Naver Whale browser has its own extensions that can be accessed through the Whale Store.

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[http://whale.naver.com/ Official website]

{{Naver}}{{Web browsers}}

{{software-type-stub}}
[[Category:Web browsers]]
[[Category:Cross-platform web browsers]]
[[Category:Windows web browsers]]
[[Category:MacOS web browsers]]
[[Category:Web browsers for Linux]]
[[Category:Naver Corporation]]

Puddletag

2018-01-02T10:08:36Z

Codename Lisa: Cleanup. Removed erroneous parameters from the infobox. For a list of supported parameters please consult Template:Infobox software/doc.

{{Infobox software
| name = Puddletag
| logo = puddletag_cloud_logo.png
| screenshot =
| caption = Puddletag 0.10 on Ubuntu
| released = {{Start date and age|2008|7|13}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sourceforge.net/projects/puddletag/files/puddletag/puddletag%200.1/ |title=puddletag 0.1}}</ref>
| repo = {{URL|https://github.com/keithgg/puddletag/}}
| programming language = [[Python (programming language)|Python]]<ref>http://www.ohloh.net/p/puddletag</ref>
| operating system = [[Unix-like]]
| platform = [[PyQt]]
| language = English, Dutch, French, German, Portuguese (Brazilian), Russian, Czech
| genre = [[Tag editor]]
| license = [[GNU General Public License|GPLv3]]<ref name="license">{{cite web |url=https://github.com/keithgg/puddletag/blob/master/source/LICENSE |title=License file on github repository}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|puddletag.net}}
}}
'''Puddletag''' is an audio tag ([[metadata]]) editor for audio file formats.

Under the hood it utilizes [https://bitbucket.org/lazka/mutagen Mutagen], a Python module to handle audio metadata. Mutagen supports [[Advanced Systems Format|ASF]], [[FLAC]], [[M4A]], [[Monkey's Audio|APE]], [[MP3]], [[Musepack|MPC]], Ogg Opus, Ogg FLAC, Ogg Speex, Ogg Theora, Ogg Vorbis, True Audio, WavPack, OptimFROG, and AIFF audio files. All versions of ID3v2 are supported, and all standard ID3v2.4 frames are parsed. It can read Xing headers to accurately calculate the bitrate and length of MP3s. ID3 and APEv2 tags can be edited regardless of audio format. It can also manipulate Ogg streams on an individual packet/page level.

The user interface is very similar to that of [[Mp3tag]], it uses a spreadsheet-like layout so that all the tags a user may want to edit by hand are visible and easily editable. All the other audio taggers available for Linux take a different approach to user interface design.

Puddletag is written in [[Python (programming language)|Python]] 2.x and uses [[Qt (software)|Qt 4]] (through [[PyQt]]) for its user interface. Mutagen works on Python 2.6, 2.7, 3.3, 3.4 (CPython and PyPy) and has no dependencies outside the Python standard library.

It includes support for the following audio formats: [[Advanced Audio Coding|AAC]], [[MPEG-4]] (mp4/m4a/m4b/[[iTunes]] compatible), [[Ogg|OGG]], OptimFROG OFR, OFS, [[Speex|SPX]], TAK, [[TTA (codec)|TTA]], [[Windows Media Audio|WMA]], [[WavPack|WV]].

Puddletag is [[free and open-source software]] subject to the terms of the [[GNU General Public License]] version 3.<ref name="license" />

==Features==
* Batch Tag Editing. Write [[ID3#ID3v1|ID3v1.1]], [[ID3#ID3v2|ID3v2.3]], [[ID3v2.4]], [[MPEG-4]], [[Windows Media Audio|WMA]], [[APEv2]] Tags and [[Vorbis comment]]s to multiple files at once.
* Full [[Unicode]] support
* Support for embedded album cover art
* Automatically creates playlists
* Recursive subfolder support
* User-defined field mappings
* Remove parts of a tag or the entire tag from multiple files
* Rename and/or move files and folders based on the tag information
* Import tags from filenames, text files and clipboard
* Quick search and replace text in highlighted tracks/fields without having to resort to actions
* Format tags and filenames
* Replace characters or words from tags and filenames
* [[Regular expressions]]
* Export tag information to user-defined formats (i.e. [[HTML]], [[Rich Text Format|RTF]], [[Comma-separated values|CSV]], [[XML]], [[Text file|TXT]] AND [[JSON]])
* Import tag information from online databases like [[freedb]], [[Discogs]], [[MusicBrainz]] AcoustID or [[Amazon.com|Amazon]] (also by text-search)
* Full AcoustID integration
* Import tag information from local freedb databases
* Support for [[ID3|ID3v2.3]] (ISO-8859-1 and UTF-16) and [[ID3|ID3v2.4]] with [[UTF-8]]
* Automated Mass Tagging of multiple albums including the ability to enrich existing metadata using one or more metadata sources in a single operation
* Single Album and Mass Album Tagging results can be accepted/edited/rejected at track and/or field level

==See also==
{{Portal|Free software}}
* [[Tag editor#List of tag editors|List of tag editors]]
* [[ID3]]
* [[M3U]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|puddletag.net}}

{{KDE}}

[[Category:2008 software]]
[[Category:Audio software that uses Qt]]
[[Category:Free software programmed in Python]]
[[Category:Tag editors]]
[[Category:Tag editors for Linux]]
[[Category:Tag editors that use Qt]]

OpenKeychain

2018-01-01T05:59:18Z

Codename Lisa: c.e. Changed "application" to "app", because the former is (1) an obscure term on mobile platform and (2) ambiguous, as it could by mistake refer to application software. OpenKeychain is actually a utility software. | Removed incorrect parameters.

{{Infobox software
| name = OpenKeychain
| logo = OpenKeychain Logo.svg
| released = {{Start date and age|2012|03|01|df=yes}}
| programming language = [[Java (programming language)|Java]]
| operating system = [[Android (operating system)|Android]]
| genre = [[Pretty Good Privacy#OpenPGP|OpenPGP]]
| license = [[GNU General Public License#Version 3|GNU GPLv3]]
| website = {{URL|https://openkeychain.org}}
}}

'''OpenKeychain''' is a [[free and open-source]] [[mobile app]] for the [[Android operating system]] that provides strong, user-based encryption which is compatible with the [[Pretty Good Privacy#OpenPGP|OpenPGP standard]]. This allows users to encrypt, decrypt, sign, and verify signatures for text, emails, and files. The app allows the user to store the public keys of other users with whom they interact, and to encrypt files such that only a specified user can decrypt them. In the same manner, if a file is received from another user and its public keys are saved, the receiver can verify the authenticity of that file and decrypt it if necessary.

== K-9 Mail Support ==
Together with [[K-9 Mail]], it supports end-to-end encrypted emails via the OpenPGP INLINE and PGP/MIME formats. The developers of OpenKeychain and K-9 Mail are trying to change the way user interfaces for [[email encryption]] are designed. They propose to remove the ability to create encrypted-only emails<ref>{{cite web|title=OpenPGP Considerations, Part II: Encrypted-Only Mails|url=https://k9mail.github.io/2017/01/30/OpenPGP-Considerations-Part-II.html|accessdate=11 Feb 2017}}</ref> and hide the case of signed-only emails.<ref>{{cite web|title=OpenPGP Considerations, Part I: Signed-Only Mails|url=https://k9mail.github.io/2016/11/24/OpenPGP-Considerations-Part-I.html|accessdate=11 Feb 2017}}</ref> Instead, they focus on end-to-end security that provides confidentiality and authenticity by always encrypting and signing emails together.

== Reception ==
OpenKeychain is listed on the official OpenPGP homepage<ref>{{cite web|title=Official OpenPGP Homepage|url=http://openpgp.org/software/openkeychain/|accessdate=11 Feb 2017}}</ref> and the well-known developer collective [[The Guardian Project (software)|Guardian Project]] recommends it instead of APG to encrypt emails.<ref>{{cite web|title=How To: Lockdown Your Mobile E-Mail|url=https://guardianproject.info/2010/07/09/how-to-lockdown-your-mobile-e-mail/|accessdate=11 Feb 2017}}</ref> [[TechRepublic]] published an article about it and conclude that "OpenKeychain happens to be one of the easiest encryption tools available for Android (that also happens to best follow OpenPGP standards)."<ref>{{cite web|title=Let OpenKeychain help handle your encryption|url=http://www.techrepublic.com/article/let-openkeychain-help-handle-your-encryption/|accessdate=11 Feb 2017}}</ref> The publisher [[Heinz Heise|Heise]] reviewed it in their c't Android magazine 2016 and discussed OpenKeychain's backup mechanism.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mansmann|first1=Urs|last2=Bleich|first2=Holger|last3=Kossel|first3=Axel|title=Mit PGP verschlüsselt mailen|journal=c't Android 2016|date=2016|volume=1|pages=50–51}}</ref> The academic community uses OpenKeychain for experimental evaluations: It has been used as an example where cryptographic operations could be executed in a [[Trusted execution environment|Trusted Execution Environment]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rubinov|first1=Konstantin|last2=Rosculete|first2=Lucia|last3=Mitra|first3=Tulika|last4=Roychoudhury|first4=Abhik|title=Automated Partitioning of Android Applications for Trusted Execution Environments|journal=Proceedings of the 38th International Conference on Software Engineering|date=2016|pages=923–934|isbn=978-1-4503-3900-1|doi=10.1145/2884781.2884817}}</ref> Furthermore, modern alternatives for [[public key fingerprint]]s have been implemented by other researchers.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dechand|first1=Sergej|last2=Schürmann|first2=Dominik|last3=Busse|first3=Karoline|last4=Acar|first4=Yasemin|last5=Fahl|first5=Sascha|last6=Smith|first6=Matthew|title=An Empirical Study of Textual Key-Fingerprint Representations|journal=25th USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 16)|date=2016|pages=193–208|isbn=978-1-931971-32-4}}</ref> In 2016, the German [[Federal Office for Information Security]] published a study about OpenPGP on Android and evaluated OpenKeychain's functionality.<ref>{{cite web|title=BSI Study: Nutzung von OpenPGP auf Android|url=https://www.bsi.bund.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/BSI/Publikationen/Studien/OpenPGP/openpgpandroid.pdf;jsessionid=894336914B42A1407149E446CA3D42E7.1_cid341?__blob=publicationFile&v=2|accessdate=13 Feb 2017}}</ref>

== Funding ==
The OpenKeychain developers participated in 3 [[Google Summer of Code]] programs with a total of 6 successful students.<ref>{{cite web|title=GSoC Archive 2014|url=https://www.google-melange.com/archive/gsoc/2014/orgs/openpgp_keychain|accessdate=11 Feb 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=GSoC Archive 2015|url=https://www.google-melange.com/archive/gsoc/2015/orgs/openkeychain|accessdate=11 Feb 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=GSoC Archive 2016|url=https://summerofcode.withgoogle.com/archive/2016/organizations/5672889575538688/|accessdate=11 Feb 2017}}</ref> In 2015, one of the main developers got a one-year funding to improve the OpenPGP support in K-9 Mail paid by the [[Open Technology Fund]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Bringing OpenKeychain Support to K-9 Mail|url=https://www.openkeychain.org/k-9|accessdate=11 Feb 2017}}</ref>

== History ==
OpenKeychain has been created as a fork of [[Android Privacy Guard|Android Privacy Guard (APG)]] in March 2012. Between December 2010 and October 2013 no new version of APG was released. Thus, OpenKeychain has been started with the intention of picking up the development to improve the user interface and API. A first version 2.0 has been released in January 2013. After three years without updates, APG merged back security fixes from OpenKeychain and some months later rebased an entire new version on OpenKeychain’s source code. However, this process stopped in March 2014, while the OpenKeychain developers continued to release regularly new versions. A number of vulnerabilities found by Cure53<ref>{{cite web|title=Cure53 Security Audit|url=https://cure53.de/pentest-report_openkeychain.pdf|accessdate=11 Feb 2017}}</ref> have been fixed in OpenKeychain.<ref>{{cite web|title=OpenKeychain Wiki: Cure53 Security Audit|url=https://github.com/open-keychain/open-keychain/wiki/cure53-Security-Audit-2015|accessdate=11 Feb 2017}}</ref> These are still not fixed in APG since its last release in March 2014. Since K-9 Mail version 5.200, APG is no longer supported as a cryptography provider.<ref>{{cite web|title=Why APG is no longer supported|url=https://k9mail.github.io/2017/01/13/Why-APG-is-no-longer-supported.html|accessdate=11 Feb 2017}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.openkeychain.org/ Website of OpenKeychain]
* [https://github.com/open-keychain/open-keychain GitHub repository of OpenKeychain]
* {{Google Play|org.sufficientlysecure.keychain|OpenKeychain}}
* {{F-Droid|org.sufficientlysecure.keychain|OpenKeychain}}

[[Category:Free and open-source Android software]]
[[Category:OpenPGP]]
[[Category:Cryptographic software]]

TunnelBear

2017-11-28T12:39:49Z

Codename Lisa: Infobox cleanup. Removed erroneous parameters from the infobox. For a list of supported parameters please consult Template:Infobox software/doc.

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Orphan|date=April 2016}}
{{Infobox software
| title = TunnelBear
| name = TunnelBear
| logo = TunnelBear_Logo.png
| screenshot = TunnelBear Connected USA.jpg
| caption = TunnelBear connected to a U.S. [[IP Address]]
| developer = TunnelBear Inc.
| operating system = [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[Windows]], [[macOS]], [[iOS]], [[Linux]]
| language = English
| genre = [[Internet censorship circumvention]]
| license = [[Subscription business model]], with a [[freeware]] client app
| alexa = 18,294
| website = {{URL|https://tunnelbear.com}}
}}
[[File:TunnelBear_popup.jpg|thumb|The pop-up that comes up when the user connects securely (2015)]]
'''TunnelBear''' (also known as the '''TunnelBear VPN''') is a public [[virtual private network]] (VPN) service based in Toronto, Canada. The company was founded by Daniel Kaldor and Ryan Dochuk in 2011. A [[freeware]] TunnelBear client is available on [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[Windows]], [[macOS]] and [[iOS]]. There is also a [[Google Chrome]] and Opera [[browser extension]].<ref name="extension">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/2923442/how-to-easily-secure-your-web-browsing-with-tunnelbears-free-chrome-extension.html |title=How to easily secure your web browsing with TunnelBear's free Chrome extension |last=Paul |first=Ian |date=19 May 2015 |website=[[PC World]] |publisher=[[IDG]] |access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref> Alternatively, [[Linux distribution|Linux distros]] can be configured to use TunnelBear.<ref name="TBlinux">{{Cite web |url=https://www.tunnelbear.com/updates/linux_support/ |title=TunnelBear Befriends Penguins with Limited Linux Support |last=Robinson |first=John |date=20 March 2014 |website=TunnelBear |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201160818/https://www.tunnelbear.com/updates/linux_support/ |archive-date=1 February 2016 |access-date=6 August 2016 |quote=we’re excited to announce that you can now connect to TunnelBear on Linux! We currently have apps for Windows, OSX, iOS and Android. While we aren’t quite ready to build a full application for Linux, we are now offering settings and instructions for manual configuration of a connection to the TunnelBear network (for Giant and Grizzly TunnelBears). We’ve successfully tested these settings on new installs of [[Linux Mint|Mint]] and [[Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]] in the office. We want to send a big thank you to the TunnelBear Science Division Volunteers (our Beta group) who helped test these settings on half a dozen other Linux distributions.}}</ref> Like other public VPN services, TunnelBear has the ability to bypass [[Internet censorship|content block]]ing in most countries.<ref name="content">{{cite web|url=http://www.lifehacker.com.au/2015/06/the-always-up-to-date-guide-to-streaming-blocked-content-overseas/|title=Streaming Content From Overseas: The Complete Lifehacker Guide|website=[[Lifehacker]]|publisher=[[Gizmodo]]|date=1 June 2015|first1=Thorin|last1=Klosowski|access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref> TunnelBear allows the user to appear in one of 20 different countries (including Ireland, the United States of America, Sweden, and Italy). All clients use [[AES-256]] encryption.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tunnelbear.com/blog/stronger-encryption/|title=Rawwwr! Even Stronger Encryption|date=17 March 2015|work=TunnelBear's Online Privacy Blog|access-date=25 June 2017|language=en}}</ref> When connected, the user's actual [[IP address]] will not be visible to the websites visited.<ref name="IPAddress">{{Cite web |url=http://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/tunnelbear-simple-vpn-online-privacy-app/ |title=Watch U.S. Netflix anywhere with TunnelBear, now available as a Chrome extension |last=Boxall |first=Andy |date=13 May 2015 |website=[[Digital Trends]] |publisher=Designtechnica |access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Freegate]]
*[[Ghostery]]
*[[Hotspot Shield]]
*[[Psiphon]]
*[[Tor (anonymity network)]]
*[[Ultrasurf]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Computer-security-stub}}
[[Category:Virtual private networks]]
[[Category:Android (operating system) software]]
[[Category:Windows software]]
[[Category:MacOS software]]
[[Category:iOS software]]
[[Category:Google Chrome extensions]]

TunnelBear

2017-11-28T12:36:00Z

Codename Lisa: Reverted 1 edit by Mehmood Hanif (talk): Reverted advertisement for a product other than the subject of the article.

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Orphan|date=April 2016}}
{{Infobox software
| title = TunnelBear
| name = TunnelBear
| logo = TunnelBear_Logo.png
| logo size = 300px
| logo alt =
| screenshot = TunnelBear Connected USA.jpg
| screenshot alt =
| caption = TunnelBear connected to a U.S. [[IP Address]]
| author =
| developer = TunnelBear Inc
| released = 
| discontinued =
| latest release version =
| latest release date = 
| latest preview version =
| latest preview date = 
| programming language =
| operating system = [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[Windows]], [[macOS]], [[iOS]], [[Linux]]
| platform =
| size =
| language = English
| language count = 
| language footnote =
| genre = Public [[Virtual private network|VPN]] service
| license = [[Subscription business model]], with a [[freeware]] client app
| alexa = 18,294
| website = {{URL|https://www.tunnelbear.com}}
| standard =
| AsOf =
}}
[[File:TunnelBear_popup.jpg|thumb|The pop-up that comes up when the user connects securely (2015)]]
'''TunnelBear''' (also known as the '''TunnelBear VPN''') is a public [[virtual private network]] (VPN) service based in Toronto, Canada. The company was founded by Daniel Kaldor and Ryan Dochuk in 2011. A [[freeware]] TunnelBear client is available on [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[Windows]], [[macOS]] and [[iOS]]. There is also a [[Google Chrome]] and Opera [[browser extension]].<ref name="extension">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/2923442/how-to-easily-secure-your-web-browsing-with-tunnelbears-free-chrome-extension.html |title=How to easily secure your web browsing with TunnelBear's free Chrome extension |last=Paul |first=Ian |date=19 May 2015 |website=[[PC World]] |publisher=[[IDG]] |access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref> Alternatively, [[Linux distribution|Linux distros]] can be configured to use TunnelBear.<ref name="TBlinux">{{Cite web |url=https://www.tunnelbear.com/updates/linux_support/ |title=TunnelBear Befriends Penguins with Limited Linux Support |last=Robinson |first=John |date=20 March 2014 |website=TunnelBear |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201160818/https://www.tunnelbear.com/updates/linux_support/ |archive-date=1 February 2016 |access-date=6 August 2016 |quote=we’re excited to announce that you can now connect to TunnelBear on Linux! We currently have apps for Windows, OSX, iOS and Android. While we aren’t quite ready to build a full application for Linux, we are now offering settings and instructions for manual configuration of a connection to the TunnelBear network (for Giant and Grizzly TunnelBears). We’ve successfully tested these settings on new installs of [[Linux Mint|Mint]] and [[Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]] in the office. We want to send a big thank you to the TunnelBear Science Division Volunteers (our Beta group) who helped test these settings on half a dozen other Linux distributions.}}</ref> Like other public VPN services, TunnelBear has the ability to bypass [[Internet censorship|content block]]ing in most countries.<ref name="content">{{cite web|url=http://www.lifehacker.com.au/2015/06/the-always-up-to-date-guide-to-streaming-blocked-content-overseas/|title=Streaming Content From Overseas: The Complete Lifehacker Guide|website=[[Lifehacker]]|publisher=[[Gizmodo]]|date=1 June 2015|first1=Thorin|last1=Klosowski|access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref> TunnelBear allows the user to appear in one of 20 different countries (including Ireland, the United States of America, Sweden, and Italy). All clients use [[AES-256]] encryption.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tunnelbear.com/blog/stronger-encryption/|title=Rawwwr! Even Stronger Encryption|date=17 March 2015|work=TunnelBear's Online Privacy Blog|access-date=25 June 2017|language=en}}</ref> When connected, the user's actual [[IP address]] will not be visible to the websites visited.<ref name="IPAddress">{{Cite web |url=http://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/tunnelbear-simple-vpn-online-privacy-app/ |title=Watch U.S. Netflix anywhere with TunnelBear, now available as a Chrome extension |last=Boxall |first=Andy |date=13 May 2015 |website=[[Digital Trends]] |publisher=Designtechnica |access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Internet censorship]]
*[[Internet censorship circumvention]]
*[[Freegate]]
*[[Ghostery]]
*[[Hotspot Shield]]
*[[Psiphon]]
*[[Tor (anonymity network)]]
*[[Ultrasurf]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Computer-security-stub}}
[[Category:Virtual private networks]]
[[Category:Android (operating system) software]]
[[Category:Windows software]]
[[Category:MacOS software]]
[[Category:IOS software]]
[[Category:Google Chrome extensions]]

Anaconda (Python-Distribution)

2017-10-26T19:33:43Z

Codename Lisa: It would be great if you actually looked at the article before contending to edit it. Mind you, infobox URLs must visible in print.

{{Infobox software
| name = Anaconda
| title =
| logo = Anaconda_Logo.png
| logo caption =
| logo_size = 200px
| logo_alt =
| screenshot = 
| caption =
| screenshot_size =
| screenshot_alt =
| collapsible =
| author =
| developer = Anaconda, Inc. (neé Continuum analytics)
| released = 
| discontinued =
| latest release version = 5.0.1<ref>{{cite web|url=https://docs.anaconda.com/anaconda/release-notes |title=Release Notes |website=docs.anaconda.com |date=25 October 2017 |accessdate=26 October 2017}}</ref>
| latest release date = {{Start date and age|2017|10|25|df=yes}}
| latest preview version =
| latest preview date = 
| status =
| programming language =
| operating system =
| platform =
| size =
| language =
| language count = 
| language footnote =
| genre = [[Programming language]]
| license = [[BSD licenses#3-clause license ("Revised BSD License", "New BSD License", or "Modified BSD License")|New BSD License]]<ref name="newBSD">{{cite web|title=Anaconda End User License Agreement|url=https://docs.continuum.io/anaconda/eula|website=continuum.io|publisher=Continuum Analytics|accessdate=May 30, 2016}}</ref>
| alexa =
| standard =
| AsOf =
}}

'''Anaconda''' is a [[freemium]]<ref name=Freemium>{{cite web|title=Anaconda Subscriptions|url=https://www.continuum.io/anaconda-subscriptions|website=continuum.io|publisher=Continuum Analytics|accessdate=September 30, 2015}}</ref> [[open source]]<ref name="open source">{{cite web|title=Open Source is at the Core of Modern Software|url=https://www.continuum.io/open-source-core-modern-software|website=continuum.io|publisher=Continuum Analytics|accessdate=May 30, 2016}}</ref> distribution of the [[Python (programming language)|Python]] and [[R (programming language)|R]] programming languages for large-scale data processing, predictive analytics, and scientific computing, that aims to simplify package management and deployment.<ref>{{cite book
| last = Martins
| first = Luiz Felipe
| title = IPython Notebook Essentials
| publisher = [[Packt]]
| edition = 1st
| date = November 2014
| pages = 190
| isbn = 9781783988341}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| last = Gorelick
| first = Micha
| last2 = Ozsvald
| first2 = Ian
| title = High Performance Python: Practical Performant Programming for Humans
| publisher = [[O'Reilly Media]]
| edition = 1st
| date = September 2014
| pages = 370
| isbn = 9781449361594}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| last = Jackson
| first = Joab
| title = Python gets a big data boost from DARPA
| work = [[Network World]]
| publisher = [[IDG]]
| date = February 5, 2013
| url = http://www.networkworld.com/article/2163350/application-performance-management/python-gets-a-big-data-boost-from-darpa.html
| accessdate = October 30, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| last = Lorica
| first = Ben
| title = Python data tools just keep getting better
| work = [[O'Reilly Radar]]
| publisher = [[O'Reilly Media]]
| date = March 24, 2013
| url = http://radar.oreilly.com/2013/03/python-data-tools-just-keep-getting-better.html
| accessdate = October 30, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Doig|first1=Christine|title=Anaconda for R users: SparkR and rBokeh|url=https://www.continuum.io/blog/developer-blog/anaconda-r-users-sparkr-and-rbokeh|website=Developer Blog|publisher=Continuum Analytics|date=February 1, 2016}}</ref> Package versions are managed by the [[package manager|package management system]] ''[[Conda (package manager)|conda]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://conda.pydata.org/docs/|title=Conda – Conda documentation|accessdate=February 25, 2016}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website}}

[[Category:Proprietary package management systems]]
[[Category:Python software]]

{{Comp-sci-stub}}

TunnelBear

2017-08-14T09:37:04Z

Codename Lisa: Fixed a typo

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Orphan|date=April 2016}}
{{Infobox software
| title = TunnelBear
| name = TunnelBear
| logo = TunnelBear_Logo.png
| logo size = 300px
| logo alt =
| screenshot = TunnelBear Connected USA.jpg
| screenshot alt =
| caption = TunnelBear connected to a U.S. [[IP Address]]
| author =
| developer = TunnelBear Inc
| released = 
| discontinued =
| latest release version =
| latest release date = 
| latest preview version =
| latest preview date = 
| programming language =
| operating system = [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[Windows]], [[macOS]], [[iOS]], [[Linux]]
| platform =
| size =
| language = English
| language count = 
| language footnote =
| genre = Public [[Virtual private network|VPN]] service
| license = [[Subscription business model]], with a [[freeware]] client app
| alexa =
| website = {{URL|https://www.tunnelbear.com}}
| standard =
| AsOf =
}}
[[File:TunnelBear_popup.jpg|thumb|The pop-up that comes up when the user connects securely (2015)]]
'''TunnelBear''' (also known as the '''TunnelBear VPN''') is a public [[virtual private network]] (VPN) service. A [[freeware]] TunnelBear client is available on [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[Windows]], [[macOS]] and [[iOS]]. There is also a [[Google Chrome]] [[browser extension]].<ref name="extension">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/2923442/how-to-easily-secure-your-web-browsing-with-tunnelbears-free-chrome-extension.html |title=How to easily secure your web browsing with TunnelBear's free Chrome extension |last=Paul |first=Ian |date=19 May 2015 |website=[[PC World]] |publisher=[[IDG]] |access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref> Alternatively, [[Linux distribution|Linux distros]] can be configured to use TunnelBear.<ref name="TBlinux">{{Cite web |url=https://www.tunnelbear.com/updates/linux_support/ |title=TunnelBear Befriends Penguins with Limited Linux Support |last=Robinson |first=John |date=20 March 2014 |website=TunnelBear |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201160818/https://www.tunnelbear.com/updates/linux_support/ |archive-date=1 February 2016 |access-date=6 August 2016 |quote=we’re excited to announce that you can now connect to TunnelBear on Linux! We currently have apps for Windows, OSX, iOS and Android. While we aren’t quite ready to build a full application for Linux, we are now offering settings and instructions for manual configuration of a connection to the TunnelBear network (for Giant and Grizzly TunnelBears). We’ve successfully tested these settings on new installs of [[Linux Mint|Mint]] and [[Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]] in the office. We want to send a big thank you to the TunnelBear Science Division Volunteers (our Beta group) who helped test these settings on half a dozen other Linux distributions.}}</ref> Like other public VPN services, TunnelBear has the ability to bypass [[Internet censorship|content block]]ing in most countries.<ref name="content">{{cite web|url=http://www.lifehacker.com.au/2015/06/the-always-up-to-date-guide-to-streaming-blocked-content-overseas/|title=Streaming Content From Overseas: The Complete Lifehacker Guide|website=[[Lifehacker]]|publisher=[[Gizmodo]]|date=1 June 2015|first1=Thorin|last1=Klosowski|access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref> TunnelBear allows the user to appear in one of 20 different countries (including Ireland, the United States of America, Sweden, and Italy). All clients use [[AES-256]] encryption.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tunnelbear.com/blog/stronger-encryption/|title=Rawwwr! Even Stronger Encryption|date=17 March 2015|work=TunnelBear's Online Privacy Blog|access-date=25 June 2017|language=en}}</ref> When connected, the user's actual [[IP address]] will not be visible to the websites visited.<ref name="IPAddress">{{Cite web |url=http://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/tunnelbear-simple-vpn-online-privacy-app/ |title=Watch U.S. Netflix anywhere with TunnelBear, now available as a Chrome extension |last=Boxall |first=Andy |date=13 May 2015 |website=[[Digital Trends]] |publisher=Designtechnica |access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Internet censorship]]
*[[Internet censorship circumvention]]
*[[Freegate]]
*[[Ghostery]]
*[[Hotspot Shield]]
*[[Psiphon]]
*[[Tor (anonymity network)]]
*[[Ultrasurf]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Computer-security-stub}}
[[Category:Virtual private networks]]
[[Category:Android (operating system) software]]
[[Category:Windows software]]
[[Category:MacOS software]]
[[Category:IOS software]]
[[Category:Google Chrome extensions]]

TunnelBear

2017-08-14T09:36:06Z

Codename Lisa: Huh! Funny, this part has gotten clipped off.

