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Spectravideo SV-318, SVI-318 MKII

2019-09-10T16:07:05Z

Ceosad: /* Technische Details */ pic

{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:20px; width:320px; border:solid #404040 1px; text-align:center;"
| style="background:#404040; text-align:center; font-size:1.1em; color:#ffffff; padding:8px"| '''Spectravideo SV-318, SVI-318 MKII'''
|-
| style="padding:20px; background:black"| [[Datei:Spectravideo Logo.svg|280px|lang=colored|Spectravideo-Logo]] [[Datei:Spectravideo SV-318.jpg|280px|SV-318]]
|-
| style="background-color:#d0d0d0; padding:4px"| '''Hersteller'''
|-
| style="padding:4px 4px 4px 8px"| Spectra-Video, Inc.
|-
| style="background-color:#d0d0d0; padding:4px"| '''Hauptentwickler'''
|-
| style="padding:4px 4px 4px 8px"| Bondwell Holding Ltd., Microsoft Corp., ASCII Corp.
|-
| style="background-color:#d0d0d0; padding:4px"| '''Verkaufsstart und Neupreis SV-318'''
|-
| style="padding:4px 4px 4px 8px"| {{USA|#}} Ende 1983 für 299 US-Dollar {{GBR|#}} Anfang November 1983 für 199 £ {{DEU|#}} Ende 1983 für 888 DM
|-
| style="background-color:#d0d0d0; padding:4px"| '''Verkaufsstart und Neupreis SVI-318 MKII'''
|-
| style="padding:4px 4px 4px 8px"| {{DEU|#}} Oktober 1984 für 698 DM
|-
| style="background-color:#d0d0d0; padding:4px"| '''Einstellung der Produktion SV-318'''
|-
| style="padding:4px 4px 4px 8px"| 1984
|-
| style="background-color:#d0d0d0; padding:4px"| '''Einstellung der Produktion SVI-318 MKII'''
|-
| style="padding:4px 4px 4px 8px"| 1985
|-
| style="background-color:#b0c0b0; padding:4px"| '''Hauptprozessor'''
|-
| style="padding:4px 4px 4px 8px"| Zilog Z80 @ 3,6 MHz
|-
| style="background-color:#b0c0b0; padding:4px"| '''Arbeitsspeicher ab Werk'''
|-
| style="padding:4px 4px 4px 8px"| 16 KB [[Dynamic Random Access Memory|RAM]], 16 KB [[VRAM|Video-RAM]]
|-
| style="background-color:#b0c0b0; padding:4px"| '''Grafikausgabe'''
|-
| style="padding:4px 4px 4px 8px"| Text und diverse Grafikmodi 32 monochrome Sprites Farbauswahl aus einer Palette von 16 Farben
|-
| style="background-color:#b0c0b0; padding:4px"| '''Tonausgabe'''
|-
| style="padding:4px 4px 4px 8px"| Drei Tongeneratoren Tastaturklick
|-
| style="background-color:#404040; padding:4px; color:#ffffff"| '''Lieferumfang SV-318'''
|-
| style="padding:4px 4px 4px 8px"| Computer, Netzteil, TV-Modulator, Antennenkabel, Antennenschaltbox, Anleitung, Styroporinlays, Verpackung
|-
| style="background-color:#404040; padding:4px; color:#ffffff"| '''Lieferumfang SVI-318 MKII'''
|-
| style="padding:4px 4px 4px 8px"| Computer, Netzteil, Antennenkabel, 2 deutsche Anleitungen, Styroporinlays, Verpackung
|}

Der '''Spectravideo SV-318''' ist ein [[Heimcomputer]] des US-amerikanischen Herstellers [[Spectravideo|Spectra-Video, Inc.]] Er basiert auf dem [[Z80|Z80A-Mikroprozessor]] von [[Zilog]].

Das Gerät wurde ab Mitte 1982 als preiswerte Alternative zu den erfolgreichen Heimcomputern [[Atari 400]], [[VC 20|Commodore VIC 20]] und [[TI-99/4A|Texas Instruments TI-99/4A]] konzipiert. Zur Erhöhung der Verkaufschancen setzte man bewusst auf den bekannten Software-Hersteller [[Microsoft]] Corp. und dessen [[Microsoft BASIC]] zur Programmierung des neuen Computers. Die Zusammenarbeit nahm indes eine unerwartete Wende: Microsoft-Vizepräsident [[Kazuhiko Nishi]] sah das vielversprechende Potential des Geräts für einen unter Microsofts Führung angestrebten Heimcomputerstandard, den späteren [[MSX]]-Standard. Durch die vielen von Nishi eingebrachten Veränderungen befürchtete Spectra-Video, Inc. jedoch lizenzrechtliche Probleme. Diese konnten durch kleinere nachträgliche Änderungen ausgeräumt werden, machten die Geräte aber auch inkompatibel zum MSX-Standard.

Nach mehreren Verzögerungen kam der Spectravideo SV-318 schließlich gegen Ende 1983 in den Handel. Das Gerät wurde bereits kurz zuvor als ausbaufähiges Einsteigergerät beworben, das neue Standards setzen würde, womit man auf die Nähe zu MSX anspielte. Nach schwerwiegenden Lieferproblemen in Nordamerika konnten schließlich durch die weltweite Vermarktung – auch mithilfe des 1984 erschienenen technisch überarbeiteten Modells '''Spectravideo SVI-318 MKII''' – dennoch erwähnenswerte Marktanteile gewonnen werden. Die Produktion des SV-318 wurde nach der Insolvenz des Herstellers und nach Übernahme durch Bondwell Holding Ltd. Anfang 1985 eingestellt.

Unmittelbar nach der Vorstellung des Computers auf der [[Consumer Electronics Show]] im Januar 1983 fielen die Kritiken der Fachpresse überwiegend positiv aus. Gelobt wurden hauptsächlich die Erweiterbarkeit, das leistungsfähige Spectravideo BASIC und in Verbindung mit einem 5¼″-[[Diskettenlaufwerk]] die Fähigkeit, [[CP/M]]-Programme ausführen zu können. Weniger gut aufgenommen wurde die für ernsthaftes Arbeiten wenig geeignete Gummitastatur, fehlerhafte Anleitungen und die Lieferprobleme in Nordamerika. Das Gerät gilt als unmittelbarer Vorläufer und Wegbereiter des MSX-Standards.

== Geschichte ==

Der ehemalige Uhrenimporteur und mittlerweile erfolgreiche [[Joystick]]- und Videospielehersteller Spectra-Video, Inc. (alternative Schreibweise ''Spectra Video Inc.'' oder kurz ''Spectravideo'') beschloss Anfang 1982, seine Aktivitäten auszuweiten und einen eigenen Heimcomputer für das Niedrigpreissegment zu entwickeln.<ref name="msx.standard.10">Robert Chapman Wood: [https://archive.org/stream/TheMSXStandardTheNewComputers/The%20MSX%20Standard%20-%20The%20New%20Computers#page/n27/mode/2up ''The MSX Standard.''] Tab Books Inc., 1985, ISBN 0-8306-0907-5, S. 10.</ref> Im Gegensatz zu den Geräten der Konkurrenz wie etwa dem Atari 400 und Commodore VIC 20 mit ihren speziellen [[Integrierter Schaltkreis|integrierten Schaltkreisen]] sollte der zu konstruierende Rechner ausschließlich Standardbauteile beinhalten. Dies versprach eine kostengünstige Entwicklung und damit auch einen niedrigen und somit konkurrenzfähigen Verkaufspreis im prosperierenden amerikanischen Heimcomputermarkt.<ref name="eirich.21">Dietmar Eirich: ''MSX – Der erste Heimcomputer Standard.'' Heyne Computer Bücher, 1985, ISBN 3-453-47052-4, S. 21</ref>

=== Entwicklung ===

Die von den Verantwortlichen vorgegebenen Rahmenbedingungen sahen dabei eine [[8-Bit-Architektur]] basierend auf dem beliebten und günstigen [[Mikroprozessor]] [[Z80]]A vor. Verbunden mit dem in zeitgenössischen Computersystemen ebenfalls häufig eingesetzten Tonerzeugungsbaustein [[AY-3-8910]] von General Instrument und dem bereits im TI-99/4A verbauten Grafikchip von Texas Instruments<ref name="eirich.21" /> versprach man sich ein kostengünstiges, aber dennoch leistungsfähiges System. Die angepeilten Herstellungskosten sollten dabei 30 US-Dollar nicht überschreiten<ref name="msx.standard.13">Robert Chapman Wood: [https://archive.org/stream/TheMSXStandardTheNewComputers/The%20MSX%20Standard%20-%20The%20New%20Computers#page/n27/mode/2up ''The MSX Standard.''] Tab Books Inc., 1985, ISBN 0-8306-0907-5, S. 13.</ref> und damit der anvisierte Verkaufspreis von 100 US-Dollar<ref>Robert Chapman Wood: [https://archive.org/stream/TheMSXStandardTheNewComputers/The%20MSX%20Standard%20-%20The%20New%20Computers#page/n27/mode/2up ''The MSX Standard.''] Tab Books Inc., 1985, ISBN 0-8306-0907-5, S. 12.</ref> genügend Profit abwerfen. Die Entwicklung wurde dem bereits durch enge Zusammenarbeit im Uhrensektor bekannten Partnerunternehmen Bondwell Holding Ltd. aus [[Hongkong]] übertragen, dem auch die spätere Herstellung obliegen sollte.<ref>Robert Chapman Wood: [https://archive.org/stream/TheMSXStandardTheNewComputers/The%20MSX%20Standard%20-%20The%20New%20Computers#page/n27/mode/2up ''The MSX Standard.''] Tab Books Inc., 1985, ISBN 0-8306-0907-5, S. 11.</ref>

==== Zusammenarbeit mit Microsoft ====

Zur Programmierung des Geräts wählte man wie bei vielen anderen zeitgenössischen Computern auch die [[Interpretersprache]] BASIC. Die Wahl des [[BASIC#BASIC-Dialekte|BASIC-Dialektes]] fiel dabei auf den des Marktführers Microsoft. Durch Einbeziehung dieses etablierten Namens erhoffte man sich erhöhte Absätze im hart umkämpften US-Heimcomputermarkt. Im September 1982 schließlich kam der Kontakt mit dem aus Japan stammenden Vizepräsidenten von Microsoft, [[Kazuhiko Nishi]], zustande. Dieser erkannte das Potential des Rechners für sein bereits seit längerem verfolgtes Ziel, einen weltweiten Heimcomputerstandard unter Federführung von Microsoft zu schaffen. Mit Hinblick auf diesen angedachten Einsatz erfolgte eine Überarbeitung der Spectravideo-Hardware durch Nishi: Das [[Leiterplatte#Layout|Platinenlayout]] wurde verbessert, der [[Festwertspeicher]] für Systemsoftware und BASIC erhöht und das Ansteuern externer elektronischer Geräte ermöglicht. Daneben erfolgten Änderungen an der Tastatur und der höchstmöglichen Speicherkapazität. Infolgedessen stiegen die Produktionskosten von den veranschlagten 90 auf 250 [[Deutsche Mark|DM]], ließen dafür aber einen Einsatz des Geräts für Büroanwendungen zu und vergrößerten damit den potentiellen Käuferkreis.<ref>Dietmar Eirich: ''MSX – Der erste Heimcomputer Standard.'' Heyne Computer Bücher, 1985, ISBN 3-453-47052-4, S. 22; Robert Chapman Wood: [https://archive.org/stream/TheMSXStandardTheNewComputers/The%20MSX%20Standard%20-%20The%20New%20Computers#page/n27/mode/2up ''The MSX Standard.''] Tab Books Inc., 1985, ISBN 0-8306-0907-5, S. 12 f.</ref>

Nachdem erste Prototypen bis zum Winter 1982<ref name="smith.p2">Tony Smith: [http://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/06/27/feature_30_years_of_msx/?page=2 ''From Spectravideo to MSX.''] The Register, 27. Juni 2013. Abgerufen am 19. Januar 2016.</ref> fertiggestellt worden waren, bereiste Nishi mit einem dieser Geräte Japan, um dort für den von ihm angestrebten Heimcomputer-Standard zu werben<ref name="eirich.23.f">Dietmar Eirich: ''MSX – Der erste Heimcomputer Standard.'' Heyne Computer Bücher, 1985, ISBN 3-453-47052-4, S. 23 f.</ref><ref name="msx.standard.13" />. Er stieß mit seinem Ansinnen und der Spectravideo-Hardware auf großes Interesse, denn eine solche Vereinheitlichung war in Japan sowohl politisch als auch wirtschaftlich gewollt, bislang aber an fehlenden konkreten Vorschlägen gescheitert.<ref name="smith.p2" /> Etwa zur selben Zeit erfolgte zusammen mit dem japanischen Partnerunternehmen [[ASCII (Unternehmen)|ASCII Corporation]] unter dem Codenamen „Cornflake“ die Erstellung der dem geplanten Standard zugehörigen Programmiersprache. Darin wurden die leistungsfähigsten Merkmale von Microsofts Extended Color BASIC mit denen ihres [[GW-BASIC]] für [[IBM PC|IBM Personal Computer]] vereint.<ref name="smith.p1">Tony Smith: [http://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/06/27/feature_30_years_of_msx/ ''The first would-be home computing standard… 30 years on.''] The Register, 27. Juni 2013. Abgerufen am 19. Januar 2016.</ref> 

<gallery class="center" widths="280px" heights="40px">
Bondwell Logo frameless.svg|Bondwell Holding Ltd.
Microsoft logo (1982).svg|Microsoft Corp. (Logo von 1982 bis 1987)
SVG ASCII logo.svg|ASCII Corp.
</gallery>

==== Abweichung vom MSX-Standard, Einführung zweier Geräteklassen und Veröffentlichung ====

Durch die vielen von Nishi eingebrachten Änderungen befürchtete Spectravideo, zur Herstellung des Computers Lizenzen von Microsoft erwerben zu müssen. Zur Vermeidung der damit verbundenen Gebühren wurde daraufhin – mit Einwilligung Nishis – der SV-318 abweichend zum späteren MSX-Standard gebaut.<ref name="eirich.23.f" /> Diese Unterschiede finden sich in den Ein-/Ausgabeschnittstellen und den Abmessungen des [[Steckmodul]]schachtes. Hinzu kommen Modifikationen an der Systemsoftware, d. h. am Betriebssystem und der nun ''Spectravideo BASIC'' genannten eingebauten höheren Programmiersprache.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/your-computer-magazine-1984-03/YourComputer_1984_03#page/n67/mode/2up/search/spectravideo ''MSX Invaders.''] Your Computer, März 1984, S. 69.</ref> Die Änderungen erfolgten jedoch dergestalt, dass die vollständige [[Kompatibilität (Technik)|Kompatibilität]] zu den MSX-Spezifikationen später vom Käufer durch einen leicht nachrüstbaren Adapter hergestellt werden können sollte.<ref name="eirich.23.f" /> Da man zudem nicht von der ursprünglichen Idee eines Einsteigercomputers abrücken wollte, entschied man sich kurzerhand für den Bau zweier verschieden konfigurierter Computer: ein für den Büroeinsatz vorgesehenes hochwertiges Modell in Form des Spectravideo SV-328 mit mechanischen Tasten sowie 80 KB Arbeitsspeicher und eine abgerüstete Variante mit nur 32 KB Arbeitsspeicher, Gummitastatur und eingebautem Steuerknüppel – den preiswerten Spectravideo SV-318.<ref name="smith.p2" />

Die für die Vorweihnachtszeit 1982 geplante Veröffentlichung konnte durch Verzögerungen seitens Microsoft bei der Auslieferung des BASIC nicht eingehalten werden und musste auf Anfang 1983 verschoben werden. Der Rechner wurde daraufhin bei nächstbester Gelegenheit, im Rahmen der Winter CES im Januar 1983 der Weltöffentlichkeit vorgestellt.<ref>David H. Ahl: ''1984 Winter Consumer Electronics Show.'' Creative Computing, April 1984, S. 132.</ref> Die in der Modellbezeichnung SV-318 enthaltene Zahl basiert dabei vermutlich auf chinesischer [[Numerologie]], in der insbesondere die Ziffer 8 eine hervorgehobene Bedeutung innehat.<ref name="samdal.history">Roger Samdal: [http://www.samdal.com/svhistory.htm ''The history of Spectravideo.''] Samdal.com, abgerufen am 25. Januar 2016.</ref>

=== Vermarktung ===

Wie andere Hersteller auch warb Spectravideo für seinen neuen Computer auf Ausstellungen und in populären Computermagazinen. Dabei hob man insbesondere die Leistungsfähigkeit und die umfangreichen Optionen zur Erweiterung hervor, die immer wieder neue Nutzungsmöglichkeiten für den Computer eröffnen würden („Computer systems you’ll grow into, not out of it.“). Daneben betonten die teils mehrseitigen großformatigen Werbeanzeigen ausdrücklich die Zukunftsfähigkeit des Systems, das neue Standards setzen würde, ohne auf die damit gemeinten MSX-Spezifikationen näher einzugehen („While other computer companies are busy setting new prices Spectravideo is busy setting new standards.“). Zudem stellte man den Redaktionen der Fachpresse frühzeitig Geräte zu Testzwecken zur Verfügung, wovon man sich im Gegenzug positive Kritiken und Kaufempfehlungen versprach.<ref>David H. Ahl: [https://archive.org/stream/creativecomputing-1983-09/Creative_Computing_v09_n09_1983_September#page/n209/mode/2up ''Computers and cereal.''] Creative Computing, September 1983, S. 206.</ref>

==== Einführung und Lieferschwierigkeiten ====
[[Datei:Sir Roger Moore Allan Warren.jpg|mini|Roger Moore (1973)]]
Die erstmals auf der Winter CES 1983 verkündete unverbindliche Preisempfehlung lag bei 299,95 US-Dollar. Der für Ende März 1983 vorgesehene Verkaufsstart konnte wegen Lieferschwierigkeiten nicht eingehalten werden.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/arcade_express_v1n17#page/n1/mode/2up/search/spectravideo ''Spectravideo plans second computer.''] Arcade Express, 27. März 1983, S. 3.</ref> Vermutlich verbunden mit diesem Umstand kam es nur wenig später zum Bruch mit einem der größten Geldgeber: Trotz der erst kurz zuvor eingegangenen japanischen Lizenzierungszusage<ref name="msx.standard.13" /> für die Hardware von Spectravideo zog sich der Investor Trading Industries USA im Mai 1983 völlig unerwartet zurück. Begleitet von Massenentlassungen und einer Verlegung der US-amerikanischen Firmenzentrale erfolgte kurz darauf die Umwandlung von Spectravideo in eine [[Aktiengesellschaft]]. Mithilfe frischen Kapitals wurden weitere umfangreiche Werbekampagnen angestoßen. So engagierte Spectravideo den populären [[James Bond|James-Bond-007]]-Darsteller [[Roger Moore]] ab Oktober 1983 über einen Zeitraum von zwei Jahren hinweg als öffentlichkeitswirksamen [[Werbeträger]].<ref>Ken Uston: ''Reflections on CES.'' Creative Computing, September 1983, S. 224.</ref> Allein die Gage verschlang dabei etwa zwei Millionen US-Dollar.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/Happy.Computer.N02.1983.12-AndreBetz#page/n5/mode/2up/search/spectravideo ''Computer Werbung mit 007.''] Happy Computer, Dezember 1983, S. 6.</ref> Da zur selben Zeit der Ausbau des Vertriebsnetzes vernachlässigt wurde, gelang es nicht, die nach wie vor von der Presse beklagten Lieferengpässe abzubauen.<ref>[https://books.google.de/books?id=pS4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA25&lpg=PA25&dq=infoworld+spectravideo&source=bl&ots=f3H9UhiyBD&sig=-o98yDAV967Nl7XSM04sQsndkI8&hl=de&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjOsKeU0PLJAhVMuRQKHTKXAzoQ6AEIFDAA#v=onepage&q=infoworld%20spectravideo&f=false ''Spectravideo tries again.''] InfoWorld, 19. November 1984, S. 25.</ref>

Die ersten Geräte kamen Ende 1983 in den Handel.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/Electronic_Games_Volume_02_Number_06_1983-08_Reese_Communications_US#page/n19/mode/2up/search/spectravideo ''Spectravideo upgrades the SV-318.''] Electronic Games, August 1983, S. 20.</ref> Die auf Kostenminimierung bedachte Vermarktung erfolgte wenig später ausschließlich über große Einzelhandelsketten, Fachhändler blieben gänzlich außen vor.<ref>Tom R. Halfhill: [https://archive.org/stream/1983-02-compute-magazine/Compute_Issue_033_1983_Feb#page/n53/mode/2up ''Spectra Video’s new Home Computer.''] Compute!, Februar 1983, S. 52.</ref> Neben dem eigentlichen Computer war ab Veröffentlichung auch eine Vielzahl von Peripherie- und Erweiterungsgeräten im Verkaufssortiment vorgesehen. Wie von Commodore erstmals praktiziert, setzte man auch bei Spectravideo gezielt auf die Inkompatibilität des SV-318 zu Peripheriegeräten anderer Hersteller. Damit waren die Käufer gezwungen, beispielsweise den zur Datensicherung benötigten Datenrekorder von Spectravideo zu erwerben.<ref name="smith.p3">Tony Smith: [http://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/06/27/feature_30_years_of_msx/?page=3 ''Would-be world standard.''] The Register, 27. Juni 2013. Abgerufen am 19. Januar 2016.</ref>

==== Internationaler Vertrieb, SVI-Logo und Überarbeitung ====

Obwohl die Lieferschwierigkeiten auf dem US-amerikanischen Markt anhielten,<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/1984-04-compute-magazine/Compute_Issue_047_1984_Apr#page/n15/mode/2up/search/spectravideo ''Computer Wars among the Wares''] Compute!, April 1984, S. 14.</ref> forcierte Spectravideo die internationale Vermarktung. Dabei bediente man sich einer bereits Anfang 1982 in Hongkong für den weltweiten Vertrieb von Joysticks und Spielen gegründeten Tochterfirma, die Ende 1982 in Spectravideo International Ltd. (alternative Schreibweise ebenfalls ''Spectravideo'') umbenannt wurde.<ref>[https://www.hkgbusiness.com/en/company/Spectravideo-International-Limited ''Spectravideo International Limited.''] Hkgbusiness.com, abgerufen am 25. Januar 2016.</ref> Diese selbst trat jedoch nicht als Verkäufer in Erscheinung, sondern übertrug den Vertrieb jeweils regionalen [[Distributor]]en.

[[Datei:SVI Spectravideo Logo.svg|160px|links]]
Für den deutschsprachigen Raum fungierte die Firma Bernd Jöllenbeck GmbH ab Mitte 1983 als [[Generalimporteur]] für Spectravideos Heimcomputer.<ref>Bernd Jöllenbeck GmbH: ''Der Einstieg in die Profi-Klasse. Für nur 888,– Mark.'' Chip, Juli 1983, S. 1.</ref> Der unverbindliche Verkaufspreis für den SV-318 in Höhe von 888 DM war bereits im April 1983 auf der [[Hannover Messe]] verkündet worden.<ref>Wolfgang Taschner: ''Ausbaufähiger Rechner im Baukastensystem.'' Chip, Juli 1983, S. 82.</ref> Erste Auslieferungen der Geräte erfolgten – wie in den anderen europäischen Ländern auch – jedoch erst gegen Ende 1983. In Großbritannien konnte der Rechner dann zum [[Nettopreis]] von 199 [[Pfund Sterling|britischen Pfund]]<ref name="smith.p3" /> (CK Computers<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/TV_Gamer_1984-03_Boytonbrook_GB#page/n5/mode/2up/search/spectravideo ''Computer that takes Coleco games.''] TV Gamer, März 1984, S. 7.</ref>) erworben werden, in Frankreich kostete er bei seiner nur wenig späteren Einführung 2980 [[Französischer Franc|Franc]] (Valric-Laurene<ref>Valric-Laurène: [https://archive.org/stream/led-micro-magazine-07/ledmicro_numero_07_1984_02#page/n51/mode/2up/search/spectravideo ''Spectravidéo SV-318.''] Led Micro Magazine, Februar 1984, S. 53.</ref>). Der italienische Distributor Comtrad S.r.l. entschied sich für einen Verkauf ausschließlich als [[Bündelangebot]] mit der Datasette SV-903 und zwei Programmen für insgesamt 720.000 [[Italienische Lira|Lira]].<ref>Maurizio Bergami: ''Spectravideo SV-328.'' MC Microcomputer, Ausgabe 29, April 1984, S. 53.</ref> Daneben kam der SV-318 ebenso in den skandinavischen Ländern Schweden (Ronex AB/Televerket<ref>[http://kilroy71.fastmail.fm/gallery/Spectravideo/ ''Spectravideo.''] Kilroy’s Vintage Computers, abgerufen am 25. Januar 2016.</ref>, 3990 [[Schwedische Krone|schwedische Kronen]]<ref>[http://www.cbm.sfks.se/tidning/datorpris.html ''Swedish home computer prices.''] Kilroy’s Vintage Computers, abgerufen am 25. Januar 2016.</ref>), Norwegen und Finnland (Teknopiste<ref>Juho Kuorikoski: ''Finnish Video Games: A History and Catalog.'' 2015, ISBN 978-0-7864-9962-5, S. 10.</ref>) in den Handel. Aber auch außerhalb Europas und der USA wie beispielsweise in Australien (Videoactiv<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/Score_201506/score!#page/n37/mode/2up/search/spectravideo ''Software competition.''] Score!, 1983, S. 37.</ref>, ab März 1984 durch Rose Music Pty. Ltd.<ref>Peter Deckert: ''Editor’s Comment.'' Newsletter Spectravideo Australasian Users Group, März 1984, S. 2.</ref>), Neuseeland (Computer South, 899 [[Neuseeland-Dollar|NZ$]]<ref>Martin Downey: [https://archive.org/stream/nzbitsandbytes-2-04/NZ-bits-and-bytes-issue-2-04#page/n31/mode/2up ''One nifty feature after another.''] Bits and Bytes, Dezember 1983/Januar 1984, S. 31.</ref>) und Südafrika<ref>Dietmar Eirich: ''MSX – Der erste Heimcomputer Standard.'' Heyne, 1985, S. 155.</ref> konnte der Rechner im lokalen Computerhandel bezogen werden. In diesen Zeitraum fällt auch die erste Verwendung des Markenzeichens ''SVI'' mit dem dazugehörigen Logo.<ref>[https://trademarks.justia.com/735/67/svi-73567438.html ''SVI – Trademark Details.''] Trademarks.justia.com, abgerufen am 25. Januar 2016.</ref>

Nicht ganz unerwartet kündigte Spectravideo auf der Winter CES im Januar 1984 die Einstellung der US-amerikanischen Aktivitäten aufgrund schlechtgehender Verkäufe an.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/1984-04-compute-magazine/Compute_Issue_047_1984_Apr#page/n15/mode/2up/search/spectravideo ''SpectraVideo joins MSX Movement.''] Compute!, April 1984, S. 28.</ref> Daneben wurde ein revisioniertes Modell des SV-318 für die verbleibenden Märkte vorgestellt. Die überarbeitete Version mit neuem ''SVI''-Logo und dem angehängten Namenskürzel ''MKII'' (Abk. für engl. ''[[Mark (Produktbezeichnung)|Mark]] II'', zu deutsch ''Modell II'') verfügt über einen integrierten [[HF-Modulator]] sowie einen neuen elektronischen Spezialbaustein nebst darauf abgestimmter Hauptplatine. Der in [[Uncommitted Logic Array|ULA-Technologie]] gefertigte Chip vereint vormalige Einzelbauelemente in sich, was die Herstellungskosten und damit den Preis des Computers zu reduzieren half.<ref name="samdal.history" /> Der SVI-318 MKII wurde in Deutschland erstmals auf der Düsseldorfer HiFi-Video-Messe Ende August 1984 vorgestellt<ref>Michael Lang: [https://archive.org/stream/Happy.Computer.N13.1984.11-Cartman#page/n9/mode/2up/search/spectravideo ''Aktuelles.''] Happy Computer, November 1984, S. 10.</ref> und war nur wenig später im Oktober 1984 für 698 DM erhältlich.<ref>''Das richtige Modell für jeden Geldbeutel.'' P. M. Computermagazin, Oktober 1984, S. 105.</ref>

==== Übernahme durch Bondwell ====

Trotz der gutgehenden Geschäfte in den außeramerikanischen Märkten geriet Spectravideo im Laufe des Jahres 1984 erneut in finanzielle Schwierigkeiten. Die ausstehenden Schulden bei über 200 Gläubigern hatten sich mittlerweile auf 2,6 Millionen US-Dollar angehäuft und konnten von Spectravideo nicht mehr bedient werden. Bondwell übernahm daraufhin im November 1984 die Mehrheit der Aktienanteile, die Leitung der Geschäfte<ref>[https://books.google.de/books?id=pS4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA25&lpg=PA25&dq=infoworld+spectravideo&source=bl&ots=f3H9UhiyBD&sig=-o98yDAV967Nl7XSM04sQsndkI8&hl=de&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjOsKeU0PLJAhVMuRQKHTKXAzoQ6AEIFDAA#v=onepage&q=infoworld%20spectravideo&f=false ''Spectravideo tries again.''] InfoWorld, 19. November 1984, S. 25.</ref> und traf neue Vereinbarungen zum Begleichen der Schulden.<ref>[http://www.electricadventures.net/images/stories/magazines/SAUG.2.02.pdf ''The Intro.''] SAUG Newsletters, November 1984, S. 2.</ref> 1985 schließlich wurde die Niederlassung in den USA aufgegeben und sämtliche [[Warenzeichen]] an den Mehrheitseigner aus Hongkong übertragen.<ref>[https://trademarks.justia.com/735/68/spectravideo-73568297.html ''SPECTRAVIDEO – Trademark Details.''] Trademarks.justia.com, abgerufen am 25. Januar 2016.</ref>

Im Jahr 1985 betrug der Marktanteil von Spectravideos Computern SV-318 (MKII) und SV-328 (MKII) zusammen in einigen Ländern bis zu zehn Prozent<ref>Dietmar Eirich: ''MSX – Der erste Heimcomputer Standard.'' Heyne, 1985, S. 24.</ref>, was beispielsweise für Schweden etwa 15.000 Geräten entsprach.<ref>''Computers in Sweden – Homes.'' Comparative Worldwide National Computer Policies: Proceedings of the Third Ifip Tc9 Conference on Human Choice and Computers, Stockholm, Sweden, 2–5 September 1985, S. 223.</ref> Den Angaben der Spectravideo-Gründer zufolge soll der Marktanteil teilweise sogar bei bis zu 15 Prozent gelegen haben.<ref>Dietmar Eirich: ''MSX – Der erste Heimcomputer Standard.'' Heyne, 1985, S. 156.</ref> In der auf Händlerumfragen basierenden [[Bestseller]]liste des auflagenstarken deutschen Computermagazins ''[[Chip (Zeitschrift)|Chip]]'' sind die Computer SV-318 und SV-328 von der ersten [[Erhebung (Empirie)|Datenerhebung]] im November 1983 bis zum August 1984 vertreten. Die Positionierung bewegt sich dabei großteils im Bereich um den 10. Platz, die höchste Platzierung auf Position 5 wurde im Februar 1984 erreicht. Weltweite Verkaufszahlen sind nicht bekannt.  

<gallery class="center" widths="320px" heights="65px" caption="Typenschilder der Computer Spectravideo SV-318 und SVI-318 MKII">
SV 318 ID plate.svg
SVI 318 ID plate.svg
</gallery>

{| class="wikitable center" style="text-align:center"
|+Platzierung der Modelle SV-318 und SV-328 in der Bestsellerliste des deutschen Computermagazins ''Chip'' 
|-
| rowspan="2" | Zeitraum || colspan="2" | 1983 || colspan="9" | 1984
|-
| November || Dezember || Januar || Februar || März || April || Mai || Juni || Juli || August || ab September
|-
| Platzierung ||10<ref>''Bestseller-Liste Home-Computer.'' Chip, Februar 1984, S. 72.</ref> || >10<ref>''Bestseller-Liste Home-Computer.'' Chip, März 1984, S. 54.</ref> || 10<ref>''Bestseller-Liste Home-Computer.'' Chip, April 1984, S. 69.</ref> || 5<ref>''Bestseller-Liste Home-Computer.'' Chip, Mai 1984, S. 54.</ref> || 9<ref>''Bestseller-Liste Home-Computer.'' Chip, Juni 1984, S. 107.</ref> || >10<ref>''Bestseller-Liste Home-Computer.'' Chip, Juli 84, S. 77.</ref> || 10<ref>''Bestseller-Liste Home-Computer.'' Chip, August 1984, S. 76.</ref> || >10<ref>''Bestseller-Liste Home-Computer.'' Chip, September 1984, S. 106.</ref> || >10<ref>''Bestseller-Liste Home-Computer.'' Chip, Oktober 1984, S. 102.</ref> || 9<ref>''Bestseller-Liste Home-Computer.'' Chip, November 1984, S. 134.</ref> || >10<ref>''Bestseller-Liste Home-Computer.'' Chip, Dezember, S. 262. In späteren Heften taucht der SV-318 nicht mehr in der Liste auf.</ref>
|}

== Technische Details ==
[[File:SV-318 Motherboard.jpg|thumb|SV-318 Hauptplatine]]

Das Gehäuse des SV-318 enthält eine Platine mit der Rechen- und Speicherbaugruppe, den Peripherieanschlüssen, dem nach außen geführten Systembus für Erweiterungen, dem Modulschacht und der Spannungsregelung für das externe Netzteil. Die darauf befindlichen elektronischen Hauptbestandteile sind die Z80-CPU (Abkürzung für englisch ''central processing unit''), der Videoprozessor, der Tonerzeugungsbaustein, die Ein-/Ausgabeeinheiten und der Arbeitsspeicher für CPU (kurz [[Random-Access Memory|RAM]] für englisch ''random-access memory'') und Videoprozessor (kurz [[Video Random Access Memory|VRAM]] für englisch ''video random-access memory''). Der Festwertspeicher ist auf einer gesteckten Nebenplatine untergebracht. Beim neueren SVI-318 MKII sind zwei Platinen verbaut: der Festwertspeicher sowie der HF-Modulator sind in die größere der beiden Leiterplatten integriert, die kleinere Platine enthält die Spannungsregelungsbaugruppe.

Der Spectravideo SV-318 verfügt im Gegensatz zu etwa Atari 400 und [[Commodore 64]] über keine eigens für ihn konstruierten integrierten Schaltkreise. Vielmehr werden ausschließlich elektronische Bestandteile verwendet, die auch in Geräten anderer Hersteller Verwendung finden und somit im weitesten Sinne als Standardbauteile bezeichnet werden können. Beispielsweise ist der Grafikchip TMS9918A in seinen verschiedenen Varianten in den Spielekonsolen [[ColecoVision]] und [[SG-1000|Sega SG-1000/SC-3000]], in den Heimcomputern [[Texas Instruments TI-99/4A]] und der [[Memotech MTX|Memotech-MTX]]-Reihe sowie in allen Geräten der [[MSX#Spezifikation|ersten MSX-Generation]] enthalten. Im revisionierten Modell SVI-318 MKII kommt dagegen ein spezieller in ULA-Technologie gefertigter Baustein zum Einsatz, der vormalige kleinere Einzelelemente zusammenfasst. Er lässt die Leistungsmerkmale des Computers unberührt, erlaubte aber eine kosteneffizientere Herstellung des Computers.

=== Hauptprozessor ===

Die [[Rechnerarchitektur|Systemarchitektur]] der SV-318-Computer basiert auf dem Z80-Mikroprozessor von Zilog in der mit 3,6 [[Hertz (Einheit)|MHz]] [[Taktsignal#Arbeitsgeschwindigkeit von Prozessoren|getakteten]] Variante. Diese Z80A-CPU kann auf einen [[Adressraum]] von 65536 [[Byte]] zugreifen, was auch die theoretisch mögliche Obergrenze des Arbeitsspeichers von 64 Kilobytes (KB) festlegt. Durch Speicherbankumschaltung ist es möglich, auch mehr als 65536 verschiedene Byte durch aufeinanderfolgendes Einblenden weiterer Bausteine für Arbeits- und Festwertspeicher anzusprechen. Die CPU hat keinen direkten Zugriff auf den Arbeitsspeicher des Videoprozessors.

=== Speicher und Speicheraufteilung ===

Aus praktischen Gründen ist es üblich, für Adressen anstelle der [[Dezimalsystem|dezimalen Notation]] die [[Hexadezimalsystem|hexadezimale]] zu verwenden. Dieser wird zur besseren Unterscheidbarkeit üblicherweise ein $-Symbol vorangestellt. Den Adressen von 0 bis 65535 in dezimaler Notation entsprechen im hexadezimalen System die Adressen $0000 bis $FFFF.

Die [[Register (Computer)|Register]] der Spezialbausteine und der Steckkarten des Super-Expanders befinden sich innerhalb eines von $0000 bis $00FF reichenden Segmentes,<ref>Andrzey Feldczak: [http://www.samdal.com/SVIDOCS/SV_MaskinspraksManualen.pdf ''Översiktskarta för In/Ut portana i SV-318/SV-328 samt expander.''] Maskinspraksmanual, Ronex Computer AB, S. 20.</ref> unmittelbar gefolgt vom Festwertspeicher mit BASIC-[[Interpreter]] und dem Betriebssystem ($0100 bis $7FFF). Beim SV-318 besteht dieser Festwertspeicher aus vier [[EPROM]]s mit einer Kapazität von je 8 KB, das revisionierte Modell SVI-318 MKII beinhaltet dagegen zwei [[Maskenprogrammierung|ROM]]-Bausteine à 16 KB.<ref> {{Webarchiv|text=''ROM.'' |url=http://msx.hansotten.com/uploads/msxdocs/ServiceTechnicalManualSVI3x8.pdf |wayback=20160107112011}} Service and Technical Manual, Spectravideo, S. 4.45.</ref> Der Bereich von $8000 bis $BFFF ist für Steckmodule und später nachzurüstenden Arbeitsspeicher vorgesehen, $C000 bis $FFFF werden durch das ab Werk eingebaute RAM in Höhe von 16 KB belegt. Letzterer dient jedoch ab Adresse $F500 als Zwischenspeicher für das Betriebssystem und den BASIC-Interpreter, steht dem Benutzer daher nie in voller Größe zur Verfügung.<ref>Wilfried Manske: [http://www.samdal.com/SVIDOCS/svi328_rom_listing.pdf ''SVI ROM Listing.''] 1985, S. 1–72.</ref>

=== Grafik ===

Die Verarbeitung der vom Benutzer oder der Systemsoftware vorgegebenen Grafikdaten und deren Einspeisung in den HF-Modulator übernimmt ein spezieller programmierbarer Schaltkreis von Texas Instruments. Die verschiedenen Bildschirmnormen werden dabei durch entsprechend angepasste Versionen dieses [[Integrationsgrad|hochintegrierten (LSI)]] Grafikprozessors realisiert: Bilddaten für [[NTSC]]-Fernseher erzeugt der Typ ''TMS9918A'', die Ausgabe an NTSC-Computermonitoren übernimmt das Modell ''TMS9928A'', zur Realisierung von [[Phase Alternating Line|PAL]]- und [[SECAM]]-Ausgabe wird die Version ''TMS9929A'' eingesetzt.<ref>''TMS9918A/9928A/9929A Video Display Processors.'' Hrsg. v. TI Semiconductor Group, Houston (1982), Kapitel 1.</ref>
[[Datei:TMS9918A 02.jpg|mini|Grafikbaustein TMS9918A]]
Der Grafikprozessor ermöglicht für 192 Bildzeilen jeweils die Ausgabe von 320 Punkten. Für eine effiziente Erzeugung der Bildinhalte kann er auf einen eigens für ihn reservierten Teil des gesamten Arbeitsspeichers mit einer Kapazität von 16 KB, das sogenannte Video-RAM (kurz VRAM), zurückgreifen. Die zu verarbeitenden Grafikdaten werden darin zuvor mithilfe der CPU hinterlegt, wobei der Grafikprozessor als datenübermittelnde Schnittstelle dient. Der eigentliche Bildaufbau geschieht danach autonom, wodurch die CPU während dieser Phase weitere Programme abzuarbeiten in der Lage ist. Auch wenn der Bildaufbau unabhängig von der CPU realisiert wird, so kann diese dennoch zu bestimmten Zeitpunkten eingreifen und dem Grafikprozessor Änderungen an den Bilddaten des aktuell bearbeiteten Bildpunktes übermitteln.<ref>''TMS9918A/9928A/9929A Video Display Processors.'' Hrsg. v. TI Semiconductor Group, Houston (1982), Kapitel 3.</ref>

Die im VRAM hinterlegten Daten werden je nach Arbeitsmodus des Grafikprozessors verschieden interpretiert und damit verschieden dargestellt. Im Textmodus lassen sich so 40 × 24 Zeichen mit einer Größe von jeweils 8 × 6 Bildpunkten auf den Bildschirm bringen. Bei den hochauflösenden Grafikstufen I und II wird die Bildschirmdarstellungsfläche aus technischen Gründen in 768 verschiedene jeweils 8 × 8 Bildpunkte umfassende Areale unterteilt, innerhalb derer bestimmte Zeichenmuster (engl. ''patterns'') und Farbkombinationen für die gesetzten Bildpunkte möglich sind. Die speichersparende Grafikstufe I erlaubt in einem solchen Areal die Verwendung von lediglich zwei der maximal 16 möglichen Farben. Hinzu kommt, dass die 768 Areale nur durch höchstens 256 voneinander verschiedene Zeichenmuster belegbar sind. Die ressourcenintensive Grafikstufe II erlaubt dagegen pro Areal die gleichzeitige Nutzung aller 16 möglichen Farben bei einer Farbauflösung von 8 × 1 Bildpunkten, d. h. pro Bildzeile eines Areals ist höchstens eine vom Hintergrund verschiedene Farbe darstellbar. Im Gegensatz zu Grafikstufe I kann jedem der 768 Areale ein separates Zeichenmuster zugeordnet werden, wodurch sich Grafikstufe II zum Darstellen hochaufgelöster [[Rastergrafik]] eignet. Eine weitere Grafikstufe ist die mit 64 × 48 Pixeln zwar weniger hoch aufgelöste ''Vielfarbgrafik'', deren 4 × 4 Bildpunkte messende Pixel dafür aber keinen Beschränkungen bei der Farbauswahl unterliegen.<ref>[http://map.grauw.nl/resources/video/ti-vdp-programmers-guide.pdf ''The Different Display Modes.''] Video Display Processors Programmer’s Guide, Texas Instruments, 1984, Kapitel 8.</ref>

Zusätzlich zu den Grafikdaten lassen sich 32 unabhängige und ebenfalls im VRAM zu hinterlegende Grafikobjekte, die [[Sprite (Computergrafik)|Sprites]], darstellen. Allerdings sind pro Bildschirmzeile höchstens vier Sprites gleichzeitig möglich. Für die stets einfarbigen Sprites sind dabei Abmessungen von 8 × 8, 16 × 16 und 32 × 32 Bildpunkten wählbar. Während sie gemäß benutzerdefinierbaren Überlappungsregeln in das von der Grafikstufe erzeugte Hintergrundbild kopiert werden, erfolgt gleichzeitig eine [[Kollisionserkennung (Algorithmische Geometrie)|Kollisionsprüfung]]. Dabei wird festgestellt, ob sich die Sprites untereinander oder bestimmte Teile des Hintergrundbildes am aktuell bearbeiteten Bildpunkt berühren. Diese Fähigkeiten wurden zur vereinfachten Erstellung von Spielen mit interagierenden Grafikobjekten und schnellem Spielgeschehen entwickelt. Im letzten Arbeitsgang wird aus den zusammengeführten Grafikdaten für den aktuell bearbeiteten Bildpunkt das eigentliche Videosignal erzeugt und in den HF-Modulator zur Ausgabe am angeschlossenen Fernseher eingespeist. Der Prozess wird solange wiederholt, bis alle Bildpunkte dargestellt worden sind.<ref>[http://map.grauw.nl/resources/video/ti-vdp-programmers-guide.pdf ''Sprites.''] Video Display Processors Programmer’s Guide, Texas Instruments, 1984, Kapitel 9.</ref>

=== Ton, Ein- und Ausgabe, Schnittstellen ===

In einem weiteren hochintegrierten Baustein, dem [[AY-3-8910]] von General Instrument, sind die Baugruppen zur Tonerzeugung und diverser anderer Funktionen wie etwa der Joystickabfrage und der Speicherverwaltung untergebracht. Insbesondere zur Tonerzeugung und -verfremdung stehen mannigfache Möglichkeiten zur Verfügung, die nach einer entsprechenden Initialisierung durch die CPU ohne deren weiteres Fortwirken völlig autonom umgesetzt und in den HF-Modulator eingespeist werden. Es stehen hierbei drei unabhängig voneinander agierende und frei programmierbare Tonkanäle mit jeweils acht [[Oktave]]n Stimmenumfang zur Verfügung. Pro Kanal werden zunächst auf digitalem Wege [[Rechteckschwingung]]en erzeugt und wahlweise mit [[Pseudozufallsrauschen]] kombiniert, um anschließend durch einen [[Digital-Analog-Umsetzer|Umsetzer]] als [[Analogsignal|analoges Signal]] mit zuvor wählbarer [[Amplitude]] und [[Hüllkurvendemodulator|Hüllkurve]] ausgegeben zu werden.<ref>[http://users.rcn.com/carlott/ay3-8910.pdf ''Operation.''] AY-3-8910/8912 Programmable Sound Generator Data Manual, General Instruments, Kapitel 3.</ref>

Als Verbindungen zur Außenwelt dienen ein Erweiterungssteckplatz (herausgeführter [[Systembus]]) und ein [[Steckmodul]]schacht. Die Ansteuerung der an den Computer direkt anschließbaren Peripheriegeräte obliegt dem ebenfalls durch den Benutzer programmierbaren Ein-/Ausgabebaustein [[Intel 8255]]. Zu dessen Aufgabenbereich zählen die Tastaturabfrage, die Abfrage des optionalen [[Grafiktablett]]s und die Bereitstellung der Schnittstelle zum Ansteuern des Datenrekorders, die Abfrage der [[Paddle (Eingabegerät)|Paddles]] sowie des Joystick-Feuerknopfes.<ref> {{Webarchiv|text=''8255 Port A (Input Port).'' |url=http://msx.hansotten.com/uploads/msxdocs/ServiceTechnicalManualSVI3x8.pdf |wayback=20160107112011}} Service and Technical Manual, Spectravideo, S. 4.55.</ref> Der SV-318 verfügt über eine fünfpolige Buchse zum Anschluss des externen HF-Modulators<ref>Gerhard Fally: {{Webarchiv|text=''SV-Hardware.'' |url=http://msx.hansotten.com/uploads/msxdocs/SVI_Journal_1984-1.pdf |wayback=20131122030852}} SVI-Journal, Januar 1984, S. 6.</ref>, beim SVI-318 MKII mit eingebauten HF-Modulator findet sich eine Buchse zum Anschluss des Fernsehgerätes und zwei weitere [[Cinch]]-Buchsen für Audio- und Videosignal zum Betreiben eines entsprechenden Monitors.

== Erweiterungssysteme und Peripherie ==

Der Spectravideo SV-318 ist als modular ausbaubares System konzipiert worden, wobei ein separat zu erwerbender Bauelementeträger Steckplätze zum Anschluss externer Peripheriegeräte bereitstellt.

=== Bauelementeträger ===

Zur Erweiterung kann je nach Anzahl der zu benutzenden Steckkarten entweder der preisgünstige Mini-Expander mit der Modellbezeichnung ''SV-602'' mit nur einem Steckplatz oder der teurere ''Super-Expander SV 601'' mit sieben Steckplätzen zum Einsatz kommen. Zur Erweiterung des Spectravideo SVI-318 MKII lassen sich die überarbeiteten Modelle des Super-Expanders mit den Modellbezeichnungen ''SVI-605'', ''SVI-605A'' und ''SVI-605B'' benutzen. Diese verfügen bereits über eine fest eingebaute Centronics- und Diskettenschnittstelle nebst bis zu zwei intern verbauten 5¼″-Laufwerksmechaniken. Das Modell SVI-605 wurde standardmäßig mit nur einem von zwei möglichen Diskettenlaufwerken ausgeliefert, SVI-605A und SVI-605B enthielten dagegen ab Werk jeweils zwei Laufwerksmechaniken. Daneben stellen diese drei Modelle jeweils vier weitere Steckplätze zur Verfügung.<ref name="super.expander.3"> {{Webarchiv|text=''Super Expanders User’s Manual.'' |url=http://msx.hansotten.com/uploads/msxdocs/SVI-605_SuperExpanderUsersManual.pdf |wayback=20131122030456}} Spectravideo, 1984, S. 3.</ref>

Die Super-Expander aller Baureihen dienen durch ihre robuste Bauweise gleichzeitig als Untersatz für eine augenfreundliche erhöhte Positionierung von Bildgeräten<ref>Darren Williamson: [https://archive.org/stream/tv-gamer-magazine-1984-07/TV_Gamer_Issue_1984_07#page/n39/mode/2up ''Spectra must live up to its promises.''] TV Gamer Magazine, Juli 1984, S. 40.</ref>, legen durch die feste Steckverbindung mit dem Computer aber auch einen häufig als zu gering empfundenen Abstand zum Bildgerät fest.<ref>Peter Deckert: ''Umbilical Cord for the SV.'' Newsletter for the Spectravideo Users Club of Tasmania, Februar 1984, S. 15.</ref>

=== Arbeitsspeicher ===

Die Aufrüstung der Computer mit Arbeitsspeicher geschieht durch externe Steckkarten mit 16 KB oder 64 KB RAM. Sie finden im anzuschließenden Expander-System Platz. Der Spectravideo SV-318 kann auf maximal 144 KB Arbeitsspeicher aufgerüstet werden.

=== Massenspeicher ===

Bei Heimcomputern der frühen 1980er Jahre kamen als Massenspeicher hauptsächlich Kassettenrekorder und Diskettenlaufwerke, im professionellen Umfeld bei den Personalcomputern zunehmend auch Fest- und Wechselplattenlaufwerke zum Einsatz. Die in der Anschaffung günstigste Variante der Datenaufzeichnung durch Audiokassetten hat i. A. den Nachteil geringer Datenübertragungsraten und damit langer Ladezeiten, wohingegen die wesentlich schnelleren und verlässlicheren Disketten- und Plattenlaufwerke sehr viel teurer in der Anschaffung waren.<ref>Dietmar Eirich: ''Computer Peripherie.'' Heyne, München 1985, ISBN 3-453-47058-3, S. 51 ff.</ref> Für den SV-318 war kurz nach Markteinführung neben der Datasette ''SV-903'' auch ein passendes Diskettenlaufwerk erhältlich, die Floppy ''SV-902''.

