https://de.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=ChrisclearWikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]2025-07-25T00:58:21ZBenutzerbeiträgeMediaWiki 1.45.0-wmf.11https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wasserkrise_von_Kapstadt&diff=179310748Wasserkrise von Kapstadt2018-02-19T00:48:15Z<p>Chrisclear: /* Day Zero */ adding reference for 4 June</p>
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<div>{{Use South African English|date=January 2018}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}<br />
[[File:Cape Town water graph Jan 2018.svg|thumb|500px|Graph of total water stored in the Western Cape's largest six dams from 30 June 2013 to 15 January 2018. The graph illustrates the declining water storage levels over the course of the Cape Town water crisis. Data obtained from the [http://cip.csag.uct.ac.za/monitoring/bigsix.html Climate Systems Analysis Group] (CSAG)]]<br />
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A [[drought]] in the [[Western Cape]] province of South Africa began in 2015 and is resulting in a severe water shortage in the region, most notably affecting the city of [[Cape Town]]. Despite water saving measures, dam levels are predicted to decline to critically low levels, and the city has made plans for "Day Zero" on 4 June 2018<ref>https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/dayzero-pushed-back-to-june-as-drought-declared-a-national-disaster-20180213</ref>, when municipal water supply will largely be shut off. If this happens, Cape Town will be the first major city to run out of water.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2018/01/19/cape-town-could-first-major-city-run-out-water/1047237001/|title=Cape Town could be the first major city in the world to run out of water|last=Cassim|first=Zaheer|date=19 January 2018|work=USA Today|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref><br />
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== Background ==<br />
The Cape Town region experiences a warm [[Mediterranean climate]]. Water is supplied largely from the six major dams of the [[Western Cape Water Supply System]] in mountainous areas close to the city. The dams are recharged by rain falling in their catchment areas, largely during the cooler winter months of May to August, and dam levels decline during the warm, dry summer months of December to February during which urban and agricultural water use increases. <br />
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Since 1995, Cape Town's population has grown from 2.4 million residents to an estimated 4.3 million by 2018, representing a 79 percent population increase in 23 years whilst dam water storage only increased by 15 percent in the same period.<ref name="GUwater" /> In 2016/2017, 64.5 percent of the city's water supply went to houses, flats and complexes, while 3.6 percent went to informal settlements.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://africacheck.org/reports/do-formal-residents-use-65-of-cape-towns-water-with-half-going-to-gardens-pools/|title=Do Formal Residents Use 65% of Cape Town's Water?|publisher=Africa Check|first=Gopolang|last=Makou|date=21 August 2017}}</ref><br />
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The possibility of the city exceeding its water supply was highlighted as early as 1990.<ref>{{cite news|title=Cape Town will run out of water in 17 years|first=Barry|last=Streek|date=26 April 1990|work=Cape Times|quote=Water supplies for the Cape Town area are expected to dry up in 17 years time, the Water Research Commission (WRC) disclosed yesterday. "It is estimated that known fresh water supplies for the Cape Town metropolitan area will be fully committed by the year 2007," it said in its annual report tabled in Parliament yesterday. "Thereafter the reclamation of purified sewage effluent to augment supplies is a distinct possibility".}}</ref><br />
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From 1950 to 1999, the city's consumption of treated water grew at 4% per year in line with the city's population growth. Water consumption peaked in 1999 at 335 million cubic metres (335 gigalitres) per year. Periods of low winter rainfall in 2000/2001 and 2003/2004 resulted in water restrictions being imposed.<ref name="WCDM"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/we-needed-to-build-more-dams-a-decade-ago-230552|title='We needed to build more dams a decade ago'|date=1 January 2005|first=Willem|last=Steenkamp}}</ref> In 2007, the city implemented a 10-year water demand management strategy, which successfully kept the annual consumption at or below the 1999 level despite ongoing population growth.<ref name="WCDM">{{cite web|title=Overview of Water Demand Management Initiatives: A City of Cape Town Approach|first=Zolile|last=Basholo|publisher=City of Cape Town|date=4 February 2016|url=https://www.greencape.co.za/assets/Water-Sector-Desk-Content/CoCT-WCWDM-presentation-Z-Basholo-Western-Cape-Water-Forum-160204-2016.pdf}}</ref><br />
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In 2009, the storage capacity of the dams supplying Cape Town was increased by 17 percent from 768 to 898 million cubic metres through the completion of the [[Berg River Dam]].<ref name="Cape Town">{{cite web|publisher=City of Cape Town|url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Pages/CapeTownsWaterSupplyBoosted.aspx|title=Cape Town's water supply boosted|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327102756/http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Pages/CapeTownsWaterSupplyBoosted.aspx|archive-date=27 March 2009|date=17 March 2009}}</ref> Despite the increased storage capacity, the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry predicted that the growing demand from the city would exceed supply by 2013 without water conservation and demand management measures by the city, and that even with those measures, further water sources would be required by 2019.<ref name="WCWRSNewsletterMarch09">{{cite web|publisher=Department of Water Affairs and Forestry| url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/Other/WMA/19/WCWRSNewsletterMarch09.pdf|title=Western Cape Water Reconciliation Strategy Newsletter 5|date=March 2009}}</ref><br />
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== Timeline ==<br />
After good rains in 2013 and 2014, the city of [[Cape Town]] began experiencing a drought in 2015, the first of three consecutive years of dry winters brought on by the [[El Niño]] weather pattern and [[climate change]].<ref name="AfricaC">{{Cite web |url=https://africacheck.org/2016/02/03/frequently-asked-questions-about-south-africas-drought |title= Frequently asked questions about South Africa's drought |date=3 February 2016 |publisher=Africa Check |language=English |publication-place=Cape Town |access-date=2017-06-01}}</ref> Water levels in the city's dams declined from 71.9 percent in 2014 to 50.1 percent in 2015.<ref name="GUwater">{{Cite web |url=http://www.groundup.org.za/article/whats-causing-cape-towns-water-crisis/ |title=What's causing Cape Town's water crisis? |last=Bohatch |first=Trevor |date=16 May 2017 |publisher=Ground Up |location=Cape Town |language=English |access-date=2017-06-01}}</ref> Water restrictions, in place at "Level 1" since 2005, were increased to Level 2 on 1 January 2016, to Level 3 on 1 November 2017, and Level 3B on 1 February 2017.<br />
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Significant droughts in other parts of South Africa ended in August 2016 through heavy rain and flooding in the interior of the country,<ref name="encarain">{{Cite web |url=http://www.enca.com/africa/southern-africa-faces-floods-after-drought |title=Southern Africa faces floods after drought |last=Masinde |first=Muthoni |date=18 August 2016 |access-date=2017-06-01}}</ref> but the drought in the Western Cape remained.<br />
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By the end of the dry season in May 2017, the drought was declared the city's worst in a century, with dams having less than 10 percent of their usable capacity.<ref name="cnn2017">{{Cite web |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2017/05/31/africa/cape-town-drought/index.html |title=Cape Town contends with worst drought in over a century |last=Van Dam |first=Derek |website=CNN.com |publisher=[[CNN]] |publication-date=31 May 2017 |access-date=2017-06-01}}</ref> Level 4 water restrictions were imposed, limiting the consumption of water to 100 litres per person per day.<ref name="level4">{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/city-of-cape-town-approves-level-4-water-restrictions-20170531|title=City of Cape Town approves Level 4 water restrictions|date=31 May 2017|first=Jenna|last=Etheridge}}</ref><br />
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In June 2017 a [[Cape Storm (2017)|significant storm]] hit the area, dropping up to 50 mm of rain, but not enough to break the drought.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/cape-storm-isnt-a-quick-fix-for-drought-warns-city-of-cape-town-20170607|title=Cape storm isn't a quick fix for drought, warns City of Cape Town|work=News24|access-date=2017-06-15}}</ref> Overall rainfall in 2017 was the lowest since 1933.<ref name="csag"/><br />
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[[File:Cape Water map dams.png|thumb|300px|A map of Cape Town's major dams.]]<br />
{| class="wikitable" align= cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em; text-align:center; font-size:95%"<br />
|-<br />
!colspan=6 style="background:#ccccff"| Water levels as a percentage of total dam capacity by year.<ref name="GUwater" /><br />
</tr><br />
|-<br />
! Major dams !! 16 February 2018<ref name="dashboard">{{cite web|title=City of Cape Town: Water Dashboard|url=http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/damlevels.pdf|publisher=City of Cape Town|date=22 January 2018|accessdate=25 January 2018}}</ref>!! May 2017 !! May 2016 !! May 2015 !! May 2014<br />
|-<br />
| [[Berg River Dam]]|| 53.4|| 32.4|| 27.2|| 54.0|| 90.5<br />
|-<br />
| [[Steenbras Dam|Steenbras Lower]]|| 40.0|| 26.5|| 37.6|| 47.9|| 39.6<br />
|-<br />
| [[Steenbras Dam – Upper|Steenbras Upper]]|| 83.6|| 56.7|| 56.9|| 57.8|| 79.1<br />
|-<br />
| [[Theewaterskloof Dam]] || 11.6|| 15|| 31.3|| 51.3|| 74.5<br />
|-<br />
| [[Voelvlei Dam]]|| 16.7|| 17.2|| 21.3|| 42.5|| 59.5<br />
|-<br />
| [[Wemmershoek Dam]]|| 48.0|| 36|| 48.5|| 50.5|| 58.8<br />
|-<br />
| Total stored (megalitres)|| 220 808|| 190 300|| 279 954|| 450 429 || 646 137<br />
|-<br />
| '''Total % Storage''' || '''24.6'''|| '''21.2'''|| '''31.2'''|| '''50.1'''|| '''71.9'''<br />
|}<br />
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With the dry summer season approaching, the city increased its existing water restrictions to Level 4B on 1 July 2017, and to Level 5 on 3 September 2017, banning most outdoor and non-essential use of water, encouraging the use of [[greywater]] for toilet flushing, and aiming to limit the per capita water consumption to 87 litres per day, for a total of 500 million litres per day.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/level-5-water-restrictions-implemented-in-cape-town-20170903|title=Level 5 water restrictions implemented in Cape Town|work=News24|access-date=2017-09-04}}</ref><br />
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By early-October 2017, following a low rainfall winter, Cape Town had an estimated five months before water levels would be depleted.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://features.dailymaverick.co.za/cape-of-storms-to-come/|title=Cape Of Storms To Come|last=DIANA NEILLE, MARELISE VAN DER MERWE & LEILA DOUGAN|first=|date=|website=features.dailymaverick.co.za|language=en-US|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-11-03}}</ref> In the same month, the [[City of Cape Town]] issued an emergency water plan to be rolled-out in multiple phases depending on the severity of the water shortage. Phase 1 was "water rationing through extreme pressure reduction" which involved temporary water cuts and rationing. Phase 1 was implemented immediately with unannounced water cuts to a number of outlying neighbourhoods. In Phase 2 water will be shut off to most of the system except to places of key water access. Phase 3 is the point at which the city can no longer draw water from surface dams in the Western Cape Water Supply System and there is a limited period of time before the water supply system fails.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2017-10-04-op-ed-the-city-of-cape-towns-critical-water-shortages-disaster-plan/#.WfwyhGiCyUl|title=Op-Ed: The City of Cape Town's Critical Water Shortages Disaster Plan {{!}} Daily Maverick|last=De Lille|first=Patricia|date=4 October 2017|website=www.dailymaverick.co.za|publisher=City of Cape Town|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-11-03}}</ref><br />
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In mid-October 2017 the [[City of Cape Town]] was criticised by [[Desalination|water desalination]] companies for the slow pace of contract negotiations, high level of bureaucracy, lack of urgency, and the inadequate scale of the proposed water supply projects.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.iol.co.za/weekend-argus/news/city-of-cape-towns-water-bungle-11575998|title=City of Cape Town's water 'bungle' {{!}} Weekend Argus|last=Morris|first=Michael|date=14 October 2017|work=Weekend Argus|access-date=2017-11-03|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en}}</ref> On 26 October 2017 it was announced that the Cape Town city manager would be given special powers to take drought-related actions that would not have to follow the city's normal decision making and approval process. This announcement came after a review of the city's decision making processes that found "certain aspects of the Preferential Procurement Policy Framework Act, the Municipal Finance Management Act and Supply Chain Management regulations, as well as the council's own Supply Chain Management Policy, failed to adequately provide for the City of Cape Town to 'deal effectively and timeously' with the disaster."<ref name="Polweb">{{Cite web |url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/cape-town-city-manager-given-special-powers-to-dea |title= Cape Town city manager given special powers to deal with water crisis - NEWS & ANALYSIS |last= News24 |date= 26 October 2017 |website= www.politicsweb.co.za |language= en |access-date= 2017-12-01}}</ref><br />
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[[File:Theewaterskloof Dam 2018 02 10 (28425520089).jpg|thumb|right|Theewaterskloof Dam at approximately 12% on 10 February 2018]]<br />
On 24 January 2018, the Western Cape provincial cabinet stated that it was the responsibility of the national government to fund the expansion of the water system as the "provision of bulk water supply is a national government mandate." The provincial cabinet also announced that it was drawing up plans with the [[South African Police Service]] for a strategy to deploy officers at water distribution points across the city after day zero.<ref name="Jan24">{{Cite web |url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2018-01-24-government-must-refund-cape-town-for-cost-of-managing-the-water-crisis/ |title=Government must refund Cape Town for cost of managing the water crisis |date=24 January 2018 |language=en-ZA |access-date=2018-01-26}}</ref><br />
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Level 6 restrictions were imposed on 1 January 2018, and Level 6B on 1 February 2018, limiting consumption to 50 litres per person per day.<br />
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On the 6th February 2018 the Groenland Water Users’ Association (a representative body for farmers in the [[Elgin, South Africa|Elgin]] and [[Grabouw]] agricultural areas around Cape Town) released an additional 10 billion litres of water into the Steenbras Dam. Thereby pushing back day zero by an estimated 20 days to the 11th of May.<ref name="Groenland">{{Cite web |url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/cape-town-gets-10bn-litres-of-water |title=WATCH: Cape Town gets 10bn litres of water |date=6 February 2018 |website=www.enca.com |language=en |access-date=2018-02-08}}</ref><br />
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The date was further pushed back to June 4 because of declined water use in agriculture and residential consumption.<ref>https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/dayzero-pushed-back-to-june-as-drought-declared-a-national-disaster-20180213 </ref><br />
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==Day Zero==<br />
In mid-January 2018, Cape Town Mayor [[Patricia de Lille]] announced that the city will be forced to shut off most of the municipal water supply if conditions do not change, naming 22 April 2018 as "Day Zero", shortly afterwards revising Day Zero forward to 12 April<ref>{{cite news|url=http://time.com/5103259/cape-town-water-crisis/ |title=Cape Town Is 90 Days Away From Running Out of Water |last=Baker |first=Aryn |date=15 January 2018 |work=Time|access-date=19 January 2018 |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://abcnews.go.com/International/drought-stricken-cape-town-south-africa-run-water/story?id=52402170 |title=Drought-stricken Cape Town, South Africa, could run out of water by April's 'day zero' |last=Thom |first=Liezl |date=17 January 2018 |work=ABC News |access-date=19 January 2018 |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ewn.co.za/2018/01/23/day-zero-brought-forward-ct-officials-prepare-for-worst|title=Day Zero Brought Forward, CT Officials Prepare for Worst|first=Kevin|last=Brandt|date=23 January 2018}}</ref>, moving it back to 16 April<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/01/africa/cape-town-water-crisis-intl/index.html|title=Cape Town cuts water use limit by nearly half|last=Said-Moorhouse|first=Lauren|date=|work=CNN|access-date=2018-02-03|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|last2=Mezzofiore|first2=Gianluca}}</ref>, then back again to 11 May<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/05/africa/cape-town-day-zero-intl/index.html|title=Cape Town 'Day Zero' delayed as agricultural water use drops|last=CNN|first=Lauren Said-Moorhouse,|work=CNN|access-date=2018-02-05}}</ref> and then June 4.<ref>https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/dayzero-pushed-back-to-june-as-drought-declared-a-national-disaster-20180213</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/02/south-africa-day-pushed-june-180215094221289.html |title=South Africa: Day Zero pushed back to June |website=aljazeera.com |publication-date=2018-02-15 |access-date=2018-02-16}}</ref> Day Zero will be declared when the water level of the city's major dams reaches 13.5%. When this occurs, municipal water supplies will be largely switched off, and residents will rely on 149 water collection points around the city to collect a daily ration of 25 litres of water per person.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/Analysis/jp-smith-answers-day-zero-questions-its-going-to-be-really-unpleasant-20180126|title=JP Smith answers Day Zero questions: 'It's going to be really unpleasant'|date=26 January 2018|first1=Aletta|last1=Harrison|first2=Alet|last2=Janse van Rensburg|publisher=News24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/borehole-rules-can-you-use-sea-water-to-flush-the-city-answers-your-questions-20180130|date=30 January 2018|title=Borehole rules? Can you use sea water to flush? - The City of Cape Town answers your questions|publisher=GroundUp}}</ref><br />
Water supply will be maintained in the city's CBD, in informal settlements (where water is already collected from central locations) and essential services such as hospitals.<br />
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== Severity of the drought==<br />
Research on long-term weather data done by the [[University of Cape Town]] found that the period from 2015-2017 has been the driest 3-year period since 1933, and 2017 was the driest year since 1933, and possibly earlier, since comparable data before 1933 was not available. It also found that a drought of this severity will statistically occur only once every 311 years.<ref name="csag">{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/how-severe-is-cape-towns-drought-a-detailed-look-at-the-data-20180123|title=How severe is Cape Town's drought? A detailed look at the data|date=23 January 2018|publisher=News24|first=Piotr|last=Wolski}}</ref> Modelling by [[Aurecon]] found that the drought was approximately a 1 in 400 year event.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wswc.org.za/water-conservation/just-severe-current-drought-city-cape-town-experiencing/|title=Just how severe is the current drought the City of Cape Town is experiencing?|first=Dave|last=Gale|date=23 January 2018|publisher=Water Shedding Western Cape}}</ref><br />
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== Impact ==<br />
[[File:Western Cape Water Saving 2017.jpg|thumb|Poster issued by the [[Western Cape government]] calling for people to conserve water due to the water shortage in 2017.]]<br />
In response to the water shortage, the agricultural sector reduced water consumption by 50 percent, contributing to the loss of 37,000 jobs in the sector nationally, and leading to an estimated 50,000 being pushed below the poverty line due to job losses and inflation due to increases in the price of food.<ref name=":0" /> By February 2018 the agricultural sector had incurred R14 billion (US$1.17 billion) in losses due to the water shortage.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/economy/2018-02-05-farmers-lose-r14bn-as-cape-drought-bites/|title=Farmers lose R14bn as Cape drought bites|last=Phakathi|first=Bekezela|date=5 February 2018|work=Business Day|access-date=2018-02-07|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
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==External links==<br />
* [http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures,%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Disaster%20and%20demand%20FAQ.pdf Day Zero and Water-related FAQs]<br />
* [http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/damlevels.pdf City of Cape Town Dam Levels Dashboard]<br />
* [http://coct.co/water-dashboard/ City of Cape Town Day Zero Dashboard]<br />
* [http://www.capetown.gov.za/Family%20and%20home/residential-utility-services/residential-water-and-sanitation-services/this-weeks-dam-levels City of Cape Town This Week's Dam Levels]<br />
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== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Climate of South Africa]]<br />
[[Category:Droughts in Africa]]<br />
[[Category:2018 in South Africa]]<br />
[[Category:2017 in South Africa]]<br />
[[Category:2016 in South Africa]]<br />
[[Category:2015 in South Africa]]<br />
[[Category:2018 in the environment]]<br />
[[Category:2017 in the environment]]<br />
[[Category:2016 in the environment]]<br />
[[Category:2015 in the environment]]<br />
[[Category:2018 droughts]]<br />
[[Category:2017 droughts]]<br />
[[Category:2016 droughts]]<br />
[[Category:2015 droughts]]<br />
[[Category:Climate change in South Africa]]</div>Chrisclearhttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wasserkrise_von_Kapstadt&diff=179310747Wasserkrise von Kapstadt2018-02-18T19:22:09Z<p>Chrisclear: adding current Day Zero of 4 June and reference</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use South African English|date=January 2018}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}<br />
[[File:Cape Town water graph Jan 2018.svg|thumb|500px|Graph of total water stored in the Western Cape's largest six dams from 30 June 2013 to 15 January 2018. The graph illustrates the declining water storage levels over the course of the Cape Town water crisis. Data obtained from the [http://cip.csag.uct.ac.za/monitoring/bigsix.html Climate Systems Analysis Group] (CSAG)]]<br />
<br />
A [[drought]] in the [[Western Cape]] province of South Africa began in 2015 and is resulting in a severe water shortage in the region, most notably affecting the city of [[Cape Town]]. Despite water saving measures, dam levels are predicted to decline to critically low levels, and the city has made plans for "Day Zero" on 4 June 2018<ref>https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/dayzero-pushed-back-to-june-as-drought-declared-a-national-disaster-20180213</ref>, when municipal water supply will largely be shut off. If this happens, Cape Town will be the first major city to run out of water.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2018/01/19/cape-town-could-first-major-city-run-out-water/1047237001/|title=Cape Town could be the first major city in the world to run out of water|last=Cassim|first=Zaheer|date=19 January 2018|work=USA Today|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
