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Griechisches Waisenhaus Prinkipo

2018-06-14T08:01:38Z

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{{Infobox building
| name = Prinkipo Greek Orphanage
| native_name = {{lang-tr|Prinkipo Rum Yetimhanesi}}
| image = File:Büyükada Rum Yetimhanesi (Old Greek Orphanage), Istanbul 01.jpg
| image_alt = The orphanage in 2015
| image_size = 250px
| caption = Prinkipo Greek Orphanage in 2015
| former_names =
| alternate_names = Prinkipo Environmental Center
| map_type =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| building_type = Hotel, Orphanage
| architectural_style =
| structural_system = Wooden
| cost =
| location = [[Büyükada]], [[Adalar]]
| client = Prinkipo Environmental Center
| owner =
| current_tenants = Prinkipo Environmental Center
| landlord = [[Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Constantinople]]
| location_country = [[Turkey]]
| coordinates = {{coord|40|51|39|N|29|07|24|E|type:landmark_region:TR|display=inline,title}}
| altitude =
| start_date = 1898
| inauguration_date = {{Start date|May 21, 1903}}
| demolition_date =
| height =
| diameter =
| other_dimensions =
| floor_count =
| floor_area =
| main_contractor =
| architect = [[Alexander Vallaury]]
| structural_engineer =
| services_engineer =
| civil_engineer =
| other_designers =
| quantity_surveyor =
| awards =
| url =
| references =
}}
The '''Prinkipo Greek Orphanage''' (also known as '''Prinkipo Palace''' or '''Büyükada Greek Orphanage''') is a historic 20,000-square-meter wooden building on [[Büyükada]], one of the nine [[Princes' Islands]] off the coast of [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]], in the [[Sea of Marmara]]. It is considered the largest wooden building in Europe and second largest in the world.<ref name="Turkey Reinstates Legal Title of Prinkipo Orphanage">{{cite news|last=Preka|first=Yiota|title=Turkey Reinstates Legal Title of Prinkipo Orphanage|url=http://eu.greekreporter.com/2010/10/14/orthodox-orphanage-in-turkey-to-be-reopened/|accessdate=11 January 2013|newspaper=Greek Reporter|date=October 14, 2010}}</ref><ref name="The Greek Orphanage in Prinkipo: A case against Turkey in Europe">{{cite news|title=The Greek Orphanage in Prinkipo: A case against Turkey in Europe|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/default.aspx?pageid=438&n=the-greek-orphanage-in-prinkipo-a-case-against-turkey-in-europe-2007-11-26|accessdate=11 January 2013|newspaper=Hurriyet|date=2007-11-26}}</ref> It served as an orphanage from 1903 to 1964.<ref name=asbarez>{{cite news|title=European Court Tells Turkey to Return Confiscated Greek Orphanage to Patriarchate|url=http://asbarez.com/82135/european-court-tells-turkey-to-return-confiscated-greek-orphanage-to-patriarchate/|newspaper=Asbarez|date=June 15, 2010}}</ref>

==History==
It was designed and constructed in 1898 by the late-nineteenth century by the [[France|French]]-[[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] architect [[Alexander Vallaury]] as a luxury hotel and casino, named Prinkipo Palace, for the [[Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits]], the European passenger train company that operated the [[Orient Express]]. It was sold in 1903, however, when Sultan [[Abdul Hamid II]] would not issue a permit for its operation, and subsequently bought by the wife of a prominent Greek banker, Eleni Zarifi ({{lang-el|Ελένη Ζαρίφη}}), who donated it to the [[Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople]], which operated it as an orphanage. On April 21, 1964, during heightened tension of the [[Cyprus issue]], the orphanage was forcefully closed by the General Directorate of Foundations (Vakif Genel Mudurlugu).<ref name=wmf>[http://www.wmf.org/project/rum-orphanage RUM ORPHANAGE | World Monuments Fund]</ref><ref name="Prinkipo Orphanage">{{cite web|title=Prinkipo Orphanage|url=http://www.sde.org.tr/tr/kose-yazilari/678/prinkipo-orphanage.aspx|publisher=Institute of Strategical Thinking|accessdate=11 January 2013}}</ref><ref name="Το καμάρι του Γένους επιστρέφει στο σπίτι του">{{cite news|last=Tsitounas|first=Costas|title=Το καμάρι του Γένους επιστρέφει στο σπίτι του|url=http://www.espressonews.gr/default.asp?pid=79&catid=1&artID=1298659|accessdate=11 January 2013|newspaper=Espresso|date=5.12.2010|language=Greek}}</ref> In 1997, the property was seized by the Turkish state.<ref>[https://eurasianet.org/s/orthodox-patriarchate-in-turkey-wins-one-battle-still-faces-struggle-for-survival Orthodox Patriarchate in Turkey Wins One Battle, Still Faces Struggle for Survival]</ref> Throughout its history, the orphanage has catered to the needs of 5,800 orphans.<ref>[http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/greek-orthodox-orphanage-europes-largest-wooden-building-awaits-salvation-off-istanbul-132461 Greek Orthodox orphanage, Europe’s largest wooden building, awaits salvation off Istanbul]</ref>

