Zaid ibn Hāritha

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Catnip the Elder: Reverted 1 edit by 70.55.36.180 (talk) to last revision by Bender235. (TW)

{{primary sources|date=September 2013}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Zayd ibn Harithah<br>زيد بن حارثة (R)
| image = تخطيط اسم زيد بن حارثة.png
| known for =
| alt =
| caption = son of haritha adopted son of Muhammad
| birth_name = Zaid ibn haritha
| birth_date = c. 581
| birth_place = [[Arabia]]
| death_date = 629 (aged 48)
| death_place = [[Mu'tah]], [[Byzantium]]
| parents = [[Harithah]]
| children = [[Usama]], [[Zayd]], [[Ruqayya]]
| nationality =
| occupation = [[General]], [[Sahabi]]
| other_names = Zaid mawla Muhammad
| religion = [[Islam]]
}}

'''Zayd ibn Harithah''' ({{lang-ar|زيد بن حارثة}}) or '''Zayd [[mawla]] Muhammad''' (c. 581 – 629 CE) was a [[sahaba|companion]] of [[Muhammad]] who was at one stage regarded as his (adoptive) son. He is the only companion whose name appears in the [[Qur'an]] ({{cite quran|33|37|style=nosup|expand=no}}).

==Childhood==

Zayd is said to have been ten years younger than Muhammad, suggesting a birth-year of c. 581. He is also said to have been 55 (lunar) years old at his death in 629, indicating a birthdate of 576. He is described as “a short, flat-nosed man, of a very dark brown skin.”<ref name="Landau-Tasseron/Tabari p. 10">Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari, ''Tarikh al-Rusul wa’l-Muluk'', vol. 39. Translated by Landau-Tasseron, E. (1998). ''Biographies of the Prophet’s Companions and Their Successors'', p. 10. New York: State University of New York Press.</ref>

He was born into the Udhra branch of the [[Banu Kalb|Kalb]] tribe in the [[Najd]] (highlands) of central [[Arabia]]; he claimed a pedigree twelfth in descent from Udhra ibn Zayd al-Lat, who was in turn alleged to have been a great-great-grandson of Kalb ibn Wabara. Zayd's mother, Suda bint Thaalaba, was from the Maan branch of the [[Tayy]] tribe.<ref name="Landau-Tasseron/Tabari p. 6">Landau-Tasseron/Tabari p. 6.</ref>

When Zayd was ''a young boy of an age at which he could be a servant''<ref>Muhammad ibn Saad, ''Tabaqat'', vol. 3. Translated by Bewley, A. (2013). ''The Companions of Badr'', p. 28. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.</ref> he accompanied his mother on a visit to her family. While they were staying with the Maan tribe, horsemen from the Qayn tribe raided their tents and kidnapped Zayd. They took him to the market at Ukkaz and sold him as a slave for 400 ''dirhams''.<ref name="Landau-Tasseron/Tabari p. 6"/>

Zayd’s family searched for him, but without success. A lament is attributed to his father, Harithah ibn Sharahil: “''I weep for Zayd, not knowing what became of him. Is he alive, is he to be expected, or has Death come over him? By God, I ask yet do not comprehend. Was it the plain or the mountain that brought about your end? I wish that I knew: Will you ever return? In this world only for your coming back I yearn. The sun reminds me of him when it dawns, evoking his memory as the dusk falls. When the winds blow, they stir up memories like dust. O how long my sorrow and fear for him last!''”<ref>Landau-Tasseron/Tabari pp. 6-7.</ref>

==Slavery in Mecca==

Zayd was purchased by a merchant of [[Mecca]], [[Hakim ibn Hizam]], who gave the boy as a present to his aunt, [[Khadijah bint Khuwaylid]]. He remained in her possession until the day she married Muhammad, when she gave the slave as a wedding present to her bridegroom. Muhammad became very attached to Zayd, to whom he referred as ''al-Habib'' (“the beloved”).<ref name="Landau-Tasseron/Tabari p. 6"/>