The Cape Town region experiences a warm [[Mediterranean climate]]. Water is supplied largely from the six major dams of the [[Western Cape Water Supply System]] in mountainous areas close to the city. The dams are recharged by rain falling in their catchment areas, largely during the cooler winter months of May to August, and dam levels decline during the warm, dry summer months of December to February during which urban and agricultural water use increases. <br />
<br />
Since 1995, Cape Town's population has grown from 2.4 million residents to an estimated 4.3 million by 2018, representing a 79 percent population increase in 23 years whilst dam water storage only increased by 15 percent in the same period.<ref name="GUwater" /> In 2016/2017, 64.5 percent of the city's water supply went to houses, flats and complexes, while 3.6 percent went to informal settlements.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://africacheck.org/reports/do-formal-residents-use-65-of-cape-towns-water-with-half-going-to-gardens-pools/|title=Do Formal Residents Use 65% of Cape Town's Water?|publisher=Africa Check|first=Gopolang|last=Makou|date=21 August 2017}}</ref><br />
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The possibility of the city exceeding its water supply was highlighted as early as 1990.<ref>{{cite news|title=Cape Town will run out of water in 17 years|first=Barry|last=Streek|date=26 April 1990|work=Cape Times|quote=Water supplies for the Cape Town area are expected to dry up in 17 years time, the Water Research Commission (WRC) disclosed yesterday. "It is estimated that known fresh water supplies for the Cape Town metropolitan area will be fully committed by the year 2007," it said in its annual report tabled in Parliament yesterday. "Thereafter the reclamation of purified sewage effluent to augment supplies is a distinct possibility".}}</ref><br />
<br />
From 1950 to 1999, the city's consumption of treated water grew at 4% per year in line with the city's population growth. Water consumption peaked in 1999 at 335 million cubic metres (335 gigalitres) per year. Periods of low winter rainfall in 2000/2001 and 2003/2004 resulted in water restrictions being imposed.<ref name="WCDM"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/we-needed-to-build-more-dams-a-decade-ago-230552|title='We needed to build more dams a decade ago'|date=1 January 2005|first=Willem|last=Steenkamp}}</ref> In 2007, the city implemented a 10-year water demand management strategy, which successfully kept the annual consumption at or below the 1999 level despite ongoing population growth.<ref name="WCDM">{{cite web|title=Overview of Water Demand Management Initiatives: A City of Cape Town Approach|first=Zolile|last=Basholo|publisher=City of Cape Town|date=4 February 2016|url=https://www.greencape.co.za/assets/Water-Sector-Desk-Content/CoCT-WCWDM-presentation-Z-Basholo-Western-Cape-Water-Forum-160204-2016.pdf}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2009, the storage capacity of the dams supplying Cape Town was increased by 17 percent from 768 to 898 million cubic metres through the completion of the [[Berg River Dam]].<ref name="Cape Town">{{cite web|publisher=City of Cape Town|url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Pages/CapeTownsWaterSupplyBoosted.aspx|title=Cape Town's water supply boosted|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327102756/http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Pages/CapeTownsWaterSupplyBoosted.aspx|archive-date=27 March 2009|date=17 March 2009}}</ref> Despite the increased storage capacity, the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry predicted that the growing demand from the city would exceed supply by 2013 without water conservation and demand management measures by the city, and that even with those measures, further water sources would be required by 2019.<ref name="WCWRSNewsletterMarch09">{{cite web|publisher=Department of Water Affairs and Forestry| url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/Other/WMA/19/WCWRSNewsletterMarch09.pdf|title=Western Cape Water Reconciliation Strategy Newsletter 5|date=March 2009}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Timeline ==<br />
After good rains in 2013 and 2014, the city of [[Cape Town]] began experiencing a drought in 2015, the first of three consecutive years of dry winters brought on by the [[El Niño]] weather pattern and [[climate change]].<ref name="AfricaC">{{Cite web |url=https://africacheck.org/2016/02/03/frequently-asked-questions-about-south-africas-drought |title= Frequently asked questions about South Africa's drought |date=3 February 2016 |publisher=Africa Check |language=English |publication-place=Cape Town |access-date=2017-06-01}}</ref> Water levels in the city's dams declined from 71.9 percent in 2014 to 50.1 percent in 2015.<ref name="GUwater">{{Cite web |url=http://www.groundup.org.za/article/whats-causing-cape-towns-water-crisis/ |title=What's causing Cape Town's water crisis? |last=Bohatch |first=Trevor |date=16 May 2017 |publisher=Ground Up |location=Cape Town |language=English |access-date=2017-06-01}}</ref> Water restrictions, in place at "Level 1" since 2005, were increased to Level 2 on 1 January 2016, to Level 3 on 1 November 2017, and Level 3B on 1 February 2017.<br />
<br />
Significant droughts in other parts of South Africa ended in August 2016 through heavy rain and flooding in the interior of the country,<ref name="encarain">{{Cite web |url=http://www.enca.com/africa/southern-africa-faces-floods-after-drought |title=Southern Africa faces floods after drought |last=Masinde |first=Muthoni |date=18 August 2016 |access-date=2017-06-01}}</ref> but the drought in the Western Cape remained.<br />
<br />
By the end of the dry season in May 2017, the drought was declared the city's worst in a century, with dams having less than 10 percent of their usable capacity.<ref name="cnn2017">{{Cite web |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2017/05/31/africa/cape-town-drought/index.html |title=Cape Town contends with worst drought in over a century |last=Van Dam |first=Derek |website=CNN.com |publisher=[[CNN]] |publication-date=31 May 2017 |access-date=2017-06-01}}</ref> Level 4 water restrictions were imposed, limiting the consumption of water to 100 litres per person per day.<ref name="level4">{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/city-of-cape-town-approves-level-4-water-restrictions-20170531|title=City of Cape Town approves Level 4 water restrictions|date=31 May 2017|first=Jenna|last=Etheridge}}</ref><br />
<br />
In June 2017 a [[Cape Storm (2017)|significant storm]] hit the area, dropping up to 50 mm of rain, but not enough to break the drought.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/cape-storm-isnt-a-quick-fix-for-drought-warns-city-of-cape-town-20170607|title=Cape storm isn't a quick fix for drought, warns City of Cape Town|work=News24|access-date=2017-06-15}}</ref> Overall rainfall in 2017 was the lowest since 1933.<ref name="csag"/><br />
<br />
[[File:Cape Water map dams.png|thumb|300px|A map of Cape Town's major dams.]]<br />
{| class="wikitable" align= cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em; text-align:center; font-size:95%"<br />
|-<br />
!colspan=6 style="background:#ccccff"| Water levels as a percentage of total dam capacity by year.<ref name="GUwater" /><br />
</tr><br />
|-<br />
! Major dams !! 16 February 2018<ref name="dashboard">{{cite web|title=City of Cape Town: Water Dashboard|url=http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/damlevels.pdf|publisher=City of Cape Town|date=22 January 2018|accessdate=25 January 2018}}</ref>!! May 2017 !! May 2016 !! May 2015 !! May 2014<br />
|-<br />
| [[Berg River Dam]]|| 53.4|| 32.4|| 27.2|| 54.0|| 90.5<br />
|-<br />
| [[Steenbras Dam|Steenbras Lower]]|| 40.0|| 26.5|| 37.6|| 47.9|| 39.6<br />
|-<br />
| [[Steenbras Dam – Upper|Steenbras Upper]]|| 83.6|| 56.7|| 56.9|| 57.8|| 79.1<br />
|-<br />
| [[Theewaterskloof Dam]] || 11.6|| 15|| 31.3|| 51.3|| 74.5<br />
|-<br />
| [[Voelvlei Dam]]|| 16.7|| 17.2|| 21.3|| 42.5|| 59.5<br />
|-<br />
| [[Wemmershoek Dam]]|| 48.0|| 36|| 48.5|| 50.5|| 58.8<br />
|-<br />
| Total stored (megalitres)|| 220 808|| 190 300|| 279 954|| 450 429 || 646 137<br />
|-<br />
| '''Total % Storage''' || '''24.6'''|| '''21.2'''|| '''31.2'''|| '''50.1'''|| '''71.9'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
With the dry summer season approaching, the city increased its existing water restrictions to Level 4B on 1 July 2017, and to Level 5 on 3 September 2017, banning most outdoor and non-essential use of water, encouraging the use of [[greywater]] for toilet flushing, and aiming to limit the per capita water consumption to 87 litres per day, for a total of 500 million litres per day.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/level-5-water-restrictions-implemented-in-cape-town-20170903|title=Level 5 water restrictions implemented in Cape Town|work=News24|access-date=2017-09-04}}</ref><br />
<br />
By early-October 2017, following a low rainfall winter, Cape Town had an estimated five months before water levels would be depleted.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://features.dailymaverick.co.za/cape-of-storms-to-come/|title=Cape Of Storms To Come|last=DIANA NEILLE, MARELISE VAN DER MERWE & LEILA DOUGAN|first=|date=|website=features.dailymaverick.co.za|language=en-US|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-11-03}}</ref> In the same month, the [[City of Cape Town]] issued an emergency water plan to be rolled-out in multiple phases depending on the severity of the water shortage. Phase 1 was "water rationing through extreme pressure reduction" which involved temporary water cuts and rationing. Phase 1 was implemented immediately with unannounced water cuts to a number of outlying neighbourhoods. In Phase 2 water will be shut off to most of the system except to places of key water access. Phase 3 is the point at which the city can no longer draw water from surface dams in the Western Cape Water Supply System and there is a limited period of time before the water supply system fails.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2017-10-04-op-ed-the-city-of-cape-towns-critical-water-shortages-disaster-plan/#.WfwyhGiCyUl|title=Op-Ed: The City of Cape Town's Critical Water Shortages Disaster Plan {{!}} Daily Maverick|last=De Lille|first=Patricia|date=4 October 2017|website=www.dailymaverick.co.za|publisher=City of Cape Town|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-11-03}}</ref><br />
<br />
In mid-October 2017 the [[City of Cape Town]] was criticised by [[Desalination|water desalination]] companies for the slow pace of contract negotiations, high level of bureaucracy, lack of urgency, and the inadequate scale of the proposed water supply projects.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.iol.co.za/weekend-argus/news/city-of-cape-towns-water-bungle-11575998|title=City of Cape Town's water 'bungle' {{!}} Weekend Argus|last=Morris|first=Michael|date=14 October 2017|work=Weekend Argus|access-date=2017-11-03|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en}}</ref> On 26 October 2017 it was announced that the Cape Town city manager would be given special powers to take drought-related actions that would not have to follow the city's normal decision making and approval process. This announcement came after a review of the city's decision making processes that found "certain aspects of the Preferential Procurement Policy Framework Act, the Municipal Finance Management Act and Supply Chain Management regulations, as well as the council's own Supply Chain Management Policy, failed to adequately provide for the City of Cape Town to 'deal effectively and timeously' with the disaster."<ref name="Polweb">{{Cite web |url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/cape-town-city-manager-given-special-powers-to-dea |title= Cape Town city manager given special powers to deal with water crisis - NEWS & ANALYSIS |last= News24 |date= 26 October 2017 |website= www.politicsweb.co.za |language= en |access-date= 2017-12-01}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Theewaterskloof Dam 2018 02 10 (28425520089).jpg|thumb|right|Theewaterskloof Dam at approximately 12% on 10 February 2018]]<br />
On 24 January 2018, the Western Cape provincial cabinet stated that it was the responsibility of the national government to fund the expansion of the water system as the "provision of bulk water supply is a national government mandate." The provincial cabinet also announced that it was drawing up plans with the [[South African Police Service]] for a strategy to deploy officers at water distribution points across the city after day zero.<ref name="Jan24">{{Cite web |url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2018-01-24-government-must-refund-cape-town-for-cost-of-managing-the-water-crisis/ |title=Government must refund Cape Town for cost of managing the water crisis |date=24 January 2018 |language=en-ZA |access-date=2018-01-26}}</ref><br />
<br />
Level 6 restrictions were imposed on 1 January 2018, and Level 6B on 1 February 2018, limiting consumption to 50 litres per person per day.<br />
<br />
On the 6th February 2018 the Groenland Water Users’ Association (a representative body for farmers in the [[Elgin, South Africa|Elgin]] and [[Grabouw]] agricultural areas around Cape Town) released an additional 10 billion litres of water into the Steenbras Dam. Thereby pushing back day zero by an estimated 20 days to the 11th of May.<ref name="Groenland">{{Cite web |url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/cape-town-gets-10bn-litres-of-water |title=WATCH: Cape Town gets 10bn litres of water |date=6 February 2018 |website=www.enca.com |language=en |access-date=2018-02-08}}</ref><br />
<br />
The date was further pushed back to June 4 because of declined water use in agriculture and residential consumption.<ref>https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/dayzero-pushed-back-to-june-as-drought-declared-a-national-disaster-20180213 </ref><br />
<br />
==Day Zero==<br />
In mid-January 2018, Cape Town Mayor [[Patricia de Lille]] announced that the city will be forced to shut off most of the municipal water supply if conditions do not change, naming 22 April 2018 as "Day Zero", shortly afterwards revising Day Zero forward to 12 April<ref>{{cite news|url=http://time.com/5103259/cape-town-water-crisis/ |title=Cape Town Is 90 Days Away From Running Out of Water |last=Baker |first=Aryn |date=15 January 2018 |work=Time|access-date=19 January 2018 |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://abcnews.go.com/International/drought-stricken-cape-town-south-africa-run-water/story?id=52402170 |title=Drought-stricken Cape Town, South Africa, could run out of water by April's 'day zero' |last=Thom |first=Liezl |date=17 January 2018 |work=ABC News |access-date=19 January 2018 |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ewn.co.za/2018/01/23/day-zero-brought-forward-ct-officials-prepare-for-worst|title=Day Zero Brought Forward, CT Officials Prepare for Worst|first=Kevin|last=Brandt|date=23 January 2018}}</ref>, moving it back to 16 April<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/01/africa/cape-town-water-crisis-intl/index.html|title=Cape Town cuts water use limit by nearly half|last=Said-Moorhouse|first=Lauren|date=|work=CNN|access-date=2018-02-03|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|last2=Mezzofiore|first2=Gianluca}}</ref>, then back again to 11 May<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/05/africa/cape-town-day-zero-intl/index.html|title=Cape Town 'Day Zero' delayed as agricultural water use drops|last=CNN|first=Lauren Said-Moorhouse,|work=CNN|access-date=2018-02-05}}</ref> and then June 4.<ref>https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/dayzero-pushed-back-to-june-as-drought-declared-a-national-disaster-20180213 </ref> Day Zero will be declared when the water level of the city's major dams reaches 13.5%. When this occurs, municipal water supplies will be largely switched off, and residents will rely on 149 water collection points around the city to collect a daily ration of 25 litres of water per person.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/Analysis/jp-smith-answers-day-zero-questions-its-going-to-be-really-unpleasant-20180126|title=JP Smith answers Day Zero questions: 'It's going to be really unpleasant'|date=26 January 2018|first1=Aletta|last1=Harrison|first2=Alet|last2=Janse van Rensburg|publisher=News24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/borehole-rules-can-you-use-sea-water-to-flush-the-city-answers-your-questions-20180130|date=30 January 2018|title=Borehole rules? Can you use sea water to flush? - The City of Cape Town answers your questions|publisher=GroundUp}}</ref><br />
Water supply will be maintained in the city's CBD, in informal settlements (where water is already collected from central locations) and essential services such as hospitals.<br />
<br />
== Severity of the drought==<br />
Research on long-term weather data done by the [[University of Cape Town]] found that the period from 2015-2017 has been the driest 3-year period since 1933, and 2017 was the driest year since 1933, and possibly earlier, since comparable data before 1933 was not available. It also found that a drought of this severity will statistically occur only once every 311 years.<ref name="csag">{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/how-severe-is-cape-towns-drought-a-detailed-look-at-the-data-20180123|title=How severe is Cape Town's drought? A detailed look at the data|date=23 January 2018|publisher=News24|first=Piotr|last=Wolski}}</ref> Modelling by [[Aurecon]] found that the drought was approximately a 1 in 400 year event.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wswc.org.za/water-conservation/just-severe-current-drought-city-cape-town-experiencing/|title=Just how severe is the current drought the City of Cape Town is experiencing?|first=Dave|last=Gale|date=23 January 2018|publisher=Water Shedding Western Cape}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Impact ==<br />
[[File:Western Cape Water Saving 2017.jpg|thumb|Poster issued by the [[Western Cape government]] calling for people to conserve water due to the water shortage in 2017.]]<br />
In response to the water shortage, the agricultural sector reduced water consumption by 50 percent, contributing to the loss of 37,000 jobs in the sector nationally, and leading to an estimated 50,000 being pushed below the poverty line due to job losses and inflation due to increases in the price of food.<ref name=":0" /> By February 2018 the agricultural sector had incurred R14 billion (US$1.17 billion) in losses due to the water shortage.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/economy/2018-02-05-farmers-lose-r14bn-as-cape-drought-bites/|title=Farmers lose R14bn as Cape drought bites|last=Phakathi|first=Bekezela|date=5 February 2018|work=Business Day|access-date=2018-02-07|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures,%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Disaster%20and%20demand%20FAQ.pdf Day Zero and Water-related FAQs]<br />
* [http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/damlevels.pdf City of Cape Town Dam Levels Dashboard]<br />
* [http://coct.co/water-dashboard/ City of Cape Town Day Zero Dashboard]<br />
* [http://www.capetown.gov.za/Family%20and%20home/residential-utility-services/residential-water-and-sanitation-services/this-weeks-dam-levels City of Cape Town This Week's Dam Levels]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Climate of South Africa]]<br />
[[Category:Droughts in Africa]]<br />
[[Category:2018 in South Africa]]<br />
[[Category:2017 in South Africa]]<br />
[[Category:2016 in South Africa]]<br />
[[Category:2015 in South Africa]]<br />
[[Category:2018 in the environment]]<br />
[[Category:2017 in the environment]]<br />
[[Category:2016 in the environment]]<br />
[[Category:2015 in the environment]]<br />
[[Category:2018 droughts]]<br />
[[Category:2017 droughts]]<br />
[[Category:2016 droughts]]<br />
[[Category:2015 droughts]]<br />
[[Category:Climate change in South Africa]]</div>Chrisclearhttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wasserkrise_von_Kapstadt&diff=179310746Wasserkrise von Kapstadt2018-02-18T19:21:02Z<p>Chrisclear: removing out of date information</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use South African English|date=January 2018}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}<br />
[[File:Cape Town water graph Jan 2018.svg|thumb|500px|Graph of total water stored in the Western Cape's largest six dams from 30 June 2013 to 15 January 2018. The graph illustrates the declining water storage levels over the course of the Cape Town water crisis. Data obtained from the [http://cip.csag.uct.ac.za/monitoring/bigsix.html Climate Systems Analysis Group] (CSAG)]]<br />
<br />
A [[drought]] in the [[Western Cape]] province of South Africa began in 2015 and is resulting in a severe water shortage in the region, most notably affecting the city of [[Cape Town]]. Despite water saving measures, dam levels are predicted to decline to critically low levels, and the city has made plans for "Day Zero" in June 2018, when municipal water supply will largely be shut off. If this happens, Cape Town will be the first major city to run out of water.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2018/01/19/cape-town-could-first-major-city-run-out-water/1047237001/|title=Cape Town could be the first major city in the world to run out of water|last=Cassim|first=Zaheer|date=19 January 2018|work=USA Today|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
The Cape Town region experiences a warm [[Mediterranean climate]]. Water is supplied largely from the six major dams of the [[Western Cape Water Supply System]] in mountainous areas close to the city. The dams are recharged by rain falling in their catchment areas, largely during the cooler winter months of May to August, and dam levels decline during the warm, dry summer months of December to February during which urban and agricultural water use increases. <br />
<br />
Since 1995, Cape Town's population has grown from 2.4 million residents to an estimated 4.3 million by 2018, representing a 79 percent population increase in 23 years whilst dam water storage only increased by 15 percent in the same period.<ref name="GUwater" /> In 2016/2017, 64.5 percent of the city's water supply went to houses, flats and complexes, while 3.6 percent went to informal settlements.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://africacheck.org/reports/do-formal-residents-use-65-of-cape-towns-water-with-half-going-to-gardens-pools/|title=Do Formal Residents Use 65% of Cape Town's Water?|publisher=Africa Check|first=Gopolang|last=Makou|date=21 August 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
The possibility of the city exceeding its water supply was highlighted as early as 1990.<ref>{{cite news|title=Cape Town will run out of water in 17 years|first=Barry|last=Streek|date=26 April 1990|work=Cape Times|quote=Water supplies for the Cape Town area are expected to dry up in 17 years time, the Water Research Commission (WRC) disclosed yesterday. "It is estimated that known fresh water supplies for the Cape Town metropolitan area will be fully committed by the year 2007," it said in its annual report tabled in Parliament yesterday. "Thereafter the reclamation of purified sewage effluent to augment supplies is a distinct possibility".}}</ref><br />
<br />
