Wikipedia - Benutzerbeiträge [de]

Fitbit

2017-05-21T12:49:20Z

Cb6: /* Recall */

{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Fitbit Inc.
| logo = Fitbit logo16.svg
| logo_size = 250
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{NYSE|FIT}}
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = James Park ([[Chief executive officer|CEO]]) Eric Friedman ([[Chief technology officer|CTO]])
| industry = [[Consumer electronics]]
| products = Fitbit Tracker
| subsid = [[Pebble (watch)|Pebble]]
| foundation = [[San Francisco]], California, United States ({{Start date|2007|05|01}})<ref name=crunchbase>{{cite web |title=Fitbit Company Profile |url=http://www.crunchbase.com/company/fitbit |work=CrunchBase |publisher=[[TechCrunch]] |accessdate=2009-09-17}}</ref>
| founders = [[James Park (entrepreneur)|James Park]] Eric Friedman
| location = San Francisco, California, United States
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.fitbit.com}}
}}

'''Fitbit''' ({{NYSE|FIT}}) is an American company headquartered in [[San Francisco]], [[California]], known for its products of the same name, which are [[activity tracker]]s, [[wireless]]-enabled [[wearable technology]] devices that measure data such as the [[Pedometer|number of steps walked]], heart rate, quality of [[sleep]], steps climbed, and other personal metrics involved in [[Physical fitness|fitness]]. The first product released was the ''Fitbit Tracker''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/2010/06/11/fitbit-tracker-pedometer-lifestyle-heatlh-lifetracking.html|title=Getting Fitbit|last=Ewalt|first=David M.|date=2010-06-11|work=Forbes|access-date=2017-03-29|language=en}}</ref> Some evidence has found that the use of similar devices results in less weight loss rather than more.<ref name=Jak2016>{{cite journal|last1=Jakicic|first1=JM|last2=Davis|first2=KK|last3=Rogers|first3=RJ|last4=King|first4=WC|last5=Marcus|first5=MD|last6=Helsel|first6=D|last7=Rickman|first7=AD|last8=Wahed|first8=AS|last9=Belle|first9=SH|title=Effect of Wearable Technology Combined With a Lifestyle Intervention on Long-term Weight Loss: The IDEA Randomized Clinical Trial|url=http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jama.2016.12858|journal=JAMA|volume=316|issue=11|pages=1161–1171|doi=10.1001/jama.2016.12858|issn=0098-7484|quote=Among young adults with a BMI between 25 and less than 40, the addition of a wearable technology device to a standard behavioral intervention resulted in less weight loss over 24 months. Devices that monitor and provide feedback on physical activity may not offer an advantage over standard behavioral weight loss approaches.|date=September 20, 2016|pmid=27654602}}</ref>

== Products ==
{{Main article|List of Fitbit products}}
[[File:Fitibit Flex.jpg|thumb|The Fitbit Flex, with the functioning unit out of the replaceable wristband.]]
Alongside the activity trackers, ''Fitbit'' offers a website and [[mobile app]] for [[iOS]], [[Android (operating system)|Android]] and [[Windows 10 Mobile]]. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://mashable.com/2014/06/25/fitbit-ios-update/#4NyFvr9N9iqz|title=Fitbit Updates App With Exercise and Run-Tracking Features|last=Bell|first=Karissa|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> The trackers can be synced to smart devices via [[Bluetooth]] or uploaded to a computer running [[Windows]] or [[macOS]] using the Bluetooth USB [[dongle]]. Users have the ability to log their food, activities, and weight, to track over time and can set daily and weekly goals for themselves for steps, calories burned and consumed, and distance walked. Calories in versus calories out is more accurately measured when app users keep their tracker on. However, the app can be used without a tracker to measure calories on a [[lifestyle]] app. The app offers a [[community page]] where users can challenge themselves and compete against other users. The social element anticipates an increase in motivation, finding that users take an average of 700 more steps per day when they have friends on the app.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/fitbit-software-update-makes-your-tracker-more-personal-ces-2017/|title=Fitbit's new software update makes your tracker more personal|last=Graziano|first=Dan|date=January 5, 2017|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> Users can choose to share their progress pictures and achievement badges.

=== Health effects ===
In those who are [[overweight]] or [[obesity|obese]], a 2016 study indicates that the use of wearable technology combined with standard behavioral weight loss intervention results in less weight loss after two years of use when compared to usual weight loss interventions.<ref name=Jak2016/> There was no evidence that the devices altered the amount that people exercised or their diet compared to control.<ref name=Jak2016/> A 2015 study found use of lifestyle apps demonstrate promising results in promoting healthy living in adults.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4376125/|title=The Impact of a Web-Based App (eBalance) in Promoting Healthy Lifestyles: Randomized Controlled Trial|last=Eysenbach|first=Gunther|date=|website=PubMed Central|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> It is unclear whether these devices affect the amount of physical activity children engage in.<ref>{{cite journal|last2=McNarry|first2=MA|last3=Mackintosh|first3=KA|date=November 23, 2016|title=Feasibility and Effectiveness of Using Wearable Activity Trackers in Youth: A Systematic Review.|journal=JMIR mHealth and uHealth|volume=4|issue=4|pages=e129|pmid=27881359|last1=Ridgers|first1=ND}}</ref>

=== Accuracy ===
A small 2014 study of eight fit band devices during a 69-minute workouts that included 13 different activities found the bands were at best "reasonably accurate", with the Fitbit Zip and Fitbit One scoring 10.1% and 10.4% error ratings, respectively.<ref>{{cite web|title = Does your fitness band really work? Scientists analyse tracking tech|url = http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2653178/Does-fitness-band-really-work-Scientists-analyse-tracking-tech-Fitbit-no-effective-pedometer.html|accessdate = 2015-09-10}}</ref>

A small 2015 study had participants wear multiple devices on their wrists and hips performing different walking/running speeds on a treadmill. Fitbit devices worn on the hip accurately measured steps taken within 1 step of 100% accuracy. Devices worn on the wrist, however, were off by an average of 11 steps per minute. When measuring the number of calories burned, Fitbit devices worn on the hip underestimated by an average of 6%, while devices worn on the wrist overestimated calories burned by 21%. Authors concluded that both the Fitbit One and Fitbit Flex devices reliably measured step counts and energy expenditure, with hip-based Fitbit devices being more accurate than wrist-based devices.<ref>{{Cite journal|title = Fitbit®: An accurate and reliable device for wireless physical activity tracking|url = http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0167527315002764|journal = International Journal of Cardiology|pmc = 4406840|pmid = 25795203|pages = 138–140|volume = 185|doi = 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.03.038|first = Keith M.|last = Diaz|first2 = David J.|last2 = Krupka|first3 = Melinda J.|last3 = Chang|first4 = James|last4 = Peacock|first5 = Yao|last5 = Ma|first6 = Jeff|last6 = Goldsmith|first7 = Joseph E.|last7 = Schwartz|first8 = Karina W.|last8 = Davidson}}</ref> These measurements did not address the question of health effects.

===Recall===
Fitbit, working with the Consumer Protection Safety Commission, recalled the Fitbit Force on February 20, 2014 because some users experienced allergic reactions to the materials used in the product.<ref name="ForceCEO">[https://www.fitbit.com/forcesupport CEO letter 2/20/14]. February 20, 2014.</ref> On March 12, 2014 the [[Consumer Product Safety Commission]] (CPSC) made the recall official.<ref name="ForceRecall">{{cite web|url=https://www.cpsc.gov/en/Recalls/2014/Fitbit-Recalls-Force-Activity-Tracking-Wristband/|title=Fitbit Recalls Force Activity-Tracking Wristband Due to Risk of Skin Irritation|last=|first=|date=March 12, 2014|publisher=|access-date=|quote=The firm has received about 9,900 reports of the wristband causing skin irritation and about 250 reports of blistering.|work=U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission}}</ref> At that time it was revealed that There were 9,900 reports of skin irritation and 250 reports of blistering .<ref name="ForceRecall" /> The product is no longer for sale on Fitbit's website.

In April 2017, a woman claimed her ''Fitbit Flex 2'' malfunctioned and caught on fire, causing second-degree burns on her arm.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/US/woman-sufferd-2nd-degree-burns-fitbit-exploded/story?id=46977279|title=Fitbit says woman's tracker didn't explode on its own|last=Allen|first=Karma|date=April 29, 2017|website=ABC News|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> Following an investigation, ''Fitbit'' is adamant the cause of the exploding tracker was due to external forces, assuring their customers they are not aware of any other complaints and they can confidently wear their own ''Fitbit'' with no concerns.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/news/2017/04/25/fitbit--investigating-report-exploding-flex-2-fitness-band/100883662/|title=Fitbit says it's investigating report of exploding Flex 2|last=Baig|first=Edward C.|date=April 25, 2017|website=USA Today|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

== History ==
Headquartered in San Francisco, California, Fitbit was founded on May 1, 2007 by James Park (CEO) and Eric Friedman (CTO). On May 7, 2015, Fitbit announced it had filed for [[IPO]] with a [[NYSE]] listing.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-05-07/fitbit-files-for-ipo-to-seek-nyse-listing-i9el5rz0 |title=Fitbit Files for IPO, to Seek NYSE Listing |date=May 7, 2015 |author=Hadi, Mohammed |agency=Bloomberg News |accessdate=2015-05-10 }}</ref> The IPO was filed for $358 million.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thestreet.com/story/13171588/1/fitbit-updates-ipo-pricing-as-apple-watch-gets-set-for-retail-launch.html |title=Fitbit Updates IPO Pricing |author=Chris Ciaccia |publisher=TheStreet |date=June 2, 2015 }}</ref> The company's stock began trading with the symbol "FIT"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://seekingalpha.com/news/2504406-fitbit-files-for-ipo-reports-strong-growth-profits |title=Fitbit files for IPO, reports strong growth/profits |date=May 7, 2015 |accessdate=2015-05-10 |author=Jhonsa, Eric }}</ref> on June 18, 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://money.cnn.com/2015/06/18/investing/fitbit-ipo-stock-bounce/ |title=Fitbit stock surges nearly 50% |date=June 18, 2015 |accessdate=2015-12-20 |author=Ananya Bhattacharya }}</ref> After Fitbit's stocks fell more than 50% in 2016, CEO James Park announced in October that the company was undergoing a major transformation from what he called a "consumer electronics company" to a "digital healthcare company."<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cnbc.com/2016/10/06/fitbit-ceo-reveals-hes-transforming-the-mission-and-purpose-of-the-company.html|title=Fitbit CEO reveals he’s transforming the mission and purpose of the company|last=Stevenson|first=Abigail|date=October 6, 2016|work=|access-date=2016-10-06|via=CNBC}}</ref>

On December 7, 2016, Fitbit officially announced that they acquired assets from [[Pebble (watch)|Pebble]], including key personnel, as the company decided to stop producing wearable technology. The acquisition excludes Pebble's hardware products.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://investor.fitbit.com/press/press-releases/press-release-details/2016/Fitbit-Inc-Acquires-Assets-from-Pebble/default.aspx|title=Fitbit, Inc. Acquires Assets from Pebble|last=|first=|date=December 7, 2016|website=fitbit.com|publisher=Fitbit|access-date=2016-12-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blog.getpebble.com/2016/12/07/fitbit/|title=Pebble’s Next Step|last=|first=|date=December 7, 2016|website=getpebble.com|publisher=|access-date=2016-12-08}}</ref>

In January 2017, Fitbit acquired Romania-based smartwatch startup ''Vector Watch SRL'' for $15 million and it also paid $23 million for [[Pebble (watch)|Pebble]], a smartwatch brand that started as a [[Kickstarter]] campaign.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2017/01/10/vector-smart-watch-startup-acquired-by-fitbit-as-wearable-giant-expands-its-team/|title=Fitbit acquires the Vector smart watch startup, as the wearable giant continues its roll-up|last=Butcher |first=Mike|date=January 11, 2017|website=TechCrunch|publisher=|access-date=January 11, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fool.com/investing/2017/02/23/fitbit-paid-38-million-for-its-two-smartwatch-acqu.aspx|title=Fitbit Paid $38 Million for Its 2 Smartwatch Acquisitions|last=Niu |first=Evan|date=February 23, 2017|website=TheMotleyFool|publisher=|access-date=April 5, 2017}}</ref>

== Reception ==

[[File:FitbitStand.jpg|thumb|264x264px|Dedicated Fitbit retail stand stocked with different Fitbit Flex trackers]]

=== Awards ===
Fitbit has won numerous awards, including runner-up at TechCrunch50 in 2008<ref>{{cite web|url=http://techcrunch.com/2008/09/10/yammer-takes-techcrunch50s-top-prize/|title=Yammer Takes Top Prize At TechCrunch50|publisher=AOL|work=TechCrunch}}</ref> and CES 2009 Innovation honoree and best in the Health & Wellness category.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cesweb.org/awards/innovations/2009honorees.asp|title=CES Innovation Awards|work=International CES}}</ref> In 2016, Fitbit ranked 37 out of the 50 most innovative companies for that year.<ref>Fast Company. “[http://www.fastcompany.com/most-innovative-companies The Most Innovative Companies of 2016].” February 19, 2016. March 30, 2016.</ref>

=== Privacy concerns ===
To set up and use the hardware, one has to create an account with Fitbit and agree to data collection, transfer and privacy rules.<ref>[https://www.fitbit.com/uk/legal/terms-of-service "Terms Of Service”] Creating an Account, February 9, 2017.</ref>

