Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Gliese 832

2015-02-21T01:22:51Z

Ch'marr: "spectrum" here really refers to stellar classification, so that's what I've linked to here.

{{Starbox begin
| name = Gliese 832
}}
{{Starbox observe
| epoch = J2000.0
| constell = [[Grus (constellation)|Grus]]
| ra = {{RA|21|33|33.975}}<ref name="van Leeuwen2007"/>
| dec = {{DEC|−49|00|32.42}}<ref name="van Leeuwen2007"/>
| appmag_v = 8.66<ref name="bailey08"/>
}}
{{Starbox character
| class = M1.5V
| r-i =
| v-r =
| b-v = 1.52<ref name="bailey08"/>
| u-b =
| variable =
}}
{{Starbox astrometry
| radial_v = 18.0
| prop_mo_ra = −46.05 ± 0.95<ref name="van Leeuwen2007"/>
| prop_mo_dec = −817.63 ± 0.59<ref name="van Leeuwen2007"/>
| parallax = 201.87
| p_error = 1.01
| parallax_footnote= <ref name="van Leeuwen2007"/>
| absmag_v =10.19<ref name="bailey08"/>
}}
{{Starbox detail
| age =
| metal = −0.31 ± 0.2<ref name="bailey08"/>
| mass = 0.45 ± 0.05<ref name="bailey08"/>
| radius = 0.48<ref name=apjss53_643/>
| gravity=4.7<ref name="bailey08"/>
| rotation =
| luminosity_bolometric=0.035{{#tag:ref|Using the absolute visual magnitude of Gliese 832 <math>\scriptstyle M_{V_{\ast}}=10.19</math> with a [[bolometric correction]] of <math>\scriptstyle BC=-1.821</math><ref name="citation-bolometric_correction"/> the bolometric magnitude can be calculated as <math>\scriptstyle M_{bol_{\ast}}=8.369</math>, the bolometric magnitude of the Sun <math>\scriptstyle M_{bol_{\odot}}=4.73</math>,<ref name="citation-tableprovisoBC"/> and so therefore the bolometric luminosity can be calculated by <math>\scriptstyle \frac{L_{bol_{\ast}}}{L_{bol_{\odot}}}=10^{0.4\left(M_{bol_{\odot}} - M_{bol_{\ast}}\right)}</math>|group="note"|name=luminosity_bolometric}}
| luminosity_visual=0.007<ref name=luminosity_visual group=note/>
| temperature = 3,620<ref name=bessell1994/>
}}
{{Starbox catalog
| names=[[Henry Draper Catalogue|HD]] 204961, [[Hipparcos#Published catalogues|HIP]] 106440, LHS 3865, PLX 5190
}}
{{Starbox reference
| Simbad = Gliese+832
|sn=star
|Simbad2=GJ+832+c
|sn2=planet c
|Simbad3=GJ+832+b
|sn3=planet b
| ARICNS =
| NSTED = Gliese+832
| EPE = GJ+832
}}
{{starbox sources|HIP|HD}}
{{Starbox end}}
'''Gliese 832''' ('''Gl 832''' or '''GJ 832''') is a [[red dwarf]] ([[Stellar classification|spectrum]] M1.5V) in the [[constellation]] [[Grus (constellation)|Grus]].{{r|Mike Wall}} It is located relatively close to the [[Sun]], at a distance of 16.1 [[light year]]s.{{r|Mike Wall}} Gliese 832 has about half the mass and radius of the Sun.{{r|Mike Wall}}

In 2014, Gliese 832 was announced to be hosting the closest potentially habitable Earth-mass-range exoplanet to the Solar System.{{r|Mike Wall}}

==Distance==
{{πt}}
{{πp|Woolley et al. (1970)|214|7|<ref name="Woolley1970">{{plxref|wo=832|accessdate=2014-11-22}}</ref>}}
{{πp|Gliese & Jahreiß (1991)|215.0|6.1|<ref name="Gliese1991">{{plxref|gj=832|accessdate=2014-11-22}}</ref>}}
{{πp|van Altena et al. (1995)|213.9|8.8|<ref name="van Altena1995">{{plxref|plx=5190|accessdate=2014-11-22}}</ref>}}
{{πp|Perryman et al. (1997) ({{small|Hipparcos}})|202.53|1.33|<ref name="Perryman1997">{{plxref|hip=106440|hipsource=hip|accessdate=2014-11-22}}</ref>}}
{{πp|Perryman et al. (1997) ({{small|Tycho}})|229.00|15.10|<ref name="Perryman1997_tyc">{{plxref|hip=106440|accessdate=2014-11-22}}</ref>}}
{{πp|van Leeuwen (2007)|201.87|1.01|<ref name="van Leeuwen2007">{{plxref|hip=106440|hipsource=hip2|accessdate=2014-11-22}}</ref>|b=}}
{{πp|RECONS TOP100 (2012)|202.03|1.00|<ref name="RECONS TOP100">{{plxref|recons2012|accessdate=2014-11-22}}</ref>|c1=<ref group=note>Weighted parallax based on parallaxes from van Altena et al. (1995) and van Leeuwen (2007).</ref>}}
{{πe}}

==Planetary system==

Gliese 832 hosts two known planets.

===Discovery of Jupiter mass planet===

In September 2008, it was announced that a [[Jupiter]]-like planet, now designated as [[Gliese 832 b]], had been detected in a long-period, near-circular orbit around this star (false alarm probability thus far: a negligible 0.05%). It would induce an [[astrometry|astrometric]] perturbation on its star of at least 0.95 [[Minute of arc|milliarcsecond]]s and is thus a good candidate for being detected by astrometric observations. Despite its relatively large angular distance, direct imaging is problematic due to the star–planet contrast.<ref name="bailey08" />

===Discovery of Gliese 832 c (super-Earth mass planet) in habitable zone===

In 2014, a second planet was discovered by astronomers at the University of New South Wales. This one is believed to be of super-Earth mass{{r|Mike Wall}} and has since been given the scientific name [[Gliese 832 c]].{{r|Mike Wall}} It was announced to orbit in the optimistic habitable zone but outside the conservative habitable zone of its parent star.<ref name="Wittenmyer14" />

The planet is believed to be in, or very close to, the right distance from its sun to allow liquid water to exist on its surface.{{r|Mike Wall}}

===Search for cometary disc===

If this system has a comet disc, it is undetectable "brighter than the fractional dust luminosity 10−5" of a recent Herschel study.<ref name=nodebris/>

{{OrbitboxPlanet begin}}
{{OrbitboxPlanet
| exoplanet = [[Gliese 832 c|c]]
| mass_earth = ≥5.4±1
| period = 35.68±0.03
| semimajor = 0.162±0-017
| eccentricity = 0.18 ± 0.13
}}
{{OrbitboxPlanet
| exoplanet = [[Gliese 832 b|b]]
| mass = ≥0.64 ± 0.06
| period = 3416 ± 131
| semimajor = 3.4 ± 0.4
| eccentricity = 0.12 ± 0.11
}}
{{Orbitbox end}}

==X-ray source==

Gliese 832 emits X-rays.<ref name=Schmitt/>

==See also==
* [[List of nearest stars]]
* [[List of extrasolar planets]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note|refs=

{{#tag:ref|Using the absolute visual magnitude of Gliese 832 <math>\scriptstyle M_{V_{\ast}}=10.19</math> and the absolute visual magnitude of the Sun <math>\scriptstyle M_{V_{\odot}}=4.83</math>, the visual luminosity can be calculated by <math>\scriptstyle \frac{L_{V_{\ast}}}{L_{V_{\odot}}}=10^{0.4\left(M_{V_{\odot}} - M_{V_{\ast}}\right)}</math>|group="note"|name=luminosity_visual}}