==Building==
The building is considered to be the largest wooden building in Europe and the second largest in the world ([[Tōdai-ji]] Buddhist Temple being the largest). The orphanage consists of 206 rooms, a kitchen, a library, a primary school and vocational workshops.<ref name="Prinkipo Orphanage" /> It is situated on top of the Isa Tepesi, a mountain 206 meters high on the island of [[Buyukada]].<ref name="Prinkipo Orphanage" />

==Deterioration and repair==
Since its closure half a century ago, the neglected building has deteriorated into a state of heavy disrepair.<ref>[http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/10/pictures/111018-world-monuments-watch-list-2012-china-new-york/#/monument-watch-list-2012-turkey-rum-orphanage_42114_600x450.jpg Pictures: 12 World Monuments at Risk]</ref> The building was severely damaged by a fire in 1980.<ref name=asbarez /> The site was included on the [[2012 World Monuments Watch]] and is presently classified as "Rescue Needed" by [[Global Heritage Network]].<ref>[http://www.ghn.globalheritagefund.org/explore.php?id=1374 GHN Sites] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928174651/http://www.ghn.globalheritagefund.org/explore.php?id=1374 |date=2013-09-28 }}</ref> In April 2012, it was announced that the building would be restored over the next two years to house an international environmental institute.<ref name=bartholomew>[http://eu.greekreporter.com/2012/04/09/istanbul-historic-greek-orphanage-to-become-environmental-center-under-patriarch-bartholomew-i/ Istanbul: Historic Greek Orphanage to Become Environmental Center Under Patriarch Bartholomew I | Greek Reporter Europe]</ref>

In 2018, [[Europa Nostra]] and the [[European Investment Bank]] included the Orphanage among 12 cultural heritages, which have been nominated for the Seven Most Endangered cultural heritages list.<ref>[http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/prinkipo-greek-orthodox-orphanage-on-most-endangered-shortlist-126447 Büyükada Greek Orthodox Orphanage on most endangered shortlist]</ref><ref>[http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/greek-orthodox-orphanage-europes-largest-wooden-building-awaits-salvation-off-istanbul-132461 Greek Orthodox orphanage, Europe’s largest wooden building, awaits salvation off Istanbul]</ref> Same year, the [[Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople]] [[Bartholomew I]] asked, from the Turkish Government, help to protect the building.<ref>[http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/greek-orthodox-orphanage-europes-largest-wooden-building-awaits-salvation-off-istanbul-132461 Greek Orthodox orphanage, Europe’s largest wooden building, awaits salvation off Istanbul]</ref> But the plea came at a time of fresh tensions between Greece and Turkey over an array of issues, including the protection of Byzantine and Greek heritage in Istanbul.<ref>[http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/greek-orthodox-orphanage-europes-largest-wooden-building-awaits-salvation-off-istanbul-132461 Greek Orthodox orphanage, Europe’s largest wooden building, awaits salvation off Istanbul]</ref>

