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Parrot OS

2017-07-14T21:04:34Z

Chinggis6: added Category:Computer security software using HotCat

{{refimprove|date=November 2015}}

{{Infobox OS
| name = Parrot Security OS
| logo = Parrotsec_logo.png
| logo size = x64px
| screenshot =
| developer = Lorenzo Faletra, Lisetta Ferrero, Francesco Bonanno, [[Frozenbox network]]
| family = [[POSIX]] based on [[Debian]]
| working state = Current
| source model = [[Open source]]
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2013|04|10}}
| latest release version = 3.7
| latest release date = {{Start date and age|mf=yes|2017|07
|09}}
| update model = Rolling Release
| package manager = APT
| supported platforms = [[IA-32|i386 (x86)]], [[x86-64|amd64 (x86-64)]], [[ARM architecture|ARM]]
| kernel type = [[monolithic kernel|Monolithic]]
| userland =
| ui = [[MATE (software)|MATE]] Desktop Environment
| license = [[Free software]], mainly the [[GNU GPL]]
| website = {{URL|www.parrotsec.org}}
}}

'''Parrot Security OS''' (or ParrotSec) is a [[Linux distribution]] based on [[Debian]] with a focus on [[computer security]].<ref name="Prabhu, Vijay">{{cite web | url=http://www.techworm.net/2016/10/parrot-security-3-2-cybersloop-ethical-hacking-os-linux-kernel-4-7-released.html | title=Parrot Security 3.2 "CyberSloop" Ethical Hacking OS With Linux Kernel 4.7 Released | publisher=Techworm.net | date=15 October 2016 | accessdate=21 October 2016 | author=Prabhu, Vijay}}</ref> It is designed for [[penetration testing]], [[vulnerability assessment]] and mitigation, [[computer forensics]] and [[anonymous web browsing]]. It is developed by the Frozenbox Team.

== Target ==

ParrotSec is intended to provide a penetrating testing tools equipped with many different kinds of tools for user to be test on their lab.

== Core ==

Parrot is based on [[Debian]]'s testing branch (stretch), with a custom Linux 4.9 kernel. It follows a [[rolling release]] development model.

The desktop environment is [[MATE (software)|MATE]], and the default display manager is [[LightDM]].<ref name="Prabhu, Vijay"/>

The project is certified to run on devices which have a minimum of 256MB of [[RAM]], and it is suitable for both 32-bit ([[i386]]) and 64-bit ([[amd64]]) processor architectures.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fossbytes.com/parrot-security-os-3-0-lithium-kali-linux-alternative-features/|title=Parrot Security OS 3.0 "Lithium" — Best Kali Linux Alternative Coming With New Features
|author= Adarsh Verma |publisher=fossBytes|date=30 May 2016|accessdate=21 October 2016}}</ref> Moreover, the project is available for ARMv7 ([[ARM architecture|armhf]]) architectures. It even offers an edition (both 32-bit and 64-bit)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.parrotsec.org/download.fx|title=Downloads Page|publisher=Parrot Security|accessdate=21 October 2016}}</ref> developed specifically for servers to carry out cloud service penetration testing.

In June 2017, ParrotSec announced they were considering to change from Debian to [[Devuan]], mainly because of problems with the highly controversial [[systemd]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.softpedia.com/news/parrot-security-os-ethical-hacking-distro-considers-dropping-debian-for-devuan-516384.shtml|title=Parrot Security OS Ethical Hacking Distro Considers Ditching Debian for Devuan; systemd could be the main reason for this decision|author=Marius Nestor|publisher=Softpedia|date=11 June 2017|accessdate=21 June 2017}}</ref>

== Release frequency ==

The development team has not specified any official release timeline, but based on release changelogs and the notes included in the official review of the distribution, the project will be released on a monthly basis.