}}

==References==
{{reflist|2|refs=

<ref name=nodebris>
B. C. Matthews; forthcoming study promised in {{Cite journal
|last1=Lestrade |first1=J.-F.
|author2=et al.
|date=2012
|title=A DEBRIS Disk Around The Planet Hosting M-star GJ581 Spatially Resolved with Herschel
|journal=[[Astronomy and Astrophysics]]
|volume=548 |pages=A86
|arxiv=1211.4898
|bibcode=2012A&A...548A..86L
|doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201220325
|last3=Sibthorpe
|first3=B.
|last4=Kennedy
|first4=G. M.
|last5=Wyatt
|first5=M. C.
|last6=Bryden
|first6=G.
|last7=Greaves
|first7=J. S.
|last8=Thilliez
|first8=E.
|last9=Moro-Martín
|first9=A.
|last10=Booth
|first10=M.
|last11=Dent
|first11=W. R. F.
|last12=Duchêne
|first12=G.
|last13=Harvey
|first13=P. M.
|last14=Horner
|first14=J.
|last15=Kalas
|first15=P.
|last16=Kavelaars
|first16=J. J.
|last17=Phillips
|first17=N. M.
|last18=Rodriguez
|first18=D. R.
|last19=Su
|first19=K. Y. L.
|last20=Wilner
|first20=D. J.
}}</ref>

<ref name=bessell1994>Interpolated value from [[Exoplanet Archive|NASA Exoplanet Archive]], per: {{cite conference
|last=Bessell |first=M. S.
|title=The Temperature Scale for Cool Dwarfs
|editor-last=Tinney |editor-first=C. G.
|date=1995
|booktitle=The Bottom of the Main Sequence - and Beyond, Proceedings of the ESO Workshop
|page=123
|publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]]
|bibcode=1995bmsb.conf..123B
}}</ref>

<ref name="bailey08">
{{cite journal
|last1=Bailey |first1=J.
|last2=Butler |first2=R. P.
|last3=Tinney |first3=C. G.
|last4=Jones |first4=H. R. A.
|last5=O'Toole |first5=S.
|last6=Carter |first6=B. D.
|last7=Marcy |first7=G. W.
|date=2008
|title=A Jupiter-like Planet Orbiting the Nearby M Dwarf GJ832
|journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal]]
|volume=690 |issue=1 |pages=743–747
|arxiv=0809.0172
|bibcode=2009ApJ...690..743B
|doi=10.1088/0004-637X/690/1/743
}}</ref>

<ref name="Wittenmyer14">
{{cite journal
|last1=Wittenmyer |first1=R.A.
|last2=Tuomi |first2=M.
|last3=Butler |first3=R.P.
|last4=Jones |first4=H. R. A.
|last5=O'Anglada-Escude |first5=G.
|last6=Horner |first6=J.
|last7=Tinney |first7=C.G.
|last8=Marshall |first8=J.P.
|last9=Carter |first9=B.D.
|date=2014
|title= GJ 832c: A super-earth in the habitable zone
|journal=
|volume=1406
|pages=5587
|arxiv=1406.5587
|bibcode = 2014ApJ...791..114W |display-authors=9
|last10=Bailey
|first10=J.
|last11=Salter
|first11=G. S.
|last12=O'Toole
|first12=S. J.
|last13=Wright
|first13=D.
|last14=Crane
|first14=J. D.
|last15=Schectman
|first15=S. A.
|last16=Arriagada
|first16=P.
|last17=Thompson
|first17=I.
|last18=Minniti
|first18=D.
|last19=Jenkins
|first19=J. S.
|last20=Diaz
|first20=M. |doi=10.1088/0004-637X/791/2/114
}}</ref>

<ref name=apjss53_643>
{{cite journal
|last1=Johnson |first1=H. M.
|last2=Wright |first2=C. D.
|date=1983
|bibcode=1983ApJS...53..643J
|title=Predicted infrared brightness of stars within 25 parsecs of the sun
|journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series]]
|volume=53 |pages=643–771
|doi=10.1086/190905
}}</ref>

<ref name=Schmitt>
{{ cite journal
|last1=Schmitt |first1=J. H. M. M.
|last2=Fleming |first2=T. A.
|last3=Giampapa |first3=M. S.
|date=1995
|title=The X-ray view of the low-mass stars in the solar neighborhood
|journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal]]
|volume=450 |issue=9 |pages=392–400
|bibcode=1995ApJ...450..392S
|doi=10.1086/176149
}}</ref>

<ref name="van Leeuwen2007">
{{cite journal
|last1=van Leeuwen |first1=F.
|date=2007
|title=Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction
|url=http://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/pdf/2007/41/aa8357-07.pdf
|journal=[[Astronomy and Astrophysics]]
|volume=474 |issue=2 |pages=653–664
|arxiv=0708.1752
|bibcode=2007A&A...474..653V
|doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20078357
}} [http://webviz.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-5?-out.add=.&-source=I/311/hip2&recno=106075 Vizier catalog entry]</ref>

<ref name="citation-tableprovisoBC">
{{cite journal
| author=Torres, Guillermo
| title=On the Use of Empirical Bolometric Corrections for Stars
| url=http://iopscience.iop.org/1538-3881/140/5/1158/fulltext/
| journal=[[The Astronomical Journal]] |date=November 2010 | volume=140 | issue=5 | pages=1158–1162 | layurl=http://iopscience.iop.org/1538-3881/140/5/1158/fulltext/aj363350t3_ascii.txt
| doi=10.1088/0004-6256/140/5/1158
| bibcode=2010AJ....140.1158T
| arxiv = 1008.3913
}}</ref>

<ref name="citation-bolometric_correction">
{{cite journal

| last1=Flower
| first1=Phillip J.
| title=Transformations from Theoretical Hertzsprung-Russell Diagrams to Color-Magnitude Diagrams: Effective Temperatures, B-V Colors, and Bolometric Corrections
| url=http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1996ApJ...469..355F/0000360.000.html
| journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal]]
| volume=469
| page=355
| date=September 1996
| doi=10.1086/177785
| bibcode=1996ApJ...469..355F }}</ref>

<ref name="Mike Wall">"Nearby Alien Planet May Be Capable of Supporting Life", Mike Wall, Space.com, June 25, 2014, http://www.space.com/26357-exoplanet-habitable-zone-gliese-832c.html</ref>

}}

{{Sky|21|33|33.9752|-|49|00|32.422|16.10}}
{{Nearest systems|4}}
{{Stars of Grus}}

[[Category:M-type main-sequence stars]]
[[Category:Gliese and GJ objects|0832]]
[[Category:Henry Draper Catalogue objects|204961]]
[[Category:Hipparcos objects|106440]]
[[Category:Grus (constellation)]]
[[Category:Objects within 100 ly of Earth]]
[[Category:Planetary systems with one confirmed planet]]

Calder Freeway

2012-05-03T17:27:19Z

Ch'marr: /* See also */

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2011}}
{{Use Australian English|date=May 2011}}
{{Refimprove|date=July 2008}}
{{Infobox Australian Road | type=freeway
| road_name = Calder Freeway
| route_image = Australian_Alphanumeric_State_Route_M79.svg
| route_image2 =
| route_image3 =
| photo = CalderFreeway.jpg
| caption = Calder Freeway facing Mount Macedon Formerly [[Image:Australian Route 79.svg|25px]] [[Image:F90.png|25px]]
| length = 113
| direction = Northwest - Southeast
| start = [[Image:Australian Alphanumeric State Route A79.svg|35px]] [[Image:Australian Alphanumeric State Route A300.svg|35px]] '''[[Calder Highway]],''' [[Ravenswood, Victoria|Ravenswood South, Victoria]]
| finish = [[Image:Australian State Route 40.svg|25px]] [[Image:Australian State Route 43.svg|25px]] '''[[Tullamarine Freeway]],''' [[Niddrie, Victoria|Niddrie, Melbourne]]
| est =
| through = [[Harcourt, Victoria|Harcourt]], [[Malmsbury, Victoria|Malmsbury]], [[Kyneton, Victoria|Kyneton]], [[Woodend, Victoria|Woodend]], [[Macedon, Victoria|Macedon]], [[Gisborne, Victoria|Gisborne]], [[Diggers Rest, Victoria|Diggers Rest]], [[Sunbury, Victoria|Sunbury]]
| route =
| exits = '''[[Image:Australian Alphanumeric State Route A300.svg|35px]] [[Midland Highway (Victoria)|Midland Highway]] [[Image:Australian Alphanumeric State Route B180.svg|35px]] [[Pyrenees Highway]] [[Image:Australian Alphanumeric State Route C754.svg|35px]] [[Melton Highway]] [[Image:Australian National Route M80.svg|35px]] [[Western Ring Road, Melbourne|Western Ring Road]]

''for full list see [[Calder Freeway#Exits and Interchanges|exits and interchanges]]''
}}

'''Calder Freeway''' is a [[freeway]] linking [[Melbourne]] to [[Ravenswood, Victoria|Ravenswood South]] in [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], [[Australia]], superseding stretches of the [[Calder Highway]]. Originally just a short spur of the [[Tullamarine Freeway]] linking to the Calder Highway in [[Keilor, Victoria|Keilor]] in suburban [[Melbourne, Australia|Melbourne]], it has been extended in phases to [[Ravenswood South, Victoria|Ravenswood South]] subsuming all the older Calder Highway stretches. It continues beyond as '''Calder Highway''' through to Bendigo and to [[Mildura, Victoria|Mildura]]. The [[Government of Victoria|Victorian Government]] completed the duplication of the Calder Highway from Melbourne to Bendigo to [[Freeway]] conditions on 20 April 2009, several months earlier than expected.