Some years later, some members of Zayd’s tribe happened to arrive in Mecca on pilgrimage. They encountered Zayd and recognised each other, and he asked them to take a message home. {{Quote|'''Carry a message from me to my people, for I am far away, that close to the House and the places of pilgrimage I stay. Let go of the grief that has deeply saddened you, and do not hasten your camels all over the earth. I live with the best of families, may God be blessed; from father to son, of Ma’add they are the noblest.'''}}<ref>Landau-Tasseron/Tabari p. 7.</ref>

On receiving this message, Zayd’s father and uncle immediately set out for Mecca. They found Muhammad at the [[Kaaba]] and promised him any ransom if he would return Zayd to them. Muhammad replied that Zayd should be allowed to choose his fate, but that if he wished to return to his family, Muhammad would release him without accepting any ransom in exchange. They called for Zayd, who easily recognised his father and uncle, but told them that he did not want to leave Muhammad, “for I have seen something in this man, and I am not the kind of person who would ever choose anyone in preference to him.” At this, Muhammad took Zayd to the steps of the Kaaba, where legal contracts were agreed and witnessed, and announced to the crowds: “Witness that Zayd becomes my son, with mutual rights of inheritance.” On seeing this, Zayd’s father and uncle “were satisfied,” and they returned home without him.<ref>Landau-Tasseron/Tabari pp. 8-9.</ref>

In accordance with the Arabic custom of adoption, Zayd was thereafter known as “Zayd ibn Muhammad” and was a freedman, regarded socially and legally as Muhammad’s son.<ref name="Landau-Tasseron/Tabari p. 9">Landau-Tasseron/Tabari p. 9.</ref>

==Conversion to Islam==

At an unknown date before 610, Zayd accompanied Muhammad to [[Ta'if]], where they sacrificed meat to the idols. Near Baldah on their way back to Mecca, they met [[Zayd ibn Amr]] and offered him some of the cooked meat that Zayd was carrying in their bag.<ref name="Kister (1970)">Muhammad ibn Ishaq, via Yunus ibn Bukayr, cited in [http://faculty.washington.edu/brownj9/LifeoftheProphet/A%20Bag%20of%20Meat%20-%20Kister.pdf Kister, M. J. (1970). “A Bag of Meat.” A Study of an Early Hadith. ''Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 33'', 267-275.]</ref> Zayd ibn Amr, an outspoken monotheist,<ref>Muhammad ibn Ishaq, ''Sirat Rasul Allah''. Translated by Guillaume, A. (1955). ''The Life of Muhammad'', p. 99. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</ref> replied, "I do not eat anything which you slaughter in the name of your stone idols. I eat none but those things on which Allah's Name has been mentioned at the time of slaughtering."<ref>[http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/hadith/bukhari/058-sbt.php/ Bukhari 5:58:169.] [http://www.usc.edu/org/cmje/religious-texts/hadith/bukhari/067-sbt.php/ Bukhari 7:67:407.]</ref> After this encounter, said Muhammad, "I never stroked an idol of theirs, nor did I sacrifice to them, until God honoured me with his apostleship."<ref name="Kister (1970)"/>

When Muhammad reported in 610 that he had received a revelation from the angel [[Gabriel]], Zayd was one of the first [[Conversion to Islam|converts to Islam]]. While Khadijah was the first [[Muslim]] of all,<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq p. 111.</ref> she was closely followed by her neighbour [[Lubaba bint al-Harith]],<ref>Landau-Tasseron/Tabari p. 201.</ref> her four daughters,<ref>Muhammad ibn Saad, ''Tabaqat'', vol. 8. Translated by Bewley, A. (1995). ''The Women of Madina'', pp. 21, 25-26. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.</ref> and the [[Identity of the first male Muslim|first male converts]], [[Ali]], Zayd and [[Abu Bakr]].<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq pp. 114-115.</ref>

==The Hijra==

In 622, Zayd joined the other Muslims in the ''[[Hijra (Islam)|Hijra]]'' to [[Medina]]. Once settled in the new city, Muhammad urged each Muslim to “take a brother in God” so that each would have an ally in the community. Most of the emigrants were paired with a native of Medina, but Zayd was paired with Muhammad's uncle [[Hamza ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib|Hamza]]. Hamza accordingly trusted his last testament to Zayd just before his death in 625.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq p. 234.</ref>