==Legal dispute==
The Greek community of Turkey claimed that the Orphanage belonged to the [[Ecumenical Patriarchate]] on the basis of Ottoman edicts that granted title to the Patriarchate which was subsequently converted under the Turkish republic. On the other hand, the Turkish government believed that the property does not belong to the Ecumenical Patriarchate. In 2003, the Patriarchate had submitted all required documents to show evidence of its ownership to the Supreme Administrative Court in Turkey. The Supreme Administrative Court dismissed the claims and argued that the foundation had lost its function as an orphanage and has become a seized asset (Turkish: mazbut vakıf).<ref name="The Greek Orphanage in Prinkipo: A case against Turkey in Europe" /> This position adheres with Turkish law which ultimately claims that if a foundation hasn't been of use for more than 10 years, the Directorate of Foundations Council has the right to seize the property.<ref name="The Greek Orphanage in Prinkipo: A case against Turkey in Europe" /> In 2004, The [[European Union]] raised the issue in Turkey’s progress report towards accession.<ref>{{cite web|title=2004 Regular Report on Turkey’s progress towards accession|url=http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/archives/pdf/key_documents/2004/rr_tr_2004_en.pdf|publisher=European Union|accessdate=11 January 2013|location=Brussels|date=6.10.2004}}</ref>

In 2005, the Greek Patriarchate took its battle to recover the building to the [[European Court of Human Rights]].<ref>[https://eurasianet.org/s/orthodox-patriarchate-in-turkey-wins-one-battle-still-faces-struggle-for-survival Orthodox Patriarchate in Turkey Wins One Battle, Still Faces Struggle for Survival]</ref> In 2008, the court delivered a unanimous verdict condemning the seizure.<ref>[https://eurasianet.org/s/orthodox-patriarchate-in-turkey-wins-one-battle-still-faces-struggle-for-survival Orthodox Patriarchate in Turkey Wins One Battle, Still Faces Struggle for Survival]</ref> In 2010, another court ruling ordered Turkey to return it to the Ecumenical Patriarchate within three months and to pay 26,000 euros in compensation.<ref>[https://eurasianet.org/s/orthodox-patriarchate-in-turkey-wins-one-battle-still-faces-struggle-for-survival Orthodox Patriarchate in Turkey Wins One Battle, Still Faces Struggle for Survival]</ref> The legal title is currently in the hands of the Ecumenical Patriarchate who plans to turn the building into a global environmental center, according to the current Greek Orthodox Patriarch, [[Bartholomew I]].<ref name=bartholomew /><ref>{{cite news|last=Koc|first=Ilyas|title=Greek orphanage to serve as foundation for environment|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action?load=detay&newsId=276864&link=276864|accessdate=11 January 2013|newspaper=Zaman|date=9 April 2012|location=Ankara}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Prigipos3f5.jpg|Orphans at the dormitory of the Orphanage
File:Prigipos6.jpg|Orphan students during class session
File:Prigipos2f4.jpg|Orphan girls learning to knit at vocational school
File:Prigipos4f3.jpg|Orphan students with their teacher
File:Büyükada Rum Yetimhanesi (Old Greek Orphanage), Istanbul 2.jpg|The Orphanage today
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130928174651/http://www.ghn.globalheritagefund.org/explore.php?id=1374 Rum Orphanage on Global Heritage Network]
* [http://www.wmf.org/project/rum-orphanage 2012 World Monuments Watch]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Buyukada Greek Orthodox Orphanage}}
[[Category:Orphanages in Turkey]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Istanbul]]
[[Category:Wooden buildings and structures in Turkey]]
[[Category:Greeks of the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:Greeks in Turkey]]
[[Category:Greece–Turkey relations]]
[[Category:Historic preservation in Turkey]]
[[Category:1898 establishments in the Ottoman Empire]]