== History ==

The Calder Highway was named after [[William Calder (engineer)|William Calder]], who was chairman of the Victorian road construction authority formerly known as the [[Country Roads Board|Country Roads Board (Victoria)]] from 1913 to 1928. The CRB is today known as [[VicRoads]].

The highway was originally allocated a National Route 79 shield. With Victoria's conversion to the newer alphanumeric system in the late 1990s this was altered to a [[Image:Australian Alphanumeric State Route A79.svg|30px]] designation for the majority highway portion, and a [[Image:Australian Alphanumeric State Route M79.svg|30px]] designation for the remaining freeway portion into Melbourne.

Originally, the Calder Highway (an undivided highway) started at the end of Keilor Rd in Niddrie. In the late 1960s and early 1970s the road was upgraded to Freeway standard together with the Tullamarine Freeway, ending in Keilor East and rejoining the Calder Highway. By the early 1980s the Freeway was extended to Keilor and then rejoined the Calder highway. However, it was not until the 1990s that work began to duplicate the rest of the highway to Bendigo.

The Calder Highway between the Melton Highway and the Western Ring Road is shown in the [[1969 Melbourne Transportation Plan]] as part of the F4 Freeway corridor, which extends past the Tullamarine Freeway and Bell Street to Templestowe.

== Route ==

At Ravenswood South, the '''Calder Highway''', [[Image:Australian Alphanumeric State Route A79.svg|30px]] becomes the '''Calder Freeway''', [[Image:Australian Alphanumeric State Route M79.svg|30px]], adopting freeway standards, with two lanes running either way (three inside Melbourne) and begins bypassing most of the towns the old alignment of the highway used to serve. Former bypassed sections of the Calder Highway are generally designated sequentially from [[Image:Australian Alphanumeric State Route C791.png|30px]] to [[Image:Australian Alphanumeric State Route C794.png|30px]], or (oddly enough) still keep the old [[Image:Australian Route 79.svg|20px]] shield (within suburban Melbourne).

The north-western end of the freeway is also duplexed with the [[Image:Australian Alphanumeric State Route A300.svg|30px]] until south of [[Harcourt, Victoria|Harcourt]] where the [[Midland Highway (Victoria)|Midland Highway]] [[Image:Australian Alphanumeric State Route A300.svg|30px]] resumes south-westerly to the major regional centres of [[Ballarat]], and [[Geelong]].

Towns bypassed by, but still accessible from, the [[Image:Australian Alphanumeric State Route M79.svg|30px]] from this point include:

* [[Harcourt, Victoria|Harcourt]]
* [[Elphinstone, Victoria|Elphinstone]]
* [[Taradale, Victoria|Taradale]]
* [[Malmsbury, Victoria|Malmsbury]]
* [[Kyneton, Victoria|Kyneton]]
* [[Woodend, Victoria|Woodend]]
* [[Macedon, Victoria|Macedon]]
* [[Gisborne, Victoria|Gisborne]]
* [[Diggers Rest, Victoria|Diggers Rest]]

It gains the [[Image:Australian State Route 40.svg|20px]] shield at the Green Gully Road interchange in Keilor, which continues east onto the [[Tullamarine Freeway]] city-bound, along with the old [[Image:Australian Route 79.svg|20px]] shield.

The freeway ends at the newly reconstructed interchange with the [[Tullamarine Freeway]], the main route from the central business district to [[Melbourne Airport]]. Continuing on the Tullamarine Freeway eventually brings drivers onto [[CityLink]], and thus, central Melbourne.

== Upgrades ==

The upgrade of the Calder Highway is a jointly funded project between the Australian and Victorian Governments at an estimated total cost of $404 million. Between Melbourne and Bendigo, the highway has been upgraded to a high standard four lane divided road. Construction was completed on 20 April 2009.

The Calder Highway Upgrade between Kyneton and Ravenswood will be delivered in two sections: Kyneton to Faraday and Faraday to Ravenswood. Construction on both sections is well underway with construction now completed and open to road traffic.

=== Kyneton to Faraday ===

;Malmsbury Stage
:Start Date: 24 November 2005,
:Completion Date: April 2008,
:Contractor: FRH Group Pty Ltd,
:Contract Cost: $153.3 million,
:Location: South of Malmsbury East Road to Golden Point Road, Faraday,
:Length: 21.2 km

;Kyneton North Stage

Duplication of the Calder Highway from Wards Lane, Kyneton to Malmsbury East Rd, Malmsbury was opened to the public in January 2005.

;Elphinstone Rail Bridge

The contract for construction of the bridge over the Melbourne to Bendigo Railway was completed in February 2006 by Cut and Fill Pty Ltd. Access to the bridge is now open to traffic now that the Malmsbury Stage is completed.

;Malmsbury stage opening

The Malmsbury stage of the freeway is 12 months ahead of schedule, and 15 km of the stage was opened in April 2008 in conjunction with the Pyrenees highway connection. This will extend freeway conditions from just south of Malmsbury to the Pyrenees highway interchange near Elphinstone. The intersection of the existing Calder Highway and Pyrenees Highway connection was altered to favor Pyrenees Hwy traffic, instead of the Old Calder Hwy, to separate traffic going to Castlemaine and Bendigo.

===Faraday To Ravenswood ===

;Harcourt South Stage
:Start Date: 18 October 2006,
:Completion Date: 20 April 2009,
:Contractor: Winslow Constructors Pty Ltd,
:Contract Cost: $71.7 million,
:Location: Golden Point Road, Faraday to the Midland Highway, Harcourt,
:Length: 6.6 km

;Harcourt North Stage
:Start Date: 1 August 2006,
:Completion Date: 20 April 2009,
:Contractor: Thiess Pty Ltd,
:Contract Cost: $52.8 million,
:Location: The Midland Highway, Harcourt to Fogarty's Gap Road, Ravenswood,
:Length: 6.3 km

;Ravenswood Stage

The 6.2 km Ravenswood Stage opened to traffic in May 2005, it runs from Fogartys Gap Road reconnecting with the Calder Highway south of Ravenswood. Key features include 1 bridge, 7 wildlife crossings and a fully equipped rest area for trucks, buses and cars.

For more information visit the VicRoads [http://www.vicroads.vic.gov.au/Home/RoadsAndProjects/RoadProjects/RegionalVictoria/CalderCorridor.htm website]

===Calder Highway / Calder Alternative Route intersection===

* Proposed upgrade of the intersection of the Calder Hwy and Calder Alt Route at Ravenswood, to be funded by Auslink 2 (2009–2014)[http://www.doi.vic.gov.au/DOI/DOIElect.nsf/$UNIDS+for+Web+Display/916261838FE0E737CA2573A8001536D4/$FILE/AusLink2_CalderHighwayRavenswood.pdf].