From 1950 to 1999, the city's consumption of treated water grew at 4% per year in line with the city's population growth. Water consumption peaked in 1999 at 335 million cubic metres (335 gigalitres) per year. Periods of low winter rainfall in 2000/2001 and 2003/2004 resulted in water restrictions being imposed.<ref name="WCDM"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/we-needed-to-build-more-dams-a-decade-ago-230552|title='We needed to build more dams a decade ago'|date=1 January 2005|first=Willem|last=Steenkamp}}</ref> In 2007, the city implemented a 10-year water demand management strategy, which successfully kept the annual consumption at or below the 1999 level despite ongoing population growth.<ref name="WCDM">{{cite web|title=Overview of Water Demand Management Initiatives: A City of Cape Town Approach|first=Zolile|last=Basholo|publisher=City of Cape Town|date=4 February 2016|url=https://www.greencape.co.za/assets/Water-Sector-Desk-Content/CoCT-WCWDM-presentation-Z-Basholo-Western-Cape-Water-Forum-160204-2016.pdf}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2009, the storage capacity of the dams supplying Cape Town was increased by 17 percent from 768 to 898 million cubic metres through the completion of the [[Berg River Dam]].<ref name="Cape Town">{{cite web|publisher=City of Cape Town|url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Pages/CapeTownsWaterSupplyBoosted.aspx|title=Cape Town's water supply boosted|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327102756/http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Pages/CapeTownsWaterSupplyBoosted.aspx|archive-date=27 March 2009|date=17 March 2009}}</ref> Despite the increased storage capacity, the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry predicted that the growing demand from the city would exceed supply by 2013 without water conservation and demand management measures by the city, and that even with those measures, further water sources would be required by 2019.<ref name="WCWRSNewsletterMarch09">{{cite web|publisher=Department of Water Affairs and Forestry| url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/Other/WMA/19/WCWRSNewsletterMarch09.pdf|title=Western Cape Water Reconciliation Strategy Newsletter 5|date=March 2009}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Timeline ==<br />
After good rains in 2013 and 2014, the city of [[Cape Town]] began experiencing a drought in 2015, the first of three consecutive years of dry winters brought on by the [[El Niño]] weather pattern and [[climate change]].<ref name="AfricaC">{{Cite web |url=https://africacheck.org/2016/02/03/frequently-asked-questions-about-south-africas-drought |title= Frequently asked questions about South Africa's drought |date=3 February 2016 |publisher=Africa Check |language=English |publication-place=Cape Town |access-date=2017-06-01}}</ref> Water levels in the city's dams declined from 71.9 percent in 2014 to 50.1 percent in 2015.<ref name="GUwater">{{Cite web |url=http://www.groundup.org.za/article/whats-causing-cape-towns-water-crisis/ |title=What's causing Cape Town's water crisis? |last=Bohatch |first=Trevor |date=16 May 2017 |publisher=Ground Up |location=Cape Town |language=English |access-date=2017-06-01}}</ref> Water restrictions, in place at "Level 1" since 2005, were increased to Level 2 on 1 January 2016, to Level 3 on 1 November 2017, and Level 3B on 1 February 2017.<br />
<br />
Significant droughts in other parts of South Africa ended in August 2016 through heavy rain and flooding in the interior of the country,<ref name="encarain">{{Cite web |url=http://www.enca.com/africa/southern-africa-faces-floods-after-drought |title=Southern Africa faces floods after drought |last=Masinde |first=Muthoni |date=18 August 2016 |access-date=2017-06-01}}</ref> but the drought in the Western Cape remained.<br />
<br />
By the end of the dry season in May 2017, the drought was declared the city's worst in a century, with dams having less than 10 percent of their usable capacity.<ref name="cnn2017">{{Cite web |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2017/05/31/africa/cape-town-drought/index.html |title=Cape Town contends with worst drought in over a century |last=Van Dam |first=Derek |website=CNN.com |publisher=[[CNN]] |publication-date=31 May 2017 |access-date=2017-06-01}}</ref> Level 4 water restrictions were imposed, limiting the consumption of water to 100 litres per person per day.<ref name="level4">{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/city-of-cape-town-approves-level-4-water-restrictions-20170531|title=City of Cape Town approves Level 4 water restrictions|date=31 May 2017|first=Jenna|last=Etheridge}}</ref><br />
<br />
In June 2017 a [[Cape Storm (2017)|significant storm]] hit the area, dropping up to 50 mm of rain, but not enough to break the drought.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/cape-storm-isnt-a-quick-fix-for-drought-warns-city-of-cape-town-20170607|title=Cape storm isn't a quick fix for drought, warns City of Cape Town|work=News24|access-date=2017-06-15}}</ref> Overall rainfall in 2017 was the lowest since 1933.<ref name="csag"/><br />
<br />
[[File:Cape Water map dams.png|thumb|300px|A map of Cape Town's major dams.]]<br />
{| class="wikitable" align= cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em; text-align:center; font-size:95%"<br />
|-<br />
!colspan=6 style="background:#ccccff"| Water levels as a percentage of total dam capacity by year.<ref name="GUwater" /><br />
</tr><br />
|-<br />
! Major dams !! 16 February 2018<ref name="dashboard">{{cite web|title=City of Cape Town: Water Dashboard|url=http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/damlevels.pdf|publisher=City of Cape Town|date=22 January 2018|accessdate=25 January 2018}}</ref>!! May 2017 !! May 2016 !! May 2015 !! May 2014<br />
|-<br />
| [[Berg River Dam]]|| 53.4|| 32.4|| 27.2|| 54.0|| 90.5<br />
|-<br />
| [[Steenbras Dam|Steenbras Lower]]|| 40.0|| 26.5|| 37.6|| 47.9|| 39.6<br />
|-<br />
| [[Steenbras Dam – Upper|Steenbras Upper]]|| 83.6|| 56.7|| 56.9|| 57.8|| 79.1<br />
|-<br />
| [[Theewaterskloof Dam]] || 11.6|| 15|| 31.3|| 51.3|| 74.5<br />
|-<br />
| [[Voelvlei Dam]]|| 16.7|| 17.2|| 21.3|| 42.5|| 59.5<br />
|-<br />
| [[Wemmershoek Dam]]|| 48.0|| 36|| 48.5|| 50.5|| 58.8<br />
|-<br />
| Total stored (megalitres)|| 220 808|| 190 300|| 279 954|| 450 429 || 646 137<br />
|-<br />
| '''Total % Storage''' || '''24.6'''|| '''21.2'''|| '''31.2'''|| '''50.1'''|| '''71.9'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
With the dry summer season approaching, the city increased its existing water restrictions to Level 4B on 1 July 2017, and to Level 5 on 3 September 2017, banning most outdoor and non-essential use of water, encouraging the use of [[greywater]] for toilet flushing, and aiming to limit the per capita water consumption to 87 litres per day, for a total of 500 million litres per day.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/level-5-water-restrictions-implemented-in-cape-town-20170903|title=Level 5 water restrictions implemented in Cape Town|work=News24|access-date=2017-09-04}}</ref><br />
<br />
By early-October 2017, following a low rainfall winter, Cape Town had an estimated five months before water levels would be depleted.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://features.dailymaverick.co.za/cape-of-storms-to-come/|title=Cape Of Storms To Come|last=DIANA NEILLE, MARELISE VAN DER MERWE & LEILA DOUGAN|first=|date=|website=features.dailymaverick.co.za|language=en-US|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-11-03}}</ref> In the same month, the [[City of Cape Town]] issued an emergency water plan to be rolled-out in multiple phases depending on the severity of the water shortage. Phase 1 was "water rationing through extreme pressure reduction" which involved temporary water cuts and rationing. Phase 1 was implemented immediately with unannounced water cuts to a number of outlying neighbourhoods. In Phase 2 water will be shut off to most of the system except to places of key water access. Phase 3 is the point at which the city can no longer draw water from surface dams in the Western Cape Water Supply System and there is a limited period of time before the water supply system fails.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2017-10-04-op-ed-the-city-of-cape-towns-critical-water-shortages-disaster-plan/#.WfwyhGiCyUl|title=Op-Ed: The City of Cape Town's Critical Water Shortages Disaster Plan {{!}} Daily Maverick|last=De Lille|first=Patricia|date=4 October 2017|website=www.dailymaverick.co.za|publisher=City of Cape Town|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-11-03}}</ref><br />
<br />
In mid-October 2017 the [[City of Cape Town]] was criticised by [[Desalination|water desalination]] companies for the slow pace of contract negotiations, high level of bureaucracy, lack of urgency, and the inadequate scale of the proposed water supply projects.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.iol.co.za/weekend-argus/news/city-of-cape-towns-water-bungle-11575998|title=City of Cape Town's water 'bungle' {{!}} Weekend Argus|last=Morris|first=Michael|date=14 October 2017|work=Weekend Argus|access-date=2017-11-03|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en}}</ref> On 26 October 2017 it was announced that the Cape Town city manager would be given special powers to take drought-related actions that would not have to follow the city's normal decision making and approval process. This announcement came after a review of the city's decision making processes that found "certain aspects of the Preferential Procurement Policy Framework Act, the Municipal Finance Management Act and Supply Chain Management regulations, as well as the council's own Supply Chain Management Policy, failed to adequately provide for the City of Cape Town to 'deal effectively and timeously' with the disaster."<ref name="Polweb">{{Cite web |url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/cape-town-city-manager-given-special-powers-to-dea |title= Cape Town city manager given special powers to deal with water crisis - NEWS & ANALYSIS |last= News24 |date= 26 October 2017 |website= www.politicsweb.co.za |language= en |access-date= 2017-12-01}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Theewaterskloof Dam 2018 02 10 (28425520089).jpg|thumb|right|Theewaterskloof Dam at approximately 12% on 10 February 2018]]<br />
On 24 January 2018, the Western Cape provincial cabinet stated that it was the responsibility of the national government to fund the expansion of the water system as the "provision of bulk water supply is a national government mandate." The provincial cabinet also announced that it was drawing up plans with the [[South African Police Service]] for a strategy to deploy officers at water distribution points across the city after day zero.<ref name="Jan24">{{Cite web |url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2018-01-24-government-must-refund-cape-town-for-cost-of-managing-the-water-crisis/ |title=Government must refund Cape Town for cost of managing the water crisis |date=24 January 2018 |language=en-ZA |access-date=2018-01-26}}</ref><br />
<br />
Level 6 restrictions were imposed on 1 January 2018, and Level 6B on 1 February 2018, limiting consumption to 50 litres per person per day.<br />
<br />
On the 6th February 2018 the Groenland Water Users’ Association (a representative body for farmers in the [[Elgin, South Africa|Elgin]] and [[Grabouw]] agricultural areas around Cape Town) released an additional 10 billion litres of water into the Steenbras Dam. Thereby pushing back day zero by an estimated 20 days to the 11th of May.<ref name="Groenland">{{Cite web |url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/cape-town-gets-10bn-litres-of-water |title=WATCH: Cape Town gets 10bn litres of water |date=6 February 2018 |website=www.enca.com |language=en |access-date=2018-02-08}}</ref><br />
<br />
The date was further pushed back to June 4 because of declined water use in agriculture and residential consumption.<ref>https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/dayzero-pushed-back-to-june-as-drought-declared-a-national-disaster-20180213 </ref><br />
<br />
==Day Zero==<br />
In mid-January 2018, Cape Town Mayor [[Patricia de Lille]] announced that the city will be forced to shut off most of the municipal water supply if conditions do not change, naming 22 April 2018 as "Day Zero", shortly afterwards revising Day Zero forward to 12 April<ref>{{cite news|url=http://time.com/5103259/cape-town-water-crisis/ |title=Cape Town Is 90 Days Away From Running Out of Water |last=Baker |first=Aryn |date=15 January 2018 |work=Time|access-date=19 January 2018 |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://abcnews.go.com/International/drought-stricken-cape-town-south-africa-run-water/story?id=52402170 |title=Drought-stricken Cape Town, South Africa, could run out of water by April's 'day zero' |last=Thom |first=Liezl |date=17 January 2018 |work=ABC News |access-date=19 January 2018 |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ewn.co.za/2018/01/23/day-zero-brought-forward-ct-officials-prepare-for-worst|title=Day Zero Brought Forward, CT Officials Prepare for Worst|first=Kevin|last=Brandt|date=23 January 2018}}</ref>, moving it back to 16 April<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/01/africa/cape-town-water-crisis-intl/index.html|title=Cape Town cuts water use limit by nearly half|last=Said-Moorhouse|first=Lauren|date=|work=CNN|access-date=2018-02-03|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|last2=Mezzofiore|first2=Gianluca}}</ref>, then back again to 11 May<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/05/africa/cape-town-day-zero-intl/index.html|title=Cape Town 'Day Zero' delayed as agricultural water use drops|last=CNN|first=Lauren Said-Moorhouse,|work=CNN|access-date=2018-02-05}}</ref> and then June 4.<ref>https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/dayzero-pushed-back-to-june-as-drought-declared-a-national-disaster-20180213 </ref> Day Zero will be declared when the water level of the city's major dams reaches 13.5%. When this occurs, municipal water supplies will be largely switched off, and residents will rely on 149 water collection points around the city to collect a daily ration of 25 litres of water per person.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/Analysis/jp-smith-answers-day-zero-questions-its-going-to-be-really-unpleasant-20180126|title=JP Smith answers Day Zero questions: 'It's going to be really unpleasant'|date=26 January 2018|first1=Aletta|last1=Harrison|first2=Alet|last2=Janse van Rensburg|publisher=News24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/borehole-rules-can-you-use-sea-water-to-flush-the-city-answers-your-questions-20180130|date=30 January 2018|title=Borehole rules? Can you use sea water to flush? - The City of Cape Town answers your questions|publisher=GroundUp}}</ref><br />
Water supply will be maintained in the city's CBD, in informal settlements (where water is already collected from central locations) and essential services such as hospitals.<br />
<br />
== Severity of the drought==<br />
Research on long-term weather data done by the [[University of Cape Town]] found that the period from 2015-2017 has been the driest 3-year period since 1933, and 2017 was the driest year since 1933, and possibly earlier, since comparable data before 1933 was not available. It also found that a drought of this severity will statistically occur only once every 311 years.<ref name="csag">{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/how-severe-is-cape-towns-drought-a-detailed-look-at-the-data-20180123|title=How severe is Cape Town's drought? A detailed look at the data|date=23 January 2018|publisher=News24|first=Piotr|last=Wolski}}</ref> Modelling by [[Aurecon]] found that the drought was approximately a 1 in 400 year event.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wswc.org.za/water-conservation/just-severe-current-drought-city-cape-town-experiencing/|title=Just how severe is the current drought the City of Cape Town is experiencing?|first=Dave|last=Gale|date=23 January 2018|publisher=Water Shedding Western Cape}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Impact ==<br />
[[File:Western Cape Water Saving 2017.jpg|thumb|Poster issued by the [[Western Cape government]] calling for people to conserve water due to the water shortage in 2017.]]<br />
In response to the water shortage, the agricultural sector reduced water consumption by 50 percent, contributing to the loss of 37,000 jobs in the sector nationally, and leading to an estimated 50,000 being pushed below the poverty line due to job losses and inflation due to increases in the price of food.<ref name=":0" /> By February 2018 the agricultural sector had incurred R14 billion (US$1.17 billion) in losses due to the water shortage.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/economy/2018-02-05-farmers-lose-r14bn-as-cape-drought-bites/|title=Farmers lose R14bn as Cape drought bites|last=Phakathi|first=Bekezela|date=5 February 2018|work=Business Day|access-date=2018-02-07|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures,%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Disaster%20and%20demand%20FAQ.pdf Day Zero and Water-related FAQs]<br />
* [http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/damlevels.pdf City of Cape Town Dam Levels Dashboard]<br />
* [http://coct.co/water-dashboard/ City of Cape Town Day Zero Dashboard]<br />
* [http://www.capetown.gov.za/Family%20and%20home/residential-utility-services/residential-water-and-sanitation-services/this-weeks-dam-levels City of Cape Town This Week's Dam Levels]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Climate of South Africa]]<br />
[[Category:Droughts in Africa]]<br />
[[Category:2018 in South Africa]]<br />
[[Category:2017 in South Africa]]<br />
[[Category:2016 in South Africa]]<br />
[[Category:2015 in South Africa]]<br />
[[Category:2018 in the environment]]<br />
[[Category:2017 in the environment]]<br />
[[Category:2016 in the environment]]<br />
[[Category:2015 in the environment]]<br />
[[Category:2018 droughts]]<br />
[[Category:2017 droughts]]<br />
[[Category:2016 droughts]]<br />
[[Category:2015 droughts]]<br />
[[Category:Climate change in South Africa]]</div>Chrisclearhttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wasserkrise_von_Kapstadt&diff=179310745Wasserkrise von Kapstadt2018-02-18T19:19:53Z<p>Chrisclear: /* Day Zero */ adding reference for 11 May</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use South African English|date=January 2018}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}<br />
[[File:Cape Town water graph Jan 2018.svg|thumb|500px|Graph of total water stored in the Western Cape's largest six dams from 30 June 2013 to 15 January 2018. The graph illustrates the declining water storage levels over the course of the Cape Town water crisis. Data obtained from the [http://cip.csag.uct.ac.za/monitoring/bigsix.html Climate Systems Analysis Group] (CSAG)]]<br />
<br />
A [[drought]] in the [[Western Cape]] province of South Africa began in 2015 and is resulting in a severe water shortage in the region, most notably affecting the city of [[Cape Town]]. Despite water saving measures, dam levels are predicted to decline to critically low levels, and the city has made plans for "Day Zero" in May 2018,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ewn.co.za/2018/01/23/day-zero-brought-forward-ct-officials-prepare-for-worst|title=Day Zero Brought Forward, CT Officials Prepare for Worst|first=Kevin|last=Brandt|date=23 January 2018}}</ref> when municipal water supply will largely be shut off.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/05/africa/cape-town-day-zero-intl/index.html|title=Cape Town 'Day Zero' delayed as agricultural water use drops|last=CNN|first=Lauren Said-Moorhouse,|work=CNN|access-date=2018-02-05}}</ref> If this happens, Cape Town will be the first major city to run out of water.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2018/01/19/cape-town-could-first-major-city-run-out-water/1047237001/|title=Cape Town could be the first major city in the world to run out of water|last=Cassim|first=Zaheer|date=19 January 2018|work=USA Today|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
The Cape Town region experiences a warm [[Mediterranean climate]]. Water is supplied largely from the six major dams of the [[Western Cape Water Supply System]] in mountainous areas close to the city. The dams are recharged by rain falling in their catchment areas, largely during the cooler winter months of May to August, and dam levels decline during the warm, dry summer months of December to February during which urban and agricultural water use increases. <br />
<br />
Since 1995, Cape Town's population has grown from 2.4 million residents to an estimated 4.3 million by 2018, representing a 79 percent population increase in 23 years whilst dam water storage only increased by 15 percent in the same period.<ref name="GUwater" /> In 2016/2017, 64.5 percent of the city's water supply went to houses, flats and complexes, while 3.6 percent went to informal settlements.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://africacheck.org/reports/do-formal-residents-use-65-of-cape-towns-water-with-half-going-to-gardens-pools/|title=Do Formal Residents Use 65% of Cape Town's Water?|publisher=Africa Check|first=Gopolang|last=Makou|date=21 August 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
The possibility of the city exceeding its water supply was highlighted as early as 1990.<ref>{{cite news|title=Cape Town will run out of water in 17 years|first=Barry|last=Streek|date=26 April 1990|work=Cape Times|quote=Water supplies for the Cape Town area are expected to dry up in 17 years time, the Water Research Commission (WRC) disclosed yesterday. "It is estimated that known fresh water supplies for the Cape Town metropolitan area will be fully committed by the year 2007," it said in its annual report tabled in Parliament yesterday. "Thereafter the reclamation of purified sewage effluent to augment supplies is a distinct possibility".}}</ref><br />
<br />
From 1950 to 1999, the city's consumption of treated water grew at 4% per year in line with the city's population growth. Water consumption peaked in 1999 at 335 million cubic metres (335 gigalitres) per year. Periods of low winter rainfall in 2000/2001 and 2003/2004 resulted in water restrictions being imposed.<ref name="WCDM"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/we-needed-to-build-more-dams-a-decade-ago-230552|title='We needed to build more dams a decade ago'|date=1 January 2005|first=Willem|last=Steenkamp}}</ref> In 2007, the city implemented a 10-year water demand management strategy, which successfully kept the annual consumption at or below the 1999 level despite ongoing population growth.<ref name="WCDM">{{cite web|title=Overview of Water Demand Management Initiatives: A City of Cape Town Approach|first=Zolile|last=Basholo|publisher=City of Cape Town|date=4 February 2016|url=https://www.greencape.co.za/assets/Water-Sector-Desk-Content/CoCT-WCWDM-presentation-Z-Basholo-Western-Cape-Water-Forum-160204-2016.pdf}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2009, the storage capacity of the dams supplying Cape Town was increased by 17 percent from 768 to 898 million cubic metres through the completion of the [[Berg River Dam]].<ref name="Cape Town">{{cite web|publisher=City of Cape Town|url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Pages/CapeTownsWaterSupplyBoosted.aspx|title=Cape Town's water supply boosted|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327102756/http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Pages/CapeTownsWaterSupplyBoosted.aspx|archive-date=27 March 2009|date=17 March 2009}}</ref> Despite the increased storage capacity, the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry predicted that the growing demand from the city would exceed supply by 2013 without water conservation and demand management measures by the city, and that even with those measures, further water sources would be required by 2019.<ref name="WCWRSNewsletterMarch09">{{cite web|publisher=Department of Water Affairs and Forestry| url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/Other/WMA/19/WCWRSNewsletterMarch09.pdf|title=Western Cape Water Reconciliation Strategy Newsletter 5|date=March 2009}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Timeline ==<br />
After good rains in 2013 and 2014, the city of [[Cape Town]] began experiencing a drought in 2015, the first of three consecutive years of dry winters brought on by the [[El Niño]] weather pattern and [[climate change]].<ref name="AfricaC">{{Cite web |url=https://africacheck.org/2016/02/03/frequently-asked-questions-about-south-africas-drought |title= Frequently asked questions about South Africa's drought |date=3 February 2016 |publisher=Africa Check |language=English |publication-place=Cape Town |access-date=2017-06-01}}</ref> Water levels in the city's dams declined from 71.9 percent in 2014 to 50.1 percent in 2015.<ref name="GUwater">{{Cite web |url=http://www.groundup.org.za/article/whats-causing-cape-towns-water-crisis/ |title=What's causing Cape Town's water crisis? |last=Bohatch |first=Trevor |date=16 May 2017 |publisher=Ground Up |location=Cape Town |language=English |access-date=2017-06-01}}</ref> Water restrictions, in place at "Level 1" since 2005, were increased to Level 2 on 1 January 2016, to Level 3 on 1 November 2017, and Level 3B on 1 February 2017.<br />
<br />
Significant droughts in other parts of South Africa ended in August 2016 through heavy rain and flooding in the interior of the country,<ref name="encarain">{{Cite web |url=http://www.enca.com/africa/southern-africa-faces-floods-after-drought |title=Southern Africa faces floods after drought |last=Masinde |first=Muthoni |date=18 August 2016 |access-date=2017-06-01}}</ref> but the drought in the Western Cape remained.<br />