İzbırak

2015-06-26T03:38:36Z

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{{Unreferenced stub|auto=yes|date=December 2009}}
'''İzbırak''' ([[Syriac]]: ''Zaz'') is a village in the [[Midyat]] district of [[Mardin Province]], [[Turkey]] and is about 20 kilometers north of [[Midyat]]. The village was traditionally [[Assyrian people|Assyrian]], but due to the combined factors of the [[Assyrian Genocide]] of WW1 and the area becoming a warzone in the [[Turkey-PKK conflict]], their numbers are very diminished. There are only 3 Assyrian families still living in the mostly abandoned town, and the foundations of abandoned and ruined houses are visible, as with many other villages in [[Tur Abdin]].
==Description==
The village is surrounded by grape gardens and fruit trees, and in the middle of the village lies a pond (Raumo). In the upper half of the village on a hill is the ''Church of [[Saint Demetrius of Alexandria|Mor Dimet]]'', boasting an imposing castle like structure. Several houses are clustered around the church, most of them intact. In the middle half of the village is Mar Shmuni, as well as Mar Gabriel in the lower half. Throughout the lower and middle half of the village ruins and foundations of abandoned houses are dispersed across the landscape, with a few intact ones scattered around.

{{Districts of Mardin}}

{{Coord|37|31|N|41|32|E|region:TR_type:city|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Izbirak, Midyat}}
[[Category:Villages in Turkey]]
[[Category:Assyrian settlements]]

{{SEAnatolia-geo-stub}}

İzbırak

2015-06-26T03:38:04Z

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{{Unreferenced stub|auto=yes|date=December 2009}}
'''İzbırak''' ([[Syriac]]: ''Zaz'') is a village in the [[Midyat]] district of [[Mardin Province]], [[Turkey]] and is about 20 kilometers north of [[Midyat]]. The village was traditionally [[Assyrian people|Assyrian]], but due to the combined factors of the [[Assyrian Genocide]] of WW1 and the area becoming a warzone in the [[Turkey-PKK conflict]], their numbers are very diminished. There are only 3 Assyrian families still living in the mostly abandoned town, and the foundations of abandoned and ruined houses are visible, as with many other villages in [[Tur Abdin]].
==Description==
The village is surrounded by grape gardens and fruit trees, and in the middle of the village lies a pond (Raumo). In the upper half of the village on a hill is the ''Church of [[Saint Demetrius of Alexandria|Mor Dimet]]'', boasting an imposing castle like structure. Several houses are clustered around the church, most of them intact. In the middle half of the village is Mar Shmuni, as well as Mar Gabriel in the lower half. Throughout the lower and middle half of the village ruins and foundations of abandoned houses are dispersed across the landscape, with a few intact ones scattered around.

{{Districts of Mardin}}

{{Coord|37|30|46.7|N 41|32'11.4"Eregion:TR_type:city|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Izbirak, Midyat}}
[[Category:Villages in Turkey]]
[[Category:Assyrian settlements]]

{{SEAnatolia-geo-stub}}

İzbırak

2015-06-26T03:35:44Z

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Fedayi (Armenier)

2014-11-08T09:49:03Z

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{{DISPLAYTITLE:Armenian ''fedayi''}}
{{infobox military unit
|unit_name = Armenian ''fedayi''
|image = [[File:Armenian Fedayees 1890-1896.jpg|280px]]
|caption = A ''fedayi'' group fighting under the [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation|ARF]] banner. The text reads ''Liberty or Death''.
|dates = 1880s–1920s
|country = [[Ottoman Empire]] [[Russian Empire]]
|allegiance = [[Armenians]]
*[[Armenian Revolutionary Federation|Dashnak]]
*[[Social Democrat Hunchakian Party|Hnchak]]
*[[Armenakan Party|Armenakan]]
|type = [[Militia]]
|role =
|size = Can depend, thousands in the Armenian genocide *100–200 ([[1904 Sasun uprising]])<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hambarian|first=A. S.|title=Սասունի 1904 թվականի գոյամարտը [1904 Sasun war]|journal=[[Patma-Banasirakan Handes]]|year=1989|issue=4|url=http://hpj.asj-oa.am/5285/|issn=0135-0536|page=26|language=hy}}</ref>
|command_structure=
|equipment =
|equipment_label=
|battles = [[Armenian national liberation movement]]

|commander1= [[Arabo]]
|commander1_label= before 1893
|commander2= [[Aghbiur Serob]]
|commander2_label= 1893–1899
|commander3=[[Andranik]]
|commander3_label=1899–1904
|commander4=[[Kevork Chavush]]
|commander4_label=1904–1907
|notable_commanders=
}}