===Western Ring Road to Melton Highway===

VicRoads has completed the widening of the Calder Freeway from the Western Ring Road to Melton Highway. The road was widened from 2 lanes each direction to 3 lanes in each direction. As a result the speed limit is reduced permanently from 100 km/h to 80 km/h. .<ref>{{cite news|publisher=Herald Sun|title=Freeway slowdown to ease traffic jams in Melbourne|date=12 June 2008|accessdate=2008-07-01|url=http://www.news.com.au/heraldsun/story/0,21985,23849845-2862,00.html | first=Ashley | last=Gardiner}}</ref> Confusingly the 80 km/hr limit applies northbound from Keilor Park Drive until the Service Centre at Calder Park, whereas southbound it applies from the Service Centre, until the Green Gully Road bridge. In October 2010, it was announced that as part of a year long trial, the speed limit on this section of freeway will be increased back to 100 km/h in off-peak times (8pm-5am), with 30 variable speed limits to be installed along the stretch of freeway.

* Proposed safety and capacity improvements, to funded by Auslink 2 (2009–2014) [http://www.doi.vic.gov.au/DOI/DOIElect.nsf/$UNIDS+for+Web+Display/12AED242C1847C45CA2573A800153116/$FILE/AusLink2_CalderFreeway.pdf].

===Kings Road Interchange Project===

VicRoads will extend Kings Road to the Calder Freeway at [[Taylors Lakes, Victoria|Taylors Lakes]] as a part of a $62 million project to reduce the number of at-grade intersections between Sunshine Avenue and Calder Park Drive. This will feature an overpass of Kings Road and a full-diamond interchange allowing local residents to access the freeway to [[Bendigo]] and [[Melbourne]], as well as the closure of the Robertsons Road intersection.<ref>[http://www.vicroads.vic.gov.au/Home/RoadsAndProjects/RoadProjects/WesternSuburbs/CalderFreewayKingsRoadInterchange.htm Calder Freeway Kings Road Interchange] VicRoads 5 October 2009. Retrieved on 1 November 2009.</ref> Major construction will commence late 2010 and is expected to be completed by late 2011.