<br />
By the end of the dry season in May 2017, the drought was declared the city's worst in a century, with dams having less than 10 percent of their usable capacity.<ref name="cnn2017">{{Cite web |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2017/05/31/africa/cape-town-drought/index.html |title=Cape Town contends with worst drought in over a century |last=Van Dam |first=Derek |website=CNN.com |publisher=[[CNN]] |publication-date=31 May 2017 |access-date=2017-06-01}}</ref> Level 4 water restrictions were imposed, limiting the consumption of water to 100 litres per person per day.<ref name="level4">{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/city-of-cape-town-approves-level-4-water-restrictions-20170531|title=City of Cape Town approves Level 4 water restrictions|date=31 May 2017|first=Jenna|last=Etheridge}}</ref><br />
<br />
In June 2017 a [[Cape Storm (2017)|significant storm]] hit the area, dropping up to 50 mm of rain, but not enough to break the drought.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/cape-storm-isnt-a-quick-fix-for-drought-warns-city-of-cape-town-20170607|title=Cape storm isn't a quick fix for drought, warns City of Cape Town|work=News24|access-date=2017-06-15}}</ref> Overall rainfall in 2017 was the lowest since 1933.<ref name="csag"/><br />
<br />
[[File:Cape Water map dams.png|thumb|300px|A map of Cape Town's major dams.]]<br />
{| class="wikitable" align= cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em; text-align:center; font-size:95%"<br />
|-<br />
!colspan=6 style="background:#ccccff"| Water levels as a percentage of total dam capacity by year.<ref name="GUwater" /><br />
</tr><br />
|-<br />
! Major dams !! 16 February 2018<ref name="dashboard">{{cite web|title=City of Cape Town: Water Dashboard|url=http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/damlevels.pdf|publisher=City of Cape Town|date=22 January 2018|accessdate=25 January 2018}}</ref>!! May 2017 !! May 2016 !! May 2015 !! May 2014<br />
|-<br />
| [[Berg River Dam]]|| 53.4|| 32.4|| 27.2|| 54.0|| 90.5<br />
|-<br />
| [[Steenbras Dam|Steenbras Lower]]|| 40.0|| 26.5|| 37.6|| 47.9|| 39.6<br />
|-<br />
| [[Steenbras Dam – Upper|Steenbras Upper]]|| 83.6|| 56.7|| 56.9|| 57.8|| 79.1<br />
|-<br />
| [[Theewaterskloof Dam]] || 11.6|| 15|| 31.3|| 51.3|| 74.5<br />
|-<br />
| [[Voelvlei Dam]]|| 16.7|| 17.2|| 21.3|| 42.5|| 59.5<br />
|-<br />
| [[Wemmershoek Dam]]|| 48.0|| 36|| 48.5|| 50.5|| 58.8<br />
|-<br />
| Total stored (megalitres)|| 220 808|| 190 300|| 279 954|| 450 429 || 646 137<br />
|-<br />
| '''Total % Storage''' || '''24.6'''|| '''21.2'''|| '''31.2'''|| '''50.1'''|| '''71.9'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
With the dry summer season approaching, the city increased its existing water restrictions to Level 4B on 1 July 2017, and to Level 5 on 3 September 2017, banning most outdoor and non-essential use of water, encouraging the use of [[greywater]] for toilet flushing, and aiming to limit the per capita water consumption to 87 litres per day, for a total of 500 million litres per day.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/level-5-water-restrictions-implemented-in-cape-town-20170903|title=Level 5 water restrictions implemented in Cape Town|work=News24|access-date=2017-09-04}}</ref><br />
<br />
By early-October 2017, following a low rainfall winter, Cape Town had an estimated five months before water levels would be depleted.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://features.dailymaverick.co.za/cape-of-storms-to-come/|title=Cape Of Storms To Come|last=DIANA NEILLE, MARELISE VAN DER MERWE & LEILA DOUGAN|first=|date=|website=features.dailymaverick.co.za|language=en-US|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-11-03}}</ref> In the same month, the [[City of Cape Town]] issued an emergency water plan to be rolled-out in multiple phases depending on the severity of the water shortage. Phase 1 was "water rationing through extreme pressure reduction" which involved temporary water cuts and rationing. Phase 1 was implemented immediately with unannounced water cuts to a number of outlying neighbourhoods. In Phase 2 water will be shut off to most of the system except to places of key water access. Phase 3 is the point at which the city can no longer draw water from surface dams in the Western Cape Water Supply System and there is a limited period of time before the water supply system fails.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2017-10-04-op-ed-the-city-of-cape-towns-critical-water-shortages-disaster-plan/#.WfwyhGiCyUl|title=Op-Ed: The City of Cape Town's Critical Water Shortages Disaster Plan {{!}} Daily Maverick|last=De Lille|first=Patricia|date=4 October 2017|website=www.dailymaverick.co.za|publisher=City of Cape Town|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-11-03}}</ref><br />
<br />
In mid-October 2017 the [[City of Cape Town]] was criticised by [[Desalination|water desalination]] companies for the slow pace of contract negotiations, high level of bureaucracy, lack of urgency, and the inadequate scale of the proposed water supply projects.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.iol.co.za/weekend-argus/news/city-of-cape-towns-water-bungle-11575998|title=City of Cape Town's water 'bungle' {{!}} Weekend Argus|last=Morris|first=Michael|date=14 October 2017|work=Weekend Argus|access-date=2017-11-03|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en}}</ref> On 26 October 2017 it was announced that the Cape Town city manager would be given special powers to take drought-related actions that would not have to follow the city's normal decision making and approval process. This announcement came after a review of the city's decision making processes that found "certain aspects of the Preferential Procurement Policy Framework Act, the Municipal Finance Management Act and Supply Chain Management regulations, as well as the council's own Supply Chain Management Policy, failed to adequately provide for the City of Cape Town to 'deal effectively and timeously' with the disaster."<ref name="Polweb">{{Cite web |url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/cape-town-city-manager-given-special-powers-to-dea |title= Cape Town city manager given special powers to deal with water crisis - NEWS & ANALYSIS |last= News24 |date= 26 October 2017 |website= www.politicsweb.co.za |language= en |access-date= 2017-12-01}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Theewaterskloof Dam 2018 02 10 (28425520089).jpg|thumb|right|Theewaterskloof Dam at approximately 12% on 10 February 2018]]<br />
On 24 January 2018, the Western Cape provincial cabinet stated that it was the responsibility of the national government to fund the expansion of the water system as the "provision of bulk water supply is a national government mandate." The provincial cabinet also announced that it was drawing up plans with the [[South African Police Service]] for a strategy to deploy officers at water distribution points across the city after day zero.<ref name="Jan24">{{Cite web |url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2018-01-24-government-must-refund-cape-town-for-cost-of-managing-the-water-crisis/ |title=Government must refund Cape Town for cost of managing the water crisis |date=24 January 2018 |language=en-ZA |access-date=2018-01-26}}</ref><br />
<br />
Level 6 restrictions were imposed on 1 January 2018, and Level 6B on 1 February 2018, limiting consumption to 50 litres per person per day.<br />
<br />
On the 6th February 2018 the Groenland Water Users’ Association (a representative body for farmers in the [[Elgin, South Africa|Elgin]] and [[Grabouw]] agricultural areas around Cape Town) released an additional 10 billion litres of water into the Steenbras Dam. Thereby pushing back day zero by an estimated 20 days to the 11th of May.<ref name="Groenland">{{Cite web |url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/cape-town-gets-10bn-litres-of-water |title=WATCH: Cape Town gets 10bn litres of water |date=6 February 2018 |website=www.enca.com |language=en |access-date=2018-02-08}}</ref><br />
<br />
The date was further pushed back to June 4 because of declined water use in agriculture and residential consumption.<ref>https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/dayzero-pushed-back-to-june-as-drought-declared-a-national-disaster-20180213 </ref><br />
<br />
==Day Zero==<br />
In mid-January 2018, Cape Town Mayor [[Patricia de Lille]] announced that the city will be forced to shut off most of the municipal water supply if conditions do not change, naming 22 April 2018 as "Day Zero", shortly afterwards revising Day Zero forward to 12 April<ref>{{cite news|url=http://time.com/5103259/cape-town-water-crisis/ |title=Cape Town Is 90 Days Away From Running Out of Water |last=Baker |first=Aryn |date=15 January 2018 |work=Time|access-date=19 January 2018 |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://abcnews.go.com/International/drought-stricken-cape-town-south-africa-run-water/story?id=52402170 |title=Drought-stricken Cape Town, South Africa, could run out of water by April's 'day zero' |last=Thom |first=Liezl |date=17 January 2018 |work=ABC News |access-date=19 January 2018 |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ewn.co.za/2018/01/23/day-zero-brought-forward-ct-officials-prepare-for-worst|title=Day Zero Brought Forward, CT Officials Prepare for Worst|first=Kevin|last=Brandt|date=23 January 2018}}</ref>, moving it back to 16 April<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/01/africa/cape-town-water-crisis-intl/index.html|title=Cape Town cuts water use limit by nearly half|last=Said-Moorhouse|first=Lauren|date=|work=CNN|access-date=2018-02-03|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|last2=Mezzofiore|first2=Gianluca}}</ref>, then back again to 11 May<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/05/africa/cape-town-day-zero-intl/index.html|title=Cape Town 'Day Zero' delayed as agricultural water use drops|last=CNN|first=Lauren Said-Moorhouse,|work=CNN|access-date=2018-02-05}}</ref> and then June 4.<ref>https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/dayzero-pushed-back-to-june-as-drought-declared-a-national-disaster-20180213 </ref> Day Zero will be declared when the water level of the city's major dams reaches 13.5%. When this occurs, municipal water supplies will be largely switched off, and residents will rely on 149 water collection points around the city to collect a daily ration of 25 litres of water per person.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/Analysis/jp-smith-answers-day-zero-questions-its-going-to-be-really-unpleasant-20180126|title=JP Smith answers Day Zero questions: 'It's going to be really unpleasant'|date=26 January 2018|first1=Aletta|last1=Harrison|first2=Alet|last2=Janse van Rensburg|publisher=News24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/borehole-rules-can-you-use-sea-water-to-flush-the-city-answers-your-questions-20180130|date=30 January 2018|title=Borehole rules? Can you use sea water to flush? - The City of Cape Town answers your questions|publisher=GroundUp}}</ref><br />
Water supply will be maintained in the city's CBD, in informal settlements (where water is already collected from central locations) and essential services such as hospitals.<br />
<br />
== Severity of the drought==<br />
Research on long-term weather data done by the [[University of Cape Town]] found that the period from 2015-2017 has been the driest 3-year period since 1933, and 2017 was the driest year since 1933, and possibly earlier, since comparable data before 1933 was not available. It also found that a drought of this severity will statistically occur only once every 311 years.<ref name="csag">{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/how-severe-is-cape-towns-drought-a-detailed-look-at-the-data-20180123|title=How severe is Cape Town's drought? A detailed look at the data|date=23 January 2018|publisher=News24|first=Piotr|last=Wolski}}</ref> Modelling by [[Aurecon]] found that the drought was approximately a 1 in 400 year event.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wswc.org.za/water-conservation/just-severe-current-drought-city-cape-town-experiencing/|title=Just how severe is the current drought the City of Cape Town is experiencing?|first=Dave|last=Gale|date=23 January 2018|publisher=Water Shedding Western Cape}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Impact ==<br />
[[File:Western Cape Water Saving 2017.jpg|thumb|Poster issued by the [[Western Cape government]] calling for people to conserve water due to the water shortage in 2017.]]<br />
In response to the water shortage, the agricultural sector reduced water consumption by 50 percent, contributing to the loss of 37,000 jobs in the sector nationally, and leading to an estimated 50,000 being pushed below the poverty line due to job losses and inflation due to increases in the price of food.<ref name=":0" /> By February 2018 the agricultural sector had incurred R14 billion (US$1.17 billion) in losses due to the water shortage.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/economy/2018-02-05-farmers-lose-r14bn-as-cape-drought-bites/|title=Farmers lose R14bn as Cape drought bites|last=Phakathi|first=Bekezela|date=5 February 2018|work=Business Day|access-date=2018-02-07|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures,%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Disaster%20and%20demand%20FAQ.pdf Day Zero and Water-related FAQs]<br />
* [http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/damlevels.pdf City of Cape Town Dam Levels Dashboard]<br />
* [http://coct.co/water-dashboard/ City of Cape Town Day Zero Dashboard]<br />
* [http://www.capetown.gov.za/Family%20and%20home/residential-utility-services/residential-water-and-sanitation-services/this-weeks-dam-levels City of Cape Town This Week's Dam Levels]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Climate of South Africa]]<br />
[[Category:Droughts in Africa]]<br />
[[Category:2018 in South Africa]]<br />
[[Category:2017 in South Africa]]<br />
[[Category:2016 in South Africa]]<br />
[[Category:2015 in South Africa]]<br />
[[Category:2018 in the environment]]<br />
[[Category:2017 in the environment]]<br />
[[Category:2016 in the environment]]<br />
[[Category:2015 in the environment]]<br />
[[Category:2018 droughts]]<br />
[[Category:2017 droughts]]<br />
[[Category:2016 droughts]]<br />
[[Category:2015 droughts]]<br />
[[Category:Climate change in South Africa]]</div>Chrisclearhttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wasserkrise_von_Kapstadt&diff=179310744Wasserkrise von Kapstadt2018-02-18T19:18:22Z<p>Chrisclear: /* Day Zero */ adding reference for April 12</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use South African English|date=January 2018}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}<br />
[[File:Cape Town water graph Jan 2018.svg|thumb|500px|Graph of total water stored in the Western Cape's largest six dams from 30 June 2013 to 15 January 2018. The graph illustrates the declining water storage levels over the course of the Cape Town water crisis. Data obtained from the [http://cip.csag.uct.ac.za/monitoring/bigsix.html Climate Systems Analysis Group] (CSAG)]]<br />
<br />
A [[drought]] in the [[Western Cape]] province of South Africa began in 2015 and is resulting in a severe water shortage in the region, most notably affecting the city of [[Cape Town]]. Despite water saving measures, dam levels are predicted to decline to critically low levels, and the city has made plans for "Day Zero" in May 2018,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ewn.co.za/2018/01/23/day-zero-brought-forward-ct-officials-prepare-for-worst|title=Day Zero Brought Forward, CT Officials Prepare for Worst|first=Kevin|last=Brandt|date=23 January 2018}}</ref> when municipal water supply will largely be shut off.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/05/africa/cape-town-day-zero-intl/index.html|title=Cape Town 'Day Zero' delayed as agricultural water use drops|last=CNN|first=Lauren Said-Moorhouse,|work=CNN|access-date=2018-02-05}}</ref> If this happens, Cape Town will be the first major city to run out of water.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2018/01/19/cape-town-could-first-major-city-run-out-water/1047237001/|title=Cape Town could be the first major city in the world to run out of water|last=Cassim|first=Zaheer|date=19 January 2018|work=USA Today|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
The Cape Town region experiences a warm [[Mediterranean climate]]. Water is supplied largely from the six major dams of the [[Western Cape Water Supply System]] in mountainous areas close to the city. The dams are recharged by rain falling in their catchment areas, largely during the cooler winter months of May to August, and dam levels decline during the warm, dry summer months of December to February during which urban and agricultural water use increases. <br />
<br />
Since 1995, Cape Town's population has grown from 2.4 million residents to an estimated 4.3 million by 2018, representing a 79 percent population increase in 23 years whilst dam water storage only increased by 15 percent in the same period.<ref name="GUwater" /> In 2016/2017, 64.5 percent of the city's water supply went to houses, flats and complexes, while 3.6 percent went to informal settlements.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://africacheck.org/reports/do-formal-residents-use-65-of-cape-towns-water-with-half-going-to-gardens-pools/|title=Do Formal Residents Use 65% of Cape Town's Water?|publisher=Africa Check|first=Gopolang|last=Makou|date=21 August 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
The possibility of the city exceeding its water supply was highlighted as early as 1990.<ref>{{cite news|title=Cape Town will run out of water in 17 years|first=Barry|last=Streek|date=26 April 1990|work=Cape Times|quote=Water supplies for the Cape Town area are expected to dry up in 17 years time, the Water Research Commission (WRC) disclosed yesterday. "It is estimated that known fresh water supplies for the Cape Town metropolitan area will be fully committed by the year 2007," it said in its annual report tabled in Parliament yesterday. "Thereafter the reclamation of purified sewage effluent to augment supplies is a distinct possibility".}}</ref><br />
<br />
From 1950 to 1999, the city's consumption of treated water grew at 4% per year in line with the city's population growth. Water consumption peaked in 1999 at 335 million cubic metres (335 gigalitres) per year. Periods of low winter rainfall in 2000/2001 and 2003/2004 resulted in water restrictions being imposed.<ref name="WCDM"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/we-needed-to-build-more-dams-a-decade-ago-230552|title='We needed to build more dams a decade ago'|date=1 January 2005|first=Willem|last=Steenkamp}}</ref> In 2007, the city implemented a 10-year water demand management strategy, which successfully kept the annual consumption at or below the 1999 level despite ongoing population growth.<ref name="WCDM">{{cite web|title=Overview of Water Demand Management Initiatives: A City of Cape Town Approach|first=Zolile|last=Basholo|publisher=City of Cape Town|date=4 February 2016|url=https://www.greencape.co.za/assets/Water-Sector-Desk-Content/CoCT-WCWDM-presentation-Z-Basholo-Western-Cape-Water-Forum-160204-2016.pdf}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2009, the storage capacity of the dams supplying Cape Town was increased by 17 percent from 768 to 898 million cubic metres through the completion of the [[Berg River Dam]].<ref name="Cape Town">{{cite web|publisher=City of Cape Town|url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Pages/CapeTownsWaterSupplyBoosted.aspx|title=Cape Town's water supply boosted|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327102756/http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Pages/CapeTownsWaterSupplyBoosted.aspx|archive-date=27 March 2009|date=17 March 2009}}</ref> Despite the increased storage capacity, the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry predicted that the growing demand from the city would exceed supply by 2013 without water conservation and demand management measures by the city, and that even with those measures, further water sources would be required by 2019.<ref name="WCWRSNewsletterMarch09">{{cite web|publisher=Department of Water Affairs and Forestry| url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/Other/WMA/19/WCWRSNewsletterMarch09.pdf|title=Western Cape Water Reconciliation Strategy Newsletter 5|date=March 2009}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Timeline ==<br />
After good rains in 2013 and 2014, the city of [[Cape Town]] began experiencing a drought in 2015, the first of three consecutive years of dry winters brought on by the [[El Niño]] weather pattern and [[climate change]].<ref name="AfricaC">{{Cite web |url=https://africacheck.org/2016/02/03/frequently-asked-questions-about-south-africas-drought |title= Frequently asked questions about South Africa's drought |date=3 February 2016 |publisher=Africa Check |language=English |publication-place=Cape Town |access-date=2017-06-01}}</ref> Water levels in the city's dams declined from 71.9 percent in 2014 to 50.1 percent in 2015.<ref name="GUwater">{{Cite web |url=http://www.groundup.org.za/article/whats-causing-cape-towns-water-crisis/ |title=What's causing Cape Town's water crisis? |last=Bohatch |first=Trevor |date=16 May 2017 |publisher=Ground Up |location=Cape Town |language=English |access-date=2017-06-01}}</ref> Water restrictions, in place at "Level 1" since 2005, were increased to Level 2 on 1 January 2016, to Level 3 on 1 November 2017, and Level 3B on 1 February 2017.<br />
<br />
Significant droughts in other parts of South Africa ended in August 2016 through heavy rain and flooding in the interior of the country,<ref name="encarain">{{Cite web |url=http://www.enca.com/africa/southern-africa-faces-floods-after-drought |title=Southern Africa faces floods after drought |last=Masinde |first=Muthoni |date=18 August 2016 |access-date=2017-06-01}}</ref> but the drought in the Western Cape remained.<br />
<br />
By the end of the dry season in May 2017, the drought was declared the city's worst in a century, with dams having less than 10 percent of their usable capacity.<ref name="cnn2017">{{Cite web |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2017/05/31/africa/cape-town-drought/index.html |title=Cape Town contends with worst drought in over a century |last=Van Dam |first=Derek |website=CNN.com |publisher=[[CNN]] |publication-date=31 May 2017 |access-date=2017-06-01}}</ref> Level 4 water restrictions were imposed, limiting the consumption of water to 100 litres per person per day.<ref name="level4">{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/city-of-cape-town-approves-level-4-water-restrictions-20170531|title=City of Cape Town approves Level 4 water restrictions|date=31 May 2017|first=Jenna|last=Etheridge}}</ref><br />
<br />
In June 2017 a [[Cape Storm (2017)|significant storm]] hit the area, dropping up to 50 mm of rain, but not enough to break the drought.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/cape-storm-isnt-a-quick-fix-for-drought-warns-city-of-cape-town-20170607|title=Cape storm isn't a quick fix for drought, warns City of Cape Town|work=News24|access-date=2017-06-15}}</ref> Overall rainfall in 2017 was the lowest since 1933.<ref name="csag"/><br />
<br />
[[File:Cape Water map dams.png|thumb|300px|A map of Cape Town's major dams.]]<br />
{| class="wikitable" align= cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em; text-align:center; font-size:95%"<br />
|-<br />
!colspan=6 style="background:#ccccff"| Water levels as a percentage of total dam capacity by year.<ref name="GUwater" /><br />
</tr><br />
|-<br />
! Major dams !! 16 February 2018<ref name="dashboard">{{cite web|title=City of Cape Town: Water Dashboard|url=http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/damlevels.pdf|publisher=City of Cape Town|date=22 January 2018|accessdate=25 January 2018}}</ref>!! May 2017 !! May 2016 !! May 2015 !! May 2014<br />
|-<br />
| [[Berg River Dam]]|| 53.4|| 32.4|| 27.2|| 54.0|| 90.5<br />
|-<br />
| [[Steenbras Dam|Steenbras Lower]]|| 40.0|| 26.5|| 37.6|| 47.9|| 39.6<br />
|-<br />
| [[Steenbras Dam – Upper|Steenbras Upper]]|| 83.6|| 56.7|| 56.9|| 57.8|| 79.1<br />
|-<br />
| [[Theewaterskloof Dam]] || 11.6|| 15|| 31.3|| 51.3|| 74.5<br />
|-<br />
| [[Voelvlei Dam]]|| 16.7|| 17.2|| 21.3|| 42.5|| 59.5<br />
|-<br />
| [[Wemmershoek Dam]]|| 48.0|| 36|| 48.5|| 50.5|| 58.8<br />
|-<br />
| Total stored (megalitres)|| 220 808|| 190 300|| 279 954|| 450 429 || 646 137<br />