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Orphan|date=April 2016}}
{{Infobox software
| title = TunnelBear
| name = TunnelBear
| logo = TunnelBear_Logo.png
| logo size = 300px
| logo alt =
| screenshot = TunnelBear Connected USA.jpg
| screenshot alt =
| caption = TunnelBear connected to a U.S. [[IP Address]]
| author =
| developer = TunnelBear Inc
| released = 
| discontinued =
| latest release version =
| latest release date = 
| latest preview version =
| latest preview date = 
| programming language =
| operating system = [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[Windows]], [[macOS]], [[iOS]], [[Linux]]
| platform =
| size =
| language = English
| language count = 
| language footnote =
| genre = Public [[Virtual private network|VPN]] service
| license = [[Subscription business model]], with a [[freeware]] client app
| alexa =
| website = {{URL|https://www.tunnelbear.com}}
| standard =
| AsOf =
}}
[[File:TunnelBear_popup.jpg|thumb|The pop-up that comes up when the user connects securely (2015)]]
'''TunnelBear''' (also known as the '''TunnelBear VPN''') is a public [[virtual private network]] (VPN) service. A [[freeware]] TunnelBear client is available on [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[Windows]], [[macOS]] and [[iOS]]. There is also a [[Google Chrome]] [[browser extension]].<ref name="extension">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/2923442/how-to-easily-secure-your-web-browsing-with-tunnelbears-free-chrome-extension.html |title=How to easily secure your web browsing with TunnelBear's free Chrome extension |last=Paul |first=Ian |date=19 May 2015 |website=[[PC World]] |publisher=[[IDG]] |access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref> Alternatively, [[Linux distribution|Linux distros]] can be configured to use TunnelBear.<ref name="TBlinux">{{Cite web |url=https://www.tunnelbear.com/updates/linux_support/ |title=TunnelBear Befriends Penguins with Limited Linux Support |last=Robinson |first=John |date=20 Marach 2014 |website=TunnelBear |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201160818/https://www.tunnelbear.com/updates/linux_support/ |archive-date=1 February 2016 |access-date=6 August 2016 |quote=we’re excited to announce that you can now connect to TunnelBear on Linux! We currently have apps for Windows, OSX, iOS and Android. While we aren’t quite ready to build a full application for Linux, we are now offering settings and instructions for manual configuration of a connection to the TunnelBear network (for Giant and Grizzly TunnelBears). We’ve successfully tested these settings on new installs of [[Linux Mint|Mint]] and [[Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]] in the office. We want to send a big thank you to the TunnelBear Science Division Volunteers (our Beta group) who helped test these settings on half a dozen other Linux distributions.}}</ref> Like other public VPN services, TunnelBear has the ability to bypass [[Internet censorship|content block]]ing in most countries.<ref name="content">{{cite web|url=http://www.lifehacker.com.au/2015/06/the-always-up-to-date-guide-to-streaming-blocked-content-overseas/|title=Streaming Content From Overseas: The Complete Lifehacker Guide|website=[[Lifehacker]]|publisher=[[Gizmodo]]|date=1 June 2015|first1=Thorin|last1=Klosowski|access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref> TunnelBear allows the user to appear in one of 20 different countries (including Ireland, the United States of America, Sweden, and Italy). All clients use [[AES-256]] encryption.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tunnelbear.com/blog/stronger-encryption/|title=Rawwwr! Even Stronger Encryption|date=17 March 2015|work=TunnelBear's Online Privacy Blog|access-date=25 June 2017|language=en}}</ref> When connected, the user's actual [[IP address]] will not be visible to the websites visited.<ref name="IPAddress">{{Cite web |url=http://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/tunnelbear-simple-vpn-online-privacy-app/ |title=Watch U.S. Netflix anywhere with TunnelBear, now available as a Chrome extension |last=Boxall |first=Andy |date=13 May 2015 |website=[[Digital Trends]] |publisher=Designtechnica |access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Internet censorship]]
*[[Internet censorship circumvention]]
*[[Freegate]]
*[[Ghostery]]
*[[Hotspot Shield]]
*[[Psiphon]]
*[[Tor (anonymity network)]]
*[[Ultrasurf]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Computer-security-stub}}
[[Category:Virtual private networks]]
[[Category:Android (operating system) software]]
[[Category:Windows software]]
[[Category:MacOS software]]
[[Category:IOS software]]
[[Category:Google Chrome extensions]]

TunnelBear

2017-08-14T09:33:00Z

Codename Lisa: Additional cleanup

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Orphan|date=April 2016}}
{{Infobox software
| title = TunnelBear
| name = TunnelBear
| logo = TunnelBear_Logo.png
| logo size = 300px
| logo alt =
| screenshot = TunnelBear Connected USA.jpg
| screenshot alt =
| caption = TunnelBear connected to a U.S. [[IP Address]]
| author =
| developer = TunnelBear Inc
| released = 
| discontinued =
| latest release version =
| latest release date = 
| latest preview version =
| latest preview date = 
| programming language =
| operating system = [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[Windows]], [[macOS]], [[iOS]], [[Linux]]
| platform =
| size =
| language = English
| language count = 
| language footnote =
| genre = Public [[Virtual private network|VPN]] service
| license = [[Subscription business model]], with a [[freeware]] client app
| alexa =
| website = {{URL|https://www.tunnelbear.com}}
| standard =
| AsOf =
}}
[[File:TunnelBear_popup.jpg|thumb|The pop-up that comes up when the user connects securely (2015)]]
'''TunnelBear''' (also known as the '''TunnelBear VPN''') is a public [[virtual private network]] (VPN) service. A [[freeware]] TunnelBear client is available on [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[Windows]], [[macOS]] and [[iOS]]. There is also a [[Google Chrome]] [[browser extension]].<ref name="extension">{{Cite web |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/2923442/how-to-easily-secure-your-web-browsing-with-tunnelbears-free-chrome-extension.html |title=How to easily secure your web browsing with TunnelBear's free Chrome extension |last=Paul |first=Ian |date=19 May 2015 |website=[[PC World]] |publisher=[[IDG]] |access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref> Alternatively, [[Linux distribution|Linux distros]] can be configured to use TunnelBear.<ref name="TBlinux">{{Cite web |url=https://www.tunnelbear.com/updates/linux_support/ |title=TunnelBear Befriends Penguins with Limited Linux Support |last=Robinson |first=John |date=20 Marach 2014 |website=TunnelBear |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201160818/https://www.tunnelbear.com/updates/linux_support/ |archive-date=1 February 2016 |access-date=6 August 2016 |quote=we’re excited to announce that you can now connect to TunnelBear on Linux! We currently have apps for Windows, OSX, iOS and Android. While we aren’t quite ready to build a full application for Linux, we are now offering settings and instructions for manual configuration of a connection to the TunnelBear network (for Giant and Grizzly TunnelBears). We’ve successfully tested these settings on new installs of [[Linux Mint|Mint]] and [[Ubuntu (operating system)}}</ref> Like other public VPN services, TunnelBear has the ability to bypass [[Internet censorship|content block]]ing in most countries.<ref name="content">{{cite web|url=http://www.lifehacker.com.au/2015/06/the-always-up-to-date-guide-to-streaming-blocked-content-overseas/|title=Streaming Content From Overseas: The Complete Lifehacker Guide|website=[[Lifehacker]]|publisher=[[Gizmodo]]|date=1 June 2015|first1=Thorin|last1=Klosowski|access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref> TunnelBear allows the user to appear in one of 20 different countries (including Ireland, the United States of America, Sweden, and Italy). All clients use [[AES-256]] encryption.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tunnelbear.com/blog/stronger-encryption/|title=Rawwwr! Even Stronger Encryption|date=17 March 2015|work=TunnelBear's Online Privacy Blog|access-date=25 June 2017|language=en}}</ref> When connected, the user's actual [[IP address]] will not be visible to the websites visited.<ref name="IPAddress">{{Cite web |url=http://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/tunnelbear-simple-vpn-online-privacy-app/ |title=Watch U.S. Netflix anywhere with TunnelBear, now available as a Chrome extension |last=Boxall |first=Andy |date=13 May 2015 |website=[[Digital Trends]] |publisher=Designtechnica |access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Internet censorship]]
*[[Internet censorship circumvention]]
*[[Freegate]]
*[[Ghostery]]
*[[Hotspot Shield]]
*[[Psiphon]]
*[[Tor (anonymity network)]]
*[[Ultrasurf]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Computer-security-stub}}
[[Category:Virtual private networks]]
[[Category:Android (operating system) software]]
[[Category:Windows software]]
[[Category:MacOS software]]
[[Category:IOS software]]
[[Category:Google Chrome extensions]]

TunnelBear

2017-08-14T08:33:06Z

Codename Lisa: Enforced WP:EGG | Optimized the layout for mobile view | Infobox cleanup. Removed erroneous parameters from the infobox. For a list of supported parameters please consult Template:Infobox software/doc.

{{Orphan|date=April 2016}}
{{Infobox software
| title = TunnelBear
| name = TunnelBear
| logo = TunnelBear_Logo.png
| logo size = 300px
| logo alt =
| screenshot = TunnelBear Connected USA.jpg
| screenshot alt =
| caption = TunnelBear connected to a U.S. [[IP Address]]
| author =
| developer = TunnelBear Inc
| released = 
| discontinued =
| latest release version =
| latest release date = 
| latest preview version =
| latest preview date = 
| programming language =
| operating system = [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[Windows]], [[macOS]], [[iOS]], [[Linux]]
| platform =
| size =
| language = English
| language count = 
| language footnote =
| genre = Public [[Virtual private network|VPN]] service
| license = [[Subscription business model]], with a [[freeware]] client app
| alexa =
| website = {{URL|https://www.tunnelbear.com}}
| standard =
| AsOf =
}}
[[File:TunnelBear_popup.jpg|thumb|The pop-up that comes up when the user connects securely (2015)]]
'''TunnelBear''' (also known as the '''TunnelBear VPN''') is a public [[virtual private network]] (VPN) service. A [[freeware]] TunnelBear client is available on [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[Windows]], [[macOS]] and [[iOS]]. There is also a [[Google Chrome]] [[browser extension]],<ref name="extension">{{cite web|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/2923442/how-to-easily-secure-your-web-browsing-with-tunnelbears-free-chrome-extension.html|title=How to easily secure your web browsing with TunnelBear's free Chrome extension|website=[[PC World]]|publisher=[[IDG]]|date=19 May 2015|first1=Ian|last1=Paul|access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref> and [[Linux distribution|Linux distros]] can be configured to use TunnelBear.<ref name="TBlinux">{{cite web
| url = https://www.tunnelbear.com/updates/linux_support/
| title = TunnelBear Befriends Penguins with Limited Linux Support
| last = Robinson
| first = John
| date = 20 Mar 2014
| website = TunnelBear
| access-date = 6 Aug 2016
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160201160818/https://www.tunnelbear.com/updates/linux_support/
| archive-date = 1 Feb 2016
| quote = we’re excited to announce that you can now connect to TunnelBear on Linux! We currently have apps for Windows, OSX, iOS and Android. While we aren’t quite ready to build a full application for Linux, we are now offering settings and instructions for manual configuration of a connection to the TunnelBear network (for Giant and Grizzly TunnelBears). We’ve successfully tested these settings on new installs of [[Linux Mint|Mint]] and [[Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]] in the office. We want to send a big thank you to the TunnelBear Science Division Volunteers (our Beta group) who helped test these settings on half a dozen other Linux distributions.
}}</ref> TunnelBear, like other VPNs, has the ability to bypass [[Internet censorship|content block]]ing in most countries.<ref name="content">{{cite web|url=http://www.lifehacker.com.au/2015/06/the-always-up-to-date-guide-to-streaming-blocked-content-overseas/|title=Streaming Content From Overseas: The Complete Lifehacker Guide|website=[[Lifehacker]]|publisher=[[Gizmodo]]|date=1 June 2015|first1=Thorin|last1=Klosowski|access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref> TunnelBear allows the user to appear in one of 20 different countries (including Ireland, the United States of America, Sweden, and Italy), as well as to connect to the closest [[Tunneling protocol|tunnel]]. All clients use [[AES-256]] encryption.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tunnelbear.com/blog/stronger-encryption/|title=Rawwwr! Even Stronger Encryption|date=2015-03-17|work=TunnelBear's Online Privacy Blog|access-date=2017-06-25|language=en}}</ref> When connected, the user's actual [[IP address]] will not be visible to the websites visited.<ref name="IPAddress">{{cite web|url=http://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/tunnelbear-simple-vpn-online-privacy-app/|title=Watch U.S. Netflix anywhere with TunnelBear, now available as a Chrome extension |website=[[Digital Trends]]|publisher=Designtechnica |date=13 May 2015|first1=Andy|last1=Boxall|access-date=20 June 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Ghostery]]
*[[Tor (anonymity network)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Computer-security-stub}}
[[Category:Virtual private networks]]
[[Category:Android (operating system) software]]
[[Category:Windows software]]
[[Category:MacOS software]]
[[Category:IOS software]]
[[Category:Google Chrome extensions]]

Anaconda (Python-Distribution)

2017-08-04T11:13:47Z

Codename Lisa: Reverted 1 edit by 49.197.188.209 (talk) to last revision by DbigD.

{{Infobox software
| name = Anaconda
| title =
| logo = Anaconda_Logo.png
| logo caption =
| logo_size = 200px
| logo_alt =
| screenshot = 
| caption =
| screenshot_size =
| screenshot_alt =
| collapsible =
| author =
| developer = Continuum analytics
| released = 
| discontinued =
| latest release version =
| latest release date = 
| latest preview version =
| latest preview date = 
| status =
| programming language =
| operating system =
| platform =
| size =
| language =
| language count = 
| language footnote =
| genre = [[Programming language]]
| license = [[BSD licenses#3-clause license ("Revised BSD License", "New BSD License", or "Modified BSD License")|New BSD License]]<ref name="newBSD">{{cite web|title=Anaconda End User License Agreement|url=https://docs.continuum.io/anaconda/eula|website=continuum.io|publisher=Continuum Analytics|accessdate=May 30, 2016}}</ref>
| alexa =
| standard =
| AsOf =
}}

'''Anaconda''' is a [[freemium]]<ref name=Freemium>{{cite web|title=Anaconda Subscriptions|url=https://www.continuum.io/anaconda-subscriptions|website=continuum.io|publisher=Continuum Analytics|accessdate=September 30, 2015}}</ref> [[open source]]<ref name="open source">{{cite web|title=Open Source is at the Core of Modern Software|url=https://www.continuum.io/open-source-core-modern-software|website=continuum.io|publisher=Continuum Analytics|accessdate=May 30, 2016}}</ref> distribution of the [[Python (programming language)|Python]] and [[R (programming language)|R]] programming languages for large-scale data processing, predictive analytics, and scientific computing, that aims to simplify package management and deployment.<ref>{{cite book
| last = Martins
| first = Luiz Felipe
| title = IPython Notebook Essentials
| publisher = [[Packt]]
| edition = 1st
| date = November 2014
| pages = 190
| isbn = 9781783988341}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| last = Gorelick
| first = Micha
| last2 = Ozsvald
| first2 = Ian
| title = High Performance Python: Practical Performant Programming for Humans
| publisher = [[O'Reilly Media]]
| edition = 1st
| date = September 2014
| pages = 370
| isbn = 9781449361594}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| last = Jackson
| first = Joab
| title = Python gets a big data boost from DARPA
| work = [[Network World]]
| publisher = [[IDG]]
| date = February 5, 2013
| url = http://www.networkworld.com/article/2163350/application-performance-management/python-gets-a-big-data-boost-from-darpa.html
| accessdate = October 30, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| last = Lorica
| first = Ben
| title = Python data tools just keep getting better
| work = [[O'Reilly Radar]]
| publisher = [[O'Reilly Media]]
| date = March 24, 2013
| url = http://radar.oreilly.com/2013/03/python-data-tools-just-keep-getting-better.html
| accessdate = October 30, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Doig|first1=Christine|title=Anaconda for R users: SparkR and rBokeh|url=https://www.continuum.io/blog/developer-blog/anaconda-r-users-sparkr-and-rbokeh|website=Developer Blog|publisher=Continuum Analytics|date=February 1, 2016}}</ref> Package versions are managed by the [[package manager|package management system]] ''[[Conda (package manager)|conda]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://conda.pydata.org/docs/|title=Conda – Conda documentation|accessdate=February 25, 2016}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{Official website}}

[[Category:Proprietary package management systems]]
[[Category:Python software]]

{{Comp-sci-stub}}

Scrapy (Software)

2017-07-30T10:21:58Z

Codename Lisa: Lots of fixes

{{distinguish|Scrapie}}
{{Infobox software
| name = Scrapy
| logo = File:Scrapy logo.jpg
| screenshot =
| caption =
| collapsible =
| author =
| developer = [[Scrapinghub, Ltd.]]
| released = {{Start date|2008|06|26}}
| discontinued =
| latest release version = 1.3.3
| latest release date = {{Start date and age|2017|03|10}}
| latest preview version =
| latest preview date =
| programming language = [[Python (programming language)|Python]]
| operating system = [[Windows]], [[macOS]], [[Linux]]
| platform =
| size =
| language =
| genre = [[Web crawler]]
| license = [[BSD License]]
}}

'''Scrapy''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|k|r|eI|p|i}} {{respell|SKRAY|pee}})<ref>[https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/scrapy-users/tA_1T8du_WU How do you pronounce "Scrapy"?]</ref> is a free and [[open source]] [[web crawling]] framework, written in Python. Originally designed for web scraping, it can also be used to extract data using APIs or as a general purpose web crawler.<ref>[http://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/intro/overview.html Scrapy at a glance]</ref> It is currently maintained by [[Scrapinghub |Scrapinghub Ltd.]], a web scraping development and services company.

Scrapy project architecture is built around ‘spiders’, which are self-contained crawlers which are given a set of instructions. Following the spirit of other [[Don't repeat yourself|don’t repeat yourself]] frameworks, such as [[Django (web framework)|Django]],<ref>{{ cite web | url= http://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/faq.html#did-scrapy-steal-x-from-django | title= Frequently Asked Questions | access-date= 28 July 2015 }}</ref> it makes it easier to build and scale large crawling projects by allowing developers to re-use their code. Scrapy also provides a web crawling [[Shell (computing)|shell]] which can be used by developers to test their assumptions on a site’s behavior.<ref>{{ cite web | url= http://doc.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/shell.html | title = Scrapy shell | access-date= 28 July 2015}}</ref>

Some well-known companies and products using Scrapy are: [[Lyst]],<ref>{{ cite web | url= http://talks.lystit.com/dsl-scraping-presentation/#/4 | title=Scalable Scraping Using Machine Learning |first1=Eddie|last1=Bell|first2=Jonathan|last2=Heusser | access-date= 28 July 2015}}</ref> [[CareerBuilder]],<ref>[http://scrapy.org/companies/ Scrapy | Companies using Scrapy]</ref> [[Parse.ly]],<ref>{{ cite web | url=https://speakerdeck.com/amontalenti/web-crawling-and-metadata-extraction-in-python| title=Web Crawling & Metadata Extraction in Python| first= Andrew | last=Montalenti}}</ref> [[Sciences Po]] Medialab,<ref>[http://www.medialab.sciences-po.fr/blog/hyphe-v0-0-0-the-first-release-of-our-new-webcrawler-is-out/ Hyphe v0.0.0 : the first release of our new webcrawler is out !]</ref> [[Data.gov.uk]]’s World Government Data site.<ref>{{Cite tweet |user=bfirsh |author=Ben Firshman |number=8025368963 |date = 21 January 2010 |title=World Govt Data site uses Django, Solr, Haystack, Scrapy and other exciting buzzwords http://bit.ly/5jU3La #opendata #datastore }}</ref>

==History==
Scrapy was born at London-based web aggregation and e-commerce company Mydeco, where it was developed and maintained by employees of Mydeco and Insophia (a web consulting company based in Montevideo, Uruguay). The first public release was in August 2008 under the [[BSD license]], with a milestone 1.0 release happening in June 2015.<ref>{{cite mailing list |url=https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/scrapy-users/sMbBVIq0sko | title= Scrapy 1.0 official release out! |mailing-list=scrapy-users|last=Medina |first=Julia |date=June 19, 2015}}</ref> In 2011, Scrapinghub became the new official maintainer.<ref name="list">{{cite book|author=Pablo Hoffman|title=List of the primary authors & contributors|url=https://github.com/scrapy/scrapy/blob/master/AUTHORS|accessdate=18 November 2013|year=2013}}</ref><ref> Interview Scraping Hub http://decisionstats.com/2015/12/12/interview-scrapinghub-python-webcrawling/</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{Official website}}

[[Category:Web crawlers]]
[[Category:Web scraping]]
[[Category:Free software programmed in Python]]
[[Category:Software using the BSD license]]

DipTrace

2017-05-22T14:53:10Z

Codename Lisa: /* top */ It is actually trialware

{{Infobox Software
| name = DipTrace
| logo = 
| screenshot = PCB screenshot wiki.png
| caption = DipTrace PCB Layout
| developer = Novarm Ltd.
| released = August 2004
| latest release version = 3.0
| latest release date = {{Start date and age|2016|03|10|df=yes}}
| programming language = [[Delphi (programming language)|Delphi]]<ref>http://www.diptrace.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=132</ref>
| operating system = [[Windows]], [[macOS]] (Wine), [[Linux]] ([[Wine (software)|Wine]])
| platform =
| size =
| language count = 22
| status =
| genre = [[Electronic design automation]]
| license = [[Trialware]]
| website = {{URL|diptrace.com}}
}}

'''DipTrace''' is EDA/CAD software for creating [[schematic]] diagrams and [[printed circuit board]]s. The developers provide multi-lingual interface and tutorials (currently available in English and 21 other languages). DipTrace has 4 modules: Schematic Capture Editor, PCB Layout Editor with built-in shape-based autorouter and 3D Preview & Export, Component Editor, and Pattern Editor.

==Basic Features==
{{colbegin}}
*Simple UI
*Multi-sheet and hierarchical schematics
*High-speed shape-based autorouter
*Smart manual routing tools
*Differential pairs
*Wide import / export capabilities
*Advanced verifications with real-time DRC
*Real-time 3D PCB preview
*Export of PCB to [[ISO 10303-21|STEP]] 3D file format
*ODB++ and Gerber manufacturing outputs
{{colend}}

==Schematic Capture==
[[File:Schematic screenshot wiki.png|thumb|Screenshot of Diptrace Schematic capture module]]
Advanced circuit design tool with support of multi-sheet and multi-level hierarchical schematics that delivers a number of features for visual and logical pin connections. Cross-module management ensures that principal circuits can be easily converted to PCB, back annotated, or imported/exported from/to other EDA, CAD formats and net-lists. DipTrace Schematic has ERC Verification and Spice export for external simulation.
==PCB Layout==
Engineering tool for board design with smart manual routing, differential pairs, shape-based autorouter, advanced verification, and wide import/export capabilities. Design requirements are defined by net classes, class-to-class rules, and detailed settings by object types for each class or layer. When routing with real-time DRC, the program reports errors on the fly before actually making them. DRC also checks length and phase tolerances for differential pairs. The board can be previewed in 3D and exported to STEP format for mechanical CAD modeling. Design Rule Check with in-depth detailing and Net Connectivity verification procedures are available.

==3D Preview and Export==
[[File:3D screenshot wiki.png|thumb|screenshot of the DipTrace's 3D module]]
This module includes real-time 3D preview & export feature. It shows the model of manufactured printed circuit board with all components installed. Rotate board in three axes, zoom in and out in real time, change colors of the board, copper areas, solder mask, silkscreen, and background. 3D preview works on all stages of the design. Board can be exported to STEP or VRML 2.0 formats for mechanical CAD modelling. More than 6500 3D models of PCB packages are supplied for free. Externally designed 3D models in *.wrl, *.step, *.iges, and *.3ds formats can be uploaded and attached to patterns in Pattern Editor or PCB Layout.

==Component Editor==

Manage component libraries and create single- or multi-part components by selecting a template and its dimensions, defining visual and electrical pin parameters, setting up a Spice model, and attaching pattern with a 3D model to finalize component creation. BSDL import, bulk pin naming, and pin manager tools for pins and buses. Importing libraries from different EDA formats. More than 130000 components in standard libraries.

==Pattern Editor==

Draw patterns with various types of shapes, pads, holes, and dimensions. Circle, Lines (headers, DIP), Square (QFP), Matrix (BGA), Rectangle (RQFP), and Zig-Zag standard templates. Creation of pattern is basically selecting a template, entering a couple of vital parameters, drawing the silkscreen, and launching automatic pad renumbering. Custom templates can be created for non-standard patterns. DXF import makes creating complex layouts easier.

==Pricing==
{| class="wikitable" border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2 frame=void rules=rows style="border-collapse:collapse; font-size:16px;"
|- valign=bottom style="border-bottom: 3px double #999;"
! align=left | Edition
! align=left | Maximum pins and signal layers
! align=left | Price
|- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;"
| Full
| Unlimited pins, Unlimited signal layers
| $ 1195, € 1085
|- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;"
| Extended
| 2000 pins, 6 signal layers
| $ 695, € 630
|- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;"
| Standard
| 1000 pins, 4 signal layers
| $ 395, € 355
|- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;"
| Lite
| 500 pins, 2 signal layers
| $ 145, € 130
|- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;"
| Starter
| 300 pins, 2 signal layers
| $ 75,   € 65
|}

===Freeware and Hobbyist versions===
A version of DipTrace is freely available with all the functionality of the full package except that it is limited to 300 pins and non-commercial use<ref>[http://www.diptrace.com/download.php] DipTrace download page</ref> or 500 pins (non-commercial use, for a moderate charge)<ref>[http://www.diptrace.com/buy/non-profit/] DipTrace Non-Profit License</ref> and 2 signal layers. Power and ground plane layers do not count as signal layers, so the free versions can create 4-layer boards with full power and ground planes.

==Updates in version 3.0==
{{colbegin}}
*Differential pairs: define differential pair and its rules; automatic or manual defining of paired pads; paired routing and editing of differential pair; single-track differential pair routing and editing; phase tune tool (place custom / regular size meanders); real-time control of phase and length tolerance; differential pair manager; support of differential pairs for external autorouters, recognition of paired traces.
*Custom user-defined keyboard shortcuts for tools and dialogs.
*ODB++ (version 7.0) manufacturing output.
*Gerber X2 manufacturing output.
*DRC rule details (easy editing of routing constraints).
*Tree view of 3D models in All Models list, sorted by categories (folders).
*Overall speed and memory optimization for large designs.
*Optimized UI fonts.
*8143 new components.
*5694 new STEP models for 3D.
{{colend}}
==Other sources==
* [http://www.seattlerobotics.org/encoder/200610/SRS506/index.php DipTrace at Seattle Robotics Society meeting]
* [http://nutsvolts.texterity.com/nutsvolts/200610?pg=34#pg34 DipTrace at Nuts and Volts - October 2006]
* [http://download.cnet.com/DipTrace/3000-6677_4-10308970.html Review at CNet]

Some hobby and educational groups such as the PICAXE forum members have developed libraries specific to the PICAXE range of microcontroller as produced by Revolution Education including many of the frequently used associated integrated circuits. PICAXE related libraries can be found here:
* [http://www.picaxeforum.co.uk/showthread.php?t=10576 DIPTRACE Libraries by and for PICAXE microcontroller users]

In January 2011, [[Parallax, Inc. (company)|Parallax]] switched from Eagle to DipTrace for developing its printed circuit boards.<ref>http://www.diptrace.com/partnership.php</ref> 

==See also==
{{Portal|Electronics}}
* [[Comparison of EDA software]]
* [[List of free electronics circuit simulators]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://diptrace.com|Official website}} multilanguage (English, French, Italian, Turkish, Ukrainian, Russian)

{{DEFAULTSORT:Diptrace}}
[[Category:Electronic design automation software]]

DipTrace

2017-05-22T14:52:15Z

Codename Lisa: Infobox cleanup

{{Infobox Software
| name = DipTrace
| logo = 
| screenshot = PCB screenshot wiki.png
| caption = DipTrace PCB Layout
| developer = Novarm Ltd.
| released = August 2004
| latest release version = 3.0
| latest release date = {{Start date and age|2016|03|10|df=yes}}
| programming language = [[Delphi (programming language)|Delphi]]<ref>http://www.diptrace.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=132</ref>
| operating system = [[Windows]], [[macOS]] (Wine), [[Linux]] ([[Wine (software)|Wine]])
| platform =
| size =
| language count = 22
| status =
| genre = [[Electronic design automation]]
| license = [[Proprietary software|Proprietary]]
| website = {{URL|diptrace.com}}
}}

'''DipTrace''' is EDA/CAD software for creating [[schematic]] diagrams and [[printed circuit board]]s. The developers provide multi-lingual interface and tutorials (currently available in English and 21 other languages). DipTrace has 4 modules: Schematic Capture Editor, PCB Layout Editor with built-in shape-based autorouter and 3D Preview & Export, Component Editor, and Pattern Editor.

==Basic Features==
{{colbegin}}
*Simple UI
*Multi-sheet and hierarchical schematics
*High-speed shape-based autorouter
*Smart manual routing tools
*Differential pairs
*Wide import / export capabilities
*Advanced verifications with real-time DRC
*Real-time 3D PCB preview
*Export of PCB to [[ISO 10303-21|STEP]] 3D file format
*ODB++ and Gerber manufacturing outputs
{{colend}}

==Schematic Capture==
[[File:Schematic screenshot wiki.png|thumb|Screenshot of Diptrace Schematic capture module]]
Advanced circuit design tool with support of multi-sheet and multi-level hierarchical schematics that delivers a number of features for visual and logical pin connections. Cross-module management ensures that principal circuits can be easily converted to PCB, back annotated, or imported/exported from/to other EDA, CAD formats and net-lists. DipTrace Schematic has ERC Verification and Spice export for external simulation.
==PCB Layout==
Engineering tool for board design with smart manual routing, differential pairs, shape-based autorouter, advanced verification, and wide import/export capabilities. Design requirements are defined by net classes, class-to-class rules, and detailed settings by object types for each class or layer. When routing with real-time DRC, the program reports errors on the fly before actually making them. DRC also checks length and phase tolerances for differential pairs. The board can be previewed in 3D and exported to STEP format for mechanical CAD modeling. Design Rule Check with in-depth detailing and Net Connectivity verification procedures are available.

==3D Preview and Export==
[[File:3D screenshot wiki.png|thumb|screenshot of the DipTrace's 3D module]]
This module includes real-time 3D preview & export feature. It shows the model of manufactured printed circuit board with all components installed. Rotate board in three axes, zoom in and out in real time, change colors of the board, copper areas, solder mask, silkscreen, and background. 3D preview works on all stages of the design. Board can be exported to STEP or VRML 2.0 formats for mechanical CAD modelling. More than 6500 3D models of PCB packages are supplied for free. Externally designed 3D models in *.wrl, *.step, *.iges, and *.3ds formats can be uploaded and attached to patterns in Pattern Editor or PCB Layout.

==Component Editor==

Manage component libraries and create single- or multi-part components by selecting a template and its dimensions, defining visual and electrical pin parameters, setting up a Spice model, and attaching pattern with a 3D model to finalize component creation. BSDL import, bulk pin naming, and pin manager tools for pins and buses. Importing libraries from different EDA formats. More than 130000 components in standard libraries.

==Pattern Editor==

Draw patterns with various types of shapes, pads, holes, and dimensions. Circle, Lines (headers, DIP), Square (QFP), Matrix (BGA), Rectangle (RQFP), and Zig-Zag standard templates. Creation of pattern is basically selecting a template, entering a couple of vital parameters, drawing the silkscreen, and launching automatic pad renumbering. Custom templates can be created for non-standard patterns. DXF import makes creating complex layouts easier.

==Pricing==
{| class="wikitable" border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2 frame=void rules=rows style="border-collapse:collapse; font-size:16px;"
|- valign=bottom style="border-bottom: 3px double #999;"
! align=left | Edition
! align=left | Maximum pins and signal layers
! align=left | Price
|- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;"
| Full
| Unlimited pins, Unlimited signal layers
| $ 1195, € 1085
|- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;"
| Extended
| 2000 pins, 6 signal layers
| $ 695, € 630
|- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;"
| Standard
| 1000 pins, 4 signal layers
| $ 395, € 355
|- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;"
| Lite
| 500 pins, 2 signal layers
| $ 145, € 130
|- valign=top style="border-bottom:1px solid #999;"
| Starter
| 300 pins, 2 signal layers
| $ 75,   € 65
|}

===Freeware and Hobbyist versions===
A version of DipTrace is freely available with all the functionality of the full package except that it is limited to 300 pins and non-commercial use<ref>[http://www.diptrace.com/download.php] DipTrace download page</ref> or 500 pins (non-commercial use, for a moderate charge)<ref>[http://www.diptrace.com/buy/non-profit/] DipTrace Non-Profit License</ref> and 2 signal layers. Power and ground plane layers do not count as signal layers, so the free versions can create 4-layer boards with full power and ground planes.