==Exits and Interchanges==
{| border=1 cellpadding=2 style="margin-left:1em; margin-bottom: 1em; color: black; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" class="wikitable"
|- align="center" bgcolor="006d32" style="color: white;font-size:120%;"
| colspan="4" | '''Calder Freeway [[Image:Australian Alphanumeric State Route M79.svg|40px]]'''
|- align="center" bgcolor="000000" style="color: white"
| Northbound exits / intersections [[Image:Japanese Road sign (Crossroads).svg|25px|High Speed Intersection]]
| Distance to Bendigo (km)
| Distance to Melbourne (km)
| Southbound exits / intersections [[Image:Japanese Road sign (Crossroads).svg|25px|High Speed Intersection]]
|- align="center"
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | ''End '''Calder Freeway''''' [[Image:Australian Alphanumeric State Route M79.svg|30px]] [[Image:Australian Alphanumeric State Route A300.svg|30px]] ''continues as '''[[Calder Highway]] [[Image:Australian Alphanumeric State Route A79.svg|30px]] [[Image:Australian Alphanumeric State Route A300.svg|30px]]''' to [[Bendigo]]''
| rowspan="2"| 25
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na"; rowspan="2"| 126
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na"; rowspan="2"| ''Start '''Calder Freeway''''' [[Image:Australian Alphanumeric State Route M79.svg|30px]] [[Image:Australian Alphanumeric State Route A300.svg|30px]] ''from '''[[Calder Highway]] [[Image:Australian Alphanumeric State Route A79.svg|30px]] [[Image:Australian Alphanumeric State Route A300.svg|30px]]'''''
|- align="center"
| [[Maldon, Victoria|Maldon]] '''Fogartys Gap Road''' [[Harcourt, Victoria|Harcourt]] '''Old Calder Highway''' [[Image:Australian Alphanumeric State Route C794.png|30px]] [[Image:Japanese Road sign (Crossroads).svg|25px|High Speed Intersection]]
|- align="center"
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | ''continues as [[Image:Australian Alphanumeric State Route M79.svg|30px]] [[Image:Australian Alphanumeric State Route A300.svg|30px]]''
| rowspan="2"| 31
| rowspan="2"| 120
| [[Harcourt, Victoria|Harcourt]], [[Castlemaine, Victoria|Castlemaine]], [[Ballarat]] '''[[Midland Highway (Victoria)|Midland Highway]] [[Image:Australian Alphanumeric State Route A300.svg|30px]]'''
|- align="center"
| [[Castlemaine, Victoria|Castlemaine]], [[Harcourt, Victoria|Harcourt]] '''[[Midland Highway (Victoria)|Midland Highway]] [[Image:Australian Alphanumeric State Route A300.svg|30px]]'''
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | ''continues as [[Image:Australian Alphanumeric State Route M79.svg|30px]]''
|- align="center"
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | [[Bendigo railway line|BENDIGO RAIL LINE]]
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | 31.1
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | 119.9
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | [[Bendigo railway line|BENDIGO RAIL LINE]]
|- align="center"
| [[Castlemaine, Victoria|Castlemaine]], [[Metcalfe, Victoria|Metcalfe]] '''[[Pyrenees Highway]] [[Image:Australian Alphanumeric State Route B180.svg|30px]]'''
| 43
| 108
| [[Metcalfe, Victoria|Metcalfe]], [[Castlemaine, Victoria|Castlemaine]] '''[[Pyrenees Highway]] [[Image:Australian Alphanumeric State Route B180.svg|30px]]'''
|- align="center"
| [[Malmsbury, Victoria|Malmsbury]], [[Taradale, Victoria|Taradale]], [[Elphinstone, Victoria|Elphinstone]] '''Old Calder Highway''' [[Image:Australian Alphanumeric State Route C794.png|30px]] [[Edgecombe, Victoria|Edgecombe]] '''Malmsbury East Road'''
| 57
| 94
| [[Edgecombe, Victoria|Edgecombe]] '''Malmsbury East Road''' [[Malmsbury, Victoria|Malmsbury]] '''Old Calder Highway [[Image:Australian Alphanumeric State Route C794.png|30px]]'''
|- align="center"
| [[Kyneton, Victoria|Kyneton]] '''Burton Avenue''''' [[Image:Australian Alphanumeric State Route C793.png|30px]] [[Image:Japanese Road sign (Crossroads).svg|25px|High Speed Intersection]]
| 61
| 90
| [[Kyneton, Victoria|Kyneton]] '''Burton Avenue''''' [[Image:Australian Alphanumeric State Route C793.png|30px]] [[Image:Japanese Road sign (Crossroads).svg|25px|High Speed Intersection]]
|- align="center"
| [[Kyneton, Victoria|Kyneton]], [[Heathcote, Victoria|Heathcote]] '''Edgecombe Road''''' [[Image:Australian Alphanumeric State Route C326.png|30px]]
| 66
| 85
| [[Heathcote, Victoria|Heathcote]], [[Kyneton, Victoria|Kyneton]] '''Edgecombe Road''''' [[Image:Australian Alphanumeric State Route C326.png|30px]]
|- align="center"
| [[Kyneton, Victoria|Kyneton]] '''Bourke Street''' [[Image:Australian Alphanumeric State Route C793.png|30px]] '''Trio Road'''
| 68
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | 83
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | ''no exit''
|- align="center"
| [[Carlsruhe, Victoria|Carlsruhe]] '''Springvale Road'''''
| 73
| 78
| [[Carlsruhe, Victoria|Carlsruhe]] '''Springvale Road'''''
|- align="center"
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | ''no exit''
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | 77
| 74
| [[Woodend, Victoria|Woodend]] '''Macedon-Woodend Road''' [[Image:Australian Alphanumeric State Route C792.png|30px]]
|- align="center"
| [[Woodend, Victoria|Woodend]], [[Lancefield, Victoria|Lancefield]] '''Lancefield-Woodend Road''' [[Image:Australian Alphanumeric State Route C324.png|30px]]
| 82
| 69
| [[Lancefield, Victoria|Lancefield]], [[Woodend, Victoria|Woodend]] '''Lancefield-Woodend Road''' [[Image:Australian Alphanumeric State Route C324.png|30px]]
|- align="center"
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | [[Bendigo railway line|BENDIGO RAIL LINE]]
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | 85
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | 66
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | [[Bendigo railway line|BENDIGO RAIL LINE]]
|- align="center"
| [[Woodend, Victoria|Woodend]], [[Macedon, Victoria|Macedon]] '''Macedon-Woodend Road''' [[Image:Australian Alphanumeric State Route C792.png|30px]]
| 89
| 62
| [[Macedon, Victoria|Macedon]], [[Woodend, Victoria|Woodend]] '''Macedon-Woodend Road''' [[Image:Australian Alphanumeric State Route C792.png|30px]]
|- align="center"
| [[Macedon, Victoria|Macedon]] '''Macedon-Woodend Road''' [[Image:Australian Alphanumeric State Route C792.png|30px]] [[Mount Macedon, Victoria|Mount Macedon]] '''Mount Macedon Road''' [[Image:Australian Alphanumeric State Route C322.png|30px]]
| 95
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | 56
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | ''no exit''
|- align="center"
| [[Gisborne, Victoria|Gisborne]], [[Bacchus Marsh, Victoria|Bacchus Marsh]] '''Station Road''' [[Image:Australian Alphanumeric State Route C791.png|30px]] [[Riddells Creek, Victoria|Riddells Creek]] '''Station Road''' [[Image:Australian Alphanumeric State Route C708.png|30px]]
| 97
| 54
| [[Riddells Creek, Victoria|Riddells Creek]] '''Station Road''' [[Image:Australian Alphanumeric State Route C708.png|30px]] [[Gisborne, Victoria|Gisborne]], [[Bacchus Marsh, Victoria|Bacchus Marsh]], [[Melton, Victoria|Melton]] '''Station Road''' [[Image:Australian Alphanumeric State Route C791.png|30px]]
|- align="center"
| [[Gisborne, Victoria|Gisborne]] '''Melbourne Road''' [[Image:Australian Alphanumeric State Route C791.png|30px]] '''Emmeline Drive'''
| 100
| 51
| '''Emmeline Drive''' [[Gisborne, Victoria|Gisborne]] '''Melbourne Road''' [[Image:Australian Alphanumeric State Route C791.png|30px]]
|- align="center"
| '''Couangalt Road''' '''Mundy Road'''
| 106
| 45
| '''Mundy Road''' '''Couangalt Road'''
|- align="center"
| [[Sunbury, Victoria|Sunbury]] '''Gap Road''' [[Image:Australian Alphanumeric State Route C707.png|30px]]
| 111
| 40
| [[Sunbury, Victoria|Sunbury]] '''Gap Road''' [[Image:Australian Alphanumeric State Route C707.png|30px]]
|- align="center"
| [[Diggers Rest, Victoria|Diggers Rest]], [[Sunbury, Victoria|Sunbury]] '''Vineyard Road''' [[Image:Australian Alphanumeric State Route C706.png|30px]]
| 116
| 35
| [[Sunbury, Victoria|Sunbury]], [[Diggers Rest, Victoria|Diggers Rest]] '''Vineyard Road''' [[Image:Australian Alphanumeric State Route C706.png|30px]]
|- align="center"
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | [[Bendigo railway line|BENDIGO RAIL LINE]]
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | 118
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | 33
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | [[Bendigo railway line|BENDIGO RAIL LINE]]
|- align="center"
| [[Diggers Rest, Victoria|Diggers Rest]], [[Bulla, Victoria|Bulla]] '''Bulla-Diggers Rest Road'''
| 119.5
| 31.5
| [[Bulla, Victoria|Bulla]], [[Diggers Rest, Victoria|Diggers Rest]] '''Bulla-Diggers Rest Road'''
|- align="center"
| [[Toolern Vale, Victoria|Toolern Vale]] '''Holden Road'''
| rowspan="2"| 123
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na"; rowspan="2" | 28
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na"; rowspan="2" | [[BP|BP SERVICE CENTRE]]
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | [[BP|BP SERVICE CENTRE]]
|- align="center"
| [[Calder Park, Victoria|Calder Park]] '''Calder Park Drive''' [[Image:Japanese Road sign (Crossroads).svg|25px|High Speed Intersection]]
| 125.5
| 25.5
| [[Calder Park, Victoria|Calder Park]] '''Calder Park Drive''' [[Image:Japanese Road sign (Crossroads).svg|25px|High Speed Intersection]]
|- align="center"
| [[Taylors Lakes, Victoria|Taylors Lakes]] '''Kings Road'''
| 127.3
| 23.7
| [[Taylors Lakes, Victoria|Taylors Lakes]], [[Deer Park, Victoria|Deer Park]], [[Laverton, Victoria|Laverton]] '''Kings Road'''
|- align="center"
| [[Taylors Lakes, Victoria|Taylors Lakes]], [[Melton, Victoria|Melton]] '''[[Melton Highway]]''''' [[Image:Australian Alphanumeric State Route C754.svg|30px]]
| 130.2
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | 20.8
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | ''no exit''
|- align="center"
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | ''continues as [[Image:Australian Alphanumeric State Route M79.svg|30px]]''
| rowspan="2"| 132.4
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na"; rowspan="2" | 18.6
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | ''no exit''
|- align="center"
| [[Keilor, Victoria|Keilor]], [[St Albans, Victoria|St Albans]] '''Green Gully Road''''' [[Image:Australian State Route 40.svg|20px]]
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | ''continues as [[Image:Australian State Route 40.svg|20px]] [[Image:Australian Alphanumeric State Route M79.svg|30px]]''
|- align="center"
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | ''no exit''
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | 134.1
| 16.9
| [[Keilor Park, Victoria|Keilor Park]], [[Western Ring Road|To]] [[Image:Australian National Route M80.svg|30px]] [[Geelong]] '''Keilor Park Drive''''' [[Image:Australian State Route 39.svg|20px]] [[Image:Gfi-set01-airport.png|20px|Avalon Airport]]
|- align="center"
| [[Keilor, Victoria|Keilor]], [[Keilor Park, Victoria|Keilor Park]] '''Keilor Park Drive''''' [[Image:Australian State Route 39.svg|20px]]
| rowspan="2"| 135.5
| rowspan="2"| 15.5
| rowspan="2"| [[Seymour, Victoria|Seymour]], [[Sydney]] '''[[Western Ring Road, Melbourne|Western Ring Road]]''' [[Image:Australian National Route M80.svg|30px]] [[Image:Gfi-set01-airport.png|20px|Melbourne Airport]]
|- align="center"
| [[Geelong]], [[Ballarat]], [[Adelaide]] '''[[Western Ring Road, Melbourne|Western Ring Road]]''' [[Image:Australian National Route M80.svg|30px]] [[Image:Gfi-set01-airport.png|20px|Avalon Airport]]
|- align="center"
| [[Keilor East, Victoria|Keilor East]], [[Airport West, Victoria|Airport West]] '''Woorite Place'''''
| 136.5
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | 14.5
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | ''no exit''
|- align="center"
| [[Niddrie, Victoria|Niddrie]] '''Keilor Road'''''
| 137.5
| 13.5
| [[Niddrie, Victoria|Niddrie]] '''McNamara Avenue Fullarton Road'''''
|- align="center"
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na"; rowspan="2" | ''Start '''Calder Freeway''''' [[Image:Australian State Route 40.svg|20px]] [[Image:Australian Alphanumeric State Route M79.svg|30px]] ''from '''[[Tullamarine Freeway]] [[Image:Australian State Route 40.svg|20px]] [[Image:Australian State Route 43.svg|20px]]'''''
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na"; rowspan="2"| 138
| rowspan="2"| 13
| [[Essendon, Victoria|Essendon]] '''Bulla Road [[Image:Australian State Route 37.svg|20px]]'''''
|- align="center"
| style="background: #ececec; color: grey;" class="table-na" | ''End '''Calder Freeway''''' [[Image:Australian State Route 40.svg|20px]] [[Image:Australian Alphanumeric State Route M79.svg|30px]] ''continues as '''[[Tullamarine Freeway]] [[Image:Australian State Route 40.svg|20px]] [[Image:Australian State Route 43.svg|20px]]''' to [[Melbourne]]''
|}

===Source===
[http://www.whereis.com/?id=13B274D6D4D695 Calder Freeway on Whereis].