|-<br />
| '''Total % Storage''' || '''24.6'''|| '''21.2'''|| '''31.2'''|| '''50.1'''|| '''71.9'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
With the dry summer season approaching, the city increased its existing water restrictions to Level 4B on 1 July 2017, and to Level 5 on 3 September 2017, banning most outdoor and non-essential use of water, encouraging the use of [[greywater]] for toilet flushing, and aiming to limit the per capita water consumption to 87 litres per day, for a total of 500 million litres per day.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/level-5-water-restrictions-implemented-in-cape-town-20170903|title=Level 5 water restrictions implemented in Cape Town|work=News24|access-date=2017-09-04}}</ref><br />
<br />
By early-October 2017, following a low rainfall winter, Cape Town had an estimated five months before water levels would be depleted.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://features.dailymaverick.co.za/cape-of-storms-to-come/|title=Cape Of Storms To Come|last=DIANA NEILLE, MARELISE VAN DER MERWE & LEILA DOUGAN|first=|date=|website=features.dailymaverick.co.za|language=en-US|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-11-03}}</ref> In the same month, the [[City of Cape Town]] issued an emergency water plan to be rolled-out in multiple phases depending on the severity of the water shortage. Phase 1 was "water rationing through extreme pressure reduction" which involved temporary water cuts and rationing. Phase 1 was implemented immediately with unannounced water cuts to a number of outlying neighbourhoods. In Phase 2 water will be shut off to most of the system except to places of key water access. Phase 3 is the point at which the city can no longer draw water from surface dams in the Western Cape Water Supply System and there is a limited period of time before the water supply system fails.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2017-10-04-op-ed-the-city-of-cape-towns-critical-water-shortages-disaster-plan/#.WfwyhGiCyUl|title=Op-Ed: The City of Cape Town's Critical Water Shortages Disaster Plan {{!}} Daily Maverick|last=De Lille|first=Patricia|date=4 October 2017|website=www.dailymaverick.co.za|publisher=City of Cape Town|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-11-03}}</ref><br />
<br />
In mid-October 2017 the [[City of Cape Town]] was criticised by [[Desalination|water desalination]] companies for the slow pace of contract negotiations, high level of bureaucracy, lack of urgency, and the inadequate scale of the proposed water supply projects.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.iol.co.za/weekend-argus/news/city-of-cape-towns-water-bungle-11575998|title=City of Cape Town's water 'bungle' {{!}} Weekend Argus|last=Morris|first=Michael|date=14 October 2017|work=Weekend Argus|access-date=2017-11-03|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en}}</ref> On 26 October 2017 it was announced that the Cape Town city manager would be given special powers to take drought-related actions that would not have to follow the city's normal decision making and approval process. This announcement came after a review of the city's decision making processes that found "certain aspects of the Preferential Procurement Policy Framework Act, the Municipal Finance Management Act and Supply Chain Management regulations, as well as the council's own Supply Chain Management Policy, failed to adequately provide for the City of Cape Town to 'deal effectively and timeously' with the disaster."<ref name="Polweb">{{Cite web |url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/cape-town-city-manager-given-special-powers-to-dea |title= Cape Town city manager given special powers to deal with water crisis - NEWS & ANALYSIS |last= News24 |date= 26 October 2017 |website= www.politicsweb.co.za |language= en |access-date= 2017-12-01}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Theewaterskloof Dam 2018 02 10 (28425520089).jpg|thumb|right|Theewaterskloof Dam at approximately 12% on 10 February 2018]]<br />
On 24 January 2018, the Western Cape provincial cabinet stated that it was the responsibility of the national government to fund the expansion of the water system as the "provision of bulk water supply is a national government mandate." The provincial cabinet also announced that it was drawing up plans with the [[South African Police Service]] for a strategy to deploy officers at water distribution points across the city after day zero.<ref name="Jan24">{{Cite web |url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2018-01-24-government-must-refund-cape-town-for-cost-of-managing-the-water-crisis/ |title=Government must refund Cape Town for cost of managing the water crisis |date=24 January 2018 |language=en-ZA |access-date=2018-01-26}}</ref><br />
<br />
Level 6 restrictions were imposed on 1 January 2018, and Level 6B on 1 February 2018, limiting consumption to 50 litres per person per day.<br />
<br />
On the 6th February 2018 the Groenland Water Users’ Association (a representative body for farmers in the [[Elgin, South Africa|Elgin]] and [[Grabouw]] agricultural areas around Cape Town) released an additional 10 billion litres of water into the Steenbras Dam. Thereby pushing back day zero by an estimated 20 days to the 11th of May.<ref name="Groenland">{{Cite web |url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/cape-town-gets-10bn-litres-of-water |title=WATCH: Cape Town gets 10bn litres of water |date=6 February 2018 |website=www.enca.com |language=en |access-date=2018-02-08}}</ref><br />
<br />
The date was further pushed back to June 4 because of declined water use in agriculture and residential consumption.<ref>https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/dayzero-pushed-back-to-june-as-drought-declared-a-national-disaster-20180213 </ref><br />
<br />
==Day Zero==<br />
In mid-January 2018, Cape Town Mayor [[Patricia de Lille]] announced that the city will be forced to shut off most of the municipal water supply if conditions do not change, naming 22 April 2018 as "Day Zero", shortly afterwards revising Day Zero forward to 12 April<ref>{{cite news|url=http://time.com/5103259/cape-town-water-crisis/ |title=Cape Town Is 90 Days Away From Running Out of Water |last=Baker |first=Aryn |date=15 January 2018 |work=Time|access-date=19 January 2018 |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://abcnews.go.com/International/drought-stricken-cape-town-south-africa-run-water/story?id=52402170 |title=Drought-stricken Cape Town, South Africa, could run out of water by April's 'day zero' |last=Thom |first=Liezl |date=17 January 2018 |work=ABC News |access-date=19 January 2018 |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ewn.co.za/2018/01/23/day-zero-brought-forward-ct-officials-prepare-for-worst|title=Day Zero Brought Forward, CT Officials Prepare for Worst|first=Kevin|last=Brandt|date=23 January 2018}}</ref>, moving it back to 16 April<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/01/africa/cape-town-water-crisis-intl/index.html|title=Cape Town cuts water use limit by nearly half|last=Said-Moorhouse|first=Lauren|date=|work=CNN|access-date=2018-02-03|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|last2=Mezzofiore|first2=Gianluca}}</ref>, then back again to 11 May<ref name=":1" /> and then June 4.<ref>https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/dayzero-pushed-back-to-june-as-drought-declared-a-national-disaster-20180213 </ref> Day Zero will be declared when the water level of the city's major dams reaches 13.5%. When this occurs, municipal water supplies will be largely switched off, and residents will rely on 149 water collection points around the city to collect a daily ration of 25 litres of water per person.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/Analysis/jp-smith-answers-day-zero-questions-its-going-to-be-really-unpleasant-20180126|title=JP Smith answers Day Zero questions: 'It's going to be really unpleasant'|date=26 January 2018|first1=Aletta|last1=Harrison|first2=Alet|last2=Janse van Rensburg|publisher=News24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/borehole-rules-can-you-use-sea-water-to-flush-the-city-answers-your-questions-20180130|date=30 January 2018|title=Borehole rules? Can you use sea water to flush? - The City of Cape Town answers your questions|publisher=GroundUp}}</ref><br />
Water supply will be maintained in the city's CBD, in informal settlements (where water is already collected from central locations) and essential services such as hospitals.<br />
<br />
== Severity of the drought==<br />
Research on long-term weather data done by the [[University of Cape Town]] found that the period from 2015-2017 has been the driest 3-year period since 1933, and 2017 was the driest year since 1933, and possibly earlier, since comparable data before 1933 was not available. It also found that a drought of this severity will statistically occur only once every 311 years.<ref name="csag">{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/how-severe-is-cape-towns-drought-a-detailed-look-at-the-data-20180123|title=How severe is Cape Town's drought? A detailed look at the data|date=23 January 2018|publisher=News24|first=Piotr|last=Wolski}}</ref> Modelling by [[Aurecon]] found that the drought was approximately a 1 in 400 year event.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wswc.org.za/water-conservation/just-severe-current-drought-city-cape-town-experiencing/|title=Just how severe is the current drought the City of Cape Town is experiencing?|first=Dave|last=Gale|date=23 January 2018|publisher=Water Shedding Western Cape}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Impact ==<br />
[[File:Western Cape Water Saving 2017.jpg|thumb|Poster issued by the [[Western Cape government]] calling for people to conserve water due to the water shortage in 2017.]]<br />
In response to the water shortage, the agricultural sector reduced water consumption by 50 percent, contributing to the loss of 37,000 jobs in the sector nationally, and leading to an estimated 50,000 being pushed below the poverty line due to job losses and inflation due to increases in the price of food.<ref name=":0" /> By February 2018 the agricultural sector had incurred R14 billion (US$1.17 billion) in losses due to the water shortage.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/economy/2018-02-05-farmers-lose-r14bn-as-cape-drought-bites/|title=Farmers lose R14bn as Cape drought bites|last=Phakathi|first=Bekezela|date=5 February 2018|work=Business Day|access-date=2018-02-07|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures,%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Disaster%20and%20demand%20FAQ.pdf Day Zero and Water-related FAQs]<br />
* [http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/damlevels.pdf City of Cape Town Dam Levels Dashboard]<br />
* [http://coct.co/water-dashboard/ City of Cape Town Day Zero Dashboard]<br />
* [http://www.capetown.gov.za/Family%20and%20home/residential-utility-services/residential-water-and-sanitation-services/this-weeks-dam-levels City of Cape Town This Week's Dam Levels]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Climate of South Africa]]<br />
[[Category:Droughts in Africa]]<br />
[[Category:2018 in South Africa]]<br />
[[Category:2017 in South Africa]]<br />
[[Category:2016 in South Africa]]<br />
[[Category:2015 in South Africa]]<br />
[[Category:2018 in the environment]]<br />
[[Category:2017 in the environment]]<br />
[[Category:2016 in the environment]]<br />
[[Category:2015 in the environment]]<br />
[[Category:2018 droughts]]<br />
[[Category:2017 droughts]]<br />
[[Category:2016 droughts]]<br />
[[Category:2015 droughts]]<br />
[[Category:Climate change in South Africa]]</div>Chrisclearhttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wasserkrise_von_Kapstadt&diff=179310743Wasserkrise von Kapstadt2018-02-18T19:15:20Z<p>Chrisclear: /* Day Zero */ reference for June 4</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use South African English|date=January 2018}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}<br />
[[File:Cape Town water graph Jan 2018.svg|thumb|500px|Graph of total water stored in the Western Cape's largest six dams from 30 June 2013 to 15 January 2018. The graph illustrates the declining water storage levels over the course of the Cape Town water crisis. Data obtained from the [http://cip.csag.uct.ac.za/monitoring/bigsix.html Climate Systems Analysis Group] (CSAG)]]<br />
<br />
A [[drought]] in the [[Western Cape]] province of South Africa began in 2015 and is resulting in a severe water shortage in the region, most notably affecting the city of [[Cape Town]]. Despite water saving measures, dam levels are predicted to decline to critically low levels, and the city has made plans for "Day Zero" in May 2018,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ewn.co.za/2018/01/23/day-zero-brought-forward-ct-officials-prepare-for-worst|title=Day Zero Brought Forward, CT Officials Prepare for Worst|first=Kevin|last=Brandt|date=23 January 2018}}</ref> when municipal water supply will largely be shut off.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/05/africa/cape-town-day-zero-intl/index.html|title=Cape Town 'Day Zero' delayed as agricultural water use drops|last=CNN|first=Lauren Said-Moorhouse,|work=CNN|access-date=2018-02-05}}</ref> If this happens, Cape Town will be the first major city to run out of water.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2018/01/19/cape-town-could-first-major-city-run-out-water/1047237001/|title=Cape Town could be the first major city in the world to run out of water|last=Cassim|first=Zaheer|date=19 January 2018|work=USA Today|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
The Cape Town region experiences a warm [[Mediterranean climate]]. Water is supplied largely from the six major dams of the [[Western Cape Water Supply System]] in mountainous areas close to the city. The dams are recharged by rain falling in their catchment areas, largely during the cooler winter months of May to August, and dam levels decline during the warm, dry summer months of December to February during which urban and agricultural water use increases. <br />
<br />
Since 1995, Cape Town's population has grown from 2.4 million residents to an estimated 4.3 million by 2018, representing a 79 percent population increase in 23 years whilst dam water storage only increased by 15 percent in the same period.<ref name="GUwater" /> In 2016/2017, 64.5 percent of the city's water supply went to houses, flats and complexes, while 3.6 percent went to informal settlements.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://africacheck.org/reports/do-formal-residents-use-65-of-cape-towns-water-with-half-going-to-gardens-pools/|title=Do Formal Residents Use 65% of Cape Town's Water?|publisher=Africa Check|first=Gopolang|last=Makou|date=21 August 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
The possibility of the city exceeding its water supply was highlighted as early as 1990.<ref>{{cite news|title=Cape Town will run out of water in 17 years|first=Barry|last=Streek|date=26 April 1990|work=Cape Times|quote=Water supplies for the Cape Town area are expected to dry up in 17 years time, the Water Research Commission (WRC) disclosed yesterday. "It is estimated that known fresh water supplies for the Cape Town metropolitan area will be fully committed by the year 2007," it said in its annual report tabled in Parliament yesterday. "Thereafter the reclamation of purified sewage effluent to augment supplies is a distinct possibility".}}</ref><br />
<br />
From 1950 to 1999, the city's consumption of treated water grew at 4% per year in line with the city's population growth. Water consumption peaked in 1999 at 335 million cubic metres (335 gigalitres) per year. Periods of low winter rainfall in 2000/2001 and 2003/2004 resulted in water restrictions being imposed.<ref name="WCDM"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/we-needed-to-build-more-dams-a-decade-ago-230552|title='We needed to build more dams a decade ago'|date=1 January 2005|first=Willem|last=Steenkamp}}</ref> In 2007, the city implemented a 10-year water demand management strategy, which successfully kept the annual consumption at or below the 1999 level despite ongoing population growth.<ref name="WCDM">{{cite web|title=Overview of Water Demand Management Initiatives: A City of Cape Town Approach|first=Zolile|last=Basholo|publisher=City of Cape Town|date=4 February 2016|url=https://www.greencape.co.za/assets/Water-Sector-Desk-Content/CoCT-WCWDM-presentation-Z-Basholo-Western-Cape-Water-Forum-160204-2016.pdf}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2009, the storage capacity of the dams supplying Cape Town was increased by 17 percent from 768 to 898 million cubic metres through the completion of the [[Berg River Dam]].<ref name="Cape Town">{{cite web|publisher=City of Cape Town|url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Pages/CapeTownsWaterSupplyBoosted.aspx|title=Cape Town's water supply boosted|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327102756/http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Pages/CapeTownsWaterSupplyBoosted.aspx|archive-date=27 March 2009|date=17 March 2009}}</ref> Despite the increased storage capacity, the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry predicted that the growing demand from the city would exceed supply by 2013 without water conservation and demand management measures by the city, and that even with those measures, further water sources would be required by 2019.<ref name="WCWRSNewsletterMarch09">{{cite web|publisher=Department of Water Affairs and Forestry| url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/Other/WMA/19/WCWRSNewsletterMarch09.pdf|title=Western Cape Water Reconciliation Strategy Newsletter 5|date=March 2009}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Timeline ==<br />
After good rains in 2013 and 2014, the city of [[Cape Town]] began experiencing a drought in 2015, the first of three consecutive years of dry winters brought on by the [[El Niño]] weather pattern and [[climate change]].<ref name="AfricaC">{{Cite web |url=https://africacheck.org/2016/02/03/frequently-asked-questions-about-south-africas-drought |title= Frequently asked questions about South Africa's drought |date=3 February 2016 |publisher=Africa Check |language=English |publication-place=Cape Town |access-date=2017-06-01}}</ref> Water levels in the city's dams declined from 71.9 percent in 2014 to 50.1 percent in 2015.<ref name="GUwater">{{Cite web |url=http://www.groundup.org.za/article/whats-causing-cape-towns-water-crisis/ |title=What's causing Cape Town's water crisis? |last=Bohatch |first=Trevor |date=16 May 2017 |publisher=Ground Up |location=Cape Town |language=English |access-date=2017-06-01}}</ref> Water restrictions, in place at "Level 1" since 2005, were increased to Level 2 on 1 January 2016, to Level 3 on 1 November 2017, and Level 3B on 1 February 2017.<br />
<br />
Significant droughts in other parts of South Africa ended in August 2016 through heavy rain and flooding in the interior of the country,<ref name="encarain">{{Cite web |url=http://www.enca.com/africa/southern-africa-faces-floods-after-drought |title=Southern Africa faces floods after drought |last=Masinde |first=Muthoni |date=18 August 2016 |access-date=2017-06-01}}</ref> but the drought in the Western Cape remained.<br />
<br />
By the end of the dry season in May 2017, the drought was declared the city's worst in a century, with dams having less than 10 percent of their usable capacity.<ref name="cnn2017">{{Cite web |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2017/05/31/africa/cape-town-drought/index.html |title=Cape Town contends with worst drought in over a century |last=Van Dam |first=Derek |website=CNN.com |publisher=[[CNN]] |publication-date=31 May 2017 |access-date=2017-06-01}}</ref> Level 4 water restrictions were imposed, limiting the consumption of water to 100 litres per person per day.<ref name="level4">{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/city-of-cape-town-approves-level-4-water-restrictions-20170531|title=City of Cape Town approves Level 4 water restrictions|date=31 May 2017|first=Jenna|last=Etheridge}}</ref><br />
<br />
In June 2017 a [[Cape Storm (2017)|significant storm]] hit the area, dropping up to 50 mm of rain, but not enough to break the drought.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/cape-storm-isnt-a-quick-fix-for-drought-warns-city-of-cape-town-20170607|title=Cape storm isn't a quick fix for drought, warns City of Cape Town|work=News24|access-date=2017-06-15}}</ref> Overall rainfall in 2017 was the lowest since 1933.<ref name="csag"/><br />
<br />
[[File:Cape Water map dams.png|thumb|300px|A map of Cape Town's major dams.]]<br />
{| class="wikitable" align= cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em; text-align:center; font-size:95%"<br />
|-<br />
!colspan=6 style="background:#ccccff"| Water levels as a percentage of total dam capacity by year.<ref name="GUwater" /><br />
</tr><br />
|-<br />
! Major dams !! 16 February 2018<ref name="dashboard">{{cite web|title=City of Cape Town: Water Dashboard|url=http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/damlevels.pdf|publisher=City of Cape Town|date=22 January 2018|accessdate=25 January 2018}}</ref>!! May 2017 !! May 2016 !! May 2015 !! May 2014<br />
|-<br />
| [[Berg River Dam]]|| 53.4|| 32.4|| 27.2|| 54.0|| 90.5<br />
|-<br />
| [[Steenbras Dam|Steenbras Lower]]|| 40.0|| 26.5|| 37.6|| 47.9|| 39.6<br />
|-<br />
| [[Steenbras Dam – Upper|Steenbras Upper]]|| 83.6|| 56.7|| 56.9|| 57.8|| 79.1<br />
|-<br />
| [[Theewaterskloof Dam]] || 11.6|| 15|| 31.3|| 51.3|| 74.5<br />
|-<br />
| [[Voelvlei Dam]]|| 16.7|| 17.2|| 21.3|| 42.5|| 59.5<br />
|-<br />
| [[Wemmershoek Dam]]|| 48.0|| 36|| 48.5|| 50.5|| 58.8<br />
|-<br />
| Total stored (megalitres)|| 220 808|| 190 300|| 279 954|| 450 429 || 646 137<br />
|-<br />
| '''Total % Storage''' || '''24.6'''|| '''21.2'''|| '''31.2'''|| '''50.1'''|| '''71.9'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
With the dry summer season approaching, the city increased its existing water restrictions to Level 4B on 1 July 2017, and to Level 5 on 3 September 2017, banning most outdoor and non-essential use of water, encouraging the use of [[greywater]] for toilet flushing, and aiming to limit the per capita water consumption to 87 litres per day, for a total of 500 million litres per day.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/level-5-water-restrictions-implemented-in-cape-town-20170903|title=Level 5 water restrictions implemented in Cape Town|work=News24|access-date=2017-09-04}}</ref><br />
<br />
By early-October 2017, following a low rainfall winter, Cape Town had an estimated five months before water levels would be depleted.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://features.dailymaverick.co.za/cape-of-storms-to-come/|title=Cape Of Storms To Come|last=DIANA NEILLE, MARELISE VAN DER MERWE & LEILA DOUGAN|first=|date=|website=features.dailymaverick.co.za|language=en-US|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-11-03}}</ref> In the same month, the [[City of Cape Town]] issued an emergency water plan to be rolled-out in multiple phases depending on the severity of the water shortage. Phase 1 was "water rationing through extreme pressure reduction" which involved temporary water cuts and rationing. Phase 1 was implemented immediately with unannounced water cuts to a number of outlying neighbourhoods. In Phase 2 water will be shut off to most of the system except to places of key water access. Phase 3 is the point at which the city can no longer draw water from surface dams in the Western Cape Water Supply System and there is a limited period of time before the water supply system fails.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2017-10-04-op-ed-the-city-of-cape-towns-critical-water-shortages-disaster-plan/#.WfwyhGiCyUl|title=Op-Ed: The City of Cape Town's Critical Water Shortages Disaster Plan {{!}} Daily Maverick|last=De Lille|first=Patricia|date=4 October 2017|website=www.dailymaverick.co.za|publisher=City of Cape Town|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-11-03}}</ref><br />
<br />