=== Releases ===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Date
! Version
! Codename
|-
| 2013-06-10
| The project was started
|
|-
| 2013-06-17
| Parrot 0.1
| Pre alpha
|-
| 2013-06-22
| Parrot 0.2
| Pre alpha
|-
| 2013-06-30
| Parrot 0.3
| Pre alpha
|-
| 2013-07-10
| Parrot 0.4
| Pre alpha
|-
| 2013-08-22
| Parrot 0.5
| Alpha
|-
| 2013-10-21
| Parrot 0.6
| Alpha
|-
| 2013-11-12
| Parrot 0.6.5
| Alpha
|-
| 2013-12-06
| Parrot 0.7
| Pre beta
|-
| 2014-01-12
| Parrot 0.8
| Beta
|-
| 2014-01-24
| Parrot 0.8.1
| Beta
|-
| 2014-03-05
| Parrot 0.8.2
| Beta
|-
| 2014-04-17
| Parrot 0.8.4
| Beta
|-
| 2014-06-25
| Parrot 0.9
| Final beta
|-
| 2014-07-21
| Parrot 1.0
| Hydrogen
|-
| 2014-09-02
| Parrot 1.1
| Asphalt Dragon
|-
| 2014-09-11
| Parrot 1.2
| Asphalt Dragon
|-
| 2014-10-22
| Parrot 1.4
| JailBird
|-
| 2014-11-06
| Parrot 1.4.2
| JailBird
|-
| 2014-12-12
| Parrot 1.6
| JailBird
|-
| 2015-02-05
| Parrot 1.7
| CyberLizard
|-
| 2015-02-21
| Parrot 1.8
| CyberLizard
|-
| 2015-04-04
| Parrot 1.9
| CyberLizard
|-
| 2015-09-12
| Parrot 2.0
| Helium
|-
| 2015-09-15
| Parrot 2.0.1
| Helium
|-
| 2015-10-06
| Parrot 2.0.4
| Helium
|-
| 2015-10-17
| Parrot 2.0.5
| Helium
|-
| 2016-01-16
| Parrot 2.1
| Murdock
|-
| 2016-02-25
| Parrot 2.2
| Glitch
|-
|2016-06-18
|Parrot 3.0
|Lithium
|-
|2016-07-26
|Parrot 3.1
|Defcon
|-
|2016-10-15
|Parrot 3.2
|CyberSloop
|-
|2016-12-25
|Parrot 3.3
|CyberBrig
|-
|2017-01-01
|Parrot 3.4
|CyberFrigate
|-
|2017-01-02
|Parrot 3.4.1
|CyberFrigate
|-
|2017-03-08
|Parrot 3.5
|CyberGalleon
|-
|2017-05-18
|Parrot 3.6
|JollyRoger
|-
|2017-07-09
|Parrot 3.7
|JollyRoger
|}

== Notes ==

<references />

== External links ==

*[http://www.parrotsec.org Official Website]
*[http://distrowatch.com/table.php?distribution=parrotsecurity/ Distrowatch]
*[https://wiki.debian.org/Derivatives/Census/ParrotSecurity Debian Derivatives Census]

[[Category:Linux distributions]]
[[Category:Debian-based distributions]]
[[Category:Computer security software]]

Parrot OS

2017-07-14T21:04:05Z

Chinggis6: added Category:Debian-based distributions using HotCat

Muhammad II. (Choresmien)

2017-02-16T20:54:00Z

Chinggis6: added Category:13th-century Turkic people using HotCat

{{Infobox royalty
|name=Muhammad II
|title=
|image=
|caption=
| succession= [[Shah]] of [[Khwarezmian Empire|Khwarezm]]
|reign=1200–1220
|coronation=
|predecessor=[[Ala ad-Din Tekish|Tekish]]
|successor=[[Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu|Manguberdi]]
|birth_date=1169
|birth_place=
|death_date=1220
|death_place=[[Abaskun]], [[Hyrcania]] Region, near [[Caspian Sea]], now [[Iran]]
|spouse=[[Ay Chichek Khatun]]
|issue=[[Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu|Jalal ad-Din Manguberdi]] [[Rukn ad-Din Qursanjdi]] [[Qutb ad-Din Uzlaq-Shah]] [[Qiyath ad-Din Pir-Shah]] Yahya Hur-Shah Kumakhti-Shah Ak-Shah [[Khan-Sultan|Princess Khan-Sultan]] Princess Aysi Khatun
|full name='''[[Laqab]]''': Ala ad-Din (shortly), Iskandar-i Sani '''[[Kunya (Arabic)|Kunya]]''': Abul-Fath '''[[Given name]]''': Muhammad '''[[Nickname|Turkic nickname]]''': Sanjar '''[[Arabic name#Nasab نسب|Nasab]]''': Muhammad [[wiktionary:ibn|ibn]] Tekish ibn [[Il-Arslan]] ibn [[Atsiz]] ibn [[Muhammad I of Khwarazm|Muhammad]] ibn [[Anushtegin Gharchai|Anushtegin]]
|house=[[House of Anushtegin]]
|father=[[Ala ad-Din Tekish|Tekish]]
|mother=[[Terken Khatun (wife of Ala ad-Din Tekish)|Terken Khatun]]
|religion=[[Sunni Islam]]
|place of burial=
|othertitles=
}}
'''Ala ad-Din Muhammad II''' ([[Persian language|Persian]]: علاءالدین محمد خوارزمشاه; [[full name]]: ''Ala ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Abul-Fath Muhammad Sanjar ibn Tekish'') was the [[Shah]] of the [[Khwarezmian Empire]] from 1200 to 1220. His ancestor was a [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] slave who eventually became a viceroy of a small province named Khwarizm.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}} He is perhaps best known for inciting the [[Mongol invasion of Khwarezmia]], which resulted in the complete and utter destruction of his empire.