A few months later, Muhammad and Abu Bakr sent Zayd back to Mecca to escort their families to Medina. The return party consisted of Muhammad's wife [[Sawda bint Zamʿa|Sawda]], his daughters [[Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad|Umm Kulthum]] and [[Fatimah]], his servant Abu Rafi, Zayd's wife [[Umm Ayman (Barakah)|Baraka]] and their son [[Usama ibn Zayd|Usama]], Abu Bakr's wife [[Umm Rumman]], his children [[Asmā' bint Abu Bakr|Asma]], [[Abdullah ibn Abi Bakr|Abdullah]] and [[Aisha bint Abi Bakr|Aisha]], and a guide named Abdullah ibn Urayqit; and Abu Bakr's kinsman [[Talhah]] also decided to accompany them.<ref>Landau-Tasseron/Tabari pp. 171-172.</ref>

==Marriages and Children==
Zayd married at least six times.
# Durrah (Fakhita) bint Abi Lahab, a cousin of Muhammad.<ref name="Bewley/Saad vol. 3 p. 32">Bewley/Saad vol. 3 p. 32.</ref> They were divorced; the dates are unknown, but Durrah's two brothers were divorced from Muhammad's two daughters in 613.<ref>Bewley/Saad vol. 8 pp. 24-26.</ref>
# [[Umm Ayman (Barakah)]], Muhammad's freedwoman. They were married "after Islam"<ref>Bewley/Saad vol. 8 p. 157.</ref> and their son was born in 612.<ref name="Landau-Tasseron/Tabari p. 65">Landau-Tasseron/Tabari p. 65.</ref>
# Humayma bint Sayfi (Umm Mubashshir), the widow of Al-Baraa ibn Maarur,<ref>Bewley/Saad vol. 8 pp. 264, 295-296.</ref> a chief in Medina. Al-Baraa died in August or September 622,<ref>Bewley/Saad vol. 3 p. 481.</ref> so the marriage to Zayd was presumably in or after 623.
# [[Zaynab bint Jahsh]], a cousin of Muhammad. They were married in 625 and divorced in late 626.<ref>Bewley/Saad vol. 8 pp. 72-73.</ref>
# [[Umm Kulthum bint Uqba]], a maternal sister of Caliph [[Uthman ibn Affan|Uthman]]. This marriage was ordered by Muhammad in 628, but it ended in divorce.<ref name="Bewley/Saad vol. 3 p. 32"/><ref>Bewley/Saad vol. 8 p. 163.</ref>
# Hind bint Al-Awwam, a niece of Khadijah.<ref name="Bewley/Saad vol. 3 p. 32"/>

Zayd had three children.
# [[Usama ibn Zayd|Usama]], son of [[Umm Ayman (Barakah)|Barakah]], who had descendants, but their number "never exceeded twenty in any given generation."<ref name="Landau-Tasseron/Tabari p. 65"/>
# Zayd, son of Umm Kulthum, who died in infancy.<ref name="Bewley/Saad vol. 3 p. 32"/>
# Ruqayya, daughter of Umm Kulthum, who died while under the care of Uthman.<ref name="Bewley/Saad vol. 3 p. 32"/>