In mid-October 2017 the [[City of Cape Town]] was criticised by [[Desalination|water desalination]] companies for the slow pace of contract negotiations, high level of bureaucracy, lack of urgency, and the inadequate scale of the proposed water supply projects.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.iol.co.za/weekend-argus/news/city-of-cape-towns-water-bungle-11575998|title=City of Cape Town's water 'bungle' {{!}} Weekend Argus|last=Morris|first=Michael|date=14 October 2017|work=Weekend Argus|access-date=2017-11-03|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en}}</ref> On 26 October 2017 it was announced that the Cape Town city manager would be given special powers to take drought-related actions that would not have to follow the city's normal decision making and approval process. This announcement came after a review of the city's decision making processes that found "certain aspects of the Preferential Procurement Policy Framework Act, the Municipal Finance Management Act and Supply Chain Management regulations, as well as the council's own Supply Chain Management Policy, failed to adequately provide for the City of Cape Town to 'deal effectively and timeously' with the disaster."<ref name="Polweb">{{Cite web |url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/cape-town-city-manager-given-special-powers-to-dea |title= Cape Town city manager given special powers to deal with water crisis - NEWS & ANALYSIS |last= News24 |date= 26 October 2017 |website= www.politicsweb.co.za |language= en |access-date= 2017-12-01}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Theewaterskloof Dam 2018 02 10 (28425520089).jpg|thumb|right|Theewaterskloof Dam at approximately 12% on 10 February 2018]]<br />
On 24 January 2018, the Western Cape provincial cabinet stated that it was the responsibility of the national government to fund the expansion of the water system as the "provision of bulk water supply is a national government mandate." The provincial cabinet also announced that it was drawing up plans with the [[South African Police Service]] for a strategy to deploy officers at water distribution points across the city after day zero.<ref name="Jan24">{{Cite web |url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2018-01-24-government-must-refund-cape-town-for-cost-of-managing-the-water-crisis/ |title=Government must refund Cape Town for cost of managing the water crisis |date=24 January 2018 |language=en-ZA |access-date=2018-01-26}}</ref><br />
<br />
Level 6 restrictions were imposed on 1 January 2018, and Level 6B on 1 February 2018, limiting consumption to 50 litres per person per day.<br />
<br />
On the 6th February 2018 the Groenland Water Users’ Association (a representative body for farmers in the [[Elgin, South Africa|Elgin]] and [[Grabouw]] agricultural areas around Cape Town) released an additional 10 billion litres of water into the Steenbras Dam. Thereby pushing back day zero by an estimated 20 days to the 11th of May.<ref name="Groenland">{{Cite web |url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/cape-town-gets-10bn-litres-of-water |title=WATCH: Cape Town gets 10bn litres of water |date=6 February 2018 |website=www.enca.com |language=en |access-date=2018-02-08}}</ref><br />
<br />
The date was further pushed back to June 4 because of declined water use in agriculture and residential consumption.<ref>https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/dayzero-pushed-back-to-june-as-drought-declared-a-national-disaster-20180213 </ref><br />
<br />
==Day Zero==<br />
In mid-January 2018, Cape Town Mayor [[Patricia de Lille]] announced that the city will be forced to shut off most of the municipal water supply if conditions do not change, naming 22 April 2018 as "Day Zero", shortly afterwards revising Day Zero forward to 12 April<ref>{{cite news|url=http://time.com/5103259/cape-town-water-crisis/ |title=Cape Town Is 90 Days Away From Running Out of Water |last=Baker |first=Aryn |date=15 January 2018 |work=Time|access-date=19 January 2018 |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://abcnews.go.com/International/drought-stricken-cape-town-south-africa-run-water/story?id=52402170 |title=Drought-stricken Cape Town, South Africa, could run out of water by April's 'day zero' |last=Thom |first=Liezl |date=17 January 2018 |work=ABC News |access-date=19 January 2018 |quote=}}</ref>, moving it back to 16 April<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/01/africa/cape-town-water-crisis-intl/index.html|title=Cape Town cuts water use limit by nearly half|last=Said-Moorhouse|first=Lauren|date=|work=CNN|access-date=2018-02-03|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|last2=Mezzofiore|first2=Gianluca}}</ref>, then back again to 11 May<ref name=":1" /> and then June 4.<ref>https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/dayzero-pushed-back-to-june-as-drought-declared-a-national-disaster-20180213 </ref> Day Zero will be declared when the water level of the city's major dams reaches 13.5%. When this occurs, municipal water supplies will be largely switched off, and residents will rely on 149 water collection points around the city to collect a daily ration of 25 litres of water per person.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/Analysis/jp-smith-answers-day-zero-questions-its-going-to-be-really-unpleasant-20180126|title=JP Smith answers Day Zero questions: 'It's going to be really unpleasant'|date=26 January 2018|first1=Aletta|last1=Harrison|first2=Alet|last2=Janse van Rensburg|publisher=News24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/borehole-rules-can-you-use-sea-water-to-flush-the-city-answers-your-questions-20180130|date=30 January 2018|title=Borehole rules? Can you use sea water to flush? - The City of Cape Town answers your questions|publisher=GroundUp}}</ref><br />
Water supply will be maintained in the city's CBD, in informal settlements (where water is already collected from central locations) and essential services such as hospitals.<br />
<br />
== Severity of the drought==<br />
Research on long-term weather data done by the [[University of Cape Town]] found that the period from 2015-2017 has been the driest 3-year period since 1933, and 2017 was the driest year since 1933, and possibly earlier, since comparable data before 1933 was not available. It also found that a drought of this severity will statistically occur only once every 311 years.<ref name="csag">{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/how-severe-is-cape-towns-drought-a-detailed-look-at-the-data-20180123|title=How severe is Cape Town's drought? A detailed look at the data|date=23 January 2018|publisher=News24|first=Piotr|last=Wolski}}</ref> Modelling by [[Aurecon]] found that the drought was approximately a 1 in 400 year event.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wswc.org.za/water-conservation/just-severe-current-drought-city-cape-town-experiencing/|title=Just how severe is the current drought the City of Cape Town is experiencing?|first=Dave|last=Gale|date=23 January 2018|publisher=Water Shedding Western Cape}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Impact ==<br />
[[File:Western Cape Water Saving 2017.jpg|thumb|Poster issued by the [[Western Cape government]] calling for people to conserve water due to the water shortage in 2017.]]<br />
In response to the water shortage, the agricultural sector reduced water consumption by 50 percent, contributing to the loss of 37,000 jobs in the sector nationally, and leading to an estimated 50,000 being pushed below the poverty line due to job losses and inflation due to increases in the price of food.<ref name=":0" /> By February 2018 the agricultural sector had incurred R14 billion (US$1.17 billion) in losses due to the water shortage.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/economy/2018-02-05-farmers-lose-r14bn-as-cape-drought-bites/|title=Farmers lose R14bn as Cape drought bites|last=Phakathi|first=Bekezela|date=5 February 2018|work=Business Day|access-date=2018-02-07|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures,%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Disaster%20and%20demand%20FAQ.pdf Day Zero and Water-related FAQs]<br />
* [http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/damlevels.pdf City of Cape Town Dam Levels Dashboard]<br />
* [http://coct.co/water-dashboard/ City of Cape Town Day Zero Dashboard]<br />
* [http://www.capetown.gov.za/Family%20and%20home/residential-utility-services/residential-water-and-sanitation-services/this-weeks-dam-levels City of Cape Town This Week's Dam Levels]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Climate of South Africa]]<br />
[[Category:Droughts in Africa]]<br />
[[Category:2018 in South Africa]]<br />
[[Category:2017 in South Africa]]<br />
[[Category:2016 in South Africa]]<br />
[[Category:2015 in South Africa]]<br />
[[Category:2018 in the environment]]<br />
[[Category:2017 in the environment]]<br />
[[Category:2016 in the environment]]<br />
[[Category:2015 in the environment]]<br />
[[Category:2018 droughts]]<br />
[[Category:2017 droughts]]<br />
[[Category:2016 droughts]]<br />
[[Category:2015 droughts]]<br />
[[Category:Climate change in South Africa]]</div>Chrisclearhttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wasserkrise_von_Kapstadt&diff=179310742Wasserkrise von Kapstadt2018-02-18T19:14:55Z<p>Chrisclear: /* Day Zero */ remove unnecessary space</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use South African English|date=January 2018}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}<br />
[[File:Cape Town water graph Jan 2018.svg|thumb|500px|Graph of total water stored in the Western Cape's largest six dams from 30 June 2013 to 15 January 2018. The graph illustrates the declining water storage levels over the course of the Cape Town water crisis. Data obtained from the [http://cip.csag.uct.ac.za/monitoring/bigsix.html Climate Systems Analysis Group] (CSAG)]]<br />
<br />
A [[drought]] in the [[Western Cape]] province of South Africa began in 2015 and is resulting in a severe water shortage in the region, most notably affecting the city of [[Cape Town]]. Despite water saving measures, dam levels are predicted to decline to critically low levels, and the city has made plans for "Day Zero" in May 2018,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ewn.co.za/2018/01/23/day-zero-brought-forward-ct-officials-prepare-for-worst|title=Day Zero Brought Forward, CT Officials Prepare for Worst|first=Kevin|last=Brandt|date=23 January 2018}}</ref> when municipal water supply will largely be shut off.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/05/africa/cape-town-day-zero-intl/index.html|title=Cape Town 'Day Zero' delayed as agricultural water use drops|last=CNN|first=Lauren Said-Moorhouse,|work=CNN|access-date=2018-02-05}}</ref> If this happens, Cape Town will be the first major city to run out of water.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2018/01/19/cape-town-could-first-major-city-run-out-water/1047237001/|title=Cape Town could be the first major city in the world to run out of water|last=Cassim|first=Zaheer|date=19 January 2018|work=USA Today|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
The Cape Town region experiences a warm [[Mediterranean climate]]. Water is supplied largely from the six major dams of the [[Western Cape Water Supply System]] in mountainous areas close to the city. The dams are recharged by rain falling in their catchment areas, largely during the cooler winter months of May to August, and dam levels decline during the warm, dry summer months of December to February during which urban and agricultural water use increases. <br />
<br />
Since 1995, Cape Town's population has grown from 2.4 million residents to an estimated 4.3 million by 2018, representing a 79 percent population increase in 23 years whilst dam water storage only increased by 15 percent in the same period.<ref name="GUwater" /> In 2016/2017, 64.5 percent of the city's water supply went to houses, flats and complexes, while 3.6 percent went to informal settlements.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://africacheck.org/reports/do-formal-residents-use-65-of-cape-towns-water-with-half-going-to-gardens-pools/|title=Do Formal Residents Use 65% of Cape Town's Water?|publisher=Africa Check|first=Gopolang|last=Makou|date=21 August 2017}}</ref><br />
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The possibility of the city exceeding its water supply was highlighted as early as 1990.<ref>{{cite news|title=Cape Town will run out of water in 17 years|first=Barry|last=Streek|date=26 April 1990|work=Cape Times|quote=Water supplies for the Cape Town area are expected to dry up in 17 years time, the Water Research Commission (WRC) disclosed yesterday. "It is estimated that known fresh water supplies for the Cape Town metropolitan area will be fully committed by the year 2007," it said in its annual report tabled in Parliament yesterday. "Thereafter the reclamation of purified sewage effluent to augment supplies is a distinct possibility".}}</ref><br />
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From 1950 to 1999, the city's consumption of treated water grew at 4% per year in line with the city's population growth. Water consumption peaked in 1999 at 335 million cubic metres (335 gigalitres) per year. Periods of low winter rainfall in 2000/2001 and 2003/2004 resulted in water restrictions being imposed.<ref name="WCDM"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/we-needed-to-build-more-dams-a-decade-ago-230552|title='We needed to build more dams a decade ago'|date=1 January 2005|first=Willem|last=Steenkamp}}</ref> In 2007, the city implemented a 10-year water demand management strategy, which successfully kept the annual consumption at or below the 1999 level despite ongoing population growth.<ref name="WCDM">{{cite web|title=Overview of Water Demand Management Initiatives: A City of Cape Town Approach|first=Zolile|last=Basholo|publisher=City of Cape Town|date=4 February 2016|url=https://www.greencape.co.za/assets/Water-Sector-Desk-Content/CoCT-WCWDM-presentation-Z-Basholo-Western-Cape-Water-Forum-160204-2016.pdf}}</ref><br />
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In 2009, the storage capacity of the dams supplying Cape Town was increased by 17 percent from 768 to 898 million cubic metres through the completion of the [[Berg River Dam]].<ref name="Cape Town">{{cite web|publisher=City of Cape Town|url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Pages/CapeTownsWaterSupplyBoosted.aspx|title=Cape Town's water supply boosted|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327102756/http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Pages/CapeTownsWaterSupplyBoosted.aspx|archive-date=27 March 2009|date=17 March 2009}}</ref> Despite the increased storage capacity, the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry predicted that the growing demand from the city would exceed supply by 2013 without water conservation and demand management measures by the city, and that even with those measures, further water sources would be required by 2019.<ref name="WCWRSNewsletterMarch09">{{cite web|publisher=Department of Water Affairs and Forestry| url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/Other/WMA/19/WCWRSNewsletterMarch09.pdf|title=Western Cape Water Reconciliation Strategy Newsletter 5|date=March 2009}}</ref><br />
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== Timeline ==<br />
After good rains in 2013 and 2014, the city of [[Cape Town]] began experiencing a drought in 2015, the first of three consecutive years of dry winters brought on by the [[El Niño]] weather pattern and [[climate change]].<ref name="AfricaC">{{Cite web |url=https://africacheck.org/2016/02/03/frequently-asked-questions-about-south-africas-drought |title= Frequently asked questions about South Africa's drought |date=3 February 2016 |publisher=Africa Check |language=English |publication-place=Cape Town |access-date=2017-06-01}}</ref> Water levels in the city's dams declined from 71.9 percent in 2014 to 50.1 percent in 2015.<ref name="GUwater">{{Cite web |url=http://www.groundup.org.za/article/whats-causing-cape-towns-water-crisis/ |title=What's causing Cape Town's water crisis? |last=Bohatch |first=Trevor |date=16 May 2017 |publisher=Ground Up |location=Cape Town |language=English |access-date=2017-06-01}}</ref> Water restrictions, in place at "Level 1" since 2005, were increased to Level 2 on 1 January 2016, to Level 3 on 1 November 2017, and Level 3B on 1 February 2017.<br />
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Significant droughts in other parts of South Africa ended in August 2016 through heavy rain and flooding in the interior of the country,<ref name="encarain">{{Cite web |url=http://www.enca.com/africa/southern-africa-faces-floods-after-drought |title=Southern Africa faces floods after drought |last=Masinde |first=Muthoni |date=18 August 2016 |access-date=2017-06-01}}</ref> but the drought in the Western Cape remained.<br />
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By the end of the dry season in May 2017, the drought was declared the city's worst in a century, with dams having less than 10 percent of their usable capacity.<ref name="cnn2017">{{Cite web |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2017/05/31/africa/cape-town-drought/index.html |title=Cape Town contends with worst drought in over a century |last=Van Dam |first=Derek |website=CNN.com |publisher=[[CNN]] |publication-date=31 May 2017 |access-date=2017-06-01}}</ref> Level 4 water restrictions were imposed, limiting the consumption of water to 100 litres per person per day.<ref name="level4">{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/city-of-cape-town-approves-level-4-water-restrictions-20170531|title=City of Cape Town approves Level 4 water restrictions|date=31 May 2017|first=Jenna|last=Etheridge}}</ref><br />
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In June 2017 a [[Cape Storm (2017)|significant storm]] hit the area, dropping up to 50 mm of rain, but not enough to break the drought.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/cape-storm-isnt-a-quick-fix-for-drought-warns-city-of-cape-town-20170607|title=Cape storm isn't a quick fix for drought, warns City of Cape Town|work=News24|access-date=2017-06-15}}</ref> Overall rainfall in 2017 was the lowest since 1933.<ref name="csag"/><br />
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[[File:Cape Water map dams.png|thumb|300px|A map of Cape Town's major dams.]]<br />
{| class="wikitable" align= cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em; text-align:center; font-size:95%"<br />
|-<br />
!colspan=6 style="background:#ccccff"| Water levels as a percentage of total dam capacity by year.<ref name="GUwater" /><br />
</tr><br />
|-<br />
! Major dams !! 16 February 2018<ref name="dashboard">{{cite web|title=City of Cape Town: Water Dashboard|url=http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/damlevels.pdf|publisher=City of Cape Town|date=22 January 2018|accessdate=25 January 2018}}</ref>!! May 2017 !! May 2016 !! May 2015 !! May 2014<br />
|-<br />
| [[Berg River Dam]]|| 53.4|| 32.4|| 27.2|| 54.0|| 90.5<br />
|-<br />
| [[Steenbras Dam|Steenbras Lower]]|| 40.0|| 26.5|| 37.6|| 47.9|| 39.6<br />
|-<br />
| [[Steenbras Dam – Upper|Steenbras Upper]]|| 83.6|| 56.7|| 56.9|| 57.8|| 79.1<br />
|-<br />
| [[Theewaterskloof Dam]] || 11.6|| 15|| 31.3|| 51.3|| 74.5<br />
|-<br />
| [[Voelvlei Dam]]|| 16.7|| 17.2|| 21.3|| 42.5|| 59.5<br />
|-<br />
| [[Wemmershoek Dam]]|| 48.0|| 36|| 48.5|| 50.5|| 58.8<br />
|-<br />
| Total stored (megalitres)|| 220 808|| 190 300|| 279 954|| 450 429 || 646 137<br />
|-<br />
| '''Total % Storage''' || '''24.6'''|| '''21.2'''|| '''31.2'''|| '''50.1'''|| '''71.9'''<br />
|}<br />
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With the dry summer season approaching, the city increased its existing water restrictions to Level 4B on 1 July 2017, and to Level 5 on 3 September 2017, banning most outdoor and non-essential use of water, encouraging the use of [[greywater]] for toilet flushing, and aiming to limit the per capita water consumption to 87 litres per day, for a total of 500 million litres per day.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/level-5-water-restrictions-implemented-in-cape-town-20170903|title=Level 5 water restrictions implemented in Cape Town|work=News24|access-date=2017-09-04}}</ref><br />
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By early-October 2017, following a low rainfall winter, Cape Town had an estimated five months before water levels would be depleted.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://features.dailymaverick.co.za/cape-of-storms-to-come/|title=Cape Of Storms To Come|last=DIANA NEILLE, MARELISE VAN DER MERWE & LEILA DOUGAN|first=|date=|website=features.dailymaverick.co.za|language=en-US|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-11-03}}</ref> In the same month, the [[City of Cape Town]] issued an emergency water plan to be rolled-out in multiple phases depending on the severity of the water shortage. Phase 1 was "water rationing through extreme pressure reduction" which involved temporary water cuts and rationing. Phase 1 was implemented immediately with unannounced water cuts to a number of outlying neighbourhoods. In Phase 2 water will be shut off to most of the system except to places of key water access. Phase 3 is the point at which the city can no longer draw water from surface dams in the Western Cape Water Supply System and there is a limited period of time before the water supply system fails.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2017-10-04-op-ed-the-city-of-cape-towns-critical-water-shortages-disaster-plan/#.WfwyhGiCyUl|title=Op-Ed: The City of Cape Town's Critical Water Shortages Disaster Plan {{!}} Daily Maverick|last=De Lille|first=Patricia|date=4 October 2017|website=www.dailymaverick.co.za|publisher=City of Cape Town|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-11-03}}</ref><br />
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In mid-October 2017 the [[City of Cape Town]] was criticised by [[Desalination|water desalination]] companies for the slow pace of contract negotiations, high level of bureaucracy, lack of urgency, and the inadequate scale of the proposed water supply projects.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.iol.co.za/weekend-argus/news/city-of-cape-towns-water-bungle-11575998|title=City of Cape Town's water 'bungle' {{!}} Weekend Argus|last=Morris|first=Michael|date=14 October 2017|work=Weekend Argus|access-date=2017-11-03|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en}}</ref> On 26 October 2017 it was announced that the Cape Town city manager would be given special powers to take drought-related actions that would not have to follow the city's normal decision making and approval process. This announcement came after a review of the city's decision making processes that found "certain aspects of the Preferential Procurement Policy Framework Act, the Municipal Finance Management Act and Supply Chain Management regulations, as well as the council's own Supply Chain Management Policy, failed to adequately provide for the City of Cape Town to 'deal effectively and timeously' with the disaster."<ref name="Polweb">{{Cite web |url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/cape-town-city-manager-given-special-powers-to-dea |title= Cape Town city manager given special powers to deal with water crisis - NEWS & ANALYSIS |last= News24 |date= 26 October 2017 |website= www.politicsweb.co.za |language= en |access-date= 2017-12-01}}</ref><br />
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[[File:Theewaterskloof Dam 2018 02 10 (28425520089).jpg|thumb|right|Theewaterskloof Dam at approximately 12% on 10 February 2018]]<br />
On 24 January 2018, the Western Cape provincial cabinet stated that it was the responsibility of the national government to fund the expansion of the water system as the "provision of bulk water supply is a national government mandate." The provincial cabinet also announced that it was drawing up plans with the [[South African Police Service]] for a strategy to deploy officers at water distribution points across the city after day zero.<ref name="Jan24">{{Cite web |url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2018-01-24-government-must-refund-cape-town-for-cost-of-managing-the-water-crisis/ |title=Government must refund Cape Town for cost of managing the water crisis |date=24 January 2018 |language=en-ZA |access-date=2018-01-26}}</ref><br />
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Level 6 restrictions were imposed on 1 January 2018, and Level 6B on 1 February 2018, limiting consumption to 50 litres per person per day.<br />
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On the 6th February 2018 the Groenland Water Users’ Association (a representative body for farmers in the [[Elgin, South Africa|Elgin]] and [[Grabouw]] agricultural areas around Cape Town) released an additional 10 billion litres of water into the Steenbras Dam. Thereby pushing back day zero by an estimated 20 days to the 11th of May.<ref name="Groenland">{{Cite web |url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/cape-town-gets-10bn-litres-of-water |title=WATCH: Cape Town gets 10bn litres of water |date=6 February 2018 |website=www.enca.com |language=en |access-date=2018-02-08}}</ref><br />