Starting in June 2011, Fitbit was criticized for its website's default activity-sharing settings, which made users' manually-entered physical activities available for public viewing.<ref name="Fitbit blog response">{{cite web| url=http://blog.fitbit.com/?p=463 |title=Fitbit Blog |work=Fitbit Blog}}</ref> All users had the option to make their physical activity information private, but some users were unaware that the information was public by default. One specific issue, which technology blogs made fun of, was that some users were including details about their sex lives in their daily exercise logs, and this information was, by default, publicly available.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gizmodo.com/5817784/dear-fitbit-users-kudos-on-the-30-minutes-of-vigorous-sexual-activity-last-night |title=Dear Fitbit Users, Kudos On the 30 Minutes of "Vigorous Sexual Activity" Last Night |author=Jack Loftus |publisher=Gawker Media |work=Gizmodo}}</ref> Fitbit responded to criticism by making all such data private by default and requesting that search engines remove indexed user profile pages from their databases.<ref name="Fitbit blog response" />

The company's devices have also been used in criminal investigations; in one instance, a rape claim against an unnamed intruder was turned around to a criminal charge for false reports based on data from the claimant's Fitbit.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://abc27.com/2015/06/19/police-womans-fitness-watch-disproved-rape-report/ |title=Police: Woman’s fitness watch disproved rape report |work=ABC27 |date=June 19, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://fusion.net/story/158292/fitbit-data-just-undermined-a-womans-rape-claim/ |title=Fitbit data just undermined a woman’s rape claim |date=June 29, 2015 |work=Fusion}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/11/when-fitbit-is-the-expert-witness/382936/ |title=When Fitbit Is the Expert Witness |work=The Atlantic |date=November 19, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://theconversation.com/how-your-fitbit-data-can-and-will-be-used-against-you-in-a-court-of-law-34580 |title=How your Fitbit data can and will be used against you in a court of law |date=November 24, 2014 |work=The Conversation |author=David Glance}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/U/US_HOMICIDE_MYSTERY_FITBIT?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT |title=Man pleads not guilty in murder case using Fitbit evidence |date=April 28, 2017 |work=The Associated Press |author=AP}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Jawbone (company)|Jawbone]]
* [[Key finder]]
* [[Microsoft Band]]
* [[Misfit (company)]]
* [[Quantified Self]]
* [[Smart keychain]]
* [[Smartwatch]]
* [[Garmin]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Fitbit}}
* {{official website|http://www.fitbit.com/}}

[[Category:American companies established in 2007]]
[[Category:Android (operating system) software]]
[[Category:Companies established in 2007]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Electronics companies established in 2007]]
[[Category:Electronics companies of the United States]]
[[Category:IOS software]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in San Francisco]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies established in 2007]]
[[Category:Technology companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area]]
[[Category:Universal Windows Platform apps]]
[[Category:2015 initial public offerings]]

HackingTeam

2015-07-06T14:42:33Z

Cb6: /* top */ removed informative vandalism

'''Hacking Team''' is a [[Milan]]-based IT company that sells offensive intrusion and surveillance capabilities to governments and law enforcement agencies. Its remote control systems enable governments to monitor the communications of internet users, decipher their encrypted files and emails, record [[Skype]] and other Voice over IP communications, and remotely activate microphones and camera on target computers.<ref>{{cite web|title=Enemies of the Internet: Hacking Team|url=http://surveillance.rsf.org/en/hacking-team/|work=[[Reporters Without Borders]]|accessdate=24 April 2014}}</ref> The company has been criticized for providing these capabilities to governments with poor human rights records.<ref>{{cite web | last3 = Marquis-Boire | first3 = Morgan | last1 = Marczak | first1 = Bill | last2 = Gaurnieri | first2 = Claudio | last4 = Scott-Railton | first4 = John | title = Mapping Hacking Team's "Untraceable" Spyware | url = https://citizenlab.org/2014/02/mapping-hacking-teams-untraceable-spyware/ | date = February 17, 2014}}</ref> Hacking Team states that they have the ability to disable their software if it is used unethically.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/elements/2014/03/hacked-by-ones-own-government.html|title=Hackers Without Borders|last=Kopstein|first=Joshua|work=[[The New Yorker]]|date=10 March 2014|accessdate=24 April 2014}}</ref>

In June 2014, a report from the University of Toronto detailed the functionality and architecture of Hacking Team’s Remote Control System (RCS) software and operator tradecraft.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://citizenlab.org/2014/06/backdoor-hacking-teams-tradecraft-android-implant/|title = Police Story: Hacking Team’s Government Surveillance Malware|date = June 24, 2014|accessdate = August 3, 2014|website = Citizen Lab|publisher = University of Toronto|last1 = Marquis-Boire|first1 = Morgan | last2 = Gaurnieri | first2 = Claudio | first3 = John | last3 = Scott-Railton | first4 = Katie | last4 = Kleemola }}</ref>

Hacking Team employs around 40 people in its Italian office, and has subsidiary branches in [[Annapolis]] and [[Singapore]]. Its products are in use in dozens of countries across six continents.<ref name=Jeffries>{{cite web|last=Jeffries|first=Adrianne|title=Meet Hacking Team, the company that helps the police hack you|url=http://www.theverge.com/2013/9/13/4723610/meet-hacking-team-the-company-that-helps-police-hack-into-computers|accessdate=21 April 2014|work=[[The Verge]]|date=13 September 2013}}</ref>

==Company history==
Hacking Team was started by two Italian programmers, Alberto Ornaghi and Marco Valleri. Prior to the company's formal establishment, Ornaghi and Valleri created a set of tools that could used for monitoring and remotely manipulating target computers. The program, called [[Ettercap (software)|Ettercap]], was embraced both by hackers looking to spy on people, and by companies that hoped to test the security of their own networks.

The Milan police department learned of the tools. Hoping to use Ettercap to spy on Italian citizens and listen to their skype calls, the police contacted Ornaghi and Valleri and asked them for help modifying the program for these purposes. Hacking Team was born, and became "the first sellers of commercial hacking software to the police."<ref name=Jeffries/>

=== Hacking Team is itself hacked ===

On July 5, 2015, the Twitter account of the company was compromised, and 400 GB of data, including alleged internal e-mails, invoices, and source code were leaked via [[BitTorrent]]<ref>{{Wayback|url=https://twitter.com/hackingteam|title=Hacked Team (@hackingteam)|date=20150706010312}}</ref>. An announcement of the hack, including a link to the bittorrent seed, was retweeted by [[WikiLeaks]] and by many others through social media<ref>{{Twitter status|wikileaks|617865712611233792|Inside malware makers "Hacking Team": hundreds of Gb of e-mails, files, and source code|[[WikiLeaks]]|July 6, 2015|July 6, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Hacking Team hacked: Spy tools sold to oppressive regimes Sudan, Bahrain and Kazakhstan|url = http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/hacking-team-hacked-spy-tools-sold-oppressive-regimes-sudan-bahrain-kazakhstan-1509460|accessdate = 2015-07-06}}</ref>.

Although the material was voluminous, early analysis of the hacked material appeared to reveal that Hacking Team had invoiced the Lebanese Army<ref>{{Twitter|url=https://twitter.com/SynAckPwn/status/617955067006578689}}</ref> and [[Sudan]] and that spy tools were also sold to Bahrain and Kazakhstan.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Hacking Team hacked: Spy tools sold to oppressive regimes Sudan, Bahrain and Kazakhstan|url = http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/hacking-team-hacked-spy-tools-sold-oppressive-regimes-sudan-bahrain-kazakhstan-1509460|accessdate = 2015-07-06}}</ref> Hacking Team had previous claimed they had never done business with Sudan.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Hacking Team hacked, attackers claim 400GB in dumped data|url = http://www.csoonline.com/article/2943968/data-breach/hacking-team-hacked-attackers-claim-400gb-in-dumped-data.html|accessdate = 2015-07-06|first = Steve|last = Ragan}}</ref>

After a few hours without response from Hacking Team, member Christian Pozzi tweeted that the company was working closely with police and that "what the attackers are claiming regarding our company is not true."<ref>{{Cite web|title = Christian Pozzi on Twitter|url = https://twitter.com/christian_pozzi/status/617964180042190848|accessdate = 2015-07-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Christian Pozzi on Twitter|url = https://twitter.com/christian_pozzi/status/617964660705234944|accessdate = 2015-07-06}}</ref> He also claimed that the torrented material "contains a virus" and that it constituted "false info".<ref>{{Cite web|title = Christian Pozzi on Twitter|url = https://twitter.com/christian_pozzi/status/617962663188926465|accessdate = 2015-07-06}}</ref> Shortly after these tweets, Pozzi's Twitter account itself was apparently hacked.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Christian Pozzi on Twitter: "Uh Oh - my twitter account was also hacked."|url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150706084837/https://twitter.com/christian_pozzi/status/617977753250496512|date = 2015-07-06|accessdate = 2015-07-06}}</ref>

==Capabilities==
Hacking Team enables clients to perform remote monitoring functions against citizens via their Remote Control Systems (RCS) including Da Vinci:

*Covert collection of emails, text message, phone call history and address books
*[[Keystroke logging]]
*Uncover search history data and take screenshots
*record audio from phone calls
*Use phones to collect ambient noise and conversations
*Activate phone or computer cameras
*Hijack telephone GPS systems to monitor target's location

Hacking team uses advanced techniques to avoid draining cell phone batteries, which could potentially raise suspicions, and other methods to avoid detection.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Schneier|first1=Bruce|title=More on Hacking Team's Government Spying Software|url=https://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2014/06/more_on_hacking.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Hacking Team Tools Allow Governments To Take Full Control of Your Smartphone|url = http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/hacking-team-tools-allow-governments-take-full-control-your-smartphone-1453987|accessdate = 2015-07-06}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[FinFisher]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Computer security software]]
[[Category:Spyware]]
[[Category:Surveillance]]
[[Category:Trojan horses]]
[[Category:Espionage techniques]]
[[Category:Espionage devices]]
[[Category:Malware toolkits]]
[[Category:Computer access control]]
[[Category:Cyberwarfare]]
[[Category:Espionage scandals and incidents]]
[[Category:Companies based in Milan]]

Martha Lane Fox

2011-01-19T12:56:09Z

Cb6: /* External links */

'''Martha Lane Fox''' (born 10 February 1973) is a [[United Kingdom|British]] [[e-commerce]] business woman, charity trustee, board member of [[Channel 4]], mydeco.com <ref>{{cite web|url=http://mydeco.com/the-magazine/style/articles/press%20release_2008_02_04technicalrelease |title=press release_2008_02_04 |publisher=Mydeco.com |date= |accessdate=2009-11-24}}</ref> and [[Marks & Spencer]]. She co-founded [[Lastminute.com]], an icon of the dotcom boom of the early 2000s. She also co-founded Lucky Voice, the [[karaoke bar]] chain and is the British Government's first Champion for Digital Inclusion and to head a new cabinet Digital Public Services Unit.

==Personal life==
Born in [[Oxford]], Lane Fox is the daughter of the British historian [[Robin Lane Fox]]. She was educated at [[Oxford High School (Oxford)|Oxford High School]], [[Westminster School]] and [[Magdalen College, Oxford]], where she read ancient and modern [[history]].<ref name="MaLF 1">{{cite web|author=Jonathan Prynn, Evening Standard22 May 2007, 11:35am |url=http://www.thisismoney.co.uk/investing-and-markets/article.html?in_article_id=420599&in_page_id=3 |title=22 May 2007, Martha Lane Fox joins M&S |publisher=This is Money |date=2007-05-22 |accessdate=2009-11-24}}</ref>

===Business career===
After university she showed interest in acting and prison governorship but joined the consulting firm Spectrum, involved in IT and media companies. Her first project was for [[British Telecom]] called "What is the Internet ?", here she met fellow employee [[Brent Hoberman]].

In 1998, Lane Fox and Hoberman founded [[Lastminute.com]], an online travel and gift business that generated great publicity, becoming an icon of the UK internet boom and floating at the peak of the [[dot-com bubble]].<ref name="MaLF 1"/> On 20 November, 2003, it was announced that she would step down as [[managing director]] of Lastminute.com.

On 28 December 2003, it was revealed by ''[[The Sunday Telegraph]]'' that Lane Fox would become "right hand woman" of [[Galen Weston]], owner of [[Selfridges]], and take over the day-to-day running of the business.

In 2005, advertising executive Julian Douglas shared an idea of his with her about launching a Tokyo-esque private karaoke bar in London. Falling in love with the idea, together with Nick Thistleton she launched a private [[karaoke]] company Lucky Voice with a club in London's Soho.<ref name="MaLF 1"/> The company have five bars countrywide, an online application, and the Lucky Voice Party Box to be used with computers.

In 2007 Lane Fox joined the board of [[Marks & Spencer]] as a non-executive director.<ref name="MaLF 1"/> She is also on the board of [[Channel 4]].