===Marriage to Zaynab bint Jahsh===

Around 625 Muhammad proposed that his cousin, Zaynab bint Jahsh, should marry Zayd. At first she refused on the grounds that she was of the [[Quraysh tribe|Quraysh]].<ref>Landau-Tasseron/Tabari p. 180.</ref> It has been suggested that differences between Zaynab's social status and Zayd's were precisely the reason why Muhammad wanted to arrange the marriage: "The Prophet was well aware that it is a person’s standing in the eyes of Allah that is important, rather than his or her status in the eyes of the people... their marriage would demonstrate that it was not who their ancestors were, but rather their standing in the sight of Allah, that mattered."<ref>[http://www.islamawareness.net/Muhammed/ibn_kathir_wives.html/ Thomson, A. (2012). "Zaynab bint Jahsh" in ''Wives of the Prophet Muhammad (SAW)''.]</ref> By contrast, [[William Montgomery Watt|Montgomery Watt]] points out that Zayd was high in Muhammad's esteem. "She can hardly have thought that he was not good enough. She was an ambitious woman, however, and may already have hoped to marry Muhammad; or she may have wanted to marry someone with whom Muhammad did not want his family to be so closely allied."<ref>Watt, W. M. (1956). ''Muhammad at Medina'', p. 331. Oxford: The Clarendon Press.</ref> When Muhammad announced a new verse of the Qur'an,{{cite quran|33|36|style=nosup|expand=no}}, Zaynab acquiesced and married Zayd.<ref>Al-Jalalayn, ''Tafsir'' on Q33:36-38.</ref><ref>Ibn Hisham note 918.</ref>

The marriage lasted less than two years.<ref>Ismail ibn Kathir, ''Al-Sira Al-Nabawiyya''. Translated by Le Gassick, T. (2000). ''The Life of the Prophet'', p. 198. Reading, U.K.: Garnet Publishing.</ref> [[Ibn Sa`d]] and [[al-Tabari]] both cite this tradition about their divorce.

::"Muhammad ibn Yahya ibn Hayyan narrated. The Messenger of God came to Zaid ibn Haritha's house seeking him. Perhaps the Messenger of God missed him at that time, that is why he said, 'Where is Zaid?' He went to his house seeking him and, when he did not find him, Zainab Bint Jahsh stood up to [meet] him in a house-dress, but the Messenger of God turned away from her. She said, 'He is not here, Messenger of God, so please come in; my father and mother are your ransom.' The Messenger of God refused to come in. Zainab had hurried to dress herself when she heard that the Messenger of God was at her door, so she leapt in a hurry, and the Messenger of God liked her when she did that. The heart of the Prophet was filled with admiration for her. He went away muttering something that was hardly understandable but for this sentence: 'Praise be to God who disposes the hearts.' When Zaid came back home, she told him that the Messenger of God came. Zaid asked, 'You asked him to come in, didn’t you?' She replied, 'I bade him to, but he refused.' He said, 'Have you heard [him say] anything?' She answered, 'When he had turned away, I heard him say something that I could hardly understand. I heard him say, "Praise be to God who disposes the hearts." Zaid went out to the Messenger of God and said, 'O Messenger of God, I learned that you came to my house. Did you come in? O Messenger of God, my father and mother are your ransom. Perhaps you liked Zainab. I can leave her.' The Messenger of God said, 'Keep your wife.'"<ref>Landau-Tasseron/Tabari pp. 180-181. See also Bewley/Saad, pp. 72-73. See also Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari, ''Tarikh al-Rusul wa'l-Muluk'' vol. 8. Translated by Fishbein, M. (1997). ''The Victory of Islam'', pp. 1-3. Albany: State University of New York Press. For an alternative tradition telling the same story, see Fishbein/Tabari p. 4.</ref>

Nevertheless,

::"[Zayd] could not touch her [after that]. He would come to the Prophet and tell him [about it], and the latter would say, 'Keep your wife,' and Zayd would say, 'O Messenger of God, I shall divorce her,' and the Prophet would say 'Keep your wife.' Zayd divorced her [all the same] and abstained from her, and she became lawful [for remarriage]. While talking to `A´ishah, the Prophet fainted. On regaining consciousness he smiled and said 'Who will go to Zaynab to bring her the glad tidings that God from above gave her to me in marriage?'" And Muhammad recited the Quranic verse now found in Q33:37.<ref>Landau-Tasseron/Tabari p. 181.</ref>

===Abolition of Adoption===

After these events, the traditional Arab form of adoption was no longer recognized in Islam; it was replaced by ''[[Islamic adoptional jurisprudence|kafala]]''. Three verses of the Qur'an were written about this. Al-Tabari states that Q33:40 was revealed because "the Munafiqun made this a topic of their conversation and reviled the Prophet, saying 'Muhammad prohibits [marriage] with the [former] wives of one's own sons, but he married the [former] wife of his son Zayd.'"<ref name="Landau-Tasseron/Tabari p. 9"/>