==== Datenrekorder SV-903 und SV-904 ====
[[Datei:Spectravideo SV 904 tape drive.jpg|mini|Datenrekorder SV-904]]
Der SV-318 konnte bis zur Veröffentlichung des MSX-Erweiterungsmoduls SVI-606 nicht mit handelsüblichen [[Kassettenrekorder]]n betrieben werden. Vielmehr wurden spezielle Datenrekorder benötigt, die an eine eigens dafür vorgesehene Buchse des SV-318 angeschlossen werden. Die leistungsfähigere der beiden Datenrekorder mit der Bezeichnung ''SV-903'' verfügt im Gegensatz zum Einsteigermodell ''SV-904'' über einen [[Stereofonie|Stereo]]-[[Tonkopf]] und ein Mikrofon. Damit können beispielsweise während des Ladens von Programmen zuvor mit den Mikrofon aufgenommene Benutzungsanweisungen wiedergegeben werden. Die mittlere [[Datenübertragungsrate]] beider Datenrekordermodelle beträgt jeweils 1800 [[Bit]]/[[Sekunde|s]], ein für damalige Verhältnisse hoher Wert (zum Vergleich: Atari 600 Bit/s, Commodore 300 Bit/s, [[Sinclair ZX Spectrum]] 1500 Bit/s).<ref>Steve Cooke: [https://archive.org/stream/personalcomputergames-magazine-04/PersonalComputerGames_04#page/n61/mode/2up ''Spectravideo.''] Personal Computer Games, März 1984, S. 59; [https://archive.org/stream/creativecomputing-1983-09/Creative_Computing_v09_n09_1983_September#page/n27/mode/2up ''Program and Data Storage.''] Creative Computing, September 1983, S. 24.</ref>

Erst mit der 1985 erfolgten Einführung des MSX-Erweiterungsmoduls SVI-606 und dazugehörigem Kassettenkabel SVI-208 war auch der Betrieb mit einem handelsüblichen Kassettenrekorder zum Laden von MSX-Software möglich.<ref>[http://www.samdal.com/SVIDOCS/SVI606UsersManual.pdf ''MSX Game Adapter User’s Manual.''] Spectravideo International Ltd., 1985, S. 6.</ref>

==== Diskettenlaufwerk SV-902 ====
[[Datei:Spectravideo SV 902 disc drive.jpg|mini|Diskettenlaufwerk SV-902]]
Zusammen mit den Datenrekordern SV-903 und SV-904 war kurz nach Markteinführung des SV-318 auch ein entsprechendes Diskettenlaufwerk erhältlich. Der Einsatz eines solchen Diskettenlaufwerkes erfordert zum einen den Anschluss entsprechender Ansteuerungselektronik und zum anderen die Aufrüstung des Arbeitsspeichers des Computers. Da diese Komponenten von Spectravideo nur über separate Steckkarten bereitgestellt wurden, ist der Einsatz des Super-Expanders SV-601 zum Betrieb von Diskettenlaufwerken unumgänglich. Er nimmt das Disketteninterface ''SV-801'' für den gleichzeitigen Betrieb von bis zu zwei Diskettenlaufwerken und zusätzlichen Arbeitsspeicher auf. Die Größe des aufzurüstenden RAM muss dabei mindestens 32 KB betragen, was durch den Einsatz zweier Speicherkarten des Typs ''SV-803'' à 16 KB oder einer einzelnen des Typs ''SV-807'' mit 64 KB RAM möglich wird.<ref>''Ausbaufähiger Rechner im Baukastensystem.'' Chip, Juli 1983, S. 80.</ref>

Mit dem Diskettenlaufwerk ''SV-902'' können 5¼″-Disketten einseitig in doppelter Schreibdichte mit 18 Sektoren à 128 Bytes und 663 Sektoren à 256 Bytes beschrieben werden. Die dazu benötigten Programme werden durch das Diskettenbetriebssystem ''Disc BASIC'' bereitgestellt.<ref>Hans Magnusson: [http://www.samdal.com/svdiskformat.htm ''Mer om Spectravideo och Fleiskivor.''] SpectraView, 195.</ref> Abzüglich von Systemdateien verbleiben pro Diskettenseite dann etwa 153 KB zum Abspeichern von Daten.<ref>L. A. Dunning: ''Exploring BASIC Pt-14.'' Newsletter Spectravideo Australasian Users Group, November 1985, S. 3 ff.</ref> Das Diskettenlaufwerk ermöglicht zudem die Verwendung von CP/M-basierten Disketten und eröffnet damit die Möglichkeit des unkomplizierten Lesens und Verarbeitens von CP/M-Software für den SV-318.<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/creativecomputing-1983-09/Creative_Computing_v09_n09_1983_September#page/n27/mode/2up ''Program and Data Storage.''] Creative Computing, September 1983, S. 24.</ref>

==== Diskettenlaufwerke der Super-Expander SVI-605, SVI-605A und SVI-605B ====

Im Gegensatz zum Super-Expander SV-601 enthalten die für die zweite Baureihe (MKII) gedachten Super-Expander bereits die zum Betrieb von Diskettenlaufwerken benötigte Ansteuerungselektronik. Darüber hinaus verfügt das Modell SVI-605 über ein integriertes 5¼″-Laufwerk mit einer Speicherkapazität von etwa 160 KB, der SVI-605A über deren zwei.<ref name="super.expander.3" /> Beim SVI-605B sind ebenfalls zwei Laufwerke verbaut, deren Speicherkapazität jedoch bei jeweils 320 KB liegt.<ref>Bernd Jöllenbeck GmbH: [https://archive.org/stream/Happy.Computer.N13.1984.11-Cartman#page/n165/mode/2up/search/svi-605 ''Die Super-Computer.''] Happy Computer, November 1984, S. 167.</ref>

=== Tastatur und andere Eingabegeräte ===

Die Gummimembrantastatur des SV-318 verfügt über insgesamt 67 Weichgummitasten inklusive fünfer Funktionstasten und dreier Programmsteuertasten. Sie ist im Vergleich beispielsweise zum Konkurrenzcomputer Sinclair ZX Spectrum solider ausgelegt und die Tasten sind weniger dicht angeordnet, was dem Schreibkomfort zugutekommt. Letzteren soll auch die einer Schreibmaschine entsprechende Anordnung (QWERTY) der alphanumerischen Tasten erhöhen.<ref>David H. Ahl: [https://archive.org/stream/creativecomputing-1983-09/Creative_Computing_v09_n09_1983_September#page/n21/mode/2up ''Spectravideo SV-318 and SV-328.''] Creative Computing, September 1983, S. 18.</ref> Daneben verfügt der SV-318 über einen abgesetzten speziellen Cursortastenblock: Eine im Tastaturfeld befindliche Kippscheibe nebst Steuerknüppel vereinfacht die Bedienung beispielsweise im Bildschirmeditiermodus durch mögliche Diagonalbewegungen des Cursors. Entfernt man den abnehmbaren Joystick, lässt sich der Bildschirmcursor auch durch Druck auf die vier in die Scheibe eingelassenen Fingermulden steuern.<ref>Computer Kurs, S. 1861.</ref> Das Tastaturfeld des SV-318 ist weiß hinterlegt und der Steuerknüppel präsentiert sich in auffälligem Rot, beim später herausgebrachten SVI-318 MKII sind sämtliche Komponenten der Tastatur inklusive Joystick in grau gehalten.

Wie bei vielen anderen Konkurrenzmodellen auch können am SV-318 bis zu zwei Atari-kompatible Joysticks ([[D-Sub]]: zweireihig 9-polig) etwa zur Steuerung von Spielen angeschlossen werden. Geräte wie beispielsweise die Maltafel ''SVI-105'' belegen ebenfalls die Joystickbuchsen.<ref>Gerhard Fally: {{Webarchiv|text=''Das CP/M-Betriebssystem am SV-328.'' |url=http://msx.hansotten.com/uploads/msxdocs/SVI_Journal_1985-1.pdf |wayback=20160115141707}} SVI-Journal, Januar 1985, S. 9.</ref> Die MSX- und [[ColecoVision]]-Adapter stellen jeweils zwei Buchsen für entsprechende MSX- und ColecoVision-Joysticks bereit.

=== Ausgabegeräte ===

Die Bildausgabe erfolgt entweder an einem Monitor oder via HF-Modulator an einem handelsüblichen Fernsehgerät. Im Gegensatz zum späteren Modell SVI-318 MKII ist der Modulator des SV-318 nicht im Computer integriert, sondern extern, zwischen Rechner und Fernsehgerät, anzuschließen.

==== Drucker ====

Zur schriftlichen Fixierung von Text und Grafik dient der Nadeldrucker ''Spectravideo SV-901'', dessen Betrieb wiederum eine entsprechende Steckkarte mit Ansteuerungselektronik und damit ein Erweiterungssystem voraussetzt. Der SV-901 ist eine speziell für Spectravideo angepasste Variante des Druckers ''[[Seikosha]] GP-100A''.<ref>Robert DeWitt: ''Printer Survey.'' ANTIC, Januar 1984, S. 55.</ref> Er erlaubt die zeilenweise Ausgabe von 80 Zeichen mit einer Geschwindigkeit von 50 Zeichen pro Sekunde.<ref>David H. Ahl: [https://archive.org/stream/creativecomputing-1983-09/Creative_Computing_v09_n09_1983_September#page/n27/mode/2up ''SpectraVideo SV-318 and SV-328.''] Creative Computing, September 1983, S. 24.</ref>

Die Steckkarte ''SV-805'' stellt die serielle Standardschnittstelle [[RS-232]] nebst Buchse zum Anschluss von entsprechenden Druckern anderer Hersteller zur Verfügung.<ref>[http://www.samdal.com/SVIDOCS/SVI805UsersManual.pdf ''RS232 Interface User’s Manual.''] Spectravideo, 1983, S. 3.</ref>

==== 80-Zeichen-Karte SV-806 ====

Für eine übersichtlichere und weniger ermüdende Anzeige der Bildinhalte auf einem vorzugsweise monochromen Monitor dient die 80-Zeichen-Karte ''SV-806''. Sie verfügt über einen eigenen Grafikbaustein des Typs ''Motorola 6845'' mit 2 KB Arbeitsspeicher (VRAM). Damit können 80 × 24 Zeichen auf dem Bildschirm dargestellt werden. Die Treiberprogramme zur Unterstützung des 80-Zeichen-Modus müssen zuvor von der Diskette geladen werden. Sie erfordern damit neben dem Super-Expander SV-601 auch ein Diskettenlaufwerk beziehungsweise einen der Super-Expander SVI-605, SVI-605A oder SVI-605B.<ref> {{Webarchiv|text=''SVI Hardware Folge 8.'' |url=http://msx.hansotten.com/uploads/msxdocs/SVI_Journal_1985-3.pdf |wayback=20131122031024}} SVI-Journal, März 1985, S. 10.</ref>

=== Sonstige Erweiterungen ===

Neben dem Ausführen von eigens für den SV-318 geschriebenen Programmen kann auch Software von Fremdsystemen wie der ColecoVision-Spielekonsole und von MSX-Computern durch den Einsatz spezieller Adapter ausgeführt werden.

==== ColecoVision-Adapter SV-603 ====
[[Datei:MSX Adapter SVI-606.jpg|mini|SVI-606-MSX-Adapter]]
Der 1983 herausgebrachte ColecoVision-Adapter mit der Modellbezeichnung ''SV-603'' wird an den Expansionsport des Computers gesteckt und über seinen Modulschacht mit einem Steckmodul der ColecoVision-Spielkonsole bestückt. Nach dem Einschalten des Computers wird die im Adapter enthaltene Systemsoftware gestartet, womit das eingesteckte Spiel beziehungsweise das [[ColecoVision#Expansion Modules / Erweiterungen und Zubehör|Coleco Expansion Module #2]]<ref>J. Collins: ''Coleco Adapter Review.'' Newsletter Spectravideo Australasian Users Group, März 1984, S. 5 f.</ref> zur Ausführung gebracht wird. Daneben sind im Adapter zwei Buchsen zum Anschluss spezieller Joysticks (Modelle ''SV-103'' und ''SV-123'') verbaut. Diese Joysticks enthalten neben dem eigentlichen Steuerknüppel ein den ColecoVision-Spielecontrollern nachempfundenes Tastenfeld.<ref> {{Webarchiv|text=''Coleco Game Adapter Instruction Manual.'' |url=http://www.progettosnaps.net/manuals/pdf/svi603.pdf |wayback=20160123201455}} Spectravideo International Ltd., 1983.</ref> Sie waren in den USA und Großbritannien ausschließlich als Bündelangebot mit dem Adapter erhältlich.<ref>Peter Deckert: ''Interesting Facts about SV.'' Newsletter Spectravideo Australasian Users Group, Mai 1984, S. 8.</ref>

==== MSX-Adapter SVI-606 ====

Das Ausführen von MSX-Programmen erlaubt der ab 1985 erhältliche Adapter ''SVI-606'', der ebenfalls am Expansionsport betrieben wird. Zum Laden der Programme verfügt er sowohl über einen Modulschacht als auch eine Buchse zum Anschluss eines Kassettenrekorders. Aufgrund der internen Konfiguration des Geräts sind dabei lediglich Programme, deren Länge 16 KB nicht überschreitet, ausführbar. Entsprechende Ladebefehle und Steuerungsanweisungen für die Software sind über die im Adapter verbaute Miniaturtastatur einzugeben. Ebenso stellt das Gerät zwei Buchsen zum Anschluss MSX-kompatibler Joysticks bereit.<ref>[http://www.samdal.com/SVIDOCS/SVI606UsersManual.pdf ''MSX Game Adapter User’s Manual.''] Spectravideo International Ltd., 1985.</ref>

== Software ==

Wie bei anderen Heimcomputern der 1980er Jahre auch erfolgte der Vertrieb kommerzieller Software auf verschiedenen Datenträgern. Die insbesondere bei Spieleherstellern beliebten preiswerten Kompaktkassetten waren durch die starke mechanische Beanspruchung des Magnetbandes allerdings sehr anfällig für Fehler und ihr Einsatz war oft mit langen Ladezeiten verbunden. Zudem sind mit Datenrekordern bestimmte Betriebsarten wie die beispielsweise zum Betrieb von Datenbanken vorteilhafte relative Adressierung nicht möglich. Bei den in der Herstellung vielfach teureren Steckmodulen dagegen standen die darin enthaltenen Programme sofort nach dem Einschalten des Computers zur Verfügung, was insbesondere bei Systemsoftware und oft genutzten Anwendungen von großem Vorteil war. Den besten Kompromiss zwischen Ladezeit, möglichen Betriebsarten, Verlässlichkeit und Speicherkapazität erzielten die Disketten, deren Verwendung bei Veröffentlichung des SV-318 durch das SV-902-Diskettenlaufwerk unterstützt wurde.<ref>Dietmar Eirich: ''Computer Peripherie.'' Heyne, München 1985, ISBN 3-453-47058-3, S. 51–53.</ref>

Die Programmpalette für den SV-318-Computer umfasste neben der von Spectravideo vertriebenen Auswahl kommerzieller Programme auch von Drittherstellern entwickelte und in Zeitschriften und Büchern publizierte Software ([[Programmausdruck|Listings]]) zum Abtippen. Die Auswahl an Software wird durch die beiden Adapter SV-603 und SVI-606 beträchtlich erhöht, erlaubt sie doch die Verwendung von weit verbreiteten ColecoVision- und MSX-Spielen. Für eine große Auswahl an Anwendungsprogrammen und Programmiersprachen sorgt in Verbindung mit einem Super-Expander und Diskettenlaufwerk(en) die Verwendbarkeit des CP/M-Betriebssystems.

=== Systemprogramme und Spectravideo BASIC ===

Die Konfiguration und Initialisierung der SV-318-Hardware fällt in den Aufgabenbereich des im Festwertspeicher untergebrachten Betriebssystems. Das von Microsoft erstellte ''Spectravideo BASIC'' ermöglicht ein komfortables Arbeiten mit den Grafikfähigkeiten des Computers z. B. durch Funktionsbefehle zum Zeichnen geometrischer Objekte, zum Füllen von Flächen und zur Benutzung der Sprites. Im Gegensatz zu vielen anderen zeitgenössischen Heimcomputern wird zudem [[doppelte Genauigkeit]] bei [[Gleitkommazahl]]en unterstützt, was zu einer hohen Präzision, aber auch erhöhtem Speicherverbrauch bei [[arithmetisch]]en Berechnungen führt. Im Auslieferungszustand des SV-318 sind lediglich 12,8 KB Arbeitsspeicher zur Programmierung mit dem BASIC nutzbar.<ref>David H. Ahl: [https://archive.org/stream/creativecomputing-1983-09/Creative_Computing_v09_n09_1983_September#page/n31/mode/2up ''SpectraVideo SV-318 and SV-328.''] Creative Computing, September 1983, S. 18.</ref>

Für den Betrieb von Diskettensystemen sind weitere Systemprogramme wie etwa das von Spectravideo entwickelte ''Disk BASIC'' nötig. Auf der jedem Diskettenlaufwerk ab Werk beiliegenden ''BASIC Master Disk'' befinden sich dazu verschiedene Unterprogramme, die unter anderem BASIC-Befehle für alle notwendigen Diskettenoperationen bereitstellen.<ref>Gerhard Fally: {{Webarchiv|text=''Das CP/M-Betriebssystem am SV-328.'' |url=http://msx.hansotten.com/uploads/msxdocs/SVI_Journal_1985-1.pdf |wayback=20160115141707}} SVI-Journal, Januar 1985, S. 7; {{Webarchiv|text=''Disk BASIC User’s Guide.'' |url=http://msx.hansotten.com/uploads/msxdocs/SVI-902_DiskBasicUsersGuide.pdf |wayback=20160118184048}} Spectravideo, 1983.</ref> Allerdings ist es nicht möglich, die maximale Speicherkapazität der Diskettenlaufwerke des Superexpanders SVI-605B ohne Änderungen am Disk BASIC zu nutzen.<ref>Philipp Ott: {{Webarchiv|text=''Doublesided Disk-BASIC.'' |url=http://msx.hansotten.com/uploads/msxdocs/SVI_Journal_1985-9.pdf |wayback=20131122031134}} SVI-Journal, September 1985, S. 10.</ref>

Neben Disk BASIC wurden die Diskettenlaufwerke von Spectravideo mit einem zweiten dazu inkompatiblen Betriebssystem ausgeliefert. Dieses vormals von [[Digital Equipment Corporation|DEC]] entwickelte ''CP/M'' wurde in den Versionen 2.20, 2.22 und 2.23 ausgeliefert. Es kann jedoch nur mit Rechnern betrieben werden, deren Arbeitsspeicher mindestens 64 KB umfasst. Das von der Diskette zu ladende CP/M ersetzt dabei bis auf einige wenige Unterprogramme das Spectravideo BASIC. Dazu wird nach dem [[Bootvorgang]] der Festwertspeicher durch Speicherbankumschaltung ausgeblendet und stattdessen Arbeitsspeicher in Höhe von 32 KB zum Laden von CP/M eingeblendet, wovon letzteres mindestens 20 KB belegt. Der restliche Arbeitsspeicher steht dem Benutzer beziehungsweise CP/M-basierten Programmen zur Verfügung. Die verschiedenen mitgelieferten Versionen von CP/M unterscheiden sich lediglich dadurch, welche Hardware (80-Zeichen-Karte, RS-232-Schnittstelle, Eigenheiten der Laufwerksmechaniken, zusätzliches Bildgerät) sie am Spectravideo-Computer unterstützen.<ref>Gerhard Fally: {{Webarchiv|text=''Das CP/M-Betriebssystem am SV-328.'' |url=http://msx.hansotten.com/uploads/msxdocs/SVI_Journal_1985-1.pdf |wayback=20160115141707}} SVI-Journal, Januar 1985, S. 7 f.</ref> Im Sinne einer bequemeren Handhabbarkeit von CP/M wird der Einsatz von zwei Diskettenlaufwerken und der 80-Zeichen-Karte empfohlen.<ref>Gerhard Fally: {{Webarchiv|text=''Das CP/M-Betriebssystem am SV-328.'' |url=http://msx.hansotten.com/uploads/msxdocs/SVI_Journal_1985-2.pdf |wayback=20131122031008}} SVI-Journal, Februar 1985, S. 6.</ref>

=== Programmiersprachen und Anwendungsprogramme ===

Für den SV-318 existieren nur wenige Anwendungsprogramme, die hauptsächlich von Spectravideo stammen. Darüber hinaus erschließt der Einsatz von CP/M eine umfangreiche Bibliothek an Anwendungsprogrammen und Programmiersprachen wie beispielsweise [[Turbo Pascal]].<ref>Gerhard Fally: {{Webarchiv|text=''Das CP/M-Betriebssystem am SV-328.'' |url=http://msx.hansotten.com/uploads/msxdocs/SVI_Journal_1985-1.pdf |wayback=20160115141707}} SVI-Journal, Januar 1985, S. 10.</ref>

=== Spiele ===

Den Großteil der für den Spectravideo SV-318 erhältlichen Software machen die Spiele aus. Hierbei existieren kommerzielle Publikationen sowohl von Spectravideo als auch von Drittherstellern. Der Umfang der fast ausschließlich auf Kompaktkassette und Steckmodul veröffentlichten Titel hält sich im Vergleich zu anderen zeitgenössischen Heimcomputersystemen in Grenzen.<ref name="samdal.software">Roger Samdal: [http://www.samdal.com/svsoftware.htm ''Spectravideo Software.''] Samdal.com, abgerufen am 14. Dezember 2017.</ref> Eine weitere größere Anzahl von Steckmodul-basierten Spielen stehen durch Verwendung des ColecoVision- und MSX-Adapters zur Verfügung.

== Emulation ==

Nach dem Ende der Heimcomputerära Anfang der 1990er Jahre und mit dem Aufkommen leistungsfähiger und erschwinglicher Rechentechnik Ende der 1990er Jahre wurden von engagierten Enthusiasten verstärkt Programme zum [[Emulator|Emulieren]] von Heimcomputern und deren Peripheriegeräten entwickelt. Zum Spielen alter Klassiker verschiedenster Heimcomputersysteme reichte mithilfe der Emulatoren ein einzelnes modernes System mit Datenabbildern („Images“) der entsprechenden Heimcomputerprogramme. Das Aufkommen der Emulatoren setzte damit u. a. ein verstärktes Transferieren von sonst möglicherweise verloren gegangener Software auf moderne Speichermedien in Gang, womit ein wichtiger Beitrag zur Bewahrung digitaler Kultur geleistet wird.<ref>Andreas Lange: [http://irights.info/was-archive-museen-und-bibliotheken-von-gamern-lernen-konnen-und-umgekehrt ''Was Archive, Museen und Bibliotheken von Gamern lernen können – und umgekehrt.''] Abgerufen am 23. Februar 2014.</ref>

Zum Emulieren von Spectravideo SV-318 und SVI-318 MKII dient das Programm ''BlueMSX''.<ref>Torsten Othmer: [https://web.archive.org/web/20160131212346/http://www.videospielgeschichten.de/spectravideo_3.html ''Spectravideo Emulator für den PC.''] Videospielgeschichten.de, abgerufen am 25. Januar 2016.</ref>

== Rezeption ==
=== Zeitgenössisch ===

Nach Erscheinen des SV-318 im Herbst 1983 fielen die Gutachten der internationalen Fachpresse in großer Übereinstimmung überwiegend positiv aus. Zu gefallen wusste die für den Verkaufspreis durchaus leistungsfähige Technik, die Erweiterbarkeit und die damit verbundenen vielseitigen Einsatzgebiete wie beispielsweise das CP/M-Betriebssystem mit seiner reichhaltigen Programmbibliothek. Daneben stieß die einfache Bedienung des Computers durch das Spectravideo BASIC auf großen Anklang, ebenso die angekündigten Adapter zum Abspielen von ColecoVision-Spielen und zur Implementierung des MSX-Standards. Getrübt wurde der positive Gesamteindruck dagegen von den als sehr schlecht und fehlerhaft eingeschätzten BASIC-Anleitungen, die keinerlei vertiefende Informationen bieten würden. Darüber hinaus sah man die Arbeit mit den Gummitasten bestenfalls als äußerst gewöhnungsbedürftig an. Das Konzept der Diagonalbewegungen des Cursors mithilfe des eingebauten Joystick fand Gefallen, wurde aber als technisch schlecht umgesetzt eingestuft. Daneben bemängelten einzelne Rezensenten die Qualität des ausgegebenen Fernsehbildes, die wenig umfangreiche Softwarebibliothek und die zum Zeitpunkt der Begutachtung noch nicht erhältlichen Erweiterungsmöglichkeiten.

==== Englischsprachiger Raum ====

Die zusammenfassenden Beurteilungen der ersten Rezensionen in US-amerikanischen Computerzeitschriften reichen von zurückhaltend

{{Zitat-en|Text=Considering the RF interference problems that at least early versions of the computer have, the poor and confusing quality of the BASIC manual, the lack of any sizable number of programs and the lack of peripheral interfaces for the computer, this reviewer has no choice but to recommend that you wait a while before buying this computer.|lang=en|Übersetzung=In Anbetracht der Bildstörungen, wie sie zumindest bei den frühen Computermodellen auftreten, der schlechten und verwirrenden BASIC-Anleitung sowie des Mangels an Programmen und Peripherie-Schnittstellen für den Computer, bleibt dem Begutachtenden keine andere Wahl, als die Empfehlung auszusprechen, den Kauf erst einmal aufzuschieben.|ref=<ref>Jules H. Gilder: [https://archive.org/stream/Electronic_Fun_with_Computer_Games_Vol_02_No_01_1983-11_Fun_Games_Publishing_US/Electronic_Fun_with_Computer__Games_Vol_02_No_01_1983-11_Fun__Games_Publishing_US#page/n99/mode/2up/search/spectravideo ''Spectravideo’s SV-318.''] Electronic Fun, November 1983, S. 99.</ref>|titel=Spectravideo’s SV-318|Autor=Jules H. Gilder, Electronic Fun, November 1983|sprache=en|zugriff=2016-01-20}}

über wohlwollend

{{Zitat-en|Text=The Spectravideo 318 is not perfect but absolutey terrific. Despite the major drawback of an uncomfortable keyboard and frustration of poor documentation, I am tempted to add it to my personal collection. … The SV 318 offers a lot of power for the price, and it deserves serious consideration from the personal computer consumer.|lang=en|Übersetzung=Wenn auch nicht perfekt, so ist der Spectravideo 318 doch ein fantastisches Gerät. Trotz der wenig komfortablen Tastatur und der frustrierend schlechten Anleitung bin ich versucht, ihn meiner persönlichen Sammlung hinzuzufügen. … Der SV 318 bietet viel Leistung für den Preis und eine Anschaffung sollte durchaus in Erwägung gezogen werden. |ref=<ref>Sharon Zardetto Aker: [https://archive.org/stream/kilobaudmagazine-1983-12/Microcomputing_1983_December#page/n85/mode/2up/search/spectravideo ''Speculations on SpectraVideo.''] Microcomputing, Dezember 1983, S. 83 ff.</ref>|titel=Speculations on SpectraVideo|Autor=Sharon Zardetto Aker, Microcomputing, Dezember 1983|sprache=en|zugriff=2016-01-20}}

{{Zitat-en|Text=Nevertheless, at the suggested retail price of $299 for the basic SV-318, we agree with Spectra Video that this is a ‘computer system you’ll grow into, not out of.’|lang=en|Übersetzung=Nichtsdestotrotz auch angesichts des angekündigten Verkaufspreises von 299 US-Dollar handelt es sich um einen ‚Computer, in den man hinein- statt aus ihm herauswächst‘, womit wir Spectra Video recht geben.|ref=<ref>David H. Ahl: [https://archive.org/stream/creativecomputing-1983-09/Creative_Computing_v09_n09_1983_September#page/n31/mode/2up ''SpectraVideo SV-318 and SV-328.''] Creative Computing, September 1983, S. 28.</ref>|titel=SpectraVideo SV-318 and SV-328|Autor=David H. Ahl, Creative Computing, September 1983|sprache=en|zugriff=2016-01-20}}

bis hin zu Lobpreisungen,

{{Zitat-en|Text=For versatility, expandability and easy of use it’s one of the best of the so-called homecomputers that we’ve yet seen.|lang=en|Übersetzung= Was die Vielseitigkeit, Erweiterbarkeit und den einfachen Gebrauch betrifft, so handelt es sich um einen der besten uns bislang bekannten sogenannten Heimcomputer.|ref=<ref>Ivan Berger, Morgan R. Schweers: [https://archive.org/stream/MicroKids_Issue_01_Volume_01_No_01_1983-12_Microkids_Publishing_US#page/n81/mode/2up ''Spectravideo SV-318: A Breed Apart.''] MicroKids, Dezember 1983, S. 82.</ref>|titel=Spectravideo SV-318: A Breed Apart.|Autor=Ivan Berger und Morgan R. Schweers, MicroKids, Dezember 1983|sprache=en|zugriff=2016-01-20}}

die nur wenig später insbesondere um Kritik an den nach wie vor anhaltenden Lieferengpässen in Nordamerika ergänzt wurden:

{{Zitat-en|Text=Once the demand has been created, there better be product available to satisfy it. This means widespread distribution and adequate stocks of product. Nothing is worse than telling a customer whose pen is poised above his checkbook that machines aren’t expected in until next quarter. That’s what happened to SpectraVideo – they did everything right except get product on dealer shelves.|lang=en|Übersetzung=Wenn man schon die Nachfrage erhöht, dann sollte das Produkt besser auch erhältlich sein, um sie zu befriedigen. Das betrifft sowohl den weitreichenden Vertrieb als auch ausreichende Lagerbestände. Nichts ist schlimmer, als einem Kunden, der bereits sein Scheckbuch gezückt hat, auf das nächste Quartal vertrösten zu müssen. So geschehen mit Spectravideo, die bislang alles richtig gemacht haben – außer ihr Produkt auch tatsächlich in die Regale zu bringen.|ref=<ref>David H. Ahl: [https://archive.org/stream/creativecomputing-1984-03/Creative_Computing_v10_n03_1984_Mar#page/n13/mode/2up ''Shakeout of Competition?''] Creative Computing, März 1984, S. 14.</ref>|titel=Shakeout of Competition?.|Autor=David H. Ahl, Creative Computing, März 1984|sprache=en|zugriff=2016-01-20}}

{{Zitat-en|Text=We never saw this computer in any store and we don’t know anybody who owned one. But they advertized like crazy in computer magazines and even hired Roger Moore to pose in their ads.|lang=en|Übersetzung=Wir haben diesen Computer nie in irgendeinem Laden gesehen und kennen auch niemanden, der je einen besaß. Und das, obwohl sie [Spectravideo] wie verrückt Werbung machten und sogar Roger Moore als Werbeträger für ihre Anzeigen engagierten.|ref=<ref>[https://archive.org/stream/MicroKids_Issue_01_Volume_01_No_01_1983-12_Microkids_Publishing_US#page/n81/mode/2up ''The Year in Computers.''] Computer Games, Januar/Februar 1985, S. 35.</ref>|titel=The Year in Computers.|Autor=Computer Games, Januar/Februar 1985|sprache=en|zugriff=2016-01-20}}

In den außeramerikanischen englischsprachigen Märkten neigte man großteils zu guten Bewertungen

{{Zitat-en|Text=Reviewer’s ratings: Out of 5. Documentation 3, ease of use 5, language 5, expansion 4, value for money 4.|lang=en|Übersetzung=Wertungsspiegel (Höchstbewertung 5): Dokumentation 3, Bedienbarkeit 5, Programmiersprache 5, Erweiterbarkeit 4, Preis-Leistungs-Verhältnis 4.|ref=<ref>Martin Downey: [https://archive.org/stream/nzbitsandbytes-2-04/NZ-bits-and-bytes-issue-2-04#page/n29/mode/2up ''One nifty feature after another.''] Bits & Bytes, Dezember 1983 / Januar 1984, S. 32.</ref> |titel=One nifty feature after another|Autor=Martin Downey, Bits & Bytes, Dezember 1983 / Januar 1984|sprache=en|zugriff=2016-01-20}}

und Kaufempfehlungen:

{{Zitat-en|Text=In conclusion, and with severe reservations about the manual, I can only say that the machine can do wonders for BASIC programmer and games players alike. The price is perhaps on the high side, but nevertheless this machine deserves a large share of the market.|lang=en|Übersetzung=Zusammenfassend und unter Vorbehalt gegenüber der Anleitung bleibt mir nur zu sagen, dass das Gerät Wunder für BASIC-Programmierer und Spieler gleichermaßen vollbringen kann. Der Preis ist vielleicht etwas hoch, aber trotzdem verdient das Gerät einen großen Marktanteil.|ref=<ref>Steve Cooke: [https://archive.org/stream/personalcomputergames-magazine-04/PersonalComputerGames_04#page/n61/mode/2up ''Spectravideo.''] Personal Computer Games, März 1984, S. 59.</ref> |titel=Spectravideo|Autor=Steve Cooke, Personal Computer Games, März 1984|sprache=en|zugriff=2016-01-20}}

==== Deutschsprachiger Raum ====

Die deutsche Presse hob insbesondere die Ausbaufähigkeit und damit die vielfältige Einsetzbarkeit,

{{Zitat|Text=Der SV-318 ist ein Rechner, der sich sowohl als eigenständiges Grundgerät sowie mit den verschiedenen Erweiterungen in vielen Bereichen einsetzen läßt.|lang=de|Autor=Wolfgang Taschner, Chip, Juli 1983|ref=<ref>Wolfgang Taschner: ''Ausbaufähiger Rechner im Baukastensystem.'' Chip, Juli 1983, S. 82.</ref>}}

{{Zitat|Text=Aus Hongkong kommt eine der interessantesten Neuheiten: der SPECTRAVIDEO SV-318; in Deutschland vertrieben von Bernd Jöllenbeck GmbH. … Dank sieben verschiedener Schnittstellen kann man den SV-318 praktisch unbegrenzt erweitern.|lang=de|Autor=Ruth Bosch, P. M. Computerheft, September 1983|ref=<ref>Ruth Bosch: ''Neuheiten.'' P. M. Computerheft, Ausgabe 3/1983, S. 4.</ref>}}

{{Zitat|Text=Der SV-318 war der erste Heimcomputer von Spectravideo und fiel durch seinen eingebauten, markanten, roten Joystick auf. … Man muss den Spectravideo-Computern bescheinigen, daß sie hervorragend verarbeitet sind, ein professionelles Aussehen haben, und vom Zubehör her zu den bestausgestatteten Heimcomputern gehören.|lang=de|Autor=Dietmar Eirich, 1985|ref=<ref>Dietmar Eirich: ''MSX – Der erste Heimcomputer Standard.'' Heyne, 1985, S. 155 f.</ref>}}

nicht zuletzt auch für Büroanwendungen,

{{Zitat|Text=Interessant ist der 318 vor allem wegen seiner Ausbaufähigkeit. Ist der Anwender bereit in den Super-Expander, das 64-KByte-RAM, die 80-Zeichen-Karte und ein Diskettenlaufwerk zu investieren, so läßt sich das System durchaus mit einem kleinen CP/M-Bürocomputer vergleichen.|lang=de|Autor=Computer Kurs, 1985|ref=<ref name="computer.kurs.1863">''Fast MSX Standard.'' Computer Kurs 1985, S. 1863.</ref>}}

hervor. Negativ fielen den Testern vor allem die mangelhaften Dokumentationen, die schlechte Versorgung mit Software, eine fehlende standardmäßige Druckerschnittstelle, der Zwang zur Benutzung des Spectravideo-eigenen Datenrekorders und der teilweise hohe Preis für das Zubehör auf.<ref name="computer.kurs.1863" />

=== Retrospektiv ===

Der SV-318 wird in den Internetmedien als durchaus erfolgreiches System eingeschätzt, wenn auch nur außerhalb Nordamerikas. Die Geräte seien dort besser vermarktet worden, wozu vor allem eine ausreichende Präsenz in den Verkaufseinrichtungen zählen würde.<ref>Roger Samdal: [http://www.samdal.com/svhistory.htm ''The history of Spectravideo.''] Samdal.com, abgerufen am 24. Januar 2016.</ref> Die Computer hätten durch ihre herausragende Programmiersprache BASIC – für das unverständlicherweise nur ein kleiner Teil des Arbeitsspeichers nutzbar war – und die mannigfachen Erweiterungsfähigkeiten allerbeste Voraussetzungen gehabt, sich als „wundervolles System“ zu etablieren. Allerdings hätte dem in Deutschland der zu hohe Preis insbesondere mit Hinblick auf einen gleichwertig ausgestatteten Commodore 64 im Weg gestanden.<ref>Torsten Othmer: [https://web.archive.org/web/20160131212346/http://www.videospielgeschichten.de/spectravideo_3.html ''Abschied von Spectravideo.''] Videospielgeschichten.de, abgerufen am 24. Januar 2016.</ref> Als Bärendienst für die Verkaufszahlen speziell in Großbritannien erwies sich nach Meinung von Tony Smith vor allem die irreführende Werbung, die den Computer fälschlicherweise als zum MSX-Standard kompatibel darstellte und damit zu zahlreichen Stornierungen sich getäuscht sehender Händler führte,

{{Zitat-en|Text=All well and good, except that Spectravideo’s machines were not fully compatible with the MSX specification. They had, after all, been devised before the MSX specification had been nailed down. When the news made it to the UK, an understandably peeved Tony Noble, head of computer dealer The Gamekeeper, the company retailing the bulk of Spectravideo imports, told PCN: ‘We nearly sent the whole lot back.’|lang=en|Übersetzung=Alles schön und gut, außer dass Spectravideos Geräte nicht vollständig kompatibel zum MSX-Standard waren. Man hatte sie nämlich geplant, noch bevor die MSX-Spezifikationen überhaupt festgelegt worden waren. Als diese Neuigkeiten in Großbritannien die Runde machten, bemerkte ein verständlicherweise verärgerter Tony Noble, Chef des Computerhändlers The Gamekeeper und Spectravideo-Hauptverkäufer, gegenüber der Zeitschrift Personal Computer News: ‚Wir haben fast die gesamte Lieferung zurückgehen lassen.‘|ref=<ref name="smith.p3" />|titel=Would-be world standard|Autor= Tony Smith, The Register, 2013|sprache=en|zugriff=2016-01-20}}

woraufhin auch der offizielle britische Distributor CK Supplies vorgab, vom Hersteller nicht ausreichend informiert worden zu sein:

{{Zitat-en|Text=Spectravideo’s UK distributor, Weston-Super-Mare based CK Supplies, grumbled that it had been ‘misinformed’ by the manufacturer, which, it said, had proclaimed full MSX compatibility in all of its adverts up to that point.|lang=en|Übersetzung=Spectravideos Distributor für Großbritannien, CK Supplies aus Weston-Super-Mare, räsonierte, dass sie vom Hersteller irregeführt worden seien, der bis dahin in Werbeanzeigen immer die vollständige MSX-Kompatibilität versprochen hätte.|ref=<ref name="smith.p1" />|titel=Would-be world standard|Autor=Tony Smith, The Register, 2013|sprache=en|zugriff=2016-01-20}}

Als weiteres Hemmnis für eine erfolgreiche Verbreitung sieht Bill Loguidice mangelnde Bemühungen Spectravideos um ein reichhaltigeres Angebot an Software anderer Hersteller für die Geräte:

{{Zitat-en|Text=Unfortunately, despite glowing reviews in magazines like ''Creative Computing'' and lots of advertising, Spectravideo just couldn’t achieve a foothold in the U.S. market, which was most likely a result of relying too much on independent distributors and first-party software development. Even after the company discontinued the SV-318 in early 1984 to focus on the SV-328 in conjunction with aggressive price drops and value-added bundles, the systems were never able to catch on.|lang=en|Übersetzung=Trotz begeisterten Besprechungen in Zeitschriften wie ''Creative Computing'' und viel Werbung konnte Spectravideo im US-amerikanischen Markt einfach nicht Fuß fassen, höchstwahrscheinlich deshalb, weil sie sich zu sehr auf unabhängige Vertriebspartner und ihre eigene Softwareentwicklung verlassen hatten. Selbst nachdem die Firma Anfang 1984 den SV-318 zugunsten des fortan zu Kampfpreisen und in Bündelangeboten zu erwerbenden SV-328 einstellte, konnten sich die Spectravideo-Computersysteme nicht durchsetzen.|ref=<ref>Bill Loguidice: [http://armchairarcade.com/neo/node/1470 ''Photo of the Week – Know your History!''] Armchairarcade.com, abgerufen am 26. Januar 2016.</ref>|titel=Photo of the Week – Know your History!|Autor=Bill Loguidice, Armchairarcade.com, 2007|sprache=en|zugriff=2016-01-26}}

Aufgrund der geringen Verbreitung und ihrer Bedeutung als Wegbereiter des MSX-Standards sind SV-318 und SVI-318 MKII in der heutigen Zeit gesuchte Sammlerstücke.<ref>Torsten Othmer: [https://web.archive.org/web/20160131212346/http://www.videospielgeschichten.de/spectravideo_3.html ''Spectravideo – Katalysator des MSX Standards.''] Videospielgeschichten.de, abgerufen am 24. Januar 2016.</ref>

== Weblinks ==
{{Commonscat|Spectravideo computers|Spectravideo-Computer}}
* [http://bluemsx.msxblue.com/ BlueMSX] – Emulator auch für Spectravideo SV-318 (englisch)
* [http://www.samdal.com/spectravideo.htm Roger’s Spectravideo Page] – Private Internetseite rund um den Spectravideo SV-318 und weitere Spectravideo-Computer (englisch)

== Anmerkungen und Einzelnachweise ==
<references group="Anm." />
<references responsive />

[[Kategorie:Heimcomputer]]
{{Exzellent|03. Januar 2018|172449441}}

Rōmusha

2017-03-15T19:07:06Z

Ceosad: sections

{{nihongo|'''''Rōmusha'''''|労務者 |}} is a [[Japanese language]] word for "laborer", but has come to specifically denote [[forced labor]]ers during the [[Japanese occupation of Indonesia]] in [[World War II]]. The U.S. Library of Congress estimates that in [[Java (island)|Java]], between 4 and 10 million ''rōmusha'' were forced to work by the Japanese military,<ref>[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+id0029) Library of Congress, 1992, "Indonesia: World War II and the Struggle For Independence, 1942-50; The Japanese Occupation, 1942-45"] Access date: February 9, 2007</ref> many of whom toiled under harsh conditions and either died or were stranded far from home. However, the term was not closely defined by either the Japanese or the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] and the numbers stated sometimes encompasses both the '' [[kinrōhōshi]] '' unpaid laborers, as well as native auxiliary forces, such as troops of the [[Pembela Tanah Air|PETA]] and voluntary [[Transmigration program|transmigrants]] to other islands in Indonesia.<ref name=Post>Post, '' The Encyclopedia of Indonesia in the Pacific War '', pages 505, 578-579;</ref>

==Overview==

The ''rōmusha'' were paid conscripted laborers, mobilized in [[Sumatra]] and [[State of East Indonesia|eastern Indonesia]] as well as Java. Some ten percent were women.<ref name="Post" /> Their tenures of service ranged from one day to the time required to complete a specific project. The types of work required were very diverse, ranging from light housekeeping work to heavy construction. As a general rule, the ''rōmusha'' were mobilized within each [[List of regencies and cities of Indonesia|regency]] and were able to walk to work from home. However, for very large construction projects, the ''rōmusha'' could be sent to other regencies. When their specified period was up, they were returned home and replaced with new workers.<ref name="Post" /> However, some were sent away from Indonesia to other parts other Japanese-held areas in South East Asia. There included some 270,000 [[Javanese people|Javanese laborers]], of whom only 52,000 were repatriated to Java, suggesting a high death rate or post-war migration.

==History==

The practice of unpaid [[Corvée]] labor had been common during colonial period [[Netherlands East Indies]]. Although the fact that ''rōmusha'' were paid was an improvement, their wages failed to keep pace with inflation, and they were often forced to work under hazardous conditions with inadequate food, shelter or medical care. The general Japanese treatment of laborers was very bad. The ''rōmusha'' were supplemented by true unpaid laborers, the ''kinrōhōshi'', who performed mostly menial labor. The ''kinrōhōshi'' were recruited for a shorter duration than the ''rōmusha'' via ''[[tonarigumi]]'' neighborhood associations and were theoretically voluntary, although considerable social coercion was applied to "volunteer" as a show of loyalty to the Japanese cause. In 1944, the number of '' kinrōhōshi '' in Java was around 200,000 people.<ref name="Post" /> The brutality of the Romusha and other forced labor systems was a key reason for the mass death rates among Indonesians under the Japanese occupation. A later UN report stated that 4 million people died in Indonesia as a result of the Japanese occupation.<ref>Cited in: Dower, John W. ''War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War'' (1986; Pantheon; ISBN 0-394-75172-8).</ref> About 2.4 million people died in Java from famine during 1944–45.<ref>Van der Eng, Pierre (2008) 'Food Supply in Java during War and Decolonisation, 1940–1950.' ''MPRA Paper No. 8852.'' pp. 35–38. http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/8852/</ref>

From 1944, PETA also made use of thousands of ''rōmusha'' for the construction of military facilities, and in economic projects to help make Java more self-supporting in face of Allied blockades.<ref name="Post" />

The Japanese military made very extensive use of such forced labor during the construction of the [[Burma Railway|Burma-Thailand Railway]] during 1942–43 and the [[Pekanbaru|Pakan Baroe]] Railway on Sumatra in 1943–45.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hovinga |first=Henk |title=The Sumatra Railroad: Final Destination Pakan Baroe 1943–45 |year=2010 |publisher=KITLV Press |location=Leiden |isbn=9789067183284}}</ref> The death rate among ''rōmusha'', from atrocities, starvation diet, and disease far outstripped the death rate among Allied prisoners of war.

==Footnotes==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Romusha}}
[[Category:Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies]]
[[Category:Unfree labor during World War II]]

Terrot R. Glover

2017-02-05T16:06:21Z

Ceosad: /* Leben */

[[Datei:Terrot Glover 1909.jpg|miniatur|Terrot R. Glover (1909)]]
'''Terrot R. Glover''' (* [[23. Juli]] [[1869]] in [[Bristol]]; † [[26. Mai]] [[1943]] in [[Cambridge]]) war ein britischer [[Klassische Philologie|Klassischer Philologe]].

== Leben ==
Terrot Reaveley Glover, der Sohn eines Geistlichen schottischer Herkunft, wuchs in Bristol auf und studierte von 1888 bis 1892 an der [[University of Cambridge]]. Während seiner anschließenden Zeit als [[Fellow]] am [[St John’s College (Cambridge)|St John’s College]] (1893–1896) erwarb er umfassende Kenntnisse der antiken [[Kirchenväter]], lernte [[Syrische Sprache|Syrisch]] und hielt sich zu Forschungszwecken in Berlin auf.

1896 erhielt Glover einen Ruf an die [[Queen’s University (Kingston)|Queen’s University]] in Kanada, dem er folgte. Er wirkte dort fünf Jahre als ''Professor of Latin''. Im Frühjahr 1901 erhielt er ein Angebot des St John’s College, erneut als Fellow und ''Classical Lecturer'' zu arbeiten. Glover sagte unverzüglich zu und kehrte im Mai nach Cambridge zurück, wo er im Herbst seine Lehrtätigkeit aufnahm.

Während des [[Erster Weltkrieg|Ersten Weltkriegs]] diente Glover von September 1915 bis September 1916 beim [[Christlicher Verein Junger Menschen|Christlichen Verein Junger Männer]] in Indien, wo er geistliche Apiranten ausbildete.

Im Sommersemester 1919 wurde Glover zum ''Pro-Proctor'' des St John’s College ernannt. Im folgenden Semester war er ''Senior Proctor'' (bis 1920). Im Januar 1920 wurde er in Nachfolge von [[John Edwin Sandys]] zum ''Public Orator'' der Universität ernannt.<ref>[http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/acad/lists/Orato.html Orator/Public Orator. Universität Cambridge]</ref> Auch im Ausland war Glover anerkannt. Er erhielt Rufe an die Queen’s University (1916), die [[McMaster University]] in Toronto (1918) und die [[Yale University]] (1922, 1929), die er alle ablehnte. Er war Ehrendoktor der Queen’s University (LL.D. 1910), der McMaster University (Doctor of Laws 1918) und der [[University of St Andrews]] (1921).

In den 20er Jahren unternahm Glover auch mehrere Vortragsreisen in die USA und nach Kanada. Für das Jahr 1923/1924 wurde er als [[Sather Professor]] an die [[University of California, Berkeley]] eingeladen. 1939 trat er in den Ruhestand.

== Schriften (Auswahl) ==
* ''Studies in Virgil''. London 1904
* ''The Jesus of History''. New York 1917. Calcutta 1919
* ''The World of the New Testament''. Cambridge 1931
* ''Greek Byways''. New York 1932
* ''The Ancient World. A Beginning''. Cambridge 1935. Nachdruck 1944, 1966, 1979
* ''The Challenge of Greek and Other Essays''. Cambridge 1942

== Einzelnachweise ==
<references />

== Literatur ==
* Herbert George Wood: ''Terrot Reaveley Glover. A Biography''. Cambridge 1953

{{Normdaten|TYP=p|GND=137011237|LCCN=n/79/053950|VIAF=64373743}}

{{SORTIERUNG:Glover, Terrot R}}
[[Kategorie:Altphilologe (20. Jahrhundert)]]
[[Kategorie:Hochschullehrer (Cambridge)]]
[[Kategorie:Hochschullehrer (Queen’s University Kingston)]]
[[Kategorie:Sather Professor]]
[[Kategorie:Ehrendoktor der University of St Andrews]]
[[Kategorie:Ehrendoktor der McMaster University]]
[[Kategorie:Geboren 1869]]
[[Kategorie:Gestorben 1943]]
[[Kategorie:Brite]]
[[Kategorie:Mann]]

{{Personendaten
|NAME=Glover, Terrot R.
|ALTERNATIVNAMEN=Glover, Terrot Reaveley; Glover, T. R.
|KURZBESCHREIBUNG=britischer Klassischer Philologe
|GEBURTSDATUM=23. Juli 1869
|GEBURTSORT=[[Bristol]]
|STERBEDATUM=26. Mai 1943
|STERBEORT=[[Cambridge]]
}}

Terrot R. Glover

2017-02-05T16:04:33Z

Ceosad: /* Schriften (Auswahl) */

[[Datei:Terrot Glover 1909.jpg|miniatur|Terrot R. Glover (1909)]]
'''Terrot R. Glover''' (* [[23. Juli]] [[1869]] in [[Bristol]]; † [[26. Mai]] [[1943]] in [[Cambridge]]) war ein britischer [[Klassische Philologie|Klassischer Philologe]].

== Leben ==
Terrot Reaveley Glover, der Sohn eines Geistlichen schottischer Herkunft, wuchs in Bristol auf und studierte von 1888 bis 1892 an der [[University of Cambridge]]. Während seiner anschließenden Zeit als [[Fellow]] am [[St John’s College (Cambridge)|St John’s College]] (1893–1896) erwarb er umfassende Kenntnisse der antiken [[Kirchenväter]], lernte [[Syrische Sprache|Syrisch]] und hielt sich zu Forschungszwecken in Berlin auf.

1896 erhielt Glover einen Ruf an die [[Queen’s University (Kingston)|Queen’s University]] in Kanada, dem er folgte. Er wirkte dort fünf Jahre als ''Professor of Latin''. Im Frühjahr 1901 erhielt er ein Angebot des St John’s College, erneut als Fellow und ''Classical Lecturer'' zu arbeiten. Glover sagte unverzüglich zu und kehrte im Mai nach Cambridge zurück, wo er im Herbst seine Lehrtätigkeit aufnahm.

Während des [[Erster Weltkrieg|Ersten Weltkriegs]] diente Glover von September 1915 bis September 1916 beim [[Christlicher Verein Junger Menschen|Christlichen Verein Junger Männer]] in Indien, wo er geistliche Apiranten ausbildete.

Im Sommersemester 1919 wurde Glover zum ''Pro-Proctor'' des St John’s College ernannt. Im folgenden Semester war er ''Senior Proctor'' (bis 1920). Im Januar 1920 wurde er in Nachfolge von [[John Edwin Sandys]] zum ''Public Orator'' der Universität ernannt.<ref>http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/acad/lists/Orato.html</ref> Auch im Ausland war Glover anerkannt. Er erhielt Rufe an die Queen’s University (1916), die [[McMaster University]] in Toronto (1918) und die [[Yale University]] (1922, 1929), die er alle ablehnte. Er war Ehrendoktor der Queen’s University (LL.D. 1910), der McMaster University (Doctor of Laws 1918) und der [[University of St Andrews]] (1921).

In den 20er Jahren unternahm Glover auch mehrere Vortragsreisen in die USA und nach Kanada. Für das Jahr 1923/1924 wurde er als [[Sather Professor]] an die [[University of California, Berkeley]] eingeladen. 1939 trat er in den Ruhestand.

== Schriften (Auswahl) ==
* ''Studies in Virgil''. London 1904
* ''The Jesus of History''. New York 1917. Calcutta 1919
* ''The World of the New Testament''. Cambridge 1931
* ''Greek Byways''. New York 1932
* ''The Ancient World. A Beginning''. Cambridge 1935. Nachdruck 1944, 1966, 1979
* ''The Challenge of Greek and Other Essays''. Cambridge 1942

== Einzelnachweise ==
<references />

== Literatur ==
* Herbert George Wood: ''Terrot Reaveley Glover. A Biography''. Cambridge 1953

{{Normdaten|TYP=p|GND=137011237|LCCN=n/79/053950|VIAF=64373743}}

{{SORTIERUNG:Glover, Terrot R}}
[[Kategorie:Altphilologe (20. Jahrhundert)]]
[[Kategorie:Hochschullehrer (Cambridge)]]
[[Kategorie:Hochschullehrer (Queen’s University Kingston)]]
[[Kategorie:Sather Professor]]
[[Kategorie:Ehrendoktor der University of St Andrews]]
[[Kategorie:Ehrendoktor der McMaster University]]
[[Kategorie:Geboren 1869]]
[[Kategorie:Gestorben 1943]]
[[Kategorie:Brite]]
[[Kategorie:Mann]]

{{Personendaten
|NAME=Glover, Terrot R.
|ALTERNATIVNAMEN=Glover, Terrot Reaveley; Glover, T. R.
|KURZBESCHREIBUNG=britischer Klassischer Philologe
|GEBURTSDATUM=23. Juli 1869
|GEBURTSORT=[[Bristol]]
|STERBEDATUM=26. Mai 1943
|STERBEORT=[[Cambridge]]
}}

Terrot R. Glover

2017-02-05T16:03:29Z

Ceosad: /* Leben */

[[Datei:Terrot Glover 1909.jpg|miniatur|Terrot R. Glover (1909)]]
'''Terrot R. Glover''' (* [[23. Juli]] [[1869]] in [[Bristol]]; † [[26. Mai]] [[1943]] in [[Cambridge]]) war ein britischer [[Klassische Philologie|Klassischer Philologe]].

