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Aberdaron

2009-08-04T20:54:50Z

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{{infobox UK place|
| country = Wales
| latitude = 52.8087
| longitude = -4.74
| official_name = Aberdaron
| welsh_name =
| population = 1,019
| static_image_name = DSCN7253-aberdaron-view.JPG
| static_image_width = 250
| static_image_caption = The ''Tŷ Newydd Hotel'' on the beach at Aberdaron
| static_image_alt = 
| static_image_2_name =
| static_image_2_width =
| static_image_2_caption =
| static_image_2_alt = 
| unitary_wales = [[Gwynedd]]
| lieutenancy_wales = [[Gwynedd]]
| constituency_welsh_assembly = [[Dwyfor Meirionnydd (Assembly constituency)|Dwyfor Meirionnydd]]
| constituency_westminster = [[Caernarfon (UK Parliament constituency)|Caernarfon]]
| community_wales = Aberdaron
| postcode_district = LL53 8
| postcode_area = LL
| post_town = PORTHMADOG
| dial_code = 01766
| os_grid_reference = SH172262
| cardiff_distance =
}}

'''Aberdaron''' is a [[community (Wales)|community]] and former [[fishing village]] at the western tip of the [[Llŷn Peninsula]] ''([[Welsh language|Welsh]]: Penrhyn Llŷn)'' in the [[Wales|Welsh]] county of [[Gwynedd]]. It lies {{convert|14.8|mi|km}} west of [[Pwllheli]] and {{convert|33.5|mi|km}} south west of [[Caernarfon]], and has a population of 1,019.<ref name="population">[http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/viewFullDataset.do?instanceSelection=03070&productId=779&$ph=60_61&datasetInstanceId=3070&startColumn=1&numberOfColumns=8&containerAreaId=790560 Office for National Statistics : ''Census 2001 : Parish Headcounts : Gwynedd'']</ref> The village is sometimes referred to as the ''"Land's End of Wales" ([[Welsh language|Welsh]]: Pendraw'r Byd)''.<ref name="tourist"/>

The village was the last rest stop for pilgrims heading for [[Bardsey Island]] ''([[Welsh language|Welsh]]: Ynys Enlli)'', the legendary ''"Island of 20,000 saints"''. It is now a popular holiday resort.<ref name="penllyn"/> The beach was awarded a ''Seaside Award'' in 2008,<ref>[http://www.gwynedd.gov.uk/gwy_doc.asp?cat=2706&doc=9177&Language=1 Cyngor Gwynedd : ''Beautiful Beaches and Clean Seas'']</ref> and the coastal waters are included in the ''Pen Llŷn a'r Sarnau Special Area of Conservation ([[Welsh language|Welsh]]: Ardal Cadwraeth Arbennig Pen Llŷn a'r Sarnau)'', one of the largest marine designated sites in the United Kingdom.<ref>[http://www.penllynarsarnau.co.uk/ Ardal Cadwraeth Arbennig Pen Llŷn a'r Sarnau : ''Welcome to Pen Llŷn a'r Sarnau'']</ref> The coast itself forms part of the ''Aberdaron Coast and Bardsey Island Special Protection Area''.<ref name="protection"/>

The community includes [[Bardsey Island]], the coastal area around ''Porthor'', and the nearby villages of Llanfaelrhys, Penycaerau, Rhoshirwaun, Rhydlios, Uwchmynydd and [[Y Rhiw]].<ref>[http://www.election-maps.co.uk/index.jsp Ordnance Survey : ''Election Maps : Gwynedd'']</ref>

==Etymology==
''Aberdaron'' means ''"Mouth of the Daron"'', a reference to the river which flows into ''Aberdaron Bay'' in the village. In [[English language|English]] ''Afon Daron'' means ''"Oak River"''.<ref>A D Mills, ''A Dictionary of British Place-Names'', 2003, [[Oxford University Press]], 576 pages, ISBN 978-0-19-852758-9</ref>

==History==
The church at Aberdaron had the ancient privilege of [[Right of asylum|sanctuary]]. In 1094 [[Gruffydd ap Cynan]], the exiled [[Kingdom of Gwynedd|King of Gwynedd]], sought refuge in the church whilst attempting to recapture his throne, escaping in the monastic community's boat to [[Ireland]].<ref name="archaeological"/> He regained his territories in 1101, and in 1115 [[Gruffydd ap Rhys]], the exiled prince of [[Deheubarth]], took refuge at Aberdaron whilst trying to escape capture by Gwynedd's ruler. [[Henry I of England]] had invaded Gwynedd the previous year, and faced by an overwhelming force, Gruffydd ap Cynan had been forced to pay homage and a substantial fine to Henry.<ref name="gazetteer"/> The King of Gwynedd, seeking to give up the exiled prince to Henry, ordered that the fugitive prince be dragged from the church by force, but his soldiers were beaten back by the local clergy. Gruffydd ap Rhys escaped under cover of night and fled south to join up with his supporters in [[Ystrad Tywi]].<ref name="topographical">[http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/wal/CAE/Aberdaron/Gaz1868.html Genuki : ''A Topographical Dictionary of Wales 1833'' by Samuel Lewis]</ref>

[[Edward I]] and his court visited Aberdaron in 1284 on their way to Bardsey Island.<ref name="tourist"/>

After the [[English Civil War]], when the [[Roundhead|Parliamentarians]] under [[Oliver Cromwell]] introduced a strongly [[Protestant]] regime, [[Catholicism]] remained the dominant religion in the area. Catholics, who had almost all supported the [[Cavalier|Royalist]] side, were often considered to be traitors and efforts were made to eradicate the religion. The persecution even extended to Aberdaron, and in 1657 Gwen Griffiths of [[Y Rhiw]] was summoned to the ''[[Quarter Sessions]]'' for being a ''"Papist"''.<ref name="thousand"/>

During the [[World War II]], Y Rhiw played a vital role in preparations for the [[Normandy Landings]]. A team of electronic engineers set up an experimental [[ultra high frequency]] radio station, from where they were able to make a direct link with stations in [[Fishguard]] and [[Llandudno]]. The system employed a frequency which the [[Germany|German]] forces were unable to either monitor or jam, and was used in the landings in 1944.<ref>[http://www.rhiw.com/hanes_pages/rhiw_snippets/snippets_4/snippets_4.htm Rhiw : ''Snippets IV'']</ref>

==Governance==
Aberdaron, [[Bardsey Island]], [[Bodferin]], [[Llanfaelrhys]] and [[Y Rhiw]] were all [[civil parish]]es in the ''[[commote|cwmwd]] ([[English language|English]]: commote)'' of [[Cymydmaen]] within ''[[Cantref Llŷn]]'', in [[Caernarfonshire]].<ref name="gazetteer">[http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/wal/CAE/Aberdaron/Gaz1868.html Genuki : ''National Gazetteer 1868'']</ref> Under the provisions of the ''[[Public Health Act 1848]]'' they were included in ''Pwllheli Rural Sanitary District'', which from 1889 formed a second tier of local government in Caernarfonshire. In 1886, Y Rhiw had been absorbed into the smaller Llanfaelrhys,<ref>[http://www.ukbmd.org.uk/genuki/REG/districts/pwllheli.html Genuki : ''Pwllheli Registration District'']</ref> and under the ''[[Local Government Act 1894]]'' the four remaining parishes were included in ''[[Llŷn Rural District]]''. In 1934 Bodferin and Llanfaelrhys were amalgamated into Aberdaron, along with parts of [[Bryncroes]] and [[Llangwnnadl]].<ref>[http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/relationships.jsp?u_id=10199980 A Vision of Britain Through Time : ''Aberdaron Civil Parish'']</ref>

''Llŷn Rural District'' was abolished in 1974, and Bardsey Island was absorbed into Aberdaron to form a [[community (Wales)|community]] within ''[[Dwyfor|Dwyfor District]]'' in the new [[preserved counties of Wales|county]] of [[Gwynedd]].<ref>[http://www.ukbmd.org.uk/genuki/REG/districts/pwllheli%20and%20portmadoc.html Genuki : ''Pwllheli and Porthmadog Registration District'']</ref> Dwyfor itself was abolished when Gwynedd became a [[unitary authority]] in 1996.<ref>[http://www.uk-legislation.hmso.gov.uk/RevisedStatutes/Acts/ukpga/1972/cukpga_19720070_en_41#sch4 Office of Public Sector Information : ''Local Government Act 1972 : Revised : Schedule 4'']</ref>

The community now forms an [[wards of the United Kingdom|electoral division]] of [[Gwynedd Council|Cyngor Gwynedd]], electing one councillor. In 2008, William Gareth Roberts of ''[[Plaid Cymru]]'' was re-elected.<ref>[http://www.gwynedd.gov.uk/gwy_doc.asp?cat=5773&doc=20638 Cyngor Gwynedd : ''Dwyfor Ward Results : 1 May 2008 : Aberdaron'']</ref>

''Aberdaron Community Council'' has 12 elected members, representing three wards: ''Aberdaron De'', ''Aberdaron Dwyrain'' and ''Aberdaron Gogledd''. In the 2008 elections ten ''[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]'' councillors and one representing ''Plaid Cymru'' were elected unopposed.<ref>[http://www.gwynedd.gov.uk/upload/public/attachments/924/STATEMENT_OF_PERSONS_NOMINATED1.doc Cyngor Gwynedd : ''Community Councils : Statement of Persons Nominated : May 2008'']</ref>

Since 1950 Aberdaron has been part of [[Caernarfon (UK Parliament constituency)|Caernarfon]] parliamentary constituency, and has been represented by [[Hywel Williams]] of ''Plaid Cymru'' since 2001.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/constituency/779/caernarfon The Guardian : ''Caernarfon'']</ref> In the ''[[National Assembly for Wales]]'' it has since 2007 formed part of [[Dwyfor Meirionnydd (Assembly constituency)|Dwyfor Meirionnydd]] assembly constituency, represented by [[Dafydd Elis-Thomas]], the ''[[Presiding Officer of the National Assembly for Wales|Presiding Officer]]'' of the assembly, and also from ''Plaid Cymru''.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/vote2007/welshasssembly_english/html/819.stm British Broadcasting Corporation : ''Welsh Assembly Election 2007 : Dwyfor Meirionnydd'']</ref> The constituency forms part of the [[National Assembly for Wales constituencies and electoral regions|electoral region]] of [[Mid and West Wales (National Assembly for Wales electoral region)|Mid and West Wales]].<ref>[http://www.bcomm-wales.gov.uk/fifth_review/finalrecs_nr_assemblyregions_e.pdf Boundary Commission for Wales : ''Final Recommendations for the National Assembly for Wales Electoral Regions'']</ref>

==Geography==
Aberdaron stands on the shore of ''Aberdaron Bay'' in a small valley at the confluence of the ''Afon Daron'' and ''Afon Cyll-y-felin'', between the headlands of Uwchmynydd to the west, and ''Trwyn y Penrhyn'' to the east.<ref name="archaeological">[http://www.heneb.co.uk/llynhlc/llynhlcareasenglish/aberdaron3.html Gwynedd Archaeological Trust : ''Aberdaron'']</ref> At the mouth of the bay stand two islands, ''Ynysoedd Gwylanod'', composed of ''Ynys Gwylan-fawr'' and ''Ynys Gwylan-fach''.<ref name="penllyn">[http://www.penllyn.com/1/compages/aberdaron/aberdaron.html Pen Llŷn : ''Aberdaron Community Site'']</ref> The coastline is rocky, with many crags, screes and low cliffs. Heather covered hills are separated by valleys occupied by pastures.<ref name="protection">[http://www.jncc.gov.uk/default.aspx?page=2058 Joint Nature Conservation Committee : ''Aberdaron Coast and Bardsey Island'']</ref>

[[File:Aberdaron-bridge-cyllyfelin.jpg|thumb|left|The bridge over the ''Afon Cyll-y-Felin'' was one of two built in 1823 in the centre of Aberdaron.]]
To the east, ''Mynydd Rhiw'', ''Mynydd y Graig'' and ''Mynydd Penarfynydd'' form a {{convert|3|mi|km}} series of hog-back ridges of [[igneous]] rock which reaches the sea at ''Trwyn Talfarach''. Above {{convert|800|ft|m}} the ridges are topped by hard [[gabbro]]. At its northern end ''Mynydd Rhiw'' rises to {{convert|1000|ft|m}}, with the outcrop of ''Clip y Gylfinhir ([[English language|English]]: Curlew's Crag)'' looming above the settlement of [[Y Rhiw]]. ''Mynydd Penarfynydd'' is one of the best exposures of intrusive, layered, igneous rock in the [[British Isles]].<ref name="penarfynydd">[http://www.heneb.co.uk/llynhlc/llynhlcareasenglish/rhiw4.html Gwynedd Archaeological Trust : ''Rhiw and Penarfynydd'']</ref>

East of Y Rhiw is an extensive low-lying plateau, mostly between {{convert|65|ft|m}} and {{convert|100|ft|m}} above sea level.<ref>[http://www.heneb.co.uk/llynhlc/llynhlcareasenglish/neigwl5.html Gwynedd Archaeological Trust : ''Neigwl'']</ref> The coastal rock is softer here, and the sea has been free to erode the rock and [[boulder clay]] to form sand, resulting in the spacious beach of ''Porth Neigwl ([[English language|English]]: Hell's Mouth)''.<ref name="coastal"/>

West of Aberdaron, four peaks rise above the rocky shoreline at Uwchmynydd. ''Mynydd Anelog'' stands {{convert|620|ft|m}} high, ''Mynydd Mawr'' at {{convert|490|ft|m}}, ''Mynydd y Gwyddel'' rises to {{convert|295|ft|m}} and ''Mynydd Bychestyn'' is {{convert|330|ft|m}} above sea level.<ref name="anelog">[http://www.heneb.co.uk/llynhlc/llynhlcareasenglish/anelog8.html Gwynedd Archaeological Trust : ''Mynydd Anelog, Mynydd Mawr, Mynedd y Gwyddel and Mynydd Bychestyn Enclosures'']</ref>

Bardsey Island lies {{convert|1.9|mi|km|0}} off ''Pen y Cil''. The island is {{convert|0.6|mi|km|1}} wide and {{convert|1.0|mi|km}} long. The north east rises steeply from the sea to a height of {{convert|548|ft|m}},<ref name="cycling">[http://www.cyclingnorthwales.co.uk/pages/rte_aberdaron.htm Cycling North Wales : ''Cycle Ride from Aberdaron'']</ref> whilst the western plain is low and relatively flat cultivated farmland. In the south the island narrows to an [[isthmus]], connecting to a peninsula.<ref name="bardsey">[http://www.heneb.co.uk/llynhlc/llynhlcareasenglish/Bardsey1.html Gwynedd Archaeological Trust : ''Bardsey'']</ref>

[[File:Teloschistes flavicans1.JPG|thumb|right|The [[Teloschistes|golden hair lichen]], which is very sensitive to air pollution, is found in Aberdaron]]
The coast around Aberdaron has been the scene of many shipwrecks. In 1822 the [[Bardsey Island]] lighthouse tender was wrecked, with the loss of six lives; in 1752 the schooner ''John the Baptist'', on route from [[Wexford]] to [[Liverpool]] with a cargo of oats, was wrecked on the beach at Aberdaron;<ref name="daron"/> and in 1830 the sailing ship ''Newry'', with 400 passengers and bound from [[Warrenpoint]] for [[Quebec City|Québec]], was wrecked at ''Porth Orion''. The crew abandoned the passengers, leaving just the captain, ship's mate and one sailor, with the help of three local men, to lead 375 men, women and children to safety.<ref>[http://www.rhiw.com/y_mor/shipwrecks/The_Newry.htm Rhiw : ''The Newry'']</ref> A great storm swept the country on 26 October 1859 and many ships were lost, including nine that were wrecked at ''Porthor'', seven of them with complete loss of life.<ref name="sea snippets">[http://www.rhiw.com/hanes_pages/rhiw_snippets/snippets_about_the_sea.htm Rhiw : ''Snippets About the Sea Around Llŷn'']</ref> On the south coast, ''Porth Neigwl'' has seen many vessels driven ashore by a combination of south westerly gales and some treacherous offshore currents.<ref name="cantrell"/>. Among them were the ''Transit'' in 1839, the ''Arfestone'' the following year, and the ''Henry Catherine'' in 1866.<ref name="sea snippets"/> The bay earned it's [[English language|English]] title, ''"Hell's Mouth"'', from its reputation for wrecks during the days of the sailing ship.<ref name="cantrell"/>

Aberdaron is noted for low levels of air pollution, and is one of the few sites in the United Kingdom for the [[Teloschistes|golden hair lichen]], a striking bright orange lichen which is very sensitive to air pollution.<ref name="national"/>

==Economy==
Sheep have been raised in the [[Llŷn Peninsula]] for over a thousand years, and wool exports have been important throughout history. Fleeces were spun at home by local people, who were paid a small wage to spin the wool and produce [[yarn]]. The main product locally was [[felt]], produced by soaking the cloth in water and beating it with large wooden paddles until the wool forms a thick mat which can be flattened, dried and cut into lengths.<ref name="wool">[http://www.rhiw.com/hanes_pages/gwlan/local_woollen_industry.htm Rhiw : ''Local Woollen Industry'']</ref> There were two [[fulling|fulling mills]] on the ''Afon Daron'', in addition to three [[gristmill|corn mills]],<ref name="archaeological"/> and [[lichen]] was gathered around [[Y Rhiw]], from which a grey dye was extracted.<ref name="wool"/>

[[File:Aberdaron - Porth Neigwl 2.JPG|thumb|left|Two shipwrecked sailors were murdered on the beach at ''Porth Neigwl'' in 1742. Two local men from [[Y Rhiw]] were found guilty of the crime and hanged.]]
Wrecking and smuggling were used to supplement local incomes. In 1743 John Roberts and Huw Bedward from Y Rhiw were found guilty of the murder of two shipwrecked sailors on the beach at ''Porth Neigwl'' on 6 January 1742, and sentenced to hang. Jonathan Morgan had been killed by a knife thrust into the nape of his neck, and Edward Halesham, described as a boy, had been choked to death.<ref>[http://www.rhiw.com/hanes_pages/hells_mouth_1742/trial_notes.htm Rhiw : ''Notes on the Murder at Rhiw : 6 January 1742'']</ref> Fifteen years later, in 1767, a ship claimed to be from [[France]] unloaded illicit tea and brandy at Aberdaron and attempted to sell its cargo to the locals.<ref name="daron"/> In 1809 a Revenue cutter discovered salt being smuggled at ''Porth Cadlan'', and in 1824 a schooner on route from [[Guernsey]] to [[Scotland]] was reported to have offloaded lace, tea, brandy and gin at Y Rhiw.<ref>[http://www.rhiw.com/y_mor/smuggling/smuggling.htm Rhiw : ''Smuggling in Llŷn'']</ref>

In the 19th century good quality [[limestone]] was quarried in the village, along with a small amount of [[lead]] ore.<ref name="gazetteer"/> [[Jasper]] was mined at ''Carreg'',<ref>[http://www.edgeofwaleswalk.co.uk/section6.htm Edge of Wales Walk : ''Llangwnnadl to Mynydd Mawr'']</ref>, granite was quarried at ''Porth y Pistyll'',<ref>[http://www.rhiw.com/y_mor/hanes_llongau_llyn/trwyn_dwmi_e.htm Rhiw : ''Trwyn Dwmi'']</ref> and there was a brickworks at ''Porth Neigwl''.<ref>[http://www.rhiw.com/hanes_pages/rhiw_snippets/snippets_8/snippets_8.htm Rhiw : ''Snippets VIII'']</ref> The main source of income, however, was [[Atlantic herring|herring fishing]].<ref name="archaeological"/> A regular shipping service was operated to [[Liverpool]], with pigs, poultry and eggs exported, the vessels returning laden with coal for the neighbourhood,<ref name="topographical"/> and there was shipbuilding at ''Porth Neigwl''.<ref>[http://www.rhiw.com/hanes_pages/rhiw_snippets/snippets_2/snippets_2.htm ''Rhiw : Snippets II'']</ref>

In the [[First World War]] there was a great demand for [[manganese]] as a strenghening agent for steel. Ore had been discovered at [[Y Rhiw]] in 1827, and the industry became a substantial employer in the village.<ref name="penarfynydd"/> Over 113,000 tons of ore were extracted between 1840 and 1945, and in 1906 the industry employed 200 people.<ref name="about">[http://www.rhiw.com/y_pentra/Rhiw_About.htm Rhiw : ''About'']</ref>

Tourism began to develop after 1918. The first tourist guide to the village had been published in 1910 and extolled the virtues of ''"the salubrious sea and mountain breezes"''.<ref>[http://www.rhiw.com/hanes_pages/aberdaron_1910/aberdaron_guide.htm Rhiw : ''The First Tourist Guide'']</ref> In addition to the two hotels in the village, local farmhouses took in visitors, providing an extra source of income.<ref>[http://www.rhiw.com/hanes_pages/Survey_1947/llyn_sociological.htm Rhiw : ''1947'']</ref>

At the 2001 census 59.4 percent of the population were in employment, whilst 23.5 percent were self employed. The unemployment rate stood at 2.3 percent, whilst the proportion retired was 16.0 percent.<ref>[http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=323400&c=aberdaron&d=16&e=16&g=413213&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1248691139678&enc=1&dsFamilyId=107 Census 2001 : ''Economic Activity : Lower Layer Super Output Area : Gwynedd 014A'']</ref> Of those employed, 17.7 percent worked in agriculture, hunting and forestry, 15.8 percent in the wholesale and retail trades and repairs, 10.7 percent in construction and 10.5 percent in education.<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aberdaron&action=edit Census 2001 : ''Industry of Employment : Lower Layer Super Output Area : Gwynedd 014A'']</ref> 32.3 percent worked mainly from home, whilst 15.2 percent travelled less than 10 km to their place of work and 23.6 percent travelled more than 40 km.<ref>[http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=323400&c=aberdaron&d=16&e=16&g=413213&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1248691139678&enc=1&dsFamilyId=121 Census 2001 : ''Distance Travelled to Work : Lower Layer Super Output Area : Gwynedd 014A'']</ref>

The community is included in the ''Pwllheli and Llŷn Regeneration Area'' and was identified in the ''Welsh Index of Multiple Deprivation 2005'' as being the electoral division with the least access to services in [[Gwynedd]], and ranked 13th in [[Wales]].<ref>[http://www.gwynedd.gov.uk/upload/public/attachments/992/Part_1b_Supporting_Document.pdf Cyngor Gwynedd : ''Gwynedd Regeneration Strategy 2007-2013'']</ref>

==Demography==
In 2001 Aberdaron had a population of 1,019,<ref name="population"/> of which 20.6 percent were below the age of 16, whilst 18.7 percent were over 65 years of age.<ref>[http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=801508&c=aberdaron&d=16&e=15&g=413213&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1248690472327&enc=1&dsFamilyId=781 Census 2001 : ''Parish Profile : People : Aberdaron Community'']</ref> 53.7 percent of households were owner occupied, whilst 21.7 percent were in rented accommodation. Holiday homes accounted for 19.6 percent of dwellings.<ref>[http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=801508&c=aberdaron&d=16&e=15&g=413213&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1248690472327&enc=1&dsFamilyId=787 Census 2001 : ''Parish Profile : Accommodation and Tenure : Aberdaron Community'']</ref> 62.8 percent of households had central heating, but 2.4 percent were without sole use of a bath or shower and toilet.<ref>[http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=323400&c=aberdaron&d=16&e=16&g=413213&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1248691139678&enc=1&dsFamilyId=157 Census 2001 : ''Amenities : Lower Layer Super Output Area : Gwynedd 014A'']</ref> The proportion of households without access to a car or van was 14.3 percent, whilst 40.9 percent had two or more vehicles.<ref>[http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=323400&c=aberdaron&d=16&e=16&g=413213&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1248691139678&enc=1&dsFamilyId=161 Census 2001 : ''Cars or Vans : Lower Layer Super Output Area : Gwynedd 014A'']</ref>

97.8 percent of the population identified themselves as white British.<ref>[http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=323400&c=aberdaron&d=16&e=16&g=413213&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1248691139678&enc=1&dsFamilyId=87 Census 2001 : ''Ethnic Group : Lower Layer Super Output Area : Gwynedd 014A'']</ref> 71.9 percent were born in [[Wales]], and 26.9 percent in [[England]].<ref>[http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=323400&c=aberdaron&d=16&e=16&g=413213&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1248691139678&enc=1&dsFamilyId=85 Census 2001 : ''Country of Birth : Lower Layer Super Output Area : Gwynedd 014A'']</ref>

{| class="wikitable" border="1" align="center"
|+'''Population Change'''<ref>[http://www.histpop.org/ohpr/servlet/Show?page=Home University of Essex : ''Online Historical Population Reports'']</ref><ref>[http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_page.jsp?data_theme=T_POP&data_cube=N_TOT_POP&u_id=10199980&c_id=10001043&add=N A Vision of Britain Through Time : ''Total Population : Aberdaron Civil Parish'']</ref><ref>[http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_page.jsp?data_theme=T_POP&data_cube=N_TOT_POP&u_id=10414209&c_id=10001043&add=N A Vision of Britain Through Time : ''Total Population : Bardsey Island Civil Parish'']</ref><ref>[http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_page.jsp?data_theme=T_POP&data_cube=N_TOT_POP&u_id=10414362&c_id=10001043&add=N A Vision of Britain Through Time : ''Total Population : Bodferin Civil Parish'']</ref><ref>[http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_page.jsp?data_theme=T_POP&data_cube=N_TOT_POP&u_id=10416747&c_id=10001043&add=N A Vision of Britain Through Time : ''Total Population : Llanfaelrhys Civil Parish'']</ref><ref>[http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_page.jsp?data_theme=T_POP&data_cube=N_TOT_POP&u_id=10482215&c_id=10001043&add=N A Vision of Britain Through Time : ''Total Population : Y Rhiw Civil Parish'']</ref>
|- style="background:wheat"
|'''''Year''''' || '''1801''' || '''1811''' || '''1821''' || '''1831''' || '''1841''' || '''1851''' || '''1861''' || '''1871''' || '''1881'''
|- style="background:lavenderblush"
| ''Aberdaron''
| 1,141 || 1,442 || 1,234 || 1,389 || 1,350 || 1,239 || 1,266 || 1,247 || 1,202
|- style="background:lavenderblush"
| ''Bardsey Island''
| || 71 || 86 || 84 || 90 || 92 || 81 || 84 || 132
|- style="background:lavenderblush"
| ''Bodferin''
| 58 || 87 || 61 || 56 || 64 || 57 || 50 || 62 || 42
|- style="background:lavenderblush"
| ''Llanfaelrhys''
| 224 || 246 || 262 || 258 || 236 || 255 || 208 || 198 || 186
|- style="background:lavenderblush"
| ''Y Rhiw''
| 282 || 318 || 380 || 358 || 378 || 376 || 370 || 340 || 350
|- style="background:lightsteelblue"
| '''''Total''''' || '''1,705''' || '''2,164''' || '''2,023''' || '''2,145''' || '''2,118''' || '''2,019''' || '''1,975''' || '''1,931''' || '''1,912'''
|}
{| class="wikitable" border="1" align="center"
|- style="background:wheat"
| '''''Year''''' || '''1891''' || '''1901''' || '''1911''' || '''1921''' || '''1931''' || '''1941''' || '''1951''' || '''1961''' || '''2001'''
|- style="background:lavenderblush"
| ''Aberdaron''
|| 1,170 || 1,119 || 1,106 || 1,075 || 983 || || 1,275 || 1,161 || 1,019
|- style="background:lavenderblush"
| ''Bardsey Island''
|| 77 || 124 || 53 || 58 || 54 || || 14 || 17 ||
|- style="background:lavenderblush"
| ''Bodferin''
|| 45 || 49 || 43 || 43 || 36 || || || ||
|- style="background:lavenderblush"
| ''Llanfaelrhys''
|| 490 || 499 || 495 || 449 || 385 || || || ||
|- style="background:lavenderblush"
| ''Y Rhiw''
|| || || || || || || || ||
|- style="background:lightsteelblue"
| '''''Total''''' || '''1,782''' || '''1,791''' || '''1,697''' || '''1,625''' || '''1,458''' || || '''1,289''' || '''1,178''' || '''1,019'''
|}

==Landmarks==
[[File:Aberdaron - Y Gegin Fawr.JPG|thumb|upright|right|''Y Gegin Fawr'' was built in the 13th century as a communal kitchen for pilgrims heading to [[Bardsey Island]].]]
Two stone bridges, ''Pont Fawr'' and ''Pont Fach'', built in 1823, cross the ''Afon Daron'' and ''Afon Cyll y Felin'' in the centre of the village. Beyond the bridges the road opens up to create a small market square.<ref name="archaeological"/>

The ''Old Post Office'' was designed by ''[[Portmerion]]'' architect, [[Clough Williams-Ellis]].<ref name="tourist"/>

''Y Gegin Fawr'' was built in the 13th century as a communal kitchen where pilgrims could claim a meal on their way to [[Bardsey Island]].<ref>[http://www.aberdaronlink.co.uk/placestoeat/placestoeat.html Aberdaron and District Tourist Link : ''Places to Eat'']</ref> Aberdaron was the last place on the route for rest and refreshment and pilgrims often had to wait many weeks in the village for a chance to cross the treacherous waters of ''Bardsey Sound'' ''{[[Welsh language|Welsh]]: Swnt Enlli)''.<ref name="tourist"/>

[[File:Aberdaron - Islyn Bakery.JPG|thumb|left|upright|''Islyn Bakery'', built of corrugated iron, is on the main road leading out to [[Pwllheli]].]]
Adjoining the car park is a field, ''Cae y Grogbren ([[English language|English]]: Gallows Field)'', with a large red rock nearby. In the Middle Ages, the Abbott from the monastery on Bardsey Island would come over to the mainland to dispense justice to local criminals from the rock. If they were found guilty, the wrong-doer would be hanged and thrown into ''Pwll Ddiwaelod ([[English language|English]]: The Bottomless Pool)''. The pool is an example of a [[kettle lake]], formed at the end of the [[Ice Age]] when blocks of ice were trapped underground, and melted to form round, very deep pools.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/northwest/sites/history/pages/bardseyredrock.shtml British Broadcasting Corporation : ''Aberdaron's Rock'']</ref>

Above the village, on the ''Afon Daron'', stands ''Bodwrdda'', an early 16th century stone-built house, which had a [[fulling|fulling mill]] adjacent. Two large brick-built wings were later added, giving an imposing three-storey facade, with early 17th century windows. To the south, ''Penrhyn Mawr'' is a substantial late 18th century gable-fronted farmhouse.<ref name="hinterland"/>

==Bardsey Island==
{{main|Bardsey Island}}
[[Bardsey Island]] was inhabited in [[neolithic|neolithic times]], and traces of hut circles remain. During the fifth century the island became a refuge for persecuted Christians,<ref name="saints"/> and a small [[Celtic Christianity|Celtic]] monastery existed before the arrival of [[Saint Cadfan]] in the 6th century. Under his guidance ''St Mary's Abbey'', an [[Augustinian]] monastery was built.<ref name="pilgrim"/> In medieval times three pilgrimages to [[Bardsey Island]] were considered to be of equivalent benefit to the soul as one to [[Rome]].<ref>[http://www.aberdaronlink.co.uk/placestovisit/visit.html Aberdaron and District Tourist Link : ''Places to Visit'']</ref> For centuries the island was important as ''"the holy place of burial for all the bravest and best in the land"''. Bards called it ''"the land of indulgences, absolution and pardon, the road to Heaven, and the gate to Paradise"''.<ref name="saints"/> ''St Mary's Abbey'' was demolished in 1537, as part of the [[Dissolution of the Monasteries]] under [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]].<ref>[http://www.enlli.org/english/the_island/island_history.htm Bardsey Island Trust : ''The Island : History'']</ref> The choir stalls, two screens and the bells were transferred to [[Llanengan]], where the church was built the same year.<ref name="pilgrim"/> Many people still walk the journey to Aberdaron and Uwchmynydd each year in the footsteps of the saints,<ref name="tourist"/> though today only ruins of the old abbey's tower remain. A [[Celtic cross]] amidst the ruins commemorates the 20,000 saints reputed to be buried on the island.<ref>[http://www.edgeofwaleswalk.co.uk/history.htm Edge of Wales Walk : ''History'']</ref> A [[Methodist]] chapel was built in 1875, in response to a request by the islanders, by [[Baron Newborough|Spencer Bulkeley Wynn, the 3rd Baron Newborough]].<ref name="bardsey"/>

A gnarled and twisted apple tree found on the island is believed to be the only survivor of an orchard that was tended by the monks who lived there a thousand years ago. Experts on the varieties of British apples believe that this strain, the ''Bardsey Apple ([[Welsh language|Welsh]]: Afal Enlli)'', is the only one in the world. Cuttings from the tree have been planted so that they can be sold to raise money for the ''Bardsey Island Trust''.<ref name="saints"/>

Both [[King Arthur]] and [[Merlin]] are reputed to be buried in a cave on the island. According to legend, the ''Thirteen Rarities'' of Arthur's regalia were brought to the ''House of Glass'' on [[Avalon]], which some have identified as Bardsey Island. This was where Arthur's wounds were healed, and was to be his last resting place.<ref name="saints"/> The name of Arthur's sister, Gwenonwy, lives on in the area in the form of a large rock, ''Maen Gwenonwy'', found offshore to the east of Aberdaron.<ref name="tourist"/>

[[File:P puffinus griseus.jpg|thumb|left|Each year 7,000 pairs of [[Manx shearwaters]] come ashore under cover of darkness to nest on [[Bardsey Island]].]]
The island was declared a ''[[National Nature Reserve]]'' in 1986,<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/northwest/outdoors/placestogo/reserves/bardsey.shtml British Broadcasting Corporation : ''Bardsey Island'']</ref> and is now a favourite [[bird-watching]] location. Each year, thousands of birds pass through on their way to their breeding or wintering grounds. ''Bardsey Bird and Field Observatory'' nets and rings 8,000 birds each year in order to understand their migration patterns. [[Chiffchaffs]], [[goldcrests]] and [[Northern Wheatear|wheatears]] are usually the first to pass through, followed by [[sedge warblers]] and [[willow warblers]], [[whitethroats]] and [[spotted flycatchers]]. About thirty species regularly nest on the island, including [[Common Raven|ravens]], [[little owls]], [[Eurasian Oystercatcher|oystercatchers]] and the rare [[Red-billed Chough|chough]]. Hundreds of sea birds, including [[razorbills]], [[common guillemot|guillemots]], [[Northern Fulmar|fulmars]] and [[Black-legged Kittiwake|kittiwakes]], spend the summer nesting on the island's eastern cliffs, the numbers reflecting the fact that there are no land predators such as rats or foxes to worry about.<ref name="haven">[http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/northwest/sites/bardsey/pages/bardseywildlife.shtml British Broadcasting Corporation : ''Wildlife Haven'']</ref> On a dark moonless night an eerie cackling can be heard across the island as 7,000 pairs of [[Manx shearwaters]] come ashore to lay and incubate their eggs in abandoned rabbit warrens or newly-dug burrows.<ref>[http://www.jncc.gov.uk/pdf/UKSPA/UKSPA-A6-7.pdf Joint Nature Conservation Committee : ''Manx Shearwater, Puffinus puffinus'']</ref>

The island is one of the best places in [[Gwynedd]] to see [[grey seals]]. In mid summer over two hundred can be seen, sunbathing on the rocks or bobbing about in the sea, and about fifteen pups are born each autumn. Their sharp teeth and strong jaws are perfect for breaking the shells of [[European lobster|lobsters]] and [[crabs]] which dwell in the waters. It is also possible to spot [[Common Bottlenose Dolphin|bottlenose]] and [[Risso's dolphins]], and [[Harbour Porpoise|porpoises]]. The currents around the island are responsible for flushing in food-rich waters, and the ''[[Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society]]'' has been carrying out surveys since 1999 to find out which areas are particularly important for feeding and nursing calves.<ref name="haven"/>

At times, the wind and the fierce sea currents make sailing between the island and the mainland impossible. Sometimes boats are unable to reach or leave Bardsey Island for weeks, and in 2000 seventeen island visitors became stranded for two weeks when gales prevented a boat going to rescue them.<ref name="saints">[http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/northwest/sites/history/pages/bardseykingarthur.shtml British Broadcasting Corporation : ''Island of 20,000 Saints'']</ref>

''Bardsey Lighthouse'', {{convert|98|ft|m}} high, was built in 1821 on the southern coast of the island.<ref name="topographical"/> It has an unusual design, being square, and is striped in red and white horizontal bands. In 1987 the lighthouse was converted to automatic operation and is now monitored from the [[Trinity House]] depot at [[Harwich]].<ref>[http://www.trinityhouse.co.uk/interactive/gallery/bardsey.html Trinity House : ''Bardsey Lighthouse'']</ref>

The island was bought by the ''Bardsey Island Trust ([[Welsh language|Welsh]]: Ymddiriedolaeth Ynys Enlli)'' in 1979,<ref name="bardsey"/> following an appeal supported by many Welsh academics and public figures, and the [[Church in Wales]]. The trust is financed through membership subscriptions, grants and donations, and is dedicated to protecting the wildlife, buildings and archaeological sites of the island; promoting its artistic and cultural life; and encouraging people to visit as a place of natural beauty and pilgrimage.<ref>[http://www.enlli.org/english/the_trust/thetrust.htm Bardsey Island Trust : ''The Trust'']</ref> When, in 2000, the trust advertised for a tenant for the {{convert|440|acre|ha}} sheep farm on the island, they had 1,100 applications.<ref>Abigail Hole, Etain O'Carroll and John King, ''Lonely Planet : Wales'', 2007, Lonely Planet Publications, Footscray, 356 pages, ISBN 9781741045383</ref>

==Llanfaelrhys==
''Porth Ysgo'' is reached by a steep slope from Llanfaelrhys, {{convert|3.3|mi|km}} east of Aberdaron, past disused manganese mine workings in ''Nant y Gadwen''.<ref name="tourist">[http://www.aberdaronlink.co.uk/about/about.html Aberdaron and District Tourist Link : ''Aberdaron'']</ref> Where the path from ''Ysgo'' reaches the beach, a waterfall, ''Pistyll y Gaseg'', tumbles over the cliff. At the eastern end of the bay is ''Porth Alwm'', where the stream from ''Nant y Gadwen'' flows into the sea.<ref>[http://argrwydr.com/pdf/WalkK.pdf Cymunedau’n Gyntaf Pen Llŷn : ''Penarfynydd'']</ref> The south facing beach is composed of fine, firm sand.<ref name="cantrell"/>

To the west, [[King Arthur]]'s last battle against his arch enemy, [[Mordred]], was supposedly fought in the fields around ''Porth Cadlan''. Offshore lies a rock, ''Maen Gwenonwy'', named after Arthur's sister.<ref name="cantrell">John Cantrell, ''The Lleyn Peninsula Coastal Path: A Walking and Cycle Touring Guide'', 2006, Ciccerone Press, Milnthorpe, 224 pages, ISBN 9781852844790</ref>

''Lladron Maelrhys'' are two large stones on the border between Llanfaelrhys and [[Y Rhiw]]. It is claimed that many years ago thieves broke into St Maelrhys Church, intending to steal money. Caught in the act, they fled for their lives but were caught approaching Y Rhiw, and killed on the spot. The stones mark their burial place.<ref>[http://www.rhiw.com/pobol/rowland_williams/rowland_willlam_03.htm Rhiw : ''Recollections by Rowland Williams : April 1946'']</ref> Another version claims that as they crossed the parish boundary they were turned to stone for their sacrilege.<ref name="cantrell"/>

==Porthor==
''Porthor'' is a [[cove]] {{convert|3.2|mi|km}} north of Aberdaron and has smooth white sand that whistles, or squeaks, underfoot on a dry day.<ref>[http://www.gwynedd.gov.uk/gwy_doc.asp?cat=2706&doc=12601&Language=1 Cyngor Gwynedd : ''The Coast'']</ref> The crescent shaped beach is backed by steep cliffs of relatively hard rock, from which the cove has been sculpted by the rough seas. The bay is the centre of a ''[[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]]'' estate consisting of 170 ha of shoreline, headland and farmland, and including ''Mynydd Carreg'' and ''Mynydd Anelog''.<ref name="porthor">[http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-coastal_walk-porthor.pdf The National Trust : ''Coastal Walk : Porthor to Mynydd Anelog'']</ref>

[[File:Aberdaron - Porthor.JPG|thumb|right|The ''[[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]]'' owns a 170 ha coastal estate which includes the beach at ''Porthor''.]]
On the hill summits that dot the headlands are [[Calluna|heather]] and [[Ulex europaeus|gorse]], shaped by the prevailing wind, with [[Armeria maritima|thrift]] and wild [[Thymus serpyllum|thyme]] which thrive on the acidic soil. The cliffs are a stronghold of the [[Red-billed Chough|chough]], and a nesting place for [[razorbills]] and [[common guillemot|guillemots]]. On the lower rocks, within reach of the waves, are plentiful [[lichens]], [[seaweeds]], [[sponges]], [[limpets]] and [[barnacles]].<ref>[http://www.gwynedd.gov.uk/upload/public/attachments/890/Rhan5Llangwnnadl_i_Plas_yn_Rhiw1.pdf Cyngor Gwynedd : ''Llŷn Coastal Path : Llangwnnadl to Plas yn Rhiw'']</ref>

To the south are ''Dinas Bach'' and ''Dinas Mawr'', twin peninsulas formed from weathered [[pillow lavas]] 600 million years old, that are thought to have been early fortified sites from the [[Iron Age]]. [[Black-legged Kittiwake|Kittiwakes]], [[Great Cormorant|cormorants]] and [[European Shag|shags]] can be seen on the cliffs, whilst farm birds like the [[yellowhammer]] frequent the gorse.<ref name="porthor"/>

On ''Mynydd Anelog'', experimental plots have been marked out to monitor different methods of managing heather to discover the best practice for conserving the habitat for the future.<ref name="porthor"/>

North of ''Porthor'' is ''Porth Iago'', a south facing narrow inlet and rocky cove, with a small beach and steep cliffs.<ref name="cycling"/>

==Rhoshirwaun==
Rhoshirwaun lies {{convert|2.1|mi|km}} to the north east of Aberdaron, and was formerly a [[marsh|marshy]] area.<ref name="hinterland">[http://www.heneb.co.uk/llynhlc/llynhlcareasenglish/aberdaron2.html Gwynedd Archaeological Trust : ''Aberdaron Hinterland'']</ref> It provided fuel from peat cuttings, pasture for animals and accommodated squatters, particularly fishermen who had encroached on the common with the tacit acceptance of the community. An ''Act for Inclosure'' was drawn up in 1802, which was designed to remove all squatters with less than twenty years occupation. Resistance to the evictions was fierce and was only suppressed by a contingent of [[dragoons]]. The enclosure act was finally applied in 1814. New roads were built across the moor, and boundaries were established, allotments allocated and wetland reclaimed.<ref name="rhoshirwaun">[http://www.heneb.co.uk/llynhlc/llynhlcareasenglish/rhoshirwaun9.html Gwynedd Archaeological Trust : ''Rhoshirwaun and Bryncroes'']</ref>

''Castell Odo'', on ''Mynydd Ystum'', is one of Europe's earliest Iron Age Settlements, and stands at {{convert|480|ft|m}} above sea level. Traces of ten circular huts are still evident. Pottery found on the site dates from 425 BC.<ref name="tourist"/> Legend has it that a giant, Odo Gawr, is buried under a cairn of stones on the summit. Nearby is a huge rock known as ''Carreg Samson'', supposedly thrown from Uwchmynydd by [[Samson]], the holes in the rock being the imprint of his fingers. A pot of gold is said to lie under the rock.<ref name="daron">[http://argrwydr.com/pdf/WalkJ.pdf Cymunedau’n Gyntaf Pen Llŷn : ''Daron'']</ref>

==Uwchmynydd==
Uwchmynydd, {{convert|1.8|mi|km}} to the south west of Aberdaron, has a long history of human settlement. [[Mesolithic]] flints have been found in the area, and a [[neolithic]] stone axe was discovered on ''Mynydd Mawr''. Hut circles are visible on the summits, and part of a [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] anchor was recovered off ''Trwyn Bychestyn''.<ref name="anelog"/>

At ''Mynydd Mawr'' the [[picnic|picnic site]] has views which, on a fine day, take in most of [[Cardigan Bay]], [[Bardsey Island]] and even the [[Wicklow Mountains]]. At night, ''[[South Stack|South Stack Lighthouse]]'' is visible in the distance.<ref name="tourist"/> A road to the summit, owned by the ''[[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]]'', was built during [[World War II]] to provide access to the heights where many men lived and worked, giving early warning to [[Liverpool]] during ''[[History of the Luftwaffe (1933–1945)|Luftwaffe]]'' air raids.<ref name="gyntaf">[http://argrwydr.com/pdf/WalkH.pdf Cymunedau’n Gyntaf Pen Llŷn : ''Anelog'']</ref> The former [[Her Majesty's Coastguard|Coastguard]] lookout point provides views over ''Bardsey Sound'' to the island. The building, which was manned occasionally, later had one of two four-minute warning devices in the area during the [[Cold War]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}}

The headland at ''Braich y Pwll'' is the only known location on the British mainland for the [[Tuberaria guttata|spotted rock rose]], with its bright yellow petals.<ref name="national">[http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-global/w-localtoyou/w-wales/w-wales-welsh_countryside/w-wales-llyn-peninsula.htm The National Trust : ''The Llŷn Peninsula'']</ref>

Above the sea cliffs are the remains of ''Capel Mair ([[English language|English]]: St Mary's Church)'',<ref name="interest">[http://www.gwynedd.gov.uk/upload/public/attachments/845/intro1.pdf Cyngor Gwynedd : ''Llŷn Coastal Path : Some Places of Interest Along the Path'']</ref> where it was customary for pilgrims to invoke the protection of the [[Virgin Mary]] before making the dangerous crossing to Bardsey Island.

At the foot of ''Mynydd Mawr'' is ''Ffynnon Fair'' (''[[English language|English]]: St Mary's Well''), the last stopping off point for pilgrims crossing to Bardsey Island. The well is a freshwater spring which is covered twice daily by the sea, only to emerge from the ebbing tide with crystal clear water.<ref name="tourist"/>

The coast here, with open grass heath land and mountain giving way to rugged sea cliffs and coves, has a profusion of wildlife. It provides an ideal opportunity to spot the rare [[Red-billed Chough|chough]] and [[peregrine falcon]]s, [[common kestrel|kestrels]], [[Atlantic puffin|puffins]], [[European stonechat|stonechats]], [[common guillemot|guillemots]] and [[Manx shearwater]]s can be seen, along with dolphins, porpoises and seals. It is an ideal vantage point to watch the spring and autumn bird migrations.<ref name="tourist"/>

''Cwrt'', now a large farm, was the administrative centre of Bardsey Island's mainland estates, and was known as the ''"Court of Bardsey"''.<ref name="hinterland"/>

''Y Parwyd'' has the steepest cliffs in the [[Llŷn Peninsula]], and is the scene of a local ghost story. In 1794 a newly married couple moved into a cottage nearby. Within a few years they were disturbed by a phantom, but when they read a verse from the Bible, the phantom would retreat towards ''Y Parwyd'' and hover over the cliff edge before disappearing. The couple finally moved to Bodferin. In 1801 a ship pilot was put ashore on the rocks below the cliffs. Although very drunk, he managed to climb the cliff face and, reaching the top, fell asleep in a sheep pen. In the early morning, he awoke and, still drunk, headed for home. He walked in the wrong direction, however, and disappeared over the cliff edge into the sea.<ref name="parwyd">[http://argrwydr.com/pdf/WalkI.pdf Cymunedau’n Gyntaf Pen Llŷn : ''Parwyd'']</ref>

The traditional embarkation point for pilgrims crossing to Bardsey Island was at ''Porth Meudwy ([[Welsh language|Welsh]]: Hermit's Cove)'', now a [[lobster]] fishing cove. Further south is ''Porth y Pistyll'' which has good views of ''Ynysoedd Gwylanod'', home to puffin and guillemot colonies, and ''Pen y Cil'', where the [[Precambrian]] [[pillow lavas]] are exposed, revealing how they have been contorted over time.<ref name="mynydd">[http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-coastal_walk-aberdaron_mynydd.pdf The National Trust : ''Coastal Walk : Aberdaron to Mynydd Mawr'']</ref>

==Y Rhiw==
[[File:Bwlch y Garreg Wen cottage on Gallt y Rhiw - geograph.org.uk - 608372.jpg|thumb|right|''Bwlch y Garreg Wen'' at [[Y Rhiw]], built in 1731, is a ''croglofft cottage'', a type of agricultural worker's house found throughout the [[Llŷn Peninsula]].]]
{{main|Y Rhiw}}
The mountain-top hamlet of Y Rhiw is {{convert|3.9|mi|km}} to the east. There are fine views of the [[Llŷn Peninsula]] towards [[Snowdonia]]. On the slopes of ''Mynydd Rhiw'' is a late [[Stone Age]] burial chamber,<ref name="coastal">[http://www.gwynedd.gov.uk/upload/public/attachments/890/Rhan_6_______Plas_yn_Rhiw_i_Llanbedrog1.pdf Cyngor Gwynedd : ''Llŷn Coastal Path : Plas yn Rhiw to Llanbedrog'']</ref> and [[neolithic]] quarries.<ref>[http://www.rhiw.com/hanes_02/axe_factory/mynydd_rhiw_axe_factory.htm Rhiw : ''Mynydd Rhiw Axe Factory'']</ref> Nearby on ''Mynydd y Graig'' are three [[hill forts]], several hut circles and terraced fields that are thought to date from the late [[Iron Age]].<ref name="penarfynydd"/> In 1955 a [[Bronze Age]] [[cinerary urn]] was uncovered in the village.<ref>[http://www.rhiw.com/hanes_pages/rhiw_urn/urn.htm Rhiw : ''Bronze Age Urn'']</ref>

''Plas yn Rhiw'', owned by the ''[[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]]'', is an early 17th century house that was restored by the Keating sisters in 1939 with advice from [[Clough Williams-Ellis]]. It is believed that the house is on or near the site of an earlier defended house, built by Meirion Goch in the 10th century to prevent incursions by [[Vikings]] into ''Porth Neigwl''.<ref name="thousand">[http://www.rhiw.com/hanes_pages/plas_yn_rhiw.htm Rhiw : ''Plas yn Rhiw : The First Thousand Years'']</ref>

==Transport==
Aberdaron lies at the end of the B4413 from [[Pwllheli]]. Buses are operated by ''[[Arriva Buses Wales]]'' and ''Nefyn Coaches'' serving [[Nefyn]] and [[Pwllheli]].<ref>[http://www.gwynedd.gov.uk/upload/public/attachments/988/008B_May08.pdf Cyngor Gwynedd : ''Bus Services : Uwchmynydd-Pwllheli'']</ref><ref>[http://www.gwynedd.gov.uk/upload/public/attachments/988/017_May08.pdf Cyngor Gwynedd : ''Bus Services : Pwllheli-Aberdaron'']</ref><ref>[http://www.gwynedd.gov.uk/upload/public/attachments/998/31_June09_Arriva1.pdf Cyngor Gwynedd : ''Bus Services : Hafan y Môr-Pwllheli-Aberdaron'']</ref> Ferry services to [[Bardsey Island]] are operated from ''Porth Meudwy'' and [[Pwllheli]] by ''Bardsey Boat Trips'' and ''Enlli Charters''.<ref>[http://www.bardseyboattrips.com/map_e.htm Bardsey Boat Trips : ''Your Ticket to Discovery'']</ref><ref>[http://www.enllicharter.co.uk/ Enlli Charters : ''Day Trips to Bardsey Island'']</ref> The nearest railway station is at Pwllheli.