::"Muhammad is not the father of any of your men, but (he is) the Messenger of Allah, and the Seal of the Prophets: and Allah has full knowledge of all things." —Sura al-Ahzab Quran 33:40 (Translated by Yusuf Ali)

Zayd reverted to being known by his original name of Zayd ibn Harithah and was no longer considered Muhammad's legal son after the revelation of Q33:5:<ref>Landau-Tasseron/Tabari pp. 9-10.</ref>

::"Call them by their fathers' names..." —Sura al-Ahzab Quran 33:5 (Translated by Yusuf Ali)

Ibn Saad indicates that Q33:37 was a specific instruction to Muhammad and Zaynab to marry and that it explains why their marriage was necessary.<ref>Bewley/Saad vol. 8 pp. 73-75.</ref>

::"Behold! Thou didst say to one who had received the grace of Allah and thy favour: 'Retain thou (in wedlock) thy wife, and fear Allah.' But thou didst hide in thy heart that which Allah was about to make manifest: thou didst fear the people, but it is more fitting that thou shouldst fear Allah. Then when Zaid had dissolved (his marriage) with her, with the necessary (formality), We joined her in marriage to thee: in order that (in future) there may be no difficulty to the Believers in (the matter of) marriage with the wives of their adopted sons, when the latter have dissolved with the necessary (formality) (their marriage) with them. And Allah's command must be fulfilled." —Sura al-Ahzab Quran 33:37 (Translated by Yusuf Ali)

==Military Expeditions==
{{Main|Expedition of Zaid ibn Haritha (Al-Jumum)|Expedition of Zaid ibn Haritha (Al-Is)|Expedition of Zaid ibn Haritha (Hisma)|Expedition of Zaid ibn Haritha (Wadi al-Qura)}}
{{Campaignbox Campaigns of Muhammad}}
Zayd was "one of the famous archers among the Prophet's Companions."<ref name="Landau-Tasseron/Tabari p. 10"/> He fought at [[Battle of Badr|Badr]], [[Battle of Uhud|Uhud]], [[Battle of the Trench|Trench]] and [[Battle of Khaybar|Khaybar]], and was present at the expedition to [[Treaty of Hudaybiyyah|Hudaybiyyah]]. When Muhammad raided [[Invasion of Banu Mustaliq|Al-Muraysi]], he left Zayd behind as governor in Medina.<ref name="Landau-Tasseron/Tabari p. 10"/>

Zayd commanded seven military expeditions.<ref name="Bewley/Saad vol. 3 p. 32"/>
# [[Nejd Caravan Raid|Al-Qarada]] in November 624. He captured a caravan of merchandise, but most of the Meccan merchants escaped.<ref name="Bewley/Saad vol. 3 p. 32"/>
# [[Expedition of Zaid ibn Haritha (Al-Jumum)|Al-Jumum]] in September 627.<ref name=hawarey>{{cite book|last=Hawarey|first=[http://mosab.hawarey.org/ Dr. Mosab]|title=The Journey of Prophecy; Days of Peace and War (Arabic)|url=http://www.islamic-book.net/ar/Rihlat-Alnobowwah.htm|publisher=Islamic Book Trust |year=2010}}Note: Book contains a list of battles of Muhammad in Arabic, English translation available [http://www.webcitation.org/5zLhjeYyz here]</ref>
# [[Expedition of Zaid ibn Haritha (Al-Is)|Al-'Is]] in October 627.<ref name="hawarey"/><ref>{{cite book|authors=[[Montgomery Watt|Watt, W. Montgomery]]|title=Muhammad at Medina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GfAGAQAAIAAJ|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1956|isbn=978-0195773071|page=96|quote=One was a little-known expedition about September 627 }} ([https://archive.org/details/muhammadatmedina029655mbp free online])</ref>
# At-Taraf,<ref name="Bewley/Saad vol. 3 p. 32"/> a raid in the Nakhl region "on the road to Iraq".<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq p. 664.</ref>
# [[Expedition of Zaid ibn Haritha (Wadi al-Qura)|Wadi al-Qura]]. Zayd raided the area in November 627, but the Fazara tribe counter-attacked, killing some of the Muslims, while Zayd was carried wounded from the field. Zayd swore revenge and, after he had recovered from his injuries in January 628, he returned to Wadi al-Qura with a larger army. This time he defeated the Fazari.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq pp. 664-665.</ref>
# [[Expedition of Zaid ibn Haritha (Hisma)|Hisma]], or Khushayn, against the Judham tribe<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq pp. 662-664.</ref> in October 628.<ref name="hawarey"/><ref>{{cite book|last=Abū Khalīl|first=Shawqī |title=Atlas of the Quran |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8BziirH6UKMC&pg=PA242 |publisher= Dar-us-Salam|year=2003|isbn=978-9960897547|page=242}}</ref>
# The [[Battle of Mu'tah]] in September 629, where Zayd was killed.<ref>Bewley/Saad vol. 3 pp. 32-33.</ref>