== Leben ==
Terrot Reaveley Glover, der Sohn eines Geistlichen schottischer Herkunft, wuchs in Bristol auf und studierte von 1888 bis 1892 an der [[University of Cambridge]]. Während seiner anschließenden Zeit als [[Fellow]] am [[St John’s College (Cambridge)|St John’s College]] (1893–1896) erwarb er umfassende Kenntnisse der antiken [[Kirchenväter]], lernte [[Syrische Sprache|Syrisch]] und hielt sich zu Forschungszwecken in Berlin auf.

1896 erhielt Glover einen Ruf an die [[Queen’s University (Kingston)|Queen’s University]] in Kanada, dem er folgte. Er wirkte dort fünf Jahre als ''Professor of Latin''. Im Frühjahr 1901 erhielt er ein Angebot des St John’s College, erneut als Fellow und ''Classical Lecturer'' zu arbeiten. Glover sagte unverzüglich zu und kehrte im Mai nach Cambridge zurück, wo er im Herbst seine Lehrtätigkeit aufnahm.

Während des [[Erster Weltkrieg|Ersten Weltkriegs]] diente Glover von September 1915 bis September 1916 beim [[Christlicher Verein Junger Menschen|Christlichen Verein Junger Männer]] in Indien, wo er geistliche Apiranten ausbildete.

Im Sommersemester 1919 wurde Glover zum ''Pro-Proctor'' des St John’s College ernannt. Im folgenden Semester war er ''Senior Proctor'' (bis 1920). Im Januar 1920 wurde er in Nachfolge von [[John Edwin Sandys]] zum ''Public Orator'' der Universität ernannt.<ref>http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/acad/lists/Orato.html</ref> Auch im Ausland war Glover anerkannt. Er erhielt Rufe an die Queen’s University (1916), die [[McMaster University]] in Toronto (1918) und die [[Yale University]] (1922, 1929), die er alle ablehnte. Er war Ehrendoktor der Queen’s University (LL.D. 1910), der McMaster University (Doctor of Laws 1918) und der [[University of St Andrews]] (1921).

In den 20er Jahren unternahm Glover auch mehrere Vortragsreisen in die USA und nach Kanada. Für das Jahr 1923/1924 wurde er als [[Sather Professor]] an die [[University of California, Berkeley]] eingeladen. 1939 trat er in den Ruhestand.

== Schriften (Auswahl) ==
* ''Studies in Virgil''. London 1904
* ''The Jesus of History''. New York 1917. Calcutta 1919
* ''The World of the New Testament''. Cambridge 1931
* ''Greek Byways''. New York 1932
* ''The Ancient World. A Beginning''. Cambridge 1935. Nachdruck 1944, 1966, 1979
* ''The Challenge of Greek and Other Essays''. Cambridge 1942

== Literatur ==
* Herbert George Wood: ''Terrot Reaveley Glover. A Biography''. Cambridge 1953

{{Normdaten|TYP=p|GND=137011237|LCCN=n/79/053950|VIAF=64373743}}

{{SORTIERUNG:Glover, Terrot R}}
[[Kategorie:Altphilologe (20. Jahrhundert)]]
[[Kategorie:Hochschullehrer (Cambridge)]]
[[Kategorie:Hochschullehrer (Queen’s University Kingston)]]
[[Kategorie:Sather Professor]]
[[Kategorie:Ehrendoktor der University of St Andrews]]
[[Kategorie:Ehrendoktor der McMaster University]]
[[Kategorie:Geboren 1869]]
[[Kategorie:Gestorben 1943]]
[[Kategorie:Brite]]
[[Kategorie:Mann]]

{{Personendaten
|NAME=Glover, Terrot R.
|ALTERNATIVNAMEN=Glover, Terrot Reaveley; Glover, T. R.
|KURZBESCHREIBUNG=britischer Klassischer Philologe
|GEBURTSDATUM=23. Juli 1869
|GEBURTSORT=[[Bristol]]
|STERBEDATUM=26. Mai 1943
|STERBEORT=[[Cambridge]]
}}

Entropische Gravitation

2016-11-17T18:24:02Z

Ceosad: /* Erik Verlinde's theory */

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}}
[[Image:NewtonsLawOfUniversalGravitation.svg|thumb|right|200px|Verlinde's statistical description of gravity as an entropic force leads to the correct [[Newton's law of universal gravitation|inverse square distance law of attraction between classical bodies]].]]

'''Entropic gravity''' is a [[theory]] in [[modern physics]] that describes [[gravity]] as an [[entropic force]]—not a [[fundamental interaction]] mediated by a [[quantum field theory]] and a [[gauge theory|gauge particle]] (like [[photons]] for the [[electromagnetic force]], and [[gluons]] for the [[strong nuclear force]]), but a consequence of physical systems' tendency to increase their [[entropy]]. The proposal has been intensely contested in the [[physics]] community, but it has also sparked a new line of research into [[thermodynamic]] properties of [[gravity]].

==Origin==
The thermodynamic description of gravity has a history that goes back at least to research on [[black hole thermodynamics]] by [[Jacob Bekenstein|Bekenstein]] and [[Stephen Hawking|Hawking]] in the mid-1970s. These studies suggest a deep connection between [[gravity]] and thermodynamics, which describes the behavior of heat. In 1995 [[Theodore Jacobson|Jacobson]] demonstrated that the [[Einstein field equations]] describing relativistic gravitation can be derived by combining general thermodynamic considerations with the [[equivalence principle]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Jacobson|first=Theodore|title=Thermodynamics of Spacetime: The Einstein Equation of State|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.75.1260|date=4 April 1995|pages=1260–1263|issue=7|volume=75|journal=Phys. Rev. Lett.|arxiv=gr-qc/9504004|bibcode=1995PhRvL..75.1260J}}</ref> Subsequently, other physicists, most notably [[Thanu Padmanabhan]], began to explore links between gravity and [[entropy]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Padmanabhan|first=Thanu|title=Thermodynamical Aspects of Gravity: New insights|date=26 November 2009|pages=6901|issue=4|volume=73|journal=Rep. Prog. Phys. |arxiv=0911.5004|doi=10.1088/0034-4885/73/4/046901|bibcode=2010RPPh...73d6901P}}</ref><ref>{{cite arXiv|last=Mok|first=H.M.|title=Further Explanation to the Cosmological Constant Problem by Discrete Space-time Through Modified Holographic Principle|eprint=physics/0408060|date=13 August 2004|class=physics.gen-ph}}</ref>

==Erik Verlinde's theory==
In 2009, [[Erik Verlinde]] disclosed a conceptual model that describes gravity as an entropic force.<ref>{{cite news|last=van Calmthout|first=Martijn|title=Is Einstein een beetje achterhaald?|url=http://www.volkskrant.nl/wetenschap/article1326775.ece/Is_Einstein_een_beetje_achterhaald|accessdate=6 September 2010|newspaper=de Volkskrant|date=12 December 2009|language=Dutch}}</ref> On 6 January 2010 he published a [[preprint]] of a 29-page paper titled ''On the Origin of Gravity and the Laws of Newton''.<ref name="VerlindePaper">{{cite arXiv|last=Verlinde|first=Eric|title=On the Origin of Gravity and the Laws of Newton|eprint=1001.0785|date=6 January 2010|class=hep-th}}</ref> The paper was published in the [[Journal of High Energy Physics]] in April 2011.<ref>{{cite journal |author=E.P. Verlinde |doi=10.1007/JHEP04(2011)029 |journal=JHEP |title=On the Origin of Gravity and the Laws of Newton |bibcode = 2011JHEP...04..029V |arxiv = 1001.0785 }}</ref> Reversing the logic of over 300 years, it argued (similar to Jacobson's result) that gravity is a consequence of the "information associated with the positions of material bodies". This model combines the thermodynamic approach to gravity with [[Gerard 't Hooft]]'s [[holographic principle]]. It implies that gravity is not a [[fundamental interaction]], but an [[emergent phenomenon]] which arises from the statistical behavior of microscopic [[Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry)|degrees of freedom]] encoded on a holographic screen. The paper drew a variety of responses from the scientific community. [[Andrew Strominger]], a string theorist at Harvard said “Some people have said it can’t be right, others that it’s right and we already knew it — that it’s right and profound, right and trivial."<ref name="nytimes">{{cite news|last=Overbye|first=Dennis|title=A Scientist Takes On Gravity|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/13/science/13gravity.html?_r=1|accessdate=6 September 2010|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=12 July 2010}}</ref>

In July 2011 Verlinde presented the further development of his ideas in a contribution to the Strings 2011 conference, including an explanation for the origin of dark matter.<ref>[http://www2.physics.uu.se/external/strings2011/presentations/5%20Friday/1220_Verlinde.pdf E. Verlinde, The Hidden Phase Space of our Universe], Strings 2011, Uppsala, 1 July 2011.</ref>

Verlinde's article also attracted a large amount of media exposure,<ref>[http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20527443.800-the-entropy-force-a-new-direction-for-gravity.html?page=1 The entropy force: a new direction for gravity], [[New Scientist]], 20 January 2010, issue 2744</ref><ref>[http://www.wired.com/beyond_the_beyond/2010/01/gravity-is-an-entropic-form-of-holographic-information/ Gravity is an entropic form of holographic information], ''[[Wired Magazine]]'', 20 January 2010</ref> and led to immediate follow-up work in cosmology,<ref>{{cite arXiv |eprint=1001.3237 |author1=Fu-Wen Shu |author2=Yungui Gong |title=Equipartition of energy and the first law of thermodynamics at the apparent horizon |class=gr-qc |year=2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Rong-Gen Cai |author2=Li-Ming Cao |author3=Nobuyoshi Ohta |doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.81.061501 |journal=Phys. Rev. D |volume=81 |title=Friedmann Equations from Entropic Force |issue=6 |year=2010 |arxiv=1001.3470|bibcode = 2010PhRvD..81f1501C }}</ref> the [[dark energy|dark energy hypothesis]],<ref>[http://www.scientificblogging.com/hammock_physicist/it_bit_how_get_rid_dark_energy It from Bit: How to get rid of dark energy], Johannes Koelman, 2010</ref> [[Metric expansion of space|cosmological acceleration]],<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Easson |author2=Frampton |author3=Smoot |doi=10.1016/j.physletb.2010.12.025 |journal=Phys. Lett. B |volume=696 |title=Entropic Accelerating Universe |issue=3 |pages=273–277 |year=2010 |arxiv=1002.4278|bibcode = 2011PhLB..696..273E }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Yi-Fu Cai |author2=Jie Liu |author3=Hong Li |doi=10.1016/j.physletb.2010.05.033 |journal=Phys. Lett. B |volume=690 |title=Entropic cosmology: a unified model of inflation and late-time acceleration |issue=3 |pages=213–219 |year=2010 |arxiv=1003.4526|bibcode = 2010PhLB..690..213C }}</ref> [[Inflation (cosmology)|cosmological inflation]],<ref>{{cite arXiv |eprint=1001.4786 |author1=Yi Wang |title=Towards a Holographic Description of Inflation and Generation of Fluctuations from Thermodynamics |class=hep-th |year=2010}}</ref> and [[loop quantum gravity]].<ref>{{cite arXiv |eprint=1001.3668 |author1=Lee Smolin |title=Newtonian gravity in loop quantum gravity |class=gr-qc |year=2010}}</ref> Also, a specific microscopic model has been proposed that indeed leads to entropic gravity emerging at large scales.<ref>{{cite arXiv |eprint=1001.3808 |author1=Jarmo Mäkelä |title=Notes Concerning "On the Origin of Gravity and the Laws of Newton" by E. Verlinde |class=gr-qc |year=2010}}</ref>

On 7 November 2016, Erik Verlinde published 'Emergent Gravity and the Dark Universe'.<ref>https://arxiv.org/pdf/1611.02269v1.pdf</ref>
He received attention in the scientific media and was also picked up by the regular news.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://newscientist.nl/nieuws/is-waarom-publicatie-erik-verlinde-spannend-is/|title=Dit is waarom de publicatie van Erik Verlinde zo spannend is|publisher=New Scientist}}</ref>

==Derivation of the law of gravitation==
The law of gravitation is derived from classical statistical mechanics applied to the [[holographic principle]], that states that the description of a volume of space can be thought of as <math>N</math> bits of binary information, encoded on a boundary to the region, a surface of area <math>A</math>. The information is evenly distributed on the surface and each bit is stored on an elementary surface of area

:<math>N = A/\ell_\mathrm{P}^2</math>

where <math>\ell_\mathrm{P}</math> is the [[Planck length]]. The statistical [[equipartition theorem]] relates the temperature <math>T</math> of a system with its average energy

:<math>E = \frac{1}{2} N k_\text{B} T</math>

where <math>k_\text{B}</math> is the [[Boltzmann constant]]. This energy is identified with a mass <math>M</math> by the [[mass–energy equivalence]] relation

:<math>E = Mc^2</math>.

The effective temperature experienced by a uniformly accelerating detector in a [[vacuum state|vacuum field]] is given by the [[Unruh effect]]. This temperature is

:<math>T = \frac{\hbar a}{2\pi c k_\text{B}},</math>

where <math>\hbar</math> is the reduced [[Planck constant]], and <math>a</math> is the local acceleration, which is related to a force <math>F</math> by [[Newton's second law]] of motion

:<math>F = ma</math>.

By assuming that the holographic screen is a sphere of radius <math>r</math>, its surface is given by

:<math>A = 4\pi r^2</math>,

and one derives from these principles [[Newton's law of universal gravitation]]

:<math>F = G \frac{m M}{r^2} </math>.

==Criticism and experimental tests==

Entropic gravity, as proposed by Verlinde in his original article, reproduces [[Einstein field equations]] and, in a Newtonian approximation, a 1/r potential for gravitational forces. Since it does not make new physical predictions, it can not be falsified with existing experimental methods, at this time, any more than Newtonian gravity and general relativity.

Even so, entropic gravity in its current form has been severely challenged on formal grounds. Matt Visser, professor of mathematics at Victoria University of Wellington, NZ in "Conservative Entropic Forces" <ref>{{cite arXiv|last=Visser|first=Matt|title=Conservative entropic forces|eprint=1108.5240}}</ref> has shown that the attempt to model conservative forces in the general Newtonian case (i.e. for arbitrary potentials and an unlimited number of discrete masses) leads to unphysical requirements for the required entropy and involves an unnatural number of temperature baths of differing temperatures. Visser concludes:
{{quote|There is no reasonable doubt concerning the physical reality of entropic forces, and no reasonable doubt that classical (and semi-classical) general relativity is closely related to thermodynamics [52–55]. Based on the work of Jacobson [1–6], [[Thanu Padmanabhan]] [7– 12], and others, there are also good reasons to suspect a thermodynamic interpretation of the fully relativistic Einstein equations might be possible. Whether the specific proposals of Verlinde [26] are anywhere near as fundamental is yet to be seen — the rather baroque construction needed to accurately reproduce n-body Newtonian gravity in a Verlinde-like setting certainly gives one pause.}}

For the derivation of Einstein's equations from an entropic gravity perspective, Tower Wang shows in <ref>{{cite arXiv|last=Wang|first=Tower|title=Modified entropic gravity revisited|eprint=1211.5722}}</ref> that the inclusion of energy-momentum conservation and cosmological homogeneity and isotropy requirements severely restrict a wide class of potential modifications of entropic gravity, some of which have been used to generalize entropic gravity beyond the singular case of an entropic model of Einstein's equations. Wang asserts that
{{quote|As indicated by our results, the modified entropic gravity models of form (2), if not killed, should live in a very narrow room to assure the energy-momentum conservation and to accommodate a homogeneous isotropic universe.}}

===Entropic gravity and quantum coherence===
Another criticism of entropic gravity is that entropic processes should, as critics argue, break [[quantum coherence]]. Experiments with ultra-cold neutrons in the gravitational field of Earth are claimed to show that neutrons lie on discrete levels exactly as predicted by the [[Schrödinger equation]] considering the gravitation to be a conservative potential field without any decoherent factors. [[Archil Kobakhidze]] argues that this result disproves entropic gravity.<ref>{{cite arXiv|last=Kobakhidze|first=Archil|title=Gravity is not an entropic force|eprint=1009.5414}}</ref> [[Luboš Motl]] gives popular explanations of this position in his blog.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Motl|first1=Luboš|title=Why gravity can't be entropic|url=http://motls.blogspot.ru/2010/01/erik-verlinde-why-gravity-cant-be.html|website=The Reference Frame|accessdate=10 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Motl|first1=Luboš|title=Once more: gravity is not an entropic force|url=http://motls.blogspot.ru/2011/08/once-more-gravity-is-not-entropic-force.html|website=The Reference Frame|accessdate=29 April 2015}}</ref>

It was argued in favor of entropic gravity that such inconsistencies may be removed.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Chaichian|first1=Masud |last2=Oksanen|first2=Markku |last3=Tureanu|first3=Anca |title=On entropic gravity: the entropy postulate, entropy content of screens and relation to quantum mechanics |journal=Physics Letters B|doi=10.1016/j.physletb.2012.04.065|issue=3|volume=712|date=2012|arxiv = 1109.2794 |bibcode = 2012PhLB..712..272C }}</ref> However, [[Archil Kobakhidze]] replied that this is not true.<ref>{{cite arXiv|last=Kobakhidze|first=Archil|title=Once more: gravity is not an entropic force|eprint=1108.4161}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Abraham–Lorentz force]]
*[[Black hole thermodynamics#Beyond black holes|Beyond black holes]]
*[[Black hole electron]]
*[[Entropic force]]
*[[Hawking radiation]]
*[[Invariance mechanics]]
*[[List of quantum gravity researchers]]
*[[Ideal chain#Entropic elasticity of an ideal chain|Entropic elasticity of an ideal chain]]
*[[Gravitation]]
*[[Induced gravity]]

==Further reading==
*[http://www.science20.com/hammock_physicist/it_bit_entropic_gravity_pedestrians It from bit - Entropic gravity for pedestrians], J. Koelman
*[http://www.imsc.res.in/~iagrg/IagrgSite/Activities/IagrgMeetings/25th_Iagrg/VRtalk.pdf Gravity: the inside story], T Padmanabhan
*[http://www.technologyreview.com/view/425220/experiments-show-gravity-is-not-an-emergent-phenomenon/ Experiments Show Gravity Is Not an Emergent Phenomenon]
*It from bit and fit from bit. On the origin and impact of information in the average evolution (Yves Decadt, 2000). Book published in Dutch with English paper summary in The Information Philosopher, http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/scientists/decadt/

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Theories of gravitation}}

[[Category:Theories of gravitation]]
[[Category:Information theory|Gravity As An Entropic Force]]
[[Category:Thermodynamics|Gravity As An Entropic Force]]

Entropische Gravitation

2016-11-17T18:22:42Z

Ceosad: Filled in 1 bare reference(s) with reFill

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}}
[[Image:NewtonsLawOfUniversalGravitation.svg|thumb|right|200px|Verlinde's statistical description of gravity as an entropic force leads to the correct [[Newton's law of universal gravitation|inverse square distance law of attraction between classical bodies]].]]

'''Entropic gravity''' is a [[theory]] in [[modern physics]] that describes [[gravity]] as an [[entropic force]]—not a [[fundamental interaction]] mediated by a [[quantum field theory]] and a [[gauge theory|gauge particle]] (like [[photons]] for the [[electromagnetic force]], and [[gluons]] for the [[strong nuclear force]]), but a consequence of physical systems' tendency to increase their [[entropy]]. The proposal has been intensely contested in the [[physics]] community, but it has also sparked a new line of research into [[thermodynamic]] properties of [[gravity]].

==Origin==
The thermodynamic description of gravity has a history that goes back at least to research on [[black hole thermodynamics]] by [[Jacob Bekenstein|Bekenstein]] and [[Stephen Hawking|Hawking]] in the mid-1970s. These studies suggest a deep connection between [[gravity]] and thermodynamics, which describes the behavior of heat. In 1995 [[Theodore Jacobson|Jacobson]] demonstrated that the [[Einstein field equations]] describing relativistic gravitation can be derived by combining general thermodynamic considerations with the [[equivalence principle]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Jacobson|first=Theodore|title=Thermodynamics of Spacetime: The Einstein Equation of State|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.75.1260|date=4 April 1995|pages=1260–1263|issue=7|volume=75|journal=Phys. Rev. Lett.|arxiv=gr-qc/9504004|bibcode=1995PhRvL..75.1260J}}</ref> Subsequently, other physicists, most notably [[Thanu Padmanabhan]], began to explore links between gravity and [[entropy]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Padmanabhan|first=Thanu|title=Thermodynamical Aspects of Gravity: New insights|date=26 November 2009|pages=6901|issue=4|volume=73|journal=Rep. Prog. Phys. |arxiv=0911.5004|doi=10.1088/0034-4885/73/4/046901|bibcode=2010RPPh...73d6901P}}</ref><ref>{{cite arXiv|last=Mok|first=H.M.|title=Further Explanation to the Cosmological Constant Problem by Discrete Space-time Through Modified Holographic Principle|eprint=physics/0408060|date=13 August 2004|class=physics.gen-ph}}</ref>

==Erik Verlinde's theory==
In 2009, [[Erik Verlinde]] disclosed a conceptual model that describes gravity as an entropic force.<ref>{{cite news|last=van Calmthout|first=Martijn|title=Is Einstein een beetje achterhaald?|url=http://www.volkskrant.nl/wetenschap/article1326775.ece/Is_Einstein_een_beetje_achterhaald|accessdate=6 September 2010|newspaper=de Volkskrant|date=12 December 2009|language=Dutch}}</ref> On 6 January 2010 he published a [[preprint]] of a 29-page paper titled ''On the Origin of Gravity and the Laws of Newton''.<ref name="VerlindePaper">{{cite arXiv|last=Verlinde|first=Eric|title=On the Origin of Gravity and the Laws of Newton|eprint=1001.0785|date=6 January 2010|class=hep-th}}</ref> The paper was published in the [[Journal of High Energy Physics]] in April 2011.<ref>{{cite journal |author=E.P. Verlinde |doi=10.1007/JHEP04(2011)029 |journal=JHEP |title=On the Origin of Gravity and the Laws of Newton |bibcode = 2011JHEP...04..029V |arxiv = 1001.0785 }}</ref> Reversing the logic of over 300 years, it argued (similar to Jacobson's result) that gravity is a consequence of the "information associated with the positions of material bodies". This model combines the thermodynamic approach to gravity with [[Gerard 't Hooft]]'s [[holographic principle]]. It implies that gravity is not a [[fundamental interaction]], but an [[emergent phenomenon]] which arises from the statistical behavior of microscopic [[Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry)|degrees of freedom]] encoded on a holographic screen. The paper drew a variety of responses from the scientific community. [[Andrew Strominger]], a string theorist at Harvard said “Some people have said it can’t be right, others that it’s right and we already knew it — that it’s right and profound, right and trivial."<ref name="nytimes">{{cite news|last=Overbye|first=Dennis|title=A Scientist Takes On Gravity|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/13/science/13gravity.html?_r=1|accessdate=6 September 2010|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=12 July 2010}}</ref>

In July 2011 Verlinde presented the further development of his ideas in a contribution to the Strings 2011 conference, including an explanation for the origin of dark matter.<ref>[http://www2.physics.uu.se/external/strings2011/presentations/5%20Friday/1220_Verlinde.pdf E. Verlinde, The Hidden Phase Space of our Universe], Strings 2011, Uppsala, 1 July 2011.</ref>

Verlinde's article also attracted a large amount of media exposure,<ref>[http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20527443.800-the-entropy-force-a-new-direction-for-gravity.html?page=1 The entropy force: a new direction for gravity], [[New Scientist]], 20 January 2010, issue 2744</ref><ref>[http://www.wired.com/beyond_the_beyond/2010/01/gravity-is-an-entropic-form-of-holographic-information/ Gravity is an entropic form of holographic information], ''[[Wired Magazine]]'', 20 January 2010</ref> and led to immediate follow-up work in cosmology,<ref>{{cite arXiv |eprint=1001.3237 |author1=Fu-Wen Shu |author2=Yungui Gong |title=Equipartition of energy and the first law of thermodynamics at the apparent horizon |class=gr-qc |year=2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Rong-Gen Cai |author2=Li-Ming Cao |author3=Nobuyoshi Ohta |doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.81.061501 |journal=Phys. Rev. D |volume=81 |title=Friedmann Equations from Entropic Force |issue=6 |year=2010 |arxiv=1001.3470|bibcode = 2010PhRvD..81f1501C }}</ref> the [[dark energy|dark energy hypothesis]],<ref>[http://www.scientificblogging.com/hammock_physicist/it_bit_how_get_rid_dark_energy It from Bit: How to get rid of dark energy], Johannes Koelman, 2010</ref> [[Metric expansion of space|cosmological acceleration]],<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Easson |author2=Frampton |author3=Smoot |doi=10.1016/j.physletb.2010.12.025 |journal=Phys. Lett. B |volume=696 |title=Entropic Accelerating Universe |issue=3 |pages=273–277 |year=2010 |arxiv=1002.4278|bibcode = 2011PhLB..696..273E }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Yi-Fu Cai |author2=Jie Liu |author3=Hong Li |doi=10.1016/j.physletb.2010.05.033 |journal=Phys. Lett. B |volume=690 |title=Entropic cosmology: a unified model of inflation and late-time acceleration |issue=3 |pages=213–219 |year=2010 |arxiv=1003.4526|bibcode = 2010PhLB..690..213C }}</ref> [[Inflation (cosmology)|cosmological inflation]],<ref>{{cite arXiv |eprint=1001.4786 |author1=Yi Wang |title=Towards a Holographic Description of Inflation and Generation of Fluctuations from Thermodynamics |class=hep-th |year=2010}}</ref> and [[loop quantum gravity]].<ref>{{cite arXiv |eprint=1001.3668 |author1=Lee Smolin |title=Newtonian gravity in loop quantum gravity |class=gr-qc |year=2010}}</ref> Also, a specific microscopic model has been proposed that indeed leads to entropic gravity emerging at large scales.<ref>{{cite arXiv |eprint=1001.3808 |author1=Jarmo Mäkelä |title=Notes Concerning "On the Origin of Gravity and the Laws of Newton" by E. Verlinde |class=gr-qc |year=2010}}</ref>

On 2016, November 7 Erik Verlinde published 'Emergent Gravity and the Dark Universe'.<ref>https://arxiv.org/pdf/1611.02269v1.pdf</ref>
He received attention in the scientific media and was also picked up by the regular news.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://newscientist.nl/nieuws/is-waarom-publicatie-erik-verlinde-spannend-is/|title=Dit is waarom de publicatie van Erik Verlinde zo spannend is|publisher=New Scientist}}</ref>

==Derivation of the law of gravitation==
The law of gravitation is derived from classical statistical mechanics applied to the [[holographic principle]], that states that the description of a volume of space can be thought of as <math>N</math> bits of binary information, encoded on a boundary to the region, a surface of area <math>A</math>. The information is evenly distributed on the surface and each bit is stored on an elementary surface of area

:<math>N = A/\ell_\mathrm{P}^2</math>

where <math>\ell_\mathrm{P}</math> is the [[Planck length]]. The statistical [[equipartition theorem]] relates the temperature <math>T</math> of a system with its average energy

:<math>E = \frac{1}{2} N k_\text{B} T</math>

where <math>k_\text{B}</math> is the [[Boltzmann constant]]. This energy is identified with a mass <math>M</math> by the [[mass–energy equivalence]] relation

:<math>E = Mc^2</math>.

The effective temperature experienced by a uniformly accelerating detector in a [[vacuum state|vacuum field]] is given by the [[Unruh effect]]. This temperature is

:<math>T = \frac{\hbar a}{2\pi c k_\text{B}},</math>

where <math>\hbar</math> is the reduced [[Planck constant]], and <math>a</math> is the local acceleration, which is related to a force <math>F</math> by [[Newton's second law]] of motion

:<math>F = ma</math>.

By assuming that the holographic screen is a sphere of radius <math>r</math>, its surface is given by

:<math>A = 4\pi r^2</math>,

and one derives from these principles [[Newton's law of universal gravitation]]

:<math>F = G \frac{m M}{r^2} </math>.

==Criticism and experimental tests==

Entropic gravity, as proposed by Verlinde in his original article, reproduces [[Einstein field equations]] and, in a Newtonian approximation, a 1/r potential for gravitational forces. Since it does not make new physical predictions, it can not be falsified with existing experimental methods, at this time, any more than Newtonian gravity and general relativity.

Even so, entropic gravity in its current form has been severely challenged on formal grounds. Matt Visser, professor of mathematics at Victoria University of Wellington, NZ in "Conservative Entropic Forces" <ref>{{cite arXiv|last=Visser|first=Matt|title=Conservative entropic forces|eprint=1108.5240}}</ref> has shown that the attempt to model conservative forces in the general Newtonian case (i.e. for arbitrary potentials and an unlimited number of discrete masses) leads to unphysical requirements for the required entropy and involves an unnatural number of temperature baths of differing temperatures. Visser concludes:
{{quote|There is no reasonable doubt concerning the physical reality of entropic forces, and no reasonable doubt that classical (and semi-classical) general relativity is closely related to thermodynamics [52–55]. Based on the work of Jacobson [1–6], [[Thanu Padmanabhan]] [7– 12], and others, there are also good reasons to suspect a thermodynamic interpretation of the fully relativistic Einstein equations might be possible. Whether the specific proposals of Verlinde [26] are anywhere near as fundamental is yet to be seen — the rather baroque construction needed to accurately reproduce n-body Newtonian gravity in a Verlinde-like setting certainly gives one pause.}}

For the derivation of Einstein's equations from an entropic gravity perspective, Tower Wang shows in <ref>{{cite arXiv|last=Wang|first=Tower|title=Modified entropic gravity revisited|eprint=1211.5722}}</ref> that the inclusion of energy-momentum conservation and cosmological homogeneity and isotropy requirements severely restrict a wide class of potential modifications of entropic gravity, some of which have been used to generalize entropic gravity beyond the singular case of an entropic model of Einstein's equations. Wang asserts that
{{quote|As indicated by our results, the modified entropic gravity models of form (2), if not killed, should live in a very narrow room to assure the energy-momentum conservation and to accommodate a homogeneous isotropic universe.}}

===Entropic gravity and quantum coherence===
Another criticism of entropic gravity is that entropic processes should, as critics argue, break [[quantum coherence]]. Experiments with ultra-cold neutrons in the gravitational field of Earth are claimed to show that neutrons lie on discrete levels exactly as predicted by the [[Schrödinger equation]] considering the gravitation to be a conservative potential field without any decoherent factors. [[Archil Kobakhidze]] argues that this result disproves entropic gravity.<ref>{{cite arXiv|last=Kobakhidze|first=Archil|title=Gravity is not an entropic force|eprint=1009.5414}}</ref> [[Luboš Motl]] gives popular explanations of this position in his blog.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Motl|first1=Luboš|title=Why gravity can't be entropic|url=http://motls.blogspot.ru/2010/01/erik-verlinde-why-gravity-cant-be.html|website=The Reference Frame|accessdate=10 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Motl|first1=Luboš|title=Once more: gravity is not an entropic force|url=http://motls.blogspot.ru/2011/08/once-more-gravity-is-not-entropic-force.html|website=The Reference Frame|accessdate=29 April 2015}}</ref>

It was argued in favor of entropic gravity that such inconsistencies may be removed.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Chaichian|first1=Masud |last2=Oksanen|first2=Markku |last3=Tureanu|first3=Anca |title=On entropic gravity: the entropy postulate, entropy content of screens and relation to quantum mechanics |journal=Physics Letters B|doi=10.1016/j.physletb.2012.04.065|issue=3|volume=712|date=2012|arxiv = 1109.2794 |bibcode = 2012PhLB..712..272C }}</ref> However, [[Archil Kobakhidze]] replied that this is not true.<ref>{{cite arXiv|last=Kobakhidze|first=Archil|title=Once more: gravity is not an entropic force|eprint=1108.4161}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Abraham–Lorentz force]]
*[[Black hole thermodynamics#Beyond black holes|Beyond black holes]]
*[[Black hole electron]]
*[[Entropic force]]
*[[Hawking radiation]]
*[[Invariance mechanics]]
*[[List of quantum gravity researchers]]
*[[Ideal chain#Entropic elasticity of an ideal chain|Entropic elasticity of an ideal chain]]
*[[Gravitation]]
*[[Induced gravity]]

==Further reading==
*[http://www.science20.com/hammock_physicist/it_bit_entropic_gravity_pedestrians It from bit - Entropic gravity for pedestrians], J. Koelman
*[http://www.imsc.res.in/~iagrg/IagrgSite/Activities/IagrgMeetings/25th_Iagrg/VRtalk.pdf Gravity: the inside story], T Padmanabhan
*[http://www.technologyreview.com/view/425220/experiments-show-gravity-is-not-an-emergent-phenomenon/ Experiments Show Gravity Is Not an Emergent Phenomenon]
*It from bit and fit from bit. On the origin and impact of information in the average evolution (Yves Decadt, 2000). Book published in Dutch with English paper summary in The Information Philosopher, http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/scientists/decadt/

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Theories of gravitation}}

[[Category:Theories of gravitation]]
[[Category:Information theory|Gravity As An Entropic Force]]
[[Category:Thermodynamics|Gravity As An Entropic Force]]

Entropische Gravitation

2016-11-17T18:21:28Z

Ceosad: cleanup

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}}
[[Image:NewtonsLawOfUniversalGravitation.svg|thumb|right|200px|Verlinde's statistical description of gravity as an entropic force leads to the correct [[Newton's law of universal gravitation|inverse square distance law of attraction between classical bodies]].]]

'''Entropic gravity''' is a [[theory]] in [[modern physics]] that describes [[gravity]] as an [[entropic force]]—not a [[fundamental interaction]] mediated by a [[quantum field theory]] and a [[gauge theory|gauge particle]] (like [[photons]] for the [[electromagnetic force]], and [[gluons]] for the [[strong nuclear force]]), but a consequence of physical systems' tendency to increase their [[entropy]]. The proposal has been intensely contested in the [[physics]] community, but it has also sparked a new line of research into [[thermodynamic]] properties of [[gravity]].

==Origin==
The thermodynamic description of gravity has a history that goes back at least to research on [[black hole thermodynamics]] by [[Jacob Bekenstein|Bekenstein]] and [[Stephen Hawking|Hawking]] in the mid-1970s. These studies suggest a deep connection between [[gravity]] and thermodynamics, which describes the behavior of heat. In 1995 [[Theodore Jacobson|Jacobson]] demonstrated that the [[Einstein field equations]] describing relativistic gravitation can be derived by combining general thermodynamic considerations with the [[equivalence principle]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Jacobson|first=Theodore|title=Thermodynamics of Spacetime: The Einstein Equation of State|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.75.1260|date=4 April 1995|pages=1260–1263|issue=7|volume=75|journal=Phys. Rev. Lett.|arxiv=gr-qc/9504004|bibcode=1995PhRvL..75.1260J}}</ref> Subsequently, other physicists, most notably [[Thanu Padmanabhan]], began to explore links between gravity and [[entropy]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Padmanabhan|first=Thanu|title=Thermodynamical Aspects of Gravity: New insights|date=26 November 2009|pages=6901|issue=4|volume=73|journal=Rep. Prog. Phys. |arxiv=0911.5004|doi=10.1088/0034-4885/73/4/046901|bibcode=2010RPPh...73d6901P}}</ref><ref>{{cite arXiv|last=Mok|first=H.M.|title=Further Explanation to the Cosmological Constant Problem by Discrete Space-time Through Modified Holographic Principle|eprint=physics/0408060|date=13 August 2004|class=physics.gen-ph}}</ref>

==Erik Verlinde's theory==
In 2009, [[Erik Verlinde]] disclosed a conceptual model that describes gravity as an entropic force.<ref>{{cite news|last=van Calmthout|first=Martijn|title=Is Einstein een beetje achterhaald?|url=http://www.volkskrant.nl/wetenschap/article1326775.ece/Is_Einstein_een_beetje_achterhaald|accessdate=6 September 2010|newspaper=de Volkskrant|date=12 December 2009|language=Dutch}}</ref> On 6 January 2010 he published a [[preprint]] of a 29-page paper titled ''On the Origin of Gravity and the Laws of Newton''.<ref name="VerlindePaper">{{cite arXiv|last=Verlinde|first=Eric|title=On the Origin of Gravity and the Laws of Newton|eprint=1001.0785|date=6 January 2010|class=hep-th}}</ref> The paper was published in the [[Journal of High Energy Physics]] in April 2011.<ref>{{cite journal |author=E.P. Verlinde |doi=10.1007/JHEP04(2011)029 |journal=JHEP |title=On the Origin of Gravity and the Laws of Newton |bibcode = 2011JHEP...04..029V |arxiv = 1001.0785 }}</ref> Reversing the logic of over 300 years, it argued (similar to Jacobson's result) that gravity is a consequence of the "information associated with the positions of material bodies". This model combines the thermodynamic approach to gravity with [[Gerard 't Hooft]]'s [[holographic principle]]. It implies that gravity is not a [[fundamental interaction]], but an [[emergent phenomenon]] which arises from the statistical behavior of microscopic [[Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry)|degrees of freedom]] encoded on a holographic screen. The paper drew a variety of responses from the scientific community. [[Andrew Strominger]], a string theorist at Harvard said “Some people have said it can’t be right, others that it’s right and we already knew it — that it’s right and profound, right and trivial."<ref name="nytimes">{{cite news|last=Overbye|first=Dennis|title=A Scientist Takes On Gravity|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/13/science/13gravity.html?_r=1|accessdate=6 September 2010|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=12 July 2010}}</ref>

In July 2011 Verlinde presented the further development of his ideas in a contribution to the Strings 2011 conference, including an explanation for the origin of dark matter.<ref>[http://www2.physics.uu.se/external/strings2011/presentations/5%20Friday/1220_Verlinde.pdf E. Verlinde, The Hidden Phase Space of our Universe], Strings 2011, Uppsala, 1 July 2011.</ref>

Verlinde's article also attracted a large amount of media exposure,<ref>[http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20527443.800-the-entropy-force-a-new-direction-for-gravity.html?page=1 The entropy force: a new direction for gravity], [[New Scientist]], 20 January 2010, issue 2744</ref><ref>[http://www.wired.com/beyond_the_beyond/2010/01/gravity-is-an-entropic-form-of-holographic-information/ Gravity is an entropic form of holographic information], ''[[Wired Magazine]]'', 20 January 2010</ref> and led to immediate follow-up work in cosmology,<ref>{{cite arXiv |eprint=1001.3237 |author1=Fu-Wen Shu |author2=Yungui Gong |title=Equipartition of energy and the first law of thermodynamics at the apparent horizon |class=gr-qc |year=2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Rong-Gen Cai |author2=Li-Ming Cao |author3=Nobuyoshi Ohta |doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.81.061501 |journal=Phys. Rev. D |volume=81 |title=Friedmann Equations from Entropic Force |issue=6 |year=2010 |arxiv=1001.3470|bibcode = 2010PhRvD..81f1501C }}</ref> the [[dark energy|dark energy hypothesis]],<ref>[http://www.scientificblogging.com/hammock_physicist/it_bit_how_get_rid_dark_energy It from Bit: How to get rid of dark energy], Johannes Koelman, 2010</ref> [[Metric expansion of space|cosmological acceleration]],<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Easson |author2=Frampton |author3=Smoot |doi=10.1016/j.physletb.2010.12.025 |journal=Phys. Lett. B |volume=696 |title=Entropic Accelerating Universe |issue=3 |pages=273–277 |year=2010 |arxiv=1002.4278|bibcode = 2011PhLB..696..273E }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Yi-Fu Cai |author2=Jie Liu |author3=Hong Li |doi=10.1016/j.physletb.2010.05.033 |journal=Phys. Lett. B |volume=690 |title=Entropic cosmology: a unified model of inflation and late-time acceleration |issue=3 |pages=213–219 |year=2010 |arxiv=1003.4526|bibcode = 2010PhLB..690..213C }}</ref> [[Inflation (cosmology)|cosmological inflation]],<ref>{{cite arXiv |eprint=1001.4786 |author1=Yi Wang |title=Towards a Holographic Description of Inflation and Generation of Fluctuations from Thermodynamics |class=hep-th |year=2010}}</ref> and [[loop quantum gravity]].<ref>{{cite arXiv |eprint=1001.3668 |author1=Lee Smolin |title=Newtonian gravity in loop quantum gravity |class=gr-qc |year=2010}}</ref> Also, a specific microscopic model has been proposed that indeed leads to entropic gravity emerging at large scales.<ref>{{cite arXiv |eprint=1001.3808 |author1=Jarmo Mäkelä |title=Notes Concerning "On the Origin of Gravity and the Laws of Newton" by E. Verlinde |class=gr-qc |year=2010}}</ref>

On 2016, November 7 Erik Verlinde published 'Emergent Gravity and the Dark Universe'.<ref>https://arxiv.org/pdf/1611.02269v1.pdf</ref>
He received attention in the scientific media and was also picked up by the regular news.<ref>https://newscientist.nl/nieuws/is-waarom-publicatie-erik-verlinde-spannend-is/</ref>

==Derivation of the law of gravitation==
The law of gravitation is derived from classical statistical mechanics applied to the [[holographic principle]], that states that the description of a volume of space can be thought of as <math>N</math> bits of binary information, encoded on a boundary to the region, a surface of area <math>A</math>. The information is evenly distributed on the surface and each bit is stored on an elementary surface of area

:<math>N = A/\ell_\mathrm{P}^2</math>

where <math>\ell_\mathrm{P}</math> is the [[Planck length]]. The statistical [[equipartition theorem]] relates the temperature <math>T</math> of a system with its average energy

:<math>E = \frac{1}{2} N k_\text{B} T</math>

where <math>k_\text{B}</math> is the [[Boltzmann constant]]. This energy is identified with a mass <math>M</math> by the [[mass–energy equivalence]] relation

:<math>E = Mc^2</math>.

The effective temperature experienced by a uniformly accelerating detector in a [[vacuum state|vacuum field]] is given by the [[Unruh effect]]. This temperature is

:<math>T = \frac{\hbar a}{2\pi c k_\text{B}},</math>

where <math>\hbar</math> is the reduced [[Planck constant]], and <math>a</math> is the local acceleration, which is related to a force <math>F</math> by [[Newton's second law]] of motion

:<math>F = ma</math>.

By assuming that the holographic screen is a sphere of radius <math>r</math>, its surface is given by

:<math>A = 4\pi r^2</math>,

and one derives from these principles [[Newton's law of universal gravitation]]

:<math>F = G \frac{m M}{r^2} </math>.

==Criticism and experimental tests==

Entropic gravity, as proposed by Verlinde in his original article, reproduces [[Einstein field equations]] and, in a Newtonian approximation, a 1/r potential for gravitational forces. Since it does not make new physical predictions, it can not be falsified with existing experimental methods, at this time, any more than Newtonian gravity and general relativity.

Even so, entropic gravity in its current form has been severely challenged on formal grounds. Matt Visser, professor of mathematics at Victoria University of Wellington, NZ in "Conservative Entropic Forces" <ref>{{cite arXiv|last=Visser|first=Matt|title=Conservative entropic forces|eprint=1108.5240}}</ref> has shown that the attempt to model conservative forces in the general Newtonian case (i.e. for arbitrary potentials and an unlimited number of discrete masses) leads to unphysical requirements for the required entropy and involves an unnatural number of temperature baths of differing temperatures. Visser concludes:
{{quote|There is no reasonable doubt concerning the physical reality of entropic forces, and no reasonable doubt that classical (and semi-classical) general relativity is closely related to thermodynamics [52–55]. Based on the work of Jacobson [1–6], [[Thanu Padmanabhan]] [7– 12], and others, there are also good reasons to suspect a thermodynamic interpretation of the fully relativistic Einstein equations might be possible. Whether the specific proposals of Verlinde [26] are anywhere near as fundamental is yet to be seen — the rather baroque construction needed to accurately reproduce n-body Newtonian gravity in a Verlinde-like setting certainly gives one pause.}}

For the derivation of Einstein's equations from an entropic gravity perspective, Tower Wang shows in <ref>{{cite arXiv|last=Wang|first=Tower|title=Modified entropic gravity revisited|eprint=1211.5722}}</ref> that the inclusion of energy-momentum conservation and cosmological homogeneity and isotropy requirements severely restrict a wide class of potential modifications of entropic gravity, some of which have been used to generalize entropic gravity beyond the singular case of an entropic model of Einstein's equations. Wang asserts that
{{quote|As indicated by our results, the modified entropic gravity models of form (2), if not killed, should live in a very narrow room to assure the energy-momentum conservation and to accommodate a homogeneous isotropic universe.}}

===Entropic gravity and quantum coherence===
Another criticism of entropic gravity is that entropic processes should, as critics argue, break [[quantum coherence]]. Experiments with ultra-cold neutrons in the gravitational field of Earth are claimed to show that neutrons lie on discrete levels exactly as predicted by the [[Schrödinger equation]] considering the gravitation to be a conservative potential field without any decoherent factors. [[Archil Kobakhidze]] argues that this result disproves entropic gravity.<ref>{{cite arXiv|last=Kobakhidze|first=Archil|title=Gravity is not an entropic force|eprint=1009.5414}}</ref> [[Luboš Motl]] gives popular explanations of this position in his blog.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Motl|first1=Luboš|title=Why gravity can't be entropic|url=http://motls.blogspot.ru/2010/01/erik-verlinde-why-gravity-cant-be.html|website=The Reference Frame|accessdate=10 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Motl|first1=Luboš|title=Once more: gravity is not an entropic force|url=http://motls.blogspot.ru/2011/08/once-more-gravity-is-not-entropic-force.html|website=The Reference Frame|accessdate=29 April 2015}}</ref>

It was argued in favor of entropic gravity that such inconsistencies may be removed.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Chaichian|first1=Masud |last2=Oksanen|first2=Markku |last3=Tureanu|first3=Anca |title=On entropic gravity: the entropy postulate, entropy content of screens and relation to quantum mechanics |journal=Physics Letters B|doi=10.1016/j.physletb.2012.04.065|issue=3|volume=712|date=2012|arxiv = 1109.2794 |bibcode = 2012PhLB..712..272C }}</ref> However, [[Archil Kobakhidze]] replied that this is not true.<ref>{{cite arXiv|last=Kobakhidze|first=Archil|title=Once more: gravity is not an entropic force|eprint=1108.4161}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Abraham–Lorentz force]]
*[[Black hole thermodynamics#Beyond black holes|Beyond black holes]]
*[[Black hole electron]]
*[[Entropic force]]
*[[Hawking radiation]]
*[[Invariance mechanics]]
*[[List of quantum gravity researchers]]
*[[Ideal chain#Entropic elasticity of an ideal chain|Entropic elasticity of an ideal chain]]
*[[Gravitation]]
*[[Induced gravity]]

==Further reading==
*[http://www.science20.com/hammock_physicist/it_bit_entropic_gravity_pedestrians It from bit - Entropic gravity for pedestrians], J. Koelman
*[http://www.imsc.res.in/~iagrg/IagrgSite/Activities/IagrgMeetings/25th_Iagrg/VRtalk.pdf Gravity: the inside story], T Padmanabhan
*[http://www.technologyreview.com/view/425220/experiments-show-gravity-is-not-an-emergent-phenomenon/ Experiments Show Gravity Is Not an Emergent Phenomenon]
*It from bit and fit from bit. On the origin and impact of information in the average evolution (Yves Decadt, 2000). Book published in Dutch with English paper summary in The Information Philosopher, http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/scientists/decadt/

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Theories of gravitation}}

[[Category:Theories of gravitation]]
[[Category:Information theory|Gravity As An Entropic Force]]
[[Category:Thermodynamics|Gravity As An Entropic Force]]

Fufu (Hund)

2016-10-15T19:13:00Z

Ceosad: /* Related articles */

{{For|other dogs and other uses|Foo-foo (disambiguation){{!}}Foo-foo}}
'''Fufu''' or '''Foo Foo''' ({{lang-th|ฟูฟู}}; {{RTGS|''Fufu''}}; 1997–2015) was the pet poodle of Maha [[Vajiralongkorn]], the [[Crown Prince of Thailand]] and [[heir apparent]] to the throne; after his father's death on 13 October 2016, he is expected to succeed to the throne of Thailand. The dog was a favourite of the prince and often accompanied him on royal engagements. According to the prince, his second daughter [[Sirivannavari Nariratana]] bought the dog when it was aged about one month from [[Chatuchak Weekend Market|Chatuchak market]] in [[Bangkok]], along with some rabbits, hamsters and other dogs. He was "quite cute, but seemed very weak", and due to his daughter's young age the dog was kept in a pet shelter by palace staff.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/home/The-Week-That-Was-Playful-Palace-poodle-piques-pet-54384.html|title=The Week That Was : Playful Palace poodle piques pet-loving Prince|accessdate=5 February 2015|work=The Nation|location=Bangkok}}</ref> Fufu was occasionally put through his paces in public, as happened during the Thailand Grand Pet Show in [[Nakhon Pathom]] in December 2006 when the dog was said to have "exuded charm and executed clever stunts."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2006/12/16/headlines/headlines_30021708.php|title=Tongdaeng progeny put through paces|date=16 December 2006|accessdate=5 February 2015|work=The Nation|location=Bangkok}}</ref> According to a 2007 [[United States diplomatic cables leak|US diplomatic cable]] later published by [[Wikileaks]], Fufu was also "promoted" to the rank of [[air chief marshal]] in the [[Royal Thai Air Force]].<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/feb/05/thai-crown-prince-pet-poodle-air-chief-marshal-foo-foo-cremated|title=Thai crown prince's poodle, Air Chief Marshal Foo Foo, has been cremated|first=Andrew MacGregor|last=Marshall|work=The Guardian|location=London|date=5 February 2015|accessdate=5 February 2015}}</ref>

Fufu came to wider public attention in 2007 when he appeared in a leaked video showing the Crown Prince's third wife, [[Srirasmi Suwadee|Princess Srirasm]], feeding a birthday cake to the dog while wearing only a [[G-string]].<ref>{{cite news|title=How future queen of Thailand (wearing only a tiny G-string) let her poodle Foo Foo eat cake: As coup rocks Bangkok, video reveals royal couple's decadent lifestyle|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2638352/How-future-queen-Thailand-wearing-tiny-G-string-let-poodle-Foo-Foo-eat-cake-As-coup-rocks-Bangkok-video-reveals-royal-couples-decadent-lifestyle.html|first=Caroline|last=Graham|work=Daily Mail|date=24 May 2014|accessdate=5 February 2015}}</ref> The video, which was thought to have been leaked by opponents of the Crown Prince, caused a sensation in Thailand and exposed a hidden struggle for the right to succeed the ailing Thai king [[Bhumibol Adulyadej]].<ref name="Guardian" />

A few months later, US Ambassador [[Ralph L. Boyce]] attended a gala dinner in honour of the Crown Prince at which the dog appeared "dressed in formal evening attire complete with paw mitts".<ref name="Guardian" /> According to the ambassador's cable to Washington, subsequently released by [[WikiLeaks]], "at one point during the band's second number, he jumped up onto the head table and began lapping from the guests' water glasses, including my own. The air chief marshal's antics drew the full attention of the 600-plus audience members, and remains the talk of the town to this day."<ref name="Guardian" />

The death of Fufu in early 2015 was followed by four days of Buddhist funeral rites and the dog's cremation, images from which were widely shared on social media in Thailand. The funeral attracted commentary from Thais as an oblique and ironic reflection of worries over the king's succession, which cannot be aired openly in Thailand due to a ''[[lèse-majesté]]'' law that attracts draconian penalties.<ref name="Guardian" />

==See also==
*[[Tongdaeng]]

==References==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:1997 animal births]]
[[Category:2015 animal deaths]]
[[Category:Individual dogs]]
[[Category:Male dogs]]

Tongdaeng

2016-10-15T13:26:01Z

Ceosad: ce

{{hatnote|Not to be confused with the "Thong Daeng Cat"; see [[Suphalak]].}}

[[File:Tongdaeng Thai postage stamps 2006.jpeg|right|thumb|Tongdaeng (and her puppies) as featured on Thai postage stamps in 2006.]]
'''Tongdaeng''', with variant spellings like '''Thong Daeng''' ({{lang-th|ทองแดง}}; 7 November 1998 – 26 December 2015), was a female copper-colored dog and one of the pets owned by King [[Bhumibol Adulyadej]] of Thailand.