==Education==
In the early 19th century a school for the education of poor children was held, alternating on a four year cycle between Aberdaron, Llanfaelrhys, [[Bryncroes]] and [[Y Rhiw]].<ref name="topographical"/> A [[National school (England and Wales)|national school]] opened at Y Rhiw in 1877, with 74 pupils on its register. It closed in 1965.<ref>[http://www.rhiw.com/hanes_pages/education.htm Rhiw : ''Education'']</ref>

[[Primary Education in Wales|Primary education]] is now provided by ''Ysgol Crud y Werin'' in Aberdaron, which has 48 pupils, and by ''Ysgol Llidiardau'' in Rhoshirwaun, established in 1880, which has 30 pupils.<ref>[http://www.gwynedd.gov.uk/upload/public/attachments/962/MasterCyfrifiadCynraddMedi197520081.xls Cyngor Gwynedd : ''Primary Schools' Census 1975-2008'']</ref> At the last school inspection by ''[[Estyn]]'' at ''Ysgol Crud y Werin'', in 2008, no pupils were entitled to [[free school meals]] and 84 percent came from homes where [[Welsh language|Welsh]] was the main spoken language. Welsh is the main medium of teaching.<ref>[http://www.estyn.gov.uk/inspection_reports/ysgol_crud_y_werin_may_2008.pdf Estyn : ''Inspection under Section 28 of the Education Act 2005 : Ysgol Crud y Werin'']</ref>. ''Ysgol Llidiardau'' was last inspected in 2009, when 18 percent of pupils were entitled to free school meals and 36 percent came from homes where Welsh was the predominant language.<ref>[http://www.estyn.gov.uk/inspection_reports/ysgol_llidiardau_january_2009.pdf Estyn : ''Inspection under Section 28 of the Education Act 2005 : Ysgol Llidiardau'']</ref> Secondary school pupils mainly attend ''Ysgol Botwnnog''.<ref>[http://www.gwynedd.gov.uk/gwy_doc.asp?cat=3217&doc=12928&Language=1 Cyngor Gwynedd : ''Botwnnog Catchment Area'']</ref>

==Culture==
Aberdaron is a predominantly [[Welsh language|Welsh]] speaking community, 75.2 percent of the population speaking the language.<ref>[http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=323400&c=aberdaron&d=16&e=16&g=413213&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1248691139803&enc=1&dsFamilyId=197 Census 2001 : ''Welsh Language Skills : Lower Layer Super Output Area : Gwynedd 014A'']</ref>

The poet [[R. S. Thomas|Ronald Stuart Thomas]] was vicar of ''St Hywyn's Church'' from 1967 to 1978. When he retired he lived for some years in [[Y Rhiw]].<ref>[http://www.st-hywyn.org.uk/rsthomas.htm St Hywyn's Church : ''R S Thomas'']</ref> An ardent Welsh nationalist who learnt to speak Welsh, his poetry was based on his religious faith. In 1995 he was nominated for the ''[[Nobel Prize in Literature]]''.<ref>[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/r-s-thomas-nominated-for-nobel-prize-1590561.html The Independent : 9 July 1995 : ''R S Thomas Nominated for Nobel Prize'']</ref> He was widely regarded as the best religious poet of his time.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/942723.stm British Broadcasting Corporation : 26 September 2000 : ''R S Thomas, Wales's Outspoken Poet'']</ref>

The subject of one of R S Thomas's poems, Richard Robert Jones, better known as ''[[Dic Aberdaron|"Dic Aberdaron"]]'', was born in the village in 1780. Despite receiving very little formal education, he is said to have been fluent in fourteen languages, and spent many years traveling the country with his books and his cat.<ref>[http://www.gtj.org.uk/en/small/item/GTJ18316/ Gathering The Jewels : ''The Poem "Dic Aberdaron" by R S Thomas'']</ref>

In 1922, William Rowlands won a prize at the ''[[National Eisteddfod]]'' for writing an adventure story for boys. The book, ''Y Llong Lo ([[English language|English]]: The Coal Ship)'' was published in 1924, and told the story of two boys who stow away on one of the ships that brought coal to ''Porth Neigwl''.<ref name="snippets vi"/>

In the same year that ''Y Llong Lo'' was published, the South African poet [[Roy Campbell (poet)|Roy Campbell]] brought out ''The Flaming Terrapin'', written in a ''croglofft'' cottage while he was living above ''Porth Ysgo''.<ref>[http://www.rhiw.com/pobol/campbell/love_in_a_hut.htm Rhiw : ''Love in a Hut'']</ref> He was considered to be one of the best poets of the period between the two World Wars.<ref>[http://www.catholicauthors.com/roy_campbell.html Catholic Author : ''Roy Campbell : Bombast and Fire'']</ref>

Yorkshire born poet, Christine Evans, lives half the year on [[Bardsey Island]], spending the winters at Uwchmynydd. She moved to [[Pwllheli]] as a teacher, and married into a Bardsey Island farming family. During maternity leave in 1976, she started writing poems, and her first book was published seven years later. ''Cometary Phrases'' was ''Welsh Book of the Year 1989'' and she was the winner of the inaugural ''Roland Mathias Prize'' in 2005.<ref>[http://www.gomer.co.uk/gomer/en/gomer.ViewAuthor/authorBio/130 Gwasg Gomer : Author Biographies : Christine Evans]</ref>

In 1953, Edgar Ewart Pritchard, an amateur film-maker from [[Brownhills]], produced ''"The Island in the Current"'', a colour movie showing scenes of life on Bardsey Island. A copy of the film is held by the ''[[National Screen and Sound Archive of Wales]]''.<ref>[http://education.gtj.org.uk/film/filmitems.php?lang=en&id=30354 The National Library of Wales : ''Gathering the Jewels : Film : "The Island in the Current", 1953'']</ref> A candle lantern, discovered in 1946 in a cowshed at Y Rhiw, is now displayed in ''[[St Fagans National History Museum]]''.<ref name="snippets vi">[http://www.rhiw.com/hanes_pages/rhiw_snippets/snippets_6/snippets_6.htm Rhiw : ''Snippets VI'']</ref>

[[File:Euphorbia peplus flowers.jpg|thumb|right|Petty spurge, ''[[euphorbia peplus]]'', has been found to cure 71 per cent of cases of [[basal cell carcinoma]].]]
For many years, Owen Griffith, a qualified pharmacist from Penycaerau, who was known as the ''"Doctor of the Wild Wart"'', used a traditional herbalist remedy to cure [[basal cell carcinoma]], also known as ''rodent ulcer''. The remedy had supposedly been passed on to the family 300 years earlier by an [[Irish Traveller|Irish tinker]]. In 1932 a woman died whilst receiving treatment and, even though the [[inquest]] into her death found that no blame was apportioned to the treatment, the ''Chief Medical Officer'' for [[Caernarfonshire]] vociferously condemned the treatment in the press. Many former patients came out in support of the pharmacist, and petitions were sent to the ''Department of Health'' demanding that a licence be granted to Griffith and his cousin.<ref>[http://www.rhiw.com/pobol/y_ddafad_wyllt_2.htm Rhiw : ''Doctors of the Wild Wart'']</ref> In 2006 a [[Queensland]] biotechnology company announced that a gel using the raw sap of [[Euphorbia peplus|petty spurge]] had been found in tests to cure 71 percent of the tumours.<ref>[http://www.theage.com.au/news/business/peplin-cancer-gel-shows-promise/2006/05/01/1146335659431.html The Age : 1 May 2006 : ''Peplin Cancer Gel Shows Promise'']</ref>

A mobile library visits a number of sites in the community each week.<ref>[http://www.gwynedd.gov.uk/upload/public/attachments/990/bm20912.pdf Cyngor Gwynedd : ''North Gwynedd Mobile Library Service'']</ref>

In summer, harp recitals and concerts are held in ''St Hywyn's Church''.<ref name="hywyn"/> ''Gwyl Pen Draw'r Byd'' is a yearly event with beach side concerts and competitions on the beach. A concert is held in the evening on ''Morfa Mawr Farm''.<ref name="penllyn"/>

==Religion==
A church was founded in Aberdaron in the 6th century by Saint Hywyn, a follower of [[Saint Cadfan]].<ref name="edge">[http://www.edgeofwaleswalk.co.uk/section7.htm The Edge of Wales Walk : ''Mynydd Mawr to Aberdaron'']</ref> This was a significant institution, not simply a place of worship for the locals, but a monastery and centre of religious learning.<ref name="pilgrim">[http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/northwest/sites/faith/pages/pilgrim_llyn_north.shtml?7 British Broadcasting Corporation : ''Pilgrims : The Northern Path'']</ref> The present double naved ''St Hywyn's Church ([[Welsh language|Welsh]]: Eglwys Hywyn Sant)'', built in 1137 and known as ''"The Cathedral of Llŷn"'', stands overlooking the shore and was on the pilgrim route to [[Bardsey Island]]. It contains a 12th century [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] arched door.<ref>[http://www.heneb.co.uk/llynhlc/thematicessays/religion.html Gwynedd Archaeological Trust : ''Religion and its Influence on the Landscape'']</ref> The church was extended in 1417 and abandoned in 1841, when the locals decided to build a new church, ''Eglwys Newydd'', up in the village. The new building however, proved unpopular and the congregation returned in 1906. Inside is a display interpreting the life and works of the poet, [[R. S. Thomas|Ronald Stuart Thomas]],<ref name="hywyn">[http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/northwest/sites/bardsey/pages/st_hywyn.shtml British Broadcasting Corporation : ''Saving St Hywyn's'']</ref> whilst in the churchyard stand ''Y Meini Feracius a Senagus ([[English language|English]]: The Veracius and Senacus Stones)'', the tombstones of two 5th century Christian priests, found in the 18th century on farmland near ''Mynydd Anelog''.<ref>[http://www.st-hywyn.org.uk/stones.htm St Hywyn's Church : ''Stones'']</ref> In 2008 the church became the centre of controversy when the local vicar blessed a gay civil partnership, after being given approval by the local church council. The vicar was reprimanded by [[Barry Morgan]], the [[Archbishop of Wales]]. Referring to the Archbishop's protests, the vicar stated ''"There was a bit of a to-do about it"''.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/north_west/7631356.stm British Broadcasting Corporation : 23 September 2008 : ''Gay Blessing Vicar is Reprimanded'']</ref>

[[Image:StHywynChurchAberdaron.jpg|thumb|left|''St Hywyn's Church'' was built in 1137 on the site of a 6th century religious foundation and is known as the ''"The Cathedral of Llŷn"''.]]
The church at Llanfaelrhys is the only one in the United Kingdom dedicated to [[Saint Maelrhys]],<ref name="cantrell"/> the cousin of both Saint Cadfan and Saint Hywyn, who came to Wales with them from [[Brittany]]. Legend attributes the building of the church to a trader who landed a cargo of flour near Aberdaron during a famine. He used the profit from his sale to construct a small church for the locals. Much of the building is medieval. The font dates back to the 15th century, and there are plain hard wooden benches on the north side, contrasting with 19th century wooden box pews on the southern side.<ref>[http://www.st-hywyn.org.uk/maelrhys.htm St Hywyn's Church : ''St Maelrhys' Church'']</ref> The graveyard contains the graves of the three Keating sisters, who were responsible for restoring ''Plas yn Rhiw''.<ref name="thousand">[http://www.rhiw.com/hanes_pages/plas_yn_rhiw.htm Rhiw : ''Plas yn Rhiw : The First Thousand Years'']</ref>

''St Aelrhiw's Church'' at [[Y Rhiw]] was built in 1860 on the footings of an earlier church. It consists of a small nave and short chancel, with aisles to the north and south, and has boulder built walls and a slate roof. The churchyard contains the graves of some of the many bodies that were washed up at ''Porth Neigwl'' during [[World War I]].<ref>[http://www.rhiw.com/hanes_02/adeiladau/aelrhiw/saint_aelrhiw.htm : Rhiw : ''Saint Aelrhiw'']</ref>

Above ''Porth Iago'' is the site of the ancient ''St Medin's Church'', now just a mound in the middle of a field, but at one time the parish church of Bodferin.<ref name="cantrell"/>

[[File:Nebo Independent chapel and chapel house, Y Rhiw - geograph.org.uk - 617233.jpg|thumb|right|''Capel Nebo'' at [[Y Rhiw]] was built in 1813 for the [[Congregationalists]].]]
One of the first [[non-conformists]] in the area was Morgan Griffith of Y Rhiw. In 1745 he was brought before the court in [[Pwllheli]] where he was jailed for failing to renounce his beliefs. After his release he returned to Y Rhiw and began preaching again. Re-arrested, he was returned to a [[prison ship]] in [[England]], where he subsequently died.<ref name="religion"/> Two of the earliest non-conformist chapels in the Llŷn Peninsula were established at Penycaerau, in 1768, and Uwchmynydd, in 1770.<ref name="hinterland"/> The [[Congregational|Congregationalists]] opened ''Cephas Independent Chapel'' in 1829.<ref>[http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/wal/CAE/Aberdaron/Hanes.html Genuki : ''Hanes Eglwysi Annibynnol Cymru'' by Thomas Rees and John Thomas, 1871]</ref> At Y Rhiw, ''Capel Nebo'' was built in 1813 by the Congregationalists.<ref>[http://www.rhiw.com/crefydd/nebo_chapel/history_of_nebo_chapel.htm Rhiw : ''The History of Nebo Chapel'']</ref> The [[Methodist Church of Great Britain|Wesleyan Methodists]] followed in 1878 at ''Capel Pisgah'',<ref name="religion">[http://www.rhiw.com/crefydd/Crefydd.htm Rhiw : ''Religion'']</ref> and the [[Calvinistic Methodists]] at ''Capel Tan y Foel''.<ref name="penarfynydd"/> ''Capel Bethesda'', the [[Baptist]] chapel at Rhoshirwaun, was built in 1904.<ref>[http://www.rhiw.com/crefydd/galltraeth_chapel.htm Rhiw : ''Galltraeth Chapel'']</ref>

Aberdaron is also home to a [[Seventh-day Adventist Church|Seventh-day Adventist]] youth camp named ''Glan-yr-afon'', located {{convert|1|mi|km}} from the village centre.<ref>[http://www.aberdaroncamp.com/ Seventh-day Adventist Church : ''Welcome to Aberdaron Camp'']</ref>

At the 2001 census 73.9 percent of the population claimed to be [[Christian]], whilst 15.0 percent stated that they had no religion.<ref>[http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=323400&c=aberdaron&d=16&e=16&g=413213&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1248691139771&enc=1&dsFamilyId=95 Census 2001 : ''Religion : Lower Layer Super Output Area : Gwynedd 014A'']</ref>

==Sport==
Aberdaron hosts numerous sailing regattas featuring clinker built boats unique to the area.<ref name="tourist"/> There is a popular regatta every August with races open to all-comers.<ref name="penllyn"/>

Sea angling trips are operated from ''Porth Meudwy'', with inshore fishing for [[Pollachius pollachius|pollock]], [[Pollachius virens|coley]], [[Atlantic mackerel|mackerel]], [[wrasse]], [[European seabass|bass]], [[Mullet (fish)|mullet]] and [[Sea robin|gurnard]].<ref>[http://www.bardseyboattrips.com/trips/fishing.htm Bardsey Boat Trips : ''Your Ticket to Fish'']</ref>

The area has excellent diving, with the ''Ynysoedd Gwylanod'' and the wreck of the ''Glenocum'' in Aberdaron Bay proving particularly popular. The wreck is excellent for novices, with a maximum depth of 8 metres. An extremely large [[European conger|conger eel]] lives in the lower section of the boiler openings.<ref>[http://www.richardbufton.co.uk/Aberdaron.html Richard Bufton : ''Aberdaron Bay'']</ref> There is spectacular diving at ''Pen y Cil'', with a slate wreck and an unusual cave dive. Nearby, ''Carreg Ddu'' is an isolated rocky island in ''Bardsey Sound'', though care must be taken as there are strong currents.<ref>[http://www.richardbufton.co.uk/page9.htm Richard Bufton : ''Cave and Slate Wreck Dive'']</ref> Underwater visibility at [[Bardsey Island]] extends to 20 metres and there is a rich variety of sea life, with some of the best diving in [[Gwynedd]].<ref>[http://www.richardbufton.co.uk/Bardsey.html Richard Bufton : ''Bardsey Island'']</ref>

The village is popular with walkers and lies on the ''Llŷn Coastal Path {[[Welsh language|Welsh]]: Llwybr Arfordir Llŷn)'', which runs {{convert|84|mi|km}} from [[Caernarfon]] to [[Porthmadog]].<ref>[http://www.gwynedd.gov.uk/gwy_doc.asp?cat=3891&doc=14598&Language=1 Cyngor Gwynedd : ''Llŷn Coastal Path'']</ref>

Bathing is popular along the coast. ''Aberdaron Beach'', facing south west, is sandy, gently shelving and safe. ''Porthor'' also attracts bathers, with its sands which squeak when walking across them.<ref>[http://www.gwynedd.com/locations.php?l=1 Gwynedd : ''Aberdaron'']</ref> In 2009 the beach at ''Porth Neigwl'' was awarded a ''Green Coast Award''.<ref>[http://new.wales.gov.uk/topics/tourism/news/beaches/?lang=en Welsh Assembly Government : 11 May 2009 : ''Beaches for the Discerning'']</ref>

''Aberdaron Beach'' is a good environment for all levels of surfing, producing consistent and well-formed waves, though it can be dangerous at high tide when the waves break directly onto boulders underneath the cliff.<ref>[http://www.surfinggenie.com/aberdaron-beach.html Surfgenie : ''Aberdaron Beach'']</ref> ''Porth Neigwl'', over {{convert|3.7|mi|km}} long, has surfing even when other local beaches are blown out, and is one of the most consistent beaches in the area,<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/northwest/sites/surfing/pages/porthneigwl.shtml British Broadcasting Corporation : ''Hell's Mouth'']</ref> producing great waves that are suitable for all levels of surfer.<ref>[http://www.surfinggenie.com/hell-s-mouth.html Surfgenie : ''Hell's Mouth'']</ref> The better surfers head for the northern end.<ref>[http://www.walesdirectory.co.uk/tourist-attractions/Surfing/Wales8837.htm Wales Directory : ''Hell's Mouth Beach Surfing'']</ref> ''Porthor'' is a popular spot for body boarding, and is often favoured by learners.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/northwest/sites/surfing/pages/porthoer.shtml British Broadcasting Corporation : ''Porth Oer'']</ref>

''Porth Ysgo'' is rated as having the best bouldering in Wales, with diverse textures and shapes, and perfect sea washed [[gabbro]].<ref name="kayak">Jim Krawiecki and Andy Biggs, ''Welsh Sea Kayaking : Fifty Great Sea Kayak Voyages'', 2006, Pesda Press, Caernarfon, 272 pages, ISBN 978-0954706180</ref>

Kayaking is possible from both Aberdaron and ''Porth Neigwl'', with the south facing ''"sunshine coast"'' a major attraction, and camping facilities for canoeists on the shores of ''Porth Neigwl''. Tidal streams are generally weak, though landing conditions are tricky with wind or swell from the south.<ref name="kayak"/>

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== External links ==
{{commonscat}}
*[http://www.rhiw.com/ Y Rhiw]
*[http://www.geograph.org.uk/search.php?i=3499837 Geograph : Photographs of Aberdaron]
{{gwynedd}}

[[Category:Villages in Gwynedd]]
[[Category:Beaches of Wales]]

[[ca:Aberdaron]]
[[cy:Aberdaron]]
[[os:Абердарон]]

Aberaeron

2009-08-04T20:53:42Z

ClickBot: Refactoring static_image per WP:Bots/Requests for approval/ClickBot 3. Please report problems here

{{infobox UK place|
|country = Wales
|welsh_name=
|map_type=
|latitude = 52.24204
|longitude = -4.25921
|constituency_welsh_assembly= [[Ceredigion_(Assembly_constituency)|Ceredigion]]
|official_name= Aberaeron
|static_image_name=AberaeronHouses.jpg
|static_image_width=250
|static_image_caption=Houses on the quay
|static_image_alt=
|static_image_2_name=
|static_image_2_width=
|static_image_2_caption=
|static_image_2_alt=
|unitary_wales= [[Ceredigion]]
|lieutenancy_wales= [[Dyfed]]
|constituency_westminster= [[Ceredigion (UK Parliament constituency)|Ceredigion]]
|post_town= ABERAERON
|postcode_district = SA46
|postcode_area= SA
|dial_code= 01545
|os_grid_reference= SN458628
|population= 1,520
}}
'''Aberaeron''' ({{lang-en|Mouth of the River Aeron}}) is a [[seaside resort]] [[town]] in [[Ceredigion]], [[Wales]]. [[Population]] 1,500. Situated between [[Aberystwyth]] and [[Cardigan, Ceredigion|Cardigan]], it is home to the headquarters of [[Ceredigion|Ceredigion County Council]].

==History and design==
Aberaeron was planned and built in 1805 by the Rev. Alban Thomas Jones. It is built around the [[estuary]] of the [[River Aeron]], which has been enlarged to provide a small half-tide [[harbour]] for recreational craft. The estuary is also crossed by a wooden pedestrian [[bridge]].

The [[architecture]] of Aberaeron is unusual in this part of rural Wales, being constructed around a principal square of elegant [[Regency style]] buildings grouped around the harbour. Some of the architecture was of sufficient interest to feature on British postage stamps.

==Location and features==
Aberaeron is located between Cardigan and Aberystwyth on the [[A487 road|A487]], at a junction with the [[A482 road|A482]] leading south-east to the university town of [[Lampeter]].

The shoreline consists of generally steep [[storm beach]]es of [[pebble]]s, although fine [[sand]] is visible at low [[tide]] levels. Aberaeron south beach was awarded the [[Blue Flag beach|Blue Flag]] rural beach award in 2005<ref>[http://www.keepwalestidy.org/english/default.asp?Category=Default&NewsID=178&Menu=0.26.12.64.74.225 Blue Flag website]</ref>.

The [[climate]] is mild and [[temperate]], largely conditioned by the proximity of the relatively shallow [[sea]]. However, Aberaeron can suffer from occasional winter [[frost]]s when cold air descends the [[River Aeron|Aeron valley]] from the upland parts of Ceredigion.

The town is notable for the sale of [[honey]] and especially honey [[ice-cream]] and more recently honey [[mustard (condiment)|mustard]].

70% of Aberaeron's inhabitants are able to speak [[Welsh language|Welsh]] according to the 2001 census.

A life-sized statue of a [[Welsh pony|Welsh cob stallion]] was donated to the town in 2005 by the Aberaeron Festival of Welsh Ponies and Cobs to denote the area as Welsh Cob country. It was created by [[sculptor]] David Mayer.

==Famous residents==
*Sir [[Geraint Evans]], the renowned opera singer had a home in Aberaeron for more than 30 years
*[[Ron Davies (photographer)|Ron Davies]] [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]], photographer

==Image gallery==
<gallery>
Image:Aeron2209e.JPG|The River Aeron
Image:Black lion2268e.JPG|The Black Lion Hotel, on Alban Square
Image:Harb2359e.JPG|Harbour at low tide
Image:Bridge2210e.JPG|Footbridge over the Aeron
Image:Harbour2263.JPG|Harbour and hills
Image:Workhouse2287e.JPG|The old workhouse
Image:Feathers2219e.JPG|The Feathers (former coaching inn)
File:Cob2220lg Aberaeron.JPG|Welsh cob statue
Image:MarketSt2208e.JPG|Market Street
Image:Street2218e.JPG|Georgian houses
Image:Northgate Toll House SN4663 073.jpg|Northgate Toll House, c. 1785
Image:Princes_avenue.JPG|Prince's Avenue
</gallery>

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://tourism.ceredigion.gov.uk/saesneg/aberaeron.htm Official tourism website]
* [http://www.aberaeron-today.co.uk/today/ Website of the local ''Cambrian News'']
* [http://www.gtj.org.uk/en/item1/11288 Aerial photograph of Aberaeron]
* [http://www.geograph.org.uk/search.php?i=3089625 www.geograph.co.uk : photos of Aberaeron and surrounding area]

{{Ceredigion}}
[[Category:Towns in Ceredigion]]
[[Category:Welsh county towns]]

[[br:Aberaeron]]
[[bg:Аберайрон]]
[[ca:Aberaeron]]
[[cy:Aberaeron]]
[[et:Aberaeron]]
[[eu:Aberaeron]]
[[no:Aberaeron]]
[[pl:Aberaeron]]
[[ru:Аберайрон]]
[[sv:Aberaeron]]

Wootton Bridge

2009-07-18T14:36:42Z

ClickBot: Changing {{Infobox UK place}} population field; see talk. Report problems here

{{infobox UK place
|country = England
|map_type = Isle of Wight
|official_name= Wootton Bridge
|latitude= 50.7263
|longitude= -1.2321
| population = 3,618
| population_ref = <ref name="Wootton census data">{{cite web|url=http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do;jessionid=ac1f930cce6b7851a04995942a0830f8cea84387bd7?a=7&b=791881&c=PO33+4QU&d=16&e=15&g=412973&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=0&s=1220465406074&enc=1&a=7&b=791881&c=PO33+4QU&d=16&e=15&g=412973&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&enc=1&dsFamilyId=779&nsjs=true&nsck=true&nssvg=false&nswid=1003|title=Office for National statistics - Wootton Bridge|publisher=www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk|accessdate=2007-05-20}}</ref>
|unitary_england= [[Isle of Wight]]
|lieutenancy_england= [[Isle of Wight]]
|region= South East England
|constituency_westminster= [[Isle of Wight (UK Parliament constituency)|Isle of Wight]]
|post_town= [[Ryde]]
|postcode_district = PO33
|postcode_area= PO
|dial_code= 01983
|os_grid_reference= SZ542921
}}

'''Wootton Bridge''' is a village and [[civil parish]]<ref name="statistics">{{cite web | year = 2004 | url = http://www.statistics.gov.uk/geography/geographic_area_listings/downloads/EnglishParishes&WelshCommunities_N&C_2004.xls | title = English Parishes and Welsh communities N&C 2004 | publisher = www.statistics.gov.uk | accessdate = 2007-05-03}}</ref> with about 4000 residents on the western bank of [[Wootton Creek]] on the [[Isle of Wight]] in southern [[England]].

Wootton Bridge was established as a separate village based at the crossing-point of the creek, but it has now merged with the village of '''Wootton''' on the eastern bank of Wootton Creek. The two villages have grown together and are currently one settlement which is often referred to as simply 'Wootton'. However, the ''official'' name for this community is 'Wootton Bridge'.<ref name="Wootton Bridge official name">{{cite web|url=http://www.woottonbridgeiow.co.uk/History/Wootton.htm|title=Wootton Bridge Historical - Wootton|publisher=www.woottonbridgeiow.co.uk|accessdate=2008-10-02}}</ref> Wootton Bridge is found midway between the towns of [[Ryde]] and [[Newport, Isle of Wight|Newport]], which are 7 miles apart.

In 1969, 100,000 people visited Woodside Bay at Wootton Bridge for the largest pop concert to that date, the [[Isle of Wight Festival]]. [[Bob Dylan]] was the main act that was featured at the concert.<ref name="Isle of Wight Festival">{{cite web|url=http://www.isleofwightfestival.com/isle-of-wight-festival-1969.aspx|title=Isle of Wight Festival History - 1969|publisher=www.isleofwightfestival.com|accessdate=2008-09-03}}</ref>

[[Southern Vectis]] bus routes [[Southern Vectis route 4|4]] and [[Southern Vectis route 9|9]] link the village with the towns of [[Newport, Isle of Wight|Newport]], [[Ryde]] and [[Cowes|East Cowes]], including intermediate towns.<ref name="Southern Vectis bus route 4">{{cite web | year = 2008 | url = http://www.islandbuses.info/r4.shtml | title = Southern Vectis bus route 4 | publisher = www.islandbuses.info | accessdate = 2008-05-04}}</ref><ref name="Southern Vectis bus route 9">{{cite web | year = 2008 | url = http://www.islandbuses.info/r9.shtml | title = Southern Vectis bus route 9 | publisher = www.islandbuses.info | accessdate = 2008-05-04}}</ref>

==Wootton Creek and the bridge==
[[Image:Wootoncreak.jpg|thumb|left|Wootton Creek on a clear winter day in January 2009]]
There is a millpond on [[Wootton Creek]] formed by a sluice gate in the eponymous bridge. At one time there was a second sluice gate in the bridge that would use the tidal water from the millpond to power a mill grinding flour. The mill was demolished in 1962 to make room for more houses.<ref name="Wootton Mill">{{cite web|url=http://www.wightstay.co.uk/context/wootton.html|title=Netguide to Wootton on the Isle of Wight|publisher=www.wightstay.co.uk|accessdate=2008-09-05}}</ref>

The pond is part of a [[Special Area of Conservation]] and is important for wildfowl and for bats. The heron has been adopted as the symbol of the village.<ref name="Wootton Bridge">{{cite web|url=http://www.woottonbridge.com/|title=Wootton Bridge - Homepage|publisher=www.woottonbridge.com|accessdate=2008-09-05}}</ref> Firestone Copse is a [[Forestry Commission]] [[woodland]] open to the public which is situated on the edge of the pond.<ref name="Firestone Copse forest">{{cite web|url=http://www.forestry.gov.uk/website/recreation.nsf/LUWebDocsByKey/EnglandIsleofWightTheForestsoftheIsleofWightFirestoneCopse|title=Forestry Commission - The Forests of the Isle of Wight - Firestone Copse|publisher=www.forestry.gov.uk|accessdate=2008-09-05}}</ref>

==Features==
The village has a station which is the western terminus of the [[Isle of Wight Steam Railway]].<ref name="Isle of Wight Steam Railway">{{cite web|url=http://www.iwsteamrailway.co.uk/|title=Isle of Wight Steam Railway - A Journey Along the Line|publisher=www.iwsteamrailway.co.uk|accessdate=2008-09-05}}</ref>

[[St. Edmund's Church, Wootton|St. Edmund's Parish Church in Wootton Bridge]] dates from the 11th century.<ref name="St Edmunds Parish Church">{{cite web|url=http://www.wightchurches.co.uk/edmonds/page2.html|title=St Edmund's Parish Church, Wootton - History|publisher=www.wightchurches.co.uk|accessdate=2008-09-03}}</ref> [[St. Mark's Church, Wootton]] is in the south end of the village.

The Sloop Inn in Mill Square is another prominent building in Wootton Bridge. The Sloop Inn is about 150 years old.<ref name="The Sloop Inn">{{cite web|url=http://www.vintageinn.co.uk/thesloopinnwootonbridge/|title=The Sloop Inn - Wootton Bridge|publisher=www.vintageinn.co.uk|accessdate=2008-09-03}}</ref>

==Notable residents==
Victorian admiral Sir [[Sir John Baird (admiral)|John Baird]], who died in 1908, is buried in the churchyard in Wootton Bridge. 
The young musician [[Harvey Broadhurst]], who is heralded as quite the celebrity by local residents.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.woottonbridgeiow.co.uk/history/ Official history website for Wootton Bridge]
*[http://www.woottonbridge.com/ Official Wootton Bridge parish council website]

{{Isle of Wight box}}
{{Settlements on the Isle of Wight}}

[[Category:Villages on the Isle of Wight]]
[[Category:Civil parishes in the Isle of Wight]]

Woodmancote (Horsham)

2009-07-18T14:33:39Z

ClickBot: Changing {{Infobox UK place}} population field; see talk. Report problems here

{{Infobox UK place
| official_name=Woodmancote
| country=England
| civil_parish=Woodmancote
| region=South East England
| static_image=[[Image:Woodmancote church.jpg|240px]]
| static_image_caption=Church of St. Peter
| area_footnotes=<ref name="WSCC2001">{{cite web|url=http://www.westsussex.gov.uk/communityandliving/census2001/pop_parish_summary.pdf|title=2001 Census: West Sussex – Population by Parish|publisher=West Sussex County Council|accessdate=12 April 2009}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 =8.49
| population = 478
| population_ref = <ref name="WSCC2001" /> [[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 Census]]
| population_density= {{Pop density km2 to mi2|56|precision=0|abbr=yes}}
| os_grid_reference=TQ235147
| latitude=50.91872
| longitude=-0.24441
| post_town=HENFIELD
| postcode_area=BN
| postcode_district=BN5
| dial_code=01273
| constituency_westminster=[[Arundel and South Downs]]
| london_distance={{convert|41|mi}} [[Boxing the compass|N]]
| shire_district=[[Horsham (district)|Horsham]]
| shire_county=[[West Sussex]]
| website=
}}
'''Woodmancote''' is a [[village]] and [[civil parish]] in the [[Horsham (district)|Horsham]] District of [[West Sussex]], [[England]], located 1 mile (1.5km) southeast of [[Henfield]] on the A281 road. It should not be confused with the other [[West Sussex]] village of [[Woodmancote, West Sussex (Chichester District)|Woodmancote]] near [[Chichester]].

This scattered community has no village centre, but includes the [[hamlet (place)|hamlet]] of [[Blackstone, West Sussex|Blackstone]]. The [[Anglican]] parish church, ''St Peter's'', stands alone beside the A281 road, while not far away is Woodmancote Place, a large house used as a country club. Originally thirteenth century the church was largely rebuilt in 1868. There is a parish hall and one public house, the ''Wheatsheaf'', in Wheatsheaf Lane''.

The parish was recorded in the [[Domesday book|Domesday survey]] of 1086 as ''Odemancote''. Two of the [[Lewes]] martyrs, burnt at the stake in the [[Marian Persecutions]] of 1556, Thomas Harland and John Oswald, came from Woodmancote.

The parish has a land area of 849 hectares (2096 acres). In the 2001 census 478 people lived in 189 households, of whom 248 were economically active.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Horsham}}

[[Category:Horsham]]
[[Category:Villages in West Sussex]]

{{WestSussex-geo-stub}}

West Horsley

2009-07-18T13:06:40Z

ClickBot: Changing {{Infobox UK place}} population field; see talk. Report problems here

{{infobox UK place

|country = England
|latitude= 51.261
|longitude= -0.454
|official_name= West Horsley
|map_type= Surrey
| population =
| population_ref = [http://www.anytownuk.com/West_Horsley,_Guildford.html 2,768] (2001)
|shire_district= [[Guildford (borough)|Guildford]]
|shire_county = [[Surrey]]
|region= South East England

|constituency_westminster= [[Mole Valley (UK Parliament constituency)|Mole Valley]]
|post_town= [[Leatherhead|LEATHERHEAD]]
|postcode_district = KT24
|postcode_area= KT
|dial_code= 01483
|os_grid_reference= TQ078525
}}

'''West Horsley''' is a small [[village]] between [[Guildford]] and [[Leatherhead]] in [[Surrey]], [[England]]. Neighbouring villages include [[East Horsley]], [[Ockham, Surrey|Ockham]], [[West Clandon]] and [[East Clandon]]. It lies on the A246. The Sheepleas Woods are located in the extreme south of the village, and stretch to {{convert|103|ha|sqmi|2}}.

West Horsley appears in [[Domesday Book]] of 1086 as ''Orselei''. It was held by Walter, son of Othere. Its domesday assets were: 8 [[hide (unit)|hide]]s; 1 church, 8 [[plough]]s, [[woodland]] worth 20 [[hog (swine)|hog]]s. It rendered £6.<ref>[http://www.gwp.enta.net/surrnames.htm Surrey Domesday Book]</ref>

The village church St Mary's Church dates from the 11th century; whilst West Horsley Place is a [[mediaeval]] house substantially developed in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. One of the victims of the [[John Duffy and David Mulcahy|railway murderers]] was killed in West Horsley in 1986, although Horsley Station just so happens to be in [[East Horsley]].

The village lies equidistant between the stations of [[Clandon railway station|Clandon]] and [[Effingham Junction railway station|Effingham Junction]].

[[Shaun Wright-Phillips]], the Chelsea and England midfielder lives in West Horsley.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.westhorsley.info/ West Horsley Parish Council]

[[Category:Villages in Surrey]]
[[Category:Guildford]]

{{surrey-geo-stub}}

Wareham

2009-07-18T12:40:35Z

ClickBot: Changing {{Infobox UK place}} population field; see talk. Report problems here

{{infobox UK place
|country = England
|official_name= Wareham
|latitude= 50.685
|longitude= -2.108
|civil_parish=Wareham Town
|civil_parish1=[[Wareham St. Martin]]
| population = 5,665
| population_ref = (Town parish) 8,417 (both parishes)
|shire_district= [[Purbeck (district)|Purbeck]]
|shire_county= [[Dorset]]
|region= South West England
|constituency_westminster=[[Mid Dorset and North Poole (UK Parliament constituency)|Mid Dorset and North Poole]]
|post_town= WAREHAM
|postcode_district = BH20
|postcode_area= BH
|dial_code= 01929
|os_grid_reference= SY923873
}}

'''Wareham''' is a historic [[market town]] and, under the name '''Wareham Town''', a [[civil parish]], in the [[England|English]] county of [[Dorset]]. The town is situated on the [[River Frome, Dorset|River Frome]] eight miles (13 km) southwest of [[Poole]].

==Situation and geography==
The town is built on a strategic [[dry point]] between the River Frome and the [[River Piddle]] at the head of the Wareham Channel of [[Poole Harbour]]. The Frome Valley runs through an area of unresistant sand, clay and gravel rocks, and much of its valley has wide [[flood plain]]s and [[marsh]] land. At its [[estuary]] the river has formed the wide shallow [[ria]] of Poole Harbour. Wareham is built on a low dry island between the marshy river plains.

The town is situated on the [[A351 road|A351]] Poole-[[Swanage]] road and at the eastern terminus of the [[A352 road]] to [[Dorchester, Dorset|Dorchester]] and [[Sherborne]], both roads now [[Bypass route|bypass]]ing the town centre. The town has a station on the [[South Western Main Line]] railway, and was formerly the junction station for services along the branch line to Swanage, now preserved as the [[Swanage Railway]]. The steam railway has ambitions to extend its service, currently from Swanage to Norden, near [[Corfe Castle]] back to [[Worgret|Worgret Junction]] (where the mainline and branch divided) and into Wareham again.

To the north west of the town a large conifer plantation, [[Wareham Forest]] stretches several miles to the [[A35 road]] and the southern foothills of the [[Dorset Downs]]. To the south east is Corfe Castle and the heathland that borders Poole Harbour, including [[Wytch Farm]] oil field and [[Studland]] & Godlingstone Heath [[Nature Reserve]]. Five miles (8 km) to the south is a chalk ridge, the [[Purbeck Hills]], and ten miles (16 km) to the south is the [[English Channel]].

==History==
The town's strategic setting has made it an important settlement throughout its long history. The older streets in the town follow a [[Roman Empire|Roman]] grid pattern, though the current town was founded by the [[Saxons]] {{Fact|date=July 2009}}. The town's oldest features are the town walls, ancient earth [[ramparts]] surrounding the town, which were built by [[Alfred the Great]] in the [[9th century]]{{Fact|date=July 2009}} to defend the town from [[Norsemen]]. The town was a Saxon royal burial place, notably that of [[King Beorhtric]] (800 [[Common Era|CE]]); also in the town is the coffin of [[Edward the Martyr]], dating from 978, his remains now to be found in [[Shaftesbury Abbey]] in north Dorset. The River Frome serves as a small harbour and the town was a port in centuries when boats were smaller and before the river silted up.

After the [[Monmouth Rebellion]] of 1685, Wareham was one of a number of towns in Dorset where [[George Jeffreys, 1st Baron Jeffreys|Judge Jeffreys]] held the [[Bloody Assizes]], with traitors being hanged from the town walls {{Fact|date=July 2009}}.

[[Image:Dorset Wareham Frome Estuary.jpg|thumb|200px|The Frome Estuary in the east of the parish]]
In 1762, a fire destroyed two thirds of the town, which has been rebuilt in [[Georgian architecture]] with red brick and [[Purbeck limestone]], following the Roman street pattern. The town is divided into four quarters by the two main roads, which cross at right-angles. The [[medieval]] [[almshouse]]s escaped the fire, and some of the Georgian facades are in fact disguising earlier buildings which also survived. Because of the constraints of the rivers and marshland Wareham grew little during the [[20th century]], while nearby towns, such as [[Poole]], grew rapidly.

In the [[Anglo-Saxon architecture|Anglo-Saxon]] church of St Martin-on-the-Walls, there is a recumbent effigy of [[T. E. Lawrence]] (Lawrence of Arabia) in [[Arab]] clothing, sculpted by [[Eric Kennington]]. Lawrence is buried at [[Moreton, Dorset|Moreton Churchyard]] where every year a quantity (decreases by one each year) of red roses are left. Near the town is [[Clouds Hill]] and [[Bovington]] army camp where Lawrence died after a motorbike accident.

[[Wareham Town Museum]], in East Street, has an interesting section on [[T. E. Lawrence]] and in 2006 produced an hour-long DVD entitled ''T. E. Lawrence — His Final Years in Dorset'', including a reconstruction of the fatal accident. The museum also contains many artefacts on all aspects of the history of the town.

Since the [[15th century]] Wareham has been a [[market town]], and still holds a market on Thursdays and Saturdays.

==Government==
The civil parish of Wareham Town encompasses the walled town of Wareham, situated on the land between the rivers Frome and Piddle, together with the area of Northport to the north of the River Piddle, and a relatively small amount of the surrounding rural area. The parish has an area of 6.52 square kilometres and, at the time of the [[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 census]], it had a population of 5,665 living in 2,642 dwellings.<ref name=cendat>{{cite web | title = Wareham Town - Dorset For You | url = http://www.dorsetforyou.com/index.jsp?articleid=324168 | publisher = Dorset For You Partnership | accessdate = 2007-08-12}}</ref><ref name = mapdat>{{cite book | title = OS Explorer Map OL15 - Purbeck & South Dorset | publisher = [[Ordnance Survey]] | year = 2006 | isbn = 978-0-319-23865-3 }}</ref><ref name=parsta>{{cite web | url = http://www.purbeck.gov.uk/pdf/Parish%20Statistics1.pdf | title = Parish Statistics | publisher = Purbeck District Council | date = 2007-01-11 | accessdate = 2007-08-12}}</ref>

The sister civil parish of [[Wareham St. Martin]] covers much of the rural area to the north of Wareham, including the village of [[Sandford, Dorset|Sandford]]. Taken together the two Wareham parishes have an area of 36.18 square kilometres, with a 2001 population of 8,417 in 3,788 dwellings.

Both parishes forms part of the [[Purbeck (district)|Purbeck]] [[Non-metropolitan district|local government district]] within the [[county]] of [[Dorset]]. They are within the [[Mid Dorset and North Poole (UK Parliament constituency)|Mid Dorset and North Poole]] constituency of the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]] and the [[South West England (European Parliament constituency)|South West England]] constituency of the [[European Parliament]].<ref name="mapdat"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www1.dorsetcc.gov.uk/LIVING/FACTS/Census2001.nsf/6cadf4da179fc19500256663004afece/30a70bdf84ea7e7380256ec5004f3f0f?OpenDocument Census data]
* [http://www.wtm.org.uk/ Wareham Town Museum]
* [http://www.viewscenes.co.uk/ Images of Wareham and Dorset]
* [http://gallery.beautifulengland.net/main.php?g2_itemId=16745 Photographs of Wareham]
* [http://www.freewebs.com/wareham2185 Wareham Air Training Corps website]

==References==
* Pitt Rivers, Michael, 1970. ''Dorset''. London: [[Faber & Faber]].

{{Dorset}}

[[Category:Towns in Dorset]]
[[Category:Market towns in England]]

[[br:Wareham]]
[[eo:Wareham, Dorset]]
[[es:Wareham (Dorset)]]
[[fr:Wareham (Dorset)]]
[[it:Wareham (Dorset)]]
[[nl:Wareham (Dorset)]]
[[no:Wareham]]
[[pl:Wareham]]
[[ro:Wareham]]
[[sv:Wareham]]

Tyndrum

2009-07-18T12:20:00Z

ClickBot: Changing {{Infobox UK place}} population field; see talk. Report problems here

{{infobox UK place
|country = Scotland
|official_name= Tyndrum/Taigh an Druim
| population =
| population_ref = [http://www.forthvalleygis.gov.uk/stirling_by_number 167]
|os_grid_reference= NN330303
|latitude=56.43524
|longitude=-4.71009
|map_type=Scotland
|unitary_scotland= [[Stirling Council]]
|lieutenancy_scotland= [[Stirling and Falkirk]]
|constituency_westminster= [[Stirling (UK Parliament constituency)|Stirling]]
|constituency_scottish_parliament= [[Stirling (Scottish Parliament constituency)|Stirling]]
|post_town= Crianlarich|postcode_district = FK20
|postcode_area= FK |dial_code= 01838
}}

'''Tyndrum''' (''Taigh an Druim'' in Gaelic) is a small village in [[Scotland]]. Its Gaelic name translates as "the house on the ridge". It lies in [[Strathfillan]], at the southern edge of [[Rannoch Moor]].
[[Image:Tyndrum.jpg|thumb|left|An unusually quiet road scene at Tyndrum]]
The village is notable mainly for being at an important crossroads of transport routes. The [[West Highland Line]] (a [[railway]]) from [[Glasgow]] splits approximately five miles to the south at [[Crianlarich]], with one branch heading to [[Fort William, Highland|Fort Willam]] and the other to [[Oban]]. Tyndrum has a station on each: [[Upper Tyndrum railway station|Upper Tyndrum]] on the Fort William route and [[Tyndrum Lower railway station|Tyndrum Lower]] on the Oban route. The somewhat unusual situation exists of two stations serving the same relatively small community, separated physically by only a few hundred yards, but about ten miles apart by rail. This is a legacy of the history of the railways in the area, after two separate railways belonging to different railway companies were built through the village. Roads mirror this division: the [[A82 road|A82]] passes through Tyndrum between Glasgow and Fort William, whilst the [[A85 road|A85]] to Oban splits off just north of the village.

Tyndrum is a popular tourist village, and is also on the [[West Highland Way]], and has a [[campsite]], [[hotel]], [[bunkhouse]] and [[bed and breakfast]]s to accommodate walkers.

Overshadowed by [[Ben Lui]], one of the [[Munros]], Tyndrum is also built over the battlefield on which, in 1306 AD, [[Clan MacDougall]] defeated [[Robert the Bruce]] and took from him the Brooch of Lorne.{{Fact|date=June 2008}}

Tyndrum is also a former [[gold mining]] centre. The hamlet of Clifton (the row of cottages over the A82 from the Green Welly) are the former mining cottages, and up on the hillside beyond them the tailings of a former lead mine can be seen. The actual gold mine is a couple of miles to the south and west of Tyndrum at Cononish, situated above Cononish Farm. Although the entrance is now closed off, walkers can explore the site and rangers encourage visitors to take home a souvenir from the thousands of sample cores lying on decaying wooden racks.{{Fact|date=June 2008}} The owners are reactivating the mine. <ref>{{cite web
| last = Kelbie
| first = Paul
| authorlink =
| coauthors =
| title = UK's last gold mine set to reopen : Soaring price of precious metals makes drilling viable after a decade of idleness
| work =
| publisher = UK Guardian
| date = 2008-06-29
| url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2008/jun/29/mining1
| format =
| doi =
| accessdate = 2008-06-29}}</ref> The rivers around Tyndrum are a popular haunt for gold panners, which some of the landowners tolerate providing the panners do not use mechanical means of extraction.{{Fact|date=June 2008}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/tyndrum/tyndrum/index.html Tyndrum page on Undiscovered Scotland]
* [http://www.thegreenwellystop.co.uk/ The Green Welly Stop]
* [http://www.therealfoodcafe.com/ The Real Food Cafe] The former Little Chef building now a restaurant
* [http://www.tyndrumbytheway.com/ By The Way] A newly-built backpacker's hostel plus camping, caravans and trekker huts.
* [http://www.tyndrum.com/ Strathfillan House] The glen's former Manse and Church now offering Bed and Breakfast accommodation.
* [http://www.geo.ed.ac.uk/scotgaz/towns/townfirst543.html Gazetteer entry for Tyndrum]
* [http://www.mindat.org/loc-31502.html Cononish]
* [http://www.mineralsuk.com/britmin/gold.pdf Minerals in Britain - Gold (1MB)]
* [http://www.lochlomond-trossachs.org/upload/file/planning_committee/07_2006_07_rpt.pdf July 2006 Planning Application for re-opening Cononish Gold Mine]

[[Category:Villages in Stirling council area]]
[[Category:Mining communities in Scotland]]

{{Stirling-geo-stub}}

[[gd:Taigh an Droma]]
[[simple:Tyndrum]]

Swaffham Prior

2009-07-18T11:14:59Z

ClickBot: Changing {{Infobox UK place}} population field; see talk. Report problems here

{{Infobox UK place
|static_image =[[Image:Swaffham_prior.14.5.05.jpg|240px]]
| official_name= Swaffham Prior
| country= England
| region= East of England
| os_grid_reference= TL567639
| latitude= 52.25
| longitude= 0.3
| post_town= CAMBRIDGE
| postcode_area= CB
| postcode_district= CB25
| dial_code= 01638
| shire_county= [[Cambridgeshire]]
| population = 765
| population_ref = (2001 Census)
|hide_services= Yes
}}

'''Swaffham Prior''' is a village in [[East Cambridgeshire]], [[England]].

Lying 5 miles west of [[Newmarket, Suffolk|Newmarket]], and two miles south west of [[Burwell, Cambridgeshire|Burwell]], the village is often paired with its neighbour [[Swaffham Bulbeck]], and are collectively referred to as 'The Swaffhams'. Swaffham Prior was often known as Great Swaffham in past centuries. It should not be confused with the town of [[Swaffham]] in [[Norfolk]].

== Churches ==

The village is dominated by its twin churches that have served the parish since at least the 12th century – the Church of St Mary, and the Church of St Cyriac and St Julitta (dedicated to [[Saint Quiricus and Saint Julietta]]). In 1667 a parliamentary order combined the churches under a single parish.

The church of St Mary was first built in Norman times, and over its history has at times been allowed to fall into ruin, only being fully restored at the start of the 20th century and now serving as the parish church. It contains an attractive rood screen, and is celebrated for its series of stained glass windows showing scenes from [[World War I]].

The original church of St Cyriac and St Julitta (Cyriac's mother) was built prior to 1200, and may possibly have existed before 1066. The present chapel is a plain Gothic-style church, consisting of a small chancel and nave with three small transeptal chapels. The tower was built in the 15th century tower and contains 6 bells. Having fallen into disuse, in 1878 an order was received that the church be demolished, but the order was never carried out. It now serves as a hall for exhibitions and other functions. Scottish poet [[Edwin Muir]] (1887-1959) is buried here.

[[John George Witt]], the well-known barrister and Q.C./K.C. of Victorian and Edwardian England, who was born in 1836 at [[Denny Abbey]], Waterbeach, Cambridgeshire, was a son of James Maling Witt (1799 - 1870), a prosperous farmer at Waterbeach and at Queens' College Farm, Swaffham Prior. J.G. Witt lived at Swaffham Prior during much of his youth and early manhood. He died in London in 1906.

==External links==

*[http://www.cambridgeshire.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/5BEDC28D-2A00-4AC2-B6B3-23C57FE66E51/0/SwaffhamPrior.pdf Swaffham Prior - 2001 Census]
*[http://www.fylde.demon.co.uk/church.htm World War I commemorative stained glass]
*[http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=18882 A history of Swaffham Prior's churches]
*[http://www.swaffham-crier.co.uk The Swaffham Crier - Swaffham Prior's Village Magazine]

[[Category:Villages in Cambridgeshire]]
[[Category:Civil parishes in Cambridgeshire]]

Sulgrave

2009-07-18T11:09:40Z

ClickBot: Changing {{Infobox UK place}} population field; see talk. Report problems here

{{infobox UK place
| country = England
| official_name= Sulgrave
| latitude= 52.1031
| longitude= -1.1839
| static_image= [[Image:Sulgrave1.jpg|240px]]
| static_image_caption= Sulgrave Manor
| area_total_km2= 8.3
| population_density= {{Pop density km2 to mi2|49.4|precision=1|abbr=yes|wiki=yes}}
| area_footnotes=
| population = 410
| population_ref = <ref>[http://neighborhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=797382&c=sulgrave&d=16&e=15&g=473937&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1205198006625&enc=1&dsFamilyId=779 Neighbourhood Statistics - Parish Headcounts] Retrieved [[2008-03-10]].</ref>([[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 Census]])
| civil_parish= Sulgrave
| shire_district= [[South Northamptonshire]]
| shire_county= [[Northamptonshire]]
| region= East Midlands
| london_distance= {{convert|73|mi|km|0|abbr=on}}
| constituency_westminster= [[Daventry (UK Parliament constituency)|Daventry]]
| post_town= BANBURY
| postcode_area= OX
| postcode_district = OX17
| dial_code= 01295
| os_grid_reference= SP557453
| website= [http://www.sulgrave.org/ www.sulgrave.org]
}}

'''Sulgrave''' is a small village and [[civil parish]] in [[South Northamptonshire]], [[England]], about {{convert|5|mi|km}} north of [[Brackley]].

==Parish church==
The [[Church of England parish church]] of [[Saint James]] is part of the [[Benefice#Church_of_England|benefice]] of [[Culworth]] with Sulgrave and [[Thorpe Mandeville]] and [[Chipping Warden]] with [[Edgecote]] and [[Moreton Pinkney]].<ref>[http://www.achurchnearyou.com/benefice.php?B=28/058DH&V=16377 A Church Near You]</ref>

==Sulgrave Manor==
'''Sulgrave Manor''', near the village, is famous for being the home of the ancestors of [[George Washington]]. [[Washington Old Hall]] in [[Washington, Tyne and Wear|Washington]], [[Sunderland]] is the original ancestral home of the Washington family and was occupied by the family from 1100s to 1539.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Branscombe |first=Arthur |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1907 |month=April |title=[http://books.google.com/books?id=3IfNAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA8722 Washington's Ancestral Farm: The Manor Farm, Granted To Laurence Washington By Henry VIII] |journal=[[World's_Work|The World's Work: A History of Our Time]] |volume=XIII |issue= |pages=8722-8726 |id= |url= |accessdate=2009-07-10 |quote= }}</ref> There is also an area of Washington, close to Washington Old Hall, named Sulgrave. Sulgrave Manor has a road named after it: Sulgrave Court, situated in a housing district of [[Milton Keynes]] called Great Holm.

===The original building===
[[Image:Sulgrave-Manor.jpg|200px|left|thumb|Sulgrave Manor, the second cradle of the Washingtons.]]
Leaving [[Wharton]], [[Lancashire]] (now [[Cheshire]]), to which the family had spread in the 14th century, Lawrence Washington bought the Priory of St. Andrew, Northhampton, from the Crown in 1539, following [[Henry VIII]]'s [[Dissolution of the Monasteries]] and turned it into Sulgrave Manor.<ref>H. Clifford Smith, Sulgrave Manor and the Washingtons, London, 1933, p48.</ref>

The house was built of local limestone, with a wide south frontage, a kitchen and buttery, a [[Great Hall]], and above it a Great Chamber and two smaller private chambers. All these parts survive and can be seen today. Finds of what appear to have been [[Tudor period]] foundation stones as much as {{convert|50|ft|m|abbr=on|lk=off}} west of the current house suggest that the original dwelling was considerably larger than the surviving house. The Great Hall has a stone floor, and its Tudor fireplace contains a salt cupboard carved with the initials of Lawrence Washington.<ref name="Phillips, 104">Phillips, 104</ref>

The Washingtons held it for over one hundred years.

==='ER' and stars and stripes===
Lawrence added an entrance porch to the house's south front after 1558. Over the doorway set in plaster the royal arms of England and the letters 'ER', to indicate 'Elizabeth Regina' in honour of Henry VIII's daughter [[Elizabeth I]], who had ascended to the throne. The doorway spandrels were decorated with the Washington family arms: two stripes and three stars.<ref name="Phillips, 104"/>

===Later alterations===
A north wing, set at right angles to Lawrence Washington's manor, was added c.1700 by then owner, John Hodges. It contains the Great Kitchen and the Oak Parlour, on the ground floor, beneath two sleeping chambers, now known as the White Bedroom and the Chintz Bedroom. Another extension, the west wing, was built in 1929 when the house was being restored.<ref>Phillips, 105</ref>

==Village amenities==
Sulgrave has a 300 year old [[public house]], the Star Inn,<ref>[http://www.thestarinnatsulgrave.com/ Star Inn]</ref> that belongs to the [[Hook Norton Brewery]].<ref>[http://www.hooky-pubs.co.uk/pubs/location_maps/star_inn.html Hook Norton Brewery]</ref>

Sulgrave Village Shop Association Limited (SVS) was incorporated in July 2004 as an [[Industrial and Provident Society]], owned by the residents of Sulgrave, with the object of operating a shop and Post Office. Under its constitution, profits are not for distribution to its members but must be reinvested in the enterprise for the continuation and development of its services to the community. The shop began trading in September 2004 under the direction of a management board employing a full time shop manager and supported by some 50 volunteers. As part of a newly established Rural Enterprise Network, SVS, by selling locally grown and sourced products, seeks to provide a focus for other producers and suppliers to develop and expand locally-based businesses.

==References==
{{reflist}}
* [http://www.sulgravemanor.org.uk/index.htm "Sulgrave Manor. The ancestral home of the Washingtons in Britain"]. Retrieved [[November 10]] [[2005]].
*Phillips, Charles. "The Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Castles, Palaces & Stately Houses of Britain & Ireland". Hermes House. London, England. 2007

==External links==
* [http://www.sulgravemanor.org.uk/ The official Sulgrave Manor Website]
* [http://www.sulgrave.org/ Sulgrave Village Website]
* [http://www.sulgravevillageshop.org Sulgrave Village Shop].
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/northamptonshire/360/sulgrave.shtml A virtual tour of Sulgrave Manor on the BBC website].
* [http://www.britishtours.com/360/sulgrave_manor.html Virtual tour of Sulgrave on the British Tours website].

[[Category:Villages in Northamptonshire]]
[[Category:Houses in Northamptonshire]]
[[Category:George Washington]]
[[Category:Washington family residences]]

Stow cum Quy

2009-07-18T10:54:42Z

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{{infobox UK place
|static_image=[[Image:Stow cum Quy village sign.jpg|240px]]
|static_image_caption=Village sign
|country = England
|latitude=52.22308
|longitude=0.22527
|official_name= Stow cum Quy
| population = 426
| population_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cambridgeshire.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/BDBED31F-3CE3-497D-BECB-F9D86BCFD551/0/StowcumQuy.pdf|title=2001 Census}}</ref>
|shire_district= [[South Cambridgeshire]]
|region= East of England
| shire_county = [[Cambridgeshire]]
|constituency_westminster=
|post_town= CAMBRIDGE
|postcode_area=CB
|postcode_district = CB25
|dial_code= 01223
|os_grid_reference= TL520606
}}
'''Stow cum Quy''' ({{pronEng|ˌstoʊ kəm ˈkaɪ}}) is a [[parish]] east of [[Cambridge]] in [[Cambridgeshire]], [[England]]. It covers an area of {{convert|764|ha|acre}}.