On 16 June 2009, she was appointed the UK Government's Digital Inclusion Champion to head a two year campaign <ref>{{cite web|url=http://raceonline2012.org/ |title=About us |publisher=Race Online 2012 |date= |accessdate=2009-11-24}}</ref> to make the British public more 'tech savvy'.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/8102756.stm |title=article on Digital Britain |publisher=BBC News |date=2009-06-16 |accessdate=2009-11-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| last = Brown
| first = maggie
| title = Martha Lane Fox – what she'll do as the UK's digital inclusion champion
| publisher = The Guardian
| date = 2009-07-16
| url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2009/jun/16/martha-lane-fox-digital-inclusion-champion
| accessdate = 2009-08-30
| location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/10575266.stm |title=UK digital champion, Martha Lane Fox, wants to get everyone of working age online by 2012 |publisher=BBC News |date=2010-07-12 |accessdate=2010-07-12}}</ref> She has argued that "I don't think you can be a proper citizen of our society in the future if you are not engaged online."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/8187305.stm |title=UK | Magazine | The internet's conscientious objectors |publisher=BBC News |date=2009-08-06 |accessdate=2009-11-24}}</ref>

On March 22nd 2010 her government role was expanded when it was announced that she would set up a new Digital Public Services Unit within the Cabinet Office.
<ref>{{cite news
| last = Thomson
| first = Rebecca
| title = Gordon Brown turns his focus to digital economy
| publisher = Computer Weekly
| date = 2010-03-22
| url=http://www.computerweekly.com/Articles/2010/03/22/240679/gordon-brown-turns-his-focus-to-digital-economy.htm
| accessdate = 2010-03-22 }}</ref>

===Charity work===
Lane Fox is a strong and vocal advocate of [[progressivism|progressive]] causes including human rights, women's rights and social justice.

In 2007 she founded Antigone, a grant-making trust to support charities based in the UK.

She is a trustee and patron of [[Reprieve (organisation)|Reprieve]], a legal action charity, which made the news during its involvement in the release of UK resident [[Binyam Mohammed]] from [[Guantanamo Bay]].<ref name="MaLF 1"/> Lane Fox is also a patron of [[CAMFED|Camfed]], dedicated to fighting poverty, HIV and AIDS in rural Africa through the education of girls and young women.<ref>[http://uk.camfed.org/news/2005/12/25/camfed-on-bbc-radio-4-this-christmas-day/ Camfed on BBC Radio 4 this Christmas Day] at Camfed</ref>

===Personal life===
Lane Fox lives in [[Marylebone]], London, with her long term partner, [[television producer]] Chris Gorell Barnes.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/technology/article6719060.ece | work=The Times | location=London | title=Martha Lane Fox back | first=James | last=Ashton | date=2009-07-19 | accessdate=2010-05-12}}</ref>

In May 2004 she was severely injured in a car accident in the tourist resort of [[Essaouira]] in [[Morocco]]. She spent a year in the [[John Radcliffe Hospital]], [[Oxford]] having metal inserts and bone grafts.<ref name="MaLF 1"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/2124521.stm A BBC News interview with Martha Lane Fox]
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3222504.stm A BBC News article about her stepping down as MD]
*[http://home.luckyvoice.com/ Lucky Voice Home online karaoke]
*[http://raceonline2012.org/ Race Online 2012, part of the digital inclusion initiative]


{{Persondata
|NAME = Lane Fox, Martha
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
|SHORT DESCRIPTION = Businesswoman
|DATE OF BIRTH = 10 February 1973
|PLACE OF BIRTH = Oxford, England
|DATE OF DEATH =
|PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lane Fox, Martha}}
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Old Westminsters]]
[[Category:Dot-com people]]
[[Category:Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford]]

Welbeck Abbey

2010-12-18T22:49:22Z

Cb6: /* Disrepair and restoration */ restored a semblance of meaning to the sentence.

{{coord|53|15|43|N|01|09|26|W|type:landmark_region:GB|display=title}}
[[Image:WelbeckAbbeyJonesViews1829.jpg|thumb|right|250px| Welbeck Abbey in 1829]]

'''Welbeck Abbey''' near [[Clumber Park]] in North [[Nottinghamshire]] was the principal [[abbey]] of the [[Premonstratensian]] order in England and later the principal residence of the [[Dukes of Portland]].

==Monastic period==
The Abbey's estate was first mentioned in the [[Domesday Book]], where it is recorded as belonging to one Hugh FitzBaldric. [[Thomas de Cuckney]] founded a religious house there in 1140. It was an abbey of [[Premonstratensian]] canons, dedicated to [[Saint James the Great|St James the Great]]. The abbey was enriched by liberal gifts from the Goushills, D’Eyncourts, Bassets, and other families of [[Nottinghamshire]]; and it also received a considerable grant from [[Edward I of England|King Edward I]].

In 1393 the abbey came under serious investigation by [[King Richard II]].<ref>Patent Rolls of 11 February 1393</ref>
<blockquote>Pardon to William Broun of Norton by Welbeck of suit of the King’s peace for felonies, treasons and other offences under the following circumstances: Robert Veel, keeper of the rolls of the King’s Bench, and John Wynchecombe, appointed by the king to take carts for the carriage of the rolls, being directed on Saturday before the feast of St Katherine last by [[Walter Clopton]], Chief Justice, and other justices to carry the said rolls from Y[[ork]] to [[Nottingham]], where upon by reason
of excessive rainfall affecting the roads, they could not without additional horses reach [[Nottingham]], where upon by virtue of their commission and the justices order they took at Norton aforesaid two horses of John Levet and John Turnour of Norton, to be paid for in due course. There upon the said William Broun, John Northeryn, Robert Bocher, all of Norton, and Hugh Matt, servant of John Baukwell, Abbot of Welbeck, with divers other evil doers came armed with bows and arrows, sticks and swords, and at dusk of the same day raised all the men of Norton to insurrection, pursued the said Robert and John to Warsop and instigated by Simon de Castleton, canon of Welbeck, and John Worsop, vicar of Cuckney and canon of Welbeck, assaulted them, shot at and pierced the books in the carriage and took the horses, and would have carried the same away but that by the grace of God and their help they made too good a defence.</blockquote>

With so much wealth at his disposal, the Abbot of Welbeck was an influential man, and in 1512 all the houses of the order in England were placed under his care.

In 1538, the abbot, Richard Bentley was awarded a pension of £50 (£{{formatnum:{{Inflation|UK|50|1538|{{CURRENTYEAR}}|r=0}}}} as of {{CURRENTYEAR}}),{{Inflation-fn|UK}}, and the 17 canons received pensions of between £40 and £4 (£{{formatnum:{{Inflation|UK|40|1538|{{CURRENTYEAR}}|r=0}}}} as of {{CURRENTYEAR}}),{{Inflation-fn|UK}} and (£{{formatnum:{{Inflation|UK|4|1538|{{CURRENTYEAR}}|r=0}}}} as of {{CURRENTYEAR}}),{{Inflation-fn|UK}} a year.

===Abbots of Welbeck Abbey===
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-1-of-2}}
* Berengar, occurs between 1153 and 1169
* Adam, occurs between 1183 and 1194
* Richard, occurs between 1194 and 1224
* William, occurs 1229, 1236, 1243
* Richard, occurs 1250, 1252, 1256-7
* Adam, occurs 1263, 1272, 1276
* Thomas, occurs 1281, 1292
* John de Duckmanton, 1309
* John de Cestrefeld, 1310
* William de Kendall, 1316
* John de Nottingham, 1322
* William de Aslakeden, 1335
* Robert Spalding, 1341
* John de Wirksop, 1349
{{Col-2-of-2}}
* Hugh de Langley, 1360
* George de Gamelston, occurs 1369, 1383, 1387
* William de Staveley, occurs 1389
* John Bankwell, occurs 1393
* John de Norton, occurs 1412, dies 1450
* [[John Greene]], 1450
* William Burton, occurs 1475, 1482
* John Lancaster alias Acastre, occurs 1488, 1491
* John Copper, occurs 1492
* Thomas Wydur, occurs 1494, 1497, 1500
* Robert, occurs 1502
* Thomas Wilkinson, 1503
* John Maxey, 1520, died 1536
* Richard Bentley, surrendered 1538
{{Col-end}}

==Country house==
[[Image:WELBECK Paragon un Barbe.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Welbeck Abbey in the 17th century]]

At the [[Dissolution of the Monasteries]], the site was granted by [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]] to Richard Whalley, of [[Screveton]]. After being owned by a [[City of London]] clothier, the abbey was purchased by [[Gilbert Talbot, 7th Earl of Shrewsbury|Gilbert, 7th Earl of Shrewsbury]] for the sum of £555 6s 6d (£{{formatnum:{{Inflation|UK|555|1599|{{CURRENTYEAR}}|r=0}}}} as of {{CURRENTYEAR}}),{{Inflation-fn|UK}}, in 1599, and then sold to Sir Charles Cavendish, son of [[Bess of Hardwick]] in 1607. It then passed to Sir Charles's son [[William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne|William Cavendish]], later first [[Duke of Newcastle upon Tyne]]. Members of the Cavendish family converted it into a [[English country house|country house]] and added a riding house in the 17th century to the design of [[Robert Smythson]] and his son John Smythson. Only a few basements and inner walls were retained from the original fabric of the former Abbey buildings.

Welbeck became the principal family seat of the early [[Duke of Newcastle|Dukes of Newcastle]]. In the 18th century, it passed through an heiress into the Bentinck family and became the main seat of the [[Earl of Portland|Earls and Dukes of Portland]].

The [[William Cavendish-Scott-Bentinck, 5th Duke of Portland|5th Duke of Portland]] undertook what are considered the most substantial building works at Welbeck.

The kitchen gardens covered {{convert|22|acre|m2}} and were surrounded by high walls with recesses behind them in which [[brazier]]s could be placed to hasten the ripening of fruit. One of the walls, a peach wall, measured over {{convert|1000|ft|m}} in length.

An immense new riding house was built which was 396' long, 108' wide and 50' high and which enclosed a tan gallop of {{convert|422|yd}}. It was lit by 4,000 gas jets.

[[Image:Welbeck Abbey - Picture Gallery by George Washington Wilson (died 1893).jpg|thumb|right|250px| Welbeck Abbey - Picture Gallery by George Washington Wilson]]

=== Tunnels ===
There was a tunnel over one thousand yards in length, leading from the house to the riding school and wide enough for several people to walk side by side. Parallel to this tunnel was another, more roughly constructed, which was used by workmen.
A longer and more elaborate tunnel, one and a half miles long and intended as a carriage drive broad enough for two carriages to pass, led towards Worksop. This was abandoned in the late nineteenth century when the section of the tunnel forming part of the lake dam failed. Remaining stretches of tunnel survive on either side of the lake. The sites of skylights can be seen from the [[Robin Hood Way]] footpath which follows the course of the tunnel, and a masonry tunnel entrance can be seen between two lodges at the northeastern limit of the park.

The 5th Duke also excavated underground chambers. The largest is a great hall, {{convert|160|ft|m}} long and {{convert|63|ft|m}} wide and originally intended as a chapel, then used as a picture gallery and occasionally as a ballroom. There is also a suite of five adjacent rooms constructed to house the Duke's Library. Although often cited as being "underground", these apartments are strictly "below ground", as they are not covered by earth or lawn; the flat roofs and skylights are visible in aerial photographs, although at ground level they are concealed from most directions by shrubbery.

The Duke also made many alterations to the house above ground. A vast amount of plumbing was done with elaborate new bathrooms made and a great many new pipes laid. New lodges were built at different entrances to the Park.

This work cost prodigious sums and involved the employment of thousands of men - masons, bricklayers, joiners, plumbers, navvies etc. While there were disputes from time to time (wages, hours, etc.) the Duke personally got on very well with his employees and earned the nickname 'the workman's friend'. He created employment in the district both for the skilled and the unskilled.

=== Disrepair and restoration ===
By 1879 Welbeck was in a state of disrepair. The only rooms habitable were the four or five rooms used by the 5th Duke in the west wing. All the rooms were painted pink, with parquet floors, all bare and without furniture, except that almost every room had a 'convenience' in the corner.

The House was repaired and brought into full occupation by [[William Cavendish-Bentinck, 6th Duke of Portland|6th Duke]], and became notable as a centre of late Victorian and Edwardian upper-class "society". The Duke was a keen horse-owner, and the almhouses he constructed on the estate are known as the Winnings, because they were funded from the proceeds of money won by his horses in seven "high purse" races from 1888-1890.<ref>[http://www.nottshistory.org.uk/articles/tts/tts1899/welbeck1.htm The Summer Excursion, Transactions of the Thoroton Society III (1899)]</ref>

The Oxford Wing of the Abbey, which contained some of the oldest parts of the building, burned down in October 1900 although most of the contents were saved from the fire. The wing was rebuilt to the designs of [[Ernest George]] by 1905.

After the Second World War, Welbeck was leased by the Dukes of Portland to the Ministry of Defence and was used as an army training college, '[[Welbeck College]]' until 2005.