==Life==

The king adopted Tongdaeng in 1998 from the litter of a stray dog that had been taken in by a medical center he had recently dedicated. Her name means "copper" in [[Thai language|Thai]].<ref name=Mydans26Dec>*Seth Mydans, [http://www.corkscrew-balloon.com/02/12/1bkk/26a.html For Dogged Devotion to Etiquette, a Kingly Tribute], [[International Herald Tribune]], 26 December 2002. Accessed 30 December 2015.</ref> A commemorative block of four postage stamps featuring Tongdaeng was issued by Thailand Post in 2006.<ref name=Ho29Dec>{{cite news|url=http://mashable.com/2015/12/29/royal-thai-dog-passes-away/#01nyaBB.DEqO|title=Royal Thai dog at center of defamation case passes away|work=Mashable|first=Victoria|last=Ho|date=December 29, 2015|accessdate=December 30, 2015}}</ref>

Bhumibol called her "A common dog who is uncommon", and in 2002 wrote an affectionate biography of her titled "''The Story of Tongdaeng'' (เรื่อง ทองแดง)". The book is commonly referred to as a [[parable]] on many social topics. For instance, the King wrote that "Tongdaeng is a respectful dog with proper manners; she is humble and knows protocol. She would always sit lower than the King; even when he pulls her up to embrace her, Tongdaeng would lower herself down on the floor, her ears in a respectful drooping position, as if she would say, 'I don't dare.'"<ref name="The Econ dog">{{cite news|title=Dissing the king’s dog is a crime in Thailand|url=http://www.economist.com/news/asia/21684177-dissing-kings-dog-crime-thailand-who-are-you-calling-bitch|accessdate=21 December 2015|work=[[The Economist]]|date=19 December 2015}}</ref>

All the names of the dogs owned by the King start with the word "Thong" (lit. gold).

The 84-page book, published with both Thai and English text, quickly sold out of its first edition of 100,000 in Thailand.<ref name=Mydans26Dec/> Since demand was so high, the book became an esteemed gift,<ref name=Campbell4Nov>{{cite news|url=http://time.com/4068781/thailand-king-bhumibol/|title=See Portraits of Thailand's King Bhumibol Adulyadej Displayed All Over Bangkok|first=Charlie|last=Campbell|date=November 4, 2015|accessdate=December 30, 2015|work=Time}}</ref> and was reprinted many times.<ref name=Campbell4Nov/>

==Protection by ''lèse majesté'' law==
{{main|Lèse majesté in Thailand}}

Thanakorn Siripaiboon, a 27-year-old factory worker,<ref name=Head16Dec/> was charged in 2015 with insulting Tongdaeng with a "sarcastic" post to Facebook, under the [[Lèse majesté in Thailand|''lèse majesté'' law in Thailand]].<ref name="bhutia">{{cite web|last1=Bhutia|first1=Jigmey|title=Thai man faces 37 years jail for 'insulting' King Bhumibol Adulyadej's dog|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/thai-man-could-be-jailed-37-years-insulting-king-bhumibol-adulyadejs-dog-1533382|website=ibtimes.co.uk|publisher=International Business Times|accessdate=16 December 2015}}</ref> His lawyer, Anon Numpa, informed the ''[[International New York Times]]'' that the charge "had not detailed the precise insult towards the animal".<ref name="holmes">{{cite web|last1=Holmes|first1=Oliver|title=Thai man faces jail for insulting king's dog with 'sarcastic' internet post|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/15/thai-man-faces-jail-insulting-kings-dog-sarcastic-internet-post|website=theguardian.com|publisher=The Guardian|accessdate=15 December 2015}}</ref> The Bangkok-based printer of the ''International New York Times'' removed the story from the 14 December 2015 print edition of the paper.<ref name="holmes"/> If convicted, Siripaiboon could face up to 37 years in prison.<ref name="The Econ dog" />

According to the BBC, a prosecutor said Siripaiboon had posted to Facebook several photos of the dog in a manner which appeared to mock the King, and had additionally been charged for pressing the "like" button next to a doctored photo of the Thai monarch, posted by another Facebook user.<ref name=Head16Dec>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-35099322|title=Defaming a dog: The ways to get arrested for lese-majeste in Thailand|first=Jonathan|last=Head|date=December 16, 2015|accessdate=December 29, 2015|work=BBC}}</ref>

==In media==
A film based on Tongdaeng's biography, ''Khun Tongdaeng: The Inspirations'' (คุณทองแดงดิอินสไปเรชันส์), was released in November 2015.<ref name="panya">{{cite web|last1=Panya|first1=Duangkamol|title=Who let the dogs out?|url=http://www.bangkokpost.com/topstories/779189/who-let-the-dogs-out|website=bangkokpost.com|publisher=Bangkok Post|accessdate=15 December 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Fufu (dog)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Bhumibol Adulyadej. ''The Story of Tongdaeng''. Amarin, Bangkok. 2004. ISBN 974-272-917-4

[[Category:1998 animal births]]
[[Category:2015 animal deaths]]
[[Category:Individual dogs]]
[[Category:Thai monarchy]]
[[Category:Lèse majesté in Thailand]]
[[Category:Animals in politics]]

Pyongyang (Restaurantkette)

2016-04-21T22:50:22Z

Ceosad: /* top */ typo

{{other uses|Pyongyang (disambiguation)}}
[[File:Pyongyang Restaurant in Phnom Penh.jpg|thumb|Sign for the Pyongyang Restaurant in Phnom Penh, Cambodia]]

'''Pyongyang''' is a [[restaurant chain|chain of 130 restaurants]] named after the [[Pyongyang|capital]] of [[North Korea]] in a dozen countries around the world.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Choe|first1=Sang-Hun|title=North Korea Threatens South Korea over 13 Defectors|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/13/world/asia/north-korea-threatens-south-korea-over-13-defectors.html?_r=0|accessdate=13 April 2016|publisher=New York Times|date=13 April 2016}}</ref> The restaurants are owned and operated by the [[Haedanghwa Group]], an organisation of the [[government of North Korea]].<ref name=nklw20140121>{{cite web|title=DPRK Restaurant in Amsterdam Reopened Under New Ownership|url=http://nkleadershipwatch.wordpress.com/2014/01/21/dprk-restaurant-in-amsterdam-reopened-under-new-ownership/|website=North Korea Leadership Watch|accessdate=30 August 2014}}</ref>

==Locations==
Pyongyang restaurants are found mainly in China near the North Korean border and also [[Beijing]] and [[Shanghai]], but in the 2000s the chain has been expanding into South East Asian cities including [[Jakarta]],<ref>{{cite web|title=North Korea’s Hidden Menu|author=Tash Roslin|date=May 6, 2010|url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/archive/north-koreas-hidden-menu/ | publisher= Jakarta Globe| accessdate =March 10, 2014}}</ref> [[Phnom Penh]],<ref name=bbc-20140607>{{Cite episode |url=http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/podcasts/radio4/fooc/fooc_20140607-1200a.mp3 |series=From Our Own Correspondent |title=Mort Pour La France |minutes=22:25s |author=Ed Butler |network=BBC |station=Radio 4 |date=7 June 2014 |accessdate=7 June 2014}}</ref> [[Ho Chi Minh City]], [[Hanoi]], [[Da Nang]], [[Siem Reap]], [[Dhaka]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Mitra|first1=Devirupa|title=Dining with Dear Leader in Dhaka|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/Dining-with-Dear-Leader-in-Dhaka/2013/12/29/article1970514.ece|website=The Sunday Standard|publisher=New Indian Express|accessdate=20 May 2015}}</ref> [[Vientiane]] and [[Kuala Lumpur]].<ref name="Strangio 2010">{{cite news|url=http://www.slate.com/id/2247402|title=Kingdom Kim's Culinary Outposts: Inside the bizarre world of Asia's North Korean restaurant chain.|last=Strangio|first=Sebastian|date=22 March 2010|work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|accessdate=23 March 2010}}</ref> There is also one restaurant in Mongolia in [[Ulaanbaatar]]. The restaurants initially catered to the many South Korean businessmen in South East Asia, and have now become popular with curious tourists.<ref>{{cite web | url =http://www.voanews.com/khmer-english/news/Pyongyang-Restaurants-Extending-Reach-in-Southeast-Asian-Cities-135022938.html| title= Pyongyang Restaurants Extending Reach in Southeast Asian Cities (public domain text as cited) | publisher= Voice of America, Khmer-English | accessdate= January 13, 2012}}</ref> A branch was opened in [[Amsterdam]] in 2012 along with Dutch co-owners, closed 7 months later, and reopened in December 2013 under the name Haedanghwa in a new location, which closed a year later.<ref name=nklw20140121 /> The chain used to have branches in [[Bangkok]] and [[Pattaya]] but these have closed down and back opened in [[Bangkok]] in 2015. It was believed that a new branch was set to open in [[Scotland]], in line with Kim Jong Un's interest in the country after its recent independence referendum, although this has been denied by North Korean officials. There is also a branch in Downtown Kathmandu, Nepal. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/kim-jong-un-set-open-new-4957996 | title= Kim Jong-un 'set to open a new restaurant in SCOTLAND'}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/north-korea-denies-reports-kim-jongun-is-to-open-statebacked-restaurant-in-scotland-9972483.html|title=North Korea denies reports Kim Jong-un is to open state-backed restaurant in Scotland|work=The Independent|accessdate=12 May 2015}}</ref>

==Service==
[[File:Women performing at the Pyongyang Restaurant in Phnom Penh.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Koreans|North Korean]] women performing at the Pyongyang Restaurant in Phnom Penh.]]

The restaurants serve [[Korean cuisine|Korean food]], including [[kimchi]] dishes, Pyongyang "[[Naengmyeon|cold noodle]]", barbecued [[cuttlefish]] and [[dangogi|dog meat]] soup.<ref name="Strangio 2010" /> Patrons may also buy North Korean products such as [[ginseng]] wine and an unlabelled [[aphrodisiac]] claimed to be made from [[bear]]s.<ref name="Strangio 2010" /> The prices are relatively high and in [[US dollar]]s.<ref name="Strangio 2010" />

The staff are attractive, young [[Koreans|Korean]] women in traditional [[Chosŏn-ot]] dress, who also perform [[karaoke]] as well as song and dance routines in the style of the North Korean [[Mass Games]] for the customers.<ref name="Strangio 2010" /><ref name="Kim 2007" /> Staff from North Korea typically work on 3 year contracts, and are often highly trained graduates of arts colleges.<ref name=bbc-20140607/> Photography is generally not permitted inside.<ref name=bbc-20140607/><ref name="Strangio 2010" />

The first Western outpost of the restaurant chain was officially opened in [[Osdorp]], a residential neighborhood in the outskirts of Amsterdam in February 2012.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20101012185701/http://www.pyongyangrestaurant.com/ Pyongyang Restaurant], ''[Archived link]''</ref> The menu and policies of this restaurant differ from its Asian counterparts, serving no dog meat or ginseng wine. However, in September, 2012, amid mutual accusations between the Korean staff and the Dutch partner, the restaurant closed.<ref name=AT5>{{cite news|title=Noord-Koreaans restaurant al weer dicht|url=http://www.at5.nl/artikelen/86267/noord-koreaans-restaurant-osdorp-al-weer-dicht|accessdate=September 6, 2012|newspaper=AT5 Nieuws|date=September 5, 2012}}</ref>

==Operation==
According to Swedish journalist [[Bertil Lintner]], the restaurants are one of several overseas business ventures of [[Room 39]], a North Korean government organization dedicated to acquiring and [[money laundering|laundering]] foreign currency for the North Korean leadership.<ref name="Strangio 2010" />

[[North Korean defectors]] report that the restaurants are run by local middlemen who are required to pay between [[US$]]10,000 and US$30,000 each year to the North Korean government.<ref name="Strangio 2010" /><ref name="Kim 2007">{{cite news|url=http://www.dailynk.com/english/read.php?cataId=nk00100&num=2239|title= North Korean Restaurants in China Send $10,000-30,000 Annually Back to Its Native Country|last=Kim|first=Min Se|date=19 June 2007|work=[[Daily NK]]|accessdate=23 March 2010}}</ref> The North Korean staff, who live on the restaurant premises,<ref name=bbc-20140607/> are said to be thoroughly screened for political loyalty and to be closely watched by on-site North Korean security agents.<ref name="Strangio 2010" /> In the 2000s, according to ''[[Daily NK]]'', several attempted escapes by waitresses in China led to the closure of several restaurants and the repatriation of their staff.<ref name="Kwon 2007">{{cite news|url=http://www.dailynk.com/english/read.php?cataId=nk00100&num=1806|title=North Korean Restaurant in China Shuts Down as Receptionist Escapes|last=Kwon|first=Jeong Hyun|date=21 March 2007|work=[[Daily NK]]|accessdate=23 March 2010}}</ref><ref name="Kim 2006">{{cite news|url=http://www.dailynk.com/english/read.php?cataId=nk01500&num=1438|title=Waitresses Flee North Korean Restaurants in Qingdao China|last=Kim|first=Yong Hun|date=15 December 2006|work=[[Daily NK]]|accessdate=23 March 2010}}</ref> In 2016, [[South Korea]] announced that 13 restaurant workers had defected from a Pyongyang restaurant chain abroad.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/north-korea-defectors-idINKCN0X5102|title=North Korean staff at restaurant in third country defect to South|website=Reuters India|language=en-IN|date=8 April 2016|access-date=2016-04-08}}</ref><ref name=bbc-20160412>{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-36021981 |title=North Korean restaurant defectors 'were in China and left legally' |work=BBC News |date=12 April 2016 |accessdate=12 April 2016}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|North Korea}}
* [[Okryugwan#Branches outside North Korea|Branches outside North Korea]] of Okryugwan or Okryu Restaurant that is a restaurant in Pyongyang, North Korea, founded in 1960.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Korean restaurants]]
[[Category:Companies of North Korea]]
[[Category:Restaurants in China]]
[[Category:Restaurant chains]]

Shi Tao (Journalist)

2016-04-13T04:49:20Z

Ceosad: refs fixed and merged

{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2012}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shi Tao
| image = 
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1968|07|25}}
| birth_place = [[Yanchi County]], [[Wuzhong, Ningxia|Wuzhong]], [[Ningxia]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| nationality = Chinese
| other_names =
| known_for = 2004 arrest and imprisonment
| occupation = journalist
| awards =[[CPJ International Press Freedom Award]] (2005) [[Golden Pen of Freedom Award]] (2006)
}}
'''Shi Tao''' ({{zh|s=师涛|t=師濤|p=Shī Tāo}}; born July 25, 1968) is a [[Mainland China|mainland Chinese]] journalist, writer and poet, who in 2005 was sentenced to imprisonment for 10 years for releasing a document of the [[Communist Party of China|Communist Party]] to an overseas Chinese democracy site.

[[Yahoo! China]] was later discovered to have facilitated his arrest by providing his personal details to the Chinese government. Yahoo! was subsequently rebuked by a panel of the [[U.S. Congress]], settled a lawsuit by Shi's family out of court, and pledged to reform its practices.

Following Shi's arrest, he won two major international journalism awards: the [[CPJ International Press Freedom Awards|International Press Freedom Award]] of the [[Committee to Protect Journalists]], and the [[World Association of Newspapers]]' [[Golden Pen of Freedom Award]].

As of September 5, 2013, Shi Tao was released from the prison. He received an 18-month reduction in sentencing. He had spent 8 years and 6 months in the prison. He is now living in Yingchuan, [[Ningxia]] with his mother. <ref>[https://www.amnesty.de/2013/9/18/china-journalist-shi-tao-vorzeitig-aus-haft-entlassen Report in german Amnesty Int. website] (german)</ref>

== Background ==
Shi Tao was born in [[Yanchi County]], [[Wuzhong, Ningxia|Wuzhong]], [[Ningxia]] in China in 1968.<ref name=PEN /> According to [[Liu Xiaobo]], Shi became active in the [[Chinese democracy movement|democracy movement]] in 1989 around the time of the [[Tiananmen Square protests of 1989|Tiananmen Square protests]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hrw.org/reports/2006/china0806/14.htm |title=Liu Xiaobo's letter to Yahoo! |author=Liu Xiaobo |date=October 7, 2005 |publisher=Human Rights Watch|deadurl=no |archivedate=October 7, 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6BF1u0DAz |accessdate=October 7, 2012}}</ref> In July 1991, he received a degree from [[Shanghai]]'s [[East China Normal University]]. He married the following year.<ref name=PEN>{{cite web |url=http://www.englishpen.org/shi-tao-2/ |title=Shi Tao |date=February 29, 2008 |publisher=English PEN|deadurl=no |archivedate=October 7, 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6BEyAv7UD |accessdate=October 7, 2012}}</ref>

Prior to his arrest, Shi was an editor at ''Dangdai Shang Bao'' ("Contemporary Trade News"), a newspaper in [[Changsha]], in [[Hunan Province]].<ref name=CPJ />

==Arrest and imprisonment==
{{Weiquan_Lawyers}}
On April 20, 2004, Shi received a document from [[Communist Party of China|Communist Party]] authorities which instructed journalists not to report on the upcoming fifteenth anniversary of the "June 4th event", the [[Tiananmen Square massacre]].<ref name=PEN/> The document warned of infiltration and sabotage by foreigners and Falun Gong, and stated that media members must "correctly direct public opinion" and to "never release any opinions that are inconsistent with central policies".<ref name=AI/> Shi used an [[Yahoo! Mail]] account to send an anonymous post to Chinese-language website based in New York that described the communication.<ref name=NYT98 />

At the request of the Chinese government, Yahoo! provided records confirming that Shi's account had sent the e-mail.<ref name=NYT98 /> Shi was unofficially detained on 24 November 2004,<ref name=AI/> and on December 14, he was officially arrested under state security laws on a charge of revealing state secrets.<ref name=NYT98 /><ref name=CPJ2>{{cite web |url=http://cpj.org/2005/08/imprisoned-journalist-shi-taos-family-files-for-re.php |title=Imprisoned journalist Shi Tao's family files for review of appeal |date=August 25, 2005 |publisher=Committee to Protect Journalists |archivedate=October 13, 2012 |deadurl=no|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6BPbly4ER |accessdate=October 13, 2012}}</ref> During Shi's trial, his lawyer contended that his punishment should be light as the disclosure of the information had not caused great harm to China.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hrw.org/reports/2006/china0806/11.htm |title=Appendix III: Details of Shi Tao's case |publisher=Human Rights Watch|deadurl=no |archivedate=15 October 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6BR4IdQPO |accessdate=15 October 2012}}</ref> In June, he was sentenced to ten years' imprisonment.<ref name=NYT98>{{cite web |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/07/business/worldbusiness/07iht-yahoo.html |title=Yahoo helped Chinese to prosecute journalist |author=Joseph Kahn |date=September 8, 2005 |work=The New York Times |deadurl=no|archivedate=October 7, 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6BF1JnnxJ |accessdate=October 7, 2012}}</ref>

Shi's appeal to the Hunan Province High People's Court was rejected without a hearing. Shi's mother Gao Qinsheng filed a request for a review of the appeal on his behalf in August 2005.<ref name=CPJ2 /> The appeal was unsuccessful, and Shi was meanwhile sent to Chishan Prison and assigned to [[forced labor]]. He began to suffer from respiratory problems, and in April 2006, also developed an ulcer and heart problems. In June 2007, he was given a medical transfer to Deshan Prison, where he worked in the machinery plant, and his health reportedly improved.<ref name=PEN /> According to Amnesty International, Shi's mother, brother and uncle were also harassed following his arrest, and his wife was repeatedly interrogated and pressured to divorce him, which she eventually did.<ref name=NS />

Shi's imprisonment was protested by several international NGOs. [[Amnesty International]] designated him a [[prisoner of conscience]] and called for his immediate release.<ref name=AI>{{cite web |url=http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/ASA17/017/2008 |title=China: Legacy of the Beijing Olympics: Free Shi Tao: China's choice, your voice |date=February 1, 2008 |publisher=Amnesty International |archivedate=15 October 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6BQuK1VrK |accessdate=15 October 2012|deadurl=no}}</ref> The [[Congressional-Executive Commission on China]] describes him as a political prisoner.<ref>Congressional-Executive Commission on China, [http://ppd.cecc.gov/QueryResultsDetail.aspx?PrisonerNum=5488 Political Prisoner Database:Shi Tao].</ref> [[Reporters Without Borders]] launched a petition calling for his release,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.rsf.org/shi-tao-01-04-2010,36862 |title=Shi Tao |publisher=Reporters Without Borders |archivedate=15 October 2012|deadurl=no |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6BQubFyUj |accessdate=15 October 2012}}</ref> while the [[Committee to Protect Journalists]] described itself as "outraged" by the arrest.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cpj.org/2004/12/journalist-imprisoned-6.php |title=Journalist imprisoned |date=8 December 2004 |publisher=Committee to Protect Journalists |archivedate=15 October 2012|deadurl=no |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6BQuoBBps |accessdate=15 October 2012}}</ref> [[Human Rights Watch]] called him an imprisoned "human rights defender" and campaigned for his release.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hrw.org/Chinas-rights-defenders |title=China's Rights Defenders |publisher=Human Rights Watch|deadurl=no |archivedate=15 October 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6BR4Y5JP3 |accessdate=15 October 2012}}</ref>

== Yahoo!'s role ==
The incident sparked a controversy about the business practices of Yahoo!, the [[Hong Kong]] arm of which provided technical information connecting the message and email account with Shi Tao's computer. Yahoo! was criticized by [[Reporters Without Borders]] for acting as a "police informant".<ref name=BBC>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/4221538.stm |title=Yahoo 'helped jail China writer' |date=September 7, 2005 |publisher=BBC News |archivedate=October 13, 2012 |deadurl=no|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6BPawYVsa |accessdate=October 13, 2012}}</ref> Yahoo! was first called to testify about the incident to the [[House Foreign Affairs Committee]] of the [[United States Congress]] in 2006.<ref name=MSNBC />

In August 2007, Congress began an investigation into Yahoo!'s handling of the case,<ref name=MSNBC>{{cite web |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/20167503/ |title=Yahoo faces scrutiny in China case |accessdate=August 17, 2007 |author=Stephanie Kirchgaessne and Richard Waters |publisher=MSNBC |date=August 8, 2007|deadurl=no| archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070817195706/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/20167503/  |archivedate = August 17, 2007}}</ref> with Yahoo! co-founder [[Jerry Yang (entrepreneur)|Jerry Yang]] testifying in another hearing before Congress.<ref name=BBC2 /> The congressional panel found that Yahoo!'s 2006 testimony, in which a Yahoo! executive had wrongly claimed the company had been unaware of the reason for China's request for information, had been "inexcusably negligent behaviour at best, and deliberately deceptive behaviour at worst".<ref name=BBC2>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/7081458.stmv |title=US rebukes Yahoo over China case |date=November 6, 2007 |publisher=BBC News |archivedate=October 13, 2012|deadurl=no |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6BPc9ulDw |accessdate=October 13, 2012}}</ref> Chairman [[Tom Lantos]] told Yang to "beg the forgiveness" of Shi's mother, who was attending the hearing,<ref name=BBC2 /> and stated that "Much of this testimony reveals that while technologically and financially you are giants, morally you are pygmies".<ref name=NYT711>{{cite web |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/07/business/worldbusiness/07iht-yahoo.1.8226586.html |title=Yahoo chief apologizes to Chinese dissidents' relatives |date=November 7, 2007 |work=The New York Times |archivedate=October 13, 2012|deadurl=no |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6BPcfOznP |accessdate=October 13, 2012}}</ref> Representative [[Christopher H. Smith]] stated that there was a "parallel" between Yahoo's actions in the case and businesses that helped [[Nazi Germany]] locate Jews during the [[Holocaust]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-10203424.html |title=Searching for an Explanation: No Results Found |author=Dana Milbank |date=November 7, 2007 |work=The Washington Post |publisher= {{Subscription required|via=[[HighBeam Research]]}}|accessdate=15 October 2012}}</ref> Yang apologized to Shi's mother and stated that he didn't think any Yahoo! employee "was trying to do anything wrong" and that the company was committed to "protecting and promoting free expression and privacy". He testified that the company was also collaborating with human rights organizations on an industry code of conduct to protect human rights.<ref name=NYT711 /> Yang later met with Shi's family.<ref name=AP />

Also in 2007, the [[World Organization for Human Rights]] filed a lawsuit in [[San Francisco]] against Yahoo! for allegedly providing information (emails and [[IP address]]es) to the Chinese government that caused the arrests of journalists Shi Tao and [[Wang Xiaoning]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6966116.stm |title=Yahoo plea over China rights case |date=August 28, 2007 |publisher=BBC News |archivedate=October 13, 2012|deadurl=no |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6BPdOc4wZ |accessdate=October 13, 2012}}</ref><ref name=AP2 /> After unsuccessfully seeking to have the suit dismissed,<ref name=AP2>{{cite web |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1Y1-109844381.html |title=Yahoo seeks to dismiss China case |date=August 28, 2007 |publisher=Associated Press {{Subscription required|via=[[HighBeam Research]]}}|accessdate=13 October 2012}}</ref> Yahoo! settled out of court for an undisclosed sum.<ref name=AP>{{cite web |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1A1-D8ST2N780.html |title=Yahoo settles lawsuit by jailed journalists over decision to give info to Chinese government |author=Paul Elias |date=November 13, 2007 |publisher=Associated Press {{Subscription required|via=[[HighBeam Research]]}}|accessdate=October 13, 2012}}</ref>

Prior to a trip by U.S. Secretary of State [[Condoleezza Rice]] to China in February 2008, Yang appealed to her to "actively pursue the release of Shi Tao, Wang Xiaoning and other Chinese dissidents who have been imprisoned for exercising internationally recognized rights of expression".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1A1-D8UV0HB82.html |title=Yahoo Asks US Gov't to Help Dissidents |author=Dibya Sarkar |date=February 21, 2008 |publisher=Associated Press {{Subscription required|via=[[HighBeam Research]]}}|accessdate=13 October 2012}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
On October 18, 2005, the [[Committee to Protect Journalists]] announced that Shi was one of four winners of the 2005 [[CPJ International Press Freedom Awards]].<ref name=CPJ>{{cite web |url=http://www.cpj.org/awards05/shi_tao.html |title=IPFA 2005 - Shi Tao |accessdate=January 21, 2007 |publisher=Committee to Protect Journalists|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6BQrjn8D3|deadurl=no|archivedate=October 15, 2012}}</ref> The Committee's website stated that he would be officially presented with the award when he is released from prison.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cpj.org/awards05/awards_release_05.html |title=IPFA awardees 2005 |accessdate=January 21, 2007 |publisher=Committee to Protect Journalists|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6BQskKV86|deadurl=no|archivedate=October 15, 2012}}</ref>

In March 2006, he was given the [[Vasyl Stus]] Award, named for the Ukrainian dissident and awarded for "talent and courage".<ref name=PEN/> On November 28, 2006, he was named the winner of the [[Golden Pen of Freedom Award]] of the [[World Association of Newspapers]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wan-press.org/article12609.html |title=Jailed Chinese Journalist Wins WAN Golden Pen of Freedom |date=November 28, 2006 |publisher=World Association of Newspapers|deadurl=no |archivedate=October 7, 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6BF2Aw6pV |accessdate=October 7, 2012}}</ref> The award was accepted on his behalf by his mother.<ref name=NS>{{cite web |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1322839511.html |title=It could have been me: Guido Fawkes on Shi Tao |author=Guido Fawkes |date=August 20, 2007 |work=The New Statesman |publisher= {{Subscription required|via=[[HighBeam Research]]}}|accessdate=15 October 2012}}</ref> In 2009, Human Rights Watch awarded Shi a Hellman/Hammett grant, which recognizes "commitment to free expression" and "courage in the face of political persecution".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hrw.org/news/2009/10/11/banned-censored-harassed-and-jailed |title=Banned, Censored, Harassed, and Jailed |date=October 11, 2009 |publisher=Human Rights Watch |archivedate=15 October 2012 |deadurl=no|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6BR4iIb0v |accessdate=15 October 2012}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Internet censorship in the People's Republic of China]]
*[[Jiang Lijun]]
*[[Li Zhi (dissident)|Li Zhi]]
*[[List of Chinese dissidents]]

== References ==
{{reflist|33em}}

{{Footer CPJ International Press Freedom Award laureates}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shi, Tao}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Amnesty International prisoners of conscience]]
[[Category:Censorship in China]]
[[Category:Chinese human rights activists]]
[[Category:Free speech activists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Wuzhong]]
[[Category:People's Republic of China journalists]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of China]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of the People's Republic of China]]
[[Category:Privacy of telecommunications]]
[[Category:Writers from Ningxia]]
[[Category:Yahoo!]]

Zensur in Hongkong

2016-04-11T23:23:51Z

Ceosad: fixed the portal

{{EngvarB|date=January 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Censorship by country}}

{{See also |Censorship in the People's Republic of China|Internet censorship in Hong Kong|Media of Hong Kong}}

'''Censorship in Hong Kong''', which refers to the suppression of speech or other public communication, raises issues regarding the [[freedom of speech]]. By law, censorship is usually practised against the distribution of certain materials, particularly child pornography, obscene images, and reports on court cases which may lead to unfair trial.

Prior to the [[transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong]] in 1997, Hong Kong boasted one of the highest degrees of press freedom in Asia.<ref>Lee Chin-Chuan (1997). "Media Structure and Regime Change in Hong Kong", ''The Challenge of Hong Kong's Reintegration with China''. Hong Kong University Press. pp. 160–161.</ref> Since the handover to mainland China, Hong Kong has been granted relative legal, economic, and political autonomy under the [[one country, two systems]] policy. In contrast to the rest of China, where control over media is pervasive, Hong Kong's freedom of speech, of the press, and of publication are protected under Article 27 of the [[Hong Kong Basic Law]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.basiclaw.gov.hk/en/basiclawtext/chapter_3.html|title=Basic Law Full Text – chapter (3)|publisher=Government of Hong Kong}}</ref> and Article 16 of the [[Hong Kong Bill of Rights]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hkhrm.org.hk/english/law/eng_boro2.html|title=Hong Kong Bill of Rights|publisher=hkhrm.org.hk}}</ref>

Observers have noted a trend of increasing threats to press freedom in the territory, including physical attacks on journalists, acts targeted at liberal media and against their owners, withdrawal of advertising revenues, and appointment of compliant pro-Beijing chief editors.<ref name=20150204fpolicy>{{cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/02/04/closing-a-vital-window-into-china-press-freedom-hong-kong/|title=Closing a Vital Window into China|work=Foreign Policy}}</ref> The decline in Hong Kong's ranking on the [[Press Freedom Index]] published annually by [[Reporters Without Borders]] has been vertiginous: it stood at 70th in 2015, having lost nine places compared to 2014; it ranked 18th place in 2002.<ref name=20140414wapost/><ref name=20150212straitstimes/><ref name=20150213ejinsight/>

==Censorship after the handover==

Despite guarantees of free speech, public surveys in 1997 showed increasing fears of [[self-censorship]] by journalists of writings critical of the Central Government,<ref>Shemwell, Carolyn. pp.1–2</ref><ref name=eroded/> although a journalists indicated in a survey from the [[Hong Kong Journalists Association]] that they overwhelmingly did not hesitate to publish criticisms of China, and that actual instances of direct pressure from the Chinese government to change news were very rare. Since the handover, Hong Kong newspapers (and especially English-language media) have increased their use of a self-declared editorial independence as a marketing tool towards international audiences.<ref name="Holbig">{{cite book|chapter=Hong Kong press freedom in transition|first=Heike|last=Holbig|title=Hong Kong in Transition: One country, two systems|publisher=Routledge|series=Studies in the Modern History of Asia|editor1-first=Robert|editor1-last=Ash|editor2-first=Peter|editor2-last=Ferdinand|editor3-first=Brian|editor3-last=Hook|editor4-first=Robin|editor4-last=Porter|pages=197, 201–203}}</ref>

In 1998, there was a controversy about remarks made by magazine publisher [[Xu Simin]] alleging anti-mainland bias from the government-funded broadcaster [[RTHK]]. Although pro-RTHK commentators saw Xu's comments as coming from Beijing, Central Government representatives distanced themselves from his comments.<ref name="Holbig"/> In 2001, the HKJA expressed concerns that government's and Tung Chee-hwa's "shrill rhetoric [in vilifying Falun Gong] threatens open debate by encouraging self-censorship".<ref name=eroded/>

Hong Kong's ranking on the [[Press Freedom Index]] published annually by [[Reporters Without Borders]] was 18th in 2002.<ref name=20140414wapost>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2014/04/14/a-new-play-addresses-the-growing-fear-for-journalists-in-hong-kong/|title=A new play addresses the growing fear for journalists in Hong Kong|work=The Washington Post}}</ref> Since then, a number of factors, particularly self-censorship, and high-profile incidents affecting the media have pointed to increasing erosion of journalists' ability to report the news in an objective manner. In 2011, [[Hong Kong Journalists Association]] Chairwoman Mak Yin-ting ({{zh|t=麥燕庭}}) commented on self-censorship due to growing business ties between Beijing and media owners, asserting that "Now, more than half of Hong Kong media bosses or high media management have been absorbed by the Communist government... They may consider whether reporting on some issues will affect the relationship between their bosses and the government."<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LkU_iGWVAI4 Hong Kong Media Practicing Self-Censorship: Survey]. New Tang Dynasty Television, 3 May 2011. Retrieved 7 February 2012.</ref><ref>Stone, R. (1998). "Control without repression: China's influence on the political economy of Hong Kong press system". ''Asia Pacific Media Educator''. 4, pp. 160–161.</ref> That year, Hong Kong's ranking on the Press Freedom Index dropped twenty places to 54th place. In a report published alongside the index, it was noted that "arrests, assaults and harassment worsened working conditions for journalists [in Hong Kong] to an extent not seen previously, a sign of a worrying change in government policy."<ref>"[http://en.rsf.org/IMG/CLASSEMENT_2012/C_GENERAL_ANG.pdf World Press Freedom Index 2011–2012]", Reporters Without Borders, 25 January 2012. Retrieved 7 February 2012.</ref> Hong Kong's ranking in the index, which stood at 61st in 2014,<ref name=20140414wapost/> gave up nine further places in the 2015 report. "Police misconduct" was cited as a factor.<ref name=20150212straitstimes>{{cite web|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/news/world/more-world-stories/story/lastest-world-press-freedom-index-shows-drastic-decline-singapor|title=Latest World Press Freedom Index shows 'drastic decline'; Singapore ranked at No. 153|work=The Straits Times}}</ref> Journalists have complained about sensitive news stories critical of the government that they have been under undisguised pressure to change or soften.<ref name=20150204fpolicy/><ref name=20150127insight>{{cite web|url=http://www.ejinsight.com/20150127-ifj-reporters-harassed-media-manipulated-during-protests/|title=IFJ: Reporters intimidated, media manipulated during protests|work=EJ Insight}}</ref><ref name=bbc26478495/> PEN Center believes that the controversy surrounding [[CY_Leung#UGL_controversy|CY Leung's dealings with UGL]] were seriously under-reported in some media outlets.<ref name=20150127insight/> An increasing incidence of physical violence against journalists has been recorded, with the police being implicated in some of these, namely the Hong Kong Journalists Association noted that there were at least 28 attacks on journalists covering the [[Umbrella Revolution]].<ref name=20150204fpolicy/><ref name=20150117NYT/> All told, the incidence of censorship, political pressure to self-censor and intimidation is increasing, according to PEN American Center, International Federation of Journalists.<ref name=bbc26478495>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-26478495|title=Is Hong Kong's media under attack?|publisher=BBC News}}</ref><ref name=20150116insight>{{cite web|url=http://www.ejinsight.com/20150116-press-freedom-in-hk-under-threat-us-writers-group/|title=Press freedom in HK under threat: US writers group|work=EJ Insight}}</ref><ref name=20150117NYT>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/17/world/asia/press-freedom-in-hong-kong-under-threat-report-says.html|title=Press Freedom in Hong Kong Under Threat Report Says |work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref name=chinapost427507>AFP (27 January 2015). [http://www.chinapost.com.tw/china/local-news/hong-kong/2015/01/27/427507/Hong-Kong.htm Hong Kong media 'manipulated': report]. ''China Post''.</ref>

During the two-and-a-half-month protests in 2014, the patchy coverage of events and viewpoints on traditional media turned young people to [[social media]] for news. ''[[The Guardian]]'' described the protests as "the best-documented social movement in history, with even its quieter moments generating a maelstrom of status updates, shares and likes."<ref name="guardian media">{{cite web|url= http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/29/hong-kong-protests-confidence-media|title= Hong Kong protests bring crisis of confidence for traditional media|date=29 October 2014|accessdate=29 October 2014}}</ref> People placed greater reliance on [[alternative media]], some of which were launched during the protests. Even the recently defunct ''[[House News]]'' resurrected itself, reformatted as ''The House News Bloggers''.<ref name=huff6028004>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/amy-wu/hong-kongs-alternative-re_b_6028004.html|title=Hong Kong's 'Alternative' Revolution: Facebook, House News, and Passion Times|work=The Huffington Post}}</ref>

=== Notable examples ===
==== ''South China Morning Post'' ====
Since Robert Kuok acquired the ''[[South China Morning Post]]'' in 1993, there have been concerns over the forced departures, in rapid succession, of several staff and contributors who were considered critical of China or its supporters in Hong Kong. Before the handover, their popular cartoonist [[Larry Feign]], humour columnist [[Nury Vittachi]] were dismissed. Since 1997, there have been numerous departures of China-desk staff, namely 2000–01 editorial pages editor Danny Gittings, Beijing correspondent Jasper Becker; China pages editor Willy Lam departed after his reporting had been publicly criticised by Robert Kuok.<ref name=eroded>[http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=11891&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=20010702&sear_year=2001 Freedoms eroded to please Beijing: report], ''[[The Standard (Hong Kong)|The Standard]]'', 2 July 2001</ref><ref>Vanessa Gould, Nelson Lee & Bryan Lee, [http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=10130&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=20010228&sear_year=2001 SAR defends rights record], [[The Standard (Hong Kong)|The Standard]], 28 February 2001</ref><ref>[http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/news/art/20120201/16032020 南早赤化政協做老總]. ''Apple Daily'', 1 February 2012 {{zh icon}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.renminbao.com/rmb/articles/2000/11/29/7214.html|title=新闻特写: 林和立将加盟CNN|work=Renminbao}}</ref> Gittings complained that he "repeatedly came under pressure to tone down coverage of politically sensitive issues".<ref>Rushford, Greg (April 2002). [http://www.rushfordreport.com/2002/4_2002_Cover.htm "Cover Story: Hong Kong at a Crossroads"]. ''Rushford Report''</ref> Editor-in-Chief Wang Xiangwei was criticised for his decision to reduce the paper's coverage of the [[death of Li Wangyang]] on 7 June 2012. Wang reportedly reversed the decision to run a full story, and instead published a two-paragraph report inside the paper; other news media reported it prominently.<ref>Pomfret, James; Tang, Sisi. Reuters (20 June 2012). [http://www.webcitation.org/68ZuCj0G2 "China casts long shadow as Hong Kong paper stands accused of censorship"]. ''The Republic'' Archived from [http://www.therepublic.com/view/story/BRE85J0O6/US-HONGKONG-CENSORSHIP the original] on 21 June 2012.</ref> A senior staff member who sought to understand the decision circulated the resulting email exchanges, that indicate he received a stern rebuff from Wang.<ref>Staff reporter (19 June 2012) [http://www.asiasentinel.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=4608&Itemid=173 "Journalistic ethics questioned at SCMP"]. ''Asia Sentinel''</ref> Wang is mainland-born, and is a member of the Provincial Committee of the [[Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference]] in Jilin; the paper has since stepped up coverage of the death and aftermath as major news stories.<ref>[http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=21&art_id=123612&sid=36775620&con_type=1&d_str=20120620&isSearch=1&sear_year=2012 "Here is the news – or maybe not"]. ''The Standard'', 20 June 2012</ref> Reporter Paul Mooney, whose contract with the paper was not renewed in May 2012, said that the Li Wangyang story was not an isolated incident.<ref>Paul Mooney, [http://www.isunaffairs.com/?p=8020 Why I was kicked out of the "South China Morning Post"?] ''iSun Affairs'' 28 June 2012</ref>

==== ''Apple Daily'' ====
The liberal ''[[Apple Daily]]'' has been under sustained pressure. In 1997, reporters from were denied permission to cover a Hong Kong reception organised by the Chinese Foreign Ministry due to their history of criticising China.<ref>Shemwell, Carolyn (2002). "[http://www.lehigh.edu/~incntr/publications/perspectives/v20/Shemwell.pdf Self-Censorship and the Press in Hong Kong]" ''Perspectives on Business and Economics''. vol. 20. p.10.</ref> It has been subjected to advertising boycotts, its reporters have been assaulted, its owner attacked, and its premises fire-bombed. Its support of the [[Umbrella Revolution]] earned it unprecedented cyber-attacks; copies of its paper have been spoilt by masked thugs.<ref name=20140414wapost/><ref name=20150204fpolicy/> It suffered a physical blockade which disrupted its logistics for almost one week.<ref name=20150204fpolicy/><ref name=20150213ejinsight>{{cite web|url=http://www.ejinsight.com/20150213-hk-press-freedom-seen-eroding-as-beijing-makes-presence-felt/|title=HK press freedom seen eroding as Beijing makes presence felt|work=EJ Insight}}</ref>

==== TVB ====
Since 2009, [[TVB]] has drawn criticism on Internet forums for apparent pro-establishment bias. That year, its news department downgraded coverage of the 20th anniversary of the [[Tiananmen Square protests of 1989|4 June Incident]]. The reporting, thought by many internet forum users as an act to gain the favour of the Central Government, was likened to [[China Central Television|CCTV]] and earned it the portmanteau "CCTVB".<ref name=20150213ejinsight/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scmp.com/topics/yuen-long-station|title=Yuen Long Station|work=South China Morning Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://yp.scmp.com/article/4554/yes-free-tv-channels |title=Free TV Channels |work=South China Morning Post}}</ref> During the 2014 protests, TVB's broadcast of footage of seven police officers beating a protester on 15 October resulted in significant internal conflict during the broadcast.<ref name="20141016hkskenneth">Lau, Kenneth; Siu, Jasmine (16 October 2014). [http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=30&art_id=150444&sid=43171371&con_type=1&d_str=20141016&isSearch=1&sear_year=2014 "Reporters voice anger at TVB"]. ''The Standard''.</ref> The pre-dawn broadcasts soundtrack which mentioned "punching and kicking" was re-recorded to say that the officers were "suspected of using excessive force".<ref name="scmptvbnewspolice">{{cite web|url= http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1618746/tvb-boss-backs-news-chiefs-handling-police-beating?comment-sort=|title= TVB boss backs news chief's handling of police 'beating'|date=18 October 2014|accessdate=18 October 2014}}</ref> TVB director Keith Yuen questioned what grounds lead the footage to say "officers dragged him to a dark corner, and punched and kicked him"?<ref name="scmptvbnewspolice" /> The assistant supervisor of the news-gathering team responsible for the footage was immediately demoted to Chief Researcher, a post with only a part-time subordinate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.sina.com.hk/news/20141104/-2-3448218/1.html|title=TVB何永康被調職　記協指涉嫌秋後算賬|publisher=Sina Corp|language=zh}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/news/art/20141101/18919997|title=
TVB新聞部秋後算賬主任貶做資料搜集|date=1 November 2014|work=[[Apple Daily]] |language=zh|accessdate=1 November 2014}}</ref> Many journalists expressed their dissatisfaction with the handling of the broadcast, and some 80 TVB staff from all departments objecting to the handling sent a petition to management.<ref name="20141016hkskenneth"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.ltn.com.tw/news/world/breakingnews/1134335 |title=「TVB新聞女神」驚傳要走人網友揣測是「被辭職」|trans_title=TVB News Goddess, Snowy Choi, suddenly rumoured to have left; netizens speculating 'forced resignation' |date=18 October 2014 |work=[[Liberty Times]] |accessdate=18 October 2014}}</ref> After several of its reporters were assaulted by activists attending a pro-Beijing rally, over 340 station employees put their names to a petition condemning the violence. A director of production in the non-drama department ordered all petitioners to a meeting with their supervisors, where the employees were asked to remove their signature or jeopardise their year end bonuses.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ejinsight.com/20141030-tvb-leans-on-staff-over-anti-violence-petition/|title=TVB leans on staff who sign anti-violence petition|work=EJ Insight}}</ref> In March 2015, Luk Hon-tak, former director-general of the Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong (DAB), became the managing editor of TVB News in charge of political news stories.<ref name=20150302ejinsight>{{cite web|url=http://www.ejinsight.com/20150302-former-dab-official-hired-as-tvb-news-managing-editor/|title=Former DAB official hired as TVB News managing editor|work=EJ Insight}}</ref> However, in 2015, the video, entitled "Suspected Police Brutality Against Occupy Central Movement's Protester", was declared the Best TV news item at the 55th Monte Carlo TV Festival; it was praised for its "comprehensive, objective and professional" report. It also won a prize at the Edward E. Murrow Awards in the Hard News category.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ejinsight.com/20150623-tvb-footage-of-police-beating-protester-wins-journalism-award/|title=TVB footage of 'police beating protester' wins journalism award|date=23 June 2015|work=EJ Insight}}</ref>

==== CLO interference in the 2012 Chief Executive election ====
During the [[Hong Kong Chief Executive election, 2012|Chief Executive elections in 2012]], the pro-Beijing ''[[Ta Kung Pao]]'' dedicated its entire front page on 24 March 2012 to attacking former underground communist Florence Leung, who authored a book in which she alleged CY Leung only became the Secretary General of the [[Hong Kong Basic Law Consultative Committee]] in 1985 through having been an underground Communist Party member.<ref>p1. ''Ta Kung Pao'', print edition. 24 March 2012</ref><ref name=comrade20120319scmp>Lee, Colleen (19 March 2012). "Ex-Communist raps Comrade C.Y.", ''South China Morning Post''.</ref><ref name="am7301">[http://www.webcitation.org/66NAp7BgK "料行會有黨組織滲入林瑞麟屬一員梁慕嫻：梁振英是地下共產黨 "]. ''am730'', 19 March 2012. Archived from [http://www.am730.com.hk/article.php?article=96709&d=1711 the original] on 23 March 2012</ref> Local press avidly reported on efforts of the [[Liaison Office of the Central People's Government in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region|central government's Liaison Office]] to rally support behind CY Leung, but said reports have been creating discomfort for officials. Albert Ho relayed complaints he has received about attempts by the Liaison Office to intimidate editors and media bosses.<ref name="webcitation1">''Ming Pao'' (22 March 2012). [http://www.webcitation.org/66LSH8Rdt "何俊仁：有報道觸怒中聯辦"]. Yahoo! News. Archived from [http://hk.news.yahoo.com/%E4%BD%95%E4%BF%8A%E4%BB%81-%E6%9C%89%E5%A0%B1%E9%81%93%E8%A7%B8%E6%80%92%E4%B8%AD%E8%81%AF%E8%BE%A6-024036278.html the original] on 22 March 2012. {{zh icon}}</ref> Media widely reported that [[Richard Li]] had received calls from CLO propaganda chief Hao Tiechuan ({{zh|t=郝鐵川}}) dissatisfied at the reporting at his ''[[Hong Kong Economic Journal]]'' (HKEJ).<ref>[http://www.webcitation.org/66ONudlwk "郝鐵川致電李澤楷不滿《信報》選舉報道"]. am730. 23 March 2012. Archived from [http://www.am730.com.hk/article.php?article=97540&d=1717 the original] on 24 March 2012.</ref><ref name=fight20120323hks>Siu, Phila (23 March 2012). [http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=30&art_id=120977&sid=35830727&con_type=3&d_str=20120323&isSearch=1&sear_year=2012 "Vow to fight any poll pressure"]. ''The Standard''.</ref> The Hong Kong Journalists Association, which noted that the ''HKEJ'' had received complaints about its coverage from central government's liaison office, and condemned the "open violation" of the one-country two-systems principle.<ref>[http://www.webcitation.org/66OLHp3LV "HKJA condemns press interference"]. RTHK, 23 March 2012. Archived from [http://rthk.hk/rthk/news/englishnews/20120323/news_20120323_56_827956.htm the original] on 28 February 2012.</ref> The International Federation of Journalists (IFJ) confirmed these allegations and expressed its concern.<ref>[http://www.webcitation.org/66NGEeUou "Mainland interference in political reporting alleged in Hong Kong"]. International Freedom of Expression Exchange, 22 March 2012. Archived from [http://www.ifex.org/china/hong_kong/2012/03/22/political_interference/ the original] on 23 March 2012</ref> Johnny Lau, who authored a critique of both Henry Tang and CY Leung during the Chief Executive elections for the ''[[Sing Pao Daily News]]'',<ref>[http://www.webcitation.org/66OSPVduj "Newspaper accused of distorting column"], RTHK, 21 March 2012 Archived from [http://m.rthk.hk/news/20120324/828219.htm the original], 24 March 2012</ref> in which he opined that neither Tang nor Leung were worthy of support nor sympathy, saw his piece changed to endorse Leung. Ngai Kai-kwong, editor-in-chief of the journal, who denied censorship or pressure from the liaison office, instead blamed "carelessness" in editing..<ref>Ng Kang-chung (24 March 2012). "Article 'twisted by an invisible hand'". ''South China Morning Post''</ref>

==== Commercial Radio ====
In late 2013, as a prelude to the renewal of its broadcasting licence, [[Commercial Radio Hong Kong]] replaced outspoken critic of CY Leung who hosted an influential prime-time morning talk show. [[Lee Wai-ling]], long despised by the pro-establishment camp for her vocal criticism of the government, was abruptly shunted to a less prominent evening show. She was replaced by station chief executive himself, [[Stephen Chan Chi-wan]], who denied political motivations. However, a former media executive said that it was "an open secret" that media operators are under considerable political pressure at the time of licence renewal, and some outspoken programme hosts disliked by the government are made to leave.<ref>Chow, Vivienne; Lau, Stuart; Chong, Tanna (16 November 2013) [http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1357254/station-takes-outspoken-host-prime-time-show "Station takes outspoken host off prime-time show"] ''South China Morning Post''</ref> On 12 February 2014, CRHK announced immediate termination of Li's employment contract, refusing to make any comment on the matter.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=30&art_id=142490&sid=41562621&con_type=3&d_str=20140213&isSearch=1&sear_year=2014 | title=Li axed amid row | work=[[The Standard (Hong Kong)|The Standard]] | date=13 February 2014 | accessdate=17 February 2014 | author=Ip, Kelly }}</ref>