The village's name derives from the joining together of two settlements, one called Stow, meaning high or holy place, that was around the present location of Quy church and Quy coming from Cow Island, the area around the Swan pub. ''Cum'' is Latin for "with".<ref>Village information board</ref>

The village sign was erected to commemorate the [[Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II]].<ref>Plaque on village sign</ref>

== Nearby villages ==
* [[Bottisham]]
* [[Lode, Cambridgeshire|Lode]]
* [[Teversham]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{refbegin}}
*[http://www.stowcumquy.co.uk/ Stow-cum-Quy Parish Council website]
{{refend}}

[[Category:Villages in Cambridgeshire]]
[[Category:Civil parishes in Cambridgeshire]]

{{Cambridgeshire-geo-stub}}

Stockton Hall

2009-07-18T10:44:27Z

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{{infobox UK place
|country = England
|latitude = 53.9961
|longitude = -0.9984
|official_name =Stockton-on-the-Forest
| population = 1,261
| population_ref = (2001 census)
|civil_parish = Stockton-on-the-Forest
|unitary_england = [[City of York]]
|lieutenancy_england = [[North Yorkshire]]
|region = Yorkshire and the Humber
|constituency_westminster = [[Ryedale (UK Parliament constituency)|Ryedale]] changing to [[York Outer (UK Parliament constituency)|York Outer]] in 2009
|post_town = YORK
|postcode_district = YO32
|postcode_area = YO
|dial_code = 01904
|os_grid_reference = SE656560
}}
'''Stockton-on-the-Forest''' is a village and [[civil parish]] in the [[unitary authority]] of the [[City of York]] in [[North Yorkshire]], [[England]]. It is located to the east of the [[A64 road]] to [[Scarborough, North Yorkshire|Scarborough]] and the roundabout interchange of the A64 and the [[A1036 road|A1036]]. To the east there are the villages of [[Upper Helmsley]] and [[Sand Hutton]] and to the south the villages of [[Warthill]], [[Holtby]] and [[Murton, York|Murton]].
[[Image:stocktonotfchurch.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Stockton-on-the-Forest Holy Trinity Church]]
According to the 2001 census the parish had a population of 1,261. Prior to 1996 it had been part of the [[Ryedale]] district.

The village is home to ''Stockton Hall'' a secure unit for mentally ill patients. The village has a local pub, called ''The Fox''. The village has two churches, the Holy Trinity Church and the Methodist Church. ''Stockton on the Forest'' also has a Primary School for local residents accommodating approximately 100 pupils.

''Stockton on the Forest'' is a good example of a [[linear village]], as it follows only one main road (''Stockon Lane/Sandy Lane'') for approximately {{convert|1.5|mi|km}}, branching out only near the west end. The houses along the main road don't have house numbers but individual names (many with references to agriculture, local features or mysthicism) of no particular order or logic, which can make orientation difficult if not impossible for people who are unfamiliar with the village.

==External links==
* [http://www.partnershipsincare.co.uk/facilities/stockton_hall.html Stockton Hall website]
* [http://www.webstore-ed.net/stockton/homepage.html Stockton-on-the-Forest Primary School website]

[[Category:Villages in North Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Villages and areas in the City of York]]
[[Category:Civil parishes in North Yorkshire]]

{{York-geo-stub}}

Stainforth

2009-07-18T10:30:41Z

ClickBot: Changing {{Infobox UK place}} population field; see talk. Report problems here

{{infobox UK place
|country = England
|latitude = 53.5958
|longitude = -1.0253
|official_name = Stainforth
| population = 15,500
| population_ref = (approx)
|static_image = [[Image:Stainforth, South Yorkshire in 2003.jpg|240px]]
|static_image_caption = The New Inn on the bank of the [[Stainforth and Keadby Canal]]
|map_type = South Yorkshire
|metropolitan_borough = [[Metropolitan Borough of Doncaster|Doncaster]]
|metropolitan_county = [[South Yorkshire]]
|region = Yorkshire and the Humber
|constituency_westminster = [[Doncaster North]]
|post_town = DONCASTER
|postcode_district = DN7
|postcode_area = DN
|dial_code = 01302
|os_grid_reference = SE6411
}}

'''Stainforth''' is a small town in the [[Metropolitan Borough of Doncaster]], in [[South Yorkshire]], [[England]]. It is located roughly north-east of [[Doncaster]], close in locality to [[Hatfield, South Yorkshire|Hatfield]] and [[Thorne]].

==Etymology==
[[Image:Stainforth, South Yorkshire at night in 2009.png|left|320px|thumb|Stainforth by night, from [[Hatfield Main]]. The towers of the former power station at [[Thorpe_Marsh_Power_Station|Thorpe Marsh]] can be seen on the horizon]]
The place-name means 'stony ford' from Old English ''stanig'' 'stony' and ''ford'' '[[ford (crossing)|ford]]'. Its name was recorded as Staneforde in 1428.

==History==
In 1348, Stainforth received a [[Royal Charter]], entitling it to hold a weekly [[market]] on Fridays and an annual ten-day fair. The town briefly thrived as a commercial centre and [[port]] and attracted traders from as far afield as the [[Isle of Axholme]], but the market soon slumped as [[Bawtry]] grew in importance.<ref>David Hey, ''Medieval South Yorkshire''</ref>

[[Stainforth railway station]] opened on [[7 July]] [[1856]] and closed on [[1 October]] [[1866]]. The town is now served by [[Hatfield and Stainforth railway station]].

Speedway racing was staged at the greyhound stadium in the town in 1930. The original "professional" promotion failed and a few meetings organised by a riders' co-operative were staged at the venue.

More recently, Stainforth was a mining village, with the Hatfield Main Colliery at its centre. The colliery was open for around 80 years, from when it entered full production in 1921 up to it closing in August 2001. The colliery began reopening in 2006 and resumed full production in January 2008. Work is also due to begin on a new 900MW coal-fired power station<ref>http://www.powerfuel.plc.uk/id4.html</ref> and industrial estate, called [[Hatfield Power Park]].

The colliery and the surrounding area have been used in a number of television series and films, most notably [[Dalziel and Pascoe]] and [[Brassed Off]], and more recently [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0436294/ Faith].

==References==
<references />

==External links==
*[http://www.stainforthonline.co.uk/ Stainforth Online]
*[http://www.stainforthcommunitypartnership.org.uk/ Stainforth Community Partnership]

{{South Yorkshire}}

[[Category:Villages in Doncaster]]
[[Category:Towns in South Yorkshire]]

{{SouthYorkshire-geo-stub}}

[[it:Stainforth (South Yorkshire)]]
[[ro:Stainforth]]

Sandown

2009-07-18T01:24:50Z

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{{otheruses}}
{{infobox UK place
|country = England
|map_type= Isle of Wight
|official_name= Sandown
|latitude= 50.6551
|longitude= -1.1541
| population = 5,299
| population_ref = (1991 Census)
|unitary_england= [[Isle of Wight]]
|lieutenancy_england= [[Isle of Wight]]
|region= South East England
|constituency_westminster= [[Isle of Wight (UK Parliament constituency)|Isle of Wight]]
|post_town= SANDOWN|postcode_district = PO36
|postcode_area= PO |dial_code= 01983
|os_grid_reference= SZ600843
}}
'''Sandown''' is a [[seaside resort]] town and [[civil parish]]<ref>[http://www.statistics.gov.uk/geography/geographic_area_listings/downloads/EnglishParishes&WelshCommunities_N&C_2004.xls English Parishes & Welsh Communities N&C 2004]</ref> on the south-east coast of the [[Isle of Wight]], [[England]], neighbouring the town of [[Shanklin]] to the south. Sandown Bay is the name of the bay off the [[English Channel]] which both towns share, and it is notable for its long stretch of easily accessible golden sandy beach. It is the site of the lost [[Sandown Castle, Isle of Wight]].
[[Image:Sandown Pier Isle of Wight England.jpg|thumb|left|260px|Sandown pier]]
Whilst undergoing construction, this was attacked by a French force which had fought its way over [[Culver Down]] fron [[Whitecliff Bay]], resulting in the French being repulsed. It was built too far into the sea and constantly suffered erosion, until now reduced to a pile of rocks. Later forts in the town include the Diamond Fort (named after its plan), built inshore to replace the castle and which fought off a minor attack from privateers (probably French) in 1788, and the present "Granite Fort", which is now the [[#Tourism|zoo]].

The sweeping esplanade from Devonia Steps to Yaverland and the bandstand were built during the First World War, for the first time stabilising the road to Bembridge. Recently the IOW History Centre discovered graffiti etched in the concrete of the seawall under the bandstand from the time of its construction reading "Socialism is the ... of the World". It is believed that this was built using result of forced labour on the part of conscientious objectors imprisoned at Parkhurst. No other records of them remains due to the deliberate destruction of the official records. The Town Council has since obscured this with a further coating of concrete.

An extension to Brown's Golf Course (and former ice cream factory) was added in 1944 to disguise pumping apparatus for the [[Operation Pluto|Pipe Line Under the Ocean]] ([[PLUTO]]) pumping oil to the [[D-Day]] beaches, which still stands next to the large art deco Grand Hotel.

Sandown Bay is often used as a sheltered anchorage, especially for ships requiring salvage which are periodically towed into the bay (such as the Tarpenbeck) and the wreck of a salvage tug can still be seen at low tide under Culver Cliff (The Harry Sharman) which had been assisting the stricken tanker Pacific Glory in the 1970s.

== Natural interests ==

Sandown is a typical Victorian seaside town, but is surrounded by a wealth of natural features. To the north is [[Culver Down]], a [[chalk]] [[downland|down]] accessible to the public, mostly owned and managed by the [[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]], and supports typical chalk downland wildlife, and many seabirds which nest on the adjoining cliffs. Nearby inland are Sandown Levels, one of the few freshwater wetlands on the Isle of Wight, where [[Alverstone Mead]] [[Local Nature Reserve]] is a very popular spot for birdwatching. Further inland the woodland of [[Borthwood]] provides delightful woodland walks, and [[Common Bluebell|bluebells]] aplenty in the springtime.

The most significant wildlife designation in the area is the [[Special Area of Conservation]] which covers the marine [[littoral|sub-littoral]] zone, including the reefs and sea bed. At extreme low tide a [[petrified]] [[forest]] is partially revealed in the northern part of Sandown Bay, and fragments of petrified wood are regularly washed up on the beach.

== History ==
Originally Sandown was of only military significance as its wide sandy beaches offers a landing place for invasion.
One of the first non military buildings was "Villakin", a holiday home built by the radical politician [[John Wilkes]] in the 18th century, which, along with the Royal Pavilion at Brighton began the fashion for seaside holidays. At first only available to the rich, the development of both railways and excursion steamers made such holidays more generally available.
Sandown has been a seaside resort town since the [[Victorian era|Victorian]] age thanks to its sands and the sunny weather on the [[Isle of Wight]] compared to other parts of the [[United Kingdom]]. Its success, along with that of other neighbouring [[Isle of Wight]] resorts led to the building of a railway connecting Sandown with [[Ventnor]] at the south and [[Ryde]] on the north coast of the Island. [[Sandown railway station]] is still on the one remaining operational railway on the Island, which now goes from Ryde Pier Head to [[Shanklin]].

Today Sandown [[Esplanade]] boasts some fine Victorian and Edwardian hotels (many of which have been unsympathetically extended by breeze block annexes) which overlook the golden sands of the beach below. Sandown Pier hosts a large amusement centre with arcade games and children's play areas, typical of a sea-side resort. The [[Sandown Pier|pier]] is also well used for sea fishing with designated areas especially for the angler. Further north, there is the [[Isle of Wight Zoo]] (also known as Sandown Zoo) which specialises in tigers. Other facilities include an 18 hole golf course, the [[Dinosaur Isle]] geological museum and Sandham Grounds, offering a skateboard park, bowls and putting.

In the Summer, [[Southern Vectis]] run an open-top bus route called "The Sandown Bay Tour", serving the main tourist areas of the town and [[Shanklin]]. <ref>[http://www.islandbuses.info/sandown.html Sandown Bay Tour]</ref>

==Pubs and Dining==

Sandown offers an assortment of pubs and restaurants.<ref>[http://mattandcat.co.uk/reviews/index.php/sandown/ Matt & Cat's Isle of Wight Eating Out Guide: pubs and restaurants in Sandown]</ref> The pubs range from the more traditional - offering a selection of local ales and ciders, to more family-friendly [[Gastropub|'gastro-pubs']] with a wider menu. Restaurants in the town offer a varied cuisine and there are a variety of traditional [[Tearoom_(U.K._and_U.S.)|tea rooms]] on the High Street.

==Transport==
As well as the [[Island Line, Isle of Wight|Island Line]] railway mentioned above, Sandown is served by regular buses run by [[Southern Vectis]] on [[Southern Vectis route 2|2]], [[Southern Vectis route 3|3]], [[Southern Vectis route 8|8]] and [[Southern Vectis route 10|10]]. Destinations which can be directly reached include [[Bembridge]], [[Newport, Isle of Wight|Newport]], [[Ryde]], [[Shanklin]] and [[Ventnor]]. Night buses are run, on Fridays and Saturdays only, along route 3. There is also local [[Southern Vectis route 22|route 22]], which serves the back roads between Sandown and Shanklin. <ref>[http://www.islandbuses.info/routes.html Bus routes]</ref> Sandown is on the [[Isle of Wight Coastal Path]], between Niton and Ryde.

==Media==

The TV series [[Tiger Island]] chronicles the lives of the more than twenty tigers living at [[Isle of Wight Zoo]].

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image:Sandown99.jpg|Sandown
Image:Sandown209.jpg|Sandown
</gallery>

== Cities links ==
Sandown is twinned (''jumelée'' in French) with the town of [[Tonnay-Charente]], in the western [[France|French]] département of [[Charente-Maritime]]. Its [[United States|American]] sister city is [[St. Pete Beach, Florida|St. Pete Beach]], [[Florida]].

== Famous connections ==
* [[John Wilkes]] (former [[Lord Mayor of the City of London]]) owned a house and stayed regularly in Sandown. There is a memorial plaque on the site of his house at the corner of the High Street. On Sunday mornings Wilkes would go to [[Shanklin]] church, and after the service would walk across the fields to [[Knighton, Isle of Wight|Knighton]] with [[David Garrick]] and his wife.
* [[Sir Isaac Pitman]] is said to have worked on his system of [[shorthand]] here.
* [[Lewis Carroll]] spent long holidays here, and first met [[Gertrude Chataway]] on the beach. Gertrude inspired ''[[The Hunting of the Snark]]''.
* [[Charles Darwin]] started the "abstract" which became the ''[[Origin of Species]]'' at the Kings Head Hotel (now Bar) in Sandown in mid-July 1858. He moved on to Shanklin's Norfolk House Hotel at the end of July and stayed for about two weeks. Darwin returned to the Isle of Wight for holidays on several other occasions.<ref>[http://darwin.lib.cam.ac.uk Darwin Correspondence Online Database]</ref>
* The composer [[Richard Strauss]] spent summer holidays at the Ocean Hotel in 1902 and 1903, and worked on his Symphonia Domestica while there.
* Members of the groups [[Level 42]] and [[The Bees]] used to go to [[Sandown High School]], and began their musical careers in Sandown. The playwright and director [[Anthony Minghella]] was another former pupil of Sandown High School.
* [[Jimmy Tarbuck]] was one of many performers who spent summer seasons on Sandown Pier.
* [[HMS Sandown]] is the name ship of the Sandown class of mine countermeasures vessels. It commemorates a wartime namesake, which served as a minesweeper, having formerly been a passenger ferry.
* [[Karl Marx]] visited Sandown Library to read the [[Isle of Wight County Press]].
*[[Eric Charles Twelves Wilson]] V.C. was born in Sandown.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== See also ==
* [[Bembridge Down]]
* [[Sandown Bay]]
* [[Christ Church, Sandown]]
* [[Church of St. John the Evangelist, Sandown]]

== External links ==
{{Commons cat|Sandown}}
* [http://www.iwight.com/ Official site of the Isle of Wight Council]
* [http://www.sandownhighschool.com/ Official website of Sandown High School]
* [http://www.islandbreaks.co.uk/ Isle of Wight Tourist Board - Accommodation, What's On, Attractions]
* [http://www.bartiesworld.co.uk/postcards/sandown.htm Old pictures of Sandown]
* [http://www.somerset3d.co.uk/logos%20&%20pictures/town%20&%20village%20pages/isleofwight/sandown.html Photos of Sandown in 3d (Anaglyphs)]

{{Isle of Wight box}}

[[Category:Seaside resorts in England]]
[[Category:Beaches of the Isle of Wight]]
[[Category:Towns on the Isle of Wight]]
[[Category:Civil parishes in the Isle of Wight]]

{{Settlements on the Isle of Wight}}

[[fr:Sandown]]
[[it:Sandown]]
[[nl:Sandown]]
[[pl:Sandown]]
[[ro:Sandown]]
[[fi:Sandown]]
[[vo:Sandown (Isle of Wight)]]

Ryton-on-Dunsmore

2009-07-18T01:18:59Z

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{{Infobox UK place
|country = England
|official_name= Ryton-on-Dunsmore
|latitude= 52.366814
|longitude= -1.434499
|civil_parish = Ryton-on-Dunsmore
| population = 1,672
| population_ref = ([[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001]])
|shire_district= [[Rugby (borough)|Rugby]]
|shire_county= [[Warwickshire]]
|region= West Midlands
|constituency_westminster= [[Rugby and Kenilworth (UK Parliament constituency)|Rugby and Kenilworth]]
|post_town= COVENTRY
|postcode_district = CV8
|postcode_area= CV
|dial_code= 024
|os_grid_reference= SP3874
}}
'''Ryton-on-Dunsmore''' is a [[village]] and [[civil parish]] in the [[Rugby district]] of [[Warwickshire]], and is south-east of [[Coventry]], [[England]]. The 2001 census recorded a population of 1,672 in the parish.<ref>[http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/viewFullDataset.do?instanceSelection=03070&productId=779&$ph=60_61&datasetInstanceId=3070&startColumn=1&numberOfColumns=4&containerAreaId=790539 ONS Neighbourhood Statistics]</ref> The [[A45 road|A45]] dual carriageway passes through the village.

[[Garden Organic]], the UK's leading organic growing charity, has a {{convert|10|acre|m2|adj=on}} demonstration garden dedicated to [[organic gardening]] in the village. [[Ryton Pools Country Park]] is about a mile south-west of the village.

==Notable inhabitants==
The [[cyborg]] scientist, [[Kevin Warwick]], grew up in the village in the 1960s and attended the local junior school.

==The car plant==
[[Image:Hillman avenger.jpg|thumb|left|1972 [[Hillman Avenger]] Saloon built at the Ryton plant]]
The former factory (also known as the Ryton Plant) was a feature of the village for more than 60 years. It was situated between the [[A45 road|A45]] (on the north-east) and the [[A423 road|A423]] (on the south-west) in [[Warwickshire]]. The south-east of the factory site bordered with Ryton-on-Dunsmore village.

The factory was originally constructed by the [[Rootes Group]] in 1940 to build aircraft engines during the [[Second World War]]. After the war it became the headquarters of the Rootes Group, but when the organisation entered financial difficulties in the 1960s the company (in stages) and thus the plant were taken over by [[United States of America|American]] car-making giant [[Chrysler]]. Chrysler itself entered financial difficulties and sold the plant for a symbolic US$1.00 to [[PSA Peugeot Citroën]] in 1978.

Peugeot started building their [[Peugeot 309|309]] model there on [[28 October]] [[1985]], and by the end of 1987 it had been joined by the [[Peugeot 405|405]]. When 309 production ceased in early 1993, the [[Peugeot 306|306]] took its place and for a while was the mainstay of production after the 405's demise in the autumn of 1995. The second production line was revived over the summer of 1998 with the commencement of [[Peugeot 206|206]] production, and the 206 was the only car produced at the plant after the end of 306 production in the spring of 2001.

In April 2006, Peugeot decided that the Ryton plant would close during 2007. In the event, it closed on [[12 December]] [[2006]] and the {{convert|140|acre|km2|sing=on}} site was sold to developer Trenport Investments Ltd for industrial use in March 2007.<ref>[http://www.abcmoney.co.uk/news/20200742500.htm PSA Peugeot Citroen agrees to sell Ryton site to Trenport Investments Limited]</ref> Demolition of the plant began on [[12 November]] [[2007]].<ref>http://www.therugbyobserver.co.uk/news.tvt?_scope=Flow/Websites/Rugby/News&id=27878</ref>

==Coventry City Football Club==
The Academy of [[Coventry City F.C.]], the Sky Blues Lodge, is based on the Leamington Road in the village.<ref>[http://www.ccfc.premiumtv.co.uk/page/Academy/0,,10269~1120043,00.html Academy Information | Coventry City | Team | Academy | Academy]</ref>

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://contaminationzone.com/Gallery22.php Photographic gallery on the closed down Peugeot plant in Ryton.]

[[Category:Villages in Warwickshire]]

[[no:Ryton-on-Dunsmore]]

Reculver

2009-07-18T00:53:03Z

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{{infobox UK place
|static_image= [[Image:Reculver -Kent-16Sept2005.jpg|240px]]
|static_image_caption= Remains of Reculver Church viewed from the west (photo 2005)
|country = England
|official_name= Reculver
|latitude= 51.3790
|longitude= 1.1995
| population = 135
| population_ref = <ref>[http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=3&b=457352&c=CT6+6SU&d=15&e=16&g=457352&i=1001x1003x1004&o=1&m=0&enc=1 National Statistics] Census 2001</ref>
|civil_parish=
|shire_district= [[City of Canterbury]]
|shire_county= [[Kent]]
|region= South East England
|constituency_westminster= [[Canterbury (UK Parliament constituency)|Canterbury]]
|post_town= [[Canterbury|CANTERBURY]]
|postcode_district = CT6
|postcode_area= CT
|dial_code= 01227
|os_grid_reference= TR224693
}}
'''Reculver''' is a popular summer resort situated about {{convert|1|mi|km|0}} east of [[Herne Bay, Kent|Herne Bay]], on the North [[Kent]] coast of [[England]]. Its main features are the ruins of a [[Roman Britain|Roman]] fort, or "[[Castra|castrum]]", a ruined medieval church, and a [[country park]], which includes an interpretation centre run by the [[Kent Wildlife Trust]].

Owing to historic [[coastal erosion]], the church ruins are now on the edge of a cliff. They form a backdrop to wide [[River Thames|Thames]]-side marshes, and are sited within the remains of the Roman, [[Saxon Shore]] fort. Called "Regulbium", the fort guarded the north end of what were then the broad waters of the [[Wantsum Channel]], which separated the [[Isle of Thanet]] from the rest of Kent, and was open to shipping. Recent archaeological excavation has shown that the site had been occupied in pre-historic times, and it is of interest that the name "Regulbium" is [[Celts|Celtic]] in origin, probably meaning "at the [[promontory]]", or similar.<ref>Ekwall, E., ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Place-Names'' (4th edition), Oxford University Press, 1960, "Reculver". See also Glover, J., ''The Place Names of Kent'', Batsford, 1976, "Reculver".</ref> The place is elevated above the surrounding countryside, and it still sits on a slight promontory today. In [[Old English language|Old English]], the place-name became corrupted to "Raculf", ultimately giving rise to the modern "Reculver".

While the churchyard to the north of the church has long since been lost to the sea, together with a large proportion of the Roman fort, Reculver continues to be threatened by the retreating coastline. The cliffs between Reculver and Herne Bay, which rise up to {{convert|30|m|ft|0}} in height, are highly vulnerable to erosion since they are composed of soft sand and clays, originally laid down in shallow seas about 60 million years ago. Consequently the coastline is receding extremely quickly, threatening residents and the local tourism industry. At present the area remains inadequately protected, and the provision of adequate sea defences is still under debate.

==History==
Archaeological investigation at Reculver has found evidence of a pre-historic settlement on the site of a well known Roman fort, or "[[Castra|castrum]]", which was built between 180 and 185 AD. About a century after the fort was built, a Roman naval commander named [[Carausius]] was given the task of clearing pirates from the sea between [[Roman Britain|Britannia]] and the European mainland. In so doing he established a new chain of command, the British part of which was later to pass under the control of a "[[Count of the Saxon Shore]]". The "[[Notitia Dignitatum]]" shows that the fort at Reculver, then known as "[[Regulbium]]", became part of this arrangement. It was also the location for a lighthouse and watch tower, presumably because of its strategic position at the northern entrance to the important [[Wantsum Channel]], and covering the mouths of both the [[River Thames]] and the [[River Medway]].<ref>For the archaeology especially, see Philp, B.J., ''Report on the Excavations of Roman Reculver'', Kent Archaeological Rescue Unit, 2005.</ref>

[[Image:OldMapKent.jpg|thumb|left|A general map showing the situation of "Regulbium" in late Roman Kent. Of the places shown here, Regulbium, Rutupiae ([[Richborough]]), Portus Dubrae (for "Dubris"; [[Dover]]), Portus Lemanis ([[Lympne]]) and Anderida ([[Pevensey]]) were "[[Saxon Shore Forts]]" (note that "Regulbium" (Reculver) is marked here as "Reculbium")]]

After the Roman occupation ended, Reculver became a seat of the [[History of Anglo-Saxon England|Anglo-Saxon]] kings of Kent. A church was built on the site of the abandoned fort in about 669, when King [[Ecgberht of Kent]] granted land for the foundation of a [[monastery]] there.<ref>See e.g. Garmonsway, G.N., ''The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'', Dent, Dutton, 1972 & 1975, pp. 34-5.</ref> Clearly Reculver quickly became an important Kentish house, since in 692 its [[abbot]], [[Bertwald]], a former abbot of [[Glastonbury Abbey|Glastonbury]] in [[Somerset]], was elected [[Archbishop of Canterbury]]. [[Bede]], writing no more than 40 years later, described him as having been "learned in the Scriptures and well versed in ecclesiastical and monastic affairs."<ref>[[Bede]], ''[[Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum|Ecclesiastical History]]'', v, 8.</ref> Further, [[Hlothhere of Kent|King Hlothhere of Kent]] presided over a council at Reculver in 679, attended by [[Theodore of Tarsus|Archbishop Theodore of Canterbury]], at which he granted the monastery lands in the western part of [[Thanet]]. In the original, 7th century [[Anglo-Saxon Charters|charter]] recording this grant, Reculver is referred to as a "civitas", or "city".<ref>[http://www.aschart.kcl.ac.uk/content/charters/text/s0008.html Anglo-Saxon Charter S 8 Archive Canterbury.] [[British Academy]]. ASChart project. Retrieved on June 8 2008. This charter is the earliest genuine Anglo-Saxon charter known to have survived.</ref> Clearly this is intended to be figurative; nonetheless it indicates the importance then attached to the place.

It seems that monastic life had ceased at Reculver by the early 10th century, though whether or not this was due to the attentions of [[Viking]]s is unclear.<ref>Cf. Kerr, Nigel & Mary, ''A Guide to Anglo-Saxon Sites'', Granada, 1982, pp. 192-94, Brooks, N.P., ''The Early History of the Church of Canterbury'', Leicester University Press, 1984, pp. 203-4, and [[Medeshamstede#Destroyed_by_Danes.3F|Medeshamstede]]. See also [http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=38194 ''A History of the County of Kent: Volume 2'', Page, W. (ed.), 1926.] British History Online. Retrieved on June 7 2008.</ref> The [[Minster (church)|minster]] subsequently became St. Mary's parish church of Reculver: a charter of the mid 10th century records its gift by [[Edred of England|King Eadred]] into the possession of [[Canterbury Cathedral]], at which time the estate included the later parishes of [[Hoath]] and [[Herne, Kent|Herne]].<ref>Brooks, N., 'The creation and early structure of the kingdom of Kent', in Bassett, S. (ed.), ''The Origins of Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms'', Leicester University Press, 1989, p. 72.</ref> No doubt this lies behind the unusual size and wealth of Reculver's parish in the 13th century, when it included [[Chapel of ease|chapels of ease]] at [[St. Nicholas-at-Wade]] and "All Saints" (no longer in existence, but between St Nicholas-at-Wade and [[Birchington]]), as well as at Hoath and Herne. In 1291, the "Taxatio" of [[Pope Nicholas IV]] put the total income due to the rector and vicar at about £130. This wealth led to disputes between lay and Church interests, over control of its [[benefice]].<ref name=Graham>[http://www.kentarchaeology.org.uk/Research/Pub/ArchCant/Vol.057%20-%201944/01/01.htm 'Sidelights on the Rectors and Parishioners of Reculver from the Register of Archbishop Winchelsey', Graham, R., ''Archaeologia Cantiana'' vol. 57, 1944.] Kent Archaeological Society. Retrieved on June 7 2008.</ref> Probably this wealth should be seen as a distant reflection of Reculver's former status as a monastery, since '[it] is certain that by the close of the 7th century the church had become a major land-owner, particularly in north-east Kent, where to the original foundations of St Augustine's Abbey and Christchurch there had been added those of Reculver [etc.], with considerable estates attached.'<ref>Witney, K.P., ''The Kingdom of Kent'', Phillimore, 1982, p. 117.</ref>

Over time, the church gained a number of structural additions: principally, the towers were added in the 12th century, and, according to local legend, they were topped with spires around the end of the 15th century, since when they have been known locally as the "Twin Sisters". However it retained many prominent Anglo-Saxon features, and on a visit to Reculver in 1540 one of these raised John Leland to 'an enthusiasm which he seldom displayed':
{{Quotation|Yn the enteryng of the quyer ys one of the fayrest and the most auncyent crosse that ever I saw, a ix footes, as I ges, yn highte. It standeth lyke a fayr columne. The base greate stone ys not wrought. The second stone being rownd hath curiously wrought and paynted the images of Christ, Peter, Paule, John and James, as I remember. Christ sayeth [I am the Alpha and the Omega]. Peter sayeth, [You are Christ, son of the living God]. The saing of the other iij when painted [was in Roman capitals] but now obliterated. The second stone is of the Passion. The third conteineth the xii Apostles. The iiii hath the image of Christ hanging and fastened with iiii nayles and [a support beneath the feet]. the hiest part of the pyller hath the figure of a crosse.<ref name=Graham/>}}

Due to coastal erosion, the village surrounding the church was mostly abandoned around the end of the 18th century, and a new church was planned a little to the west and further inland, at [[Hillborough]]. Consequently, the old church was no longer required:
{{Quotation|[In] 1805 ... the young clergyman of the parish, urged on by his Philistine mother, rashly besought his parishioners to demolish this shrine of early Christendom. This they duly did and all save the western towers, which still act as a landmark for shipping, was razed to the ground.<ref>Kerr, Nigel & Mary, ''A Guide to Anglo-Saxon Sites'', Granada, 1982, p. 194.</ref>}}
[[Image:Reculver1800.jpg|thumb|Reculver church is seen from the south east in this view from 1800, showing the twin towers topped by spires]]
It was through the intervention of [[Trinity House]] that the towers were preserved as a navigational aid. In 1810 it bought what was left of the structure, and built the first [[groyne]]s, designed to protect the cliff on which it stands. A storm destroyed the spires at a date prior to 1819, and Trinity House replaced them with similarly shaped, open structures, topped by [[Weather vane|wind vanes]]. These structures remained until they were removed between 1925 and 1931.
So thorough was the demolition of this "shrine of early Christendom" and exemplar of Anglo-Saxon stone architecture and sculpture, that it is now represented only by the minimal ruins on the site, some fragments of the cross which had so enthused Leland, and the parts of two massive stone columns. The cross fragments and column parts may be viewed in the crypt at [[Canterbury Cathedral]].<ref>For the early church at Reculver, see Kelly, S., 'Reculver Minster and its early Charters', in Barrow, J. & Wareham, A. (eds.), ''Myth, Rulership, Church and Charters Essays in Honour of Nicholas Brooks'', Ashgate, 2008. The church at Hillborough also incorporates material from Reculver in its fabric. A contemporary image of the church's destruction is at Witney, K.P., ''The Kingdom of Kent'', Phillimore, 1982, Plate 7. An aerial view of the ruins is at ''ibid.'', Plate 8.</ref> The [[Rectory|vicarage]] was abandoned at the same time as the church, but it was briefly used as a public house known as "The Hoy and Anchor", while the present King Ethelbert Inn was being built to replace the original Hoy and Anchor, which had fallen into the sea a few years before. The vicarage soon followed it.

Today the site of the church is managed by [[English Heritage]]. New sea defences were built in the 1990s, but the struggle to protect the towers from the sea continues. A visitor centre in Reculver Country Park, just west of Reculver church, highlights the significant archaeological, historical, geological and wildlife conservation value of the area.

[[Image:st-johns-parramatta.jpg|thumb|St Johns, Parramatta, NSW]]
Reculver Towers are often likened to the design of St Johns Cathedral, [[Parramatta]] in Sydney, Australia and local Sydney legend has it that it was the last landmark [[Elizabeth Macquarie]], wife of Governor of New South Wales [[Lachlan Macquarie]], saw of her home country before sailing to Australia and she was later to have a hand in influenced the design. The building structure does bare some similarities and has a stone from Reculver presented by the UK Church Commission in 1993, on display however some doubt has been raised that she would have sailed from London along the North Kent coast suggesting it was more likely she sailed from elsewhere.

==Reculver legends==
===The Crying Baby===
[[Image:Reculver -Kent-6a.jpg|thumb|right|The present remains of Reculver church, viewed from the south east]]
According to legend there is often heard the sound of a crying baby, in the grounds of the fort and among the ruins of the church. Archaeological excavations conducted in the 1960s within the fort revealed several infant skeletons buried under the walls of Roman barrack blocks, which are estimated to have been built between approximately 30 and 100 AD.

===The Twin Sisters===
Late in the 15th century there were two orphaned daughters of Sir [[Geoffrey St Clare]], twin sisters named Frances and Isabella. Frances became abbess of the [[Benedictine]] [[priory]] of [[Davington]], near [[Faversham]], while Isabella remained a [[Ward (law)|ward]] of Abbot John of [[St Augustine's Abbey]], in [[Canterbury]]. Isabella was then betrothed to [[Henry de Belville]], but unfortunately he was fatally wounded when fighting for [[Richard III of England|Richard III]] at the [[Battle of Bosworth Field]], in 1485. Isabella then joined her sister, 'took the veil', and became a [[nun]]. Fourteen years later, Frances was taken ill. The sisters made a vow that, if Frances recovered, they would go on pilgrimage to make offerings at the [[Shrine of Our Lady, Bradstowe|Shrine of Our Ladye Star of the Sea]], in [[Broadstairs]], to give thanks. Frances recovered, so they set off on their promised pilgrimage. They sailed from Faversham, but their ship was caught in a storm and ran aground on the [[Columbine Sands]], for lack of any visible landmark.

Frances was soon rescued, but Isabella was left on the wreck until daylight. Though she too was then rescued, she died of exposure in her sister's arms. Frances completed the pilgrimage alone, and on foot. In memory of her sister, Frances then restored Reculver church and added two spires to the existing towers, which thenceforth were known as the "Twin Sisters".

The story has been retold and reinvented many times, perhaps the best known example being in the ''[[Ingoldsby Legends]]'', where two brothers, named Robert and Richard de Birchington, are substituted for the two sisters.

==Barnes Wallis bombs found in the Thames==
The Reculver coastline is where [[Barnes Wallis]] was able to test the "[[bouncing bomb]]" used during the [[Second World War]] and is often cited for its connection with the "[[No. 617 Squadron RAF|Dambusters]]" - 617 Squadron. It was in the shadow of the Twin Sisters that prototypes of Barnes Wallis's famous 'bouncing bombs' were secretly tested, which were to be used so successfully in the [[Operation Chastise|Dambusters]] raids. The final versions of these bombs were dropped on the [[Ruhr]] Dams on [[17 May]] [[1943]], by a formation of Lancaster bombers led by Wing Commander [[Guy Gibson]] (for which he was awarded the [[Victoria Cross|VC]]).

On [[6 June]] [[1997]] It was announced on the [[BBC]] World News that four of the prototype "bouncing bombs" had been discovered washed up and sitting in the mud offshore. Fortunately as prototypes they contained no explosive material. Four of these "bombs", each weighing approximately four tons were thereafter subject to an attempted salvage, one of which is on display in [[Dover Castle]]. One prototype is displayed in the Herne Bay Museum & Gallery, another in the Spitfire & Hurricane Memorial Museum in [[Manston]].

A 60th anniversary fly over of Reculver took place on [[17 May]] [[2003]], when a [[Avro Lancaster|Lancaster]] overflew the site to commemorate the 60th anniversary of the exploit.

==Reculver Country Park==
Reculver Country Park, a small area of protected countryside, is situated {{convert|1|mi|km|0}} east of Herne Bay. Due to the natural rates of erosion which are high a lot of work has been done to try and manage this section of coast with varying degrees of success. The coast at Reculver is eroding approximately 1 to 2 metres a year. When the Romans built the fort the sea was {{convert|2|km|mi|0}} away. The shingle beach has timber groynes giving way to sandy mudflats at low tide.

===Wildlife===
Annually many thousands of birds visit Reculver during their migrations back and forth from the [[Arctic]]. In winter [[Brent Goose|Brent Geese]] and wading birds such as [[Turnstone]] may be seen, whilst during the summer months [[Sand Martin]]s nest in the cliffs. The grasslands on the cliff top are amongst the few remaining cliff top wildflower meadows left in Kent, and home to butterflies and Skylarks.

The soft cliff slopes at Reculver and nearby Bishopstone Glen have a rich insect fauna, including UK Nationally Scarce species such as the Digger wasp ''Alysson lunicornis'', and the cuckoo bee ''Nomada fucata'' - a [[cleptoparasite]] of the mining bee ''Andrena flavipes''.

===Millennium Cross===
The stone cross at the entrance to the car park was commissioned by Canterbury City Council to commemorate two thousand years of Christianity. The cross was carved from Portland Stone by the cathedral stone masons. The design is based on the original Reculver Cross, fragments of which survive in Canterbury Cathedral.

==External links==
*[http://www.georesources.co.uk/recintro.htm Reculver Virtual Fieldwork]
*[http://www.kentwildlifetrust.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=79&Itemid=124 Reculver Visitor Centre and Country Park] ([[Kent Wildlife Trust]])

==References==
{{reflist}}
----
{{Canterbury}}

[[Category:Villages in Kent]]
[[Category:Canterbury]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Kent]]

[[simple:Reculver]]

Reach (Cambridgeshire)

2009-07-18T00:52:44Z

ClickBot: Changing {{Infobox UK place}} population field; see talk. Report problems here

{{Infobox UK place
| official_name= Reach
| country= England
| region= East of England
| os_grid_reference= TL570662
| latitude= 52.27
| longitude= 0.3
| post_town= CAMBRIDGE
| postcode_area= CB
| postcode_district= CB25
| dial_code= 01638
| shire_county= [[Cambridgeshire]]
|shire_district= [[East Cambridgeshire]]
| population = 365
| population_ref = (2001 Census)
|hide_services= Yes
}}

'''Reach''' is a small [[fen]]-edge village and [[civil parish]] in [[East Cambridgeshire]], [[England]].

Reach is located at the north end of [[Devil's_Dyke,_Cambridgeshire|Devil's Dyke]], about {{convert|1.5|mi}} west of [[Burwell,_Cambridgeshire|Burwell]]. The dyke split the settlement in two (East Reach and West Reach) until part of it was refilled to create the current Fair Green in the 18th century. East Reach has since vanished, filled in by arable land.

It was in the early [[Anglo-Saxon]] and [[Viking]] times an important economic centre; goods were loaded at its common hythe (wharf) for transport into the fen waterway system from at least 1100, and it was a large producer of [[clunch]]; a new wood has been planted on the old clunch pits, where chalky cliffs are still visible from early quarrying. Its use as a port continued until about 200 years ago. Reach Lode, a Roman canal, still exists, and is still navigable. The village church, originally Holy Trinity School Church<ref>{{cite
|url=http://hipweb.cambridgeshire.gov.uk/cgi-bin/cambscoll/history.pl?term=Reach&category=village&exact=exact
|title=Information about Reach circa 1900
|publisher=[[Cambridgeshire County Council]]
|accessdate=2009-04-04
}} </ref> and latterly called St Etheldreda's<ref>{{cite
|url=http://www.eastcambs.gov.uk/html/LBDetails.asp?field1=715
|accessdate=2009-04-04
}}{{dead link|date=April 2009}}</ref>, was built in 1860 on the site of the former chapel of St John. The ruined perpendicular arch of the old chapel is still visible behind the new church.

On village signs the name of the village is spelled 'Reche'.

The village is scene of the Reach Fair, one of England's oldest festivals<ref>
{{cite book
|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=18856
|pages=225-227
|title=A History of the County of Cambridge and the Isle of Ely
|volume=10
|chapter=History of Reach Fair
|last1=Wareham|first1= A F
|last2=Wright|first2=A P M
|date=2002
|accessdate=2009-04-04
}}</ref>.
[[Image:Reach,Cambridgeshire_Reach_Fair_2009.jpg‎|thumb|left|Morris dancers at Reach Fair 2009]]
The Fair was originally held annually at [[Rogationtide]] (which replaced the pagan festival of May Day) and is now held every May Day Bank Holiday. Officially run by the [[Cambridge]] Corporation and opened annually by the Mayor of Cambridge, it has been an annual event for over 800 years since receiving its charter in 1201 from [[John of England|King John]]. Reach Fair was historically a grand regional occasion, hosting feasting and parades over three days. The Fair is held on the central Fair Green, and probably extended down further to Reach Lode in its earlier days. In 2001, on the 800th anniversary of the fair, a plaque was unveiled on Hill Farm<ref>{{cite
|url=http://www.eastcambs.gov.uk/html/LBDetails.asp?field1=6
|accessdate=2009-04-04
}}{{dead link|date=April 2009}}</ref>
, one of the Fair Green's older buildings commemorating the charter.

The village website has now been brought up to date and can be visited using the Reach Village Homepage link below. There is a page ("Pub") dedicated to the village pub "The Dyke's End" which was saved from closure by the villagers and visited by Prince Charles at that time. There is also a page ("Reach Fair") dedicated to the Reach Fair - should people want to attend.

<gallery>
Image:St Etheldredas Reach.jpg|Ruined archway behind St Etheldreda's Church
Image:Reach village sign east face.JPG|Village sign
Image:Reach village sign west face.JPG|Village sign
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.cambridgeshire.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/04D9A113-0498-43FC-8709-C6CB3422E722/0/Reach.pdf 2001 Census]
*[http://www.reach-village.co.uk/ Reach Village - including Reach Fair]
*[http://www.dykesend.co.uk/ Dyke's End Pub]

[[Category:Villages in Cambridgeshire|Reach]]
[[Category:Civil parishes in Cambridgeshire]]

Pulford

2009-07-17T23:50:57Z

ClickBot: Changing {{Infobox UK place}} population field; see talk. Report problems here

{{Refimprove|date=July 2007}}
{{infobox UK place
|latitude= 53.124
|longitude= -2.933
|official_name= Pulford
| population = 395
| population_ref = ([[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 Census]])<ref name=2001census />
|civil_parish= Pulford
|unitary_england= [[Cheshire West and Chester]]
|lieutenancy_england= [[Cheshire]]
|region= North West England
|country= England
|constituency_westminster= [[City of Chester (UK Parliament constituency)|City of Chester]]
|post_town= CHESTER
|postcode_district= CH4
|postcode_area= CH
|dial_code= 01244
|os_grid_reference= SJ376589
}}

'''Pulford''' is a village and [[civil parish]] in the unitary authority of [[Cheshire West and Chester]] and the ceremonial county of [[Cheshire]], [[England]]. It is situated on the B5445 road, to the south west of [[Chester]] and on the [[border]] with [[Wales]]. It is believed that the name of the village is derived from the [[Welsh language|Welsh]] words ''Pwll'' "marsh" and ''Ffordd'' "crossing". According to the [[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 Census]], the population of the entire parish was 395.<ref name=2001census>{{citation|url=http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=792500&c=Pulford&d=16&e=15&g=427499&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&enc=1&dsFamilyId=779 |title=2001 Census: Pulford|publisher=Office for National Statistics|accessdate=27 July 2007}}</ref>

The parish has several notable buildings, including a castle, a church, and a hotel.

[[Pulford Castle]], a small [[Normans|Norman]] [[motte-and-bailey]] defensive structure, exists on the outskirts of the village. The castle was built at a strategic location protecting a road at a river crossing. Although no firm date of construction is recorded, it is believed to have been built around 1100.{{Fact|date=June 2009}} The castle is mentioned as having a [[garrison]] stationed at it, during the revolt of [[Owain Glyndŵr]] in 1403.{{Fact|date=June 2009}}

[[St Mary's Church, Pulford|Pulford Parish Church]] is named after St. Mary. The Church was rebuilt in 1844, to a design by the architect [[John Douglas (architect)|John Douglas]], the benefactor being [[Hugh Lupus Grosvenor, 1st Duke of Westminster]]. Mention of a church on the site can be traced back the 12th century and the first [[Rector]] is mentioned in ancient records as Hugo. The Church spire is 120 feet high. In the 1980s a fire completely destroyed the roof of the Church Tower, however it was later restored.

A large hotel exists in the village, called The Grosvenor Pulford Hotel. Grosvenor is the family name of the [[Duke of Westminster]] whose seat is at nearby [[Eaton Hall (Cheshire)|Eaton Hall]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Cheshire, Cheshire West and Chester}}
{{Cheshire}}

[[Category:Villages in Cheshire]]
[[Category:Civil parishes in Cheshire]]

{{cheshire-geo-stub}}

[[fr:Pulford]]

Northwich

2009-07-17T19:48:24Z

ClickBot: Changing {{Infobox UK place}} population field; see talk. Report problems here

{{Infobox UK place
| static_image=[[Image:Northwich centre.jpg|240px]]
|static_image_caption=Northwich's main shopping area
| official_name= Northwich
| country= England
| region= North West England

| population = 19,259
| population_ref = <ref name="census">
{{cite web | title=Parish Headcounts: Northwich CP | work=National Statistics website | url=http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do;jsessionid=ac1f930cce66e21ccbb56c24277bcb1957157785a0b.e38Qa3mPbh4Kai0LaxqMbhqSaxyQe6fznA5Pp7ftolbGmkTy?a=3&b=792700&c=northwich&d=16&e=15&g=429415&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&enc=1&dsFamilyId=779&bhcp=1| accessdate=2006-12-05}}</ref>

| os_grid_reference= SJ651733
| latitude= 53.259
| longitude= -2.518

| post_town= NORTHWICH
| postcode_area= CW
| postcode_district= CW9
| dial_code= 01606

| constituency_westminster= [[Weaver Vale (UK Parliament constituency)|Weaver Vale]]

| civil_parish= Northwich

| unitary_england= [[Cheshire West and Chester]]
| lieutenancy_england= [[Cheshire]]

| website= http://www.northwichtc.plus.com
}}


'''Northwich''' is a town and [[civil parish]] in the unitary authority of [[Cheshire West and Chester]] and the ceremonial county of [[Cheshire]], [[England]]. It lies in the heart of the [[Cheshire Plain]], at the confluence of the rivers [[River Weaver|Weaver]] and [[River Dane|Dane]]. The town is about {{convert|18|mi}} east of [[Chester]] and {{convert|15|mi}} south of [[Warrington]].

The area around Northwich has been exploited for its [[salt pan (evaporation)|salt pan]]s since [[Roman Britain|Roman times]], when the settlement was known as Condate. The town has been severely affected by salt mining with [[Northwich#Salt Mine Stabilisation|subsidence]] historically being a large issue. However, recent investment in mine stabilisation is set to change the town with the 'Northwich Vision' being a plan for future development work.

==History==

{{main|History of Northwich}}

During Roman times Northwich was known as Condate, meaning "the confluence", probably due to its location at the meeting point of the rivers [[River Dane|Dane]] and [[River Weaver|Weaver]].<ref name="survey">{{cite web | title= Cheshire Historic Towns Survey: Northwich: Archaeological Assessment | work= Cheshire County Council | url= http://www.cheshire.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/F5A1E18E-ADD8-4B95-8575-EFD628BBD1A2/0/HTS_Arch_Assess_Northwich.pdf | accessdate= 2008-05-01 | format= PDF | author= Mike Shaw & Jo Clark}}</ref>

Northwich can be identified through two contemporary Roman documents. The first of these is the [[Antonine Itinerary]], a 3rd-century road map split into 14 sections. Two of these sections, or Itinerary, mention Condate, namely: ''Itinerary II'' which describes "the route from the Vallum to the port of [[Rutupiae]]", or the route between [[Hadrian's Wall]] in northern England and [[Richborough]] on the [[Kent]] coast; and ''Itinerary X'' is called "the route from Glannoventa to Mediolanum" and details the route between [[Ravenglass]] fort, [[Cumbria]] and [[Mediolanum (Whitchurch)|Mediolanum]] (now [[Whitchurch, Shropshire|Whitchurch]], [[Shropshire]]).<ref name="roman-britain">{{cite web | url = http://www.roman-britain.org/places/condate.htm | work = Roman-Britain.org website | title = Condate | accessdate = 2008-09-01}}</ref> The second document is the 7th-century ''[[Ravenna Cosmology]]''. Again this document refers to Condate between the entries for Salinae (now [[Middlewich]], Cheshire) and [[Ratae Corieltauvorum|Ratae]] (now [[Leicester]], [[Leicestershire]]), at the time the capital of the [[Corieltauvi]] tribe.<ref name="roman-britain"/>

The Romans' interest in the Northwich area is thought to be due to the strategic river crossing and the location of the salt brines.<ref name="survey"/> Salt was very important in Roman society;<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.saltsense.co.uk/history04.htm | title = History: Romans | work = The Salt Manufacturers Association | accessdate = 2008-09-03}}</ref> the Roman word ''salarium'', linked employment, salt and soldiers, but the exact link is unclear. It is also theorised that this is the basis for the modern word ''[[salary]]''. Another theory is that the word ''soldier'' itself comes from the Latin ''sal dare'' (to give salt). ''See [[History of salt]] for further details''. There is archaeological evidence of a Roman [[castra|auxiliary fort]] within the area of Northwich now known as "Castle" dated to AD 70.<ref name="survey"/> This and other North West forts were built as the Romans moved north from their stronghold in Chester.<ref name="survey"/>

The association with salt continues in the [[etymology]] of Northwich. The "wich" (or wych) suffix applies to other towns in the area - namely Middlewich, [[Nantwich]] and [[Leftwich]]. This is considered to have been derived from the [[Old Norse language|Norse]], "wic", for bay and is associated with the more traditional method of obtaining salt by evaporating sea water. Therefore a place for making salt became a wych-house; and Northwich was the most northern of the [[Wich town]]s in Cheshire.<ref>{{cite book | title = Words and Places, Or, Etymological Illustrations of History, Ethnology, and Geography | last = Taylor | first = Isaac | year = 1864 | publisher = Macmillan | url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fxQLAAAAQAAJ&printsec=titlepage | pages = 578}}</ref>

The existence of Northwich in the early medieval period is shown by its record in the [[Domesday Book]]:<ref>{{cite book | title = A General Introduction to Domesday Book | last = Ellis | first = Henry | pages = 543 | year = 1833 | url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0ncE0eLWaD4C | accessdate = 2008-09-02}}</ref>

{{quote|In the same Mildestuic hundred there was a third wich called Norwich [Northwich] and it was at farm for £8. 
There were the same laws and customs there as there were in the other wiches and the king and the earl similarly divided the renders. 
... All the other customs in these wiches are the same. 
This was waste when (Earl) Hugh received it; it is now worth 35s.|Henry Ellis|'' A General Introduction to Domesday Book''}}

The [[manorialism|manor]] of Northwich belonged to the [[Earl of Chester|Earls of Chester]] until 1237 when the family line died out. Subsequently Northwich became a royal manor and was given to a noble family to collect tolls in exchange for a set rent.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.manchester2002-uk.com/cheshire-towns4.html | title = Cheshire Townships, Cities & Major Villages | work = Manchester UK website | accessdate = 2008-09-02}}</ref>

That salt production continued throughout the centuries and can be seen through [[John Leland (antiquary)|John Leland]]'s description of the town in 1540:<ref>{{cite book | last = Crossley | first = Fred H. | title = Cheshire | year = 1949}}</ref>

{{quote|Northwich is a pratie market town but fowle, 
and by the Salters houses be great stakes of smaul cloven wood, 
to seethe the salt water that thei make white salt of.|cited in Fred H. Crossley|''Cheshire''}}

Between 1642 and 1643, during the [[English Civil War]], Northwich was fortified and garrisoned by [[Sir William Brereton, 1st Baronet|Sir William Bereton]] for the [[Roundhead|Parlimentarians]].<ref name="survey"/>

The salt beds beneath Northwich were re-discovered in the 1670s by employees of the local Smith-Barry family.<ref name="WoodlandsHistory">{{cite web | title=History of the Northwich Woodlands | work=Northwich Community Woodlands website | url=http://www.northwichwoodlands.org.uk/about/history.shtml | accessdate=2008-09-04}}</ref> The Smith-Barrys were looking for coal, but instead discovered [[rock salt]], in the grounds of the family home, [[Anderton with Marbury|Marbury]] Hall, to the north of Northwich.

[[Image:salt museum northwich.jpg|left|200px|thumb|The Salt Museum, previously the workhouse]]
During the 19th century it became uneconomical to mine for the salt. Instead hot water was pumped through the mines, which dissolved the salt.<ref name="WoodlandsHistory"/> The resultant brine was pumped out and the salt extracted from the brine. This technique weakened the mines and led to land [[subsidence]] as they collapsed. Subsidence affected the town and the surrounding landscape.<ref name="WoodlandsHistory"/> For example collapses in 1880 formed ''Witton Flash'' as the River Weaver flowed into a huge hole caused by subsidence.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.cheshire.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/C8C9D211-8A2F-44AF-93C4-9BBAEB8B6B20/0/Project1.pdf |format=PDF| title = Northwich Woodlands | work = Cheshire County Council website | accessdate = 2008-09-04}}</ref> Subsidence also allegedly accounts for many old [[timber framing|timber-framed]] houses in the town centre, which were better able to withstand the movement of the ground. Some houses were built on a base of steel girders which could be jacked up to level the house with each change in the underlying ground. The town's historical link with the salt industry is celebrated in its [[Salt Museum, Northwich|Salt Museum]] which is today located in the town's old [[workhouse]].

In 1874, [[John Brunner, 1st Baronet|John Brunner]] and [[Ludwig Mond]] founded [[Brunner Mond]] in Winnington and started manufacturing [[sodium carbonate|soda ash]] using the [[Solvay process|Solvay]] ammonia-soda process.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.brunnermond.com/about_history.aspx | work = Brunner Mond website | title = History of Brunner Mond | accessdate = 2008-09-02}}</ref> This process used salt as a main raw material. The chemical industry used the subsided land for the disposal of waste from the manufacture of [[sodium carbonate|soda-ash]]. The waste was transported through a network of cranes and rails to the produce ''limebeds''. This was a dangerous alkaline substance and caused the landscape to be abandoned as unusable.