'''''Fedayi''''' ([[Western Armenian|Western]] {{lang-hy|Ֆէտայի}} ''Fedayi''; [[Eastern Armenian|Eastern]] {{lang-hy|Ֆիդայի}} ''Fidayi''), also known as the '''Armenian irregular units''' or '''Armenian militia''', were [[Armenians|Armenian]] civilians who voluntarily left their families to form self-defense units and armed bands in reaction to the mass murder of Armenians and the pillage of Armenian villages by criminals, tribal [[Kurds|Kurdish]] forces, and [[Hamidiye (cavalry)|Hamidian guards]] during the reign of [[Abdul Hamid II]] in late 19th and early 20th centuries, know as the [[Hamidian massacres]]. Their ultimate goal was always to gain Armenian autonomy ([[Armenakan Party|Armenakans]]) or independence ([[Dashnak]]s, [[Hunchak]]s) depending on their ideology and the degree of oppression visited on Armenians.

The Armenian term ''fedayi'' is derived from [[Arabic language|Arabic]] [[fedayeen]]: {{lang|ar|<big>فدائيون</big>}} ''fidā'īyīn'', literally meaning "those who sacrifice".<ref>[http://www.theisraelproject.org/site/apps/nl/content2.asp?c=hsJPK0PIJpH&b=886017&ct=1181593 Middle East Glossary - The Israel Project: FEDAYEE]</ref><ref name=Rea>{{cite book|title=''The Arab-Israeli Conflict''|author=Tony Rea and John Wright|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=1993|page=43|isbn=019917170X}}</ref>

== Goals and activities ==
[[File:Bitlis Vilayet in Ottoman Empire (1900).png|thumb|250px|left|thumb|The [[Bitlis Vilayet]] (histocial [[Taron (historic Armenia)|Taron]]) was the center of fedayee operations in late 19th century and early 20th century.]]
Armenian fedayees' main goal was to defend Armenian villagers from persecution and at the same time, disrupt the Ottoman Empire's activities in Armenian populated regions. Armenian volunteers fight during [[Hamidian Massacres]], [[Sasun Resistance (1894)]], [[Zeitun Rebellion (1895–1896)]], [[Defense of Van (1896)|Defense of Van]], and [[Khanasor Expedition]]. They were the leaders and members of the [[Armenian national movement]]. These bands committed sabotage activities like cutting telegraph lines and raiding army supplies. They also committed assassinations and counter-attacks on Muslim villages. They helped Armenians defend themselves during village purges by Ottoman officials. They were supported by Armenians and quickly gained fame, support and trust by them.

Their activities in the Ottoman Empire dissipated after the [[Second Constitutional Era (Ottoman Empire)|Second Constitutional Era of the Ottoman Empire]], when the [[Committee of Union and Progress]] came into power and, for a time, granted the Empore's Armenian citizens the same rights as its Turkish and Kurdish citizens. Most fedayee groups disbanded, their members returning to their families.

===World War I===
[[File:Armenian volunteer soldier, with gun.jpg|thumb|250p|A photo of an Armenian volunteer from the [[Library of Congress]]]]
{{main|Armenian volunteer units}}
Some fedayee groups joined the Ottoman army after the Ottoman government passed a new law to support the war effort that required all enabled adult males up to the age of forty-five to either be recruited in the [[Military of the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman army]] or to pay special fees (which would be used in the war effort) in order to be excluded from service. As a result of this law, most able-bodied men were removed from their homes, leaving only the women, children, and elderly by themselves. Most of the Armenian recruits were later turned into road laborers, and many were executed before the beginning of the [[Armenian Genocide]].

The genocide gave way to the return of the fedayees. Apart from thousands of Armenians who were drafted or volunteered in several different armies fighting against the Ottoman empire, and apart from those who were drafted in the Ottoman army prior to [[World War I]],<ref>[http://www.hist.net/kieser/aghet/Essays/EssayZurcher.html Ottoman labour battalions]</ref> the fedayees fought inside Ottoman borders.