==== ''Ming Pao'' ====
In January 2014, Kevin Lau, chief editor of the liberal ''[[Ming Pao]]'', was abruptly replaced by Chong Tien Siong, an inexperienced Singapore-based Malaysian journalist who, according to ''The Economist'', is widely regarded as pro-establishment.<ref name="bbc-26380267">[http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-26380267 Hong Kong news editor Kevin Lau improving after attack], BBC News, 28 February 2014</ref><ref name=20140226telegraph>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/hongkong/10661944/Hong-Kong-news-editor-stabbed-with-cleaver-over-press-freedom-protests.html "Hong Kong news editor stabbed with cleaver over press freedom protests"]. ''The Daily Telegraph''. 26 February 2014.</ref><ref name=20140109wsjrealtime>Law, Fiona (9 January 2014). [http://blogs.wsj.com/chinarealtime/2014/01/09/editors-removal-sparks-worries-about-press-freedom-in-hong-kong/ "Editor's Removal Sparks Worries About Press Freedom in Hong Kong"] China Realtime – ''The Wall Street Journal''</ref><ref name=20140301economist>[http://www.economist.com/news/china/21597960-attack-outspoken-editor-shocks-journalists-and-public-alike-beat-press "Beat the press"]. ''The Economist''. 1 March 2014</ref> As a result of Lau's dismissal, thousands of people attended a protest rally.<ref name="bbc-26380267"/> Lau, known for his tough reporting on China, was [[Knife attack on Kevin Lau|brutally stabbed]] on 26 February by an assailant riding pillion on a motorbike.<ref name=20140414wapost/><ref>Lu Stout, Kristie [http://newsstream.blogs.cnn.com/2014/02/26/outrage-in-hong-kong-after-editor-attack/ "Outrage in Hong Kong after editor attack"]. CNN, 26 February 2014</ref> While the police suspect the attack was carried out by the [[Wo Shing Wo]] triad,<ref>[http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1437625/kevin-lau-out-intensive-care-police-make-breakthrough-attack-case "Kevin Lau out of intensive care as police make breakthrough in attack case"]. ''South China Morning Post'', 28 February 2014</ref> it is widely believed to have been reprisals for his paper's investigative contribution to the [[International Consortium of Investigative Journalists]] (ICIJ) report on the offshore assets of China's leaders, including relatives of Communist Party general secretary [[Xi Jinping]], former Premier [[Wen Jiabao]], and several members of the [[National People's Congress]].<ref name=20150204fpolicy/> The journal came under pressure to downgrade the importance of a report on the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989.<ref name=20150213ejinsight/>

==== Attack on University of Hong Kong ====
The [[University of Hong Kong]] are under attacked by CY Leung, who used the occasion of his 2015 policy address to strongly criticise students' union magazine ''Undergrad'' for publishing an essay within a recent issue that Leung said "advocates that Hong Kong should find a way to self-reliance and self-determination". He objected to it on the grounds that "the statements, the remarks, are not in line with our constitutional status"; a book entitled ''Hong Kong Nationalism'' also came under his attack. He denied he was attacking free speech, but implied that there ought not to be such discussions on "crucial constitutional issues".<ref>Benitez, Mary Ann; Lau, Kenneth (15 January 2015). [http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=30&art_id=153239&sid=43693702&con_type=3 "'Fallacies' in HKU magazine blasted"]. ''The Standard''.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ejinsight.com/20150116-carrie-lam-john-tsang-undergrad-remarks-cy-leungs-own-views/|title=Carrie Lam, John Tsang: Undergrad remarks CY Leung’s own views|work=EJ Insight}}</ref> Following Leung's attack, three large bookshop chains under pro-Beijing [[Sino United Publishing]] delisted the title.<ref name=scmp1732853>Lam, Jeffie (8 March 2015). [http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1732853/beijing-criticised-publication-new-series-anti-occupy-books "Hong Kong book giant in censorship row after returning title"]. ''South China Morning Post''.</ref> ''Wen Wei Po'' used the contents of a leaked University Grants Commission report in attempt to derail the candidature of [[Johannes Chan]], a prominent member of the pro-democracy movement, for pro-vice-chancellor of the university.<ref name=20150127hks>[http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=11&art_id=153643&sid=43765907&con_type=1 HKU law faculty falls short in research field]. ''The Standard'', 27 January 2015.</ref> According to an article written by Kevin Lau in ''Ming Pao'', "parties close to the government" applied pressure on committee members behind the scenes to block Chan's appointment,<ref name=20150213hks>Lau, Kenneth (13 February 2015). [http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?we_cat=11&art_id=154279&sid=43887756&con_type=3&d_str=20150213&fc=8 "Leung denies torpedoing uni selection"]. ''The Standard''.</ref><ref name="nextmedia.com">{{cite web|url=http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/realtime/news/20150212/53429851|script-title=zh:傳政府阻港大陳文敏升職羅范：點會重蹈覆轍|work=Apple Daily |language=zh}}</ref> and the finger was said to be pointed directly at the office of the Chief Executive.<ref name=20150212ejinsight>{{cite web|url=http://www.ejinsight.com/20150212-apple-daily-leung-tried-to-stop-chans-hku-appointment/|title=Apple Daily: Leung tried to stop Chan’s HKU appointment|work=EJ Insight}}</ref>

==== RTHK ====
Chan Ka-ming and Shiu Ka-chun, two presenters of Radio Television Hong Kong whom were prominent in Umbrella Revolution were dismissed. The broadcaster denied political motives.<ref name=time4172407>{{cite web|url=http://time.com/4172407/hong-kong-mighty-current-missing-booksellers-eu/|title=E.U. Calls For Probe Into Missing Hong Kong Booksellers|author=Nash Jenkins|work=TIME|date=8 January 2016}}</ref>

=== Other political pressure ===
[[File:Puma D7689.jpg|The offending Puma entry "D7689"|thumb]]At a ballet premiere in November 2014, local media reported that one scene that contained images from the Cultural Revolution was cut; the production company blamed it on a "technical error".<ref name=20140414wapost/>

To publicise its involvement in the 2015 Hong Kong marathon, [[Puma (brand)|Puma]] posted an image of a facsimile runner's identification tag bearing the number "D7689" onto its Facebook page. One supporter of the Loving Hong Kong movement objected to the number, writing to the global CEO of the manufacturer saying that it was disrespectful to chief executive [[CY Leung]] and threatened to initiate a mass boycott of the company's sportswear.<ref name=LTN1215780/><ref name=20150126sina/> The complainant explained that "689 is the code of the current CE of HKSAR well understood by HK people. D7 has the similar phonics in Chinese as the 'F***' word".<ref name=20150126sina>{{cite web|url=http://news.sina.com.hk/news/20150126/-2-3583763/1.html|title=渣馬D7689號碼布風波|publisher=Sina Corp}}</ref> The company declared its political neutrality, and withdrew the offending post.<ref name=LTN1215780>{{cite web|url=http://news.ltn.com.tw/news/world/breakingnews/1215780|title=惹怒「689」？Puma向香港低頭道歉|work=Liberty Times |language=zh}}</ref> Lampooning the complaint, members of the public scoured the city and found many examples of innocent occurrences of the irreverent number.<ref name=hket529939>{{cite web|url=http://topick.hket.com/article/529939|title=TOPick 編輯 – 全城尋找 D7689 |work=Hong Kong Economic Times |language=zh}}</ref> MTR staff were warned after one such example found, of a carriage bearing the "D689" marking, posted to their unofficial [[MTR]] Service Update page on Facebook.<ref name=hket529939/><ref>MTR staff issued social media warning after CY Leung 'D689 ... South China Morning Post (subscription), ''South China Morning Post'', 29 January 2015</ref>

==== Democratic Party confiscations====
The Democratic Party saw a consignment of novelty toilet paper confiscated without reason by mainland customs. Various types of paper tissue, including 7,600 toilet rolls and 20,000 packets of tissue bearing likeness of CY Leung and destined for sale at a New Year's market were seized in Shenzhen.<ref name=bbc31189050>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-31189050|title=China seizes toilet rolls depicting HK leader CY Leung|publisher=BBC News}}</ref><ref name=20150207huffpo/> Such items were hot sellers at the New Year's market a year earlier.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.channel4.com/news/china-toilet-paper-hong-kong-cy-leung-protest-seize|title=China cracks down on protest toilet paper|publisher=Channel 4 News}}</ref><ref name=20150207huffpo>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/02/07/leung-chun-ying-toilet-paper_n_6636382.html|title=China Seizes Toilet Paper Bearing Face of Hong Kong's Leader|work=The Huffington Post}}</ref>

==== Up Publications returns controversy ====
In March 2015, Up Publications, a small independent publishing house, complained that it was suddenly and unexpectedly faced with a large and unexplained number of returns from the three main subsidiaries of Beijing-friendly [[Sino United Publishing]].<ref name=20150309ejinsight>{{cite web|url=http://www.ejinsight.com/20150309-book-publisher-says-its-being-targeted-by-china-backed-sellers/|title=Book publisher says it's being targeted by China-linked sellers|work=EJ Insight}}</ref> Twenty titles were affected by the returns, to the serious detriment to the finances of Up Publications; many of the titles returned were not politically themed. The publisher was allegedly told by a bookshop source that its stance in the [[2014 Hong Kong protests|2014 occupation]] and its publishing of books supportive of the [[Umbrella Movement]] were responsible.<ref name=scmp1732853/> Although no reason was given for the returns, two of the delisted books about the occupation were strong sellers at independent bookshops.<ref name=scmp1732853/><ref name=20150309ejinsight/>

==== Disappearances at Mighty Current publishing ====
{{Main|Causeway Bay Books disappearances}}

Mighty Current, a company that publishes politically sensitive books – those critical of mainland leaders and discloses their personal secrets – and sells them at a bookstore named Causeway Bay Books, was marred by near-simultaneous disappearance in October 2015 of four people linked to it.<ref name=ejinsight20151116/> Two of the men were last seen in Shenzhen, one in Hong Kong, and one was last heard from in Thailand.<ref name=bbc35208879/><ref name=yahoo063100439>[https://tw.news.yahoo.com/銅鑼灣書店老闆員工-被失蹤-香港警方已介入調查-063100439.html "銅鑼灣書店老闆員工「被失蹤」？香港警方已介入"]. Yahoo!News Taiwan 17 November 2015</ref> The news shocked the local publishing industry, and vice-chairman of the [[Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China]] said that it was "hard not to associate the disappearance of the four people with Beijing's suppression of banned books". The manhunt by the police continues one month on.<ref name=ejinsight20151116>{{cite web|url=http://www.ejinsight.com/20151116-search-missing-executives-hk-publisher-banned-books/|title=Search on for missing executives of HK publisher of banned books|work=EJ Insight|date=16 November 2015}}</ref>

In December 2015, a fifth member of the company, Lee Bo, also mysteriously vanished. He was last seen at his warehouse in Chai Wan in the early evening, preparing an order he had received for several books.<ref name=bbc35208879>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-35208879|title=Another Hong Kong worker at anti-Beijing bookshop 'disappears'|publisher=BBC News}}</ref><ref name=20160102guardian>{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/global/2016/jan/02/fifth-man-working-for-publishers-critical-of-chinese-government-goes-missing|title=Fifth man working for publishers critical of Chinese government goes missing|work=The Guardian|date=2 January 2016}}</ref> Lee Bo's wife later received a telephone call from him from a telephone number in Shenzhen, uncharacteristically speaking in [[Mandarin Chinese]]. The fact that his [[Mainland Travel Permit for Hong Kong and Macao Residents|home return permit]] was left at home led many fearing that he may have somehow been abducted by the mainland [[public security bureau]] and [[Extraordinary rendition|rendition]]ed to Shenzhen.<ref name=bbc35219260>http://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-china-blog-35219260</ref><ref name=mingpao1451585098799>"[http://news.mingpao.com/pns/dailynews/web_tc/article/20160101/s00002/1451585098799 銅鑼灣書店第5人失蹤股東內地電話報平安稱自己能處理]". ''Ming Pao'', 31 December 2015 {{zh-icon}}</ref><ref name=metrohk299289>{{cite web|url=http://www.metrohk.com.hk/index.php?cmd=detail&id=299289|title=傳銅鑼灣書店股東失蹤警接手調查|work=MetroDaily |date=2 January 2016 |language=zh}}</ref><ref name=nextmedia19436390>{{cite web|url=http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/news/art/20160102/19436390|title=銅鑼灣書店股東柴灣中伏妻報警指控公安：扮買書綁架|date=2 January 2016|work=Apple Daily |language=zh}}</ref><ref>"[http://news.mingpao.com/pns/dailynews/web_tc/article/20160103/s00001/1451757876466 李波再報平安無出境紀錄閉路電視見李獨自乘貨𨋢離去]". ''Ming Pao'', 2 January 2016 {{zh-icon}}</ref> According to [[Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China]], the latest disappearance is linked to the imminent publication of a book on the life of [[Xi Jinping]] which includes details of his intimate life.<ref name=bbc35219260/><ref name=nextmedia54605856>{{cite web|url=http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/realtime/china/20160103/54605856|title=【賣禁書被失蹤】習近平少年情史其實早已曝光|work=Apple Daily |language=zh|date=3 January 2016}}</ref><ref>http://www.ejinsight.com/20160104-book-about-xi-love-life-seen-tied-vanishing-5th-bookseller/</ref>

==References==
{{portal|Hong Kong}}
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Censorship In Hong Kong}}
[[Category:Media in Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Hong Kong law]]
[[Category:Censorship by country|Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Human rights in Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Censorship in China|Hong Kong]]

Zensur in Hongkong

2016-04-11T23:21:58Z

Ceosad: /* Censorship after the handover */ typo

{{EngvarB|date=January 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Censorship by country}}

{{See also |Censorship in the People's Republic of China|Internet censorship in Hong Kong|Media of Hong Kong}}

'''Censorship in Hong Kong''', which refers to the suppression of speech or other public communication, raises issues regarding the [[freedom of speech]]. By law, censorship is usually practised against the distribution of certain materials, particularly child pornography, obscene images, and reports on court cases which may lead to unfair trial.

Prior to the [[transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong]] in 1997, Hong Kong boasted one of the highest degrees of press freedom in Asia.<ref>Lee Chin-Chuan (1997). "Media Structure and Regime Change in Hong Kong", ''The Challenge of Hong Kong's Reintegration with China''. Hong Kong University Press. pp. 160–161.</ref> Since the handover to mainland China, Hong Kong has been granted relative legal, economic, and political autonomy under the [[one country, two systems]] policy. In contrast to the rest of China, where control over media is pervasive, Hong Kong's freedom of speech, of the press, and of publication are protected under Article 27 of the [[Hong Kong Basic Law]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.basiclaw.gov.hk/en/basiclawtext/chapter_3.html|title=Basic Law Full Text – chapter (3)|publisher=Government of Hong Kong}}</ref> and Article 16 of the [[Hong Kong Bill of Rights]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hkhrm.org.hk/english/law/eng_boro2.html|title=Hong Kong Bill of Rights|publisher=hkhrm.org.hk}}</ref>

Observers have noted a trend of increasing threats to press freedom in the territory, including physical attacks on journalists, acts targeted at liberal media and against their owners, withdrawal of advertising revenues, and appointment of compliant pro-Beijing chief editors.<ref name=20150204fpolicy>{{cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/02/04/closing-a-vital-window-into-china-press-freedom-hong-kong/|title=Closing a Vital Window into China|work=Foreign Policy}}</ref> The decline in Hong Kong's ranking on the [[Press Freedom Index]] published annually by [[Reporters Without Borders]] has been vertiginous: it stood at 70th in 2015, having lost nine places compared to 2014; it ranked 18th place in 2002.<ref name=20140414wapost/><ref name=20150212straitstimes/><ref name=20150213ejinsight/>

==Censorship after the handover==

Despite guarantees of free speech, public surveys in 1997 showed increasing fears of [[self-censorship]] by journalists of writings critical of the Central Government,<ref>Shemwell, Carolyn. pp.1–2</ref><ref name=eroded/> although a journalists indicated in a survey from the [[Hong Kong Journalists Association]] that they overwhelmingly did not hesitate to publish criticisms of China, and that actual instances of direct pressure from the Chinese government to change news were very rare. Since the handover, Hong Kong newspapers (and especially English-language media) have increased their use of a self-declared editorial independence as a marketing tool towards international audiences.<ref name="Holbig">{{cite book|chapter=Hong Kong press freedom in transition|first=Heike|last=Holbig|title=Hong Kong in Transition: One country, two systems|publisher=Routledge|series=Studies in the Modern History of Asia|editor1-first=Robert|editor1-last=Ash|editor2-first=Peter|editor2-last=Ferdinand|editor3-first=Brian|editor3-last=Hook|editor4-first=Robin|editor4-last=Porter|pages=197, 201–203}}</ref>

In 1998, there was a controversy about remarks made by magazine publisher [[Xu Simin]] alleging anti-mainland bias from the government-funded broadcaster [[RTHK]]. Although pro-RTHK commentators saw Xu's comments as coming from Beijing, Central Government representatives distanced themselves from his comments.<ref name="Holbig"/> In 2001, the HKJA expressed concerns that government's and Tung Chee-hwa's "shrill rhetoric [in vilifying Falun Gong] threatens open debate by encouraging self-censorship".<ref name=eroded/>

Hong Kong's ranking on the [[Press Freedom Index]] published annually by [[Reporters Without Borders]] was 18th in 2002.<ref name=20140414wapost>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2014/04/14/a-new-play-addresses-the-growing-fear-for-journalists-in-hong-kong/|title=A new play addresses the growing fear for journalists in Hong Kong|work=The Washington Post}}</ref> Since then, a number of factors, particularly self-censorship, and high-profile incidents affecting the media have pointed to increasing erosion of journalists' ability to report the news in an objective manner. In 2011, [[Hong Kong Journalists Association]] Chairwoman Mak Yin-ting ({{zh|t=麥燕庭}}) commented on self-censorship due to growing business ties between Beijing and media owners, asserting that "Now, more than half of Hong Kong media bosses or high media management have been absorbed by the Communist government... They may consider whether reporting on some issues will affect the relationship between their bosses and the government."<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LkU_iGWVAI4 Hong Kong Media Practicing Self-Censorship: Survey]. New Tang Dynasty Television, 3 May 2011. Retrieved 7 February 2012.</ref><ref>Stone, R. (1998). "Control without repression: China's influence on the political economy of Hong Kong press system". ''Asia Pacific Media Educator''. 4, pp. 160–161.</ref> That year, Hong Kong's ranking on the Press Freedom Index dropped twenty places to 54th place. In a report published alongside the index, it was noted that "arrests, assaults and harassment worsened working conditions for journalists [in Hong Kong] to an extent not seen previously, a sign of a worrying change in government policy."<ref>"[http://en.rsf.org/IMG/CLASSEMENT_2012/C_GENERAL_ANG.pdf World Press Freedom Index 2011–2012]", Reporters Without Borders, 25 January 2012. Retrieved 7 February 2012.</ref> Hong Kong's ranking in the index, which stood at 61st in 2014,<ref name=20140414wapost/> gave up nine further places in the 2015 report. "Police misconduct" was cited as a factor.<ref name=20150212straitstimes>{{cite web|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/news/world/more-world-stories/story/lastest-world-press-freedom-index-shows-drastic-decline-singapor|title=Latest World Press Freedom Index shows 'drastic decline'; Singapore ranked at No. 153|work=The Straits Times}}</ref> Journalists have complained about sensitive news stories critical of the government that they have been under undisguised pressure to change or soften.<ref name=20150204fpolicy/><ref name=20150127insight>{{cite web|url=http://www.ejinsight.com/20150127-ifj-reporters-harassed-media-manipulated-during-protests/|title=IFJ: Reporters intimidated, media manipulated during protests|work=EJ Insight}}</ref><ref name=bbc26478495/> PEN Center believes that the controversy surrounding [[CY_Leung#UGL_controversy|CY Leung's dealings with UGL]] were seriously under-reported in some media outlets.<ref name=20150127insight/> An increasing incidence of physical violence against journalists has been recorded, with the police being implicated in some of these, namely the Hong Kong Journalists Association noted that there were at least 28 attacks on journalists covering the [[Umbrella Revolution]].<ref name=20150204fpolicy/><ref name=20150117NYT/> All told, the incidence of censorship, political pressure to self-censor and intimidation is increasing, according to PEN American Center, International Federation of Journalists.<ref name=bbc26478495>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-26478495|title=Is Hong Kong's media under attack?|publisher=BBC News}}</ref><ref name=20150116insight>{{cite web|url=http://www.ejinsight.com/20150116-press-freedom-in-hk-under-threat-us-writers-group/|title=Press freedom in HK under threat: US writers group|work=EJ Insight}}</ref><ref name=20150117NYT>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/17/world/asia/press-freedom-in-hong-kong-under-threat-report-says.html|title=Press Freedom in Hong Kong Under Threat Report Says |work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref name=chinapost427507>AFP (27 January 2015). [http://www.chinapost.com.tw/china/local-news/hong-kong/2015/01/27/427507/Hong-Kong.htm Hong Kong media 'manipulated': report]. ''China Post''.</ref>

During the two-and-a-half-month protests in 2014, the patchy coverage of events and viewpoints on traditional media turned young people to [[social media]] for news. ''[[The Guardian]]'' described the protests as "the best-documented social movement in history, with even its quieter moments generating a maelstrom of status updates, shares and likes."<ref name="guardian media">{{cite web|url= http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/oct/29/hong-kong-protests-confidence-media|title= Hong Kong protests bring crisis of confidence for traditional media|date=29 October 2014|accessdate=29 October 2014}}</ref> People placed greater reliance on [[alternative media]], some of which were launched during the protests. Even the recently defunct ''[[House News]]'' resurrected itself, reformatted as ''The House News Bloggers''.<ref name=huff6028004>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/amy-wu/hong-kongs-alternative-re_b_6028004.html|title=Hong Kong's 'Alternative' Revolution: Facebook, House News, and Passion Times|work=The Huffington Post}}</ref>

=== Notable examples ===
==== ''South China Morning Post'' ====
Since Robert Kuok acquired the ''[[South China Morning Post]]'' in 1993, there have been concerns over the forced departures, in rapid succession, of several staff and contributors who were considered critical of China or its supporters in Hong Kong. Before the handover, their popular cartoonist [[Larry Feign]], humour columnist [[Nury Vittachi]] were dismissed. Since 1997, there have been numerous departures of China-desk staff, namely 2000–01 editorial pages editor Danny Gittings, Beijing correspondent Jasper Becker; China pages editor Willy Lam departed after his reporting had been publicly criticised by Robert Kuok.<ref name=eroded>[http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=11891&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=20010702&sear_year=2001 Freedoms eroded to please Beijing: report], ''[[The Standard (Hong Kong)|The Standard]]'', 2 July 2001</ref><ref>Vanessa Gould, Nelson Lee & Bryan Lee, [http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=&art_id=10130&sid=&con_type=1&d_str=20010228&sear_year=2001 SAR defends rights record], [[The Standard (Hong Kong)|The Standard]], 28 February 2001</ref><ref>[http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/news/art/20120201/16032020 南早赤化政協做老總]. ''Apple Daily'', 1 February 2012 {{zh icon}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.renminbao.com/rmb/articles/2000/11/29/7214.html|title=新闻特写: 林和立将加盟CNN|work=Renminbao}}</ref> Gittings complained that he "repeatedly came under pressure to tone down coverage of politically sensitive issues".<ref>Rushford, Greg (April 2002). [http://www.rushfordreport.com/2002/4_2002_Cover.htm "Cover Story: Hong Kong at a Crossroads"]. ''Rushford Report''</ref> Editor-in-Chief Wang Xiangwei was criticised for his decision to reduce the paper's coverage of the [[death of Li Wangyang]] on 7 June 2012. Wang reportedly reversed the decision to run a full story, and instead published a two-paragraph report inside the paper; other news media reported it prominently.<ref>Pomfret, James; Tang, Sisi. Reuters (20 June 2012). [http://www.webcitation.org/68ZuCj0G2 "China casts long shadow as Hong Kong paper stands accused of censorship"]. ''The Republic'' Archived from [http://www.therepublic.com/view/story/BRE85J0O6/US-HONGKONG-CENSORSHIP the original] on 21 June 2012.</ref> A senior staff member who sought to understand the decision circulated the resulting email exchanges, that indicate he received a stern rebuff from Wang.<ref>Staff reporter (19 June 2012) [http://www.asiasentinel.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=4608&Itemid=173 "Journalistic ethics questioned at SCMP"]. ''Asia Sentinel''</ref> Wang is mainland-born, and is a member of the Provincial Committee of the [[Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference]] in Jilin; the paper has since stepped up coverage of the death and aftermath as major news stories.<ref>[http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=21&art_id=123612&sid=36775620&con_type=1&d_str=20120620&isSearch=1&sear_year=2012 "Here is the news – or maybe not"]. ''The Standard'', 20 June 2012</ref> Reporter Paul Mooney, whose contract with the paper was not renewed in May 2012, said that the Li Wangyang story was not an isolated incident.<ref>Paul Mooney, [http://www.isunaffairs.com/?p=8020 Why I was kicked out of the "South China Morning Post"?] ''iSun Affairs'' 28 June 2012</ref>

==== ''Apple Daily'' ====
The liberal ''[[Apple Daily]]'' has been under sustained pressure. In 1997, reporters from were denied permission to cover a Hong Kong reception organised by the Chinese Foreign Ministry due to their history of criticising China.<ref>Shemwell, Carolyn (2002). "[http://www.lehigh.edu/~incntr/publications/perspectives/v20/Shemwell.pdf Self-Censorship and the Press in Hong Kong]" ''Perspectives on Business and Economics''. vol. 20. p.10.</ref> It has been subjected to advertising boycotts, its reporters have been assaulted, its owner attacked, and its premises fire-bombed. Its support of the [[Umbrella Revolution]] earned it unprecedented cyber-attacks; copies of its paper have been spoilt by masked thugs.<ref name=20140414wapost/><ref name=20150204fpolicy/> It suffered a physical blockade which disrupted its logistics for almost one week.<ref name=20150204fpolicy/><ref name=20150213ejinsight>{{cite web|url=http://www.ejinsight.com/20150213-hk-press-freedom-seen-eroding-as-beijing-makes-presence-felt/|title=HK press freedom seen eroding as Beijing makes presence felt|work=EJ Insight}}</ref>

==== TVB ====
Since 2009, [[TVB]] has drawn criticism on Internet forums for apparent pro-establishment bias. That year, its news department downgraded coverage of the 20th anniversary of the [[Tiananmen Square protests of 1989|4 June Incident]]. The reporting, thought by many internet forum users as an act to gain the favour of the Central Government, was likened to [[China Central Television|CCTV]] and earned it the portmanteau "CCTVB".<ref name=20150213ejinsight/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scmp.com/topics/yuen-long-station|title=Yuen Long Station|work=South China Morning Post}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://yp.scmp.com/article/4554/yes-free-tv-channels |title=Free TV Channels |work=South China Morning Post}}</ref> During the 2014 protests, TVB's broadcast of footage of seven police officers beating a protester on 15 October resulted in significant internal conflict during the broadcast.<ref name="20141016hkskenneth">Lau, Kenneth; Siu, Jasmine (16 October 2014). [http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=30&art_id=150444&sid=43171371&con_type=1&d_str=20141016&isSearch=1&sear_year=2014 "Reporters voice anger at TVB"]. ''The Standard''.</ref> The pre-dawn broadcasts soundtrack which mentioned "punching and kicking" was re-recorded to say that the officers were "suspected of using excessive force".<ref name="scmptvbnewspolice">{{cite web|url= http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1618746/tvb-boss-backs-news-chiefs-handling-police-beating?comment-sort=|title= TVB boss backs news chief's handling of police 'beating'|date=18 October 2014|accessdate=18 October 2014}}</ref> TVB director Keith Yuen questioned what grounds lead the footage to say "officers dragged him to a dark corner, and punched and kicked him"?<ref name="scmptvbnewspolice" /> The assistant supervisor of the news-gathering team responsible for the footage was immediately demoted to Chief Researcher, a post with only a part-time subordinate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.sina.com.hk/news/20141104/-2-3448218/1.html|title=TVB何永康被調職　記協指涉嫌秋後算賬|publisher=Sina Corp|language=zh}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/news/art/20141101/18919997|title=
TVB新聞部秋後算賬主任貶做資料搜集|date=1 November 2014|work=[[Apple Daily]] |language=zh|accessdate=1 November 2014}}</ref> Many journalists expressed their dissatisfaction with the handling of the broadcast, and some 80 TVB staff from all departments objecting to the handling sent a petition to management.<ref name="20141016hkskenneth"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.ltn.com.tw/news/world/breakingnews/1134335 |title=「TVB新聞女神」驚傳要走人網友揣測是「被辭職」|trans_title=TVB News Goddess, Snowy Choi, suddenly rumoured to have left; netizens speculating 'forced resignation' |date=18 October 2014 |work=[[Liberty Times]] |accessdate=18 October 2014}}</ref> After several of its reporters were assaulted by activists attending a pro-Beijing rally, over 340 station employees put their names to a petition condemning the violence. A director of production in the non-drama department ordered all petitioners to a meeting with their supervisors, where the employees were asked to remove their signature or jeopardise their year end bonuses.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ejinsight.com/20141030-tvb-leans-on-staff-over-anti-violence-petition/|title=TVB leans on staff who sign anti-violence petition|work=EJ Insight}}</ref> In March 2015, Luk Hon-tak, former director-general of the Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong (DAB), became the managing editor of TVB News in charge of political news stories.<ref name=20150302ejinsight>{{cite web|url=http://www.ejinsight.com/20150302-former-dab-official-hired-as-tvb-news-managing-editor/|title=Former DAB official hired as TVB News managing editor|work=EJ Insight}}</ref> However, in 2015, the video, entitled "Suspected Police Brutality Against Occupy Central Movement's Protester", was declared the Best TV news item at the 55th Monte Carlo TV Festival; it was praised for its "comprehensive, objective and professional" report. It also won a prize at the Edward E. Murrow Awards in the Hard News category.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ejinsight.com/20150623-tvb-footage-of-police-beating-protester-wins-journalism-award/|title=TVB footage of 'police beating protester' wins journalism award|date=23 June 2015|work=EJ Insight}}</ref>

==== CLO interference in the 2012 Chief Executive election ====
During the [[Hong Kong Chief Executive election, 2012|Chief Executive elections in 2012]], the pro-Beijing ''[[Ta Kung Pao]]'' dedicated its entire front page on 24 March 2012 to attacking former underground communist Florence Leung, who authored a book in which she alleged CY Leung only became the Secretary General of the [[Hong Kong Basic Law Consultative Committee]] in 1985 through having been an underground Communist Party member.<ref>p1. ''Ta Kung Pao'', print edition. 24 March 2012</ref><ref name=comrade20120319scmp>Lee, Colleen (19 March 2012). "Ex-Communist raps Comrade C.Y.", ''South China Morning Post''.</ref><ref name="am7301">[http://www.webcitation.org/66NAp7BgK "料行會有黨組織滲入林瑞麟屬一員梁慕嫻：梁振英是地下共產黨 "]. ''am730'', 19 March 2012. Archived from [http://www.am730.com.hk/article.php?article=96709&d=1711 the original] on 23 March 2012</ref> Local press avidly reported on efforts of the [[Liaison Office of the Central People's Government in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region|central government's Liaison Office]] to rally support behind CY Leung, but said reports have been creating discomfort for officials. Albert Ho relayed complaints he has received about attempts by the Liaison Office to intimidate editors and media bosses.<ref name="webcitation1">''Ming Pao'' (22 March 2012). [http://www.webcitation.org/66LSH8Rdt "何俊仁：有報道觸怒中聯辦"]. Yahoo! News. Archived from [http://hk.news.yahoo.com/%E4%BD%95%E4%BF%8A%E4%BB%81-%E6%9C%89%E5%A0%B1%E9%81%93%E8%A7%B8%E6%80%92%E4%B8%AD%E8%81%AF%E8%BE%A6-024036278.html the original] on 22 March 2012. {{zh icon}}</ref> Media widely reported that [[Richard Li]] had received calls from CLO propaganda chief Hao Tiechuan ({{zh|t=郝鐵川}}) dissatisfied at the reporting at his ''[[Hong Kong Economic Journal]]'' (HKEJ).<ref>[http://www.webcitation.org/66ONudlwk "郝鐵川致電李澤楷不滿《信報》選舉報道"]. am730. 23 March 2012. Archived from [http://www.am730.com.hk/article.php?article=97540&d=1717 the original] on 24 March 2012.</ref><ref name=fight20120323hks>Siu, Phila (23 March 2012). [http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=30&art_id=120977&sid=35830727&con_type=3&d_str=20120323&isSearch=1&sear_year=2012 "Vow to fight any poll pressure"]. ''The Standard''.</ref> The Hong Kong Journalists Association, which noted that the ''HKEJ'' had received complaints about its coverage from central government's liaison office, and condemned the "open violation" of the one-country two-systems principle.<ref>[http://www.webcitation.org/66OLHp3LV "HKJA condemns press interference"]. RTHK, 23 March 2012. Archived from [http://rthk.hk/rthk/news/englishnews/20120323/news_20120323_56_827956.htm the original] on 28 February 2012.</ref> The International Federation of Journalists (IFJ) confirmed these allegations and expressed its concern.<ref>[http://www.webcitation.org/66NGEeUou "Mainland interference in political reporting alleged in Hong Kong"]. International Freedom of Expression Exchange, 22 March 2012. Archived from [http://www.ifex.org/china/hong_kong/2012/03/22/political_interference/ the original] on 23 March 2012</ref> Johnny Lau, who authored a critique of both Henry Tang and CY Leung during the Chief Executive elections for the ''[[Sing Pao Daily News]]'',<ref>[http://www.webcitation.org/66OSPVduj "Newspaper accused of distorting column"], RTHK, 21 March 2012 Archived from [http://m.rthk.hk/news/20120324/828219.htm the original], 24 March 2012</ref> in which he opined that neither Tang nor Leung were worthy of support nor sympathy, saw his piece changed to endorse Leung. Ngai Kai-kwong, editor-in-chief of the journal, who denied censorship or pressure from the liaison office, instead blamed "carelessness" in editing..<ref>Ng Kang-chung (24 March 2012). "Article 'twisted by an invisible hand'". ''South China Morning Post''</ref>

==== Commercial Radio ====
In late 2013, as a prelude to the renewal of its broadcasting licence, [[Commercial Radio Hong Kong]] replaced outspoken critic of CY Leung who hosted an influential prime-time morning talk show. [[Lee Wai-ling]], long despised by the pro-establishment camp for her vocal criticism of the government, was abruptly shunted to a less prominent evening show. She was replaced by station chief executive himself, [[Stephen Chan Chi-wan]], who denied political motivations. However, a former media executive said that it was "an open secret" that media operators are under considerable political pressure at the time of licence renewal, and some outspoken programme hosts disliked by the government are made to leave.<ref>Chow, Vivienne; Lau, Stuart; Chong, Tanna (16 November 2013) [http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1357254/station-takes-outspoken-host-prime-time-show "Station takes outspoken host off prime-time show"] ''South China Morning Post''</ref> On 12 February 2014, CRHK announced immediate termination of Li's employment contract, refusing to make any comment on the matter.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=30&art_id=142490&sid=41562621&con_type=3&d_str=20140213&isSearch=1&sear_year=2014 | title=Li axed amid row | work=[[The Standard (Hong Kong)|The Standard]] | date=13 February 2014 | accessdate=17 February 2014 | author=Ip, Kelly }}</ref>

==== ''Ming Pao'' ====
In January 2014, Kevin Lau, chief editor of the liberal ''[[Ming Pao]]'', was abruptly replaced by Chong Tien Siong, an inexperienced Singapore-based Malaysian journalist who, according to ''The Economist'', is widely regarded as pro-establishment.<ref name="bbc-26380267">[http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-26380267 Hong Kong news editor Kevin Lau improving after attack], BBC News, 28 February 2014</ref><ref name=20140226telegraph>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/hongkong/10661944/Hong-Kong-news-editor-stabbed-with-cleaver-over-press-freedom-protests.html "Hong Kong news editor stabbed with cleaver over press freedom protests"]. ''The Daily Telegraph''. 26 February 2014.</ref><ref name=20140109wsjrealtime>Law, Fiona (9 January 2014). [http://blogs.wsj.com/chinarealtime/2014/01/09/editors-removal-sparks-worries-about-press-freedom-in-hong-kong/ "Editor's Removal Sparks Worries About Press Freedom in Hong Kong"] China Realtime – ''The Wall Street Journal''</ref><ref name=20140301economist>[http://www.economist.com/news/china/21597960-attack-outspoken-editor-shocks-journalists-and-public-alike-beat-press "Beat the press"]. ''The Economist''. 1 March 2014</ref> As a result of Lau's dismissal, thousands of people attended a protest rally.<ref name="bbc-26380267"/> Lau, known for his tough reporting on China, was [[Knife attack on Kevin Lau|brutally stabbed]] on 26 February by an assailant riding pillion on a motorbike.<ref name=20140414wapost/><ref>Lu Stout, Kristie [http://newsstream.blogs.cnn.com/2014/02/26/outrage-in-hong-kong-after-editor-attack/ "Outrage in Hong Kong after editor attack"]. CNN, 26 February 2014</ref> While the police suspect the attack was carried out by the [[Wo Shing Wo]] triad,<ref>[http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1437625/kevin-lau-out-intensive-care-police-make-breakthrough-attack-case "Kevin Lau out of intensive care as police make breakthrough in attack case"]. ''South China Morning Post'', 28 February 2014</ref> it is widely believed to have been reprisals for his paper's investigative contribution to the [[International Consortium of Investigative Journalists]] (ICIJ) report on the offshore assets of China's leaders, including relatives of Communist Party general secretary [[Xi Jinping]], former Premier [[Wen Jiabao]], and several members of the [[National People's Congress]].<ref name=20150204fpolicy/> The journal came under pressure to downgrade the importance of a report on the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989.<ref name=20150213ejinsight/>

==== Attack on University of Hong Kong ====
The [[University of Hong Kong]] are under attacked by CY Leung, who used the occasion of his 2015 policy address to strongly criticise students' union magazine ''Undergrad'' for publishing an essay within a recent issue that Leung said "advocates that Hong Kong should find a way to self-reliance and self-determination". He objected to it on the grounds that "the statements, the remarks, are not in line with our constitutional status"; a book entitled ''Hong Kong Nationalism'' also came under his attack. He denied he was attacking free speech, but implied that there ought not to be such discussions on "crucial constitutional issues".<ref>Benitez, Mary Ann; Lau, Kenneth (15 January 2015). [http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=30&art_id=153239&sid=43693702&con_type=3 "'Fallacies' in HKU magazine blasted"]. ''The Standard''.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ejinsight.com/20150116-carrie-lam-john-tsang-undergrad-remarks-cy-leungs-own-views/|title=Carrie Lam, John Tsang: Undergrad remarks CY Leung’s own views|work=EJ Insight}}</ref> Following Leung's attack, three large bookshop chains under pro-Beijing [[Sino United Publishing]] delisted the title.<ref name=scmp1732853>Lam, Jeffie (8 March 2015). [http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1732853/beijing-criticised-publication-new-series-anti-occupy-books "Hong Kong book giant in censorship row after returning title"]. ''South China Morning Post''.</ref> ''Wen Wei Po'' used the contents of a leaked University Grants Commission report in attempt to derail the candidature of [[Johannes Chan]], a prominent member of the pro-democracy movement, for pro-vice-chancellor of the university.<ref name=20150127hks>[http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=11&art_id=153643&sid=43765907&con_type=1 HKU law faculty falls short in research field]. ''The Standard'', 27 January 2015.</ref> According to an article written by Kevin Lau in ''Ming Pao'', "parties close to the government" applied pressure on committee members behind the scenes to block Chan's appointment,<ref name=20150213hks>Lau, Kenneth (13 February 2015). [http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?we_cat=11&art_id=154279&sid=43887756&con_type=3&d_str=20150213&fc=8 "Leung denies torpedoing uni selection"]. ''The Standard''.</ref><ref name="nextmedia.com">{{cite web|url=http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/realtime/news/20150212/53429851|script-title=zh:傳政府阻港大陳文敏升職羅范：點會重蹈覆轍|work=Apple Daily |language=zh}}</ref> and the finger was said to be pointed directly at the office of the Chief Executive.<ref name=20150212ejinsight>{{cite web|url=http://www.ejinsight.com/20150212-apple-daily-leung-tried-to-stop-chans-hku-appointment/|title=Apple Daily: Leung tried to stop Chan’s HKU appointment|work=EJ Insight}}</ref>

==== RTHK ====
Chan Ka-ming and Shiu Ka-chun, two presenters of Radio Television Hong Kong whom were prominent in Umbrella Revolution were dismissed. The broadcaster denied political motives.<ref name=time4172407>{{cite web|url=http://time.com/4172407/hong-kong-mighty-current-missing-booksellers-eu/|title=E.U. Calls For Probe Into Missing Hong Kong Booksellers|author=Nash Jenkins|work=TIME|date=8 January 2016}}</ref>

=== Other political pressure ===
[[File:Puma D7689.jpg|The offending Puma entry "D7689"|thumb]]At a ballet premiere in November 2014, local media reported that one scene that contained images from the Cultural Revolution was cut; the production company blamed it on a "technical error".<ref name=20140414wapost/>

To publicise its involvement in the 2015 Hong Kong marathon, [[Puma (brand)|Puma]] posted an image of a facsimile runner's identification tag bearing the number "D7689" onto its Facebook page. One supporter of the Loving Hong Kong movement objected to the number, writing to the global CEO of the manufacturer saying that it was disrespectful to chief executive [[CY Leung]] and threatened to initiate a mass boycott of the company's sportswear.<ref name=LTN1215780/><ref name=20150126sina/> The complainant explained that "689 is the code of the current CE of HKSAR well understood by HK people. D7 has the similar phonics in Chinese as the 'F***' word".<ref name=20150126sina>{{cite web|url=http://news.sina.com.hk/news/20150126/-2-3583763/1.html|title=渣馬D7689號碼布風波|publisher=Sina Corp}}</ref> The company declared its political neutrality, and withdrew the offending post.<ref name=LTN1215780>{{cite web|url=http://news.ltn.com.tw/news/world/breakingnews/1215780|title=惹怒「689」？Puma向香港低頭道歉|work=Liberty Times |language=zh}}</ref> Lampooning the complaint, members of the public scoured the city and found many examples of innocent occurrences of the irreverent number.<ref name=hket529939>{{cite web|url=http://topick.hket.com/article/529939|title=TOPick 編輯 – 全城尋找 D7689 |work=Hong Kong Economic Times |language=zh}}</ref> MTR staff were warned after one such example found, of a carriage bearing the "D689" marking, posted to their unofficial [[MTR]] Service Update page on Facebook.<ref name=hket529939/><ref>MTR staff issued social media warning after CY Leung 'D689 ... South China Morning Post (subscription), ''South China Morning Post'', 29 January 2015</ref>

==== Democratic Party confiscations====
The Democratic Party saw a consignment of novelty toilet paper confiscated without reason by mainland customs. Various types of paper tissue, including 7,600 toilet rolls and 20,000 packets of tissue bearing likeness of CY Leung and destined for sale at a New Year's market were seized in Shenzhen.<ref name=bbc31189050>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-31189050|title=China seizes toilet rolls depicting HK leader CY Leung|publisher=BBC News}}</ref><ref name=20150207huffpo/> Such items were hot sellers at the New Year's market a year earlier.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.channel4.com/news/china-toilet-paper-hong-kong-cy-leung-protest-seize|title=China cracks down on protest toilet paper|publisher=Channel 4 News}}</ref><ref name=20150207huffpo>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/02/07/leung-chun-ying-toilet-paper_n_6636382.html|title=China Seizes Toilet Paper Bearing Face of Hong Kong's Leader|work=The Huffington Post}}</ref>

==== Up Publications returns controversy ====
In March 2015, Up Publications, a small independent publishing house, complained that it was suddenly and unexpectedly faced with a large and unexplained number of returns from the three main subsidiaries of Beijing-friendly [[Sino United Publishing]].<ref name=20150309ejinsight>{{cite web|url=http://www.ejinsight.com/20150309-book-publisher-says-its-being-targeted-by-china-backed-sellers/|title=Book publisher says it's being targeted by China-linked sellers|work=EJ Insight}}</ref> Twenty titles were affected by the returns, to the serious detriment to the finances of Up Publications; many of the titles returned were not politically themed. The publisher was allegedly told by a bookshop source that its stance in the [[2014 Hong Kong protests|2014 occupation]] and its publishing of books supportive of the [[Umbrella Movement]] were responsible.<ref name=scmp1732853/> Although no reason was given for the returns, two of the delisted books about the occupation were strong sellers at independent bookshops.<ref name=scmp1732853/><ref name=20150309ejinsight/>

==== Disappearances at Mighty Current publishing ====
{{Main|Causeway Bay Books disappearances}}

Mighty Current, a company that publishes politically sensitive books – those critical of mainland leaders and discloses their personal secrets – and sells them at a bookstore named Causeway Bay Books, was marred by near-simultaneous disappearance in October 2015 of four people linked to it.<ref name=ejinsight20151116/> Two of the men were last seen in Shenzhen, one in Hong Kong, and one was last heard from in Thailand.<ref name=bbc35208879/><ref name=yahoo063100439>[https://tw.news.yahoo.com/銅鑼灣書店老闆員工-被失蹤-香港警方已介入調查-063100439.html "銅鑼灣書店老闆員工「被失蹤」？香港警方已介入"]. Yahoo!News Taiwan 17 November 2015</ref> The news shocked the local publishing industry, and vice-chairman of the [[Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China]] said that it was "hard not to associate the disappearance of the four people with Beijing's suppression of banned books". The manhunt by the police continues one month on.<ref name=ejinsight20151116>{{cite web|url=http://www.ejinsight.com/20151116-search-missing-executives-hk-publisher-banned-books/|title=Search on for missing executives of HK publisher of banned books|work=EJ Insight|date=16 November 2015}}</ref>

In December 2015, a fifth member of the company, Lee Bo, also mysteriously vanished. He was last seen at his warehouse in Chai Wan in the early evening, preparing an order he had received for several books.<ref name=bbc35208879>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-35208879|title=Another Hong Kong worker at anti-Beijing bookshop 'disappears'|publisher=BBC News}}</ref><ref name=20160102guardian>{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/global/2016/jan/02/fifth-man-working-for-publishers-critical-of-chinese-government-goes-missing|title=Fifth man working for publishers critical of Chinese government goes missing|work=The Guardian|date=2 January 2016}}</ref> Lee Bo's wife later received a telephone call from him from a telephone number in Shenzhen, uncharacteristically speaking in [[Mandarin Chinese]]. The fact that his [[Mainland Travel Permit for Hong Kong and Macao Residents|home return permit]] was left at home led many fearing that he may have somehow been abducted by the mainland [[public security bureau]] and [[Extraordinary rendition|rendition]]ed to Shenzhen.<ref name=bbc35219260>http://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-china-blog-35219260</ref><ref name=mingpao1451585098799>"[http://news.mingpao.com/pns/dailynews/web_tc/article/20160101/s00002/1451585098799 銅鑼灣書店第5人失蹤股東內地電話報平安稱自己能處理]". ''Ming Pao'', 31 December 2015 {{zh-icon}}</ref><ref name=metrohk299289>{{cite web|url=http://www.metrohk.com.hk/index.php?cmd=detail&id=299289|title=傳銅鑼灣書店股東失蹤警接手調查|work=MetroDaily |date=2 January 2016 |language=zh}}</ref><ref name=nextmedia19436390>{{cite web|url=http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/news/art/20160102/19436390|title=銅鑼灣書店股東柴灣中伏妻報警指控公安：扮買書綁架|date=2 January 2016|work=Apple Daily |language=zh}}</ref><ref>"[http://news.mingpao.com/pns/dailynews/web_tc/article/20160103/s00001/1451757876466 李波再報平安無出境紀錄閉路電視見李獨自乘貨𨋢離去]". ''Ming Pao'', 2 January 2016 {{zh-icon}}</ref> According to [[Hong Kong Alliance in Support of Patriotic Democratic Movements in China]], the latest disappearance is linked to the imminent publication of a book on the life of [[Xi Jinping]] which includes details of his intimate life.<ref name=bbc35219260/><ref name=nextmedia54605856>{{cite web|url=http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/realtime/china/20160103/54605856|title=【賣禁書被失蹤】習近平少年情史其實早已曝光|work=Apple Daily |language=zh|date=3 January 2016}}</ref><ref>http://www.ejinsight.com/20160104-book-about-xi-love-life-seen-tied-vanishing-5th-bookseller/</ref>

==See also==
* {{portal-inline|Hong Kong}}
{{clear}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Censorship In Hong Kong}}
[[Category:Media in Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Hong Kong law]]
[[Category:Censorship by country|Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Human rights in Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Censorship in China|Hong Kong]]

Markiplier

2015-09-28T11:44:27Z

Ceosad: /* See also */ wl

{{pp-vandalism|expiry=21 July 2016|small=yes}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox YouTube personality
| name = Markiplier
| image = File:Markiplier Video Screenshot From Youtube May 26 2014.PNG
| caption = Markiplier in 2014
| birth_name = Mark Edward Fischbach
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1989|6|28}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xfHuVMHEavc|title=ANXIETY: Ib Playthrough #4|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=July 6, 2014}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[O'ahu]], [[Hawaii]]
| origin = [[Cincinnati, Ohio]]
| nationality = [[United States|American]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Cincinnati]]
| residence = [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]], [[California]]
| website = {{url|youtube.com/markiplierGAME}}
| occupation = [[comedian]], [[internet personality]], video game commentator
| pseudonym =
| channel_name = MarkiplierGAME
| years_active = 2012–present
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Let's Play (video gaming)|Let's Play]], [[Comedy]]
}}
| subscribers = 9 million subscribers | subscriber_date = August 2015
| views = 3 billion views | view_date = August 2015
| network = Polaris ([[Maker Studios]])
| silver_button = yes
| silver_year = 2013
| gold_button = yes
| gold_year = 2013
| stats_update = 19 August 2015
}}
'''Mark Edward Fischbach''' (born June 28, 1989), known by his [[YouTube]] username '''Markiplier''', is an American [[Internet personality]], [[Let's Play (video gaming)|video game commentator]] and charity fundraiser. Originally from [[O'ahu, Hawaii|O'ahu]], [[Hawaii]], Fischbach began his career in [[Cincinnati]], [[Ohio]]. He is currently based in [[Los Angeles]], [[California]].<ref name="biography">{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Sl-1X58ObY|title=Draw My Life - Markiplier|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=December 23, 2013}}</ref>


As of August 2015, his channel has over 9 million subscribers,<ref name=channel>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/user/markiplierGAME|title=Markiplier|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=December 23, 2013}}</ref><ref name="2 million marker">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oiQUN9WKaro|title=2,000,000|work=YouTube}}</ref> over 3 billion total video views, and is the 49th most subscribed channel on YouTube. Fischbach specializes in Let's Play gameplay commentary videos and indie games, commonly of [[survival horror]] and [[action game|action]] video games.