[[Image:Marbury park.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Marbury Country Park]]

In 1975 [[Marbury Country Park]] was the first area to be reclaimed from dereliction and has become a popular recreational area. In 1987 more land was reclaimed to form Furey Wood and over later years, [[Cheshire County Council|Cheshire County Council's]] Land Regeneration Unit reclaimed what is now known as Anderton Nature Park, Witton Flash, Dairy House Meadows, Witton Mill Meadows, and Ashton's and Neumann's Flashes. The area now extends to approximately 323 hectares of public space known as [[Northwich Community Woodlands]].<ref name="WoodlandsHistory"/>

In February 2004 a £28 million programme to stabilise the abandoned salt mines underneath Northwich was begun.<ref name="stable"> {{cite web | title=£28 million funding approved for Northwich salt mines | work=English Partnerships website | url=http://www.englishpartnerships.co.uk/page.aspx?pointerID=11750EEGsFUgTbd7hmO1FbHCnFxrdyY2 | accessdate=2006-12-05}}</ref> The work was funded by the [[English Partnerships]] through its Land Stabilisation Programme,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.englishpartnerships.co.uk/lsp.htm | work = English Partnership website | title = Land Stabilisation Programme | accessdate = 2008-09-04}}</ref> introduced to resolve issues associated with unstable mines around England.

The four mines identified for work were Baron's Quay, Witton Bank, Neumann's and Penny's Lane. These mines were chosen because their subsidence was causing problems for the town centre. The stabilisation plan involved removing millions of litres of brine from the four mines and replacing it with a mixture of [[Pulverised Fuel Ash|pulverised fuel ash]] (PFA), [[cement]] and salt. The project was completed in late 2007.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.northwichvision.org/intranet/nv.nsf/AllByUniqueIdentifier/DOCE078A5272A1B9A22802573FE0035F815 | title = Northwich's Salt Mines Have Been Stabilised | work = Northwich Vision website | accessdate = 2008-09-04}}</ref>

Following the stabilisation of the mines, Northwich is to be developed in line with the 'Vision for Northwich'.<ref name="vision">{{cite web | title=Welcome to Northwich Vision Website | url=http://www.northwichvision.org/ | accessdate=2006-12-05}}</ref> The vision, if completed, will see the old concrete County Council buildings and Magistrates Court demolished and replaced with more modern buildings. Furthermore a [[Debenhams]] store is planned to be built at Barons Quay along with a cinema and 40 new shops.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://iccheshireonline.icnetwork.co.uk/midcheshirechronicle/news/tm_headline=retail-giant-debenhams-in-line-for-quay-role&method=full&objectid=21615751&siteid=50020-name_page.html | work = Northwich Chronicle website | title = Retail giant Debenhams in line for Quay role | accessdate = 2008-08-28}}</ref>

==Governance==
Northwich has been within the county boundaries of [[Cheshire]] for a long time. At the time of the [[Domesday Book|Domesday survey]] (1086) Northwich was in the [[Hundred (country subdivision)|hundred]] of Middlewich, but by the 14th century it had become part of the [[Hundreds of Cheshire|Northwich hundred]]. This probably happened during the reorganisation of the Hundreds in the 12th century.<ref name="survey"/> Northwich has been described as a borough from around 1288, though is no surviving borough charter.<ref name="survey"/>

Northwich originally constituted an area of only 13 acres at the confluence of the Rivers Weaver and Dane. The much larger township of [[Witton cum Twambrooks]] lay to the east, [[Leftwich]] to the south, [[Castle Northwich]] to the south-west, and [[Winnington]] to the north-west <ref name="Kellys1896">''Kelly's Directory of Cheshire'' (1896), p.409</ref><ref>''Ordnance Survey'' (1875). Cheshire Sheet XXXIV (SW), 1st edition</ref>.

The manor of Northwich was granted to the Stanley family, later [[Earl of Derby|Earls of Derby]] in 1484, and stayed in the family’s hands until the late 18th century. A local board was founded on 26 June 1863 after the [[Local Government Act 1858]] and it purchased the manor from Arthur Heywood Esq. in 1871. In 1875 the local boards for Northwich and Witton cum Twambrooks were amalgamanted, and the resultant district was further extended in 1880 to include the whole of Castle Northwich and parts of [[Hartford, Cheshire|Hartford]], Winnington and Leftwich. On 10 September 1894 these areas were united as the [[civil parish]] of Northwich, served by Northwich Urban District Council <ref name="Kellys1896"/>.

The town was further enlarged in 1936 by the addition of parts of Winnington, [[Lostock Gralam]], [[Barnton]], Leftwich and [[Rudheath]], and again in 1955 when parts of [[Davenham]], Hartford, Rudheath and [[Whatcroft]] were added <ref>[http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/relationships.jsp?u_id=10027548&c_id=10001043 Vision of Britain. Northwich U.D.]. Retrieved on 2008-12-24</ref>

The [[Local Government Act 1972]] replaced the Urban District Council of Northwich with a new district (later borough) council: [[Vale Royal]]. Vale Royal covered areas previously covered by Northwich UDC (Urban District Council), Northwich RDC (Rural District Council), Winsford UDC and parts of Runcorn RDC. Northwich Town Council now has the powers of a [[Civil Parish|parish council]] and is now made up of five main districts of Leftwich, Northwich, Castle, Winnington and Witton.

Vale Royal Borough Council was abolished on 1 April 2009, and Northwich now falls within the new unitary authority of [[Cheshire West and Chester]].

Between 1885 and 1983 Northwich gave its name to a [[Northwich (UK Parliament constituency)|parliamentary consituency]]. Northwich was also split between the Tatton and Eddisbury constituencies until the formation of [[Weaver Vale (UK Parliament constituency)|Weaver Vale]] for the 1997 general election. The seat is currently held by [[Mike Hall (politician)|Mike Hall]] (Labour).<ref>{{cite web |title=Weaver Vale |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=http://politics.guardian.co.uk/hoc/constituency/0,,-1412,00.html}} Retrieved on 2 September 2008.</ref>

The town coat of arms features the [[Latin]] [[motto]] ''"Sal est Vita"'' meaning ''"Salt is Life"'', which can be seen on the town's crest of arms.<ref>{{cite web |title=Northwich Town Council |publisher=ChivalricHeraldry.co.uk |url=http://www.civicheraldry.co.uk/cheshire.html}} Retrieved on 2 September 2008.</ref> The town is twinned with [[Dole, Jura|Dole]] in France.<ref>{{cite web |title=Twinning - twin town information |author=Vale Royal Borough Council |publisher=ValeRoyal.gov.uk |url=http://www2.valeroyal.gov.uk/internet/vr.nsf/AllByUniqueIdentifier/DOC62DD93F2AF71392980256E99004A9579}} Retrieved on 2 September 2008.</ref>

==Geography==
[[Image:Northwich in vale royal.png|left|thumb|200px|Northwich Town Council in the former Vale Royal borough]]

Northwich is situated in the Cheshire Plain at coordinates {{coord|53|15|20|N|2|31|20|W|city}} (53.255, -2.522). The town is between {{convert|15|m|ft|0}} and {{convert|35|m|ft|0}} above mean sea level.<ref name="survey"/> Northwich is surrounded by the following [[civil parishes]], starting due north and proceeding in a clockwise direction: [[Anderton with Marbury]], [[Marston, Cheshire|Marston]], [[Wincham]], [[Lostock Gralam]], [[Rudheath]], [[Davenham]], [[Hartford, Cheshire|Hartford]], [[Weaverham]], [[Barnton]].

Two rivers meet in the town centre, the [[River Weaver|Weaver]] and the [[River Dane|Dane]]. The town is surrounded by undulating [[pasture]]. Subsidence and the collapse of underground saltworks has created Flashes and there are also local [[mere (lake)|meres]] - for example, to the north is [[Budworth Mere]] and to the north east is [[Pick Mere]].<ref name="survey"/>

{{clear}}

{{climate chart|Northwich
|1|6|70
|1|7|50
|3|9|60
|4|12|50
|7|15|60
|10|18|70
|12|20|70
|12|20|80
|10|17|70
|8|14|80
|4|9|80
|2|7|80
|float=right
|source={{cite web| url=http://weather.yahoo.com/Northwich-United-Kingdom/UKXX1551/statistics.html?unit=c|work=Yahoo! Weather|accessdate=2008-08-28|title=Records and averages}}
|clear=both
}}

The town is built on Lower [[Keuper]] saliferous beds from which salt has been mined. Deposits of [[alluvium]] run along the river valleys and cover most of the area of the town. Surrounding the town is deposits of boulder clay and glacial sand and gravel can be found to the north-west.<ref name="survey"/>

The climate is generally [[temperate]] with few extremes of temperature or weather. The mean average temperature is slightly above average for the United Kingdom as is the average amount of sunshine.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/19712000/tmean/17.gif | title = Average annual mean temperature | work = [[Met Office]] website | accessdate = 2008-08-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/19712000/ss/17.gif | title = Average annual sunshine | work = [[Met Office]] website | accessdate = 2008-08-31}}</ref> The average annual rainfall is slightly below the average for the UK.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/19712000/rr/17.gif | title = Average annual rainfall | work=[[Met Office]] website | accessdate = 2008-08-31}}</ref> There are few days when snow is lying on the ground, although there are some days of air frost.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/19712000/dl/17.gif | title = Days of snow lying | work = [[Met Office]] website | accessdate = 2008-08-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/19712000/daf/17.gif | title = Days of air frost | work = [[Met Office]] website | accessdate = 2008-08-31}}</ref>

{{clear}}
==Demography==
The population of Northwich in 1664 has been estimated as 560.<ref name="survey"/> The population of Northwich over the last 200 years has been:

<center>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;width:70%;border:0px;text-align:center;line-height:120%;"
! colspan="21" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;"|Population of Northwich since 1801 <ref>The totals shown are for Northwich township (1801–1871), Northwich Local Board (1881–1891), Northwich Urban District (1901–1971), and Northwich Civil Parish (1981–2001). There were changes to the boundaries of these areas in 1873, 1936 and 1955, which affected the subsequent census figures</ref>
|-
! style="background: #99CCCC; color: #000080" height="17" | Year
! style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000080;" | 1801
! style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000080;" | 1811
! style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000080;" | 1821
! style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000080;" | 1831
! style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000080;" | 1841
! style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000080;" | 1851
! style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000080;" | 1861
! style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000080;" | 1871
! style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000080;" | 1881
! style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000080;" | 1891
! style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000080;" | 1901
! style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000080;" | 1911
! style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000080;" | 1921
! style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000080;" | 1931
! style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000080;" | 1951
! style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000080;" | 1961
! style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000080;" | 1971
! style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000080;" | 1981
! style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000080;" | 1991
! style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000080;" | 2001
|- Align="center"
! style="background: #99CCCC; color: #000080" height="17" | Population
| style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" | 1,338
| style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" | 1,382
| style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" | 1,490
| style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" | 1,481
| style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" | 1,368
| style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" | 1,377
| style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" | 1,190
| style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" | 1,244
| style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" | 12,256
| style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" | 14,914
| style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" | 17,611
| style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" | 18,151
| style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" | 18,381
| style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" | 18,732
| style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" | 17,489
| style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" | 19,592
| style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" | 18,136
| style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" | 17,098
| style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" | 18,316
| style="background: #FFFFFF; color: black;" | 19,259
|-
| colspan="21" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;"|'''Sources:'''<ref name="survey"/><ref name="census"/><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ukbmd.org.uk/genuki/chs/northwich.html | title = Cheshire Parishes: Northwich | work = GENUKI website | accessdate = 2008-08-31}}</ref>
|}
</center>

{{clear}}

[[Image:northwich population.gif|right|thumb|200px|Northwich population]]
The 2001 Census shows the population of Northwich to be 19,259. This was composed of 9,761 (50.7%) males and 9,498 (49.3%) females. There were 8,253 households.<ref name="census"/> This makes the average household size 2.32, which is slightly below the national average of 2.36.

{{clear}}

==Economics==
[[Image:Northwich - Winnington Works.jpg|thumb|200px|right|ICI Winnington Works seen from the [[Anderton Boat Lift]] in 1992]]

Northwich has been described as having a [[market]] since at least 1535, when it was described as a market town by Leland,<ref name="survey"/> but there is no surviving charter. The town still has a market today, which is earmarked for refurbishment as part of the Northwich Vision plans.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.northwichvision.org/intranet/nv.nsf/AllByUniqueIdentifier/DOCDCC9424A591256278025733D003B6EEC | title = Development Areas | work = Northwich Vision website | accessdate = 2008-09-02}}</ref>

The town's economy was dominated by the salt industry. However a list of tolls for goods crossing over Northwich bridge in 1353 shows goods coming into the town, including a wide range of carcasses, fleeces, hides and skins, cloth, fish, alcoholic drinks, cloth, dairy products, building materials, household goods, metals and glass, and millstones. This indicates a much wider economic base to medieval Northwich than just the salt trade.<ref name="survey"/> Documentary evidence also exists for a [[gristmill|mill]] from 1332 onwards and there is evidence for more than one mill from 1343.<ref name="survey"/>

Allied to the extraction of salt was a bulk chemical industry, which became concentrated at the three [[Imperial Chemical Industries|ICI]] sites at Winnington, Wallerscote and Lostock. The first industrially practical method for producing [[polythene]] was accidentally discovered at the Winnington works in 1933.<ref name="polythene">{{cite web | title=Winnington history in the making | work=This is Cheshire | url=http://archive.thisischeshire.co.uk/2006/8/23/275808.html | accessdate=2006-12-05}}</ref>

Bakers [[Frank Roberts & Sons]] have been associated with the town since 1887 and continues to be based near the town at [[Rudheath]] on the A556.

There are many contemporary major employers in nearby [[Rudheath]] and [[Hartford, Cheshire#Economics|Hartford]].

Based on the 2001 Census, Northwich had 13,928 people aged between 16 and 74. Of these, 8,908 (64.0%) people were categorised as economically active; 4,268 (30.6%) were economically inactive; 455 (3.3%) were unemployed.<ref name="census2">
{{cite web | title=Parish Profile - Work and Qualifications: Northwich CP | work=National Statistics website | url=http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=792700&c=northwich&d=16&e=15&g=429415&i=1001x1003x1004&o=1&m=0&enc=1&dsFamilyId=783| accessdate=2007-01-09}}</ref>

==Culture and community==
The town has two key events a year. Over the [[August Bank Holiday]] Weekend Northwich Festival is held at Moss Farm Sports Complex. Featuring 4 days of music and sport with the main attraction for the Monday being the UK Strongman-North Competition.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ukstrongman-north.co.uk | work = UK Strongman North website | title = UK Strongman North | accessdate = 2009-09-06}}</ref> The [[Thundersprint]] motorcycling event is held every May [[Bank Holiday]] in Northwich. This event attracts over 130,000 people over the two days, and claims to be the world's biggest street bike party.{{Fact|date=October 2007}}

Northwich Memorial Hall was opened in 1960 and hosts a range of activities,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www2.valeroyal.gov.uk/internet/vr.nsf/AllByUniqueIdentifier/DOC8139283356B1EBAD80256E9900475372 | title = Northwich Memorial Hall | work = Vale Royal Borough Council website | accessdate = 2008-08-28}}</ref> including the Purple Cactus Comedy Club.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.midcheshirechronicle.co.uk/mid-cheshire-news/local-mid-cheshire-news/2009/03/10/purple-cactus-comedy-club-makes-a-welcome-return-to-northwich-93570-23107189/ |title=Purple Cactus Comedy Club makes a welcome return to Northwich |date=2009-03-10 |publisher=''The Mid Cheshire Chronicle'' |author=Dave Goodban |accessdate=2009-05-04}}</ref> The [[Harlequin Theatre, Northwich|Harlequin Theatre]] produces six plays each year, and is also the home of Northwich Folk Club.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.northwichfolk.co.uk | title = Northwich Folk Club}}</ref>

The Regal cinema was closed in 2007. However there are plans for a new cinema as part of the Northwich Vision redevelopment of Baron's Quay.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.northwichvision.org/intranet/nv.nsf/AllByUniqueIdentifier/DOCAB3999F3E976787D8025746E004206FF | title = It's All Systems Go For The New Baron's Quay | work = Northwich Vision website | accessdate = 2008-08-28}}</ref>

Northwich has a rich musical history, with a number of locals being part of bands such as [[Placebo (band)|Placebo]], which provided the soundtrack to the film [[Cruel Intentions]]. [[Tim Burgess]] from [[The Charlatans (UK band)|the Charlatans]] lived in Northwich. The band were originally managed by Steve Harrison from the Omega Music record store in the town.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.musicianguide.com/biographies/1608001568/Charlatans-The.html | title = Charlatons, The Biography | work = Musician Biography website | accessdate=2008-08-29}}</ref>

Northwich has its own fictional hero in the form of the ultimate ghost-hunter, James Boag-Munroe. The creation is the work of local Horror author Stuart Neild. The first novel, titled ''A Haunted Man'', features Boag-Munroe's adventures in the haunted salt mines that run underneath Northwich, combining fact with supernatural fiction. More novels are on the way featuring Northwich and other [[North West England|North West]] locations as the backdrops to the novels. A [[Hollywood]] film and television series is also in development based on the books.<ref name="neild">{{cite web | title=Once upon a time in the Midlands| work=BBC Website | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/stoke/features/2005/03/haunted_man.shtml | accessdate=2006-12-05}}</ref>

Northwich has two local newspapers: the [[Northwich Guardian]], published by [[Newsquest]], and the [[Northwich Chronicle]], published by [[Trinity Mirror]]. A [[radio station]], [[Cheshire FM]], covers the mid-Cheshire area including Northwich.

Northwich is the home of two non-league football teams, [[Northwich Victoria F.C.|Northwich Victoria]] and [[Witton Albion]]. The town has two rugby union sides [[Northwich RUFC]] also hosting a rugby league side called Northwich Stags RL and [[Winnington Park]].

==Landmarks and religious sites==

[[Image:st helens witton.jpg|thumb|left|200px|St. Helen Witton Church]]
The parish church is known as [[St Helen Witton Church, Northwich|St. Helen's Witton]]. The church initially developed as a [[chapel of ease]] associated with the parish of [[Great Budworth]] to serve the local community, known as the Chapel of Witton. There is no known date for the creation of this chapel, but it is thought to have existed in the 13th century. None of this building exists in the current church. There is no documentary evidence to indicate the dates of the older parts of the current building. However stones in the fabric of the porch carry inscriptions attributed to "Ricardus Alkoke Capellanus". This name matches documents concerning land in Northwich and [[Lostock Gralam]] dated 1468, but this cannot be used to date the church accurately.<ref>Harries, Michael & Lynch, Colin - ''An Illustrated History of Northwich Parish & Church'', 1981, ISBN 0-9507-6480-9</ref>

It was not until 7 August 1900 that the parish of Witton (otherwise Northwich) was formed from parts of [[Great Budworth]], [[Davenham]] and other surrounding parishes.

The present St Wilfrid's (Roman Catholic) church was built in 1866.

The Northwich Union Workhouse opened in 1837 following the [[Poor Law]] Amendment of 1834 that standardised the system of poor relief throughout Britain. The building is now the [[Salt Museum, Northwich|Salt Museum]].

[[Image:Northwich - Town Bridge.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Town Bridge]]

The Dock Road Edwardian [[Pumping Station]] is a [[Grade II]] Listed Building originally built by Northwich Urban District Council in 1913. For over 60 years it was used for pumping sewage from parts of Northwich to the Wallerscote Treatment Works. Before it was built, untreated sewage was discharged directly into the River Weaver, causing widespread pollution. The station was equipped with two single-cylinder Crossley gas-fired engines and two Haywood Tyler triplex lift and force pumps, capable of pumping 9,600 gallons per hour. In later years, electric pumps, capable of pumping 36,000 gallons per hour replaced these but the originals have been restored. The current owners are [[United Utilities]] (previously [[North West Water]]). The station is open to the public.<ref> {{cite web | title = Dock Road Edwardian Pumping Station | work = Pauline Roscoe & Associates | url = http://www.pauline-roscoe.co.uk/dockroad.html | accessdate = 2007-02-20}}</ref>

Two [[swing bridge]]s, Hayhurst Bridge built in 1898, and Town Bridge built in 1899, cross the Weaver at Northwich. The bridges were the first two electrically powered swing bridges in Great Britain<ref>{{cite web | title = Hayhurst Bridge Project Is First Step In Ambitious Vision | work = British Waterways | url = http://www.british-waterways.co.uk/newsroom/archive/hayhurst_project.html | accessdate = 2008-04-01}}</ref> and were built on floating [[Pontoon (boat)|pontoons]] to counteract the mine subsidence. They were designed by Colonel [[John Saner]].

The Floatel Northwich, the UK's only floating hotel, is moored on the Weaver, near the confluence of the two rivers, but was closed when the owners went into administration in January 2009. {{cite web|url=http://www.northwichguardian.co.uk/news/4079629.END_FOR_FLOATEL/|title=Floatel|publisher=Northwich Guardian|accessdate=13 June 2009}}

{{clear}}

==Transport==
[[Image:Anderton Boat Lift.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Anderton Boat Lift]]

The key historical mode of transport is water. By 1732 the River Weaver was improved from Frodsham Bridge to Winsford Bridge and eventually allowed vessels up to {{convert|160|t|kg}} to travel up to Northwich Bridge.<ref name="survey"/> The [[Trent and Mersey Canal]], opened in 1775, passed to the north of Northwich because of objections from the trustees of the Weaver Navigation. However, the canal passed salt deposits near the village of [[Marston, Cheshire|Marston]], and many of the later salt mines were based along its banks including the [[Lion Salt Works]]. The [[Anderton Boat Lift]] was opened in 1875<ref name="boatlift">{{cite web | url= http://www.andertonboatlift.co.uk/ | work = Anderton Boat Lift website | title = Anderton Boat Lift | accessdate = 2008-09-03}}</ref> to connect the canal and river systems. It was fully restored in 2002 and now houses a visitor centre.<ref name="boatlift"/>

The road system around Northwich can be dated back to the Roman times. The [[A556 road|A556]] and [[A559 road|A559]] follow the route of the Roman road that runs from Chester to York.<ref name="survey"/> The A556 diverts away from the route of the Roman road following a new route to the south of the town acting as the town's bypass. The Chester to Manchester road became a [[Turnpike]] in 1769.<ref name="survey"/> The [[A530 road|A530]], known as King Street, also passes near to the town, and this follows the route of the Roman road that connected Warrington and Middlewich. The old route to Warrington and the north from Middlewich, however, was replaced by a new route through Knutsford, which became a turnpike in 1753.<ref name="survey"/> Northwich is connected to the motorway network to the north of the town via the A559 onto the [[M56 motorway]]; and to the east of the town via the A556 at Junction 19 of the [[M6 motorway]].

The railway came to the town in 1863 when the [[Cheshire Midland Railway]] constructed its line from [[Knutsford]]. The [[West Cheshire Railway]] built its line to [[Helsby]] in 1869. Passenger trains from Northwich to Chester via [[Delamere railway station|Delamere]] commenced in 1875. The route through Northwich is now marketed as the [[Mid-Cheshire Line|Mid-Cheshire line]].<ref>{{cite book | title = The Cheshire Lines Railway | last = Griffiths | first = R.P. | publisher = Oakwood Press | year = 1947}}</ref> [[Northwich railway station]], last rebuilt in 1897,<ref name="survey"/> is on the line from [[Chester railway station|Chester]] to [[Manchester Piccadilly railway station|Manchester Piccadilly]]. There are also stations within close vicinity at [[Greenbank railway station|Greenbank]], also on the Mid-Cheshire line, and [[Hartford railway station|Hartford]] (on the [[West Coast Main Line]]).

There are bus routes between Northwich and a number of local towns, including Weaverham, [[Hartford, Cheshire|Hartford]], Crewe, Warrington, Kelsall and Chester.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.cheshire.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/11A38EAE-BA20-434C-9F88-3294312A0CC2/0/NorthwichMapJanuary2007.pdf |format=PDF| work = Cheshire County Council | title = Cheshire County Council Bus Map}}</ref>

==Education==
[[Image:Sir john deane college.jpg|thumb|200px|left]]

Northwich and its surroundings has a number of schools and colleges. [[Sir John Deane's College]] is now a [[sixth form college]], but was originally formed as a grammar school in 1557.<ref>{{cite book | title=A Concise Description of the Endowed Grammar Schools in England and Wales| url=http://www.google.co.uk/books?id=GwsJRFnvUIAC&pg=PA129&dq=%22Sir+John+Deane%22+-Winthrop&as_brr=0| last=Carlisle| first=Nicholas | year=1818| pages=129–136| publisher=Baldwin, Cradock and Joy| location=London}}</ref> The school was originally known as Witton Grammar School and was erected close to Witton Chapel. The school moved to its current location, to the south of the town, in 1907-08.<ref name="survey"/> There is now also [[further education]] available through [[Mid Cheshire College]]'s London Road Studios.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.midchesh.ac.uk/where-find-us| title = Mid Cheshire College locations | accessdate = 2009-02-10}}</ref>

During the 19th century many new schools were founded and by 1850 twelve 'academies' were recorded in the area.<ref name="survey"/> The town is now served by [[County High School Leftwich]], a specialist media arts college, while [[Rudheath Community High School]]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://maps.cheshire.gov.uk/cheshirecc.interactivemapping.web.internet/Default.aspx?gotolayer=SSCA&gotofield=OBJECTID&gotovalue=138&layers=SSCA&hlayer=SSCA&hfield=OBJECTID&hvalue=138| title = Rudheath High School catchment area | accessdate = 2009-02-10}}</ref>, a specialist performing arts college and Hartford High School<ref>{{cite web | url = http://maps.cheshire.gov.uk/cheshirecc.interactivemapping.web.internet/Default.aspx?gotolayer=SSCA&gotofield=OBJECTID&gotovalue=136&layers=SSCA&hlayer=SSCA&hfield=OBJECTID&hvalue=136| title = Hartford High School catchment area | accessdate = 2009-02-10}}</ref> both admit pupils from Northwich. There are also several primary schools in the area. [[St. Nicholas Catholic High School]] is also in the local vicinity, and performs well on national exam boards, coming second in the whole of [[Cheshire]].

In November 2005, as part of the Northwich Vision, a refurbishment of the town's railway station included a Centre called ''Zone'' that promotes lifelong learning by offering people the opportunity to access a range of online and taught courses.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.northwichvision.org/intranet/nv.nsf/AllByUniqueIdentifier/DOC9DD7036E56E0C22A802573850041BB89 | work = Northwich Vision website | title = Get On Board With Lifelong Learning | accessdate = 2008-09-02}}</ref>

==Notable people==
[[Sir John Brunner, 1st Baronet]] and [[Ludwig Mond]] lived at [[Winnington Hall]] in the town after founding their chemical firm [[Brunner Mond]] in 1873.<ref>{{citation
| last =Koss | first =Stephen E. | title =Sir John Brunner: Radical Plutocrat 1842-1919 | publisher =Cambridge University Press | year =1970 | location =| pages =28-29 | isbn =0521079063 }}</ref>

In politics, [[John Greenway]], MP for [[Ryedale (UK Parliament constituency)|Ryedale]], was born in the town<ref>{{cite web | url = http://politics.guardian.co.uk/person/parliament/0,,-2064,00.html | title = John Greenway biography | work = Guardian Unlimited website | accessdate = 2008-09-02}}</ref> and educated at Sir John Deane's college.

In the literary and media world, the horror author Stuart Neild was born in the town in 1970<ref>{{cite web | url = http://stuartneild.com/biography.htm | work = Stuart Neild website | title = Biography | accessdate = 2008-09-02}}</ref> and [[Robert Westall]], the children's author, also lived in the town and taught at Sir John Deane's College.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://archive.thisischeshire.co.uk/2004/4/14/152175.html | work=This is Cheshire | title=Robert Westall: From art tutor to world famous author | accessdate=2008-03-14}}</ref> Film producer and writer [[Sue Birtwistle]] was also born in the town.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.chester.ac.uk/news/2008/mar/6.html | title = Talented trio awarded honorary doctorates | work = University of Chester | date = 2008-03-10 | accessdate = 2008-09-02}}</ref>
The composer, songwriter and author [[Rupert Holmes]] was born in the town in 1947 before moving to New York. Northwich is also the home town of [[Steve Hewitt]], the drummer for the band [[Placebo (band)|Placebo]] and the adopted home of [[Tim Burgess]], lead singer of [[The Charlatans (UK band)|The Charlatans]]. Tommy McKenzie, name checked in [[the Beatles]] song [[Eleanor Rigby]] as Father McKenzie, was compère at Northwich Memorial Hall.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.northwichguardian.co.uk/2000/6/8/221729.html |title=Beatles' Tribute to 'Father McKenzie' |publisher=Northwich Guardian |accessdate=2007-01-15 }}</ref>

==Twin town==

Northwich is [[town twinning|twinned]] to :

* [[Image:Flag of France.svg|25px]] [[Dole, Jura|Dole]], [[France]]

==See also==
{{portalpar|Cheshire}}

*[[:Category:Northwich|Northwich category]]
*[[Salt in Cheshire]]
*[[Brunner Mond]]
*[[Winnington Hall]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://www.cheshirewestandchester.gov.uk/ Cheshire West and Chester Council]
*[http://www.brunnermond.com/who/history.htm Brunner Mond]
*[http://www.northwich-festival.co.uk Northwich Festival]
*[http://www.northwichtc.plus.com/ Northwich Town Council]
*[http://www.northwichvision.org/ Northwich Vision]
*[http://www.saltmuseum.org.uk/ The Salt Museum]

{{Cheshire, Cheshire West and Chester}}
{{Cheshire}}

[[Category:Civil parishes in Cheshire]]
[[Category:Towns in Cheshire]]
[[Category:Northwich]]

[[cy:Northwich]]
[[it:Northwich]]
[[lt:Nortvičas]]
[[no:Northwich]]
[[pl:Northwich]]
[[pt:Northwich]]
[[ro:Northwich]]
[[vo:Northwich]]

Mytholmroyd

2009-07-17T18:57:45Z

ClickBot: Changing {{Infobox UK place}} population field; see talk. Report problems here

{{infobox UK place
|country = England
|latitude= 53.730
|longitude= -1.981
|official_name= Mytholmroyd
| population = 3,730
| population_ref = ([[2001 UK census|2001]])
|metropolitan_borough= [[Calderdale]]
|metropolitan_county = [[West Yorkshire]]
|region= Yorkshire and the Humber
|constituency_westminster=[[Calder Valley (UK Parliament constituency)|Calder Valley]]
|post_town= HEBDEN BRIDGE
|postcode_district = HX7
|postcode_area= HX
|dial_code= 01422
|os_grid_reference= SE012260
|static_image=[[Image:mytholmroyd vista.jpg|240px]]
|static_image_caption=View of Mytholmroyd from the north
}}

'''Mytholmroyd''' ({{pronEng|ˈmaɪðəmrɔɪd}}) is a town within the [[Calderdale|Metropolitan Borough of Calderdale]], in [[West Yorkshire]], [[England]]. It lies {{convert|1.5|mi|km|1}} east of [[Hebden Bridge]] and {{convert|6.7|mi|km|1}} west of [[Halifax, West Yorkshire|Halifax]].

Mytholmroyd is the birthplace of the English [[poet]] [[Ted Hughes]]. He became the [[Poet Laureate]] and married the American poet [[Sylvia Plath]] who is buried at nearby [[Heptonstall]]. Its population is roughly 4,200.

Mytholmroyd is the home of [[Calder High School]], the largest Comprehensive School in the [[Upper Calder Valley]]. Mytholmroyd Community Centre hosts the annual [[Dock pudding|Dock Pudding]] Championships in April, attended in 2007 by [[Robbie Coltrane]] who entered the competition and came second. and the Mytholmroyd Gala takes place every July.

The town is served by [[Mytholmroyd railway station]].

During the late 18th century, the valley to the south, known as [[Cragg Vale]] was home to a gang of counterfeiters known as the Cragg Coiners. The gang's leader, David Hartley, or King David as he was known, was found guilty of the 1769 murder of excise official William Dighton and was hanged at Tyburn near [[York]], on April 28 1770. Two other gang members were also executed for their part in the murder.

==Etymology==

The plot of cleared land in the swampy area where the two streams meet.

==Governance==

At a district level Mytholmroyd Urban District Council was set up in 1894. In 1937 it merged with Hebden Bridge Urban District Council to become [[Hebden Royd]] Urban District Council. At a county level Mytholmroyd was administered by the [[West Riding of Yorkshire|West Riding]] County Council. Both of these were abolished as part of the reforms introduced in the Local Government Act 1972. They were replaced with West Yorkshire Metropolitan County Council, [[Calderdale|Calderdale Metropolitan Borough Council]], and Hebden Royd Town Council. The Town Council area forms a [[civil parish]]. West Yorkshire County Council was abolished in 1986, leaving Mytholmroyd with a borough and town council.

==Sport==
[[Mytholmroyd F.C.]], where [[Eric Harrison (football)|Eric Harrison]] began his career, are based in the town.

==Notable people==
*[[John Duttine]] an actor (Sgt Miller, ''[[Heartbeat (TV series)|Heartbeat]]'' 2004-present) and his actress wife [[Mel Martin]] live nearby.
*[[Ted Hughes]]
*[[Bernard Ingham]]
*[[Innes Ireland]]
*[[Emilio Tightman]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.mytholmroyd.org Mytholmroyd.org]
*[http://www.mytholmroyd.net Mytholmroyd.net]
*[http://www.hebdenbridge.co.uk Hebden Bridge Web]
*[http://www.calderhigh.org.uk Calder High School]
*[http://www.theelmettrust.com The Elmet Trust - Ted Hughes Festival, Mytholmroyd]
*[http://www.hebweb.notaproblem.co.uk/Nigel/mytholmroyd.htm Nigel Lloyd's Mytholmroyd page]

{{West Yorkshire}}

[[Category:Towns in West Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Geography of Calderdale]]

{{WestYorkshire-geo-stub}}

[[it:Mytholmroyd]]
[[nl:Mytholmroyd]]

Merchiston

2009-07-17T17:46:57Z

ClickBot: Changing {{Infobox UK place}} population field; see talk. Report problems here

{{infobox UK place

|country = Scotland
|official_name= Merchiston
| population =
| population_ref = Unknown
|os_grid_reference=NT244721
|latitude=55.93650168297175
|longitude=-3.2095303642468824
|map_type=Scotland
|unitary_scotland= [[City of Edinburgh Council]]
|constituency_westminster= [[Edinburgh South (UK Parliament constituency)]]
|constituency_scottish_parliament= [[Edinburgh South (Scottish Parliament constituency)]]
|post_town= [[Edinburgh]]
|postcode_district = EH10
|postcode_area= EH
|dial_code= [[UK Telephone numbering plan|0131]](337)
}}

{{otheruses|Merchiston (disambiguation)}}

'''Merchiston''' is a prosperous, mainly residential area in the south-west of [[Edinburgh]], [[Scotland]]. The housing is primarily a mixture of large, late [[Georgian architecture|Georgian]], [[Victorian architecture|Victorian]] and [[Edwardian architecture|Edwardian]] villas – several of the latter by [[Edward Calvert (architect)|Edward Calvert]] – together with a smaller number of Victorian tenements and some relatively large, early-twentieth century villas. In recent years many of these villas have been subjected to development with blocks of flats being built in their once expansive gardens and the original houses themselves being divided into small numbers of apartments.

A [[campus]] forming a major part of [[Napier University]] is in the area; it includes [[Merchiston Castle|Merchiston Tower (or Castle)]], once the home of [[John Napier]], eighth [[Laird]] of Merchiston and the inventor of [[logarithms]]. The university also uses a variety of other buildings in this and surrounding areas, such as former schools and churches, some of which would otherwise have been demolished or made into further flats. The tower was sold by The Honourable John Scott Napier, fourteenth Laird of Merchiston in 1914 to the [[Merchiston Castle School]] board who used it up until 1930, when the school moved to a new site in [[Colinton]] (whilst retaining the Merchiston Castle name).

The area is home to writers [[Ian Rankin]] (author of the [[Detective Inspector John Rebus|Inspector Rebus]] novels), [[Lin Anderson]], and [[Alexander McCall Smith]] (author of the [[The No. 1 Ladies' Detective Agency]] novels). By some definitions of the boundaries of the area, [[J.K. Rowling]] (author of the [[Harry Potter]] books) also has her Edinburgh home in Merchiston, although she is commonly regarded as a resident of [[Morningside, Edinburgh|Morningside]].

Also in the area are a number of independent schools including [[George Watson's College]] and a [[Steiner School]]. On the fringes of the area where it meets [[Craiglockhart]] (to the west) is the [[Edinburgh Suburban and Southside Junction Railway|suburban railway line]], which is mooted for reopening. To the north of the area is the [[Union Canal (Scotland)|Union Canal]]. North of the canal (in the area sometimes known as North Merchiston or Shandon and sometimes taken to be part of [[Polwarth, Edinburgh|Polwarth]]) are [[Craiglockhart Primary School]] and the site of the former [[Merchiston railway station|Merchiston Station]], a railway station on the now-closed [[Caledonian Railway]] line to [[Edinburgh Princes Street railway station|Princes Street]] station.

Other nearby areas include [[Morningside, Edinburgh|Morningside]] to the south-east, [[Burghmuirhead]] (including [[Holy Corner]] and [[Church Hill, Edinburgh|Church Hill]]) to the east and [[Bruntsfield]] to the north-east.

==External links==
* [http://www.geo.ed.ac.uk/scotgaz/features/featuredetails6505.html Entry in Gazetteer for Scotland]
* [http://www.merchistoncc.org.uk/pages/home.asp Merchiston Community Council]
** [http://www.merchistoncc.org.uk/pages/boundaries.asp Community Council map showing boundary of area]
* [http://www.hopeloveandconfidence.com/wordpress/ Craiglockhart Primary School]

*
{{Areas of Edinburgh}}

[[Category:Areas of Edinburgh| ]]

[[pt:Merchiston]]

Loughor

2009-07-17T17:06:25Z

ClickBot: Changing {{Infobox UK place}} population field; see talk. Report problems here

{{infobox UK place
|country =Wales
|welsh_name=Casllwchwr
|constituency_welsh_assembly=
|official_name= Loughor
|unitary_wales=[[Swansea]]
|lieutenancy_wales= [[West Glamorgan]]
|constituency_westminster= [[Gower (UK Parliament constituency)|Gower]]
|post_town= SWANSEA
|postcode_district = SA4
|postcode_area= SA
|dial_code= 01792
|os_grid_reference= SS573980
|latitude=51.66261
|longitude=-4.06461
| population = 4,991
| population_ref = (2001 Census)
}}
'''Loughor''' ({{lang-cy|Casllwchwr}}) is a [[town]] in the City and County of [[Swansea]], [[Wales]], within the [[Historic counties of Wales|historic county boundaries]] of [[Glamorgan]], [[Wales]]. It lies on the [[estuary]] of the [[River Loughor]]. The town has a [[community (Wales)|community]] council called [[Llwchwr]].

The town was home to the [[Roman Britain|Roman]] [[castra|fort]] of [[Leucarum]], over which the [[Norman architecture|Norman]] [[Loughor Castle]] was built in 1099. There is said to be a hidden tunnel under the castle which contains many treasures. Loughor developed around the castle.

It later grew as a [[port]], while in the early twentieth century large [[tin]] and [[steel]] works were the main industries. Loughor town can be divided into two areas defined by the present day electoral wards [[Lower Loughor]] and [[Upper Loughor]] which have separate histories. Lower Loughor lies nearer the sea and set on low ground whilst Upper Loughor lies on higher ground. Loughor initially developed around the Norman castle in what is now the Lower Loughor ward. Upper Loughor began as a distinct settlement, initially around what is now the Glebe Road area. Upper Loughor Town was well established as a separate town by the mid 19th Century. Loughor is now mostly a [[commuter town]] for [[Swansea]] and [[Llanelli]] via the [[Loughor bridge]] and has merged with the neighbouring town of [[Gorseinon]].

[[Paul Jones]] famous for the ball room dance lives in the town. The town is also famous for being the birthplace of well-respected and all-knowing pundit and Lollipop man [[Leighton James]].

Nearby is the [[Llygad Llwchwr]], a 1.2 km river cave system.

Local schools in the town include Tre Uchaf Primary School and the Casllwchwr Primary School. Sited opposite the Tre Uchaf Primary is one of the sites of [[Gorseinon College]].

The local [[rugby union]] team of the town is [[Loughor RFC]].

[[James Henry Govier]] (1910- 1974) the British painter, etcher and engraver of the Swansea School, produced a number of images of Loughor, he lived at Gorseinon and has work in the Glynn Vivian Art Gallery at Swansea, The National Museum of Wales , The National Library of Wales and in several National collections. See [[Gorseinon]] and Oakley for more details.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*Swansea Art Gallery Catalogue 1936.
*The Gower Journal.
*Who's Who in Art.
*Dictionary of British Artists 1900-1950, by Grant M Waters 1975.

==External links==
*[http://www.page-net.com/swansea.localhistory/gorseinon/pages/histloughor.html History of Loughor]
*[http://www.geograph.org.uk/search.php?i=2733593 www.geograph.co.uk : photos of Loughor and surrounding area]

[[Category:Towns in Swansea]]

[[bg:Лохър]]
[[cy:Casllwchwr]]
[[nl:Loughor]]
[[no:Loughor]]

Loughgall

2009-07-17T17:06:00Z

ClickBot: Changing {{Infobox UK place}} population field; see talk. Report problems here

{{Infobox UK place
|official_name= Loughgall
|irish_name= Loch gCál
|scots_name=
|local_name=
|static_image=
|static_image_caption=
|map_type= Northern Ireland
|latitude= 54.416667
|longitude= -6.6
|belfast_distance=
|london_distance=
| population = 285
| population_ref = ([[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 Census]])
|irish_grid_reference= H908522
|unitary_northern_ireland= [[Armagh City and District Council|Armagh]]
|country= Northern Ireland
|post_town= ARMAGH
|postcode_area= BT
|postcode_district= BT61
|dial_code= 028
|constituency_westminster=
|lieutenancy_northern_ireland= [[County Armagh]]
}}

'''Loughgall''' ({{derive|Irish|Loch gCál|cabbage lake}}) is a small [[village]] in [[County Armagh]], [[Northern Ireland]]. In the [[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 Census]] it had a population of 285 people. It is situated within the [[Armagh City and District Council]] area.

Loughgall is at the heart of the apple-growing industry and is surrounded by orchards. At the centre of the village is an enormous set of gates which lead to Loughgall Manor. An imposing building, the Manor was once the residence of the Cope family who arrived as part of the [[Plantation of Ulster]] in the 17th century.

== History ==
In 1795, rival [[sectarian]] gangs, the Catholic [[Defenders (Ireland)|Defenders]] and Protestant [[Peep O'Day Boys]] fought a bloody skirmish called the [[Battle of the Diamond]], that left around 80 people dead. The [[Orange Institution|Orange Order]] was founded in Loughgall following these events.

===The Troubles===
For more information see [[The Troubles in Loughgall]], which includes a list of incidents in Loughgall during [[the Troubles]] resulting in two or more fatalities.

== Places of interest ==
*Loughgall Country Park is set in a 188 hectare estate of open farmland & orchards and includes an 18 hole golf course and 37 acre coarse fishery.
*The NI Horticulture and Plant Breeding Station is set in the Loughgall Manor Estate, surrounded by mature woodlands and overlooking the Lough Gall. The estate was established in the late 17th century by Sir Anthony Cope of Hanwell, [[Oxfordshire]] and became the Cope family home for 350 years. In 1947 the estate was purchased from General Sir [[Gerald Templer]], a descendant of the original owner, by the (then) Ministry of Agriculture.

== Sport ==
It is home to [[Loughgall F.C.|Loughgall Football Club]], which plays in the [[IFA Championship]].

== Education ==
*[[The Cope Primary School]]
*There was also a [[Roman Catholic]] primary school located on the Eagralougher Road, just outside Loughgall, but due to lack of funding and low enrolment figures the school closed in June 1996.

==People==
*[[W. R. Rodgers]] (1909 – 1969), probably best known as a poet, was ordained as a [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian]] minister in 1935 and was first appointed to Cloveneden Church, Loughgall, where he was minister for 12 years. He later gave up the ministry and became a [[BBC]] radio producer and scriptwriter. He died in [[California]] in 1969 and was buried in Loughgall<ref>{{cite web | title=Introduction - WR Rodgers Papers| work=Public Record Office of Northern Ireland | url=http://www.proni.gov.uk/introduction__rodgers_papers_d2833.pdf | accessdate=4 March 2009}}</ref>.

== See also ==
*[[List of villages in Northern Ireland]]
*[[List of towns in Northern Ireland]]
*[[Market houses in Northern Ireland]]
{{County Armagh}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
*[http://www.ninis.nisra.gov.uk/ NI Neighbourhood Information Service]
*[http://www.discovernorthernireland.com/product.aspx?ProductID=1990 Discover Northern Ireland]
*[http://www.afsni.ac.uk/Centres/Centre5/default.htm NI Horticulture & Plant Breeding Station]
*[http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/ NI Conflict Archive on the Internet]
*[http://www.culturenorthernireland.org/town_Home.aspx?co=3&to=51&ca=0&sca=0&navID=1 Culture Northern Ireland]

== External links ==
*[http://cloghmore.bravepages.com/armagh/loughgallMH.html Loughgall Market House]
*[http://www.loughgallpresbyterian.co.uk Loughgall Presbyterian Church]

[[Category:Villages in County Armagh]]

Lode (Cambridgeshire)

2009-07-17T16:57:21Z

ClickBot: Changing {{Infobox UK place}} population field; see talk. Report problems here

{{Infobox UK place
|static_image =[[Image:Lode_mill.14.5.05.jpg|240px]]
|static_image_caption=Lode Mill
| official_name= Lode
| country= England
| region= East of England
| os_grid_reference= TL529626
| latitude= 52.24
| longitude= 0.24
| post_town= CAMBRIDGE
| postcode_area= CB
| postcode_district= CB25
| dial_code= 01223
| shire_county= [[Cambridgeshire]]
| population = 892
| population_ref = (2001 Census)
|hide_services= Yes
}}

'''Lode''' is a small village in [[East Cambridgeshire]] on the southern edge of [[The Fens]]. It lies just north of the B1102 between [[Quy]] and [[Swaffham Bulbeck]], {{convert|8|mi|0}} to the north east of [[Cambridge]].

The village's name is derived from its location at the southern end of [[Bottisham]] Lode that links it to the [[River Cam]]. A lode is an artificial water channel used to drain the Fens.

Lode is best known as the location of [[Anglesey Abbey]] and for the restored watermill, Lode Mill.

==See also==
*[[Bottisham and Lode railway station]], a disused station near the village

== External links ==
*[http://www.cambridgeshire.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/A2FA1E7F-8EC7-4723-BCF6-6A994BBC5225/0/Lode.pdf 2001 census]
*[http://www.sophie.org.uk/lode.htm Lode information and pictures]

[[Category:Villages in Cambridgeshire|Lode]]
[[Category:Civil parishes in Cambridgeshire]]
{{Cambridgeshire-geo-stub}}

Linwood (Schottland)

2009-07-17T16:31:38Z

ClickBot: Changing {{Infobox UK place}} population field; see talk. Report problems here

:''For other uses, see [[Linwood (disambiguation)]]''
{{infobox UK place
|country = Scotland
|official_name= Linwood
|gaelic_name=
|scots_name=
|os_grid_reference= NS435645
|latitude=55.847
|longitude=-4.502
| population = 9,058
| population_ref = (1991 census)
|unitary_scotland=[[Renfrewshire]]
|lieutenancy_scotland= [[Renfrewshire (historic)|Renfrewshire]]
|post_town= PAISLEY
|postcode_district = PA3
|postcode_area= PA
|dial_code= 01505
|constituency_westminster= [[Paisley and Renfrewshire North (UK Parliament constituency)|Paisley & Renfrewshire North]]
|constituency_scottish_parliament= [[West Renfrewshire (Scottish Parliament constituency)|West Renfrewshire]]
|constituency_scottish_parliament1= [[West of Scotland (Scottish Parliament electoral region)|West of Scotland]]
|static_image=
|static_image_caption=
|london_distance=
|ediburgh_distance=
}}
'''Linwood''' is a small town in [[Renfrewshire]], [[Scotland]], 14 miles south-west of [[Glasgow]].

By dint of its proximity to [[Glasgow International Airport]] and the M8 motorway to [[Glasgow]] and [[Edinburgh]], Linwood has increased its residential scope as a [[commuter town]]. There are frequent daily bus services to Paisley, [[Johnstone]] and Glasgow.

Shopping and entertainment needs are supplied by the Phoenix retail park and easily accessible Paisley and Glasgow.

==History==

===Early history===

The area of Linwood formerly contained two significant estates. The most notable, the estate surrounding Clippens House, was owned by the Cochrane family from the 16th century, with the modern Clippens House being constructed in 1817. The house has now been converted into residential [[flats]]. Burnbrae House lay to the south of the [[Black Cart Water]], later to be the site of Linwood's emerging car industry.<ref>http://www.renfrewshire.gov.uk/ilwwcm/publishing.nsf/Content/Navigation-els-Linwood(OurHistoryandHeritage)Homepage</ref>

The village grew up around Bridge Street and Napier Street, with a number of cotton mills emerging in the area. Linwood House was constructed in Napier Street for the owners of the Linwood cotton mill, before being demolished in the 1970s. Only in the 20th century did the village begin to expand from these two streets.<ref>http://www.renfrewshire.gov.uk/ilwwcm/publishing.nsf/Content/Navigation-els-Linwood(OurHistoryandHeritage)Homepage</ref>

In the mid-19th century, two other villages grew up in the modern Linwood area: [[Inkerman]] and Balaclava, named after battles fought by the British in the [[Crimean War]]. They declined in the early 20th century and no longer exist.<ref>http://www.renfrewshire.gov.uk/ilwwcm/publishing.nsf/Content/Navigation-els-Linwood(OurHistoryandHeritage)Homepage</ref>

===Modern history===

As the town expanded, its economy began to rely on the [[Rootes]], later [[Chrysler]] then [[Peugeot|Peugeot Talbot]], car plant and the [[Pressed Steel Company]], both of which ceased production in 1981, leaving mass [[unemployment]] in its wake. It is estimated that 13,000 workers were left jobless as both direct and indirect consequences of this closure. Today, Linwood is considered an 'area of multiple deprivation' by the [[Scottish Executive]].<ref>http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/ArtsCulture/CulturalPolicy/workinggroup/PathfinderProjects</ref>

In the period of 1980-1995 Linwood had one of the highest unemployment rates in Scotland. A new development off the M8, opened in 1996 as a dual retail park and leisure park, under a bridge off the slip road, opposite the main entrance to the town. The Phoenix retail park has a number of tenants including a 24-hour [[Asda]] store, Matalan, TK Maxx discount retailer and a drive-thru [[McDonalds]]. The Leisure Park operates a Showcase Cinema, [[Burger King]] restaurant and drive-thru, [[KFC]] restaurant and drive-thru, Ashoka Shak and a [[Pizza Hut]].

== Education ==

Education needs in Linwood are met by three primary schools, two [[non-denominational]]; Woodlands Primary School, and East Fulton Primary School and one [[Roman Catholic]]; Our Lady of Peace, and by two nearby secondary schools; one Roman Catholic, [[St Benedict's RC High School|St Benedicts]], one non-denominational; [[Linwood high school|Linwood High School]], newly rebuilt on its former site.

== Professional Footballers ==

Several footballers come from Linwood:

[[Billy Thomson]]: Former [[Scotland national football team|Scotland]], [[Rangers F.C.|Rangers]], [[Dundee United]] and [[St. Mirren]] goalkeeper. He is the current [[Rangers F.C.|Rangers]] Goalkeeping coach.

[[Paul Lambert]]: Former [[Scotland national football team|Scotland]], [[Celtic F.C.|Celtic]], [[Borussia Dortmund]] and [[St. Mirren]] midfielder and former [[Livingston F.C.|Livingston]] manager. He held the captaincy for both [[Scotland national football team|Scotland]] and [[Celtic F.C.|Celtic]]. He was also manager of [[Wycombe Wanderers FC]] until recently.

[[Ian Matthews]]: Former [[Celtic F.C.|Celtic]] player. Winner of March 17 2009 lottery and since retired.

[[Darryl Duffy]]: Current [[Swansea City]] and [[Scotland national under-21 football team|Scotland Under 21]] Striker, he left [[Rangers F.C.|Rangers]] for [[Falkirk F.C.|Falkirk]] after an unsuccessful apprenticeship. He was then sold to Hull City and then to Swansea for fees totalling over half a million Pounds.

[[John Hillcoat (footballer)|John Hillcoat]]: Current [[Alloa Athletic F.C.|Alloa Athletic]] goalkeeping coach and former [[Dunfermline Athletic F.C.|Dunfermline]], [[Hamilton Academical F.C.|Hamilton]], [[Partick Thistle]], [[Clydebank FC|Clydebank]], [[Greenock Morton F.C.|Morton]], [[Queen of the South]], [[St. Mirren]], [[Dumbarton F.C.|Dumbarton]], [[Stranraer F.C.|Stranraer]], [[Ayr United F.C.|Ayr]], [[Brechin City FC|Brechin City]] and [[St Johnstone]] Goalkeeper. He also writes a column for the [[Sunday Mail (Scotland)|Sunday Mail]] newspaper.

[[David Lowing]]: Former [[St. Mirren]] and [[Forfar Athletic F.C.|Forfar]] Defender. He is currently playing for [[Ayr United F.C.|Ayr]].

== See also ==
* [[Inkerman, Paisley|Inkerman]]

== References ==

<references/>

== External links ==
*[http://www.paisleygazette.co.uk - The Gazette (local paper)]
*[http://www.linwoodsucks.com - Linwood Sucks (local community portal)]
*[http://www.linwoodactive.co.uk - Linwood Active (local community group and registered charity)]

[[Category:Towns in Renfrewshire]]

[[nl:Linwood (Schotland)]]

Linton (Cambridgeshire)

2009-07-17T16:31:19Z

ClickBot: Changing {{Infobox UK place}} population field; see talk. Report problems here

{{otheruses3|Linton}}
{{infobox UK place
|country = England
|latitude= 52.0991
|longitude=0.277
|official_name= Linton
| population = 4,412
| population_ref = ([[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001]])
|shire_district= [[South Cambridgeshire]]
|shire_county = [[Cambridgeshire]]
|region= East of England
|constituency_westminster= [[South East Cambridgeshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Cambridgeshire South East]]
|post_town= CAMBRIDGE|postcode_district = CB21 (was CB1, postcode changed Sept 06)
|postcode_area= CB |dial_code= 01223
|os_grid_reference= TL560469
|static_image = [[File:Linton Free Church - geograph.org.uk - 744777.jpg|250px|]]
|static_image_caption = Linton Free Church
}}
'''Linton''' is a [[village]] in rural [[Cambridgeshire]], on the border with [[Essex]]. It has been much expanded since the 1960s and is now one of many [[dormitory town|dormitory villages]] around [[Cambridge]]. The former railway station was on the [[Stour Valley Railway]] between Cambridge and [[Colchester]], now closed. The [[Rivey Hill]] overlooks the village, with its famous water tower. The [[River Granta]] runs through the village.