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The date was further pushed back to June 4 because of declined water use in agriculture and residential consumption.<ref>https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/dayzero-pushed-back-to-june-as-drought-declared-a-national-disaster-20180213 </ref><br />
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==Day Zero==<br />
In mid-January 2018, Cape Town Mayor [[Patricia de Lille]] announced that the city will be forced to shut off most of the municipal water supply if conditions do not change, naming 22 April 2018 as "Day Zero", shortly afterwards revising Day Zero forward to 12 April<ref>{{cite news|url=http://time.com/5103259/cape-town-water-crisis/ |title=Cape Town Is 90 Days Away From Running Out of Water |last=Baker |first=Aryn |date=15 January 2018 |work=Time|access-date=19 January 2018 |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://abcnews.go.com/International/drought-stricken-cape-town-south-africa-run-water/story?id=52402170 |title=Drought-stricken Cape Town, South Africa, could run out of water by April's 'day zero' |last=Thom |first=Liezl |date=17 January 2018 |work=ABC News |access-date=19 January 2018 |quote=}}</ref>, moving it back to 16 April<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/01/africa/cape-town-water-crisis-intl/index.html|title=Cape Town cuts water use limit by nearly half|last=Said-Moorhouse|first=Lauren|date=|work=CNN|access-date=2018-02-03|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|last2=Mezzofiore|first2=Gianluca}}</ref>, then back again to 11 May<ref name=":1" /> and then June 4. Day Zero will be declared when the water level of the city's major dams reaches 13.5%. When this occurs, municipal water supplies will be largely switched off, and residents will rely on 149 water collection points around the city to collect a daily ration of 25 litres of water per person.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/Analysis/jp-smith-answers-day-zero-questions-its-going-to-be-really-unpleasant-20180126|title=JP Smith answers Day Zero questions: 'It's going to be really unpleasant'|date=26 January 2018|first1=Aletta|last1=Harrison|first2=Alet|last2=Janse van Rensburg|publisher=News24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/borehole-rules-can-you-use-sea-water-to-flush-the-city-answers-your-questions-20180130|date=30 January 2018|title=Borehole rules? Can you use sea water to flush? - The City of Cape Town answers your questions|publisher=GroundUp}}</ref><br />
Water supply will be maintained in the city's CBD, in informal settlements (where water is already collected from central locations) and essential services such as hospitals.<br />
<br />
== Severity of the drought==<br />
Research on long-term weather data done by the [[University of Cape Town]] found that the period from 2015-2017 has been the driest 3-year period since 1933, and 2017 was the driest year since 1933, and possibly earlier, since comparable data before 1933 was not available. It also found that a drought of this severity will statistically occur only once every 311 years.<ref name="csag">{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/how-severe-is-cape-towns-drought-a-detailed-look-at-the-data-20180123|title=How severe is Cape Town's drought? A detailed look at the data|date=23 January 2018|publisher=News24|first=Piotr|last=Wolski}}</ref> Modelling by [[Aurecon]] found that the drought was approximately a 1 in 400 year event.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wswc.org.za/water-conservation/just-severe-current-drought-city-cape-town-experiencing/|title=Just how severe is the current drought the City of Cape Town is experiencing?|first=Dave|last=Gale|date=23 January 2018|publisher=Water Shedding Western Cape}}</ref><br />
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== Impact ==<br />
[[File:Western Cape Water Saving 2017.jpg|thumb|Poster issued by the [[Western Cape government]] calling for people to conserve water due to the water shortage in 2017.]]<br />
In response to the water shortage, the agricultural sector reduced water consumption by 50 percent, contributing to the loss of 37,000 jobs in the sector nationally, and leading to an estimated 50,000 being pushed below the poverty line due to job losses and inflation due to increases in the price of food.<ref name=":0" /> By February 2018 the agricultural sector had incurred R14 billion (US$1.17 billion) in losses due to the water shortage.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/economy/2018-02-05-farmers-lose-r14bn-as-cape-drought-bites/|title=Farmers lose R14bn as Cape drought bites|last=Phakathi|first=Bekezela|date=5 February 2018|work=Business Day|access-date=2018-02-07|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
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==External links==<br />
* [http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures,%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Disaster%20and%20demand%20FAQ.pdf Day Zero and Water-related FAQs]<br />
* [http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/damlevels.pdf City of Cape Town Dam Levels Dashboard]<br />
* [http://coct.co/water-dashboard/ City of Cape Town Day Zero Dashboard]<br />
* [http://www.capetown.gov.za/Family%20and%20home/residential-utility-services/residential-water-and-sanitation-services/this-weeks-dam-levels City of Cape Town This Week's Dam Levels]<br />
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== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Climate of South Africa]]<br />
[[Category:Droughts in Africa]]<br />
[[Category:2018 in South Africa]]<br />
[[Category:2017 in South Africa]]<br />
[[Category:2016 in South Africa]]<br />
[[Category:2015 in South Africa]]<br />
[[Category:2018 in the environment]]<br />
[[Category:2017 in the environment]]<br />
[[Category:2016 in the environment]]<br />
[[Category:2015 in the environment]]<br />
[[Category:2018 droughts]]<br />
[[Category:2017 droughts]]<br />
[[Category:2016 droughts]]<br />
[[Category:2015 droughts]]<br />
[[Category:Climate change in South Africa]]</div>Chrisclearhttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wasserkrise_von_Kapstadt&diff=179310741Wasserkrise von Kapstadt2018-02-18T19:14:33Z<p>Chrisclear: /* Day Zero */ the source does not mention the change to June 4</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use South African English|date=January 2018}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}<br />
[[File:Cape Town water graph Jan 2018.svg|thumb|500px|Graph of total water stored in the Western Cape's largest six dams from 30 June 2013 to 15 January 2018. The graph illustrates the declining water storage levels over the course of the Cape Town water crisis. Data obtained from the [http://cip.csag.uct.ac.za/monitoring/bigsix.html Climate Systems Analysis Group] (CSAG)]]<br />
<br />
A [[drought]] in the [[Western Cape]] province of South Africa began in 2015 and is resulting in a severe water shortage in the region, most notably affecting the city of [[Cape Town]]. Despite water saving measures, dam levels are predicted to decline to critically low levels, and the city has made plans for "Day Zero" in May 2018,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ewn.co.za/2018/01/23/day-zero-brought-forward-ct-officials-prepare-for-worst|title=Day Zero Brought Forward, CT Officials Prepare for Worst|first=Kevin|last=Brandt|date=23 January 2018}}</ref> when municipal water supply will largely be shut off.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/05/africa/cape-town-day-zero-intl/index.html|title=Cape Town 'Day Zero' delayed as agricultural water use drops|last=CNN|first=Lauren Said-Moorhouse,|work=CNN|access-date=2018-02-05}}</ref> If this happens, Cape Town will be the first major city to run out of water.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2018/01/19/cape-town-could-first-major-city-run-out-water/1047237001/|title=Cape Town could be the first major city in the world to run out of water|last=Cassim|first=Zaheer|date=19 January 2018|work=USA Today|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
The Cape Town region experiences a warm [[Mediterranean climate]]. Water is supplied largely from the six major dams of the [[Western Cape Water Supply System]] in mountainous areas close to the city. The dams are recharged by rain falling in their catchment areas, largely during the cooler winter months of May to August, and dam levels decline during the warm, dry summer months of December to February during which urban and agricultural water use increases. <br />
<br />
Since 1995, Cape Town's population has grown from 2.4 million residents to an estimated 4.3 million by 2018, representing a 79 percent population increase in 23 years whilst dam water storage only increased by 15 percent in the same period.<ref name="GUwater" /> In 2016/2017, 64.5 percent of the city's water supply went to houses, flats and complexes, while 3.6 percent went to informal settlements.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://africacheck.org/reports/do-formal-residents-use-65-of-cape-towns-water-with-half-going-to-gardens-pools/|title=Do Formal Residents Use 65% of Cape Town's Water?|publisher=Africa Check|first=Gopolang|last=Makou|date=21 August 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
The possibility of the city exceeding its water supply was highlighted as early as 1990.<ref>{{cite news|title=Cape Town will run out of water in 17 years|first=Barry|last=Streek|date=26 April 1990|work=Cape Times|quote=Water supplies for the Cape Town area are expected to dry up in 17 years time, the Water Research Commission (WRC) disclosed yesterday. "It is estimated that known fresh water supplies for the Cape Town metropolitan area will be fully committed by the year 2007," it said in its annual report tabled in Parliament yesterday. "Thereafter the reclamation of purified sewage effluent to augment supplies is a distinct possibility".}}</ref><br />
<br />
From 1950 to 1999, the city's consumption of treated water grew at 4% per year in line with the city's population growth. Water consumption peaked in 1999 at 335 million cubic metres (335 gigalitres) per year. Periods of low winter rainfall in 2000/2001 and 2003/2004 resulted in water restrictions being imposed.<ref name="WCDM"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/we-needed-to-build-more-dams-a-decade-ago-230552|title='We needed to build more dams a decade ago'|date=1 January 2005|first=Willem|last=Steenkamp}}</ref> In 2007, the city implemented a 10-year water demand management strategy, which successfully kept the annual consumption at or below the 1999 level despite ongoing population growth.<ref name="WCDM">{{cite web|title=Overview of Water Demand Management Initiatives: A City of Cape Town Approach|first=Zolile|last=Basholo|publisher=City of Cape Town|date=4 February 2016|url=https://www.greencape.co.za/assets/Water-Sector-Desk-Content/CoCT-WCWDM-presentation-Z-Basholo-Western-Cape-Water-Forum-160204-2016.pdf}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2009, the storage capacity of the dams supplying Cape Town was increased by 17 percent from 768 to 898 million cubic metres through the completion of the [[Berg River Dam]].<ref name="Cape Town">{{cite web|publisher=City of Cape Town|url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Pages/CapeTownsWaterSupplyBoosted.aspx|title=Cape Town's water supply boosted|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327102756/http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Pages/CapeTownsWaterSupplyBoosted.aspx|archive-date=27 March 2009|date=17 March 2009}}</ref> Despite the increased storage capacity, the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry predicted that the growing demand from the city would exceed supply by 2013 without water conservation and demand management measures by the city, and that even with those measures, further water sources would be required by 2019.<ref name="WCWRSNewsletterMarch09">{{cite web|publisher=Department of Water Affairs and Forestry| url=http://www.dwaf.gov.za/Documents/Other/WMA/19/WCWRSNewsletterMarch09.pdf|title=Western Cape Water Reconciliation Strategy Newsletter 5|date=March 2009}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Timeline ==<br />
After good rains in 2013 and 2014, the city of [[Cape Town]] began experiencing a drought in 2015, the first of three consecutive years of dry winters brought on by the [[El Niño]] weather pattern and [[climate change]].<ref name="AfricaC">{{Cite web |url=https://africacheck.org/2016/02/03/frequently-asked-questions-about-south-africas-drought |title= Frequently asked questions about South Africa's drought |date=3 February 2016 |publisher=Africa Check |language=English |publication-place=Cape Town |access-date=2017-06-01}}</ref> Water levels in the city's dams declined from 71.9 percent in 2014 to 50.1 percent in 2015.<ref name="GUwater">{{Cite web |url=http://www.groundup.org.za/article/whats-causing-cape-towns-water-crisis/ |title=What's causing Cape Town's water crisis? |last=Bohatch |first=Trevor |date=16 May 2017 |publisher=Ground Up |location=Cape Town |language=English |access-date=2017-06-01}}</ref> Water restrictions, in place at "Level 1" since 2005, were increased to Level 2 on 1 January 2016, to Level 3 on 1 November 2017, and Level 3B on 1 February 2017.<br />
<br />
Significant droughts in other parts of South Africa ended in August 2016 through heavy rain and flooding in the interior of the country,<ref name="encarain">{{Cite web |url=http://www.enca.com/africa/southern-africa-faces-floods-after-drought |title=Southern Africa faces floods after drought |last=Masinde |first=Muthoni |date=18 August 2016 |access-date=2017-06-01}}</ref> but the drought in the Western Cape remained.<br />
<br />
By the end of the dry season in May 2017, the drought was declared the city's worst in a century, with dams having less than 10 percent of their usable capacity.<ref name="cnn2017">{{Cite web |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2017/05/31/africa/cape-town-drought/index.html |title=Cape Town contends with worst drought in over a century |last=Van Dam |first=Derek |website=CNN.com |publisher=[[CNN]] |publication-date=31 May 2017 |access-date=2017-06-01}}</ref> Level 4 water restrictions were imposed, limiting the consumption of water to 100 litres per person per day.<ref name="level4">{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/city-of-cape-town-approves-level-4-water-restrictions-20170531|title=City of Cape Town approves Level 4 water restrictions|date=31 May 2017|first=Jenna|last=Etheridge}}</ref><br />
<br />
In June 2017 a [[Cape Storm (2017)|significant storm]] hit the area, dropping up to 50 mm of rain, but not enough to break the drought.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/cape-storm-isnt-a-quick-fix-for-drought-warns-city-of-cape-town-20170607|title=Cape storm isn't a quick fix for drought, warns City of Cape Town|work=News24|access-date=2017-06-15}}</ref> Overall rainfall in 2017 was the lowest since 1933.<ref name="csag"/><br />
<br />
[[File:Cape Water map dams.png|thumb|300px|A map of Cape Town's major dams.]]<br />
{| class="wikitable" align= cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em; text-align:center; font-size:95%"<br />
|-<br />
!colspan=6 style="background:#ccccff"| Water levels as a percentage of total dam capacity by year.<ref name="GUwater" /><br />
</tr><br />
|-<br />
! Major dams !! 16 February 2018<ref name="dashboard">{{cite web|title=City of Cape Town: Water Dashboard|url=http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/damlevels.pdf|publisher=City of Cape Town|date=22 January 2018|accessdate=25 January 2018}}</ref>!! May 2017 !! May 2016 !! May 2015 !! May 2014<br />
|-<br />
| [[Berg River Dam]]|| 53.4|| 32.4|| 27.2|| 54.0|| 90.5<br />
|-<br />
| [[Steenbras Dam|Steenbras Lower]]|| 40.0|| 26.5|| 37.6|| 47.9|| 39.6<br />
|-<br />
| [[Steenbras Dam – Upper|Steenbras Upper]]|| 83.6|| 56.7|| 56.9|| 57.8|| 79.1<br />
|-<br />
| [[Theewaterskloof Dam]] || 11.6|| 15|| 31.3|| 51.3|| 74.5<br />
|-<br />
| [[Voelvlei Dam]]|| 16.7|| 17.2|| 21.3|| 42.5|| 59.5<br />
|-<br />
| [[Wemmershoek Dam]]|| 48.0|| 36|| 48.5|| 50.5|| 58.8<br />
|-<br />
| Total stored (megalitres)|| 220 808|| 190 300|| 279 954|| 450 429 || 646 137<br />
|-<br />
| '''Total % Storage''' || '''24.6'''|| '''21.2'''|| '''31.2'''|| '''50.1'''|| '''71.9'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
With the dry summer season approaching, the city increased its existing water restrictions to Level 4B on 1 July 2017, and to Level 5 on 3 September 2017, banning most outdoor and non-essential use of water, encouraging the use of [[greywater]] for toilet flushing, and aiming to limit the per capita water consumption to 87 litres per day, for a total of 500 million litres per day.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/level-5-water-restrictions-implemented-in-cape-town-20170903|title=Level 5 water restrictions implemented in Cape Town|work=News24|access-date=2017-09-04}}</ref><br />
<br />
By early-October 2017, following a low rainfall winter, Cape Town had an estimated five months before water levels would be depleted.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://features.dailymaverick.co.za/cape-of-storms-to-come/|title=Cape Of Storms To Come|last=DIANA NEILLE, MARELISE VAN DER MERWE & LEILA DOUGAN|first=|date=|website=features.dailymaverick.co.za|language=en-US|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-11-03}}</ref> In the same month, the [[City of Cape Town]] issued an emergency water plan to be rolled-out in multiple phases depending on the severity of the water shortage. Phase 1 was "water rationing through extreme pressure reduction" which involved temporary water cuts and rationing. Phase 1 was implemented immediately with unannounced water cuts to a number of outlying neighbourhoods. In Phase 2 water will be shut off to most of the system except to places of key water access. Phase 3 is the point at which the city can no longer draw water from surface dams in the Western Cape Water Supply System and there is a limited period of time before the water supply system fails.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2017-10-04-op-ed-the-city-of-cape-towns-critical-water-shortages-disaster-plan/#.WfwyhGiCyUl|title=Op-Ed: The City of Cape Town's Critical Water Shortages Disaster Plan {{!}} Daily Maverick|last=De Lille|first=Patricia|date=4 October 2017|website=www.dailymaverick.co.za|publisher=City of Cape Town|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-11-03}}</ref><br />
<br />
In mid-October 2017 the [[City of Cape Town]] was criticised by [[Desalination|water desalination]] companies for the slow pace of contract negotiations, high level of bureaucracy, lack of urgency, and the inadequate scale of the proposed water supply projects.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.iol.co.za/weekend-argus/news/city-of-cape-towns-water-bungle-11575998|title=City of Cape Town's water 'bungle' {{!}} Weekend Argus|last=Morris|first=Michael|date=14 October 2017|work=Weekend Argus|access-date=2017-11-03|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en}}</ref> On 26 October 2017 it was announced that the Cape Town city manager would be given special powers to take drought-related actions that would not have to follow the city's normal decision making and approval process. This announcement came after a review of the city's decision making processes that found "certain aspects of the Preferential Procurement Policy Framework Act, the Municipal Finance Management Act and Supply Chain Management regulations, as well as the council's own Supply Chain Management Policy, failed to adequately provide for the City of Cape Town to 'deal effectively and timeously' with the disaster."<ref name="Polweb">{{Cite web |url=http://www.politicsweb.co.za/news-and-analysis/cape-town-city-manager-given-special-powers-to-dea |title= Cape Town city manager given special powers to deal with water crisis - NEWS & ANALYSIS |last= News24 |date= 26 October 2017 |website= www.politicsweb.co.za |language= en |access-date= 2017-12-01}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Theewaterskloof Dam 2018 02 10 (28425520089).jpg|thumb|right|Theewaterskloof Dam at approximately 12% on 10 February 2018]]<br />
On 24 January 2018, the Western Cape provincial cabinet stated that it was the responsibility of the national government to fund the expansion of the water system as the "provision of bulk water supply is a national government mandate." The provincial cabinet also announced that it was drawing up plans with the [[South African Police Service]] for a strategy to deploy officers at water distribution points across the city after day zero.<ref name="Jan24">{{Cite web |url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2018-01-24-government-must-refund-cape-town-for-cost-of-managing-the-water-crisis/ |title=Government must refund Cape Town for cost of managing the water crisis |date=24 January 2018 |language=en-ZA |access-date=2018-01-26}}</ref><br />
<br />
Level 6 restrictions were imposed on 1 January 2018, and Level 6B on 1 February 2018, limiting consumption to 50 litres per person per day.<br />
<br />
On the 6th February 2018 the Groenland Water Users’ Association (a representative body for farmers in the [[Elgin, South Africa|Elgin]] and [[Grabouw]] agricultural areas around Cape Town) released an additional 10 billion litres of water into the Steenbras Dam. Thereby pushing back day zero by an estimated 20 days to the 11th of May.<ref name="Groenland">{{Cite web |url=https://www.enca.com/south-africa/cape-town-gets-10bn-litres-of-water |title=WATCH: Cape Town gets 10bn litres of water |date=6 February 2018 |website=www.enca.com |language=en |access-date=2018-02-08}}</ref><br />
<br />
The date was further pushed back to June 4 because of declined water use in agriculture and residential consumption.<ref>https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/dayzero-pushed-back-to-june-as-drought-declared-a-national-disaster-20180213 </ref><br />
<br />
==Day Zero==<br />
In mid-January 2018, Cape Town Mayor [[Patricia de Lille]] announced that the city will be forced to shut off most of the municipal water supply if conditions do not change, naming 22 April 2018 as "Day Zero", shortly afterwards revising Day Zero forward to 12 April<ref>{{cite news|url=http://time.com/5103259/cape-town-water-crisis/ |title=Cape Town Is 90 Days Away From Running Out of Water |last=Baker |first=Aryn |date=15 January 2018 |work=Time|access-date=19 January 2018 |quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://abcnews.go.com/International/drought-stricken-cape-town-south-africa-run-water/story?id=52402170 |title=Drought-stricken Cape Town, South Africa, could run out of water by April's 'day zero' |last=Thom |first=Liezl |date=17 January 2018 |work=ABC News |access-date=19 January 2018 |quote=}}</ref>, moving it back to 16 April<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/01/africa/cape-town-water-crisis-intl/index.html|title=Cape Town cuts water use limit by nearly half|last=Said-Moorhouse|first=Lauren|date=|work=CNN|access-date=2018-02-03|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|last2=Mezzofiore|first2=Gianluca}}</ref>, then back again to 11 May <ref name=":1" /> and then June 4. Day Zero will be declared when the water level of the city's major dams reaches 13.5%. When this occurs, municipal water supplies will be largely switched off, and residents will rely on 149 water collection points around the city to collect a daily ration of 25 litres of water per person.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/Analysis/jp-smith-answers-day-zero-questions-its-going-to-be-really-unpleasant-20180126|title=JP Smith answers Day Zero questions: 'It's going to be really unpleasant'|date=26 January 2018|first1=Aletta|last1=Harrison|first2=Alet|last2=Janse van Rensburg|publisher=News24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/borehole-rules-can-you-use-sea-water-to-flush-the-city-answers-your-questions-20180130|date=30 January 2018|title=Borehole rules? Can you use sea water to flush? - The City of Cape Town answers your questions|publisher=GroundUp}}</ref><br />
Water supply will be maintained in the city's CBD, in informal settlements (where water is already collected from central locations) and essential services such as hospitals.<br />
<br />
== Severity of the drought==<br />