==Updates in version 3.0==
{{colbegin}}
*Differential pairs: define differential pair and its rules; automatic or manual defining of paired pads; paired routing and editing of differential pair; single-track differential pair routing and editing; phase tune tool (place custom / regular size meanders); real-time control of phase and length tolerance; differential pair manager; support of differential pairs for external autorouters, recognition of paired traces.
*Custom user-defined keyboard shortcuts for tools and dialogs.
*ODB++ (version 7.0) manufacturing output.
*Gerber X2 manufacturing output.
*DRC rule details (easy editing of routing constraints).
*Tree view of 3D models in All Models list, sorted by categories (folders).
*Overall speed and memory optimization for large designs.
*Optimized UI fonts.
*8143 new components.
*5694 new STEP models for 3D.
{{colend}}
==Other sources==
* [http://www.seattlerobotics.org/encoder/200610/SRS506/index.php DipTrace at Seattle Robotics Society meeting]
* [http://nutsvolts.texterity.com/nutsvolts/200610?pg=34#pg34 DipTrace at Nuts and Volts - October 2006]
* [http://download.cnet.com/DipTrace/3000-6677_4-10308970.html Review at CNet]

Some hobby and educational groups such as the PICAXE forum members have developed libraries specific to the PICAXE range of microcontroller as produced by Revolution Education including many of the frequently used associated integrated circuits. PICAXE related libraries can be found here:
* [http://www.picaxeforum.co.uk/showthread.php?t=10576 DIPTRACE Libraries by and for PICAXE microcontroller users]

In January 2011, [[Parallax, Inc. (company)|Parallax]] switched from Eagle to DipTrace for developing its printed circuit boards.<ref>http://www.diptrace.com/partnership.php</ref> 

==See also==
{{Portal|Electronics}}
* [[Comparison of EDA software]]
* [[List of free electronics circuit simulators]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://diptrace.com|Official website}} multilanguage (English, French, Italian, Turkish, Ukrainian, Russian)

{{DEFAULTSORT:Diptrace}}
[[Category:Electronic design automation software]]

Parrot OS

2017-05-05T11:27:29Z

Codename Lisa: Reverted 1 edit by 2601:5C2:280:8043:8DF8:8041:8206:31E5 (talk): Reverted disruptive edit by know vandal and stalker.

{{refimprove|date=November 2015}}

{{Infobox OS
| name = Parrot Security OS
| logo = Parrotsec_logo.png
| logo size = x64px
| screenshot =
| developer = Lorenzo Faletra, Lisetta Ferrero, Francesco Bonanno, [[Frozenbox network]]
| family = [[POSIX]] based on [[Debian]]
| working state = Current
| source model = [[Open source]]
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2013|04|10}}
| latest release version = 3.5
| latest release date = {{Start date and age|mf=yes|2017|03|08}}
| update model = Rolling Release
| package manager = APT
| supported platforms = [[IA-32|i386 (x86)]], [[x86-64|amd64 (x86-64)]], [[ARM architecture|ARM]]
| kernel type = [[monolithic kernel|Monolithic]]
| userland =
| ui = [[MATE (software)|MATE]] Desktop Environment
| license = [[Free software]], mainly the [[GNU GPL]]
| website = {{URL|www.parrotsec.org}}
}}

'''Parrot Security OS''' (or ParrotSec) is a [[Linux distribution]] based on [[Debian]] with a focus on [[computer security]].<ref name="Prabhu, Vijay">{{cite web | url=http://www.techworm.net/2016/10/parrot-security-3-2-cybersloop-ethical-hacking-os-linux-kernel-4-7-released.html | title=Parrot Security 3.2 "CyberSloop" Ethical Hacking OS With Linux Kernel 4.7 Released | publisher=Techworm.net | date=15 October 2016 | accessdate=21 October 2016 | author=Prabhu, Vijay}}</ref> It is designed for [[penetration testing]], [[vulnerability assessment]] and mitigation, [[computer forensics]] and [[anonymous web browsing]]. It is developed by the Frozenbox Team.

== Target ==

ParrotSec is intended to provide a penetrating testing tools equipped with many different kinds of tools for user to be test on their lab.

== Core ==

Parrot is based on [[Debian]]'s testing branch (stretch), with a custom Linux 4.9 kernel. It follows a [[rolling release]] development model.

The desktop environment is [[MATE (software)|MATE]], and the default display manager is [[LightDM]].<ref name="Prabhu, Vijay"/>

The project is certified to run on devices which have a minimum of 256MB of [[RAM]], and it is suitable for both 32-bit ([[i386]]) and 64-bit ([[amd64]]) processor architectures.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fossbytes.com/parrot-security-os-3-0-lithium-kali-linux-alternative-features/|title=Parrot Security OS 3.0 "Lithium" — Best Kali Linux Alternative Coming With New Features
|author= Adarsh Verma |publisher=fossBytes|date=30 May 2016|accessdate=21 October 2016}}</ref> Moreover, the project is available for ARMv7 ([[ARM architecture|armhf]]) architectures. It even offers an edition (both 32-bit and 64-bit)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.parrotsec.org/download.fx|title=Downloads Page|publisher=Parrot Security|accessdate=21 October 2016}}</ref> developed specifically for servers to carry out cloud service penetration testing.

== Release frequency ==

The development team has not specified any official release timeline, but based on release changelogs and the notes included in the official review of the distribution, the project will be released on a monthly basis.

=== Releases ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Date
! Version
! Codename
|-
| 2013-06-10
| The project was started
|
|-
| 2013-06-17
| Parrot 0.1
| Pre alpha
|-
| 2013-06-22
| Parrot 0.2
| Pre alpha
|-
| 2013-06-30
| Parrot 0.3
| Pre alpha
|-
| 2013-07-10
| Parrot 0.4
| Pre alpha
|-
| 2013-08-22
| Parrot 0.5
| Alpha
|-
| 2013-10-21
| Parrot 0.6
| Alpha
|-
| 2013-11-12
| Parrot 0.6.5
| Alpha
|-
| 2013-12-06
| Parrot 0.7
| Pre beta
|-
| 2014-01-12
| Parrot 0.8
| Beta
|-
| 2014-01-24
| Parrot 0.8.1
| Beta
|-
| 2014-03-05
| Parrot 0.8.2
| Beta
|-
| 2014-04-17
| Parrot 0.8.4
| Beta
|-
| 2014-06-25
| Parrot 0.9
| Final beta
|-
| 2014-07-21
| Parrot 1.0
| Hydrogen
|-
| 2014-09-02
| Parrot 1.1
| Asphalt Dragon
|-
| 2014-09-11
| Parrot 1.2
| Asphalt Dragon
|-
| 2014-10-22
| Parrot 1.4
| JailBird
|-
| 2014-11-06
| Parrot 1.4.2
| JailBird
|-
| 2014-12-12
| Parrot 1.6
| JailBird
|-
| 2015-02-05
| Parrot 1.7
| CyberLizard
|-
| 2015-02-21
| Parrot 1.8
| CyberLizard
|-
| 2015-04-04
| Parrot 1.9
| CyberLizard
|-
| 2015-09-12
| Parrot 2.0
| Helium
|-
| 2015-09-15
| Parrot 2.0.1
| Helium
|-
| 2015-10-06
| Parrot 2.0.4
| Helium
|-
| 2015-10-17
| Parrot 2.0.5
| Helium
|-
| 2016-01-16
| Parrot 2.1
| Murdock
|-
| 2016-02-25
| Parrot 2.2
| Glitch
|-
|2016-06-18
|Parrot 3.0
|Lithium
|-
|2016-07-26
|Parrot 3.1
|Defcon
|-
|2016-10-15
|Parrot 3.2
|CyberSloop
|-
|2016-12-25
|Parrot 3.3
|CyberBrig
|-
|2017-01-01
|Parrot 3.4
|CyberFrigate
|-
|2017-01-02
|Parrot 3.4.1
|CyberFrigate
|-
|2017-03-08
|Parrot 3.5
|CyberGalleon
|}

== Notes ==

<references />

== External links ==

*[http://www.parrotsec.org Official Website]
*[http://distrowatch.com/table.php?distribution=parrotsecurity/ Distrowatch]
*[https://wiki.debian.org/Derivatives/Census/ParrotSecurity Debian Derivatives Census]

[[Category:Linux distributions]]

Parrot OS

2017-05-04T10:55:35Z

Codename Lisa: /* top */ Link

Parrot OS

2017-05-04T10:55:06Z

Codename Lisa: /* top */ *

{{refimprove|date=November 2015}}

{{Infobox OS
| name = Parrot Security OS
| logo = Parrotsec_logo.png
| logo size = x64px
| screenshot =
| developer = Lorenzo Faletra, Lisetta Ferrero, Francesco Bonanno, [[Frozenbox network]]
| family = [[POSIX]] based on [[Debian]]
| working state = Current
| source model = [[Open source]]
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2013|04|10}}
| latest release version = 3.5
| latest release date = {{Start date and age|mf=yes|2017|03|08}}
| update model = Rolling Release
| package manager = APT
| supported platforms = [[IA-32|i386 (x86)]], [[x86-64|amd64 (x86-64)]], [[ARM architecture|ARM]]
| kernel type = [[monolithic kernel|Monolithic]]
| userland =
| ui = [[MATE (software)|MATE]] Desktop Environment
| license = [[Free software]], mainly the [[GNU GPL]]
| website = {{URL|www.parrotsec.org}}
}}

'''Parrot Security OS''' (or ParrotSec) is a [[GNU]]/[[LINUX]] distribution based on [[Debian]] with a focus on [[computer security]].<ref name="Prabhu, Vijay">{{cite web | url=http://www.techworm.net/2016/10/parrot-security-3-2-cybersloop-ethical-hacking-os-linux-kernel-4-7-released.html | title=Parrot Security 3.2 "CyberSloop" Ethical Hacking OS With Linux Kernel 4.7 Released | publisher=Techworm.net | date=15 October 2016 | accessdate=21 October 2016 | author=Prabhu, Vijay}}</ref> It is designed for [[penetration testing]], [[vulnerability assessment]] and mitigation, [[computer forensics]] and [[anonymous web browsing]]. It is developed by the Frozenbox Team.

== Target ==

ParrotSec is intended to provide a penetrating testing tools equipped with many different kinds of tools for user to be test on their lab.

== Core ==

Parrot is based on [[Debian]]'s testing branch (stretch), with a custom Linux 4.9 kernel. It follows a [[rolling release]] development model.

The desktop environment is [[MATE (software)|MATE]], and the default display manager is [[LightDM]].<ref name="Prabhu, Vijay"/>

The project is certified to run on devices which have a minimum of 256MB of [[RAM]], and it is suitable for both 32-bit ([[i386]]) and 64-bit ([[amd64]]) processor architectures.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fossbytes.com/parrot-security-os-3-0-lithium-kali-linux-alternative-features/|title=Parrot Security OS 3.0 "Lithium" — Best Kali Linux Alternative Coming With New Features
|author= Adarsh Verma |publisher=fossBytes|date=30 May 2016|accessdate=21 October 2016}}</ref> Moreover, the project is available for ARMv7 ([[ARM architecture|armhf]]) architectures. It even offers an edition (both 32-bit and 64-bit)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.parrotsec.org/download.fx|title=Downloads Page|publisher=Parrot Security|accessdate=21 October 2016}}</ref> developed specifically for servers to carry out cloud service penetration testing.

== Release frequency ==

The development team has not specified any official release timeline, but based on release changelogs and the notes included in the official review of the distribution, the project will be released on a monthly basis.

=== Releases ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Date
! Version
! Codename
|-
| 2013-06-10
| The project was started
|
|-
| 2013-06-17
| Parrot 0.1
| Pre alpha
|-
| 2013-06-22
| Parrot 0.2
| Pre alpha
|-
| 2013-06-30
| Parrot 0.3
| Pre alpha
|-
| 2013-07-10
| Parrot 0.4
| Pre alpha
|-
| 2013-08-22
| Parrot 0.5
| Alpha
|-
| 2013-10-21
| Parrot 0.6
| Alpha
|-
| 2013-11-12
| Parrot 0.6.5
| Alpha
|-
| 2013-12-06
| Parrot 0.7
| Pre beta
|-
| 2014-01-12
| Parrot 0.8
| Beta
|-
| 2014-01-24
| Parrot 0.8.1
| Beta
|-
| 2014-03-05
| Parrot 0.8.2
| Beta
|-
| 2014-04-17
| Parrot 0.8.4
| Beta
|-
| 2014-06-25
| Parrot 0.9
| Final beta
|-
| 2014-07-21
| Parrot 1.0
| Hydrogen
|-
| 2014-09-02
| Parrot 1.1
| Asphalt Dragon
|-
| 2014-09-11
| Parrot 1.2
| Asphalt Dragon
|-
| 2014-10-22
| Parrot 1.4
| JailBird
|-
| 2014-11-06
| Parrot 1.4.2
| JailBird
|-
| 2014-12-12
| Parrot 1.6
| JailBird
|-
| 2015-02-05
| Parrot 1.7
| CyberLizard
|-
| 2015-02-21
| Parrot 1.8
| CyberLizard
|-
| 2015-04-04
| Parrot 1.9
| CyberLizard
|-
| 2015-09-12
| Parrot 2.0
| Helium
|-
| 2015-09-15
| Parrot 2.0.1
| Helium
|-
| 2015-10-06
| Parrot 2.0.4
| Helium
|-
| 2015-10-17
| Parrot 2.0.5
| Helium
|-
| 2016-01-16
| Parrot 2.1
| Murdock
|-
| 2016-02-25
| Parrot 2.2
| Glitch
|-
|2016-06-18
|Parrot 3.0
|Lithium
|-
|2016-07-26
|Parrot 3.1
|Defcon
|-
|2016-10-15
|Parrot 3.2
|CyberSloop
|-
|2016-12-25
|Parrot 3.3
|CyberBrig
|-
|2017-01-01
|Parrot 3.4
|CyberFrigate
|-
|2017-01-02
|Parrot 3.4.1
|CyberFrigate
|-
|2017-03-08
|Parrot 3.5
|CyberGalleon
|}

== Notes ==

<references />

== External links ==

*[http://www.parrotsec.org Official Website]
*[http://distrowatch.com/table.php?distribution=parrotsecurity/ Distrowatch]
*[https://wiki.debian.org/Derivatives/Census/ParrotSecurity Debian Derivatives Census]

[[Category:Linux distributions]]

Parrot OS

2017-05-04T10:54:46Z

Codename Lisa: Deleted unsupported parameter

{{refimprove|date=November 2015}}

{{Infobox OS
| name = '''Parrot Security OS'''
| logo = Parrotsec_logo.png
| logo size = x64px
| screenshot =
| developer = Lorenzo Faletra, Lisetta Ferrero, Francesco Bonanno, [[Frozenbox network]]
| family = [[POSIX]] based on [[Debian]]
| working state = Current
| source model = [[Open source]]
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2013|04|10}}
| latest release version = 3.5
| latest release date = {{Start date and age|mf=yes|2017|03|08}}
| update model = Rolling Release
| package manager = APT
| supported platforms = [[IA-32|i386 (x86)]], [[x86-64|amd64 (x86-64)]], [[ARM architecture|ARM]]
| kernel type = [[monolithic kernel|Monolithic]]
| userland =
| ui = [[MATE (software)|MATE]] Desktop Environment
| license = [[Free software]], mainly the [[GNU GPL]]
| website = {{URL|www.parrotsec.org}}
}}

'''Parrot Security OS''' (or ParrotSec) is a [[GNU]]/[[LINUX]] distribution based on [[Debian]] with a focus on [[computer security]].<ref name="Prabhu, Vijay">{{cite web | url=http://www.techworm.net/2016/10/parrot-security-3-2-cybersloop-ethical-hacking-os-linux-kernel-4-7-released.html | title=Parrot Security 3.2 "CyberSloop" Ethical Hacking OS With Linux Kernel 4.7 Released | publisher=Techworm.net | date=15 October 2016 | accessdate=21 October 2016 | author=Prabhu, Vijay}}</ref> It is designed for [[penetration testing]], [[vulnerability assessment]] and mitigation, [[computer forensics]] and [[anonymous web browsing]]. It is developed by the Frozenbox Team.

== Target ==

ParrotSec is intended to provide a penetrating testing tools equipped with many different kinds of tools for user to be test on their lab.

== Core ==

Parrot is based on [[Debian]]'s testing branch (stretch), with a custom Linux 4.9 kernel. It follows a [[rolling release]] development model.

The desktop environment is [[MATE (software)|MATE]], and the default display manager is [[LightDM]].<ref name="Prabhu, Vijay"/>

The project is certified to run on devices which have a minimum of 256MB of [[RAM]], and it is suitable for both 32-bit ([[i386]]) and 64-bit ([[amd64]]) processor architectures.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fossbytes.com/parrot-security-os-3-0-lithium-kali-linux-alternative-features/|title=Parrot Security OS 3.0 "Lithium" — Best Kali Linux Alternative Coming With New Features
|author= Adarsh Verma |publisher=fossBytes|date=30 May 2016|accessdate=21 October 2016}}</ref> Moreover, the project is available for ARMv7 ([[ARM architecture|armhf]]) architectures. It even offers an edition (both 32-bit and 64-bit)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.parrotsec.org/download.fx|title=Downloads Page|publisher=Parrot Security|accessdate=21 October 2016}}</ref> developed specifically for servers to carry out cloud service penetration testing.

== Release frequency ==

The development team has not specified any official release timeline, but based on release changelogs and the notes included in the official review of the distribution, the project will be released on a monthly basis.

=== Releases ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Date
! Version
! Codename
|-
| 2013-06-10
| The project was started
|
|-
| 2013-06-17
| Parrot 0.1
| Pre alpha
|-
| 2013-06-22
| Parrot 0.2
| Pre alpha
|-
| 2013-06-30
| Parrot 0.3
| Pre alpha
|-
| 2013-07-10
| Parrot 0.4
| Pre alpha
|-
| 2013-08-22
| Parrot 0.5
| Alpha
|-
| 2013-10-21
| Parrot 0.6
| Alpha
|-
| 2013-11-12
| Parrot 0.6.5
| Alpha
|-
| 2013-12-06
| Parrot 0.7
| Pre beta
|-
| 2014-01-12
| Parrot 0.8
| Beta
|-
| 2014-01-24
| Parrot 0.8.1
| Beta
|-
| 2014-03-05
| Parrot 0.8.2
| Beta
|-
| 2014-04-17
| Parrot 0.8.4
| Beta
|-
| 2014-06-25
| Parrot 0.9
| Final beta
|-
| 2014-07-21
| Parrot 1.0
| Hydrogen
|-
| 2014-09-02
| Parrot 1.1
| Asphalt Dragon
|-
| 2014-09-11
| Parrot 1.2
| Asphalt Dragon
|-
| 2014-10-22
| Parrot 1.4
| JailBird
|-
| 2014-11-06
| Parrot 1.4.2
| JailBird
|-
| 2014-12-12
| Parrot 1.6
| JailBird
|-
| 2015-02-05
| Parrot 1.7
| CyberLizard
|-
| 2015-02-21
| Parrot 1.8
| CyberLizard
|-
| 2015-04-04
| Parrot 1.9
| CyberLizard
|-
| 2015-09-12
| Parrot 2.0
| Helium
|-
| 2015-09-15
| Parrot 2.0.1
| Helium
|-
| 2015-10-06
| Parrot 2.0.4
| Helium
|-
| 2015-10-17
| Parrot 2.0.5
| Helium
|-
| 2016-01-16
| Parrot 2.1
| Murdock
|-
| 2016-02-25
| Parrot 2.2
| Glitch
|-
|2016-06-18
|Parrot 3.0
|Lithium
|-
|2016-07-26
|Parrot 3.1
|Defcon
|-
|2016-10-15
|Parrot 3.2
|CyberSloop
|-
|2016-12-25
|Parrot 3.3
|CyberBrig
|-
|2017-01-01
|Parrot 3.4
|CyberFrigate
|-
|2017-01-02
|Parrot 3.4.1
|CyberFrigate
|-
|2017-03-08
|Parrot 3.5
|CyberGalleon
|}

== Notes ==

<references />

== External links ==

*[http://www.parrotsec.org Official Website]
*[http://distrowatch.com/table.php?distribution=parrotsecurity/ Distrowatch]
*[https://wiki.debian.org/Derivatives/Census/ParrotSecurity Debian Derivatives Census]

[[Category:Linux distributions]]

Windows-Subsystem für Linux

2016-09-04T08:17:29Z

Codename Lisa: /* See also */

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2016}}
{{Infobox OS component
| name = Windows Subsystem for Linux
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_caption =
| screenshot = Bashwin10.png
| caption = [[Bash (software)|Bash]] running on Windows 10
| other_names =
| type = [[Compatibility layer]]
| service_name =
| service_description =
| included_with = [[Windows 10#Redstone|Windows 10 Anniversary Update]]
| also_available_for =
| replaces = [[Windows Services for UNIX]]
| replaced_by =
| support_status =
| related_components =
}}

'''Windows Subsystem for Linux''' ('''WSL''') is a [[compatibility layer]] for running [[Linux]] [[binary executables]] (in [[Executable and Linkable Format|ELF]] format) natively on [[Windows 10]]. [[Microsoft]] and [[Canonical (company)|Canonical]] partnered together to enable a genuine [[Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]] [[List of Ubuntu releases#Ubuntu 14.04 LTS (Trusty Tahr)|Trusty Tahr]] image to be downloaded and extracted to the user's local machine, and for the tools and utilities contained within that image to run natively on top of the WSL.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Harsh|first1=Mike|title=Run Bash on Ubuntu on Windows|url=https://blogs.windows.com/buildingapps/2016/03/30/run-bash-on-ubuntu-on-windows/|website=Building Apps for Windows|publisher=[[Microsoft]]|date=30 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Finley|first1=Klint|title=Why Microsoft Making Linux Apps Run on Windows Isn’t Crazy|url=http://www.wired.com/2016/03/microsoft-making-linux-apps-run-windows-isnt-crazy/|website=[[Wired (website)|Wired]]|publisher=[[Condé Nast]]|date=30 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://insights.ubuntu.com/2016/03/30/ubuntu-on-windows-the-ubuntu-userspace-for-windows-developers/|title=Ubuntu on Windows – The Ubuntu Userspace for Windows Developers|last=Kirkland|first=Dustin|date=30 March 2016|website=Ubuntu Insights|publisher=[[Canonical (company)|Canonical]]|access-date=}}</ref> WSL provides a [[Linux]]-compatible kernel interface developed by Microsoft (containing no Linux code), with user-mode binaries from [[Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]] running on top of it.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hammons|first1=Jack|title=Bash on Ubuntu on Windows|url=https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/commandline/wsl/about|website=[[MSDN]]|publisher=[[Microsoft]]|date=9 April 2016}}</ref>

This subsystem cannot run all Linux software such as those with [[graphical user interface]]s or those in need of unimplemented [[Linux kernel]] services.<ref name=Ars-March>{{cite web|last1=Bright|first1=Peter|title=Why Microsoft needed to make Windows run Linux software|url=http://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2016/04/why-microsoft-needed-to-make-windows-run-linux-software/|website=[[Ars Technica]]|publisher=[[Condé Nast]]|date=6 April 2016}}</ref> It is, however, possible to mitigate this by running graphical [[X Window System]] applications with an external X server such as [[Xming]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.slightfuture.com/how-to/x-on-wsl|title=Running Linux desktop apps on the Windows Subsystem for Linux|first=Daniel |last=Aleksandersen|website=Slight Future|date=7 April 2016}}</ref>

The subsystem originated in the unreleased [[Project Astoria]], which enabled [[Android (operating system)|Android]] applications to run on [[Windows 10 Mobile]].<ref name=Ars-March /> It was made available in [[Windows Insider|Windows 10 Insider Preview]] build 14316.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Aul|first1=Gabe|title=Announcing Windows 10 Insider Preview Build 14316|url=https://blogs.windows.com/windowsexperience/2016/04/06/announcing-windows-10-insider-preview-build-14316/|website=Windows Experience Blog|publisher=[[Microsoft]]|date=6 April 2016}}</ref>

Windows Subsystem for Linux is only available on [[64-bit]] editions of Windows 10<ref>{{cite web|title=Frequently Asked Questions for WSL|url=https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/commandline/wsl/faq|publisher=[[Microsoft]]}}</ref> and can be activated on Windows 10 Anniversary Update and later.

== See also ==

{{div col||20em}}
* [[Interix]]
* [[Cygwin]]
* [[FreeBSD#OS_compatibility_layers|FreeBSD's Linux compatibility layer]]
* [[lxrun]]
* [[CoLinux]]
* [[AndLinux]]
* [[Wine (software)|Wine]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official blog}}
* {{GitHub|Microsoft/BashOnWindows}}
* [https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/commandline/ ''Windows Command Line Tools For Developers'' blog]
* [https://blogs.windows.com/buildingapps/2016/07/22/fun-with-the-windows-subsystem-for-linux/ ''Fun with the Windows Subsystem for Linux'' blog post]

{{Microsoft Windows components}}
{{Unix-Windows Interoperability}}

[[Category:Unix emulators]]
[[Category:Windows components]]
[[Category:Windows 10]]
[[Category:Ubuntu (operating system)]]

{{Windows-stub}}
{{Linux-stub}}

Windows-Subsystem für Linux

2016-09-04T08:06:49Z

Codename Lisa: Reverted 1 edit by 99.40.200.21 (talk): This is overkill. The point has already gone through. No need for so many examples and technical details.

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2016}}
{{Infobox OS component
| name = Windows Subsystem for Linux
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_caption =
| screenshot = Bashwin10.png
| caption = [[Bash (software)|Bash]] running on Windows 10
| other_names =
| type = [[Compatibility layer]]
| service_name =
| service_description =
| included_with = [[Windows 10#Redstone|Windows 10 Anniversary Update]]
| also_available_for =
| replaces = [[Windows Services for UNIX]]
| replaced_by =
| support_status =
| related_components =
}}

'''Windows Subsystem for Linux''' ('''WSL''') is a [[compatibility layer]] for running [[Linux]] [[binary executables]] (in [[Executable and Linkable Format|ELF]] format) natively on [[Windows 10]]. [[Microsoft]] and [[Canonical (company)|Canonical]] partnered together to enable a genuine [[Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]] [[List of Ubuntu releases#Ubuntu 14.04 LTS (Trusty Tahr)|Trusty Tahr]] image to be downloaded and extracted to the user's local machine, and for the tools and utilities contained within that image to run natively on top of the WSL.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Harsh|first1=Mike|title=Run Bash on Ubuntu on Windows|url=https://blogs.windows.com/buildingapps/2016/03/30/run-bash-on-ubuntu-on-windows/|website=Building Apps for Windows|publisher=[[Microsoft]]|date=30 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Finley|first1=Klint|title=Why Microsoft Making Linux Apps Run on Windows Isn’t Crazy|url=http://www.wired.com/2016/03/microsoft-making-linux-apps-run-windows-isnt-crazy/|website=[[Wired (website)|Wired]]|publisher=[[Condé Nast]]|date=30 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://insights.ubuntu.com/2016/03/30/ubuntu-on-windows-the-ubuntu-userspace-for-windows-developers/|title=Ubuntu on Windows – The Ubuntu Userspace for Windows Developers|last=Kirkland|first=Dustin|date=30 March 2016|website=Ubuntu Insights|publisher=[[Canonical (company)|Canonical]]|access-date=}}</ref> WSL provides a [[Linux]]-compatible kernel interface developed by Microsoft (containing no Linux code), with user-mode binaries from [[Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]] running on top of it.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hammons|first1=Jack|title=Bash on Ubuntu on Windows|url=https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/commandline/wsl/about|website=[[MSDN]]|publisher=[[Microsoft]]|date=9 April 2016}}</ref>

This subsystem cannot run all Linux software such as those with [[graphical user interface]]s or those in need of unimplemented [[Linux kernel]] services.<ref name=Ars-March>{{cite web|last1=Bright|first1=Peter|title=Why Microsoft needed to make Windows run Linux software|url=http://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2016/04/why-microsoft-needed-to-make-windows-run-linux-software/|website=[[Ars Technica]]|publisher=[[Condé Nast]]|date=6 April 2016}}</ref> It is, however, possible to mitigate this by running graphical [[X Window System]] applications with an external X server such as [[Xming]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.slightfuture.com/how-to/x-on-wsl|title=Running Linux desktop apps on the Windows Subsystem for Linux|first=Daniel |last=Aleksandersen|website=Slight Future|date=7 April 2016}}</ref>

The subsystem originated in the unreleased [[Project Astoria]], which enabled [[Android (operating system)|Android]] applications to run on [[Windows 10 Mobile]].<ref name=Ars-March /> It was made available in [[Windows Insider|Windows 10 Insider Preview]] build 14316.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Aul|first1=Gabe|title=Announcing Windows 10 Insider Preview Build 14316|url=https://blogs.windows.com/windowsexperience/2016/04/06/announcing-windows-10-insider-preview-build-14316/|website=Windows Experience Blog|publisher=[[Microsoft]]|date=6 April 2016}}</ref>

Windows Subsystem for Linux is only available on [[64-bit]] editions of Windows 10<ref>{{cite web|title=Frequently Asked Questions for WSL|url=https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/commandline/wsl/faq|publisher=[[Microsoft]]}}</ref> and can be activated on Windows 10 Anniversary Update and later.

== See also ==

* [[Interix]]
* [[Cygwin]]
* [[FreeBSD#OS_compatibility_layers|FreeBSD's Linux compatibility layer]]
* [[lxrun]]
* [[CoLinux]]
* [[AndLinux]]
* [[Wine (software)|Wine]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official blog}}
* {{GitHub|Microsoft/BashOnWindows}}
* [https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/commandline/ ''Windows Command Line Tools For Developers'' blog]
* [https://blogs.windows.com/buildingapps/2016/07/22/fun-with-the-windows-subsystem-for-linux/ ''Fun with the Windows Subsystem for Linux'' blog post]

{{Microsoft Windows components}}
{{Unix-Windows Interoperability}}

[[Category:Unix emulators]]
[[Category:Windows components]]
[[Category:Windows 10]]
[[Category:Ubuntu (operating system)]]

{{Windows-stub}}
{{Linux-stub}}

Kubernetes

2016-08-04T07:45:44Z

Codename Lisa: Fixed article deformation. Please preview your edits to avoid such troubles in the future. (And I don't mean just with the preview button.)

Free Download Manager

2016-07-22T08:42:38Z

Codename Lisa: new screenshot

{{Infobox Software
| Screenshot = [[Datei:Free Download Manager 5.1.png|300px]]
| Beschreibung=Free Download Manager 5.1.15 unter [[Microsoft Windows 10|Windows 10]]
| Hersteller = Free Download Manager.ORG
| AktuelleVersion = 
| AktuelleVersionFreigabeDatum = 
| AktuelleVorabVersion = 
| AktuelleVorabVersionFreigabeDatum = 
| Download = [http://www.freedownloadmanager.org/download.htm]
| Betriebssystem = [[Windows]]
| Kategorie = [[Download-Manager]], [[BitTorrent (Protokoll)|BitTorrent]]-Client
| Lizenz = [[GNU General Public License|GPL]] ([[Freie Software]])
| Deutsch = ja
| Website = [http://www.freedownloadmanager.org/ www.freedownloadmanager.org]
}}

'''Free Download Manager''' (kurz '''FDM''') ist ein [[Freie Software|freier]] [[Download-Manager]] für gängige [[Windows]]-Plattformen, inklusive deren [[64-bit]]-Versionen.