==See also==
*[[Freeways in Australia]]
*[[Freeways in Australia#Victoria|Freeways in Victoria]]
* [[Road transport in Victoria]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Road infrastructure in Melbourne}}
{{Road infrastructure in Victoria}}

[[Category:Highways and freeways in Melbourne]]

[[fr:Calder Freeway]]

David Lapham

2012-02-19T03:19:37Z

Ch'marr: removing excessive J

{{for|the American football player|Dave Lapham}}
{{Infobox comics creator
| name = David Lapham
| image = Replace this image male.svg
| imagesize = 150
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1970
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality = [[United States|American]]
| area = Writer
| alias =
| signature =
| notable works = [[Stray Bullets]] [[Murder Me Dead]] [[Young Liars (comics)|Young Liars]]
| awards = "Best Writer/artist" [[Eisner Awards]] (1996)
| website =
}}
'''David Lapham''' (born 1970) is an [[Eisner Award]] winning [[United States|American]] [[comic book]] [[writer]], [[artist]], and [[cartoonist]], best known for his work on his groundbreaking independent comic book ''[[Stray Bullets]]''.

==Biography==
Lapham started his career in 1990 as a [[penciller]] at [[Valiant Comics]] where he was discovered by editor [[Jim Shooter]]. He went on to join Shooter at [[Defiant Comics]] where they co-created ''[[Warriors of Plasm]]'' in 1993.

He set up his own publisher [[El Capitan Books]] in 1995, to self-publish ''[[Stray Bullets]]'' which he wrote, drew and lettered himself. He then took a sabbatical from ''Stray Bullets'' in 2000, to produce his nine issue period murder mystery ''[[Murder Me Dead]]'' also from El Capitan Books.

Lapham began accepting more mainstream comics work from 2005 onwards, writing a storyarc for [[Top Cow Comics]]' ''[[The Darkness (comics)|The Darkness]]'' ("Hell House", Vol. 2 #17-20), a 12 part [[Batman]] storyline in ''[[Detective Comics]]'' ("[[Batman: City of Crime|City of Crime]]" #801-808 and 811-814) for [[DC Comics]] and writing and pencilling the six part ''[[Daredevil (Marvel Comics)|Daredevil]] Vs. [[Punisher]]: Means And Ends'' limited series for [[Marvel Comics]]. In late 2006, Marvel released ''Giant-Size [[Wolverine (comics)|Wolverine]]'' #1, with a 34 page Lapham story illustrated by [[David Aja]], and DC began releasing ''[[Tales of the Unexpected (comics)|Tales of the Unexpected]]'' with an 8 issue arc starring the [[Spectre (comics)|Spectre]] which was also written by Lapham. Vertigo published the original graphic novel ''Silverfish'' in July 2007 and his interpretation of ''[[Terror, Inc.]]'' was released under the [[Marvel MAX]] line. He then wrote the Vertigo series ''[[Young Liars (comics)|Young Liars]]'' and took over from [[Garth Ennis]] as writer on ''[[Crossed (comics)|Crossed]]''.<ref>{{cite web |first=David |last=Lapham |url=http://www.bleedingcool.com/2010/02/16/david-lapham-on-writing-crossed-volume-2-family-values/ |title=David Lapham On Writing Crossed Volume 2: Family Values |work=[[Bleeding Cool]] |publisher=Avatar Press |date=February 16, 2010 |accessdate=February 16, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Rich |last=Johnson |authorlink=Rich Johnston |url=http://www.bleedingcool.com/2010/02/16/david-lapham-to-write-crossed-volume-2-family-values/ |title=David Lapham To Write Crossed Volume 2: Family Values |work=[[Bleeding Cool]] |publisher=Avatar Press |date=February 16, 2010 |accessdate=February 16, 2010 }}</ref>

This choice to do more mainstream work has led to the near-abandonment of ''Stray Bullets'' (with one issue left in the current arc), as well as a self-published futuristic science fiction limited series, ''[[The Parallax Man]]''. The series was announced to debut in 2005 but Lapham had less time to devote to it, and issues have never been solicited. He has expressed that he is still interested in both projects, but is unsure when he will be able to complete them.<ref>{{cite web |first=Michael |last=Lorah |url=http://forum.newsarama.com/showthread.php?t=110197 |title=David Lapham: Down Among The Silverfish |publisher=[[Newsarama]] |date=April 25, 2007 |accessdate=April 25, 2007 }}</ref> In March 2010, it was reported that he was working on a [[Predator (franchise)|Predator]] series for [[Dark Horse Comics]].<ref>[http://www.dreadcentral.com/news/36378/dark-horse-prepping-predators-prequel-and-sequel Dark Horse Prepping Predators Prequel and Sequel]</ref>

===Harbinger: The Beginning===
In August 2007, Valiant Entertainment released a deluxe Hardcover collection of the complete Harbinger origin story (Harbinger #0-7) entitled ''Harbinger: The Beginning''. The collected stories feature Lapham's art and [[Jim Shooter]]'s writing, and include an original story by Shooter exclusively for the collection.

==Bibliography==
[[Image:Straybullets-1.jpg|thumb|right|225px|Lapham's cover for ''[[Stray Bullets]]'' #1 (1995).]]
*''[[Magnus Robot Fighter]]'' #5-8, Oct. 1991 - Jan. 1992, [[Valiant Comics|Valiant]] (''artist'')
*''[[Harbinger (comics)|Harbinger]]'' #1-7 (''artist''), #8-9 (''co-writer & artist''), #10-13 (''writer & artist''), Jan. 1992 - Jan. 1993, #0, Feb. 1993, (''writer & artist''), [[Valiant Comics|Valiant]]
*''[[Shadowman (comics)|Shadowman]]'' #1-2, May - June 1992, [[Valiant Comics|Valiant]] (''artist'')
*''[[Rai]]'' #0, Nov. 1992, [[Valiant Comics|Valiant]] (''artist'')
*''[[H.A.R.D. Corps]]'' #1, Dec. 1992, [[Valiant Comics|Valiant]] (''artist'')
*''[[Superman Annual]]'' Jan. 1993 [[DC Comics]] (''artist'')
*''[[Birth of the Defiant Universe]]'' #1, May 1993 [[Defiant Comics|Defiant]] (''artist'')
*''[[Splatterball]]'' #1, Jun 1993 [[Defiant Comics|Defiant]] (''writer & artist'')
*''[[Warriors of Plasm]]'' #0-11 (''artist''), #13 (''co-writer & artist'') June 1993 - Aug. 1994, [[Defiant Comics|Defiant]]
*''[[Stray Bullets]]'' #1-40, Mar. 1995 - Oct. 2005, [[El Capitan Books]] (''writer & artist'')
*''[[Harlan Ellison's Dream Corridor]]'' #4, June 1995 [[Dark Horse Comics|Dark Horse]] (''artist'')
*''[[Amy Racecar: Color Special]]'' #1-2 July 1997 - Oct. 1999 [[El Capitan Books]] (''writer & artist'')
*''[[Murder Me Dead]]'' #1-9, July 2000 - Oct 2001, collected in hardcover and trade paperback, [[El Capitan Books]] (''writer & artist'')
*''[[The Darkness (comics)|The Darkness]]'' vol. 2 #17-20, Nov 2004 - Feb 2005, [[Top Cow Comics]] (''writer'')
**included in trade paperback as ''The Darkness - volume 6: Depths of Hell''
*''[[Detective Comics]]'' #801-808 and 811-814, January 2005 - February 2006, [[DC Comics]] (''writer'')
**collected in trade paperback as ''[[Batman]]: City of Crime''
*''[[Daredevil (Marvel Comics)|Daredevil]] Vs. [[Punisher]]: Means And Ends'' #1-6, Sept 2005 - Jan 2006, collected in hardcover and trade paperback, [[Marvel Comics]] (''writer & artist'')
*''[[Tales of the Unexpected (comics)|Tales of the Unexpected]]'' #1-8, Dec 2006 - July 2007 [[DC Comics]] (''writer'')
**''[[Infinite Crisis|Crisis Aftermath]]: [[Spectre (comics)|The Spectre]]'' collects 1-3
**''[[Spectre (comics)|The Spectre]]: Tales of the Unexpected'' collects 4-8
*[[Wolverine (comics)|Wolverine]], [[Marvel Comics]]
**''Giant-Size Wolverine'' #1, December 2006; included in ''Wolverine: Blood & Sorrow'' (''writer'')
**''Wolverine: The Amazing Immortal Man and Other Bloody Tales'', July 2008 (''writer'')
*''Silverfish'' published in hardcover and trade paperback, June 2007, [[Vertigo (DC Comics)|Vertigo]] (''writer & artist'')
*''[[Terror, Inc.]]'' #1-5, collected in trade paperback, Oct 2007 - Apr 2008, [[MAX (comics)|MAX]] (''writer'')
*''[[Spider-Man]]: With Great Power...'' #1-5, Mar - July 2008, [[Marvel Comics]] (''writer'')
*''[[Young Liars (comics)|Young Liars]]'' #1-18, [[Vertigo (DC Comics)|Vertigo]], May 2008-September 2, 2009 (''writer & artist'')
** ''Daydream Believer'' trade paperback collects Issue #s 1-6
** ''Maestro'' trade paperback collects Issue #s 7-12
** ''Rock Life'' trade paperback collects Issue #s 13-18
*''[[30 Days of Night: 30 Days 'till Death]]'' #1-4, December 2008 - March 2009, [[IDW Publishing]] (''Story and Art'')
*''[[Terror, Inc. - Apocalypse Soon]]'' #1-4, July - September 2009, [[MAX (comics)|MAX]] (''writer'')
*''[[Modern Warfare 2: Ghost]]'' #1-6, January - October 2010, [[WildStorm]] (''writer'')
*''[[Crossed (comics)|Crossed]]: Family Values'', #1-7, April 2010 - January 2011, [[Avatar Press|Avatar]] (''writer'')
*''[[Crossed (comics)|Crossed]]: Psychopath'', #1-ongoing, [[Avatar Press|Avatar]] (''writer'')
*''[[Sparta: USA]]'' #1-6, May - October 2010, [[WildStorm]] (''writer'')
*''[[Driver (comics)|Driver]]'', Issue #0, July 2010, [[WildStorm]] (''writer'')
*''[[G.I. Joe: Origins]]'', #20-23, October 2010 - January 2011, [[IDW Publishing|IDW]] (''writer'')
*''[[DeadpoolMAX]]'' #1 December 2010 - ongoing, [[MAX (comics)|MAX]] (''writer'')
*''[[PunisherMAX: Tiny Ugly World]]'' One-shot, December 2010, [[MAX (comics)|MAX]] (''writer'')