There are three schools in Linton, each one covering a different age group. At the Bartlow end of the village is Linton Junior School (teaching children aged from 7 to 11). Linton Infants School is situated in the middle of the village for children aged 5 to 7, while [[Linton Village College]] is situated alongside the main [[Haverhill, Suffolk|Haverhill]] to Cambridge road and teaches children aged 11 to 16, including those from several surrounding villages.

Linton Zoo is situated on the edge of the village.

There are a many businesses based in Linton all around the village with a number around the trading estate at The Grip such as Steve Goldsmith Cars, other companies in the High Street are Cream Ink Designers and [http://www.october-systems.co.uk October Systems].

Spread evenly along the High Street are the three public houses. The Crown has an attached restaurant, while the Dog and Duck has been recently refurbished after flooding. Near the fire station is the Waggon and Horses. Although it has been closed for several years, The Bell probably remains Linton's most famous pub. It reputedly featured a ghostly gentleman clad in Elizabethan attire who appeared to be walking on his knees. During a renovation of the pub, it was discovered that the original floor was about 18 inches lower than the current one.

A recent local tradition is the ''wacky races.'' This popular event occurs on the second Bank Holiday Weekend in May, and involves participants dressed in comedy costumes, racing down the High Street, stopping in all the pubs for a pint, and then through the fields next to the village and back down the High Street, again drinking in the pubs.

==Popular Culture==
Linton has become famous through fictional character [[Alan Partridge]], who once justified his extended stay at the ''Linton Travel Tavern'' by claiming that Linton is [[equidistant]] between [[London]] and [[Norwich]]. Indeed, Linton is near the halfway point of the London to Norwich [[A11 road (Great Britain)|A11]] [[trunk road]], although some 4 miles from the actual road. This suggests that the travel tavern was in fact not in Linton itself, but nearby on the A11. Even in this location, the travel tavern is probably further than Partridge would have wanted from the [[M11 motorway]], to which he once walked to purchase several bottles of windscreen washer fluid from a petrol station.

The actual location used for the BBC series is the Hilton Hotel, on the A41 near [[Bushey]].

==See also==
* [[Linton railway station (Great Eastern)|Linton railway station]], a disused station that once served the village
* [[List of places in Cambridgeshire]]

==External links==
{{Commons cat}}
* [http://www.linton.info/ Linton.info - local information, including the monthly Linton News newspaper]
* [http://www.cambridgeshire.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/CF0CD870-FE11-422F-9CFE-A9C77A8571BF/0/LintonandBartlow.pdf 2001 Census]
* [http://www.lintonzoo.com/ Linton Zoo]
* [http://ely.anglican.org/parishes/linton/ St. Mary's Church]

[[Category:Villages in Cambridgeshire|Linton]]
[[Category:Civil parishes in Cambridgeshire]]

[[vo:Linton (Cambridgeshire)]]

Kingussie

2009-07-17T15:41:10Z

ClickBot: Changing {{Infobox UK place}} population field; see talk. Report problems here

{{infobox UK place
|official_name = Kingussie
|country = Scotland
|map_type = Scotland
| population = 1410
| population_ref = <ref>http://www.scrol.gov.uk/scrol/browser/profile.jsp?profile=Population&mainArea=Kingussie&mainLevel=Locality</ref>
|os_grid_reference = NH755005
|latitude = 57.08
|longitude = -4.05
|language= [[English language|English]]
|language1= [[Scottish Gaelic language|Scottish Gaelic]]
|post_town = KINGUSSIE
|postcode_area = PH
|postcode_district = PH21
|dial_code = 01540
|gaelic_name = Ceann-á-Ghuibhsaich
|constituency_westminster = [[Inverness, Nairn, Badenoch and Strathspey (UK Parliament constituency)|Inverness, Nairn, Badenoch & Strathspey]]
|constituency_scottish_parliament = [[Inverness East, Nairn and Lochaber (Scottish Parliament constituency)|Inverness East, Nairn and Lochaber]]
|unitary_scotland = [[Highland (council area)|Highland]]
|lieutenancy_scotland = [[Inverness]]
|website = http://www.kingussie.co.uk/
}}

'''Kingussie''' ([[Scottish Gaelic language|Gaelic]]: ''Ceann-á-Ghuibhsaich'') ({{pron-en|ˌkɪŋˈuːsi}} ({{respell|king|EW|see}})) is a small [[town]] in the [[Highland (council area)|Highland]] region of [[Scotland]]. It is one settlement in the [[Highland Council]] ward of [[Badenoch and Strathspey]], and is the capital of the district of Badenoch. It lies adjacent to the [[A9 road (Great Britain)|A9 road]], although the old route of the A9 serves as the town's main street. Kingussie is 42 miles south of [[Inverness]], 12 miles south of [[Aviemore]], and 3 miles north of [[Newtonmore]], which is its greatest rival in the game of [[shinty]].

== History ==
The name "Kingussie" comes from the [[Scottish Gaelic|Gaelic]], "Ceann a' Ghiuthsaich" which means "Head of the Pines".

The ruins of the early 18th century [[Ruthven Barracks]] ([[Historic Scotland]]; open to visitors at all times) lie near the original site of the village which was moved to avoid the flood plain of the [[River Spey]]. The Hanoverian Barracks were built on the site of Ruthven Castle, the seat of the Comyns, Lords of Badenoch in the Middle Ages.

== Shinty==
According to the Guinness Book of Records 2005, [[Kingussie (Shinty)|Kingussie]] is World sport's most successful sporting team of all time, winning 20 consecutive leagues and going 4 years unbeaten at one stage in the early 1990s. Kingussie are currently champions of the Marine Harvest Premier Division and their second team play in North Division 2.

== Tourism ==
The main railway line to [[Inverness]] passes through from [[Edinburgh]], [[Glasgow]] and points south. [[Kingussie railway station]] is about 200 metres south east of the [[High Street]]. In the past few years, the TV series [[Monarch of the Glen]] has been filmed in and around the area of Kingussie. Ardverikie Estate, where Monarch of the Glen was filmed, is about 12 miles from Kingussie. You can park in a lay-by across from the Gatehouse and hike back to the 'Big House'. It is about an 8 mile round trip hike but is well worth it, especially if you are a Monarch of the Glen fan.

The [[Highland Wildlife Park]] is sited very close by.
The [[Highland Folk Museum]] is in Newtonmore, 3 miles from Kingussie. It is free and well worth the visit.

Although the Kingussie public library offers free internet access and many of the B&Bs have internet access as well, Kingussie also provides an Internet Shop which offers not only High Speed Internet and Wireless Internet facilities, but also advanced Gaming facilities.

== Speyside Way ==
The Speyside Way is a long distance route which currently has its southern terminus at Aviemore, north of Kingussie. There is, however, a proposed extension to the route to Newtonmore, going through Kingussie on the way. See the link below for more information:

== Fame ==
Kingussie recently featured in the 8-time Oscar winning Danny Boyle film '[[Slumdog Millionaire]]'. A woman's voice calling a call-centre, where the main character was working, was shown to be making the phonecall from '4 Ruthven Road, Kingussie'.<ref>http://www.kingussie.co.uk/Whats%20on/News/slumdog_millionaire.jpg</ref>

== Kingussie in literature ==
Kingussie is mentioned in [[Compton Mackenzie]]'s book ''The Monarch of the Glen'', on which the BBC TV series is based. In chapter 8 Kingussie Sanatorium, now St. Vincent's Hospital, is mentioned.

== Activities ==
* Walking
* Mountian Biking
* Horse Riding and Pony Trekking: The popular outdoor sport of Pony Trekking was credited with being started in Badenoch at nearby Newtonmore in 1952 by Ewan Ormiston, it is still possible to ride in Newtonmore with his grandson Ruaridh at the Newtonmore Riding Centre. [http://www.ormistonhighlands.com Ormiston Highlands]
* Fishing
* Shooting

== Football ==
Although the village is more famous for its Shinty club, it also has a successful football side which plays its games in the local [[Strathspey & Badenoch Welfare FA]].

==External links==
* [http://www.kingussie.co.uk/ Kingussie Community Website]
* [http://www.highlandfolk.museum/ Website of the Higland Folk Museum]
* [http://www.kingussie-golf.co.uk/ Kingussie Golf Club]
* [http://www.kingussiehigh.highland.sch.uk// Kingussie High School]
* [http://www.speysidewayextension.co.uk/ Speyside Way Extension - Information Website (With 3D Mapping)]
* [http://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/ Kingussie - undiscoveredscotland.co.uk]
* [http://www.newtonmoreridingcentre.com Newtonmore Riding Centre Website]
* [http://www.sbwfa.co.uk/ Strathspey & Badenoch Welfare FA]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image:Kingussie church.gif|A former church in Kingussie
Image:Kingussie park.gif|The Gynack Gardens in the centre of Kingussie
Image:Kingussie market cross.gif|Kingussie Market Cross near the Railway Station
Image:Kingussie railway line.gif|The Train Lines Running Through Kingussie
Image:KingussieCamanachd.png|Badge of Kingussie Camanachd Club
Image:kfc.jpg|Badge of Kingussie Football Club
</gallery>

[[Category:Badenoch and Strathspey]]
[[Category:Towns in Highland]]

{{Highland-geo-stub}}

[[gd:Ceann a' Ghiùthsaich]]
[[no:Kingussie]]

Horsforth

2009-07-17T14:11:35Z

ClickBot: Changing {{Infobox UK place}} population field; see talk. Report problems here

{{Infobox UK place
|country = England
|official_name = Horsforth
|latitude = 53.83413
|longitude = -1.64288
| population = 21,562
| population_ref = ([[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 Census]])
|metropolitan_borough = [[City of Leeds]]
|metropolitan_county = [[West Yorkshire]]
|region = Yorkshire and the Humber
|constituency_westminster = [[Pudsey (UK Parliament constituency)|Pudsey]]
|constituency_westminster1 = [[Leeds North West (UK Parliament constituency)|Leeds North West]]
|post_town = LEEDS
|postcode_district = LS18
|postcode_area = LS
|dial_code = 0113
|os_grid_reference = SE236376
|static_image = [[Image:TownStreetHorsforth.jpg|250px|Town Street, Horsforth]]
|static_image_caption = Town Street, Horsforth
}}

'''Horsforth''' is a town in the [[metropolitan borough]] of [[Leeds]], [[West Yorkshire]], [[England]].

Horsforth was considered to have the [[largest village in England|largest population of any village in the United Kingdom]] during the latter part of the nineteenth century. It became part of the City of Leeds metropolitan borough in 1974, and became a town in 1999, although displays all the characteristics of a suburb as it has become physically and economically connected to Leeds, and few characteristics of an independent town.

==History==
[[File:Horsforth Museum.jpg|thumb|left|Horsforth Museum]]
[[File:HorsforthHomeFront.JPG|thumb|left|The Home Front: World War II display in Horsforth Village Museum]]
Horsforth first appeared in the 1086 [[Domesday Book]] (as ''Horseford'', ''Horseforde'', ''Hoseforde'') and its name is from ''[[horse]]'' and ''[[ford (river)|ford]]''. This refers to a river crossing situated somewhere in shallow water along the [[River Aire]], probably used for the transportation of woollen goods to and from [[Pudsey]], [[Shipley, West Yorkshire|Shipley]] and [[Bradford]]. The original ford was situated off Calverley Lane (near the ''Calverley Bridge Zero Waste Sort Site''), but was replaced by a stone footbridge at the turn of the 19th Century.

The three unnamed [[Anglo-Saxons|Saxon]] [[thegns]] that held the land at the conquest gave way to the King and then lesser [[Normans|Norman]] nobles,{{Fact|date=February 2007}} but it was not long after this that most of the village came under the control of [[Kirkstall Abbey]], a nearby [[Cistercian]] house founded in 1152.

After the [[Dissolution of the Monasteries]] in 1539, Horsforth was partitioned and sold off to five families, one of which was the Stanhopes who achieved supremacy and controlled the village for the next three hundred years. The estate record of the Stanhopes are regarded as one of the most extensive and important collections of its kind, complementing the extensive mediaeval record associated with Kirkstall Abbey's activities.

Up until the mid nineteenth century Horsforth was a small agricultural community. It expanded rapidly with the growth of the nearby industrial centre of Leeds. Industrially, Horsforth has a long history of producing high quality stone from its quarries. Not only did it supply [[Kirkstall Abbey]] with building materials and millstones in the medieval period, it provided the stone for [[Scarborough, North Yorkshire|Scarborough]] seafront and sent its prized sandstone from its Golden Bank quarry as far afield as [[Egypt]]. Situated on Horsforth Beck (Oil Mill Beck) were a string of mills serving the textile trade, but a large area of the town still reflects its original function as an agricultural community.

Between 1861 and 1862, there was an outbreak of [[typhoid]] in Horsforth.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=htEDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA406&dq=horsforth&as_brr=1&output=html Epidemiological Society of London, ''Transactions'' (in GoogleBooks)]</ref>

In the late nineteenth century it achieved note as the village with the largest population in England. Railways, turnpike roads, tramways, and the nearby canal made it a focus for almost all forms of public and commercial transport and sealed its fate as a dormitory suburb of Leeds. Despite its large population and extensive commercial activity this role appears to have stopped it achieving independent town status and it remained a village (as Horsforth [[urban district]]) until its inclusion in the [[City of Leeds]] metropolitan district when this was created in 1974. However, in 1999 a [[parish council]] was created for the area, which then exercised its right to declare Horsforth a town.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.leeds.gov.uk/files/Internet2007/2009/6/horsforth caa for full designation-final version.pdf | title=Horsforth Conservation Area Appraisal and Management Plan | publisher=Leeds City Council | page=7 | date=2008-11-10 | accessdate=2009-03-28 }}</ref>

Horsforth Village Museum<ref name=HM>[http://www.ukattraction.com/yorkshire/horsforth-museum.htm Horsforth Museum, Leeds - Yorkshire - UK Attraction]</ref> has collections and displays that aim to illustrate aspects of life set against the backdrop of the changing role of the village.

During [[World War II]] the £241,000 required to build the corvette HMS ''Aubretia'' was raised entirely by the people of Horsforth. In 2000 the then [[President of the United States|US President]] [[Bill Clinton]] acknowledged Horsforth's contribution to the war effort in a letter sent to local MP [[Paul Truswell]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/773913.stm Storm over U-boat film, BBC News, 2 June 2000]</ref> The letter now resides in the museum.

==Location grid==
 
{{NSEW|[[Yeadon, West Yorkshire|Yeadon]]|[[Hawksworth, West Yorkshire|Hawksworth]]|[[Moor Grange]]|[[Rawdon, West Yorkshire|Rawdon]]|||||}}

==Transport==
===Rail===
[[File:Horsforth station.jpg|thumb|right|[[Horsforth railway station]] looking South towards Leeds]]
[[Horsforth railway station]] is on the [[Harrogate Line]] between [[Harrogate railway station|Harrogate]] and [[Leeds City railway station|Leeds City]]. The station lies just outside the Horsforth parish boundary, on the [[Cookridge]] side of Moseley beck, but has a Horsforth (LS18) postcode.

Newlay station, which was built as part of the Midland Railway, was renamed ''Newlay & Horsforth'' station in 1889. This station was situated south of the [[River Aire]] and was accessible from Horsforth on Pollard Lane (the road connecting Horsforth to [[Bramley, Leeds|Bramley]]).<ref>[http://www.multimap.com/map/browse.cgi?client=public&X=424000.083541348&Y=436500.93831502&width=700&height=400&gride=424042.083541348&gridn=438498.93831502&srec=0&coordsys=gb&db=freegaz&addr1=&addr2=&addr3=&pc=&advanced=&local=&localinfosel=&kw=&inmap=&table=&ovtype=&keepicon=true&zm=0&scale=10000&up.x=296&up.y=9 Multi Map]</ref> The station, which was on the Airedale Line (Leeds-Shipley-Skipton), was renamed Newlay station in 1961. It closed on [[22 March]] [[1965]], along with other stations on the [[Airedale Line]]: Armley Canal Road, Kirkstall, Calverley & Rodley and [[Apperley Bridge railway station|Apperley Bridge]].

===Bus===
The town is served by [[First Leeds]] bus routes: 
* 9 - [[Seacroft]] to [[Holt Park]] via [[Rothwell, West Yorkshire|Rothwell]] & [[Pudsey]]
* 31, 32 - Horsforth Town Circular
* 33/33A - [[Leeds City Centre]] to [[Guiseley]]/[[Otley]] via [[Kirkstall]], New Road Side, [[Guiseley]] & [[Menston]]
* 50/50a - Horsforth (The Green) to [[Seacroft]] via [[Burley, Leeds|Burley]], Leeds City Centre & [[Harehills]]
* 81/81a - [[Holt Park]]/[[Tinshill]] to [[Pudsey]] via Horsforth
* 82 - Horsforth to Holt Park
* 97 - Leeds City Centre to Guiseley via [[Headingley]], Horsforth & [[Yeadon, West Yorkshire|Yeadon]]
* 731 - Leeds to Otley via Headingley, Horsforth & Yeadon (limited service)
* 757 - Leeds to Otley via New Road Side, [[Leeds Bradford Airport|Leeds/Bradford Airport]] & [[Pool-in-Wharfedale|Pool]].

===Air===
The nearest airport to Horsforth is [[Leeds Bradford International Airport]], located in [[Yeadon]]

==Education ==

[[Leeds Trinity & All Saints]] was previously an independent college but is now an accredited college of the [[University of Leeds]], on Brownberrie Lane, Horsforth. It is known as TASC, or TASC Island, by its students.

Horsforth has a large number of good schools, and is a popular part of Leeds for young families.

The main secondary school is [[Horsforth School]].<ref>[http://www.horsforth.leeds.sch.uk/ Horsforth school official website]</ref>

The main primary schools in Horsforth are;
*[[West End Lane Primary School]]
*[[St Margaret's Primary School, Horsforth|St Margaret's Primary School]]
*[[Newlaithes Junior School]]
*[[Westbrook Lane Primary School]]
*[[Broadgate Lane Primary School]]
*[[St. Mary's Catholic Primary School]]
*[[Horsforth Featherbank Infant School]] is an [[infant school]] in Horsforth.<ref>[http://www.featherbank.leeds.sch.uk/welcome.asp Homepage]</ref> Featherbank school was opened in January 1911. At the time the school was opened as a [[primary school]] to replace the Grove day school. In 1933 the Infant Department was moved to the Grove Methodist Church, which was located on Stanhope Drive, where it remained until June 1960 when it transferred to the annexe of the school. In 1972, the juniors (7–11 years) at the school were allocated places at the newly built [[Newlaithes Junior School]]. The school then became a pure Infant School (4–7 years) and is how it remains today.<ref>[http://www.featherbank.leeds.sch.uk/keyinfo_detail.asp?Section=3&Ref=13 school history]</ref>

====Independent school====
*[[Froebelian School]] (ages 3–11)

== Architecture ==
{{See also|Architecture of Leeds}}
Horsforth is notable for having a large percentage of sandstone buildings sourced from local quarries, more than any other part of Leeds. A [[design statement]]<ref>[http://www.leeds.gov.uk/files/pressReleases/2008/month9/inter_A5A958F120E3464B802574C500510B28_PR_1.pdf Horsforth Design Statement Presentation]</ref> is currently being written to help preserve Horsforths character when considering new planning applications.

== Churches ==
The main churches in Horsforth are;
*Lister Hill Baptist Church is a [[Baptist]] church located on Brownberrie Avenue. Lister Hill runs many [[outreach]] ministry events which are open to the community. The church regularly runs an [[alpha course]] for both adults and teenagers, as well as clubs for toddlers, a youth group and many other clubs. The church runs two services every Sunday morning. The worship group usually consists of singers, a [[keyboardist]], [[guitar]]s, a [[bass guitar]] and a [[drum]]mer.<ref>[http://www.listerhill.ik.com/ Lister Hill Baptist Church]</ref>

*Cragg Hill Baptist Church
*Woodside Methodist Church
*St Margaret's Church of England
*St James Woodside Church of England
*St Mary's Roman Catholic Church
*Willow Green Christian Fellowship
*Central Methodist Church
*Grove Methodist church
*Trinity and All Saints (Catholic Institution)
*Verona Fathers - Comboni Missionaries
*Link fellowship
*Horsforth Congregation of Jehovah's witnesses

== Pubs and bars ==
[[File:Black Bull, Horsforth.jpg|thumb|right|The Black Bull, Town Street]]
[[File:TownStreetHorsforth.jpg|thumb|right|Old Kings Arms, Town Street]]
[[File:Queens Arms, Horsforth.jpg|thumb|right|Queens Arms]]

Horsforth has an ever increasing number of pubs and bars. Longstanding pubs in Horsforth include:
* The Black Bull
* The Bridge
* The Fleece
* The Fox and Hounds (although this is on the [[Cookridge]] side of Moseley Beck)
* The Grey Horse
* The Horsforth Hotel (don't be mislead it is not a hotel)
* The Old Ball (previously called the Old Bull)
* The Old Kings Arms
* The Queens Arms is probably Horsforths oldest Pub
* The Ringway
* The Woodside

Newer bars on Town Street:
* The Sand Bar (previously a Take-away) is a trendy wine bar
* Town Street Tavern (previously an Off-License) serves wide range of traditional ales and is part of the [[Market Town Taverns]] group
* Bar 62 is a sports bar
* Bar 166 is another wine bar type place.
* Medusa Bar (previously Men Clothes Outlet) mainly Tapas restaurant

and on New Road Side:
* Suburban Style Bar
* Kobe (previously Fat Francos) mainly an American-Italian restaurant
* Horsforth Gentleman's Club (Lapdancing Club)
* 'After Dark' (strip club - for men)

A regular event in Horsforth is the ''''Horsforth Mile'''' pub crawl. This usually starts off at the Fox and Hounds next to the railway station, although this is regarded by many as being in Cookridge, so an alternative is to begin at The Old Ball, and meander through at least 10 pubs in the town.

== Sports clubs and Facilities ==
*Yarnbury Rugby Club
*Old Ball Cricket Field (Home of [http://horsforth.play-cricket.com/home/home.asp Horsforth Cricket Club])
*Hall Park Cricket Field (Home of Hall Park Cricket Club)
*Horsforth Golf Club
*Old Ball Football Pitches (Home of Horsforth St.Margarets FC)
*Cragg Hill Football Pitches (Home of Horsforth St.Margarets FC)
*The Rec FootballPitch (Home of Horsforth Ringway)
*Horsorth School Astroturf (Owned by [[Horsforth School]])
*Horsforth School Football and Rugby Pitches (Owned by [[Horsforth School]])

==Notable people from Horsforth==
*The [[Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs|Foreign Secretary]] [[David Miliband]] who, although originally from [[London]], attended Horsforth Newlaithes Junior School in the 1970s when his father [[Ralph Miliband]] was a professor at the [[University of Leeds]]<ref>[http://archive.cravenherald.co.uk/2003/11/27/105391.html "Memories for Minister as he visits his old schools", Bradford Telegraph & Argus, 27 November 2003]</ref><ref>[http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/miliband/ralphMiliband.htm Ralph Miliband biography, London School of Economics website]</ref>
*The footballer [[James Milner (footballer)|James Milner]] who attended Horsforth School and currently plays for [[Aston Villa]].
*The actors [[Matthew Lewis (actor)|Matthew Lewis]] ([[Neville Longbottom]] in the [[Harry Potter film series|''Harry Potter'' film series]]), [[Patric Knowles]] and [[Frazer Hines]]
*The keyboard player [[Nick Baines]], from the [[Kaiser Chiefs]]
*The singer [[Marc Almond]],<ref>[http://www.marcalmond.co.uk/manager/profile.htm Profile]</ref> who was educated at Featherbank Primary School until 1968
*David Oxtoby, artist<ref>[http://www.redfern-gallery.com/pages/artistinfo/120.html David Oxtoby Info from redfern gallery]</ref>
*Actor [[Malcolm McDowell]], famous for his film roles including ''[[If... (film)|If...]]'', ''[[A Clockwork Orange (film)|A Clockwork Orange]]'' and ''[[O Lucky Man!]]''.
*[[Paralympic]] double gold medalist and OBE David Stone<ref>[http://www.horsforthtoday.co.uk/sport/Dave-Stone-Horsforth-cyclist-wins.4502213.jp]</ref>
*[[Olympic]] cycling Bronze Medallist Jonny Clay<ref>[http://www.horsforthtoday.co.uk/news/Jonny-Clay-Horsforth39s-own-Olympic.4431632.jp Jonny Clay in Horsforth Today]</ref> and Triathlete Keith Brownlee<ref>[http://www.horsforthtoday.co.uk/videoandaudio/Video-Dad-cheers-on-Horsforth39s.4369335.jp Keith Brownlee in Horsforth Today]</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:LCW Horsforth.jpg|[[Leeds Country Way]] close to Horsforth
File:HorsforthMillennium.jpg|Horsforth Millennium Stone
</gallery>
More pictures available from the [http://www.flickr.com/groups/ls18/| Horsforth LS18 group on flickr]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.horsforthtoday.co.uk Horsforth Today Online Newspaper]
*[https://sites.leedslearning.net/schools/horsforth/Pages/Index.aspx Horsforth school website]
* [http://www.horsforthtoday.co.uk/ YEP Horsforth Today Community Website]
* [http://www.horsforthtowncouncil.co.uk/ Horsforth Town Council website]
* [http://www.horsforth.com/ Horsforth Community website]
* {{cite web | url = http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/YKS/WRY/Guiseley/index.html | title = The Ancient Parish of Guiseley | publisher = [[GENUKI]] | accessdate=2007-10-29}} Horsforth was in this parish
*[http://www.listerhill.ik.com/ Lister Hill Baptist Church site]
{{City of Leeds}}

[[Category:Places in Leeds]]
[[Category:Towns in West Yorkshire]]

[[la:Horsfordia]]
[[simple:Horsforth]]
[[sv:Horsforth]]

Hindley Hall

2009-07-17T13:52:32Z

ClickBot: Changing {{Infobox UK place}} population field; see talk. Report problems here

{{infobox UK place
|static_image = 
|static_image_caption = 
|official_name = Hindley
|os_grid_reference = NZ045595
|latitude = 54.927331
|longitude = -1.925131
|unitary_england= [[Northumberland County Council|Northumberland]]
|lieutenancy_england= [[Northumberland]]
|region = North East England
|country = England
|post_town = [[Stocksfield]]
|postcode_area = NE
|postcode_district = NE43
|dial_code = 01661
|constituency_westminster= [[Hexham (UK Parliament constituency)|Hexham]]
| population =
| population_ref = <50
}} 

'''Hindley''' is a small [[Hamlet (place)|hamlet]], comprising of around 20 residences. It is in the parish of [[Broomley and Stocksfield]] and is just to the south of [[Stocksfield]] in [[Northumberland]]. Hindley is comprised of a Large House, Hindley Hall (now split up into three houses and four apartments), a disused farm, and surrounding residences.


==History==
===Before the Building of the Hall===

Hindley is likely to have developed from a farm due to its close proximity to [[Dere Street]]. Local records have that in 1296 there were two poll tax payers, a Shepard and a Smith.

The first dated reference to Hindley is dated the 25th of April 1232, and is an agreement between Sir William de Hindley and Robert de St. Jerman regarding land near Midhope<ref>[http://www.archive.org/stream/historyofnorthum06nort/historyofnorthum06nort_djvu.txt] A history of Northumberland Vol. VI</ref>.

In 1256 at the Northumberland Assizes Hindley is mentioned again in reference to the death of a woman and the Vills of Hindley were presented for not pursuing marauders after the robbing of someone house<ref>[http://www.archive.org/stream/historyofnorthum06nort/historyofnorthum06nort_djvu.txt] A history of Northumberland Vol. VI</ref>.

The land at Hindley has passed through several local families, Boutflower, Ridley, Surtees, and it is clear that there has never been large settlement in Hindley, from Parish records, which began in 1663.

It is not known how Hindley passed into the possession of [[Edward Montagu (1692-1775)|Mr. Edward Montagu]] of Denton and of Allerthorpe in Yorkshire (grandson of [[Edward Montagu, 2nd Earl of Sandwich|2nd Earl of Sandwich]], although it is possible he acquired the land through the [[Will (law)|will]] of John Rogers. It was sold by his widow, [[Elizabeth Montagu|Mrs. Elizabeth Montagu]], the famous 'blue stocking', on May 12, 1787, to George Potts of Netherton, in Bedlingtonshire, who by his will, dated November 29, 1797, gave it to his only son, Matthew Potts. At this time Hindley was regarded to be in the Township of Old Ridley.

The 1841 census indicates two families living in Hindley. George Angus, a farmer with four agricultural workers and three female servants, living with his family, presumably in the farmhouse. Hindley Farmhouse was used for Baptist meetings for 150 years until 1863, when it burnt down. Also mentioned in the census is John Surtees, a surgeon, living with his family of four children. John Surtees is related to the famous [[Robert Smith Surtees|R. S. Surtees]], Aurthor of the Jorrocks Stories. One of Johns daughters married Viscount Gorth.

===Hindley Hall===

In 1849 the Hindley Estate consisting of 366 [[acres]] of land, 30 of which were woodland, was sold at auction by Mr Potts' executors. Mr John Featherstone Ayton bought the land at Hindley for £5050, being the only bidder. He occupied the estate, living in Hindley Cottage, presumably overseeing the building of Hindley Hall. In 1861 the Hall was finished and Ayton lived there with his wife Ann Maria, both aged 43, with their seven children (six sons and one daughter), and they had five servants. Three of Aytons sons were being schooled in [[Germany]] at the time, and the enumerator had “crossed out the three names” and they were therefore not listed in the census returns. Mr Ayton wrote to the Home Office to protest at the enumerator’s action, arguing that “the three boys really form part of the population of [[The United Kingdom]]”. The Home Office, however, concluded that "the Enumerator was quite right". By this time the area of woodland owned had increased from 30 to 101 acres. After the death of one of his sons in 1869 Ayton unsuccessfully advertsed the Hall for sale, and then after the death of Ann Maria in 1873 he again tried to sell the Hall. The estate was still reckoned to have 366 acres and was described as being a:

<blockquote>"Modern Mansion with seventeen rooms, besides kitchen, scullery, laundry and billiard room, a large coach house and three-stalled stable."</blockquote>

In 1874 William Foster bought the Hall for £19,000 and considerably enlarged the Hall. By the 1881 [[Census]], Mary Foster, a widow, lived in the Hall with her son Alfred J. Foster, aged 17, and two servants. The census also shows William Forster Fairbridge (or Farbridge) his wife Jane and ten children living in Hindley Lodge (now called Northwood Lodge). The estate, still 366 acres was valued at £13,500 in 1889. The farmhouse, valued separately "as it is really to good for the farm', was valued at £800. This building is probably Hindley House.

At the 1891 Census Alfred J. Foster, now 27 and a [[Lead]] Manufacturer and [[Magistrate]], had moved into Hindley House and was now married to Mabel, 29 and they had two children, and five servants including a nurse. The Forster Fairbridge's still in Northwood Lodge now have nine children, four being born in the past ten years and our having died. The occupier of the Hall was Matthew Liddell, his wife Hannah, one daughter and seven servants including a governess. The Liddells were [[colliery]] owners, and their family were [[philanthropist]]s in nearby [[Prudhoe]]<ref>http://www.prudhoe.org/heritage/agesmain.htm|Prudhoe History</ref>. Matthew Liddell's father (also Matthew) had attempted to buy the hall in 1874, but was out bid by William Foster. After being outbid he bought 300 acres in Prudhoe and built Prudhoe Hall, now Prudhoe Hospital. They are thought to be of the same family as [[Alice Liddell]], the girl who inspired [[Lewis Carroll]]s novel [[Alice's Adventures in Wonderland]].

In 1901, Hindley House was occupied by [[widow]] Annie P. Gibson and Alfred J. Foster, his wife Mabel, with two daughters and eight servants were back living in the Hall. But by 1904 they were living in [[Anick]], but still owned the Hall. [[John Wigham Richardson]] was renting the Hall off the Fosters and had a [[lodger]] George Beigh Richardson, John's son, paying him £2 per week.

The Hall was sold to the Pumphrey Family in 1907, with Mrs. Frances Pumphrey signing the conveyance, but Joseph was the householder. Ralph Wedgewood (father of Dame Veronica Wedgewood, the celebrated Historian) occupied Hindley House and William Burdus living at Hindley Farm. Frances Pumphrey had money from the Priestman Collieries, and was politically active, being a member of the Hexham branch of the [[NUWSS]]. The Pumphrey's submitted plans in 1908 to extend the North Wing of the Hall, this increased the hall by about a third. A laundry and a coachman's house were added at the same time. With the death of Mr Pumphrey in 1921, and with Mrs Pumphrey's death in 1931 a trust was set up by their children, Charles and Dorothy Frances, to sell the Hall.

===Hindley Hall as a School===

In 1947 the sale of the Hall to the [[Gateshead]] Corporation began. It took three stages, but by 1953 the corporation owned the Hall and 26 acres (with the rest of Hindley Estate remaining in the Pumphrey Family). The corporation intended to use the building as a residential school for around 60. The East wing (now the apartments) and a gym were built in the 1950s and 1960s using stone hauled from the ruined [[Ravensworth Castle]] (interestingly, once owned by the Liddell Family). Accommodation for two assistant masters was built and a bungalow for the Headmaster had been built in 1958, although this no longer stands. A [[greenhouse]] was erected and a [[kitchen garden]] was provided to train pupils. The first pupils were admitted in 1954, they were taken from all over the country, including the [[Home Counties]], [[Lincolnshire]], [[Suffolk]] and [[Warwickshire]], with some from more local counties. A very high proportion of pupils had been before magistrates and the purpose of the school was to sort out absenteeism and petty crime by pupils. It is clear that the school was a success and stream of visitors came for training and work experience. By 1981 the pupils solely came from [[Tyneside]] and pupils were sent home on an evening. In 1991 the school closed and then, in 1993, the Corporation sold the 26 acres.

===Hindley Since 1993===

The Hall has been converted into three houses (West, South and North Wings) and four flats. There are plans to convert the now unused farm buildings into residences<ref>[http://www.tynedale.gov.uk/business/planappdetail.asp?paref=87484] - planning permission</ref>.

== Etymology ==
The name ''Hindley'' could be derived from a number of sources. In R. Heslops ''Northumbrian Words'' He suggests the 'Hindberry' (or [[raspberry]]), this is quite likely to be the root as other local names also have their names derived from plants; [[Broomley]], [[Farnley]] and [[Slaley, Northumberland|Slaley]]. An alternative explanation could be that it is derived from '[[Red Deer|Hind]]' (a female Red Deer) relating to the deer found in the [[Northumberland|area]].






== Transport ==
'''Road''' 
Hindley lies on the B6309 giving access to Stamfordham, Ebchester, Conset and [[Durham]]. The B6309 links with the A695 and the A69, offering links with neighbouring villages and towns, [[Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle]], [[Gateshead]], [[Hexham]] and [[Carlisle, Cumbria|Carlisle]]. 
Within walking distance (1.5 miles) is the Stocksfield Station Bus Stop. Local buses stopping at this stop are the 40, 602 and the X66, providing links with Hexham, [[Corbridge]], [[Prudhoe]], [[Ryton]], [[MetroCentre (shopping centre)|The Metrocentre]] and Newcastle<ref>http://www.nationalrail.co.uk/stations/sks/busmaps.html</ref>.

'''Railway''' 
Hindley is located 1.5 miles away from the nearest railway station, [[Stocksfield railway station]], which is on the [[Newcastle and Carlisle Railway]], and has an hourly service running daily. <ref>[http://www.northernrail.org/pdfs/timetables/20081117/4.pdf Newcastle and Carlisle Railway Timetable Valid until 19/05/2009]</ref>




== Public services ==
Hindley has a post box

== See also ==
[[Stocksfield]] 
[[Northumberland]]
==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.stocksfield.org/ Broomley and Stocksfield Parish Council website]
* [http://www.northumberland.gov.uk/ Northumberland County Council Website]

[[Category:Villages in Northumberland]]

Hartford (Cheshire)

2009-07-17T12:56:15Z

ClickBot: Changing {{Infobox UK place}} population field; see talk. Report problems here

{{for|other places and uses of this name|Hartford (disambiguation)}}
{{infobox UK place
|country = England
|official_name= Hartford
|map_type= Cheshire
|latitude= 53.2450
|longitude= -2.5490
| population = 5,515
| population_ref = (2001)
|country= England
|region= North West England
|unitary_england= [[Cheshire West and Chester]]
|lieutenancy_england= [[Cheshire]]
|constituency_westminster= [[Weaver Vale (UK Parliament constituency)|Weaver Vale]]
|post_town= Northwich
|postcode_district = CW8
|postcode_area= CW
|dial_code= 01606
|os_grid_reference= SJ635715
}}

'''Hartford''' is a village and [[civil parish]] in the unitary authority of [[Cheshire West and Chester]] and the ceremonial county of [[Cheshire]], [[England]]. It lies at the intersection of the [[A559 road]] and the [[West Coast Mainline]] (between [[Liverpool]] and [[Crewe]]) and is less than 2 miles (3.5 km) south west of the town of [[Northwich]]. It forms part of the [[Weaver Vale (UK Parliament constituency)|Weaver Vale]] parliamentary constituency.

==Geography==
[[Image:vr hartford.png|left|thumb|200px|Map of Civil Parish of Hartford within the former borough of Vale Royal]]

Hartford is situated in the Cheshire Plain to the south west of the town of Northwich. Hartford is surrounded by the following civil parishes, starting due north and proceeding in a clockwise direction:

* [[Weaverham]]
* [[Northwich]]
* [[Davenham]]
* [[Winsford]]
* [[Cuddington, Vale Royal|Cuddington]]
 
==Demographics==
Population figures for Hartford are:

* '''1801''': 472
* '''1851''': 950
* '''1901''': 850
* '''1951''': 2919
* '''2001''': 5515

== History ==

Hartford was recorded in the [[Domesday Book]] of 1086, when the Manor was held by Gilbert de Venables as part of the Barony of [[Kinderton]]. Prior to the reign of Edward III it was held by a family who assumed the local name, from which it passed to the Horton, Massey, Holcroft, Marbury and Davies families <ref>''Kelly's Directory of Cheshire'' (1939), p. 189</ref>

==Governance==

Hartford was formerly a township divided between two ancient parishes, with the greater part belonging to [[St Helen Witton Church, Northwich|Witton chapelry]] of [[Ancient parishes of Cheshire|Great Budworth ancient parish]], and a much smaller part in [[Ancient parishes of Cheshire|Weaverham cum Milton ancient parish]].<ref name=youngs-p20p40>{{Harvtxt|Youngs|1991|pp=20,40}}</ref> It also formed part of [[Hundreds of Cheshire|Eddisbury Hundred]], and in 1836 was placed in Northwich [[poor law union]]. It was constituted a civil parish in 1866, and in 1875 was added to the newly-formed Northwich rural [[sanitary districts|sanitary district]]. Part of Hartford was transferred to the Northwich urban sanitary district when the boundaries of the latter were extended in 1880.

The civil parish has experienced three boundary changes. In 1894, the eastermost part (in Northwich urban sanitary district) was lost when the when the area between Beach Road and Darwin Street — including [[Greenbank railway station]] — was transferred to [[Northwich]] civil parish;<ref>{{Harvtxt|Youngs|1991|p=20}}. ''Ordnance Survey'' (1875). Cheshire Sheet XXXIV (SW), 1st edition. {{cite web|url=http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/relationships.jsp?u_id=10175793&c_id=10001043|publisher=Vision of Britain|title=Hartford C.P.|accessdate=24 January 2009|dateformat=dmy}}</ref>. There were very small boundary adustments with neighbouring parishes in 1936, and in 1955 the newly-built Greenbank Estate was transferred from the parish of Hartford to Northwich.<ref>{{Harvtxt|Youngs|1991|p=20}}. Ministry of Health and Local Government Order No. 4238. The County of Chester (Northwich U.D.) Confirmation Order, 1955</ref>.

From 1894 to 1974 the whole of Hartford was part of Northwich rural district, and it was served by [[Vale Royal]] borough council. In April 2009 the latter ceased to exist, and Hartford is now a civil parish within the unitary authority of [[Cheshire West and Chester]].

==Landmarks==
===Churches===

[[Image:Hartford church.jpg|thumb|left|200px|St. John the Baptist Church, Hartford]]

The beginning of the church in Hartford was 1821 when a meeting of the inhabitants of resolved to raise sufficient funds for the building of a church. At that time most of the township was served by [[St Helen Witton Church, Northwich|Witton Chapel]], 2 miles away, except for a small area south of Chester Road which formed a detached part of [[St Mary's Church, Weaverham|Weaverham]] parish <ref>''Ordnance Survey'' (1875). Cheshire Sheet XXXIV (SW), 1st edition</ref>.

Building started in 1822 and the new church and churchyard were consecrated by the [[Bishop of Chester]] in 1824 as a chapel to Witton. The building cost about £1,450.

Population growth in Hartford over the next forty years meant that this church was soon too small and so in 1873 a new building dedicated to [[St John the Baptist's Church, Hartford|St John the Baptist]] was commissioned. It was designed by [[John Douglas, architect (1830-1911)|John Douglas]] and the new church was consecrated in 1875 by the Bishop of Chester.

The tower was built and dedicated by the Bishop of Chester in 1887 to commemorate the golden jubilee of [[Queen Victoria]]. In 1897 a ring of six bells was installed to commemorate her diamond jubilee.

In 1998 a new entrance hall and extension was added to the church.

Hartford also has a [[Methodist]] Church, situated on Beech Road. The current building dates from 1891, replacing an earlier building nearby which was constructed in 1833 and is now used as the Methodist Church Hall.

===Education===

Hartford is home to several schools namely [[St. Nicholas Catholic High School]], [[Hartford High School]], Hartford County Primary School (locally known as "Riddings Lane"), St. Wilfrid's Catholic Primary School and Hartford Manor. The private school The Grange is also located in Hartford (both the primary and secondary) and is frequently placed in the top 50 mixed schools in the country. It is also home to the special schools Cloughwood and Greenbank.

It is also home to the main campus for [[Mid Cheshire college]].

===Shops===

Hartford has two shopping parades, the larger on Chester Road. This includes the Red Lion pub and nail studio, newsagents, bakery, video store and green grocers.

==Transport==
[[Image:hartford bridge.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Hartford Bridge, Cheshire|Hartford Bridge]] (or ''Blue Bridge'') as the A556 crosses the Weaver Navigation.]]

Hartford is bisected by the A559, known as ''Chester Road''. The [[A556 road]] bypasses the village as part of the Northwich bypass. The bridge that carries the road over the [[River Weaver]] is known as ''[[Hartford Bridge, Cheshire|Hartford Bridge]]'' or ''Blue Bridge'', and was built in 1938.

Hartford is served by [[Hartford railway station]] on the [[West Coast Mainline]] between Liverpool and Crewe and by [[Greenbank railway station]] on the [[Mid-Cheshire Line]] between Chester and Manchester Piccadilly.

==Economics==
Hartford contains the registered office of [[Holidaybreak Plc]]. Until recently it was also a key location for [[AMEC plc]], with offices at Sandiway House off Littledales Lane. The site (Sandiway House) is now up for sale.

==Famous people==
* [[Lal Hilditch|Clarence "Lal" Hilditch]], footballer
* [[Tim Lamb]], cricketer
* [[Ann Todd]], actress
* [[Gary Barlow]],singer

==External links==
* [http://www.stjohnshartford.org/ St. John's Church]
* [http://www.hartfordparishcouncil.org.uk/ Hartford Parish Council]
* [http://www.acny.org.uk/parishmap.php?pcode=9/120 Hartford Parish Boundary]

==Notes and references==
===Notes===
{{reflist}}
===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|last=Youngs |first=F. A. |year=1991 |title=Guide to the local administrative units of England. (Volume 1: Northern England) |location=London |publisher=Royal Historical Society |isbn=0861931270}}
{{refend}}

{{Cheshire, Cheshire West and Chester}}
{{Cheshire}}

[[Category:Villages in Cheshire]]
[[Category:Civil parishes in Cheshire]]

Gorseinon

2009-07-17T10:40:26Z

ClickBot: Changing {{Infobox UK place}} population field; see talk. Report problems here

{{infobox UK place
|country = Wales
|welsh_name=Gorseinon
|constituency_welsh_assembly=[[Gower (National Assembly for Wales constituency)|Gower]]
|official_name= Gorseinon
|unitary_wales= [[Swansea]]
|lieutenancy_wales= [[West Glamorgan]]
|constituency_westminster= [[Gower (UK Parliament constituency)|Gower]]
|post_town= SWANSEA
|postcode_district = SA4
|postcode_area= SA
|dial_code= 01792
|os_grid_reference= SS585985
|latitude= 51.66
|longitude= -4.03
|map_type=
| population =
| population_ref = Town: 7,874 <ref>[http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=801182&c=gorseinon&d=16&e=15&g=417134&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1198128086359&enc=1&dsFamilyId=779 ONS: Neighbourhood Statistics for Gorseinon]</ref> Urban Area: 19,273
}}
'''Gorseinon''' is a town in south west [[Wales]], near the [[Loughor estuary]]. It was a small [[village]] until the late 19th century when it grew around the [[coal mining]] and [[tinplate]] industries. It is situated in the north west of [[Swansea]], around 6 miles north west of the city centre. Gorseinon is also a local government [[community (Wales)|community]] with its own elected [[town council]].

The population of the Gorseinon town council area in the 2001 Census is 7,874. However, the [[Office for National Statistics|ONS]] defines an area called the Gorseinon Urban Area which comprises all of the continuous built up area in and around Gorseinon. This area includes Gorseinon, [[Loughor]], [[Garden Village, Swansea|Garden Village]] and [[Penllergaer]]<ref>[http://www.nomisweb.co.uk/keystats/sqmap.aspx?kv=1367344941&type=-1&title= Nomis: Map of Gorseinon Urban Area]</ref> and has a population of 19,273.

==History==
In the year 991, there were two Princes – the Prince of South Wales, Prince Ithol and the Prince of Glamorgan, Prince Meredith. They fought a bloody battle on Garngoch Common and the Prince of South Wales, who was a brutal man, was defeated. Amongst those who took up arms against the Prince of South Wales was a man called Einon Hywell, Einon meaning “leader”.
After the battle Einon Hywell camped his men on the Gorse, near Penllergaer. The name of Gorseynon was then created, later changed to Gorseinon.

Religious Development: In 1840 the population of Gorseinon was barely 250 people. There were only two churches in the area. One was the “Church on the Marsh”, also known as Loughor and Llandeilo (Talybont) – this has now been restored and rebuilt at St. Fagan’s Folk Museum. The other church was – Brynteg Chapel, the only Non-conformist chapel for miles. This was built in 1815 and can still be seen today. The first church to be built in Gorseinon was Holy Trinity Church. This was built in 1882 – just opposite where Somerfield stands today. It was the first church in Wales to be lit by electricity. Seion Baptist Church was opened in 1886. It was built on the banks of a river at the bottom of Gorseinon, but by 1902 a new Seion was built in High Street. The old Seion was taken over by the English Methodists – but this eventually became the Moose Hall. Bethel English Congregational Church (Evangelical) celebrated it’s centenary on Saturday and Sunday 9th and 10th July 1894 –1994. Holy Trinity Church was extended in 1884. The English Congregationalist built a Church in Masons Road, now known as West street- Bethel Chapel. Then progress seemed to stop for a few years.
Ebenezer, the Welsh Congregational Chapel opened in 1887, but by 1909 a new chapel was built near Seion Capel.
St. Catherine’s Church was built in 1913 and the Salvation Army in 1910. The Roman Catholic Church was built at Pontardulais Road in 1932 but a new Church was built on Alexandra Road in the 1960’s.
The architect of the Catholic Church was Robert Robinson a local Gower man.
Agricultural & Industrial Development

Gors Eynon first appeared on an ordinance survey map in 1813, but in 1830 it was known as Gorseinon on the maps.
The monks of Neath Abbey paid many visits to this locality, and evidence of this were several mills built on the banks of our rivers.
Cadle Mill, on the Lliw, Pontlliw, Melyn Mynach, and Loughor Mill.
There was one weaving Mill and two flour mill on the river. These were worked by the monks to provide food and clothing for the Abbey, wool being brought here from Gower sheeplands.
By the end of the Thirteenth Century the monks at Melyn Mynach owned vast acreage devoted to sheep farming. They produced high quality wool at Cwrt Y Carnau, which was traded in Flanders and Italy.
With the arrival of the black death and bubonic plague in the fourteenth century, labour became scarce and the monks were forced to sell or rent to the local farmers. Eventually, during Henry VIII’s reign, the few monks that were left were pensioned off, as their land passed into crown hands.

Mr. John Pryce, a legal gentleman, who was originally from the area but had moved to London, returned to raise a family at Cwrt Y Carne. In 1575 he purchased the Manor and land, and also the Mill at Melyn Mynach. The whole estate totalled over 130 acres. Pryce tried to squeeze every penny out of his tenant farmers and many disputes followed. The Pryce family prospered and by the early eighteenth Century, the name had changed to Price.

The last owner of the Melyn Mynach was the husband of a Price family member. He was called Nathaniel Cameron – Mayor of Swansea. He also owned the Mountain Colliery but sold the Mill after getting into financial difficulties to Mr. William Lewis, the founder of Gorseinon.
There were few industries but coal was plentiful. A drift was opened in 1846 and became known as “The Mountain Coal”. This coal was transported on a narrow gauge railway line to Loughor, where it was loaded onto barges and sent to Llanelli for transportation all around the world. The drift mine continued to be worked until 1900, when a shaft was sunk.

In 1860 the L.N.W.R. wanted to extend the line from Pontarddulais to Swansea. William Lewis, a young industrialist sold them the land and a station was erected in 1870 – this became known as Gorseinon Station. The Mountain Colliery laid a siding from the Colliery to the Station and coal was redirected to Swansea Docks.

The first day-school was opened in 1880 at Penyrheol. The Headmaster, Mr. Jones afterwards transferred to Gorseinon. As Gorseinon’s industries grew so did its housing and streets, with the development of Mill Street, Gorseinon Terrace, Eynon Street and High Street.

In 1886 the Grovesend Tin Works was built and the Lewis Family built many houses around the area to house the workers. The Grovesend Steelworks opened in 1890, but in 1891 all Tinplate Workers in South Wales were involved in a seven month strike and times were very hard for the workers.
Gorseinon had two Public Houses, the Gorseinon Hotel (Bottom Hotel) and the Station Hotel (the Gyp). It was said that the Bottom Hotel was for miners and the Gyp was for Tinplate workers and it was a mortal sin to encroach on another man’s territory. Then in 1892 the West End Hotel was built and the Mardy in 1901 bring the number of Public Houses to four.
Gorseinon Institute was opened in 1904 and in 1908 the Bryngwyn Sheetworks was opened

==Government and politics==
Prior to local government re-organisation in 1996, the town of '''Gorseinon''' was administered as part of the [[Lliw Valley]] district and previously [[Llwchwr]] Urban District Council. Since 1996, Gorseinon has been governed by the [[City and County of Swansea council]] and falls within the [[Gorseinon (electoral ward)|Gorseinon]] and [[Penyrheol (electoral ward)|Penyrheol]] wards of [[Swansea]].

===Town Council===
The community of Gorseinon comprises the [[Gorseinon (electoral ward)|Gorseinon]] ward and the southern part of the [[Penyrheol]] ward. The Gorseinon Town Council developed from the former Gorseinon Community Council in 1998, since when it was able to appoint a town [[mayor]] annually. The council now comprises sixteen unpaid volunteers who are elected every four years.

==Economy==
Gorseinon has a busy high street area in the centre of the town. The other major areas of employment are the nearby Garngoch Industrial estate, Gorseinon Business Park and Kingsbridge Business Park. Previously, the nearby Bryngwyn steel works and Valeo plant were major employers in the town. However they closed in the 1990s. In response to the closures, the National Assembly set up the Gorseinon Regeneration Strategy to invest in a number of regeneration schemes in the town.

Recently ASDA was granted permission to build a store in the town.

===Twin Town===
The town of Gorseinon along with the community of [[Llwchwr]] is twinned with:
* {{flagicon|France}} [[Ploërmel]], [[France]]<ref>[http://www.twinning.org.uk/uk_twinnings.htm Twin Towns in the UK]</ref>

==Public services==
The town has a well-established local hospital, donated to the community prior to the establishment of the National Health Service by local industrialist and benefactor, (William) Rufus Lewis.

==Sport and leisure==
Gorseinon's local rugby team is [[Gorseinon RFC]] while [[Garden Village F.C.|Garden Village FC]] of the Welsh Football League play on the outskirts of the town in Kingsbridge. Gorseinon hosted the [[National Eisteddfod]] in 1980.

For more than 50 years, Gorseinon was home to '[[La Charrette]]', the UK's smallest cinema, established by local electrician, the late Gwyn Phillips. Built from a disused railway carriage, the cinema opened in 1953; when the decay of its structure forced closure in February 2008, 'La Charrette' was dismantled and taken to the [[Gower Heritage Centre]]. The last film shown at La Charette was a black-tie premiere attended by [[Kenneth Branagh]] and organised by Observer film critic [[Mark Kermode]].

A new community facility has been completed - Canolfan Gorseinon Centre, which features a multi-use hall, training rooms, office room for small businesses, a creche and a new bar and cafe.<ref>[http://www.swansea.gov.uk/index.cfm?articleid=22460 City and County of Swansea: Early boost for Gorseinon Centre]</ref>

==Education==
[[Penyrheol Comprehensive School]] is where 90% of 11-16 year olds go. The school's main building was destroyed by arson, in 2006.The school will have a brand new building in September 2008. The fire destroyed most of the school where pupils lost work and GCSE coursework. Additionally the town is home to [[Gorseinon College]], a tertiary college that provides further education and adult learning.

==Notable Residents==
It is the birthplace in nearby Penyrheol of former Father of the House of Commons, [[David Grenfell]] who was the local [[Member of Parliament]] for 37 years, former British [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] Leader and former [[Home Secretary]] [[Michael Howard]], Roy Evans, former General Secretary of the Iron and Steel Trades Confederation, Hanlyn Davies, Emeritus Professor of Art at Massachusetts University, former [[Wales|Welsh]] [[rugby union]] captains Norman Gale and [[Richard Moriarty]], rugby league international [[Lewis Jones (rugby)|Lewis Jones]], [[Lord Garel-Jones]], the former Conservative MP for [[Watford]] and minister, actor/comedian [[Keith Allen]], the renowned operatic bass [[Gwynne Howell]], boxer [[Colin Jones]] and the late, great footballer [[Robbie James]]. [[James Henry Govier]] (1910-1974) British painter, etcher and engraver lived at Gorseinon from 1914-1945. Hometown to novelist Aneurin Gareth Thomas, born 1963.

==Transportation==
Gorseinon bus station is located just off West Street in the town centre. Bus services are provided by [[First Cymru]] with services to the surrounding villages and to [[Llanelli]] and [[Swansea city centre]].