Einst als proprietäre Software entwickelt, wird sie seit der Version 2.5 unter der [[GNU General Public License]] (GPL) vertrieben.

== Funktionen ==
Der ''Free Download Manager'' bietet folgende Funktionen:
* Die Transferprotokolle [[Hypertext Transfer Protocol|HTTP]], [[Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure|HTTPS]] und [[File Transfer Protocol|FTP]] werden unterstützt.
* Eine Fortsetzung des Ladevorgangs wird (auch bei geänderter IP-Adresse) nach unterbrochener Internetverbindung ermöglicht, sofern der Server dies zulässt, andernfalls muss alles noch einmal geladen werden.
* [[BitTorrent (Protokoll)|BitTorrent]]-Unterstützung
* Beschleunigen der Geschwindigkeit durch gleichzeitiges Herunterladen (parallele [[Thread (Informatik)|Threads]]) von verschiedenen Quellen ([[Spiegelserver|Mirrors]]) oder unterschiedlichen Abschnitten einer Datei
* [[Adobe Flash|Flash]]-Videos von einigen [[Videoportal]]en (z. B.: ''[[YouTube]], [[MyVideo]]'', etc.) können abgespeichert und in ein anderes [[Videoformat|Format]] konvertiert werden
* Ein Zeitplaner erlaubt das Zuordnen von einzelnen Ladevorgängen zu bestimmten Zeiten.
* Mit dem „HTML-Spider“ können automatisiert ganze Websites heruntergeladen werden
* Mit dem integrierten „Webseiten-Explorer“ lassen sich dazu vornehmlich FTP-Sites untersuchen
* Ein eingeblendetes, frei verschiebbares und transparentes Pfeilsymbol („Schwebendes Fenster“ genannt) ermöglicht das bequeme Hinzufügen neuer Aufträge per [[Drag and Drop]], das Hauptfenster kann dabei geschlossen bleiben.
* Individuelle Steuerungsmöglichkeit der Bandbreiten bzw. Geschwindigkeiten einzelner Ladevorgänge.
* Listen abgearbeiteter Aktivitäten können angezeigt werden.
* Hochladen (Senden) von Dateien und Ordnern.
* Nach vollständiger Aufgabenabarbeitung kann wahlweise das Programm oder der Rechner heruntergefahren werden ([[Herunterfahren|Shutdown]])

== Integration ==

FDM kann folgende [[Webbrowser]] „beobachten“:
* [[Google Chrome]]
* [[Mozilla Firefox]] (nur zeitweise, da die Update-Intervalle von Firefox zu klein sind, um FDM regelmäßig anzupassen)
* [[Netscape Navigator]]
* [[Opera]] classic (vor Version 15) und [[Opera#Opera 15 und folgende|modern]]
* [[Safari (Browser)|Safari]]
* [[SeaMonkey]]
* [[Windows Internet Explorer]]

Dies bedeutet, dass bei einem Dateidownload in diesen Browsern nicht die integrierte Downloadlösung aktiviert wird, sondern der FDM dies übernimmt. Dies lässt sich auch für kleine Dateien (Maximalgröße selbst bestimmbar) ausschalten.

== Sonstiges ==

Den Free Download Manager kann man auch in einer kleineren „Light“-Version herunterladen, die nur die essentiellen Programmteile enthält und in der die Zusatzfunktionen mittels Erweiterungen einzeln nachinstalliert werden können.
Zudem kann man ihn in einen [[Portable Software|portablen Modus]] versetzen und so ohne Installation auf fremden Rechnern nutzen.

Testberichte wurden unter anderem im Jahr 2006 in der Zeitschrift [[PC-Welt]], in der [[c’t]] und im Jahr 2008 in der [[Computer Bild]] veröffentlicht.

== Weblinks ==

{{Commonscat}}
* [http://www.freedownloadmanager.org/ Offizielle Webpräsenz]

[[Kategorie:Download-Manager]]
[[Kategorie:Freie Dateitransfer-Software]]
[[Kategorie:Freie BitTorrent-Software]]

Kubernetes

2016-07-06T08:47:47Z

Codename Lisa: == References == {{Reflist}}

Microsoft Wallet

2016-06-22T08:57:34Z

Codename Lisa: /* External links */ Fixed some very goofy mistakes. For example, what's the point of inserting a navbox that does not support the article?

{{Infobox software
| name = Microsoft Wallet
| logo = MS-Wallet logo stacked rgb c-gray.svg
| logo size = 200px
| screenshot =
| screenshot size =
| caption =
| developer = [[Microsoft]]
| released = {{start date and age|2016|06|21}}
| operating system = [[Windows 10 Mobile]]
| platform = [[Microsoft Lumia 950 XL]], [[Microsoft Lumia 950]], [[Microsoft Lumia 650]] 
| license = [[Proprietary software|Proprietary]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.microsoft.com/wallet}}
}}

'''Microsoft Wallet''' is a [[mobile payment]] and [[digital wallet]] service by [[Microsoft]] that lets users make payments using the Microsoft [[Microsoft Lumia 950|Lumia 950]], [[Microsoft Lumia 950 XL|Lumia 950 XL]], and [[Microsoft Lumia 650|Lumia 650]]. Microsoft Wallet does not require Microsoft Wallet-specific [[contactless payment]] terminals, and can work with existing contactless terminals.<ref>{{cite web|title=Wallet frequently asked questions|url=https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/kb/3171500|publisher=Microsoft|accessdate=21 June 2016}}</ref>

==History==
Microsoft Wallet was launched on June 21, 2016 to the [[United States]]. It was initially released to participants of Microsoft's [[Windows Insider]] program and will be made available to the general public in summer 2016. The service was launched exclusively to [[Windows 10 Mobile]] in conjunction with an update to Microsoft's ''Wallet'' app.

The launch of the Microsoft Wallet service established Microsoft's own in-house mobile payment platform, enabling it to bypass its prior dependencies on third-parties for contactless payments on Windows-based smartphones. Microsoft's mobile operating system had previously supported contactless payments for [[Near field communication|NFC]]-equipped handsets as early as 2012 in [[Windows Phone 8]] and the original ''Wallet'' app. However, in the prior operating system, Microsoft depended on third-party intervention to make the payments feasible. Mobile carriers had to support this by providing secure element SIM cards to customers. Additionally, in the United States, mobile carriers [[AT&T]], [[T-Mobile]], and [[Verizon]] required use of their joint-venture developed platform, [[Softcard]], to process the payments. When Softcard was purchased (and subsequently shut down) by [[Google]] in early 2015, it left the Windows platform without a viable contactless payment system in the United States.

The new platform allows Microsoft to coordinate directly with financial institutions and credit card issuers to make contactless payments possible once again on Windows-based smartphones in the United States.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%”
|+ Release dates
|-
! style="width:141px;"|Date
! style="width:350px;"|Support for payment cards issued in
|-
| style="background:#f0f8ff;"| June 21, 2016|| style="background:#fff;"| {{flagicon|United States}} [[United States]]
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[Android Pay]]
*[[Apple Pay]]
*[[Samsung Pay]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official website|http://www.microsoft.com/wallet}}

{{Microsoft Windows components}}
{{Mobile payments}}

[[Category:Microsoft]]
[[Category:Mobile payments]]

Asm.js

2016-06-17T06:13:21Z

Codename Lisa: /* Emulators */ Fix

{{Lowercase}}
{{Infobox programming language
|influenced by = [[JavaScript]]
|operating system = [[Platform independent]]
|released = {{Start date and age|2013|3|21|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blog.mozilla.org/luke/2013/03/21/asm-js-in-firefox-nightly/|title=asm.js in Firefox Nightly|accessdate=13 Nov 2014|date=21 Mar 2013|website=Luke Wagner's blog}}</ref>
|name = asm.js
|designer = [[Mozilla]]
|website = {{URL|asmjs.org}}
}}

'''asm.js''' is an [[intermediate programming language]] designed to allow [[computer software]] written in languages such as [[C programming language|C]] to be run as [[web application]]s while maintaining performance characteristics considerably better than standard [[JavaScript]], the typical language used for such applications.

asm.js consists of a strict subset of JavaScript, into which code written in statically-typed languages with manual memory management (such as C) is translated by a [[source-to-source compiler]] such as [[Emscripten]] (based on [[LLVM]]).<ref name="github.com"/> Performance is improved by limiting language features to those amenable to [[ahead-of-time optimization]] and other performance improvements.

[[Mozilla Firefox]] was the first web browser to implement asm.js-specific optimizations, starting with Firefox 22.<ref name=languages>{{cite web |url=https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/22.0/releasenotes/ |title=Firefox 22.0 release notes |publisher=Mozilla |accessdate=July 4, 2013}}</ref>

== Design ==

asm.js consists of a strict subset of the [[JavaScript]] language. It enables significant performance improvements for [[web application]]s that are written in statically-typed languages with manual memory management (such as [[C programming language|C]]) and then translated to JavaScript by a [[source-to-source compiler]]. Asm.js does not aim to improve the performance of hand-written JavaScript code, nor does it enable anything other than enhanced performance.

It is intended to have performance characteristics closer to that of native code than standard JavaScript by limiting language features to those amenable to [[ahead-of-time optimization]] and other performance improvements.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asmjs.org/spec/latest/ |title=Asm.js |publisher=Asm.js |date= |accessdate=2015-03-05}}</ref> By using a subset of JavaScript, asm.js is largely supported by all major [[web browser]]s,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://asmjs.org/faq.html |title=asm.js — frequently asked questions|publisher=Asmjs.org |date=July 26, 2014}}</ref> unlike alternative approaches such as [[Google Native Client]].

== Code generation ==
{{unreferenced section|date=March 2015}}

asm.js is not typically written directly: instead, as an intermediate language, it is generated through the use of a [[compiler]] that takes source code in a language such as [[C++]] and outputs asm.js.

For example, given the following C code:

<syntaxhighlight lang="c">
int f(int i) {
return i + 1;
}

</syntaxhighlight>

Emscripten would output the following JS code:
<syntaxhighlight lang="ecmascript">
function f(i) {
i = i|0;
return (i + 1)|0;
}
</syntaxhighlight>

Note the addition of <code>|0</code> and the lack of type specifiers. In JavaScript, bitwise operators convert their operands to 32-bit signed integers and give integer results. This means that a [[bitwise OR]] with zero, an otherwise useless operation, converts a value to an integer. By doing this for each parameter, this ensures that if the function is called from outside code, the value will be converted to the correct type. This is also used on the return value, in this case to ensure that the result of adding 1 to i will be an integer (as otherwise it could become too large), and to mark the return type of the function. These conversions are required by asm.js, so that an optimising compiler can produce highly efficient native code ahead-of-time. In such an optimising compiler, no conversions are performed when asm.js code calls other asm.js code, as the required type specifiers mean it is guaranteed that values will already have the correct type. Furthermore, rather than performing a floating-point addition and converting to an integer, it can simply do a native integer operation. Together, this leads to significant performance benefits.

Here is another example to calculate the length of a string:

<source lang="c">
size_t strlen(char *ptr) {
char *curr = ptr;
while (*curr != 0) {
curr++;
}
return (curr − ptr);
}
</source>

This would result in the following asm.js code:

<source lang="ecmascript">
function strlen(ptr) { // calculate length of C string
ptr = ptr|0;
var curr = 0;
curr = ptr;
while (MEM8[curr]|0 != 0) {
curr = (curr + 1)|0;
}
return (curr − ptr)|0;
}
</source>

In the generated code, the variable MEM8 is actually a byte-by-byte "view" of a typed buffer, which serves as the "heap" of the asm.js code.

== Performance ==

Since asm.js runs in a browser, the performance heavily depends on both the browser and hardware. Preliminary benchmarks of C programs compiled to asm.js are usually within a factor of 2 slowdown over native compilation with [[Clang]].<ref>{{cite web|title=asm.js|url=http://asmjs.org/faq.html|publisher=Asm.js|accessdate=2015-03-05}}</ref>

Much of this performance gain over normal JavaScript is due to 100% [[type (computer programming)|type]] consistency and virtually no [[Garbage collection (computer science)|garbage collection]] (memory is manually managed in a large typed array). This simpler model with no dynamic behavior, no memory allocation or deallocation, just a narrow set of well-defined integer and floating point operations enables much greater performance and potential for [[optimization (computer science)|optimization]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2014}}

Mozilla's benchmark from December 2013 showed significant improvements: "Firefox with [[float32]] optimizations can run all those benchmarks at around 1.5× slower than native, or better."<ref name="float32">{{cite web|title=Gap between asm.js and native performance gets even narrower with float32 optimizations|url=https://hacks.mozilla.org/2013/12/gap-between-asm-js-and-native-performance-gets-even-narrower-with-float32-optimizations/|accessdate=11 April 2014|author=Alon Zakai|author2=Robert Nyman|date=20 December 2013}}</ref> Mozilla points out that the performance of natively compiled code is not a single measure but rather a range, with different native compilers (in this case [[Clang]] and [[GNU Compiler Collection|GCC]]) delivering code of differing performance. "In fact, on some benchmarks, like [[Box2D]], [[FASTA]] and copy, asm.js is as close or closer to Clang than Clang is to GCC. In one case, asm.js even beats Clang by a slight amount on Box2D."<ref name="float32"/>

== Implementations ==
The [[Emscripten]] project provides tools that can be used to compile C and C++ codebases (or any other languages that can be converted to [[LLVM]]) into asm.js.<ref name="github.com">{{cite web|author= |url=https://github.com/kripken/emscripten |title=kripken/emscripten · GitHub |publisher=Github.com |date= |accessdate=2015-03-05}}</ref>

All browsers with support for [[ES6|the newest edition of JavaScript]] should be able to run asm.js code, as it is a subset of that specification. However, since features were added in that edition to enable full asm.js support, older browsers lacking those features may encounter problems.

Some browser implementations are especially optimised for asm.js:

* [[Mozilla Firefox]] was the first web browser to implement asm.js-specific optimizations, starting with Firefox 22.<ref name="languages"/> [[OdinMonkey]], Mozilla's asm.js ahead-of-time compiler used in Firefox, is a component of [[IonMonkey]], the JIT compiler of [[SpiderMonkey]].
* Microsoft is implementing support for asm.js in [[Chakra (JavaScript engine)|Chakra]], the JavaScript engine used by [[Microsoft Edge]], performing validation to produce highly optimised JIT code.<ref name=edge>{{cite web|url=https://blogs.windows.com/msedgedev/2015/05/07/bringing-asm-js-to-chakra-microsoft-edge/|title=Bringing Asm.js to Chakra and Microsoft Edge|publisher=Microsoft|accessdate=May 7, 2015|date=May 7, 2015}}</ref>
* The optimizations of [[Google Chrome]]'s [[V8 (JavaScript engine)|V8 JavaScript engine]] in Chrome 28 made asm.js benchmarks more than twice as fast as prior versions of Chrome,<ref name=chromiumblog>{{cite web |url=http://blog.chromium.org/2013/05/chrome-28-beta-more-immersive-web.html |title=Chrome 28 Beta: A more immersive web, everywhere |publisher=Google |accessdate=2013-07-06}}</ref> although Chrome's V8 does not use ahead-of-time compilation.

== Adoption ==
{{Primary sources|section|date=March 2015}}

Almost all of the current applications based on asm.js are C/C++ applications compiled to asm.js using [[Emscripten]] or Mandreel. With that in mind, the kind of applications that are going to target asm.js in the near future are those that will benefit from the portability of running in a browser but which have a level of complexity for which a direct port to JavaScript would be infeasible.

So far, a number of [[programming language]]s, [[application framework]]s, [[Program (computing)|programs]], [[Library (computing)|libraries]], [[Computer game|games]], [[game engine]]s and other software have already been [[Porting|ported]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Home — Demos — Games and Game Engines|url=https://github.com/kripken/emscripten/wiki#games-and-game-engines}}</ref> Some of them are given below.

=== Programming languages ===
* [[C/C++]]: [[Clang]] and [[LLVM]]
* [[Lua (programming language)|Lua]] VM: Lua [[virtual machine]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Lua REPL|url=http://kripken.github.io/lua.vm.js/repl.html|publisher=Kripken.github.io|accessdate=2015-03-05}}</ref>
* [[Perl]]: port of (micro)perl-5.16.3<ref>{{cite web|title=plu|url=http://themucker.github.io/plu/|publisher=Themucker.github.io|accessdate=2015-03-05}}</ref>
* [[Python (programming language)|Python]] – port of [[CPython]]<ref>{{cite web|title=repl.it — Python|url=http://repl.it/languages/Python|publisher=Repl.it|accessdate=2015-03-05}}</ref>
* [[Ruby (programming language)|Ruby]] – port of Ruby<ref>{{cite web|title=repl.it — Ruby|url=http://repl.it/languages/Ruby|publisher=Repl.it|accessdate=2015-03-05}}</ref>

=== Application frameworks ===
* pepper.js: Ports of miscellaneous [[PNaCl]] apps (earth, voronoi, bullet, etc.)<ref>{{cite web|title=pepper.js Examples|url=http://trypepperjs.appspot.com/examples.html|publisher=Trypepperjs.appspot.com|accessdate=2015-03-05}}</ref>
* [[Qt Software|Qt]]: ports of various Qt demos, plus KDE apps, such as [[Kate (text editor)|Kate]]<ref>{{cite web|title=emscripten-qt — Demos|url=http://vps2.etotheipiplusone.com:30176/redmine/projects/emscripten-qt/wiki/Demos|publisher=Vps.etotheipiplusone.com|accessdate=2015-03-05}}</ref>

=== Programs and libraries ===
* [[OpenGL]], [[Simple DirectMedia Layer|SDL]], and [[Simple DirectMedia Layer|SDL2]]<ref>{{cite web|title=About Emscripten|url=https://kripken.github.io/emscripten-site/docs/introducing_emscripten/about_emscripten.html#porting-code-to-use-emscripten}}</ref>
* [[Vim (text editor)|Vim]] (Vi IMproved)<ref>{{cite web|title=Vim.js — JavaScript port of Vim|url=http://coolwanglu.github.io/vim.js/web/vim.html|publisher=Coolwanglu.github.io|accessdate=2015-03-05}}</ref>
* [[FreeType]]: [[TrueType]] [[font rendering]] in JavaScript, using FreeType<ref>{{cite web|title=TrueType Fonts in JavaScript|url=http://www.syntensity.com/static/freetype.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012061814/http://www.syntensity.com/static/freetype.html|archivedate=2012-10-12  }}</ref>
* [[SQLite]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Port of SQLite to Javascript|url=https://github.com/kripken/sql.js|publisher=Github.com|accessdate=2015-03-05}}</ref>
* [[GNU Privacy Guard]]<ref>{{cite web|title=GnuPG.js|url=http://manuels.github.io/unix-toolbox.js-gnupg/|publisher=Manuuels.github.io|accessdate=2015-03-05}}</ref>
* [[ctags]]<ref>{{cite web|title=ctags in the browser|url=https://github.com/larsxschneider/ctags.js|publisher=Github.com|accessdate=2015-03-05}}</ref>
* [[gnuplot]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Gnuplot online|url=http://gnuplot.respawned.com/|publisher=Gnuplot.respawned.com|accessdate=2015-03-05}}</ref>
* [[Graphviz]]<ref>{{cite web|title=A hack to put GraphViz on the web.|url=https://github.com/mdaines/viz.js|publisher=Github.com|accessdate=2015-03-05}}</ref>
* [[zlib]]<ref>{{cite web|title=JavaScript port of ZLib DEFLATE for the browser|url=https://github.com/richardassar/zpipe|publisher=Github.com|accessdate=2015-03-05}}</ref>

=== Game engines ===
* [[Unreal Engine 3]]: was ported in 4 days<ref>{{cite press release|title=Epic Games Releases ‘Epic Citadel’ on the Web|url=https://www.unrealengine.com/news/epic-games-releases-epic-citadel-on-the-web|website=UnrealEngine.com|date=May 2, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Unreal Engine 3 ported to JavaScript and WebGL, works in any modern browser|url=http://www.extremetech.com/gaming/151900-unreal-engine-3-ported-to-javascript-and-webgl-works-in-any-modern-browser|work=[[ExtremeTech]]|publisher=[[Ziff Davis]]|accessdate=2015-03-05}}</ref>
* [[Unreal Engine 4]]
* [[Unity (game engine)|Unity]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.unity3d.com/2014/04/29/on-the-future-of-web-publishing-in-unity/|title=On the future of Web publishing in Unity|publisher=Blogs.unity3d.com|date=April 29, 2014}}</ref>
* [[ScummVM]], which supports numerous classic adventure games<ref>{{cite web|url=http://clb.demon.fi/html5scummvm/ |title=HTML5 |publisher=Clb.demon.fi |date= |accessdate=2015-03-05}}</ref>

=== Games ===
* ''[[Doom (video game)|Doom]]'': the open source [[Freedoom]] game assets running on [[PrBoom]], which is based on the open source Doom code<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kripken.github.io/boon/boon.html |title=Emscripten-Generated Code |publisher=Kripken.github.io |date= |accessdate=2015-03-05}}</ref>
* ''[[SuperTux]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://forandom.github.io/WebSupertux/ |title=Emscripten-Generated Code |publisher=Forandom.github.io |date= |accessdate=2015-03-05}}</ref>
* ''[[Dune II]]'' via OpenDune<ref>{{cite web|author = Guryanov Aleksander|url = http://epicport.com/en/dune2|title = Dune 2 - Online (browser version)|publisher = Epicport|date = |accessdate = 2015-03-05}}</ref>
* ''[[BananaBread]]'' based on [[Cube 2: Sauerbraten|Cube 2]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Mozilla Banana Bread Demo|url=https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/demos/detail/bananabread/|publisher=Developer.mozilla.org|accessdate=2015-03-05}}</ref>
* Every game in the [[Humble Bundle|Humble Mozilla Bundle]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Humble Mozilla Bundle pushes WebGL-powered browser gaming|publisher=Ars Technica|date=15 Oct 2014|accessdate=15 Oct 2014|url=http://arstechnica.com/gaming/2014/10/humble-mozilla-bundle-pushes-webgl-powered-browser-gaming/}}</ref> (''[[Super Hexagon]]'', ''[[AaaaaAAaaaAAAaaAAAAaAAAAA!!! – A Reckless Disregard for Gravity|Aaaaa! for the awesome]]'', ''[[Osmos]]'', ''[[Zen Bound 2]]'', ''[[Dustforce DX]]'', ''[[Voxatron]]'', ''[[FTL: Advanced Edition]]'' and ''[[Democracy 3]]'')

=== Emulators ===
* EM-DOSBox: an Emscripten port of [[DOSBox]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://github.com/dreamlayers/em-dosbox |title=EM-Dosbox on Github |accessdate=2015-04-09}}</ref>
* [[Start9.io]]: a web emulation platform targeting multiple gaming architectures
* JSMESS: a port of the [[Multi Emulator Super System|MESS]] emulator for many game consoles and computer systems<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jsmess.textfiles.com/ |title=Page Redirection |publisher=Jsmess.textfiles.com |date= |accessdate=2015-03-05}}</ref>

=== Mathematics ===
* HTML5 Fractal Playground<ref>{{cite web|url=http://danielsadventure.info/html5fractal|title=HTML5 Fractal Playground|publisher=Danielsadvernture.info|accessdate=2015-03-05}}</ref> – draws iterating-function generated fractals, such as the [[Mandelbrot fractal]].

== See also ==
{{Portal|Free software}}
* [[WebAssembly]] – an in-development bytecode for browsers, intended to be faster to parse than asm.js
* [[RPython]]
* [[CrossBridge]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{official website}}
* {{Github|dherman/asm.js}}
* [http://ejohn.org/blog/asmjs-javascript-compile-target Asm.js: The JavaScript Compile Target]
* [https://github.com/wbraswell/rperl#rperl RPerl]
* [https://www.chromestatus.com/metrics/feature/popularity#UseAsm Asm.js usage per Google Chrome statistics]

{{JavaScript}}
{{ECMAScript}}
{{Mozilla}}

[[Category:JavaScript]]
[[Category:Mozilla]]
[[Category:Web programming]]

Windows-Subsystem für Linux

2016-06-14T10:19:08Z

Codename Lisa: Reverted good faith edits by Fmadd (talk): WP:SUBMARINE.

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2016}}
{{Infobox OS component
| name = Windows Subsystem for Linux
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_caption =
| screenshot = Bashwin10.png
| caption = [[Bash (software)|Bash]] running on Windows 10
| other_names =
| type = [[Compatibility layer]]
| service_name =
| service_description =
| included_with = [[Windows 10#Anniversary Update|Windows 10 Anniversary Update]]
| also_available_for =
| replaces = [[Windows Services for UNIX]]
| replaced_by =
| support_status =
| related_components =
}}

'''Windows Subsystem for Linux''' (WSL) is a [[compatibility layer]] for running [[Linux]] [[binary executables]] (in [[Executable and Linkable Format|ELF]] format) natively on [[Windows 10]]. [[Microsoft]] and [[Canonical (company)|Canonical]] partnered together to enable a genuine [[Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]] [[List of Ubuntu releases#Ubuntu 14.04 LTS (Trusty Tahr)|Trusty Tahr]] image to be downloaded and extracted to the user's local machine, and for the tools and utilities contained within that image to run natively on top of the WSL.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Harsh|first1=Mike|title=Run Bash on Ubuntu on Windows|url=https://blogs.windows.com/buildingapps/2016/03/30/run-bash-on-ubuntu-on-windows/|website=Building Apps for Windows|publisher=[[Microsoft]]|date=30 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Finley|first1=Klint|title=Why Microsoft Making Linux Apps Run on Windows Isn’t Crazy|url=http://www.wired.com/2016/03/microsoft-making-linux-apps-run-windows-isnt-crazy/|website=[[Wired (website)|Wired]]|publisher=[[Condé Nast]]|date=30 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://insights.ubuntu.com/2016/03/30/ubuntu-on-windows-the-ubuntu-userspace-for-windows-developers/|title=Ubuntu on Windows – The Ubuntu Userspace for Windows Developers|last=Kirkland|first=Dustin|date=30 March 2016|website=Ubuntu Insights|publisher=[[Canonical (company)|Canonical]]|access-date=}}</ref> WSL provides a [[Linux]]-compatible kernel interface developed by Microsoft (containing no Linux code), with user-mode binaries from [[Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]] running on top of it.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hammons|first1=Jack|title=Bash on Ubuntu on Windows|url=https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/commandline/wsl/about|website=[[MSDN]]|publisher=[[Microsoft]]|date=9 April 2016}}</ref>

This subsystem cannot run all Linux software such those with [[graphical user interface]]s or those in need of unimplemented [[Linux kernel]] services.<ref name=Ars-March>{{cite web|last1=Bright|first1=Peter|title=Why Microsoft needed to make Windows run Linux software|url=http://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2016/04/why-microsoft-needed-to-make-windows-run-linux-software/|website=[[Ars Technica]]|publisher=[[Condé Nast]]|date=6 April 2016}}</ref> It is, however, possible to mitigate this by running graphical [[X Window System]] applications with an external X server.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.slightfuture.com/how-to/x-on-wsl|title=Running Linux desktop apps on the Windows Subsystem for Linux|first=Daniel |last=Aleksandersen|website=Slight Future|date=7 April 2016}}</ref>

The subsystem originated in the ill-fated [[Project Astoria]], which enabled Android applications to run on Windows 10 Mobile.<ref name=Ars-March /> It was made available in [[Windows Insider|Windows 10 Insider Preview]] build 14316.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Aul|first1=Gabe|title=Announcing Windows 10 Insider Preview Build 14316|url=https://blogs.windows.com/windowsexperience/2016/04/06/announcing-windows-10-insider-preview-build-14316/|website=Windows Experience Blog|publisher=[[Microsoft]]|date=6 April 2016}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Windows Services for UNIX]]
* [[Cygwin]]
* [[FreeBSD#OS_compatibility_layers|FreeBSD's Linux compatibility layer]]
* [[lxrun]]
* [[CoLinux]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official blog}}
* {{GitHub|Microsoft/BashOnWindows}}
* [https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/commandline/ ''Windows Command Line Tools For Developers'' blog]

{{Microsoft Windows components}}
{{Unix-Windows Interoperability}}

[[Category:Unix emulators]]
[[Category:Windows components]]
[[Category:Windows 10]]

{{Windows-stub}}
{{Linux-stub}}

Windows-Subsystem für Linux

2016-05-13T19:37:59Z

Codename Lisa: Reverted good faith edits by 192.55.54.36 (talk): Could we please see a source for this?