===Welbeck Woodhouse===

A smaller house known as '''Welbeck Woodhouse''' was built on the northern side of the estate for the then [[William Cavendish-Bentinck, 7th Duke of Portland|Marquess of Titchfield]] in 1930-31. This was built to a design by [[Walter Brierley]] but executed after Brierley's death by his partner [[James Hervey Rutherford]].<ref>[http://www.bassetlaw.gov.uk/pdf/Welbeck%20Abbey.pdf Entry for Welbeck Abbey in register of Historic Parks and Gardens]</ref>

==Welbeck today==
The descendents of the Cavendish Bentinck family still live on the estate. Since the MoD moved out in 2005, the Abbey itself has been the home of William Parente, the only grandchild of the [[William Cavendish-Bentinck, 7th Duke of Portland|7th Duke of Portland]] and his [[Ivy Cavendish-Bentinck, Duchess of Portland|Duchess]],<ref name=burke>Charles Mosley, ed., ''Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage'', 107th edition, 3 volumes (Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd, 2003), volume 3, page 3336</ref>. Parente served as [[High Sheriff of Nottinghamshire]] in 2003-04.<ref>{{LondonGazette|issue=56884|startpage=3603|endpage=3604|date=21 March 2003|accessdate=2008-07-24}}</ref>

[[Lady Anne Cavendish-Bentinck]], the elder daughter of the 7th Duke, lived at Welbeck Woodhouse, and owned most of the {{convert|17000|acre|km2|adj=on}} estate, up until her death on December 29, 2008.

The family-controlled Welbeck Estates company and the charitable Harley Foundation have converted various buildings on the estate to new uses, and there is general public access to these from the A60 road on the western side of the estate. These include the Dukeries Garden Centre within the original estate glasshouses, [http://www.schoolofartisanfood.org The School of Artisan Food] in the former Fire Stables, [http://www.harleygallery.co.uk The Harley Gallery] and the Welbeck Farm shop in the former estate gasworks, and a range of craft workshops, designed by [[John Outram]] in a former kitchen garden.<ref>[http://www.johnoutram.com/welbeck.html Pineapple Place,Welbeck on John Outram architects practice website]</ref>

The Farm Shops sells unpasteurised [[Stichelton]] cheese, made from organic milk from a herd of Holstein-Friesian cows at Collingthwaite Farm on the estate. Stichelton is the first organic raw milk blue cheese produced in Britain since the late 1960s, as [[Stilton]] is now required to be pasteurised.

[http://www.harleygallery.co.uk The Harley Gallery], managed by the Harley Foundation trust, shows a combination of contemporary arts and crafts together with changing displays of items from the Cavendish-Bentick family art collections (now known as The Portland Collection).

As the estate remains privately owned, pedestrian access across the rest of the Welbeck estate is confined to footpaths forming part of the Robin Hood Way.

==List of owners and occupiers==
* ca 1086 Hugh FitzBaldric
* 1140 - 1538 [[Premonstratensian]] canons in the Abbey of St. James
* 1538 - 1558 Richard Whalley of [[Screveton]]
* 1558 - 1595 Edward Osborne of London, ''citizen and clothworker''
* 1595 - 1599 Robert Booth and Ranulph Catterall
* 1599 - 1607 [[Gilbert Talbot, 7th Earl of Shrewsbury]] and [[Mary Talbot, Countess of Shrewsbury]]
* 1607 - 1617 [[Sir Charles Cavendish]]
* 1617 - 1676 [[William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne]]
* 1676 - 1691 [[Henry Cavendish, 2nd Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne]]
* 1691 - 1711 [[John Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne]] and [[Lady Margaret Cavendish]]
* 1711 - 1734 [[Edward Harley, 2nd Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer]] and [[Lady Henrietta Cavendish Holles]]
* 1734 - 1785 [[William Bentinck, 2nd Duke of Portland]] and [[Margaret Bentinck, Duchess of Portland]]
* 1785 - 1809 [[William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland]]
* 1809 - 1854 [[William Bentinck, 4th Duke of Portland]]
* 1854 - 1879 [[William Cavendish-Scott-Bentinck, 5th Duke of Portland]]
* 1879 - 1943 [[William John Arthur Charles James Cavendish-Bentinck, 6th Duke of Portland]]
* 1943 - 1977 [[William Arthur Henry Cavendish-Bentinck, 7th Duke of Portland]] and [[Ivy Cavendish-Bentinck, Duchess of Portland]]
* 1977 - 2008 [[Lady Anne Cavendish-Bentinck]]
* 1943 - 2005 [[Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Defence]] (leasing the majority of the abbey from the 7th Duke and his successors)
* 1992–Present [[Parente]] and [[Bentinck]] families (family of the 7th Duke, occupying part of the abbey)

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://www.worksopheritagetrail.org.uk/resources/welbeck_abbey_history.pdf History of Welbeck Abbey from Worksop Heritage Trail]
*[http://www.nottshistory.org.uk/articles/welbeck/welbeck1.htm Country Life article about Welbeck Abbey (1906)]
*[http://www.dicamillocompanion.com/Houses_hgpm.asp?ID=2076 Welbeck Abbey entry from The DiCamillo Companion to British & Irish Country Houses]
*[http://www.nottshistory.org.uk/Jacks1881/welbeckp1.htm Jacks, The Great Houses of Nottinghamshire]
*[http://www.harleygallery.co.uk/index.php?pg_id=1 The Harley Gallery]
*[http://www.thewelbeckfarmshop.co.uk/ Welbeck Farm Shop]

[[Category:Houses in Nottinghamshire]]
[[Category:Monasteries in Nottinghamshire]]
[[Category:Premonstratensian monasteries in England]]
[[Category:Subterranea (geography)]]
[[Category:1140 establishments]]
[[Category:1538 disestablishments]]
[[Category:Religious organizations established in the 1140s]]
[[Category:Christian monasteries established in the 12th century]]

Martha Lane Fox

2010-07-12T10:51:44Z

Cb6: /* Business career */

'''Martha Lane Fox''' (born 10 February 1973) is a [[United Kingdom|British]] [[e-commerce]] business woman, charity trustee, board member of [[Channel 4]], mydeco.com <ref>{{cite web|url=http://mydeco.com/the-magazine/style/articles/press%20release_2008_02_04technicalrelease |title=press release_2008_02_04 |publisher=Mydeco.com |date= |accessdate=2009-11-24}}</ref> and [[Marks & Spencer]]. She co-founded [[Lastminute.com]], an icon of the dotcom boom of the early 2000s. She also co-founded Lucky Voice, the [[karaoke bar]] chain and is the British Government's first Champion for Digital Inclusion and to head a new cabinet Digital Public Services Unit.

==Personal life==
Born in [[Oxford]], Lane Fox is the daughter of the British historian [[Robin Lane Fox]]. She was educated at [[Oxford High School (Oxford)|Oxford High School]], [[Westminster School]] and [[Magdalen College, Oxford]], where she read ancient and modern [[history]].<ref name="MaLF 1">{{cite web|author=Jonathan Prynn, Evening Standard22 May 2007, 11:35am |url=http://www.thisismoney.co.uk/investing-and-markets/article.html?in_article_id=420599&in_page_id=3 |title=22 May 2007, Martha Lane Fox joins M&S |publisher=This is Money |date=2007-05-22 |accessdate=2009-11-24}}</ref>

===Business career===
After university she showed interest in acting and prison governorship but joined the consulting firm Spectrum, involved in IT and media companies. Her first project was for [[British Telecom]] called "What is the Internet ?", here she met fellow employee [[Brent Hoberman]].

In 1998, Lane Fox and Hoberman founded [[Lastminute.com]], an online travel and gift business that generated great publicity, becoming an icon of the UK internet boom and floating at the peak of the [[dot-com bubble]].<ref name="MaLF 1"/> On 20 November, 2003, it was announced that she would step down as [[managing director]] of Lastminute.com.

On 28 December 2003, it was revealed by ''[[The Sunday Telegraph]]'' that Lane Fox would become "right hand woman" of [[Galen Weston]], owner of [[Selfridges]], and take over the day-to-day running of the business.

In 2005, advertising executive Julian Douglas shared an idea of his with her about launching a Tokyo-esque private karaoke bar in London. Falling in love with the idea, together with Nick Thistleton she launched a private [[karaoke]] company Lucky Voice with a club in London's Soho.<ref name="MaLF 1"/> The company have five bars countrywide, an online application, and the Lucky Voice Party Box to be used with computers.

In 2007 Lane Fox joined the board of [[Marks & Spencer]] as a non-executive director.<ref name="MaLF 1"/> She is also on the board of [[Channel 4]].

On 16 June 2009, she was appointed the UK Government's Digital Inclusion Champion to head a two year campaign <ref>{{cite web|url=http://raceonline2012.org/ |title=About us |publisher=Race Online 2012 |date= |accessdate=2009-11-24}}</ref> to make the British public more 'tech savvy'.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/8102756.stm |title=article on Digital Britain |publisher=BBC News |date=2009-06-16 |accessdate=2009-11-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| last = Brown
| first = maggie
| title = Martha Lane Fox – what she'll do as the UK's digital inclusion champion
| publisher = The Guardian
| date = 2009-07-16
| url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2009/jun/16/martha-lane-fox-digital-inclusion-champion
| accessdate = 2009-08-30
| location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/10575266.stm |title=UK digital champion, Martha Lane Fox, wants to get everyone of working age online by 2012 |publisher=BBC News |date=2010-07-12 |accessdate=2010-07-12}}</ref> She has argued that "I don't think you can be a proper citizen of our society in the future if you are not engaged online."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/8187305.stm |title=UK | Magazine | The internet's conscientious objectors |publisher=BBC News |date=2009-08-06 |accessdate=2009-11-24}}</ref>

On March 22nd 2010 her government role was expanded when it was announced that she would set up a new Digital Public Services Unit within the Cabinet Office.
<ref>{{cite news
| last = Thomson
| first = Rebecca
| title = Gordon Brown turns his focus to digital economy
| publisher = Computer Weekly
| date = 2010-03-22
| url=http://www.computerweekly.com/Articles/2010/03/22/240679/gordon-brown-turns-his-focus-to-digital-economy.htm
| accessdate = 2010-03-22 }}</ref>

===Charity work===
Lane Fox is a strong and vocal advocate of [[progressivism|progressive]] causes including human rights, women's rights and social justice.

In 2007 she founded Antigone, a grant-making trust to support charities based in the UK.

She is a trustee and patron of [[Reprieve]], a legal action charity, which made the news during its involvement in the release of UK resident [[Binyam Mohammed]] from [[Guantanamo Bay]].<ref name="MaLF 1"/> Lane Fox is also a patron of [[CAMFED|Camfed]], dedicated to fighting poverty, HIV and AIDS in rural Africa through the education of girls and young women.<ref>[http://uk.camfed.org/news/2005/12/25/camfed-on-bbc-radio-4-this-christmas-day/ Camfed on BBC Radio 4 this Christmas Day] at Camfed</ref>

===Personal life===
Lane Fox lives in [[Marylebone]], London, with her long term partner, [[television producer]] [[Chris Gorell Barnes]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/technology/article6719060.ece | work=The Times | location=London | title=Martha Lane Fox back | first=James | last=Ashton | date=2009-07-19 | accessdate=2010-05-12}}</ref>

In May 2004 she was severely injured in a car accident in the tourist resort of [[Essaouira]] in [[Morocco]]. She spent a year in the [[John Radcliffe Hospital]], [[Oxford]] having metal inserts and bone grafts.<ref name="MaLF 1"/> As a result, she is registered [[disabled]], and is presently barred from driving.

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/2124521.stm A BBC News interview with Martha Lane Fox]
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3222504.stm A BBC News article about her stepping down as MD]
*[http://home.luckyvoice.com/ Lucky Voice Home online karaoke]


{{Persondata
|NAME = Lane Fox, Martha
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
|SHORT DESCRIPTION = Businesswoman
|DATE OF BIRTH = 10 February 1973
|PLACE OF BIRTH = Oxford, England
|DATE OF DEATH =
|PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lane Fox, Martha}}
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Old Westminsters]]
[[Category:Dot-com people]]
[[Category:Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford]]

Martha Lane Fox

2010-07-12T10:51:08Z

Cb6: /* Business career */ additional reference

'''Martha Lane Fox''' (born 10 February 1973) is a [[United Kingdom|British]] [[e-commerce]] business woman, charity trustee, board member of [[Channel 4]], mydeco.com <ref>{{cite web|url=http://mydeco.com/the-magazine/style/articles/press%20release_2008_02_04technicalrelease |title=press release_2008_02_04 |publisher=Mydeco.com |date= |accessdate=2009-11-24}}</ref> and [[Marks & Spencer]]. She co-founded [[Lastminute.com]], an icon of the dotcom boom of the early 2000s. She also co-founded Lucky Voice, the [[karaoke bar]] chain and is the British Government's first Champion for Digital Inclusion and to head a new cabinet Digital Public Services Unit.

==Personal life==
Born in [[Oxford]], Lane Fox is the daughter of the British historian [[Robin Lane Fox]]. She was educated at [[Oxford High School (Oxford)|Oxford High School]], [[Westminster School]] and [[Magdalen College, Oxford]], where she read ancient and modern [[history]].<ref name="MaLF 1">{{cite web|author=Jonathan Prynn, Evening Standard22 May 2007, 11:35am |url=http://www.thisismoney.co.uk/investing-and-markets/article.html?in_article_id=420599&in_page_id=3 |title=22 May 2007, Martha Lane Fox joins M&S |publisher=This is Money |date=2007-05-22 |accessdate=2009-11-24}}</ref>

===Business career===
After university she showed interest in acting and prison governorship but joined the consulting firm Spectrum, involved in IT and media companies. Her first project was for [[British Telecom]] called "What is the Internet ?", here she met fellow employee [[Brent Hoberman]].

In 1998, Lane Fox and Hoberman founded [[Lastminute.com]], an online travel and gift business that generated great publicity, becoming an icon of the UK internet boom and floating at the peak of the [[dot-com bubble]].<ref name="MaLF 1"/> On 20 November, 2003, it was announced that she would step down as [[managing director]] of Lastminute.com.