The primary route through Gorseinon is the [[A4240 road]] which crosses the town centre as High Street and Alexandra Road. The A4240 connects Gorseinon with [[Llanelli]] to the west; and [[Penllergaer]] and the [[M4 Motorway]] (Junction 47) to the east.

==Future plans==
Supermarket chain ASDA are seeking planning permission for a £25m store development at Heol y Mynydd in northeast Gorseinon.<ref>[http://www.thisissouthwales.co.uk/news/Supermarket-giant-Asda-25m-plan/article-594242-detail/article.html South Wales Evening Post - Supermarket giant Asda back with £25m plan]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{linkfarm}}
*[http://www.geograph.org.uk/search.php?i=2733688 www.geograph.co.uk : photos of Gorseinon and surrounding area]
*[http://www.gowercc.org.uk/ Gower Community Councils]
*[http://www.swansea.gov.uk/media/pdf/gorseinon.pdf Gorseinon electoral division]
*[http://www.gorseinon.info/ Gorseinon Development Trust]
*[http://www.gorseinon.ac.uk/en/index.asp Gorseinon College]
*[http://www.gorseinon.com/ Gorseinon Community - Forum to discuss Local Issues]
*[http://www.page-net.com/swansea.localhistory/gorseinon/ Gorseinon history]
*[http://www.gorseinon.info/sitepages/History.htm Gorseinon CRU - History]
*[http://www.gorseinon-history.com/ Gorseinon History Archieve Society]
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/southwest/sites/gorseinon/ BBC My Town Site]
*[http://www.freewebs.com/gorseinonrfc/index.htm Gorseinon Rugby Football Club]
*[http://www.imperialjudo.com/ Gorseinon Judo Club]
*[http://www.sportnetwork.net/main/s221.htm/ Garden Village Football Club]
*[http://football.swansea.com/seniors/venue.aspx?venue=19 Location of Parc y Werin]

{{Swansea}}

[[Category:Towns in Swansea]]
[[Category:Swansea Bay (region)]]
[[Category:Communities of Swansea]]
[[Category:M4 corridor]]

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Freshwater

2009-07-17T09:59:52Z

ClickBot: Changing {{Infobox UK place}} population field; see talk. Report problems here

{{Infobox UK place
|country = England
|official_name= Freshwater
|civil_parish= Freshwater [http://www.freshwater-parish.org.uk]
|latitude = 50.682566
|longitude = -1.524884
| population = 5360
| population_ref = (2001 census)
|unitary_england= [[Isle of Wight]]
|map_type = Isle of Wight
|lieutenancy_england= [[Isle of Wight]]
|region = South East England
|constituency_westminster= [[Isle of Wight (UK Parliament constituency)|Isle of Wight]]
|post_town= FRESHWATER
|postcode_district= PO39
|postcode_area= PO
|dial_code= 01983
| static_image = [[Image:FreshwaterBay.jpg|200px]]
| static_image_caption = Freshwater Bay, 2006.}}
'''Freshwater''' is a large village and [[civil parish]]<ref>[http://www.statistics.gov.uk/geography/geographic_area_listings/downloads/EnglishParishes&WelshCommunities_N&C_2004.xls English Parishes & Welsh Communities N&C 2004]</ref><ref>Some sources describe Freshwater as a town [http://www.iwight.com/just_visiting/towns/], and since 1974 any [[civil parish]] has the right to declare itself as a town, but it does not appear on the [[List of towns in England]].</ref> at the western end of the [[Isle of Wight]], [[England]]. '''Freshwater Bay''' is a small cove on the south coast of the Island which also gives its name to the nearby part of Freshwater.<ref>Freshwater Bay was previously known as Freshwater Gate ([http://www.fbra.org.uk/localarea.htm ''Local Area''], [http://www.fbra.org.uk/ Freshwater Bay Residents Association] [[website]])</ref>

Freshwater is close to steep [[Chalk Formation|chalk]] cliffs. It was the birthplace of [[physics|physicist]] [[Robert Hooke]] and was the home of [[Poet Laureate]] [[Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson|Alfred Lord Tennyson]].

==Landmarks==

The "Arch Rock" was a well-known local landmark<ref>[http://www.freshwater.shalfleet.net/images1/freshwater_bay_rock.jpg The Arch and Stag rocks 1903], Steve Shafleet, [http://www.postcards.shalfleet.net/ Isle of Wight Historic Postcards] [[website]], January 15, 2007</ref> that collapsed in 1992<ref>[http://www.freshwater.shalfleet.net/ Page showing bookmark commemorating the fall of the Arch Rock, giving exact date]</ref>. The neighbouring "Stag Rock" is so named because supposedly a stag leaped to the rock from the cliff to escape during a hunt. Another huge slab fell off the cliff face in 1968, and is now known as the "Mermaid Rock".<ref>[http://www.freshwater.shalfleet.net/index.htm ''Freshwater Isle of Wight''], Steve Shafleet, showing the Mermaid Rock and Arch Rock and other images, [http://www.postcards.shalfleet.net/ Isle of Wight Historic Postcards] [[website]], January 15, 2007</ref><ref>[http://www.freshwater.shalfleet.net/freshwater_gallery.htm ''Freshwater Gallery''], Steve Shafleet, showing the Arch Rock, Freshwater Caves and other images, [http://www.postcards.shalfleet.net/ Isle of Wight Historic Postcards] [[website]], December 31, 2005</ref>

The hills above Freshwater are named after Tennyson. On the nearby [[Tennyson Down]] is a [[Cornwall|Cornish]] [[granite]] cross erected in 1897 in tribute to Tennyson, “by the people of Freshwater, and other friends in England and America.” There is also a hill in the area called 'Hooke Hill', named for Robert Hooke.

[[All Saints' Church, Freshwater]]<ref>[http://www.freshwater.shalfleet.net/freshwater4.htm ''Freshwater Church and Causeway''], Steve Shafleet, [http://www.postcards.shalfleet.net/ Isle of Wight Historic Postcards] [[website]], March 23, 2007</ref> is one of the oldest churches on the Isle of Wight, and was listed in the [[Domesday Book|Domesday survey]] of 1086.<ref>[http://www.noyes.org.uk/iw/towers/freshwater.htm ''Freshwater, All Saints''], Steve Noyes, [http://www.noyes.org.uk/index.htm Welcome to Steve Noyes' web page: Here you will find a load of my bellringing programs, compositions and so on.]</ref><ref>[http://www.findachurch.co.uk/search/church_view.php?church_id=41547 ''All Saints, Freshwater''], ©1998-2008 UK Church Directory Ltd</ref><ref>[http://www.flickr.com/photos/webrarian/sets/72157602297286918/ ''All Saints, Freshwater''], photoset on [[Flickr]], 30 Sep 2007.</ref> Mark Whatson is the pastor of All Saints, which is an Anglican Church<ref>[http://www.iwight.com/living_here/voluntary/vol_org_detail.asp?orgID=259 ''Church of England, Freshwater, All Saints and St Agnes''], [http://www.iwight.com/default.asp Official Isle of Wight website]</ref> in the [[Anglican Diocese of Portsmouth]]. A primary school associated with the church is nearby.<ref>[http://www.allsaintsceprimary.co.uk/ All Saints Church of England Primary School, Hampshire official website]</ref> There is a marble memorial commemorating Tennyson in All Saints Church. Tennyson's wife Emily and other family members are buried in the church cemetery. The church is also the site of a memorial to Tennyson's son, Lionel Tennyson, who died of [[malaria]] in 1886.

[[Image:Freshwater Bay c1910 - Project Gutenberg eText 17296.jpg|thumb|Freshwater Bay, circa 1910]]
[[File:DimbolaAndFreshwater.jpg|thumb|right|Dimbola Lodge (foreground, left), overlooking Freshwater Bay, 2006.]]

[[Dimbola Lodge]], the home of [[Julia Margaret Cameron]] and now a photographic museum, is in the village of Freshwater Bay, which is part of Freshwater.

Tennyson's son, [[Hallam Tennyson, 2nd Baron Tennyson|Hallam]] donated land for a new church in Freshwater Bay. Hallam's wife Audrey suggested that the church be named for [[Saint Agnes|St. Agnes]]. [[St. Agnes' Church, Freshwater]] was consecrated August 12, 1908.<ref>[http://www.freshwater.shalfleet.net/freshwater2.htm ''Freshwater Isle of Wight Page 2], Steve Shafleet, [http://www.postcards.shalfleet.net/ Isle of Wight Historic Postcards] [[website]], December 26, 2006</ref> It is the only thatched church on the Isle of Wight.<ref>[http://www.flickr.com/photos/littlewiggy/2192823783/ ''St Agnes Church, Freshwater Bay, Isle of Wight''], Norman Atkinson, [[Flickr]] [[website]], January 14, 2008.</ref><ref>[http://www.islandbreaks.co.uk/site/about-the-isle-of-wight/towns-and-villages/in-and-around-west-wight ''West Wight''], [http://www.islandbreaks.co.uk/site/home Official Isle of Wight Tourism], 2007</ref><ref>[http://www.roughwood.net/ChurchAlbum/IsleOfWight/StAgnesChurch2002.htm ''St Agnes Church, Freshwater Bay, Isle of Wight''], Mark Collins and Alan Loze, [http://www.roughwood.net/index.htm Roughwood website], 2003</ref>

Freshwater was the site of the largest station on the [[Freshwater, Yarmouth and Newport Railway]] that operated from July 20, 1889 to September 21, 1953.<ref>[http://www.subbrit.org.uk/sb-sites/stations/f/freshwater/ ''Freshwater Station''], Nick Catford, [http://www.subbrit.org.uk/sb-sites/stations/ Disused Stations] [[website]], updated March 20, 2006</ref><ref>[http://www.freshwater.shalfleet.net/fyn.htm ''The Freshwater, Yarmouth and Newport Railway''], Steve Shafleet, [http://www.postcards.shalfleet.net/ Isle of Wight Historic Postcards] [[website]], August 24, 2005</ref> The station location is now occupied by a supermarket and garden center.<ref>[http://www.freshwater.shalfleet.net/freshwater_fyn.htm ''Freshwater Station (then and now)''], Steve Shafleet, [http://www.postcards.shalfleet.net/ Isle of Wight Historic Postcards] [[website]], August 24, 2005</ref>

Afton Marsh is found near the source of the [[Western Yar]], a river whose estuary runs north to [[Yarmouth, Isle of Wight|Yarmouth]]. Afton Marsh is a [[Site of Special Scientific Interest]] that has been designated a [[Local Nature Reserve]].

At the western end of Freshwater Bay on a [[bluff]] are the remains of Fort Redoubt, also known as Fort Freshwater or Freshwater Redoubt, a [[Palmerston Fort]]. Fort Redoubt was built in 1855-1856 to protect Freshwater Bay, and was in use until the early 20th century. It was sold by the military in 1928. Presently, part of it is a private residence, and other portions are being developed as holiday flats.<ref>[http://www.palmerstonforts.org.uk/pdf/fresh.pdf ''Freshwater Redoubt''], David Moore, [http://www.palmerstonforts.org.uk/index.php Palmerston Forts Society] [http://www.palmerstonforts.org.uk/rese.htm Fortlog] Portsmouth 29, January 25, 1996, updated August 2002</ref>

Two unusual structures that have been described as ice houses, pottery kilns or crematoria are found on Moons Hill in Freshwater. Robert Walker was the first to excavate these features in the 1890s, and he thought they were evidence of a [[Phoenicia]]n settlement in Freshwater. Chemical analyses suggest that they were most likely lime kilns.<ref>[http://freespace.virgin.net/roger.hewitt/iwias/moonshill.htm ''What are the Moons Hill Structures?''], Roger Hewitt, [http://freespace.virgin.net/roger.hewitt/iwias/home.htm Isle of Wight History Center], December 2000</ref>

==Famous residents==

The renowned scientist [[Robert Hooke]] (1635-1703) was born in Freshwater in 1635. His father John Hooke was the [[curate]] of All Saints Church in Freshwater. When Hooke's father died in 1648,<ref>[http://www.roberthooke.org.uk/chronolo.htm ''Chronology of Robert Hooke''], [http://www.roberthooke.org.uk/index.htm Robert Hooke page], hosted by [[Westminster School]] © 2000 - 2007 Webmaster roberthooke.org.uk </ref> Hooke left Freshwater for [[London]] to be apprenticed to portrait painter [[Peter Lely]]. After that, he went to [[Westminster School]] and then [[Oxford]].

[[George Morland]], a famous painter, lived in Freshwater in a structure known as the "Cabin" around 1800.

[[Great Britain|British]] [[Poet laureate]] [[Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson|Alfred Lord Tennyson]] lived at nearby [[Farringford House]] (on the road between Freshwater and [[Alum Bay]]). Tennyson lived at Farringford from 1853 until the end of his life in 1892. Tennyson wrote of Farringford:

{{quotation|
''“Where, far from noise and smoke of town'' 
''I watch the twilight falling brown,'' 
''All round a careless-ordered garden,'' 
''Close to the ridge of a noble down.”'' 
}}

Tennyson rented Farringford in 1853, and then bought it in 1856.<ref>[http://www.farringford.co.uk/history.php ''The Home of Tennyson''], Rebecca FitzGerald, [http://www.farringford.co.uk/index.php Farringford: The Home of Tennyson] official [[website]]</ref> He found that there were too many [[wikt:star-struck|starstruck]] tourists who pestered him in Farringford, so he moved to "Aldworth", a stately home on a hill known as [[Blackdown, Sussex|Blackdown]] between [[Lurgashall]] and [[Fernhurst]], about 2 km south of [[Haslemere]] in [[West Sussex]] in 1869. However, he returned to Farringford to spend the winters.

In 1960, Dekyi Tseri, mother of the current [[Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama|Dalai Lama]], stayed at the guest house of Sir [[Basil Gould]]'s widow Cecily in Freshwater for six weeks. Tseri, known to [[Tibet]]ans as "Amala", meaning "The Great Mother", was recuperating after a throat operation to remove a benign polyp performed at [[St Mary's Hospital, London|St. Mary's Hospital]] in [[London, England|London]].

==Organizations==

The Freshwater Village Association was created in November 2006. The Freshwater Village Association was formed by Freshwater residents who are concerned that Freshwater might lose its identity as a village.<ref>[http://www.freshwatervillage.org.uk/about.html ''About Us''], [http://www.freshwatervillage.org.uk/index.html Freshwater Village Association] [[website]]</ref> The Freshwater Bay Residents Association was created July 2nd, 1984, with the goal of expressing concern about the development of Freshwater Bay.<ref>[http://www.fbra.org.uk/aboutus.htm ''About Us''], [http://www.fbra.org.uk/index.htm Freshwater Bay Residents Association] [[website]]</ref>

Freshwater Lifeboat is an independent lifesaving organization based in Freshwater Bay.<ref>[http://www.freshwaterlifeboat.org.uk/ ''Freshwater Lifeboat: Making Our Seas Safer''] official [[website]]</ref> It operates the Freshwater Bay Lifeboat Station on the promenade along Freshwater Bay and two lifeboats from public donations and profits from shop sales, since it is not part of the [[Royal National Lifeboat Institution]].<ref>[http://www.fbra.org.uk/index.htm ''Welcome to the Home Page of the Freshwater Bay Residents' Association, Isle of Wight, United Kingdom'']</ref>

Freshwater is the home of Island [[Samba]] band "FAT Samba". It hosts the Freshwater and [[Totland]] Carnival every year.

==History==
There is evidence of a [[Roman Empire|Roman]] harbor at the end of the [[Western Yar]]. In 530 CE, the Island fell to a combined force of [[Saxons]] and [[Jutes]]. After the [[Norman Conquest]], Lord of the island [[William FitzOsbern, 1st Earl of Hereford|William Fitz Osbern]] gave the Saxon All Saints Church and its tithes to the Norman Abbey of Lyre sometime between 1066 and his death in 1071. In 1414 all alien priories were seized by the Crown. In 1623, when [[James I of England|King James I]] gave Freshwater Parish to John Williams, Bishop of Lincoln. Williams then granted Freshwater to [[St. John's College, Cambridge]] on March 24, 1623.<ref>[http://www.freshwater-parish.org.uk/history.html ''Parish History''], [http://www.freshwater-parish.org.uk/index.html Freshwater Parish Council] official [[website]]</ref><ref>[http://www.fbra.org.uk/localhistory.htm ''Local History''], [http://www.fbra.org.uk/index.htm Freshwater Bay Resident's Association] official [[website]]</ref>

The Freshwater Parish originally was composed of five farms, known as "tuns"; Norton, Sutton, Easton, Weston and Middleton. All of these place names still exist, except for Sutton, which is now called Freshwater Bay (previously Freshwater Gate). The first meeting of the Freshwater Parish Council was December 31st, 1894.<ref>[http://www.freshwater-parish.org.uk/index.html Freshwater Parish] official [[website]]</ref>

== Village Attractions ==
There are several attractions within the immediate area:
#[[Farringford House]], home of poet [[Alfred Lord Tennyson]].
#[[Dimbola Lodge]], home of photographer [[Julia Margaret Cameron]].
#[[West Wight Sports Centre]].
#Freshwater Bay Golf Course.
#[[Afton Down]], the site of the [[Isle of Wight Festival 1970]].
#[[The Needles]] Old Battery, a [[Victorian era|Victorian]] fort and post-[[Second World War]] rocket testing site.
#The Needles Lighthouse and chalk rocks.
#[[Compton Bay]], where [[dinosaur]] footprints are visible at low [[tide]].
#[[The Longstone, Mottistone|The Longstone]], the only [[megalithic]] monument on the Island.
Not all of these attractions are within the formal boundaries of the village.

== Public transport ==

Freshwater is linked to other parts of the Island by [[Southern Vectis]] buses on [[Southern Vectis route 7|route 7]] and route 11, serving [[Totland]], [[Yarmouth, Isle of Wight|Yarmouth]] and [[Newport]] including intermediate towns. [[Wightbus]] also run local route 13. In the Summer, open top bus "[[Island Breezers|The Needles Tour]]" serves Freshwater Bay.<ref name="Southern Vectis bus routes">{{cite web | year = 2008 | url = http://www.islandbuses.info/routelist.shtml | title = Southern Vectis - bus routes | publisher = www.islandbuses.info | accessdate = 2008-05-04}}</ref><ref name="Southern Vectis Needles Tour">{{cite web | year = 2008 | url = http://www.islandbuses.info/otneedles.shtml | title = Southern Vectis - The Needles Tour | publisher = www.islandbuses.info | accessdate = 2008-05-04}}</ref><ref name="Wightbus route 13">{{cite web | year = 2008 | url = http://www.travelinesoutheast.org.uk/se/XSLT_TTB_REQUEST?language=en&command=direct&net=set&line=08013&sup=A&project=y08&contentFilter=TIMINGPOINTS&outputFormat=0&itdLPxx_displayHeader=false | title = Traveline - Wightbus route 13 | publisher = www.traveline.org.uk | accessdate = 2008-05-04}}</ref> For the more athletic, Freshwater is on the [[Isle of Wight Coastal Path]].

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons cat|Freshwater, Isle of Wight}}
*[http://www.fbra.org.uk/ Freshwater Bay Residents Association]
*[http://www.freshwatervillage.org.uk/index.html Freshwater Village Association]
*[http://www.iwight.com/just_visiting/towns/ Towns on the Isle of Wight]
*[http://www.isleofwightweather.org/ Live Freshwater Bay Weather from the Isle of Wight Weather Station Network]
*[http://www.bartiesworld.co.uk/postcards/freshwater.htm Old pictures of Freshwater]

{{Isle of Wight box}}
{{Settlements on the Isle of Wight}}

[[Category:Villages on the Isle of Wight]]
[[Category:Civil parishes in the Isle of Wight]]
[[Category:Bays of the Isle of Wight]]

[[pl:Freshwater]]

Eyam

2009-07-17T09:16:00Z

ClickBot: Changing {{Infobox UK place}} population field; see talk. Report problems here

{{infobox UK place
|official_name = Eyam
|os_grid_reference = SK220764
| population = 926
| population_ref = (2001<ref>{{cite web |url=http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=793301&c=eyam&d=16&e=15&g=434246&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&enc=1&dsFamilyId=779 |title=Parish Headcounts: Eyam CP |accessdate=2007-04-12 |work=Neighbourhood Statistics |publisher=[[Office for National Statistics]] }}</ref>)
|shire_district = [[Derbyshire Dales]]
|shire_county = [[Derbyshire]]
|region = East Midlands
|country = England
|latitude = 53.284
|longitude = -1.671
|map_type =
|scale = 20000
|constituency_westminster = [[High Peak (UK Parliament constituency)|High Peak]]
|post_town = HOPE VALLEY
|postcode_district = S32
|postcode_area = S
|dial_code = 01433
}}

'''Eyam''' ({{pron-en|ˈiːm}}) is a small village in [[Derbyshire]], [[England]]. The village is best known for being the "plague village" that chose to isolate itself when the [[Plague (disease)|plague]] was found in the village in August 1665, rather than let the infection spread. The village was founded and named by [[Anglo-saxons]], although lead had been mined in the area by the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/legacies/myths_legends/england/derby/ |title=Living with the plague |accessdate=2007-04-12 |work=Local Legends |publisher=[[BBC]] }}</ref>.

==Plague history==
The plague had been brought to the village in a [[flea]]-infested bundle of cloth that was delivered to tailor George Viccars from [[London]]<ref name="pbs">{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/wnet/secrets/case_plague/index.html |title=Mystery of the Black Death |accessdate=2007-04-12 |work=[[Secrets of the Dead]] |publisher=[[PBS]] }}</ref>. [[Image:Eyamplague.JPG|thumb|left|250px|A 'plague' cottage with plaque commemorating some of the deaths]] Within a week he was dead. After the initial deaths, the townspeople turned to their rector, the [[Reverend William Mompesson]] and the [[Puritan]] Minister Thomas Stanley. They introduced a number of precautions to slow the spread of the illness from May 1665. These included the arrangement that families were to bury their own dead and the relocation of church services from the [[parish church]] of [[St. Laurence]] to Cucklett Delph to allow villagers to separate themselves, reducing the risk of infection. Perhaps, the best known decision was to [[quarantine]] the entire village to prevent further spread of the disease. The plague raged in the village for 16 months and killed at least 260 villagers: only 83 villagers survived out of a population of 350.

When the first outsiders visited Eyam a year later, they found that fewer than a quarter of the village had survived the plague. Survival appeared random, as many plague survivors had close contact with the bacterium, but never caught the disease. For example, Elizabeth Hancock never became ill, despite burying six children and her husband in eight days (the graves are known as the Riley graves).<ref name="pbs" /> The unofficial village [[grave digger]] also survived, despite handling many infected bodies.

==Places of interest==
Eyam can boast various plague related places of interest such as the 'boundary stone', a stone in which money, usually soaked in vinegar, which was believed to kill the infection, was placed in exchange for food and medicine, and the Riley graves as mentioned above. The only pub to be found in the village is 'The Miners Arms'. Opposite the church is the rather grand looking 'Mechanics Institute' that is used as a village hall meeting rooms. The Mechanics' Institute was established in Eyam in 1824 according to "White's History, Gazetteer & Directory of the County of Derby, for 1857", with a Library paid for by subscription, which then contained 766 volumes. There were 30 members recorded in 1857, paying the equivalent of 1 p per week.<ref>http://www.wishful-thinking.org.uk/genuki/DBY/Eyam/MechanicsInstitute.html</ref> Up the main street is the [[Jacobean architecture|Jacobean]] house [[Eyam Hall]] built just after the plague. The green opposite has an ancient set of village [[stocks]] reputedly used to punish the locals for minor crimes. There is a picturesque [[Youth Hostel]] in the village.

==Eyam's role in genetic research==
Some research indicates that the villagers of Eyam may have had some genetic protection from the [[bubonic plague]].<ref name="pbs" /> A [[CCR5]] [[gene]] [[mutation]] designated as [[CCR5-D32#CCR5-.CE.9432|"delta 32"]] was found in a statistically significant number, 14%, of direct descendants of the plague survivors. The Delta 32 mutation appears to be very rare. In fact, the levels of Delta 32 found in Eyam were only matched in regions of Europe that had been affected by the plague and in Americans of European origin. It has also been suggested<ref>[http://www.derbyshireuk.net/eyam.html Eyam at derbyshireuk.net] Accessed [[5 February]] 2008.</ref> that the Delta 32 mutation, if inherited from both parents, may provide immunity to [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]].

More recent research at [[Scripps Research Institute]] disputes the hypothesis that the Delta 32 mutation provided protection against the plague, suggesting instead that it is more likely to have arisen as protection against some other disease common at the time, such as [[smallpox]]. This new hypothesis is still being tested. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scripps.edu/news/press/021104b.html |title=Genetic Mutation Protects Against both HIV and Plague? Not So, Say Scientists at Scripps Research |accessdate=2007-04-12 |publisher=[[The Scripps Research Institute]] }}</ref>

==Saxon cross==
[[Image:Eyam Celtic Cross.jpg|thumb|150px|right|7th century Anglo-Saxon Cross.]]
Eyam churchyard contains a [[Anglo-Saxons|Saxon]] cross dated to the 7th or 8th centuries. Initially, it was located at the side of a cart track near to Eyam. It is [[listed building|Grade I listed]] and a [[Scheduled Ancient Monument]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?pid=1&id=80635 |title=Eyam Saxon cross |accessdate=2006-04-17 |work=[[Images of England]] |publisher=[[English Heritage]] }}</ref> It is believed that the cross originally lay on a moor outside the village and was later moved to the churchyard. It is covered in complex carvings and is almost complete, but is missing a section of the shaft.<ref>Neville T. Sharpe, ''Crosses of the Peak District'' (Landmark Collectors Library, 2002)</ref>

==Notable residents==
*[[Anna Seward]], acclaimed poet (1747 — 1809)<ref>[http://www.faculty.umb.edu/elizabeth_fay/seward.html "Eyam" a poem by Anna Seward] accessed June 2007</ref>
*[[Richard Furness]], the Poet of Eyam (1791 — 1857)

==Treatments in the media==
* ''[[Year of Wonders]]'' (Novel, 2001) by [[Geraldine Brooks]].
* ''[[A parcel of patterns]]'' (Novel, 1983) by [[Jill Paton Walsh]].
* ''[[The Roses of Eyam]]'' (Play, first performed 1970, published 1976) by Don Taylor.
* The Judas Strain (Novel, 2007) by James Rollins
* The song 'We All Fall Down' was written about the 1665 plague epidemic in Eyam by [[Leeds]]-based band [[iLiKETRAiNS]], and is featured on their 2007 album [[Elegies to Lessons Learnt]].
* ''[[Children of Winter]]'' (Novel, 1985) by [[Berlie Doherty]].
* ''Kiss of Death'' (Novel, 2006) by [[Malcolm Rose]] Published by [[Usborne Publishing]]

== See also ==
*[[Derby plague of 1665]], [[Great Plague of London]] (also in 1665)
*[[Beau]], writer of the song ''"The Roses Of Eyam"''

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons}}
* [http://www.eyamplaguevillage.co.uk Eyam Plague Village website]
* [http://www.derbyshireuk.net/eyam.html Eyam at derbyshireuk.net]
* [http://www.survivors-mad-dog.org.uk/MDEyam01.html Eyam at Survivors: Mad Dog]

[[Category:Villages in Derbyshire]]
[[Category:History of Derbyshire]]
[[Category:Towns and villages of the Peak District]]

[[es:Eyam]]
[[fr:Eyam]]
[[nl:Eyam]]
[[no:Eyam]]
[[sv:Eyam]]

Eccleston (Cheshire)

2009-07-17T08:53:52Z

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{{infobox UK place
|latitude= 53.157
|longitude= -2.880
|official_name= Eccleston
| population = 184
| population_ref = ([[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 Census]])<ref name=2001census />
|civil_parish= Eccleston
|unitary_england= [[Cheshire West and Chester]]
|lieutenancy_england= [[Cheshire]]
|region= North West England
|country= England
|constituency_westminster= [[City of Chester (UK Parliament constituency)|City of Chester]]
|post_town= CHESTER
|postcode_district= CH4
|postcode_area= CH
|dial_code= 01244
|os_grid_reference= SJ412626
|static_image= [[Image:StMarysEccleston.JPG|250px]]
|static_image_caption= St Mary's church in Eccleston, near [[Chester]].
}}

'''Eccleston''' is a [[civil parish]] and [[village]] in the unitary authority of [[Cheshire West and Chester]] and the ceremonial county of [[Cheshire]], and close to [[Chester]]. According to the [[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 Census]], the population of the entire civil parish was 184.<ref name=2001census>{{citation|url=http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=792453&c=Eccleston&d=16&e=15&g=427497&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&enc=1&dsFamilyId=779|title=2001 Census: Eccleston|publisher=Office for National Statistics|accessdate=27 July 2007}}</ref>
The village is situated on the estate of the [[Duke of Westminster]] who maintains his ancestral home at nearby [[Eaton Hall (Cheshire)|Eaton Hall]].

== History ==
It is believed that the name of the village derives from the [[Latin]] for 'Meeting Place'

Formerly a township in [[Hundreds of Cheshire|Broxton Hundred]], it includes the [[Hamlet (place)|hamlet]]s of '''Belgrave''' and '''Morris Oak'''. The population was 199 in 1801, 289 in 1851, 320 in 1901 and 272 in 1951.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.ukbmd.org.uk/genuki/chs/eccleston.html|title=Cheshire Towns & Parishes: Eccleston|publisher=GENUKI UK & Ireland Genealogy|accessdate=18 November 2007}}</ref>

== Church ==
The church at Eccleston is called St. Mary's Church. It was built at the expense of the [[Duke of Westminster]] and cost £40,000 in 1899. It was built on the site of an earlier church that was constructed in 1809. Part of the churchyard is unusual in that it is circular in shape, which indicates pagan origins. In 1929 an excavation revealed 20 bodies which are believed to date from 390 AD. They are the earliest known [[Christian]] burials in Cheshire.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.thornber.net/cheshire/htmlfiles/eccleston.html|title=Photographs and history of St. Mary's Church and brief information about the village|first=Craig|last=Thornber|accessdate=27 July 2007}}</ref>

Two War Memorials exist within the Church, one of Bronze recording those that fell during [[World War I]] and a wooden memorial recording those that fell during [[World War II]]

The Churchyard is also the resting place of [[Alfred Ernest Ind]] VC, who died on 29 November 1916.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.homeusers.prestel.co.uk/stewart/cheshire.htm|title=Location of Alfred Earnest Ind's grave and VC medal. (Cheshire) |accessdate=27 July 2007}}</ref> Ind was a Farrier Sergeant in the [[Royal Horse Artillery]]. He was awarded the [[Victoria Cross]] on 20 December 1901 at Orange River, [[South Africa]] during the [[Second Boer War]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== See also ==
*[[St Mary's Church, Eccleston]]

{{Cheshire, Cheshire West and Chester}}
{{Cheshire}}

[[Category:Villages in Cheshire]]
[[Category:Civil parishes in Cheshire]]

Dursley

2009-07-17T00:45:23Z

ClickBot: Changing {{Infobox UK place}} population field; see talk. Report problems here

{{for|the fictional Dursleys ([[Harry Potter (character)|Harry Potter]]'s relatives)|Dursley family}}

{{infobox UK place
|country = England
|official_name= Dursley
|latitude= 51.6811
|longitude= -2.3543
| population = 5,814
| population_ref = (2001 Census)
|shire_district= [[Stroud (district)|Stroud]]
|shire_county= [[Gloucestershire]]
|region= South West England
|constituency_westminster= [[Stroud (UK Parliament constituency)|Stroud]]
|post_town= DURSLEY
|postcode_district = GL11
|postcode_area= GL
|dial_code=
|os_grid_reference= ST756981
}}

'''Dursley''' is a market town in [[Gloucestershire]], [[England]]. It is under the North East flank of [[Stinchcombe Hill]] (part of the '[[Cotswold Edge]]'), and about 6 km South East of the [[River Severn]]. The town is adjacent with [[Cam, Gloucestershire|Cam]] which, though a village, is a community of double the size. The two communities (combined population about 12,000) share many facilities.

== History ==
[[File:DursleyMarket.jpg‎|thumb|left|150px|Dursley Market House]]
Dursley gained borough status in 1471 and lost it in 1886. From then until 1974 it was the administrative centre of Dursley Rural District (RDC). In 1974 the RDC became part of [[Stroud District]].

The Parish Church of St. James the Great dates from the 13th century, but the modern building is largely of 14th and 15th century construction. The original church spire collapsed in January 1699 during a bell-ringing session, causing casualties. The current bell tower, in an imposing 'Gothic Survival' style was built by Thomas Sumsion of Colerne in the years 1708-09.

The pillared market house, complete with statue of Queen Anne and bell turret, dates from 1738, when the town's markets attracted farmers and traders from miles around <ref name="Dursley Location Information">[http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/john.wilkes/dursley.htm#preface Dursley Location Information]</ref>.

In 1856 a short [[Dursley and Midland Junction Railway|branch line railway]] opened, [http://cotswoldedge.org.uk/dursley/Dursley_Donkey.htm] linking Dursley and Cam to the [[Bristol]] - [[Gloucester]] main line at [[Coaley]] Junction. The branch line was closed in 1968. Coaley Junction station was also closed at about this time. However, in 1994 a new railway station called [[Cam and Dursley railway station|Cam and Dursley]] [http://www.cojac.com/home.htm] was opened on the main line near the site of Coaley Junction.

Ancient historical sites in the vicinity give evidence of earlier occupation. [[Uley Bury]], in nearby [[Uley]], is an Iron Age hill fort dating from around 300BC, and the village also has neolithic long barrows, which are evident further afield at Selsley Common and [[Nympsfield]] to the north. Notable Roman remains exist at [[Frocester]], West Hill near [[Uley]], [[Woodchester]] and Calcot Manor.

== Character and Amenities ==

The town sits on the edge of the [[Cotswold]] escarpment where it drops off towards the [[Severn Vale]] and the [[River Severn]]. Dursley's main watercourse is the River Cam, and the town is surrounded by beautiful woodland and countryside. The [[Cotswold Way]] long distance trail passes through Dursley.

[[Stinchcombe Hill]] provides a scenic backdrop to much of the town. It has an 18 hole golf course, said to be a favourite of the actor [[Hugh Grant]]. The Hill has had a great deal of work carried out by volunteers (SHV, led by John Smallwood), since 1992, in an attempt to restore the open views over the Severn Vale. The cleared areas can be seen from the M5 motorway. The [[Cotswold Way]] has now been re-routed around the Hill to take advantage of this work.

In the 19th and 20th centuries Dursley was a large-scale manufacturing town, and the engines built here by [[R A Lister and Company|Lister]] [[stationary engine]] company were seen around the world. That company's successor, [[Lister-Petter]], is still based in the town, though much of the original 92 acre factory site was acquired in 2000 by the South West Regional Development Agency and is now part of a large housing development<ref>[http://www.southwestrda.org.uk/area-teams/gloucestershire/delkin-village/index.shtm South West RDA: Littlecombe, Dursley - Introduction]</ref>. The Towers, a large gothic-style house, formerly part of the [[Lister Petter]] estate, still overlooks the town and the site has been converted into flats and a residential care home<ref>[http://www.southwestrda.org.uk/news/release.asp?releaseid=1458 South West RDA: News Centre - New Lease of Life for Historic Lister Petter Home]</ref>.
[[File:St James the Great Dursley.jpg|thumb|right|150px|St James the Great]]

Historically, other large factories based in the town included Mawdsleys, an electrical equipment manufacturer, Bymacks an upholsterers and the Bailey Newspaper Group, a newspaper printer, all of which have reduced or closed operations in recent years.

Nowadays, the town is supported by a number of long-standing independent retailers and new independent shops which offer a truly unique service and help to maintain the town's atmosphere of community and individuality. The [[Sainsbury's]] supermarket chain is opening a store in the town<ref>[http://www.gazetteseries.co.uk/search/display.var.2041190.0.work_on_sainsburys_store_to_get_underway.php Work On Sainsburys Store To Get Underway (from Gazette Series)]</ref>.

Dursley has a number of licensed premises and the Old Spot pub is regularly voted Gloucestershire Pub of the Year. The pub was also named as 2007 [[CAMRA]] [[National Pub of the year]]<ref>[http://www.camra.org.uk/page.aspx?o=270344 Gloucestershire Pub Voted Best Pub in Britain! 15/02/08 - CAMRA]</ref>.

== Trivia ==

* Upon his marriage in 1937 the novelist [[Evelyn Waugh]] moved to Piers Court near Dursley, where he lived until 1956, when he moved to [[Combe Florey]] in [[Somerset]].

* Local legend has it that [[William Shakespeare]] worked as a schoolmaster in Dursley during his "lost years". References to local landscapes and families in [[Henry IV, part 1|Henry IV]] are often cited as evidence.

* [[Mikael Pedersen]] invented the [[Pedersen bicycle]] in Dursley in the 19th Century<ref>[http://www.dursley-pedersen.net/ Dursley Pedersen Bicycle Homepage - The ultimate site of Dursley Pedersen cycles]</ref>.

* Dursley once had a castle, built by Roger de Berkeley in 1153<ref name="Dursley Location Information"/>.

* [[Harry Potter]] author [[JK Rowling]] was born in Yate used to visit the town as a child with her parents, and hated it so much she named the [[Dursley family]] in the Potter books after the town.<ref name="darkmark-bbc"> [http://www.darkmark.com/c.c?l=interview2&t=J.K.%20Rowling:%20BBC%20Online%20Chat "J.K. Rowling: BBC Online Chat"]. March 2001. Accessed [[21 July]] [[2007]].</ref>

* Dursley was featured on the [[BBC Television|BBC's]] [[The One Show]] for one week commencing 26 May 2008. The feature was called 'Garden Watch' and was presented by Mike Dilger and Miranda Krestovnikoff. The feature focused on looking at wildlife in several backgardens in a Dursley cul-de-sac.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/theoneshow/article/2008/05/garden_watch2.shtml Garden Watch article]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.dursleyglos.org.uk Dursley Local History]
*[http://www.dursleychamber.co.uk/ Dursley Chamber of Trade Website]
*[http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/john.wilkes/dursley.htm#preface John Wilkes' Dursley website]
*[http://www.thisisthesouthcotswolds.co.uk/ Dursley Gazette Website]
*[http://www.dursleytowncouncil.gov.uk/ Dursley Town Council]
*[http://cotswoldedge.org.uk/dursley/Dursley_Donkey.htm A history of Dursley's railways]
*[http://www.cojac.com/home.htm Coaley Junction Action Committee]
*[http://www.valevision.org.uk/ Vale Vision Community Development covering Dursley, Cam and the surrounding villages]
*[http://www.rednockschool.com/index.htm Rednock School website]
*[http://www.dursley-pedersen.net/ About the Dursley Pedersen Bicycle]

{{Cotswold Way|[[Wotton-under-Edge]]|[[Stroud, Gloucestershire|Stroud]]|11km (7 miles)|14km (9 miles)}}
{{Gloucestershire}}

[[Category:Towns in Gloucestershire]]
[[Category:Market towns in England]]

[[es:Dursley (ciudad)]]
[[fr:Dursley]]
[[it:Dursley]]
[[pl:Dursley]]
[[ro:Dursley]]
[[vo:Dursley]]

Drewsteignton

2009-07-16T23:56:53Z

ClickBot: Changing {{Infobox UK place}} population field; see talk. Report problems here

{{infobox UK place
| country = England
| official_name= Drewsteignton
| latitude= 50.703
| longitude= -3.789
| area_total_sq_mi=
| population_density=
| area_footnotes=
| population = 818
| population_ref = <ref>[http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=793867&c=drewsteignton&d=16&e=15&g=437958&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1193720759017&enc=1&dsFamilyId=779 Neighbourhood Statistics - Parish Headcounts]</ref>([[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 Census]])
| civil_parish= Drewsteignton
| shire_district= [[West Devon]]
| shire_county= [[Devon]]
| region= South West England
| london_distance= {{mi to km|190|precision=0}}
| constituency_westminster= [[Torridge and West Devon (UK Parliament constituency)|Torridge and West Devon]]
| post_town= EXETER
| postcode_area= EX
| postcode_district = EX6
| dial_code= 01647
| os_grid_reference= SX736908
| website=
}}
'''Drewsteignton''' is a [[village]] and [[civil parish]] within the administrative area of [[West Devon]], [[England]], also lying within the [[Dartmoor National Park]]. It is located in the [[Teign]] valley, 13 miles west of [[Exeter]] and 9 miles south east of [[Okehampton]]. It is known for its attractive scenery, for its picturesque village centre, and for the nearby attractions of [[Castle Drogo]] and the beauty spot of Fingle Bridge.

==History==
Settlement in the area dates back to the [[Neolithic]] period. Spinster's Rock at Shilston, within the parish, is a Neolithic [[chambered tomb]] dating from around 3000BC, and there are stone circles of similar date in the area. Later, an [[Iron Age]] [[hill fort]], now known as Prestonbury Castle, was developed on the end of a prominent ridge. <ref name=Hoskins>[[W. G. Hoskins]], ''Devon'', 1954</ref>

The village was mentioned in the [[Domesday Book]] as "Taintone", meaning a village beside the Teign. By the 13th century it was known as "Teyngton Drue", part of the name coming from a local landowner Drogo, also known as Drewe de Teignton.<ref name=rootsweb>[http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~footprints1/dev1/drewsteignton/homepage.htm Drewsteignton, Devon - Genealogy and Family History]</ref> In later years a myth developed, encouraged by the presence of the archaeological remains, that the "Drew" part of the name derived from the presence of [[druids]], but there is no evidence to support this.

In mediaeval times, the village was relatively prosperous. It was important as a [[wool]] producing area, and there were also [[limestone]] quarries and a small [[tin]] mine. The village was a stopping place on the old road from Exeter to Okehampton.<ref name=dnp>[http://www.dartmoor-npa.gov.uk/li-drewsteignton-appraisal Drewsteignton Appraisal]</ref> Much of the village building is of granite, as is Fingle Bridge, over the Teign, which was built in the 16th or 17th century.<ref name=Hoskins>[[W. G. Hoskins]], ''Devon'', 1954</ref>
Historically the village formed part of Wonford Hundred.<ref>[http://www.devon.gov.uk/localstudies/110257/1.html Drewsteignton community page]</ref>

The parish church of Holy Trinity dates mostly from the 15th century, with some later rebuilding.<ref name=herridge>[http://herridge.co.uk/bv/page069.html Drewsteignton & Castle Drogo]</ref> The village square adjoining the church may date from the original formation of the settlement. Census information indicates that Drewsteignton underwent prolonged depopulation through the 19th century, and many of its buildings have remained largely unchanged since then. The centre was designated as a [[conservation area]] in 1972.<ref name=dnp>[http://www.dartmoor-npa.gov.uk/li-drewsteignton-appraisal Drewsteignton Appraisal]</ref>

Among the village buildings is the Drewe Arms, a [[pub]] retaining many historic features. Previously known as The Druids' Arms, the name was changed in the 1920s when [[Julius Drewe]] built [[Castle Drogo]], his family home. The pub was managed by Mabel Mudge, originally with her husband, from 1919 until 1994 when she retired at the age of 99, the oldest pub landlady in the country.<ref>[http://www.thedrewearms.co.uk/ The Drewe Arms]</ref>

==See also==
*[[Castle Drogo]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*Spinsters' Rock

==External links==
*[http://herridge.co.uk/bv/page069.html Photos of Drewsteignton]

{{Settlements of Dartmoor}}

[[Category:Villages in Devon|Drewsteignton]]
[[Category:Dartmoor|Drewsteignton]]

Danby Castle

2009-07-16T23:16:13Z

ClickBot: Changing {{Infobox UK place}} population field; see talk. Report problems here

{{infobox UK place
| country = England
| latitude = 54.467700
| longitude = -0.909700
| official_name = Danby
| static_image =
| static_image_caption =
| population = 1,515
| population_ref = ([[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 census]])<ref name="2001 census"/>
| civil_parish = Danby
| shire_district = [[Scarborough (borough)|Scarborough]]
| shire_county = [[North Yorkshire]]
| region = Yorkshire and the Humber
| constituency_westminster = [[Scarborough and Whitby (UK Parliament constituency)|Scarborough and Whitby]]
| post_town = WHITBY
| postcode_district = YO21
| postcode_area = YO
| dial_code =
| os_grid_reference = NZ707085
}}
'''Danby''' is a village and [[civil parish]] in the [[Scarborough (borough)|Scarborough]] district of [[North Yorkshire]], [[England]]. [[Karl Pearson]] spent a lot of time there.{{fact|date=June 2009}}

It is served by a rail network between [[Middlesbrough]] and [[Whitby]] and an [[Arriva]] bus service. Danby village incorporates the Duke of Wellington [[public house|pub]], and the neighbouring [[Post Office]].

The village lies on the [[Esk Valley Walk]].

The civil parish includes the following villages/settlements:
* [[Ainthorpe]]
* [[Botton Village]]
* [[Castleton, North Yorkshire|Castleton]]
* [[Commondale]]
* Danby
* [[Fryup]]
* [[Westerdale]]

According to the [[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 UK census]], Danby parish had a population of 1,515.<ref name="2001 census">{{cite web
|url = http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=798187&c=Danby&d=16&e=15&g=476703&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1215465457862&enc=1&dsFamilyId=779
|title = 2001 Census: Key Statistics: Parish Headcounts: Area: Danby CP (Parish)
|accessdate = 2008-07-07
|work = Neighbourhood Statistics
|publisher = [[Office for National Statistics]]
}}
</ref>

[[Image:Danby Village, North Yorkshire.jpg|thumb|left|Danby, the Duke of Wellington pub on the left under repair]]
The popular Danby [[Agricultural show]] is held every year in August, with traditional country entertainments and activities such as [[show jumping]], [[Sheepdog trial]]s, exhibitions of farm animals and machinery as well as horticultural, craft and produce competitions.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.eskvalley.com/downloads/danby-parish-plan.pdf Parish Plan]
*[http://www.danbyshow.co.uk/ Danby Show]
*[http://www.danbyshow.co.uk/HandicraftsAriel.htm Danby Show class list]
*[http://www.eskvalleytoday.co.uk/news/Show-beats-all-the-odds.3134674.jp Danby Show 2007]

[[Category:Villages in North Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Civil parishes in North Yorkshire]]

{{NorthYorkshire-geo-stub}}

Cuddesdon

2009-07-16T23:09:28Z

ClickBot: Changing {{Infobox UK place}} population field; see talk. Report problems here

{{infobox UK place
|country = England
|latitude = 51.7232
|longitude = -1.1332
|official_name = Cuddesdon
|nickname =
| population =
| population_ref = c. 500
|shire_district= [[South Oxfordshire]]
| shire_county = [[Oxfordshire]]
|region = South East England
|constituency_westminster= [[Henley (UK Parliament constituency)|Henley]]
|post_town =
|postcode_district = OX44
|postcode_area = OX
|dial_code = 01865
|os_grid_reference = SP6003
|website = [http://www.cuddesdonanddenton.org/ Cuddesdon and Denton Community Website]
}}

'''Cuddesdon''' is a pre-[[Domesday]] village located in the hundred of [[Bullingdon (hundred)|Bullingdon]], within the county of [[Oxfordshire]] in [[England]].

[[Image:29th Pics EasterVac08 050.jpg|thumb|left|250px|All Saints Parish Church, Cuddesdon in the snow 06.04.08]]
The village has a population of approximately 430, with an additional 70 in the orbital hamlets of [[Denton, Oxfordshire|Denton]] and Chippinghust (2001 census). It takes its name from the Anglo-Saxon "Cudde's Dune" (lit. Cudde's Hill, or the 'Hill of Cuthwine').

==History==
The village used to be a classic Anglo-Saxon linear settlement along what is now known as the high street, but since nineteenth century ecclesiastical developments to the north of the village and twentieth-century residential developments (principally Bishop's Wood and Parkside), it has become a nuclear settlement centred on The Green.

Over the past fifty years, many facilities and businesses in Cuddesdon, as in similar villages up and down the country, have closed down and mostly been converted into housing for an increasingly commuter population. These include the petrol station, the shop, the school, the mill, the second public house and various farm buildings. Thus the village has turned from a compact community into what is largely a [[dormitory village]].

==Site==
The southern boundary of the parish is formed by the [[River Thame]] and the eastern by Cuddesdon Brook which flows from Coombe Wood, to the north of the village, down to the Thame. The village is sited on a hill that overlooks southern Oxfordshire, northern Berkshire, the Aylesbury Vale in central Buckinghamshire, and a sliver of west Bedfordshire. There are views of both the [[Chiltern Hills]] and the [[North Wessex Downs AONB]] stretching from [[Ivinghoe Beacon]] in the east to [[Didcot Power Station]] in the west.

==The village today==
[[Image:23rd Pics MidDec07 014.jpg|thumb|250px|Cuddesdon villagers and students Christmas Carolling on the village green 16.12.07]]
There is a free monthly parish newsletter and a reasonably active social life in the village, with annual fireworks, a village fete and various groups which meet regularly such as the film club. Most social activities are organised or co-ordinated by the Parish Council or its subsidiaries.

The Parish Church of All Saints, the Bat and Ball inn, the Village Hall, [[Ripon College Cuddesdon]], and the farms are all still economically active. There has also been much talk of resurrecting a village shop, though a solution is as yet unforthcoming.

In November 2007 a public consultation was held regarding the proposed Parish Plan - a strategic document that promises to chart the hopes of the village for twenty years to come.

==Ecclesiastical presence==
[[Image:16th Pics Home, MidSummer'07 054.jpg|thumb|250px|Cuddesdon College from the north-west with the Chiltern escarpment clearly visible beyond.]]
[[Abingdon Abbey]] founded the [[Church of England parish church]] of [[All Saints]] in Cuddesdon in about AD 1180.<ref>Pevsner & Sherwood, 1974, page 562.</ref>

[[Cuddesdon Palace]] was built for the [[Bishop of Oxford]] in 1679. A chapel was added to the Palace for Bishop [[Samuel Wilberforce]] in 1846. The Palace was the Bishop's official residence until the 1960's. Thereafter it was in private use for a few years, but burnt down before the end of that decade. The bishop's chapel escaped the fire and survives today.<ref>Pevsner & Sherwood, 1974, page 563.</ref>

In 1854 Bishop Wilberforce founded Cuddesdon College on land opposite the Palace to train men to become [[Anglican]] clergy. In 1975 the college merged with Ripon Hall to form [[Ripon College Cuddesdon]]. The college is the only rural Anglican [[theological college]] in the world.{{fact|date=June 2009}}

Due to the strength and extent of past and present church connections, the village is also known as the "Holy Hill". It has been suggested that in Cuddesdon ''"the presence of the Church has been more strongly felt than perhaps anywhere else in England"''.<ref>Mark Chapman, 2004, page not cited.</ref>

The Church of England parish of Cuddesdon belongs to the Aston & Cuddesdon [[Deanery]] of the [[Diocese of Oxford]].

==Baron of Cuddesdon==
After his retirement in 1991, [[Robert Runcie]], former [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] and also a former [[vicar]] of Cuddesdon and college principal, took the title Baron Runcie of Cuddesdon.

==Bibliography==
*{{Cite book | author=Chapman, Mark| authorlink= | coauthors= | title=God's Holy Hill: A History of Christianity in Cuddesdon | date=2004 | publisher=The Wychwood Press | location=Chipping Norton | isbn=1902279204 | pages= }}
*{{Cite book | author=Pevsner, Nikolaus| authorlink=Nikolaus Pevsner | coauthors= Sherwood, Jennifer| title=The Buildings of England: Oxfordshire | date=1974 | publisher=Penguin | location=Harmondsworth | isbn=0 14 071045 0 | pages=562-565}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{South Oxfordshire}}

[[Category:Villages in Oxfordshire]]

Crianlarich

2009-07-16T22:18:25Z

ClickBot: Changing {{Infobox UK place}} population field; see talk. Report problems here

{{infobox UK place
|country = Scotland
|official_name= Crianlarich
|gaelic_name= A' Chrìon Làraich
|scots_name= Crianlarich
| population = 185
| population_ref = ([[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 Census]])
|os_grid_reference= NN385062
|longitude= -4.616667
|latitude= 56.394167
|unitary_scotland= [[Stirling (council area)|Stirling]]
|lieutenancy_scotland= [[Stirling and Falkirk]]
|constituency_westminster= [[Stirling (UK Parliament constituency)|Stirling]]
|constituency_scottish_parliament= [[Stirling (Scottish Parliament constituency)|Stirling]]
|constituency_scottish_parliament1= [[Mid Scotland and Fife (Scottish Parliament electoral region)|Mid Scotland and Fife]]
|post_town= CRIANLARICH
|postcode_district = FK20
|postcode_area= FK
|dial_code= 01567
|static_image=
|static_image_caption=
}}
'''Crianlarich''' (''A' Chrìon Làraich'' in [[Scottish Gaelic|Gaelic]]) is a village in [[Stirling (district)|Stirling]] district, [[Scotland]], about six miles north-east of the head of [[Loch Lomond]]. Until 1975, it was in the historic county of [[Perthshire]]. The village's name derives from the [[Scottish Gaelic|Gaelic]] for "low pass", relating to its geographical location.

The village is served by [[Crianlarich railway station]].

Crianlarich has been a major crossroads for north and westbound journeys in Scotland since [[Middle Ages|mediaeval]] times. In the 1750s, two military roads met in the village; in the 19th century, it became a railway junction on what is now the [[West Highland Line]]; in the 20th century it became the meeting point of the major [[A82 road|A82]] and [[A85 road|A85]] roads. As such, it is designated a [[primary destination]] in Scotland, signposted from as far as the [[Erskine Bridge]] in the south, [[Perth, Scotland|Perth]] in the east, [[Oban]] in the west and [[Fort William, Scotland|Fort William]] in the north. Interestingly there are more direction signs pointing to Crianlarich than any other location in the UK.{{Fact|date=April 2009}}

The village bills itself "the gateway to the [[Scottish highlands|Highlands]]", a not uncommon claim - for example, [[Pitlochry]] and [[Dunoon]] also do so.

The village lies in the glen of [[Strath Fillan]] at the north western extent of the [[Trossachs]], lying in the shadow of several [[Munro]] peaks, notably [[Ben More (Crianlarich)|Ben More]], but also [[Stob Binnein]] and [[Cruach Ardrain]]. Thus Crianlarich is very popular with hillwalkers. Also the village lies halfway along the long distance footpath, the [[West Highland Way]].

Its location makes Crianlarich a popular stop for tourists and there are a variety of types of overnight accommodation including a [[SYHA]] Youth Hostel.

In 2001, the village had a population of 185 [http://www.stirling.gov.uk/stirling_at_a_glance.pdf].