During the first year of the [[Democratic Republic of Armenia|new republic]], Armenians were flooding from [[Anatolia]] to safe havens. Roads were clogged with refugees. Further southeast, in [[Van, Turkey|Van]], the fedayees helped the local Armenians resist the Turkish army until April 1918, but eventually were forced to evacuate it and withdraw to [[Persia]].

To consider emergency measures, the [[Administration for Western Armenia|Western Armenian Administration]] sponsored a conference which adopted plans to form a twenty-thousand-man militia under Andranik in December 1917. Civilian commissioner Dr. [[Hakob Zavriev]] promoted Adrianik to Major General and he took the command of Armenia within the Ottoman Empire. They fought in numerous successful battles such as the [[Battle of Kara Killisse]], the [[Battle of Bash Abaran]] and the [[Battle of Sardarapat]], as fedayees merged with the Armenian army (Erivan centered) under the General [[Tovmas Nazarbekian]].

The total number of [[guerrillas]] in these irregular bands was 40,000–50,000, according to Boghos Nubar, the president of the "Armenian National Delegation": {{quote|In the Caucasus, where, without mentioning the 150,000 [[Armenian volunteer units|Armenians in the Imperial Russian Army]], more than 40,000 of their volunteers contributed to the liberation of a portion of the Armenian vilayets, and where, under the command of their leaders, Antranik and Nazerbekoff, they, alone among the peoples of the Caucasus, offered resistance to the Turkish armies, from the beginning of the Bolshevist withdrawal right up to the signing of an armistice."<ref>letter to French Foreign Office - December 3, 1918</ref>}}

Boghos Nubar, as a part of the Armenian Delegation, had the intention to expand the borders of the independent [[Democratic Republic of Armenia]]. Thus, he might have elevated the number of Armenian fedayees who were able to fight in order to show that the Armenians are capable of defending an eventually large Ottoman-Armenian border. In reality, their numbers at that time were much lower, considering the fact that there were no more than a few handful of fedayees in most of the confrontations between them and Kurdish irregulars or Turkish soldiers, even according to foreign accounts. Moreover, many of the fedayees were the same and reappeared in various places and battles. One should also note that many Armenian irregular fighters died defending regions of [[Western Armenia]] during the [[Armenian genocide|genocide]].

==Notable fedayis==
{{multiple image
| footer =
| align = right

| image1 = Arabo.jpg
| width1 = 142
| caption1 = <center>[[Arabo]]

| image2 = SerobPasha.jpg
| width2 = 119
| caption2 = <center>[[Aghbiur Serob]]

| image3 = Gevorg.jpg
| width3 = 110
| caption3 = <center>[[Kevork Chavush]]

| image4 = Andranik fedayee.jpg
| width4 = 125
| caption4 = <center>[[Andranik]]
}}

[[File:Zoravar Andranik Yerevan 2006.jpg|thumb|The statue of [[Andranik]] at the Fedayees Museum in [[Yerevan]]]]