==Internet video career==
Fischbach first joined YouTube on May 26, 2012, creating a channel under the username "Markiplier". Fischbach's first series was a playthrough of the video game ''[[Amnesia: The Dark Descent]]''. After playing several other game series, including ''Penumbra'' and ''[[Dead Space (2008 video game)|Dead Space]]'', YouTube banned Fischbach's AdSense account. Though he appealed to YouTube as a last effort, the appeal was ultimately lost.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/user/markiplier|title=Please Subscribe to my NEW Channel|publisher=YouTube}}</ref> Because of this, a new and current channel was created and dubbed MarkiplierGAME. This account has over nine million subscribers and 2.5 billion total views as of June 29, 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Markiplier|url = https://www.youtube.com/user/markiplierGAME|website = YouTube|accessdate = June 29, 2015}}</ref> In 2014, Fischbach's YouTube Channel, Markiplier, was listed on [[New Media Rockstars]] Top 100 Channels, ranked at #61.<ref>{{cite web|title=The NMR Top 100 YouTube Channels: 75-51!|url= http://newmediarockstars.com/2014/12/the-nmr-top-100-youtube-channels-75-51/|website=New Media Rockstars|accessdate=6 January 2015}}</ref>

At the 2014 [[San Diego Comic-Con]], Fischbach appeared on a panel with [[Red Giant Entertainment]] including [[Benny R. Powell]] (Wayward Sons), [[David Campiti]] (Pandora's Blogs), [[Mort Castle]] (Darchon), [[David Lawrence (writer)|David Lawrence]], and [[Brian Augustyn]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.marketwired.com/press-release/youtube-star-markiplier-host-red-giant-entertainment-panel-presentation-san-diego-comic-pinksheets-redg-1927081.htm |title=YouTube Star 'Markiplier' to Host Red Giant Entertainment Panel Presentation at San Diego Comic-Con 2014|work=Marketwired |date=July 7, 2014}}</ref> He also co-hosted the 2015 South By Southwest (SXSW) Gaming Awards with ''[[The Legend of Korra]]'' voice actor [[Janet Varney]].<ref>{{cite web|title=South By Southwest Gaming Preview|url=http://www.twcnews.com/tx/austin/news/2015/03/6/south-by-southwest-gaming-preview.html|website=TWC News|publisher=Turner-Warner Cable News|accessdate=April 4, 2015}}</ref>

Fischbach joined the Red Giant Entertainment board in November 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://money.cnn.com/news/newsfeeds/articles/marketwire/11G026162-001.htm|title=Mark 'Markiplier' Fischbach Joins Red Giant Entertainment's Board of Directors: YouTube Superstar Brings Extraordinary New Media Expertise To Board |work=CNN Money}}</ref>

On September 3, 2015, Fischbach and fellow YouTuber Jonna Mae (Missesmae) made an appearance on ''[[Jimmy Kimmel Live]]'', which was intended as a followup to Kimmel's poorly-received commentary regarding Let's Players and other online gaming communities several weeks before.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hernandez|first1=Patricia|title=Famous YouTubers Go On TV, Teach Jimmy Kimmel A Lesson|url=http://kotaku.com/famous-youtubers-teach-jimmy-kimmel-a-lesson-1728678078|website=Kotaku.com|accessdate=23 September 2015}}</ref>

===Cyndago collaboration===
Fischbach made videos together with a [[sketch comedy]] and music Youtube channel Cyndago. The channel was founded in [[South Carolina]] by Daniel Kyre and Ryan Magee, and they later added Matt Watson on the team. They also moved to Los Angeles. However, the channel's origins were in Ryan Magee's own work done shortly after graduating from high school. Their comedy videos had unexpected endings and dark wit in them, and they were of strange and disturbing nature too.<ref name="Odyssey_2015">{{cite web |url=http://theodysseyonline.com/george-mason/rip-daniel-kyre/172402 |title=RIP Daniel Kyre |last=Wall |first=Cameron |date=September 20, 2015 |website=The Odyssey Newspaper |publisher= |access-date=September 28, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailygamecock.com/article/2014/02/youtube-duo-cyndago-pave-their-way-to-youtube-stardom |title=Youtube duo Cyndago pave their way to Youtube stardom |last=Lipkin |first=Richard |date=February 24, 2014 |website=The Daily Gamecock |publisher= |access-date=September 28, 2015}}</ref> The comedy group was disbanded with suicide attempt of Daniel Kyre on September 16, 2015 resulting in his death two days later from irreversible brain damage.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/Cyndago/posts/744142055713238 |title=Cyndago - Hello everyone. We have some very important and... |last1=Magee |first1=Ryan |last2=Watson |first2=Matt |last3=Kyre |first3=David |date= |website=[[Facebook]] |publisher= |access-date=September 28, 2015}}</ref> By time of their disbandment the comedy group had done forty sketches and fourteen original songs, since its founding in 2012, with many of them featuring Fischbach.<ref name="Odyssey_2015"/>

==Personal life==
Fischbach was born on an [[air force base]] stationed in [[O'ahu, Hawaii]]. His father served in the military where he met his mother of a [[Korea]]n origin.<ref name="biography"/> His family moved to [[Cincinnati, Ohio]].<ref name="biography"/> Originally, Fischbach studied to become an engineer at the [[University of Cincinnati]],<ref name="talknerdy">{{cite web|title=TALK NERDY TO ME BABY Poly Bridge|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V6GMYpcFwM0|website=Markiplier|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=15 September 2015}}</ref> but dropped out of college to pursue his YouTube career.<ref name="biography"/>
After the death of [[Daniel Kyre]], who belonged to the Cyndago crew. Mark temporarily halted uploads and entered a brief hiatus, which lasted from the 17th to the 27th of September.<ref name="Hiatus">{{cite web|title=Markiplier's Hiatus 2|url=https://www.facebook.com/markiplier/posts/970570933009211|website=Markiplier|publisher=Facebook|accessdate=17 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="Hiatus">{{cite web|title=Markiplier's Hiatus 1|url=https://www.facebook.com/markiplier/posts/965085630224408|website=Markiplier|publisher=Facebook|accessdate=17 September 2015}}</ref>

===Hospitalization===
On March 22, 2015,<ref>{{cite web|title=Markiplier in the Hospital|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r7pGRMLCD6g|website=Markiplier|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=4 April 2015}}</ref> Fischbach posted a video explaining that he had been hospitalized with a "non-life-threatening" illness, which was followed by other updates while he recuperated, clarifying that he had suffered an [[intestinal blockage]], which required surgical removal. The video updates gathered millions of views over several days as the situation developed, with Markiplier acknowledging the "incredible" amount of support and well-wishes his viewers had sent him during that time.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Landau|first1=Joel|title=YouTube star Markiplier gets 10 million views for videos updating fans on emergency surgery|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/youtube-star-markiplier-updates-fans-surgery-videos-article-1.2161968|publisher=New York Daily News|accessdate=April 4, 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portalbar|Biography|Video Games|California}}
*[[List of the most subscribed users on YouTube]]
*[[List of YouTube personalities]]
*[[PewDiePie]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{Commons category}}
*[https://www.youtube.com/user/markiplierGAME Official YouTube channel]
*[https://www.youtube.com/user/Cyndago Cyndago YouTube channel]
*{{IMDb name|nm6290555}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Fischbach, Mark
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Markiplier
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American actor
| DATE OF BIRTH = June 28, 1989
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[O'ahu, Hawaii|O'ahu]], [[Hawaii]], U.S.
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
[[Category:American Internet celebrities]]
[[Category:American people of German descent]]
[[Category:American people of Korean descent]]
[[Category:YouTube channels]]
[[Category:American YouTubers]]
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:People from Los Angeles, California]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Internet articles needing attention]]
[[Category:Internet articles needing expert attention]]

Markiplier

2015-09-28T11:39:21Z

Ceosad: /* Cyndago collaboration */

{{pp-vandalism|expiry=21 July 2016|small=yes}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox YouTube personality
| name = Markiplier
| image = File:Markiplier Video Screenshot From Youtube May 26 2014.PNG
| caption = Markiplier in 2014
| birth_name = Mark Edward Fischbach
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1989|6|28}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xfHuVMHEavc|title=ANXIETY: Ib Playthrough #4|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=July 6, 2014}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[O'ahu]], [[Hawaii]]
| origin = [[Cincinnati, Ohio]]
| nationality = [[United States|American]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Cincinnati]]
| residence = [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]], [[California]]
| website = {{url|youtube.com/markiplierGAME}}
| occupation = [[comedian]], [[internet personality]], video game commentator
| pseudonym =
| channel_name = MarkiplierGAME
| years_active = 2012–present
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Let's Play (video gaming)|Let's Play]], [[Comedy]]
}}
| subscribers = 9 million subscribers | subscriber_date = August 2015
| views = 3 billion views | view_date = August 2015
| network = Polaris ([[Maker Studios]])
| silver_button = yes
| silver_year = 2013
| gold_button = yes
| gold_year = 2013
| stats_update = 19 August 2015
}}
'''Mark Edward Fischbach''' (born June 28, 1989), known by his [[YouTube]] username '''Markiplier''', is an American [[Internet personality]], [[Let's Play (video gaming)|video game commentator]] and charity fundraiser. Originally from [[O'ahu, Hawaii|O'ahu]], [[Hawaii]], Fischbach began his career in [[Cincinnati]], [[Ohio]]. He is currently based in [[Los Angeles]], [[California]].<ref name="biography">{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Sl-1X58ObY|title=Draw My Life - Markiplier|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=December 23, 2013}}</ref>


As of August 2015, his channel has over 9 million subscribers,<ref name=channel>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/user/markiplierGAME|title=Markiplier|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=December 23, 2013}}</ref><ref name="2 million marker">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oiQUN9WKaro|title=2,000,000|work=YouTube}}</ref> over 3 billion total video views, and is the 49th most subscribed channel on YouTube. Fischbach specializes in Let's Play gameplay commentary videos and indie games, commonly of [[survival horror]] and [[action game|action]] video games.

==Internet video career==
Fischbach first joined YouTube on May 26, 2012, creating a channel under the username "Markiplier". Fischbach's first series was a playthrough of the video game ''[[Amnesia: The Dark Descent]]''. After playing several other game series, including ''Penumbra'' and ''[[Dead Space (2008 video game)|Dead Space]]'', YouTube banned Fischbach's AdSense account. Though he appealed to YouTube as a last effort, the appeal was ultimately lost.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/user/markiplier|title=Please Subscribe to my NEW Channel|publisher=YouTube}}</ref> Because of this, a new and current channel was created and dubbed MarkiplierGAME. This account has over nine million subscribers and 2.5 billion total views as of June 29, 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Markiplier|url = https://www.youtube.com/user/markiplierGAME|website = YouTube|accessdate = June 29, 2015}}</ref> In 2014, Fischbach's YouTube Channel, Markiplier, was listed on [[New Media Rockstars]] Top 100 Channels, ranked at #61.<ref>{{cite web|title=The NMR Top 100 YouTube Channels: 75-51!|url= http://newmediarockstars.com/2014/12/the-nmr-top-100-youtube-channels-75-51/|website=New Media Rockstars|accessdate=6 January 2015}}</ref>

At the 2014 [[San Diego Comic-Con]], Fischbach appeared on a panel with [[Red Giant Entertainment]] including [[Benny R. Powell]] (Wayward Sons), [[David Campiti]] (Pandora's Blogs), [[Mort Castle]] (Darchon), [[David Lawrence (writer)|David Lawrence]], and [[Brian Augustyn]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.marketwired.com/press-release/youtube-star-markiplier-host-red-giant-entertainment-panel-presentation-san-diego-comic-pinksheets-redg-1927081.htm |title=YouTube Star 'Markiplier' to Host Red Giant Entertainment Panel Presentation at San Diego Comic-Con 2014|work=Marketwired |date=July 7, 2014}}</ref> He also co-hosted the 2015 South By Southwest (SXSW) Gaming Awards with ''[[The Legend of Korra]]'' voice actor [[Janet Varney]].<ref>{{cite web|title=South By Southwest Gaming Preview|url=http://www.twcnews.com/tx/austin/news/2015/03/6/south-by-southwest-gaming-preview.html|website=TWC News|publisher=Turner-Warner Cable News|accessdate=April 4, 2015}}</ref>

Fischbach joined the Red Giant Entertainment board in November 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://money.cnn.com/news/newsfeeds/articles/marketwire/11G026162-001.htm|title=Mark 'Markiplier' Fischbach Joins Red Giant Entertainment's Board of Directors: YouTube Superstar Brings Extraordinary New Media Expertise To Board |work=CNN Money}}</ref>

On September 3, 2015, Fischbach and fellow YouTuber Jonna Mae (Missesmae) made an appearance on ''[[Jimmy Kimmel Live]]'', which was intended as a followup to Kimmel's poorly-received commentary regarding Let's Players and other online gaming communities several weeks before.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hernandez|first1=Patricia|title=Famous YouTubers Go On TV, Teach Jimmy Kimmel A Lesson|url=http://kotaku.com/famous-youtubers-teach-jimmy-kimmel-a-lesson-1728678078|website=Kotaku.com|accessdate=23 September 2015}}</ref>

===Cyndago collaboration===
Fischbach made videos together with a [[sketch comedy]] and music Youtube channel Cyndago. The channel was founded in [[South Carolina]] by Daniel Kyre and Ryan Magee, and they later added Matt Watson on the team. They also moved to Los Angeles. However, the channel's origins were in Ryan Magee's own work done shortly after graduating from high school. Their comedy videos had unexpected endings and dark wit in them, and they were of strange and disturbing nature too.<ref name="Odyssey_2015">{{cite web |url=http://theodysseyonline.com/george-mason/rip-daniel-kyre/172402 |title=RIP Daniel Kyre |last=Wall |first=Cameron |date=September 20, 2015 |website=The Odyssey Newspaper |publisher= |access-date=September 28, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailygamecock.com/article/2014/02/youtube-duo-cyndago-pave-their-way-to-youtube-stardom |title=Youtube duo Cyndago pave their way to Youtube stardom |last=Lipkin |first=Richard |date=February 24, 2014 |website=The Daily Gamecock |publisher= |access-date=September 28, 2015}}</ref> The comedy group was disbanded with suicide attempt of Daniel Kyre on September 16, 2015 resulting in his death two days later from irreversible brain damage.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/Cyndago/posts/744142055713238 |title=Cyndago - Hello everyone. We have some very important and... |last1=Magee |first1=Ryan |last2=Watson |first2=Matt |last3=Kyre |first3=David |date= |website=[[Facebook]] |publisher= |access-date=September 28, 2015}}</ref> By time of their disbandment the comedy group had done forty sketches and fourteen original songs, since its founding in 2012, with many of them featuring Fischbach.<ref name="Odyssey_2015"/>

==Personal life==
Fischbach was born on an [[air force base]] stationed in [[O'ahu, Hawaii]]. His father served in the military where he met his mother of a [[Korea]]n origin.<ref name="biography"/> His family moved to [[Cincinnati, Ohio]].<ref name="biography"/> Originally, Fischbach studied to become an engineer at the [[University of Cincinnati]],<ref name="talknerdy">{{cite web|title=TALK NERDY TO ME BABY Poly Bridge|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V6GMYpcFwM0|website=Markiplier|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=15 September 2015}}</ref> but dropped out of college to pursue his YouTube career.<ref name="biography"/>
After the death of [[Daniel Kyre]], who belonged to the Cyndago crew. Mark temporarily halted uploads and entered a brief hiatus, which lasted from the 17th to the 27th of September.<ref name="Hiatus">{{cite web|title=Markiplier's Hiatus 2|url=https://www.facebook.com/markiplier/posts/970570933009211|website=Markiplier|publisher=Facebook|accessdate=17 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="Hiatus">{{cite web|title=Markiplier's Hiatus 1|url=https://www.facebook.com/markiplier/posts/965085630224408|website=Markiplier|publisher=Facebook|accessdate=17 September 2015}}</ref>

===Hospitalization===
On March 22, 2015,<ref>{{cite web|title=Markiplier in the Hospital|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r7pGRMLCD6g|website=Markiplier|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=4 April 2015}}</ref> Fischbach posted a video explaining that he had been hospitalized with a "non-life-threatening" illness, which was followed by other updates while he recuperated, clarifying that he had suffered an [[intestinal blockage]], which required surgical removal. The video updates gathered millions of views over several days as the situation developed, with Markiplier acknowledging the "incredible" amount of support and well-wishes his viewers had sent him during that time.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Landau|first1=Joel|title=YouTube star Markiplier gets 10 million views for videos updating fans on emergency surgery|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/youtube-star-markiplier-updates-fans-surgery-videos-article-1.2161968|publisher=New York Daily News|accessdate=April 4, 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portalbar|Biography|Video Games|California}}
*[[List of the most subscribed users on YouTube]]
*[[PewDiePie]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{Commons category}}
*[https://www.youtube.com/user/markiplierGAME Official YouTube channel]
*[https://www.youtube.com/user/Cyndago Cyndago YouTube channel]
*{{IMDb name|nm6290555}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Fischbach, Mark
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Markiplier
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American actor
| DATE OF BIRTH = June 28, 1989
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[O'ahu, Hawaii|O'ahu]], [[Hawaii]], U.S.
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
[[Category:American Internet celebrities]]
[[Category:American people of German descent]]
[[Category:American people of Korean descent]]
[[Category:YouTube channels]]
[[Category:American YouTubers]]
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:People from Los Angeles, California]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Internet articles needing attention]]
[[Category:Internet articles needing expert attention]]

Markiplier

2015-09-28T00:09:36Z

Ceosad: /* Cyndago collaboration */

{{pp-vandalism|expiry=21 July 2016|small=yes}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{BLP primary sources|date=January 2015}}
{{Infobox YouTube personality
| name = Markiplier
| image = File:Markiplier Video Screenshot From Youtube May 26 2014.PNG
| caption = Markiplier in 2014
| birth_name = Mark Edward Fischbach
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1989|6|28}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xfHuVMHEavc|title=ANXIETY: Ib Playthrough #4|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=July 6, 2014}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[O'ahu]], [[Hawaii]]
| origin = [[Cincinnati, Ohio]]
| nationality = [[United States|American]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Cincinnati]]
| residence = [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]], [[California]]
| website = {{url|youtube.com/markiplierGAME}}
| occupation = [[comedian]], [[internet personality]], video game commentator
| pseudonym =
| channel_name = MarkiplierGAME
| years_active = 2012–present
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Let's Play (video gaming)|Let's Play]], [[Comedy]]
}}
| subscribers = 9 million subscribers | subscriber_date = August 2015
| views = 3 billion views | view_date = August 2015
| network = Polaris ([[Maker Studios]])
| silver_button = yes
| silver_year = 2013
| gold_button = yes
| gold_year = 2013
| stats_update = 19 August 2015
}}
'''Mark Edward Fischbach''' (born June 28, 1989), known by his [[YouTube]] username '''Markiplier''', is an American [[Internet personality]], [[Let's Play (video gaming)|video game commentator]] and charity fundraiser. Originally from [[O'ahu, Hawaii|O'ahu]], [[Hawaii]], Fischbach began his career in [[Cincinnati]], [[Ohio]]. He is currently based in [[Los Angeles]], [[California]].<ref name="biography">{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Sl-1X58ObY|title=Draw My Life - Markiplier|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=December 23, 2013}}</ref>


As of August 2015, his channel has over 9 million subscribers,<ref name=channel>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/user/markiplierGAME|title=Markiplier|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=December 23, 2013}}</ref><ref name="2 million marker">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oiQUN9WKaro|title=2,000,000|work=YouTube}}</ref> over 3 billion total video views, and is the 49th most subscribed channel on YouTube. Fischbach specializes in Let's Play gameplay commentary videos and indie games, commonly of [[survival horror]] and [[action game|action]] video games.

==Internet video career==
Fischbach first joined YouTube on May 26, 2012, creating a channel under the username "Markiplier". Fischbach's first series was a playthrough of the video game ''[[Amnesia: The Dark Descent]]''. After playing several other game series, including ''Penumbra'' and ''[[Dead Space (2008 video game)|Dead Space]]'', YouTube banned Fischbach's AdSense account. Though he appealed to YouTube as a last effort, the appeal was ultimately lost.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/user/markiplier|title=Please Subscribe to my NEW Channel|publisher=YouTube}}</ref> Because of this, a new and current channel was created and dubbed MarkiplierGAME. This account has over nine million subscribers and 2.5 billion total views as of June 29, 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Markiplier|url = https://www.youtube.com/user/markiplierGAME|website = YouTube|accessdate = June 29, 2015}}</ref> In 2014, Fischbach's YouTube Channel, Markiplier, was listed on [[New Media Rockstars]] Top 100 Channels, ranked at #61.<ref>{{cite web|title=The NMR Top 100 YouTube Channels: 75-51!|url= http://newmediarockstars.com/2014/12/the-nmr-top-100-youtube-channels-75-51/|website=New Media Rockstars|accessdate=6 January 2015}}</ref>

At the 2014 [[San Diego Comic-Con]], Fischbach appeared on a panel with [[Red Giant Entertainment]] including [[Benny R. Powell]] (Wayward Sons), [[David Campiti]] (Pandora's Blogs), [[Mort Castle]] (Darchon), [[David Lawrence (writer)|David Lawrence]], and [[Brian Augustyn]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.marketwired.com/press-release/youtube-star-markiplier-host-red-giant-entertainment-panel-presentation-san-diego-comic-pinksheets-redg-1927081.htm |title=YouTube Star 'Markiplier' to Host Red Giant Entertainment Panel Presentation at San Diego Comic-Con 2014|work=Marketwired |date=July 7, 2014}}</ref> He also co-hosted the 2015 South By Southwest (SXSW) Gaming Awards with ''[[The Legend of Korra]]'' voice actor [[Janet Varney]].<ref>{{cite web|title=South By Southwest Gaming Preview|url=http://www.twcnews.com/tx/austin/news/2015/03/6/south-by-southwest-gaming-preview.html|website=TWC News|publisher=Turner-Warner Cable News|accessdate=April 4, 2015}}</ref>

Fischbach joined the Red Giant Entertainment board in November 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://money.cnn.com/news/newsfeeds/articles/marketwire/11G026162-001.htm|title=Mark 'Markiplier' Fischbach Joins Red Giant Entertainment's Board of Directors: YouTube Superstar Brings Extraordinary New Media Expertise To Board |work=CNN Money}}</ref>

On September 3, 2015, Fischbach and fellow YouTuber Jonna Mae (Missesmae) made an appearance on ''[[Jimmy Kimmel Live]]'', which was intended as a followup to Kimmel's poorly-received commentary regarding Let's Players and other online gaming communities several weeks before.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hernandez|first1=Patricia|title=Famous YouTubers Go On TV, Teach Jimmy Kimmel A Lesson|url=http://kotaku.com/famous-youtubers-teach-jimmy-kimmel-a-lesson-1728678078|website=Kotaku.com|accessdate=23 September 2015}}</ref>

===Cyndago collaboration===
Fischbach made videos together with a [[sketch comedy]] and music Youtube channel Cyndago. The channel was founded in [[South Carolina]] by Daniel Kyre and Ryan Magee, and they later Matt Watson on the team. They also moved to Los Angeles. However, the channel's origins were in Ryan Magee's own work done shortly after graduating from high school. Their comedy videos had unexpected endings and dark wit in them, and they were of strange and disturbing nature too.<ref name="Odyssey_2015">{{cite web |url=http://theodysseyonline.com/george-mason/rip-daniel-kyre/172402 |title=RIP Daniel Kyre |last=Wall |first=Cameron |date=September 20, 2015 |website=The Odyssey Newspaper |publisher= |access-date=September 28, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailygamecock.com/article/2014/02/youtube-duo-cyndago-pave-their-way-to-youtube-stardom |title=Youtube duo Cyndago pave their way to Youtube stardom |last=Lipkin |first=Richard |date=February 24, 2014 |website=The Daily Gamecock |publisher= |access-date=September 28, 2015}}</ref> The comedy group was disbanded with suicide attempt of Daniel Kyre on September 16th, 2015 resulting in his death two days later from irreversible brain damage.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/Cyndago/posts/744142055713238 |title=Cyndago - Hello everyone. We have some very important and... |last1=Magee |first1=Ryan |last2=Watson |first2=Matt |last3=Kyre |first3=David |date= |website=[[Facebook]] |publisher= |access-date=September 28, 2015}}</ref> By time of their disbandment the comedy group had done forty sketches and fourteen original songs, since its founding in 2012, with many of them featuring Fischbach.<ref name="Odyssey_2015"/>

==Personal life==
Fischbach was born on an [[air force base]] stationed in [[O'ahu, Hawaii]]. His father served in the military where he met his mother of a [[Korea]]n origin.<ref name="biography"/> His family moved to [[Cincinnati, Ohio]].<ref name="biography"/> Originally, Fischbach studied to become an engineer at the [[University of Cincinnati]],<ref name="talknerdy">{{cite web|title=TALK NERDY TO ME BABY Poly Bridge|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V6GMYpcFwM0|website=Markiplier|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=15 September 2015}}</ref> but dropped out of college to pursue his YouTube career.<ref name="biography"/>
After the death of [[Daniel Kyre]], who belonged to the Cyndago crew. Mark temporarily halted uploads and entered a brief hiatus, which lasted from the 17th to the 27th of September<ref name="Hiatus">{{cite web|title=Markiplier's Hiatus 2|url=https://www.facebook.com/markiplier/posts/970570933009211|website=Markiplier|publisher=Facebook|accessdate=17 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="Hiatus">{{cite web|title=Markiplier's Hiatus 1|url=https://www.facebook.com/markiplier/posts/965085630224408|website=Markiplier|publisher=Facebook|accessdate=17 September 2015}}</ref>.

===Hospitalization===
On March 22, 2015,<ref>{{cite web|title=Markiplier in the Hospital|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r7pGRMLCD6g|website=Markiplier|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=4 April 2015}}</ref> Fischbach posted a video explaining that he had been hospitalized with a "non-life-threatening" illness, which was followed by other updates while he recuperated, clarifying that he had suffered an [[intestinal blockage]], which required surgical removal. The video updates gathered millions of views over several days as the situation developed, with Markiplier acknowledging the "incredible" amount of support and well-wishes his viewers had sent him during that time.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Landau|first1=Joel|title=YouTube star Markiplier gets 10 million views for videos updating fans on emergency surgery|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/youtube-star-markiplier-updates-fans-surgery-videos-article-1.2161968|publisher=New York Daily News|accessdate=April 4, 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portalbar|Biography|Video Games|California}}
*[[List of the most subscribed users on YouTube]]
*[[PewDiePie]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{Commons category}}
*[https://www.youtube.com/user/markiplierGAME Official YouTube channel]
*[https://www.youtube.com/user/Cyndago Cyndago YouTube channel]
*{{IMDb name|nm6290555}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Fischbach, Mark
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Markiplier
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American actor
| DATE OF BIRTH = June 28, 1989
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[O'ahu, Hawaii|O'ahu]], [[Hawaii]], U.S.
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
[[Category:American Internet celebrities]]
[[Category:American people of German descent]]
[[Category:American people of Korean descent]]
[[Category:YouTube channels]]
[[Category:American YouTubers]]
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:People from Los Angeles, California]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Internet articles needing attention]]
[[Category:Internet articles needing expert attention]]

Markiplier

2015-09-27T23:28:37Z

Ceosad: /* Cyndago collaboration */

{{pp-vandalism|expiry=21 July 2016|small=yes}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{BLP primary sources|date=January 2015}}
{{Infobox YouTube personality
| name = Markiplier
| image = File:Markiplier Video Screenshot From Youtube May 26 2014.PNG
| caption = Markiplier in 2014
| birth_name = Mark Edward Fischbach
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1989|6|28}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xfHuVMHEavc|title=ANXIETY: Ib Playthrough #4|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=July 6, 2014}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[O'ahu]], [[Hawaii]]
| origin = [[Cincinnati, Ohio]]
| nationality = [[United States|American]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Cincinnati]]
| residence = [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]], [[California]]
| website = {{url|youtube.com/markiplierGAME}}
| occupation = [[comedian]], [[internet personality]], video game commentator
| pseudonym =
| channel_name = MarkiplierGAME
| years_active = 2012–present
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Let's Play (video gaming)|Let's Play]], [[Comedy]]
}}
| subscribers = 9 million subscribers | subscriber_date = August 2015
| views = 3 billion views | view_date = August 2015
| network = Polaris ([[Maker Studios]])
| silver_button = yes
| silver_year = 2013
| gold_button = yes
| gold_year = 2013
| stats_update = 19 August 2015
}}
'''Mark Edward Fischbach''' (born June 28, 1989), known by his [[YouTube]] username '''Markiplier''', is an American [[Internet personality]], [[Let's Play (video gaming)|video game commentator]] and charity fundraiser. Originally from [[O'ahu, Hawaii|O'ahu]], [[Hawaii]], Fischbach began his career in [[Cincinnati]], [[Ohio]]. He is currently based in [[Los Angeles]], [[California]].<ref name="biography">{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Sl-1X58ObY|title=Draw My Life - Markiplier|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=December 23, 2013}}</ref>


As of August 2015, his channel has over 9 million subscribers,<ref name=channel>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/user/markiplierGAME|title=Markiplier|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=December 23, 2013}}</ref><ref name="2 million marker">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oiQUN9WKaro|title=2,000,000|work=YouTube}}</ref> over 3 billion total video views, and is the 49th most subscribed channel on YouTube. Fischbach specializes in Let's Play gameplay commentary videos and indie games, commonly of [[survival horror]] and [[action game|action]] video games.

==Internet video career==
Fischbach first joined YouTube on May 26, 2012, creating a channel under the username "Markiplier". Fischbach's first series was a playthrough of the video game ''[[Amnesia: The Dark Descent]]''. After playing several other game series, including ''Penumbra'' and ''[[Dead Space (2008 video game)|Dead Space]]'', YouTube banned Fischbach's AdSense account. Though he appealed to YouTube as a last effort, the appeal was ultimately lost.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/user/markiplier|title=Please Subscribe to my NEW Channel|publisher=YouTube}}</ref> Because of this, a new and current channel was created and dubbed MarkiplierGAME. This account has over nine million subscribers and 2.5 billion total views as of June 29, 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Markiplier|url = https://www.youtube.com/user/markiplierGAME|website = YouTube|accessdate = June 29, 2015}}</ref> In 2014, Fischbach's YouTube Channel, Markiplier, was listed on [[New Media Rockstars]] Top 100 Channels, ranked at #61.<ref>{{cite web|title=The NMR Top 100 YouTube Channels: 75-51!|url= http://newmediarockstars.com/2014/12/the-nmr-top-100-youtube-channels-75-51/|website=New Media Rockstars|accessdate=6 January 2015}}</ref>

At the 2014 [[San Diego Comic-Con]], Fischbach appeared on a panel with [[Red Giant Entertainment]] including [[Benny R. Powell]] (Wayward Sons), [[David Campiti]] (Pandora's Blogs), [[Mort Castle]] (Darchon), [[David Lawrence (writer)|David Lawrence]], and [[Brian Augustyn]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.marketwired.com/press-release/youtube-star-markiplier-host-red-giant-entertainment-panel-presentation-san-diego-comic-pinksheets-redg-1927081.htm |title=YouTube Star 'Markiplier' to Host Red Giant Entertainment Panel Presentation at San Diego Comic-Con 2014|work=Marketwired |date=July 7, 2014}}</ref> He also co-hosted the 2015 South By Southwest (SXSW) Gaming Awards with ''[[The Legend of Korra]]'' voice actor [[Janet Varney]].<ref>{{cite web|title=South By Southwest Gaming Preview|url=http://www.twcnews.com/tx/austin/news/2015/03/6/south-by-southwest-gaming-preview.html|website=TWC News|publisher=Turner-Warner Cable News|accessdate=April 4, 2015}}</ref>

Fischbach joined the Red Giant Entertainment board in November 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://money.cnn.com/news/newsfeeds/articles/marketwire/11G026162-001.htm|title=Mark 'Markiplier' Fischbach Joins Red Giant Entertainment's Board of Directors: YouTube Superstar Brings Extraordinary New Media Expertise To Board |work=CNN Money}}</ref>

On September 3, 2015, Fischbach and fellow YouTuber Jonna Mae (Missesmae) made an appearance on ''[[Jimmy Kimmel Live]]'', which was intended as a followup to Kimmel's poorly-received commentary regarding Let's Players and other online gaming communities several weeks before.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hernandez|first1=Patricia|title=Famous YouTubers Go On TV, Teach Jimmy Kimmel A Lesson|url=http://kotaku.com/famous-youtubers-teach-jimmy-kimmel-a-lesson-1728678078|website=Kotaku.com|accessdate=23 September 2015}}</ref>

===Cyndago collaboration===
Fischbach made videos together with a [[sketch comedy]] and music channel Cyndago. The channel was founded in [[South Carolina]] by Daniel Kyre and Ryan Magee, and they later Matt Watson on the team. They also moved to Los Angeles. However, the channel's origins were in Ryan Magee's own work done shortly after graduating from high school. Their comedy videos had unexpected endings and dark wit in them, and they were of strange and disturbing nature too.<ref name="Odyssey_2015">{{cite web |url=http://theodysseyonline.com/george-mason/rip-daniel-kyre/172402 |title=RIP Daniel Kyre |last=Wall |first=Cameron |date=September 20, 2015 |website=The Odyssey Newspaper |publisher= |access-date=September 28, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailygamecock.com/article/2014/02/youtube-duo-cyndago-pave-their-way-to-youtube-stardom |title=Youtube duo Cyndago pave their way to Youtube stardom |last=Lipkin |first=Richard |date=February 24, 2014 |website=The Daily Gamecock |publisher= |access-date=September 28, 2015}}</ref> The comedy group was disbanded with suicide attempt of Daniel Kyre on September 16th, 2015 resulting in his death two days later from irreversible brain damage.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/Cyndago/posts/744142055713238 |title=Cyndago - Hello everyone. We have some very important and... |last1=Magee |first1=Ryan |last2=Watson |first2=Matt |last3=Kyre |first3=David |date= |website=[[Facebook]] |publisher= |access-date=September 28, 2015}}</ref> By time of their disbandment the comedy group had done forty sketches and fourteen original songs, since its founding in 2012, with many of them featuring Fischbach.<ref name="Odyssey_2015"/>

==Personal life==
Fischbach was born on an [[air force base]] stationed in [[O'ahu, Hawaii]]. His father served in the military where he met his mother of a [[Korea]]n origin.<ref name="biography"/> His family moved to [[Cincinnati, Ohio]].<ref name="biography"/> Originally, Fischbach studied to become an engineer at the [[University of Cincinnati]],<ref name="talknerdy">{{cite web|title=TALK NERDY TO ME BABY Poly Bridge|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V6GMYpcFwM0|website=Markiplier|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=15 September 2015}}</ref> but dropped out of college to pursue his YouTube career.<ref name="biography"/>
After the death of [[Daniel Kyre]], who belonged to the Cyndago crew. Mark temporarily halted uploads and entered a brief hiatus, which lasted from the 17th to the 27th of September<ref name="Hiatus">{{cite web|title=Markiplier's Hiatus 2|url=https://www.facebook.com/markiplier/posts/970570933009211|website=Markiplier|publisher=Facebook|accessdate=17 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="Hiatus">{{cite web|title=Markiplier's Hiatus 1|url=https://www.facebook.com/markiplier/posts/965085630224408|website=Markiplier|publisher=Facebook|accessdate=17 September 2015}}</ref>.

===Hospitalization===
On March 22, 2015,<ref>{{cite web|title=Markiplier in the Hospital|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r7pGRMLCD6g|website=Markiplier|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=4 April 2015}}</ref> Fischbach posted a video explaining that he had been hospitalized with a "non-life-threatening" illness, which was followed by other updates while he recuperated, clarifying that he had suffered an [[intestinal blockage]], which required surgical removal. The video updates gathered millions of views over several days as the situation developed, with Markiplier acknowledging the "incredible" amount of support and well-wishes his viewers had sent him during that time.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Landau|first1=Joel|title=YouTube star Markiplier gets 10 million views for videos updating fans on emergency surgery|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/youtube-star-markiplier-updates-fans-surgery-videos-article-1.2161968|publisher=New York Daily News|accessdate=April 4, 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portalbar|Biography|Video Games|California}}
*[[List of the most subscribed users on YouTube]]
*[[PewDiePie]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{Commons category}}
*[https://www.youtube.com/user/markiplierGAME Official YouTube channel]
*[https://www.youtube.com/user/Cyndago Cyndago YouTube channel]
*{{IMDb name|nm6290555}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Fischbach, Mark
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Markiplier
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American actor
| DATE OF BIRTH = June 28, 1989
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[O'ahu, Hawaii|O'ahu]], [[Hawaii]], U.S.
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
[[Category:American Internet celebrities]]
[[Category:American people of German descent]]
[[Category:American people of Korean descent]]
[[Category:YouTube channels]]
[[Category:American YouTubers]]
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:People from Los Angeles, California]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Internet articles needing attention]]
[[Category:Internet articles needing expert attention]]

Markiplier

2015-09-27T23:26:49Z

Ceosad: /* Cyndago collaboration */ wording

{{pp-vandalism|expiry=21 July 2016|small=yes}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{BLP primary sources|date=January 2015}}
{{Infobox YouTube personality
| name = Markiplier
| image = File:Markiplier Video Screenshot From Youtube May 26 2014.PNG
| caption = Markiplier in 2014
| birth_name = Mark Edward Fischbach
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1989|6|28}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xfHuVMHEavc|title=ANXIETY: Ib Playthrough #4|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=July 6, 2014}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[O'ahu]], [[Hawaii]]
| origin = [[Cincinnati, Ohio]]
| nationality = [[United States|American]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Cincinnati]]
| residence = [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]], [[California]]
| website = {{url|youtube.com/markiplierGAME}}
| occupation = [[comedian]], [[internet personality]], video game commentator
| pseudonym =
| channel_name = MarkiplierGAME
| years_active = 2012–present
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Let's Play (video gaming)|Let's Play]], [[Comedy]]
}}
| subscribers = 9 million subscribers | subscriber_date = August 2015
| views = 3 billion views | view_date = August 2015
| network = Polaris ([[Maker Studios]])
| silver_button = yes
| silver_year = 2013
| gold_button = yes
| gold_year = 2013
| stats_update = 19 August 2015
}}
'''Mark Edward Fischbach''' (born June 28, 1989), known by his [[YouTube]] username '''Markiplier''', is an American [[Internet personality]], [[Let's Play (video gaming)|video game commentator]] and charity fundraiser. Originally from [[O'ahu, Hawaii|O'ahu]], [[Hawaii]], Fischbach began his career in [[Cincinnati]], [[Ohio]]. He is currently based in [[Los Angeles]], [[California]].<ref name="biography">{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Sl-1X58ObY|title=Draw My Life - Markiplier|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=December 23, 2013}}</ref>


As of August 2015, his channel has over 9 million subscribers,<ref name=channel>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/user/markiplierGAME|title=Markiplier|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=December 23, 2013}}</ref><ref name="2 million marker">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oiQUN9WKaro|title=2,000,000|work=YouTube}}</ref> over 3 billion total video views, and is the 49th most subscribed channel on YouTube. Fischbach specializes in Let's Play gameplay commentary videos and indie games, commonly of [[survival horror]] and [[action game|action]] video games.

==Internet video career==
Fischbach first joined YouTube on May 26, 2012, creating a channel under the username "Markiplier". Fischbach's first series was a playthrough of the video game ''[[Amnesia: The Dark Descent]]''. After playing several other game series, including ''Penumbra'' and ''[[Dead Space (2008 video game)|Dead Space]]'', YouTube banned Fischbach's AdSense account. Though he appealed to YouTube as a last effort, the appeal was ultimately lost.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/user/markiplier|title=Please Subscribe to my NEW Channel|publisher=YouTube}}</ref> Because of this, a new and current channel was created and dubbed MarkiplierGAME. This account has over nine million subscribers and 2.5 billion total views as of June 29, 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Markiplier|url = https://www.youtube.com/user/markiplierGAME|website = YouTube|accessdate = June 29, 2015}}</ref> In 2014, Fischbach's YouTube Channel, Markiplier, was listed on [[New Media Rockstars]] Top 100 Channels, ranked at #61.<ref>{{cite web|title=The NMR Top 100 YouTube Channels: 75-51!|url= http://newmediarockstars.com/2014/12/the-nmr-top-100-youtube-channels-75-51/|website=New Media Rockstars|accessdate=6 January 2015}}</ref>

At the 2014 [[San Diego Comic-Con]], Fischbach appeared on a panel with [[Red Giant Entertainment]] including [[Benny R. Powell]] (Wayward Sons), [[David Campiti]] (Pandora's Blogs), [[Mort Castle]] (Darchon), [[David Lawrence (writer)|David Lawrence]], and [[Brian Augustyn]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.marketwired.com/press-release/youtube-star-markiplier-host-red-giant-entertainment-panel-presentation-san-diego-comic-pinksheets-redg-1927081.htm |title=YouTube Star 'Markiplier' to Host Red Giant Entertainment Panel Presentation at San Diego Comic-Con 2014|work=Marketwired |date=July 7, 2014}}</ref> He also co-hosted the 2015 South By Southwest (SXSW) Gaming Awards with ''[[The Legend of Korra]]'' voice actor [[Janet Varney]].<ref>{{cite web|title=South By Southwest Gaming Preview|url=http://www.twcnews.com/tx/austin/news/2015/03/6/south-by-southwest-gaming-preview.html|website=TWC News|publisher=Turner-Warner Cable News|accessdate=April 4, 2015}}</ref>

Fischbach joined the Red Giant Entertainment board in November 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://money.cnn.com/news/newsfeeds/articles/marketwire/11G026162-001.htm|title=Mark 'Markiplier' Fischbach Joins Red Giant Entertainment's Board of Directors: YouTube Superstar Brings Extraordinary New Media Expertise To Board |work=CNN Money}}</ref>

On September 3, 2015, Fischbach and fellow YouTuber Jonna Mae (Missesmae) made an appearance on ''[[Jimmy Kimmel Live]]'', which was intended as a followup to Kimmel's poorly-received commentary regarding Let's Players and other online gaming communities several weeks before.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hernandez|first1=Patricia|title=Famous YouTubers Go On TV, Teach Jimmy Kimmel A Lesson|url=http://kotaku.com/famous-youtubers-teach-jimmy-kimmel-a-lesson-1728678078|website=Kotaku.com|accessdate=23 September 2015}}</ref>

===Cyndago collaboration===
Fischbach made videos together with a [[sketch comedy]] and music channel Cyndago. The channel was founded in [[South Carolina]] by Daniel Kyre and Ryan Magee, and they later Matt Watson on the team. They also moved to [[Los Angeles]]. However, the channel's origins were in Ryan Magee's own work done shortly after graduating from high school. Their comedy videos had unexpected endings and dark wit in them, and they were of strange and disturbing nature too.<ref name="Odyssey_2015">{{cite web |url=http://theodysseyonline.com/george-mason/rip-daniel-kyre/172402 |title=RIP Daniel Kyre |last=Wall |first=Cameron |date=September 20, 2015 |website=The Odyssey Newspaper |publisher= |access-date=September 28, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailygamecock.com/article/2014/02/youtube-duo-cyndago-pave-their-way-to-youtube-stardom |title=Youtube duo Cyndago pave their way to Youtube stardom |last=Lipkin |first=Richard |date=February 24, 2014 |website=The Daily Gamecock |publisher= |access-date=September 28, 2015}}</ref> The comedy group was disbanded with suicide attempt of Daniel Kyre on September 16th, 2015 resulting in his death two days later from irreversible brain damage.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/Cyndago/posts/744142055713238 |title=Cyndago - Hello everyone. We have some very important and... |last1=Magee |first1=Ryan |last2=Watson |first2=Matt |last3=Kyre |first3=David |date= |website=[[Facebook]] |publisher= |access-date=September 28, 2015}}</ref> By time of their disbandment the comedy group had done forty sketches and fourteen original songs, since its founding in 2012, with many of them featuring Fischbach.<ref name="Odyssey_2015"/>

==Personal life==
Fischbach was born on an [[air force base]] stationed in [[O'ahu, Hawaii]]. His father served in the military where he met his mother of a [[Korea]]n origin.<ref name="biography"/> His family moved to [[Cincinnati, Ohio]].<ref name="biography"/> Originally, Fischbach studied to become an engineer at the [[University of Cincinnati]],<ref name="talknerdy">{{cite web|title=TALK NERDY TO ME BABY Poly Bridge|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V6GMYpcFwM0|website=Markiplier|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=15 September 2015}}</ref> but dropped out of college to pursue his YouTube career.<ref name="biography"/>
After the death of [[Daniel Kyre]], who belonged to the Cyndago crew. Mark temporarily halted uploads and entered a brief hiatus, which lasted from the 17th to the 27th of September<ref name="Hiatus">{{cite web|title=Markiplier's Hiatus 2|url=https://www.facebook.com/markiplier/posts/970570933009211|website=Markiplier|publisher=Facebook|accessdate=17 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="Hiatus">{{cite web|title=Markiplier's Hiatus 1|url=https://www.facebook.com/markiplier/posts/965085630224408|website=Markiplier|publisher=Facebook|accessdate=17 September 2015}}</ref>.

===Hospitalization===
On March 22, 2015,<ref>{{cite web|title=Markiplier in the Hospital|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r7pGRMLCD6g|website=Markiplier|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=4 April 2015}}</ref> Fischbach posted a video explaining that he had been hospitalized with a "non-life-threatening" illness, which was followed by other updates while he recuperated, clarifying that he had suffered an [[intestinal blockage]], which required surgical removal. The video updates gathered millions of views over several days as the situation developed, with Markiplier acknowledging the "incredible" amount of support and well-wishes his viewers had sent him during that time.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Landau|first1=Joel|title=YouTube star Markiplier gets 10 million views for videos updating fans on emergency surgery|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/youtube-star-markiplier-updates-fans-surgery-videos-article-1.2161968|publisher=New York Daily News|accessdate=April 4, 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portalbar|Biography|Video Games|California}}
*[[List of the most subscribed users on YouTube]]
*[[PewDiePie]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{Commons category}}
*[https://www.youtube.com/user/markiplierGAME Official YouTube channel]
*[https://www.youtube.com/user/Cyndago Cyndago YouTube channel]
*{{IMDb name|nm6290555}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Fischbach, Mark
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Markiplier
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American actor
| DATE OF BIRTH = June 28, 1989
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[O'ahu, Hawaii|O'ahu]], [[Hawaii]], U.S.
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
[[Category:American Internet celebrities]]
[[Category:American people of German descent]]
[[Category:American people of Korean descent]]
[[Category:YouTube channels]]
[[Category:American YouTubers]]
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:People from Los Angeles, California]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Internet articles needing attention]]
[[Category:Internet articles needing expert attention]]

Markiplier

2015-09-27T23:24:53Z

Ceosad: various additions

{{pp-vandalism|expiry=21 July 2016|small=yes}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{BLP primary sources|date=January 2015}}
{{Infobox YouTube personality
| name = Markiplier
| image = File:Markiplier Video Screenshot From Youtube May 26 2014.PNG
| caption = Markiplier in 2014
| birth_name = Mark Edward Fischbach
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1989|6|28}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xfHuVMHEavc|title=ANXIETY: Ib Playthrough #4|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=July 6, 2014}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[O'ahu]], [[Hawaii]]
| origin = [[Cincinnati, Ohio]]
| nationality = [[United States|American]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Cincinnati]]
| residence = [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]], [[California]]
| website = {{url|youtube.com/markiplierGAME}}
| occupation = [[comedian]], [[internet personality]], video game commentator
| pseudonym =
| channel_name = MarkiplierGAME
| years_active = 2012–present
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Let's Play (video gaming)|Let's Play]], [[Comedy]]
}}
| subscribers = 9 million subscribers | subscriber_date = August 2015
| views = 3 billion views | view_date = August 2015
| network = Polaris ([[Maker Studios]])
| silver_button = yes
| silver_year = 2013
| gold_button = yes
| gold_year = 2013
| stats_update = 19 August 2015
}}
'''Mark Edward Fischbach''' (born June 28, 1989), known by his [[YouTube]] username '''Markiplier''', is an American [[Internet personality]], [[Let's Play (video gaming)|video game commentator]] and charity fundraiser. Originally from [[O'ahu, Hawaii|O'ahu]], [[Hawaii]], Fischbach began his career in [[Cincinnati]], [[Ohio]]. He is currently based in [[Los Angeles]], [[California]].<ref name="biography">{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Sl-1X58ObY|title=Draw My Life - Markiplier|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=December 23, 2013}}</ref>


As of August 2015, his channel has over 9 million subscribers,<ref name=channel>{{cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/user/markiplierGAME|title=Markiplier|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=December 23, 2013}}</ref><ref name="2 million marker">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oiQUN9WKaro|title=2,000,000|work=YouTube}}</ref> over 3 billion total video views, and is the 49th most subscribed channel on YouTube. Fischbach specializes in Let's Play gameplay commentary videos and indie games, commonly of [[survival horror]] and [[action game|action]] video games.

==Internet video career==
Fischbach first joined YouTube on May 26, 2012, creating a channel under the username "Markiplier". Fischbach's first series was a playthrough of the video game ''[[Amnesia: The Dark Descent]]''. After playing several other game series, including ''Penumbra'' and ''[[Dead Space (2008 video game)|Dead Space]]'', YouTube banned Fischbach's AdSense account. Though he appealed to YouTube as a last effort, the appeal was ultimately lost.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/user/markiplier|title=Please Subscribe to my NEW Channel|publisher=YouTube}}</ref> Because of this, a new and current channel was created and dubbed MarkiplierGAME. This account has over nine million subscribers and 2.5 billion total views as of June 29, 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Markiplier|url = https://www.youtube.com/user/markiplierGAME|website = YouTube|accessdate = June 29, 2015}}</ref> In 2014, Fischbach's YouTube Channel, Markiplier, was listed on [[New Media Rockstars]] Top 100 Channels, ranked at #61.<ref>{{cite web|title=The NMR Top 100 YouTube Channels: 75-51!|url= http://newmediarockstars.com/2014/12/the-nmr-top-100-youtube-channels-75-51/|website=New Media Rockstars|accessdate=6 January 2015}}</ref>

At the 2014 [[San Diego Comic-Con]], Fischbach appeared on a panel with [[Red Giant Entertainment]] including [[Benny R. Powell]] (Wayward Sons), [[David Campiti]] (Pandora's Blogs), [[Mort Castle]] (Darchon), [[David Lawrence (writer)|David Lawrence]], and [[Brian Augustyn]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.marketwired.com/press-release/youtube-star-markiplier-host-red-giant-entertainment-panel-presentation-san-diego-comic-pinksheets-redg-1927081.htm |title=YouTube Star 'Markiplier' to Host Red Giant Entertainment Panel Presentation at San Diego Comic-Con 2014|work=Marketwired |date=July 7, 2014}}</ref> He also co-hosted the 2015 South By Southwest (SXSW) Gaming Awards with ''[[The Legend of Korra]]'' voice actor [[Janet Varney]].<ref>{{cite web|title=South By Southwest Gaming Preview|url=http://www.twcnews.com/tx/austin/news/2015/03/6/south-by-southwest-gaming-preview.html|website=TWC News|publisher=Turner-Warner Cable News|accessdate=April 4, 2015}}</ref>

Fischbach joined the Red Giant Entertainment board in November 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://money.cnn.com/news/newsfeeds/articles/marketwire/11G026162-001.htm|title=Mark 'Markiplier' Fischbach Joins Red Giant Entertainment's Board of Directors: YouTube Superstar Brings Extraordinary New Media Expertise To Board |work=CNN Money}}</ref>

On September 3, 2015, Fischbach and fellow YouTuber Jonna Mae (Missesmae) made an appearance on ''[[Jimmy Kimmel Live]]'', which was intended as a followup to Kimmel's poorly-received commentary regarding Let's Players and other online gaming communities several weeks before.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hernandez|first1=Patricia|title=Famous YouTubers Go On TV, Teach Jimmy Kimmel A Lesson|url=http://kotaku.com/famous-youtubers-teach-jimmy-kimmel-a-lesson-1728678078|website=Kotaku.com|accessdate=23 September 2015}}</ref>

===Cyndago collaboration===
Fischbach made videos together with a [[sketch comedy]] and music channel Cyndago. The channel was founded in [[South Carolina]] by Daniel Kyre and Ryan Magee, and they later Matt Watson on the team. They also moved to [[Los Angeles]]. However, the channel's origins were in Ryan Magee's own work done shortly after graduating from high school. Their comedy videos had unexpected endings and dark wit in them, and they were of strange and disturbing nature too.<ref name="Odyssey_2015">{{cite web |url=http://theodysseyonline.com/george-mason/rip-daniel-kyre/172402 |title=RIP Daniel Kyre |last=Wall |first=Cameron |date=September 20, 2015 |website=The Odyssey Newspaper |publisher= |access-date=September 28, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailygamecock.com/article/2014/02/youtube-duo-cyndago-pave-their-way-to-youtube-stardom |title=Youtube duo Cyndago pave their way to Youtube stardom |last=Lipkin |first=Richard |date=February 24, 2014 |website=The Daily Gamecock |publisher= |access-date=September 28, 2015}}</ref> The comedy group was disbanded with suicide attempt of Daniel Kyre on September 16th, 2015 resulting in his death two days later.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/Cyndago/posts/744142055713238 |title=Cyndago - Hello everyone. We have some very important and... |last1=Magee |first1=Ryan |last2=Watson |first2=Matt |last3=Kyre |first3=David |date= |website=[[Facebook]] |publisher= |access-date=September 28, 2015}}</ref> By time of their disbandment the comedy group had done forty sketches and fourteen original songs, since its founding in 2012, with many of them featuring Fischbach.<ref name="Odyssey_2015"/>

==Personal life==
Fischbach was born on an [[air force base]] stationed in [[O'ahu, Hawaii]]. His father served in the military where he met his mother of a [[Korea]]n origin.<ref name="biography"/> His family moved to [[Cincinnati, Ohio]].<ref name="biography"/> Originally, Fischbach studied to become an engineer at the [[University of Cincinnati]],<ref name="talknerdy">{{cite web|title=TALK NERDY TO ME BABY Poly Bridge|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V6GMYpcFwM0|website=Markiplier|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=15 September 2015}}</ref> but dropped out of college to pursue his YouTube career.<ref name="biography"/>
After the death of [[Daniel Kyre]], who belonged to the Cyndago crew. Mark temporarily halted uploads and entered a brief hiatus, which lasted from the 17th to the 27th of September<ref name="Hiatus">{{cite web|title=Markiplier's Hiatus 2|url=https://www.facebook.com/markiplier/posts/970570933009211|website=Markiplier|publisher=Facebook|accessdate=17 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="Hiatus">{{cite web|title=Markiplier's Hiatus 1|url=https://www.facebook.com/markiplier/posts/965085630224408|website=Markiplier|publisher=Facebook|accessdate=17 September 2015}}</ref>.