==Awards==
* [[Eisner Awards]]
** 1996 - Best Writer/Artist (for ''Stray Bullets'').
** 1997 - Best Graphic Album: Reprint (for ''Stray Bullets: Innocence of Nihilism'')

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{Refbegin}}
*{{gcdb|type=credit|search=David+Lapham|title=David Lapham}}
*{{comicbookdb|type=creator|id=200|title=David Lapham}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
*[http://previews.diamondcomics.com/public/default.asp?t=1&m=1&c=23&s=126&ai=56390&ssd= Harbinger: The Beginning Hardcover Solicitation in Previews Magazine]
*[http://previews.diamondcomics.com/public/default.asp?t=1&m=1&c=6&s=34&ai=56625&ssd= Harbinger: The Beginning article at The Splash page]
*[http://weblogs.variety.com/bags_and_boards/2007/06/valiants_harbin.html Harbinger: The Beginning], ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]''
*[http://forum.newsarama.com/showthread.php?t=115538 Harbinger: The Beginning Press Release at Newsarama]
*[http://www.valiantcomics.com/valiant/title.asp?tc=h&u=1 Harbinger cover gallery at Valiantfans.com]
*[http://www.sequart.com/articles/?article=1002 The Ten Most Important Comic Books of the 1990s (Harbinger by David Lapham is ranked #1)]
*[http://www.newsarama.com/forums/showthread.php?s=&threadid=5852 "Valiant Days, Valiant Nights - A Look Back at the Rise and Fall of Valiant], [[Newsarama]]

{{s-start}}
{{succession box | title=''[[Batman|Detective Comics]]'' writer| before=[[Andersen Gabrych]]| after=[[James Dale Robinson]]| years=2005–2006}}
{{end}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Lapham, David
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1970
| PLACE OF BIRTH =
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lapham, David}}
[[Category:American comics writers]]
[[Category:American cartoonists]]
[[Category:American comics artists]]
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Eisner Award winners for Best Writer/Artist]]

[[fr:David Lapham]]
[[it:David Lapham]]

ICP-Lizenz

2010-05-21T22:38:43Z

Ch'marr: Removed see also, that adds nothign to this article. 263.net aren't even an ICP, they're a ISP.

'''ICP license''' (Abbreviation for ''Internet Content Provider''; {{zh|c=ICP备案|p=ICP bèi'àn|l=ICP record}}) is a permit issued by the Chinese [[Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People's Republic of China|Ministry of Industry and Information Technology]] to permit China-based websites to operate in China. The ICP license numbers for Chinese websites can often be found on the bottom of the front webpage.

==History==
This license regime was instated by the ''Telecommunications Regulations of the People's Republic of China'' (《中华人民共和国电信条例》) that was promulgated in September 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.miit.gov.cn/art/2005/12/15/art_4184_45663.html|title=中华人民共和国电信条例|last=[[State Council of the People's Republic of China]]|date=2005-12-10|publisher=[[Ministry of Industry and Information Technology]]|language=Chinese|accessdate=2008-06-27}}</ref> By the [[letter of the law]], all websites with their own [[domain name]] that operate inside China are required to obtain a license, and China-based Internet service providers are required to block the site if a license is not acquired within a grace period. Licenses are issued at the provincial level.

Operating from China is also a prerequisite for acquiring a license. Foreign companies such as [[Google]], unable to acquire a ICP license on their own, often partner up with Chinese Internet companies to use the licenses of the Chinese company.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forbes.com/work/feeds/afx/2006/02/23/afx2547661.html|title=Google license issue seized by China to make political statement|last=Bishop|first=John|coauthors=Chris Myrick|date=2006-02-23|work=Focus|publisher=[[Forbes]]|accessdate=2008-06-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.infoworld.com/article/06/02/21/75537_HNgoogleborrowing_1.html|title=Nothing unusual about Google borrowing ICP|last=Lemon|first=Sumner|date=2006-02-21|publisher=[[Infoworld]]|accessdate=2008-06-27}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Internet censorship in the People's Republic of China]]
* [[Internet in the People's Republic of China]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.miibeian.gov.cn/ Ministry of Information Industry Records] {{zh icon}}
{{Telecommunications in the People's Republic of China}}
{{PRChina-stub}}

[[Category:Internet in the People's Republic of China]]

[[zh:ICP]]

Mount Magnet

2009-12-23T19:44:32Z

Ch'marr: adding reference to zero magnetic deviation.

{{Infobox Australian Place | type = town
| name = Mount Magnet
| state = wa
| image = Mt magnet location map in Western Australia.PNG
| caption = Location of Mount Magnet in Western Australia (red)
| lga = Shire of Mount Magnet
| postcode = 6638
| est =
| pop = 424<ref name="ABS"/>
| elevation= 426
| maxtemp = 28.6
| mintemp = 14.2
| rainfall = 239.2
| stategov = [[Electoral district of North West|North West]]
| fedgov = [[Division of Kalgoorlie|Kalgoorlie]]
| dist1 = 573
| dir1 = NE
| location1= [[Perth, Western Australia|Perth]]
| dist2 = 341
| dir2 = ENE
| location2= [[Geraldton, Western Australia|Geraldton]]
}}{{coord|-28.06|117.846|type:city(424)_region:AU-WA_scale:50000|format=dms|display=title}}

'''Mount Magnet''' is an old [[Western Australia]]n [[gold rush]] town. The name was chosen during exploration of the region due to an isolated hill 5km north west of the town current townsite. This hill has an extremely high [[iron]] content and affected the compasses of explorers. At the 2006 [[Census in Australia|census]], Mount Magnet had a population of 424.<ref name="ABS">{{Census 2006 AUS|id=UCL519000|name=Mount Magnet (L) (Urban Centre/Locality)|accessdate=2008-10-02}}</ref>

== Overview ==

It is located {{convert|573|km|mi|0}} northeast of [[Perth, Western Australia|Perth]] via the [[Great Northern Highway]]. Only a few mines are still worked, including Hill 50 which started operations in the 1890s. The area once had three separate townsites - Mt Magnet, Boogardie, and Lennonville. Boogardie has since been swallowed up into the [[open cut]] mining operations at Hill 50. Lennonville was abandoned at the start of [[World War I]], and the foundations of the bank and train station can still be seen.