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2016}}
{{Infobox OS component
| name = Windows Subsystem for Linux
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_caption =
| screenshot = Bashwin10.png
| caption = [[Bash (software)|Bash]] running on Windows 10
| other_names =
| type = [[Compatibility layer]]
| service_name =
| service_description =
| included_with = [[Windows 10#Anniversary Update|Windows 10 Anniversary Update]]
| also_available_for =
| replaces = [[Windows Services for UNIX]]
| replaced_by =
| support_status =
| related_components =
}}

'''Windows Subsystem for Linux''' (WSL) is a [[compatibility layer]] for running [[Linux]] [[binary executables]] (in [[Executable and Linkable Format|ELF]] format) natively on [[Windows 10]]. [[Microsoft]] and [[Canonical (company)|Canonical]] partnered together to enable a genuine [[Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]] [[List of Ubuntu releases#Ubuntu 14.04 LTS (Trusty Tahr)|Trusty Tahr]] image to be downloaded and extracted to the user's local machine, and for the tools and utilities contained within that image to run natively on top of the WSL.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Harsh|first1=Mike|title=Run Bash on Ubuntu on Windows|url=https://blogs.windows.com/buildingapps/2016/03/30/run-bash-on-ubuntu-on-windows/|website=Building Apps for Windows|publisher=[[Microsoft]]|date=30 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Finley|first1=Klint|title=Why Microsoft Making Linux Apps Run on Windows Isn’t Crazy|url=http://www.wired.com/2016/03/microsoft-making-linux-apps-run-windows-isnt-crazy/|website=[[Wired (website)|Wired]]|publisher=[[Condé Nast]]|date=30 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://insights.ubuntu.com/2016/03/30/ubuntu-on-windows-the-ubuntu-userspace-for-windows-developers/|title=Ubuntu on Windows – The Ubuntu Userspace for Windows Developers|last=Kirkland|first=Dustin|date=30 March 2016|website=Ubuntu Insights|publisher=[[Canonical (company)|Canonical]]|access-date=}}</ref> WSL provides a [[Linux]]-compatible kernel interface developed by Microsoft (containing no Linux code), with user-mode binaries from [[Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]] running on top of it.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hammons|first1=Jack|title=Bash on Ubuntu on Windows|url=https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/commandline/wsl/about|website=[[MSDN]]|publisher=[[Microsoft]]|date=9 April 2016}}</ref>

This subsystem cannot run all Linux software such those with [[graphical user interface]]s or those in need of unimplemented [[Linux kernel]] services.<ref name=Ars-March>{{cite web|last1=Bright|first1=Peter|title=Why Microsoft needed to make Windows run Linux software|url=http://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2016/04/why-microsoft-needed-to-make-windows-run-linux-software/|website=[[Ars Technica]]|publisher=[[Condé Nast]]|date=6 April 2016}}</ref> It is, however, possible to mitigate this by running graphical [[X Window System]] applications with an external X server.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.slightfuture.com/how-to/x-on-wsl|title=Running Linux desktop apps on the Windows Subsystem for Linux|first=Daniel |last=Aleksandersen|website=Slight Future|date=7 April 2016}}</ref>

The subsystem originated in the ill-fated [[Project Astoria]], which enabled Android applications to run on Windows 10 Mobile.<ref name=Ars-March /> It was made in [[Windows Insider|Windows 10 Insider Preview]] build 14316.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Aul|first1=Gabe|title=Announcing Windows 10 Insider Preview Build 14316|url=https://blogs.windows.com/windowsexperience/2016/04/06/announcing-windows-10-insider-preview-build-14316/|website=Windows Experience Blog|publisher=[[Microsoft]]|date=6 April 2016}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Windows Services for UNIX]]
* [[Cygwin]]
* [[FreeBSD#OS_compatibility_layers|FreeBSD's Linux compatibility layer]]
* [[lxrun]]
* [[CoLinux]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official blog}}
* {{GitHub|Microsoft/BashOnWindows}}
* [https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/commandline/ ''Windows Command Line Tools For Developers'' blog]

{{Microsoft Windows components}}
{{Unix-Windows Interoperability}}

[[Category:Unix emulators]]
[[Category:Windows components]]
[[Category:Windows 10]]

{{Windows-stub}}
{{Linux-stub}}

Windows-Subsystem für Linux

2016-04-29T19:43:06Z

Codename Lisa: Removed examples per WP:SPAMBAIT

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2016}}
{{Infobox OS component
| name = Windows Subsystem for Linux
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_caption =
| screenshot = Bashwin10.png
| caption = [[Bash (software)|Bash]] running on Windows 10
| other_names =
| type = [[Compatibility layer]]
| service_name =
| service_description =
| included_with = [[Windows 10#Anniversary Update|Windows 10 Anniversary Update]]
| also_available_for =
| replaces = [[Windows Services for UNIX]]
| replaced_by =
| support_status =
| related_components =
}}

'''Windows Subsystem for Linux''' (WSL) is a [[compatibility layer]] for running [[Linux]] [[binary executables]] (in [[Executable and Linkable Format|ELF]] format) natively on [[Windows 10]]. [[Microsoft]] and [[Canonical (company)|Canonical]] partnered together to enable a genuine [[Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]] [[List of Ubuntu releases#Ubuntu 14.04 LTS (Trusty Tahr)|Trusty Tahr]] image to be downloaded and extracted to the user's local machine, and for the tools and utilities contained within that image to run natively on top of the WSL.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Harsh|first1=Mike|title=Run Bash on Ubuntu on Windows|url=https://blogs.windows.com/buildingapps/2016/03/30/run-bash-on-ubuntu-on-windows/|website=Building Apps for Windows|publisher=[[Microsoft]]|date=30 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Finley|first1=Klint|title=Why Microsoft Making Linux Apps Run on Windows Isn’t Crazy|url=http://www.wired.com/2016/03/microsoft-making-linux-apps-run-windows-isnt-crazy/|website=[[Wired (website)|Wired]]|publisher=[[Condé Nast]]|date=30 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://insights.ubuntu.com/2016/03/30/ubuntu-on-windows-the-ubuntu-userspace-for-windows-developers/|title=Ubuntu on Windows – The Ubuntu Userspace for Windows Developers|last=Kirkland|first=Dustin|date=30 March 2016|website=Ubuntu Insights|publisher=[[Canonical (company)|Canonical]]|access-date=}}</ref> WSL provides a [[Linux]]-compatible kernel interface developed by Microsoft (containing no Linux code), with user-mode binaries from [[Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]] running on top of it.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hammons|first1=Jack|title=Bash on Ubuntu on Windows|url=https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/commandline/wsl/about|website=[[MSDN]]|publisher=[[Microsoft]]|date=9 April 2016}}</ref>

This subsystem cannot run all Linux software such those with [[graphical user interface]]s or those in need of unimplemented [[Linux kernel]] services.<ref name=Ars-March>{{cite web|last1=Bright|first1=Peter|title=Why Microsoft needed to make Windows run Linux software|url=http://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2016/04/why-microsoft-needed-to-make-windows-run-linux-software/|website=[[Ars Technica]]|publisher=[[Condé Nast]]|date=6 April 2016}}</ref> It is, however, possible to mitigate this by running graphical [[X Window System]] applications with an external X server.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.slightfuture.com/how-to/x-on-wsl|title=Running Linux desktop apps on the Windows Subsystem for Linux|first=Daniel |last=Aleksandersen|website=Slight Future|date=7 April 2016}}</ref>

The subsystem originated in the ill-fated [[Project Astoria]], which enabled Android applications to run on Windows 10 Mobile.<ref name=Ars-March /> It was made in [[Windows Insider|Windows 10 Insider Preview]] build 14316.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Aul|first1=Gabe|title=Announcing Windows 10 Insider Preview Build 14316|url=https://blogs.windows.com/windowsexperience/2016/04/06/announcing-windows-10-insider-preview-build-14316/|website=Windows Experience Blog|publisher=[[Microsoft]]|date=6 April 2016}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Windows Services for UNIX]]
* [[Cygwin]]
* [[FreeBSD#OS_compatibility_layers|FreeBSD's Linux compatibility layer]]
* [[lxrun]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official blog}}
* {{GitHub|Microsoft/BashOnWindows}}
* [https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/commandline/ ''Windows Command Line Tools For Developers'' blog]

{{Microsoft Windows components}}
{{Unix-Windows Interoperability}}

[[Category:Unix emulators]]
[[Category:Windows components]]
[[Category:Windows 10]]

{{Windows-stub}}
{{Linux-stub}}

Windows-Subsystem für Linux

2016-04-29T16:27:10Z

Codename Lisa: /* See also */ The most relevant link goes to the top

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2016}}
{{Infobox OS component
| name = Windows Subsystem for Linux
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_caption =
| screenshot = Bashwin10.png
| caption = [[Bash (software)|Bash]] running on Windows 10
| other_names =
| type = [[Compatibility layer]]
| service_name =
| service_description =
| included_with = [[Windows 10#Anniversary Update|Windows 10 Anniversary Update]]
| also_available_for =
| replaces = [[Windows Services for UNIX]]
| replaced_by =
| support_status =
| related_components =
}}

'''Windows Subsystem for Linux''' (WSL) is a [[compatibility layer]] for running [[Linux]] [[binary executables]] (in [[Executable and Linkable Format|ELF]] format) natively on [[Windows 10]]. [[Microsoft]] and [[Canonical (company)|Canonical]] partnered together to enable a genuine [[Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]] [[List of Ubuntu releases#Ubuntu 14.04 LTS (Trusty Tahr)|Trusty Tahr]] image to be downloaded and extracted to the user's local machine, and for the tools and utilities contained within that image to run natively on top of the WSL.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Harsh|first1=Mike|title=Run Bash on Ubuntu on Windows|url=https://blogs.windows.com/buildingapps/2016/03/30/run-bash-on-ubuntu-on-windows/|website=Building Apps for Windows|publisher=[[Microsoft]]|date=30 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Finley|first1=Klint|title=Why Microsoft Making Linux Apps Run on Windows Isn’t Crazy|url=http://www.wired.com/2016/03/microsoft-making-linux-apps-run-windows-isnt-crazy/|website=[[Wired (website)|Wired]]|publisher=[[Condé Nast]]|date=30 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://insights.ubuntu.com/2016/03/30/ubuntu-on-windows-the-ubuntu-userspace-for-windows-developers/|title=Ubuntu on Windows – The Ubuntu Userspace for Windows Developers|last=Kirkland|first=Dustin|date=30 March 2016|website=Ubuntu Insights|publisher=[[Canonical (company)|Canonical]]|access-date=}}</ref> WSL provides a [[Linux]]-compatible kernel interface developed by Microsoft (containing no Linux code), with user-mode binaries from [[Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]] running on top of it.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hammons|first1=Jack|title=Bash on Ubuntu on Windows|url=https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/commandline/wsl/about|website=[[MSDN]]|publisher=[[Microsoft]]|date=9 April 2016}}</ref>

This subsystem cannot run all Linux software such those with [[graphical user interface]]s or those in need of unimplemented [[Linux kernel]] services.<ref name=Ars-March>{{cite web|last1=Bright|first1=Peter|title=Why Microsoft needed to make Windows run Linux software|url=http://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2016/04/why-microsoft-needed-to-make-windows-run-linux-software/|website=[[Ars Technica]]|publisher=[[Condé Nast]]|date=6 April 2016}}</ref> It is, however, possible to mitigate this by running graphical [[X Window System]] applications with an external X server, such as [[Xming]] or [[Cygwin/X]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.slightfuture.com/how-to/x-on-wsl|title=Running Linux desktop apps on the Windows Subsystem for Linux|first=Daniel |last=Aleksandersen|website=Slight Future|date=7 April 2016}}</ref>

The subsystem originated in the ill-fated [[Project Astoria]], which enabled Android applications to run on Windows 10 Mobile.<ref name=Ars-March /> It was made in [[Windows Insider|Windows 10 Insider Preview]] build 14316.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Aul|first1=Gabe|title=Announcing Windows 10 Insider Preview Build 14316|url=https://blogs.windows.com/windowsexperience/2016/04/06/announcing-windows-10-insider-preview-build-14316/|website=Windows Experience Blog|publisher=[[Microsoft]]|date=6 April 2016}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Windows Services for UNIX]]
* [[Cygwin]]
* [[FreeBSD#OS_compatibility_layers|FreeBSD's Linux compatibility layer]]
* [[lxrun]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official blog}}
* {{GitHub|Microsoft/BashOnWindows}}
* [https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/commandline/ ''Windows Command Line Tools For Developers'' blog]

{{Microsoft Windows components}}
{{Unix-Windows Interoperability}}

[[Category:Unix emulators]]
[[Category:Windows components]]
[[Category:Windows 10]]

{{Windows-stub}}
{{Linux-stub}}

Windows-Subsystem für Linux

2016-04-26T17:20:35Z

Codename Lisa: /* External links */ I changed the official blog link in Wikidata, so this link comes here.

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2016}}
{{Infobox OS component
| name = Windows Subsystem for Linux
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_caption =
| screenshot = Bashwin10.png
| caption = [[Bash (software)|Bash]] running on Windows 10
| other_names =
| type = [[Compatibility layer]]
| service_name =
| service_description =
| included_with = [[Windows 10#Anniversary Update|Windows 10 Anniversary Update]]
| also_available_for =
| replaces = [[Windows Services for UNIX]]
| replaced_by =
| support_status =
| related_components =
}}

'''Windows Subsystem for Linux''' (WSL) is a [[compatibility layer]] for running [[Linux]] [[binary executables]] (in [[Executable and Linkable Format|ELF]] format) natively on [[Windows 10]]. [[Microsoft]] and [[Canonical (company)|Canonical]] partnered together to enable a genuine [[Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]] [[List of Ubuntu releases#Ubuntu 14.04 LTS (Trusty Tahr)|Trusty Tahr]] image to be downloaded and extracted to the user's local machine, and for the tools and utilities contained within that image to run natively on top of the WSL.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Harsh|first1=Mike|title=Run Bash on Ubuntu on Windows|url=https://blogs.windows.com/buildingapps/2016/03/30/run-bash-on-ubuntu-on-windows/|website=Building Apps for Windows|publisher=[[Microsoft]]|date=30 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Finley|first1=Klint|title=Why Microsoft Making Linux Apps Run on Windows Isn’t Crazy|url=http://www.wired.com/2016/03/microsoft-making-linux-apps-run-windows-isnt-crazy/|website=[[Wired (website)|Wired]]|publisher=[[Condé Nast]]|date=30 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://insights.ubuntu.com/2016/03/30/ubuntu-on-windows-the-ubuntu-userspace-for-windows-developers/|title=Ubuntu on Windows – The Ubuntu Userspace for Windows Developers|last=Kirkland|first=Dustin|date=30 March 2016|website=Ubuntu Insights|publisher=[[Canonical (company)|Canonical]]|access-date=}}</ref> WSL provides a [[Linux]]-compatible kernel interface developed by Microsoft (containing no Linux code), with user-mode binaries from [[Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]] running on top of it.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hammons|first1=Jack|title=Bash on Ubuntu on Windows|url=https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/commandline/wsl/about|website=[[MSDN]]|publisher=[[Microsoft]]|date=9 April 2016}}</ref>

This subsystem cannot run all Linux software such those with [[graphical user interface]]s or those in need of unimplemented [[Linux kernel]] services.<ref name=Ars-March>{{cite web|last1=Bright|first1=Peter|title=Why Microsoft needed to make Windows run Linux software|url=http://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2016/04/why-microsoft-needed-to-make-windows-run-linux-software/|website=[[Ars Technica]]|publisher=[[Condé Nast]]|date=6 April 2016}}</ref> It is, however, possible to mitigate this by running graphical [[X Window System]] applications with an external X server, such as [[Xming]] or [[Cygwin/X]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.slightfuture.com/how-to/x-on-wsl|title=Running Linux desktop apps on the Windows Subsystem for Linux|first=Daniel |last=Aleksandersen|website=Slight Future|date=7 April 2016}}</ref>

The subsystem originated in the ill-fated [[Project Astoria]], which enabled Android applications to run on Windows 10 Mobile.<ref name=Ars-March /> It was made in [[Windows Insider|Windows 10 Insider Preview]] build 14316.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Aul|first1=Gabe|title=Announcing Windows 10 Insider Preview Build 14316|url=https://blogs.windows.com/windowsexperience/2016/04/06/announcing-windows-10-insider-preview-build-14316/|website=Windows Experience Blog|publisher=[[Microsoft]]|date=6 April 2016}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Windows Services for UNIX]]
* [[Cygwin]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official blog}}
* {{GitHub|Microsoft/BashOnWindows}}
* [https://blogs.msdn.microsoft.com/commandline/ ''Windows Command Line Tools For Developers'' blog]

{{Microsoft Windows components}}
{{Unix-Windows Interoperability}}

[[Category:Unix emulators]]
[[Category:Windows components]]
[[Category:Windows 10]]

{{Windows-stub}}
{{Linux-stub}}

Windows-Subsystem für Linux

2016-04-26T17:19:00Z

Codename Lisa: rv. linkspam

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2016}}
{{Infobox OS component
| name = Windows Subsystem for Linux
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_caption =
| screenshot = Bashwin10.png
| caption = [[Bash (software)|Bash]] running on Windows 10
| other_names =
| type = [[Compatibility layer]]
| service_name =
| service_description =
| included_with = [[Windows 10#Anniversary Update|Windows 10 Anniversary Update]]
| also_available_for =
| replaces = [[Windows Services for UNIX]]
| replaced_by =
| support_status =
| related_components =
}}

'''Windows Subsystem for Linux''' (WSL) is a [[compatibility layer]] for running [[Linux]] [[binary executables]] (in [[Executable and Linkable Format|ELF]] format) natively on [[Windows 10]]. [[Microsoft]] and [[Canonical (company)|Canonical]] partnered together to enable a genuine [[Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]] [[List of Ubuntu releases#Ubuntu 14.04 LTS (Trusty Tahr)|Trusty Tahr]] image to be downloaded and extracted to the user's local machine, and for the tools and utilities contained within that image to run natively on top of the WSL.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Harsh|first1=Mike|title=Run Bash on Ubuntu on Windows|url=https://blogs.windows.com/buildingapps/2016/03/30/run-bash-on-ubuntu-on-windows/|website=Building Apps for Windows|publisher=[[Microsoft]]|date=30 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Finley|first1=Klint|title=Why Microsoft Making Linux Apps Run on Windows Isn’t Crazy|url=http://www.wired.com/2016/03/microsoft-making-linux-apps-run-windows-isnt-crazy/|website=[[Wired (website)|Wired]]|publisher=[[Condé Nast]]|date=30 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://insights.ubuntu.com/2016/03/30/ubuntu-on-windows-the-ubuntu-userspace-for-windows-developers/|title=Ubuntu on Windows – The Ubuntu Userspace for Windows Developers|last=Kirkland|first=Dustin|date=30 March 2016|website=Ubuntu Insights|publisher=[[Canonical (company)|Canonical]]|access-date=}}</ref> WSL provides a [[Linux]]-compatible kernel interface developed by Microsoft (containing no Linux code), with user-mode binaries from [[Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]] running on top of it.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hammons|first1=Jack|title=Bash on Ubuntu on Windows|url=https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/commandline/wsl/about|website=[[MSDN]]|publisher=[[Microsoft]]|date=9 April 2016}}</ref>

This subsystem cannot run all Linux software such those with [[graphical user interface]]s or those in need of unimplemented [[Linux kernel]] services.<ref name=Ars-March>{{cite web|last1=Bright|first1=Peter|title=Why Microsoft needed to make Windows run Linux software|url=http://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2016/04/why-microsoft-needed-to-make-windows-run-linux-software/|website=[[Ars Technica]]|publisher=[[Condé Nast]]|date=6 April 2016}}</ref> It is, however, possible to mitigate this by running graphical [[X Window System]] applications with an external X server, such as [[Xming]] or [[Cygwin/X]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.slightfuture.com/how-to/x-on-wsl|title=Running Linux desktop apps on the Windows Subsystem for Linux|first=Daniel |last=Aleksandersen|website=Slight Future|date=7 April 2016}}</ref>

The subsystem originated in the ill-fated [[Project Astoria]], which enabled Android applications to run on Windows 10 Mobile.<ref name=Ars-March /> It was made in [[Windows Insider|Windows 10 Insider Preview]] build 14316.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Aul|first1=Gabe|title=Announcing Windows 10 Insider Preview Build 14316|url=https://blogs.windows.com/windowsexperience/2016/04/06/announcing-windows-10-insider-preview-build-14316/|website=Windows Experience Blog|publisher=[[Microsoft]]|date=6 April 2016}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Windows Services for UNIX]]
* [[Cygwin]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official blog}}
* {{GitHub|Microsoft/BashOnWindows}}

{{Microsoft Windows components}}
{{Unix-Windows Interoperability}}

[[Category:Unix emulators]]
[[Category:Windows components]]
[[Category:Windows 10]]

{{Windows-stub}}
{{Linux-stub}}

Windows-Subsystem für Linux

2016-04-22T14:48:45Z

Codename Lisa: Removed poorly written sentence. It isn't just its poor authorship. I am at a loss as to what interaction a Windows app can do with Notepad that a Linux app can't. It needs to be obvious to the reader.

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2016}}
{{Infobox OS component
| name = Windows Subsystem for Linux
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_caption =
| screenshot = Bashwin10.png
| caption = [[Bash (software)|Bash]] running on Windows 10
| other_names =
| type = [[Compatibility layer]]
| service_name =
| service_description =
| included_with = [[Windows 10#Anniversary Update|Windows 10 Anniversary Update]]
| also_available_for =
| replaces = [[Windows Services for UNIX]]
| replaced_by =
| support_status =
| related_components =
}}

'''Windows Subsystem for Linux''' (WSL) is a [[compatibility layer]] for running [[Linux]] [[binary executables]] (in [[Executable and Linkable Format|ELF]] format) natively on [[Windows 10]]. [[Microsoft]] and [[Canonical (company)|Canonical]] partnered together to enable a genuine [[Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]] [[List of Ubuntu releases#Ubuntu 14.04 LTS (Trusty Tahr)|Trusty Tahr]] image to be downloaded and extracted to the user's local machine, and for the tools and utilities contained within that image to run natively on top of the WSL.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Harsh|first1=Mike|title=Run Bash on Ubuntu on Windows|url=https://blogs.windows.com/buildingapps/2016/03/30/run-bash-on-ubuntu-on-windows/|website=Building Apps for Windows|publisher=[[Microsoft]]|date=30 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Finley|first1=Klint|title=Why Microsoft Making Linux Apps Run on Windows Isn’t Crazy|url=http://www.wired.com/2016/03/microsoft-making-linux-apps-run-windows-isnt-crazy/|website=[[Wired (website)|Wired]]|publisher=[[Condé Nast]]|date=30 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://insights.ubuntu.com/2016/03/30/ubuntu-on-windows-the-ubuntu-userspace-for-windows-developers/|title=Ubuntu on Windows – The Ubuntu Userspace for Windows Developers|last=Kirkland|first=Dustin|date=30 March 2016|website=Ubuntu Insights|publisher=[[Canonical (company)|Canonical]]|access-date=}}</ref> WSL provides a [[Linux]]-compatible kernel interface developed by Microsoft (containing no Linux code), with user-mode binaries from [[Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]] running on top of it.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hammons|first1=Jack|title=Bash on Ubuntu on Windows|url=https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/commandline/wsl/about|website=[[MSDN]]|publisher=[[Microsoft]]|date=9 April 2016}}</ref>

This subsystem cannot run all Linux software such those with [[graphical user interface]]s or those in need of [[Linux kernel]] services.<ref name=Ars-March>{{cite web|last1=Bright|first1=Peter|title=Why Microsoft needed to make Windows run Linux software|url=http://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2016/04/why-microsoft-needed-to-make-windows-run-linux-software/|website=[[Ars Technica]]|publisher=[[Condé Nast]]|date=6 April 2016}}</ref> It is, however, possible to mitigate this by running graphical [[X Window System]] applications with an external X server, such as [[Xming]] or [[Cygwin/X]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.slightfuture.com/how-to/x-on-wsl|title=Running Linux desktop apps on the Windows Subsystem for Linux|first=Daniel |last=Aleksandersen|website=Slight Future|date=7 April 2016}}</ref>

The subsystem originated in the ill-fated [[Project Astoria]], which enabled Android applications to run on Windows 10 Mobile.<ref name=Ars-March /> It was made in [[Windows Insider|Windows 10 Insider Preview]] build 14316.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Aul|first1=Gabe|title=Announcing Windows 10 Insider Preview Build 14316|url=https://blogs.windows.com/windowsexperience/2016/04/06/announcing-windows-10-insider-preview-build-14316/|website=Windows Experience Blog|publisher=[[Microsoft]]|date=6 April 2016}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Windows Services for UNIX]]
* [[Cygwin]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{GitHub|Microsoft/BashOnWindows}}

{{Microsoft Windows components}}
{{Unix-Windows Interoperability}}

[[Category:Unix emulators]]
[[Category:Windows components]]
[[Category:Windows 10]]

{{Windows-stub}}
{{Linux-stub}}

Asm.js

2016-04-17T15:20:37Z

Codename Lisa: /* Game engines */ Cleanup

{{Lowercase}}
{{Infobox programming language
|influenced by = [[JavaScript]]
|operating system = [[Platform independent]]
|released = {{Start date and age|2013|3|21|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blog.mozilla.org/luke/2013/03/21/asm-js-in-firefox-nightly/|title=asm.js in Firefox Nightly|accessdate=13 Nov 2014|date=21 Mar 2013|website=Luke Wagner's blog}}</ref>
|name = asm.js
|designer = [[Mozilla]]
|website = {{URL|asmjs.org}}
}}

'''asm.js''' is an [[intermediate programming language]] designed to allow [[computer software]] written in languages such as [[C programming language|C]] to be run as [[web application]]s while maintaining performance characteristics considerably better than standard [[JavaScript]], the typical language used for such applications.

asm.js consists of a strict subset of JavaScript, into which code written in statically-typed languages with manual memory management (such as C) is translated by a [[source-to-source compiler]] such as [[Emscripten]] (based on [[LLVM]]).<ref name="github.com"/> Performance is improved by limiting language features to those amenable to [[ahead-of-time optimization]] and other performance improvements.

[[Mozilla Firefox]] was the first web browser to implement asm.js-specific optimizations, starting with Firefox 22.<ref name=languages>{{cite web |url=https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/22.0/releasenotes/ |title=Firefox 22.0 release notes |publisher=Mozilla |accessdate=July 4, 2013}}</ref>

== Design ==

asm.js consists of a strict subset of the [[JavaScript]] language. It enables significant performance improvements for [[web application]]s that are written in statically-typed languages with manual memory management (such as [[C programming language|C]]) and then translated to JavaScript by a [[source-to-source compiler]]. Asm.js does not aim to improve the performance of hand-written JavaScript code, nor does it enable anything other than enhanced performance.

It is intended to have performance characteristics closer to that of native code than standard JavaScript by limiting language features to those amenable to [[ahead-of-time optimization]] and other performance improvements.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asmjs.org/spec/latest/ |title=Asm.js |publisher=Asm.js |date= |accessdate=2015-03-05}}</ref> By using a subset of JavaScript, asm.js is largely supported by all major [[web browser]]s,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://asmjs.org/faq.html |title=asm.js — frequently asked questions|publisher=Asmjs.org |date=July 26, 2014}}</ref> unlike alternative approaches such as [[Google Native Client]].

== Code generation ==
{{unreferenced section|date=March 2015}}

asm.js is not typically written directly: instead, as an intermediate language, it is generated through the use of a [[compiler]] that takes source code in a language such as [[C++]] and outputs asm.js.

For example, given the following C code:

<syntaxhighlight lang="c">
int f(int i) {
return i + 1;
}

</syntaxhighlight>

Emscripten would output the following JS code:
<syntaxhighlight lang="ecmascript">
function f(i) {
i = i|0;
return (i + 1)|0;
}
</syntaxhighlight>

Note the addition of <code>|0</code> and the lack of type specifiers. In JavaScript, bitwise operators convert their operands to 32-bit signed integers and give integer results. This means that a [[bitwise OR]] with zero, an otherwise useless operation, converts a value to an integer. By doing this for each parameter, this ensures that if the function is called from outside code, the value will be converted to the correct type. This is also used on the return value, in this case to ensure that the result of adding 1 to i will be an integer (as otherwise it could become too large), and to mark the return type of the function. These conversions are required by asm.js, so that an optimising compiler can produce highly efficient native code ahead-of-time. In such an optimising compiler, no conversions are performed when asm.js code calls other asm.js code, as the required type specifiers mean it is guaranteed that values will already have the correct type. Furthermore, rather than performing a floating-point addition and converting to an integer, it can simply do a native integer operation. Together, this leads to significant performance benefits.

Here is another example to calculate the length of a string:

<source lang="c">
size_t strlen(char *ptr) {
char *curr = ptr;
while (*curr != 0) {
curr++;
}
return (curr − ptr);
}
</source>

This would result in the following asm.js code:

<source lang="ecmascript">
function strlen(ptr) { // calculate length of C string
ptr = ptr|0;
var curr = 0;
curr = ptr;
while (MEM8[curr]|0 != 0) {
curr = (curr + 1)|0;
}
return (curr − ptr)|0;
}
</source>

In the generated code, the variable MEM8 is actually a byte-by-byte "view" of a typed buffer, which serves as the "heap" of the asm.js code.

== Performance ==

Since asm.js runs in a browser, the performance heavily depends on both the browser and hardware. Preliminary benchmarks of C programs compiled to asm.js are usually within a factor of 2 slowdown over native compilation with [[Clang]].<ref>{{cite web|title=asm.js|url=http://asmjs.org/faq.html|publisher=Asm.js|accessdate=2015-03-05}}</ref>

Much of this performance gain over normal JavaScript is due to 100% [[type (computer programming)|type]] consistency and virtually no [[Garbage collection (computer science)|garbage collection]] (memory is manually managed in a large typed array). This simpler model with no dynamic behavior, no memory allocation or deallocation, just a narrow set of well-defined integer and floating point operations enables much greater performance and potential for [[optimization (computer science)|optimization]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2014}}

Mozilla's benchmark from December 2013 showed significant improvements: "Firefox with [[float32]] optimizations can run all those benchmarks at around 1.5× slower than native, or better."<ref name="float32">{{cite web|title=Gap between asm.js and native performance gets even narrower with float32 optimizations|url=https://hacks.mozilla.org/2013/12/gap-between-asm-js-and-native-performance-gets-even-narrower-with-float32-optimizations/|accessdate=11 April 2014|author=Alon Zakai|author2=Robert Nyman|date=20 December 2013}}</ref> Mozilla points out that the performance of natively compiled code is not a single measure but rather a range, with different native compilers (in this case [[Clang]] and [[GNU Compiler Collection|GCC]]) delivering code of differing performance. "In fact, on some benchmarks, like [[Box2D]], [[FASTA]] and copy, asm.js is as close or closer to Clang than Clang is to GCC. In one case, asm.js even beats Clang by a slight amount on Box2D."<ref name="float32"/>

== Implementations ==
The [[Emscripten]] project provides tools that can be used to compile C and C++ codebases (or any other languages that can be converted to [[LLVM]]) into asm.js.<ref name="github.com">{{cite web|author= |url=https://github.com/kripken/emscripten |title=kripken/emscripten · GitHub |publisher=Github.com |date= |accessdate=2015-03-05}}</ref>

All browsers with support for [[ES6|the newest edition of JavaScript]] should be able to run asm.js code, as it is a subset of that specification. However, since features were added in that edition to enable full asm.js support, older browsers lacking those features may encounter problems.

Some browser implementations are especially optimised for asm.js:

* [[Mozilla Firefox]] was the first web browser to implement asm.js-specific optimizations, starting with Firefox 22.<ref name="languages"/> [[OdinMonkey]], Mozilla's asm.js ahead-of-time compiler used in Firefox, is a component of [[IonMonkey]], the JIT compiler of [[SpiderMonkey]].
* Microsoft is implementing support for asm.js in [[Chakra (JavaScript engine)|Chakra]], the JavaScript engine used by [[Microsoft Edge]], performing validation to produce highly optimised JIT code.<ref name=edge>{{cite web|url=https://blogs.windows.com/msedgedev/2015/05/07/bringing-asm-js-to-chakra-microsoft-edge/|title=Bringing Asm.js to Chakra and Microsoft Edge|publisher=Microsoft|accessdate=May 7, 2015|date=May 7, 2015}}</ref>
* The optimizations of [[Google Chrome]]'s [[V8 (JavaScript engine)|V8 JavaScript engine]] in Chrome 28 made asm.js benchmarks more than twice as fast as prior versions of Chrome,<ref name=chromiumblog>{{cite web |url=http://blog.chromium.org/2013/05/chrome-28-beta-more-immersive-web.html |title=Chrome 28 Beta: A more immersive web, everywhere |publisher=Google |accessdate=2013-07-06}}</ref> although Chrome's V8 does not use ahead-of-time compilation.

== Adoption ==
{{Primary sources|section|date=March 2015}}

Almost all of the current applications based on asm.js are C/C++ applications compiled to asm.js using [[Emscripten]] or Mandreel. With that in mind, the kind of applications that are going to target asm.js in the near future are those that will benefit from the portability of running in a browser but which have a level of complexity for which a direct port to JavaScript would be infeasible.

So far, a number of [[programming language]]s, [[application framework]]s, [[Program (computing)|programs]], [[Library (computing)|libraries]], [[Computer game|games]], [[game engine]]s and other software have already been [[Porting|ported]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Home — Demos — Games and Game Engines|url=https://github.com/kripken/emscripten/wiki#games-and-game-engines}}</ref> Some of them are given below.