==External links==
*[http://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/crianlarich/crianlarich/index.html Crianlarich on Undiscovered Scotland]

[[Image:Crianlarich church.jpg|thumb|left|Church of Crianlarich]]
[[Image:Crianlarich.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Crianlarich war memorial]]

[[Category:Villages in Stirling council area]]

{{Stirling-geo-stub}}

[[gd:A' Chrìon Làraich]]
[[simple:Crianlarich]]

Cramond

2009-07-16T22:12:54Z

ClickBot: Changing {{Infobox UK place}} population field; see talk. Report problems here

{{Mergefrom|Cramond Roman Fort|date=November 2008}}
{{infobox UK place
| static_image= [[Image:Cramond Harbour.jpg|240px]]
| static_image_caption= Cramond Harbour
| country = Scotland
| official_name= Cramond
| population = 7,502
| population_ref = ([[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001]])
|unitary_scotland= [[City of Edinburgh Council]]
| constituency_westminster= [[Edinburgh West (UK Parliament constituency)]]
| constituency_scottish_parliament= [[Edinburgh West (Scottish Parliament constituency)]]
| post_town= EDINBURGH
| postcode_district = EH4
| postcode_area= EH
| dial_code= [[UK Telephone numbering plan|0131]]
| os_grid_reference= NT275735
| london_distance= 332 miles (535 km) [[Boxing the compass|SSE]]
}}
'''Cramond''' is a seaside [[village]] now part of suburban [[Edinburgh]], [[Scotland]], located in the north-west corner of the city at the mouth of the [[River Almond, Lothian|River Almond]] where it enters the [[Firth of Forth]].

The Cramond area has a long history, with evidence of [[Mesolithic]], [[Bronze Age]] and [[Roman Empire|Roman]] activity. It was the birthplace of the Scottish economist [[John Law (economist)|John Law]].

==Etymology==

The [[Cramond Roman Fort|Roman fort or station at Cramond]] was known to the Romans as ''Alaterva'', according to a stone altar dug up in the grounds of Cramond House that is dedicated to 'the mothers of Alaterva and of the fields', the Latin inscription reading ''Matribus Alatervis et Matribus Campestribus''.

In the centuries that followed the end of the Roman occupation, Cramond passed into the hands of the [[Votadini]], who spoke [[Cumbric language|Cumbric]], a [[Brythonic]] [[Celtic languages|Celtic language]], and gave the settlement its name. Cramond is derived from the compound ''Caer Amon'', meaning 'fort on the river', referring to the Roman fort that lay on the [[River Almond]].

== History ==
[[Image:Cramondinscription.jpg|thumb|200px|The inscription on the Roman altar dedicated to the mothers of Alaterva and of the fields.]]
===Early history===
==== Pre-Roman ====

Archaeological excavations at Cramond have uncovered evidence of habitation dating to around [[9th millennium BC|8500 BC]], making it the earliest known site of human settlement in Scotland.<ref name="Nuts give clue to 'oldest' Scots site">{{cite web| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/1352091.stm| title="Nuts give clue to 'oldest' Scots site"| author= BBC News| accessdate=2008-06-28}}</ref> The inhabitants of the Mesolithic camp-site were nomadic hunter-gatherers who moved around their territories according to the season of the year.<ref name="hunter-gatherers">Cramond Heritage Trust (1996), p. 8</ref> Although no bones survived the acid soil, waste pits and stakeholes that would have supported shelters or windbreaks were excavated. Numerous discarded hazelnut shells were found in the pits and used to carbon-date the site, the waste product of the inhabitants' staple food.<ref name="hunter-gatherers">Cramond Heritage Trust (1996), p. 8</ref> It is thought the site was chosen for its location near the junction of the River Forth and the River Almond, where the rich oyster and mussel beds proved a reliable natural resource. Many [[microlith]] stone tools manufactured at the site were found, and predate finds of similar style in England.<ref name="Earliest evidence found of settlers in Scotland">{{cite web| url=http://www.britarch.ac.uk/BA/ba60/news.shtml| title="Earliest evidence found of settlers in Scotland"| author= British Archaeology| accessdate=2008-06-28}}</ref>

==== Roman period====
Around 142, [[Roman Empire|Roman]] forces arrived at Cramond by order of Emperor [[Antoninus Pius]], who had given them the task of establishing a [[fort]] at the mouth of the River Almond. This fort would guard the eastern flank of the frontier that the Romans had established across Scotland. Nearly five hundred men worked on the site, building a fort that covered nearly six acres and a harbour for communication. However, the fort was only inhabited for a short time, perhaps fifteen years, before it was abandoned by the troops who were ordered to retreat south to [[Hadrian's Wall]]. Pottery and coins of later date indicate that the fort and harbour were reinhabited and used as a base for the army and navy of the Emperor [[Septimus Severus]], sometime between 208 and 211.

The medieval parish church of Cramond parish (which retains its late medieval western tower in altered form), was built within the Roman fort.

Though knowledge of the Roman presence at Cramond was recorded afterwards, the remains of the fort itself were only rediscovered in 1954. Substantial archaeological research was carried out upon its discovery to build up a reasonably accurate picture of the site in Roman times. The fort was rectangular in shape, with walls fifteen feet high on all sides. A [[gatehouse]] was set in every wall, allowing access in all four directions. Inside, there were barracks, workshops, granaries, headquarters and the commander's house. Later excavations revealed other constructions outside the boundary of the fort, including a [[Thermae|bath-house]], further industrial workshops and a native settlement.

In 1997 the ''[[Cramond Lioness]]'' was uncovered in the harbour mud by a local boatman (who received a substantial monetary reward for finding this major antiquity), and was identified as a sandstone statue of a lioness devouring a hapless male figure, probably one of a pair at the tomb of a military commander. After conservation, the statue was displayed in the [[Museum of Scotland]] in Edinburgh. It is one of the most ambitious pieces of Roman sculpture to have survived in Scotland.

==== Medieval period ====
[[Image:Cramond map.jpg|thumb|200px|A map showing the parish of Cramond in 1794.]]

After the departure of the Romans, little is known about the state of Cramond for several centuries. The historiography of the period is perhaps best summed up by the historian J. Wood, who wrote 'a dark cloud of obscurity again settled over the parish of Cramond, of which I cannot find the smallest memorial in any historian till the year 995.'<ref name="dark cloud of obscurity">Wood (1794), p. 12</ref>

A [[tower house]], [[Cramond Tower]], probably built in the early 15th century, and part of a now-demolished larger establishment, was once a manor house of the [[Bishop of Dunkeld|Bishops of Dunkeld]], of whose diocese Cramond was a part. It was made structurally sound and converted to a private dwelling in the 1980s.

===Modern history===
[[Image:Cramond Causeway4.jpg|thumb|200px|View of the Cramond Causeway on Cramond waterfront, looking towards Cramond island]]

Cramond developed slowly over the centuries, with Cramond Kirk being founded in 1656. After a brief period spent as an industrial village in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, by the late 19th century it become a desirable suburb of Edinburgh, which it remains to this day

==Geography==

Cramond is located at {{coord|55|58|N|3|18|W|region:GB_type:city(7500)|display=inline,title}} in northwest [[Edinburgh]], about {{convert|5|mi|km}} from the city centre, at the mouth of the [[River Almond]] where it enters the [[Firth of Forth]].

Historically, the parish of Cramond extended from the shore of the Firth of Forth in the north to the parish of [[Corstorphine]] in the south, and was bounded on the west by the parishes of [[Dalmeny]] and [[Kirkliston]] and on the east by the parish of St Cuthbert's.<ref name="geography">Wood (1794), p. 1</ref> It covered an area of fifteen square miles, and encompassed the villages of [[Granton]], [[Pilton]], [[Muirhouse]], [[Davidson's Mains]], [[Blackhall]], [[Ravelston]], [[Craigcrook]], [[Turnhouse]] and [[Craigiehall]].<ref name="parish boundaries">Brown (2000), p. 1</ref>

The area has a low, gently undulating [[topography]] that drops down from the top of Corstorphine hill to the shore in three gradual stages and is intersected by the [[River Almond]] which flows northward into the Forth.<ref name="topography">Cramond Heritage Trust (1996), p. 4</ref> During the last ice age the area was heavily glaciated, and the main direction of the ice flow was west to east. Consequently, there are rock deposits on the east side of landforms such as the Almond river valley, and until the Cramond promenade was built in the 1930s large glacial boulders were strewn along the shore.<ref name="topography">Cramond Heritage Trust (1996), p. 4</ref> The [[geology]] of Cramond consists of [[calciferous sandstone]], which mixed with two later [[Sill (geology)|sills]] to give the area its characteristic chocolate-brown soil.<ref name="topography">Cramond Heritage Trust (1996), p. 4</ref>

==Demography==
==Landmarks and sculpture==
The 8 tonne work ''Fish'' has been permanently installed on the Waterfront at Cramond in 2009<ref>http://news.scotsman.com/edinburgh/Neighbours-chip-in-to-net.5098132.jp</ref> after a successful campaign by the Cramond community, paying homage to the eight months of carving of the pink granite there by [[sculptor]] [[Ronald Rae]] in 2002.

Cramond Kirk Church Hall also displays the smaller ''Cramond Fish''<ref>http://www.ronaldrae.co.uk/pages/selectedartwork.php?artworkid=46&slideshowcode=UNAVAIL</ref>.

==Architecture==

The older houses along the wharf are typical of traditional south-east Scottish [[vernacular architecture]], constructed in stone with [[harl]]ing white lime render finish, with facing stone window and door surrounds and ''crow-step gables'', roofed with orangey-red clay pantiles imported from the [[Netherlands]]. A ruined water mill lies further up the Almond along a quiet walk past a yacht club and sailing boats moored in the river.To the east a sand beach and waterfront esplanade provides a popular walk to Silverknowes and Granton. On the other side of the Almond, (once accessible by a rowing-boat ferry) the ''Dalmeny Estate'' has a pleasant walk through ''Dalmeny Woods'' along the shore of the Firth of Forth.

Offshore, [[Cramond Island]] has [[World War II|WW II]] fortifications and is linked to land by a [[causeway]] with a line of concrete pylons on one side, constructed as a submarine defence boom. At certain low tides sand extends to the island, tempting visitors to visit the island, though occasionally some are stranded by the incoming tide.

== References ==
===Notes===
{{reflist}}

===Book references===
* {{cite book|author=Cramond Heritage Trust|title= Cramond|year= 1996|publisher=Cramond Heritage Trust |location= Edinburgh|isbn= 0951474138}}
* {{cite book|author=Robert Brown|title= Life in North West Edinburgh 1900-2000: Muttonhole, at the hub of the former greater parish of Cramond|year= 2000|publisher=Pillans & Wilson |location= Edinburgh|isbn=}}
* {{cite web |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=LwIwAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=cramond&as_brr=1 |title=''The Antient and Modern state of the Parish of Cramond'' |author=J. P. Wood|publisher=Edinburgh: John Paterson |date=1794 }}

==External links==
* [http://www.pol.ac.uk/ntslf/tides/?port=0034 Tide Times] '''Note''' that these are the tide times of Leith, for Cramond simply add 4 Minutes. It is safe to cross over to Cramond Island between 2 hours before and 2 hours after low tide.
* [http://www.cramondboatclub.org.uk/ Cramond Boat Club]
* [http://www.scran.ac.uk/packs/exhibitions/learning_materials/webs/56/Cramond.htm Notes on Roman Cramond]
* [http://www.cramondassociation.org.uk/pics.htm Pictures and Notes on Cramond history]

{{otherarticles|Areas of Edinburgh|Areas of Edinburgh}}

[[Category:Settlements established in the 9th millennium BC]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Scotland]]
[[Category:Stone Age sites in Scotland]]
[[Category:Villages in Edinburgh council area]]
[[Category:Ports and harbours of Scotland]]
[[Category:Mesolithic]]

[[fr:Cramond (Édimbourg)]]
[[pt:Cramond]]
[[sh:Cramond]]

Coldhurst

2009-07-16T21:47:13Z

ClickBot: Changing {{Infobox UK place}} population field; see talk. Report problems here

{{infobox UK place
|country = England
|official_name= Coldhurst
|latitude= 53.548981
|longitude= -2.118491
| population = 11,935
| population_ref = ([[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 Census]])
|population_density=
|metropolitan_borough= [[Metropolitan Borough of Oldham|Oldham]]
| metropolitan_county= [[Greater Manchester]]
|region= North West England
|constituency_westminster= [[Oldham West and Royton (UK Parliament constituency)|Oldham West and Royton]]
|post_town= OLDHAM
|postcode_district = OL1
|postcode_area= OL
|dial_code= 0161
|os_grid_reference= SD921058
|london_distance=
|static_image=[[Image:Horsedge Street, Coldhurst.jpg|240px]]
|static_image_caption=Horsedge Street in Coldhurst
}}

'''Coldhurst''' (or more rarely '''Cold Hurst''') is an area of [[Oldham]] and an [[electoral ward]] of the wider [[Metropolitan Borough of Oldham]], in [[Greater Manchester]], England. At the time of the [[United Kingdom Census 2001]], it had a population of 11,935.<ref name="Coldhurst Ward">{{cite web |url=http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=5941622&c=coldhurst&d=14&e=16&g=352331&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&enc=1 |title=Coldhurst (Ward) |author=United Kingdom Census 2001 |publisher=neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk |accessdate=2007-04-07 }}</ref> The electoral ward spans most of Oldham's town centre,<ref name="Criddle">{{Harvnb|Criddle|2002|p=602}}.</ref> although the name Coldhurst more usually applies to the area immediately to its north.

[[Historic counties of England|Historically]] a part of [[Lancashire]], Coldhurst was once constituted a chapelry within the ancient [[ecclesiastical parish]] of [[Prestwich-cum-Oldham]], in the [[Salford (hundred)|Salfordshire hundred]].<ref name="VCH">{{cite web |url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.asp?compid=50889&strquery=prestwich-cum-oldham#s5 |title='Cold-Ashby - Coley' A Topographical Dictionary of England |date=1848 |author=British History Online |publisher=Victoria County History |accessdate=2007-04-07}}</ref>

Coldhurst was the site of considerable industry and commerce, including [[coal mining]], [[cotton mills|cotton spinning]] and hat manufacture.<ref name="VCH"/>

An old Hall existed in the locality, belonging to Abram Crompton, Esq, which, although no longer exists today, gives its name to ''Crompton Street''.

Coldhurst is said to have been the scene of an action in the [[English Civil War]], in which the [[Roundhead|parliamentarians]] were defeated.<ref name="VCH"/>

Coldhurst is located next to [[Westwood, Greater Manchester|Westwood]], and is between Oldham town centre, and the [[Royal Oldham Hospital]]. Coldhurst is home to the Coldhurst Community Centre.

Coldhurst is the home of a significant community of [[South Asian]] (particularly [[Bangladesh]]i) heritage.<ref name="Coldhurst Ward"/> 37% of the population is non-white and most of the white residents live in "bleak council developments".<ref name="Criddle"/>

The area is in the 5% most deprived wards in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oldhamir.org.uk/OIR%20Report.pdf |title=The Ritchie Report |date=2001-12-11 |publisher=Oldham Independent Review |author=David Ritchie |accessdate=2007-04-07}}</ref>

==References==
===Notes===
{{reflist|2}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
*{{citation|last=Brownbill|first=J|coauthors=William Farrer|title=A History of the County of Lancaster: Volume 5|publisher=Victoria County History|year=1911|isbn=978-0-7129-1055-2}}
*{{citation |last=Criddle|title=Almanac of British Politics|first=Byron|coauthors=Waller, Robert|publisher=Routledge|year=2002|location=Great Britain|isbn=0-415-26833-8}}
{{refend}}

{{Areas of Oldham}}

[[Category:Geography of Oldham]]
[[Category:Districts of Greater Manchester]]

{{Manchester-geo-stub}}

Coalisland

2009-07-16T21:42:39Z

ClickBot: Changing {{Infobox UK place}} population field; see talk. Report problems here

{{Infobox UK place
|official_name= Coalisland
|irish_name= Oileán an Ghuail
|scots_name=
|local_name=
|static_image= [[Image:Coalisland.png|250 px]]
|static_image_caption=View from the north of the town
|map_type= Northern Ireland
|latitude= 54.542
|longitude= -6.694
|belfast_distance=
|unitary_northern_ireland= [[Dungannon and South Tyrone Borough Council|Dungannon and South Tyrone Borough]]
| population = 5917
| population_ref = ([[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 Census]])
|irish_grid_reference=H8366
|country= Northern Ireland
|post_town= DUNGANNON
|postcode_area= BT
|postcode_district= BT71
|dial_code= 028
|constituency_westminster= [[Mid Ulster (UK Parliament constituency)|Mid Ulster]]
|constituency_ni_assembly= [[Mid Ulster (Assembly constituency)|Mid Ulster]]
|lieutenancy_northern_ireland=[[County Tyrone]]
|website=
}}

'''Coalisland''' ({{lang-gle|Oileán an Ghuail}}) is a small [[town]] in [[County Tyrone]], [[Northern Ireland]], with a population of 5,917 people (in the [[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 Census]]). As its name suggests, it was formerly a centre for [[coal mining]].

== History ==
On 24 August 1968, the [[Campaign for Social Justice]] (CSJ), the [[Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association]] (NICRA), and other groups, held the first 'civil rights march' in Northern Ireland from Coalisland to [[Dungannon]]. The rally was officially banned, but took place and passed off without incident. The publicity surrounding the march encouraged other protesting groups to form branches of the NICRA.<ref name="CA">{{cite web | title=A Chronology of the Conflict - 1968 | work=Conflict Archive on the Internet (CAIN)| url=http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/chron/ch68.htm | accessdate=11 July 2009}}</ref>

==Transport==
===Canal===
The town was served by a canal (the [[Coalisland Canal]] or Tyrone Navigation), although this is now derelict. A campaign for its restoration is underway. A separate navigation [[Dukart's Canal]] ran from the town to nearby coalpits.
===Rail===
Coalisland railway station was opened on [[28 July]] [[1897]], closed for passenger traffic on [[16 January]] [[1956]] and for goods traffic on [[5 October]] [[1959]], finally closing altogether on [[1 April]] [[1965]]. There is no remains of the railway other than the bridge on the Derry Road and an old goods shed and grown over platforms.<ref>{{cite web | title=Coalisland station | work=Railscot - Irish Railways | url=http://www.railscot.co.uk/Ireland/Irish_railways.pdf | accessdate=2007-09-17}}</ref>

== Education ==
*[[Gaelscoil Ui Neill]]
*[[Primate Dixon Primary School]]
*[[St. John's Primary School, Coalisland|St. John's Primary School]]
*[[St Joseph's High School, Coalisland|St Joseph's High School]]

==Sport==
*[[Coalisland Na Fianna]] is the local [[Gaelic Athletic Association]] club. Its website is [http://www.coalislandnafianna.sports.officelive.com coalisland fianna]

== 2001 Census Information ==
Coalisland is classified by the [http://www.nisra.gov.uk/ NI Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA)] as a Small Town (ie with population between 4,500 and 10,000 people). On Census day ([[29 April]] [[2001]]) there were 5,917 people living in Coalisland. Of these:
*29.6% were aged under 16 years and 12.4% were aged 60 and over
*48.2% of the population were male and 51.8% were female
*95.8% were from a [[Catholic]] background and 3.8% were from a [[Protestantism|Protestant]] background
*4.6% of people aged 16-74 were unemployed.

For more details see: [http://www.ninis.nisra.gov.uk/ NI Neighbourhood Information Service]

==People==
*Coalisland was the birthplace of the 1985 Snooker World Champion [[Dennis Taylor]].
*Comedian [[Peter Kay]]'s mother comes from Coalisland.
*Tommy Corr represented Ireland in the [[1984 Los Angeles Olympics]] as a middle weight boxer and won a bronze medal.
*Northern Ireland international Sean Webb also is from Coalisland(currently on trial at Mansfield Town).

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
*[[List of towns in Northern Ireland]]
*[[List of villages in Northern Ireland]]

[[Category:Coalisland| ]]

[[ast:Coalisland]]
[[bg:Коулайланд]]
[[nl:Coalisland]]
[[pl:Coalisland]]
[[sv:Coalisland]]

Ongar Castle

2009-07-16T21:03:32Z

ClickBot: Changing {{Infobox UK place}} population field; see talk. Report problems here

{{infobox UK place
|country = England
|official_name= Chipping Ongar
|map_type=Greater London
|latitude= 51.70362
|longitude= 0.24496
| population = 6000
| population_ref =  ([[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 Census]])
|shire_district=[[Epping Forest (district)|Epping Forest]]
|shire_county =[[Essex]]
|region= East of England
|constituency_westminster= [[Brentwood and Ongar (UK Parliament constituency)|Brentwood and Ongar]]
|post_town= ONGAR
|postcode_district= CM5
|postcode_area= CM
|dial_code= 01277
|os_grid_reference= TL555035
|static_image = [[File:Chipping Ongar, Essex - geograph.org.uk - 78211.jpg|240px]]
|static_image_caption= Chipping Ongar, High Street
}}

'''Chipping Ongar''' is a [[town]] in the [[Epping Forest (district)|Epping Forest district]] of [[Essex]], [[England]]. In the [[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 census]] had a population of 6000 people.

== Geography ==
Ongar is located at the confluence of several old roads, being placed between [[Chelmsford]] and [[Epping]] on an east-west axis and between [[Dunmow]] and [[Chigwell]] (beyond which is [[London]]) on a north-south axis. To the south-east lies [[Brentwood, Essex|Brentwood]], on the old road to the former [[River Thames]] ferry crossing at [[Tilbury]], though the building in the 1970s of the [[M11 motorway|M11]] and [[M25 motorway]]s means that Ongar is no longer directly on a principal route for petrol tankers (and other less prominent vehicles) travelling from the current [[Dartford Crossing]] and the [[Thames Estuary]] oil refineries.

Chipping Ongar is just one part of the town of Ongar, but is the common name used for the whole town. The parts are, north-to-south: Shelley, Chipping Ongar, and Marden Ash, with Greensted out to the south-west.

The central portion of Ongar High Street comprises a widened main street of the type found in many older English towns whose status as [[market town]]s is believed to have originated during the (little chronicled) Saxon period. The widened high street is used to permit some 'no charge' short term parking that benefits the local shops. The high street does however retain a very narrow stretch, with shops and houses either side very close to the road due to pavement that is barely adequate for two people to pass each other.

Much of the surrounding countryside is occupied by large mechanised farms devoted currently, for the most part, to arable agriculture. During the twentieth century the proximity of London encouraged dairy farming, but the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s were characterised by the removal of hedges and an increase in average field sizes as cattle numbers diminished. The subsoil is of heavy clay, rendering the land too soggy in winter for sheep, and inviting a greater level of attention to ditching and drain maintenance than has been applied to the district's road network since 1974.

== History ==
Ongar was an important [[market town]] in the [[Mediaeval]] period, lying at the centre of a [[hundred (division)|hundred]] and once having a Norman [[castle]]. [[Martin of Tours|St Martin's]] church dates from the 11th century and signs of Norman construction can be identified. A small window in the Sanctuary is believed to indicate the existence of an anchorite's cell in mediaeval times.

Ongar's role in local government was downgraded in 1974 with the abolition of Epping and Ongar [[Rural District Council]]. By 1990 the area's baby boom generation had grown beyond secondary education and the town's secondary school (opened in 1936 with elegant neo-Georgian buildings fronting Fyfield Road, expanded greatly when it became a comprehensive in the 1960s) was closed despite vigorous local protest. Its buildings were demolished to make way for a new residential development. Secondary school age children from the area are bussed to school in surrounding towns, notably Brentwood and Shenfield. A sports centre and swimming pool, built in the 1970s to serve the comprehensive school, continue to serve the locality. Chipping Ongar Primary School, located on the [[Greensted]] Road at the southern edge of the town, and Shelley Primary School at the northern end of town remain. [[Greensted Church]] stands 2 miles to the west of the town - it is believed to be the oldest wooden church in the world.

Several of the small private-sector businesses that operated through to the closing decades of the twentieth century have closed down or relocated as the economic focus of the region has been redirected, especially since the opening of the [[M11 motorway]] in the 1970s, to larger towns in west Essex, especially [[Harlow]] and Brentwood. Local planning policies have focused increasingly on residential development, and Ongar, like very many of the smaller towns in the belt round London, can be viewed primarily as a dormitory town for commuters to London, Brentwood, [[Harlow]] and [[Chelmsford]]. However, the single track rail line that connected Ongar to [[Epping]] (and thereby to London) was closed down in 1994 (see below) and local area road development has not been a priority in recent decades. Ongar also retains a range of retail shops. The words to Twinkle Twinkle Little Star were written in Ongar.{{Fact|date=April 2008}} Chipping Ongar features in [[Will Self|Will Self's]] novel, [[The Book of Dave]].

== Transport ==

=== Bus ===

The main towns buses serve are [[Brentwood, Essex|Brentwood]], [[Chelmsford]], [[Harlow]] and [[Epping]]. The most frequent routes are the 500 and 501 operating hourly.

{| class="wikitable"
|'''Route Number'''
|'''Route'''
|'''Operational Details'''
|'''Operator'''
|-
|'''7/7B'''
|[[Epping|Ivy Chimneys ''Spotted Dog'']] / [[Epping tube station|Epping Station]] {{rail-interchange|london|underground}} to [[Chelmsford|Chelmsford ''Bus Station'']] {{rail-interchange|gb|rail}} via [[North Weald]]
|Mon-Fri, 5 return journeys
|[[Regal Busways]]
|-
|'''32'''
|Ongar ''Two Brewers'' to [[Chelmsford|Chelmsford ''Bus Station'']] {{rail-interchange|gb|rail}}via [[Writtle]]
|Mon-Sat, 6 return journeys
|[[Imperial Buses]]
|-
|'''46'''
|Ongar ''Two Brewers'' to [[Chelmsford|Moulsham ''Oaklands Park'']] via [[Chelmsford]]
|Mon-Sat, 5 return journeys
|[[First Essex]]
|-
|'''47'''
|Ongar ''Two Brewers'' to [[Harlow|Harlow ''Bus Station'']] via [[Matching Tye]]
|Tuesdays and Thurs-Sat, 1 return journey
|[[Tellings Golden Miller|Excel Coaches]]
|-
|'''146'''
|Ongar ''Two Brewers'' to [[Hatfield Heath|Hatfield Heath ''White Horse'']] via [[Ongar|Fyfield]]
|Tuesday and Thursday, 1 return journey
|[[Tellings Golden Miller|Excel Coaches]]
|-
|'''[[Essex bus route 500|500]]''' {{access icon|15px}}
|Ongar ''Two Brewers'' to [[Harlow|Harlow ''Bus Station'']] (all journeys) / [[Old Harlow]] (peak hours only) via [[Epping]]
|Mon-Sat every hour
|[[Arriva Shires & Essex]]
|-
|'''501'''
|[[Brentwood, Essex|Warley ''Eagle Way'']] (Mon-Sat only) / Ongar ''Two Brewers'' (all journeys) to [[Harlow|Harlow ''Bus Station'']] (all journeys) / [[Old Harlow]] (Mon-Sat peaks hours) via [[Brentwood, Essex|Brentwood]] and [[Epping]]
|Mon-Sat every hour, Sunday every 2 hours
|[[Arriva Shires & Essex]]
{{end}}

There are also school routes operated by [[NIBS (bus company)|N.I.B.S]] which are routes 434, 436, 437 operating to Shenfield schools and routes 471, 472, 473 operating to Brentwood schools.

Also see [[List of bus routes in Essex|Essex Bus Routes]].

=== Ongar tube station ===
The town is known for [[Ongar tube station]], the most north easterly station on the [[London Underground]] until closure of the single track Epping to Ongar section in 1994. The electrification was removed, but the line now operates with a 1950s vintage [[diesel multiple unit]], employing the services of enthusiasts / volunteers (currently an hourly service) on Sundays and some holidays. The line exists again as the [[Epping Ongar Railway]], but there is no connection with the London Underground services at Epping due to the lack of any suitable platform availability at Epping station which is operated by London Underground: only Ongar and North Weald stations are served by the trains (as well as a stopping point at Coopersale). The town is situated approximately 6 miles east of the market town of [[Epping]] and is encompassed within the [[Epping Forest District Council]].

== In Popular Culture ==

On [[The Who|the Who's]] album, [[Live at Leeds]], [[Keith Moon]] refers to Chipping Ongar in a bit of stage banter as part of the introduction to their so-called "mini-opera," [[A Quick One, While He's Away]]. Guitarist [[Pete Townshend]] is in the middle of explaining the storyline to the audience, involving a lonely wife and her lover, Ivor the Engine Driver: "So what happens is uh, they uh, fu, they fornicate."

Moon interrupts to ask, "What's that, Pete? I thought it was a little station outside Chipping Ongar!" and Townshend tells him, "No no no."

Moon, who was the band's drummer, replies, "That's the trouble always sitting here in the back," to which Townshend deadpans back to the audience, "He always gets off at the wrong stop."

== Twinning ==

* [[Image:Flag of France.svg|20px]] [[Cerizay]] ([[France]])

== External links ==

{{Epping Forest}}
{{Essex}}
[[Category:Towns in Essex]]
[[Category:Epping Forest]]

[[fr:Chipping Ongar]]
[[it:Chipping Ongar]]
[[no:Chipping Ongar]]
[[pl:Chipping Ongar]]
[[ro:Chipping Ongar]]

Chipping Norton Castle

2009-07-16T21:03:20Z

ClickBot: Changing {{Infobox UK place}} population field; see talk. Report problems here

{{Infobox UK place
| official_name= Chipping Norton
| nickname= Chippy
| country= England
| region= South East England
| population = 5,972
| population_ref = <ref name="population">{{cite web | url = http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=7&b=6096480&c=chipping+norton&d=14&e=16&g=481610&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1234221284148&enc=1&dsFamilyId=77 | title = Sex (UV03), Chipping Norton (Ward) | accessdate = 2009-02-09 | date = 2004-11-18 | work = 2001 Census: Census Area Statistics | publisher = Office for National Statistics | location = United Kingdom | quote = All People (Persons) Count: 5,972; Males (Persons) Count: 2,879; Females (Persons) Count: 3,093}}</ref>
| os_grid_reference= SP309269
| london_distance= 74.5mi
| latitude= 51.94
| longitude= -1.55
| post_town= CHIPPING NORTON
| postcode_area= OX
| postcode_district= OX7
| dial_code= 01608
| constituency_westminster= [[Witney (UK Parliament constituency)|Witney]]
| civil_parish=
| shire_district= West Oxfordshire
| shire_county= [[Oxfordshire]]
}}

'''Chipping Norton''' is a [[town]] in the [[Cotswold Hills]] in [[Oxfordshire]], England, about {{convert|12|mi|km}} [[southwest]] of [[Banbury]]. It is the highest town above [[Elevation|sea level]] in Oxfordshire. {{Fact|date=July 2009}}

==History until the 17th century==

The [[Rollright Stones]], a [[stone circle]] {{convert|2.5|mi|km}} north of Chipping Norton, are evidence of prehistoric habitation in the area.

The town's [[toponymy|toponym]] means 'market north town', with "Chipping" (from [[Old English]] ''cēping'') meaning 'market'. It is not clear what the original [[Anglo-Saxons|Saxon]] settlement was north of, but John Blair, Professor of Medieval History and Archaeology at the [[University of Oxford]], suggested in 2000 at a lecture in Chipping Norton [[Town Hall]] that [[Charlbury]] to the south, now a smaller town, was in [[Anglo-Saxons|Anglo-Saxon]] times a more important [[minster]] town and that Chipping Norton's "nor-" prefix refers to this geographical and pastoral relationship with Charlbury.

Chipping Norton began as a small settlement at the foot of a hill on which stand the [[motte-and-bailey]] [[Chipping Norton Castle]] Only the earthworks of the [[castle]] remain.

The [[parish church]] of [[Mary (mother of Jesus)|Saint Mary the Virgin]] was built on the hill next to the castle. Parts of the present building may date from the [[12th century]]. It certainly retains features from the [[13th century|14th]] and [[14th century|14th]] [[century|centuries]]. The [[nave]] was largely rebuilt in about 1485 with a [[clerestorey]] in the [[English_gothic_architecture#Perpendicular_Gothic|Perpendicular]] style. This rebuilding is believed to have been funded by John Ashfield, a wool merchant, making St. Mary's an example of a "[[wool church]]". The [[bell tower]] was rebuilt in 1825<ref>{{Cite book | author=Pevsner, Nikolaus| authorlink= | coauthors= Sherwood, Jennifer| title=The Buildings of England: Oxfordshire | date=1974 | publisher=Penguin | location=Harmondsworth | isbn=0 14 071045 0 | pages=536-538}}</ref><ref>[http://www.st-marys-cnorton.com/httpdocs/ Parish Church of St. Mary the Virgin]</ref> and has a [[Change ringing|ring]] of eight bells.<ref>[http://www.chippy-bells.org.uk/towers.htm Oxford Diocesan Guild of Church Bell ringers, Chipping Norton Branch]</ref>

[[Image:Alms houses, Chipping Norton.JPG|thumb|left|[[Almshouse]]s in Chipping Norton]]
In the [[Middle Ages]] wool production made the Cotswolds one of the wealthiest parts of England. Many of the [[Middle Ages|mediaeval]] buildings built in the town as a result of that trade still survive. It became the new centre of the town and remains so today. There is still a weekly market every Wednesday and the "[[Mop Fair]]" in September. In 1205 a new marketplace was laid out higher up the hill.

Later, sheep farming was largely displaced by [[arable]], but [[agriculture]] remained important in this part of the Oxfordshire Cotswolds. Many of the original houses around the market place were rebuilt in the [[18th century]] with fashionable [[Georgian architecture|Georgian]] frontages.

The [[almshouse]]s were built in 1640 {{Fact|date=July 2009}}. An inscription records that they were ''"The work and gift of Henry Cornish, gent"''.

==History from the 18th century onwards==

In 1796 James and William Hitchman founded Hitchman's Brewery in West Street. In 1849 the business built a larger brewery in Albion Street that included a [[malt]]house and its own [[water well]]s. Three generations of Hitchmans ran the brewery, but in 1890 Alfred Hitchman sold the business as a [[limited company]]. The new company grew by buying other breweries in 1891 and 1917. In 1924 it merged with Hunt Edmunds of Banbury, and in 1931 Hunt Edmunds Hitchmans closed the brewery in Chipping Norton.<ref>[http://www.geocities.com/mamachic1/brewery.html Hitchman's Brewery history]</ref>

Other industries in the town included a wool mill (see below), a [[glove]]-making factory, a [[tannery]] and an [[iron]] [[foundry]].

Chipping Norton had a [[Workhouse]] by the [[1770s]]. In 1836 the [[architect]] [[George Wilkinson (architect)|George Wilkinson]] built a new, larger workhouse. It had four wings radiating from an octagonal central building, similar to [[Witney]] workhouse, which also was built by Wilkinson. The architect [[George Edmund Street|G.E. Street]] added a chapel to Chipping Norton workhouse in 1856-57. It ceased to be a workhouse in 1929 and became a [[hospital]] in the [[World War II|Second World War]]. The [[National Health Service]] took it over in 1948, making it Cotshill Hospital which later served as a [[psychiatric hospital]]. The hospital was closed in 1983.<ref>[http://www.oxfordshirehealtharchives.nhs.uk/hospitals/cotshill.htm Cotshill Hospital history]</ref> and has since been redeveloped as private residences.

[[Image:Chipping-Norton-Town-Hall.jpg|thumb|right|Town Hall]]
Chipping Norton was one of the [[borough]]s reformed by the [[Municipal Corporations Act 1835]]. The borough built its [[Neoclassical architecture|neoclassical]] [[Town Hall]] in 1842.

Holy [[Trinity]] [[Roman Catholic church]] is also neoclassical. It was built in 1836 by the architect John Adey Repton, a [[grandson]] of the [[English garden]] designer [[Humphry Repton]].

The [[Chipping Norton Railway]] opened in 1855, linking the town with [[Kingham railway station|Kingham]] on the [[Oxford, Worcester and Wolverhampton Railway]].<ref>[http://archive.theoxfordtimes.net/2005/3/14/4601.html ''The Oxford Times'', 14 March 2005]</ref> By 1881 a second railway had opened, linking Chipping Norton to the [[Oxford and Rugby Railway]] at [[King's Sutton railway station|King's Sutton]], and the CNR became part of the resulting [[Banbury and Cheltenham Direct Railway]]. Extending the railway from Chipping Norton involved digging a [[tunnel]] {{convert|685|yd|m}} long<ref>[http://deaves47.users.btopenworld.com/Tunnels/Tunnels1.htm Railway Tunnel Lengths website, page 1]</ref> under Elmsfield Farm to the [[west]] of the town.

In 1951 [[British Rail]]ways withdrew passenger services between Chipping Norton and [[Banbury railway station|Banbury]]. In 1962 BR closed [[Chipping Norton railway station]] and withdrew passenger services between Chipping Norton and [[Kingham railway station|Kingham]]. In 1964 BR closed the B&CDR to [[freight]] traffic, and thereafter dismantled the line. The disused railway tunnel is now bricked up at both ends to prevent access, both for people's safety and to protect any [[bat]]s that may roost inside. (''See [[Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981]]'')

Bliss Mill, on the western side of the town, was built as a [[tweed]] mill in 1872. In 1913-14 the millworkers [[Strike action|struck]] for eight [[month]]s. The mill closed in 1980 and has since been converted into [[apartments]]. It remains a local landmark, clearly visible from the [[Worcester]] Road.

The town lost its status as a [[municipal borough]] in 1974, when the [[Local Government Act 1972]] made it a [[successor parish]] within the district of [[West Oxfordshire]].

==Notable people==

In 1581 the neo-Latin poet '''[[Elizabeth Jane Weston]]''', also known as Westonia, was born in Chipping Norton. She soon moved to [[Prague]] with her mother and stepfather [[Edward Kelley]], an [[alchemy|alchemist]] at the court of [[Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Rudolf II]]. She died in Prague in 1612.

'''[[James Hind]]''' was born in the town in 1616. He was a notorious [[highwayman]] in the area, executed for [[high treason]] in 1652.

[[Image:Cows in Chipping Norton.JPG|thumb|left|Bliss Mill]]
In 1763 the '''[[Edward Stone (discoverer of the active ingredient of Aspirin)|Reverend Edward Stone]]''' (1702–68), while living in Chipping Norton, reported to the [[Royal Society]] that [[willow]] bark relieved pain, later discovered to contain 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Salicylic acid) a mild [[analgesic]], and prepared via [[esterification]] into [[aspirin]].<ref name="Michael Volkin"> Volkin, Michael (ed.), ''Nuffield Advanced Chemistry Students Book'', Longman, 2000, ISBN 0-582-32835-7</ref>

'''[[William Bliss (mill owner)|William Bliss]]''', modernised the textile industry using the technology of the [[industrial revolution]]. He was also the promoter of the Chipping Norton Railway (see above). After a fire destroyed his old [[textile mill]] in the town, Bliss built the Bliss Mill in 1872 (see above).

In the [[1850s]] '''[[Charles Stewart Parnell]]''' from [[Ireland]] was sent to school in the town. He later became an [[Member_of_parliament#United_Kingdom|MP]] and in the [[1880s]] he led the Irish [[Home Rule League]], which he renamed the [[Irish Parliamentary Party]].

Joseph Allen was born in Chipping Norton, moved to Canada, and became a business owner and mayor of [[Verdun, Quebec]], a borough on the [[Island of Montreal]].{{Fact|date=February 2009}}

The [[artist]] '''[[Conroy Maddox]]''' lived with his parents at the Blue Boar pub in the town centre from 1929 until 1933. He used one of the bedrooms as a studio and later became Britain's leading [[Surealism|surrealist]].

The [[World record]]-holding [[Ocean rowing|ocean rower]] '''[[Janice Meek]]''' lived for many years in Chipping Norton. She was the first female Chairman of the Chipping Norton Chamber of Commerce, served on the Town Council and served for a year as [[Mayor#English-Saxon_mayors_and_counterparts|Mayor]].<ref>[http://archive.witneygazette.co.uk/1998/3/2/86692.html ''Witney Gazette'' 2nd March 1998]</ref>

The actors '''[[Rachel Ward]]''' and '''[[Wentworth Miller]]''' were born in Chipping Norton.

[[The who|The Who]] [[drummer]] '''[[Keith Moon]]''' once owned the Crown and Cushion Hotel in the High Street. Former [[comedian]] '''[[Ronnie Barker]]''' ran The Emporium [[antique shop]] in Chipping Norton after his retirement from showbusiness in [[1987]].

The [[television]] broadcaster '''[[Jeremy Clarkson]]''' lives in Chipping Norton.

==Chipping Norton today==

The town is a retail and leisure centre for its area, with a [[supermarket]] and numerous [[Retailing|shop]]s including branches of a number of national [[chain store]]s. It has a number of [[public house]]s and a [[theatre]].<ref>[http://www.chippingnortontheatre.co.uk/ The Theatre, Chipping Norton]</ref>

The town has three [[school]]s. Holy Trinity [[Roman Catholic church|Roman Catholic]] School<ref>[http://www.holy-trinity.oxon.sch.uk/ Holy Trinity RC School]</ref>
and St Mary's [[Church of England]] School<ref>[http://www.st-marys-chipping.oxon.sch.uk/ St Mary's C of E School]</ref> are [[primary]] schools. Chipping Norton School<ref>[http://www.chipping-norton.oxon.sch.uk/ Chipping Norton School]</ref> is the town's [[secondary school]] and has a [[Sixth form]].

Chipping Norton [[Rugby Union]] Football Club<ref>[http://www.cnrufc.co.uk/ Chipping Norton RUFC]</ref> first XV plays in the Southern Counties North League and was the league champion ifor the [[2007]]-[[2008]] season. Chipping Norton Town [[Football (soccer)|Football]] Club<ref>[http://www.chippingnorton.net/SPORT/chippyFC2005.htm Chipping Norton Town FC]</ref> used to play in the [[Hellenic Football League]] premier division. Chipping Norton Town Cricket Club plays in Oxfordshire Cricket Association Division 6. The town also has a [[bowls]] club.<ref>[http://www.wospweb.com/site/chippy-bowls/index.htm Chipping Norton Bowls Club]</ref>

Chipping Norton has a [[Women's Institute]]<ref>[http://www.oxfordshirefwi.freeuk.com/ Oxfordshire Federeation of Women's Institutes]</ref> and a [[Rotary Club]].<ref>[http://www.rotary-ribi.org/clubs/homepage.asp?ClubID=530 Chipping Norton Rotary Club]</ref>

==Notes and references==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.chippingnorton.net ChippingNorton.net]
*[http://www.chippingnortontown.info Chipping Norton Town Partnership]
*[http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/C/CH/CHIPPING_NORTON.htm Chipping Norton] — [[1911 Encyclopædia Britannica]] article.
*[http://www.chippingnortontheatre.co.uk The Theatre]
*{{dmoz|/Regional/Europe/United_Kingdom/England/Oxfordshire/Chipping_Norton/|Chipping Norton}}
*[http://www.cotswolds.info/places/chipping-norton.shtml Chipping Norton Tourist Information and Visitor Guide]

{{West Oxfordshire}}
{{Oxfordshire}}

[[Category:Towns in Oxfordshire]]
[[Category:Market towns in England]]

[[bg:Чипинг Нортън]]
[[cy:Chipping Norton]]
[[es:Chipping Norton]]
[[eo:Chipping Norton]]
[[fr:Chipping Norton]]
[[it:Chipping Norton (Oxfordshire)]]
[[nl:Chipping Norton]]
[[no:Chipping Norton]]
[[pl:Chipping Norton]]
[[pt:Chipping Norton]]
[[ro:Chipping Norton]]
[[vo:Chipping Norton]]

Chiddingly

2009-07-16T20:06:17Z

ClickBot: Changing {{Infobox UK place}} population field; see talk. Report problems here

{{Infobox UK place
| official_name=Chiddingly
| country=England
| region=South East England
| static_image=
| static_image_caption=
| area_footnotes=<ref name=ESiF>{{cite web |url=http://www.eastsussexinfigures.org.uk/webview/ |title=East Sussex in Figures |accessdate=2008-04-26 |publisher=East Sussex County Council}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 =17.6
| population = 1,006
| population_ref = (Parish-2007) <ref name=ESiF />
| population_density= {{Pop density mi2 to km2|148|precision=0|abbr=yes}}
| os_grid_reference=TQ543142
| latitude=50.91
| longitude=0.19
| post_town=LEWES
| postcode_area=BN
| postcode_district=BN8
| dial_code=01825
| constituency_westminster=[[Wealden (UK Parliament constituency)|Wealden]]
| london_distance={{convert|43|mi}} [[Boxing the compass|NNW]]
| shire_district=[[Wealden]]
| shire_county=[[East Sussex]]
| website=http://www.chiddingly.gov.uk/
}}
'''Chiddingly''' ({{pronEng|ˈtʃɪdɪŋˌlaɪ}}, "Chidding-lye") is a village and [[civil parish]] in the [[Wealden]] District of [[East Sussex]], some five miles (8 km) [[northwest]] of [[Hailsham]]. The parish is rural in character: it includes the village of Chiddingly and a collection of [[Hamlet (place)|hamlets]]: the largest of these being Muddles Green and Thunder's Hill; others being Gun Hill, Whitesmith, Golden Cross, Broomham and Upper Dicker.<ref>[http://www.chiddingly.gov.uk/History/Parish%20Maps.html Map showing location of Chiddingly]</ref> It covers {{convert|7|sqmi|km2}} of countryside. Of the more than 340 dwellings in the parish, over fifty have the word "Farm" in their postal address.

==Geography==
The parish is in the Low [[Weald]]. Like [[Rome]], it is founded upon seven [[hill]]s: Burgh Hill; Thunders Hill; Holmes Hill; Scrapers Hill; Stone Hill; Pick Hill; and Gun Hill,<ref>[http://www.chiddingly.gov.uk/Parochial%20History%20of%20Chiddingly/Part%201.html Parochial history of Chiddingly]</ref> the latter being on the [[A22 road]] in the south of the parish. Tributaries of the [[River Cuckmere]] flow both north and south of the village.

==History==
The presence of low-grade [[Iron ore#Magnetite_banded_iron_deposits|iron ore]] in the [[Hastings Beds|local sandstone]] supported [[Roman Britain|Roman]] [[mining]] and [[smelting]] in the area.{{fact|date=February 2009}}

The [[Domesday Book]] of [[1086]] refers to ''Cetelingei'': the final ''-ly'' of the name shows it to have had [[Anglo-Saxon language|Saxon]] origins. There is a large number of [[manorialism|manorial]] buildings in the parish, including Chiddingly Place.

==Points of Interest==
[[Burgh Hill Farm Meadow]] is a [[Sites of Special Scientific Interest|Site of Special Scientific Interest]] (SSSI) within the parish.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.english-nature.org.uk/special/sssi/sssi_details.cfm?sssi_id=1001647 |title=Natural England - SSSI |accessdate=2008-05-29|publisher=English Nature}}</ref> This is a hedgerow-surrounded meadow of an uncommon grassland type.

The [[Church of England]] [[parish church]] at Chiddingly is of unknown date and dedication, but references to it occur from the [[13th century]].<ref>[http://www.chiddinglychurch.org.uk/ Chiddingly parish church]</ref> Today the parish is part of a united [[Benefice#Church_of_England|benefice]] with the neighbouring parish of [[East Hoathly with Halland|East Hoathly]]. A [[Congregational church|Congregational]] [[chapel]] was founded in Chiddingly [[1901]].

Chiddingly has a [[primary school]].<ref>[http://www.chiddingly.ik.org/ Chiddingly Primary School]</ref>.

The annual Chiddingly Festival includes various entertainments around the village.<ref>[http://www.chiddinglyfestival.co.uk/ Chiddingly Festival]</ref> Chiddingly has three [[public houses]]: The Gun Inn in the village, and The Six Bells Inn and The Inn on the Park at Golden Cross. Chiddingly has a [[village hall]].

In [[1971]] the [[film director]] Philip Trevelyan made the [[documentary film]] ''The Moon and the Sledgehammer''<ref>[http://www.themoonandthesledgehammer.com/ ''The Moon and the Sledgehammer'' official website]</ref> about the Page [[family]] who lived in a [[Woodland|wood]] outside the village and operated two [[traction engine]]s: an [[William Allchin Ltd|Allchin]]<ref>[http://www.allchin.net/traction/index.html Allchin Files about Wm. Allchin traction engines]</ref> and a [[John Fowler & Co.|Fowler]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{dmoz|Regional/Europe/United_Kingdom/England/East_Sussex/Chiddingly/}}

[[Category:Local government in East Sussex]]
[[Category:Villages in East Sussex]]
[[Category:Wealden]]

Chew Stoke

2009-07-16T20:04:28Z

ClickBot: Changing {{Infobox UK place}} population field; see talk. Report problems here

{{pp-move-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{featured article}}
{{infobox UK place
|static_image=[[Image:Chewstokevillagescape.JPG|240px]]
|static_image_caption=A view of Chew Stoke
|country = England
|latitude= 51.3507
|longitude= -2.6383
|official_name= Chew Stoke
|civil_parish= Chew Stoke
| population = 905
| population_ref = ([[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 Census]])
|unitary_england=[[Bath and North East Somerset]]
|lieutenancy_england= [[Somerset]]
|region= South West England
|constituency_westminster= [[Wansdyke (UK Parliament constituency)|Wansdyke]]
|constituency_westminster1= ([[North East Somerset (UK Parliament constituency)|North East Somerset]] from next general election)
|post_town= BRISTOL
|postcode_district = BS40
|postcode_area= BS
|dial_code= 01275
|os_grid_reference= ST555615
|london_distance= 111 mi (179 km) [[Boxing the compass|E]]
}}

'''Chew Stoke''' is a small village and [[civil parish]] in the [[Chew Valley]], in [[Somerset]], England, about {{convert|8|mi|km|0}} south of [[Bristol]]. It is at the northern edge of the [[Mendip Hills]], a region designated by the United Kingdom as an [[Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty]], and is within the Bristol/[[Bath, Somerset|Bath]] [[Green belt (UK)|Green Belt]]. The parish includes the hamlet of Breach Hill, which is approximately {{convert|2|mi|km|1}} southwest of Chew Stoke itself.

Chew Stoke has a long history, as shown by the number and range of its [[listed buildings|heritage-listed]] buildings. The village is at the northern end of [[Chew Valley Lake]], which was created in the 1950s, close to a dam, pumping station, sailing club, and fishing lodge. A tributary of the [[River Chew]], which rises in Strode, runs through the village.

The population, approximately 900, is served by one shop, two [[public house]]s, a [[primary school]] and, a [[Bowls|bowling club]]. Together with [[Chew Magna]], it forms the [[Ward (politics)|ward]] of Chew Valley North in the [[unitary authority]] of [[Bath and North East Somerset]]. [[Chew Valley School]] and its associated leisure centre are less than a mile (1.6 km) from Chew Stoke. The village has some areas of light industry but is largely agricultural; many residents commute to nearby cities for employment.

==History==
[[Image:Chewstoke.gif|thumb|Village sign depicting the Pack Horse Bridge, [[St Andrews Church, Chew Stoke|St Andrew's Church]] and a Bilbie bell (and bell-foundry worker)]]

=== Prehistory ===
[[archaeology|Archaeological]] [[Excavation (archaeology)|excavations]] carried out between 1953 and 1955 by [[Philip Rahtz]] and [[Ernest Greenfield]] from the [[Ministry of Works]] found evidence of extensive human occupation of the area. Consecutive habitation, spanning thousands of years from the [[Upper Palaeolithic]], [[Mesolithic]], and [[Neolithic]] periods (Old, Middle, and New [[Stone Age]]), to the [[Bronze Age|Bronze]] and [[Iron Age]]s had left numerous [[Artifact (archaeology)|artifact]]s behind. Discoveries have included stone knives, [[flint]] blades, and the head of a [[Mace (club)|mace]], along with buildings and graves.<ref name="ross">{{cite book | author = Ross, Lesley (Ed.)| year = 2004 | title = Before the Lake: Memories of the Chew Valley | publisher = The Harptree Historic Society | isbn =0-9548832-0-9 }}</ref>

===Romano-Celtic temple===
{{Main|Pagans Hill Roman Temple}}
Chew Stoke is the site of a [[Romano-British|Romano-Celtic]] double-octagonal [[temple]], possibly dedicated to the god [[Mercury (mythology)|Mercury]]. The temple, on Pagans Hill, was excavated by [[Philip Rahtz]] between 1949 and 1951. It consisted of an inner wall, which formed the sanctuary, surrounded by an outer wall forming an ambulatory, or covered walkway {{convert|56.5|ft|m|1}} across. It was first built in the late 3rd century but was twice rebuilt, finally collapsing in the 5th century.<ref>{{cite book |last=Aston |first=Michael |authorlink=Mick Aston |coauthors=Rob Iles |title=The archeology of Avon |year=1987 |publisher=Avon County Council |location=Bristol |isbn=0860632822 }}</ref> The positioning of the temple on what is now known as Pagans Hill may seem apt, but there is no evidence for any link between the existence of the temple and the naming of the road.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dunning |first=Robert |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=A History of Somerset |year=1983 |publisher=Phillimore & Co |location=Chichester |isbn=0-85033-461-6 }}</ref>

=== Middle Ages ===
During the [[Middle Ages]], farming was the most important activity in the area, and farming, both [[Arable land|arable]] and [[Dairy farming|dairy]], continues today. There were also orchards producing fruits such as apples, pears, and plums.<ref name="ross" /> Evidence exists of [[Limekiln|lime kilns]], used in the production of mortar for the construction of local churches.

In the [[Domesday Book]] of 1086, Chew Stoke was listed as ''Chiwestoche'', and was recorded as belonging to [[Gilbert Fitz-Turold]]. He conspired with the [[Duke of Normandy]] against King [[William Rufus]], and subsequently, all his lands were seized. The next recorded owner was [[Earl of Hertford|Lord Beauchamp of Hache]]. He became "lord of the manor" when the earls of Gloucester, with hereditary rights to Chew Stoke, surrendered them to him.<ref name="hucker">{{cite book | author = Hucker, Ernest| year = 1997 | title = Chew Stoke Recalled in Old Photographs | publisher = Ernest Hucker | isbn =0953170004 }}</ref> According to Stephen Robinson, the author of ''Somerset Place Names'', the village was then known as ''Chew Millitus'', suggesting that it may have had some military potential. The name "Stoke", from the old English ''stoc'', meaning a stockade, may support that idea.<ref>{{cite book |last=Robinson |first=Stephen |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Somerset Place Names |year=1992 |publisher=The Dovecote Press Ltd |location=Wimborne, Dorset |isbn=1874336032}}</ref> Little appears to have been written about this or subsequent periods in the history of the village.