==Reign==
After his father [[Ala ad-Din Tekish|Tekish]] died, Muhammad succeeded him. Right after his accession, however, his domains were invaded by the two [[Ghurid]] brothers [[Ghiyas ad-Din Ghori]] and [[Mu'izz al-Din]]. Within weeks, the two brothers had moved their armies westwards into [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]]. Once they had captured [[Nishapur]], Mu'izz al-Din was sent on an expedition towards [[Ray, Iran|Ray]], but he let his troops get out of control and got little further than [[Gurgan]], earning criticism from Ghiyas which led to the only reported quarrel between the brothers.<ref>Ahmad Hasan Dani et al. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=lodSckjlNuMC&pg=PA182&lpg=PA182ots=OMocFZUAz1&sig=XeLHhZi_IE1ALoMjj7FOn4ht6x0&hl=en History of civilizations of Central Asia, vol. IV], Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass Pub. (1999) ISBN 81-208-1409-6, p182</ref><ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9JQ3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA662&lpg=PA662&ots=6UgwWWL4Aq&sig=cUjPeyiHtJTftZTwrnG7eIwVACI&hl=en Enc. Islam, article: Muhammad, Mu'izz al-Din]</ref>

Ghiyas died at [[Herat]] in 1202 after months of illness. Muhammad II used this opportunity to invade the domains of the Ghurid Empire, and besieged [[Herat]]. Mu'izz, however, managed to repel him from Herat and then pursued him to [[Khwarezm]], besieging [[Gurganj]], his capital. Muhammad desperately requested aid from the [[Kara-Khitan Khanate]], who sent an army to aid Muhammad. Mu'izz, because of the pressure from the Kara-Khitans, was forced to relieve the siege and retreat. However, on his way to his domains in [[Ghur]], he was defeated at Andkhud in 1204.<ref>''A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle'', Vol. I, ed. Spencer C. Tucker, (ABC-CLIO, 2010), 269.</ref><ref>Farooqui Salma Ahmed, ''A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century'', (Dorling Kindersley Pvt., 2011), 53–54.</ref> Mu'izz al-Din was later assassinated in 1206, throwing the Ghurid Empire into a civil war. During the civil war, [[Ghiyath al-Din Mahmud]] managed to emerge victorious.

However, Ghiyath's Turkic general [[Tajuddin Yildoz]] seized [[Ghazni]] from the Ghurid rulers of Bamiyan, but shortly recognized the authority of Ghiyath. Ghiyath, not glad about Tajuddin controlling Ghazni, and not daring to leave Ghur unprotected, requested help from the Muhammad II. Muhammad, however, instead invaded the domains of Ghiyath, capturing [[Balkh]] and [[Tirmidh]].<ref name="Biran">Michel Biran, ''The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History'', (Cambridge University Press, 2005), 70.</ref> However, during his invasion he was captured by the [[Kara-Khitan Khanate]]. Thirteen months later, Muhammad was freed from captivity, and once again invaded the domains of Ghiyath, and captured [[Herat]]. Muhammad then invaded the Ghurid heartland of [[Ghur]], and captured Ghiyath. Ghiyath then agreed to recognize Muhammad's authority.