=== Programming languages ===
* [[C/C++]]: [[Clang]] and [[LLVM]]
* [[Lua (programming language)|Lua]] VM: Lua [[virtual machine]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Lua REPL|url=http://kripken.github.io/lua.vm.js/repl.html|publisher=Kripken.github.io|accessdate=2015-03-05}}</ref>
* [[Perl]]: port of (micro)perl-5.16.3<ref>{{cite web|title=plu|url=http://themucker.github.io/plu/|publisher=Themucker.github.io|accessdate=2015-03-05}}</ref>
* [[Python (programming language)|Python]] – port of [[CPython]]<ref>{{cite web|title=repl.it — Python|url=http://repl.it/languages/Python|publisher=Repl.it|accessdate=2015-03-05}}</ref>
* [[Ruby (programming language)|Ruby]] – port of Ruby<ref>{{cite web|title=repl.it — Ruby|url=http://repl.it/languages/Ruby|publisher=Repl.it|accessdate=2015-03-05}}</ref>

=== Application frameworks ===
* pepper.js: Ports of miscellaneous [[PNaCl]] apps (earth, voronoi, bullet, etc.)<ref>{{cite web|title=pepper.js Examples|url=http://trypepperjs.appspot.com/examples.html|publisher=Trypepperjs.appspot.com|accessdate=2015-03-05}}</ref>
* [[Qt Software|Qt]]: ports of various Qt demos, plus KDE apps, such as [[Kate (text editor)|Kate]]<ref>{{cite web|title=emscripten-qt — Demos|url=http://vps2.etotheipiplusone.com:30176/redmine/projects/emscripten-qt/wiki/Demos|publisher=Vps.etotheipiplusone.com|accessdate=2015-03-05}}</ref>

=== Programs and libraries ===
* [[OpenGL]], [[Simple DirectMedia Layer|SDL]], and [[Simple DirectMedia Layer|SDL2]]<ref>{{cite web|title=About Emscripten|url=https://kripken.github.io/emscripten-site/docs/introducing_emscripten/about_emscripten.html#porting-code-to-use-emscripten}}</ref>
* [[Vim (text editor)|Vim]] (Vi IMproved)<ref>{{cite web|title=Vim.js — JavaScript port of Vim|url=http://coolwanglu.github.io/vim.js/web/vim.html|publisher=Coolwanglu.github.io|accessdate=2015-03-05}}</ref>
* [[FreeType]]: [[TrueType]] [[font rendering]] in JavaScript, using FreeType<ref>{{cite web|title=TrueType Fonts in JavaScript|url=http://www.syntensity.com/static/freetype.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012061814/http://www.syntensity.com/static/freetype.html|archivedate=2012-10-12  }}</ref>
* [[SQLite]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Port of SQLite to Javascript|url=https://github.com/kripken/sql.js|publisher=Github.com|accessdate=2015-03-05}}</ref>
* [[GNU Privacy Guard]]<ref>{{cite web|title=GnuPG.js|url=http://manuels.github.io/unix-toolbox.js-gnupg/|publisher=Manuuels.github.io|accessdate=2015-03-05}}</ref>
* [[ctags]]<ref>{{cite web|title=ctags in the browser|url=https://github.com/larsxschneider/ctags.js|publisher=Github.com|accessdate=2015-03-05}}</ref>
* [[gnuplot]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Gnuplot online|url=http://gnuplot.respawned.com/|publisher=Gnuplot.respawned.com|accessdate=2015-03-05}}</ref>
* [[Graphviz]]<ref>{{cite web|title=A hack to put GraphViz on the web.|url=https://github.com/mdaines/viz.js|publisher=Github.com|accessdate=2015-03-05}}</ref>
* [[zlib]]<ref>{{cite web|title=JavaScript port of ZLib DEFLATE for the browser|url=https://github.com/richardassar/zpipe|publisher=Github.com|accessdate=2015-03-05}}</ref>

=== Game engines ===
* [[Unreal Engine 3]]: was ported in 4 days<ref>{{cite press release|title=Epic Games Releases ‘Epic Citadel’ on the Web|url=https://www.unrealengine.com/news/epic-games-releases-epic-citadel-on-the-web|website=UnrealEngine.com|date=May 2, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Unreal Engine 3 ported to JavaScript and WebGL, works in any modern browser|url=http://www.extremetech.com/gaming/151900-unreal-engine-3-ported-to-javascript-and-webgl-works-in-any-modern-browser|work=[[ExtremeTech]]|publisher=[[Ziff Davis]]|accessdate=2015-03-05}}</ref>
* [[Unreal Engine 4]]
* [[Unity (game engine)|Unity]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.unity3d.com/2014/04/29/on-the-future-of-web-publishing-in-unity/|title=On the future of Web publishing in Unity|publisher=Blogs.unity3d.com|date=April 29, 2014}}</ref>
* [[ScummVM]], which supports numerous classic adventure games<ref>{{cite web|url=http://clb.demon.fi/html5scummvm/ |title=HTML5 |publisher=Clb.demon.fi |date= |accessdate=2015-03-05}}</ref>

=== Games ===
* ''[[Doom (video game)|Doom]]'': the open source [[Freedoom]] game assets running on [[PrBoom]], which is based on the open source Doom code<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kripken.github.io/boon/boon.html |title=Emscripten-Generated Code |publisher=Kripken.github.io |date= |accessdate=2015-03-05}}</ref>
* ''[[SuperTux]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://forandom.github.io/WebSupertux/ |title=Emscripten-Generated Code |publisher=Forandom.github.io |date= |accessdate=2015-03-05}}</ref>
* ''[[Dune II]]'' via OpenDune<ref>{{cite web|author = Guryanov Aleksander|url = http://epicport.com/en/dune2|title = Dune 2 - Online (browser version)|publisher = Epicport|date = |accessdate = 2015-03-05}}</ref>
* ''[[BananaBread]]'' based on [[Cube 2: Sauerbraten|Cube 2]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Mozilla Banana Bread Demo|url=https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/demos/detail/bananabread/|publisher=Developer.mozilla.org|accessdate=2015-03-05}}</ref>
* Every game in the [[Humble Bundle|Humble Mozilla Bundle]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Humble Mozilla Bundle pushes WebGL-powered browser gaming|publisher=Ars Technica|date=15 Oct 2014|accessdate=15 Oct 2014|url=http://arstechnica.com/gaming/2014/10/humble-mozilla-bundle-pushes-webgl-powered-browser-gaming/}}</ref> (''[[Super Hexagon]]'', ''[[AaaaaAAaaaAAAaaAAAAaAAAAA!!! – A Reckless Disregard for Gravity|Aaaaa! for the awesome]]'', ''[[Osmos]]'', ''[[Zen Bound 2]]'', ''[[Dustforce DX]]'', ''[[Voxatron]]'', ''[[FTL: Advanced Edition]]'' and ''[[Democracy 3]]'')

=== Emulators ===
* [[Dosbox]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://github.com/dreamlayers/em-dosbox |title=EM-Dosbox on Github |accessdate=2015-04-09}}</ref>
* [[Start9.io]]: a web emulation platform targeting multiple gaming architectures
* JSMESS: a port of the [[Multi Emulator Super System|MESS]] emulator for many game consoles and computer systems<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jsmess.textfiles.com/ |title=Page Redirection |publisher=Jsmess.textfiles.com |date= |accessdate=2015-03-05}}</ref>

=== Mathematics ===
* HTML5 Fractal Playground<ref>{{cite web|url=http://danielsadventure.info/html5fractal|title=HTML5 Fractal Playground|publisher=Danielsadvernture.info|accessdate=2015-03-05}}</ref> – draws iterating-function generated fractals, such as the [[Mandelbrot fractal]].

== See also ==
{{Portal|Free software}}
* [[WebAssembly]] – an in-development bytecode for browsers, intended to be faster to parse than asm.js
* [[RPython]]
* [[CrossBridge]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{official website}}
* {{Github|dherman/asm.js}}
* [http://ejohn.org/blog/asmjs-javascript-compile-target Asm.js: The JavaScript Compile Target]
* [https://github.com/wbraswell/rperl#rperl RPerl]
* [https://www.chromestatus.com/metrics/feature/popularity#UseAsm Asm.js usage per Google Chrome statistics]

{{JavaScript}}
{{ECMAScript}}
{{Mozilla}}

[[Category:JavaScript]]
[[Category:Mozilla]]
[[Category:Web programming]]

Asm.js

2016-04-17T15:09:48Z

Codename Lisa: /* Adoption */ Heading fixes per H:DL | Two link fixes | Separated games from game engines

{{Lowercase}}
{{Infobox programming language
|influenced by = [[JavaScript]]
|operating system = [[Platform independent]]
|released = {{Start date and age|2013|3|21|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blog.mozilla.org/luke/2013/03/21/asm-js-in-firefox-nightly/|title=asm.js in Firefox Nightly|accessdate=13 Nov 2014|date=21 Mar 2013|website=Luke Wagner's blog}}</ref>
|name = asm.js
|designer = [[Mozilla]]
|website = {{URL|asmjs.org}}
}}

'''asm.js''' is an [[intermediate programming language]] designed to allow [[computer software]] written in languages such as [[C programming language|C]] to be run as [[web application]]s while maintaining performance characteristics considerably better than standard [[JavaScript]], the typical language used for such applications.

asm.js consists of a strict subset of JavaScript, into which code written in statically-typed languages with manual memory management (such as C) is translated by a [[source-to-source compiler]] such as [[Emscripten]] (based on [[LLVM]]).<ref name="github.com"/> Performance is improved by limiting language features to those amenable to [[ahead-of-time optimization]] and other performance improvements.

[[Mozilla Firefox]] was the first web browser to implement asm.js-specific optimizations, starting with Firefox 22.<ref name=languages>{{cite web |url=https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/22.0/releasenotes/ |title=Firefox 22.0 release notes |publisher=Mozilla |accessdate=July 4, 2013}}</ref>

== Design ==

asm.js consists of a strict subset of the [[JavaScript]] language. It enables significant performance improvements for [[web application]]s that are written in statically-typed languages with manual memory management (such as [[C programming language|C]]) and then translated to JavaScript by a [[source-to-source compiler]]. Asm.js does not aim to improve the performance of hand-written JavaScript code, nor does it enable anything other than enhanced performance.

It is intended to have performance characteristics closer to that of native code than standard JavaScript by limiting language features to those amenable to [[ahead-of-time optimization]] and other performance improvements.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asmjs.org/spec/latest/ |title=Asm.js |publisher=Asm.js |date= |accessdate=2015-03-05}}</ref> By using a subset of JavaScript, asm.js is largely supported by all major [[web browser]]s,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://asmjs.org/faq.html |title=asm.js — frequently asked questions|publisher=Asmjs.org |date=July 26, 2014}}</ref> unlike alternative approaches such as [[Google Native Client]].

== Code generation ==
{{unreferenced section|date=March 2015}}

asm.js is not typically written directly: instead, as an intermediate language, it is generated through the use of a [[compiler]] that takes source code in a language such as [[C++]] and outputs asm.js.

For example, given the following C code:

<syntaxhighlight lang="c">
int f(int i) {
return i + 1;
}

</syntaxhighlight>

Emscripten would output the following JS code:
<syntaxhighlight lang="ecmascript">
function f(i) {
i = i|0;
return (i + 1)|0;
}
</syntaxhighlight>

Note the addition of <code>|0</code> and the lack of type specifiers. In JavaScript, bitwise operators convert their operands to 32-bit signed integers and give integer results. This means that a [[bitwise OR]] with zero, an otherwise useless operation, converts a value to an integer. By doing this for each parameter, this ensures that if the function is called from outside code, the value will be converted to the correct type. This is also used on the return value, in this case to ensure that the result of adding 1 to i will be an integer (as otherwise it could become too large), and to mark the return type of the function. These conversions are required by asm.js, so that an optimising compiler can produce highly efficient native code ahead-of-time. In such an optimising compiler, no conversions are performed when asm.js code calls other asm.js code, as the required type specifiers mean it is guaranteed that values will already have the correct type. Furthermore, rather than performing a floating-point addition and converting to an integer, it can simply do a native integer operation. Together, this leads to significant performance benefits.

Here is another example to calculate the length of a string:

<source lang="c">
size_t strlen(char *ptr) {
char *curr = ptr;
while (*curr != 0) {
curr++;
}
return (curr − ptr);
}
</source>

This would result in the following asm.js code:

<source lang="ecmascript">
function strlen(ptr) { // calculate length of C string
ptr = ptr|0;
var curr = 0;
curr = ptr;
while (MEM8[curr]|0 != 0) {
curr = (curr + 1)|0;
}
return (curr − ptr)|0;
}
</source>

In the generated code, the variable MEM8 is actually a byte-by-byte "view" of a typed buffer, which serves as the "heap" of the asm.js code.

== Performance ==

Since asm.js runs in a browser, the performance heavily depends on both the browser and hardware. Preliminary benchmarks of C programs compiled to asm.js are usually within a factor of 2 slowdown over native compilation with [[Clang]].<ref>{{cite web|title=asm.js|url=http://asmjs.org/faq.html|publisher=Asm.js|accessdate=2015-03-05}}</ref>

Much of this performance gain over normal JavaScript is due to 100% [[type (computer programming)|type]] consistency and virtually no [[Garbage collection (computer science)|garbage collection]] (memory is manually managed in a large typed array). This simpler model with no dynamic behavior, no memory allocation or deallocation, just a narrow set of well-defined integer and floating point operations enables much greater performance and potential for [[optimization (computer science)|optimization]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2014}}

Mozilla's benchmark from December 2013 showed significant improvements: "Firefox with [[float32]] optimizations can run all those benchmarks at around 1.5× slower than native, or better."<ref name="float32">{{cite web|title=Gap between asm.js and native performance gets even narrower with float32 optimizations|url=https://hacks.mozilla.org/2013/12/gap-between-asm-js-and-native-performance-gets-even-narrower-with-float32-optimizations/|accessdate=11 April 2014|author=Alon Zakai|author2=Robert Nyman|date=20 December 2013}}</ref> Mozilla points out that the performance of natively compiled code is not a single measure but rather a range, with different native compilers (in this case [[Clang]] and [[GNU Compiler Collection|GCC]]) delivering code of differing performance. "In fact, on some benchmarks, like [[Box2D]], [[FASTA]] and copy, asm.js is as close or closer to Clang than Clang is to GCC. In one case, asm.js even beats Clang by a slight amount on Box2D."<ref name="float32"/>

== Implementations ==
The [[Emscripten]] project provides tools that can be used to compile C and C++ codebases (or any other languages that can be converted to [[LLVM]]) into asm.js.<ref name="github.com">{{cite web|author= |url=https://github.com/kripken/emscripten |title=kripken/emscripten · GitHub |publisher=Github.com |date= |accessdate=2015-03-05}}</ref>

All browsers with support for [[ES6|the newest edition of JavaScript]] should be able to run asm.js code, as it is a subset of that specification. However, since features were added in that edition to enable full asm.js support, older browsers lacking those features may encounter problems.

Some browser implementations are especially optimised for asm.js:

* [[Mozilla Firefox]] was the first web browser to implement asm.js-specific optimizations, starting with Firefox 22.<ref name="languages"/> [[OdinMonkey]], Mozilla's asm.js ahead-of-time compiler used in Firefox, is a component of [[IonMonkey]], the JIT compiler of [[SpiderMonkey]].
* Microsoft is implementing support for asm.js in [[Chakra (JavaScript engine)|Chakra]], the JavaScript engine used by [[Microsoft Edge]], performing validation to produce highly optimised JIT code.<ref name=edge>{{cite web|url=https://blogs.windows.com/msedgedev/2015/05/07/bringing-asm-js-to-chakra-microsoft-edge/|title=Bringing Asm.js to Chakra and Microsoft Edge|publisher=Microsoft|accessdate=May 7, 2015|date=May 7, 2015}}</ref>
* The optimizations of [[Google Chrome]]'s [[V8 (JavaScript engine)|V8 JavaScript engine]] in Chrome 28 made asm.js benchmarks more than twice as fast as prior versions of Chrome,<ref name=chromiumblog>{{cite web |url=http://blog.chromium.org/2013/05/chrome-28-beta-more-immersive-web.html |title=Chrome 28 Beta: A more immersive web, everywhere |publisher=Google |accessdate=2013-07-06}}</ref> although Chrome's V8 does not use ahead-of-time compilation.

== Adoption ==
{{Primary sources|section|date=March 2015}}

Almost all of the current applications based on asm.js are C/C++ applications compiled to asm.js using [[Emscripten]] or Mandreel. With that in mind, the kind of applications that are going to target asm.js in the near future are those that will benefit from the portability of running in a browser but which have a level of complexity for which a direct port to JavaScript would be infeasible.

So far, a number of [[programming language]]s, [[application framework]]s, [[Program (computing)|programs]], [[Library (computing)|libraries]], [[Computer game|games]], [[game engine]]s and other software have already been [[Porting|ported]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Home — Demos — Games and Game Engines|url=https://github.com/kripken/emscripten/wiki#games-and-game-engines}}</ref> Some of them are given below.

=== Programming languages ===
* [[C/C++]]: [[Clang]] and [[LLVM]]
* [[Lua (programming language)|Lua]] VM: Lua [[virtual machine]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Lua REPL|url=http://kripken.github.io/lua.vm.js/repl.html|publisher=Kripken.github.io|accessdate=2015-03-05}}</ref>
* [[Perl]]: port of (micro)perl-5.16.3<ref>{{cite web|title=plu|url=http://themucker.github.io/plu/|publisher=Themucker.github.io|accessdate=2015-03-05}}</ref>
* [[Python (programming language)|Python]] – port of [[CPython]]<ref>{{cite web|title=repl.it — Python|url=http://repl.it/languages/Python|publisher=Repl.it|accessdate=2015-03-05}}</ref>
* [[Ruby (programming language)|Ruby]] – port of Ruby<ref>{{cite web|title=repl.it — Ruby|url=http://repl.it/languages/Ruby|publisher=Repl.it|accessdate=2015-03-05}}</ref>

=== Application frameworks ===
* pepper.js: Ports of miscellaneous [[PNaCl]] apps (earth, voronoi, bullet, etc.)<ref>{{cite web|title=pepper.js Examples|url=http://trypepperjs.appspot.com/examples.html|publisher=Trypepperjs.appspot.com|accessdate=2015-03-05}}</ref>
* [[Qt Software|Qt]]: ports of various Qt demos, plus KDE apps, such as [[Kate (text editor)|Kate]]<ref>{{cite web|title=emscripten-qt — Demos|url=http://vps2.etotheipiplusone.com:30176/redmine/projects/emscripten-qt/wiki/Demos|publisher=Vps.etotheipiplusone.com|accessdate=2015-03-05}}</ref>

=== Programs and libraries ===
* [[OpenGL]], [[Simple DirectMedia Layer|SDL]], and [[Simple DirectMedia Layer|SDL2]]<ref>{{cite web|title=About Emscripten|url=https://kripken.github.io/emscripten-site/docs/introducing_emscripten/about_emscripten.html#porting-code-to-use-emscripten}}</ref>
* [[Vim (text editor)|Vim]] (Vi IMproved)<ref>{{cite web|title=Vim.js — JavaScript port of Vim|url=http://coolwanglu.github.io/vim.js/web/vim.html|publisher=Coolwanglu.github.io|accessdate=2015-03-05}}</ref>
* [[FreeType]]: [[TrueType]] [[font rendering]] in JavaScript, using FreeType<ref>{{cite web|title=TrueType Fonts in JavaScript|url=http://www.syntensity.com/static/freetype.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012061814/http://www.syntensity.com/static/freetype.html|archivedate=2012-10-12  }}</ref>
* [[SQLite]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Port of SQLite to Javascript|url=https://github.com/kripken/sql.js|publisher=Github.com|accessdate=2015-03-05}}</ref>
* [[GNU Privacy Guard]]<ref>{{cite web|title=GnuPG.js|url=http://manuels.github.io/unix-toolbox.js-gnupg/|publisher=Manuuels.github.io|accessdate=2015-03-05}}</ref>
* [[ctags]]<ref>{{cite web|title=ctags in the browser|url=https://github.com/larsxschneider/ctags.js|publisher=Github.com|accessdate=2015-03-05}}</ref>
* [[gnuplot]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Gnuplot online|url=http://gnuplot.respawned.com/|publisher=Gnuplot.respawned.com|accessdate=2015-03-05}}</ref>
* [[Graphviz]]<ref>{{cite web|title=A hack to put GraphViz on the web.|url=https://github.com/mdaines/viz.js|publisher=Github.com|accessdate=2015-03-05}}</ref>
* [[zlib]]<ref>{{cite web|title=JavaScript port of ZLib DEFLATE for the browser|url=https://github.com/richardassar/zpipe|publisher=Github.com|accessdate=2015-03-05}}</ref>

=== Game engines ===
* [[Unreal Engine 3]]: a full version{{Citation needed|date=October 2014}} which was ported in 4 days<ref>{{cite press release|title=Epic Games Releases ‘Epic Citadel’ on the Web|url=https://www.unrealengine.com/news/epic-games-releases-epic-citadel-on-the-web|publisher=Epic Games|date=May 2, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Unreal Engine 3 ported to JavaScript and WebGL, works in any modern browser|url=http://www.extremetech.com/gaming/151900-unreal-engine-3-ported-to-javascript-and-webgl-works-in-any-modern-browser|publisher=[[ExtremeTech]]|accessdate=2015-03-05}}</ref>
* [[Unreal Engine 4]]
* [[Unity (game engine)|Unity]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.unity3d.com/2014/04/29/on-the-future-of-web-publishing-in-unity/|title=On the future of Web publishing in Unity|publisher=Blogs.unity3d.com|date=April 29, 2014}}</ref>
* [[ScummVM]], which supports numerous classic adventure games<ref>{{cite web|url=http://clb.demon.fi/html5scummvm/ |title=HTML5 |publisher=Clb.demon.fi |date= |accessdate=2015-03-05}}</ref>

=== Games ===
* ''[[Doom (video game)|Doom]]'': the open source [[Freedoom]] game assets running on [[PrBoom]], which is based on the open source Doom code<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kripken.github.io/boon/boon.html |title=Emscripten-Generated Code |publisher=Kripken.github.io |date= |accessdate=2015-03-05}}</ref>
* ''[[SuperTux]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://forandom.github.io/WebSupertux/ |title=Emscripten-Generated Code |publisher=Forandom.github.io |date= |accessdate=2015-03-05}}</ref>
* ''[[Dune II]]'' via OpenDune<ref>{{cite web|author = Guryanov Aleksander|url = http://epicport.com/en/dune2|title = Dune 2 - Online (browser version)|publisher = Epicport|date = |accessdate = 2015-03-05}}</ref>
* ''[[BananaBread]]'' based on [[Cube 2: Sauerbraten|Cube 2]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Mozilla Banana Bread Demo|url=https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/demos/detail/bananabread/|publisher=Developer.mozilla.org|accessdate=2015-03-05}}</ref>
* Every game in the [[Humble Bundle|Humble Mozilla Bundle]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Humble Mozilla Bundle pushes WebGL-powered browser gaming|publisher=Ars Technica|date=15 Oct 2014|accessdate=15 Oct 2014|url=http://arstechnica.com/gaming/2014/10/humble-mozilla-bundle-pushes-webgl-powered-browser-gaming/}}</ref> (''[[Super Hexagon]]'', ''[[AaaaaAAaaaAAAaaAAAAaAAAAA!!! – A Reckless Disregard for Gravity|Aaaaa! for the awesome]]'', ''[[Osmos]]'', ''[[Zen Bound 2]]'', ''[[Dustforce DX]]'', ''[[Voxatron]]'', ''[[FTL: Advanced Edition]]'' and ''[[Democracy 3]]'')

=== Emulators ===
* [[Dosbox]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://github.com/dreamlayers/em-dosbox |title=EM-Dosbox on Github |accessdate=2015-04-09}}</ref>
* [[Start9.io]]: a web emulation platform targeting multiple gaming architectures
* JSMESS: a port of the [[Multi Emulator Super System|MESS]] emulator for many game consoles and computer systems<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jsmess.textfiles.com/ |title=Page Redirection |publisher=Jsmess.textfiles.com |date= |accessdate=2015-03-05}}</ref>

=== Mathematics ===
* HTML5 Fractal Playground<ref>{{cite web|url=http://danielsadventure.info/html5fractal|title=HTML5 Fractal Playground|publisher=Danielsadvernture.info|accessdate=2015-03-05}}</ref> – draws iterating-function generated fractals, such as the [[Mandelbrot fractal]].

== See also ==
{{Portal|Free software}}
* [[WebAssembly]] – an in-development bytecode for browsers, intended to be faster to parse than asm.js
* [[RPython]]
* [[CrossBridge]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{official website}}
* {{Github|dherman/asm.js}}
* [http://ejohn.org/blog/asmjs-javascript-compile-target Asm.js: The JavaScript Compile Target]
* [https://github.com/wbraswell/rperl#rperl RPerl]
* [https://www.chromestatus.com/metrics/feature/popularity#UseAsm Asm.js usage per Google Chrome statistics]

{{JavaScript}}
{{ECMAScript}}
{{Mozilla}}

[[Category:JavaScript]]
[[Category:Mozilla]]
[[Category:Web programming]]

Windows-Subsystem für Linux

2016-04-17T12:12:10Z

Codename Lisa: ELF is "Executable and Linkable Format", not the pointy-eared fictional jungle dweller.

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2016}}
{{Infobox OS component
| name = Windows Subsystem for Linux
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_caption =
| screenshot = Bashwin10.png
| caption = [[Bash (software)|Bash]] running on Windows 10
| other_names =
| type = [[Compatibility layer]]
| service_name =
| service_description =
| included_with = [[Windows 10#Anniversary Update|Windows 10 Anniversary Update]]
| also_available_for =
| replaces = [[Windows Services for UNIX]]
| replaced_by =
| support_status =
| related_components =
}}

'''Windows Subsystem for Linux''' (WSL) is a [[compatibility layer]] for running [[Linux]] [[binary executables]] (in [[Executable and Linkable Format|ELF]] format) natively on [[Windows 10]]. [[Microsoft]] and [[Canonical (company)|Canonical]] partnered together to enable a genuine [[Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]] [[List of Ubuntu releases#Ubuntu 14.04 LTS (Trusty Tahr)|Trusty Tahr]] image to be downloaded and extracted to the user's local machine, and for the tools and utilities contained within that image to run natively on top of the WSL.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Harsh|first1=Mike|title=Run Bash on Ubuntu on Windows|url=https://blogs.windows.com/buildingapps/2016/03/30/run-bash-on-ubuntu-on-windows/|website=Building Apps for Windows|publisher=[[Microsoft]]|date=30 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Finley|first1=Klint|title=Why Microsoft Making Linux Apps Run on Windows Isn’t Crazy|url=http://www.wired.com/2016/03/microsoft-making-linux-apps-run-windows-isnt-crazy/|website=[[Wired (website)|Wired]]|publisher=[[Condé Nast]]|date=30 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://insights.ubuntu.com/2016/03/30/ubuntu-on-windows-the-ubuntu-userspace-for-windows-developers/|title=Ubuntu on Windows – The Ubuntu Userspace for Windows Developers|last=Kirkland|first=Dustin|date=30 March 2016|website=Ubuntu Insights|publisher=[[Canonical (company)|Canonical]]|access-date=}}</ref> WSL provides a [[Linux]]-compatible kernel interface developed by Microsoft (containing no Linux code), with user-mode binaries from [[Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]] running on top of it.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hammons|first1=Jack|title=Bash on Ubuntu on Windows|url=https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/commandline/wsl/about|website=[[MSDN]]|publisher=[[Microsoft]]|date=9 April 2016}}</ref>

This subsystem cannot run all Linux software such those with [[graphical user interface]]s or those in need of [[Linux kernel]] services.<ref name=Ars-March>{{cite web|last1=Bright|first1=Peter|title=Why Microsoft needed to make Windows run Linux software|url=http://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2016/04/why-microsoft-needed-to-make-windows-run-linux-software/|website=[[Ars Technica]]|publisher=[[Condé Nast]]|date=6 April 2016}}</ref> It is, however, possible to mitigate this by running graphical [[X Windows]] applications with an external X server, such as [[Xming]] or [[Cygwin/X]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.slightfuture.com/how-to/x-on-wsl|title=Running Linux desktop apps on the Windows Subsystem for Linux|first=Daniel |last=Aleksandersen|website=Slight Future|date=7 April 2016}}</ref>

The subsystem originated in the ill-fated [[Project Astoria]], which enabled Android applications to run on Windows 10 Mobile.<ref name=Ars-March /> It was made in [[Windows Insider|Windows 10 Insider Preview]] build 14316.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Aul|first1=Gabe|title=Announcing Windows 10 Insider Preview Build 14316|url=https://blogs.windows.com/windowsexperience/2016/04/06/announcing-windows-10-insider-preview-build-14316/|website=Windows Experience Blog|publisher=[[Microsoft]]|date=6 April 2016}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Windows Services for UNIX]]
* [[Cygwin]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{GitHub|Microsoft/BashOnWindows}}

{{Microsoft Windows components}}
{{Unix-Windows Interoperability}}

{{Windows-stub}}
{{Linux-stub}}

[[Category:Unix emulators]]
[[Category:Windows components]]
[[Category:Windows 10]]

Windows-Subsystem für Linux

2016-04-14T08:31:26Z

Codename Lisa: /* External links */ External links maintenance: [1] Removed one advert [2] Removed one link already used in references (not allowed, per WP:EL) [3] Upgraded one GitHub link

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2016}}
{{Infobox OS component
| name = Windows Subsystem for Linux
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_caption =
| screenshot = Bashwin10.png
| caption = [[Bash (software)|Bash]] running on Windows 10
| other_names =
| type = [[Compatibility layer]]
| service_name =
| service_description =
| included_with = [[Windows 10#Anniversary Update|Windows 10 Anniversary Update]]
| also_available_for =
| replaces = [[Windows Services for UNIX]]
| replaced_by =
| support_status =
| related_components =
}}

'''Windows Subsystem for Linux''' (WSL) is a [[compatibility layer]] for running [[Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]] [[binary executables]] natively on [[Windows 10]]. [[Microsoft]] and [[Canonical (company)|Canonical]] partnered together to enable a genuine Ubuntu image to be downloaded and extracted to the user's local machine, and for the tools and utilities contained within that image to run natively on top of the WSL.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Harsh|first1=Mike|title=Run Bash on Ubuntu on Windows|url=https://blogs.windows.com/buildingapps/2016/03/30/run-bash-on-ubuntu-on-windows/|website=Building Apps for Windows|publisher=[[Microsoft]]|date=30 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Finley|first1=Klint|title=Why Microsoft Making Linux Apps Run on Windows Isn’t Crazy|url=http://www.wired.com/2016/03/microsoft-making-linux-apps-run-windows-isnt-crazy/|website=[[Wired (website)|Wired]]|publisher=[[Condé Nast]]|date=30 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://insights.ubuntu.com/2016/03/30/ubuntu-on-windows-the-ubuntu-userspace-for-windows-developers/|title=Ubuntu on Windows – The Ubuntu Userspace for Windows Developers|last=Kirkland|first=Dustin|date=30 March 2016|website=Ubuntu Insights|publisher=[[Canonical (company)|Canonical]]|access-date=}}</ref> WSL provides a [[Linux]]-compatible kernel interface developed by Microsoft (containing no Linux code), with Ubuntu user-mode binaries running on top of it.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hammons|first1=Jack|title=Bash on Ubuntu on Windows|url=https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/commandline/wsl/about|website=[[MSDN]]|publisher=[[Microsoft]]|date=9 April 2016}}</ref>