According to Aisha, "The Messenger of Allah did not ever send Zayd ibn Haritha in an army without putting him in command of it, even if he stayed after he appointed him."<ref name="Bewley/Saad vol. 3 p. 32"/>

==Death==
Zayd led his final expedition in September 629 C.E. A Muslim force of 3,000 men set out to raid the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] city of [[Bosra]]. However, a Byzantine force of "100,000 Greeks joined by 100,000 men from Lakhm and Judham and Al-Qayn and Bahra and Bali"<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq p. 532.</ref> intercepted them at a village called Mu'tah. Zayd held the standard at the [[Battle of Mu'tah]] until he was struck down by a spear-thrust<ref name="Bewley/Saad vol. 3 p. 33">Bewley/Saad vol. 3 p. 33</ref> and he bled to death.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq p. 534.</ref> The other two leaders, [[Ja`far ibn Abī Tālib]] and [[`Abd Allah ibn Rawahah]], were also killed, and the Muslim army was routed.<ref>Guillaume/Ishaq pp. 534-535.</ref>

On hearing of Zayd's death, Muhammad went to the family. "The daughter of Zayd wept before the Messenger of Allah and the Messenger of Allah wept until he sobbed. [[Sa'd ibn Ubadah|Saad ibn Ubada]] said, 'Messenger of Allah, what is this?' He answered, 'This is the yearning of the lover for the beloved.'"<ref name="Bewley/Saad vol. 3 p. 33"/>

==See also==
*[[Islamic adoptional jurisprudence]]
*[[Sunni view of the Sahaba]]
*[[List of expeditions of Muhammad]]
*[[Umm Ayman (Barakah)]] a wife of Zayd ibn Harithah

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

==Further reading==
* [[David S. Powers|Powers, David]], ''[[Zayd, the little-known story of Muhammad's adopted son (book)|Zayd, the little-known story of Muhammad's adopted son]]'', Pennsylvania University Press, 2014
* [[William Montgomery Watt|Watt, Montgomery]], ''[[Muhammad at Mecca (book)|Muhammad at Mecca]]'', Oxford University Press, 1953
* Watt, Montgomery, ''[[Muhammad at Medina (book)|Muhammad at Medina]]'', Oxford University Press, 1956
* Lings, Martin. The life of Muhammad from the earliest sources.

{{sahaba}}
{{Characters and names in the Quran}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME = Zayd Ibn Harithah
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Sahabah
| DATE OF BIRTH = c.581
| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Arabia]]
| DATE OF DEATH = 629
| PLACE OF DEATH = [[Mu'tah]], [[Byzantium]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Zayd Ibn Harithah}}
[[Category:629 deaths]]
[[Category:Converts to Islam]]
[[Category:7th-century Arab people]]
[[Category:Sahabah]]
[[Category:Family of Muhammad]]
[[Category:581 births]]

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Zaid ibn Hāritha