Research on long-term weather data done by the [[University of Cape Town]] found that the period from 2015-2017 has been the driest 3-year period since 1933, and 2017 was the driest year since 1933, and possibly earlier, since comparable data before 1933 was not available. It also found that a drought of this severity will statistically occur only once every 311 years.<ref name="csag">{{cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/how-severe-is-cape-towns-drought-a-detailed-look-at-the-data-20180123|title=How severe is Cape Town's drought? A detailed look at the data|date=23 January 2018|publisher=News24|first=Piotr|last=Wolski}}</ref> Modelling by [[Aurecon]] found that the drought was approximately a 1 in 400 year event.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wswc.org.za/water-conservation/just-severe-current-drought-city-cape-town-experiencing/|title=Just how severe is the current drought the City of Cape Town is experiencing?|first=Dave|last=Gale|date=23 January 2018|publisher=Water Shedding Western Cape}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Impact ==<br />
[[File:Western Cape Water Saving 2017.jpg|thumb|Poster issued by the [[Western Cape government]] calling for people to conserve water due to the water shortage in 2017.]]<br />
In response to the water shortage, the agricultural sector reduced water consumption by 50 percent, contributing to the loss of 37,000 jobs in the sector nationally, and leading to an estimated 50,000 being pushed below the poverty line due to job losses and inflation due to increases in the price of food.<ref name=":0" /> By February 2018 the agricultural sector had incurred R14 billion (US$1.17 billion) in losses due to the water shortage.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/economy/2018-02-05-farmers-lose-r14bn-as-cape-drought-bites/|title=Farmers lose R14bn as Cape drought bites|last=Phakathi|first=Bekezela|date=5 February 2018|work=Business Day|access-date=2018-02-07|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/Procedures,%20guidelines%20and%20regulations/Disaster%20and%20demand%20FAQ.pdf Day Zero and Water-related FAQs]<br />
* [http://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20research%20reports%20and%20review/damlevels.pdf City of Cape Town Dam Levels Dashboard]<br />
* [http://coct.co/water-dashboard/ City of Cape Town Day Zero Dashboard]<br />
* [http://www.capetown.gov.za/Family%20and%20home/residential-utility-services/residential-water-and-sanitation-services/this-weeks-dam-levels City of Cape Town This Week's Dam Levels]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Climate of South Africa]]<br />
[[Category:Droughts in Africa]]<br />
[[Category:2018 in South Africa]]<br />
[[Category:2017 in South Africa]]<br />
[[Category:2016 in South Africa]]<br />
[[Category:2015 in South Africa]]<br />
[[Category:2018 in the environment]]<br />
[[Category:2017 in the environment]]<br />
[[Category:2016 in the environment]]<br />
[[Category:2015 in the environment]]<br />
[[Category:2018 droughts]]<br />
[[Category:2017 droughts]]<br />
[[Category:2016 droughts]]<br />
[[Category:2015 droughts]]<br />
[[Category:Climate change in South Africa]]</div>Chrisclearhttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tether&diff=173568433Tether2017-12-05T22:57:55Z<p>Chrisclear: </p>
<hr />
<div>Tether is an unregulated [[cryptocurrency]] pegged to the US Dollar. It is also known as USDT.{{R|"Commentary: The Overlooked Actor That Could Crash Bitcoin"}}<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
According to the leaked [[Paradise Papers]], in 2014 an offshore law firm helped [[Bitfinex]] operators Phil Potter and Giancarlo Devasini incorporate Tether in the [[British Virgin Islands]].<ref name=nytimes/> Critics have raised questions about the relationship between Bitfinex and Tether.<ref name=nytimes/><ref name=bbc_2017/> One critic has accused Bitfinex of creating Tether coins out of thin air. In September 2017, Bitfinex and Tether published an accounting document to convince critics that Tether is financed with real money; however, according to the ''[[The New York Times|New York Times]]'', independent attorney Lewis Cohen stated the document, because of the careful way it was phrased, does not prove that the Tether coins are backed by dollars; that in any case Bitfinex and Tether appear to be violating laws; and that "there are a long list of reasons that you don't want to deal with (Tether)".<ref name=nytimes/><br />
<br />
Critics have raised questions about the relationship between Bitfinex and Tether, the creator of a crypto-currency pegged to the dollar.<ref name=nytimes>{{cite news|last1=Popper|first1=Nathaniel|title=Warning Signs About Another Giant Bitcoin Exchange|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/21/technology/bitcoin-bitfinex-tether.html|accessdate=23 November 2017|work=The New York Times|date=21 November 2017}}</ref><ref name=bbc_2017>{{cite news|title=Crypto-currency company reports $31m raid|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-42065724|accessdate=23 November 2017|work=BBC News|date=21 November 2017}}</ref><ref name=bloomberg>{{cite news|title=Tether Theft Isn't the First Controversy for Cryptocurrency Firm|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-11-21/tether-theft-isn-t-the-first-controversy-for-cryptocurrency-firm|accessdate=23 November 2017|work=Bloomberg.com|date=21 November 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
About $31 million of cryptocurrency was stolen from Tether in November 2017.<ref name=bbc_2017/><br />
<br />
It is issued by Tether Limited.<ref name="Commentary: The Overlooked Actor That Could Crash Bitcoin">{{cite web|last1=Markovich|first1=Sarit|title=Commentary: The Overlooked Actor That Could Crash Bitcoin|url=http://fortune.com/2017/12/05/bitcoin-btc-price-usd-tether-limited-bitfinex/|website=Fortune|accessdate=5 December 2017|language=en}}</ref> The CEO is Jan Ludovicus van der Velde.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Leising|first1=Matthew|title=There’s an $814 Million Mystery Near the Heart of the Biggest Bitcoin Exchange|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-12-05/mystery-shrouds-tether-and-its-links-to-biggest-bitcoin-exchange|website=Bloomberg.com|accessdate=5 December 2017|date=5 December 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See Also ==<br />
<br />
* [[Bitfinex]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Cryptocurrencies]]</div>Chrisclearhttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tether&diff=173568432Tether2017-12-05T22:57:43Z<p>Chrisclear: add "see also"</p>
<hr />
<div>Tether is an unregulated [[cryptocurrency]] pegged to the US Dollar. It is also known as USDT.{{R|"Commentary: The Overlooked Actor That Could Crash Bitcoin"}}<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
According to the leaked [[Paradise Papers]], in 2014 an offshore law firm helped [[Bitfinex]] operators Phil Potter and Giancarlo Devasini incorporate Tether in the [[British Virgin Islands]].<ref name=nytimes/> Critics have raised questions about the relationship between Bitfinex and Tether.<ref name=nytimes/><ref name=bbc_2017/> One critic has accused Bitfinex of creating Tether coins out of thin air. In September 2017, Bitfinex and Tether published an accounting document to convince critics that Tether is financed with real money; however, according to the ''[[The New York Times|New York Times]]'', independent attorney Lewis Cohen stated the document, because of the careful way it was phrased, does not prove that the Tether coins are backed by dollars; that in any case Bitfinex and Tether appear to be violating laws; and that "there are a long list of reasons that you don't want to deal with (Tether)".<ref name=nytimes/><br />
<br />
Critics have raised questions about the relationship between Bitfinex and Tether, the creator of a crypto-currency pegged to the dollar.<ref name=nytimes>{{cite news|last1=Popper|first1=Nathaniel|title=Warning Signs About Another Giant Bitcoin Exchange|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/21/technology/bitcoin-bitfinex-tether.html|accessdate=23 November 2017|work=The New York Times|date=21 November 2017}}</ref><ref name=bbc_2017>{{cite news|title=Crypto-currency company reports $31m raid|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-42065724|accessdate=23 November 2017|work=BBC News|date=21 November 2017}}</ref><ref name=bloomberg>{{cite news|title=Tether Theft Isn't the First Controversy for Cryptocurrency Firm|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-11-21/tether-theft-isn-t-the-first-controversy-for-cryptocurrency-firm|accessdate=23 November 2017|work=Bloomberg.com|date=21 November 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
About $31 million of cryptocurrency was stolen from Tether in November 2017.<ref name=bbc_2017/><br />
<br />
It is issued by Tether Limited.<ref name="Commentary: The Overlooked Actor That Could Crash Bitcoin">{{cite web|last1=Markovich|first1=Sarit|title=Commentary: The Overlooked Actor That Could Crash Bitcoin|url=http://fortune.com/2017/12/05/bitcoin-btc-price-usd-tether-limited-bitfinex/|website=Fortune|accessdate=5 December 2017|language=en}}</ref> The CEO is Jan Ludovicus van der Velde.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Leising|first1=Matthew|title=There’s an $814 Million Mystery Near the Heart of the Biggest Bitcoin Exchange|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-12-05/mystery-shrouds-tether-and-its-links-to-biggest-bitcoin-exchange|website=Bloomberg.com|accessdate=5 December 2017|date=5 December 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See Also ==<br />
<br />
[[Bitfinex]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Cryptocurrencies]]</div>Chrisclearhttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tether&diff=173568431Tether2017-12-05T22:35:23Z<p>Chrisclear: already linked</p>
<hr />
<div>Tether is an unregulated [[cryptocurrency]] pegged to the US Dollar. <br />
<br />
==History==<br />
According to the leaked [[Paradise Papers]], in 2014 an offshore law firm helped [[Bitfinex]] operators Phil Potter and Giancarlo Devasini incorporate Tether in the [[British Virgin Islands]].<ref name=nytimes/> Critics have raised questions about the relationship between Bitfinex and Tether.<ref name=nytimes/><ref name=bbc_2017/> One critic has accused Bitfinex of creating Tether coins out of thin air. In September 2017, Bitfinex and Tether published an accounting document to convince critics that Tether is financed with real money; however, according to the ''[[The New York Times|New York Times]]'', independent attorney Lewis Cohen stated the document, because of the careful way it was phrased, does not prove that the Tether coins are backed by dollars; that in any case Bitfinex and Tether appear to be violating laws; and that "there are a long list of reasons that you don't want to deal with (Tether)".<ref name=nytimes/><br />
<br />
Critics have raised questions about the relationship between Bitfinex and Tether, the creator of a crypto-currency pegged to the dollar.<ref name=nytimes>{{cite news|last1=Popper|first1=Nathaniel|title=Warning Signs About Another Giant Bitcoin Exchange|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/21/technology/bitcoin-bitfinex-tether.html|accessdate=23 November 2017|work=The New York Times|date=21 November 2017}}</ref><ref name=bbc_2017>{{cite news|title=Crypto-currency company reports $31m raid|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-42065724|accessdate=23 November 2017|work=BBC News|date=21 November 2017}}</ref><ref name=bloomberg>{{cite news|title=Tether Theft Isn't the First Controversy for Cryptocurrency Firm|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-11-21/tether-theft-isn-t-the-first-controversy-for-cryptocurrency-firm|accessdate=23 November 2017|work=Bloomberg.com|date=21 November 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
About $31 million of cryptocurrency was stolen from Tether in November 2017.<ref name=bbc_2017/><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Cryptocurrencies]]</div>Chrisclearhttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tether&diff=173568430Tether2017-12-05T22:35:05Z<p>Chrisclear: first link to Bitfinex</p>
<hr />
<div>Tether is an unregulated [[cryptocurrency]] pegged to the US Dollar. <br />
<br />
==History==<br />
According to the leaked [[Paradise Papers]], in 2014 an offshore law firm helped [[Bitfinex]] operators Phil Potter and Giancarlo Devasini incorporate Tether in the [[British Virgin Islands]].<ref name=nytimes/> Critics have raised questions about the relationship between [[Bitfinex]] and Tether.<ref name=nytimes/><ref name=bbc_2017/> One critic has accused Bitfinex of creating Tether coins out of thin air. In September 2017, Bitfinex and Tether published an accounting document to convince critics that Tether is financed with real money; however, according to the ''[[The New York Times|New York Times]]'', independent attorney Lewis Cohen stated the document, because of the careful way it was phrased, does not prove that the Tether coins are backed by dollars; that in any case Bitfinex and Tether appear to be violating laws; and that "there are a long list of reasons that you don't want to deal with (Tether)".<ref name=nytimes/><br />
<br />
Critics have raised questions about the relationship between Bitfinex and Tether, the creator of a crypto-currency pegged to the dollar.<ref name=nytimes>{{cite news|last1=Popper|first1=Nathaniel|title=Warning Signs About Another Giant Bitcoin Exchange|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/21/technology/bitcoin-bitfinex-tether.html|accessdate=23 November 2017|work=The New York Times|date=21 November 2017}}</ref><ref name=bbc_2017>{{cite news|title=Crypto-currency company reports $31m raid|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-42065724|accessdate=23 November 2017|work=BBC News|date=21 November 2017}}</ref><ref name=bloomberg>{{cite news|title=Tether Theft Isn't the First Controversy for Cryptocurrency Firm|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-11-21/tether-theft-isn-t-the-first-controversy-for-cryptocurrency-firm|accessdate=23 November 2017|work=Bloomberg.com|date=21 November 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
About $31 million of cryptocurrency was stolen from Tether in November 2017.<ref name=bbc_2017/><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Cryptocurrencies]]</div>Chrisclearhttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tether&diff=173568429Tether2017-12-05T22:34:40Z<p>Chrisclear: link to Bitfinex</p>
<hr />
<div>Tether is an unregulated [[cryptocurrency]] pegged to the US Dollar. <br />
<br />
==History==<br />
According to the leaked [[Paradise Papers]], in 2014 an offshore law firm helped [[Bitfinex]] operators Phil Potter and Giancarlo Devasini incorporate Tether in the [[British Virgin Islands]].<ref name=nytimes/> Critics have raised questions about the relationship between Bitfinex and Tether.<ref name=nytimes/><ref name=bbc_2017/> One critic has accused [[Bitfinex]] of creating Tether coins out of thin air. In September 2017, Bitfinex and Tether published an accounting document to convince critics that Tether is financed with real money; however, according to the ''[[The New York Times|New York Times]]'', independent attorney Lewis Cohen stated the document, because of the careful way it was phrased, does not prove that the Tether coins are backed by dollars; that in any case Bitfinex and Tether appear to be violating laws; and that "there are a long list of reasons that you don't want to deal with (Tether)".<ref name=nytimes/><br />
<br />
Critics have raised questions about the relationship between Bitfinex and Tether, the creator of a crypto-currency pegged to the dollar.<ref name=nytimes>{{cite news|last1=Popper|first1=Nathaniel|title=Warning Signs About Another Giant Bitcoin Exchange|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/21/technology/bitcoin-bitfinex-tether.html|accessdate=23 November 2017|work=The New York Times|date=21 November 2017}}</ref><ref name=bbc_2017>{{cite news|title=Crypto-currency company reports $31m raid|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-42065724|accessdate=23 November 2017|work=BBC News|date=21 November 2017}}</ref><ref name=bloomberg>{{cite news|title=Tether Theft Isn't the First Controversy for Cryptocurrency Firm|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-11-21/tether-theft-isn-t-the-first-controversy-for-cryptocurrency-firm|accessdate=23 November 2017|work=Bloomberg.com|date=21 November 2017}}</ref><br />
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About $31 million of cryptocurrency was stolen from Tether in November 2017.<ref name=bbc_2017/><br />
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== References ==<br />
<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Cryptocurrencies]]</div>Chrisclearhttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tether&diff=173568428Tether2017-12-05T22:06:07Z<p>Chrisclear: Clarifiying country of "dollar"</p>
<hr />
<div>Tether is an unregulated [[cryptocurrency]] pegged to the US Dollar. According to the leaked [[Paradise Papers]], in 2014 an offshore law firm helped Bitfinex operators Phil Potter and Giancarlo Devasini incorporate Tether in the [[British Virgin Islands]].<ref name=nytimes/> Critics have raised questions about the relationship between Bitfinex and Tether.<ref name=nytimes/><ref name=bbc_2017/> One critic has accused Bitfinex of creating Tether coins out of thin air. In September 2017, Bitfinex and Tether published an accounting document to convince critics that Tether is financed with real money; however, according to the ''[[The New York Times|New York Times]]'', independent attorney Lewis Cohen stated the document, because of the careful way it was phrased, does not prove that the Tether coins are backed by dollars; that in any case Bitfinex and Tether appear to be violating laws; and that "there are a long list of reasons that you don't want to deal with (Tether)".<ref name=nytimes/><br />
<br />
Critics have raised questions about the relationship between Bitfinex and Tether, the creator of a crypto-currency pegged to the dollar.<ref name=nytimes>{{cite news|last1=Popper|first1=Nathaniel|title=Warning Signs About Another Giant Bitcoin Exchange|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/21/technology/bitcoin-bitfinex-tether.html|accessdate=23 November 2017|work=The New York Times|date=21 November 2017}}</ref><ref name=bbc_2017>{{cite news|title=Crypto-currency company reports $31m raid|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-42065724|accessdate=23 November 2017|work=BBC News|date=21 November 2017}}</ref><ref name=bloomberg>{{cite news|title=Tether Theft Isn't the First Controversy for Cryptocurrency Firm|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-11-21/tether-theft-isn-t-the-first-controversy-for-cryptocurrency-firm|accessdate=23 November 2017|work=Bloomberg.com|date=21 November 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
About $31 million of cryptocurrency was stolen from Tether in November 2017.<ref name=bbc_2017/><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
{{reflist}}</div>Chrisclearhttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tether&diff=173568427Tether2017-12-05T21:57:51Z<p>Chrisclear: </p>
<hr />
<div>Tether is an unregulated [[cryptocurrency]] pegged to the dollar. According to the leaked [[Paradise Papers]], in 2014 an offshore law firm helped Bitfinex operators Phil Potter and Giancarlo Devasini incorporate Tether in the [[British Virgin Islands]].<ref name=nytimes/> Critics have raised questions about the relationship between Bitfinex and Tether.<ref name=nytimes/><ref name=bbc_2017/> One critic has accused Bitfinex of creating Tether coins out of thin air. In September 2017, Bitfinex and Tether published an accounting document to convince critics that Tether is financed with real money; however, according to the ''[[The New York Times|New York Times]]'', independent attorney Lewis Cohen stated the document, because of the careful way it was phrased, does not prove that the Tether coins are backed by dollars; that in any case Bitfinex and Tether appear to be violating laws; and that "there are a long list of reasons that you don't want to deal with (Tether)".<ref name=nytimes/><br />
<br />
Critics have raised questions about the relationship between Bitfinex and Tether, the creator of a crypto-currency pegged to the dollar.<ref name=nytimes>{{cite news|last1=Popper|first1=Nathaniel|title=Warning Signs About Another Giant Bitcoin Exchange|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/21/technology/bitcoin-bitfinex-tether.html|accessdate=23 November 2017|work=The New York Times|date=21 November 2017}}</ref><ref name=bbc_2017>{{cite news|title=Crypto-currency company reports $31m raid|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-42065724|accessdate=23 November 2017|work=BBC News|date=21 November 2017}}</ref><ref name=bloomberg>{{cite news|title=Tether Theft Isn't the First Controversy for Cryptocurrency Firm|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-11-21/tether-theft-isn-t-the-first-controversy-for-cryptocurrency-firm|accessdate=23 November 2017|work=Bloomberg.com|date=21 November 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
About $31 million of cryptocurrency was stolen from Tether in November 2017.<ref name=bbc_2017/><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
{{reflist}}</div>Chrisclearhttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tether&diff=173568426Tether2017-12-05T21:57:16Z<p>Chrisclear: add content</p>
<hr />
<div>Tether is an unregulated [[cryptocurrency]] pegged to the dollar. According to the leaked [[Paradise Papers]], in 2014 an offshore law firm helped Bitfinex operators Phil Potter and Giancarlo Devasini incorporate Tether in the [[British Virgin Islands]].<ref name=nytimes/> Critics have raised questions about the relationship between Bitfinex and Tether.<ref name=nytimes/><ref name=bbc_2017/> One critic has accused Bitfinex of creating Tether coins out of thin air. In September 2017, Bitfinex and Tether published an accounting document to convince critics that Tether is financed with real money; however, according to the ''[[The New York Times|New York Times]]'', independent attorney Lewis Cohen stated the document, because of the careful way it was phrased, does not prove that the Tether coins are backed by dollars; that in any case Bitfinex and Tether appear to be violating laws; and that "there are a long list of reasons that you don't want to deal with (Tether)".<ref name=nytimes/><br />
<br />
Critics have raised questions about the relationship between Bitfinex and Tether, the creator of a crypto-currency pegged to the dollar.<ref name=nytimes>{{cite news|last1=Popper|first1=Nathaniel|title=Warning Signs About Another Giant Bitcoin Exchange|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/21/technology/bitcoin-bitfinex-tether.html|accessdate=23 November 2017|work=The New York Times|date=21 November 2017}}</ref><ref name=bbc_2017>{{cite news|title=Crypto-currency company reports $31m raid|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-42065724|accessdate=23 November 2017|work=BBC News|date=21 November 2017}}</ref><ref name=bloomberg>{{cite news|title=Tether Theft Isn't the First Controversy for Cryptocurrency Firm|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-11-21/tether-theft-isn-t-the-first-controversy-for-cryptocurrency-firm|accessdate=23 November 2017|work=Bloomberg.com|date=21 November 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
About $31 million of cryptocurrency was stolen from Tether in November 2017.<ref name=bbc_2017/></div>Chrisclearhttps://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tether&diff=173568425Tether2017-12-05T21:55:03Z<p>Chrisclear: creating article</p>
<hr />
<div>Tether is an unregulated [[cryptocurrency]] pegged to the dollar. According to the leaked [[Paradise Papers]], in 2014 an offshore law firm helped Bitfinex operators Phil Potter and Giancarlo Devasini incorporate Tether in the [[British Virgin Islands]].<ref name=nytimes/> Critics have raised questions about the relationship between Bitfinex and Tether.<ref name=nytimes/><ref name=bbc_2017/> One critic has accused Bitfinex of creating Tether coins out of thin air. In September 2017, Bitfinex and Tether published an accounting document to convince critics that Tether is financed with real money; however, according to the ''[[The New York Times|New York Times]]'', independent attorney Lewis Cohen stated the document, because of the careful way it was phrased, does not prove that the Tether coins are backed by dollars; that in any case Bitfinex and Tether appear to be violating laws; and that "there are a long list of reasons that you don't want to deal with (Tether)".<ref name=nytimes/><br />
<br />
About $31 million of cryptocurrency was stolen from Tether in November 2017.<ref name=bbc_2017/></div>Chrisclear