This subsystem cannot run all Linux software such those with [[graphical user interface]]s or those in need of [[Linux kernel]] services.<ref name=Ars-March>{{cite web|last1=Bright|first1=Peter|title=Why Microsoft needed to make Windows run Linux software|url=http://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2016/04/why-microsoft-needed-to-make-windows-run-linux-software/|website=[[Ars Technica]]|publisher=[[Condé Nast]]|date=6 April 2016}}</ref> It is, however, possible to mitigate this by running graphical [[X Windows]] applications with an external X server, such as [[Xming]] or [[Cygwin/X]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.slightfuture.com/how-to/x-on-wsl|title=Running Linux desktop apps on the Windows Subsystem for Linux|first=Daniel |last=Aleksandersen|website=Slight Future|date=7 April 2016}}</ref>

The subsystem originated in the ill-fated [[Project Astoria]], which enabled Android applications to run on Windows 10 Mobile.<ref name=Ars-March /> It was made in [[Windows Insider|Windows 10 Insider Preview]] build 14316.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Aul|first1=Gabe|title=Announcing Windows 10 Insider Preview Build 14316|url=https://blogs.windows.com/windowsexperience/2016/04/06/announcing-windows-10-insider-preview-build-14316/|website=Windows Experience Blog|publisher=[[Microsoft]]|date=6 April 2016}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Windows Services for UNIX]]
* [[Cygwin]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{GitHub|Microsoft/BashOnWindows}}

{{Microsoft Windows components}}
{{Unix-Windows Interoperability}}

{{Windows-stub}}
{{Linux-stub}}

[[Category:Unix emulators]]
[[Category:Windows components]]
[[Category:Windows 10]]

Windows-Subsystem für Linux

2016-04-11T05:24:08Z

Codename Lisa: Fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2016}}
{{Infobox OS component
| name = Windows Subsystem for Linux
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_caption =
| screenshot = Bashwin10.png
| caption = [[Bash (software)|Bash]] running on Windows 10
| other_names =
| type = [[Compatibility layer]]
| service_name =
| service_description =
| included_with = [[Windows 10#Anniversary Update|Windows 10 Anniversary Update]]
| also_available_for =
| replaces = [[Windows Services for UNIX]]
| replaced_by =
| support_status =
| related_components =
}}

'''Windows Subsystem for Linux''' (WSL) is a [[compatibility layer]] for running [[Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]] [[binary executables]] natively on [[Windows 10]]. [[Microsoft]] and [[Canonical (company)|Canonical]] partnered together to enable a genuine Ubuntu image to be downloaded and extracted to the user's local machine, and for the tools and utilities contained within that image to run natively on top of the WSL.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Harsh|first1=Mike|title=Run Bash on Ubuntu on Windows|url=https://blogs.windows.com/buildingapps/2016/03/30/run-bash-on-ubuntu-on-windows/|website=Building Apps for Windows|publisher=[[Microsoft]]|date=30 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Finley|first1=Klint|title=Why Microsoft Making Linux Apps Run on Windows Isn’t Crazy|url=http://www.wired.com/2016/03/microsoft-making-linux-apps-run-windows-isnt-crazy/|website=[[Wired (website)|Wired]]|publisher=[[Condé Nast]]|date=30 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://insights.ubuntu.com/2016/03/30/ubuntu-on-windows-the-ubuntu-userspace-for-windows-developers/|title=Ubuntu on Windows – The Ubuntu Userspace for Windows Developers|last=Kirkland|first=Dustin|date=30 March 2016|website=Ubuntu Insights|publisher=[[Canonical (company)|Canonical]]|access-date=}}</ref> WSL provides a [[Linux]]-compatible kernel interface developed by Microsoft (containing no Linux code), with Ubuntu user-mode binaries running on top of it.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hammons|first1=Jack|title=Bash on Ubuntu on Windows|url=https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/commandline/wsl/about|website=[[MSDN]]|publisher=[[Microsoft]]|date=9 April 2016}}</ref>

This subsystem cannot run all Linux software such those with [[graphical user interface]]s or those in need of [[Linux kernel]] services.<ref name=Ars-March>{{cite web|last1=Bright|first1=Peter|title=Why Microsoft needed to make Windows run Linux software|url=http://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2016/04/why-microsoft-needed-to-make-windows-run-linux-software/|website=[[Ars Technica]]|publisher=[[Condé Nast]]|date=6 April 2016}}</ref> It is, however, possible to mitigate this by running graphical [[X Windows]] applications with an external X server, such as [[Xming]] or [[Cygwin/X]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.slightfuture.com/how-to/x-on-wsl|title=Running Linux desktop apps on the Windows Subsystem for Linux|first=Daniel |last=Aleksandersen|website=Slight Future|date=7 April 2016}}</ref>

The subsystem originated in the ill-fated [[Project Astoria]], which enabled Android applications to run on Windows 10 Mobile.<ref name=Ars-March /> It was made in [[Windows Insider|Windows 10 Insider Preview]] build 14316.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Aul|first1=Gabe|title=Announcing Windows 10 Insider Preview Build 14316|url=https://blogs.windows.com/windowsexperience/2016/04/06/announcing-windows-10-insider-preview-build-14316/|website=Windows Experience Blog|publisher=[[Microsoft]]|date=6 April 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Windows Services for UNIX]]
* [[Cygwin]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://github.com/Microsoft/CommandLine-Documentation/issues Issue Tracker - Github]
* [https://insights.ubuntu.com/2016/03/30/ubuntu-on-windows-the-ubuntu-userspace-for-windows-developers/ Ubuntu on Windows - the Ubuntu Userspace for Windows Developers]

{{Microsoft Windows components}}
{{Unix-Windows Interoperability}}

{{Windows-stub}}
{{Linux-stub}}

[[Category:Unix emulators]]
[[Category:Windows components]]

Windows-Subsystem für Linux

2016-04-11T05:23:14Z

Codename Lisa: Consolidated one citation

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2016}}
{{Infobox OS component
| name = Windows Subsystem for Linux
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_caption =
| screenshot = Bashwin10.png
| caption = [[Bash (software)|Bash]] running on Windows 10
| other_names =
| type = [[Compatibility layer]]
| service_name =
| service_description =
| included_with = [[Windows 10#Anniversary Update|Windows 10 Anniversary Update]]
| also_available_for =
| replaces = [[Windows Services for UNIX]]
| replaced_by =
| support_status =
| related_components =
}}

'''Windows Subsystem for Linux''' (WSL) is a [[compatibility layer]] for running [[Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]] [[binary executables]] natively on [[Windows 10]]. [[Microsoft]] and [[Canonical (company)|Canonical]] partnered together to enable a genuine Ubuntu image to be downloaded and extracted to the user's local machine, and for the tools and utilities contained within that image to run natively on top of the WSL.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Harsh|first1=Mike|title=Run Bash on Ubuntu on Windows|url=https://blogs.windows.com/buildingapps/2016/03/30/run-bash-on-ubuntu-on-windows/|website=Building Apps for Windows|publisher=[[Microsoft]]|date=30 March 2016}}</ref><ref name=Ars-March>{{cite web|last1=Finley|first1=Klint|title=Why Microsoft Making Linux Apps Run on Windows Isn’t Crazy|url=http://www.wired.com/2016/03/microsoft-making-linux-apps-run-windows-isnt-crazy/|website=[[Wired (website)|Wired]]|publisher=[[Condé Nast]]|date=30 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://insights.ubuntu.com/2016/03/30/ubuntu-on-windows-the-ubuntu-userspace-for-windows-developers/|title=Ubuntu on Windows – The Ubuntu Userspace for Windows Developers|last=Kirkland|first=Dustin|date=30 March 2016|website=Ubuntu Insights|publisher=[[Canonical (company)|Canonical]]|access-date=}}</ref> WSL provides a [[Linux]]-compatible kernel interface developed by Microsoft (containing no Linux code), with Ubuntu user-mode binaries running on top of it.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hammons|first1=Jack|title=Bash on Ubuntu on Windows|url=https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/commandline/wsl/about|website=[[MSDN]]|publisher=[[Microsoft]]|date=9 April 2016}}</ref>

This subsystem cannot run all Linux software such those with [[graphical user interface]]s or those in need of [[Linux kernel]] services.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bright|first1=Peter|title=Why Microsoft needed to make Windows run Linux software|url=http://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2016/04/why-microsoft-needed-to-make-windows-run-linux-software/|website=[[Ars Technica]]|publisher=[[Condé Nast]]|date=6 April 2016}}</ref> It is, however, possible to mitigate this by running graphical [[X Windows]] applications with an external X server, such as [[Xming]] or [[Cygwin/X]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.slightfuture.com/how-to/x-on-wsl|title=Running Linux desktop apps on the Windows Subsystem for Linux|first=Daniel |last=Aleksandersen|website=Slight Future|date=7 April 2016}}</ref>

The subsystem originated in the ill-fated [[Project Astoria]], which enabled Android applications to run on Windows 10 Mobile.<ref name=Ars-March /> It was made in [[Windows Insider|Windows 10 Insider Preview]] build 14316.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Aul|first1=Gabe|title=Announcing Windows 10 Insider Preview Build 14316|url=https://blogs.windows.com/windowsexperience/2016/04/06/announcing-windows-10-insider-preview-build-14316/|website=Windows Experience Blog|publisher=[[Microsoft]]|date=6 April 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Windows Services for UNIX]]
* [[Cygwin]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://github.com/Microsoft/CommandLine-Documentation/issues Issue Tracker - Github]
* [https://insights.ubuntu.com/2016/03/30/ubuntu-on-windows-the-ubuntu-userspace-for-windows-developers/ Ubuntu on Windows - the Ubuntu Userspace for Windows Developers]

{{Microsoft Windows components}}
{{Unix-Windows Interoperability}}

{{Windows-stub}}
{{Linux-stub}}

[[Category:Unix emulators]]
[[Category:Windows components]]

Windows-Subsystem für Linux

2016-04-11T05:21:57Z

Codename Lisa: Fixed lack of coherence, wrong publisher name (Condé Nast), wrong website name (Ars Technica), absence of website name (Slight Future), inconsistent author name format (Peter Bright and Daniel Aleksandersen)

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2016}}
{{Infobox OS component
| name = Windows Subsystem for Linux
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_caption =
| screenshot = Bashwin10.png
| caption = [[Bash (software)|Bash]] running on Windows 10
| other_names =
| type = [[Compatibility layer]]
| service_name =
| service_description =
| included_with = [[Windows 10#Anniversary Update|Windows 10 Anniversary Update]]
| also_available_for =
| replaces = [[Windows Services for UNIX]]
| replaced_by =
| support_status =
| related_components =
}}

'''Windows Subsystem for Linux''' (WSL) is a [[compatibility layer]] for running [[Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]] [[binary executables]] natively on [[Windows 10]]. [[Microsoft]] and [[Canonical (company)|Canonical]] partnered together to enable a genuine Ubuntu image to be downloaded and extracted to the user's local machine, and for the tools and utilities contained within that image to run natively on top of the WSL.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Harsh|first1=Mike|title=Run Bash on Ubuntu on Windows|url=https://blogs.windows.com/buildingapps/2016/03/30/run-bash-on-ubuntu-on-windows/|website=Building Apps for Windows|publisher=[[Microsoft]]|date=30 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Finley|first1=Klint|title=Why Microsoft Making Linux Apps Run on Windows Isn’t Crazy|url=http://www.wired.com/2016/03/microsoft-making-linux-apps-run-windows-isnt-crazy/|website=[[Wired (website)|Wired]]|publisher=[[Condé Nast]]|date=30 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://insights.ubuntu.com/2016/03/30/ubuntu-on-windows-the-ubuntu-userspace-for-windows-developers/|title=Ubuntu on Windows – The Ubuntu Userspace for Windows Developers|last=Kirkland|first=Dustin|date=30 March 2016|website=Ubuntu Insights|publisher=[[Canonical (company)|Canonical]]|access-date=}}</ref> WSL provides a [[Linux]]-compatible kernel interface developed by Microsoft (containing no Linux code), with Ubuntu user-mode binaries running on top of it.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hammons|first1=Jack|title=Bash on Ubuntu on Windows|url=https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/commandline/wsl/about|website=[[MSDN]]|publisher=[[Microsoft]]|date=9 April 2016}}</ref>

This subsystem cannot run all Linux software such those with [[graphical user interface]]s or those in need of [[Linux kernel]] services.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bright|first1=Peter|title=Why Microsoft needed to make Windows run Linux software|url=http://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2016/04/why-microsoft-needed-to-make-windows-run-linux-software/|website=[[Ars Technica]]|publisher=[[Condé Nast]]|date=6 April 2016}}</ref> It is, however, possible to mitigate this by running graphical [[X Windows]] applications with an external X server, such as [[Xming]] or [[Cygwin/X]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.slightfuture.com/how-to/x-on-wsl|title=Running Linux desktop apps on the Windows Subsystem for Linux|first=Daniel |last=Aleksandersen|website=Slight Future|date=7 April 2016}}</ref>

The subsystem originated in the ill-fated [[Project Astoria]], which enabled Android applications to run on Windows 10 Mobile.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2016/04/why-microsoft-needed-to-make-windows-run-linux-software/|title=Why Microsoft needed to make Windows run Linux software|first=Peter |last=Bright |date=5 April 2016 |website=[[Ars Technica]] |publisher=[[Condé Nast]]}}</ref> It was made in [[Windows Insider|Windows 10 Insider Preview]] build 14316.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Aul|first1=Gabe|title=Announcing Windows 10 Insider Preview Build 14316|url=https://blogs.windows.com/windowsexperience/2016/04/06/announcing-windows-10-insider-preview-build-14316/|website=Windows Experience Blog|publisher=[[Microsoft]]|date=6 April 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Windows Services for UNIX]]
* [[Cygwin]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://github.com/Microsoft/CommandLine-Documentation/issues Issue Tracker - Github]
* [https://insights.ubuntu.com/2016/03/30/ubuntu-on-windows-the-ubuntu-userspace-for-windows-developers/ Ubuntu on Windows - the Ubuntu Userspace for Windows Developers]

{{Microsoft Windows components}}
{{Unix-Windows Interoperability}}

{{Windows-stub}}
{{Linux-stub}}

[[Category:Unix emulators]]
[[Category:Windows components]]

Windows-Subsystem für Linux

2016-04-10T20:02:02Z

Codename Lisa: Pruned categories. WSL is not free software and it is definitely not a compiler or interpreter.

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2016}}
{{Infobox OS component
| name = Windows Subsystem for Linux
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_caption =
| screenshot = Bashwin10.png
| caption = [[Bash (software)|Bash]] running on Windows 10
| other_names =
| type = [[Compatibility layer]]
| service_name =
| service_description =
| included_with = [[Windows 10#Anniversary Update|Windows 10 Anniversary Update]]
| also_available_for =
| replaces = [[Windows Services for UNIX]]
| replaced_by =
| support_status =
| related_components =
}}

'''Windows Subsystem for Linux''' (WSL) is a [[compatibility layer]] for running [[Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]] [[binary executables]] natively on [[Windows 10]]. [[Microsoft]] and [[Canonical (company)|Canonical]] partnered together to enable a genuine Ubuntu image to be downloaded and extracted to the user's local machine, and for the tools and utilities contained within that image to run natively on top of the WSL.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Harsh|first1=Mike|title=Run Bash on Ubuntu on Windows|url=https://blogs.windows.com/buildingapps/2016/03/30/run-bash-on-ubuntu-on-windows/|website=Building Apps for Windows|publisher=[[Microsoft]]|date=30 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Finley|first1=Klint|title=Why Microsoft Making Linux Apps Run on Windows Isn’t Crazy|url=http://www.wired.com/2016/03/microsoft-making-linux-apps-run-windows-isnt-crazy/|website=[[Wired (website)|Wired]]|publisher=[[Condé Nast]]|date=30 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://insights.ubuntu.com/2016/03/30/ubuntu-on-windows-the-ubuntu-userspace-for-windows-developers/|title=Ubuntu on Windows – The Ubuntu Userspace for Windows Developers|last=Kirkland|first=Dustin|date=30 March 2016|website=Ubuntu Insights|publisher=[[Canonical (company)|Canonical]]|access-date=}}</ref> WSL provides a [[Linux]]-compatible kernel interface developed by Microsoft (containing no Linux code), with Ubuntu user-mode binaries running on top of it.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hammons|first1=Jack|title=Bash on Ubuntu on Windows|url=https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/commandline/wsl/about|website=[[MSDN]]|publisher=[[Microsoft]]|date=9 April 2016}}</ref> This subsystem cannot run all Linux software such those with [[graphical user interface]]s or those in need of [[Linux kernel]] services.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bright|first1=Peter|title=Why Microsoft needed to make Windows run Linux software|url=http://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2016/04/why-microsoft-needed-to-make-windows-run-linux-software/|website=[[Ars Technica]]|publisher=[[Condé Nast]]|date=6 April 2016}}</ref>

The feature is available starting from [[Windows Insider|Windows 10 Insider Preview]] build 14316.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Aul|first1=Gabe|title=Announcing Windows 10 Insider Preview Build 14316|url=https://blogs.windows.com/windowsexperience/2016/04/06/announcing-windows-10-insider-preview-build-14316/|website=Windows Experience Blog|publisher=[[Microsoft]]|date=6 April 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Windows Services for UNIX]]
* [[Cygwin]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://github.com/Microsoft/CommandLine-Documentation/issues Issue Tracker - Github]
* [https://insights.ubuntu.com/2016/03/30/ubuntu-on-windows-the-ubuntu-userspace-for-windows-developers/ Ubuntu on Windows - the Ubuntu Userspace for Windows Developers]

{{Microsoft Windows components}}
{{Unix-Windows Interoperability}}

{{Windows-stub}}
{{Linux-stub}}

[[Category:Unix emulators]]
[[Category:Windows components]]

Windows-Subsystem für Linux

2016-04-10T16:53:38Z

Codename Lisa: /* top */ Added Dustin Kirkland source with Canonical as the publisher

{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox OS component
| name = Windows Subsystem for Linux
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_caption =
| screenshot = Bashwin10.png
| caption = [[Bash (software)|Bash]] running on Windows 10
| other_names =
| type = [[Compatibility layer]]
| service_name =
| service_description =
| included_with = [[Windows 10#Anniversary Update|Windows 10 Anniversary Update]]
| also_available_for =
| replaces = [[Windows Services for UNIX]]
| replaced_by =
| support_status =
| related_components =
}}

'''Windows Subsystem for Linux''' (WSL) is a [[compatibility layer]] for running [[Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]] [[binary executables]] natively on [[Windows 10]]. [[Microsoft]] and [[Canonical (company)|Canonical]] partnered together to enable a genuine Ubuntu image to be downloaded and extracted to the user's local machine, and for the tools and utilities contained within that image to run natively on top of the WSL.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Harsh|first1=Mike|title=Run Bash on Ubuntu on Windows|url=https://blogs.windows.com/buildingapps/2016/03/30/run-bash-on-ubuntu-on-windows/|website=Building Apps for Windows|publisher=[[Microsoft]]|date=30 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Finley|first1=Klint|title=Why Microsoft Making Linux Apps Run on Windows Isn’t Crazy|url=http://www.wired.com/2016/03/microsoft-making-linux-apps-run-windows-isnt-crazy/|website=[[Wired (website)|Wired]]|publisher=[[Condé Nast]]|date=30 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://insights.ubuntu.com/2016/03/30/ubuntu-on-windows-the-ubuntu-userspace-for-windows-developers/|title=Ubuntu on Windows – The Ubuntu Userspace for Windows Developers|last=Kirkland|first=Dustin|date=30 March 2016|website=Ubuntu Insights|publisher=[[Canonical (company)|Canonical]]|access-date=}}</ref> WSL provides a [[Linux]]-compatible kernel interface developed by Microsoft (containing no Linux code), with Ubuntu user-mode binaries running on top of it.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hammons|first1=Jack|title=Bash on Ubuntu on Windows|url=https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/commandline/wsl/about|website=[[MSDN]]|publisher=[[Microsoft]]|date=9 April 2016}}</ref> This subsystem cannot run all Linux software such those with [[graphical user interface]]s or those in need of [[Linux kernel]] services.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bright|first1=Peter|title=Why Microsoft needed to make Windows run Linux software|url=http://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2016/04/why-microsoft-needed-to-make-windows-run-linux-software/|website=[[Ars Technica]]|publisher=[[Condé Nast]]|date=6 April 2016}}</ref>

The feature is available starting from [[Windows Insider|Windows 10 Insider Preview]] build 14316.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Aul|first1=Gabe|title=Announcing Windows 10 Insider Preview Build 14316|url=https://blogs.windows.com/windowsexperience/2016/04/06/announcing-windows-10-insider-preview-build-14316/|website=Windows Experience Blog|publisher=[[Microsoft]]|date=6 April 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Windows Services for UNIX]]
* [[Cygwin]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://github.com/Microsoft/CommandLine-Documentation/issues Issue Tracker - Github]
* [https://insights.ubuntu.com/2016/03/30/ubuntu-on-windows-the-ubuntu-userspace-for-windows-developers/ Ubuntu on Windows - the Ubuntu Userspace for Windows Developers]

{{Microsoft Windows components}}
{{Unix-Windows Interoperability}}

{{Windows-stub}}
{{Linux-stub}}

[[Category:Compatibility layers]]
[[Category:Computer programming tools]]
[[Category:Free compilers and interpreters]]
[[Category:Free emulation software]]
[[Category:Free software programmed in C]]
[[Category:Free software programmed in C++]]
[[Category:System administration]]
[[Category:Unix emulators]]
[[Category:Windows-only free software]]

Windows-Subsystem für Linux

2016-04-10T16:43:50Z

Codename Lisa: Added proper citations | Added the first full dates to the article | Removed duplicate links

{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox OS component
| name = Windows Subsystem for Linux
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_caption =
| screenshot = Bashwin10.png
| caption = [[Bash (software)|Bash]] running on Windows 10
| other_names =
| type = [[Compatibility layer]]
| service_name =
| service_description =
| included_with = [[Windows 10#Anniversary Update|Windows 10 Anniversary Update]]
| also_available_for =
| replaces = [[Windows Services for UNIX]]
| replaced_by =
| support_status =
| related_components =
}}

'''Windows Subsystem for Linux''' (WSL) is a [[compatibility layer]] for running [[Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]] binary executable programs natively on [[Windows 10]]. [[Microsoft]] and [[Canonical (company)|Canonical]] partnered together to enable a genuine Ubuntu image to be downloaded and extracted to the user's local machine, and for the tools and utilities contained within that image to run natively on top of the WSL.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Harsh|first1=Mike|title=Run Bash on Ubuntu on Windows|url=https://blogs.windows.com/buildingapps/2016/03/30/run-bash-on-ubuntu-on-windows/|website=Building Apps for Windows|publisher=[[Microsoft]]|date=30 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Finley|first1=Klint|title=Why Microsoft Making Linux Apps Run on Windows Isn’t Crazy|url=http://www.wired.com/2016/03/microsoft-making-linux-apps-run-windows-isnt-crazy/|website=[[Wired (website)|Wired]]|publisher=[[Condé Nast]]|date=30 March 2016}}</ref> WSL provides a [[Linux]]-compatible kernel interface developed by Microsoft (containing no Linux code), with Ubuntu user-mode binaries running on top of it.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hammons|first1=Jack|title=Bash on Ubuntu on Windows|url=https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/commandline/wsl/about|website=[[MSDN]]|publisher=[[Microsoft]]|date=9 April 2016}}</ref> This subsystem cannot run all Linux software such those with [[graphical user interface]]s or those in need of [[Linux kernel]] services.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bright|first1=Peter|title=Why Microsoft needed to make Windows run Linux software|url=http://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2016/04/why-microsoft-needed-to-make-windows-run-linux-software/|website=[[Ars Technica]]|publisher=[[Condé Nast]]|date=6 April 2016}}</ref>

The feature is available starting from [[Windows Insider|Windows 10 Insider Preview]] build 14316.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Aul|first1=Gabe|title=Announcing Windows 10 Insider Preview Build 14316|url=https://blogs.windows.com/windowsexperience/2016/04/06/announcing-windows-10-insider-preview-build-14316/|website=Windows Experience Blog|publisher=[[Microsoft]]|date=6 April 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Windows Services for UNIX]]
* [[Cygwin]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://github.com/Microsoft/CommandLine-Documentation/issues Issue Tracker - Github]
* [https://insights.ubuntu.com/2016/03/30/ubuntu-on-windows-the-ubuntu-userspace-for-windows-developers/ Ubuntu on Windows - the Ubuntu Userspace for Windows Developers]

{{Microsoft Windows components}}
{{Unix-Windows Interoperability}}

{{Windows-stub}}
{{Linux-stub}}

[[Category:Compatibility layers]]
[[Category:Computer programming tools]]
[[Category:Free compilers and interpreters]]
[[Category:Free emulation software]]
[[Category:Free software programmed in C]]
[[Category:Free software programmed in C++]]
[[Category:System administration]]
[[Category:Unix emulators]]
[[Category:Windows-only free software]]

Windows-Subsystem für Linux

2016-04-10T16:19:13Z

Codename Lisa: Marked the article as stub

{{Infobox software
| name = Windows Subsystem for Linux
| logo =
| logo caption =
| screenshot = Bashwin10.png
| caption = Bash on Windows 10
| collapsible =
| author = [[Microsoft]], [[Canonical (company)|Canonical]]
| developer =
| released = {{start date and age|2016}}
| latest release version =
| latest release date = {{start date and age|2016||}}
| programming language = [[C (programming language)|C]]/[[C++]]
| operating system = [[Microsoft Windows]]
| genre = [[Compatibility layer]]
| license =
| website = {{URL|https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/commandline/wsl/about}}
}}

'''Windows Subsystem for Linux''' (WSL) is a [[compatibility layer]] for running [[Ubuntu Linux]] binary executable programs natively on [[Windows 10]]. [[Microsoft]] and [[Canonical (company)|Canonical]] partnered together to enable a genuine Ubuntu image to be downloaded and extracted to the user's local machine,<ref>[https://www.slightfuture.com/technote/lxss-lxrun LxRun.exe: Windows 10’s new Linux downloader and installer]</ref> and for the tools and utilities contained within that image to run natively on top of the WSL.<ref>[http://blogs.windows.com/buildingapps/2016/03/30/run-bash-on-ubuntu-on-windows/ Run Bash on Ubuntu on Windows]</ref><ref>[http://www.wired.com/2016/03/microsoft-making-linux-apps-run-windows-isnt-crazy/ Why Microsoft Making Linux Apps Run on Windows Isn’t Crazy]</ref><ref>[http://www.cnx-software.com/2016/03/31/microsoft-brings-bash-on-ubuntu-on-windows-10/ Microsoft Brings Bash on Ubuntu on Windows 10]</ref><ref>[http://blog.dustinkirkland.com/2016/03/ubuntu-on-windows.html Ubuntu on Windows -- The Ubuntu Userspace for Windows Developers]</ref>

The feature is available starting from [[Windows Insider|Windows 10 Insider Preview]] build 14316.<ref>[https://blogs.windows.com/windowsexperience/2016/04/06/announcing-windows-10-insider-preview-build-14316/ Announcing Windows 10 Insider Preview Build 14316]</ref>

WSL provides a [[Linux]]-compatible kernel interface developed by Microsoft and containing no Linux code, with Ubuntu user-mode binaries running on top of it.<ref>[https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/commandline/wsl/about BASH Running in Ubuntu on Windows - MSDN]</ref>

==See also==
* [[Windows Services for UNIX]]
* [[Cygwin]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/commandline/wsl/about BASH Running in Ubuntu on Windows - MSDN]
* [https://github.com/Microsoft/CommandLine-Documentation/issues Issue Tracker - Github]
* [http://blogs.windows.com/buildingapps/2016/03/30/run-bash-on-ubuntu-on-windows/ Run Bash on Ubuntu on Windows]
* [https://insights.ubuntu.com/2016/03/30/ubuntu-on-windows-the-ubuntu-userspace-for-windows-developers/ Ubuntu on Windows - the Ubuntu Userspace for Windows Developers]
* [https://www.slightfuture.com/how-to/x-on-wsl Running Linux desktop apps on the Windows Subsystem for Linux]
* [https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2016/04/why-microsoft-needed-to-make-windows-run-linux-software/ Why Microsoft needed to make Windows run Linux software]

{{Microsoft Windows components}}
{{Unix-Windows Interoperability}}

{{Windows-stub}}
{{Linux-stub}}

[[Category:Compatibility layers]]
[[Category:Computer programming tools]]
[[Category:Free compilers and interpreters]]
[[Category:Free emulation software]]
[[Category:Free software programmed in C]]
[[Category:Free software programmed in C++]]
[[Category:System administration]]
[[Category:Unix emulators]]
[[Category:Windows-only free software]]

Windows-Subsystem für Linux

2016-04-10T16:17:27Z

Codename Lisa: /* External links */ Removed {{FLOSS}}. (This article is not listed on it.) Added {{Microsoft Windows components}}

{{Infobox software
| name = Windows Subsystem for Linux
| logo =
| logo caption =
| screenshot = Bashwin10.png
| caption = Bash on Windows 10
| collapsible =
| author = [[Microsoft]], [[Canonical (company)|Canonical]]
| developer =
| released = {{start date and age|2016}}
| latest release version =
| latest release date = {{start date and age|2016||}}
| programming language = [[C (programming language)|C]]/[[C++]]
| operating system = [[Microsoft Windows]]
| genre = [[Compatibility layer]]
| license =
| website = {{URL|https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/commandline/wsl/about}}
}}

'''Windows Subsystem for Linux''' (WSL) is a [[compatibility layer]] for running [[Ubuntu Linux]] binary executable programs natively on [[Windows 10]]. [[Microsoft]] and [[Canonical (company)|Canonical]] partnered together to enable a genuine Ubuntu image to be downloaded and extracted to the user's local machine,<ref>[https://www.slightfuture.com/technote/lxss-lxrun LxRun.exe: Windows 10’s new Linux downloader and installer]</ref> and for the tools and utilities contained within that image to run natively on top of the WSL.<ref>[http://blogs.windows.com/buildingapps/2016/03/30/run-bash-on-ubuntu-on-windows/ Run Bash on Ubuntu on Windows]</ref><ref>[http://www.wired.com/2016/03/microsoft-making-linux-apps-run-windows-isnt-crazy/ Why Microsoft Making Linux Apps Run on Windows Isn’t Crazy]</ref><ref>[http://www.cnx-software.com/2016/03/31/microsoft-brings-bash-on-ubuntu-on-windows-10/ Microsoft Brings Bash on Ubuntu on Windows 10]</ref><ref>[http://blog.dustinkirkland.com/2016/03/ubuntu-on-windows.html Ubuntu on Windows -- The Ubuntu Userspace for Windows Developers]</ref>

The feature is available starting from [[Windows Insider|Windows 10 Insider Preview]] build 14316.<ref>[https://blogs.windows.com/windowsexperience/2016/04/06/announcing-windows-10-insider-preview-build-14316/ Announcing Windows 10 Insider Preview Build 14316]</ref>

==Architecture==

WSL provides a [[Linux]]-compatible kernel interface developed by Microsoft and containing no Linux code, with Ubuntu user-mode binaries running on top of it.<ref>[https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/commandline/wsl/about BASH Running in Ubuntu on Windows - MSDN]</ref>

==See also==
* [[Windows Services for UNIX]]
* [[Cygwin]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/commandline/wsl/about BASH Running in Ubuntu on Windows - MSDN]
* [https://github.com/Microsoft/CommandLine-Documentation/issues Issue Tracker - Github]
* [http://blogs.windows.com/buildingapps/2016/03/30/run-bash-on-ubuntu-on-windows/ Run Bash on Ubuntu on Windows]
* [https://insights.ubuntu.com/2016/03/30/ubuntu-on-windows-the-ubuntu-userspace-for-windows-developers/ Ubuntu on Windows - the Ubuntu Userspace for Windows Developers]
* [https://www.slightfuture.com/how-to/x-on-wsl Running Linux desktop apps on the Windows Subsystem for Linux]
* [https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2016/04/why-microsoft-needed-to-make-windows-run-linux-software/ Why Microsoft needed to make Windows run Linux software]

{{Microsoft Windows components}}
{{Unix-Windows Interoperability}}

[[Category:Compatibility layers]]
[[Category:Computer programming tools]]
[[Category:Free compilers and interpreters]]
[[Category:Free emulation software]]
[[Category:Free software programmed in C]]
[[Category:Free software programmed in C++]]
[[Category:System administration]]
[[Category:Unix emulators]]
[[Category:Windows-only free software]]

Mobile Computing

2016-03-21T09:46:32Z

Codename Lisa: /* top */ There seems to have been no merger discussions since 2012. Removing tags.