On 28 December 2003, it was revealed by ''[[The Sunday Telegraph]]'' that Lane Fox would become "right hand woman" of [[Galen Weston]], owner of [[Selfridges]], and take over the day-to-day running of the business.

In 2005, advertising executive Julian Douglas shared an idea of his with her about launching a Tokyo-esque private karaoke bar in London. Falling in love with the idea, together with Nick Thistleton she launched a private [[karaoke]] company Lucky Voice with a club in London's Soho.<ref name="MaLF 1"/> The company have five bars countrywide, an online application, and the Lucky Voice Party Box to be used with computers.

In 2007 Lane Fox joined the board of [[Marks & Spencer]] as a non-executive director.<ref name="MaLF 1"/> She is also on the board of [[Channel 4]].

On 16 June 2009, she was appointed the UK Government's Digital Inclusion Champion to head a two year campaign <ref>{{cite web|url=http://raceonline2012.org/ |title=About us |publisher=Race Online 2012 |date= |accessdate=2009-11-24}}</ref> to make the British public more 'tech savvy'.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/8102756.stm |title=article on Digital Britain |publisher=BBC News |date=2009-06-16 |accessdate=2009-11-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| last = Brown
| first = maggie
| title = Martha Lane Fox – what she'll do as the UK's digital inclusion champion
| publisher = The Guardian
| date = 2009-07-16
| url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2009/jun/16/martha-lane-fox-digital-inclusion-champion
| accessdate = 2009-08-30
| location=London}}</ref>

<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/10575266.stm |title=UK digital champion, Martha Lane Fox, wants to get everyone of working age online by 2012 |publisher=BBC News |date=2010-07-12 |accessdate=2010-07-12}}</ref> She has argued that "I don't think you can be a proper citizen of our society in the future if you are not engaged online."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/8187305.stm |title=UK | Magazine | The internet's conscientious objectors |publisher=BBC News |date=2009-08-06 |accessdate=2009-11-24}}</ref>

On March 22nd 2010 her government role was expanded when it was announced that she would set up a new Digital Public Services Unit within the Cabinet Office.
<ref>{{cite news
| last = Thomson
| first = Rebecca
| title = Gordon Brown turns his focus to digital economy
| publisher = Computer Weekly
| date = 2010-03-22
| url=http://www.computerweekly.com/Articles/2010/03/22/240679/gordon-brown-turns-his-focus-to-digital-economy.htm
| accessdate = 2010-03-22 }}</ref>

===Charity work===
Lane Fox is a strong and vocal advocate of [[progressivism|progressive]] causes including human rights, women's rights and social justice.

In 2007 she founded Antigone, a grant-making trust to support charities based in the UK.

She is a trustee and patron of [[Reprieve]], a legal action charity, which made the news during its involvement in the release of UK resident [[Binyam Mohammed]] from [[Guantanamo Bay]].<ref name="MaLF 1"/> Lane Fox is also a patron of [[CAMFED|Camfed]], dedicated to fighting poverty, HIV and AIDS in rural Africa through the education of girls and young women.<ref>[http://uk.camfed.org/news/2005/12/25/camfed-on-bbc-radio-4-this-christmas-day/ Camfed on BBC Radio 4 this Christmas Day] at Camfed</ref>

===Personal life===
Lane Fox lives in [[Marylebone]], London, with her long term partner, [[television producer]] [[Chris Gorell Barnes]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/technology/article6719060.ece | work=The Times | location=London | title=Martha Lane Fox back | first=James | last=Ashton | date=2009-07-19 | accessdate=2010-05-12}}</ref>

In May 2004 she was severely injured in a car accident in the tourist resort of [[Essaouira]] in [[Morocco]]. She spent a year in the [[John Radcliffe Hospital]], [[Oxford]] having metal inserts and bone grafts.<ref name="MaLF 1"/> As a result, she is registered [[disabled]], and is presently barred from driving.

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/2124521.stm A BBC News interview with Martha Lane Fox]
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3222504.stm A BBC News article about her stepping down as MD]
*[http://home.luckyvoice.com/ Lucky Voice Home online karaoke]


{{Persondata
|NAME = Lane Fox, Martha
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
|SHORT DESCRIPTION = Businesswoman
|DATE OF BIRTH = 10 February 1973
|PLACE OF BIRTH = Oxford, England
|DATE OF DEATH =
|PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lane Fox, Martha}}
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Old Westminsters]]
[[Category:Dot-com people]]
[[Category:Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford]]

Torpig

2008-10-31T23:31:57Z

Cb6:

{{Expand|date=May 2007}}
'''Torpig''' is a type of [[Trojan horse (computing)|Trojan horse]] which can affect computers using [[Microsoft Windows]] as their operating system. Torpig turns off anti-virus applications, allows others to access the computer, modifies data on the computer, steals confidential information (such as user passwords) and installs more [[malware]] on the victim's computer.

As of November 2008 it has been responsible for the stealing the details of about 500,000 online bank accounts and credit and debit cards and is described as "one of the most advanced pieces of crimeware ever created". The trojan also carries the name Sinowal or Mebroot<ref>BBC News: Trojan virus steals bank info [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/7701227.stm]</ref>.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

Torpig

2008-10-31T23:28:44Z

Cb6:

{{Expand|date=May 2007}}
'''Torpig''' is a type of [[Trojan horse (computing)|Trojan horse]] which can affect computers using [[Microsoft Windows]] as their operating system. Torpig turns off anti-virus applications, allows others to access the computer, modifies data on the computer, steals confidential information (such as user passwords) and installs more [[malware]] on the victim's computer.

The trojan also carries the name Sinowal or Mebroot<ref>BBC News: Trojan virus steals bank info [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/7701227.stm]</ref>.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

Lopadotemachoselachogaleokranioleipsanodrimhypotrimmatosilphiokarabomelitokatakechymenokichlepikossyphophattoperisteralektryonoptokephalliokinklopeleiolagoosiraiobaphetraganopterygon

2008-04-14T22:14:25Z

Cb6: Reverted to revision 205653330 by 96.226.23.4; vandalism. (TW)

<div style="overflow:auto">'''Lopadotemakhoselakhogameokranioleipsanodrimypotrimmatosilphiokarabomelitokatakekhymenokikhlepikossyphophattoperisterphobiaticlerialektryonoptokephalliokigklopeleiolagōiosiraiobaphētraganopterýgōn'''</div> is a fictional dish mentioned in [[Aristophanes]]' comedy ''[[Assemblywomen]]''.

A transliteration of the Ancient Greek word <div style="overflow:auto">[[wikt:λοπαδοτεμαχοσελαχογαλεοκρανιολειψανοδριμυποτριμματοσιλφιοκαραβομελιτοκατακεχυμενοκιχλεπικοσσυφοφαττοπεριστεραλεκτρυονοπτοκεφαλ...|λοπαδοτεμαχοσελαχογαλεοκρανιολειψανοδριμυποτριμματοσιλφιοκαραβομελιτοκατακεχυμενοκιχλεπικοσσυφοφαττοπεριστεραλεκτρυονοπτοκεφαλλιοκιγκλοπελειολαγῳοσιραιοβαφητραγανοπτερύγων]]</div> in the Greek alphabet (1169-74). Liddell and Scott translate this as "name of a dish compounded of all kinds of dainties, fish, flesh, fowl, and sauces."

{{wiktionary|λοπαδοτεμαχοσελαχογαλεοκρανιολειψανοδριμυποτριμματοσιλφιοκαραβομελιτοκατακεχυμενοκιχλεπικοσσυφοφαττοπεριστεραλεκτρυονοπτοκεφαλ...|λοπαδοτεμαχο...}}

The original Greek spelling had 171 characters (something which is not obvious in the [[Roman alphabet|Roman]] transcription, depending on the variant) and for centuries it was the [[Longest word in English#Coinages|longest word known]].

The dish was a [[fricassee]], with 17 sweet and sour ingredients, including brains, honey, vinegar, fish, pickles, and the following:

*[[Fish]] slices
*Fish of the [[Elasmobranchii]] subclass (a [[shark]] or [[ray]])
*Rotted [[dogfish]] or [[Shark|small shark's]] head
*Generally sharp-tasting dish of several ingredients grated and pounded together
*[[Silphion]] "laserwort," apparently a kind of [[giant fennel]]
*A kind of [[crab]], [[beetle]], or [[crayfish]]
*[[Eagle]]
*[[Cheese]]
*[[Honey]] poured down
*Wrasse (or [[Thrush (bird)|thrush]])
*Was topped with a kind of [[sea fish]] or [[Blackbird]]
*[[Wood pigeon]]
*[[Domestic pigeon]]
*[[Chicken]]
*Roasted head of [[dabchick]]
*[[Hare]], which could be a kind of [[bird]] or a kind of [[sea hare]]
*[[Must|New wine boiled down]]
*[[Dessert]], [[fruit]], or other raw food
*[[Wing]] and/or [[fin]]

== Role in the play ==

The [[gynecocracy]] depicted in ''Assemblywomen'' attempts to treat everyone equally. They create this dish so that they can serve one food that fits everyone's needs. The dish's name is mentioned only twice, in one of the last speeches of the play.

This is also thought to be the longest word but the longest actual word is Flibberflabbertyfloo!

PENIS PENIS PENIS PENIS PENIS PENIS

== See also ==
* [[Big Mac]] (see "Two all beef patties, special sauce, lettuce, cheese, pickles, onions on a sesame seed bun" [71 letters] under [[Big Mac#Two all beef patties slogan|Two all beef patties Slogan]])
* [[Turducken]] (see "bustergophechiduckneaealcockidgeoverwingailusharkolanbler" [17 birds; 57 letters] under [[turducken#Variations|Variations]])

==References==
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=EKSHvbY5howC&q=%22longest+word%22+aristophanes&dq=%22longest+word%22 Guinness Book of World Records, 1990 ed, pg. 129] ISBN:0806957905

[[Category:World record holders|Lopadot...terygon]]
[[Category:Fictional foods|Lopadot...terygon]]

[[eo:Lopadotemakhoselakhogaleokranioleipsanodrimypotrimmatosilphiokarabomelitokatakekhymenokikhlepikossyphophattoperisteralektryonoptekephalliokinklopeleiolagōiosiraiobaphētraganopterygṓn]]
[[fr:Lopadotemakhoselakhogaleokranioleipsanodrimypotrimmatosilphiokarabomelitokatakekhymenokikhlepikossyphophattoperisteralektryonoptekephalliokinklopeleiolagōiosiraiobaphētraganopterygṓn]]
[[he:לופאדוטמאכוס...פטריגון]]
[[no:Lopado…pterygon]]

Game Designer

2007-11-02T12:06:33Z

Cb6: Reverted edits by 64.90.247.199 to last version by Svetovid

A '''game designer''' is a person who designs [[game]]s. The term can refer to a person who designs [[video game]]s, or one who designs traditional games such as [[board game]]s.

==Video and computer game designer==
A video or computer game designer develops the layout, concept and [[gameplay]], the [[game design]] of a video or computer game. This may include playfield design, specification writing, and entry of numeric properties that balance and tune the gameplay. A game designer works for a [[video game developer|developer]] (which may additionally be the game's [[video game publisher]]).

This person usually has a lot of [[writer|writing]] experience and may even have a degree in writing or a related field (such as [[English language|English]]). This person's primary job function is writing, so the more experience they have with that activity, the better. Some [[artist|art]] and [[programmer|programming]] skills are also helpful for this job, but are not strictly necessary. In addition game designers often study relevant liberal arts such as [[psychology]], [[sociology]], [[drama]], [[fine art]] or [[philosophy]]. Due to the increasing complexity of the game design process, many young game designers may also come from a [[computer science]] or other computer engineering background.

With game budgets now running into millions of dollars, the industry can often be volatile and a failed project could force a company into bankruptcy. {{Fact|date=February 2007}} So the design of the game is critical and the industry has been repeatedly criticized for choosing to develop sequels and licensed titles where sales are more certain, rather than investing in new game ideas. {{Fact|date=February 2007}} In larger companies entry level game designers will typically be given simpler tasks such as level design and object placement, while the role of lead designer will be reserved for a designer with more experience and a history of successful titles. {{Fact|date=February 2007}}

===History===
The first video games were designed in the [[1960s]] and [[1970s]] by programmers for whom creating games was a [[hobby]], since there was no way to sell them or earn money from creating games (the games required large [[mainframe computer]]s to play). Some were designed by electrical engineers as exhibits for visitors to computer labs (''[[OXO]]'', ''[[Tennis for Two]]''), others by college students who wrote games for their friends to play (''[[Spacewar!]]'', ''[[Star Trek (text game)|Star Trek]]'', ''[[Dungeon (computer game)|Dungeon]]'').

Some of the games designed during this era, such as ''[[Zork]]'', ''[[Baseball (computer game)|Baseball]]'', ''[[Air Warrior]]'' and ''[[Colossal Cave Adventure|Adventure]]'' later made the transition with their game designers into the early [[video game industry]].

Early in the [[history of computer and video games|history of video games]], game designers were often the [[lead programmer]] or the ''only'' programmer for a game, and this remained true as the video game industry dawned in the 1970s. This person also sometimes comprised the entire art team. This is the case of such noted designers as [[Sid Meier]], [[Chris Sawyer]] and [[Will Wright (game designer)|Will Wright]]. A notable exception to this policy was [[Coleco]], which from its very start separated the function of design and programming.