{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#D3D3D3"
| <center>'''''[[Nom de guerre]]'''''
| <center>'''Years active (as fedayees)'''
| <center>'''Operation location(s)'''
| <center>'''Political affiliation'''
|-
| '''[[Arabo]]'''
| 1880s - 1893
| [[Western Armenia]]
| None
|-
| [[Girayr]]
| 1880s - 1894
| [[Western Armenia]]
| [[Social Democrat Hunchakian Party|Hunchak]]
|-
| [[Papken Siuni]]
| - 1896
| [[Western Armenia]], [[Constantinople]]
| [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation|Dashnak]]
|-
| '''[[Aghbiur Serob]]'''
| 1891–1899
| [[Western Armenia]]
| [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation|Dashnak]]
|-
| [[Hrayr Dzhoghk]]
| 1880s - 1904
| [[Western Armenia]]
| [[Social Democrat Hunchakian Party|Hunchak]], [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation|Dashnak]]
|-
| '''[[Kevork Chavush]]'''
| 1890–1907
| [[Western Armenia]]
| [[Social Democrat Hunchakian Party|Hunchak]], [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation|Dashnak]]
|-
| [[Sevkaretsi Sako]]
| - 1908
| [[Western Armenia]], [[Iran]]
| [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation|Dashnak]]
|-
| [[Yeprem Khan]]
| 1880s - 1912
| [[Western Armenia]], [[Iran]]
| [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation|Dashnak]]
|-
| [[Nikol Duman]]
| - 1914
| [[Western Armenia]], [[Eastern Armenia]]
| [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation|Dashnak]]
|-
| [[Hampartsoum Boyadjian|Medzn Mourad]]
| 1880s - 1915
| [[Western Armenia]]
| [[Social Democrat Hunchakian Party|Hunchak]]
|-
| [[Nikoghayos Mikaelian|Ishkhan]]
| - 1915
| [[Western Armenia]]
|
|-
| [[Paramaz]]
| 1890s - 1915
| [[Eastern Armenia]]
| [[Social Democrat Hunchakian Party|Hunchak]]
|-
| [[Arshak Gafavian|Keri]]
| 1880s - 1916
| [[Western Armenia]], [[Eastern Armenia]]
| [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation|Dashnak]]
|-
| [[Hovsep Arghutian]]
| 1889–1918
| [[Western Armenia]]
| [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation|Dashnak]]
|-
| [[Armenak Yekarian]]
| 1890s - 1918
| [[Western Armenia]]
| [[Armenian Democratic Liberal Party|Armenakan]]
|-
| [[Sebastatsi Murad]]
| 1890s - 1918
| [[Western Armenia]], [[Eastern Armenia]], [[Baku]]
| [[Social Democrat Hunchakian Party|Hunchak]], [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation|Dashnak]]
|-
| '''[[Andranik]]'''
| 1895–1919
| [[Western Armenia]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Syunik Province|Zangezur]]
| [[Social Democrat Hunchakian Party|Hunchak]], [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation|Dashnak]]
|-
| [[Aram Manukian]]
| 1903–1919
| [[Western Armenia]], [[Eastern Armenia]]
| [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation|Dashnak]]
|-
| [[Sose Mayrig]]
| 1890s - 1920
| [[Western Armenia]]
| [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation|Dashnak]]
|-
| [[Mihran Damadian]]
| 1890s - 1920
| [[Western Armenia]], [[Cilicia]]
| [[Social Democrat Hunchakian Party|Hunchak]]
|-
| [[Drastamat Kanayan|Dro]]
| 1914–1920
| [[Western Armenia]], [[Eastern Armenia]]
| [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation|Dashnak]]
|-
| [[Sargis Mehrabyan|Vartan]]
| 1890 - 1920s
| [[Western Armenia]], [[Eastern Armenia]]
| [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation|Dashnak]]
|-
| [[Garegin Nzhdeh]]
| 1908–1921
| [[Iran]], [[Balkans]], [[Eastern Armenia]] (particularly [[Syunik Province|Zangezur]])
| [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation|Dashnak]]
|-
| [[Smbad Baroyan|Makhluto]]
| 1880s - 1921
| [[Western Armenia]], [[Eastern Armenia]], [[Syunik Province|Zangezur]]
| [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation|Dashnak]]
|-
| [[Armen Garo]]
| 1895–1922
| [[Western Armenia]], [[Eastern Armenia]]
| [[Armenian Revolutionary Federation|Dashnak]]
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[Armenian Genocide]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*Vartanian, H.K. ''The Western Armenian Liberation Struggle'' Yerevan, 1967
*Translated from the Armenian: Mihran Kurdoghlian, Badmoutioun Hayots, C. hador [Armenian History, volume III], Athens, Greece, 1996, pg. 59-62.

{{Armenian Resistance}}

[[Category:Armenian resistance]]
[[Category:Military history of the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:Militias in Asia]]
[[Category:Militias in Europe]]
[[Category:People of the Armenian Genocide|Fedayi]]