Unusual for such a large mining community, Mt Magnet has never had a public [[Stamp mill|battery]]. The nearest battery was built 5km west, in Boogardie. However its gold-rush heyday can be seen in its very wide main street with three hotels, a race course and a golf course complete with oiled greens.

Surrounding the town are remnants of old mining operations, and to the north east are significant Aboriginal sites being preserved jointly by the local community and the West Australian Museum. Today Mt Magnet is primarily a service town for the surrounding pastoral district which supports very large sheep stations.

During spring (September to November) the area attracts tourist viewing the natural display of [[everlasting|everlastings]] that can stretch for kilometres in all directions. Being 6 hours drive from Perth makes it a comfortable day's journey for vehicles heading further north to places like [[Mount Augustus National Park|Mt Augustus]] and [[Port Hedland, Western Australia|Port Hedland]].

During the lifetime of the [[Northern Railway (Western Australia)|Northern Railway]] to [[Meekatharra, Western Australia|Meeketharra]] Mount Magnet was an important railway station and yard.

Mount Magnet is served by [[Mount Magnet Airport]], where [[Skippers Aviation]] has services to and from Meekatharra and Perth.

Serendipitously, the [[magnetic variation]] at this location, as of 2006, is zero: magnetic north equals true north.<ref>http://worldaerodata.com/wad.cgi?id=AS99865&sch=YMOG</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Railway stations in Western Australia]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.mtmagnet.wa.gov.au/ Shire of Mount Magnet]
* [http://www.fallingrain.com/world/AS/8/Mount_Magnet.html FallingRain Map - elevation = 455m (Red dots are defunct railways)]

[[Category:Mining towns in Western Australia]]
[[Category:Towns in Western Australia]]

[[pt:Mount Magnet]]

USAir-Flug 427

2006-05-02T07:34:08Z

Ch'marr: indicate that the number '427' has been retired from the timetable.

[[image:Easyjet.ezyi.b737.750pix.jpg|thumb|This Boeing 737-300 is the same model of airplane as the Flight 427 ship which crashed]]
[[image:Boeing 737-MMA Cockpit.jpg|thumb|Cockpit of a boeing 737 clearly showing the rudder pedals and other primary controls and instruments]]

'''[[US Airways]] Flight 427''' was a commercial airline flight from [[Chicago, Illinois|Chicago]]'s [[O'Hare International Airport]] to [[Pittsburgh International Airport|Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]], with a final destination of [[West Palm Beach, Florida]]. The flight crashed on [[September 8]], [[1994]], killing everyone on board.

On that day, the [[Boeing 737-3B7]], registered N513AU, was approaching runway 28R in Pittsburgh's airport, which is located in [[Findlay Township, Pennsylvania]]. At about 6,000 feet (1,830 meters) and 6 miles {10 km) from the runway, the aircraft experienced a sudden loss of control and slammed into the ground in a nearly vertical position in [[Aliquippa, Pennsylvania]], killing all 127 passengers and 5 crew members.

After its longest investigation in history—more than four and a half years—the concluding statement said:
:The [[National Transportation Safety Board]] determines that the probable cause of the USAir flight 427 accident was a loss of control of the airplane resulting from the movement of the rudder surface to its blowdown limit. The rudder surface most likely deflected in a direction opposite to that commanded by the pilots as a result of a jam of the main rudder power control unit servo valve secondary slide to the servo valve housing offset from its neutral position and overtravel of the primary slide. [http://www.ntsb.gov/publictn/1999/AAR9901.htm]

The NTSB concluded that similar rudder problems caused the previously mysterious [[March 3]][[1991]] crash of [[United Airlines Flight 585|United Flight 585]], and the [[June 9]][[1996]] incident involving Eastwind Airlines flight 517, both of which were Boeing 737s.

Other changes resulting from the investigation were:
*to warn and train pilots of insufficient [[Ailerons|aileron]] authority at an airspeed at or less than 190 knots (218 mph, 354 km/h), formerly the usual approach speed for a B737.
*to mandate four additional channels of information in flight data recorders, pilot rudder pedal commands
*Boeing redesigned the rudder system on 737s and retrofitted existing craft until the affected systems can be replaced
*Congress requires airlines to do a better job dealing with families of crash victims

427 is no longer a valid flight number for any flight on US Airways' timetable.

==External links==
* [http://www.ntsb.gov/events/usair427/items.htm NTSB Accident Investigation Docket]
* [http://www.avweb.com/news/safety/183027-1.html AVweb article]
* [http://www.avweb.com/news/news/183029-1.html AVweb supplement]
* [http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19940908-0 Accident description on the Aviation Safety Network]

==Books==
* Bill Adair, ''The Mystery of Flight 427: Inside a Crash Investigation'', ISBN 1588340058
* Gerry Byrne, ''Flight 427: Anatomy of an Air Disaster'', ISBN 038795256X

[[Category:1994]]
[[Category:Accidents and incidents on commercial airliners in the United States]]
[[Category:History of Pennsylvania]]

{{aviation-stub}}

Nawschirwan Mustafa

2006-02-08T08:08:35Z

Ch'marr: rv test

{{wfy}}
[[Image:P8a.jpg|thumbnail|Photograph of Nawshirwan Mustafa]]
'''Nawshirwan (Also Noshirwan) Mustafa''' is a prominent [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]] politician.

== Biography ==
Mustafa is the deputy secretary general and political beureu member for the [[Patriotic Union of Kurdistan]] (PUK), one of the leading political parties in Iraqi Kurdistan and Iraq in general.

Mustafa was born in 1944 on Ber Khaneke road in the city of Sulaimaniyah, Kurdistan region of Iraq, following his graduation from high school Mustafa attended Baghdad university were he attained a degree in Political sciences.

Following graduation he returned to Sulaimaniyah and was editor of the Kurdish weekly newspaper "Rizgary" ([[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] for Salvation) a political newspaper set up in the brief lull in hostilities between the central Iraqi government and its kurdish population. During this period he and several other Kurdish intellectuals started making plans for the formation of a secret Nationalist party named Komala. He was exciled ssoon after for involvement Kurdish politics. He then left to persue academic studies in Austria, in 1975 whilst only 2 weeks from completing his Doctoral thesis at the university of Viena Mustafa was informed that a new uprising was about to begin in Iraqi Kurdistan he left immediatly. Following his return Mustafa quickly became a leading member of the Komalai Ranjdaran grouping (a fore runner of the modern day PUK)and became general secratary of this organisation, before taking part in the negotiations which led to the merging of the Komala with the Shoresh Garan grouping of current Iraqi president [[Jalal Talabani]] which led to the formation of the PUK.

A military commander as well as a political figure, Mustafa headed the Kurdish revolution from 1976, and was the most senior member of the PUK in Iraqi Kurdistan in the 1991 uprising which followed Iraq's defeat in the first gulf war and as such took charge of the war of liberation fought by the Kurdish people which involved the liberation of the kurdish population centres of northern iraq including Kirkuk (being recognised as the architect of the Raparin). Following the 1991 uprising Mustafa was allowed to return to his initial career and began to organise kurdish acedmia and wrote several books, while maintaining his political profile.

== Books ==
- "The fingers which break eachother."

- "Going around in circles."

- "The emirate of baban between the grinding stones of the Persians and Turks"

== Current Affairs ==
Currently Mustafa is acting secretary general for the PUk and is taking part in the negotiations which are aimed at establishing a new Iraqi government, returning Kirkuk to the Kurdistan region and reuniting the Kurdish administrations.

[[Category:Kurdish people|Mustafa, Nawshirwan]]