As games became more complex and [[home computer|computers]] and [[video game console|console]]s became more powerful (allowing more features), the job of the game designer became a separate job function, with the lead programmer splitting his time between the two functions, moving from one role to the other. Later, game complexity escalated to the point where it required someone who concentrated solely on game design. Many early veterans chose the game design path eschewing programming and delegating those tasks to others.

Today, it is rare to find a video or computer game where the principal programmer is also the principal designer, except in the case of [[casual game]]s, such as ''[[Tetris]]'' or ''[[Bejeweled]]''. With very complex games, such as [[MMORPG]]s, or a big budget action or sports title, designers may number in the dozens. In these cases, there are generally one or two principal designers and many junior designers who specify subsets or subsystems of the game. In larger companies like [[Electronic Arts]], each aspect of the game (control, level design or vehicles) may have a separate producer, lead designer and several general designers.

===Notable video and computer game designers===

* [[Danielle Bunten Berry]], of the seminal ''[[M.U.L.E.]]'' and ''[[The Seven Cities of Gold (game)|The Seven Cities of Gold]]''
* [[Marc Blank]], co-designer of ''[[Zork]]'', co-founder of [[text adventure]] publisher [[Infocom]]
* [[Bill Budge]], developer of ''[[Pinball Construction Set]]'', designer who anchored launch of [[Electronic Arts]]
* [[Alexey Pajitnov]], developer of ''[[Tetris]]''
* [[Chris Crawford (game designer)|Chris Crawford]], creator of ''[[Balance of Power (computer game)|Balance of Power]]'' and the founder of the [[Game Developer's Conference]]
* [[Jon Freeman]], designer of the ''[[Archon (computer game)|Archon]]'' series and many original [[Epyx]] titles
* [[Richard Garriott]] (Lord British), developer of the ''[[Ultima]]'' series of games
* [[Ron Gilbert]], creator of ''[[Maniac Mansion]]'' and the [[Monkey Island series|''Monkey Island'' series]]''
* [[Tomonobu Itagaki]], creator of the ''[[Dead or Alive (series)|Dead or Alive series]]'', and the ''[[Ninja Gaiden (2004 video game)|Ninja Gaiden]]'' series remake
* [[Hideo Kojima]], creator of the ''[[Metal Gear Solid]]'' series
* [[Jordan Mechner]], designer of ''[[Prince of Persia]]'', ''[[Karateka (computer game)|Karateka]]'', and ''[[The Last Express]]''
* [[Sid Meier]], creator of ''[[Civilization computer game|Civilization]]'', ''[[Railroad Tycoon]]'' and other game series
* [[Shinji Mikami]] creator of the ''[[Resident Evil (series)|Resident Evil]]'' series
* [[Shigeru Miyamoto]], creator of ''[[Donkey Kong]]'', ''[[The Legend of Zelda]]'', ''[[Star Fox]]'' and ''[[Super Mario]]'' series
* [[Peter Molyneux]], creator of the ''[[Populous]]'', ''[[Black and White (computer game)|Black and White]]'', ''[[Fable (video_game)| Fable]]'' series, and ''[[Theme Park]]'' series
* [[Brian Reynolds]], developer of ''[[Civilization II]]'', ''[[Sid Meier's Alpha Centauri]]'' and ''[[Rise of Nations]]''
* [[John Romero]], creator of ''[[Wolfenstein 3D]]'', the ''[[Doom (video game)|Doom]]'' and ''[[Quake]]'' series
* [[Hironobu Sakaguchi]], creator of the ''[[Final Fantasy]]'' series, ''[[Blue Dragon]]'' and ''[[Lost Odyssey]]''
* [[Tim Schafer]], creator of ''[[Grim Fandango]] '' and ''[[Psychonauts]]''
* [[Bruce Shelley]], co-creator of ''[[Age of Empires]]'' series and ''[[Civilization computer game|Civilization]]''
* [[Warren Spector]], developer of ''[[System Shock]]'', ''[[Deus Ex]]'' and ''[[Thief (computer game)|Thief]]'' series
* [[Roberta Williams]], designer of ''[[King's Quest]]'' and several other computer game series
* [[Will Wright (game designer)|Will Wright]], designer of ''[[SimCity]]'', ''[[The Sims]]'' and ''[[Spore (computer game)|Spore]]''

==Notable designers of non-video games==
* [[Allan B. Calhamer]] - Designer of ''[[Diplomacy (game)|Diplomacy]]''
* [[Frank Chadwick]] - Co-founder of [[GDW]] and designer of over 50 war and role-playing games, including ''[[Twilight 2000]]'' and the ''[[Assault (game)|Assault]]'' series
* [[Jim Dunnigan]] - Founder of [[SPI Games]] and designer of over 100 wargames, including the ''PanzerBlitz/Panzer Leader'' system
* [[James Ernest]] - president and lead game designer for [[Cheapass Games]]
* [[Richard Garfield]] - [[collectible card game]] (''[[Magic: The Gathering]]'') and [[board game]] designer.
* [[Gary Gygax]] and [[David Arneson]] - creators of ''[[Dungeons & Dragons]]''
* [[Steve Jackson (US)|Steve Jackson]] - Designer of ''[[Ogre (game)|Ogre]]'', ''[[The Fantasy Trip]]'', ''[[Car Wars]]'', ''[[GURPS]]'', ''[[Hacker (card game)|Hacker]]'', ''[[Illuminati (game)|Illuminati]]'' and others.
* [[Reiner Knizia]] - prolific designer of [[German-style board game]]s who designed 6 of the top 20 games on the [[Internet Top 100 Games List]].
* [[Alan R. Moon]] - prolific designer of [[German-style board game]]s including [[Elfenland]] and [[Ticket to Ride]].
* [[Charles S. Roberts]] - Designer of first commercial board wargame (''[[Tactics II]]'') and founder of [[Avalon Hill]].
* [[Redmond A. Simonsen]] - art director at SPI and designer of ''Starforce'' trilogy and ''BattleFleet Mars''

==See also==
* [[List of game designers]]
* [[List of video game designers]]
* [[List of designers of role-playing games]]

==External links==
* [http://www.gamespot.com/features/6129276/index.html "So You Wanna Be a Game Designer"] at ''[[GameSpot]]''
* [http://www.futureplay.org/ FuturePlayGame], a conference for academics and game designers to discuss the future of game design

===Newsgroups===
* [http://groups.google.com/groups?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&group=comp.games.development.design comp.games.development.design via Google Groups]
* [http://groups.google.com/groups?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&group=rec.games.design rec.games.design via Google Groups]

{{vg-industry}}

[[Category:Game designers| ]]
[[Category:Game design]]
[[Category:Arts occupations]]

[[es:Diseñador de juegos]]
[[fr:Game designer]]
[[hr:Dizajner igara]]
[[id:Perancang permainan]]
[[ja:ゲームデザイナー]]
[[pl:Projektant gier]]
[[pt:Designer de jogos]]
[[ru:Геймдизайнер]]
[[simple:Game designer]]
[[sr:Дизајнер игара]]

Game Designer

2007-11-02T12:06:33Z

Cb6: Reverted edits by 64.90.247.199 to last version by Svetovid

North Carolina Central University

2007-10-27T06:33:00Z

Cb6: Reverted edits by 152.3.181.124 to last version by 205.157.110.11

{{Infobox University |
name=North Carolina Central University|
motto=''Truth and Service''|
established=[[1909]]|
type=[[Public school|Public]]|
head_label = Chancellor |
head=[[Charlie Nelms]]|
city=[[Durham, North Carolina|Durham]]|
state=[[North Carolina]]|
country=[[United States|USA]]|
undergrad=4,000|
postgrad=3,500|
postgrad_label=Graduate and Professional|
faculty=|
campus=[[Urban area|Urban]]|
mascot = Eagle |
free_label=Athletics|
free=11 varsity teams|
colors={{colorbox|#800000}} [[Maroon (color)|Maroon]] and {{colorbox|#808080}} [[Gray]]|
website=[http://www.nccu.edu/ www.nccu.edu]|
image=[[Image:NCCU seal.gif]]|
image_size=175px
}}
'''North Carolina Central University''' (NCCU) is a [[Historically black colleges|historically black college]] located in [[Durham, North Carolina|Durham]], [[North Carolina]].
NCCU has a current enrollment of 8,231 for the Fall of [[2005]]. NCCU is the second largest historically black university in North Carolina after [[North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University|NC A&T State University]]. It is a member school of the [[Thurgood Marshall Scholarship Fund]].

==History==
NCCU was chartered in [[1909]] and opened in [[1910]] as the ''National Religious Training School and Chautauqua'' under the leadership of President [[James E. Shepard]]. Suffering financial troubles, the school reorganized in [[1915]] as the ''National Training School'' and again in [[1923]], when it was acquired by the state of North Carolina and renamed ''Durham State Normal School''.

In [[1925]], the state redefined the school's mission, turning it into a four-year [[liberal arts college]], the ''North Carolina College for Negroes'' (NCC), the first state-supported [[African-American]] liberal arts college in the [[United States]]. After expanding through the support of the state and local philanthropists (including [[Benjamin N. Duke]]), NCC was finally accredited by the [[Southern Association of Colleges and Schools]] in [[1937]].

The college opened its first graduate programs in law ([[1940]]) and [[library science]] ([[1941]]). In [[1947]], the college was renamed yet again as ''North Carolina College at Durham''. In the same year, founding president James Shepard died after having headed the school for nearly 40 years.

The college received its current title, North Carolina Central University, in [[1969]]. The name "Central" was picked in order to keep the school's initials "NCC". In [[1972]], it became part of the 16-member [[University of North Carolina System]].

[http://web.nccu.edu/law/ The NCCU School of Law] has undergone a multimillion dollar major renovation of the Turner Law School Building, which was completed in 2005. The 100,000+ sq ft (9,300 m²) building is now one of the largest public law school facilities in the [[Southeast United States]].

==Academics==
NCCU has several colleges and schools: the College of Arts and Sciences, School of Library & Information Sciences, School of Business, School of Law, School of Graduate Studies and the University College.

In 2005, NCCU ranked third in North Carolina for accepting National Merit Scholars, only trailing [[Duke University]] and UNC-Chapel Hill. NCCU also tied for third (with Hampton University) in accepting National Merit Scholars for HBCUs, only trailing [[Morehouse College]] and [[Howard University]]. The NCCU School of Law was recently listed in the Princeton Review as one of America's Best Law Schools.

NCCU also boasts a prominent history department, in which [[John Hope Franklin]] once taught, and a prominent biology department.

==Entrance requirements==
NCCU has lower SAT requirements for incoming freshman compared to some of the other universities in North Carolina and the rest of the US. An SAT score of 680 out of 1600 is needed to attend NCCU, with the average being 860. For comparison, UNC-CH's average SAT score is ~1300 and NC State and Appalachian State's is ~1200.[http://www7.acs.ncsu.edu/uga/images/facts.pdf] but the school will take a student who scored lower if they agree to attend a five-week freshman orientation program over the summer called "Aspiring Eagles."[http://www.newsobserver.com/news/story/590615.html]
The program began in 2006 as part of the school's efforts to raise student retention rates. Only 70.8% of freshman return as sophomores the following year. This is below the UNC system average. 50 students took part in the program in 2006, and 100 are expected to participate in the summer of 2007.

==Athletics==
NCCU's athletic teams, called the Eagles, formerly competed in the [[Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association]] in [[NCAA Division II]]. In July 2007, NCCU officially moved up to [[NCAA Division I]] and will compete as independents. The football, volleyball, softball, and cross country teams have all repeated as conference champions. NCCU has an athletics support group made of students called the Screaming Eagles which travels with teams to cheer on the Eagles.