{{expert-subject|Technology|ex2=Computing|date=May 2009}}

[[File:Galaxy Nexus smartphone.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Galaxy Nexus]], capable of web browsing, e-mail access, video playback, document editing, image editing, among many other tasks common on smartphones. A smartphone is a tool of mobile computing.]]
[[File:Telxon PTC-710 with MP 830-42.jpg|thumb|Telxon PTC-710 is a 16-bit mobile computer PTC-710 with MP 830-42 micro[[Printer (computing)|printer]] 42-column version. ]]

'''Mobile computing''' is [[human–computer interaction]] by which a [[computer]] is expected to be transported during normal usage. Mobile computing involves [[mobile communication]], mobile hardware, and mobile software. Communication issues include ad hoc and infrastructure networks as well as communication properties, [[communications protocol|protocols]], data formats and concrete technologies. Hardware includes [[mobile device]]s or device components. [[Mobile software]] deals with the characteristics and requirements of mobile applications.

==Definitions==

Mobile Computing

technology that allows transmission of data, voice and video via a computer or any other wireless enabled device without having to be connected to a fixed physical link. The main concept involves:

Mobile communication

Mobile hardware

==Devices==
Some of the most common forms of mobile computing devices are as follows.
* portable computers, compacted lightweight units including a full character set keyboard and primarily intended as [[computer terminal|host]]s for software that may be parametrized, as laptops, notebooks, notepads, etc.
* [[mobile phone|''mobile phones'']] including a restricted key set primarily intended but not restricted to for vocal communications, as cell phones, smart phones, phonepads, etc.
* [[Smart cards]] that can run multiple applications but typically payment, travel and secure area access
* [[wearable computing|''wearable computers'']], mostly limited to functional keys and primarily intended as incorporation of [[software agent]]s, as watches, wristbands, necklaces, keyless implants, etc.

The existence of these classes is expected to be long lasting, and complementary in personal usage, none replacing one the other in all features of convenience.

Other types of mobile computers have been introduced since the 1990s including the:
* [[Portable computer]] (discontinued)
* [[Personal digital assistant]]/[[Enterprise digital assistant]] (discontinued)
* [[Ultra-Mobile PC]] (discontinued)
* [[Laptop]]
* [[Smartphone]]
* [[Robots]]
* [[Tablet computer]]
* [[Wearable computer]]
* [[Carputer]]
* [[Application-specific computer]]

==Limitations==
* '''Range & Bandwidth''': Mobile Internet access is generally slower than direct cable connections, using technologies such as [[GPRS]] and [[EDGE]], and more recently [[HSDPA]] and [[HSUPA]] [[3G]] and [[4G]] networks and also upcoming [[5G]] network. These networks are usually available within range of commercial cell phone towers. High speed network [[wireless LAN]]s are inexpensive but have very limited range.
* '''Security standards''': When working mobile, one is dependent on public networks, requiring careful use of [[virtual private networks|VPN]]. Security is a major concern while concerning the mobile computing standards on the fleet. One can easily attack the VPN through a huge number of networks interconnected through the line.
* '''Power consumption''': When a power outlet or portable generator is not available, mobile computers must rely entirely on battery power. Combined with the compact size of many mobile devices, this often means unusually expensive batteries must be used to obtain the necessary battery life.
* '''Transmission interferences''': Weather, terrain, and the range from the nearest signal point can all interfere with signal reception. Reception in tunnels, some buildings, and rural areas is often poor.
* '''Potential health hazards''': People who use mobile devices while driving are often distracted from driving and are thus assumed more likely to be involved in traffic accidents.<ref>http://www.distraction.gov/stats-and-facts/</ref> (While this may seem obvious, there is considerable discussion about whether banning mobile device use while driving reduces accidents or not.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://handsfreeinfo.com/study-handheld-cell-bans-have-no-effect|title=Hands Free Cell Phones No Safer, Insurance Study Claims|publisher=|accessdate=16 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-30686_3-10444717-266.html|title=Study: Distractions, not phones, cause car crashes|publisher=CBS Interactive|work=CNET|accessdate=16 July 2015}}</ref>) Cell phones may interfere with sensitive medical devices. Questions concerning [[mobile phone radiation and health]] have been raised.
* '''Human interface with device''': Screens and keyboards tend to be small, which may make them hard to use. Alternate input methods such as speech or handwriting recognition require training.

==In-vehicle computing and fleet computing==
Many commercial and government field forces deploy a ruggedized portable computer with their fleet of vehicles. This requires the units to be anchored to the vehicle for driver safety, device security, and [[ergonomics]]. [[Rugged computer]]s are rated for severe vibration associated with large service vehicles and off-road driving and the harsh environmental conditions of constant professional use such as in [[emergency medical services]], fire, and public safety.

[[Image:Compaq portable.jpg|thumb|The [[Compaq Portable]] - Circa 1982 pre-[[laptop]]]]

Other elements affecting function in vehicle:
* [[Operating temperature]]: A vehicle cabin can often experience temperature swings from -20F to +140F. Computers typically must be able to withstand these temperatures while operating. Typical fan-based cooling has stated limits of 95F-100F of ambient temperature, and temperatures below freezing require localized heaters to bring components up to operating temperature (based on independent studies by the SRI Group and by Panasonic R&D).
* Vibration can decrease the life expectancy of computer components, notably rotational storage such as [[Hard disk drive|HDDs]].
* Visibility of standard screens becomes an issue in bright sunlight.
* Touchscreen users easily interact with the units in the field without removing gloves.
* High-temperature battery settings: Lithium ion batteries are sensitive to high temperature conditions for charging. A computer designed for the mobile environment should be designed with a high-temperature charging function that limits the charge to 85% or less of capacity.
* External antenna connections go through the typical metal cabins of vehicles which would block wireless reception, and take advantage of much more capable external communication and navigation equipment.

==Security issues involved in mobile==
'''Mobile security''' or '''mobile phone security''' has become increasingly important in mobile computing. It is of particular concern as it relates to the [[Information security|security]] of personal information now stored on the [[smartphone]].

More and more users and businesses use smartphones as communication tools but also as a means of planning and organizing their work and private life. Within companies, these technologies are causing profound changes in the organization of [[information systems]] and therefore they have become the source of new risks. Indeed, smartphones collect and compile an increasing amount of sensitive information to which access must be controlled to protect the [[Information privacy|privacy]] of the user and the [[intellectual property]] of the company.

All smartphones, as computers, are preferred targets of attacks. These attacks exploit weaknesses related to smartphones that can come from means of communication like [[SMS]], [[Multimedia Messaging Service|MMS]], [[wifi|wifi networks]], and [[GSM]]. There are also attacks that exploit software vulnerabilities from both the web browser and operating system. Finally, there are forms of [[malware|malicious software]] that rely on the weak knowledge of average users.

Different security counter-measures are being developed and applied to smartphones, from security in different layers of software to the dissemination of information to end users. There are good practices to be observed at all levels, from design to use, through the development of [[operating system]]s, software layers, and downloadable apps.

==Portable computing devices==
{{main|Mobile device|Portable computer}}
{{Cleanup|section|date=February 2009}}

Several categories of portable computing devices can run on batteries but are not usually classified as laptops: portable computers, PDAs, ultra mobile PCs (UMPCs), tablets and smartphones.

* A [[portable computer]] (discontinued) is a general-purpose computer that can be easily moved from place to place, but cannot be used while in transit, usually because it requires some "setting-up" and an AC power source. The most famous example is the [[Osborne 1]]. Portable computers are also called a "transportable" or a "luggable" PC.
* A [[personal digital assistant]] (PDA) (discontinued) is a small, usually pocket-sized, computer with limited functionality. It is intended to supplement and to synchronize with a desktop computer, giving access to contacts, address book, notes, e-mail and other features.[[Image:PalmTX.jpg|thumb|right|A [[Palm TX]] PDA]]
* An [[ultra mobile PC]] (discontinued) is a full-featured, PDA-sized computer running a general-purpose operating system.
* A [[tablet computer]] that lacks a keyboard (also known as a non-convertible tablet) is shaped like a slate or a paper notebook. Instead a physical keyboard it has a [[touchscreen]] with some combination of [[virtual keyboard]], stylus and/or [[handwriting recognition]] software. Tablets may not be best suited for applications requiring a physical keyboard for typing, but are otherwise capable of carrying out most of the tasks of an ordinary laptop.
* A [[smartphone]] has a wide range of features and install-able applications.
* A [[carputer]] is installed in an automobile. It operates as a wireless computer, sound system, GPS, and DVD player. It also contains word processing software and is bluetooth compatible.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.engadget.com/tag/carputer/|title=Carputer Articles on Engadget|publisher=AOL|work=Engadget|accessdate=16 July 2015}}</ref>
* A |Pentop (discontinued) is a computing device the size and shape of a pen. It functions as a writing utensil, MP3 player, language translator, digital storage device, and calculator.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geardiary.com/2007/10/07/the-fly-fusion-pentop-computer-review/|title=Gear Diary » The FLY Fusion Pentop Computer Review|date=7 October 2007|publisher=|accessdate=16 July 2015}}</ref>
* An application-specific computer is one that is tailored to a particular application. For example, [[Ferranti]] introduced a handheld application-specific mobile computer (the [[Ferranti MRT|MRT-100]]) in the form of a [[clipboard]] for conducting [[opinion polls]].<ref>G Rowley, K Barker and V Callaghan “''The Questronic Project and the Ferranti MRT 100 A Boon For Survey Research''”, The Professional Geographer, Volume 37, Issue 4, pages 459–463, November 1985</ref>

Boundaries that separate these categories are blurry at times. For example, the [[OQO]] UMPC is also a PDA-sized tablet PC; the [[EMate 300|Apple eMate]] had the clamshell form factor of a laptop, but ran PDA software. The [[HP Omnibook]] line of laptops included some devices small more enough to be called ultra mobile PCs. The hardware of the [[Nokia 770]] internet tablet is essentially the same as that of a PDA such as the [[Sharp Zaurus|Zaurus]] 6000; the only reason it's not called a PDA is that it does not have [[Personal information manager|PIM]] software. On the other hand, both the 770 and the Zaurus can run some desktop Linux software, usually with modifications.

==Mobile data communication==
[[Wireless]] data connections used in mobile computing take three general forms so.<ref name="Ositech">[http://www.ositech.com/downloads/123dwnlod_1.html "Wireless Data Communications for Beginners"], ''Ositech''</ref> [[Cellular network|Cellular]] data service uses technologies such as [[GSM]], [[Code division multiple access|CDMA]] or [[General Packet Radio Service|GPRS]], [[3G]] networks such as [[W-CDMA (UMTS)|W-CDMA]], [[Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution|EDGE]] or [[CDMA2000]].<ref>Lachu Aravamudhan, Stefano Faccin, Risto Mononen, Basavaraj Patil, Yousuf Saifullah, Sarvesh Sharma, Srinivas Sreemanthula. [http://www.informit.com/articles/printerfriendly.aspx?p=98132 "Getting to Know Wireless Networks and Technology"], ''InformIT''</ref><ref>[http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/imt-2000/DocumentsIMT2000/What_really_3G.pdf "What really is a Third Generation (3G) Mobile Technology"], ''ITU''</ref> and more recently [[4G]] networks such as [[LTE (telecommunication)|LTE]], [[LTE-Advanced]].<ref>[[LTE Advanced]]</ref> These networks are usually available within range of commercial [[Cell site|cell towers]]. [[Wi-Fi]] connections offer higher performance,<ref>Gier, Jim. [http://www.wireless-nets.com/resources/downloads/wireless_industry_report_2007.pdf "Wireless Network Industry Report"], ''Wireless Nets, Ltd.''</ref> may be either on a private business network or accessed through public [[Hotspot (Wi-Fi)|hotspots]], and have a typical range of 100 feet indoors and up to 1000 feet outdoors.<ref>[http://www.hotrecruiter.com/resources/technical-tutorials/35-freelance-tips-a-tutorials/893-wi-fi "Wi-Fi"]</ref> [[Satellite Internet access]] covers areas where cellular and Wi-Fi are not available<ref>Mitchell, Bradley. [http://compnetworking.about.com/od/internetaccessbestuses/g/bldef_satellite.htm "Satellite Internet"]</ref> and may be set up anywhere the user has a [[Line-of-sight propagation|line of sight]] to the satellite's location,<ref>[http://www.compassroseintl.com/pubs/Intro_to_sats.html "Introduction to Global Satellite Systems"], ''CompassRose International Publications''</ref> which for satellites in [[geostationary]] orbit means having an unobstructed view of the southern sky.<ref name="Ositech" /> Some enterprise deployments combine networks from multiple cellular networks or use a mix of cellular, Wi-Fi and satellite.<ref>[http://www.netmotionwireless.com/resources/case_studies.aspx Case studies], ''netmotionwireless.com''</ref> When using a mix of networks, a [[mobile virtual private network]] ([[mobile virtual private network|mobile VPN]]) not only handles the [[Computer security|security]] concerns, but also performs the multiple network [[login]]s automatically and keeps the [[Application software|application]] connections alive to prevent [[Crash (computing)|crashes]] or data loss during network transitions or coverage loss.<ref>Phifer, Lisa. [http://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/tip/0,289483,sid40_gci1210989_mem1,00.html "Mobile VPN: Closing the Gap"], ''SearchMobileComputing.com'', July 16, 2006. </ref><ref name="Cheng">Cheng, Roger. [http://online.wsj.com/article/SB119717610996418467.html "Lost Connections"], ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', December 11, 2007. </ref>

==See also==
{{commons category|Mobile computers}}
* [[Enterprise digital assistant]]
* [[Location-based service]]
* [[Mobile ad hoc network]]s
* [[Mobile cloud computing]]
* [[Mobile Computing and Communications Review]]
* [[Mobile development]]
* [[Mobile device management]]
* [[Mobile identity management]]
* [[Mobile interaction]]
* [[Mobile phone]]
* [[Mobile software]]
* [[Mobileer]]s (users of [[mobile rig]]s)
* [[PDA]]
* [[Smart card]]
* [[Smart device]]
* [[Ubiquitous computing]]

== References ==

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|2}}

=== Bibliography ===
* GH Forman, J Zahorjan - Computer, 1994 - doi.ieeecomputersociety.org
* David P. Helmbold, "A dynamic disk spin-down technique for mobile computing", citeseer.ist.psu.edu, 1996
* MH Repacholi, "health risks from the use of mobile phones", [[Toxicology Letters]], 2001 - Elsevier
* Landay, J.A. Kaufmann, T.R., "user interface issues in mobile computing", Workstation Operating Systems, 1993.
* T Imielinski, BR Badrinath "mobile wireless computing, challenges in data management- Communications of the ACM, 1994 - portal.acm.org
* Roth, J. "Mobile Computing - Grundlagen, Technik, Konzepte", 2005, dpunkt.verlag, Germany
* Pullela, Srikanth. "Security Issues in Mobile Computing" http://crystal.uta.edu/~kumar/cse6392/termpapers/Srikanth_paper.pdf
* Zimmerman, James B. "Mobile Computing: Characteristics, Business Benefits, and Mobile Framework" April 2, 1999. http://ac-support.europe.umuc.edu/~meinkej/inss690/zimmerman/INSS%20690%20CC%20-%20Mobile%20Computing.htm
* Koudounas, Vasilis. Iqbal, Omar. "Mobile Computing: Past, Present, and Future" http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~nd/surprise_96/journal/vol4/vk5/report.html

==Further reading==
* {{cite book | title=Mobile Computing Principles: Designing and Developing Mobile Applications with UML and XML | first=Reza | last=B'Far | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=2004 | isbn=0-521-81733-1}}
* {{cite book | title=Ubiquitous Computing: Smart Devices, Environments and Interactions | first=Stefan | last=Poslad | publisher=Wiley | year=2009 | isbn=0-470-03560-9}}
* {{cite book | title=The Wireless Internet Explained | publisher=Digital Press | year=2001 | first=John | last=Rhoton | isbn=1-55558-257-5}}
* {{cite book | title=Mobile Computing: Technology, Applications, and Service Creation | first=Asoke | last=Talukder | first2=Roopa | last2=Yavagal | publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional | year=2006 | isbn=0-07-147733-0}}

{{Computer sizes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mobile Computing}}
[[Category:Mobile computers| ]]
[[Category:Automatic identification and data capture]]

Press Play

2016-03-10T11:47:45Z

Codename Lisa: Reverted 1 edit by Poklane (talk).

{{refimprove|date=September 2014}}

{{Infobox company
| name = Press Play
| logo = File:Press Play logo.png
| type = [[Subsidiary]]
| defunct = 2016
| key_people =
| industry = [[Interactive entertainment]] [[Video game industry|Computer and video games]]
| products = [[Video game]]s
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| owner = [[Microsoft]]
| num_employees =
| parent = [[Microsoft Studios]]
| homepage = [http://pressplay.dk pressplay.dk]
| caption = Logo of the company
| foundation =
| location = [[Copenhagen]], [[Denmark]]
| Founded = 2006
}}

'''Press Play''' was a video game development studio based in central [[Copenhagen]]. Since 2006, Press Play have brought more than twenty games<ref name="about">{{cite web| url=http://pressplay.dk/about/| title = About Press Play}}</ref> to multiple platforms. In 2012 the studio was acquired by [[Microsoft]] and Press Play was then part of the [[Microsoft Studios]] family along with other studios like [[343 Industries]], [[Rare (company)|Rare]], [[Lionhead Studios]], [[Turn 10 Studios]] and [[Twisted Pixel Games]]. On March 7th, 2016 Microsoft announced the plan to close Press Play.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Lemke|first1=Hanno|title=Changes at Microsoft Studios, UK and Denmark|url=https://news.xbox.com/2016/03/07/microsoft-studios-changes-uk-denmark/|website=Xbox Wire|publisher=[[Microsoft]]|date=7 March 2016}}</ref>

==Games==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="font-size:90%" "
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Year
! scope="col" colspan="10" | Platform(s)
|-
! scope="col" style="width:3em; | [[Android (operating system)|Android]]
! scope="col" style="width:3em; | [[iOS]]
! scope="col" style="width:3em; | [[Mac OS]]
! scope="col" style="width:3em; | [[Nintendo DS]]
! scope="col" style="width:3em; | [[PlayStation Network|PSN]]
! scope="col" style="width:3em; | [[Wii]]
! scope="col" style="width:3em; | [[Microsoft Windows]]
! scope="col" style="width:3em; | [[Windows Phone]]
! scope="col" style="width:3em; | [[Xbox 360|Xbox 360]]
! scope="col" style="width:3em; | [[Xbox One|Xbox One]]
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Max & the Magic Marker]]''
| 2010
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Tentacles: Enter the Dolphin]]''
| 2012
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Max: The Curse of Brotherhood]]''
| 2013
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Tentacles: Enter the Mind]]''
| 2014
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Kalimba (video game)|Kalimba]]''
| 2014
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Knoxville (video game)|Knoxville]]''
| Canceled
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://pressplay.dk/}}
{{Microsoft Studios}}

[[Category:Companies established in 2007]]
[[Category:Microsoft subsidiaries]]
[[Category:Video game development companies]]
[[Category:First-party video game developers]]
[[Category:Video game companies of Denmark]]
[[Category:Video game companies based in Copenhagen]]
[[Category:Defunct video game companies]]
[[Category:Video game companies disestablished in 2016]]

Press Play

2016-03-08T09:03:41Z

Codename Lisa: /* Games */ Added accessibility data to the table

Press Play

2016-03-08T08:57:43Z

Codename Lisa: Press Play is not closed yet.

{{refimprove|date=September 2014}}

{{Infobox company
| name = Press Play
| logo = File:Press Play logo.png
| type = [[Subsidiary]]
| defunct = 2016
| key_people =
| industry = [[Interactive entertainment]] [[Video game industry|Computer and video games]]
| products = [[Video game]]s
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| owner = [[Microsoft]]
| num_employees =
| parent = [[Microsoft Studios]]
| homepage = [http://pressplay.dk pressplay.dk]
| caption = Logo of the company
| foundation =
| location = [[Copenhagen]], [[Denmark]]
| Founded = 2006
}}

'''Press Play''' was a video game development studio based in central [[Copenhagen]]. Since 2006, Press Play have brought more than twenty games<ref name="about">{{cite web| url=http://pressplay.dk/about/| title = About Press Play}}</ref> to multiple platforms. In 2012 the studio was acquired by [[Microsoft]] and Press Play was then part of the [[Microsoft Studios]] family along with other studios like [[343 Industries]], [[Rare (company)|Rare]], [[Lionhead Studios]], [[Turn 10 Studios]] and [[Twisted Pixel Games]]. On March 7th, 2016 Microsoft announced the plan to close Press Play.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Lemke|first1=Hanno|title=Changes at Microsoft Studios, UK and Denmark|url=https://news.xbox.com/2016/03/07/microsoft-studios-changes-uk-denmark/|website=Xbox Wire|publisher=[[Microsoft]]|date=7 March 2016}}</ref>

==Games==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Year
! rowspan="2" | Title
! colspan="10" | Platform(s)
|-
! style="width:3em; font-size:90%" | [[Android (operating system)|Android]]
! style="width:3em; font-size:90%" | [[iOS]]
! style="width:3em; font-size:90%" | [[Mac OS]]
! style="width:3em; font-size:90%" | [[Nintendo DS]]
! style="width:3em; font-size:90%" | [[PlayStation Network|PSN]]
! style="width:3em; font-size:90%" | [[Wii]]
! style="width:3em; font-size:90%" | [[Microsoft Windows]]
! style="width:3em; font-size:90%" | [[Windows Phone]]
! style="width:3em; font-size:90%" | [[Xbox 360|Xbox 360]]
! style="width:3em; font-size:90%" | [[Xbox One|Xbox One]]
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Max & the Magic Marker]]''
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Tentacles: Enter the Dolphin]]''
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Max: The Curse of Brotherhood]]''
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Tentacles: Enter the Mind]]''
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Kalimba (video game)|Kalimba]]''
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
| Canceled
| ''[[Knoxville (video game)|Knoxville]]''
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{No}}
| {{Yes}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://pressplay.dk/}}
{{Microsoft Studios}}

[[Category:Companies established in 2007]]
[[Category:Microsoft subsidiaries]]
[[Category:Video game development companies]]
[[Category:First-party video game developers]]
[[Category:Video game companies of Denmark]]
[[Category:Video game companies based in Copenhagen]]
[[Category:Defunct video game companies]]
[[Category:Video game companies disestablished in 2016]]

Anaconda (Python-Distribution)

2016-02-29T17:53:07Z

Codename Lisa: Filled in one citation

{{Infobox software
| name = Anaconda
| title =
| logo = Anaconda_Logo.png
| logo caption =
| logo_size = 200px
| logo_alt =
| screenshot = 
| caption =
| screenshot_size =
| screenshot_alt =
| collapsible =
| author =
| developer = Continuum analytics
| released = 
| discontinued =
| latest release version =
| latest release date = 
| latest preview version =
| latest preview date = 
| status =
| programming language =
| operating system =
| platform =
| size =
| language =
| language count = 
| language footnote =
| genre = [[Programming language]]
| license = [[Freemium]]<ref name=Freemium />
| alexa =
| standard =
| AsOf =
}}

'''Anaconda''' is a [[freemium]]<ref name=Freemium>{{cite web|title=Anaconda Subscriptions|url=https://www.continuum.io/content/anaconda-subscriptions|website=continuum.io|publisher=Continuum Analytics|accessdate=September 30, 2015}}</ref> distribution of the [[Python (programming language)|Python]] and [[R (programming language)|R]] programming languages for large-scale data processing, predictive analytics, and scientific computing, that aims to simplify package management and deployment.<ref>{{cite book
| last = Martins
| first = Luiz Felipe
| title = IPython Notebook Essentials
| publisher = [[Packt]]
| edition = 1st
| date = November 2014
| pages = 190
| isbn = 9781783988341}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
| last = Gorelick
| first = Micha
| last2 = Ozsvald
| first2 = Ian
| title = High Performance Python: Practical Performant Programming for Humans
| publisher = [[O'Reilly Media]]
| edition = 1st
| date = September 2014
| pages = 370
| isbn = 9781449361594}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| last = Jackson
| first = Joab
| title = Python gets a big data boost from DARPA
| work = [[Network World]]
| publisher = [[IDG]]
| date = February 5, 2013
| url = http://www.networkworld.com/article/2163350/application-performance-management/python-gets-a-big-data-boost-from-darpa.html
| accessdate = October 30, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| last = Lorica
| first = Ben
| title = Python data tools just keep getting better
| work = [[O'Reilly Radar]]
| publisher = [[O'Reilly Media]]
| date = March 24, 2013
| url = http://radar.oreilly.com/2013/03/python-data-tools-just-keep-getting-better.html
| accessdate = October 30, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Doig|first1=Christine|title=Anaconda for R users: SparkR and rBokeh|url=https://www.continuum.io/blog/developer-blog/anaconda-r-users-sparkr-and-rbokeh|website=Developer Blog|publisher=Continuum Analytics|date=February 1, 2016}}</ref> Its [[Package manager|package management system]] is ''conda''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://conda.pydata.org/docs/|title=Conda – Conda documentation|accessdate=February 25, 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website}}

[[Category:Proprietary package management systems]]
[[Category:Python software]]

{{Comp-sci-stub}}

BIOS-Bootpartition

2016-02-18T15:23:13Z

Codename Lisa: /* Overview */ Okay, I think this edit is a little less selfish.

{{Refimprove|date=June 2014}}

The '''BIOS boot partition''' is a [[partition (computing)|partition]] on a [[data storage device]] that [[GNU GRUB]] uses on legacy [[BIOS]]-based [[personal computer]]s in order to [[Booting|boot]] an [[operating system]], when the actual [[boot device]] contains a [[GUID Partition Table]] (GPT). Such a layout is sometimes referred to as BIOS/GPT boot.<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/GUID_Partition_Table
| title = GUID Partition Table
| date = 2015-03-19 | accessdate = 2015-03-05
| website = archlinux.org
}}</ref>

A BIOS boot partition is needed because GPT uses the [[disk sector]]s immediately following the [[Master Boot Record]] (MBR) to hold the actual partition table, whereas the traditional MBR-based partitioning scheme does not designate them for any special purpose. As a result, there is not enough unused space available for storing second stages of [[boot loader]]s on GPT disks; boot loaders are usually implemented so their code stored within the MBR, which cannot hold more than 512 bytes, operates as a first stage that serves primarily to load a more sophisticated second stage, which is, for example, capable of reading and loading an [[operating system kernel]] from a [[file system]].

== Overview ==
{{Wide image|GNU GRUB components.svg|720px|In the example 2 above, [[GRUB 2]] stores its {{Mono|core.img}} in a BIOS boot partition.|100%|right}}

When used, the BIOS boot partition contains the second stage of the [[boot loader]] program, such as the [[GRUB 2]]; the first stage is the code that is contained within the [[Master Boot Record]] (MBR). Use of this partition is not the only way BIOS-based boot can be performed while using GPT-partitioned hard drives; however, complex boot loaders such as [[GRUB 2]] cannot fit entirely within the confines of the MBR's 398 to 446 bytes of space, thus they need an ancillary storage space. On MBR disks, such boot loaders typically use the sectors immediately following the MBR for this storage; that space is usually known as the "MBR gap". No equivalent unused space exists on GPT disks, and the BIOS boot partition is a way to officially allocate such space for use by the boot loader.

The [[globally unique identifier]] (GUID) for the BIOS boot partition in the GPT scheme is <tt>21686148-6449-6E6F-744E-656564454649</tt><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.gnu.org/software/grub/manual/html_node/BIOS-installation.html
| title = GNU GRUB Installation, Section 3.4: BIOS installation
| accessdate = 2014-06-26
| website = gnu.org
}}</ref> (which, when written to a GPT in the required little endian fields, forms the ASCII string "<tt>Hah!IdontNeedEFI</tt>"). In the context of GPT on a BIOS-based computer, a BIOS boot partition is similar in some respects to the [[EFI System partition]], which is used by systems based on [[Extensible Firmware Interface|EFI]]. The EFI System partition holds a filesystem and files used by the UEFI, while the BIOS boot partition is used in BIOS-based systems and accessed without a filesystem by holding raw binary code.

The size requirements for a BIOS boot partition are quite low so it can be as small as about 30 KiB. Despite this, as future boot loaders might require more space, creating a larger BIOS boot partition is advisable and 1 MiB might be a sensible size. Due to the [[1 MB partition alignment|1 MiB partition alignment]] policies used by most modern disk partitioning tools to provide optimum performance with [[Advanced Format]] disks, [[Solid-state drive|SSD devices]] and certain [[RAID]] configurations, some room is left allowing the placement of a BIOS boot partition between the GPT and the first partition aligned that way. If created by utilizing that free space, the BIOS boot partition would be out of the GPT alignment specification, but that is not very important since it is written to very infrequently.

== Creation ==
The following utilities are known to support BIOS boot partitions:

* [[GRUB 2]] (1.97~beta1 or later): when a BIOS boot partition is found during installation, GRUB will embed itself in it.
* [[GNU Parted]] (2.0 or later).
* [[GParted]], the front-end to GNU Parted.
* gpt(8) partition editor in [[NetBSD]] (5.0 or later).
* [http://www.rodsbooks.com/gdisk/ gdisk]: GPT fdisk

== See also ==
{{Portal|Computing}}

* [[Unified Extensible Firmware Interface]] (UEFI)
* [[EFI System partition]] (ESP)
* [[Windows To Go]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.gnu.org/software/grub/manual/html_node/BIOS-installation.html#BIOS-installation BIOS installation], part of the GRUB2 documentation
* [http://www.funtoo.org/wiki/GUID_Booting_Guide The Funtoo Linux GUID Booting Guide]
* [http://www.rodsbooks.com/gdisk/booting.html Booting from GPT], part of the GPT fdisk documentation
* [http://www.rodsbooks.com/gdisk/bios.html Legacy BIOS issues with GPT], February 22, 2014, by Rod Smith

[[Category:BIOS]]
[[Category:Booting]]