Muhammad II then captured [[Samarkand]] (captured by Karakhanids in 1208) in 1207 from the [[Kara Khitay]], [[Tabaristan]] in 1210 from [[Bavandids]] and [[Transoxiana]] from Western Karakhanids. He pursued expansionist policy and conquered [[Tashkent]] and [[Fergana]] from Western Karakhanids and regions of [[Makran]] and [[Balochistan]] from Ghurids and [[Atabegs of Azerbaijan]] become his vassals in 1211. He finally destroyed Western Karakhanids in 1212 and Ghurids in 1215 annexing with their remainder territories. During 1212 the city of Samarkand revolted killing 8,000–10,000 Khwarezmians living there. Muhammad, in retaliation, sacked the city and executed 10,000 citizens of Samarkand.<ref>Rafis Abazov, ''Palgrave Concise Historical Atlas of Central Asia'', (Palgrave Macmillan, 2008), 43.</ref>

By 1217, he had conquered all the lands from the [[Syr Darya|river Jaxartes]] to the [[Persian Gulf]]. He declared himself [[shah]] and demanded formal recognition from the [[caliph]] in [[Baghdad]]. When the caliph [[an-Nasir]] rejected his claim, Ala ad-Din Muhammad gathered an army and marched towards [[Baghdad]] to depose an-Nasir. However, when crossing the [[Zagros Mountains]], the shah's army was caught in a blizzard.<ref>Rafis Abazov, ''Palgrave Concise Historical Atlas of Central Asia'', 43.</ref> Thousands of warriors died. With the army decimated, the generals had no choice but to return home.

==Fall==
In 1218, a small contingent of Mongols crossed borders in pursuit of an escaped enemy general. Upon successfully retrieving him, [[Genghis Khan]] made contact with the Shah. Having only recently conquered two-thirds of what would one day be China, Genghis was looking to open trade relations, but having heard exaggerated reports of the Mongols, the Shah believed this gesture was only a ploy to invade ''his'' land. Genghis sent emissaries to Khwarezm (reports vary – one stating a group of 100 Muslim merchants with a single Mongol leading them, others state 450) to emphasize his hope for a trade road. The Shah, in turn, had one of his governors openly accuse the party of spying, their rich goods were seized and the party was arrested.
[[File:Mort de Muhammad Hwârazmshâh.jpeg|thumb|Death of Muhammad II of Khwarezm. From ''[[Jami' al-tawarikh]]'' by [[Rashid-al-Din Hamadani]]]]
Trying to maintain diplomacy, Genghis sent an envoy of three men to the Shah, to give him a chance to disclaim all knowledge of the governor's actions and hand him over to the Mongols for punishment. The shah executed the envoy (again, some sources claim one man was executed, some claim all three were), and then immediately had the Mongol merchant party (Muslim and Mongol alike) put to death. These events led Genghis to [[Mongol invasion of Central Asia|retaliate with a force of 100,000 to 150,000 men]] that crossed the Jaxartes in 1219 and sacked the cities of [[Samarkand]], [[Bukhara]], [[Otrar]] and others. Muhammad's capital city, [[Kunya Urgench|Urgench]], followed soon after.

Genghis Khan's revenge was considered brutal, even by Mongol standards. His campaign resulted in the complete annihilation of Khwarezm cities, destruction of countless historical artifacts and records, and [[List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll|arguably the bloodiest massacre the world saw until the 20th century.]]

==Death==
Ala ad-Din Muhammad fled and sought refuge throughout [[greater Khorasan|Khorasan]], but died of [[pleurisy]] on an island in the [[Caspian Sea]] near the port of [[Abaskun]] some weeks later.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book | title = The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol periods | year = 1968 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | editor-last = Frye | editor-first = R. N. | last = Bosworth | first = C. E. | authorlink = C. E. Bosworth | chapter = The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (A.D. 1000–1217) | pages = 1–202 | isbn = 0-521-06936-X | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=16yHq5v3QZAC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |first1= Neil |last1= Blandford |first2= Bruce |last2= Jones |title= The World's Most Evil Men |year= 1985 }}
* {{cite book |first= Nigel |last= Cawthorne |title= The World's Worst Atrocities |year= 1999 }}
* {{cite book |first= John |last= Man |title= Genghis Kahn – Life, Death and Resurrection |year= 2004 }}

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[House of Anushtegin]]||1169||1220}}
{{s-reg|}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Ala ad-Din Tekish|Tekish]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Khwarezmian Empire|Shah of the Khwarezmian Empire]]|years=1200–1220}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu|Manguberdi]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Anushtiginid Dynasty}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muhammad 02 Of Khwarezm}}
[[Category:1169 births]]
[[Category:1220 deaths]]
[[Category:Khwarezmid rulers]]
[[Category:Muslim rulers]]
[[Category:Place of birth unknown]]
[[Category:13th-century Turkic people]]