[http://www.newsobserver.com/734/story/681055.html]

==Executives==
* 1909–1947: James E. Shepard, President
* 1948–1963: Alfonso Elder, President
* 1963–1966: Samuel P. Massie, President
* 1967–1982: Albert N. Whiting, President (1967–1972), Chancellor (1972–1982)
* 1983–1986: LeRoy T. Walker, Chancellor
* 1986–1992: Tyronza R. Richmond, Chancellor
* 1992–1993: Donna J. Benson, Chancellor
* 1993–2001: Julius L. Chambers, Chancellor
* 2001—2007: [[James H. Ammons]], Chancellor
* 2007— : [[Charlie Nelms]], Chancellor [http://www.newsobserver.com/102/story/596370.html]

==Notable alumni==
* [[Frank Dancy Jr.]], Director, producer, editor for TANTRUMTV.COM AND TANTRUM TV DVD MAGAZINE
* [[Herman Boone]], former high school [[football (American)|football]] coach, featured in motion picture ''[[Remember the Titans]]''
* [[Ernie Barnes]], artist (he drew the famous "Goodtimes" picture and most of J.J.'s work on the show) and former professional football player
* [[Larry Black]], Olympic Track & Field Gold and Silver Medalist
* [[Julia Boseman]], North Carolina State Senator
* [[Wanda G. Bryant]], [[North Carolina Court of Appeals]]
* [[G.K. Butterfield]], Congressman and former Associate Justice of the [[North Carolina Supreme Court]]
* [[Mike Easley]], [[Governor of North Carolina]]
* [[Rick Elmore]], [[North Carolina Court of Appeals]]
* [[George Hamilton Sr.]] - President of [[Dow Automotive]]
* [[Maynard Jackson]], first black mayor of [[Atlanta, Georgia]]
* [[9th Wonder]], [[hip hop production|hip hop producer]]
* [[Little Brother]], [[hip hop group|Phonte and Rappa Big Pooh]]
* [[YahZarah]], R&B Singer
* [[Ivan Dixon]], Actor
* [[Jason Smoots]], Track Athlete
* [[Sam Jones (basketball)|Sam Jones]], [[NBA]] Hall of Famer
* [[Sunshine Anderson]], R&B Singer "Heard It All Before"
* [[Doug Wilkerson]], former professional football player
* [[Eddie L. Long|Bishop Eddie Long]], pastor of New Birth Missionary Baptist Church, Lithonia, GA
* [[Kim Coles]], Comedian & actress, Sinclaire on "Living Single"
* [[Willie Gary]], prominent black attorney, and CEO of MBC
* [[Blu Fox]], Actor
* [[Andre Leon Talley]], Vogue's Editor-At-Large
* [[Sean D. Johnson]], Writer/Author/poet

==See also==
*[[WNCU]] 90.7 FM, the college radio station

==External links==
* [http://www.nccu.edu/ North Carolina Central University]

*[http://www.campusecho.com The Campus Echo Student Newspaper]
*[http://www.nccu.edu/campus/smachine The Marching Sound Machine]
{{Mapit-US-cityscale|35.97645|-78.90092}}

{{HBCU}}
{{UNC_System}}

[[Category:North Carolina Central University]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1909]]
[[Category:North Carolina Central University alumni| ]]
[[Category:Historically black universities and colleges in the United States]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Raleigh-Durham]]
[[Category:Registered Historic Places in North Carolina]]
[[Category:University of North Carolina]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in North Carolina]]

Bart Simpson

2007-10-25T21:21:10Z

Cb6: Reverted edits by 209.232.147.125 to last version by Slakr

{{for|the comic book series of the same name|Bart Simpson comics}}
{{Simpsons character
|name=Bart Jojo Simpson
|image=[[Image:Bart Simpson.png|222px]]
|gender=[[Male]]
|job=Student at [[Springfield Elementary School]]
|hair=[[Blond]]
|relatives= '''Parents:''' [[Homer Simpson|Homer]] and [[Marge Simpson|Marge]] '''Sisters:''' [[Lisa Simpson|Lisa]] and [[Maggie Simpson|Maggie]] '''Grandparents:''' [[Abraham Simpson|Abraham]], [[Mona Simpson (The Simpsons)|Mona]], [[Bouvier family#Jacqueline Bouvier|Jacqueline]] and [[Bouvier family#Clancy Bouvier|Clancy]] '''Aunts:''' [[Patty and Selma Bouvier]] '''Uncles:''' [[Simpson family#Herbert Powell|Herbert Powell]], [[Simpson family#Uncle Arthur|Arthur]] '''Cousin:''' [[Bouvier family#Ling Bouvier|Ling Bouvier]] (See also [[Simpson family]])
| appearance = "[[Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire]]"
| ullmanappearance = "[[Good Night (The Simpsons short)|Good Night]]"
|voiceactor=[[Nancy Cartwright]]
}}
[[Image:BartNews.png|right|thumb|Bart and his sister [[Lisa Simpson|Lisa]] as news anchors.]]
'''Bartholomew "Bart" Jojo Simpson''' is a [[fictional character]] in the [[animated]] [[television series]] ''[[The Simpsons]]'', who is voiced by [[Nancy Cartwright (actress)|Nancy Cartwright]].<ref>Richmond, Ray; Antonia Coffman (1997). The Simpsons: A Complete Guide to our Favorite Family. Harper Collins Publishers, pg. 178. ISBN 0-00-638898-1</ref> He is the oldest child of [[Homer Simpson|Homer]] and [[Marge Simpson]], and is the brother of [[Lisa Simpson|Lisa]] and [[Maggie Simpson|Maggie]]. Bart's most prominent character traits are his mischievousness, rebeliousness, disrespect for authority and sharp tongue. During the first two seasons of ''The Simpsons'', Bart was the show's main character, before later episodes started to focus more on Homer.

==Personality==
Bart is a self-proclaimed [[slacker|underachiever]] who begins each show in [[Detention (academia)|detention]] [[Chalkboard gag|writing lines on the blackboard]]. He is easily distracted, even, strangely enough by [[algebraic equation]]s. His penchant for shocking people began before he was born: Bart "mooned" [[Julius Hibbert|Dr. Hibbert]] while he performed a [[sonogram]] on Marge, and moments after being born he set fire to [[Homer Simpson|Homer]]'s tie.

He is considerably motivated in disrupting the routine at [[Springfield Elementary School|Springfield Elementary]], and his pranks are often elaborately complex, while his actions and speech frequently show considerable mental agility, street-smarts, and understanding. In "[[Separate Vocations]]" when Bart becomes hall monitor, his grades go up, showing that he only struggles because he does not pay attention, not because he is dumb. This is reinforced in the episode "[[Brother's Little Helper]]", in which it is revealed that Bart suffers from [[Attention Deficit Disorder]]. In the episode "[[Jazzy and the Pussycats]]" he also turns out to be musically gifted by becoming an excellent [[drummer]]. On the other hand, he often seems to have trouble understanding even the simplest concepts, such as the word "irony", what the [[equator]] is and that the logo on his globe ("Rand McNally") is not actually a country. The fact that he is the son of Homer Simpson and shares many of the same mannerisms and behaviors may also account for his antics. Homer even described Bart as "a younger, more in-your-face version" of himself. It is often joked that Bart is a pawn of the devil due to his mischievous behavior, such as when Lisa calls him "the Devil's cabana boy", a role which Bart seems to relish in. In one Halloween episode, the Devil actually makes an appearance in of the form of [[Ned Flanders]] saying "Hey Bart." like they are old friends.

Although he gets into endless trouble and is mean, shallow and selfish, Bart also exhibits many qualities of high [[integrity]]. He has, on a few occasions, helped the love life of his school Principal [[Seymour Skinner]] and his teacher [[Edna Krabappel]] despite the fact he often terrorises them, and he often befriends outcasts like [[Milhouse Van Houten]]. One great example of his quasi sense of honor is in the episode ''[[This Little Wiggy]]'' where Bart stands up for [[Ralph Wiggum]] at the cost of peer popularity.

Due to Bart's mischievousness and Homer's often uncaring and incompetent behavior, the two have a turbulent relationship. Bart will often address Homer by his [[given name]] instead of "Dad", while Homer in turn often refers to him as "the boy". Whenever [[Homer Simpson|Homer]] finds out that Bart has said or done something stupid or bad, he yells out: "Why you little–!", and strangles him in anger. In ''[[The Simpsons Movie]]'', Homer & Bart's relationship reaches breaking point following Homer's pollution of Lake Springfield, with Bart even going so far as to say "I wish you weren't my father! I wish I was Flanders's kid!". Nevertheless, the two really do love each other deep down. [[Marge Simpson|Marge]], who calls Bart her "special little guy" is much more caring, understanding and nurturing than Homer. However, she also refers to Bart as "hand full" and is often embarrassed by his antics. Bart shares a sibling rivalry with his younger sister, Lisa, but has a buddy-like relationship with his youngest sister Maggie (due to her infant state). While Bart has often hurt Lisa out of jealousy, and even fought her physically, they are very close, he cares for her as deeply as she does for him, and has always apologised for going too far. He also believes Lisa to be his superior when it comes to solving problems, and frequently goes to her for advice. He is often protective of her when she is threatened or insulted by others, though he frequently insults her himself. Both siblings formed a dynamic crime-solving duo during many of their encounters with [[Sideshow Bob]], Bart's nemesis.

Bart's interests include [[Krusty the Klown]], [[skateboarding]], reading [[comic book]]s (especially ''[[Radioactive Man]]''), watching [[The Itchy & Scratchy Show]], terrorizing [[Lisa Simpson|Lisa]], playing [[video games]]/[[computer games]], helping Lisa solve various problems (e.g. reuniting Krusty with his [[List of recurring characters from The Simpsons#Hyman Krustofski|estranged father]]), and pulling off various pranks (such as [[mooning]] unsuspecting people and [[prank call]]ing [[Moe Szyslak]] at his tavern). In "[[Bart the General]]", Bart has hinted that his favorite movies are ''[[Jaws (film)|Jaws]]'' and the ''[[Star Wars]]'' trilogy. His best friend is [[Milhouse van Houten]]. Though he has not demonstrated the ability since the [[The Crepes of Wrath|episode in which he learned]], he speaks near-perfect French. He also learned Spanish in matter of hours in preparation for the family's trip to Brazil. Upon learning that Brazilians speak Portuguese and not Spanish, Homer orders his son to forget what he learned, prompting Bart to strike himself over the head until he forgot the language. Bart also speaks Japanese (which he also learned in a couple of hours in [[prison]] along with Homer, and is also shown speaking Japanese in 'A Star is Burns'), Cantonese and Latin. His advanced linguistic skills may be inherited from Homer, who also speaks advanced languages, including penguin. Bart can also drive, having his own driving license, given to him in "[[Little Big Girl]]" after saving Springfield from a fire, although he has been seen driving before with a fake license, particularly in the episode "[[Bart on the Road]]". He still possesses it, using it to great effect in "[[24 minutes]]", stealing Principal Skinner's car to get to Jimbo's house.

In his book ''Planet Simpson'', Chris Turner describes Bart as a [[Nihilism|nihilist]]. Bart's character traits of rebelliousness and disrespect for authority has been likened to that of America's founding fathers, rendering him an updated version of American icons Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn, rolled into one."<ref>Cantor, P: "The Simpsons: Atomistic Politics and the Nuclear Family", page 738. Political Theory, Vol 27 No 6, Dec 1999.</ref>

==Character==
===Creation===
[[Matt Groening]] first conceived the Simpson family in the lobby of [[James L. Brooks]]' office. He had been called in to pitch a series of animated shorts, and had intended to present his ''[[Life in Hell]]'' series. When he realized that animating ''Life in Hell'' would require him to rescind publication rights for his life's work, Groening decided to go in another direction.<ref name="americasfirstfamily">{{cite video|people=BBC|year=2000|title='The Simpsons': America's First Family (6 minute edit for the season 1 DVD)|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0250735/|format=DVD|location=UK|publisher=20th Century Fox}}</ref> He hurriedly sketched out his version of a dysfunctional family, and named the characters after various members of his own family, substituting "Bart" for his own name,<ref name="americasfirstfamily"/> as he decided it would have been too obvious for him to have named the character Matt.<ref name=sundvd>{{cite video | people=Groening, Matt: Jean, Al|year=2007|title=The Simpsons Movie: A Look Behind the Scenes| medium=DVD||publisher=[[The Sun]]}}</ref> Bart then made his debut with the rest of the Simpsons clan on [[19 April]], [[1987]] in the [[The Simpsons shorts|Tracey Ullman short]] "[[Good Night (The Simpsons short)|Good Night]]".<ref name="goodnight">Richmond, p. 14</ref> The name "Bart" is an anagram of the word "brat".<ref name=sundvd/> Groening conceived Bart as an extreme version of the typical misbehaving child character, merging all of the negative traits of characters such as [[Tom Sawyer]] and [[Huckleberry Finn]] into one person.<ref name=sundvd/> Groening's older brother Mark provided some inspiration for Bart.<ref name=SitterDVD>{{cite video | people=Groening, Matt|year=2006|title=The Simpsons The Complete Eighth Season DVD commentary for the episode "[[My Sister, My Sitter]]"| medium=DVD||publisher=20th Century Fox}}</ref><ref name="flux">{{cite news|title=Life in Hell | work=Flux Magazine | last=Paul | first=Alan | date=[[1995-09-30]] | accessmonthday=[[October 7]] | accessyear=[[2007]]}}</ref>

Groening has also said that he found the premise of ''[[Dennis the Menace (TV series)|Dennis the Menace]]'' disappointing and was inspired to create a character who was actually a menace.<ref>{{cite video | people=Groening, Matt|year=2005|title=The Simpsons The Complete Seventh Season DVD commentary for the episode "[[Two Bad Neighbors]]"| medium=DVD||publisher=20th Century Fox}}</ref>

Nancy Cartwright originally auditioned for the role of Lisa, but soon thought that her voice would be better suited voicing Bart. Matt Groening let her try out for the part, and upon hearing her read, gave her the job on the spot.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/1017238.stm|title=Bart's voice tells all|accessdate=2007-05-16|date=[[2000-11-10]]|publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> Bart's catchphrase "Eat My Shorts" was an ad-lib by Cartwright in one of the original table readings, harking back to an incident when she was at college.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1565538/20070725/story.jhtml|title='Simpsons' Trivia, From Swearing Lisa To 'Burns-Sexual' Smithers|accessdate=2007-07-29|date=[[2007-07-26]]|author=Larry Carroll|publisher=[[MTV]]}}</ref>