===Bilbie family of bell and clockmakers===
{{Main|Bilbie family}}
[[Image:Cschurchbilbiebell.JPG|thumb|Bilbie bell kept in St Andrews Church as a memorial to the family]]
The Bilbie family of [[bellmaking|bell founders]] and clockmakers lived and worked in Chew Stoke for more than 200 years, from the late 1600s until the 1800s. They produced more than 1,350 church bells, which were hung in churches all over the [[West Country]]. Their oldest surviving bell, cast in 1698, is still giving good service in the local [[St Andrew's Church, Chew Stoke|St Andrew's Church]]. The earliest Bilbie clocks date from 1724 and are highly prized. They are mostly [[longcase clock]]s, the cheapest with 30-hour [[Movement (clockwork)|movements]] in modest oak cases, but some have high quality eight-day movements with additional features, such as showing the high tide at [[Bristol Harbour|Bristol docks]]. These latter clocks were fitted into quality [[Cabinet making|cabinet maker]] cases and command high prices.<ref>{{cite web | title=Bilbie – Bell founders and clockmakers | work=Troyte Ringing Centre | url=http://www.troyteringingcentre.org.uk/bampton_bells.htm | accessdate=2006-11-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | author = Moore, J. Rice, R. and Hucker, E. | year = 1995 | title = Bilbie and the Chew Valley clockmakers : the story of the renowned family of Somerset bellfounder-clockmakers /Clockmakers | publisher=The authors | isbn=0952670208 }}</ref>

===Recent history===
In the 20th century, Chew Stoke expanded slightly with the influx of residents from the Chew Valley Lake area. These new residents were moved to Chew Stoke when the lake was created in the 1950s.<ref name="ross" /> In [[World War II]], 42 children and three teachers, who had been evacuated from Avenmore school in [[London]], were accommodated in the village.<ref name="hucker" /> On 10 July 1968, torrential rainfall, with {{convert|175|mm|in|0}} falling in 18 hours on Chew Stoke, double the area's average rainfall for the whole of July,<ref name="ea">{{cite book|last=Richley|first=Rob|title=The Chew Valley floods of 1968|publisher=Environment Agency|location=Exeter|date=June 2008}}</ref> led to widespread flooding in the Chew Valley, and water reached the first floor of many buildings.<ref name="hucker" /> The damage in Chew Stoke was not as severe as in some of the surrounding villages, such as [[Pensford]]; however, fears that the [[Chew Valley Lake]] dam would be breached caused considerable anxiety.<ref>{{cite web | title=Memories of Bristol's Weather – The Great Flood of 1968 | url=http://www.bristolhistory.com/?pageid=61234 | publisher = bristolhistory.com | accessdate=2007-07-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://weldgen.tripod.com/the-great-flood-1968/index.html |title=The Great Flood of 1968 |accessdate=2007-10-29 |format= |work=Memories of Bristol }}</ref>

On 4 February 2001, Her Royal Highness [[Anne, Princess Royal|Princess Anne]], opened the Rural Housing Trust development at Salway Close.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gnn.gov.uk/content/detail.asp?NewsAreaID=2&ReleaseID=22185&print=true |title=Royal Diary of Engagements – January–August | date = 10 January 2001
|accessdate=2007-07-03 |publisher=Government News Network }}</ref> Each year, over a weekend in September (usually the first one), a "Harvest Home" is held with horse and pet shows, bands, a [[funfair]], and other entertainments. The Harvest Home was cancelled for one year (1997) as a mark of respect following the death of Princess Diana in the previous week. The Radford's factory site, where refrigeration equipment was formerly manufactured, was identified as a [[Brownfield land|brownfield site]] suitable for [[residential development]] in the 2002 Draft Local Plan of Bath and North East Somerset.<ref>{{cite web | title=Bath & North East Somerset Local Plan Deposit Draft January 2002 | url=http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/localplans/banes/c1.htm | publisher = Bath & North East Somerset Council | accessdate=2006-11-05}}</ref> That plan has generated controversy about balancing land use to meet residential, social, and employment needs.<ref>{{cite web | title=Topic: Parish Council's response to Charles Church plans | publisher=Chew Stoke Forums | url=http://www.chew-stoke.cx:8888/chewforum/forum_posts.asp?TID=177 | date = 14 December 2006 | accessdate=2007-06-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chewvalleygazette.co.uk/04_02/news_0402_lowerleft.html |title= Plans for Radfords site to be unveiled|accessdate=2007-07-03 |work=Chew Valley Gazette }}</ref>

==Governance==
Chew Stoke has its own nine-member [[parish council]] with responsibility for local issues, including setting an annual precept (local rate) to cover the council’s operating costs and producing annual accounts for public scrutiny. The parish council evaluates local planning applications and works with the local police, district council officers, and [[Neighbourhood Watch (UK)|neighbourhood watch]] groups on matters of crime, security, and traffic. The council's role also includes initiating projects for the maintenance and repair of parish facilities, as well as consulting with the district council on the maintenance, repair, and improvement of highways, drainage, footpaths, public transport, and street cleaning. Conservation matters (including trees and listed buildings) and environmental issues are also the responsibility of the council.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chew-stoke.cx:8888/chewforum/forum_posts.asp?TID=2 |title= Chew Stoke Parish Council – What we do|accessdate=2007-07-13 |format= |work=Chew Stoke Forums }}</ref>

The village is part of the [[Ward (politics)|ward]] of Chew Valley North in the [[unitary authority]] of Bath and North East Somerset, which has the wider responsibility for providing services such as education, refuse collection, and tourism. The ward is currently represented by [[Councillor]] Malcolm Hannay, a member of the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/BathNES/councilanddemocracy/councillorsdemocracyandelections/councillorsinformationandadvice/councillorscontactdetails.htm |title=Chew Valley North Councillor |accessdate=2007-07-13 |format= |work=Bath and North East Somerset Council }}</ref> It is also part of the [[Wansdyke (UK Parliament constituency)|Wansdyke constituency]], which will become [[North East Somerset (UK Parliament constituency)|North East Somerset]] at the next general election, and part of the [[South West England (European Parliament constituency)|South West England constituency]] of the [[European Parliament]]. The sitting [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Wansdyke (UK Parliament constituency)|Wansdyke]] is [[Dan Norris]], a member of the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]].

The police service is provided by [[Avon and Somerset Constabulary]] with two [[Police Community Support Officer|Community Support Officer]] and one police officer covering the wider Chew Valley area. The [[Avon Fire and Rescue Service]] have a fire station at Chew Magna.

== Geography ==
[[Image:ChewStokeMap.jpg|thumb|left|Pictorial map of Chew Stoke]]
The area of Chew Stoke is surrounded by [[arable land]] and [[Dairy farming|dairy]] farms on the floor of the [[Chew Valley]]. It is located along the Strode Brook tributary of the [[River Chew]], on the northwest side of the [[Chew Valley Lake]]. While much of the area has been cleared for farming, trees line the tributary and many of the roads. The village is built along the main thoroughfare, Bristol Road, which runs northeast to southwest. An older centre is located along Pilgrims Way, which loops onto Bristol Road and features an old stone [[packhorse bridge]]—now pedestrianised—and a 1950s [[Low water crossing|Irish bridge]], used as a [[Ford (crossing)|ford]] in winter.<ref name="hucker"/> Houses line both of these roads, with residential cul-de-sacs and lanes extending from them.

Chew Stoke is approximately {{convert|10|mi|km|0}} south of [[Bristol]], {{convert|15|mi|km|0}} from [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]], and {{convert|9|mi|km|0}} from [[Keynsham]]. It is {{convert|1.3|mi|km|1}} south of Chew Magna on the B3130 road that joins the [[A37 road|A37]] and [[A38 road|A38]]. The [[A368 road|A368]] crosses the valley west of the lake. The "Chew Valley Explorer" bus route 672/674, running from Bristol Bus Station to Cheddar, provides public transport access. This service is operated by Eurotaxis and subsidised by Bath and North East Somerset council.<ref>{{cite web | title=Chew Valley Explorer bus route 672/674 | work=BANES supported transport | url=http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/BathNES/transportandroads/travel/buses/SupportedServices/ | accessdate=2006-01-04}}</ref> In 2002, a {{convert|1.9|mi|km|1|sing=on}} cycle route, the Chew Lake West Green Route, was opened around the western part of the lake from Chew Stoke. It forms part of the [[Padstow]] to Bristol West Country Way, [[National Cycle Network]] Route 3. It has all-weather surfacing, providing a smooth off-road facility for ramblers, mobility-challenged visitors, and cyclists of all abilities. Funding was provided by Bath and North East Somerset Council, with the support of [[Sustrans]] and the [[Chew Valley Recreational Trail Association]]. The minor roads around the lake are also frequently used by cyclists. [[Bristol International Airport]] is approximately {{convert|10|mi|km|0}} away, and the nearest train stations are [[Keynsham railway station|Keynsham]], [[Bath Spa railway station|Bath Spa]], and [[Bristol Temple Meads railway station|Bristol Temple Meads]].

{| align="right"
|+'''Neighbouring parishes'''
|
{{compass-table|place=Chew Stoke
|N = [[Chew Magna]]
|NE= [[Stanton Drew]]
|E = [[Stanton Drew]]
|SE= [[Stowey Sutton]]
|S = [[West Harptree]]
|SW= [[Compton Martin]]
|W = [[Nempnett Thrubwell]]
|NW= [[Winford]]
}}
|}

== Demography ==
The population of Chew Stoke, according to the census of 1801, was 517. This number increased slowly during the 19th century to a maximum of 819 but fell to around 600 by the end of the century. The population remained fairly stable until [[World War II]]. During the latter half of the 20th century, the population of the village rose to 905 people.<ref name="histpop">UK Census Data. Data for 1801–1931 is available at {{cite web |url=http://www.histpop.org/ohpr/servlet/Search?ResourceType=Census&SearchTerms=Chew+Stoke&search=Search&simple=yes&path=Results&treestate=expandnew&active=yes&titlepos=0&range=all |title=Online Historical Population Reports |accessdate=2007-06-18 |format= | work=University of Essex }}; data for 1801–1971 is available at {{cite web |url=http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_table_page.jsp?data_theme=T_POP&data_cube=N_TPop&u_id=10424082&c_id=10001043&add=N |title=Chew Stoke Somerset through time : Population Statistics : Total Population | accessdate=2007-12-06 | work = A Vision of Britain through Time }};
data for 1971–2001 is available at {{cite web |url=http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/BathNES/councilanddemocracy/statisticsandcensusinformation/ |title=Census Information |accessdate=2007-06-18 |format= |work=Bath and North East Somerset Council }}</ref> The [[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 Census]] gives detailed information about the Chew Valley North [[Ward (politics)|ward]], which includes both Chew Magna and Chew Stoke. The ward had 2,307 residents, living in 911 households, with an average age of 42.3 years. Of those, 77% of residents described their health as 'good', 21% of 16–74 year olds had no work qualifications, and the area had an unemployment rate of 1.3%. In the Index of Multiple Deprivation 2004, the ward was ranked at 26,243 out of 32,482 wards in England, where 1 was the most deprived and 32,482 the least deprived.<ref>{{cite web | title=Neighbourhood Statistics LSOA Bath and North East Somerset 021A Chew Valley North | work=Office of National Statistics 2001 Census | url=http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadProfileSearch.do?profileSearchText=BS40+8XW&searchProfiles= | accessdate=2006-04-25}}</ref> A small number of [[Light industry|light industrial]]/craft premises exist at "Fairseat Workshops", formerly the site of a dairy. However, they provide little employment, and many residents commute to jobs in nearby cities.<ref name="hucker"/>
{| border="0" align="center"
|
{| border="1" class="wikitable" align="center"
|+ '''Population of Chew Stoke'''<ref name="histpop"/>
! Year !!1801 !! 1811 !! 1821 !! 1831 !! 1841 !! 1851 !! 1861 !! 1871 !! 1881 !! 1891
|-
! Population
| 517 || 524 || 681 || 693 || 825 || 819 || 758 || 693 || 696 || 653
|-
! Year !! 1901 !! 1911 !! 1921 !! 1931 !! 1941 !! 1951 !! 1961 !! 1971 !! 1981 !! 1991
|-
! Population
| 635 || 598 || 622 || 654 || n/a || 738 || 819 || 841 || 818 || 866
|-
! Year !! 2001
|-
! Population
| 905
|}
||   
|| [[Image:Chew Stoke Population.PNG|300px]]
|}

== Landmarks ==
[[Image:Chewstokechurch.JPG|thumbnail|St Andrews Church, Chew Stoke]]

=== St Andrews Church ===
{{Main|St Andrews Church, Chew Stoke}}
St Andrews Church, a Grade II* listed building on the outskirts of Chew Stoke, was constructed in the 15th century and underwent extensive renovation in 1862.<ref>{{cite web | title=Church of St. Andrew | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=32965 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref><ref name="pevsner">{{cite book | author = Pevsner, Nikolaus | year = 1958 | title = The Buildings of England: North Somerset and Bristol | publisher = Penguin Books | isbn=0-300-09640-2 }}</ref> The inside of the church is decorated with 156 angels in wood and stone,<ref name="hucker" /> and the church includes a tower with an unusual spirelet on the staircase turret. In the tower hang [[Church bell|bells]] cast by the Bilbie family.<ref name="pevsner"/>
The reconstructed Moreton Cross in the churchyard was moved there when Chew Valley Lake flooded,<ref name="ross" /> and the base of the cross shaft, about {{convert|80|ft|m|0}} southwest of the tower, is thought to date from the 14th century and is itself a Grade II* listed building,<ref>{{cite web | title=base of cross shaft | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=32968 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref> as is the Webb monument in the churchyard.<ref>{{cite web | title=Webb monument | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=32967 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref> The churchyard gate, at the southeast entrance, bears a lamp provided by public subscription to commemorate [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria's]] [[Golden Jubilee#Golden Jubilee for Queen Victoria|Jubilee]] of 1897 and is a Grade II listed structure.<ref>{{cite web | title=overthrow and gates | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=32966 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>

In the church are [[bronze]] [[Commemorative plaque|plaques]] commemorating the eleven local people who died in [[World War I]] and the six who were killed in [[World War II]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Chew Stoke WWI Ref: 7488 | work=United Kingdom National Inventory of War Memorials | url=http://www.ukniwm.org.uk/server/show/conMemorial.7488/fromUkniwmSearch/1|accessdate=2006-05-19}}</ref> There is also a stained glass window showing a saint with a sword standing on a snake, and crossed flags commemorating those from World War II.<ref>{{cite web | title=Chew Stoke WWII Ref: 7489 | work=United Kingdom National Inventory of War Memorials | url=http://www.ukniwm.org.uk/server/show/conMemorial.7489/fromUkniwmSearch/1 | accessdate=2006-05-19}}</ref> There is also a memorial plaque to the local Bilbie family of bell founders and clockmakers inside the church, and just inside the porch, on the left of the church door, is a stone figure holding an anchor, which was moved to the church from Walley Court with the flooding of the lake. There is an unconfirmed story that this was given to the Gilbert family, then living at the court, by [[Elizabeth I of England|Queen Elizabeth I]].<ref>{{cite book | author = Mason, Edmund J. & Mason, Doreen | title = Avon Villages | publisher = Robert Hale Ltd | isbn=0-7091-9585-0 | year = 1982 }}</ref>

=== Rectory ===
[[Image:Rectorychewstoke.JPG|thumb|left|The Old Rectory, south front with carvings of shields]]

The [[rectory]], at the end of Church Lane, opposite the church hall, is believed to have been built in 1529 by Sir John Barry, rector 1524–46. It has since undergone substantial renovations, including the addition of a clock tower for the Rev. W.P. Wait and further alterations c.1876 for Rev. J. Ellershaw. The clock tower has since been removed. The building has an ornate south front with carvings of shields bearing the coat of arms of the St Loe family, who were once chief landowners in the area, alone or impaled with arms of Fitzpane, Ancell, de la Rivere, and Malet. It is Grade II* listed.<ref>{{cite web | title=The Rectory | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=32964 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>

=== New rectory ===
[[Image:Oldrectory.JPG|thumb|The new rectory]]
The Reverend John Ellershaw built the new rectory in the 1870s. The last rector to occupy it was Lionel St Clair Waldy from 1907 to 1945. It was then bought by Douglas Wills, who donated it and the rectory field to [[Winford]] Hospital as a [[convalescent home]] for 16 children. It was later used as a nurses' home before being sold for private use.<ref name="hucker" />
It is now split into several residential units.<ref>{{cite web | title=Old Rectory | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=32963 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>

=== Grade II listed buildings ===
As with many cities and towns in the United Kingdom, the age of a number of the buildings in Chew Stoke, including the church, school, and several houses, reflects the long history of the village. For example, [[Chew Stoke School]] has approximately 170 pupils between 4 and 11 years old. After the age of 11, most pupils attend [[Chew Valley School]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Chew Stoke Church Primary School | url=http://www.chewstoke.bathnes.sch.uk/| work=Chew Stoke Primary School | accessdate=2006-04-25}}</ref> These two buildings were constructed in 1858 by Samuel Burleigh Gabriel on the site of a former charity school founded in 1718. Additional classrooms were built in 1926, and further alterations and extensions were carried out in 1970.<ref>{{cite web | title=Chew Stoke School | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=32970 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>

An [[obelisk]] on Breach Hill Lane, dating from the early to mid-19th century, is said to have been built as a waterworks marker. It has a square limestone plinth about {{convert|3|ft|m|0}} high. The obelisk is about {{convert|32|ft|m|0}} high with a pyramidal top and small opening at the top on two sides.<ref>{{cite web | title=Obelisk, Breach Hill Lane | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=32961 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>

[[Image:Fairseats.JPG|left|thumb|Fairseat Farmhouse]]
The importance of farming is reflected in the age of many of the farmhouses. Manor Farm, on Scot Lane (not to be confused with at least two other Manor Farms in the locality) is thought to date from 1495 and, as such, is probably the oldest building in the village. Presently (2007) occupied by Mr and Mrs Slater; the building has recently (2002) undergone a sympathetic extension to incorporate an old semi-derelict barn onto the main house for use as a garage and workshop. Mr Slater, a qualified engineer, is interested in bringing the art of clock making back to the village. Rookery Farmhouse, in Breach Hill Lane, is dated at 1720, with later 18th-century additions to either side of the central rear wing.<ref>{{cite web | title=Rookery Farmhouse | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=32959 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>
An attached [[stable]], {{convert|20|ft|m|0}} northeast of the farmhouse, is also a Grade II [[listed building]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Stable | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=32960 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>
School Farmhouse, in School Lane, dates from the late 17th century and has a studded oak door in the side of the house.<ref name="hucker" /><ref>{{cite web | title=School Farmhouse | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=32972 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>
Wallis Farmhouse, farther along School Lane, is dated at 1782.<ref>{{cite web | title=Wallis Farmhouse | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=32973 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>
Yew Tree Farmhouse, one of the oldest buildings in the area, dates to the 15th century but has had extensive alterations since then.<ref>{{cite web | title=Yew Tree Farmhouse | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=32971 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>
North Hill Farmhouse also has 15th century origins.<ref name="hucker" /><ref>{{cite web | title=North Hill Farmhouse | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=32956 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>
Paganshill Farmhouse dates from the 17th century.<ref>{{cite web | title=Paganshill Farmhouse | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=32957|accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>
Fairseat Farmhouse is from the 18th century and includes a plaque recording that [[John Wesley]] preached at the house on 10 September 1790. In August of that year, Fairseat Farmhouse was "registered among the records of this County as a House set apart for the worship of God and religious exercise for Protestant Dissenters." At that time the house belonged to Anna Maria Griffon. In the garden is a large [[Holm Oak|evergreen oak]] (''Ilex'') which measured {{convert|98|ft|m|0}} across until half of it broke away in a gale in 1976.<ref name="hucker" /><ref>{{cite web | title=Fairseat Farmhouse | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=32974 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>

The [[Methodism|Methodist]] [[Chapel]] was built in 1815/16 after religious services had been established at Fairseat Farm, and the chapel was rebuilt in the late 19th century with [[limestone]] walls with stone dressings and a [[slate]] [[Hip roof|hipped roof]] with brick eaves stacks and crestings.<ref name="hucker" /><ref>{{cite web | title=Methodist Chapel | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=32962|accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>

In the hamlet of Stoke Villice, which is south of the main village, there is a 19th-century [[milestone]] inscribed "8 miles to Bristol" that also has listed status.<ref>{{cite web | title=Milestone | work=Images of England | url=http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?id=32958 | accessdate=2006-05-09}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
Image:Chewstokeschool1.JPG|The oldest buildings of Chew Stoke School
Image:Chapelchewstoke.JPG|Methodist Chapel
Image:Chewstokebridge2.JPG|The pedestrian and "Irish" bridges at Chew Stoke
</gallery>

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book | author = Durham, I. & M.| year = 1991 | title = Chew Magna and the Chew Valley in old photographs | publisher = Redcliffe Press | isbn =1-872971-61-X }}
*{{cite book | author = Janes, Rowland (ed)| year = 1987 | title = The Natural History of the Chew Valley | isbn =0-9545125-2-9 }}
*{{cite book | author = Hucker, E| year = 1997 | title = Chew Stoke recalled in old photographs | isbn =0-9531700-0-4}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.bathnes.gov.uk/BathNES/environment/planningservices/Landscape/rltarea2.htm BANES Environmental Services Area 2 – Chew Valley]
* [http://www.chewstokeharvesthome.org.uk/ Chew Stoke Harvest Home]
* [http://www.chew-stoke.cx/ Chew Stoke village website]
* [http://www.somerset.gov.uk/archives/Maps/OS62htm/1213.htm Map of Chew Stoke circa 1900]
* [http://www.chewvalley.co.uk/ Chew Valley website]
* [http://www.chewvalleyschool.co.uk/ Chew Valley School]
* [http://www.riverchew.co.uk/ River Chew website]

{{Chew Valley}}

[[Category:Bath and North East Somerset]]
[[Category:Villages in Somerset]]
[[Category:Civil parishes in Somerset]]

Carloway

2009-07-16T19:10:37Z

ClickBot: Changing {{Infobox UK place}} population field; see talk. Report problems here

{{cleanup|date=October 2008}}
{{unreferenced|date=October 2008}}
{{infobox UK place
|country = Scotland
|latitude= 58.27
|longitude= -6.77
|official_name= Carloway
|gaelic_name= Càrlabhagh
| population = 500
| population_ref = (approx.)
|unitary_scotland= [[Na h-Eileanan Siar]]
|lieutenancy_scotland= [[Western Isles]]
|constituency_westminster= [[Na h-Eileanan an Iar (UK Parliament constituency)|Na h-Eileanan an Iar]]
|constituency_scottish_parliament= [[Western Isles (Scottish Parliament constituency)|Western Isles]]
|post_town= STORNOWAY
|postcode_district = HS2
|postcode_area= HS
|dial_code= 01851
|os_grid_reference=
}}

[[Image:Dun Carloway Broch.jpg|thumb|right|[[Dun Carloway]] [[Broch]], Lewis]]

'''Carloway''' ({{lang-gd|'''Càrlabhagh'''}}) is a district situated on the west coast of the [[Isle of Lewis]], in the [[Outer Hebrides]] . The district has a population of around 500 residents, leaving it the largest settlement between [[Ness, Outer Hebrides|Ness]] and [[Leurbost]] on the main road.

Carloway is also fairly attractive for Tourism, with many buses going through everyday to see what there is – The [[Garenin]] Blackhouse Village or [[Doune Carloway]] [[Broch]] for example.

The district is proud to have a main hill called Beinn Iomhair (Ivy Hill in Scots Gaelic). The hill, which has a cairn on the top, celebrates the place where the district had two bonfires - one for the diamond jubilee of [[Queen Victoria]] in 1897 and the coronation of her son [[Edward VII]] in 1902. On special occasions in Carloway, for example the local Agricultural show, new year or a royal visit, the Carloway Flag would be furling up on top of the hill beside the cairn.

The Carloway Bridge is said to be one of Scotland's oldest [[Overpass|flyovers]], being built in the mid 19th century. The bridge goes over the Carloway River and the Pentland Road which leads to the Carloway Pier and Harbour or to [[Stornoway]] the other way.

The district of Carloway (after the village of that name) which hitherto had fallen partly within the parishes of [[Lochs, Outer Hebrides|Lochs]] and [[Uig, Lewis|Uig]], became a separate [[registration district|civil registration district]] in 1859.

The district is broken up into 8 townships - they are; Knock Carloway, Park Carloway, [[Doune Carloway]], Upper Carloway, [[Garenin]], Borrowston, Kirivick and Dalmore. The Estate starts from [[Callanish]] / [[Garynahine]] grid in [[Callanish]] and ends at the Bragar Cattle Grid, just leaving [[Shawbost]] towards [[Bragar]].

Carloway has a few Historical sites. Some of the first ever fanks were built in Carloway due to popular demand. A pictish Broch in [[Doune Carloway]], a Blackhouse Village in [[Garenin]] and many others, including a standing stone called "Clach an Tursa" in Upper Carloway.

Positive services in the district are now common. There's a post office, a clothes exchange, a primary school, a youth hostel, a police station, hotels, restaurants, a newly renovated tweed mill for [[Harris Tweed]], a pier, two phone boxes, a community centre, two churches (The Free Church of Scotland & The Church of Scotland), a football pitch, a war memorial and a historical society. Also plans for a petrol station and convenience store have been proposed.

The district has its own Agricultural show - which takes place on the first Wednesday of August each year. Last year the 54th Agricultural show took place with 3,000 people attending, more than the previous year's attendance. It is the longest running Agricultural show on the Island and officially the oldest since Beinn-na-Driobh Agricultural show stopped in Stornoway. It is locally known as the island's "Premiere Show". The 56th Carloway Agricultural Show will be held on the first Wednesday of August this year (2009).

There are three routes to get to the Main town of [[Stornoway]] from Carloway, two of which go via the Main road. The first way is the Main road heading north which takes you through [[Shawbost]], [[Bragar]] and [[Barvas]] where the Main road will split one way to [[Stornoway]] and one way to [[Ness, Outer Hebrides|Ness]]. The second way is by the Main road heading south which will take you through [[Breasclete]], [[Callanish]] and [[Leurbost]] which again will split one way to Stornoway and one way to [[Balallan]] and [[Tarbert]], [[Harris, Outer Hebrides|Harris]]. The third and most popular, faster route from Carloway to get to town is the Pentland road, which will take you to Stornoway straight across the Island's [[Pentland Moor]].

The district is in the Gaelic heartland and is very associated in the Christian Faith. It also has a football club, and the catchment area for players starts from Carloway all the way to Breinish, Uig.

The new Carloway district website has just been launched - http://www.carloway.com

== Carloway Townships ==

* [[Borghastan]] - Borrowston
* [[Gearrannan]] - [[Garenin]]
* Cnoc Charlabhaigh - Knock Carloway
* Pairc Charlabhaigh - Park Carloway
* Mullach Charlabhaigh - Upper Carloway
* [[Dun Charlabhaigh]] - [[Doune Carloway]]
* Cirivig - Kirivick
* Dail Mhor - Dalmore

== Streets of Carloway ==

* Heather Street
* Pentland Drive
* Uraghag
* Gead Gorm
* Pentland Road
* James Street
* The Passage
* Pier road
* Main road

==Notable Carloway people==
*'''[[Lord Carloway]] (Colin John Maclean Sutherland)''' - One of Scotland's Top Judges

*'''Norrie "Tago" MacIver''' - member of Scottish band [[Bodega]]

*'''Christine Primrose''' - Singer, Disk Jockey, Actress and Music Producer

*'''Alex Macdonald''' - Convenor of the [[Western Isles]] and [[Comhairle nan Eilean Siar]] ([[Western Isles Council]])

*'''Donnie Macaulay''' - Chief Executive of the Western Isles Enterprise

*'''Donald Cam Macaulay''' - Hero and leader of the [[Macaulays of Lewis|Clan Macaulay of Lewis]]

*'''[[Angus MacInnes]] - actor of fictional character [[Sonny Munro]] in the Scottish soap [[River City]]

*'''[[John MacKay (journalist)|John MacKay]]''' - Main News Reporter on [[Scotland Today]] on [[STV]]

*'''[[Ronnie McKinnon]]''' - Ex [[Rangers F.C.|Rangers]], [[Scotland National Football Team]] and Carloway player - 1960s (twin brother of [[Partick Thistle]] player, [[Donnie McKinnon]])

*'''[[Donnie McKinnon]]''' - Ex [[Partick Thistle]] Player (Twin Brother of Ex [[Rangers F.C.|Rangers]] and [[Scotland]] player, [[Ronnie McKinnon]])

{{Lewis and Harris}}

[[Category:Lewis]]

[[gd:Càrlabhagh]]

Capel-le-Ferne

2009-07-16T19:08:13Z

ClickBot: Changing {{Infobox UK place}} population field; see talk. Report problems here

{{infobox UK place
|country = England
|official_name= Capel-le-Ferne
|static_image = [[Image:The few.jpg|240px]]
|static_image_caption=The memorial to [[The Few]] at Capel-le-Ferne
|latitude= 51.1037
|longitude= 1.2016
| population = 2,400
| population_ref = (2005)<ref>{{cite web | title = 2005 Ward Level Population Estimates | publisher = Kent County Council | url = http://www.kent.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/E503169D-C06B-498F-BD0A-678EE22B4D37/6841/sae108.pdf |month=September | year=2006| accessdate = 2007-08-20 |format=PDF}}</ref>
|shire_district= [[Dover (district)|Dover]]
|shire_county = [[Kent]]
|region= South East England
|constituency_westminster= [[Dover (UK Parliament constituency)|Dover]]
|post_town= [[Folkestone]]
|postcode_district = CT18
|postcode_area= CT
|dial_code= 01303
|os_grid_reference= TR242386
}}

'''Capel-le-Ferne''' (pronounced /{{IPA|keɪp(ə)l.lə.fɜːn}}/), the name of which derives from the phrase "Chapel in the Ferns", is situated near [[Folkestone]], [[Kent]]. It has a population of approximately 2400. Perched on top of the [[White cliffs of Dover]], its foremost attraction is the [[Battle of Britain Memorial, Capel-le-Ferne|Battle of Britain Memorial]], opened by the [[Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon|Queen Mother]] on July 9 1993 and dedicated to those who fought in the Battle of Britain between July 10 and October 31 1940. The [[Channel Tunnel]] runs underneath the northernmost part of the village.

It is a small, welcoming village and its residents pride themselves on the community and uniqueness of the location. A Farmers' Market is held in the village hall every Tuesday morning. The New Dover Road, B2011, that runs between Folkestone and Dover is the main carriageway. However, it feels distant from the nearby A20 used by freight and ferry traffic heading for the port of Dover. There is plenty of local countryside and the cliffs offer a spectacular walking opportunity, including towards the East Cliff and Warren Country Park in the direction of Folkestone. Towards Dover, [[Samphire Hoe]] can be reached and the area offers plenty for the walking or cycling minded. The village is twinned with the commune of [[Oye-Plage]] in the Pas-de-Calais department in France, about 7 miles (12km) east of [[Calais]], on the junction of the D219 and the D940.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* Official Capel-le-Ferne Website
** [http://www.capel-le-ferne.org/ New]
* [http://www.kentarchaeology.org.uk/Research/Libr/VisRec/C/CAP/Gallery.htm Photos of the ancient St Mary's church in Capel-Le-Ferne]
* [http://www.ourwalks.com/ Walking and cycling in Kent incl. Capel-Le-Ferne]

{{Dover}}

[[Category:Villages in Kent]]
[[Category:Coastal settlements in Kent]]

{{Kent-geo-stub}}

Callander (Schottland)

2009-07-16T18:44:42Z

ClickBot: Changing {{Infobox UK place}} population field; see talk. Report problems here

{{for|the municipality (township) in Ontario|Callander, Ontario}}
{{otheruses}}
{{infobox UK place
|country = Scotland
|latitude= 56.24403
|longitude= -4.21446
|os_grid_reference= NN628079
|official_name= Callander
|gaelic_name= Calasraid
| population = 2,754
| population_ref = <ref>{{cite web|publisher=Scotland's Census Results Online|title =Comparative Population Profile: Callander Locality | url=http://www.scrol.gov.uk/scrol/browser/profile.jsp?profile=Population&mainArea=callander&mainLevel=Locality | date = 2001-04-29| accessdate =2008-09-01 }}</ref> ([[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 census]]) 
est. 3,130<ref>http://www.gro-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications-and-data</ref> (2006)
|unitary_scotland= [[Stirling (district)|Stirling]]
|lieutenancy_scotland=
|constituency_westminster=
|constituency_scottish_parliament=
|post_town= CALLANDER
|postcode_district = FK17
|postcode_area= FK
|dial_code= 01877
}}

'''Callander''' is a [[burgh]] in the region of [[Stirling (district)|Stirling]], [[Scotland]], on the [[River Teith]]. The town is located in the former [[County]] of [[Perthshire]], and is a popular tourist stop to and from the Highlands.

The town serves as the eastern gateway to the [[Loch Lomond and the Trossachs National Park]], the first National Park in Scotland. Due to its location it is often referred to as the "Gateway to the Highlands"<ref>[http://www.geo.ed.ac.uk/scotgaz/towns/townfirst515.html Gazetteer Link]</ref>. The former St. [[Kessog]]'s Church is now the [[Rob Roy]] Centre, offering tourist information for the area.

Dominating the town to the North are the Callander Crags, a visible part of the [[Highland Boundary Fault]], rising to 343m at the cairn.<ref>[http://getamap.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/getamap/jsp/map_print.jsp?mapX=263210&mapY=708380&zoomLevel=7&isNI=&mapAction=zoomabs&isGeo=y Ordnance Survey - Callander Crags]</ref> Local walks include Bracklinn Falls, The Meadows, Callander Crags and the Wood Walks.<ref>[http://www.incallander.co.uk/scotland_walking.htm Callander and Local Area walks]</ref> The town sits on the [[Trossachs]] [[Bird of Prey]] Trail.<ref>[http://www.birdofpreytrail.com/ Trossachs Bird of Prey Trail]</ref>

[[Callander railway station]] opened on [[1 June]] [[1870]] and closed on [[5 November]] [[1965]]. The former [[Callander and Oban Railway]] line is now part of the [[National Cycle Network]] (route 7)<ref>[http://www.sustrans.com/default.asp?sID=1089651611859 National Cycle Network]</ref> and the [[Rob Roy]] Way.<ref>[http://www.robroyway.com/ Rob Roy Way]</ref>

Callander achieved prominence during the 1960s as the setting "[[Tannochbrae]]" in the TV series [[Dr Finlay's Casebook]].

[[McLaren High School]] educates pupils aged 12 to 18 from a catchment area extending to [[Tyndrum]] and Inversnaid.

== Annual Festivals ==
* Callander World Highland Games (July 2009) <ref>[http://www.callanderhighlandgames.co.uk/ Callander World Highland Games]</ref>
* Callander Classic Weekend (Aug 2009) <ref>[http://www.callanderclassic.com Callander Classic]</ref>
* Trossachs Beer Festival (Sep 2009) <ref>[http://www.theladeinn.com/TrossachsBeerFestival.php Trossachs Beer Festival]</ref>
* Callander Jazz & Blues Festival (Oct 2009) <ref>[http://www.callanderjazz.com/ Callander Jazz & Blues Festival]</ref>

== Trivia ==
* The fictional villain [[Destro]] from [[G.I. Joe]], a military-themed line of toys from [[Hasbro]], is said to come from Callander, and his family have lived there since at least the 15th century.
*The last person to be tried and imprisoned for the crime of Witchcraft in the UK was [[Helen Duncan]], from Callander, during [[World War II|World War Two]].
*Track from the dismantled [[Callander and Oban Railway]] was used in the construction of the transit system for the [[1968 Summer Olympics]] in [[Mexico City]]<ref>History of the Railways of the Scottish Highlands: Callander and Oban Railway v. 4 (Railways of the Scottish Highlands); John Thomas and John Farrington. House of Lochar; 2 Rev Ed edition (May 1990)</ref>

[[Image:Callander from crags.jpg|frame|Callander viewed from the Crags]]
== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://www.incallander.co.uk/trossachshistory.htm History of Callander]

[[Category:Towns in Stirling council area]]

[[da:Callander]]
[[gd:Calasraid]]
[[no:Callander]]
[[sv:Callander]]

Burwell (Cambridgeshire)

2009-07-16T18:10:09Z

ClickBot: Changing {{Infobox UK place}} population field; see talk. Report problems here

{{dablink|For other places named Burwell, see [[Burwell]].}}
{{Refimprove|date=February 2009}}

{{infobox UK place
|country = England
|official_name= Burwell
|latitude= 52.274
|longitude= 0.330
| population = 5,833
| population_ref = (2001)
|shire_district= [[East Cambridgeshire]]
| shire_county = [[Cambridgeshire]]
|region= East of England
|constituency_westminster= [[South East Cambridgeshire (UK Parliament constituency)|South East Cambs]]
|post_town= CAMBRIDGE|postcode_district = CB25
|postcode_area= CB |dial_code= 01638
|os_grid_reference= TL589665
}}
'''Burwell''' is a large [[village]] in [[Cambridgeshire]] with a population of 5,833 (2001 Census). Burwell Lode runs along the western edge of the Village, with all land north and west of that being part of the area known as [[The Fens]]. The village name means "Spring by the Fort", referring to [[#Burwell Castle|Burwell Castle]], located close to a spring in the south of the village. The term for a resident of the village is "Burwellian".

==Location and early history==
The village is located 4 miles NW of [[Newmarket, Suffolk|Newmarket]], 10 miles ENE of [[Cambridge]] and 9 miles SSE of [[Ely, Cambridgeshire|Ely]]. Burwell measures 1/2 mile east to west and 1.5 miles north-south. The [[Devil's Dyke, Cambridgeshire|Devil's Dyke]] Ancient Monument passes approximately 1 mile south west of the village. Burwell was recorded as Burewelle in the [[Domesday Book]], when it was held by The Abbot of Ramsey. The history of the village and surrounding area is displayed at the [http://www.burwellmuseum.org.uk/ ''Burwell Museum of Fen Edge Village Life''].

The village is located at the head of [[Cambridgeshire Lodes|Burwell Lode]], a man-made waterway which connects it with the [[River Cam]]. The present course, created in the mid 17th century, replaced an older route which was probably Roman in origin.<ref name=boyes>''The Canals of Eastern England'', (1977), John Boyes and Ronald Russell, David and Charles, ISBN 978-0715374153</ref> The lode splits into two at the village, and each branch served a series of basins, warehouses and wharves, which were located at the bottom of long strips of land, with the merchants' houses at the other end of them.<ref name=blair>''The River Great Ouse and tributaries'', (2006), Andrew Hunter Blair, Imray Laurie Norie and Wilson, ISBN 978-0-85288-943-5</ref>

The village and the lode became more important with the opening in the 1850s of the Burwell Chemical Works, owned by T. T. Ball. By the 1890s, it had become the Patent Manure Works, was owned by Colchester and Ball, and around 10,000 tons of goods each year were shipped along the lode, using three steam tugs and a large fleet of lighters. Prentice Brothers Ltd built barges in the village until 1920, and continued repairing them there after they bought the fertilizer factory in 1921. The factory was later owned by Fisons, and boats continued to be used to move the fertiliser to Fenland farms until 1948. Commercial use of the lode ceased in 1963, when the traffic in sugarbeet stopped.<ref name=boyes/>

==Places of interest==
===Burwell Castle===
The village is the site of an unfinished [[castle]], situated in Spring Close, {{gbmapping|TL587661}}. The final wall collapsed in the 1930s, but the dry [[moat]] is still clearly visible. The castle was built during "[[The Anarchy]]", the internal conflict of the mid 12th century in the reign of [[Stephen of England|King Stephen]]. Although a settlement had been reached such that the throne would pass to [[Henry II of England|Henry II]] on Stephen's death, the Barons of the time took the opportunity to fight their own battles.

Among these [[Geoffrey de Mandeville, 1st Earl of Essex|Geoffrey de Mandeville]] was particularly troublesome and, after turning against Stephen, had set up an impregnable base around [[Ely, Cambridgeshire|Ely]]. From his base he would attack local towns, such as [[Cambridge]], and so the king ordered castles be built to surround Geoffrey. The few sites at which it is known such castles were to be constructed include [[Rampton, Cambridgeshire|Rampton]] (Giant's Hill), [[Ramsey, Cambridgeshire|Ramsey]] (Booth's Hill) and Burwell.
[[Image:Burwell.14.5.05.jpg|thumb|left|200px|St Mary's Church, Burwell]]
At Burwell, a moat had been constructed and the stone keep partially built when Geoffrey attacked and was mortally wounded. His revolt thus collapsed and the castle was left unfinished. The narrow lane running along the side of the church next to Spring Close, where the Castle is located, is named "Mandeville".

===The Barn Fire on Cuckolds Row===
On the [[September 8|8th of September]] 1727, a [[puppet show]] visited Burwell and put on a show, held in a barn on what is now Cuckolds Row, near the centre of the village. After the barn had filled with an audience from Burwell and surrounding villages, the doors were nailed shut to prevent further people getting in, a simple act which was key to the tragedy which resulted.

One person who could not get into the barn sat with a [[candle]] [[lantern]] and peered in to watch the show. However, the person accidentally knocked the lantern into the barn, setting fire to the hay within. With no way to escape, 78 people (51 of them, children) perished in the ensuing blaze.

The deceased are buried in the [[churchyard]] of [[St. Mary]]s [[parish church]], at the opposite end of the High Street, with a gravestone engraved with a blazing heart with angels' wings. On 8 September 2005, a plaque was unveiled at the site of the barn in memorial of the fire.<ref>[http://www.cambridge-news.co.uk/cn_news_newmarket/displayarticle.asp?id=197366 "Ceremony to mark tragic blaze" Cambridge Evening News, 13 September 2005]</ref>

===Burwell Museum===
Rural history museum (Registered Charity No.290431) depicting life through the centuries on the edge of the Cambridgeshire fens. Opened in 1992, it is housed in a collection of interesting buildings, some are reconstructed from other sites (such as the 18th century timber framed barn) and others are built in the local style using mainly reclaimed materials (such as the wagon sheds/granary display area). The displays are set out as 'scenes' (rather like stage sets) with lots of individual artefacts making each display. This should give visitors a better idea of how, where and when items were used.
The neighbouring Grade II* listed windmill, Stevens' Mill, is also part of the Museum and can be visited when the Museum is open.
Burwell Museum is open 2-5pm on Thursdays, Sundays and Bank Holiday Mondays from Easter to the end of October (some Special Events have extended opening hours).
Much more information plus photos, videos, contact details and forthcoming Special Events list can be found on the Burwell Museum website www.burwellmuseum.org.uk <ref>[http://www.burwellmuseum.org.uk www.burwellmuseum.org.uk]</ref>

===Clunge quarry===
Up until the early 20th century the building material [[clunge]] was dug in Burwell. Remains of the open quarry can be seen either side of Bloomsfield. Clunge was used to build many of the houses in Burwell and remains the name of the local parish magazine.

==Twinning==
The village is [[twinned]] with two villages: [[Lizy-sur-Ourcq]] and [[Mary-sur-Marne]] and one small town: [[Ocquerre]]. These are all situated in [[France]], but only Lizy is mentioned on the signs as you enter the village. A plate commemorating the twinning is located on a wall on the outside of the Year 3 classroom at the village [[primary school]]: Burwell Village College (Primary) which educates local 4-11 year olds. The village falls into the [[catchment area (human geography)|catchment area]]s of both Bottisham and [[Soham Village College]]s, which provide education at [[secondary school]] level (11-16 yrs).

==Sport==
[[Burwell Swifts F.C.]] play [[football (soccer)|football]] in Division Four B of the ''Kershaw'' [[Cambridgeshire Football League]], with a reserve team in Division Five B. There are also two youth football clubs; the Burwell Swallows<ref>[http://www.burwellswallows.org.uk/ Burwell Swallows Football Club]</ref> and Burwell Tigers.<ref>[http://www.burwelltigers.co.uk/home.htm Burwell Tigers F.C]</ref>

Burwell [[Cricket]] Club<ref>[http://burwell.play-cricket.com/home/home.asp Burwell Cricket Club]</ref> is based on Tan House Lane.

==Recent accolades==
The village was awarded the Best Kept Village award for [[East Cambridgeshire]] in 1998, 1999 and 2004, and won the same award for the whole county in 2000.

==Notable residents==

* ''[[Edward Fitzball]], Playwright''
* [[Oliver Jarvis]], Racing Driver<ref>[http://www.oliverjarvis.com/content/view/12/27/ Bio on oliverjarvis.com]</ref>
* [[Francis Pym]], Minister in Margaret Thatcher's government lived at The Tan House.
* [[Jon Ridgeon]], athlete, grew up in Burwell.
* [[John Louis Mansi]], actor from [['Allo 'Allo!]]

==See also==
*[[List of places in Cambridgeshire]]
*[[HMS Burwell (H94)]]
==References==

<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
<references/>
</div>

==External links==
*[http://www.burwell.co.uk/ burwell.co.uk]
*[http://www.cambridgeshire.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/3C3D23E9-2FE0-466B-B337-3973CFECE32F/0/Burwell.pdf 2001 Census]
*[http://www.burwellvillage.cambs.sch.uk Burwell Village College (Primary)]
*[http://www.burwellmuseum.org.uk/ Burwell Museum]
*[http://www.bvta.ik.com/ Burwell Village Twinning Association]
*[http://www.druidic.org/camchurch/churches/burwell.htm Cambridgeshire Churches: St Mary's, Burwell]

[[Category:Villages in Cambridgeshire]]
[[Category:Castles in Cambridgeshire|Burwell Castle]]
[[Category:Civil parishes in Cambridgeshire]]

[[it:Burwell (Cambridgeshire)]]
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Brackley Castle

2009-07-16T16:45:25Z

ClickBot: Changing {{Infobox UK place}} population field; see talk. Report problems here

{{Dablink|For Brackley in Canada, see [[Brackley, Prince Edward Island]]}}
{{Cleanup|date=September 2008}}

{{Infobox UK place
|country = England
|official_name= Brackley
|latitude= 52.032
|longitude= -1.147
|civil_parish=
| population = 13,331
| population_ref = ([[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 Census]])
|shire_district= [[South Northamptonshire]]
|shire_county= [[Northamptonshire]]
|region= East Midlands
|constituency_westminster= [[Daventry (UK Parliament constituency)|Daventry]]
|post_town= BRACKLEY
|postcode_district = NN13
|postcode_area= NN
|dial_code= 01280
|os_grid_reference= SP5837
}}

'''Brackley''' is a [[town]] in [[South Northamptonshire|south]] [[Northamptonshire]], [[England]]. Historically a market town based on the wool and lace trade, it was built on the intersecting trade routes from [[London]] to [[Birmingham]] (and the general north of England) and [[Cambridge]] to [[Oxford]].

Notable villages nearby include [[Syresham]], [[Biddlesden]], and [[Sulgrave]].

== History ==
Brackley, originally also known as Brachelai or Brackele, was owned in 1086 by Earl Alberic. After this it passed to the [[Earl of Leicester]], and to the families of [[De Quinci]] and Roland.<ref name="EB1911">[http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/BOS_BRI/BRACKLEY.html Online 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica entry for Brackley]</ref>

The market day previously on a Sunday, was changed in 1218 to Wednesday {{Fact|date=June 2009}}.

In 1597 the town was incorporated by King James II. It had a mayor, 6 aldermen and 26 burgesses.

Over time it has been known as a wool and lace-making area.

In 1901 the population of the town was 2,467 {{Fact|date=June 2009}}{{Fact|date=June 2009}}.

=== The Brackley Poor Law Union ===

Prior to 1834, the poor house in use by the area was in nearby Culworth, but in that year, the Brackley [[Poor Law]] Union came into effect.<ref>[http://www.workhouses.org.uk/index.html?Brackley/Brackley.shtml Brackley Poor Law Union and Workhouse 1835 onwards]</ref> A [[workhouse]] was built in 1836 to the south-west of the town, on the Banbury Road. It was built to accommodate 250. This workhouse was demolished in the 1930s.

=== Rumoured underground access ===
It has been a long-spun tale amongst Brackley's residents (but more precisely its students) that the town developed an underground passageway that connected the eastern and western ends {{Fact|date=June 2009}}. The most notable present day sites rumoured to be on its route include the excavated cavern on Manor Road (now an underground car park serving apartments above a supermarket), St. Peter's Church in Old Town and Magdalen College Chapel (St.James'). These passageways are believed to have been used in the war to help the residents escape in times of crisis. Despite the appeal of the story, no proof of this secret tunnel exists.

== Government ==
Brackley is governed by the Brackley Town Council<ref>[http://www.brackleynorthants-tc.gov.uk/index.htm]</ref> .

== Transportation ==
Brackley is close to the [[A43 road]], which now bypasses the town, linking it to [[Towcester]] and [[Northampton]] to the east and the [[M40 motorway]] to the west. The [[A422 road|A422]] links it to [[Banbury]] and [[Buckingham]].

The nearest railway station to Brackley is at [[Kings Sutton railway station|Kings Sutton]], about six miles (10 km) away. Brackley once had two railway stations of its own, but both have since closed. The first, known in its latter years as '''Brackley Town''', opened in May 1850 on a [[London and North Western Railway|LNWR]] branch line from [[Verney Junction railway station|Verney Junction]] on the [[Varsity Line|Oxford-Bletchley-Bedford-Cambridge line]] to [[Banbury railway station|Banbury]] via [[Buckingham railway station|Buckingham]]. The second was '''[[Brackley Central railway station|Brackley Central]]''' on the [[Great Central Main Line|Great Central Railway]], the last main line to be constructed from the north of England to London which opened in March 1899. The line through Brackley Town closed in January 1961, while the Great Central was axed by [[Beeching Axe|Beeching]] in September 1966. A very prominent feature of the latter was Brackley Viaduct which spanned the [[River Great Ouse|Ouse Valley]] just south east of the town. {{convert|255|yd}} in length, {{convert|62|ft|m}} high and containing 20 brick arches and two girder spans, it was demolished in sections in early 1978. It is possible the viaduct may be rebuilt as passenger numbers increase in the future and the tracks laid once again in the old cuttings of the Great Central Railway. The present A43 road runs across its site. Recent proposals were made to reconstruct one of these lines, but these were voted against by a vocal minority of the town's residents. A new vote was expected in late 2007 on this issue.<ref>[http://www.subbrit.org.uk/sb-sites/stations/b/brackley/index.shtml Record of Brackley's disused train station]</ref>

The town has numerous bus services and is connected to major towns and cities such as [[Banbury]] ('499', '500'), [[Buckingham]], [[Towcester]], [[Oxford]] and [[Northampton]] ('X88', '88'). In 2001 the 'X38' Oxford-Northampton express service became the 'X6' with the introduction of the '88' to serve villages en route to Northampton (such as Towcester, [[Blisworth]] and [[Milton Malsor]]). In September 2007, [[Stagecoach Group|Stagecoach's]]Oxford-Brackley-Towcester-Northampton services were reduced with the merging of the '88' and 'X6'.

== Notable buildings ==
[[Image:BrackleyTownHall(AndrewSmith)Mar2006.jpg|right|thumb|Brackley Town Hall]]
Notable buildings in the town include [[Magdalen college school brackley|Magdalen College School]], founded by [[Magdalen College, Oxford|Magdalen College]] for its pupils to escape the great plague affecting [[Oxford]] in the 15th century. St John's chapel stands next to the original college buildings and is still in use today, making it the oldest building in Great Britain in continual use by a school.

Today the earthwork remains of Brackley castle lay between Hinton Road and [[Tesco]]. It comprised a motte mound 3m high and approximately 40m in diameter with an outer bailey to the east. Archaeological excavation has revealed evidence of a ditch defining the perimeter of the bailey. Two fishponds originally lay outside the ditch but have subsequently been infilled – however south of St James Lake may have formed a part of this. Brackley Castle was constructed soon after 1086 and may have gone out of use in 1147.

Around the 11th and 12th centuries, Brackley was in the Hundred of Odboldistow and in the Manor of Halse. King Richard (The Lionheart) named 5 officials sites for jousting tournaments {{Fact|date=June 2009}} so that such events could not be used as local wars, and Brackley was one of these. The tournament site is believed to be to the south of the castle where the A422 now passes.

The castle was attacked by King Henry III in 1173. The site was later granted to the Hospital of St John.

The town was the site of an important meeting between the barons and representatives of the King in 1215, the year of Magna Carta, and it is believed that parts of the document were drafted in the town on the site of the Crown Hotel {{Fact|date=June 2009}}.
The Magna Carta was written in Latin, and is usually translated into English as Great Charter.
The Magna Carta required King John of England to proclaim rights, respect laws, and accept that the King’s wishes were subject to law. It explicitly protected certain rights of the King's subjects, whether free or a prisoner — most notably allowing appeal against unlawful imprisonment.
Magna Carta was arguably the most significant early influence on the extensive historical process that led to the rule of law in the United Kingdom.
Brackley Castle was to have been where [[John of England|King John]] and the barons signed [[Magna Carta]], but this eventually occurred at [[Runnymede]].

St Peter's Church at the eastern end of the town boasts an impressive 11th century Norman doorway.

In the centre of town the market is held every Friday morning in the market square. Further up the high street is a large town park owned by the National Trust. The town centre underwent a number of improvements in 2006. The [[piazza]] was rebuilt in [[York]] stone.

Winchester House School is a private school within the town for children aged from 3-13.

== Industry ==
Brackley is close to the [[Silverstone Circuit|Silverstone]] racing track, and has some industry related to [[Formula One]] racing, notably [[Brawn GP]] (formerly [[British American Racing]]/[[Honda F1|Honda]]) which is based in the town, and the [[Force India]] [[F1]] team which operates a [[wind tunnel]] on the former site of the north railway station. On the east outskirts of the town is Bronnley, suppliers of hand-made soaps to [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II]] and [[Prince Charles|His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales]]. Their products are bestowed with Royal Honours for Excellence. Several of the towns larger employers, such as [[Clansman Cases]], [[Faccenda]] and [[Cardale Doors]] have either closed, relocated or downsized in recent years.

== Sports and leisure ==
The local rugby club is the Brackley Rugby Union Football Club<ref>[http://www.brackleyrufc.co.uk/]</ref>, they currently play in [[Midlands 4 East (South)]].

The [http://www.brackleyathletic.org.uk/ Brackley Athletic Football Club] is a junior football club affiliated with the Northamptonshire Football Association. They play in three leagues - the under 7s - 10s are in the Milton Keynes & District Junior Sevens League, the Under 11s - 16s are in the Milton Keynes & Border Counties League and the girls team is in the Oxford Girls Football League.

Brackley Sports FC play in the North Bucks League Premier Division with the Reserves in the North Bucks Intermediate Division. They also run a ladies side playing in the Northants Women's League<ref>[http://www.intheteam.com/bsfc/]</ref>.

Tennis facilities are available at the [http://www.brackleytennisclub.co.uk/ Brackley Tennis Club] and Martial Arts training at the [http://www.bfmaa.co.uk/ Brackley Freestyle Martial Arts Academy]. The [http://www.brackleyleisure.com/ Brackley Leisure Centre and Swimming Pool] and the [http://www.brackleyhealthcentre.co.uk/ Brackley Health Centre] provide other local health-oriented facilities.

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
{{External links|date=June 2009}}

;Music and dance
* [http://www.thebrackleymorrismen.org.uk/ The Brackley Morris Men]
* [http://www.brackleyband.org.uk/ Brackley and District Band]
* [http://www.brackleymusicfestival.co.uk/ Brackley Music Festival]

;Community and business
* [http://www.brackley.org.uk/ Churches, schools and other local information for Brackley]
* [http://www.brackleyrotary.org.uk/ Brackley Rotary Club]
* [http://www.brackleyroundtable.org.uk/ Brackley and District Round Table 1037]
* [http://www.northants-chamber.co.uk/localinfo/brackleyinfo/ Brackley Business Information from Northamptonshire Chamber]

{{Northamptonshire}}
{{River Great Ouse}}

[[Category:Towns on the River Great Ouse]]
[[Category:Towns in Northamptonshire]]

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