===Hospitalization===
On March 22, 2015,<ref>{{cite web|title=Markiplier in the Hospital|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r7pGRMLCD6g|website=Markiplier|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=4 April 2015}}</ref> Fischbach posted a video explaining that he had been hospitalized with a "non-life-threatening" illness, which was followed by other updates while he recuperated, clarifying that he had suffered an [[intestinal blockage]], which required surgical removal. The video updates gathered millions of views over several days as the situation developed, with Markiplier acknowledging the "incredible" amount of support and well-wishes his viewers had sent him during that time.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Landau|first1=Joel|title=YouTube star Markiplier gets 10 million views for videos updating fans on emergency surgery|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/youtube-star-markiplier-updates-fans-surgery-videos-article-1.2161968|publisher=New York Daily News|accessdate=April 4, 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portalbar|Biography|Video Games|California}}
*[[List of the most subscribed users on YouTube]]
*[[PewDiePie]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{Commons category}}
*[https://www.youtube.com/user/markiplierGAME Official YouTube channel]
*[https://www.youtube.com/user/Cyndago Cyndago YouTube channel]
*{{IMDb name|nm6290555}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Fischbach, Mark
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Markiplier
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American actor
| DATE OF BIRTH = June 28, 1989
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[O'ahu, Hawaii|O'ahu]], [[Hawaii]], U.S.
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
[[Category:American Internet celebrities]]
[[Category:American people of German descent]]
[[Category:American people of Korean descent]]
[[Category:YouTube channels]]
[[Category:American YouTubers]]
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:People from Los Angeles, California]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Internet articles needing attention]]
[[Category:Internet articles needing expert attention]]

Kim Yo-jong

2015-03-06T15:23:31Z

Ceosad: /* Career */ family tree

{{Infobox person
| name = Kim Yo-jong
| image = 
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1987|9|26|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Pyongyang]], [[North Korea]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality = [[North Korean]]
| other_names =
| occupation =
| known_for =
| module = {{Infobox Korean name|child=yes
| hangul = 김여정
| hanja = 金與正
| rr = Gim Yeojeong
| mr = Kim Yŏjŏng
| context = north}}
}}
{{Korean name|Kim}}

'''Kim Yo-jong''' (born 26 September 1987)<ref name=leaderwatch>{{cite news|url=http://nkleadershipwatch.wordpress.com/kim-family/kim-yo-jong/|title=Kim Yo Jong|date=12 December 2013|publisher=North Korea Leadership Watch|date=11 July 2013}}</ref> is the younger sister of [[North Korea]]'s leader [[Kim Jong-un]] and younger daughter of late leader [[Kim Jong-il]].

==Early life==
Kim Yo-jong was born as the daughter of [[Kim Jong-il]] and his wife [[Ko Yong-hui]] on 26 September 1987.<ref name=leaderwatch/> She and Kim Jong-un studied together in [[Switzerland]] from 1996 to 2000, and she may have studied at the [[Kim Il-sung Military University]] after her return.<ref name=leaderwatch/>

==Career==
She was first spotted at a photo session for participants at the 3rd Conference of the [[Workers' Party of Korea]] in September 2010, when she stood next to her father's personal secretary and alleged mistress [[Kim Ok]].<ref name=kji-youngest>{{cite news|url=http://nkleadershipwatch.wordpress.com/2013/07/22/kji-youngest-daughter-working-as-events-manager-for-kju/|title=KJI Youngest Daughter Working as Events Manager for KJU?|publisher=North Korea Leadership Watch|date=22 July 2013}}</ref>

Kim Yo-jong was given much publicity during the funeral service for Kim Jong-il in December 2011, when she appeared several times alongside her brother Kim Jong-un or leading funeral processions of central officials, despite not even being a funeral committee member, and she was never named. She was then reportedly given a position under the [[National Defence Commission of North Korea|National Defence Commission]] at the beginning of 2012 as tour manager for Kim Jong-un,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_northkorea/596633.html/|title=Kim Yo-jung is believed to have studied abroad and to share her older brother’s ambition|publisher=Hankyoreh|date=22 July 2013}}</ref> but has not appeared in news reports except for November 2012, when the [[Korean Central Television]] showed her accompanying Kim Jong-un at a military riding ground.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/search1/2603000000.html?cid=AEN20121121007000325|title=North Korea Newsletter No. 237|publisher=Yonhap News Agency|date=22 November 2013}}</ref> She was officially mentioned for the first time on 9 March 2014, as she accompanied her brother in voting for the [[Supreme People's Assembly]]. Kim Yo-jong was identified as a "senior official" of the [[Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea|WPK Central Committee]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/2014/201403/news09/20140309-19ee.html|title=Kim Jong Un Visits Kim Il Sung University of Politics and Takes Part in Election of Deputy to SPA|publisher=Korean Central News Agency|date=9 March 2014}}</ref>

Sources indicate that Kim Jong-un may be grooming Kim Yo-jong to replace their aunt [[Kim Kyong-hui]] (with whom Kim Yo-jong is said to have a good relationship<ref name=kji-youngest/>) in her supporting role.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/northkorea/10499642/Kim-Jong-un-preparing-to-purge-aunt.html|title=Kim Jong-un 'preparing to purge aunt'|publisher=The Telegraph|date=6 December 2013}}</ref>

In October 2014 she was reported to have possibly taken over state duties for her ailing brother while he underwent medical treatment.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.ibtimes.com/has-kim-yo-jong-taken-over-kim-jong-un-sister-assumes-north-korea-state-duties-while-1698550|title = Has Kim Yo-Jong Taken Over For Kim Jong Un? Sister Assumes North Korea State Duties While Brother Undergoes Medical Treatment|date = 2014-10-02|accessdate = 2014-10-03|website = International Business Times|publisher = |last = Silva|first = Cristina}}</ref>

On Nov. 28, 2014 she was named vice director of the Workers Party's [[Propaganda and Agitation Department]].<ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/11/28/us-northkorea-politics-kim-idUSKCN0JC04A20141128 North Korea's 'princess' moves closer to center of power]</ref>

In January 2015 she was reported to have married Choe Song,<ref>(2 January 2015) [http://blogs.wsj.com/korearealtime/2015/01/02/kim-jong-uns-little-sister-married-son-of-top-regime-official-report-says/ Kim Jong Un’s Little Sister Married Son of Top Regime Official, Report Says] Wall Street Journal, Asia, Retrieved 16 January 2015</ref> the second son of government official [[Choe Ryong-hae]] <ref>http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/northkorea/2015/01/02/97/0401000000AEN20150102006900315F.html</ref> and she worked with Kim Eun-gyong since Kim Il-sung University <ref>http://www.nknews.org/2014/03/kim-jong-uns-sister-and-megumi-yokotas-daughter-worked-together-reports/</ref><ref>http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2986592</ref>

{{Kim Jong-il family}}

==References==
{{portal|North Korea}}
{{reflist}}

{{Family of Kim Jong-il}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Kim, Yo-jong
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = North Korean politician
| DATE OF BIRTH = September 26, 1987
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Pyongyang
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kim, Yo-jong}}
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Workers' Party of Korea politicians]]
[[Category:Kim dynasty (North Korea)]]

Kim Yo-jong

2015-02-22T02:35:44Z

Ceosad: /* References */ portal

{{Infobox person
| name = Kim Yo-jong
| image = 
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1987|9|26|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Pyongyang]], [[North Korea]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality = [[North Korean]]
| other_names =
| occupation =
| known_for =
| module = {{Infobox Korean name|child=yes
| hangul = 김여정
| hanja = 金與正
| rr = Gim Yeojeong
| mr = Kim Yŏjŏng
| context = north}}
}}
{{Korean name|Kim}}

'''Kim Yo-jong''' (born 26 September 1987)<ref name=leaderwatch>{{cite news|url=http://nkleadershipwatch.wordpress.com/kim-family/kim-yo-jong/|title=Kim Yo Jong|date=12 December 2013|publisher=North Korea Leadership Watch|date=11 July 2013}}</ref> is the younger sister of [[North Korea]]'s leader [[Kim Jong-un]] and younger daughter of late leader [[Kim Jong-il]].

==Early life==
Kim Yo-jong was born as the daughter of [[Kim Jong-il]] and his wife [[Ko Yong-hui]] on 26 September 1987.<ref name=leaderwatch/> She and Kim Jong-un studied together in [[Switzerland]] from 1996 to 2000, and she may have studied at the [[Kim Il-sung Military University]] after her return.<ref name=leaderwatch/>

==Career==
She was first spotted at a photo session for participants at the 3rd Conference of the [[Workers' Party of Korea]] in September 2010, when she stood next to her father's personal secretary and alleged mistress [[Kim Ok]].<ref name=kji-youngest>{{cite news|url=http://nkleadershipwatch.wordpress.com/2013/07/22/kji-youngest-daughter-working-as-events-manager-for-kju/|title=KJI Youngest Daughter Working as Events Manager for KJU?|publisher=North Korea Leadership Watch|date=22 July 2013}}</ref>

Kim Yo-jong was given much publicity during the funeral service for Kim Jong-il in December 2011, when she appeared several times alongside her brother Kim Jong-un or leading funeral processions of central officials, despite not even being a funeral committee member, and she was never named. She was then reportedly given a position under the [[National Defence Commission of North Korea|National Defence Commission]] at the beginning of 2012 as tour manager for Kim Jong-un,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_northkorea/596633.html/|title=Kim Yo-jung is believed to have studied abroad and to share her older brother’s ambition|publisher=Hankyoreh|date=22 July 2013}}</ref> but has not appeared in news reports except for November 2012, when the [[Korean Central Television]] showed her accompanying Kim Jong-un at a military riding ground.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/search1/2603000000.html?cid=AEN20121121007000325|title=North Korea Newsletter No. 237|publisher=Yonhap News Agency|date=22 November 2013}}</ref> She was officially mentioned for the first time on 9 March 2014, as she accompanied her brother in voting for the [[Supreme People's Assembly]]. Kim Yo-jong was identified as a "senior official" of the [[Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea|WPK Central Committee]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/2014/201403/news09/20140309-19ee.html|title=Kim Jong Un Visits Kim Il Sung University of Politics and Takes Part in Election of Deputy to SPA|publisher=Korean Central News Agency|date=9 March 2014}}</ref>

Sources indicate that Kim Jong-un may be grooming Kim Yo-jong to replace their aunt [[Kim Kyong-hui]] (with whom Kim Yo-jong is said to have a good relationship<ref name=kji-youngest/>) in her supporting role.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/northkorea/10499642/Kim-Jong-un-preparing-to-purge-aunt.html|title=Kim Jong-un 'preparing to purge aunt'|publisher=The Telegraph|date=6 December 2013}}</ref>

In October 2014 she was reported to have possibly taken over state duties for her ailing brother while he underwent medical treatment.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.ibtimes.com/has-kim-yo-jong-taken-over-kim-jong-un-sister-assumes-north-korea-state-duties-while-1698550|title = Has Kim Yo-Jong Taken Over For Kim Jong Un? Sister Assumes North Korea State Duties While Brother Undergoes Medical Treatment|date = 2014-10-02|accessdate = 2014-10-03|website = International Business Times|publisher = |last = Silva|first = Cristina}}</ref>

On Nov. 28, 2014 she was named vice director of the Workers Party's [[Propaganda and Agitation Department]].<ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/11/28/us-northkorea-politics-kim-idUSKCN0JC04A20141128 North Korea's 'princess' moves closer to center of power]</ref>

In January 2015 she was reported to have married Choe Song,<ref>(2 January 2015) [http://blogs.wsj.com/korearealtime/2015/01/02/kim-jong-uns-little-sister-married-son-of-top-regime-official-report-says/ Kim Jong Un’s Little Sister Married Son of Top Regime Official, Report Says] Wall Street Journal, Asia, Retrieved 16 January 2015</ref> the second son of government official [[Choe Ryong-hae]] <ref>http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/northkorea/2015/01/02/97/0401000000AEN20150102006900315F.html</ref> and she worked with Kim Eun-gyong since Kim Il-sung University <ref>http://www.nknews.org/2014/03/kim-jong-uns-sister-and-megumi-yokotas-daughter-worked-together-reports/</ref><ref>http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2986592</ref>

==References==
{{portal|North Korea}}
{{reflist}}

{{Family of Kim Jong-il}}

{{Persondata
| NAME = Kim, Yo-jong
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = North Korean politician
| DATE OF BIRTH = September 26, 1987
| PLACE OF BIRTH = Pyongyang
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kim, Yo-jong}}
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Workers' Party of Korea politicians]]
[[Category:Kim dynasty (North Korea)]]

Liste der Nationalschätze von Nordkorea

2015-02-18T00:53:09Z

Ceosad: /* See also */ portal

{{No footnotes|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox Korean name
|img=Myogilsang-naegeumgang.jpg
|caption=The [[Myogilsang]] buddhist statue on [[Kumgangsan|Mt. Kumgang]], the 102nd Korean national treasure.
|context=north
|hangul=조선민주주의인민공화국국보
|hanja={{linktext|朝鮮|民主主義|人民|共和國|國|寶}}
|rr=Joseon minjujuui inmin gonghwaguk gukbo
|mr=Chosŏn minjujuŭi inmin konghwaguk kukpo
}}
[[Image:Taedong Gate, Pyongyang.jpg|thumb|right|[[Taedongmun]], the 4th national treasure of Korea.]]
[[Image:Ulmil Pavilion.jpg|thumb|right|[[Ulmildae]], the 19th national treasure of Korea.]]
[[Image:Anju Paeksang Pavilion.jpg|thumb|right|[[Paeksang Pavilion]], the 31st national treasure of Korea.]][[Image:Tomb of King Tongmyong, Pyongyang, North Korea-1.jpg|thumb|right|[[Tomb of King Tongmyong]], the 36th national treasure of Korea.]]
[[Image:Guardian of the Temple Gate.jpg|thumb|right|Guardian figure at [[Pohyonsa]] Buddhist temple, the 40th national treasure of Korea.]]
Designated '''national treasures of North Korea''' are tangible artifacts, sites, and buildings deemed to have significant historical or artistic value.

==Nos. 1-50==

{|class="wikitable"
!
![[Name]]
![[Location (geography)|Location]]
![[Hangul|Chosŏn'gŭl]]
![[Hancha]]
|-
| 1 ||[[Pyongyang Castle]]||[[Chung-guyok]]/[[Pyongchon-guyok]], [[Pyongyang]]||평양성||{{linktext|平壤|城}}
|-
| 2 ||[[Anhak Palace]]||Anhak-dong, [[Taesong-guyok]], Pyongyang||안학궁||{{linktext|安|鶴|宮}}
|-
| 3 ||[[Potongmun]]||Potongmun-dong, [[Chung-guyok]], Pyongyang||보통문||{{linktext|普|通|門}}
|-
| 4 ||[[Taedongmun]]||Taedongmun-dong, Chung-guyok, Pyongyang||대동문||{{linktext|大|同|門}}
|-
| 5 ||[[Sungin Hall]]||Jongro-dong, Chung-guyok, Pyongyang||숭인전||{{linktext|崇|仁|殿}}
|-
| 6 ||[[Sungryong Hall]]||Jongro-dong, Chung-guyok, Pyongyang||숭령전||{{linktext|崇|靈|殿}}
|-
|| 7 ||[[Tabo Pagoda of Pohyonsa Buddhist temple]]||Hyangam-ri, [[Hyangsan]]-gun||보현사다보탑||{{linktext|普賢|寺|多|寶|塔}}
|-
| 8 ||[[Taesong Fortress]]||[[Taesong-guyok]], [[Pyongyang]]||대성산성||{{linktext|大|城|山|城}}
|-
| 9 ||[[Chongam-ri Earthen Castle]]||Chongam-ri, Taesong-guyok, Pyongyang||청암리토성||{{linktext|清|巖|里|土|城}}
|-
| 10 ||South Gate of [[Taesong Fortress]]||Taesong-guyok, Pyongyang||대성산성남문||{{linktext|大|城|山|城|南門}}
|-
| 11 ||Lotus-ponds of [[Taesongsan|Mt. Taesong]]||Taesong-dong, Taesong-guyok, Pyongyang||대성산련못떼||{{linktext|大|城|山|蓮|池|郡}}
|-
| 12 ||Group of [[Taesongsan Tombs|Koguryo tombs]] on Mt. Taesong||Taesong-guyok, Pyongyang||대성산고구려고분군||{{linktext|大|城|山|高句麗|古墳|群}}
|-
| 13 ||[[Pobun Hermitage]] of [[Yongmyongsa]] Buddhist temple||Ryongbong-ri, [[Mangyongdae-guyok]], Pyongyang||영명사법운암||{{linktext|永|明|寺|法|雲|庵}}
|-
| 14 ||[[Ryonggok Academy]]||Ryongbong-ri, Mangyongdae-guyok, Pyongyang||룡곡서원||{{linktext|龍|谷|書院}}
|-
| 15 ||[[Ryongsan-ri Koguryo Tombs]]||Ryongsan-ri, [[Chunghwa (North Korea)|Chunghwa]]-gun, Pyongyang||룡산리고구려고분군||{{linktext|龍|山|里|高句麗|古墳|群}}
|-
| 16 ||[[Ryongwang Pavilion]]||Taedongmun-dong, [[Chung-guyok]], Pyongyang||련광정||{{linktext|練|光|亭}}
|-
| 17 ||[[Pubyok Pavilion]]||[[Moranbong Park]], Pyongyang||부벽루||{{linktext|浮|碧|樓}}
|-
| 18 ||[[Chilsongmun]]||Moranbong Park, Pyongyang||칠성문||{{linktext|七|星|門}}
|-
| 19 ||[[Ulmil Pavilion]]||Moranbong Park, Pyongyang||을밀대||{{linktext|乙|密|臺}}
|-
| 20 ||[[Chongryu Pavilion]]||Moranbong Park, Pyongyang||청류정||{{linktext|清|流|亭}}
|-
| 21 ||[[Choesung Pavilion]]||Moranbong Park, Pyongyang||최승대||{{linktext|最|勝|臺}}
|-
| 22 ||[[Jongum Gate]]||Moranbong Park, Pyongyang||전금문||{{linktext|轉|錦|門}}
|-
| 23 ||Bell Pavilion & [[Pyongyang Bell]]||Taedongmun-dong, [[Chung-guyok]], Pyongyang||평양종각||{{linktext|平|壤|鐘|閣}}
|-
| 24 ||7-storied octagonal pagoda of [[Hongboksa]] Buddhist temple||[[Moranbong Park]], Pyongyang||홍복사6각7층탑||{{linktext|弘|福|寺|六|角|七|層|塔}}
|-
| 25 ||Site of [[Kumgangsa]] Buddhist temple||Chongam-ri, [[Taesong-guyok]], Pyongyang||금강사지||{{linktext|金|剛|寺|址}}
|-
| 26 ||[[Honam-ri Four Spirits Tomb]]||Honam-ri, [[Samsŏk-guyŏk]], Pyongyang||호남리사신총||{{linktext|湖|南|里|四|神|塚}}
|-
| 27 ||[[Komun Moru]] ("Black Anvil") Stone Age ruins||Hoku-ri, [[Sangwon]]-gun, [[Pyongyang]]||상원검은모루유적||{{linktext|祥|原|검은|모루|遺|蹟}}
|-
| 28 ||[[Kangso Three Tombs]]||Sammyo-ri, [[Kangso]]-gun||강서삼묘||{{linktext|江|西|三|墓}}
|-
| 29 ||[[Yaksu-ri rock-paintings tomb]]||Yaksu-ri, Kangso-gun||약수리벽화고분||{{linktext|藥|水|里|壁|畵|古墳}}
|-
| 30 ||[[Susan-ri rock-paintings tomb]]||Susan-ri, Kangso-gun||수산리벽화고분||{{linktext|修|山|里|壁|畵|古墳}}
|-
| 31 ||[[Paeksang Pavilion]]||Dungbangsan-dong, [[Anju (city)|Anju]]||백상루||{{linktext|百|祥|樓}}
|-
| 32 ||[[Kangson Pavilion]]||[[Songchon]]||강선루||{{linktext|降|仙|樓}}
|-
| 33 ||[[Hunryon Pavilion]]||[[Pyongwon]]||훈련정||{{linktext|訓|鍊|亭}}
|-
| 34 ||[[Anguksa]] Buddhist temple||Ponghak-dong, [[Pyongsong]]||안국사||{{linktext|安|國|寺}}
|-
| 35 ||[[Songchon Guest House]]||[[Songchon]]||성천객사||{{linktext|成|川|客|舍}}
|-
| 36 ||[[Tomb of King Tongmyong]]||Ryongsan-ri, [[Ryokpo-guyok]], [[Pyongyang]]||동명왕릉||{{linktext|東|明|王|陵}}
|-
| 37 ||[[Hwangryong Fortress]]||Okdo-ri, [[Ryonggang-gun]], [[Nampo]]||황룡산성||{{linktext|黃|龍|山|城}}
|-
| 38 ||[[Jamo Fortress]]||Ochung-ri, [[Pyongsong]]||자모산성||{{linktext|慈|母|山|城}}
|-
| 39 ||[[Twin Column Tomb]]||[[Ryonggang]], [[Nampo]]||쌍영총||{{linktext|雙|楹|塚}}
|-
| 40 ||[[Pohyonsa]] Buddhist temple||Hyangam-ri, [[Hyangsan]]-gun||보현사||{{linktext|普賢|寺}}
|-
| 41 ||[[Myohyangsan Hermitages#Sangwon Hermitage|Sangwon Hermitage]]||Hyangam-ri, Hyangsan-gun||보현사상원암||{{linktext|普賢|寺|上|元|庵}}
|-
| 42 ||[[Myohyangsan Hermitages#Chuksong Hall|Chuksong Hall]]||Hyangam-ri, Hyangsan-gun||보현사축성전||{{linktext|普賢|寺|祝|聖|殿}}
|-
| 43 ||[[Myohyangsan Hermitages#Puryong Hermitage|Puryong Hermitage]]||Hyangam-ri, Hyangsan-gun||보현사불영암||{{linktext|普賢|寺|佛|影|庵}}
|-
| 44 ||South Gate of [[Kuju Castle]]||Tongmun-dong, [[Kusong]]||구주성남문||{{linktext|龜|州|城|南門}}
|-
| 45 ||[[Changsong Provincial School]]||[[Changsong]]||창성향교||{{linktext|昌|城|鄕|校}}
|-
| 46 ||[[Chonjusa]] Buddhist temple||[[Yongbyon]]||천주사||{{linktext|天|柱|寺}}
|-
| 47 ||[[Ryuksung Pavilion]]||Yongbyon||륙승정||{{linktext|六|勝|亭}}
|-
| 48 ||[[Koryo Changsong]]||Kumya-ri, [[Changsong]]-gun||고려장성||{{linktext|高|麗|長|城}}
|-
| 49 ||[[Mannomun]]||[[Yongbyon]]||만노문||{{linktext|萬|弩|門}}
|-
| 50 ||[[Sounsa]] Buddhist temple||Yongbyon||서운사||{{linktext|棲|雲|寺}}
|}

==Nos. 51-100==
[[Image:An3 man.jpg|thumb|right|Painting in [[Anak Tomb No. 3]], the 67th national treasure of Korea.]]
[[Image:An3 woman.jpg|thumb|right|Painting in [[Anak Tomb No. 3]], the 67th national treasure of Korea.]]
[[Image:Puyong Pavilion, Haeju.jpg|thumb|right|[[Puyong Hall]], the 68th national treasure of Korea.]]
[[Image:Songbul Temple, Sariwon.jpg|thumb|right|[[Songbulsa]], the 87th national treasure of Korea.]]
[[Image:Shakuoji.png|thumb|right|[[Sogwangsa]] Buddhist temple, National Treasure #94, in the 1930s.]]
[[Image:Shinkeiji.png|thumb|right|[[Singyesa]] Buddhist temple, National Treasure #95, in the 1930s.]]
[[Image:Singyesa-tower-at-GeumGangSan.jpg|thumb|right|Pagoda of Singye Temple]]
{|class="wikitable"
!
![[Name]]
![[Location (geography)|Location]]
![[Hangul|Chosŏn'gŭl]]
![[Hanja]]
|-
| 51 ||[[Tonggun Pavilion]]||[[Uiju]]||통군정||{{linktext|統|軍|亭}}
|-
| 52 ||[[Uiju Castle]]||Uiju||의주읍성||{{linktext|義|州|邑|城}})
|-
| 53 ||[[Kumgwangsa]] Buddhist temple||Kumgwang-ri, Uiju||금광사||{{linktext|金|光|寺}}
|-
| 54 ||[[Pakchon Simwonsa]] Buddhist temple||[[Pakchon]]||박천심원사||{{linktext|博|川|深|源|寺}}
|-
| 55 ||[[Yanghwasa]] Buddhist temple||Sangdan-ri, [[Taechon]]-gun||양화사||{{linktext|陽|和|寺}}
|-
| 56 ||[[Ryongo-ri Fortress]]||Ryongsang-ri, Taechon-gun||룡오리산성||{{linktext|龍|五|里|山|城}}
|-
| 57 ||Kwanum Hall of [[Pohyonsa]] Buddhist temple||Hyangam-ri, [[Hyangsan]]-gun||보현사관음전||{{linktext|普|賢|寺|觀|音|殿}}
|-
| 58 ||[[Paekmasan Fortress]]||Paekma Worker's District, [[Pihyon]]-gun||백마산성||{{linktext|白|馬|山|城}}
|-
| 60 ||[[Kuju Castle]]||[[Kusong]]||구주성||{{linktext|龜|州|城}}
|-
| 61 ||Runghan Fortress||[[Kwaksan]]||릉한산성||{{linktext|陵|寒|山|城}}
|-
| 62 ||Ryonggol Fortress||[[Pihyon]]-gun/[[Yomju]]-gun||룡골산성||{{linktext|竜|骨|山|城}}
|-
| 63 ||[[Cholong Castle]]||[[Yongbyon]]||철옹성||{{linktext|鐵|瓮|城}}
|-
| 64 ||[[Inpung Pavilion]]||Chungsong-dong, [[Kanggye]]||인풍루||{{linktext|仁|風|樓}}
|-
| 65 ||Mangmi Pavilion||Pukchang-dong, Kanggye||망미정||{{linktext|望|美|亭}}
|-
| 66 ||[[Kanggye Magistrate's Office]]||Pukmun-dong, Kanggye||강계아사||{{linktext|江|界|衙|舍}}
|-
| 67 ||[[Anak Tomb No. 3|Anak Tomb No.3]]||Oguk-ri, [[Anak (North Korea)|Anak]]-gun||안악3호분||{{linktext|安|岳|三|號|墳}}
|-
| 68 ||[[Puyong Hall]]||Puyong-dong, [[Haeju]]||부용당||{{linktext|芙|蓉|堂}}
|-
| 69 ||[[Haeju Sokbinggo]] (ice house)||Okgye-dong, Haeju||해주석빙고||{{linktext|海|州|石|氷|庫}}
|-
| 70 ||9-storied pagoda of Haeju||Haechong-dong, Haeju||해주9층탑||{{linktext|海|州|九|層|塔}}
|-
| 71 ||5-storied pagoda of Haeju||Okgye-dong, Haeju||해주5층탑||{{linktext|海|州|五|層|塔}}
|-
| 72 ||Site of [[Sunmyongmun|Sunmyong Gate]]||Yonggwang-dong, Haeju||순명문테||{{linktext|順|明|門|址}}
|-
| 73 ||[[Anak Tomb No.1]]||Taechu-ri, [[Anak (North Korea)|Anak]]-gun||안악1호분||{{linktext|安|岳|一|號|墳}}
|-
| 74 ||[[Anak Tomb No.2]]||Taechu-ri, Anak-gun||안악2호분||{{linktext|安|岳|二|號|墳}}
|-
| 75 ||[[Anak Woljongsa|Woljongsa]] Buddhist temple||Woljong-sa, Anak-gun||월정사||{{linktext|月|精|寺}}
|-
| 76 ||Noam-ri [[dolmen]]||Noam-ri, Anak-gun||노암리고인돌||{{linktext|路|岩|里|支石墓}}
|-
| 77 ||[[Kangsosa]] Buddhist temple||Kangho-ri, [[Paechon]]-gun||강서사||{{linktext|江|西|寺}}
|-
| 78 ||Ryongdong-ri Dolmen||Ryongdong-ri, Paechon-gun||룡동리고인돌||{{linktext|龍|東|里|支石墓}}
|-
| 79 ||[[Sohyon Academy]]||Sokdam-ri, [[Pyoksong]]-gun||소현서원||{{linktext|紹|賢|書院}}
|-
| 80 ||[[Chahyesa]] Buddhist temple||Sowon-ri, [[Sinchon (North Korea)|Sinchon]]-gun||자혜사||{{linktext|慈|惠|寺}}
|-
| 81 ||Hanging Hermitage of [[Myoumsa]] Buddhist temple||Sorim-ri, [[Chaeryong]]-gun||묘음사현암||{{linktext|妙|陰|寺|懸|庵}}
|-
| 82 ||Haeju Dharani Monument||Haechong-dong, [[Haeju]]||해주다라니석당||{{linktext|海|州|陀羅尼|石|幢}}
|-
| 83 ||Five-storied pagoda of [[Hakrimsa]] Buddhist temple||Hakrim-ri, [[Changyon]]-gun||학림사5층탑||{{linktext|鶴|林|寺|五|層|塔}}
|-
| 84 ||Kwansan-ri Dolmen||Kwansan-ri, [[Unryul]]-gun||관산리고인돌||{{linktext|冠|山|里|支石墓}}
|-
| 85 ||Monument to the Venerable [[Jincheol Daesa|Jinchol]] of [[Kwangjosa]] Buddhist temple||Hakhyon-dong, [[Haeju]]||광조사진철대사탑비||{{linktext|廣|照|寺|眞|澈|大|師|塔|碑}}
|-
| 86 ||Yonan Castle||[[Yonan]]||연안읍성||{{linktext|延|安|邑|城}}
|-
| 87 ||[[Songbulsa]] Buddhist temple||Kwangsong-dong, [[Sariwon]]||성불사||{{linktext|成|佛|寺}}
|-
| 88 ||South gate of [[Jongbangsan Fortress]]||Jongbang-ri, Sariwon||정방산성||{{linktext|正|方|山城|南門}}
|-
| 89 ||[[Jongbangsan Fortress]]||Jongbang-ri, Sariwon||정방산성||{{linktext|正|方|山|城}}
|-
| 90 ||Monument to Commander [[Kim Song-op]]||Songmun-dong, Sariwon||성장김성업비||{{linktext|城將|金|成|業|碑}}
|-
| 91 ||[[Yontan Simwonsa]] Buddhist temple||[[Yontan]]||연탄심원사||{{linktext|燕|灘|心|源|寺}}
|-
| 92 ||[[Kwijinsa]] Buddhist temple||Songwol-ri, [[Sohung]]-gun||귀진사||{{linktext|歸|眞|寺}}
|-
| 93 ||[[Taebaeksan Fortress]]||Sansong-ri, [[Pyongsan]]-gun||태백산성||{{linktext|太|白|山|城}}
|-
| 94 ||[[Sogwangsa]] Buddhist temple||Solbang-ri, [[Kosan, Kangwon|Kosan]]-gun||석왕사||{{linktext|釋|王|寺}}
|-
| 95 ||[[Singyesa]] Buddhist temple||Onjong-ri, Kosan-gun||신계사||{{linktext|神|溪|寺}}
|-
| 96 ||Site of [[Changansa]] Buddhist temple||Naegang-ri, [[Kumgang-gun|Kumgang]]-gun||장안사||{{linktext|長|安|寺|址}}
|-
| 97 ||[[Pyohunsa]] Buddhist temple||Naegang-ri, Kumgang-gun||표훈사||{{linktext|表|訓|寺}}
|-
| 98 ||[[Podok Hermitage]]||Naegang-ri, Kumgang-gun||보덕암||{{linktext|普|德|庵}}
|-
| 99 ||[[Chongyangsa]] Buddhist temple||Naegang-ri, Kumgang-gun||정양사||{{linktext|正|陽|寺|}}
|-
|100 ||Lion Pagoda of Kumjang Hermitage||Naegang-ri, Kumgang-gun||금장암사자탑||{{linktext|金|藏|庵|獅子|塔}}
|}

==Nos. 101-150==
[[File:Tomb at Kaesong.jpg|thumb|right|[[Tomb of King Kongmin]], the 123rd national treasure of Korea.]]
[[File:King Kongmin's Tomb.jpg|thumb|right|[[Tomb of King Kongmin]], the 123rd national treasure of Korea.]]
[[File:Nam Gate in Kaesong.jpg|thumb|right|[[Kaesong Namdaemun]], the 124th national treasure of Korea.]]
[[File:Kaesong-Museum-Building-2014.jpg|thumb|right|[[Koryo Songgyungwan]], the 127th national treasure of Korea.]]
[[File:Tmc1223b.jpg|thumb|right|[[Iron Buddha of Jokjo Temple|Iron Buddha of Jokjosa Buddhist temple]], the 137th national treasure of Korea.]]
[[File:Detail of Temple Architecture.jpg|thumb|right|[[Pohyonsa#Ryongsan Hall|Ryongsan Hall]] of [[Pohyonsa]], the 141st national treasure of Korea.]]
[[File:Pohyon Temple, Mount Myohyang.jpg|thumb|right|Sokka Pagoda of Pohyonsa, the 144th national treasure of Korea.]]
{|class="wikitable"
!
![[Name]]
![[Location (geography)|Location]]
![[Hangul|Chosŏn'gŭl]]
![[Hanja]]
|-
| 101 ||3-storied pagoda of [[Changyonsa]] Buddhist temple||Naegang-ri, [[Kumgang County|Kumgang]]-gun||장연사3층탑||{{linktext|長|淵|寺|三|層|塔}}
|-
| 102 ||[[Myogilsang]] Buddhist statue||Naegang-ri, Kumgang-gun||묘길상||{{linktext|妙|吉|祥}}
|-
| 103 ||[[Kahak Pavilion]]||[[Anbyon]]||가학루||{{linktext|駕|鶴|樓}}
|-
| 104 ||[[Anbyon Pohyonsa]]||Yongsin-ri, Anbyon-gun||안변보현사||{{linktext|安|邊|普|賢|寺}}
|-
| 105 ||[[Myongjoksa]] Buddhist temple||Yongsam-ri, [[Wonsan]]||명적사||{{linktext|明|寂|寺|大|雄|殿}}
|-
| 106 ||[[Chudun-ri Rainbow Bridge]]||Chudun-ri, [[Kosong]]-gun||주둔리무지개다리||{{linktext|駐|屯|里|무지개|다리}}
|-
| 107 ||[[Hamhung Royal Villa]]||Sonamu-dong, [[Hungnam-guyok]], [[Hamhung]]||함흥본궁||{{linktext|咸|興|本|宮}}
|-
| 108 ||[[Kuchon Pavilion]] of [[Hamhung Castle]]||Hamhung||함흥성구천각||{{linktext|咸|興|城|九|天|閣}}
|-
| 109 ||[[Sonhwa Hall]]||Hamhung||선화당||{{linktext|宣|化|堂}}
|-
| 110 ||[[Monuments of King Chinhung (Hamhung)|Monuments]] of [[Jinheung of Silla|King Chinhung]] (from [[Hwangcho Pass]])||Sonamu-dong, [[Hungnam-guyok]], Hamhung||황초령진흥왕순수비||{{linktext|黃|草|嶺|眞|興|王|巡|狩|碑}}
|-
| 111 ||Monuments of King Chinhung (from [[Maun Pass]])||Sonamu-dong, Hungnam-guyok, Hamhung||마운령진흥왕순수비||{{linktext|摩|雲|嶺|眞|興|王|巡|狩|碑}}
|-
| 112 ||[[Chonggwangsa]] Buddhist temple||Wonsa-ri, [[Riwon]]-gun||정광사||{{linktext|定|光|寺}}
|-
| 113 ||[[Ryangchonsa]] Buddhist temple||Nakchon-ri, [[Kowon]]-gun||양천사||{{linktext|梁|泉|寺}}
|-
| 114 ||[[Kunja Pavilion]]||[[Kumya]]||군자루||{{linktext|君|子|樓}}
|-
| 115 ||[[Ryonghungsa]] Buddhist temple||Ponghung-ri, [[Yonggwang]]-gun||룡흥사||{{linktext|龍|興|寺}}
|-
| 116 ||[[Tongdoksa]] Buddhist temple||Tuyon-ri, [[Tanchon]]||동덕사||{{linktext|同|德|寺}}
|-
| 117 ||[[Kongmin Pavilion]]||Yangsan-dong, Tanchon||공민루||{{linktext|公|民|樓}}
|-
| 118 ||[[Kyongsong city walls]]||Sungam Worker's District, [[Kyongsong]]-gun||경성읍성||{{linktext|鏡|城|邑|城}}
|-
| 119 ||[[Kyongsong Castle#South Gate|Kyongsong South Gate]]||Sungam Worker's District, Kyongsong-gun||경성읍성남문||{{linktext|鏡|城|邑|城|南門}}
|-
| 120 ||[[Kaesimsa]] Buddhist temple||Pochon-ri, [[Myongchon]]-gun||개심사||{{linktext|開|心|寺}}
|-
| 121 ||[[Hwasong Ssanggyesa]] Buddhist temple||Puam-ri, [[Hwasong (North Korea)|Hwasong]]-gun||화성쌍계사||{{linktext|化|城|雙|磎|寺}}
|-
| 122 ||[[Manwoldae]] Palace||Songak-dong, [[Kaesong]]||만월대||{{linktext|滿|月|臺}}
|-
| 123 ||[[Tomb of King Kongmin]] (Hyonjongrung)||Haeson-ri, [[Kaepung]]-gun||공민왕릉 (현정릉)||{{linktext|恭|愍|王|陵}} ({{linktext|玄|正|陵}}
|-
| 124 ||[[Kaesong Namdaemun]]||Nammun-dong, [[Kaesong]]||개성남대문||{{linktext|開|城|南大門}}
|-
| 125 ||[[Kwanumsa (Kaesong)|Kwanumsa]] Buddhist temple||Pakyon-ri, Kaesong||관음사||{{linktext|觀音|寺}}
|-
| 126 ||[[Taehung Fortress]]||Pakyon-ri, Kaesong||대흥산성||{{linktext|大|興|山|城}}
|-
| 127 ||[[Koryo Songgyungwan]] Confucian Academy||Pangjik-dong, Kaesong||고려성균관||{{linktext|高麗|成|均|館}}
|-
| 128 ||[[Sungyang Academy]]||Sonjuk-dong, Kaesong||숭양서원||{{linktext|崧|陽|書院}}
|-
| 129 ||Defenses of the [[Kaesong city walls|walled city of Kaesong]]||Kaesong||발어참성||{{linktext|拔|禦|塹|城}}
|-
| 130 ||[[Kaesong city walls#Nasong|Outer wall]] of Kaesong Castle||Kaesong||개성나성||{{linktext|開|城|羅|城}}
|-
| 131 ||[[Kaesong Chomsongdae]] Observatory||Songak-dong, Kaesong||개성첨성대||{{linktext|開|城|瞻|星|臺}}
|-
| 132 ||Pagoda of [[Hungguksa]] Buddhist temple||[[Koryo Museum]], Kaesong||흥국사석탑||{{linktext|興|國|寺|石|塔}}
|-
| 133 ||[[Five-storied pagoda of Ryongtongsa Buddhist temple]]||Ryonghung-dong, Kaesong||령통사5층탑||{{linktext|靈|通|寺|五|層|塔}}
|-
| 134 ||Stupa of [[Hwajangsa]] Buddhist temple||Ryonghung-dong, Kaesong||화장사부도||{{linktext|華|藏|寺|浮屠}}
|-
| 135 ||5-storied pagoda of [[Pulilsa]] Buddhist temple||[[Koryo Museum]], Kaesong||불일사5층탑||{{linktext|佛|日|寺|五|層|塔}}
|-
| 136 ||Bell of [[Yonboksa|Yonbok Temple]]||Nammun-dong, Kaesong||연복사종||{{linktext|演|福|寺|鐘}}
|-
| 137 ||[[Iron Buddha of Jokjo Temple]]||[[Koryo Museum]], Kaesong||적조사쇠부처||{{linktext|寂|照|寺|鐵|佛|陀}}
|-
| 138 ||[[Pyochung Pavilion]]||Sonjuk-dong, Kaesong||표충단||{{linktext|表|忠|壇}}
|-
| 139 ||7-storied pagoda of [[Hyonhwasa]] Buddhist temple||[[Koryo Museum]], Kaesong||현화사7층탑||{{linktext|玄|化|寺|七|層|塔}}
|-
| 140 ||Carved letters of [[Koguryo]]||[[Pyongyang]]||||{{linktext|글자|새긴|성돌}}
|-
| 141 ||Ryongsan Hall of [[Pohyonsa]] Buddhist temple||Hyangam-ri, [[Hyangsan]]-gun||보현사령산전||{{linktext|普|賢|寺|靈|山|殿}}
|-
| 142 ||[[Kim Ung-so House|House]]<ref>[http://www.flickr.com/photos/kernbeisser/sets/72157618081532105/ Kernbeisser's photostream (Flickr), Kim Ung So House (김응서집)]</ref> of [[Kim Ung-so]]||Okdo-ri, [[Ryonggang]]-gun, [[Nampo]]||김응서집||{{linktext|金|應|瑞|집}}
|-
| 143 ||[[Suchung Shrine]]||Hyangam-ri, [[Hyangsan]]-gun||수충사||{{linktext|酬|忠|祠}}
|-
| 144 ||[[Sokka Pagoda of the Pohyonsa Buddhist temple]]||Hyangam-ri, Hyangsan-gun||보현사석가탑||{{linktext|普|賢|寺|釋|迦|塔}}
|-
| 145 ||[[Kyongam Pavilion]]||Kyongam-dong, [[Sariwon]]||경암루||{{linktext|景|巖|樓}}
|-
| 146 ||Site of [[Chilryolsa]] Buddhist temple||[[Anju (city)|Anju]]||칠렬사지||{{linktext|七|烈|寺|址}}
|-
| 147 ||Banner pillars of [[Chunghungsa]] Buddhist temple (formerly known as "[[Jizi|Kija]]'s pillars")||Inhung-dong, [[Moranbong-guyok]], [[Pyongyang]]||중흥사당간지주||{{linktext|重|興|寺|幢|竿|支柱}}
|-
| 148 ||Octagonal stone shrine of [[Yongmyongsa]] Buddhist temple||[[Moranbong Park]], Pyongyang||영명사8각석불감||{{linktext|永|明|寺|八|角|石|佛|龕}}
|-
| 149 ||Monument of [[Pohyonsa]] Buddhist temple||Hyangam-ri, [[Hyangsan]]-gun||보현사비||{{linktext|普|賢|寺|碑}}
|-
| 150 ||[[Kwangjesa]] Buddhist temple||Chuksang-ri, [[Pukchong]]-gun||광제사||{{linktext|廣|濟|寺}}
|}

==Nos. 151-193==
[[Image:Tmc1233a.jpg|thumb|right|Marble [[Avalokitesvara]] statue of [[Kwanumsa (Kaesong)|Kwanumsa]] Buddhist temple, the 156th national treasure of Korea.]]
[[Image:Kaesong07.JPG|thumb|right|[[Tomb of King Wanggon]], the 179th national treasure of Korea.]]
{|class="wikitable"
!
![[Name]]
![[Location (geography)|Location]]
![[Hangul|Chosŏn'gŭl]]
![[Hanja]]
|-
| 151 ||Monument of [[Hyonhwasa]] Buddhist temple||[[Koryo Museum]], [[Kaesong]]||현화사비||{{linktext|玄|化|寺|碑}}
|-
| 152 ||Monument of [[Kwangtong Pojesonsa]] Buddhist temple||Haeson-ri, [[Kaepung]]-gun||광통보제선사비||{{linktext|廣|通|普|濟|禪|寺|碑}}
|-
| 153 ||Monument to [[Popgyong Taesa]] of [[Oryongsa]] Buddhist temple||Ryonghung-ri, [[Kaesong]]||오룡사법경대사비||{{linktext|五|龍|寺|法|鏡|大|師|碑}}
|-
| 155 ||Monument to [[Taegak Guksa]] of [[Ryongtongsa]] Buddhist temple||Ryonghung-ri, Kaesong||령통사 대각국사비||{{linktext|靈|通|寺|大|覺|國|師|碑}}
|-
| 156 ||Marble [[Avalokitesvara]] statue of [[Kwanumsa (Kaesong)|Kwanumsa]] Buddhist temple||Pakyon-ri, Kaesong||관음사대리석관음보살상||{{linktext|觀音|寺|大理石|觀音|菩薩|像}}
|-
| 157 ||[[Chinbuk Pavilion]]||[[Kapsan]]||진북루||{{linktext|鎭|北|樓}}
|-
| 158 ||[[Anju Castle]]||[[Anju (city)|Anju]]||안주성||{{linktext|安|州|城}}
|-
| 159 ||[[Sonjuk Bridge]]||Sonjuk-dong, [[Kaesong]]||선죽교||{{linktext|善|竹|橋}})
|-
| 160 ||Wooden bridge of the [[Koguryo]] Era||Chongho-dong, [[Taesong-guyok]]/Hyuam-dong, [[Sadong-guyok]], Pyongyang||고구려나무다리||{{linktext|高句麗|나무|다리}}
|-
| 161 ||[[Tokhwa-ri Tomb No. 1]]||Tokhwa-ri, [[Taedong-gun|Taedong]]-gun||덕화리1호분||{{linktext|德|花|里|一|號|墳}}
|-
| 162 ||Bell of [[Yujomsa]] Buddhist temple||Hyangam-ri, [[Hyangsan]]-gun||유점사종||{{linktext|楡|岾|寺|鐘}}
|-
| 163 ||[[Ryonghwasa]] Buddhist temple||Kaeson-dong, [[Moranbong-guyok]], [[Pyongyang]]||룡화사||{{linktext|龍|華|寺}}
|-
| 164 ||[[Kwangbopsa]] Buddhist temple||Taesong-dong, [[Taesong-guyok]], Pyongyang||광법사||{{linktext|廣|法|寺}}
|-
| 170 ||Stone Lantern of [[Chahyesa]] Buddhist temple||Sowon-ri, [[Sinchon]]-gun||자혜사석등||{{linktext|慈|惠|寺|石|燈}}
|-
| 171 ||[[Paeyopsa]] Buddhist temple||Paeyop-ri, [[Anak (North Korea)|Anak]]-gun||패엽사||{{linktext|貝|葉|寺}}
|-
| 172 ||[[Koguryo]] well in Kosan-dong||Kosan-dong, [[Taesong-guyok]], [[Pyongyang]]||고산동우물||{{linktext|高|山|洞|우물}}
|-
| 173 ||[[Chongrungsa]] Buddhist temple||Ryongsan-ri, [[Ryokpo-guyok]], Pyongyang||정릉사||{{linktext|定|陵|寺}}
|-
| 174 ||[[Mausoleum of Tangun]]||Munhung-ri, [[Kangdong]]-gun||단군릉||{{linktext|檀|君|陵}}
|-
| 175 ||Ryongsan-ri dolmen||[[Songchon]]-gun||룡산리고인돌||{{linktext|龍|山|里|支石墓}}
|-
| 176 ||Hoji Gate of [[Sogwangsa]] Buddhist temple||Solbong-ri, [[Kosan, Kangwon|Kosan]]-gun||석왕사호지문||{{linktext|釋|王|寺|護|持|門|}}
|-
| 177 ||Three Stone Buddhas relief of [[Anyang Hermitage]]||Onjong-ri, [[Kosong]]-gun||안양암마애3존불상||{{linktext|安|養|庵|磨|崖|三|尊|佛|像}}
|-
| 178 ||[[Onjong-ri Buddha]]||Onjong-ri, Kosong-gun||온정리마애불입상||{{linktext|溫|井|里|庵|磨|崖|佛|立|像}}
|-
| 179 ||[[Tomb of King Wanggon]] (Hyonrung)||Haeson-ri, [[Kaepung]]-gun||왕건왕릉 (현릉)||{{linktext|王|建|王|陵}} ({{linktext|顯|陵}})
|-
| 180 ||[[Jinpa-ri Tomb No. 4|Jinpari Tomb No. 4]]||Ryongsan-ri, [[Ryokpo-guyok]], [[Pyongyang]]||진파리4호분||{{linktext|眞|坡|里|四|號|墳}}
|-
| 181 ||[[Jinpa-ri Tomb No. 1|Jinpari Tomb No. 1]]||Ryongsan-ri, Ryokpo-guyok, Pyongyang||진파리1호분||{{linktext|眞|坡|里|一|號|墳}}
|-
| 182 ||[[Hyangdan-ri Tomb]]||Namdang Worker's District, [[Kangdong]]-gun, Pyongyang||향단리돌관무덤||{{linktext|향|단|里|突|貫|무덤}}
|-
| 183 ||Hwangdaesong Dolmen||Namdang Worker's District, Kangdong-gun, Pyongyang||황대성과고인돌||{{linktext|黃|岱|城|과|고인돌}}
|-
| 184 ||7-storied octagonal pagoda of [[Chongrungsa]] Buddhist temple||Ryongsan-ri, [[Ryokpo-guyok]], Pyongyang||정릉사8각7층탑||{{linktext|定|陵|寺|八|角|七|層|塔}}
|-
| 185 ||5-storied pagoda of [[Kwangbopsa]] Buddhist temple||Taesong-dong, [[Taesong-guyok]], Pyongyang||광법사5층석탑||{{linktext|廣|法|寺|五|層|塔}}
|-
| 186 ||3-storied pagoda of [[Chongyangsa]] Buddhist temple||Naegang-ri, [[Kumgang-gun|Kumgang]]-gun||정양사3층탑||{{linktext|正|陽|寺|三|層|塔}}
|-
| 187 ||Site of [[Chonghae Earthen Castle]]||Haho-ri, [[Pukchong]]-gun||청해토성지||{{linktext|靑|海|土|城|址}}
|-
| 193 ||[[Pukkwan Victory Monument]]||Rimmyong-ri, [[Kimchaek]]||북관대첩비||{{linktext|北|關|大|捷|碑}}
|}

==See also==
{{portal|North Korea}}
* [[Cultural assets of North Korea]]
* [[National treasures of South Korea]]
* [[Complex of Koguryo Tombs]]
* [[History of Korea]]
* [[Culture of Korea]]
* [[List of World Heritage Sites in Asia#North Korea (1)]]

==Footnotes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* http://www.kcpia.or.kr/kcpia_mail/mail_template.php?menu=4&filetype=view&index_key=20
* http://cafe.naver.com/historyexam.cafe?iframe_url=/ArticleList.nhn%3F%26search.boardtype=%26search.menuid=333%26search.clubid=15134008%26search.totalCount=151%26search.page=5
* http://north.nricp.go.kr/nrth/kor/inx/index.jsp

[[Category:National Treasures of North Korea]]
[[Category:Visitor attractions in North Korea]]
[[Category:North Korea-related lists]]

Anju (Nordkorea)

2014-12-18T03:40:33Z

Ceosad: /* References */ nk portal

{{Infobox Settlement
| name = {{raise|0.1em|Anju}}
| native_name = {{lower|0.1em|{{nobold|안주시}}}}
| native_name_lang = ko
| official_name =
| settlement_type = [[List of cities in North Korea|Municipal City]]
| translit_lang1 = Korean
|translit_lang1_type = [[Hangul|Chosŏn'gŭl]]
|translit_lang1_info = {{linktext|안|주|시}}
| translit_lang1_type1 = [[Hancha]]
| translit_lang1_info1 = {{linktext|安|州|市}}
| translit_lang1_type2 = {{nowrap|[[McCune-Reischauer]]}}
| translit_lang1_info2 = Anju-si
| translit_lang1_type3 = {{nowrap|[[Revised Romanization]]}}
| translit_lang1_info3 = Anju-si
| image_skyline = Anjucity.jpg
| imagesize =
| image_caption = View of Anju
| image_map =
| mapsize =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[North Korea]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of North Korea|Province]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[South Pyongan Province]]
| area_total_km2 =
| population_as_of = 2008<ref name="NKCSB">North Korean Central Statistic Bureau, [http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_PHC/North_Korea/Final%20national%20census%20report.pdf 2008 Census].</ref>
| population_total = 240117
| population_density_km2 =
| parts_type = [[Administrative divisions of North Korea|Administrative divisions]]
| parts =
}}
'''Anju-si''' is a city in the [[South Pyongan]] province of [[North Korea]] at the coordinates of {{Coord|39.62|N|125.66|E}}. Its population was 240,117 in 2008.<ref name="NKCSB" /> The [[Ch'ongch'on River]] passes through Anju. [[image:DPRK rail station.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Sinanju railway station in the western part of Anju]]
Anju lies near large deposits of anthracite coal, and contains one of the largest coal production facilities in the country.<ref name="handbook">{{cite book |title=North Korea Handbook |year=2003 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |isbn=0765610043 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=JIlh9nNeadMC |accessdate=2012-07-18}}</ref>
The deposits contain more than 130 million metric tons of coal.<ref name="minind">{{cite article |title=The mineral industry of North Korea |last=Kuo |first=Chin S. |year=1994 |url=http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/country/1994/9315094.pdf |accessdate=2012-07-18}}</ref>

== References ==
{{portal|North Korea}}
<references />

==Further reading==

*Dormels, Rainer. North Korea's Cities: Industrial facilites, internal structures and typification. Jimoondang, 2014. ISBN 978-89-6297-167-5

==External links==
* [[List of cities in North Korea]]
* [http://www.univie.ac.at/koreanologie/fileadmin/user_upload/DigitalNK/Forschungsarbeit/Anju.pdf City profile of Anju]

{{Metropolitan cities of North Korea}}
{{South Pyongan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anju (City)}}
[[Category:Cities in South Pyongan]]

{{NorthKorea-geo-stub}}

Chinesische Schreibmaschine

2014-10-07T22:23:28Z

Ceosad: /* Ming Kwai typewriter */ new inline citation

{{use mdy dates|date=October 2014}}
{{chinesetext}}
[[File:Chinese typewriter.jpg|thumb|A mechanical Chinese typewriter. The characters can be assorted on the board and can be picked separately and then typed.]]
A '''Chinese typewriter''' is a [[typewriter]] that can type [[Chinese script]]. Early European typewriters began appearing in the early 19th century.<ref>{{cite book |last=Fuller |first=George Newman |date=1922 |title=Michigan history, Volume 6 |publisher=Michigan Department of State |page=191 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Revett |first=Kenneth |date=September 15, 2008 |title=Behavioral Biometrics: A Remote Access Approach |url=http://books.google.co.id/books?id=WCuSUufRewoC&pg=PA222&dq=pellegrino+turri+typewriter&hl=en&sa=X&ei=84OvU4ztE8m-uATm5oCYDw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=pellegrino%20turri%20typewriter&f=false |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |page=222 |accessdate=September 26, 2014 }}</ref> However, as the [[Chinese languages]] use a common [[logographic]] [[writing system]], fitting thousands of Chinese characters on the machine needed much more complex engineering than typewriters using a simple [[latin alphabet]], or other non-logographic scripts.<ref>{{cite book|last=Potowski|first=Kim|title=Language Diversity in the USA|year=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-74533-8|page=82|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=1uIC4wLNaeQC}}</ref><ref>Jing Tsu, "Lin Yutang's Typewriter," in ''Sound and Script in Chinese Diaspora'' (Harvard University Press, 2010; ISBN 978-0674055407), pp. 49–79.</ref> An ordinary Chinese printing office uses 6,000 Chinese characters.<ref name=NYT1916>{{citation|title=Chinaman Invents Chinese Typewriter Using 4,000 Characters |publisher=The New York Times |url=http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9503E0D8153BE233A25750C2A9619C946796D6CF |date=July 23, 1916}}</ref> Chinese typewriters, and similar [[Japanese typewriter|Japanese typewriters]] invented by [[Kyota Sugimoto]], which use [[kanji]] adopted from the Chinese writing system, started to appear only in the early 20th century.<ref name=NYT1916/><ref>{{Cite web |title=On This Day in Typewriter History: Sugimoto's Japanese Typewriter. |author=R Messenger |date=Nov 9, 2012 |accessdate=September 26, 2014 |url=http://oztypewriter.blogspot.de/2012/11/on-this-day-in-typewriter-history_3290.html |work=Australian Typewriter Museum}}</ref><ref name=Stanford2010>{{citation|title=Featured Research - world’s first history of the Chinese typewriter|publisher=Humanities at Stanford |url=http://shc.stanford.edu/news/research/featured-research-world%E2%80%99s-first-history-chinese-typewriter |date=January 2, 2010|accessdate=September 26, 2014}}</ref> There have been at least five dozen different versions of Chinese typewriters, ranging from sizable mechanical models to sophisticated electric [[word processor]]s.<ref name="Mullaney2009"/>

== Hou-Kun Chow typewriter ==
[[File:Hou-Kun Chow.jpg|thumb|Hou-Kun Chow, inventor of the first Chinese typewriter.]]