==Cultural influence==
In 1998, ''[[Time Magazine|Time]]'' magazine selected Bart as one of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century (he came in number 46)—the only fictional character to make the list.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/time100/artists/profile/simpson.html|title=Bart Simpson|accessdate=2007-05-16|date=1998-06-08|publisher=Time}}</ref> He had previously appeared on the cover the [[December 31]] [[1990]] edition.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,1101901231,00.html|title=TIME Magazine Cover: Bart Simpson|accessate=2007-05-16|date=1990-12-31|publisher=Time}}</ref> Both Bart and Lisa ranked #11 in ''[[TV Guide]]'s'' "Top 50 Greatest Cartoon Characters of All Time".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2002/SHOWBIZ/TV/07/30/cartoon.characters.list/ |title=CNN - TV Guide's 50 Greatest Cartoon Characters |accessdate=2007-03-14 |date=2002-07-30 |publisher=''[[CNN]]''}}</ref>

Bart's catchphrases, "[[¡Ay, caramba!]]," "Don't have a cow, man!" and "Eat my shorts!" were featured on t-shirts in the early days of the show's run.<ref>Turner, Chris. Planet Simpson: How a Cartoon Masterpiece Documented an Era and Defined a Generation, p. 25. ISBN 0-679-31318-4</ref> The latter two phrases were rarely actually spoken on the show itself until after they became popular through merchandise, and the use of many of these catchphrases has declined in recent seasons. The use of catchphrase-based humor was mocked in the episode "[[Bart Gets Famous]]" in which Bart gets famous on the Krusty show for saying the line "I didn't do it."<ref>Turner p. 61</ref> During the show's early years, Bart was rebellious and frequently escaped without punishment, which led some parents' groups and conservative spokespeople to believe he provided a poor [[role model]] for children. This prompted [[George H. W. Bush]] to rally, "We're going to keep trying to strengthen the American family. To make them more like [[the Waltons]] and less like the Simpsons."<ref name="mikescully">{{cite news|first=Nick|last=Griffiths|title=America's First Family|publisher=The Times Magazine|pages=25, 27-28|date=[[2000-04-15]]}}</ref> This led to many ''The Simpsons'' [[t-shirts]], most featuring Bart with phrases such as "Underachiever ('And proud of it, man!')", being banned from several public schools in the United States.<ref name="mikescully"/>

Bart is the most depicted ''Simpsons'' character on various memorabilia such as T-shirts, car decals, and even graffiti art. Bart, and other Simpsons characters, have appeared in numerous [[television commercials]] for [[Nestlé]]'s [[Butterfinger]] candy bars from [[1990]] to [[2001]], with the slogan ''"Nobody better lay a finger on my Butterfinger!"''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3289/is_n6_v167/ai_20897150|title=Don't lay a finger on his Butterfinger - Nestle USA Inc. Nestle Chocolate and Confections' television advertisements - Brief Article|accessdate=2007-05-17|publisher=Prepared Foods at Find Articles}}</ref> This association was parodied in an episode when he discovered a [[video tape]] with Lisa that he participated in a TV commercial when he was a baby; Bart says that he doesn't remember being in a commercial, then holds up a Butterfinger and eats it.
Bart briefly appears in the entrance video used by [[World Wrestling Entertainment]] Superstar [[Shawn Michaels]] in 1995.
Bart has appeared in several other shows. He featured in the ''[[South Park]]'' episode "[[Cartoon Wars Part II]]"; he is not referred to by name, nor do any of the characters react to him as if he were a well known personality.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uk.movies.ign.com/articles/701/701605p1.html|title=South Park Recap: ''Cartoon Wars: Part 2''|accessdate=2007-05-17|date=2006-04-13|publisher=IGN.com|author=Goldman, Eric}}</ref> The character specifically mentions the events of ''[[The Telltale Head]]'' when Cartman asks him to name the most badass thing he has done.

==See also==
{{wikiquote}}
* [[Chalkboard gags|Bart's chalkboard gags]]
* ''[[Do The Bartman]]''

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://www.thesimpsons.com/bios/bios_family_bart.htm Biography from the official Simpsons website]

{{Simpsons characters}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Simpson, Bart}}

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[[Category:Prank phone calls]]
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Dan Mathews

2007-10-24T07:43:37Z

Cb6: Reverted edits by 58.166.86.184 to last version by Rgoodermote

[[Image:DanMathews.jpg|thumb|left|Dan Mathews, Senior Vice President of [[People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals]]]] {{alib}}'''Dan Mathews''' is the Senior Vice President of [[PETA]] and known for heading PETA's most controversial and attention-getting campaigns, including the "I'd Rather Go Naked Than Wear Fur" ads, as well as campaigns involving celebrities such as [[Morrissey]], [[Pamela Anderson]], [[Pink]], and [[Paul McCartney]]. He began his career with PETA as a receptionist, and worked his way up.

Mathews was born [[October 25]], [[1964]], in [[Newport Beach, California]], and attended Costa Mesa High School in [[Costa Mesa, California]], where he was known as a [[punk rocker]] and later graduated from [[American University]]. He has two brothers. In his teens, he worked at [[Disneyland]] and [[McDonalds]], and as a young adult he worked in [[Italy]] as a model and actor.
Mathews has been arrested over twenty times all over the world in his efforts to protect the rights of animals and create public awareness. As a consequence, he is often in the news.

Mathews first efforts encouraging celebrity participation for PETA and animal rights involved convincing his punk rocker friend [[Nina Hagen]] to write a song about animals. ''Don’t Kill the Animals'', which Hagen recorded with [[Lene Lovich]], became a popular club song and made PETA’s message more accessible to a younger audience.

In 2000, he was named by gay lifestyle magazine [[Genre magazine | Genre]] as one of the most influential people of the new century. But when asked by the magazine who he considered an influential gay, he joked, spree killer “[[Andrew Cunanan]], because he got [[Gianni Versace]] to stop using fur,” a quip for which he was criticized. In 2007, Mathews was ranked 37th in Out Magazine's "50 Most Powerful Gay Men and Women in America".

His most recent campaign has been against the Australian Wool Industry and the practise known as 'mulesing', PETA recently settled, out of court, a case bought against them in Australia.

Dan Mathews memoir, Committed was published by Atria books in 2007.
<ref name="out">Oxfield, Jesse, Idov, Michael (March 4, 2007), [http://nymag.com/daily/intel/2007/04/out_ranks_the_top_50_gays_ande.html ‘Out’ Ranks the Top 50 Gays; Anderson Is No. 2], New York Magazine.

Retrieved June 28, 2007.</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{refbegin}}
*Mathews, Dan. ''Committed: A Rabble-Rouser's Memoir'', Atria Books, 2007. ISBN 0-7432-91875
{{refend}}

{{US-activist-stub}}
{{animal-rights-stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mathews, Dan}}
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Song 2

2007-09-17T14:46:37Z

Cb6: /* Cover versions */

{{Infobox Single
| Name = Song 2
| Cover = Blur_song_2_CD1.jpg
| Artist = [[Blur (band)|Blur]]
| from Album = [[Blur (album)|Blur]]
| Released = [[7 April]], [[1997]]
| Format = [[7" single|7" vinyl]], [[CD single|CD]]
| Recorded = [[1997]]
| Genre = [[Rock music|Rock]] [[Grunge]] [[Hard Rock]]
| Length = 2:02
| Label = [[Food Records|Food]] [[Virgin Records|Virgin Records America]]
| Writer =
| Producer = [[Stephen Street]]
| Chart position = *<nowiki>#2</nowiki> ([[UK Top 40|UK]])
*<nowiki>#6</nowiki> [[Modern Rock Tracks|US Modern Rock Tracks]]
| Last single = "[[Beetlebum]]" (1997)
| This single = "Song 2" (1997)
| Next single = "[[On Your Own (Blur song)|On Your Own]]" (1997)
}}
"'''Song 2'''" is a song by [[Blur (band)|Blur]], and the second single released from their eponymous fifth album, ''[[Blur (album)|Blur]]'' in [[April 1997]]. It is among the most well-known songs the band has recorded, particularly in the United States, where it remains their biggest hit to date.

The song is said to be a tribute to [[Bob Nastanovich]]'s role in seminal [[indie rock]] band [[Pavement (band)|Pavement]], but bears more similarity to [[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]]-like [[grunge]], of which some consider it to be a parody<ref>[http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=33:i69ssd65a3pg]</ref>.

==Information==
[[Damon Albarn]] stated at the song's debut live performance at the [[Royal Dublin Society|RDS]] in [[Dublin]] in [[June 1996]] that "This one's called 'Song 2', 'cos we haven't got a name for it yet". The working title ended up sticking. Coincidences surrounding the number two eventually became associated with the song: it was the second track on the album, was the second single from the album to be released, and reached #2 in the [[UK singles chart]] and is approximately two minutes and two seconds long. In addition, the song has gone on to be generally critically acclaimed as the 2nd best song of 1997 - behind the Verve's [[Bitter Sweet Symphony]].

==Reception==
In the UK, "Song 2" built upon the success of Blur's prior #1 single "[[Beetlebum]]", reaching #2 in the charts. It was also the band's biggest hit in the USA, reaching #6 on Billboard's Modern Rock Tracks. Though it is decidedly atypical of Blur's trademark style, in [[United States|America]] it is the song most closely associated with the band.

The song became quite popular upon its release in 1997 on college and [[modern rock]] radio stations in the USA. Due to its catchy chorus, it has been licensed worldwide on numerous occasions. Its first and most notable appearance came as the title music for the hit video game [[FIFA '98: Road To World Cup|FIFA '98]], contributing to its American success. It has been used in numerous advertisements, including commercials for the [[Pentium II]], television spots for the film ''[[Starship Troopers (film)|Starship Troopers]]'', and is often heard in [[football (soccer)]], [[ice hockey]], and [[baseball]] stadiums when goals or runs are scored. For one season, the [[Philadelphia Flyers]] of the [[National Hockey League]] played this song every time they scored a goal in a home game. The [[Carolina League]]'s [[Wilmington Blue Rocks]] play the song each time a run is scored while one of their mascots, Mr. Celery, dances on the field.<ref>[http://www.bluerocks.com/mascots.php]Wilmington Blue Rocks</ref> The song also gained recognition in Canada, as the theme for the [[Labatt Brewing Company]]. Famously, the American military requested to use the track at the launch of a new stealth bomber <ref>[http://www.nettime.org/Lists-Archives/nettime-l-9905/msg00287.html] - Strange News From Another Star </ref>, but the band refused to allow this, as Albarn is an anti-war campaigner. <ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/antiwar/story/0,,1188725,00.html Britpop rebel with a cause says no new nukes] - The Guardian</ref> <ref>[http://www.nme.com/news/103389.htm Massive Effort!] - nme.com</ref>

==Trivia==
{{trivia|date=September 2007}}
*The song is typically played by many [[NHL]] teams when their team scores a goal at home ice.
*The distinctive drum sound was achieved by guitarist [[Graham Coxon]] playing a second set of drums face to face with regular drummer [[Dave Rowntree]] in the studio.
*The song has been used in the [[Simpsons]] episode "[[Sunday, Cruddy Sunday]]" and the ''[[South Park]]'' episode "[[Stanley's Cup]]".
*The song is played at [[Angel Stadium of Anaheim]] whenever the [[Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim|Angels]] hit a home run.
*The song has been used as intro track for [[FIFA '98: Road To World Cup|FIFA 98]].
*In March 2005, [[Q magazine|''Q'' magazine]] placed "Song 2" at number 14 in its list of the 100 Greatest Guitar Tracks.
*In May 2007, [[NME]] magazine placed "Song 2" at number 15 in its list of the 50 Greatest Indie Anthems Ever.
*In 1998, the song was used to advertise Toyota Corollas in Australia.
*In 1999, it was used to advertise [[Nissan Altima]]s in North America.
*In 1997, it was used in the [[Starship Troopers (film)| Starship Troopers]] trailer.
*The song's lyrics are referenced in an issue of [[Phonogram]].
*The song is played as [[New York Mets]] outfielder [[Shawn Green]] steps up to bat.
*Was used in BMW's film series [[The Hire]]; specifically [[The_Hire#Star|Star]], which featured [[Madonna_%28entertainer%29|Madonna]] and the [[BMW_M5|BMW M5]].
===Cover versions===
The song has been covered by a number of artists, including:
*During live performances by American bands [[Weezer]], [[Wallflowers]] and [[Plain White T's]].
*[[AFI (band)|AFI]] covered the song as the traditional first song of MTV's 2007 New Years special.
*[[My Chemical Romance]] for Radio 1's Live Lounge.
*British rapper [[Plan B (rapper)|Plan B]] covers the song during his live performance, adding in his own rapping verse before the first proper verse of the song.
*French bands Dionysos and Louise Attaque covered the song during Taratata (TV).
*[[Brock Landers]] sampled the songs with his dance songs S.M.D.U.
*The German Punk Band [[Die Toten Hosen]] played this song on their 2005 concert "Heimspiel" in Düsseldorf.
*By [[David Desrosiers]] In An [[Avril Lavigne]]'s Show.
*By [[Earl Okin]] on his 2002 CD [[Sex Symbol & Musical Genius]]

==Track listing==
*7" FOOD93
#"Song 2"
#"Get Out of Cities"

*CD1 CDFOODS93
#"Song 2"
#"Get Out of Cities"
#"Polished Stone"

*CD2 CDFOOD93
#"Song 2"
#"Bustin' + Dronin'"
#"Country Sad Ballad Man (Acoustic Live Version)"

*International CD
#"Song 2"
#"Get Out of Cities"
#"Polished Stone"
#"Bustin' + Dronin'"

==References==
<references />

[[Category: Blur songs]]
[[Category: 1997 singles]]
[[Category:1997 music videos]]
[[Category: Music videos directed by Sophie Muller]]

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