Hou-Kun Chow ({{zh|周厚坤}}), a mechanical engineer in Shanghai, is credited with inventing the first Chinese typewriter in 1916.<ref name=Stanford2010/> His typewriter utilized 4,000 characters. He had studied in the United States like several other Chinese who also contributed to the development of Chinese typewriters.<ref name=NYT1916/><ref name="Mullaney2009">{{Cite web |title=The Chinese Typewriter |last=Mullaney |first=Thomas |date=May 14, 2009 |accessdate=September 26, 2014 |url=http://thechinabeat.blogspot.com/2009/05/chinese-typewriter.html |work=The China Beat}}</ref> Hou-Kun first thought about the practicality of a Chinese typewriter in Boston, while he was inspecting American typewriters as a student of the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]. His efforts were initially hindered by a lack of technical assistance in Shanghai.<ref name=NYT1916/>

Hou-Kun considered it impossible to build a Chinese typewriter with separate keys for each Chinese character. The solution was a mechanical typewriter used a revolving cylinder to fit Chinese characters on the machine. They were ordered by [[Radical (Chinese character)|radicals]] and number of [[Stroke (CJKV character)|strokes]] on the cylinder, in a manner similar to [[Chinese dictionaries]]. This design however proved heavy, the machine initially weighing at {{convert|40|lb|kg}} and an improved version at about {{convert|30|lb|kg}}.<ref name=NYT1916/>

Hou-Kun expected his typewriter to be used in Chinese offices where multiple copies of documents would be required to be made, and by Chinese living in foreign countries due to their lack of access to the services of skilled writers familiar with Chinese characters.<ref name=NYT1916/>

== Ming Kwai typewriter ==
{{More footnotes|section|date=October 2014}}

[[File:Ming Kwai 1952 US 2613795 A.png|thumb|Ming Kwai typewriter invented by [[Lin Yutang]] as it appears in the United States patent.]]

The Ming Kwai typewriter is an [[electromechanical typewriter]] invented and patented by Dr. [[Lin Yutang]]. The patent, No. 2613795, was filed on April 17, 1946 by Lin, and was issued by the [[United States Patent and Trademark Office]] on October 14, 1952.<ref name=US1952>{{citation|title=Chinese typewriter|first= |last= |publisher=[[United States Patent and Trademark Office]] |url=https://www.google.com/patents/US2613795 |date=October 14, 1952|accessdate=October 8, 2014}}</ref> One of Lin's intentions was to help modernize China. Lin called his design the "Ming Kwai" typewriter and promoted it as "The Only Chinese Typewriter Designed for Everybody's Use". The two Chinese characters "Ming kwai" ({{zh|c=明快 |p=míngkuài |w=ming-k'uai}}) means "clear" (as in understandable) and "quick".

Lin had a prototype machine custom built by the Carl E. Krum Company, a small engineering-design consulting firm with an office in New York City. That multilingual typewriter was the size of a conventional office typewriter of the 1940s. It measured 36 × 46 × 23 cm (14" x 18" x 9"). The typefaces fit on a drum. A "magic eye" was mounted in the center of the keyboard which magnifies and allows the typist to review a selected character.<ref name=Sorrel2009>{{citation|title=How it Works: The Chinese Typewriter|first=Charlie |last=Sorrel |publisher=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |url=http://www.wired.com/gadgetlab/2009/02/how-it-works-ch/ |date=February 23, 2009|accessdate=September 26, 2014}}</ref> Characters are selected by first pressing two keys to choose a desired character which is arranged according to a system Lin devised for his dictionary of the Chinese language. The selected Chinese character appeared in the magic eye for preview,<ref name=Sorrel2009/> the typist then pressed a "master" key, similar to today's computer [[function key]]. The typewriter could create 90,000 distinct characters using either one or two of six character-containing rollers, which in combination has 7000 full characters and 1,400 character radicals or partial characters.<ref name=Sorrel2009/>

The inspired aspect of the typewriter was the system Lin devised for a Chinese script. It had thirty geometric shapes or strokes (somewhat analogous to the elements of a [[glyph]]). These became "letters" by which to alphabetize Chinese characters. He broke tradition with the long-standing system of radicals and [[stroke order]] writing and categorizing of Chinese characters, inventing a new way of seeing and categorizing.

The typewriter was not produced commercially. According to Lin's daughter, Lin Tai-Yi, the day she was to demonstrate the machine to executives of the [[Remington Typewriter Company]], they could not make it work. Although they did get the machine fixed for a press conference the next day, it was to no avail. Lin found himself deeply in debt. In 1947, Lin paid income taxes owed to the [[Internal Revenue Service]] and went to work in Paris for [[UNESCO]].

== Stone typewriter ==
In the midst of the [[Chinese economic reforms]] of the 1980s, both the need and the opportunity to create a modern Chinese typewriter became apparent. Old and inefficient mechanical typewriters were still in use although China's industries were modernizing. In the mid-1980s, it became possible for the Chinese to establish small private businesses called [[Township and Village Enterprises]]. At the time, this business model was effectively the only way that a private domestic company could operate in China.<ref name="yle">{{cite AV media | last1=Coldstream |first1=Rob| others=Translated by Kalle Mattila and Riitta Torikka | date=September 8, 2014| origyear=English original published in 2009 | title =Kiinalainen kapitalismi | trans_title =China's Capitalist Revolution | medium =Television production| language =fi | url =http://areena.yle.fi/tv/522576| accessdate =September 26, 2014 | publisher = [[Brook Lapping]] for [[BBC]]; [[Yle]]}}</ref> Engineer and [[List of Chinese dissidents|dissident]] [[Wan Runnan]] and his partners took advantage of the new legislation to form their IT company [[Stone Emerging Industries Company]] ({{zh|Sitong xinxing chanye gongsi}}) in 1984 in [[Zhongguancun]], China's "Silicon Valley". Although described with various terms of [[civilian-run enterprise|"people-run enterprise"]] by officials, there was no legal category that would correspond to it. Wan and his partners had to operate the company as a "red hat capitalist" firm which was formally a collective enterprise but in reality pursued private profit and expansion into new markets.<ref name="Kennedy1997">{{cite journal| last = Kennedy| first = Scott| year = 1997| title = The Stone Group: State Client of Market Pathbreaker?| jstor =655558| journal = [[The China Quarterly]]| publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]]| volume = 152| issue = December 1997| pages = 752-756| doi = 10.1017/S0305741000047548}}</ref>

The Stone company became interested in solving the problem of combining Chinese characters with modern electronic text input when Wang Jizhi, who had worked in the field for the government, joined the company. He met Japanese executives from [[Mitsui & Co.|Mitsui]] at a trade show for foreign electronics. Wang succeeded in securing a deal for developing a software to allow a [[Brother Industries]] [[dot matrix printer]], distributed by Mitsui, to print Chinese characters. The success of their printer software lead Stone and Mitsui to cooperate again in 1985 to develop and market an electric typewriter or [[word processor]]: the MS-2400. The improved MS-2401 could type 200 characters per minute making it perform equally well as an [[IBM personal computer]], a substantial improvement compared to just 20 on the old mechanical typewriters.<ref name="Kennedy1997" /><ref name="Sorrel2009"/> The typewriters could print in both English and Chinese.<ref name="Solinger1993">{{cite book|author=Dorothy J. Solinger|title=China's Transition from Socialism: Statist Legacies and Market Reforms, 1980-1990|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=tWO2jkSwkeIC&pg=PA266|year=1993|publisher=[[M.E. Sharpe]]|location=New York|isbn=978-1-56324-068-3|pages=266}}</ref> Stone became one of the most successful IT companies in China and remained the dominant producer of Chinese word processors until the mid-1990s.<ref name="Kennedy1997" />

== Cultural and technological impact ==

Between the 1930s and 1950s, Chinese typewriters had a political implication, as they were used in mass-production of leaflets and pamphlets. The typewriters also gained popular appeal and changed Chinese office work.<ref name=Stanford2010/>

According to [[Thomas Mullaney]] it is possible, that development of modern Chinese typewriters in the 1960s and 1970s influenced the development of modern computers of word processors and even affected the development of computers. Chinese typewriter engineers were trying to make the most common characters to be accessible at the fastest speed possible by [[word prediction]], a technique used today in [[Chinese input methods for computers]], as well as in text messaging in many languages.<ref name=Stanford2010/><ref name="Sorrel2009"/>

Chinese typewriter has become a metaphor for absurdity, complexity and backwardness in Western popular culture. One such example is [[MC Hammer]]'s dance move named after the Chinese typewriter in the music video for "[[U Can't Touch This]]". The move with its fast paced and large gestures supposedly resembles a person working on a humongous and complex typewriter.<ref name=Stanford2010/>

== Notes ==

{{reflist}}

== References ==

{{refbegin}}
* Bliven, Bruce Jr. ''The Wonderful Writing Machine''. New York: Random House, 1954.
* Chinese Typewriter: A Real Character Study", ''Business Week'' (August 30, 1947), p. 16.
* Lin, Tai-Yi. "My Father, Lin Yutang", ''Reader's Digest'' (December 1990) p:161-191.
* Lin, Yutang, ''Lin Yutang's Chinese-English Dictionary of Modern Usage''. Hong Kong: The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1972.
* Tsu, Jing. "Lin Yutang's Typewriter." In ''Sound and Script in Chinese Diaspora''. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2010, pp. 49-79.
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Portal|China}}
* [http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=1548 Chinese Typewriter], [[Language Log]]
* [http://tsmullaney.com/?page_id=303 Chinese Typewriter], [[Thomas Mullaney]]
* [http://www.wired.com/gadgetlab/2009/02/how-it-works-ch/ How it Works: The Chinese Typewriter], [[Wired (magazine)]]
* [http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2009/04/history-of-a-%E2%80%98scribal-machine%E2%80%99/ History of a "Scribal Machine"], [[The Harvard Gazette]] (April 2, 2009)
[[Category:Chinese orthography]]
[[Category:Han character input]]
[[Category:Text]]
[[Category:Typewriters]]

Chinesische Schreibmaschine

2014-10-07T21:57:15Z

Ceosad: /* Ming Kwai typewriter */ replacement image for the deleted

{{use mdy dates|date=October 2014}}
{{chinesetext}}
[[File:Chinese typewriter.jpg|thumb|A mechanical Chinese typewriter. The characters can be assorted on the board and can be picked separately and then typed.]]
A '''Chinese typewriter''' is a [[typewriter]] that can type [[Chinese script]]. Early European typewriters began appearing in the early 19th century.<ref>{{cite book |last=Fuller |first=George Newman |date=1922 |title=Michigan history, Volume 6 |publisher=Michigan Department of State |page=191 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Revett |first=Kenneth |date=September 15, 2008 |title=Behavioral Biometrics: A Remote Access Approach |url=http://books.google.co.id/books?id=WCuSUufRewoC&pg=PA222&dq=pellegrino+turri+typewriter&hl=en&sa=X&ei=84OvU4ztE8m-uATm5oCYDw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=pellegrino%20turri%20typewriter&f=false |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |page=222 |accessdate=September 26, 2014 }}</ref> However, as the [[Chinese languages]] use a common [[logographic]] [[writing system]], fitting thousands of Chinese characters on the machine needed much more complex engineering than typewriters using a simple [[latin alphabet]], or other non-logographic scripts.<ref>{{cite book|last=Potowski|first=Kim|title=Language Diversity in the USA|year=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-74533-8|page=82|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=1uIC4wLNaeQC}}</ref><ref>Jing Tsu, "Lin Yutang's Typewriter," in ''Sound and Script in Chinese Diaspora'' (Harvard University Press, 2010; ISBN 978-0674055407), pp. 49–79.</ref> An ordinary Chinese printing office uses 6,000 Chinese characters.<ref name=NYT1916>{{citation|title=Chinaman Invents Chinese Typewriter Using 4,000 Characters |publisher=The New York Times |url=http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9503E0D8153BE233A25750C2A9619C946796D6CF |date=July 23, 1916}}</ref> Chinese typewriters, and similar [[Japanese typewriter|Japanese typewriters]] invented by [[Kyota Sugimoto]], which use [[kanji]] adopted from the Chinese writing system, started to appear only in the early 20th century.<ref name=NYT1916/><ref>{{Cite web |title=On This Day in Typewriter History: Sugimoto's Japanese Typewriter. |author=R Messenger |date=Nov 9, 2012 |accessdate=September 26, 2014 |url=http://oztypewriter.blogspot.de/2012/11/on-this-day-in-typewriter-history_3290.html |work=Australian Typewriter Museum}}</ref><ref name=Stanford2010>{{citation|title=Featured Research - world’s first history of the Chinese typewriter|publisher=Humanities at Stanford |url=http://shc.stanford.edu/news/research/featured-research-world%E2%80%99s-first-history-chinese-typewriter |date=January 2, 2010|accessdate=September 26, 2014}}</ref> There have been at least five dozen different versions of Chinese typewriters, ranging from sizable mechanical models to sophisticated electric [[word processor]]s.<ref name="Mullaney2009"/>

== Hou-Kun Chow typewriter ==
[[File:Hou-Kun Chow.jpg|thumb|Hou-Kun Chow, inventor of the first Chinese typewriter.]]

Hou-Kun Chow ({{zh|周厚坤}}), a mechanical engineer in Shanghai, is credited with inventing the first Chinese typewriter in 1916.<ref name=Stanford2010/> His typewriter utilized 4,000 characters. He had studied in the United States like several other Chinese who also contributed to the development of Chinese typewriters.<ref name=NYT1916/><ref name="Mullaney2009">{{Cite web |title=The Chinese Typewriter |last=Mullaney |first=Thomas |date=May 14, 2009 |accessdate=September 26, 2014 |url=http://thechinabeat.blogspot.com/2009/05/chinese-typewriter.html |work=The China Beat}}</ref> Hou-Kun first thought about the practicality of a Chinese typewriter in Boston, while he was inspecting American typewriters as a student of the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]. His efforts were initially hindered by a lack of technical assistance in Shanghai.<ref name=NYT1916/>

Hou-Kun considered it impossible to build a Chinese typewriter with separate keys for each Chinese character. The solution was a mechanical typewriter used a revolving cylinder to fit Chinese characters on the machine. They were ordered by [[Radical (Chinese character)|radicals]] and number of [[Stroke (CJKV character)|strokes]] on the cylinder, in a manner similar to [[Chinese dictionaries]]. This design however proved heavy, the machine initially weighing at {{convert|40|lb|kg}} and an improved version at about {{convert|30|lb|kg}}.<ref name=NYT1916/>

Hou-Kun expected his typewriter to be used in Chinese offices where multiple copies of documents would be required to be made, and by Chinese living in foreign countries due to their lack of access to the services of skilled writers familiar with Chinese characters.<ref name=NYT1916/>

== Ming Kwai typewriter ==
{{More footnotes|section|date=October 2014}}

[[File:Ming Kwai 1952 US 2613795 A.png|thumb|Ming Kwai typewriter invented by [[Lin Yutang]] as it appears in the United States patent.]]

The Ming Kwai typewriter is an [[electromechanical typewriter]] invented and patented by Dr. [[Lin Yutang]]. The patent, No. 2613795, was filed on April 17, 1946 by Lin, and was issued by the [[United States Patent and Trademark Office]] on October 14, 1952. One of Lin's intentions was to help modernize China. Lin called his design the "Ming Kwai" typewriter and promoted it as "The Only Chinese Typewriter Designed for Everybody's Use". The two Chinese characters "Ming kwai" ({{zh|c=明快 |p=míngkuài |w=ming-k'uai}}) means "clear" (as in understandable) and "quick".

Lin had a prototype machine custom built by the Carl E. Krum Company, a small engineering-design consulting firm with an office in New York City. That multilingual typewriter was the size of a conventional office typewriter of the 1940s. It measured 36 × 46 × 23 cm (14" x 18" x 9"). The typefaces fit on a drum. A "magic eye" was mounted in the center of the keyboard which magnifies and allows the typist to review a selected character.<ref name=Sorrel2009>{{citation|title=How it Works: The Chinese Typewriter|first=Charlie |last=Sorrel |publisher=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |url=http://www.wired.com/gadgetlab/2009/02/how-it-works-ch/ |date=February 23, 2009|accessdate=September 26, 2014}}</ref> Characters are selected by first pressing two keys to choose a desired character which is arranged according to a system Lin devised for his dictionary of the Chinese language. The selected Chinese character appeared in the magic eye for preview,<ref name=Sorrel2009/> the typist then pressed a "master" key, similar to today's computer [[function key]]. The typewriter could create 90,000 distinct characters using either one or two of six character-containing rollers, which in combination has 7000 full characters and 1,400 character radicals or partial characters.<ref name=Sorrel2009/>

The inspired aspect of the typewriter was the system Lin devised for a Chinese script. It had thirty geometric shapes or strokes (somewhat analogous to the elements of a [[glyph]]). These became "letters" by which to alphabetize Chinese characters. He broke tradition with the long-standing system of radicals and [[stroke order]] writing and categorizing of Chinese characters, inventing a new way of seeing and categorizing.

The typewriter was not produced commercially. According to Lin's daughter, Lin Tai-Yi, the day she was to demonstrate the machine to executives of the [[Remington Typewriter Company]], they could not make it work. Although they did get the machine fixed for a press conference the next day, it was to no avail. Lin found himself deeply in debt. In 1947, Lin paid income taxes owed to the [[Internal Revenue Service]] and went to work in Paris for [[UNESCO]].

== Stone typewriter ==
In the midst of the [[Chinese economic reforms]] of the 1980s, both the need and the opportunity to create a modern Chinese typewriter became apparent. Old and inefficient mechanical typewriters were still in use although China's industries were modernizing. In the mid-1980s, it became possible for the Chinese to establish small private businesses called [[Township and Village Enterprises]]. At the time, this business model was effectively the only way that a private domestic company could operate in China.<ref name="yle">{{cite AV media | last1=Coldstream |first1=Rob| others=Translated by Kalle Mattila and Riitta Torikka | date=September 8, 2014| origyear=English original published in 2009 | title =Kiinalainen kapitalismi | trans_title =China's Capitalist Revolution | medium =Television production| language =fi | url =http://areena.yle.fi/tv/522576| accessdate =September 26, 2014 | publisher = [[Brook Lapping]] for [[BBC]]; [[Yle]]}}</ref> Engineer and [[List of Chinese dissidents|dissident]] [[Wan Runnan]] and his partners took advantage of the new legislation to form their IT company [[Stone Emerging Industries Company]] ({{zh|Sitong xinxing chanye gongsi}}) in 1984 in [[Zhongguancun]], China's "Silicon Valley". Although described with various terms of [[civilian-run enterprise|"people-run enterprise"]] by officials, there was no legal category that would correspond to it. Wan and his partners had to operate the company as a "red hat capitalist" firm which was formally a collective enterprise but in reality pursued private profit and expansion into new markets.<ref name="Kennedy1997">{{cite journal| last = Kennedy| first = Scott| year = 1997| title = The Stone Group: State Client of Market Pathbreaker?| jstor =655558| journal = [[The China Quarterly]]| publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]]| volume = 152| issue = December 1997| pages = 752-756| doi = 10.1017/S0305741000047548}}</ref>

The Stone company became interested in solving the problem of combining Chinese characters with modern electronic text input when Wang Jizhi, who had worked in the field for the government, joined the company. He met Japanese executives from [[Mitsui & Co.|Mitsui]] at a trade show for foreign electronics. Wang succeeded in securing a deal for developing a software to allow a [[Brother Industries]] [[dot matrix printer]], distributed by Mitsui, to print Chinese characters. The success of their printer software lead Stone and Mitsui to cooperate again in 1985 to develop and market an electric typewriter or [[word processor]]: the MS-2400. The improved MS-2401 could type 200 characters per minute making it perform equally well as an [[IBM personal computer]], a substantial improvement compared to just 20 on the old mechanical typewriters.<ref name="Kennedy1997" /><ref name="Sorrel2009"/> The typewriters could print in both English and Chinese.<ref name="Solinger1993">{{cite book|author=Dorothy J. Solinger|title=China's Transition from Socialism: Statist Legacies and Market Reforms, 1980-1990|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=tWO2jkSwkeIC&pg=PA266|year=1993|publisher=[[M.E. Sharpe]]|location=New York|isbn=978-1-56324-068-3|pages=266}}</ref> Stone became one of the most successful IT companies in China and remained the dominant producer of Chinese word processors until the mid-1990s.<ref name="Kennedy1997" />

== Cultural and technological impact ==

Between the 1930s and 1950s, Chinese typewriters had a political implication, as they were used in mass-production of leaflets and pamphlets. The typewriters also gained popular appeal and changed Chinese office work.<ref name=Stanford2010/>

According to [[Thomas Mullaney]] it is possible, that development of modern Chinese typewriters in the 1960s and 1970s influenced the development of modern computers of word processors and even affected the development of computers. Chinese typewriter engineers were trying to make the most common characters to be accessible at the fastest speed possible by [[word prediction]], a technique used today in [[Chinese input methods for computers]], as well as in text messaging in many languages.<ref name=Stanford2010/><ref name="Sorrel2009"/>

Chinese typewriter has become a metaphor for absurdity, complexity and backwardness in Western popular culture. One such example is [[MC Hammer]]'s dance move named after the Chinese typewriter in the music video for "[[U Can't Touch This]]". The move with its fast paced and large gestures supposedly resembles a person working on a humongous and complex typewriter.<ref name=Stanford2010/>

== Notes ==

{{reflist}}

== References ==

{{refbegin}}
* Bliven, Bruce Jr. ''The Wonderful Writing Machine''. New York: Random House, 1954.
* Chinese Typewriter: A Real Character Study", ''Business Week'' (August 30, 1947), p. 16.
* Lin, Tai-Yi. "My Father, Lin Yutang", ''Reader's Digest'' (December 1990) p:161-191.
* Lin, Yutang, ''Lin Yutang's Chinese-English Dictionary of Modern Usage''. Hong Kong: The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1972.
* Tsu, Jing. "Lin Yutang's Typewriter." In ''Sound and Script in Chinese Diaspora''. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2010, pp. 49-79.
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Portal|China}}
* [http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=1548 Chinese Typewriter], [[Language Log]]
* [http://tsmullaney.com/?page_id=303 Chinese Typewriter], [[Thomas Mullaney]]
* [http://www.wired.com/gadgetlab/2009/02/how-it-works-ch/ How it Works: The Chinese Typewriter], [[Wired (magazine)]]
* [http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2009/04/history-of-a-%E2%80%98scribal-machine%E2%80%99/ History of a "Scribal Machine"], [[The Harvard Gazette]] (April 2, 2009)
[[Category:Chinese orthography]]
[[Category:Han character input]]
[[Category:Text]]
[[Category:Typewriters]]

Chinesische Schreibmaschine

2014-10-06T18:32:38Z

Ceosad: /* Ming Kwai typewriter */ missing inline citations note

{{use mdy dates|date=October 2014}}
{{chinesetext}}
[[File:Chinese typewriter.jpg|thumb|A mechanical Chinese typewriter. The characters can be assorted on the board and can be picked separately and then typed.]]
A '''Chinese typewriter''' is a [[typewriter]] that can type [[Chinese script]]. Early European typewriters began appearing in the early 19th century.<ref>{{cite book |last=Fuller |first=George Newman |date=1922 |title=Michigan history, Volume 6 |publisher=Michigan Department of State |page=191 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Revett |first=Kenneth |date=September 15, 2008 |title=Behavioral Biometrics: A Remote Access Approach |url=http://books.google.co.id/books?id=WCuSUufRewoC&pg=PA222&dq=pellegrino+turri+typewriter&hl=en&sa=X&ei=84OvU4ztE8m-uATm5oCYDw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=pellegrino%20turri%20typewriter&f=false |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |page=222 |accessdate=September 26, 2014 }}</ref> However, as the [[Chinese languages]] use a common [[logographic]] [[writing system]], fitting thousands of Chinese characters on the machine needed much more complex engineering than typewriters using a simple [[latin alphabet]], or other non-logographic scripts.<ref>{{cite book|last=Potowski|first=Kim|title=Language Diversity in the USA|year=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-74533-8|page=82|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=1uIC4wLNaeQC}}</ref><ref>Jing Tsu, "Lin Yutang's Typewriter," in ''Sound and Script in Chinese Diaspora'' (Harvard University Press, 2010; ISBN 978-0674055407), pp. 49–79.</ref> An ordinary Chinese printing office uses 6,000 Chinese characters.<ref name=NYT1916>{{citation|title=Chinaman Invents Chinese Typewriter Using 4,000 Characters |publisher=The New York Times |url=http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9503E0D8153BE233A25750C2A9619C946796D6CF |date=July 23, 1916}}</ref> Chinese typewriters, and similar [[Japanese typewriter|Japanese typewriters]] invented by [[Kyota Sugimoto]], which use [[kanji]] adopted from the Chinese writing system, started to appear only in the early 20th century.<ref name=NYT1916/><ref>{{Cite web |title=On This Day in Typewriter History: Sugimoto's Japanese Typewriter. |author=R Messenger |date=Nov 9, 2012 |accessdate=September 26, 2014 |url=http://oztypewriter.blogspot.de/2012/11/on-this-day-in-typewriter-history_3290.html |work=Australian Typewriter Museum}}</ref><ref name=Stanford2010>{{citation|title=Featured Research - world’s first history of the Chinese typewriter|publisher=Humanities at Stanford |url=http://shc.stanford.edu/news/research/featured-research-world%E2%80%99s-first-history-chinese-typewriter |date=January 2, 2010|accessdate=September 26, 2014}}</ref> There have been at least five dozen different versions of Chinese typewriters, ranging from sizable mechanical models to sophisticated electric [[word processor]]s.<ref name="Mullaney2009"/>

== Hou-Kun Chow typewriter ==
[[File:Hou-Kun Chow.jpg|thumb|Hou-Kun Chow, inventor of the first Chinese typewriter.]]

Hou-Kun Chow ({{zh|周厚坤}}), a mechanical engineer in Shanghai, is credited with inventing the first Chinese typewriter in 1916.<ref name=Stanford2010/> His typewriter utilized 4,000 characters. He had studied in the United States like several other Chinese who also contributed to the development of Chinese typewriters.<ref name=NYT1916/><ref name="Mullaney2009">{{Cite web |title=The Chinese Typewriter |last=Mullaney |first=Thomas |date=May 14, 2009 |accessdate=September 26, 2014 |url=http://thechinabeat.blogspot.com/2009/05/chinese-typewriter.html |work=The China Beat}}</ref> Hou-Kun first thought about the practicality of a Chinese typewriter in Boston, while he was inspecting American typewriters as a student of the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]. His efforts were initially hindered by a lack of technical assistance in Shanghai.<ref name=NYT1916/>

Hou-Kun considered it impossible to build a Chinese typewriter with separate keys for each Chinese character. The solution was a mechanical typewriter used a revolving cylinder to fit Chinese characters on the machine. They were ordered by [[Radical (Chinese character)|radicals]] and number of [[Stroke (CJKV character)|strokes]] on the cylinder, in a manner similar to [[Chinese dictionaries]]. This design however proved heavy, the machine initially weighing at {{convert|40|lb|kg}} and an improved version at about {{convert|30|lb|kg}}.<ref name=NYT1916/>

Hou-Kun expected his typewriter to be used in Chinese offices where multiple copies of documents would be required to be made, and by Chinese living in foreign countries due to their lack of access to the services of skilled writers familiar with Chinese characters.<ref name=NYT1916/>

== Ming Kwai typewriter ==
{{More footnotes|section|date=October 2014}}
[[File:MINGKWAI.jpg|thumb|Ming Kwai typewriter]]

The Ming Kwai typewriter is an [[electromechanical typewriter]] invented and patented by Dr. [[Lin Yutang]]. The patent, No. 2613795, was filed on April 17, 1946 by Lin, and was issued by the [[United States Patent and Trademark Office]] on October 14, 1952. One of Lin's intentions was to help modernize China. Lin called his design the "Ming Kwai" typewriter and promoted it as "The Only Chinese Typewriter Designed for Everybody's Use". The two Chinese characters "Ming kwai" ({{zh|c=明快 |p=míngkuài |w=ming-k'uai}}) means "clear" (as in understandable) and "quick".

Lin had a prototype machine custom built by the Carl E. Krum Company, a small engineering-design consulting firm with an office in New York City. That multilingual typewriter was the size of a conventional office typewriter of the 1940s. It measured 36 × 46 × 23 cm (14" x 18" x 9"). The typefaces fit on a drum. A "magic eye" was mounted in the center of the keyboard which magnifies and allows the typist to review a selected character.<ref name=Sorrel2009>{{citation|title=How it Works: The Chinese Typewriter|first=Charlie |last=Sorrel |publisher=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |url=http://www.wired.com/gadgetlab/2009/02/how-it-works-ch/ |date=February 23, 2009|accessdate=September 26, 2014}}</ref> Characters are selected by first pressing two keys to choose a desired character which is arranged according to a system Lin devised for his dictionary of the Chinese language. The selected Chinese character appeared in the magic eye for preview,<ref name=Sorrel2009/> the typist then pressed a "master" key, similar to today's computer [[function key]]. The typewriter could create 90,000 distinct characters using either one or two of six character-containing rollers, which in combination has 7000 full characters and 1,400 character radicals or partial characters.<ref name=Sorrel2009/>

The inspired aspect of the typewriter was the system Lin devised for a Chinese script. It had thirty geometric shapes or strokes (somewhat analogous to the elements of a [[glyph]]). These became "letters" by which to alphabetize Chinese characters. He broke tradition with the long-standing system of radicals and [[stroke order]] writing and categorizing of Chinese characters, inventing a new way of seeing and categorizing.

The typewriter was not produced commercially. According to Lin's daughter, Lin Tai-Yi, the day she was to demonstrate the machine to executives of the [[Remington Typewriter Company]], they could not make it work. Although they did get the machine fixed for a press conference the next day, it was to no avail. Lin found himself deeply in debt. In 1947, Lin paid income taxes owed to the [[Internal Revenue Service]] and went to work in Paris for [[UNESCO]].

== Stone typewriter ==
In the midst of the [[Chinese economic reforms]] of the 1980s, both the need and the opportunity to create a modern Chinese typewriter became apparent. Old and inefficient mechanical typewriters were still in use although China's industries were modernizing. In the mid-1980s, it became possible for the Chinese to establish small private businesses called [[Township and Village Enterprises]]. At the time, this business model was effectively the only way that a private domestic company could operate in China.<ref name="yle">{{cite AV media | last1=Coldstream |first1=Rob| others=Translated by Kalle Mattila and Riitta Torikka | date=September 8, 2014| origyear=English original published in 2009 | title =Kiinalainen kapitalismi | trans_title =China's Capitalist Revolution | medium =Television production| language =fi | url =http://areena.yle.fi/tv/522576| accessdate =September 26, 2014 | publisher = [[Brook Lapping]] for [[BBC]]; [[Yle]]}}</ref> Engineer and [[List of Chinese dissidents|dissident]] [[Wan Runnan]] and his partners took advantage of the new legislation to form their IT company [[Stone Emerging Industries Company]] ({{zh|Sitong xinxing chanye gongsi}}) in 1984 in [[Zhongguancun]], China's "Silicon Valley". Although described with various terms of [[civilian-run enterprise|"people-run enterprise"]] by officials, there was no legal category that would correspond to it. Wan and his partners had to operate the company as a "red hat capitalist" firm which was formally a collective enterprise but in reality pursued private profit and expansion into new markets.<ref name="Kennedy1997">{{cite journal| last = Kennedy| first = Scott| year = 1997| title = The Stone Group: State Client of Market Pathbreaker?| jstor =655558| journal = [[The China Quarterly]]| publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]]| volume = 152| issue = December 1997| pages = 752-756| doi = 10.1017/S0305741000047548}}</ref>

The Stone company became interested in solving the problem of combining Chinese characters with modern electronic text input when Wang Jizhi, who had worked in the field for the government, joined the company. He met Japanese executives from [[Mitsui & Co.|Mitsui]] at a trade show for foreign electronics. Wang succeeded in securing a deal for developing a software to allow a [[Brother Industries]] [[dot matrix printer]], distributed by Mitsui, to print Chinese characters. The success of their printer software lead Stone and Mitsui to cooperate again in 1985 to develop and market an electric typewriter or [[word processor]]: the MS-2400. The improved MS-2401 could type 200 characters per minute making it perform equally well as an [[IBM personal computer]], a substantial improvement compared to just 20 on the old mechanical typewriters.<ref name="Kennedy1997" /><ref name="Sorrel2009"/> The typewriters could print in both English and Chinese.<ref name="Solinger1993">{{cite book|author=Dorothy J. Solinger|title=China's Transition from Socialism: Statist Legacies and Market Reforms, 1980-1990|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=tWO2jkSwkeIC&pg=PA266|year=1993|publisher=[[M.E. Sharpe]]|location=New York|isbn=978-1-56324-068-3|pages=266}}</ref> Stone became one of the most successful IT companies in China and remained the dominant producer of Chinese word processors until the mid-1990s.<ref name="Kennedy1997" />

== Cultural and technological impact ==

Between the 1930s and 1950s, Chinese typewriters had a political implication, as they were used in mass-production of leaflets and pamphlets. The typewriters also gained popular appeal and changed Chinese office work.<ref name=Stanford2010/>

According to [[Thomas Mullaney]] it is possible, that development of modern Chinese typewriters in the 1960s and 1970s influenced the development of modern computers of word processors and even affected the development of computers. Chinese typewriter engineers were trying to make the most common characters to be accessible at the fastest speed possible by [[word prediction]], a technique used today in [[Chinese input methods for computers]], as well as in text messaging in many languages.<ref name=Stanford2010/><ref name="Sorrel2009"/>

Chinese typewriter has become a metaphor for absurdity, complexity and backwardness in Western popular culture. One such example is [[MC Hammer]]'s dance move named after the Chinese typewriter in the music video for "[[U Can't Touch This]]". The move with its fast paced and large gestures supposedly resembles a person working on a humongous and complex typewriter.<ref name=Stanford2010/>

== Notes ==

{{reflist}}

== References ==

{{refbegin}}
* Bliven, Bruce Jr. ''The Wonderful Writing Machine''. New York: Random House, 1954.
* Chinese Typewriter: A Real Character Study", ''Business Week'' (August 30, 1947), p. 16.
* Lin, Tai-Yi. "My Father, Lin Yutang", ''Reader's Digest'' (December 1990) p:161-191.
* Lin, Yutang, ''Lin Yutang's Chinese-English Dictionary of Modern Usage''. Hong Kong: The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1972.
* Tsu, Jing. "Lin Yutang's Typewriter." In ''Sound and Script in Chinese Diaspora''. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2010, pp. 49-79.
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Portal|China}}
* [http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=1548 Chinese Typewriter], [[Language Log]]
* [http://tsmullaney.com/?page_id=303 Chinese Typewriter], [[Thomas Mullaney]]
* [http://www.wired.com/gadgetlab/2009/02/how-it-works-ch/ How it Works: The Chinese Typewriter], [[Wired (magazine)]]
* [http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2009/04/history-of-a-%E2%80%98scribal-machine%E2%80%99/ History of a "Scribal Machine"], [[The Harvard Gazette]] (April 2, 2009)
[[Category:Chinese orthography]]
[[Category:Han character input]]
[[Category:Text]]
[[Category:Typewriters]]

Chinesische Schreibmaschine

2014-09-26T20:16:06Z

Ceosad: I was WP:BEBOLD and expanded the article greatly in collaboration with User:Finnusertop. See my sandbox for the earlier edit history. sandbox

{{chinesetext}}
[[File:Chinese typewriter.jpg|thumb|A mechanical Chinese typewriter. The characters can be assorted on the board and can be picked separately and then typed.]]
A '''Chinese typewriter''' is a [[typewriter]] that can type [[Chinese script]]. Early European typewriters began appearing in the early 19th century.<ref>{{cite book |last=Fuller |first=George Newman |date=1922 |title=Michigan history, Volume 6 |publisher=Michigan Department of State |page=191 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Revett |first=Kenneth |date=15 September 2008 |title=Behavioral Biometrics: A Remote Access Approach |url=http://books.google.co.id/books?id=WCuSUufRewoC&pg=PA222&dq=pellegrino+turri+typewriter&hl=en&sa=X&ei=84OvU4ztE8m-uATm5oCYDw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=pellegrino%20turri%20typewriter&f=false |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |page=222 |accessdate=26 September 2014 }}</ref> However, as the [[Chinese languages]] use a common [[logographic]] [[writing system]], fitting thousands of Chinese characters on the machine needed much more complex engineering than typewriters using a simple [[latin alphabet]], or other non-logographic scripts.<ref>{{cite book|last=Potowski|first=Kim|title=Language Diversity in the USA|year=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-74533-8|page=82|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=1uIC4wLNaeQC}}</ref><ref>Jing Tsu, "Lin Yutang's Typewriter," in ''Sound and Script in Chinese Diaspora'' (Harvard University Press, 2010; ISBN 978-0674055407), pp. 49–79.</ref> An ordinary Chinese printing office uses 6,000 Chinese characters.<ref name=NYT1916>{{citation|title=Chinaman Invents Chinese Typewriter Using 4,000 Characters |publisher=The New York Times |url=http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9503E0D8153BE233A25750C2A9619C946796D6CF |date=July 23, 1916}}</ref> Chinese typewriters, and similar [[Japanese typewriter|Japanese typewriters]] invented by [[Kyota Sugimoto]], which use [[kanji]] adopted from the Chinese writing system, started to appear only in the early 20th century.<ref name=NYT1916/><ref>{{Cite web |title=On This Day in Typewriter History: Sugimoto's Japanese Typewriter. |author=R Messenger |date=Nov 9, 2012 |accessdate=September 26, 2014 |url=http://oztypewriter.blogspot.de/2012/11/on-this-day-in-typewriter-history_3290.html |work=Australian Typewriter Museum}}</ref><ref name=Stanford2010>{{citation|title=Featured Research - world’s first history of the Chinese typewriter|publisher=Humanities at Stanford |url=http://shc.stanford.edu/news/research/featured-research-world%E2%80%99s-first-history-chinese-typewriter |date=January 2, 2010|accessdate=September 26, 2014}}</ref> There have been at least five dozen different versions of Chinese typewriters, ranging from sizable mechanical models to sophisticated electric [[word processor]]s.<ref name="Mullaney2009"/>

== Hou-Kun Chow typewriter ==
[[File:Hou-Kun Chow.jpg|thumb|Hou-Kun Chow, inventor of an early Chinese typewriter.]]

Hou-Kun Chow ({{zh|周厚坤}}), a mechanical engineer in Shanghai, is credited with inventing the first Chinese typewriter in 1916.<ref name=Stanford2010/> His typewriter utilized 4,000 characters. He had studied in the United States like several other Chinese who also contributed to the development of Chinese typewriters.<ref name=NYT1916/><ref name="Mullaney2009">{{Cite web |title=The Chinese Typewriter |last=Mullaney |first=Thomas |date=May 14, 2009 |accessdate=September 26, 2014 |url=http://thechinabeat.blogspot.com/2009/05/chinese-typewriter.html |work=The China Beat}}</ref> Hou-Kun first thought about the practicality of a Chinese typewriter in Boston, while he was inspecting American typewriters as a student of the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]. His efforts were initially hindered by a lack of technical assistance in Shanghai.<ref name=NYT1916/>

Hou-Kun considered it impossible to build a Chinese typewriter with separate keys for each Chinese character. The solution was a mechanical typewriter used a revolving cylinder to fit Chinese characters on the machine. They were ordered by [[Radical (Chinese character)|radicals]] and number of [[Stroke (CJKV character)|strokes]] on the cylinder, in a manner similar to [[Chinese dictionaries]]. This design however proved heavy, the machine initially weighing at {{convert|40|lb|kg}} and an improved version at about {{convert|30|lb|kg}}.<ref name=NYT1916/>

Hou-Kun expected his typewriter to be used in Chinese offices where multiple copies of documents would be required to be made, and by Chinese living in foreign countries due to their lack of access to the services of skilled writers familiar with Chinese characters.<ref name=NYT1916/>

== Ming Kwai typewriter ==
[[File:MINGKWAI.jpg|thumb|Ming Kwai typewriter]]

The Ming Kwai typewriter is an [[electromechanical typewriter]] invented and patented by Dr. [[Lin Yutang]]. The patent, No. 2613795, was filed on April 17, 1946 by Lin, and was issued by the [[United States Patent and Trademark Office]] on October 14, 1952. One of Lin's intentions was to help modernize China. Lin called his design the "Ming Kwai" typewriter and promoted it as "The Only Chinese Typewriter Designed for Everybody's Use". The two Chinese characters "Ming kwai" ({{zh|c=明快 |p=míngkuài |w=ming-k'uai}}) means "clear" (as in understandable) and "quick".

Lin had a prototype machine custom built by the Carl E. Krum Company, a small engineering-design consulting firm with an office in New York City. That multilingual typewriter was the size of a conventional office typewriter of the 1940s. It measured 36 × 46 × 23 cm (14" x 18" x 9"). The typefaces fit on a drum. A "magic eye" was mounted in the center of the keyboard which magnifies and allows the typist to review a selected character.<ref name=Sorrel2009>{{citation|title=How it Works: The Chinese Typewriter|first=Charlie |last=Sorrel |publisher=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |url=http://www.wired.com/gadgetlab/2009/02/how-it-works-ch/ |date=February 23, 2009|accessdate=September 26, 2014}}</ref> Characters are selected by first pressing two keys to choose a desired character which is arranged according to a system Lin devised for his dictionary of the Chinese language. The selected Chinese character appeared in the magic eye for preview,<ref name=Sorrel2009/> the typist then pressed a "master" key, similar to today's computer [[function key]]. The typewriter could create 90,000 distinct characters using either one or two of six character-containing rollers, which in combination has 7000 full characters and 1,400 character radicals or partial characters.<ref name=Sorrel2009/>

The inspired aspect of the typewriter was the system Lin devised for a Chinese script. It had thirty geometric shapes or strokes (somewhat analogous to the elements of a [[glyph]]). These became "letters" by which to alphabetize Chinese characters. He broke tradition with the long-standing system of radicals and [[stroke order]] writing and categorizing of Chinese characters, inventing a new way of seeing and categorizing.

The typewriter was not produced commercially. According to Lin's daughter, Lin Tai-Yi, the day she was to demonstrate the machine to executives of the [[Remington Typewriter Company]], they could not make it work. Although they did get the machine fixed for a press conference the next day, it was to no avail. Lin found himself deeply in debt. In 1947, Lin paid income taxes owed to the [[Internal Revenue Service]] and went to work in Paris for [[UNESCO]].

== Stone typewriter ==
In the midst of the [[Chinese economic reforms]] of the 1980s, both the need and the opportunity to create a modern Chinese typewriter became apparent. Old and inefficient mechanical typewriters were still in use although China's industries were modernizing. In the mid-1980s, it became possible for the Chinese to establish small private businesses called [[Township and Village Enterprises]]. At the time, this business model was effectively the only way that a private domestic company could operate in China.<ref name="yle">{{cite AV media | last1=Coldstream |first1=Rob| others=Translated by Kalle Mattila and Riitta Torikka | date=2014-09-08| origyear=English original published in 2009 | title =Kiinalainen kapitalismi | trans_title =China's Capitalist Revolution | medium =Television production| language =fi | url =http://areena.yle.fi/tv/522576| accessdate =2014-09-26 | publisher = [[Brook Lapping]] for [[BBC]]; [[Yle]]}}</ref> Engineer and [[List of Chinese dissidents|dissident]] [[Wan Runnan]] and his partners took advantage of the new legislation to form their IT company [[Stone Emerging Industries Company]] ({{zh|Sitong xinxing chanye gongsi}}) in 1984 in [[Zhongguancun]], China's "Silicon Valley". Although described with various terms of [[civilian-run enterprise|"people-run enterprise"]] by officials, there was no legal category that would correspond to it. Wan and his partners had to operate the company as a "red hat capitalist" firm which was formally a collective enterprise but in reality pursued private profit and expansion into new markets.<ref name="Kennedy1997">{{cite journal| last = Kennedy| first = Scott| year = 1997| title = The Stone Group: State Client of Market Pathbreaker?| jstor =655558| journal = [[The China Quarterly]]| publisher = [[Cambridge University Press]]| volume = 152| issue = December 1997| pages = 752-756| doi = 10.1017/S0305741000047548}}</ref>

The Stone company became interested in solving the problem of combining Chinese characters with modern electronic text input when Wang Jizhi, who had worked in the field for the government, joined the company. He met Japanese executives from [[Mitsui & Co.|Mitsui]] at a trade show for foreign electronics. Wang succeeded in securing a deal for developing a software to allow a [[Brother Industries]] [[dot matrix printer]], distributed by Mitsui, to print Chinese characters. The success of their printer software lead Stone and Mitsui to cooperate again in 1985 to develop and market an electric typewriter or [[word processor]]: the MS-2400. The improved MS-2401 could type 200 characters per minute making it perform equally well as an [[IBM personal computer]], a substantial improvement compared to just 20 on the old mechanical typewriters.<ref name="Kennedy1997" /><ref name="Sorrel2009"/> The typewriters could print in both English and Chinese.<ref name="Solinger1993">{{cite book|author=Dorothy J. Solinger|title=China's Transition from Socialism: Statist Legacies and Market Reforms, 1980-1990|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=tWO2jkSwkeIC&pg=PA266|year=1993|publisher=[[M.E. Sharpe]]|location=New York|isbn=978-1-56324-068-3|pages=266}}</ref> Stone became one of the most successful IT companies in China and remained the dominant producer of Chinese word processors until the mid-1990s.<ref name="Kennedy1997" />

== Impact of the Chinese typewriter ==

Between the 1930s and 1950s, Chinese typewriters had a political implication, as they were used in mass-production of leaflets and pamphlets. The typewriters also gained popular appeal and changed Chinese office work.<ref name=Stanford2010/>

According to [[Thomas Mullaney]] it is possible, that development of modern Chinese typewriters in 1960s and 1970s influenced the development of modern computers of word processors and even affected the development of computers. Chinese typewriter engineers were trying to make the most common characters to be accessible at the fastest speed possible by [[word prediction]], a technique used today in [[Chinese input methods for computers]], as well as in text messaging in many languages.<ref name=Stanford2010/><ref name="Sorrel2009"/>

Chinese typewriter has become a metaphor for absurdity, complexity and backwardness in Western popular culture. One such example is [[MC Hammer]]'s dance move named after the Chinese typewriter in the music video for "[[U Can't Touch This]]". The move with its fast paced and large gestures supposedly resembles a person working on a humongous and complex typewriter.<ref name=Stanford2010/>

== Notes ==

{{reflist}}

== References ==

{{refbegin}}
* Bliven, Bruce Jr. ''The Wonderful Writing Machine''. New York: Random House, 1954.
* Chinese Typewriter: A Real Character Study", ''Business Week'' (August 30, 1947), p. 16.
* Lin, Tai-Yi. "My Father, Lin Yutang", ''Reader's Digest'' (December 1990) p:161-191.
* Lin, Yutang, ''Lin Yutang's Chinese-English Dictionary of Modern Usage''. Hong Kong: The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1972.
* Tsu, Jing. "Lin Yutang's Typewriter." In ''Sound and Script in Chinese Diaspora''. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2010, pp. 49-79.
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* [http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=1548 Chinese Typewriter], [[Language Log]]
* [http://tsmullaney.com/?page_id=303 Chinese Typewriter], [[Thomas Mullaney]]
* [http://www.wired.com/gadgetlab/2009/02/how-it-works-ch/ How it Works: The Chinese Typewriter], [[Wired (magazine)]]
* [http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2009/04/history-of-a-%E2%80%98scribal-machine%E2%80%99/ History of a "Scribal Machine"], [[The Harvard Gazette]] (April 2, 2009)
[[Category:Chinese orthography]]
[[Category:Han character input]]
[[Category:Text]]
[[Category:Typewriters]]